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! ?*':; ij

PRICE ONE SHILLING.

^jO'- .<^"

" ' ''"^ '"^'JS^T-'^-' — iinv^ iiii 'i iii n ii jst- siii ; — ^^ i ' ■ /rtw r rofl r;

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CARIBOO,

THE NEWLY DISCOVERED

;GOLD FIELDS

|/i..

BRITISH COLUMBIA,

THE RICHEST GOLD DEPOSITS IN THE WORLD

TfET DISCOVERED, - iILLT DESCRIBED

BY A RETURNED DIGGER,

WHO HAB MADE HIS OWN FORTUNE. THERE, AND ADVISKS
OTHERS TO GO AND DO LIKEWISE.

"Men at these diggings get from three to ten ounces per day." — See Times, February 5th, 1862.

TO WHICH ASB ADDED,

PARTICULARS OF THE COUNTRY, CLIMATE, RIVERS, POPULATION, TRADE, &c.
OF BRITISH COLUMBIA AND VANCOUVER'S ISLAND,

WITH THE BEST ROUTES FROM ENGLAND.

TOGJETUEIi WIXU THB WHOLE OF THE

GoYernineiit Information relating to these Colonies.

ZSXGIITH SDXTXOZr.

bonbon:

PUBLISHED BY DARTON & HODGE, 5«, HOLBORir HILL

m n jiin I Kjii I II ^ -a ^m ■■■■ J|J > L I *M «»1ftWi'-«"i J ! . I H » ■ ■■ ■ ■ ■ J I W » . 1. JWg.-l—!

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B^itTK:

BRITISH NORTH AMERICA.

Established in 1836.— Incorporated by Royal Charter in 1840.

PAID-UP CAPITAL-ONE MILLION STERLING.

XiOn^sTlDOlsr OFiFICE:
7, ST. HELEN'S PLACE, BISHOPSGATE STREET.

COURT OF DIRECTORS.

heaRY barnp:wall, esq.

T. H. BROOKING, Esq.
R015ERT CARTER, Esq.
WILLIAM CHAPMAN, Esq.
WILLIAM R. CHAPMAN, Esq.
JAMES JOHN CUMMINS, Esq.

J. B. ELIN, Esq.
OLIVER FARRER, Esq.
ALEXANDER GILLESPIE, Esq.
FRANCIS LE BRETON, Esq.
THOMAS HENRY MILNER, Esq.
JOHN RANKING, Esq.

Bankers— BANK op ENGLAND ; Messrs. GLYN, MILLS, and Co.

JIONTREAL,

QUEBEC,

TORONTO,

KINGSTON,

HAMILTON,

BRANTFORD,

LONDON,

OTTAWA,

DUNDAS,

ESTABLISHMENTS IN THE COLONIES.

General Manager— IHOilAS PATON, Esq.

Canada.

HALIFAX, Nova Scotia,
ST. JOHN, New Brunswick.
VICTORIA, Vancouver's Island.

AGENTS IN NEW YORK.

ME5SBS, R. C. FEllGUSSON, F. II. GRAIN, and JAMES SMITH, 2!>, WILLIAM STREET.

The Bank GRANTS CREDITS on its Branches in all the North
American Colonics, and on its Agents in New York, payable on presentation ;
similar Credits are granted at all the Branches of the Provincial Bank of
Ireland, of the National Bank of Scotland, and by the Royal Bank of Liverpool,
the Manchester and Salford Bank, and the Birmingham Town and District
Bank.

The Bank also purchases or forwards for collection Bills on America, and
Coupons for the dividends on American Stocks, and undertakes the purchase
and sale of Stock, ajid other money business, in the United States and in the
British Provinces. By order of the Court,

C. IMoNAB, Secretary.

7, St. Helen's Place, Bishopsgate Street, London. E.G.,
March, im2.

WHO I

"Men atth(

PUBLIS

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O^R-IBOO,

THE NEWLY DISCOVERED

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GOLD FIELDS

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^ ' ' ' ■ OP

BRITISH COLUMBIA,

i tt

FULLY DESCBIBED

BY A EETUENED DIGGER,

WHO HAS MADE HIS OWN FORTUNE THERE, AND ADVISES
OTHERS TO GO AND DO LIKEWISE.

'Men at these diggings get from three to ten ounces per day."— See Times, February 5th, 1862,

EIGmTH EDITION.

Inttta:

PUBLISHED BY DARTON & HODGE, 58, HOLBORN HILL.

^^ I

1862.

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CONTENTS.

Chap. I. — What I did and what 1 got

Chap. II. — My notions of British Columbia

Chap. III. — Various routes and tariffs to British Columbia

Chap. IV. — Your outfit ,

Single man's outfit

Single woman's outfit

Chap. V. — The voyage out

Offences at sea punishable in the colonies

Abstract of the United States Passenger Act of 1855

Maintenance on an I val of a, passenger ship

Chap. VI. — Rations and provisions in all passenger ships during the

VUj'tl^tJ *** ••• •"• '•• •*• ••• ••• •••

Chap, VII. — Medicines

Chap. VIII. — Tools

Chap. IX. — Concluding remarks. Hints to gold diggers how to keep
their gold ; what to do with it when they have got it ; and how
to keep their health at the diggings

Some account of Vancouver's Island and British Columbia

The gold regicaa of British Columbia

Government information relating to the new gold fields in British
Columbia

The Colonial Secretary's information

Geography of British Columbia

Crown lands of British Columbia

Vancouver's Island

Government report (1859) of Victoria, the capital of Vancouver's

XbLwXiU. ••• ••• ••• ««« •>• ••> •*• •••

Privileges of aliens in British Columbia

dimate of British Columbia

Climate of Vancouver's Island

Gold regulations

1
13

2(3

29
ib.
3(

31
33

ib.
35

40
42
43

69
60
OH
62
64

66
ib.
67
68

Population, revenue, and expenditure of British Columbia and

A^ancouvcr's Island

Assay office of British Columbia

Banking accommodation of British Columbia and "Vancouver's
Island

Legal and medical practitioners in British Columbi and Van-
couver's Island

Sale of Avaste lands in the colonies

Government emigration officers in the United Kingdom

lioutcs, &c., from Quebec to the principal points in Canada and the
northern and -western states of America

Aliens, naturalization and land-holding rights of, in the United
Kingdom and all colonies ...

Canada, Vancouver's Island, and British Columbia

Remittance of money to assist emigrants on arrival in Canada and
New Brunswick

iOSicripT/ ••• •! ••. ••• •«• ••« ••• ... ,,,

PAGE
69

ih.

ib.
71

74
75

A EETUriNED GOLD DIGGER'S

NARP.ATIVE.

CHAPTER I.

. I

WHAT I DID AND WHAT I GOT,

I HAVE been asked to make a pkiin statement, as a returned gold
digger from Caril^oo, in British Columbia, of what I did for myself
in that splendid colony, and what 1 got by my stay in that quarter
of the world.

I shall make a plain story of it, simply because T am a plain
man. Mind, I am not a lal)Ourer in the ordinary sense of the word,
or the chances are I should not be writing a book — good, bad, or
indifferent. I don't care one straw so long as I speak out my mind
and just say what I know to In; the truth, and what I think will
do good for others, since what I liaAC done seems to have turned up
trumps in my o\vn case— or rather, I ought to say, ^vhich I turned
up myself.

Through this statement I have no doubt the reader will often
think that for a gold digger what I know seems to l)e pretty clever,
but I may state at once, and without any hesitation, that for three
years, and moro^ I have been picking up information here and there,
and scraps out of newspapers everywhere, all bearing upon emigra-
tion and emigrants, and gold mining.

And I have also drawn pretty liberally upon different government
books, pamphlets, and papers ; so I do hope 'that altogether I have
managed to put together such a mass of notes and hints as for real
honest value is not to be found every day in the week.

And as people like to know something of the man they are
reading about, I may just say a few words at once about " wliat I
am," and have done with it ; I was, as a boy, the son of a small
farmer who owned some land. As a young man I worked that
farm after my fathc^r's death ; and as I worked hard, early and late,
I need not say I did not lose money over it. Between you and

me I don't think the man who works early and late, and Avho has
anything at all of a chance, does lose money as a rule. Of course
there are exceptions, but I don't much care ahout them. Well, I
•worked the farm, and made it pay very decently, })ut I had a longing
for a brisker life. The seasons came and went, and I Avas gradually
making money; but I wanted a change. Now, I don't say for one
moment that every man who wants a change does right to take it,
jjecause there are some men who never want anything else ; Imt I do say
that if a man has kept steady to a trade for many years, as I did at
farming, till I was between twenty-five and thirty years of age, that
if he then feels he can't do Avithout a change the sooner he takes it
the better. I have said I am not an uneducated man, though I
know I am far from a learned one, and my knowledg(; told me that
when I felt an unconquera])le desire to leave my farm and go out to
a colony, the sooner 1 left home the better.

I began in fact to get sick of things about me. It was no use
trying to shake this feeling off, though I can tell you 1 tried in no
small way to do so. It got the better of me, and as I had all
through my life managc^d to carry out everything I undertook to do,
why 1 felt pretty sure thai if I went out to a colony I should not
burn my fingers.

I sold the farm — at a good price, for it was in first-rate condition —
stopped in London a few weeks, and then "cleared out" fur
Australia.

Arrived in that splendid though over-done colony, I turned to
sheep-farming, and after one or two hard rubs I managed to make
it pay ; but banks are banks, and if they break why the hard-
workitig men who deposit money in them are as certainly ruined as
the richest and laziest losers. A bank broke — I need not nanij it,
for that would do no good, and 1 only care to speak of what Avill —
a bank broke I say, and in so doing tumbled me off my legs.

My friends in England looked on that catastrophe, I believe, as a
judgment — I only looked on it as an extra misfortune which called
for extra work.

I had some money left — but it was not enough to warrant me in
carrying on my sheep-farming ])usiness, and selling off what Hocks
remained, I came down to ]\lelbourne to look about me.

I had not been there long Avhen news came about fresh gold
fields in British Columbia. " Gold " news, as it is called in
Australia, is so stale a subject, hbA rumours have so frequently
turned out to be nothing else, that the statements wliicli went
fliying about, were heard and forgotten for a timo by most miners
down for a " spend out " ut Melbourne. A few men, however, who

heard of the gold deposits of British Columbia did not disbelieve
those rumours which so soon became certainties.

I \vas one of them.

I need not say by what means T reached the north-western coast
of North America, but after waiting some time, and putting my
shoulder to the wheel, so to speak, vigorously, I at last got a shij),
and after a long and stormy passage my eyes sighted Vancouver's
Island, in the early spring of 1861 — I hope to sight British Colum-
bia once more (of which Vancouver's Island does not form a part,
though in all probability it some day will) — I hope, I say, to sight
British Columbia again ])efore this year, 1862, is ended; for though
I may have made enough money to keep me from getting my bread
by the sweat of my brow, yet I don't seem to care a])out settling
down at home, and indeed I may tell you that after British Colum-
bia, I care little for England (this is as regards living, I do not refer
to England's people). The truth is, that the climate of that colony
is so splendid, so magnificent, that it is Avorth the journey, and (jven
the dangers of the journey (and of these there are many beyond the
common run of dangers to which emigrants are and must be open),
in order to breathe once more its pure air, and again look at that
brilliant sky. On my word as a man, I do think one day there
seems as long as two in England — the enjoyment of the climate is so
great. In fact I don't hesitate to say that, as far as my knowledgt;
goes, it must be the finest climate in the kno\vn world ; I never read
of such an atmosphere as I found that of British Columbia to be.
I started for home just as the winter was setting in, and my experi-
ence of it was so pleasant that I hope I shall reach the colony about
the same season this year.

And now, perhaps, you would like to know what kind of a man T
am 1 There is a general notion that your only true and sucecssful
gold digger is an immense muscuUir fellow, wlio could almost tMI an
ox at a blow. The idea is a ])ad one. As a rule the miner, tliough
a strong man, is not a man of extraordinary strength or make. Ib^
must be strong man ; but, perhaps, you don't know what I mean hy
that word? 1 am aware that it is not everv man born who is able
to dig and go to hard hand labour ; but I am quite sure, also, that
nine men out of ten have been well enough used by nature to become
strong men, and keep strong men if they like.

I was through the main street of London only yesterday, and I
am quite sure that nine out of every ten men I saw could become
good miners and hard colony workers. They had the ground-work
of working men in them, and with this one great qualification they
might become as strong men as ever were wanted at diggings in any

part of tlie world, and what is that qualification ? I mean tempe-
ranee.

Don't suppose I am a teetotal digger. I am nothing of the kind,
but 1 tell you plainly there is nothing so pulls a man l)ack at gold
digging as spirits. They take all the strength out of him ; they un-
man him for a time, and the expense is so great, spirits (especially the
good) costing an enormous figure at all gold settlements, that I really
think the man who picks up lialf an ounce a day, and doesn't spend
a grain of it in drink, makes, in reality, more by the end of the
month than tlie miner who picks np four ounces a day, and drinks
when it pleases him. As a proof of the truth of what I am saying,
I may declare that the owners of spirit stores are always safe to make
fortunes.

This warning is worth something, for candidly I tell you that the
temptation to drink is very great. AVhether it is the excitement
natural to a jjold dit^jier's life, or whether it is the desire to be
luxurious and dashing, I know not, but this is certain, that an
enormous per centage of gold diggers, and this I know from my own
observation, and the experience of other soljcr men much older than
I am myself, an enormous per centage of gold diggers I say, drink
extravagantly of spirits.

These diggers Avho " drink th(nr gold," as they say in Australia,
never are worth anything, and they generally die in ditches, unless
men more temperate than they have been give them hut or tent-
room.

Again, there is another and still greater argument against spirit
drinking as a custom with gold diggers. It is this, that those who
take much spirits are unabh^ to bear the rougliing of a miner's life,
and the consequence is that they are ready at any moment to take
any disease which may be common, and not unfrequently, in fever
times, they fall down in scores, and never get up again.

Mind, I don't say that a little spirit is a very bad thing, but I do
say tills, that the cxcitenu'nt of a miner's life is so great that not
one in six who takes a " little drop " will stick tlu^re, and if he goes
beyond he becomes just what I warn you against — a fellow who digs
for the spirit-store keeper, and who is never worth more than the
shirt about him. Nay, I have seen a " drink-miner," as I have heard
them called, not even worth a shirt.

Take my advice — don't take the " little " except the doctor says
" yes," because it's almost sure to lead to the more, and that's
remarkably expensive Avork. For my part I drank nothing liut
water and tea all the while I was at the diggings, and I was there
long enough to feather my nest Avarm.

To return to the requisites of a miner, I say it's all nonsense to
suppose that only very strong and hardy men are able to live and
gain money at the gold diggings. Nine out of every ten men I
meet have strength and health enough with a will and a good spirit,
and a good temper, together with temperance in all manner of ways,
to get on at the diggings,

I guess that in a very short time we shall hear more about the
gold fields of British Columbia than we ever heard of Australia or
California. Just at present, as I saw it put in the Times a few
weeks back, the amount of gold don't " show " from this colony, for
the simple reason, that so far there has been no gold-buying system
established at Victoria (the capital city of Vancouver's Island), and
therefore no gold exports from it. All the metal goes down to
California, whence it is exported.

If 1 am asked — " would you advise me to go to British Columbia,"
I would say. "have you got a fair average amount of strength, and
have you a stout licart ?" and I tell you that a stout heart is worth
quite fis much as a strong arm, for it keeps one up to the mark.
If you answer me *' yes," I reply that "strong arms, stout hearts, and
good wills, 'can do pretty Avell with some prudence to back them,
in any colony in the world ;" and as I do firmly believe that British
Columbia (apart from its value as a gold district) is the finest colony
in the world, and all who know anything about the matter willingly
declare this to l)e the case, why I cannot help n^commending you to
go to that colony. For, could all the gold A^anish to-morrow, the

land, the clinuite, the natural advantages would

still remain, to

the great and lasting benefit of the emigrant.

Mind, I don't say that apart from the gold-fields any man will get
on in British Columbia, With respect to gold-finding I do say that
one man, if he has moderate strength, is as good as another at that
occupation after very little practice ; but as regards otlier kinds of
labour of course I need not say that fanning as much requires an
apprenticeship in British Columbia as in the British Isles. Sailing
across the Atlantic and up the Pacific will not teach a man how to
plough.

Kow do understand me aright. I say that Biitish Columbia
contains the finest gold-fields in the world ; and tbat any man of
ordinary strength, strong will, and temperance will find his account
in testing those fields : but apart from that employment the rule
which holds good with respect to other colonies holds good here.
They don't A\ant any broken-down swells, or printers, or draper's
assistants in British Columbia, apart from the gold-fields. The
men they Avant are farm labourers, bricklayers, carpenters,

farmers, graziers, gardeners, and blacksmiths. They want no
governesses or ladies* companions, but women (the ])ettor educated
the lietter for the colony), who can look after families and houses,
who can brew, bake, do all other domestic offices, and meet the
husliands, brothers, and employers with smiling faces when the men
return from the day's work.

The first question I feel I am asked is, how about provisions ?
I answer that Avhen I left the colony provisions were as plentiful as
gold. But I doubt if they are now. I doubt if they are not so
dear as to be almost at famine prices ; for when 1 left the news was
flying to all quarters of the world to the effect that the fmest gold
fields in the world had been discovered. I know the gold digger
u'ell. I have seen too much of him in Australia, in California
(wliere I stayed a short time to look about me on my way from
Australia to British Columbia), and in the new fields — not to know
his habits. He is as true to a new gold-field as the loadstone to
tli<- pole.

The recent and most excitinjj ncAvs of the new fields reached
California long before it reached England. Before I arrived at
Southampton it had been talked about at every dust-location in
Australia, and 1 would bet my life that lodgings at Victoria are not
at this moment to be had at any money under a good sum, and that
the colony is swarming with Californian rowdies and Australian
diggers to the immber of many thousands.

So, though provisions were cheap as the gold was plentiful when 1
left the colony, as might Avell be the case, for there was nothing like
so great a demand as supply, I have no doubt that brandy is now
worth its Aveiglit in silver.

But don't forget what I said — that with temperance you can get
on let things be ever so ugly. Even if brandy and wine are worth
their weight in silver, or beer and ale worth theirs in copper, yet lea
and bread are comparatively cheap ; and depend on it, a year or
two will bring things to their level, and by that time you will have
made enough to snap your fingers at the colony, if you were so
disposed, which you will not be, unless you have left relations,
children, or mistress at home.

Are provisions noiv cheap at the British Columbian gold fields ?
They can't be. AVhy, the number of men leaving London every day for
this colony is a caution, though the fare to British Columbia from
England is the most expensive to any of Her Majesty's colonies.
Now, if in spite of that fact emigrants are leaving for it daily, is it
not natural to suppose that emigrants from places infinitely nearer
than England to British Columbia have been drafting there for

months past — especially Chinese coolies ; I have no douht thousands
of Chinese such as have inundated Australia for years past have
arrived and are daily arriving on the new gold fields.

Mind, don't suppose that I say all this to deter you — far from
that. Remember I have said over and over again that I believe
a hard-working, economical gold digger emigrant can't be off making
money in the long run ; but I have determined to give a plain
statement of what I know, and this I feel to })e certain, that though
provisions in November last were plentiful enough and cheap
enough in British Columbia, I am quite sure such is not now the
case.

Last winter potatoes were selling in the colony at tenpence the
hundredweight, while flour and other necessaries were comparatively
as cheap ; and there being no duties levied, tea and sugar were as
cheap as in England, if not cheaper ; but I doubt whether every-
thing has not gone up a dozen times over by this time.

Well — and what of that ? Even at those figures you can live
upon two or three shillings a day if you live rather for to-morrow
than to-day. I say again I warn you that the Times was wrong
when some weeks ago it announced that provisions were then cheap
in British Columbia. This cannot be the case, I know. But I add
that cheap provisions or not, it does not matter. A steady indus-
trious man is safe in British Colum1)ia, for this reason, that the
colony is not injured by many of the drawbacks which afflict most
British colonies. There are no excesses of temperature, no ex-
cessive rains, no droughts, and a good and easily reached seaboard.

So far I. have not said a word to Avomen emigrants. But if 1
MTote till I was grey, and I am a long way from that condition, I
could not sufficiently assert the great advantages which present
themselves to women emigrants. The great curse of the colony
so far, as it must always be the curse of any colony in which such a
want exists, is the absence of women. I doubt if there was one
woman to a hundred men twelve months ago. I am quite sure
that now, when I am writing, there must be at least two hundred
men to every woman.

There is no better colony to which women can emigrate than
British Columbia, for it is an improvement upon home. It is
English^ and the emigrant will no more have to learn American
customs than she will have to accustom herself to the horrors of an
Australian summer, or the misery of being " helped " by hideous
black native and strong-smelling Australians.

There never was such a field for matrimony. I never saw
diggers so desirous of marrying as those of Britisli Columbia;

generally gold diggers are not marrying men. They Avork, spend
their money in drink, and work agnin. AVljethcr this arises from,
as a rule, gold fields being in hot latitudes, I know not .iny more
than I know whether to the real, yet improved, English tempera-
ture of British Columbia is owino; the intense desire to be found
amongst the emigrants to settle down and l)ring up families.

Any decent young woman who reads this may take my word for
it that in British Columbia she will find Avork as soon as she steps
on the shore, while she may find a hus])and before her foot touches
it — character to be risked ; but there Avere not many roughs in
British Columbia up to the date avIku, for a time, T quitted it.

Mind, I don't say that I recommend families to go out to
British Columbia. A family is a burden till a man is established,
and I should strongly advise that only one in a family should be
sent out as a feeler, a steady hard-Avorkiiig and t('mj)erate man,
who Avould feel his Avay and pave it for those Avho should folloAV.
Let this man hav'e Avliat funds can be spared, and let him do the
best Avith them ; this Avill be infinitely safe'r than exhausting one's
means by carrying out an entire family at once, and hampering
them and one's self directly the end of the journey is reached.

And now some account of Avhat I did Jit the new and most
auriferous gold fields in the Avorld, may perhaps be acceptable to the
reader. J. Avon't say how much I made in the Avhole, because I
don't sec any need to do so ; but this I do assert, that, being very
economical Avhile on the Avork, and Avorking hard, I made enough
in six months to keep me for life, if I choose, while still a young
man (Avhicli I am), to sit down and make; myself easy for life.
But this kind of thing I don't care about, and so, as I said before, I
shall be off once more to British Columbia almost as soon as you
see this book, if you read it immediately it is printed.

I suppose you Avill not believe that many men during my time at
the diggings made 100 dollars (<3t*20) a day average for Aveeks
together. This is a fact, and one easy of comprehension compared
with the statement that not a fcAV miners have picked u[) 100 ounces
(<£490 Avorth) in the same space of time. Many miners Avere in
Victoria Avhen I left it early in September last, Avho had left the city
in the spring as penniless as the next pauper, Avho during last
summer made from 1,000 to 10,000 dollars (<£200 to ^2,000).

Mind, I don't say that every miner made money. There is an old
Spanish proverb that says, " While you are likely to gain a fortune in
a copper mine, and may in a silver, you are absolutely certain in a
gold mine— to lose one. The last three Avords make all the difference.
Gold digging is the greatest lottery in the Avorld, and therefore I

need not say that many miners got claims that were not worth look-
ing at, and which did not contain a grain of gold. But for all that,
they made money hy hiring themselves out to more fortunate men.
I know this, that I paid my helps from 10 to 20 dollars (.£2 to £4^)
per day, and then I thought myself lucky to get them, ami 1 give
you my word the cheaper helps had no " go " in them. They had
been disappointed in their own lots, and allowed their ill-luck to
knock them over. I would recommend no man who lets ill-luck
knock him over to go to gold diggings, for it is the most risky kind
of work in this world, and wants equal courage. This I am quite
sure of, that many a clerk I saw yesterday in the city of London
was far stronger than many a man wlio was earning his fifteen dollars
a day at the British Columbian gold fields last summer.

In fact, I don't know but what a little "want "in Briiish Columbia
rvill do it good. Starvation makes a man look about him. There's
nothing so thoroughly encourages a man in his laziness as an easily
filled belly. Up to last September (])eyond which date I shall not
speak, for this simple reason, that I personally know nothing at all
about the matter), up to last September, I say, want in that colony
was unknown. Provisions were as plentiful as the skies were blue,
and as there are ahvays so many men in a hundred who will never
work more than is enough to give them from hand to mouth, the
consequence was that we had out hosts of lazy people. I do hope
by this time they have either been turned into hard-working men,
or turned out of the colony, for I hate idleness.

Hardship — I never saw any hardship in the colony ; but I tell you
what I. saw — waste. I do not know whether I am most rejoiced or
sorry when I see bread kicking about a place. I am glad to
know it is not wanted : I am sorry not to be ignorant of the fact
that it is wanted elsewhere, and that God's children in some parts
of the world are crying for it.

Why, how could hardship exist Avhen there was a beautiful climate,
a good seaboard, rich teeming earth, rivers full of splendid fish, and
gold as plentiful as hard words in an English workhouse, or dirt in
Seven Dials. I heard of cases in which gold was literally taken out
of the earth in spadefuls. I remember one case in which a single
pan of soil yielded 100 dollars (£20). The man who found it,
however, had been drinking for some weeks, he was as poor as any
man in the colony, and the excitement at this find was so great that
he fell ill of brain fever, and had a narrow escape with his life. The
illness not only swallowed up his lucky pan, but his tools were
in pawn as well for the expenses incurred ; and this idiot of a miner
at the time I left in the Panama boat was working at 20 dollars

(£4;) a (lay, and yet Avas no richer at the end of the week than at
its commencement.

I myself had no marvellous find. But I was always at work ten
hours per day, thou<i;li I do not mean to say that I kept hard at
work throughout those hours, and I gradually ])icked up the metal.
I don't recollect more than two weeks when I was no richer at the
end of them than their heginning.

If I were asked the average amount made in the season amongst
moderately fortunate miners I should say about £500 to ,£G00.
As for myself, as I have said, I worked hard, lived sparingly, and
though 1 had no great finds my claim on the whole was as golden,
if not more so, than that of any man in the district.

Miners, however, and as a rule, think that the real source of the
gold deposit is yet to be discovered, and that it lies far away from the
district in which gold has so far been found. The reasons for this
supposition are that the metal is coarse and i» mri/ small nuggets,
about 10 to 20 dollars value (dG2 to £4). A good many miners
came down with me from the gold fields, each with his little sack-
ful of gold. Those, however, who had large sacks went on to St.
Francisco ; for British Columbia does not yet boast of a mint, though
I've no doubt a year or eighteen months will supply this Avant, as it
will the great demand for " money " in this district. As a proof of
the masses of gold the new fields are yielding, in September last
the other brought down no less than 500,000 dollars worth
(.£100,000) — and there is plenty more to come, {a)

And while I am writing this very chapter 1 find that the warning
I gave a page or so back is a necessary one. Provisions are going
up to an awful figure, and a man, according to ni account which
left British Columbia about a month after 1 did, must earn four or
five pounds a day to live in anything like comfort.

Gaming, too, has sprung up. It was just beginning to show its
ugly head when I was leaving. Gaming was the ruin of Californian
miners for years. These fools, however, have learnt that the
chances are always so thoroughly in favour of the gaming-house
proprietors that the loss of the gambler's money and the gain of the
gaming-house proprietor is only a question of time.

And now I warn you fairly that if you take to gambling you may
as well stay in England, for you will make no money in British
Columbia. All the gaming-house-keepers in California will settle
in the Frazer river district, and so will their brethren in Melbourne

■' (a) Messrs. Wells, Farga, & Co. (Victoria), shipped last year not less than
a million and a half dollars' worth of gold from the district.

--•r

and Sydney. Indeed, I feel sure many of them have already
started. The new gold fields will swarm with them because they
will be quite sure beforehand of making money. AVith them it will
be no speculation ; their gaming establishments will be as safe to
return them profits as the Bank of England is secure from breaking.

I have seen a good deal of miners' gambling, and so 1 think I
may declare I am an authority on this subject, and I say plainly
that a man might as well chuck his gold back into the creek as
pitch it on to the gaming table ; gaming is the miners' curse all the
world over. How this comes to be the case it is not difficult to
make out. The life of a gold miner is very exciting, and quite as
monotonous. He, therefore, wants some change, and one that
must be as exciting as his daily trade. This relief lie finds in
gaming, and he discovers it to his cost.

But it is all nonsense to say the desire to gamble cannot be got
over. How did / get over it ? and if I managed to fight against it
why can't others ? I only know I put a strong Avill on my desire to
gamble, for I do not deny that I sometimes had a wish to try my
luck at the red and black table, and that strong will had its
way. Mind, I don't say this would have been the case had I been
in the habit of drinking ; T)Ut I was always sober, and so, keeping a
steady head on my shoulders, I always had a full pocket.

Most of the gold-digger gamblers I have come across have been
fellows who could manage a good quantity of liquors, and I believe
firmly that the excitement of the drink has been such that they
have been quite unable to withstand the temptation of the gaming
table. Why, what gains can stand such a drain upon them as ^3
or £4) a bottle for brandy, and then being carried by an unsteady
hand and a bewildered brain to the gambling house ? What gains —
not any. They never did, and they never Avill. I tell you candidly,
that if you want to make your fortune in the new gold fields of
British Columbia you must go out with a good will to live down to
the lowest dollar, and not to spend a cent in waste.

Let provisions get ever so high, and I am quite sure that this
summer they will be at double- famine prices, you will make
money, even if your claim is so bad that you chuck it up and hire
yourself out, if you make up your mind to drink water and be
satisfied with bread and a plain slice of mutton. I say I don't care
what prices go to this summer, you will make money if you are
determined so to do ; but if you must have brandy for breakfast, the
best tobacco to be bought for your own smoking, and champagne
on Sundays, why I guess you had better think twice before you
leave the old country.

I cannot give a Ixittor cvidonce of the value of temperance to a
gold digger tium pointing to thost; Ciiinese labourers who are to be
found on the gold fields of Australia and California, mIio were
arriving in Brilish Columbia in hundreds when 1 left, and who are
now, I am quite sure, flocking to the district in thousands upon
thousands. These men, generally speaking, are miserably poor
when they reach the gold fields, are generally in bondage to specula-
tors who have brought them over, and have to work their way to
freedom. And yet, in spit(; of these <lrawl)acks, and still further in
the very face of the fact tliat they arc; not strong men, \\]uU) their social
customs keep them in a continuously weak and miserable (condition,
yet in the course of a few years these men amass enough money to
carry them back to ind(ipend(;nce, and even to luxury, it is said, in
their own land.

And how is this ? These men are, as regards their food, the most
temperate human l)eings possible. Tliey eat scarcely anything but
rice, and tin; cheapc^st possible animal food ; they drink nothing but
■water and coarse tea ; and they work hard. They are healthy too,
notwithstanding this hard worlv, their natural constitutional weakness,
and indulgenc(; in those social habits to >vhich I have already
referred, but which I cannot Avith decency more strictly define.
How is it that these Chinese make money and maintain their health
under these circumstances? Why, they are temperate; as a rule,
you do not see these diggers drunk, and you certainly do not mark
them at the ^aminjj; table.

Of course I am speaking generally, because I do not mean to say
that I have never seen a Chinese trold di<j<i:er none the better for
liquor, nor one of them at the rouge et noir table. I have — but
exceptions prove rules, you know^

Well, if in the case of these worn-out looking Chinese temperance
does so much for them, what will it not do for strong, hearty, and
free Britons ? Do — there's no knowini^ Avhat it Avill not do. It
will give health, fortune, and a happiness that will make one year as
gay as a dozen. Mind — let me say once more — I am no teetotaller.
I laugh at the idea of a man re(]uiring to swear that he will not
touch fermented liquor, and I am almost as willing to laugh at a
man who prides himself upon never drinking l)eer, wine, or spirits ;
but I do say that no man can afford to drink at any gold digging
district in this Avorld of ours. No man ever dreams of passing all
his life at the diggings. He goes there for a time to make enough
money to settle down and enjoy himself according to his own way.
Then I say, that while he is at work making his fortune, whether
it is ten or fifty thousands, or only as many hundreds, he should give

l.'J

his whole miiul to It — work like a slav«j and live like one if he ever
wislies to have mun<'y and time at hJH Hii«;('i's ends, A month spent
at tlie diggings in living luxuriously is ahout eciiial to two or three
years of the same kind of thing in England or Franee. I say over
and over again that tlie man who wants to make mon(!y at the
diggings must spend as little eash wliile on the gold fields as he can.
He need not he afraid of *' breaking down." Hard work is better
contented with plain than good fare ; I have tried both plans, and
I'm quite sure of this, that 1 can work much better on a slice of
mutton, a hunk of bread, and one or two handfiils of water, than on
a heavy dinner and a l)ottle of stout. At the I'razcr River diggings
at this moment I guess the latter dinner would cost about twenty
times as much as tlu; former.

I have headed this chapter " AVhat I did and what I got in
British Columbia." AVcll, I think I have jirctty fiiirly told what I
did and what I got. I worked and lived teni])eratcly, and I got a
decent small fortune, as I have said, enoiigb to keep nic for life
without working, if 1 did not love Avork for its own sake.

Before I finish this chapter, however, I must just set down
another terrible evil which falls upon the gold miner of British
Columbia who has given way to intemperance. AVhen he sets out
from that colony on his return to England, and the south of North
America, his frame is so shaken by liis lial)its, that while the hardy
temperate miner is case-hardened for the voyage south, the other is
so open to the attacks of sickness that his chances are about five to
one in favour of his taking yellow fever directly hcnears Panama.

He may get over the attack, but his chances are few, and only too
often he is a dead man, and what gold remains after his extravagance
in the north is separated from him, fur while he is pitched into the
sea, his gold, according to the law on this subject, is sold for the
benefit of his relations — if they are ever found.

CHAPTER II.

MY >'OTIONS OF BRITISH COLUMBIA.

My notions of British Columbia are just those of a plain man who
has his eyes open, and who knows something about colonizing and
colonies. I have, as the reader already knows, had some experience
of Australia, a little of California, and I have a very satisfactory
\nowledge of British Columbia,

The gold district of British Columbia (and indeed the -whole of
that colony) has this enormous advantage over the gold districts of
Australia and California, that it is agricultural and splendidly
watered. The gold fields of British Columbia not only produce
gold, but they are composed of some of the finest agricultural land
in the known world, and specially advantageous to the English
farmer, as the rules of farming whidi hold good in his own land are
equally valualde throughout this colony. The English farmer does
not have to unlearn his trade as in Australia, or forget it as in
California. He is able to begin at once with mother earth just as
though he were in Kent or Devonshire, and under precisely similar,
or rather improved, circumstances of climate, seasons, rules of crops,
and rotations. Therefore, I may as fairly speak of British Columbia
as an agricultural as a gold colony — for then if gold digging fails
the plain field is ready for cultivation, a field whicli, with hard
work, never can prove unproductive, and for the produce of which
there will be a steadily rising demand for many years to come.

1 do not hesitate for one moment to recommend these countries
to the labouring man and the rough mechanic. They will, speaking
broadly, earn from two to five times as much a day as anywhere in
England. Of course I am speaking now apart from the gold
mines — at which they may or may not make a fortune, as the case
may be. l^ut it must never l)e forgotten that gold digging is just a
regular lottery. Why, in the very best California days there were
just as many dismal-faced miners coming down frcin the mines and
swearing they were not worth the working, as there were happy-
faced men going up to the gold district with the belief that a month
or so Avould see them millionaires.

If I am asked is there any opening for professional men — such ua
doctors and lawyers — I answer that titoy want none of the latter in
Britislx Columl)ia. The colonists and juiners, \vithout being lovers
of lynch law, are given to a kind of equal man-to-man settlement of
disputes, which doe.^ away with the want of lawyers. I never saw
a " solicitor's letter " in British Columbia. As for doctors — of
course there is some call for them ; but not much. Apart from the
salubrity of the climate, and the fact that the general employment
of the colonists keeps them in heidth, there is a general feeling to
knock through ilhiess by more work^ and it is astonishing what a
successful medic' ne that kind of thin" is. Certainly there are
openings for a fe v doctors, but I should seriously recommend that
those of the faculty Avho make tracks to British Columbia
should be men who are al)le to turn their hand to other trades than
tlieir own. Candidly, all ideas of professional dignity must be

««

pitched over hoard before they leave the ship, or tliey will go a good
way towards injuring their owner.

As to farmers — why, where there is good and cheap land the
farmer who has on his shoulders a head worth callino: one cannot
starve. In British Coiumbia there is good land, and cheap land,
and, as I have said, a rising demand for all farm produce, but still I
would not advise a farmer ivith a family if he can make a moderate
living at home, to emigrate even to British Columbia. In fact, to
speak very plainly, and in all cases it is by far the best way to do
so, I would recommend people in England with families to keep
them there, and themselves too, unless they can provide at home for
the children, and go out as single men and pave the way for the
little ones. Children, and even a wife, are millstones rour:d the
neck of an emigrant. That which he would venture to do if he wei*e
alone he will hesitate to begin if he looks into the eyes of wife and
children, and remembers that they depend on iitm. There is an
old proverb — nothing venture nothing have. The man with wife and
children ought not to be venturesome ; and new colonies require to
be peopled by venturesome men. The argument seems pretty clear.
Adventurers in British Columbia, whether married or not, and
especially the latter, should be free to work by themselves.

Mind, don't suppose for a moment that I am arguing against the
presence of women in a colony. My experience tells me there can
he nothing more damnatory in any colony than the want of women ;
but I do say this, that dependent women ought not to be carried into
a new colony. The women who arrive to bltjss it should either be
destined for the arms of the husband who singly — alone has
established himself at the new home; or steer towards old lovers; or
be in expectancy of new ones. Do not look upon that sentence as
indelicate. It is the duty of women, I do believe, and one they
feel is theirs, to marry, and I know no better woman's mission than
that of going out to colonies already provided with well-to-do,
strong-hearted, and strong-bodied men, who have Avorked in order to
support themselves and the wives they long for. I have seen tlie
change for the better produced in a small colony by the coming of
only a score of women. I do really believe that they suggest to
men, who when alone are apt to be lawless and harsh, the memory
of their mothers and the honicb, more or less happy, of their youth.

And I want to lay it down at once that I iiave no wish for any
man avIio reads this book to accept every line in it as bible truth.
New colonies, as I know, change so rapidly that what ma)'' be
gospel concerning them to-day may, by the end of six months, just
as well a2)ply to the other side of the globe. Thus it is that in

>'f

putting this work together, I rather look at the early future than
the past of Biitish Columl)ia — that future in Avhieh the intending
emigrant will visit the district, and not that past during -which I
was a colonist in that part of the world. Tliis future I huild upon
my experience of other colonies and gold-mining districts. I say
once more, don't take all I say for certain, but judge me on my
entire merits. Read the hook through, and form your own belief
on it.

The agriculturist most wanted in British Columlna at the present
moment, is the small farmer, who here at home tills a few acres.
The best way of Avorking is in partnership with one or more men
of a similar standing. The working in partnership will soon make
enough to provide sure homes for wives and little ones ; and Avhen
such is the case, wives and children, or sweethearts, can be sent for.

I would not advise farming on a large scale, because, as I have
said, the circumstances of to-day in a new colony may widely differ
from those Avhicli will exist six months hence ; and secondly, for the
reason that large farming requires large la1)0ur ; and as in British
Columl)ia labour is, and will l^e for some years to come, extremely
expensive, a large outlay of capital would be certain, while the
chances of an equally large return Avould be doul)tful.

The farmer, to make money at once in British Columbia, is he
who depends entirely on his own lal)our and common sense. Such
a man can buy land on easy terms, land which in a few years will
be worth fifty times the present price, and the yearly value of which
will steadily rise, so that a sale at any time must be a source of
profit. Nor is it necessary to pay the entire purchase money before
entering on possession. Instalments are taken, and so although
the price per acre . is only four shillings and two-pence, yet an
immediate payment of that sum upon the purchase of every acre is
not required.

This land will be a source of future wealth to the tiller's children,
and certainly in the meantime be a maintenance for himself I know
of no better way in which the father, or the man who hopes some
day to be a husband and a father, can do his duty to the existing or
hoped-for children than in working hard himself as an agricultural
emigrant for the benefit of those belonging to him, whom, in the
course of nature, he will leave behind upon this earth.

The emigrant, however, need not purchase land unless he is will-
ing. He can " squat " upon unsurveyed lands the title of which he
may make sure of getting when they are .mrveyed, up to which
time the only expense to which he can be put, will be one small
registration fee. Of course good lands in the neighbourhoods of

toAvns are pretty well all appropriated l)y this time, aiifl I tell propc^ing
settlors at once that they must be prepared to rough it at first, with
no other lares to look upon than their own, Avhich will be cheerful
enough if they work hard, and are determined to put a good face
upon matters.

Though the extent of really good land in British Columbia is
certainly small compared Avith mountain and forest tracks, yet it is
very large in proportion to the numl)er of inhabitants. Tht soil is
everywhere fertile, though in many places it is extremely light
and sandy.

"With respect to the climate of British Columbia I have already
said much. That of the sea coast is milder and finer than tluit of
England, but it is wet in winter. In the interior the winter is
drier and colder than the same season in England, while the
summers are proportionally hotter. Some tales of suflPeriiig from
the climate have spread to the coast and thence reached home, but
th(;se calamities arose from want of food and shelter ; and I know
ill some instances the victims were either weak -hearted men, who
had to thank themselves for their misfortunes, or drunkards whose
miseries lay at their own door, or foolhardy adventurers who liave
mistaken rashness for courage (qualities as far apart as the poles),
and suffered accordingly.

Men fond of sport will not be destitute of it in many shapes wlio
go to British Columbia, and it already affords the chi(;f and healtliiest
anmsement amongst English settlers. Game is plentiful, and oi no
mean sort, consisting as it does of bears, deer, and elk, together with
grouse, partridges, and wildfowl. Sport, howevc-r, is not the easy
Avork it is in England, owing to the density of the forests and iIk;
rank growth of underwood.

There is also another drawback to the pleasure of sporting ; I
mean the rattlesnake, but, on the other hand, this is the only noxious
animal or reptile in the colony, and even the rattlesnake is confifai d
to the interior of the mainland.

The mosquito seems to be a necessary adjunct to gold digging,
for wherever, all the world over, you find the one the other is not
far away; it is, in fact, generally a great deal too near to be plea^^iint.
Nor is Frazer's River an exception to this rule, though from the lii-h
latitude of the district the mosquitoes rre neither so numerous not >-\
formidable as in other gold mining dis riots. However, in Victoiia
(the metropolis of British Columbia md Vancouver's Island, us 1
dare say you know) not one of +^ese nuisances is to be seen, .'it
least, I never saw, nor felt the sting of, a single specimen.

And now I approach a question which I fancy many of my re:. ders

ill

wish to ask — what are the chances for hroken-down gentlemen or
clerks, and men with soft palms to their hands, generally ? My
answer is this, that nature can make those hands as horny as any in
the world, and that the outcry against this kind of emigrants is
monstrously absurd ami — worse — unjust. Mind, I do not wish to
raise any false hopes. Broken-down gentlemen and clerks would
take at first the very lowest places in the colonies. But what of
that ? The lowest places in a new colony, and especially in healthy
British Columl)ia, are worth having, if they are well worked. 1
think a strongish, or rather let me say, I think a healthy, willing,
broken-down gentleman or clerk has pretty well as good a chance in
British Columbia as any other kind of man if he goes the right way
to work. In the first place, he must look upon himself as ceasing to
be an outside gentleman (let him keep one at heart by all means),
he must regard himself as a common labourer knowing nothing
about common labour. He must strive to consider himself as, for a
time, below the common labourer in value in the new colony j but
I do apprehend that if he does this he will soon rise by virtue of bis
education and self-n^spect to something sujierior to that labourer.
I do not think the case can be otherwise. I have known very clever
sheep and agricultural farmers in Australia rise out of broken -do>Mi
gentlemen. For instance, there were the nephe>vs of Lord Brougham.
They went out to Australia perfect gentlemen (though not by any
means broken-down ones) ; taking kindly to the new life they roughed
it with the rest about them, and Avere very soon the equals in real
hard-working powers with any of their neighl)Ours.

And yet, as there must be a cause for every effect, I dare say there
must be a cause for this wide-spread belief, that a " gentleman " is
no good in a new colony. I take it this idea is founded on the fact
that in all colonies a number of loafing young men are to be found
who have clearly done nothing in all their li\ es, and who Avill not
work to save themselves from death. They are spoilt sons of good
families, or youths who have gone will, and who have been sent out
by tiieir families as a last resource. They \vould never do any good
for themselves anywhere, and, therefore, do no cohmy burdened with
them any benefit ; but so far from the colony not giving them bread,
I doubt if half of those unhappy persons, belonging to this kind of
emigrants, which have come under my notice, could have hved
without resources a quarter the time in the old country they have in
the new.

Plainly, gentlemen, and all emigrants affectirg a gentlemanly
standing, must, in going to British Columbia, or any other colony,
look upon their education as a something which must be only for

'nt.

their " moral, not their social, guidance.* {a) For instance, I do
think a man without a trade ought not to hesitate at taking a place
as waiter at a restaurant, of which I found plenty kept by enterpris-
ing Frenchmen in Victoria and small towns ; or as shopman at any
kind of business to which he coald turn his hand, if it should not be
strong enough to grasp a spade, which instrument is certainly the
most valuable, and the best paying, in British Columbia, as it is that
of most young and unsettled colonies.

Even a shoe-black's is not a bad trade, since the charge for brush-
ing shoes is just one shilling, while the wages men-servants get are
from £5 to £8 a month, together with board and lodging ; the latter
no inconsiderable item, for house-rent in the colony is exceedingly
high. All this news is enough to frighten the professional genleman
who wishes to maintain a regard for his profession ; but it is good
tidings for washerwomen (who get 12 shillings per dozen in British
Columbia), shoe-])lack boys, anrl maids of all work.

Of the latter — the maids of all work — I must say that they would
be as welcome as flowers in May, and, indeed, th(!y would very soon
become wives of all work, for if there is one thing more than another
a miner sighs for after a hard day's work, it is to see either his tent,
or his log hut, brightened up ])y the smiles of a woman, and tidied
up by woman's hand ; for truth to tell, men themselves are but poor
hands at keeping a hut or a tent in order. It is one of the misfortunes
of British Columbia in general, and of the mining districts in parti-
cular, that they possess few women. Especially at the gold fields,
men stand up to look at a woman go past, and I have known the
arrival of a fresh female face in a gold digging district create such
a stir that the miners have knocked off work for the day, and had
a kind of here and there meeting over the event. Whence the new
arrival has come — what she is going to do — who has sent tor her —
has she come of her own accord — and who knows her — these are
the questions asked a hundred times over amongst the little groups
which assemble on such high days and holidays, as those upon
which women arrive at the diggings, {b)

{a) I am parti }'■ indebted to a friend for these ob.scrvaTions or the eniicraticu
of geutlemeu aud clerks to British Columbia and other English colonies.

(6) A correspondent writing in the Times also takes notice of the want of
women in British Columbia in the folloiving sentence, so characteristic of the
leadhig paper, both in tone and philosophy.— Kd. " f believe there is not 1 to
every 1 (JO men at the mines; without them the male population will never
settle in the country, and innumerable evils are the consequouce. A largo
number of the weaker sex could ol)tain immediate employment as domestic
ser^■ants, at high rates of wages, with th(i certainty of marriage in the hack-
ground. The minor is not very particular — 'plain, fat. and 5(i,' even, would
not be objected to ; while good-looking girls would be the nuggets, and prized

1
'5 '■

l.t

)

* j

M '

And I guess I need not say that the new-comer does not remain
long without a Imshand if she is wilHng to take one. Nor Avill she
be long unwilling, for to tell tlie truth, slie is so pestered with offers
till she is a wife, that she chooses a man if it is only to be well rid of
the rest ; and this having been done, the settlers have to wait till the
next arrival. But it is weary work Avaiting, and I have known many
a miner send money over to England for the passage out of an
English girl or Scotch lassie he has known, more or less, in the old
country at home, as the quickest mode of getting a wife. Why, I
have heard of more than a couple of cases in Avhich miners sent
passage money and offers of marriage home to girls to whom they
perhaps, had never spoken, but whom they had knoAvn as neighbours
friends in England.

Nay, I knew an instance in which a miner wrote off to a woman
>vhom he had never seen and whom he only knew by r<'ading her
name in a pul)lic report in an English paper of an assault case, in
which this girl had given a drunken man in charge for assaviUing her.
Whether he ever got an answer, or whether liis money was sent back,
or this girl " reported " herself at the diggings, I know not ; for 1 left
the neighbourhood of Erazer River within a week of the posting of
the letter in question.

Indeed, I state candidly that I do not think any brisk woman could
do better than emigrate to British Columljia. Her chances of gain-
ing work are so great that they may be called certainties, and if she
be inclined to marry she will not hick for offers ; 1 may say, after ex-
perience in the tliree chief mining districts in the world, that gold
miners make very good and considerate husbands, let what may be
declared to the contrary. The miner, as a rule, may l)e a rough and
ready man, and the blow between two of the njining craft may fol-
low the word before its echo is dead, but there is a g(;neral kind of
broad warm-heartedness shown towards women which gives the lie
to the slander that miners look on Avomen as " chattels."

It is true that some Avomen are not treated Avell at gold digging
districts, but perhaps this is their OAvn fault. Eor my part 1 never
saAV a decent Avoman unkindly used. In a Avord, 1 am c[uite sure of
this, that a poor Avoman has far better chances in British Columl»ia
than in the British Isles, and knowing as I do the almost necessarily
evil consequences of men herding together Avith no Avonien to
humanize and soften them, I cannot help thinking that a matri-
monial office established in London to promote the emigration of

"' 'ovdinji'ly. An immigration of such a character Avould be aa great a boon to
i,ue colony us I am sure it Avould be to many of the under-paid, uuder-t'ed, and
ovc'r-\\orked women Avlio drag out a weary cxiijteiice in the dismal back streets
and alleys of tliis mctropoUs."

'"OV.y,

young and struggling women to Britisli Columbia at the cost of the
miners would l)e a glorious boon for all parties ; and if there is any-
thing unpleasant in the idea I am sure the amount of indelicacy
would he over-balanced by the extreme good such an esta])lish-
ment would bestow on the womanless colony located on Frazer's
River.

After talking so much of the advantages to be obtained by emi-
gration to British Columbia it is likel> that the question arises to the
reader's lip — " But if I am inclined to go to this colony, how am I to
reach it ?" I have no doul)t that by the time this l)Ook is in the
hands of its readers the daily papers will be beginning to teem
with advertisements of vessels sailing for Vancouver's Island and
British Columbia, and that those advertisements will be able to give
far more accurate information than I can on liie subject ; still I will
devote a page or so to this subject, and the reader will tind what I
have to say on it under the heading " Various routes and tariffs to
British Columbia."

With respect to the food best suited to emigrants arriving in
British Columbia I need say very little ; but what I set down is I
think worth the reading. The climate being so much like that of
England, there does not require that care in taking food which
even a visit to a country so short a distance from England as France
sometimes requires. For my part I should say, live pretty much as
you have lived in England, but taking care not to consume too much
fat pork, which I do believe is a great cause of American biliousness
and pale looks, nor to take too kindly to the fish, which is so abundant
in British Columbia, and of most known English kinds. Salmon,
for instance, is very plentiful, but I noticed that last year, and
especially in the summer, a large consumption of this fish in
the fresh state was followed more or less by illness, diarrhoea, Sec.
Mut on and l)eef seem to me the safest food for the eniiorant till he
has served his apprenticeship to the new climate, Avhich is so bracing
nine months out of the twelve, that I do not think, after the emi-
grant has served half his time to British Columbia, that he will
pay much attention to any advice as to what he should or should
not eat.

The food for the vayage out is, however, qni^e nnotlier affair, and
in a fitting place I devote a short chapter to this subject. It is all
very well to talk about the colony, but it is another thing to get
there, and as the journey to the British Columbia by the long route
is the longest sailing spell one can have to reach any colony belong-
ing to the British crown, and as some portion of the short route is
really dangerous if taken in summer or autumn (and I do not desire

to hide that fact) I think it is well that I should pay very consider-
able attention to this portion of my guide hook.

It was in May last that miners got to work on Antler's Creek,
that plot of the Frazer River district which has so far proved the
host gold mining field. Some of the new hands, as raAV to the work
as they were raw in reality, after working at their new trade for a few
days, took out gold to the value of 200 dollars (,^40) a day each,
Avhile every hour brought fresh discoveries as good. One man with
a " rocker," about as poor and inefficient a mining implement as can
be imagined, made 400 dollars (£80) by ten hours' work, while a
couple of men in the day washed 10 ounces (sold for ^£*88 10s.).
This work was also done with a rocker. One Mr. Smith earned 3|
pounds (worth £l85 6s.) in one day; his claim averaged 20 to 30
ounces a day.

What are called " bench claims," terraces situated 100 feet above
the water of the creek, were yielding from 4 to 8 ounces to each
rocker every day. Few claims yielded less than 50 dollars (c£lO) to
100 dolhirs (£'20) a day to the hand. Confidence in the mineral
wealth of the district was inspired from the first. It was seen to
exhibit all the characteristics of a rich gold region, and bore a
striking resemblance in all its features to the richest regions of
California in 1849. In the early part of May, there were five feet
of snow on the ground, but this did not prevent several miners from
getting to work. A company of five men were getting out 37 ounces
a day. Two men had got out 900 dollars (,£180) in two days. As
the miners formed " flumes," which lessened hand labour, and ena})led
them to chuck up the slow and tedious rocker, the results Avere much
hight»r, amounting to all sorts of amounts, from <£l00 to £500 a day,
to a company composed of three to five and six men.

On Keithley's Creek the yield was not so large; 25 dollars (£5)
to 75 dollars (£l5), and in some cases 100 dollars (£20), a day to
the hand were the results. I know in June that one man from
Fort Yale earned 1,800 dollars (£360) in about » fortnight by the
remittance of the dust. Other creeks were now being discovered,
and they were worked with varied success, ranging from Is. to the
pan of dirt to £lO a day to the hand.

But perhaps the best news in connection with this splendid gold-
digging work is the fact that the health of the diggers remained so
good ; I hardly remember one case of illness which was not brought
on by drinking. This healthiness was in good contrast with the
sickness so common in the Californian gold regions, and even in
those of Australia, in both of which districts fever and ague kept a
man's hands still half his time. While writing this chapter I learn

i
/

. )

gaming, has taken

that the miner's worst illne^JS — hecause it is fatal
hold of the miners at Antler's Creek, I was not located there last
year, and I can only speak from hearsay of that rich lot of claims ;
hut I am bound to say that the gaming mania, even so late as last
November, had not spread throughout the gold district, colony, &c,,
to any such extent as I have seen it in California or in Melbourne.
I must speak of things as 1 find them, let whatever be the result.

There is another thing I would caution emigrants against, and
that is, making way at once for the diggings directly they reach the
colony, and refusing all work. The fact is, that after the long sea
voyage, Tiien are not quite in order for very hard work, and I plainly
warn all men, however easy the business of getting gold on Frazer's
River hf,s so ftir been, that, as in other gold fields, when what is
called the surface " efflorescence " of gold — the metal near the top of
the soil — is exhausted, the work of driving tunnels in the quartz and
breaking up the rock is no joke. I have no doubt, in my own mind,
that the surface gold is already exhausted, or, at all events, very
nearly exhausted, and therefore, when the intending emigrant arrives
in the ctlony, the real haid work of gold getting will be wanted if
the miner is to reap any harvest.

I say the digging will l)e very hard, and therefore the emigrant
will do veil to season himself after his voyage to work (that will be
easy conpared with that at the diggings) before he tries his hand at
the mints.

I canlidly caution all men not to refuse good icoges on their first
arrival n the colony, in their eagerness to reach the gold district ; I may
say as arule, that until emigrants become acquainted with the labour
of the cttintry, their services are of comparatively small value to their
employers. They should, therefore, be careful not to fall into the
commor error of refusing reasonable wages on their first arrival.

With regard to the expense of a log hut, though we were in tents
last sunnier, I do not care to say much. The cost of a log hut, such
as the ;ettler is usually contented with, is from about £>5 to £lO;
noio I tare say it would come to four times the amount ; but when
the bestpart of the work is done by the settler with his own hands, the
money aid out for the hut is much less than that I have put down
as its c»st. These log huts, mind you, if made in a good workman-
like maaner, are not to be despised. They are as warm and comfort-
able hoises as men could wish to have over their heads.

I coild say a deal more about the Frazer River gold district, how
to get there, and how to manage when you foot it amongst the gold ;
but thj thing has been well done by Mr. Alexander C. Anderson,
late th« chief trader of the Hudson's Bay Company, who has written

a handbook to the gold regions of Frazer's and Thompson's Rivers ;
but as this book was published in February, 1859, all it lias to say
will not hold good at the present date. However, I shall reprint a
bit of his book here, and let it go for what it is worth. The reader
will easily see where chang(is have taken place since Mr. Anderson
wrote his chapters.

" There are two distinct lines of approach to the mines ; one by
the direct route through Frazer's River ; the other by way of the
Columbia River, l)y Portland and the Dalles, and thenco, with pack
animals, through the trails used until recently by the Hudson's Bay
Company for their communications.

" The gold found in the Couteau country has so far been procured
chiefly from dry diggings. It is * coarse ' gold, and its quality stands
high in the market. Consideral)le quantities are reported to have
been dug by the natives, who appear to have l^een the chief miners.

'* The upper and lower Indians have a standing feud, which is
kept alive by a treacherous murder every now and then, as occasion
pr(!sents. I

" The miner visiting these reffions will find no native iBSOurces
beyond what the river supplies. Land animals are scarce and so
much hunted as to be extren'.ely shy. Salmon can usually hi bought
very cheaply ; but as there is no salt, save what may be inported,
there is no way of curing the fish but by the Indian mctlod. At
Ska-oose, below the Forks, is a good sturgeon fishery, and esewhere
in the eddies these fish may be caught. A strong line, wi;h some
large cod-hooks, might be a useful addition to the miner's equipment.
Set lines are an efficient way of catching these fish, the bait a small
fish, or what is better, when procurable, a lamprey eel. Tiere are
trout in the streams, and on the Dalles communication g'ouse of
various kinds, sage hens, and other fowl, are generally abuniant.

*' In ascending Frazer's River mosquitoes are very nimerous
during the summer season, and as the sea-breeze is rarely felt the
air is extremely sultry. Near the Tehae-tse-sum River, behw Fort
Hope, the mosquitoes suddenly cease, and thence upwards tie river
is free of these troul)lesome pests. i

" The regular freshets begin at the latter end of April, aid last
during May and June. About the 15th of June may be rtgarded
as the culminating point ; and by the middle of July the wafers are
generally greatly subsided. There is rarely a freshet of much con-
sequence at any other season, but this sometimes happens, and I
have known a sudden freshet, from heavy rains in October, rase the
river beyond the summer limit.

"Snow beginsfc o fall in the mountains early in October, k July

, V

'•'- ''..•-•- >•

i V

, V

however deep it

there is still snow for a short distance on the summit of the Fort
Hope trail, but not to impede the passage of horses. From the
middle of October, however, to the mi(Ulle of June, this track is not
to be depended upon for transport with pack animals.

" The summer climate about the Forks is dry, and the heat is great.
During winter the thermometer indicates occasionally from 20 to 30
degrees of cold below zero, of Fahrenheit ; but such severe cold
seldom lasts on the upper parts of Frazer's River for more than three
days ; the thermometer will then continue to fluctuates l)etween zero
and the freezing point, until another interval of cold arrives.

" But the winters are extremely capricious throughout these
regions, and no two resemble each other very closely. In general
the snow does not fall deep enough along the l)unks of the main
streams to preclude winter travelling with pack animals. The quality
of the pasture is such (a kind of Imnch grass in most places) that
animals feed well at all seasons. There are many spots between the
Similk-a-meen Valley and O'Kinagan that are specially favourable
for winter ranches. In some the snow never lies
may be around.

" The country, from the mouth of Frazer's River up to the Falls,
is thickly wooded, mountainous, and impassable for man or l)east.
The river becomes more contracted above Fort Hope. Above the
Falls, as far as Tqua-yowm, the character of the country continues
to resemble the same distance below. At Tqua-yowm, however, a
change takes place, and the evidences of a drier climate begin to
appear. These continue to become more marked as we approach
the Forks. At Thilk-um-chee-na, or the Little Fork, and upwards,
rattle-snakes, wormwood, and the cactus (prickly pear) characterise the
scene ; and some of these attributes extend thence downward for
some distance,

" At this point (Thilk-um-chee-na, the junction of Nicholas
River with Thompson's River) the horse region may be said fiirly
to commence. Hence, to the frontiers of New^ Caledonia north-
ward, and southward to the Pampas of Mexico, this useful animal is
the best servant of man. Horses, however, are dear luxuries (com-
paratively speaking) in this quarter. At the Dalles and around
Walla- Walla they are more numerous, and may be bought at very
moderate rates.

" Every miner is recommended, by whichever road he may travel
to the Couteau mines, to supply himself well beforehand, as he can
depend upon little in that region, save what is imported by himself
and others." (a)

(a) Mr. Anderson, in recommending " every miner to supply himself before-

^-^^

IVfind — once more before concluding the chapter, I say to the
miner — no drinking, no ganilding. Do one and you will do both.
Do both and you will leave the mines, Avhatever your luck may be, a
poorer man than you reached them, not only broken down in pocket,
but in health and in temper for life.

CHAPTER III.

•I i.

VARIOUS ROUTES AND TARIFFS TO BRITISH COLUMBIA.

I SUPPOSE that many intending emigrants to British Columbia will
be men with not too much money in their pockets. I will not say
to such — do not go to British Columbia, because candidly the colony
is so superior to any other that I have not the heart to say it ; but
I cannot help leminding the poor man with a desire to emigrate, that
hard work and a good will must pull a man through in any British
colony, and that if he has only a little money he had better save it,
and try for governmental assistance to any of the colonies to which
emigration is aided by the government. The only colonies which at
present enjoy this ])rivilege are Victoria (Australia), Queensland,
the Cape of Good Hope, and Natal ; you see British Columbia and
Vancouver's Island are not in the list ; and as the voyage to these
two latter colonies is the most expensive which I know, I say plainly
to the poor man who contemplates emigration, that on the whole it
is perhaps better that he should apply to government to assist him
to reach a colony and keep his few pounds in his pocket, than to sink
what money he has in paying his expenses to British Columbia.
However, to the man who has a little money, and who desires to
make a little more of it, I say I do not think he could carry out a
better plan, whatever his calling may be, provided he has good
health, moderate strength, and decent will, than start at once for
British Columbia.

As I have not gone from Er.gland to British Columbia, and as in
all probability by the time tliis book reaches the hands of its readers
the Times will swarm with advertisements of lines of steam and sail-
ing vessels for the new gold grounds, perhaps what I have to say on

hand with necessaries " both for food and tools, does not mean to advise the
intending emigrant to bring masses of tools and all other necessaries from
England. He means to intimate that these things arc to be bought in the
towns in the colonies, as they are not to be purchased in the gold districts. He
says truly— each miner imports from the town what he wants for his own use
or consumption.

• 5P'tr;-, .•>

this sul)ject is not very important. For my own part my voyage
liome, via Panama, the expensive route, cost just <£70, second
class.

The official government statement of the various routes is as
follows : —

Routes to British Columbia.

.*(.»^V.

■/

There are three routes by which Vancouver's Island and British
Ck)lumbia may be reached : —

1st. Round Cape Horn, in sailing vessels, direct to Victoria, in
Vancouver's Island.

2nd. By the West India mail steamer to Colon ; thence, across
the Isthmus (48 miles) by railway, to Panama ; and thence by the
Pacific line of steamers to Victoria, Vancouver's Island.

3rd. Via New York to Colon, by steamers j and thence to Van-
couver's Island across the Isthmus, as in the second route. This is
the most certain route for letters.

From Vancouver's Island to the main land of British Columbia,
the distance is about GO miles across the Gulf of Georgia.

The time occupied on the first route is about five months. The
cost, in the first cabin, from ,£50 to £60 ; and in the second or
intermediate cabin, from £30 to <£40 ; and in the steerage, from
£25 to £30. By the second route, Vancouver's Island may be
reached in about 50 days, if the passengers are not detained at
Panama and St. Francisco. There is sometimes a week's detention at
the latter place. The cost of a first-class passage is about £l00 ;
that of the second class, about £65 ; and that in the steerage,
about £45.

The cost of passages by the third route is about the same as by
the second route.

The following are the government tabulated figures extracted from
columns giving " the cost of passage in private ships from some of
the principal English ports of the United Kingdom to the British
Colonies and the United States."

British Columbia, via
Southampton

Cabin.
Cost, including Pro-
visions.

£
98

Inteemediate.

Cost, with Provisions.

£
65

Steerage.
Cost, with full allow-
ance of Provisions.

£
45

wmgBm

i !

CiiAUGES FOR Children. — If children are to he taken, and as I
said they are mill-stones round the neck of the man, and I say-
nothing of the cruelty to the children themselves, it is as Avell that
the general practice Avith regard to them should he known. The
general practice in charging for children to Noith America is to
compute them according to the Passengers' Act ; viz.. Children from
1 to 12 years of ago, half the price of adults; Children under one
year of age, no charge.

Mr. Dallas has, in the Times, treated the question of the route
to British Columhia in a jocular and pleasant style. That gentle-
man says : —

' ' Spring is the host season in which to arrive in British Columliia.
The pons as'morum is how to gt!t tlier(^, and at ^vhat cost. The
shortest route is 1)y the Isthmus of Panama, which can he reached via
Ne>v York, or ^;y the West India steamers to St. Thomas's, {a) St.
Thomas's has heen much maligned for its heat ''.nd insaluhrity, but I
heard a Glasgow skipper say it Avas the finest climate he was ever in,
as he was ' aye drinking and aye dry.' The AV"est India steamers
book passengers through from Southampton to Victoria for £do ,
but, whether by St. Thomas's or New York, no emigrant need
calculate on reaching his destination under ,£50 or i*60. The
voyage round Cape Horn can be m ide for ^30, or even less, but it
generally occupies five or six months. As the passer ger is fed and
lodged for such a period some may cou^^ider this an advantage, and,
in comparing tlie voyage Avith tlie shorter one via Panama, and the
cost, be of the same way of thinking as the Highlander, who
complained of a professional dentist that he charged him half-a-
crown for pulling out a tooth, which Avas done in a second, while a
blacksmith, in extracting another grinder, dragged him all round
the smithy for a quarter of an hour and charged only Gd'*

(a) YclloAv fever in the wn.ters of Panama is dimply a plague. Wintei
or .spring is the best time for the Englishman t) be in Pa lama, or near
it; and I -nvouUI strongly iidvise any man, rich or poor, )r whether or
not lie wants to reach Fra/.er's Kiver in a mighty hurry, l)y ^o moans to laice
the Panama route if he finds by calculation that he will be ^t that isthmus in
summer or autui in.

CHArXER lY.

YOUR OUTFIT.

" EiMir.RANTS should Imrden thomsclves with as h'ttle harjgao'e as
possibk', aiid busljaiid tlicir ready cash for extremities." These are
the ^vor(Is of a geiithjmaii to wliom I have ah-eady referred — tlio
Times coiTospoiukait — and tiiat gentleman never made a truer
remark. There is no greater mistake than for an emigant to over-
load himself ^vith l)aggage. A great chest is almost as much a
drag upon the ne^vly arrived emigrant as a child. II(! does not
know what to do with it, and it is too valual)le to be throw n a\va3^,
M-hile in nine cases out of ten the money it and its contents cost
would l)e a great deal better in your pocket.

In submitting the folbjwing outfit, recommended by tht govern-
ment, I am supposing that you want to save a? much money as you
can, and to be hindered with as littJe baggage as you can manaoc
with. Ik'lieve me ther<; is no greater mist.ike than an expensive or
too extensive outfit for a voyage to a distant colony. The under-
printed jry«:^?<yy/'r outfit is adniira!)ly ad:vpted to a man who goes out
with a good sum of money in Ins pocket. "The following is a list,"
savs the government oiHcial from whose work I an. (juuting, "of
the principal articles recpiired; but it cannot be too stroii'dy im-
pressed, as a general rule, that the more al)undant the srtK'k of
clothing each person can afford to tidit. the ])Ctti'r for health aiid
comfort during the voyage." Vox my part I think, after some
experience of sea-travelling, that th(! following outfit is really all
that i& wanted as regards (fnanUhj^ though [ need not say that in
reference to quality the emigrant can suit himself accc^rding to his
pocket. Here he will find the lowest quotations.

Single Man's Ou'U'it.

1 beaverteen jacket (warm lined)
1 ditto waistcoat with sleeves
1 ditto trousers (warm lined)
1 duck ditto _ - -
1 coloured drill jacket -
1 ditto trousers - - -
1 ditto waistcuat - - -

1 pilot overcoat or jacket

•i

()

mmmmm

i^:

^.'

Or, 1 waterproof coat

2 blue serge shirts, or Jersey frocks

1 felt hat - - - - .

1 Brazil straw hat

G l)lue striped t.itton shirts, each

I pair of hoots _ - - .

1 pair of shoes - - _ ,
4 handkerchiefs, each

4 pairs worsted hose, each

2 pairs cotton hose, each

1 pair braces - _ _

4 towels, each _ - - .

Razor, shaving-brush, and glass

■■

Single AVoman's Outfit.

s. d.

4 ])ocket handkerchiefs,

each

2 n'>t ditto for neck, each
4 nightcaps, each - - -
4 sleeping jackets, each -
2 bhick worsted hose, each
G I 4 cotton ditto, each -
9 j 1 pair of shoes - - .

1 warm cloak, with a cape G

2 bonnets, each - - - 3 10
1 small shawl - - - - 2 3

1 stuff dress - ■« - - 11

2 print ditto, each _ _ 6
G shifts, each .-.-13
2 flannel petticoats, cicji - 2

1 stutl^" ditto - . - - 3

2 twill cotton ditto - - 2
1 pair of stays - - - - 2 G

3 cap,^, each - - - ■ OK

Each person also requires —
1 bowl and can, 2s. 3</. ; I knife and fork, 1 de^p tin plate, 1 pint
drinking mug, 1 table-spoon, 1 tea-spoon, \s. Gd.

4n assortment of needles and thread, 1*\

1 ditto l)oots
G towels, each

2 J)S. of marine soap, at 4;d.

1 comb and hair brush. Is.

2 shoe brushes, each ll^d.
1 pair of blankets, 7^.
1 counterpane, l.s'. Sd.
] strong chest, with lock, 85. dd.
1 linen clothes bag, Is. dd.

1 mattress and pillow, 5s.

Cost of above Outfit for a Single ]M;ui, al)0ut £5 10
Ditto ditto Single Woman ,, 5

3 sheets, each Is.

2 pots blacking, each 4^}fd.

A married couple require only
one set of these articles, but of
larger size.

Ditto

ditto Married Couple „ 10 10

,■»

mmi

I >

,-\

Tlie cost of an outfit for cliildren varies Avith their size. Generally
speaking, three children under 7, or two between that age and 14,
may be clothed for about 5l. ; but a well-grown girl or boy of 13
years of age will cost nearly as much as an adult.

I say again that the above outfit for men and women seems to me
quite sufficient as regards quantity; perhaps if an addition were to be
made it should be Guernsey shirts. These articles, which should be
got of very fine texture, and of very coarse, are the emigrants' true
wear. There is no clothhig like the thick ones for keeping him
warm, and not any equal to the thin ones for keeping him cool in
hot weather • ana 1 can tell you that you will find many great
varieties of weathers, varying between extremely hot, and braf'ingly
cold, during your voyage, especially if you take the route round
Cape Horn.

iiy the way, boots nre not your wear on a sea voyage, they draw
your feet, )'0U can't well walk in them, and the sea water makes
the leather as hard as wood. Shoes, and better still, slippei's^ are
what is wanted on board ship. The following recipe is a capital
one for keeping leather in order, and preventing it from being spoilt
by sea water. I have tried it too often not to recommentl it.
Linseed oil, 1 gill ; spirit of turpentine, 1 oz ; bees-wax, 1 oz ; Bur-
gundy pitch, loz. To be well melted together and kept covered in
a gallipot. Lay it on the leather, rubbing it in well, and set shoes in
a hot sun, or before the fire.

: I

I ;

CHAPTFll V.

THE VOYAGE OUT.

As most emigrants from England are men who know little or nothing
about ship regulations, perhaps the following abstract of order in
council "for promoting order and health, &c., in passenger
ships to any of Her Majesty's possessions abroad," will be read with
interest :

1. Every passenger to rise at 7 a.m., unless otherwise permitted
by the surgeon, or, if no surgeon, by the master.

2. Breakfast from 8 to D a.m., dinner at 1 p.m., supper at G p.m.

3. The passengers to be in their beds at 10 p.m., except under
permission of the surgeonj or, if no surgeon, of the master.

4. Fires lu be lighted by the passengers' cook at 7 a.m., and kept
alight by him till 7 p.m., then to be extinguishcu, unless otherwise
directed by the master, or required for the use of the sick.

' J

\:y '

5. The master to rletormlne the order in Avhidi each passenger, or
family of passengers, shall be entitled to the use of the fires. The
cook to take care that this order is preserved.

6. On each passenger-deck three safety lamps to he lit at dusk,
and kept burning all night, and such further number as shall allow
one to he plac(!d at each of the hatchways used by the passengers.

7. No naked light be i ween deck or in the hold to be allowed at
any time or on any account.

8. The passengers, when dressed, to roll up their beds, to sweep
the decks (including the space under the bottom of the berths), and
to throw the dirt overboard.

9. Breakfast not to commence till this is done.

10. The sweepers for the day to be taken in rotation from the
males above 14, in the proportion of five for every 100 ])assengers.

11. Duties of the sweepers to be to clean the ladders, hospitals,
and roundhousei to sweep the decks after every meal, and to dry,
holystone, and sci i em after breakfast.

12. But the occuj', of each berth to see that his own berth is
well brushed out ; and single women are to keep their own com-
partment clean in ships where a separate compartment is allotted to
them.

IS. The beds to be well shaken and aired on deck, and the bottom
boards, if not fixtures, to be removed, and dry scrubbed, and taken
on deck at least twice a week.

14. Two days in the week to be appointed by the master as
washing days, Init no clothes on any account to be washed or dried
between decks.

15. The coppers and cooking vessels to be cleaned every day, and
the cisterns kept filled with water.

IG. The scuttles and stern ports, if any, to ])e kept open (Aveather
permitting) from 7 ii-m. to 10 p.m., and the hatches at all hours.

17. On Sundays the passengers to be mustered at 10 a.m., when
they will be expected to ap])ear in decent and clean apparel. The
day to be observed as religiously as circumstances will admit.

18. No sj)irits or gunpowder to be taken on board by any
passenger. Any that may be discovered to be taken into custody of
the master till the expiration of the voyage.

ly. No loose hay or straw to be allowed below.

20. No smoking to be alloAved b(>tween decks.

21. All gambling, fighting, riotous, disorderly, or quarrelsome
conduct, swearing, and violent or indecent language, are strictly
prohibited. Firearms, swords, and other ofi'ensive weapons, as soon
as the passengers embark, to be placed in the custody of the master.

22. No sailors to remaiu on the passcngcr-dcck among the pas-
sengers except on duty.

23. No passenger to go to the ship's cooLhousc "vvitliout special
permission from the master, nor to remain in the forecastle among
the sailors on any account.

OFFENCES AT SEA PUNISHABLE IN THE COLONIES.

Formerly offences at sea might, under the Act 11 and 12 AYill. 3,
cap. 7, he tried in any colony, and were to he dealt with according to
the civil law, and the method and rules of the Admiralty, and suh-
sequently (under the 4G Geo. 3, cap. 54-), according to the common
course of the laws of this re.dm, applicable to like offences committed
on land. But now, hy the 12 & 13 Vict., cap. 06 (1849), these
offences, when dealt with in a colony, are to he tried according
to the law of the colony, but punished according to the law of
England.

The Act of Victoria, Avhich was passed in August, 1849, for the
prosecution and trial in the colonies of offences committed within the
jurisdiction of the Admiralty, provides that all persons charged in
any colony with piracy, felony, murder, "or other offence of Avh at
nature or hind soever," committed on the sea, or %vithin the
Admiral's jurisdiction, may l)e brought to trial in the same manner,
according to the laws of the colony, as if the offence had been
committed on Avaters within the local jurisdiction of the criminal
courts of the colony, and, upon conviction, shall suffer the same
punishments as tliey would have been liable to had the offence been
committed, tried, and adjudged in England.

AVhere death ensues in a colony from an injury inflicted at sea,
the offence, Avhether murder, manslaughter, or accessory before or
after the fact, may be dealt with in the colony as if it Lad been
wholly committed there ; hut in the converse case, of the death
ensuing at sea from an injury inflicted in the colony, the offence
shall be held to have been wliolly committed upon the sea.

The jurisdiction of the Supreme Courts of New South "Wales and
Tasmania, as established by 9 Geo. 4, cap. 83, is left intact.

Abstract of the United States Passenger Act of 1855.

Sect. 1. Tonnage Check. Computation of Children. — No greater
number of passengers is to be carried than 1 to 2 tons. In the
computation of passengers, infants under 1 year old are to be ex-

eluded, and children between 1 and 8 years are to count as one pas-
senger.

Space Check. — "Where the height between decks is not less than
7^ feet, 14 superficial feet are to be allowed to each passenger;
where less than 7|- feet, but not less than G feet, 16 superficial feet
are to be allowed to each passenger on the main and poop decks,
and in deck houses, and 18 superficial feet on the lower deck, not
being an orlop deck.

Space to Passengers on different Docks. — No passengers are to be
carried on a deck less than 6 feet high. Any master carrying more
passengers than here allowed will be guilty of a misdemeanour, and
be liable to a fine of 50 dollars and six months' imprisonment for
each passenger in excess.

Hospitals. — A hospital is to be provided, not exceeding 100
superficial feet, and to be included in the computation of the space
for passengers.

Sect. 2. Berths. — No vessel is to have more than 2 tiers of berths.
The berths are to be 6 feet long and 2 feet wide ; the bottom berth
is to be not less than 9 inches from the deck ; each berth is to be
occupied by a single passenger, but double l)erths may be con-
structed to be occupied by two women, or by husband and wife, or
by a woman and two children under 8 years, or by a man and two
of his own children under 8 years, or by two men, members of
the same family. For violation of this section the master and
owners severally are to forfeit 5 dollars for each passenger on
board.

Sect. 3. Boohy Hatches. — Vessels capable of carrying 50 passen-
gers are to have one house or booby hatch, and those capable
of carrying 150 passengers are to have two houses, or bool)y
hatches, over the hatches. Penalty on master and owner, 200
dollars.

Sect. 4. Ventilatinp Tubes. — Every vessel capable of carrying 100
passengers is to have at least two ventilating tubes, one fore and the
otlier aft, proportioned to the size of the compartment to be venti-
lated, unless other equally efficient mode of ventilation be adopted.
Penalty on master and owner, 200 dollars.

Sect. 5. Caboose. — Every vessel carrying more than 50 passengers
to have a caboose or cooking-range, the dimensions of which are to
be after the rate of 4 feet in length by 18 inches in width,
for every 200 passengers. Penalty on master aud owner, 200
dollars.

Sect. G. Diet Scale. — Every vessel to carry provisions for each
passenger, after the fullowing scale, for the voyage, viz.: —

■V'

20 lbs. good navy bread,

?»

rice,
oatmeal.

10 „ wheat flour.

20
10
10

?»

peas

or beans.

„ potatoes,

„ salt pork 1 ^ « ,

1 ^f r bone,

1 pint of vinegar,
CO gallons of -water.

Substitutions. — But increased quantities of bread or potatoes may
be substituted for rice, oatmeal, wheat flour, and pease or beans,
where these cannot be procured, and vice versa.

Weekly issues, — One tenth of the above provisions is to be issued
to each passenger weekly, and 3 quarts of water daily.

Provisions to he cooked. — The master is to cause the provisions to
be cooked, and issued at fixed hours to messes or otherwise.

Fine for short issues. — li passengers are, at any time, put on short
allowance, they shall be entitled to recover 3 dollars per day for the
period of such short allowance, and if the master shall fail to furnish
such provisions in a cooked state he shall be guilty of a misde-
meanour and be liable to a fine of 1000 dollars (X*200) and one
year's imprisonment.

Discipline, Waterclosets, ^'c. — The master is to establish and
post up regulations for discipline and cleanliness, and to provide a
safe and convenient water-closet to every 100 passengers, and when
the bed cannot be brought on deck to cause the deck to be cleansed
with chloride of lime or some other disinfecting agent. Penalty on
masters and owners, 50 dollars (dt'lO).

MAINTENANCE ON ARRIVAL OF A PASSENGER SHIP.

Passengers are entitled by the Imperial Passengers' Act to be
maintained on board in the same manner as during the passagt'
for 48 hours after arrival, unless within that time tlie ship should
quit the port in the prosecution of her voyage. As regards those
bound to Quebec, the Canadian Passengers' Act, 15 & IG Vict., c.
86 (1852), imposes a penalty on the master who compels passengers
to leave before the expiration of 48 hours (except in cases where th<'
vessel has a mail contract), and provides that they shall be landed
free of expense and at proper hours.

I add some of the rules taken from an abstract of the Passengers

I- ) 1

'ML

Act, 1855, thinking tlicy may Lc of some value to the emigrant to
Jiritish (\)hna!)ia.

The Act apj)hes equally to foreign and to British vessels, except
such parts thereof as relate to the rules to he prescribed hy orders in
council fur preserving order and for securing cleanliness and ventila-
tion on hoard, Avhicli rules are binding onlv in ])assenger ships pro-
ceeding to the l^ritish colonies. l>ut by the bond re(]uired by the
G3rd section of the act to be given to the CroNvn, before clearance, by
the masters of all passenger ships for the due observance of tlie law,
the masters of foreign passenger ships proceeding to the British
colonies engage to submit themselves to the jurisdiction of the colo-
nial tribunals for any violation of the law, in like manner as British
masters. Regular mail steamers are exempt from the act. So also,
for most purposes, are cabin passengers.

No persons arc to be deemed cal>in passengers unless the space
allotted to their exclusive use be not less than oG clear square feet
to each statute adult ; nor uidcss they shall be messed at the table
of the master or first oihcer of the ship ; nor unless the fare con-
tracted to he paid shall he in the proportion of at least 80*. for
every Aveek of the prescril>ed length of tin; voyage for sailing vessels,
proceeding from the United Kingdom to any place south of the
equator, and of 20.9. for those proceeding to any place north of the
equator, nor unless they shall hold a duly signed contract ticket.
The term "statute adult " means each passenger of the age of 12
years and upwards, or two jnissengers between the ages of I and 12
years. A " passenger ship " means any vessel carrying more tiz.m
80 passengers in all, or more than in the proportion of one statute
adult to every 50 tons, if a sailing vessel, or more than one to every
15 tons, if a steamer, of the ship's rer/istcred tonnage.

A marked distinction is made between passenger ships and ships
not coming wirliin that definition. To the former all the provisions
of the act apply; to the latter only six clauses, viz. the 10, 10, IT,
48, 49, ancl 50, Avhich require that facilities of inspection shall
he aflbrded to the emigration ollicers ; that lists of passengers (how-
ever few) shall be delivered to the Custom-house ofhcers ; that
passage-money shall be returned, with compensation, if passages are
not provided according to contract ; that subsistence-money shall be
paid to passengers in case of delay in sailing ; and that passengers
shall not be landed at the wrong place.

Parties contracting to provide cal)in passengers in " passenger
ships," or emigrants in any ships with passages to any place out of
Europe, not being in the IMediterranean Sea, are bound to give con-
tract tickets in the form prescribed hy the Act, or by the Emigration
Commissioners, containing an acknowledgment for the money rc-

^nMsanMMNiwasi

coivcd, uiidor a penalty not exceeding £50 and not less than .£;■>,
and the forfeiture of license in the case of a passage broker. — Sees.
71 & 07.

Any person fraudulently altering, after issue, contract tickets, or
inducing passengers to part with or destroy them during the exist-
ence of the contract, is liable to a penalty not exceeding <3b'2() in eacii
case. — Sec. 72.

Cabin and other passengers may recover in a summary way, before
Justices of the Peace, damages for the breach of any stipulation in their
contract tickets, not exceeding, with the costs, the amount of their
passage money and <£20. — Sec. 7'S.

Cal)in and other passengers are bound, under a penalty not ex-
ceeding £lO, to exhibit, on demand, to any emigration officer, their
contract tickets. — Sec. 74.

Facilities for inspecting all sliips, either fitting for or carrying pas-
sengers, arc to be afforded to the proper officers at home and abroad.
—Sec. 10.

No "passenger sliip " is to clear out without first ol)taining from
the emigration or custom-house officer, as the case may be, a certi-
ficate; that tbe requirements of the Act have been complied with, and
that the ship is seaworthy, and with her passengers and crew in a fit
state to proceed ; nor Avithout the master having given a bond to the
Crown. The penalty for l)reach of this regulation is the forfeit fire of
the fthip, if found Avithin two years in any port of the United King-
dom, or in tliG British possessions abroad, — Sec. 11 & 12.

No ship is to carry passengers on more than 2 decks, except in
the case cf cabin passengers, whert; the number does not exceed 1 to
everv 100 tons re<fister.

If the sliip does not sail before 3 o'clock p.m. of the day following
the day of embarkation named in the contract, the passengers wiio
may ])e entitled to a passage in the ship can recover from the owner,
chartcn-er, or master, subsistence-money after the rate; of Is. (id. per
day for each statute adult, for the first ten days, and afterwards of
3*. a day till the final departur ; f the ship. If, however, the pas-
sengers arc maintained on board, no subsistence-money is payable
for the first two days, nor at all, if the ship be unavoidably detained
by wind or weather, or any cause not attributable, in the opinion of
the emigration officer, to the act or default of the owner, charterer,
or master. — Sec. 4').

If the passengers be i;t the appointed place of embarkation before
G o'clock p.m. of the day of embarkation named in their contract,
and if from any cause, other than their own default, or the prohi-
bition of an emigration officer, they shall not be leceived on board
before that hour, and obtain a passage in the ship, they must be pro-

vidcd with one to tlio saino port, l)y somo Ofjually eli^ihlo vessel, to
sail within ten days from tlio day nannnl in the contract, and in tlio
meantime to 1)0 paid subsistence-money at the rate mentioned above.
In case the faiUire to obtain a passage arises from a wreck or disaster
at sea or any otlier cause after the o'oj/(((/e /inn actunlhf he(/un, the pas-
sengers in like manner are entitled Avithin six weeks at farthest to a
j)assage in some eligible vessel, and in the meantime to be main-
tained by the master, or to receive Is. Qd. per day per statute adult
as subsist(!nce-money. In default of this, the; passengers, in both
cases, can recover from the contractor, or from the owner, charterer, or
master of the ship, any passage-money they may have paid, and in the
former case compensation not exceeding £lO, — Sees. 48 & .51.

Ships detained in port after clearance more than seven days, or
putting into any port in the United Kingdom, must, under a penalty
not exceeding £lOO, effectually repair any damage they may have
sustained, and must replenish their provisions, water, and medical
stores, and ol)tain from the emigration officer a certificate of fitness
liefore they can be allowed to put to sea again. jVIasters of passen-
ger ships putting back must, under a penalty not exceeding c^'20,
within twenty-fonr hours, report their arrival, and the cause of putting
Iwick, and the condition of the ship's stores, to the emigration officer,
and produce the official list of ])assengers. — Sec. 50.

If passengers shall, from disaster at sea or otherwise, be cast upon
or landed at any other place than that at which they may have con-
tracted to land, the Governor of the Colony, or the British Consul,
is empowered to forward such passengers to their intended destination,
if the master of the ship shall not do so within six weeks. — Sec. 53.

Passengers are not to l)e landed against their consent at any place
other than tlie one contracted for, and they are entitled to sleep and
he maintained on board for forty-eight hours after arrival, unless the
ship, in the prosecution of her voyage, quits the port sooner. —
Sees. 5« & 57.

Such regulations as may be prescribed by order of tht' Queen in
Council for preserving order, promoting health, and securing clean-
liness and ventilation on board, are to be enforced by the surgeon,
aided and assisted by the master, or, in the absence of a surgeon,
by the master. Any person neglecting or refusing to obey such
rules, or obstructing the master or surgeon in the execution of any
duty imposed on them by the order in council, or offending against
the provisions of the Act, or guilty of riotous or insubordinate con-
duct, will be lialdo to a penalty not exceeding <£2, and moreover, to
one month's imprisonment at the end of the voyage. — Sec. 60.

One copy of the Act, with such abstract of it, and of any order
in council relating thereto, as the Emigration Commissioners may

prepare, is to lie cicliverod, on dcniaiid, 'co tlie iiiasfor, who is bound
under a penalty, not exceeding £'2 per diem, to post up previous to
the eniharbifum of the pts'sen/jers, and to keep posted up in at least
two conspicuous places between the decks, copies of such abstracts
so long as any passengers are entitled to remain on board. Any
person displacing or defacing this abstract is liable to a penalty not
exceeding £2. — Sec. ()1.

The sale of spirits on board to the passengers is prohibited, under
a penalty not exceeding £20 nor less than jb\>. — Sec. 02.

The requirements of the Act are <;nforced by penalties chiefly on
the master. All penalties are to be sued for before two or more
justices of the peace, to the use of her jMajesty. They can only be
recovered in the United Kingdom by the emigratiim officers, or by
the officers of her Majesty's Customs ; and in the British possessions
abroad, by those officers, or by any other person duly authorized for
the purpose by the governor of the colony. Sees. 84, 85, & 8G.

Passengers th(;msel\es, however, or the emigration officers on
their behalf, may recover, by a similar process, any sum of money
made recoverable by the Act, to their own use, as return of passage-
money, subsistence-money, or compensation ; and in such cases,
the passengers are not to be deemed incompetent witnesses. — Sees.
81 & 91.

Single men of the age of fourteen and upwards are to be berthed
in a separate compartment in the fore part of the ship, or in separate
rooms, if the ship be divided into compartments and fitted with
enclosed births. Not more than one passenger, unless husband and
\Yife, or females, or children under twelve, are to occupy the same
berth. No berths are to be taken down for forty-eight hours after
the arrival of the ship at her destination, unless all the passengers
shall within that time have voluntarily quitted her. Sees. 20, 21,
22, & 23.

In every *' Passenger Ship " there must be a hospital or hospitals
set apart, under the poop, or in the round-house or deck-house, or
on the upper passenger deck, and not elsewhere, not less in size than
18 clear superficial feet for every fifty passengers, and properly
supplied with bed-places, beds, bedding, and utensils. — Sec. 24.

There must be two pr'vies in each passenger ship, with two addi-
tional privies on deck for every one hundred passengers on board ;
and where there are fifty female passengers, with at least two
waterclosets under the poop or on the upper deck, for the exclusive
use of the women and children. The whole number of privies need
not exceed twelve, and they are to be placed in equal numbers on
each side of the ship, and to be maintained in a serviceable and
cleanly condition throughout the voyage. — Sec. 25.

CHAPTER VI.

RATIONS AND PROVISIONS IN ALL PASSENGER SHIPS DURING THE

VOYAGE.

During tho voyage of a passenger ship, including the time she may
put in at any port, tlie master must issue daily hefore two o'clock in
the afternoon to each passenger, or, where they are divided into
messes, to the head man of each mess, pure water and sweet and
wliolosome provisions, according to the scale underneath. All
articles requiring cooking must l)e issued in a cooked state. The
first issue must he hefore two o'clock on the day of cmharkation.
No mess must contain more than 100 adults.

WEEKLY DIETARY SCALE, PER STATUTE ADULT.

ARTICLES.

3 quarts of Water daily ('cxcliisive of 10 gallons
a day per 100 statute adults for cooking
purposes).

Bread or Biscuit not inferior in quality to Navy
Biscuit

Wheatcn Flour

Oatmeal

Rice

Peas

Potatoes

Beef

Pork

Tea

Sugar -

Salt

Mustard

Black or White Pepper (ground)

Vinegar

Lime Juice

Preserved Meat

Suet - - - -

Raisins ..--.--.

Butter

Scale A.

Scale B.

For Voyaces For Voyages

not exceeding 84 cxceedinf,' 84

diiys for Sailing > days for Sailing

Vessels or ."jO days. Vessels or SO days

for Steamers.' for Steamers.

lbs.

3
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
6
1

oz.

8
8
8

2
0^

One Gill

lbs.

3
2
1

1
2
1
1

One Gill

1
6
8
4

8
8

2
0|

By an order in council, dated 6th May, 1857, steamers (and,
by an order in council, dated 13th May, 1859, sailing vessels)

which carry an efficient apparatus (approved hy the emij^ration
officer) for distilling fresh from salt water, at tlu; ratt- of not less than
one gallon per diem for each pcrsim on hoard, need only carry, in
tanks or Cfish, one-half the water preserihed l)y this Act.

The following suhstitutions for articles in tlu; a1)ove dietary scale
may be made at the option of the master of any " Passenger Ship,"
provided that the suhstitated arlidcs he set forth in the contract tickets
of the passenrjers ; that is to say, 1 lb. of preserved meat for 1 lb. of
salt pork or beef; 1 lb. of flour or of l)read or biseuit, or h lb. of
beef or of pork, for 1^ lb. of oatuKial, or 1 lb. of rice, or 1 lb. of
peas; 1 lb. of rice for ly lb. of oatmeal, or vice versa.', \ lb. of
preserved potatoes for 1 lb. of ])otatoes ; 10 oz. of currants for 8 oz.
of raisins ; Sg- oz. of cocoa or of coffee, roasted and ground, for 2 oz.
of tea ; | lb. of treacle for ^ lb. of sugar ; 1 gill of mixed pickles for
1 gill of vinegar. — Sees. 3.5 & 30.

If I were asked what provisions I should recommead the
emigrant to take as a kind of addition to those provided by the
ship's master, I should say a case or so of pres(.'rved meats and
preserved vegetables — especially the latter, which when good are
beyond all value.

Another indispensalde thing is lime juice ; I believe that on two
or three occasions I owed i ly life (and several of ujy fellow-travellers
owed their lives in turn to me) to a large sup])ly of lime juice,
which was more than enough to satisfy us all. 'V\u\ value of this
health preserver cannot be too highly estimated. If you ask me how
much you shall take, I answer, just as mucb as ever you like ; for
what you don't want you will be able to give away in the best directed
charity you ever had a hand in. You sbould see the little children
enjoy a draught of water in which a little lime juice has been dropped;
it is a real pleasure to look upon tlie sight. This liquor seems to
cure bad water, and to save every creature -who uses it carefully from
such illnesses as fever, costivencss, scurvy, and all affections of the
skin. There, I have known it to cure tooth-ache, and even inflamed
eyes. It seems to me, that on ship board, lime juice is a regular
universal medicine.

Whatever you take with you, leave alone such things as potted
meats and all high-seasoned things, wliich will only heat your blood.
And I can tell you the 'tween decks of a ship will send your blood
up to fever heat quite soon enough. Perhaps, however, you should
not forget some preserved milk, which you will find of immense
benefit, and a great luxury, while a few pounds of tea will cheer
you, and will pay you for the outlay upon it.

I' I

CHAPTER VIT.

MEDICINES.

Tins may, perhaps, appear an odd chapter heading, ^ut it is a
necessary one, for tlie simple reason tliat, as I have said, if you go
by the Panama route in summer or autumn, and T am thoroughly
convinced that during the coming spring aiul summer many liundreds
of Englislimen Avill cross the Isthmus of Panama, you will run a
very con:i.idera])le risk of catching yc^llow fever, and that compla'it
has a Icnaek of sticking hy one for a long time — if, indeed, it lets
you off Avith life at all. The medicines I should recommend an
emigrant to t>ke with him are sulphate of quinine, some preparation
of mevcr.ry, and, :f ' e can afford it, a half dozen case of the very
hest cham]);igiie.

A])out an ounce of sidj;hate of quinine ■will he sufficient. This
will give ItJO doses of three grains a dose, which will he quite
sufficient. Care should he taken that this splendid preventive should
be got at a good cheirist's. Two doses a day will he sufficient, and
the medicine should 1)0 commenced when the very hot latitudes are
reached, or even l)efore, if sickness should show itself on board.
The mission of suljdialv of quhiine seems to be to fortify the body
against the attacks of fever. ShouM, however, the premonitory
Symplons of fever set in — you all know them — heavy head, burning
skin, dry mouth, take to the mercury. Have the mercurial prepara-
tion made in two or three grain powders. Begin with the first, and
then with the second, if the symptoms do not aliate. Doses, I believe,
at six hours' distance. It may be said, but there is the doctor to
consult, why iiot leave the question of medicine to him? I say in
ans-v'/er, that as far as the quinine is concerned, that it is to prevent
any call for the doctor ; while, as to the mercury, he would give it to
you, so you may just as well take it, and save yourself the danger of
its being discovered that there is no mercury in the ship.

If, however, neither quinine sav^es you from the attack of yellow
fever, nor mercury al)ates the premonitory symptoms, then your
champagne will become of paramount importance. It is the general
medical cnstcin now in all cases of yellow fever to "put a bottle of
oham[)agne into you." It is the new cure for yellow fever, the
specific that is ultimately, in combination with other discoveries
still in darkness, to abolish yellow fever.

ivlind, whatever you do let your champagne be good, or you had
infinitely better, in case of yellow fever, be without it. By all
means get it at one of the best London houses, and do not expect to

' ''^^••■■■i^r--

Birr

hvy It at a less rate tlian 80 shilliiip,s per dozen. Tlie cliompagne
fie to contend with yellow jack, as yellow fev(!r is called on the other
side of the Atlantic, is not to be got at a lower price.

At all events, if you are afraid to believe in what I have said
about the mercury, you may purchase the ounce of quinine, which
will cost about 12 shillings, and the half-dozen of champagne; for,
while the quinine is a fortilier, and can do you no possible harm,
supposing that it can do you no good, you can certaiidy, if you do
not have occasion to take it as a medicine, drink success to yourself
in the wine when you reach the young colony, the new land of
promise.

And while I am on this question of medicine, let me, without
any offence w^hatever, say a word or two about personid cleanliness.
It is half the battle on board ship. Be clean, and you are healthy.
Whenever you can souse yourself with cold water do not be afraid
of it ; you will not take cold. Then, if you follow my advice and
wear Guernseys, there can be no better plan tban to submit them to
the same system, wash them (In sea water if you cannot get fresh)
whenever you have the opportunity, every day when you get into
hot quarters, for worsted easily soils and readily absorbs the
perspiration.

Do not, I say, be offended at these minor recommendations. It
is astonishing how well such hints pay for the minding. A good,
healthy, clean, and unworried skin is one of the greatest comforts of
a long voyage. Mind, whenever you can, souse yourself with sea
water, and do Avhat you can to make them al)out you do the same
kind of thing. I have, as you already know, been a good deal on
the sea, and I am really sorry to admit that as a rule steerage
passengers do not care for soap and water. You see I am ad-
dressing you as a steerage passenger, not l)ecause I am supposing
that you could not afford a better kind of berth, but because I am
persuading myself you are desirous of taking all the money you can
into the colony, and of spending as little on the voyage as you
possibly can.

CHAPTER VIII.

TOOLS.

I TiAVE given this subject a chapter heading because it is a very
important one, and not because I have much to say on the matter.
However, I had the feeling that if I put the few lines I have to say
on this point in amongst other matter, it might possibly be over-
looked. I cannot add half a dozen words to those which Govern-

•\ ■

ment offer on tlie sulrject. You Avill find it laid down in the Coloni-
zation Circular.

" It is not generally cons dered desiraLle that agricultural labourers
should take out implemen s of husbandry, as these can be easily
procured in the colonies ; but artizans are recommended to take such
tools as they may possess, if not very bulky."

T V re can be nothing more to add. Agricultural tools, \vhich for
the most part are gold-getting tools, can be bought good, and if not
cheap, at a less cost than that to Avhich the emigrant would be put
in bringing liis own, to say nothing of the trouble they will be after his
arrival. However, in the case of mechanical and e^wchxWy favourite
hand tools, take them by all means, for in the first yhu-c tbey are
not l)ulky ; secondly, you are sure of them; and especially in tlu; third
place I have noticed that a man gets on better Avitli bis work in the
colony if he begins with well-known tools, whose features^ if I may
say so, seem those of old friends. But as for taking patent ploughs,
patent gold-wasbing apparatus, or lathes, and such heavy matters,
don't dream of doin^ anv thiuir of tbo kind. Tliere Avill be
plenty of skilled labour this summer in Yancouver's Island and
British Columbia, and the dearth of ixold dijjcfinjx tools once felt in
Australia can never ])e experienced in British Columbia, near as it
is to San Francisco, where there are more of these tools in stock
than sufficient for ten times the diggers who will swarm this year to
Frazer's River.

^*'-'WW"W\.

CHAPTER IX.

CONCLUDING REMARKS. HINTS TO GOLD DIGGERS HOW TO KEEP THEIR

GOLD ; WHAT TO DO WITH IT WHEN THEY HAVE GOT IT ; AND IIO\V TO

KEEP THEIR HEALTH AT THE DIGGINGS.

I INTENDED to liave Separate chapters to each of these headings, but
I find that I have in reality alrendy said all that I can say on these
points. Of hints to gold diggers I have given hundreds already. Be
temperate, I say, when you are at the diggings. Mind, no gaming
and no drink. Wait till you get home or colonised, because I do
not suppose that you, any mor(^ than the rest of the men who go up
to the diggings, think of remaining there for life. Wait, I say,
till you get away from the diggings before you spend your money.
Remember, every nugget you lay out at the diggings is, without any
figure of speech, eathiy </ol<L For I tell you everything Avill be an
immense price this spring and summer on Frazer's River.

There is another thing I would warn you of. Take care whom you

" >*i»« i .

45 /

sell your gold to. Tlie Jews will be up at Frazer's River, Le sure,
and they will try tlieir usual games upon you. 1 say, sell only to
official dealers ; tliey are the only men with whom you can safely
trade.

To keep your health at the diggings you have only to he temperate
in eating and drinking, to bathe as frequently as you like, to smoke
as little as you will, and not to sleep too mauy hours — seven will be
quite enough I do assure you.

By the way, sleep as /lir/k as you can from the ground, and if
it is possible a])ove the level of the river itself. This you may do
in many cases. But if you should find ague or fever coming on,
have recourse to the sulj)hate of quinine I have ah-eady spoken of.
Six grains at the same time every day, and easy work, together Avith
walking exercise and temperate regular living, will cnahlo you to
overcome your first attack of ague or fever, and in ail probai)i!ity, if
you remain steady, that first attack will be the last, for you will then
be seasonc(3, and, I may tell you for your comfort:, better able to
work than you were before — that is, if your ilhiess falls on a steady
man. Be unsteady, and your fever or ague will lay you up for
months, and work all the gold out of your pocket again.

Well, now I leave you, with these last words : fiOon-wiLL,

TEMPCRANCE, CIIKEHPULNESS, AND WORK. With tllCSe foUr tllhlgS,

you cannot well go Avrong either in health or fortune.

SOME ACCOUNT OF VANCOUVER'S ISLAND AND

BRITISH COLUMIUA,

Until 1780 Vancouver's land, which may be said to form a por-
tion of the colony oi British ('dlunibia. though in strict legality it
does not, was n;imelesf?. It was su;. posed to lieiong t<» the mainland,
which at that date may be pronounced as also devoid of a title.
It was in the year named that an American captain sailed round it,
and proved its division from the nuiinland. It \ ok its present
name in 1702 from Ca])tain Vancouver, who was the second navi-
gator Avho completed the tour of th" island. Its navigator also
bestowed upon it the name of Quadra, in honor of the Sj)anish
commandant of Nootka Sound. But this latter appellation is very
generally dropj)ed. Vancouver's Island in l.*^ ' was granted to the
Hudson's Bay CVmipany, on condition of their colonizing it.

Vancouver's Island and British Columbia (of which latter very
little is even at the present hour known) are British posses-

ssse

Hwi

III .

I i

■

sions on the West coast of North America, between N. lat.
48.20 and 51, W. long. 123 and 128.20; A^mcouver's Island
is separated from the mainland hj Queen Chorlotte's Sound,
the Gulf of Georgia, and Juan de Fuca Strait. The island is of an
irregular oblong form, stretching from north-west to south-east, its
length, from Cape Scott to Point Gonzales, is 270 miles ; its mean
breadth from 40 to 50; and its area estimated at 10,000 square
miles. The general appearance of this island is very different from
that of the mainland, for it is by no means attractive. The coast
consists for the most part of steep cliflFs, against which tlu; sea dashes
imj)etuously, and breaks itself into foam and spray at their feet.
"Almost immediately behind rise u uniform series of rounded hills,
densely covered with pine forests," we read in the * Encyclopcjedia
Britannica,' "while the ])ack ground of the scene is filled up with a
serrated ridge of bare mountains, which runs like a backbone through
the middle of the island from end to end. T'he intevior, so fai as it
has been explored, consists of a masi; oi rocks and mountains ; and
of the level ground, which lies for the \.iost })art along the coasts, by
far tbe greater part is covered with wood, although the portions that
ai-e clear have generally a very fertile soil. There are many small
1)ays, harbours, and inlets along the coast, and in the interior are
some small rivers and lakes, but none of any considerable size. The
prevailing geological formations of Vancouver's Island and British
Columbia also are gneiss and mica schist ; but towards the south-
east strata of linijstone and sandstone occur ; and among the moun-
tains of the interior there an^ many blocks of granite and dikes of
trap. In the central part of the island the hills are steep, rugged,
and in many cases without vegetation ; the valleys narrow and
shallow ; and the soil such as to be of little use. On the mainland,
on the contrary, and where the ground has been cleared, the very
best Kinds of agricultural soil exist. The mountain scenery gene-
rally is wild without being romantic, and has neither beauty nor
sublimity to attract the traveller: but the fertile spots of Vancouver's
Island, and especially of the mainland, are of an exquisitely supe-
rior character. The climate is very healthy and more agreeable.
There are two seasons, a dry and a r.iiny. The former lasts from
April to September, during which time the beat is greater than that
of an average English summer, and little rain falls. In the rainy
season, from October to March, there is generally a great deal of
snow and rain ; and it is certain that the winter is more severe than
this season is on an average iji ]*]i)gland. The seasons, however,

are not very certain, being liajle to considerable irregularities both
of time and of temperature.

I'^l

(
i
(

1
C

e
I
i

c'J^

The principal indigenous plant is the catnafts, which has an
esculent root, somewhat resembling an onion. This is a favourite
food with the natives of both the isle and the mainland. The
indigenous islander also lives in a great measure upon dried salmon
and potatoes. Salmon is marvellously plentiful and luxuriant in
these colonies, and there can be little doubt that before long we
shall have it on our English tables. In all probability the potatoe
has been an introduction of the emigrant, or rather of the early
trader to this region.

The animals found in the colonies are bears, a few wolves, less
panthers, and many elk and deer. Of birds — there are several kinds
of grouse, wood- peckers, and fin immense variety of water-fowl.

The most important mineral product of these colonies Avas, until
the gold fields were discovered, a good coal, of which there are many
ext(;nsive and valuable s?ams. The coal has has been already
»vorked in many places.

Until within the last four years British Columbia proper, as far
as the white man is concerned, may be said to have been uninha-
bited. The " gold news," however, which has been gradually
spreading for three years, and which has within the last few weeks
taken such an extraordinary leap by the pablication in the Times of
tlie letters of the " own correspondent " of that journal, and also
those of Mr. Dallas, have caused an emigration to the mainland
which was gradual up to the end of 18G0, but which has liecome
marvellous during the past year, though in all probability the
numbers which are already in the colony are C(mteinj)tible in
extent when compared with those which are flocking tiiither, and
who will continue to flock for tbf next year or so. So little is
known of British Columbia that its history can only at present be
inferentially learnt by a perusal of the known facts relating to
Vancouver's Island. There can be little doubt that what is true of
the one is not false with respect to the other. Indeed, the only
difference Ave know of is this, that while rattlesnakes are not
infrequent in the interior of the mainland, they are quite unknown
on the island.

The extent of land in the island that has been appropriated uTis-,
in 1853, 19,807 acres; of which 10,172 were claimed by the Hud-
son's Bay Company, who now claim the entire island, it having
being granted them in 1S48. The Paget Sound Company own, or
owned, 2,374 : while private individuals own the remainder. Hoav-
ever, only a few thousands of these acres arc at the present moment
under culture, though it need not be said the extent is made more
important every day. A few years Avill make a vast change.

^i^ts^i. Ommim

■ J W J »» BfKWJW(n^BMI| ggg'

I '

i ■

Those portions under cultivation yield most excellent crops of wheat,
])arley, oats, jjcas, hoans. turnips, and potatoes. The land is
specially adapted for the groAvth of green cro])S. The most arahle,
as might he expected, lies in the neighhourhood of the metropolis of
the island, " Victoria," at the south-cast extremity of the island.
This place is not increasing in size so rapidly as one might expect when
we consider that it is the chief city of the colony. But it must not
he forgotten that the rapid increase of population during the past
year, and the more rapid influx of emigrants, are OAving to the
discoveries of gold fields, which not lying in the inland, hut on the
mainlaiul, the new arrivals do not remain in or near the metropolis,
if so it may he called, hut immediately mala; for Fraz'?r River.
The majority of the settlers in Vancouver's Island, if at the present
moment it can he said to hoast of settlers at all, either live in the
neighhourhood of A'ictoria or at Fort Rupert and Nanaimo, on the
north-east coast, at hoth of which latter places the coal deposits
are worked.

All alonii" the ocean coast of Vancouver's Island the fisheries may
])e descril)ed as heyond value, Salmon and lu'rrings ahound to an
extent almost unknown elsewhere, and mackarel and cod are also
found. The produce of these fisheries, along with the coal and
timher, form the principal resources of the island, as it is not well
adapted for pastoral, and not altogether for agricultural, purposes.

The exports were, after the gold mania, coal, timher, lumher,
oysters, salmon (10,000 harrels were exported in 18G0), and oil;
l)ut the rush to the diggings has heen so immense, that the exports
during last year may he set down at naught. The exports in 18G0
valued ii.30,000 ; the imports a])out c£40,000. These imports con-
sisted of specie, jirovisions, and various merchandise.

The ahoriginnl inhahitants, hoth of Vancouver's Island and of
British. Colund ja generally are the most ohjectionahle " fr.cts " of
this colony ; and though this portion of the history of the new
colony has heen noticed hy the Times, we should hardly he doing
justice to ourselves, to say nothing of our readers, did we not commit
this truth to print, that the native tribes of Vancouver's Island and
British Columbia are as savage, treacherous, inhospitable, and
cunning as any to he found on the two continents of America.
Indeed, perhaps they are more savage, treacherous, inhospitable,
and cunning than any other known Indian tribe. The total number
of aborigines in Vancouver's Island is estimated at 17,000 ; that
of the mainland at four times that number ; though in the latter
instance conjecture alone yields the result given.

, *

As the title of our book informs the reader, the substance of this
guiile is compiled from the experience of a recent adventurer in the
new gold renion, and in a great measure written by himself, the
reader may fairly rely upon the accuracy and good intention of the
writer ; but, inasmuch as the word of the Times is the word of the
literary law, it has been thought expedient to add to this account
by a transcript of the most recent news from British Columbia,
printed in the that journal. The following extract is word for word
from the Times of the 5th February, 1861 : —

THE GOLD REGION OF BRITISH COLUMBIA.

Victoria, Vancouver Island, Nov. 29.

I HAVE not written much on the subject of British Columbia of
late, because the accounts which reached us throughout the summer
and autumn were of so glowing a character, and gave so superlative
a description of the wealth of the upper gold country, as appeared
fabulous. The reports from Cariboo were really so extravagant in
their character that I did not feel justified in giving circulation to
them on hearsay evidence. Being now, however, in possession of
proof of the general accuracy of the very flattering reports which
regularly reached Vic' ,ria by every succeeding steamer from British
Columbia during the whole period of the mining season just over, I
feel justified in communicating -'lem.

The portion of British Columbia which has yielded nearly all the
gold produced this year, and which is destined to attract the notice
of the world to a degree hitherto Tiot accorded to the country in the
aggregate, is a newly-discovered district called Cariboo (a corruption
of " Cerf-bneuf," a large species of reindeer which inhabits the
country). The district is about 500 miles, in the interior, north (or
north-east rather) from the coast of British Columbia and the
mouth of Fruser River. It is not far from the sources or " head
waters" of t!ie south branch of Eraser River and the Rocky
Mountains, and forms a patch of country — a broken, rugged mass
of mountains and streams, 50 miles from north to south and 30
miles from east to west, as far as yet known from recent explora-
tion — round three sides of which the south branch of the Eraser
makes a great bend or semicircle from its source to its junction with
the north ])ranch, near Fort George, a trading station of the
Hudson's Bay Company, in about hit. 53° 50' N.

For the sake of accuracy, I should mention that this branch of
the Eraser, although now popularly called the south branch (and
which the Hudson's Bay Company called the north branch from the

'^'^

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■f

1 1

» I

northerly direction of the first portion of its course), is really the
main body of the river. Its sources are at a distance of some GO or
70 miles westwardly from the main chain of the Rocky Mountains.
The bend of the river, which embraces the new mineral region
within its curve, runs a course north-west 180 miles, and then
take? a south-west course of about 50 miles in length. This large
section of country is believed, from the appearances presented on
various parts of the surface, to be auriferous, both in quartz (gold
matrix) and in placeres, throughout its whole extent; but the
portions hitherto " prospected " (as the miners' phrase is for the
search for, and for the discovery of gold) are confined to the
dimensions given above — 50x30 miles.

Fraser River does not acquire its great velocity in this part of its
course, which runs through a comparatively level country until it
enters the regions of the Cascades and other mountains through
which its waters rush Avith an impetuosity which causes many
obstructions to navigation. Consequently the river is navigable
from Fort Alexander, in lat. 52° 37' north for steamers of light
draught of water, say three to four feet, up to Swift River, a
distance of 45 miles, and which is within 40 miles of Antler, in
Cariboo — a fact which will facilitate the traffic of next year by
shortening the land carriage of the present route.

Cariboo is in New Caledonia, as known in the division of districts
west of the Rocky Mountains, by the Hudson's Bay Company, when
they held the license to trade with the Indians in the country which
now forms the colony of British Columbia. I cannot state the
geographical position of Cariboo with accuracy, but the centre of
that portion of the district which was the scene of this season's
mining may be taken as lying between tin lources of Antler Creek,
Swift (or Cottonwood) River, and Swamp River, all of which flow,
and run in opposite directions, from a chain of mountains called
"the Bald Mountains," traversing the district. This central point
(by a correction of Arrowsmith's map) is in north latitude 53 20 deg.,
west lonijitude 1 2 1 40 deg.

The mining localities are distinguished by local names given to
them by the miners this year. Here arc some of them : — Antler-
oreek, Keithloy's-creek, Hawey's, Williams's, Nelson's, Lowhee,
Cunningham's, Lightening, Vanvvinckle, California, Canon, Grouse,
Goose, Stevens's, Salt Spring, Burns's, Snowshoe, Jack of Clubs,
and Last Chance Creeks, all being streams (creeks) of various sizes ;
most of them of small size, issuing from the Bald Mountains, which
rise to a height ol' from 7,000 to 8,000 feet above the level of the
Pacific Ocean.

Other mining localities are called Chishoim's Gulch, David-
son's Gulch, and Hall's Gulch, &c. ("Gulch" is Yankee for
a ravine.)

I insert these names, because they give an idea of the extent of
the gold diggings hitherto unequalled for their productiveness,
because they are likely from, this face to acquire celebrity abroad,
when their wealth begins to be distributed over the world, and also
because the nomenclature Mill assii>t the reader to understand the
references in the following narrative.

Cariboo was discovered late in the season of last year, but its riches
were not developed till this summer. 1 ?an only spare room for an
epitome of the mining operations of the st-ison.

The truth of these accounts wa j doubted at the time, but they had
the effect of inducing a considerable emigration of miners from all
the other diggings in the country to Cariboo, Avhich increased the
mining population to about l,4-00 by the end of May, and the
number was constantly receiving frosh accessions. On the 0th of
June 30,000 dollars (<£6',000) in gold arrived from Cariboo, besides
the sums carried by 35 men who came down on bufiiness, and who,
it is supposed, returned to the mines. The same day 40,000 dollars
(.£8,000) arrived, some of which was also from Cariboo. These re-
ceipts awakened confidence, and a description of the gold of the
district, which corresponded with the character of that just received,
accounted for the enormous earnings. Tlie gold was all coarse gold,
granulated, gravelly stuff, mixed with pellets and pebbles of pure
metal of considerable size. Of the fine-scale gold of Fraser River, a
man could not physically wash out so much as the reported indi-
vidual earnings, but of such nuggets as then came down it was easy
to take out pounds' weight in a day. Freshets from the melting
snow carried away the flumes, and the miners' labours were sus-
pended for some time towards the end of May by the floods from the
melting snows of the adjacent mountains, and there was a scarcity of
food. The roads, or tracks and trails, at any time only fit for mule
travel, were then impassable for animals, and provisions had to be
carried on the backs of Indian?, who were paid 50 dollars (£lO) a
day for " packing." Labouring men, who had no mining claims of
their own, were hired to work those of the miners at 7 dollars (£l
8.9.) and 8 dollars (<£l 12^.), and found. Provisions were relatively
higliin price. Flour wasat88c.(l5. 7<^.)p6i' lb. ; bacon75c. (Jis.l^d.);
beans, 40c. (Is. 8<^/.)j tea, 1 c' »llar 50c. (Us.ScL); sugar and coffee,
75c. per lb. Single meals at the restaurant's, consisting of beana
and bacon and a cup of bad coffee, cost 2 dollars (8s. 4(/.),(a) Acor-

(a) The dollar is 4». 2d. English money.

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respondent of one of the newspapers in Victoria, writing from
Cariboo at tliis time, quotes the prictjs of wliat, in the grandiose
style of these parts, he calls " miners' luxuries," as follows : — A tin
pan (worth Sd.) sold for 8 dollars (<£l 12.9. dd.) ; picks and shovels,
()■ dollars each ; ditto, with handles, i.e., sliovels, 7 dollars 50c. each
(£l 4s. Gd. and £l 10s, 6d.). AVashing was charged for at G dol-
lars a dozen pieces (£l 4s. (id.). The latter is tiie only item of
"luxury" I see in the "Price Current," and I cannot believe that
the laundryman was much patronized. It Avas added that " busi-
ness of every description Avas lively." At such prices a man would
need to earn his db*5 to ^20 a day to enable him to keep "business
lively." (ft.) These wages and prices show the large gains of tiie
miners.

The first news of operations in June exceeded the glowing accounts
of May. The melting of the snow kept many miners idle, and the
country was covered with mud and slush, which made travelling
almost impossible. However, those Avho could Avork earned largely,
one "rocker" Avashing out 50 ounces of a forenoon, and three men
" Avashing out" 100 ounces from a iiume in a Aveek. Omitting
these " big strikes," Avhich fell to the lot of the favoured fcAv, Ave
find that the fickle goddess Avas more sparing in her gifts to others.
50 dollars to 100 dollars, and as lo^v as 20 dollars a day, are quoted
as individual earnings. A person on the spot Avrote, Avhat seems to
have been the truth, judging from what one knoAvs of tlie temper and
habits of the miner, — "Tliose Avho have claims are making piles.
Those Avho have not are making nothing and have nothing. These
Avero the unlucky ones, Avho Avould not choose to Avork on hire, and
Avl.o Avere waiting on Providence for ' something to turn up,' and
for good Aveather to set out ^on a ' prospecting ' tour, from Avhich
many of them Avould return footsore and ' strapped,' i. e., ' dead
broke.' "

In June intelliffence reached Cariboo that cold had been discovered
on the east side of the Rocky Mountains in British territory. This
news, and the return to Antler Creek of exploring parties Avith a
report that they had found " favourable indications of gold and
plenty of rich quartz veins, 30 miles off," added intensity to an ex-

{(t) A still later account gives the following prices: Provisions still rather
dear in consequence of the scarcity caused by increased consumption ; meals, 2
dollars (8s. 4d.); flour, 70c. {"Is. Ud.) per lb. ; beef, 50c. (2s. h/.) ; beans, 90e. (os. Id.)
pevlb. ; and liquor— " Minic rifle and tangleleg, ' Avarranted to kill at any
di.-^iancc.' Avas snapped up at 50c. ( 2s. Id.) a glass." Contrast these prices Avilh
those of February, 1861, in the Colonization Circular for that year: Flour, 17s.
barrel of lOGlbs. (about Is. a pound), and beef, 6"^. a pound. This shoAvs hoAv
prices will rise in 6 or 8 months.

iiiiTrrnMiiiiiiii ■!!

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citement already at fever heat. Many of the miners wandered ahout
the pathless wilderness " prospecting " for rich and yet richer
"claims" which would contain the philosopher's stone, and lost
their time and their strength and health in their restless wanderings,
and earned nothing.

Presently the weather improved, provisions became abundant,
new discoveries were being made at great distances apart, and suc-
cess attended the efforts of all who worked steadily and stuck to one
spot. On Keithley's Creek a party of five "divided" 1,200 dollars
(£250) from one day's labour, and their daily average was a pound
w^eight of gold a day.

Several " sluices " were set to work on this creek, and the results
were 20 dollars (Mi 3s. 4^d.) to 50 dollars (£10 8s. 4r/.) per man per
day. There were 200 men on this creek, of >vhom 75 were at work
about the middle of June. The gold found was in small nuggets, of
the value of Gs. to Ss. sterling each piece. No quicksilver was used
to amalgamate the gold, which made a vast saving in time and ex-
pense, and which enabled the miner to make such large gains as I
have stated above. Another fact, peculiar to the Cariboo Diggings
generally, is that the gold is found near the surface — a few inches, a
foot or t^vo, and very seldom more than six feet below the surface.
There is an efflorescence of gold near the surface in the virgin soil of
most gold-bearing countries, but I never knew it so general as it is
here.

The diggings on Snow-shoe Creek were opened in June, and
yielded 12 dollars (£2 10s.) to 25 dollars {£5 is. 2d.) to the hand
per day.

Here are a few statistics of this remote country, noted down in
June by a traveller : —

" A little town springing up at Keithley's, consisting of three
grocery stores, a bakery, a restaurant, a butcher's shop (cattle had by
this time been driven up from Oregon and the Lower Fraser), a
blacksmith's shop, and several taverns, some in tents and some in
log-houses. At Antler 10 houses are erected, and a sawmill on the
Creek. In all Cariboo there are five white women and three
physicians. Several vegetable gardens started at various points."

The native Indians fairly quiet, civil, and industrious ; very useful
as carriers of provisions, &c. The mule trails rendered impassable ;
but the Government appropriated 2,000 dollars (.£416 i3s.) for
opening a bridle road to the district, and the miners of Antler and of
Keithley's subscribed 800 dollars to open a trail to the former place.
Labourers' wages at Antler, 8 dollars a day ; at Keithley's 7 dollars
a day — and board in both cases. A considerable number of hands

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thus employed. AVhen a member of a " company " cannot work
himself, he puts a hired man in his place.

We had from the first discovery of this gold district heard most
unfavourahle reports of the severity of the winter season, which was
said to render the country uninhal)itahle. The matter was set at
rest by some Canadians who wintered in Cariboo last year. They
found the intensity of the cold so much less than in the Canadas that
they represented the climate as mild compared with that of their
native country. It is inhospital)le from the altitude and the abund-
ance of mountains, the level land being about 3,000 feet, and the
mountains 5,000 feet more, above the level of the sea. The spring
is wet, and the summer subject to frequent rains. The snow falls
in October, and when the winter is fairly set in the weather continues
cold, clear, and dry. The mining season continues from IVIay to
October at present ; but when accommodations increase, and the
miners begin to tunnel the banks and hills for gold, as they soon will
do, the winter will present no obstacles to continuous work, under
cover, during the whole season.

A mining claim is a parallelogram (square) piece of ground 100
feet wide, from bank to bank of a creek. The depth is indefinite,
varying, of course, with the Avidth of the creek. Each miner is
entitled to one of these " claims," and there may be several miners
associated together to work a "claim." In case of such an association
amounting to five miners, the " company " would be entitled to 500
feet of ground in width, and running from bank to bank. At first
many miners " took up " claims in simulated names, and thus caused
a monopoly — an evil which was remedied by the Government Gold
Commissioner when he visited the country in the summer.

Under the mining laws of British Columbia, which are well
adapted to the country, the miners have the power to regulate their
own mining afRiirs, such as settling the size of claims, which must
vary in different localities, &c., with the assent and assistance of the
Gold Commissioner in each district, and subject to the approval of
tlie Governor.

The provisions of the mining laws are very seldom, if ever, com-
plied with in all respects ; but still the mining operations are con-
ducted with exemplary propriety, and no body of men, upon the
whole, could conduct themselves more peaceably than do the miners
of British Columbia. All disputes are submitted to the commis-
sioner, and if his decision is not acquiesced in an appeal is taken to
the judge of the Supreme Court of Civil Justice (the only one in the
whole colony), who goes circuit to all the inhabited parts of the
country.

21T

While on this suhject I should not be doing justice to the country
if I failed to remark upon the absence of crime jjenerally in British
Columbia. The fact is as remarkable, considering the hetero-
geneous nature of the population, as it is gratifying. It speaks
well for the miners, and for the magistrates also, who are a very
efficient and respectable l)ody, all young men in the prime of life ;
and I am certain, from my knowledge of his character, that the
moral effect of the judge's free intercom se with all classes, of his
disinterested counsel when appealed to extra-judicially — as he fre-
quently is, to settle disputes — and of his urbanity, is very beneficial.
The exercis'j of his good-nature prevents litigation, and the fearless-
ness with which bo punishes crime prevents the commission of
heinous oficences.

July opened with increased exertions and proportionate results, in
consequence of the disappearance of the snow. Six miles from
Antltr, 31 ounces were "cleaned out" in one day in a hole only
two feet under the surface. The bottom was composed of " rotten
slate," — a favourable formation, indicative of gold. 8,000 dollars
had previously been taken out of the same claim. Another spot
was discovered where the pay-dirt was two feet thick and full of
nuggety gold. 1,000 dollars was paid for a claim, which the pur-
chaser resold shortly afterwards at a profit of 500 dollars. Wages
now rose ten dollars a day. Quartz leads (the matrix of gold) of
considerable breadth was discovered near Keithley's. Some claims
began to pay as high as 1,000 dollars a day, and several from 20 to
25 ounces. Four days* work yielded a man 104 ounces, and some
men from Victoria were making two and three ounces each a-day.
The town of Antler growing " like magic." Instead of 10 houses,
as it counted last month, it now boasts of 20 substantial stores,
whisky shops, and other edifices, surrounded by any number of tents.

The prosperity of the town was in part indebted to an evil influ-
ence. Professional gamblers track the successful miner as the
carrion crow scents the dead on a battlefield. '* The chink of
money and the sound of gamblers' voices are heard at all hours.
Monte and Paro Banks and Poker Games are all the go. Large
sums of money change hands constantly ; I heard of one party who
lost, between three of them, 27,000 dollars.

I met a Spaniard on his return from Cariboo. He is a muleteer,
and was engaged in packing. On my asking him about the richness
of the mines, he answered that the gambling was as rife and carried
on as high as in California in her palmiest days. The Spaniard did
not penetrate far into the mining region, neither did he gather many
statistics. He saw piles of gold bullion and of 20 dollar pieces laid

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out on the gambling tables, and he saw a bank of portentous size,
and he saw large stakes played and won and lost ; and all these evi-
dences of wealth satisfied him that " the country wafi saved " n'ith-
out going beyond Antler. He had been informed that Cariboo was
a "fi/zlej" but at Antler he changed his opinion, and went
vigorously into the packing business, made money, and is now
1 uilding a house to enjoy his otitcm mim di[/nif.ate.

It is hard to suggest a cure for this vice of new mining countries.
The miner requires relaxatioo, and no healthy means of relaxation
exist. He will adopt the first and readiest.

I do not see what the Government can do except to discourage it.
It cannot put it down with the strong arm, for the rapid growth of
population and of wealth outrun Government adniiinstration in these
cases of sudden developments of the treasures of the earth. The
magistrate intimated that he would hold the tavern-keepers who
permitted gambling in their houses responsihle. Beyond this his
means of enforcing the law would not carry him. The vice will
wear itself out, as it did in (yalifornia.

In August and September mining was at its heiglit. Here are a
few facts culled from a inass of correspondence and verbal informa-
tion received : — On the Antler Creek tlie rocker yielded 50 ounces
of gold of a forenoon. The average yield on tlie flaming claims is
60 ounces a-day io tlie hanr.. Later the creek yielded 100 and 130
ounces a day from small claims. Three quarters of a mile below
the town of Antler 40 to 60 ounces a day to the hand, obtained by a
company of two men from one of the richest claims on the stream.
Since last spring these two men have taken out 18,000 dollars with
a rocker. M. Donnell's claim not paying so well for the last three
weeks, but up io that time *t gave 60 to 100 dollars a day. The
town site is threatened to be washed away, as the miners are entitled
to all mineral ground Avhich lay waste when they staked it ofi^ for
mining. Water for sluicing sold at 50c. (2.<f.) an inch (cubic mea-
sure, flowing ihruagh a square tube), yet after paying this heavy
charge, the yield left 40 to 60 dollars a day to the miner. Eleven
companies on the creek making large gains. Others not doing so
well — 15, 20, and up to 50 dollars a day to the hnnd only.

On Keithley's Creek the companies were making from 50 to 100
dollars a day to the hand, and on the hillside (dry diggings) 120
dollars a man per day.

The minors were by this tiiae enabled to extend their means and
appliances to save manual Ial)our. Flumes were built of enormous
size and length, with numerous wheel-pumps to supply water for
washing the gold, which were to be seen turning constantly, '*as for

size,
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as the eye could reach." " The magnitude of the works M'as sur-
prising." These were due to the neighbouring sawmill, which pro-
duced lumber on the spot, and must have also yielded a rich return
to the proprietors, for the price was high, of course, 2.5c. a foot and
upwards.

The mining holes were described as shining with gold. When
the bed rock was laid bare it Avas found studded or paved with
lumps of gold, and in every shovelful contained a considerable
amount, in some cases to the amount of 10/. sterling, and required
no washing, the nuggets or pellets of gold being picked out by
hand.

The diggings were now found to be not only rich, but extensive,
which led to a new enterprize. A drift was driven into one of the
hills. This tunnelling is now the chief mode of working practised in
California, where the efflorescence of gold has been long exbausted,
and where the placeres are nearly so. La])ourers were in demand
(in Cariboo) for this work at 8 dollars a day and board, so that, with
health, no man who chose to labour could fail to make; money. A
miner told my informant, at this time, that his claim would last him
10 years to Avork it out.

The Lowhee Creek yielded to four miners on the first two days of
their work 5,ll00 dollars, and on the third day 72 ounces. These
returns appeared faimlous, yet private information and published
accounts agreed a- to the facts, and in duo time similar statements
were verified l)y the appearance of the miners with the gold in New
Westminster and Victoria.

The miners were now in good heart. Their condition was much
improved by the abundance of sahnon caught in the Fraser and other
up-country rivers. There was iibundance of grass, also, on the
mountains all througli the summer — a su})ply as necessary as human
food, as all commodities being "■ packed " there were many mules
and horses to feed.

A miner writes that his gains far surpass anything ever produced
in California, and cites the fact of 1,700 dollars liaving been dug
out of two crevicea in the rock lei^s than three feet under the surface.
In fact, the explanation of the enormous yields is, as I before stated,
the large, solid, nugftcty character of the gold, and its })roximity to
the surface. ]\Ien who had never mined before, tradesmen, mecha-
nics, and lal)0urers new to the Avork, did just as well as the old,
practised miner. This result will cease as tlie efflorescence of gold
near the surfac(,' becomes exhausted. Then souk.' skill and much
labour will be required to produce far less results than paid the
exertions of the Cari boo men last season.

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" Veins and boulders of quartz are seen in every direction in the
hills, such as would of themselves create an excitement in any other
country," but they are here neglected for the placercs, which are so
much more easily worked. A person writing from the diggings
says, " The country is covered with quartz and with indications of
volcanic action," and concludes " that this is the richest gold country
in the world." The development of the wealth which lies in quartz
must be obtained by the application of capital and engineering and
mining skill. It is a fit subject for the capitalists of England, and
as capital has just as much protection in British Columbia as in any
part of the Empire, and property and life are equally as well pro-
tected, I have no doubt the quartz magnet Avill attract the necessary
capital in due time, and that we shall hear the Stock Exchange re-
sound with the quotations of shares in many mining companies in
Cariboo and elsewhere in the colony by and by.

At this time (in autumn) a man who left Victoria penniless
arrived with 2,000 dollars in dust, which he had dug in about two
months. Williams's Creek, which finally turned out the greatest
success of all the creeks for rich single yields, began in August to
produce. Dawson and Co. took out fifty ounces in one day, and in
a few days reached the bed-rock, when in one pan of pay-dirt they
got 000 dollars. Abbott and Co., on sinking three to four feet,
obtained 900 dollars in one pan-full of dirt. This extraordinjiry
fact was confirmed by Mr. Abbott himself when he came down to
Victoria the other day. He and his two partners made each a
fortune in less than three months. I will come to their case more
in detail presently.

Several new creeks dsscovered in July and August which pro-
spected well. Several layers of pay-dirt, that is, strata of gold-bear-
ing gravel and of blue clay, one over the other, with layers of earth
between, now found, so that increased workings lower down in the
same ground produced gold.

On Vanwinckle Creek the best claim produced 100 to 200
dollars a-day to the hand. The companies above and below, average
50 dollars and (JO dollars a-day to the hand ; and the dig-
gings near the surface, just as they were in California in 1849,
equally rich.

Gold dust was worth 10 dols. 30 c. to IG dols. 50 c. the ounce
(£3 Gs. lOd. and £3 7s. 7'L), and it was taken in exchange for
goods at 17 dollars the ounce. The average ley of the gold has not
yet been accurately ascertained. Some of it gave OlS-lOOOths fine,
which is very high. Some gave from 800 to 900-lOOOths fine, and
the average is taken at 850 fine.

I need hardly remark to you that I would not have lent myself to
giying currency to these marvellous stories were I not fortified by
my own knowledge of the general truth of all I write.

GOVERNMENT INFORMATION RELATING TO THE
NEW GOLD FIELDS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA.

The first information ^iven by government on the subject of the
gold fields of British Columbia, was in the Government Colonization
Circular for 18G0. This information we extract, that our readers
may judge how cautiously the government accepted the news of
these nests of future wealth. It is amusing to contrast this account
•with that of the Times already given.

GOLD FIELDS OP BRITISH COLUMBIA.

There seems good reason to suppose that the gold fields of this
colony, are both extensive and rich.

Governor Douglas, in a despatch dated January, 1859, states, that
it is supposed on very probal)lc grounds that the whole course of the
Frazer River, to its sources in the Rocky Mountains, contains
deposits of gold.

Gold was known to exist in Queen Charlotte's Island in 1830,
but it was not until April, 1856, that Governor Douglas reported to
the Secretary of State, that considerable quantities of gold had been
found in the upper Columbia River. It was subsequently discovered
in its natural state of deposit in the district of Frazer River and of
Thompson's River, commonly known as the Quaateau, Couteau, and
Shuswap countries, which are the principal gold fields of the colony.

The governor in the despatch above mentioned states, that reports
continue to arrive respecting the rich deposits of gold on or about
Bridge River. The gold generally is coarse and lumpy, not requiring
quicksilver for its separation from the soil.

Gold has been also found at Stonia, a point on Frazer's River, fivo
miles beyond Hudson's Bay establishment of Alexandria, about 400
miles from the sea coast.

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THE COLONIAL SECRETARY'S INFORMATION.

The following information relating to British Columbia and its
gold fields Avas published by government in 18G1, and bore date
February, 18G0.

BRITISH COLUMBIA AND VANCOUVER'S ISLAND.

British Columbia. — W. R. G. Young, Esq., the Colonial Secre-
tary, in a Report dated Victoria, 22nd February, 1861, says: —
" British Columbia being a gold producing country, with little else
than the gold yet developed, it is difficult to recommend any particu-
lar class to emigrate to its shores. Amongst the miners are to be
found men of every class and trade, who, when sufficient inducements
oflfer, by there being a demand for their particular calling, will
readily abandon the one occupation to engage in the other, and vice
versa. But the resources of the country, independently of gold, are
undoubtedly great, and the prospects held out to an industrial popula-
tion by no means discouraging, even in this early stage. Land
can be easily acquired by pre-emption without immediate payment,
and the soil is abundantly fruitful ; while the demand for its pro-
ductions hitherto far exceeds the supply. Men of steady and
industrious habits, possessed of small capital, who would be content
to forego the glittering, though perhaps meretricious, allurements of
the gold fields, remembering that where one man may realise a com-
petence, hundreds do actually fail in procuring more than a livelihood,
would, there is but little doubt, do well in following agricultural
pursuits in British Columbia. Those who have done so, hitherto,
have reaped a rich harvest. Men of the ' navigator ' class would
also, it is believed, do well, for the Government are engaged in the
almost interminable work of opening out roads and communications
to the interior, and the cost of labour hitherto upon such works as
these has, in consequence of the principal portion being <lrawn from
the gold fields, been very heavy.

" Female domestic servants would meet with instant employment,
and for this class there is, and would be, a continual demand, as the
disproportion of males is so great, that an unmarried woman who
has reached the age of 20 is, it is believed, not to be found in the
colony.

" Vancouver's Island offers good inducements to farm labourers,
mechanics of every description, and domestic servants of both sexes,
but especially to female domestics, as the few at present to be found

in the island readily ol)tain places at wages varying from £i: to £6
per month. A large proportion of the vegetaljles consumed in Van-
couver's Island are imported from the neighbouring American
territory, and it may, therefore, be fairly assumed that agricultural
pursuits would yield a good return. Small farmers woukl do well,
but they must he possessed of sufficient capital to be independent for
the first twelve months.

" Tbe pre-emption system is established in Vancouver's Island,
and rich and valuable land within a short distance of Victoria, the
capital, if not open to pre-emption, can be readily leased at a ground
rent of from 4s. to dCl per acre per annum."

GEOGRAPHY OF BRITISH C0LU:MBIA.

THE GOVERNMENT CIRCULAR THUS DEFINES BRITISH COLUMBIA.

^ That part of British territory on the north-west coast of North
America, previously known as New Caledonia, has, })y an Act
passed on the 2nd of August, 18.58 (21 & 22 Vict. cap. 9.9), been
erected into a colony, under*the name of " British Columbia." It is
bounded on the south by the frontier of the United States (i.e., the
49th degree of north latitude), on the east by the main chain of the
Rocky jVlountains, on the north l)y Simpson's River and tin; Finlay
branch of the Peace River ; and on the west by the Pacific Ocean.
It includes Queen Charlotte's Ibland and all other adjacent islands,
except Vancouver's Island, and the islands adjacent thereto. The
Queen, however, may at any time, upon a joint address of the two
Houses of the Legislature of Vancouver's Island, incorporate it with
British Columbia.
V Extent of Colony. — British Columbia possesses an extent of about

500 miles of sea coast, stretching from the point where the 49th
parallel of latitude strikes the sea coast to the line of the Russian
possessions in Portland Canal.

The area of the colony, including Queen Charlotte's Lslaiid, is
computed by Mr. Arrowsmith to contain about 200,000 .squuie miles.

Laics. — The civil and criminal laws of England, so far as they are
not inapplical)le from local circumstances, prevail throughout the
colony, subject of course to be modihed by the Queen in Council or
by local legislation.

New AVestminster is the capital town, and is situated on the right
or north bank of Fraser's River.

Secondary Towns.

Hope ; Yale ; Douglas ; Cayoosh ; Lytton ; Derby ; Prince-
town ; and Alexandria.

*: \

CROWN LxYNDS OF BRITISH COLUMBIA.

The following are the regulations referring to the crown lands of
British Columbia.

BRITISH COLUMBIA.

The disposal of the crown lands in British Columbia is regulated
by four proclamations of the Governor, having the ibrce of law,
dated respectively 4th January and 20th January, 18 (JO, and No. 1
and No. 2 of the 19th January, 186'1. These proclamations will be
found printed in extenso in the appendices to the Emigration
Commissioners' Annual Reports for 1860 and 1861.

Sale by Auction. — All town and suburban lots and surveyed
agricultural lands, are, under the proclamation of January 20th,
1860, to be offered for sale, in the first 'instance by public auction;
and if not sold may afterwards be purchased by private contract at
the upset price, which for country lands is fixed by proclamation
No. 2, of 19th January, 1861, at 4s. 2(/. per acre, to be paid on
delivery of the deed of grant.

Pre-emption Ri^jhts. — Under the particular circumstances of the
colony, however, ad with a view to promote its settlement, provi-
sion is made by the ]iroclamations of 4th January, 1800, and No. 1
of I9th January, IS'O, whereby settlers can obtain without imme-
diate payment small portions of unsurveyed land. The following is
tlie substance of the principal provisions of these two proclama-
tions : —

British subjects and aliens who shall take the oath of allegiance
may acquire unoccupied, unreserved, and unsurveyed Crown Lauds
(not being the site of an existent or proposed town or auriferous
land, or an Indian reserve or settlement) in fee simple on taking
possession and recording their claim with the nearest resident
magistrate to any quantity not exceeding 160 acres. The fee to the
magistrate for this record is 8^.

When the Government survey shall extend to the land thus pre-
empted, as it is termed, the claimant or his heirs or (if he shall have
obtained from the nearest magistrate a certificate that he has made

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' »>

permanent improvements thereon, to the value of 10s. an acre) his
assigns shall be entitled, if there has been a continuous occupation
of the land, to purchase it at 4<s. 2d. per acre.

Priority of pre-emption is secured by the person in occupation,
who shall first record his claim.

On payment of the purchase money the purchaser obtains a
conveyance, which, however, reserves to the Crown the precious
minerals, Avith the rigbt to enter and work them by its assignees
and licensees ; but if this right is exercised, reasonable compensation
is to be made for the waste and damage done, to be settled in case
of dispute by a jury of 6.

In addition to the land ^lus ^^ pre-empted^" the claimant may
purchase any quantity of unsurceped land not otherwise appropriated
by an immediate jmyment of 4^. 2d. an acre.

Any allotment thus sought to be acquired either by pre-emption
or purchase must bo of a rectangular form, the sliortest side being
at least two-thirds of the length of the longest side. The boundaries
must also run as nearly as possible by the cardinal points of the
compass, but natural boundaries may be taken when they exist. If
the land is bounded by a purchased or "pre-empted" claim, the
line of such claim may be adopted, notwithstanding any irregularity
in it arising from the adoption of natural boundaries. Land
enclosed partially or entirely between two or more claims, and not
exceeding IfJO acres in area, may be purchased or " pre-empted,"
notwithstanding irregularity of form or disproportion in length of
sides. The claimants must, moreover, give to the magistrate the
best possible description of the land, together with a rough plan
thereof.

If any person holding under a pre-emptive claim shall cease to
occupy the land, the claim may be cancelled by the nearest resident
magistrate, whose dec ision, however, may be appealed against to the
Court of Civil Justice on security for the appeal being given.

Occupants of uiuurmyed lands, whether by purchase or under
pre-emption, may bring ejectment or trespass against any intruder
on the land, as if they were seized with the legal estate in posses-
sion ; but they cannot exclude free miners from searching for the
precious metals, working them, or carrying Avater for mining pur-
poses over the land, altliough they will be entitled to compensation
for damage done, as before mentioned.

The (Jruvernment, hov/ever, may resume such portion of the
pre-empted or purchased land as may be required for roads or other
public purposes.

I '

' i

VANCOUVER S ISLAND.

Tlio Crown lands in this island are divided into four classes : (1)
country lands ; (2) mineral lands ; (8) town lands ; (4) suburban
lands.

With a view to promote the settlement of tho colony, pending
the legal difficulties which at present impede the issue of Crown
grants, a Proclamation, dated 19th February, 180'!, has been issued,
allowing settlers, as a provisional arrangement, to occupy country
lands in certain districts, with a right of pre-emption.

The following is an abstract of the provisions of this proclamation,
the operation of which was, by a subsequent proclamation, dated
2 1st March, 1861, extended to the whole of the island and its
dependencies : —

1. Price. — The upset price of all country land is to be 4s. 2d.
per acre.

2. Pre-emption. — Male British subjects, and aliens above the
age of eighteen, who shall take the oath of allegiance, may pre-
empt, as it is termed, in any district (not being an Indian reserve or
settlement) unsold Crown lands to the extent of 150 acres for a
single man, and 200 acres for a married man, whose wife is resident
in the colony, with an additional ten acres for each of his children
under eighteen years of age, if also resident.

3. British subjects who may have become subjects or citizens of
any foreign state must talvc the oath of allegiance before they can
exercise the right of pre-emption.

4. Immediately after occupation, the pre-emptor must record his
claim at the office of the surveyor-general at Victoria, paying a
fee of 8*. 4d.

5. G, & 7. Unsurreyed Land. — The lots Avhich may be selected
for pre-emption must be of a rectangular (square) form, the shortest
side l)eing two-fifths the length of the longest side, and the bound-
aries must run as nearly as possible by the cardinal points of the
compass ; but natural boundaries may be taken where they exist.
The claimant must give the best possible description thereof, in
writing, with a map, to the surveyor-general, and identify the land
by placing a post at each corner of the lot.

8. Siirveijed Land. — The description of these must be based on
the landmarks of the government survey.

9. Payment. — If the land be unsurveyed^ the claimant must, as
soon as it is surveyed, pay into the Land Office at Victoria the pur-
chase-money at the rate of 4s. Id. per acre. If the land be already

sscs : (1)
suburban

, pending
of Crown
en issued,
y country

lamation.
Ion, dated
d and its

be 4s. 2d.

ibove the
may pre-
reserve or
cres for a
is resident
is children

citizens of
e they can

record his
paying a

16 selected
lie shortest
lie bound-
ints of the
thev exist,
thereof, in
y the land

e based on

t must, as
ia the pur-
be already

surveyed, the payment is to be made in three separate instahnoiit.s,
the first, of Is. Id. per acre, within one year from tlie date the claim
"was recorded ; the second, of a similar sum, Avithin two years from
' such date ; and tlie balance of 2s. an acre within three years. On

any default in payment the pre-emption claim, and any paid-up
•f yt instalments, are forfeited.

10 & 11. A certificate of improvement is to be issued to llu-
pre-emptor, his heirs or devisees, by the Surveyor-General, after tlu-
claim has been occupied permanently for two years, and pcvniiuiont
improvements have been made thereon to the value of lO.s-. per jkic.
This certificate entitles the holder to sell, mortgage, or lease (subject
to any unpaid instalments) the land in question. In the absence
of such a certificate the land cannot be so disposed of until the full

^ purchase-money has been paid.

I 12 & 13. Upon payment of the whole of tlie pui'vhaso-moncy. if

the land has been surveyed, a conveyance is at oiice exocuted in
favour of the pre-emptor. The Crown reserves, however, tlie p<)\\er
to resume any portion of the land required for puhlic purpose.^, and

>| also the precious minerals, with the right to Avoi-k thciii. If the
land has not been surveyed when the full puicluise-Tuuncy is paid,
the conveyance is to be executed as soon as possible after the survey
shall be completed. After survey, the pre-emptor may take, ar
•is. 2<l. per acre, any quantity of any unpre-ernpted land which niny
be included in the sections containing his pre-empted land. If',
however, he does not exercise this option, he lorfeits so much of the
pre-empted land as lies in those sections.

14-. Priority/ of title is secured by the person in occupation who
first records his claim.

15. AVhen any person ceases to occupy pre-empted land for two
months, the surveyor-general may summarily cancel his claim, and
record de noco the claim of a fresh applicant.

^ IG. AVlien the Crown, or its assignee, acts on the reserved ri;:h;

^* to enter land and work the precious metals, reasonai)le eunqu nsa-
tion for waste and damage is to be paid to the land-holder. Dis-
putes on this point are to be settled by a jury of six men, to be
summoned by the surveyor-general.

17. The right of the licensees of the Crown to search for pV(!eious
metals on any unenclosed land is reserved, subject to the foreg<.>ing
conditions.

18. AVater privileges, and the right of carrying water for mining
purposes over any lands, even after they have been conveyed, may
be claimed and exercised by miners liulding a license for the purpose
from the surveyor-general, subject to the paynuut of compenbaiioii

ft)i* waste or damage, which is to be fixed, in case of dispute, hy a
jury of six men, to be summoned by the surveyor-general.

19. Arhltration. — Disputes respecting claims to land may, before
action brought, be settled in a summary way by the surveyor-
general.

\ f

GOVERNIMENT REPORT (1S50) OF VICTORIA, THE
CAPITAL OF VANCOUVER'S ISLAND.

TiiK following details respecting A^ietoria, the cajiital of Van-
couver's Island, arc extracted from the Victoria Gazette of 1st
February, 1859: — First-class hotels, v/ith bars, 5; ditto, without
bars, 2 ; restaurants, first-class, ; ditto, second-cljiss, 9 (this does
not include private boarding-houses, or any of the numerous little
eating and lodging-housi^s, where meals an; occasionally served).
First-class saloons, with billiard-tables, 3 ; second-class ditto, with
bar only, 12 ; butchers' shops, first-class, 4 ; game, vegetable, and
meat markets, 5 ; fish markets, 2 ; barbers' shops, 9 ; intelligence
office, 1 ; reading-room, 1 ; express office, 1 ; printing-offices, 2 ;
buildings in town proper, 550 ; ditto, in process of erection, 45.

PRIVILEGES OF ALIENS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA.

L\ ti.is colony the privileges of aliens are at present regulated ])y
a proclamation, dated 11th May, lcS5!), and issued by the Governor,
under the authority of the Imperial Act 21 & 22 Vict., cap. 99, and
of his commission. By this proclamation aliens have the same
ca]iacity to hold and transmit lan<l(!d and real estate of every
description as natural-born Ihitish su])jects, and after a residence of
three vears may demand naturalization on uroducino; a declaration
of residence and character from some British su])ject, on making
himself a declaration of residence, and on taking the oath of
allegiance. The latter declarati(»n nmst be made and oath taken
before a Justice of the Peace, who is to declare that he knows no
reason why the a})]»licant should not be naturalised. These con-
ditions being fulfilled, the Court of British Columbia is to record the
j)roceedings, and the alien is then to ])e deemed a British subject for
all purposes whatsoever ^r/ii/e within the colony. The cost of this
process is 18*?. Aliens, M'ives of British subjects, arc to be deemed
to be naturalized.

1 ±.

The naturalization may be annulled (in addition to the ponaltics
for perjury) if any party to either of the above deelarations is con-
victed of perjury therein.

[Proclamation printed in Parliamentary Papers, part 3, on
British Columl>ia, presented to Parliament 18 GO.]

CLIMATE OF BRITISH COLUIMBIA.

The climate is represented as variable, and the transitions, ib.oiigh
periodically regular, as remarkably sudden if not violent, but, on
the Avhole, remarkably healthy and invigorating.

Mr. McLean, one of the Hudson's Bay Company's servants,
states that at Stewart's Lake in the month of July he experienced
every possible change of weather Avithin tAvclve hours, fnjst in the
morning, scorching heat at noon, and then rain, hail, and snow.

The Avinter season is subject to the same vicissitudes, though not
in such extreme degrees.

Mr. A. C. Anderson, late Chief Trader of the Hudson's Bay
Company's service, states that snow begins to fall in the mountains
early in October; that the summer climate about tlu; forks of the
Thompson River is dry and the heat great ; that during winter the
thermometer indicates occasionally from 20^ to SO" of cold below
zero of Fahrenheit, but that such severe cold seldom lasts on the
upper parts of Fraser's River for more than three days. The
thermometer will then continue to f actuate IjetAveen zero and the
freezing point, until, possibly, another interval of cold arrives.

He adds that the w^iuters are extremely capricious throughout
those regions, that no two resemble each other very closely, and
that in general the snow does not fall deep enough along the l)anks
of the main streams to preclude winter travelling with pack animals.

In ascending Fraser's River mosquitoes are very numerous during
the summer season, and as the sea breeze is seldom felt the air
is extremely sultry. The mosquitoes cease, however, below Foit
Hope.

Governor Douglas, in a despatch dated the 21st January, 1859,
states that the climate at Lytton on the Fraser, near the junction of
the Thompson, is pleasant and temperate, and that the weatlu-r is
generally clear and dry in so remarkable a degree that from the 2'1-th
of August to the 19th December, 1858, there had not been, in ail,
more than 12 hours' rain or snow.

CLIMATE OF VANCOUVER'S ISLAND.

Tin: cUmate in tliis island is stated to ])C excellent, and has been
eoiiiparcd to the eliniate of the milder parts of England or to that in
(lu; .South of Fiance. Indeed, it is said to he preferahle to tluit of
J^ii«^lau(l, as it has more line steady weather, is far less changeable,
and on liie >vhole milder. The days in summer are -warm, hut not
o|)|)r(;ssive, and free from glare ; the evenings are cool, with a gentle
sea l)r('eze. Heavy rains are said to fall in Septend)er. The >vinter
is a little cold, l)ut not severe, and rather Avet. There are occasional
frosts and lalls of snow, but they never last long.

GOLD REGULATIONS.

Tin: following is the substance of the Gold Fields Act, 1859,
passed on the 31st of August of that year, which came into operation
as regaids Queen Charlotte's Island, on the 1st of January, 18G0,
and as regards the rest of British Columbia on the Ist of September,
18.59.

This Act and the former regulations "will be found printed in full
in the Appendix to the Engineer Commissioners' Annual Report Ibr
]8()1.

The Governor may appoint Gold Commissioners, who, within
certain districtrs, may issue "free miners' certificates," authorising
the holder to mine upon Crown lands, and may register claims {i.e.,
allotments of auriferous land to individual miners) ; 1/. is to be paid
for a free miner's certificate, Avhieh must be countersigned by the
miner and is not transferable, and 4s. for the registration of a claim.
Each is valid for a year.

The Gold Commissioner is to possess all the authority of a Justice
of the Peace, with power to try and settle summarily all miners'
disputes and abate encroachments. He is to be judge of law and
liict, subject to an appeal to the Supreme Court, when in civil cases
the value of the matter in dispute exceeds 201., or when in criminal
ap.attcrs the fine exceeds that sum, or the imprisonment exceeds 30
days. He may also mark out plots of 5 acres for the occupation of
the miners as gardens or residences, and other plots for the occupa-
tion of traders.

The Governor may also lease auriferous lands under regulations to
be prescribed by himself.

On the petition of 100 free miners in any district, the Governor
may establish a " Mining Board," to consist of from 6 to 12 persons,

i, m

elected by the miners. A majority of tlie l)oar(l, with the concur-
rence of the Golil Commissioner, or of two-thirds witliout tliat
concurrence, may make l)yU\ws resjtectin*^ tlie size of claims,
sluices, registration, and mining matters generally. Three members
are to retire annually, but are eligible for inmiediate re-election.

A person convicted (after his election) of misdemeanour, felony,
or assault with a deadly weapon, vacates his office, and is not

re-eligible.

The Governor may dissolve the board, or in the absence of a
lioard may make byla(vs for the above purposes.

Pending the constitution of these boards, the Governor, in
exercise of the poAver reserved to him by the 12tli section of the
Act, issued a set of regulations, of which the substance is as
follows : —

The size of registered claims is to l)e, —

In dry diggings 2.5x30 feet. In bar or river diggings 25 feet in
])readth from the highest line to which the river rises in flood
indefinitely into the stream.

Provision is made for letting " exclusive water privileges," for
which a rent is payable to the Government equal to one day's
estimated receipts per month. The privileged person is })Ound to
supply all miners with water, and not to waste it. Divisions of
three feet in -width are to be left between claims.

Leases of auriferous land may be made for periods not exceeding
10 years, and of spaces not exceeding 10 acres in dry diggings, and
in river or ravine diggings | mile in length of un worked or 1-^ milo
of abandoned diggings.

POPULATION, REVENUE, AND EXPENDITURE OF
BRITISH COLUMBIA AND VANCOUVER'S ISLAND.

POPULATION.

Males. Females. Total.
British Columbia - 5,000 official estimate, 18G0.

Vancouver's Island 5,000 do. do.

Revenue for 1860.

British Columbia
Vancouver's Island -

Expenditure for ISGO.

British Columbia
Vancouver's Island

^£'53,286
14,749

^47,175
14,171

ASSAY OFFICE OF BRITISH COLUMBIA.

The establishment of an assay office in British Columbia has recently
been sanctioned by the home Government.

BANKING ACCOMMODATION OF BRITISH COLUMBIA
AND VANCOUVER'S ISLAND.

The only banking accommodation for both British Columbia and
Vancouver's Island is the Bank of British North America, Victoria,
and Vancouver's Island. This bank Is incor«)orate. The amount of
the sharj is ^50. The extent of the shareholder's liability is not
great. In most colonial banks he is lia])le to twice tho amount of
the share, but in the case of the Bank of British North America the
lia])ility is limited to paid-up capital. The head office of the bank is
situate at 7, St. Helen's Place, Bishopsgate, London. The capital of
this bank is ,£1,000,000, all of Avhich is paid up.

LEGAL AND MEDICtVL PRACTITIONERS IN BRITISH
COLUMBIA A^D VANCOUVER'S ISLAND.

British Columbia.

Medical Practitioners. — No loral eaactment restraininff or inter-
fering Avith the practice of British or Foreign Physicians, Surgeons,
and Apothecaries.

Barrlslers. — There may be enrolled as l)arristers of the court of
British Columbia, — 1st, any person called or qualified to 1)0 called to
practise at the English or Irish bar, or as an advocate in Scotland,
or Avho has taken the degr(>c of Doctor of Laws at any University in
the United Kingdom. 2nd, any person instructed within this colony,
or on Vancouver's Ishmd, in the knowledge and practice of the law
by any practising barrister of the court, sul)ject to any future regula-
tion established Avithin the colony.

Attorneys. — There may be enrolled as attorneys and solicitors of
the said court, — 1st, all persons entitled to practise as attorneys, solici-
tors, or proctors, in any of Her Majesty's courts in England or
Ireland, or as n-riters to the signet or solicitors to the Supreme Courts
in Scotland. :^ud, all persons instructed within the colony or Van-
couver's Island, in the knoAvledge and practice of the law by any
practising solicitor and attorney of the said court, subject, nevcrthe-

fir.

less, to future rofjuLitlons. Until further orilcr, all barristers of the
court may appear and practise as attorneys and solicitors, and
all attorneys and solicitors may practise and plead as barristers.

Vancouver's Island.

Medical Prnclkioncrs. — British or foreign physicians, surgeons'
and apothecaries can j)ractise immediately. No local enactment
affoctiny; them.

Barristers. — Such persons only as shall have been admitted as
barristers in England or Ireland, or advocates of the Court of
Session of Scotland, or to the degree of Doctor of Civil Law of
Oxford, Caml)ridne, or Dublin.

Aitornci/s. — Such persons only as shall have been admitted to
practise as attorneys or solicitors of any of the Courts of Record at
AVesiiiiinster or Dublin, or, l)eing proctors, a(hnitted to practice in
any ecclesiastical cour .n England or Ireland, or being writers to
the signet in Scotland.

SALE OF WASTE LANDS IN THE COLONIES.

The general rule for the disposal of Crown land in the British
colonies, is sale in fee simple. Tiie exceptions are, mineral lauds,
lands used for pasturage, and lands in Hong Kong. The reason for
the first exception is obvious ; the second is the necessary conse-
rjucnce of the small value of land for purposes of pasture. AVhero
it requires, as in Australia, four or five acres to feed a sheep, it can
never be worth while to buy the land at any price which could be
reasonably put on it. It is, therefore, let at rents varying from less
than !</. to about \d. an acre, subject to conditions of resumption
wIkmi required for settK;ment. The third exception arose from the
necessity of obtaiiiing a public revenue in Hong Kong, without the
imposition of customs duties, which would interfen; with its valm;
as an entrepot. In this difHculty, the rent of Crown land offered
the most obvious resource, while the special circumstances of the
colony, and the class of persons who alone were likely to settle
there, removed the <liiliculty wiiich would be felt in other colonies
in collecting such rents.

The rail", then, beiu<i sale, there is some difference in the mode of
sale m different colonies. Generally speaking, the land is put up to
auction at an upset price, and :iold to the hi;;hest bidder. Land
that has been once put up and not sold, may, within certain limits

as to time, be purchased for the upset price hy private contract. In
some colonies, however, all surveyed land is oj)en to purchasers at
fixed prices.

Another point is the mode and time of payment. Formerly the
payment was universally by instalments sprea<l over several years.
About 184-2 this system was abolished, and the payment of 10 per
cent, at die time of purchase, and the balance within a short period
(generally a month), was substituted for it. This rule still prevails
in the Australasian colonies, including New Zcalaixl, and in all the
colonies Avhere the Crown lands are under the control of tlie Home
Government. In Canada, New Brunswick, British CV)]uinbia, and
Vancouver's Island, however, the system of paynii^nt of instahncnts
has been reverted to.

In order to facilitate transfers .and to prevent frauds, a system of
registration of all transactions connected wich land lias Ijceu esta-
blished in all the colonies.

f ?

lif

GOVERNMENT E]\[T(!RAT10N OFFICERS IN THE

UNITED KINGDOM.

-1

Assis-
tants, j

Assis-
tants,

London (Oflice, ?(',
Luwcr Tiiames Strot-t).

Tiivorpool (Office,

Stanlcv Diiilfling^, Bath

Street).

Com. Tjoan, R.N.

J. T. Forrncr, Esq, R.N., O

Com. Wcstbrook. R.N., - i-

Lieut. Barnard, R.N., -_)

Com Prior, R.N.,

Lieut. Bourchicr, R.N., -"i

Com. Saunders, R.N., - )

Lieut. Hay. R N.,

Lieut. Aidridiic, R.N.,

Iv. Evatt, E.-(|.. .

E. A. Smitli, Esn., R.N, Southampton.

Capt. StoU, R.N.' riymouth.

Com. Stewart, R.N., ( r!;isgow and Greenock.

Capt. Dyer, If.N., Beli^ist.

Capt. Keele, R.N., Londonderry.

Com. Ellis, R.y^.^ liimeriek, &i(i.

Capt. Kerr, R.N., Cork, &c.

These officers act under the immediate directions of the immi-
gration Commissioners, and the following Is a summaiy of their
duties ; —

They procure and give gratuitously informatitm as to the sailing
of ships and means of accommodation for emifiraiits; and whenever

ract. In
.'liusers at

iicrly the
'al years,
if 10 per
art period
1 prevails
in all the
lie Home
n])ia, and
istalnients

system of
jeeu esta-

\ THE

ice, 70,
s Strort).

Office,
ing<, HatU

the Jlmi-
•y of their

the sailinjj;
1 whenever

applied to for that purpose, they see that all agreements between
shipowners, agents, or masters, and intending emigrants are duly
performed. They also see that the provisions of the Passengers' Aet
are strictly complied with, viz., that passenger vessels are sea-
worthy, that they have on hoard a sufficient supply of provisions,
water, medicines, &c., and that they sail with proper punctuality.

They attend personally at their offices on every w<iek day, and
afford gratuitously all the assistance in their power to protect
intending emigrants against fraud and imposition, and to obtain
redress where oppression or injury has been practised on ihem.

PRinrTSiNO that this work will have some Canadian readers
desirous of proceeding to our Wc^stern American gold fields, tlie
following information will possess considerable value : —

Routes etc. erom Quebec to the Peincipal Points in Canada
AND the Northern and AV^estern States of America.

Route No. 1. — From Quebec througli Canada to Windsor (on the
Detroit River (St. Clair), the most wrst<'rly jinint <jf Uj)iier Canada)
and to the Western States, viz., Mi( higan, indiana, lllinolp, Wis-
consin, Iowa or Minesota, proceeding by Grand I'liink Railway,
Detroit, or lirst class steamers fr<jm Quelxr, via Montvc-al. Kingston,
and Toronto, to I[<unilton, thenec l)y the line of the Creiit Westrrn
Railway to Detroit, thence to Chieauo bv Michii:an Ccntrnl Kailruad,
and from Chicago by railroad to (rulena on the Aiissisij»{)i, or to St.
Louis in the State oF Missouri. To any of the northern ports of
Lakes jMichigan or Superior proceed by the Northern Railway from
Toronto to Collingwood, 03 miles, whence steamers h-ave i'or Green
Bay, Manitowoc, Sheboygan, ]\liiwaukie, IJriice Mines (coriper
region), i&c.

RniUc No. 2. — From Quebec to places on the American bide ol
liakes Ontario and Erie.

Passengers for tKis route proceed by steamers or Grand Trunk
Railway from Queliec to Kingston, thence by lake steamers for
French Creek, Sackets' Harbour, Oswego and Rochester, Lake
Onlario.

For Ports on Lake Erie proceed to Toronto, thence by rail through
Hamiltoi? and Suspension Bridge or by steamer across Lake Ontario,
to NiaLiara, Lewiston, and Butfalo ; from P>utVulo by steamer or
railroad to Erie, Cleveland, Sandusky, and Toledo. For Cincinnati
Ohio, Pittsburi^ in Pennsylvania, Louisville in Kentucky, take in

if,

the railway for Clevelancl. For parts in Indiana, proceed via
Toledo.

Route No. 3. — From Quebec to the eastern townships of Lower
Canada, to the New England States of America, and to New
Brunswick.

Passengers proceed from Quebec by the Grand Trunk Railway,
passing through Richmond and Sherbri)oke, in the Eastern Town-
ships, and thence througli the State of Vermont, Massachusetts, and
Maine, to Portland ; from Portland trains and steamers connect
daily with Boston, and to all places in the State of Connecticut and
New Hampshire.

Also from Portland steamers leave twice a Aveek for St. Andrew's
and St. John, Ncav Brunswick.

Route No. 4. — From Quebec to the Ottawa district and places on
the Rideau Canal.

Passengers proceed by steamer or Grand Trunk Railway to
Montreal, and from I\Iontreal to Ottawa City (late By town) and
places on the Rideau Canal by steamer every morning, or continue
by the Grand Trunk Railway Avhich connects at Prescott with the
OttaAva and Pres(;ott Railway. Those proceeding to Perth, Lanark,
or any of the adjoining settlements, take the Brookville and Ottawa
Railwav. This is the best route to the .settlements in the Bathurst
district.

Route No. 5. — From Quebec to Troy, Albany, New York,
Philadelphia.

Passengers proceed by steamer or Grand Trunk Railroad to
Montreal, and from INlonti'eal by railroad to Rousse's Point on liake
Champlain, thence by steamer to Burlington and Whitehall, by
railway to Troy or Alhaiiy, and by steamer or railway down the
Hudson River to New York City.

Aliens, Naturalization and LANn-iioLniNCJ Rights of, in the
United Kingdom and ALL Colonies.

By the laws of England aliens cannot hold, and consequently can-
not transmit to their representatives, any freehold lands imtil they
are naturalized. The same legal principle prevails in the colonies.

Formerly tbo jirocess of naturalization was ellected in each case
bv a separate Act (;f the Legislature; I»ut now, as regards the
United Kingdom, it is regulated by a General Act, — the 7 »i' 8
Vict., cap. ()(j, passed in August, 1844'. Tliis statute provides that
aliens who come to reside in any part of (ireat Britain or L"(^land
with intent to settle therein shall, u])on obtaining a certitieate of

ed via

Lower
New

ailway,
Town-

tts, and
connect
3ut and

ndrcw's

aces on

way to
rn) and
ontinuc
rith the
Lanark,
Ottawa
5atliurst

York,

road to
Dn l^akc
liall, by
)wn the

Yiaturallzation from one of the Secretaries of State, and taking the
oath of allegiance prescribed by the Act, enjoy all the rights and
capacities of natural-born subjects, except the ca|3acity of becoming
Privy Councillors or Memljers of the Legislature.

To obtain a certificate of naturalization, a memorial is to be
presented to one of the Secretaries of State, setting out the age,
profession, trade, or occupation of the memorialist, and the duration
of his residence in this country, and all other grounds upon whicli
he seeks to acquire the privileges of a natural-born British subject.

The certificate, if obtained, is then to be enrolled in the Court of
Chancery, and the oath of allegiance must be taken within GO days
of its date.

Under this Act, aliens, subjects of friendly states, may, without
any certificate of naturalization, hold lands or houses for the
purposes of residence or of business for any term not exceeding 21
years, Avith the same privileges as regards such property as a natural-
born subject, (.xcept that of voting at elections for j\[embers of
Parliament.

It Avas doubtful how far this Act aftect(>d the colonies. To clear
up this doubt, and to give A'alidity to colonial legislation on the
subject, the Imperial Act, 10 & 11 Yict., cap. 83, was passed in
July, 1847.

This Act declares that the 7 & 8 Vict., cap. GO, does not extend
to the colonies, but that all Acts of the Colonial Legislatures
im])artiug privileges of naturalization within the Umits of the
particular colony shall be valid.

Under the authority of this statute several of the colonies have
passed naturalization laws, following in the main features the
provisions of the Imperial Act. Subjoined is the substance of these
laws in those British colonies to Avhieh foreigners chiefly resort.

IN THE

tly can-
itil thev
donies.
ach case
ards the
le 7 tV' H
ides that
lreh»nd
Beate of

Canada, Vancouver's Island, and British Columbia.

By the Colonial Acts, 12 Vict, cap. 197, and 22 Vict., cap. I,
aliens avIio have continuously resided three years, and have taken
iue oaths or affirmations of residence and of allegience, and Avho
haA'C procured a certificate of residence to be filed of record, as
directed by the Act, an; entitled to all the rights and capacities in
the colony of a natural-I)orn subject.

The oaths of rv^nidence and allegiance are to be a'Iniinistered by
any Justice of the Peace of the city, parish, or toAvnship in Avhich
the alien residt s, ami the certificate (d" residence is to 1 (? obtainrrj
from sucn Justice of the Peace, and is then tu be recorded in the

Court of Quarter Sessions or Recorder's Court, and thereupon the
])rivilcges of naturalization (including the right to hokl and transmit
real estate) commence. The alien is entitled to demand a certificate
of naturalization under the seal of such court, and of the signature
of its clerk. This certificate of naturalization may, at his option, be
registered at the Registry Oflfice of any country within the Province;
and a certified copy of such registry is made evidence in all the
colonial courts. The whole cost of this process is 75 cents, or
somewhat less than 3."?. 2d. sterling.

The penalty for false swearing is the forfeiture of the privileges of
naturalization superadded to the usual peuaUics of perjury.

Remittance of JMoney to assist Emigrants on arrival in
Canada and New Brunswick.

The Emigration Commissioners will receive and remit, free of
charge, for the use of newly arrived emigrants of the poorer class, to
the (Jovcrnment Immigration Agents in Canada and New Bruns-
wick, any sum of money not less than dJ5 nor mort' than £20 from
any one person, which may be paid to them or to their credit at the
Bank of England for the purpose. The ])ersons transmitting the
money must furnish the Ctniiiiiissioners with the names and ages of
the emigrants for whose benefit the money is deposited, and specify
the manner in which it is to be spent in the colony ; A>]iether
wholly in cash, or partly in cash and partly in providing the
emigrants with provisions and conveyance to tlwh destination.

The Conmiissionevs do not engage to eifect purcliases of land, or
otherwise to invest or retain the money for the benefit of individuals,
but simply to instruct tlie government agents to a])ply it to the
immediate use of the i)eo}>le after their arrival, citlier in the mode
directed by tlic depositor; or, in tlie al)sence of such directions,
in the manner >v]iieh tlie Immigration Agents may deem most
advantageou.s for the emigrants.

,«.!

II the
israit
ficate
ature
>n, be
dnce ;
II the
ts, or

ges of

AL 1^

Tec of

lass, to
Bruns-
:0 from
t at the
iig the

iijics of

-v
spoony

vhcther

f the

and, or

i(Uials,

to the

e luodo

actions,

n most

POSTSCEIPT.

I REALLY did not think my little book about the gold fields of British
Columbia would have been so kindly received by the press, or so eagerly
sought alter by the Public. I have simply attempted to tell in a plain
manner what I know about the Colony and the '' diggings.'' So many
letters have been sent to me asking all sorts of questions, that I feel
bound to reply in those f y cases where answers are not to be tbund in
the book itself. I aui obliged to say, however, that by far the greater
number of my correspondents appear to have read my book in a hurried
manner, as fre(iuently the very particulars re([uired are to be found
therein as plain as print can be. I am willing to admit that in a few
cases I have had questions put to me which are deserving of a more
lengthened reply than it is possible for me to give, as 1 have made
arrangements to return forthwith to the Colony, and am anxious to get
over to Panama before the hot and deadly weather sets in ; not wishing
to chance the probability of being " lioorod " with the yellow fever.

Several of my correspondents wish to know the best route to, and
probable expense of, the journey to Cariboo, and the class of persons
most suitable for the gold fields. 1 have given it as my opinion tliat
anyone with a good constitution and moderate powers of endurance, no
matter what prolession may be, will succeed in the new (Jold Colony.
The best route can be ascertained by my correspondents referring to Chai)-
ter 111., or to the Shipping Agents and Steam Shl[) Companies, such as
^lessrs. Elves & iSIacey, Messrs. Filby & Co., Messrs. Webb& Co., i\les^irs.
Wheatley, Starr, & Co., and other respectable Shipbrokers and Emigration
Agents. In reference to the probable expense of getting to Cariboo, it is
impossible for me here to give any hitbrmatlon, so much n\ust depend on
the emigrant's means and previous life : besides, it nmst not be forgotten
by intending voyageum that having landed safely at Victoria, the capital
of Vancouver's Island, they will have to cross to the mainland — and then
go up the country for some hundreds of miles before the new gold fields
can be reached ; nmch will depend upon how this distance be traversed ;
of course the demand for horses is increasing every day — so that it may
come at last, that, for a man to go comfortably up to the diggings will cost
as much as the voyage out to Victoria.

A. M, ; J. F. ; I. A. II. ; C. L. ; M. D. ; Capt. P. ; and one or

two others, — ask me if I am open to any kind of partnership — Joint Stock
Company — or will act as pioneer to a " Band of Brothers." I thank all
these gentlemen, but my already formed arrangements do not permit me to
entertain any proposition of that kind; but such an arrangement amongst;
themselves would be liighly desirable, and might greatly conduce to
economy and comfort.

f f J

Lieut. T. and C. S. wisli to know whether it would be advisable to
take out a " cnulle." As it is improbable that they have such an article
already, I would recommend them and others not to think of purchasing
here. It must not b forgotten that British Columbia is not very tar
from California, where there have been for a long time more cradles for
sale than miners to buy them. There are plenty of cradles in Victoria
by this time, which I have no doubt can be had at a fair price. Besides,
if vou take a cradle (unless you go by the Cape Horn route), it
will cost you its value for carriage over and over again before j^ou
reach the fields. A good rule upon undertaking this kind of emigration
is, never to take a thing that you can without hardship do without.

Another Correspondent asks, shall he take his horses out .' By no
means ; he must sell them and take out the money, for ii' they are
favourites he would hate them in a month. The exportation of horses
is the most expensive and risky luxury an emigrant can indulge in. My
correspondent's horses would do one of two things — die on the voyage,
which would be lucky, perhaps, for their owner, or they would cost him
throe or four times their value before reaching the coast, and then they
might be only fit for the knacker.

Some four or five Correspondents are very anxious about relatives
who have emigrated to British Columbia, and who have not since been
heard of; they enquire whether I happen to know them. I do noi; ; but
I have entered their names in my note-book, and will make some
enquiry about them so soon as I arrive out. In the meantime my
correspondents had better apply at the Office of the Emigration Com-
miBsioners, 8, Park Street, \V estminster, who have frequently done good
service in these matters.

One last word to all i^tenbino Emigrants, Beware of the

Californians at the diggings : Be civil, but, if you value a quiet life, on
no account fraternize with them ; have nothing to do with their broils
and ([uarrels, but at all times and under all circumstances maintain an
impartial neutrality. Be very careful how you allow yourself to be
drawn into a dispute with them, and, unless your honour is concerned, do
not come to blows, for they are notoriously the very scum of American
and Califbrnian society, and a set of ill-conditioned, blustering, and
unwhol(!some fellows, who are only to be kept at a distance by
determined but civil contempt.

I have been several times asked why I have not put a map to tlis book.
The public have already a very good shilling's worth o^ practkal biformn-
iit;7i brought down to this day; but my publishers are al)0Ut to issue a
map, coloured, price 6^/., wliich will be found invaluable to all parties
interested in British Columbia.

I'rLutcd by W. U. COX, 5, Ureat t^uccn Street, Lineola'b luu Melds, LouUon, WX'.

&REAT CEITEAL DEPOT,

144, HIGH HOLBOUX,

w.a

BRANCH DEPOTS,

EDINBURGH, GLASGOW,
DUBLIN, LEEDS, MANCHES-
TER, AND CRYSTAL PALACE.

SEWING MACHINES.

No Emigrant should think of going out to

Or any other colony -without the means of muldng, if necessary, his own
tent, his own bedding, and his own clothing. He can only do this effectually

with one of

NEWTON, WILSON, & Co.'s

PATENT SEWING MACHINES.

These arc prepared specially for the purpose, being strong, simple, durable,

and compact.

Anybody can work them without instruction, and they •will never get
out of order.

The Machine is completely enclosed, with all necessary implements, in
a work box form, occupies less than a cubic foot, so that it is perfectly
portable, and it requires no fixing. It will do every description of work,
from the finest to the coarsest.

PRICE, COMPLETE, £12 12s.

ratterns of the different kinds of sewing done bi/ this Machine, with Illustrated^

Price List, sent post post free from

NEWTON, WILSON, & CO.'S

Great ODcntral BepOt,
144:, HIGH HOLBOI^N, LONDON.

. »— ^^■^ tm I » I m z .^*'^

CHOLERA, DYSENTERY, DIARRHCEA, CRAMP, AGUE,
FEVER, RHEUMATISM, &c All pain, vomiting, and distress

cease in a few minutes after taking a doae of that wonderful Sedative
Anodyne and Antispasmodic remedy.

OBJ.COLLIS BROWNE'S

CHLORODYNE.

Discovered by Dr. J. Collis Browne, M.R.C.S.L. (ex-Army Medical Staff), the
recipe of which was confided solely to J. T. Davenport, 33, Great Russell
Street, Bloorasbury Square, London (Pharmaceutical Chemist). The medical
testimony of civil, hospital, military, and naval practitioners pronounces it
Invaluable. It relieves pain of any kind, soothes the restlessness of fever, and
imparts the most refreshing sleep, without producing or leaving any of the
unpleasant effects of opium.

As a proof of its efficacy a few extracts from numerous testimonials by
Physicians and Surgeons are given : —

From W. Wesalius Pettigrew, M.D., Hon. F.R.C.S., England, formerly
Lecturer upon Anatomy and Physiology at St. George's School of Medicine.—
" I have used it in Consumption, Asthma, Diarrhoea, and other diseases, and
am most perfectly satisfied with the results."

Dr. GinnoN, Army Medical Staff, Calcutta. — " Two doses completely cured
me of Diarrhc3a."

From C. V. Ridout, Esq., Surgeon, Egham. — "As an Astringent in severe
Diarrhoea, and an antispasmodic in Colic with Cramps in the Abdomen, the
relief is instantaneous."

Extracts from tJie General Board of Health, London, aa to its efficacy in Clwlera.

1st Stage, or Premonitory — In tliis stage the remedy acts as a charm, one
dose generally sufficient.

2nd Stage, or that of Vomiting and Purging — In this stage the remedy
possesses great power, more than any other we are acquainted with, two or
three doses being sufficient.

3rd Stage, or Collapse — In all cases restoring the pulse. So strongly are
we convinced of the immense value of this remedy, that we cannot too forcibly
urge the necessity of adopting it in all cases.

From A. Montgomery, Esq., late Inspector of Hospitals, Bombay. —
" Dr. J. Collis Browne's Chlorodyne is a most valuable remedy in Neuralgia,
Asthma, and Dysentery, to it I fairly owe my restoration to health after
18 months severe suffering, and when all other remedies had failed.

From Dr. Andrew Smith, Director-General Army Medical Department. —
" I have seen it used, and apparently with much advantage."

CAUTION.

In consequence of the extraordinaiy efficacy of this remedy, several nnprinclpled parties
have been induced to vend imitations. Never be tempted to buy Chlorodyne, except in
sealed bottles, having the Government stamp, with the words " Dr. J. Collis Browne's Chlo. v
dyne" engraved thereon. A sheet full of medical testimonials accompanies each bottle.
Sole Manufacturer, J. T. Davenpobt, 33, Great Kussell Street, Bloomaburj-, London. Sold in
bottles, 'is. 9(2. and is. 6d.

_ ■!■ ■ ■ «li l >^» _-^..

LONDON LINE OF PACKET SHIPS,

GOLD FIELDS OFIrITLSK COLUMBIA.

To follow the «' LOCKETT," and Sail in April.

DIRECT FOR VICTORIA,

VANCOUVEirS ISLAND,

THE SILENDID NEW CLIPPER SHIP

R. M. PMILLIl'S, Commander.
523 Tons Register, 1000 Tons Burthen.

LOADIISra IN THE I^ONDON i:>OCKS.
WILL CARRY AN EXPERIENCED SURGEON.

This Ship, having a fine Poop, offers an excellent opportunity for First Ciiliin
Passengers, while her lotty and well-ventilated 'tween Decks will afford most
comfortable Accommodation for Second and Third Class.

FIUST CABIN . . 50 Guineas .infl upwards, according to accommodation.
SECOXl) CABIN . . 35 Ouineas, enclosed Cabins.
TIIIUD CABIN . . 25 Guineas, ditto.

Children under 12 years to pay one-half Passage Money, Infants under 1 year no churge.

SHIP'S REGULATIONS.

Passage Money.— Each Passenger is required to pay a Deiiosit of onc-lialf of the Passage
Money on securing his berth, which Deposit will be lorf'LMted in case of non-cnibarkatiim.
The other half to be paid, prior to embarkation, at tlie Oftice. On reniittin^r Deposit,
particulars oi Name, Age, Country, and Ocmpttion of each I'assenger must also be given.

Cabins are approi)riated in rotation as the Deposits are paid.

LuGGA',iE.— First Cabin Passengers will be allowed 40 cubic feet each .adult; Second Cabin .'<0
feet ; Third Cabin 20 feet, including every package, except bedding. All Lugirage in
excess will be charged at the rate of 2s. per cubic; foot. Any Packages rcquiicii to be
opened on the voyage must be distinctly marked "Wanted on the Voyage;" otlieis to
bo marked "'Not Wanted." All Luggage must be directed to the Ship, and be at the
Docks three days before sailing, and all Dock charges paid at the same time. Boxes
intended for the Cabin should not exceed 2 feet .'J inches long, 1 foot G inches broad, and I
foot 3 indies high. All Luggage for tha Cabin must be legibly marked " Cabin," or it will
be stowed away in the hold.

The Ship will not be responsible for loss, damage, or detention of Luggage. Passen-
gers are tiierefore re(iuircd to look after its shipment here, and landing on arrival.

Embarkation. — Passengers embark at Gravesend the day after the Ship's leaving the Docks,
or in the Docks if they prefer it.

Chief Cabin Passengers iirovide their own furniture, bed places, and whatever else they may
think requisite within their private Cabins. The Owners of the Ship supply everything
that is required for the table — viz., plate, linen, glass, attendance, &c.

Second and Third Cabin Passengers have berths built for them, but find tlieir own bedding,
and other fittings they may require. They must also provide themselves with the
following utensils — viz., knives and forks, table and teaspoons, one or two deep metal
p'ates and dishes, a hook teapot, cups and saucers, or tin drinking vessels, and a water can.
The Provisions are dally prepared by the Cook of the Ship, but Passengers must in other
respects attend to their own arrangements for the table. They must be provided with a
proper supply of clothing and other necessaries for the voyage.

For Freight or Passage apply to Messrs. HENDERSON & BURNABY, 17, Gracechurch
Street; to Messrs. JAMES THOMSON & Co., Bllliter Court, E.G.; to CHAKLES OSWALD,
13, Geoi-ge Yard, Lombard Street, E.G.; or to FILBY & Co., 63, Fenchurch Street, E.C.
The ROSEDALE will be followed at short intervals by equally fine I'assenger Ships.

Th; Route by Cape Horn is the cheapest and most comfortable. Once on board the Vesse
ti.^re if no further trouble or expense until landed at Victoria ; thus the delay that often take
plact at New York, Panama, and .San Francisco, and heavy expense consequent thereupon
which all who go by way of Panama are subject to, is avoided ; and the Passenger, having
gaid his Passage Money, knows the e-'.tfcnt of his liability.

IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)

,^.A*

1.0

1.1

1.25

1^121 12.5
|50 '■^~ H^S

u US, 110

1.4

1.6

<^/

Photographic

Sciences

Corporation

23 WEST MAIN If REE^

WEBSTE^My. 145IJ0

(71««) 972 4303

'4^

-i

- ■*i»^» tr-f..- --^

! •■'

:; J

I '11

WATERPEOOFS FOE COLUIBIA.

EDMISTON & SON,
No. 5, CHARING CROSS,

9
SoU J^anufnctu«rs of tf)t onlff

WATERPROOF CLOTHING,

LEGGINGS, 10s. 6d. ; SOU'WESTEEIS,
LONG BOOTS, &c.

Guaranteed to withstand the Climate of
Columbia, never become stiff with cold or
sticky by extreme heat, Price 30s.

PORTABLE AIR BEDS are strortgly recommended as not harbouring
any description of Insect ; Ground Sheets, Folding Buckets, &c

LIFE BELTS, 10s. 6di

None should go without India Rubber Boats (Portable), designed expressly
for shallow waters, all complete, folding in a space of 3ft by It't,, most conre-
nient for Emigrants, serving as a Bed by Night and a Boat for one by Day;

Price, £9 lOs.-, Weight, 10 lbs.

The Siphonia Depot, 5, Charing Cross, opposite the Statue of King Charles I.

«M I - II 111 > ■■ I

Important to English Ministers, British Consuls, and Europeans seeking to reside

in safety in Foreign Climates.

EFFERVESCING PYRETIC S4LI1VE.

The Governor of Sierra Leone, Colonel Hill, <fcc., &c., states with his accompanying
order, "I shall be rejoiced to hear that your Pyretic Saline is in the hands of all Europeans as
an article of Commerce. In every instance in which I have recommended it, its use hna
proved highly salutary and satisfactory."

Majok Murray, 1st West India Regiment,— "Your Saline is highly thought of. I am oom-
rafssioned to procure from you thirty more bottles."

From Thomas Carr Jackson, Esq., F.R.S., and Assistant-Surgeon to the Royal FreG
Hospital, London :— " It is beautifully prepared, and can be used at a moment's notice without
trouble, and is particularly adapted for use in public service."

Mr. GnTHERiE, Army Medical Director, became a warm advocate for its use In various Diseaaee.

Dr. Scott says " it is a remedy of Vital importance."

Jf.B. If taken according to the directions accompanyivg each Bottle it loill be found to anstoer all
the purposes of Soda Water, Seidlitt Powder, and other Saline Effervescents, it is exceedingly
portable and pleasant to the palate, and excels in medicinal effect every preparation yet invenluL

HAT BE OBTAINED OF THE PROPRIETOR, BT EMIGRANTS AND SHIPPERS ON LIBERAL TERMS,

H. LAMPLOUGH, CONSULTING CHEMIST,
113, Holborn, E.G., second door from Hatton Garden, London,

In Bottles, at As. %d., lis., and 21s. sack.

FREDERICK THOMSON,

MANUFACTURER OF

MEDICINE CHESTS & DRESSING CASES,

In Solid Mahogany and Solid Leather, for India and the Colonies,

7, BARTLETT'S BUILDINGS, HOLBORN.

GOLD FIELDS OF BRITISH COLUMBIA,

FOR VICTORIA,

VANCOUVER'S ISLAND,

The Magnificent A 1 , Twelve years' Ship,

"ASHMORE,"

JOHN JENKINS, COMMANDER. 1100 TONS BURTUEN.
To SAIL on the 1st of APBIL.

Tnis fine vessel is well known in the New Zealand Emigration Trade, her
'tween Decks are eight feet high, well lighted and ventilated, and unequalled
for comfort, and will carry an experienced Surgeon. Has a few Cabin ?iud
intermediate Berths disengaged, for which early application must be made
to JAMES STAKKEY, 7, India Buildint^s, Liverpool ; or to

RICHARD WEBB & Co.,

35, Laadenhall Street, London, E.C.
The Fastest and most Commodious Ships will be regularly-
despatched by this Line.

JUST PUBLISHED, Price 6(/.,

THE COMING STRUGGLE

AMONGST

COMMERCIAL TRAVELLERS,

RELATIVE TO BEFOEMS, USAGES, AND CLUB HOUSES.

BY WILLIAM KIBBLEK.

DARTON & HODGE, and all Booksellers and Railway Stations.

mm\H

ISTE-W LANDS OF PROMISE.

CHEAPEST PASSAGES TO THE NEW (JOLl)

FIELDS, Otago, ,£l5 I5s. ; British Colmnlna, Vancovti-'s
Island, £'26 5s.; Australia, ,£13 10s. ; Queensland, X'l: lOs,;

_^ Cape of Good Hope, A lg< >a Bay, and Port Natal, fn mi . 1 1 »i 1 r.s . ;

New I'urk, cJt:3 2s. (id.; Canada, £4 12s. 6d.; Mail Steam and Clipper Siiilinv-:

Vessels are (hspatched weekly from London and Liverpool to the above Torts.

Foi Freight or Passage and circulars containing names of the Sliips and

of departure dates, outht li&ts, and pamphlets — apply to

F S. GRAY & Co., 64, King William Street, Ciiy,

And 35, Bath Street, Liverpool. Passage warrants received in payment of
passages, and every information given respecting the same.

ri-i

■*r-

■1.

v--

Oh 3£AV 1st will be PUBLISHED, FART I. (and to be continued

Monthly) of

LONDON & PEOVINCIAL ARCHITECTURE

*""^ OF THE VICTORIAN AGE,

Imperial 4to., price 35. 6rf., with Splendidly Executed Examples in
Chrorao-Lithography, and 32 Pages of printed matter by well-known

Wkiteks.

PART I. will be an EXHIBITION NUMBER, with a

SUPPLEMENT GRATIS.

All Communications and Advertisements to be sent to the Editor,

58, HOLBORN HILL.

LONDON: DAHTOJSr AND HODOE,

HOLBOHN HILL.

UNITED STATES, CANADA, CALIFORNIA, AND
BRITISH COLUMBIA.

■\

AMERICAN-EUROPEAN EXPRESS

Forward Goods, Parcels, Specie, Jewellery, &c., &c., to all parts of the abovo
Countries, by the regular Mail Steamers from Liverpool and Southampton.
For rates and other information, apply to

WHEATLEY, STARR, & Co.,

150, Cheapside, London ; or
STAVELEY & STARR,

9, Chapel Street, Liverpool.

^' Parcels, &c. received for this Express at any of the Stations
of the London and North Western Railway.

srr

MtMMM

>e continued

CTUEE

Examples in

'^ELL-KNOWN

■with a

the Editor,

3GE,

A, AND

ESS

of the above
uthampton.

Co.,
London ; or

t, Liverpool.
e Stations

STEAM COMMUNICATION f^i

CALIPORnA, VAICOFVER's ISLAND,

AND

BBITISH COLUMBIA.
VIA NEW YORK.

Passage Money from London to San Francisco, £28 13s.

Passengers are conveyed to New York by tlie Liverpool, New York, and Philadelphia
Company's Steamers, leaving Liverpool every Wednesday, and from thence by the Atlantic
and Pacific Steam-ship Line on the 1st, 11th, and '21st of each month. Length of jjassa^c
about thirty-five days. For further particulars apply to EIVES & MACEY, 01, King William
Street, Londo;i Bridge.

Parcels and Packages forwarded to California, VancMuver's Island, and British
Columbia, by every opportunity, through

WELLS, FARGO, & CO.'S EXPRESS.

AGENTS: EIVES AND MACEY,
61, KING WILLIAM STREET, LONDON BRIDGE.

COU&HS, ASTHMA, AM HCIPIEl^T CONSUMPTION

ARE EFFECTUxVLLY CURED BY

KEATING'S COUGH LOZENGES,

JUDGED RY THE IMMENSE I)E^rAND, this Universal Remedy now stands tho first in
public favour and confidence; this result has been acquired by the test of fifty years' expe-
rience. These Lozenges may be found on sale in every liiitish Colony, and throughout India
and China they have been highly esteemed wherever introduced. For Coughs, Asthma, and
all affections of the Throat and Chest, they are the most agreeable and efilcacious remedy.

VALUABLE TESTIMONIALS.

Copt/qf aktter from the late COLONEL JlAWKEll {the mU -known Author 07i ^'QUNS AND

SHOOTING").

Longparish Jiouse, near Whitchurch, Ilants. October 2\.ie, ISlff.

Sib,— I cannot resist informiug you of tlie extraordinary effect I have exiierienced by taking
only a few of your LOZENGES. I had a cough for several weeks that defied all that had been
prescribed for me; and yet I got comijletdy rid of it by taking about half a small box. of your
Lozenges, which I find are the only ones that relieve tho cough without deranging the stomach
or digestive organs. 1 am, Sir, your humble servant,

To Mr. KiiAxiNO, 79, St. Paul's Church Yard. P. IIAWKEU.

Melbourne, Port Philip.

Deab Sir,— I duly received per Maitland the case of Lozenges, and have nmch pleasure in
sayiug that they have met with a ready sale,- therefore, send me now the value of ten pounds,
that is, double the last sent, packed in two cases with Tins, »kc., as bi'fore.

The Lozenges reiiuire only to be tried, and I am sure the sale will be hnmense. lam not an
advocate for Proprietary Medicines in tho general way, but assure you that the Lozenges have
done so much good in almost every case in which we have recommended them, that 1 believe
them better adapted to this climate than anything else we have seen used.

Believe me, dear Sir, yours faithfully,

.Mr. TuoMAs Keating. DANL. T.. ^.ONG.

Prepared and Sold in Boxes, Is. I^d., and Tin-s '2s. 9d,, 4s. Gd., and 10s. 6d. each, by Tuomas
Keating, Chemist, &e., 79, St. Paul's Churchyard, London. Retail by all Druggists and
Patent Medicine Vendors in the World.

N.B.— To prevent spurious imitations, please to observe that the words " ItE AUNG'S COUGH
LOZENGES " are engraven ou the Government Stamp of each Box, without which none are
genuine.

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OYEELAHB MAIL

DIUECT TO

CALIEOIINIA

AND

BRITISH COLITMBrA.

Witli the view of accommridating the increasiiii? passoncjer traffi.' to Cali-
fornia tiiid British Columbia, and to ensure a certainty of transit without
risk of a lonp and dantrerous detention on the mmv, the undersiirnf'd '^sne
'• Tluonqh Tickets'' to SAN FKANCISCC), bv the EOYAL (WKS'^ 1X1 >1 A)
IVIATL STEAM PACKET COATPAAY, the V^^A^^\^ TiAlT 'I'W^) ( v.^.M-
PANY, and the PACIFIC UNITED STATES ^lAlL STEAM SHIP COM-
PANY, at the rates of fai-e mentioned b( low.

Lart^e and splenib'd Steamers of preat size and power hf!\'e lieen placed on
the line, by which the lenu-th of the pnssair*^' !i,is l>t>cn con^!wer:ib1v reduced.

Throu-ii Passiicce to SAN EIIANCISCO in al;out Tiiirtyfiv'! Days. To
Victoria in about Forty Days,

On their arrival at Aspinwall CColon) par.'^en^-- rs with TI1T»'CUGFI
TICKETS are conveyed across the Isthnuis in iiri -class ♦•nvria^'jcs of th.-'
PANAMA RAlLliOAD in four l.'-r.-s. Ti.o IJVYAL MAIE STEAM
PACKT/T CO.MPANY'S Steamers Irave S.^rrhair-t.'-i on r';c -Mid and 17th
of each niontl) (unless these dates fall ctn a S\ind;iy. th^'n on the folh)\vin<r
day), and passent^ers einbarkini;- bv theia are duv .»:, C ohm (Aspiuwail),
Isthmus of Panama, nineteen davs ar'ter leavina; Er:<flairl.

The Steamer ieavim^-Sonthampton on the 17th of rh" i.ionth oftei.-> mo'^t advan-
tages to passentrer ■ for San Francisco, as die is due at Colon on the 7ih of the
followini:; inontli, the date of the departnrt^ from Paiiama bein'r the 9th idem.

Sine ' tl-'^ cianpletion of the Panama Railroad tlie Pa.;;ific M;iii Steamship
Company have made new arrnngeraents, bv which eiich Steamer lies over nt
J^mania for tvvo weeks, so as to make \\. certain that biie will bo ready to start
at tiie appointed time.

C|Vv" B.'ddincr and all other necessaries for the voyap-e, in<-liidin2: an abund-
ance of provisions, bein<j: furnished to all pjissenoers by this line, they thus
avoid the hejvy pxira coaf for such thiniL!^::. whieh must be incurred by travellers
by other and less direct routes ; A^hi!t;t th"* rast .sariat id time (so vaheible in a
new colonv) by tliis v lut^ has lou-r (established its 'iini^rioritv i-ver ail others.
Its advantage,; are— CEIITAINTY, :.C 'XOMY, S'M:(:I), AXi) SAFETY.

FAliEO (until further notiv...},
To Sail Francisco, Cala, ."^.^ and ni;r" :\is (iAiclu.ui?.^- £'..ilway truii'iit acoss

tUd Istkniua of Panama).

For particulars as to the moans of reaching British Columbia, and for any

other Infttrmation, appi} to

WHEATLEY, STARR, & Co., AGENTS,

15G, CHEAPSfDE, LONDON.

W S. §' Co. forward goods and parcels hi/ this route to California and JJritish

Columbia, at fixed rates of freight.

PvlntttU by W. H. COX, 6, Great Ciuecu Sticet, UucoUi's Ian Fields.

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S¥

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