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 (Reprinted from Thb Canadian Record op Soience, Vol, ITI., No. 1, 1888.) 
 
 The Distribution and Physical, and Past-Geo- 
 logical Relations of British North 
 American Plants. 
 
 By A. T. Drummond. 
 
 {Conclusion.) 
 
 In illustrating the groups into which the flora of the 
 Dominion may thus be divided, lengthy lists of plants will 
 be avoided. Sufficient examples will be given under each 
 division to show the distinctiveness of the group. It has, 
 however, to be borne in mind that new facts in distribution 
 are always coming to light. The explorations of the coun- 
 try between Lake Superior and the Pacific Coast are, com- 
 paratively speaking, recent and limited, and in coming 
 years, with fuller knowledge of the range of each species 
 there, it will be pijssible to speak with more confidence of, 
 and to group moi-e accurately, the flora of the western half 
 of the continent. At present, in tho case of too many 
 species, we have only general locations given, covering a 
 wide stretch of country. 
 
Canadian Record of Science. 
 
 CANADIAN (IROUP. 
 
 There aro no lomporato pliintn in Ciina<la of wide range 
 from Atlantic to Pacitic, whic-h are nxclu.^voly Canadian, 
 but there are many 8i)ccio« of which it may bo piiMiii ated 
 that thoir maximum diHtribution is in this country ratlior 
 than in the United StatoH. Tlie Hpoi-ie.s which arc c(»mmon 
 to Kurope and Amoricii, and range to the Pacitic, being 
 chioHy northern temperate plants, have, an a rule, the mass 
 of the individualH of each Hpocios in Canada. I'^xcliisive of 
 those, iiowever, the following are illubtrations of the 
 group: — 
 
 Viola bianda, Willd. 
 Latliyrus ochroloucuB, Hook. 
 rot'Mitilla arguta, Purtsli. 
 Rubus triflorus, Rich. 
 R. strigoBua, Mq, 
 Corni'8 Canadennis, L. 
 Nardo8inia palmata, Hook. 
 Kaliiiia glauca, Ait. 
 Apocynum androsffimifolium, L. 
 Corylus rostrata, Ait. 
 
 Ahius viridis, D. C 
 Vli'ia Americana, Mnhl. 
 Geum triflornm, Pursh. 
 Roaa bianda, Ait. 
 Cormia stolonifera, Mx- 
 CbiogencH liisi)i<lula, T. & G. 
 Menyanthes trifoliata, L. 
 Sboplierdia Canadensis, Nutt. 
 Botula papyracoa, Mx. 
 Smilacina trifolia Desf. 
 
 The question naturally suggests itself— Why are many 
 species of wide range, reaching from one side of the con- 
 tinent to the other, whilst many others are circumscribed 
 in area? It is quite clear that the size and weight of the 
 seed, and the appendages which it may have in the shape 
 of wings or silky plumes, to aid in its dissemination, the 
 high winds, the crops, feathers and feet of birds, the dif- 
 ferent relations of land and water and temperature in past 
 ages— all have been important factors in the extension of 
 the range of plants. But there is another conclusion, the 
 drawing of which analogy warrants. Every plant may bd 
 said to have an area where the number of its species and 
 the condition of its growth are at the maximum. Outside 
 of this area, the individuals are found in diminishing numbers 
 until their progress, varying in different directions, finally 
 ceases on every side, The growth, again, of each individual 
 
 V 
 
Rrifiah North Amen'rnii Plants. 
 
 ft 
 
 plant, hiiH its hiifh in th« Hwolling HOod, itn matuiity when 
 it oxpandH its flower, a>id itH death wiien, aHor ripening itH 
 Beode, it witherM at»d di-oayH. Similarly, each Hpocion has 
 had its lu'ginning, in pant ages, in the dovolopment and 
 pormnnoncy of a well dcttnod variety ibrmod from an 
 already exi^^ting HpccieH. This now Hpocies, thus formed, 
 wouM, in the course of downward geological time, roach its 
 highoHt stage of oxistonco a» a specioM,— its period of most 
 active growth and of largest aroa of dic^trihution, when its 
 ahility, under further now conditions, to give rise to fur- 
 ther now species, is grcato-t. Finally, such species has, in 
 after goologiciil time, its period of decline, when tho activity 
 of its individuals is gradually lessoned and its aroa of distri- 
 bution diminished, until extinction comes, leaving to tho 
 pahcobotanist the duty of revealing ite story when ho dis- 
 covers the remains in tho clay nodule or the hardened rock. 
 Applying this idea, the older existing species, which are at 
 their maximum of activity, would, with tho greater oppor- 
 tunities which in time they had had, have naturally a wider 
 rano-o, under the same set of circumstances, than those which 
 were of more recent creation. Ot tiers, again, of the older 
 species, would have passed their maximum of otiergy and, 
 even though wide of range, would, in each passing century, 
 become more rare, The species of newer creation would, 
 on the other hand, bo gradually extending their range 
 wherever circumstances of climate and situation admitted, 
 but, from the shorter lapse of time, would have a more 
 limited range than the older species. Thus, for illustration, 
 Viola Sdkirkii, Pursh, being common to Europe and 
 America, is probably one of the older species, but being 
 now rare on this continent, may presently bo on the 
 decline; Viola 6tom/rt, Wil Id., which is a frequent species 
 of wiile range, is doubtless about its maximum of energy; 
 whilst Vi'Aa hastata, Mx., which is uncommon, may be 
 either a recently formed species, or an older species on the 
 
 decline. 
 
 The same idea can be equally well applied in the case of 
 
 animals. 
 
 /SiC^709 
 
Cartidion Rerortt of Srienre, 
 
 Forest (jRoui*. 
 
 Tho Hpocios of thlM group ui»«, with f«w oxcopfions, HbnibH 
 iuhI horhiueoiw pliintH. 'J hat in tho fur wosi ho many ol' 
 ihcHo pliinlH avoid tho «)pcr> prairio,", is ai» illiisl ration .')f 
 what might b« toini.cl a coinpftnionwhip which nature huM 
 arrnngod botweon many of the fmallor formn of plant life 
 and their towering congenerw, the trees, and which brings 
 to light tho dopondonco of the former and tho protecting 
 i itluonco of the latter. Amidst the groat MuHh of trees 
 wl'.ich margin tho prairie, tho general toniperuturo is mcnli- 
 l.ed, the j)lay of the Hun's "uyb on the ground is Iohs con- 
 tinuous, the ground itK*>l" i:j nc.o moist, and the high, 
 drying windic; h< , -vi.lc?. ire greatly .iiminished in torco. 
 Whilst such smnilor reproHontativos of plant Pi"- fmd within 
 the lino of fore .ts o blu.t's ui h cori'Ccin-il coj,ditions, they 
 allord, as they die, is(/f.)e return to tho trees by.pi -ing with 
 the trunks and 1 'u, e? * l^c t»-oep i> o -ricMrg ho doil by 
 
 their decay. 
 
 Tho group is illustrated by the folh)wliig: — 
 
 Nuphar luttnim, Smith. 
 Coryihilis nurea, VV'illd. 
 Claytonia Vir^siiiica, L. 
 Aeor spicatum, Lam. 
 RliamnuH aliiifolir.a, L'Her. 
 Pot^Mitilla tridentata, Sol. 
 Ribes prostratum, r"ler. 
 Cieuta bulbifera, L. 
 Diervilla trifida, MomcU. 
 Louicera ciliatu, Muhl. 
 
 ViburnMm iiiuUim, fj. 
 Erij^iTon biillidifoliuiu, Muhl. 
 l)i[)]()pappiiH uinbollatus, Iluok. 
 Gayluseacia resinosa, T. & G. 
 Vacein m inacrocarpon, Ait. 
 EpiiiH'ii re|)en9, Ij. 
 Poly^^onnm oilinode, Mx. 
 Populua tromnloides, Mx. 
 A bit's balsaniea, Marsh. 
 Larix Americana, Mx. 
 
 Maritime Group. 
 
 Ah I, several years ago, endeavoured to explain, the species 
 of thiw group, which are presently found along the slioros 
 of tho Great Lakes, and of saline ground farthoi- westward, 
 are evidently tho romruints of a larger maritime flora which 
 margined the coast in glacial or post-glacial times when 
 the sea made great inroads over Eastern Canada. Their 
 existence in their present positions far inland, may be an 
 argument for the saltness of tho great interior seas o' these 
 
BnliiJi North American Plnnti. 
 
 tlmoH, Imt i\\U (loo-* not nocoMMarily follow In tho absence of 
 other inoin «liiocl tn'i"lon('o. Tho vory fu< t of thoir floiiiif»h- 
 in^ now on tho fronh-wiitor luko «'oii«t» nIiowh how — no 
 donht after a Movoro Htiugj^lo — thoy huvo, but in {<roatly 
 diminirthod numhorH, adapted tliotuHolvoH to Iho now t;ondi- 
 tionH in which in tho ono caHO tho Hulino olomont, and in 
 »ho othor. tho moUt iitmoHphoro of tho s<'a shoro, woro 
 wanting. VVo can coihh ivo how, in thoso ilistant tinios, 
 whon tho «oa hud i-ocoilod and whon tho utiugglo with 
 changed circmnstancos had ondod in tho Hurvivul of nomo, 
 thoHO HUi'vivoi'd could, in tho unual eour"«o. Hntl t lioir way 
 from tho fo; mor nta mIioi-o to tho itdatid houh, and Hproad 
 thornsolvort around thoir bordors. Some further ovidonco '\^ 
 noodod of tho frorth or salino condition of those inland jsoas 
 of glacial and post-glacial times. In tho meantime, it Ih to 
 bo observed that tho largos^ number of tho inland maritime 
 plantH are found around Lako Ontario and smaller shootH of 
 water oawt and Houth of it. 
 
 Tlie marilitno phmts ofcurring on tho coasts i>f lho(rreat 
 Lakes include the following: — 
 
 Ranunrnhjs cyiiibiilariii, I'ursli. Kiipliorbia poiy^'onifolia, L. 
 
 sj^i >V<*^^ 
 
 Cakilu Auiuriciiiui, Ntitt 
 Hndsonia oricoidos, L. 
 II. toiuoiitcsu, Nutt. 
 S{xjr<j;u'aria niodia, I'rasl. 
 Hibiscua Most^heutos, L. 
 Latbyrus nmritiinua, Bigel 
 Atripktx bastatu, \j. 
 Salinornia liorb:u;oa, L. 
 Polygonum avimihiro, L. 
 
 Var. littorule, Link. 
 P. artiiMilatum, L. 
 Rumox maritiiniis, L. 
 
 Myrica corifera, L. 
 Naiad major, All. 
 Kuppia marltiiua, L. 
 Tri^lonbiu inaritimuin, L. 
 T. palustro, L. 
 Juncus (.leranli, Lois. 
 Sciopu-s maritiinuH, L. 
 Calamaj^rostia arenaria, Roth. 
 IjOptucbloa fasoicularis, Gray. 
 Spurtina striota, Kotb. 
 
 Var. altornifolia. Gray. 
 Hoideuui jubatum, L. 
 
 Thoso inland maritime plants can be regarded as one of our 
 older tloras, dating back to at least the times of the Leda 
 clays. 
 
 EASTERN COAST GROUP. 
 
 The following species maybe taken as illustrative of this 
 group in Canada. Where thoy occur in tho United States, 
 they have, with two exceptions, a similar range there • — 
 
Cantuiiiin Rtrorti of Menee, 
 
 Hiiiiiktniit erlcnitlen, U 
 
 I'otontilta 111*1111 tralia, Noit. 
 
 KoMii hiti.la, Will.l. 
 
 Lytliruni saUcaria, L. 
 
 Alitor railulA. Alt. 
 
 A. Nuvi-IUilKli, I. 
 
 A. turilitltiriiH, L 
 
 DiplilupapiniN linariifoIiuH, HiM»k. 
 
 Holi«lBK«t M|Hwi()«a, Niitt. 
 
 (irmplialiiini Nylvaticiiiu, L. 
 UnyluMMaeiii iliiiiitua.T. <% G. 
 <^'ulliiiiii viilKuriit, Hiiliah. 
 Kaitiira liUifuliit, I,., if liwalitU* 
 
 ('nnllrriuxl. 
 UhiKlori»('unii<i(tiiHiM, L 
 lU'liiliialliii var. ftpnlifollBiSfWpli. 
 ('on'inaCniiratlli, I'orr. 
 8t)li<l«Kc» piiUirula, Niitt. 
 
 Soriu- «)f tho Hpociul inlluonccH which limit thu rnnffP of 
 tho t*|»et'ioHof thirt Kioiipjuo not .lilllciilt to tdiiJoctiiiM. The 
 AppaliichiuM ( Imin of mountainM Ijum no dMuht act.'d us u 
 biinior to tho woNtwai-d pro^roHH of miuy phmlH, uh it huH 
 to tho ouHtoi'ti oxtoriMion of many othois. Tho nioro oquablo 
 ternpoiatiiro, tho nioirttor aimnsphoio uiid tho provailin^ 
 logH, HO pionoiinood on tho irninodiato coa^t, ospcrially of 
 Nova Scotia, New HnmHwick, NowfoiUMHand and tho St. 
 Lawi-onco ostuary, muHt exerciHe sonio Influonco irdand as 
 woil, though thin intluenco nocoHHai-ily dirniiushoH m tbo 
 dintanco from tho const incrouscs. A marked illu«trution of 
 this intliionco will bo referred t«» in the ca.se of tho iJritiwh 
 Columbia plants. 
 
 The mo8t remarkable feature, howovei-, in the eastern 
 coast distribution, Ih the absence of Huch a large number of 
 the fan)iliar trees, Hhrubs and herbaceous plants of the 
 Upper St. Lawrence valley. It is quite probable that the 
 Hame local causes which favour the distribuiion of the 
 species of this eastern <'oast group, may bo prejudicial to 
 the extension towards tho coast, of many of these more 
 inland plants now absent. Cau.ses which atlect even human 
 life ditlorently in ditl'erent individuals, may equally well, 
 even in a greater degree, we can /eadily suppose, have 
 ditleront olfects on tho plants of diltVrctit spe.ios. It has 
 always appeared to me probable that the douse fogs of tho 
 Nova Scotia coast may have something to do vvith tho 
 absence of such a northern and widely ranging tree as the 
 white cedar, Thuja omdenldlis, L, ; and a similar cause, 
 and the moistor atmosphere generally, may have also some 
 influence in limiting the range in both Now Brunswick and 
 
 
British North Ameriian PInnit, 
 
 Nofft Seotlft of tho while ontr ami buttornut. A mojo imi 
 diate cmino for tho nlw nc»f "f Otiturio uiul Ku«tt«iu <jueb«o 
 plant" l«*, howDvor, tho lowt'i- tcmpoiutiire Bi'luing from tho 
 Luhijultir curtont, which, by tt binruh through tho HtraltH 
 of Hollo IhU^ oxloridi* Uh Influvnco up tho 8t. Liiwroiico on 
 both «i<loH towHiih (iuoboc, whilnt ilH niuin Htioatn, aiU'V 
 wiiMliiiij^ tho ou«tt'ir» courttH of Nowfuutidliind, HproiidH aloiiK 
 tho Novu Hcotiii and Now Biunswit k cottHtH in Uu coui-mo 
 Mouih woHtwui'd. Of the etl'oct of thiHCuhl curront on plant 
 lifo on tho Immodiiito couhI, thoro iu no <iUOHtloii. 
 
 KItll OllOtJP. 
 
 Tho ui'oa in ('anada in whiili thin K'"'>»P "f" plantH Ik JIm- 
 tiihutod, is praotiially liinito<l to that purl of Ontario lying 
 botweon Lako Krio and a lino drawn from tho ouHtorn ond 
 of Lako Ontario to tho mouth of tho Ht. (Mair Uivor. Thin 
 area ih in tho latitudo of Suuthorn Miohigan and of Contral 
 and Sf iithoin Xi ••' Y<trk Stato, and fo' tns tho most Hoiithorn 
 portion of Canada. It has. fuithor, its (dimato inodifiod by 
 tho proximity of th. throo lakos, Huron, Krio and Ontario. 
 Those fails sutflciontly account for th© middle temperate 
 nature of tho floia whic h, in iti* relations to CuLada, has 
 hero boon toi-mod tho Ki io /^roup. 
 
 Tho south-wostorn peninsula of Ontario is also marked by 
 tho groat variety in species of its trees, and by, in tho past, 
 ihoir remarkable growth. It is posHiblo to tind on a single 
 furm of two hundred acres, more than half <f tho spocios of 
 trees which occur in Ontario. The peninsula is now well 
 
 -uided of its largo trees, but fifty or more years ago its 
 splendid forests were the admiration of travolloi-s. Near 
 where the present city of London stands, wore white pines 
 Nix fo<(t in diameter and ono hundrol and sixty foot in 
 height, and magniticoiit button-woods averaging about 
 eighteen foot in girth and sending upwards utraigbt stems 
 to a height cf oven thirty feet before branching. Farther 
 north, these button-woods were sometimes found of nearly 
 twelve feet in diameter. Oaks in the district watered by 
 ihe River rhamos, varied from ten to tifteon feet iu circum- 
 ference, and had often forty-live to fifty foot of clear, stiaight 
 
■tomii. Th© iUtoly olntM woio in «<rottt nhuinliirira ami of 
 rt»rnni kriM.. «Uo, fittaiiiiriK ocottMiouully even .wontyflve 
 htt in 'Iroumfeiont'o, whilst thu tul.p m^m arounti Mnxnm 
 vere not »m!y of con^^idorHhlo htii/thl, but woro not unlVe- 
 qutmtly ten to twr«'lv« {Vot through. 
 The follov'Ing |>ianti« or« chuiuct. imM. ,,r tlim ^loiip;— 
 
 Tilrlorlftnelmn tttttpifhrn, L 
 AHliiiiriii 'riloltH, DiiMtil. 
 N«luml»oiim Ititflum, Wlll.l. 
 f'liryiliiliH iliiviiitt, Unf. 
 Kdonyniiis Aim«ri(umw, I^. 
 I*«)ly«iiltt intiiriiatii, L. 
 AKriiiinniH pnrvlHoni, Alt. 
 CorriiiH floridn, h. 
 iiyMA luultidora^ \V»m. 
 
 '«lnr Miortii. limit. 
 
 holi.lai:., Kitl.lnllli, Kmnk. 
 
 Corm.iwia triptflrux, I,. 
 
 <:'jrunll* tliivu, I.. 
 
 H) <irnpliylliini a|i|iniii|t(«iiliitlini, Mx. 
 
 I'llloX Hlll)lllilttl, I,. 
 
 HawoifrHn <»lllriiml«, Sinm, 
 MoriiM nilirn, L, 
 (Jaataituu vttMcii, L. 
 
 St. LAWRBNrK Guoup. 
 
 It JH n rornttikiihUi fjicf, pointo<l out by mo Horno youi-H 
 ago, that n conHidoiablo niimlioi' of tho foruht trees of 
 Ontnrlo in thoii- runi^'o wovtwtmi, come to «n abrupt teimin. 
 fttion it; OiiniKla in ilio distiict iyitti? between Luke Sup<^ 
 rior iin.l tho Liil<o of tlio Wood., whilst othei-K are hardly 
 seen WfHt of tho S^uit St. Mario. In Ontari.i, thtMc are 
 sixty-nine MpocioM of forest trees, of wlm-h thirty-Uve uro 
 known either on the tiorth or the MOuth .chores of Lake 
 Superior. Of these thirty-Hve, only foarteon cross into tho 
 prairie ro^'ion in central an. I HouMiern Mai-tohu. Si»nilttr 
 cii cumstanccs are apparent iti an oven gioatur d«';;rO'j an'onir 
 the Mhrubs and herbue>ouH plants. In Canada, many ..f 
 these seem to bo limited in their westward course by the 
 outlet of Lake Superior, ibou^'h in the United States thov 
 ran^o more «n loss iiUtn^ the southern shores of that lake. 
 Tho reason of this limit iu (Jan.'ida is readily understood 
 when the rocky, hilly nature of the coutitry around tho 
 northern coasts of Luke Superior und tho boroal churactor 
 of tho climate there are considared. 
 
 Tho rough nature of the country immediately to the 
 westward of Lake Superior— boiiiLT succesHiotis for over 
 three huadreU milea of rocky hills, swamps, und largo und 
 
British North Anirtiiun Piintt, # 
 
 Itnnll Inkw t/lth thtfir coiuuM-ilnu; iiv«»i> —haN hiul, ii(>Utm'>ty 
 ItM iufliioiuH" ill |iiniliiij< th« <liHiiilui»l.ni of miuiy »»p"t'lf« 
 Ihoro. An Iho pruitio in iij»p roue hod, the Uriur ftimoHphoiM, 
 thu li^hici- raiiifull, lh« iii«>f« piovalwnt wiiuh an>l lh»' lowor 
 ti'iupo.tUiiio inuHt ttUo httvo ihoii'ol'oci on \vo«twni'tl imi««. 
 It ha-*. h.HVovt r, nUviiy^ n|i|)eiit-u<l to nio thiif tho j^nnlnal 
 wiiloniri/^, hy toiu-l uii>l piuiri« tlivn, <)|' ih«< priilii uiou in 
 u tliiiH'lioii uiwtii ly •Vom th'> llu I Kivur, hiin Itu-n n lumllnuf 
 ciiUHO in cho«kiiij< th« liirthoi' woittwuttl oxtonHiJin of tho 
 toii^urn ivaen, Hhiubn untl hoibuti'tm-. pIiintM ptoMt-ntly con- 
 flrii"! to llm country to tho eawt rf ih«> Fiuko of th« \Vmo<Ii»- 
 ThtMu 1^ nunh lOJi-^oii to ItoUovu that thu fun -^t uioii niuy 
 havo at oiii! lime nxlonleii \vo."*twui'«l boyoiul Uh proHont 
 liniitH in thin cliKti-ict, ovon on wliat in nov troolosH pruiiio, 
 but th'.t \\v*M — no tloiibt ulnun.l ontiroly »ini;o iho advont of 
 miin t.t «'■•*— havo, by tlioii* ummal <U'pioduiionH, o:;ti>iHl«'d 
 tho ■ .<■ .iOK ^'I'ftdually cartiwuni, cai'-viti^' with tlioni the 
 ('.OHtiuction not otily of tlio lietw, but of tho nntiu'rou«« 
 Hniallor plants whicli uio di-poiidont on or infU'cncixi by 
 tho vicitiity of lbn>8t iiroaK. .hoilior tlio wlmlo piairion 
 huvo beoi! at ono time covored with foioHt, may bo opun to 
 quoMtion, but, as I havi^ nhcady >h()\vii \>\ thin journal, thoro 
 in a strong,' pr'>i>'d)iiity tjuit to loic-i firos. oonntantly recur- 
 rii.^, may In* attril.utv-d tho ^'ladual fuhirgemont of tho 
 prairij arou and tho formation of now pruirion within foront 
 aioiw. Anotltcr visit to tho Ntu'thwost Tonitorios tho paHt 
 BUinmor, has only cotihi motl ihi- ojiinion. !• may looltjectod 
 tliat vv(M-o tliis tlio caso, tlit lUuiapM ano roots of tri'f.s ^ho".!-! 
 Ijo tounil on tlio surfaco of tho paiirio. Timl thoy havo not 
 boon more fiociuon'ly obsorvt<) i-* probuMy duo to fho rapid 
 do'-ay — ono authority givoM four yours— of tho htumpn of 
 tho poplar, tho almost univorwal troo of tho prairion and tho 
 im:Tiediately Hunounding f'irc.«*ts. 
 
 Tho Itriof list hercundor givon. cnumoralos spocios which 
 raniro from tho Maritime I'roviiu'os or Lower St. Law- 
 ronco to Lake Suporior on either side, or immediately woHt 
 of it. It M merely in its relatioin in Canada that tho name 
 at. Lawrence is uppKv J to ihe group. 
 
 
10 
 
 Canadian Record of Science. 
 
 Acer Pennsylvanionrn. L. 
 Acer Siicclinrimiin, Wang. 
 A. r II brum, L. 
 
 WuIdHteinia fragnirioidos, Tratt. 
 iMlil^arda r«!>ens, L. 
 Riibiis villosiis, Ait. 
 Arulia racomiwu, L. 
 Vihnrnuin iantanoides, Mx. 
 CeplialanthuH orcidontalis, L. 
 
 FraxiniiH sambi'oifolia, Lam. 
 
 Qiior(!ii8 rubra, L. 
 
 Q. all)a, I.. 
 
 Vaam ferrutrinoa, Ait. 
 
 Betida liitoa, Mx. 
 
 Pinus strohus, L. 
 
 r. rt'sinosa, Ait. 
 
 Abies ( 'auadensiN, Mx. 
 
 Arisicina triphylluiii, Torr. 
 
 BoiiFAL Group. 
 
 The localities and thei,- .un-ounding.s vvh<..e the .specie. 
 
 or tins g,oup are found, sutlicion.ly account for thoi • pre- 
 
 cnc.now,luM-o. In .•cganl to some which occur .Zd 
 
 tion th.ther to the .amo nnccos^ion of circurnstan^-eH which 
 gavcnseto the small colony of sub-arctic plants mle or 
 less assocuttcd with them there, and to whicl. allLron wi I 
 be made when referring to the sub-arctic 
 Illustrations of this group are :— 
 
 gioup. 
 
 Anemone parvifiora, Mx. 
 Sa^ina nodosa, Mey. 
 Oxytropis oani])estris, D. C- 
 Iledysarum boreale, Nntt. 
 I'arnassia palustris, L. 
 Cornu.s sueoioa, L. 
 Viburnum paucifloruni, Py 
 Aster graminifolius, I'sb. 
 
 Tanaoetum Huronense, Nutt. 
 Artemisia borealis, Pallas. 
 Arnica Cba-.nissitnis, Less. 
 Lobelia Dortmanna, L. 
 Pin.Lruicula vul<jaris, L. 
 Rliinantlms Cris{a->,'alli, L. 
 Polygonum viviparum, L. 
 Pinus Banksiaiia, L. 
 
 ONT..Rro Group. 
 
 Tl,e »pe..i„.s ,.oli,,.;,U„ „ ||,i, g,o„p, „„,, ,„„,, „^ ^| 
 ae o„„„a ,„ On,,„.i„, huvo, i„ «,.„„,,„, i„ t|,„ ,7„ ^ 
 
 f lV°r '■'■'"" "'«'°"'^«- '•'"«'-'' to mJnZ' 
 Ontn i„ T """"'■^■'l'. ^'-""h ^^"""t .U.nar ,„ that „f 
 On a ,„. They occur clncliy west of tl.e Appalachian chain 
 
 coa, „ i:"' ,?"""■ '" "•™" "■»•" "•» f"'-' l-ds of Wi : 
 
British North American Plan fa. 
 
 11 
 
 
 The following Hpecios HutHcioiitly iiidiciito tho group: — 
 
 Viulti nistrata, I'lusli. Coiicpholis Ainoricana, Wiill. 
 
 Ceanotluihi oviilis, Bij^ol. I'entstemon ptiheacens, Sol. 
 
 Stapliyllea trifolia, L. Lophantlius no{)etoiile8, Boiuli. 
 Desmoiliuin (UiHpidutum.T. &. O. (iBiitiaiia uUni, Mulil. 
 
 Lespedoza lilrta, Ell. Aaclopiaa phytolawoides, rursh. 
 
 Aster ericoides, L. Montolia taiuaiiiMcina, Gr. 
 
 LoVjelia Byphilitica, L. i'liytolivcca dt L-andra, L. 
 
 Vacoinium stamii <niu, L. Quercus castanoa. Muhl. 
 
 A number of reprosontativcs of this gi'oup, inthu'liig 
 such plants us Coreopsis vertuillata, L., C. lancea/ata. L., 
 Cacalia tuberosa, Niitt,, Calani/atha Xuttath'a, Bonth., and 
 Scittelaria versko/or. Nutt,, uro limited to tho vicinity of 
 Laices Huron and lOi-io, .some extending even to Lake 
 Superior. In the United States, their range is similarly 
 confined to Wisconsin, Illinois, Pennsylvania and south- 
 ward. It is dillicult to give a reascm for this. The sugges- 
 tion which I have already made that, in geological time each 
 species has had its initial, its maximum and its final stage 
 of existence as a species, will, however, I think, explain 
 numerous eccentricities in range evoiy where. Whilst many 
 plants, at the present time, are at their maximum stages of 
 activity in individual growth and in reproduction, and have 
 now their maximum breadth of distribution, some are merely 
 in the early or initial stages of this activity, and at the 
 initial points of their ultimate area of range, whilst others 
 must bo on tho decline when activity in reproducing the 
 species is lessening and the area of distribution is being 
 circumscribed. The range of each species is thus vastly 
 altbcted. When the stage of decline has been reached, 
 climatal and other causes which would in the ordinary 
 course limit range, would havegreatei ott'ects on the species 
 than upon others which were in the progressive stage of 
 activity or had reached the maximum. 
 
 In these modern times, cultivation itself is having a 
 limiting otfect on the distribution of plants as well as 
 animals. The yearly extension of the cultivation of the 
 soil, tiie demands of commerce, the enlargement of towns 
 and cities, and forest and prairie fires, all contribute annually 
 to this result. 
 
 •^ 
 
12 
 
 Canndiaa Hemrd of Science. 
 
 pRAiiiiE Group. 
 TI,o plants peculia,. (o ti.o pmi.-iesa.-o of relatively rocont 
 
 in this mii-nnl «..« .. ''' '""^■'' '^^ ' 'I'lvo oIho where stutod 
 inth.sjo unal.areof eomparutivoly rocont orj.rin anl in 
 
 me «oct.on. are still in process of fbnna,ioUr^^^^ 
 HM.co his formut.or. of these prairies can we conceive i^ 
 P-^. lo hat plants to specially ^ivethem an Inc^ du u; 
 o L;: into existenc... The variation which gav" e 
 o them was no doubt, brought about by the ve.-y T.ature of 
 ho sarroundw.gs_the drier ahnospho e, the li^h e ^if 
 fall, the greater exposure to the sun's -,vs fJ V 
 
 o. any n aikod physical sunoundings. That nnnv of tl.« 
 
 »ono,HlI^ t,eolo,H, level c- rolutivoly level ,,|,,i„, ex posod to 
 ho ,„„„,en.„pte,l play of win.l,, „„d the geno.ally .nifb.-L 
 ^..1 over great «„.et<.|,e» of e„un„y, artonl an oppo " „ itv 
 not clsovvliej'c possiMn {ox- tl,e ,\;a-„ ■ i "PPO'ti'my 
 
 8obH« ti,„ I ilitfiision and pj'..pagation of 
 
 mm iv J ",*'"' '■'■'"•°»'""""'"' "f tl.o Con,po,sL-a eora- 
 nd id, ^ ", ■? .'"■''"'—>" 'I'" ™»t abundance of the 
 Of tl • " '■" "" '""■"» "'■ "'■» "'•"-■. •"■<' "■""•o^'I'le. 
 el,™,,-, I "; r "'■ """' "" '^t'otoW^-'., both in their 
 
 ut " T ""•'■"""" «°">'''"»'i°-. «'»- i» ..o question, 
 hut ,1,,. ,„,,„e„ee ,„ Ontario an,l (Juebeo i, chiefly observa^ 
 
 e when coasalering l„eal flo.-as. G^vel nL. o a 
 ^N'etch of «u„i ,vlll be found fVcjuented o,- desert °d,s the 
 -0 n,ay be. by certain plant, but the cau»e» wl el, dt 
 
 mla, res,, ,H l,e,e and ti,ere ove,- vast „ect on». Other 
 and dirrf •,";""" ^'"""— '--b-, „,■ afte,.wa,*, ,„ixed 
 
 countt'v f ': T ,f f '".'"'"^•'"« very b,.oad a,ea, of the 
 
 of he r„ ' ""' ",'■" "'°"'' '" ""^ f"""^ 'o *e exelusio,^ 
 
 over ^, ..„ ™°? °'''°'"""'''- O"-"'- "'fl"«™«» acting 
 0>e, gtcater areas have, thc-efo.-e, to be songht in Btudv- 
 
British Norik American Pltn/fs. 
 
 18 
 
 
 Ing distribution. There ajc, however, iliustrationB of 
 H|»ocial, moi'o or leiss uniform soils in iho groat deponitH of 
 l)lacl< vegetable mould forming thcHO newer Manitoba 
 prairies, and poHbibly alno in the drift depoHits of the Mis- 
 soui-i Coteau and other Kuch localities, and these may be, in 
 conneetion, however, with assoeiated intluencos, found to 
 have some offectH on the distribution of spoeies in those 
 sections. 
 
 It is unnecessary to individualize this well-known group 
 by a list of species. 
 
 Western Prairie Group. 
 
 Some species associated in range with true western 
 prairie plants, appear to extend to the foothills of the 
 Rockies, and even in individual cases climb the Itockics 
 themselves. More information is needed with regard to the 
 limits of this group. The following, however, in our present 
 knowledge of their range, illustrate it : — 
 
 Cleome integrifolia, T. & G. 
 Arenaria conjjesta, Cham. 
 Malvastrtiiii ooccineuni, Gray. 
 Linum rigidiim, I'sh. 
 Paronychia sessiliflora, Nutt. 
 Rhus trilobata, Nutt. 
 Lupinus Kingii, Watson. 
 Astragalus kentrophyta, Gray. 
 
 Potentilla fastigiata, Nutt. 
 Heucliera parvi flora, Nutt. 
 (I'.nothera cicspitosa, Nutt. 
 UOnothera triloba, Nutt. 
 Centunculus niiniuiua, L. 
 Phintago pr.silla, Nutt. 
 Heliotropiuni curassavicum, L. 
 Polygonum imbricsAum, Nutt. 
 
 Western Central Group. 
 
 The distribution of the members of this gi-oup from the 
 Pacific Coast or the interior of British Columbia eastward 
 towards or into Manitoba, is peculiar, but will be probably 
 found to foll(»w to some extent, the linos of mean tempera- 
 ture. The few species which '>ccur in the Northern United 
 States east of the Mississippi, have a genei'al northwestward 
 range. As more is known of the Hoi a of the Saskatchewan 
 and Peace Eiver countries, tbo northern limits of distribu- 
 tion of many of the species of this group will, I think, be 
 found to nearly parallel, as some do now, the trends of 
 
14 
 
 Canaf/ian Rerard of Sn'enre. 
 
 mojin tomporttuiT as thoy, in a noitliwcHtwuid cKioclion, 
 cross tho contj.iont. OHioiih a^min rmiy tind the dry prairios 
 cast of tho Rockicw and the dry inti-rior plateaus of British 
 Coianihia o<|ually congenial. Much more information \h, 
 howovi'r, yot needed. 
 Tho j)lantH heroindor, are oxanii)leH of the ^roiip: 
 
 Myosnni.s ari.status, Bentli. 
 V»wi( nriu (-iidoviciana, D. ('. 
 Sileno iMonziesii, Hook. 
 AHtra^ruIiiH ah..rij,'imim, llicli, 
 I'otcntillu Hippiana, Lehm. 
 Crataojrn.s Doii^'lasii, Limil 
 <Knoth«ra albicaulis, Nntt. 
 feodum steiioi^taliiu), I'nrsh. 
 
 < -riiiU'lia si|uarr(i8a, Duiuil. 
 Clin8(i|>,si.s villoaa, Nutt. 
 Ilt'Iiniitlms anninis. L. 
 Artemisia racuneuloides, Vnh. 
 Tniximon glaucnni, Xiitt. 
 Aiidn.sace otridontalia, Pursh. 
 (■omandra pallida, D. C. 
 Euphorbia sorpyllifolia, Pas. 
 
 Rocky Mountain Guoui'. 
 F'urthcr enquiry into tho range, as well oantward of the 
 mountains, as in British C'olamina, of tho spocios presently 
 reforable to this groiij), is needed before the group can bo 
 definitely determined. Some of the plants specially refer- 
 able to it can bo classed as boioal, and arc known, to the 
 noi-thward, to fringe outward beyond the mountains into 
 the Mackenzie River district, and even towards the coast. 
 There are also some alpine plants, entirely confined in 
 Canada to the Rocky Mountains, aiMi there are others- 
 arctic species— which, whilst thoy have a considerable range 
 nlong the arctic coasts between Hudson Bay and Alaska, 
 seem to use the mountains as a ridge along tlie higher sum- 
 mits of which they o.\tend into latitudes far to the south- 
 ward. 
 
 The following plants presently exemplify tho group, in 
 so liir as their range is presently known :~ 
 
 Clematis Dougla;^;]], Hook. 
 Aqiiilegia flavescens, Wats. 
 Lyciiiiis elata, Watson. 
 Agtrajzalns <.'labriuscula, Gr. 
 Oxytropis viscida, Nutt. 
 Eosa Fondleri, Crepin. 
 Parnassia fimbriata, Kcrni";. 
 Bupleurum ranuuculoides, L. 
 
 Cymopterus terebrintlins, T. & G. 
 Musenium teuuifolium, Nutt. 
 Brickellia grandiflora, Nutt. 
 Erijieron bellidiastrum, Nutt. 
 Cniciis eriocei)liaiu8, Gray. 
 C. foliosus, Gray. 
 C. Hookerianus, Gray. 
 Populus angustifolia, James. 
 
Brifish Norlh Amnrimt/ Plants. 
 
 15 
 
 British Columbia Flora. 
 
 Excluding the sodgen iiiiil <^raHH(«,s, thoro arn over four 
 hundred Npocios of plm'nogumoiis pliititn in HcitiHli Coluni- 
 biu, which iico not known oiiHt of Iho Ilocky .Mr)iintiiinH. 
 ThiH nunibor will hv c,on.sid(<riihly iiK',ioiiHe<l alon^ both the 
 northern and nouthorn boinKhirics. 'I'ho knowledge, how- 
 ever, ofthis dintribution, witliin the province, of tlicso Hpociog 
 iw as yet limited, and at this stage it Heemri better not to 
 draw concIiiHions too hastily. It may be said generally, 
 that there are species which are well distributed over the 
 province, except probably in the most northern sections, 
 and these may be termcti the BaiTrsii (Jolumuia (fRoup. 
 To those confined to the declivities, the valleys and loot- 
 hills of the Kocky Mountains, and sometimes crossing to 
 the Selkirks, reference has iilready been made under the 
 term Kocky Mountain Giioup. Towards the Alaska bound- 
 ary will yet be found further representatives, not only of 
 the Alaska flora, but of the Asiatic flora as well. There 
 may thus be, in time, sutHcieiit material for an Alaskan or 
 an Asiatic Group. At and towards the southern boundary 
 of the province, are numbers of species familiar in Colorado, 
 Nevada, California, Oregon, or Washington Tei"'tory, and 
 whose range across the border into British Columbia is very 
 circumscribed. These, as their centre of distribution is 
 probably in or near Oi'cgon, may be termed the Orkqonian 
 Group. Perhaps, however, the most remarkable, as well as 
 the largest flora in British Columbia, is what ma}" be litly 
 called the "Western Coast Group. The greater rainfall, 
 and the general proximity to the coast and to the numerous 
 very deep inlets which indent the coast, are the influences 
 which appoar to more or less control the disposition of this 
 flora, and to affect its range also in Washington Territory 
 and Oregon west of the Sierras. 
 
 Dr. G. M. Dawson has given considerable attention to the 
 flora of British Columbia and particularly to the distribu- 
 tion of the trees thei-e, and what are here intended by the 
 Western Coast and Oiegonian Groups coincide in general 
 terms with areas of his there. 
 
le 
 
 Cnnattian Record of SHer/re. 
 
 I pmpoHoutaMoarIycluy,illu.stiftting these British Culura- 
 bin ^rouiw more fully. 
 
 SUB-AROTIC (iROirp. 
 
 The Liibnulor cunoMt, which, laden with icober^rn des- 
 ccimIh from UalHu's Hay, mid in a broad .stream of throe 
 hundred miles, skirts the Lal>rad.)r coast, sends an otf-shoot 
 of its waters throu-h the Straits of Belle Isle, and past 
 Anticosti, up the northern side of the estuary of the St 
 Lawrence. Meeting, as it proceeds upward, the warmer 
 fresh waters of the river coming from the (Jreat Lukes 
 abowe, this blanch current is diverted to the south coast of 
 the estuary, where it appears as a stream, cold, but some- 
 what warmer than on the north side, and, i.rocooding on- 
 wa.-ds, tl.ially leaves the coast at Gaspe. The oHect of this 
 cold current on the vogotation of the shoi'es, j, seen in the 
 occurrence of a few arctic and many sub-an'tic plants at the 
 Straits of Belle Isle and on Anticost, and the Min.'an 
 Islands, an.J occasional sub-arctic species as far up on U.o 
 north shore as Ta.lousac and Mur.-ay Bay. lOven on the 
 Island of Orleans, near (iuebee, there are some boreal Ibrms 
 Ihe flora of the south shore of the estuary shows the milder 
 character of the current thei-e, whilst that of the Bay of 
 Chaleur appears to prove its comparative absence in that 
 locality. 
 
 On the jutting headlands of Lake Superior, and along the 
 bays of its northern coasts, theie are both sub-arctic and 
 boreal plants, which appear to form an isolated gi-oup there 
 It IS not dillicult to account for their continuance in those 
 localities. Northern species delight in a low, e.iuable tem- 
 pcrature and a moist atmosphere, and whether this is 
 obtainable on alpine summits or on sea or ocean coasts, 
 there they find a .-ongenial hom<.. The high iioithcrn shores 
 ot iiake Superior supply these conditions. To account, how- 
 ever, for their original presence there, it is necessarv to go 
 back to glacial or post-glacial times, when, with a some- 
 what colder climate, and with the area of the Great Lakes 
 forming the bed of an inland sea, some sub-arctic and boreal 
 plants found a natural highway along the coasts of this 
 
Britfs/i North American Ftan^H. 
 
 IT 
 
 sea. With lofty inountuins lo tho immalitito northwuid 
 in glttciul times, thoHO plantH wore piobiibly, thon, not 
 uncommon. As tho wutors iccKiod und formed tho [)reHont 
 lakes, and tho climate hotamo uh it now iH, those northern 
 plantH won' driven to lociiiitioH like tho h<'aillandH of Lake 
 Superior, whore conditions won* favourable to their con- 
 tinuance. In all othor localities thoy would disappear. 
 Even on Lake Superior, the strugjjflo with changed condi- 
 tions must have resulted in tho extinction thoi-o of many of 
 tho more northern forms. 
 
 Tho following are some representatives of this group 
 and of tho boreal group presently occurring around Lake 
 Superior : — 
 
 Draba incana, L. 
 Viola palustris, L. 
 Parnassia par\ iflora, D. C. 
 Hodyaarum horoule, Niitt. 
 Dryas DrumiiMmdii Hook. 
 Rubua aroticiis, L. 
 R. Cliamteinorus, L. 
 Erigeroii acre, L. 
 Solidago thyrsoidoa, Mayer. 
 
 Solidago vir{?a-aurea, L. 
 
 V. alpina, Big. 
 Arnica mollis, Hook. 
 Vaccinlum uliginosum, L. 
 v. cfpspitosum, Mx. 
 C'astilloia pallida, Hun. 
 Euphrasia oflioinalis, L. 
 Emnetrum nigrum, L. 
 TofioMia palustris, HudB. 
 
 Arctic Group. 
 
 The species of this group include many that are common 
 to Scandinavia, Lapland and the higher Alps, and to our 
 arctic coasts. Whilst numerous arctic plants tind their way 
 southvmrd on tho higher summits of tho Kocky Mountains, 
 on the Pacific side of tlio continent, and along tho Labra- 
 dor coasts, even up to Anticosti and tho Mingan Islands on 
 tho Atlantic side, the home of this large group is in the 
 great stretch of country, continntal and insular, from the 
 high northern coasts of Labrador, and Greenland to Alaska. 
 
 It is unnecessary to illustrate tho group. 
 
 Relations of the Laramie Flora. 
 
 Since the last uumber of this journal was published, I 
 have bad an opportunity of seeing, in the publications of 
 
18 
 
 Canndian Rernnl of Srience. 
 
 tho (u'olo/^icjil Smvoy of iho Vuiwi StutCH, ImhUh- V. 
 Wiud'rt recent munot,'m|»liH on tho ihva of thu Luiumio 
 K''"»P' »»'' Sii" WilliiiMi Ddwsoii |i;iH Mlir)wn mo a pmof of 
 hi' papoion ilu, Hunic Miibjoct in tho foi'thcomiii;,' tijinHju-. 
 tioMHolUio Royal Socioiy „r ('arm-la. Whilst \Vur.| wtill 
 I'finuinH Moininvhiil ciodulous ahoiit tho ago of (lio Lainniio 
 rockn, Sir William rontidonlly lofuis thoni to tho Lowor 
 Kocone, and concludoM uIho that tho (fioonhind Hora usually 
 refeiTod to tho Miocono is of later (JrotaeoouM and oarly 
 Kocono ago, though ho suggests tho (juostion whothor this 
 eu'ly flora of (Jroonland, an.l th(* floras of tho Mailconzie 
 iiivor and North Wostorn States— localities so far apart— 
 may not have hoon succosMivo within a long epoch in which 
 clinmtic ohangos wore gradually progrosHing. Waitt's lahlos 
 indicating tho distrihution of tho liarnmio flora not only 
 goographically, hut also throui,^h geologic time, aro interest- 
 ing to tho student of distriliulion of existing plant life. 
 Thoy Hhow— if tho identification ho correct— that tour, and 
 it may bo tiive, of our living species, viz.: Viburnum pubes- 
 cens, Pursh, Corylus rostruta, Ait, V. Americana, Watt, 
 Onoctea senoibilis, L., and prohahly G'mAv/o biloha, L., now of 
 Japan and China, date their oiigin as far buck as at least 
 Eccono tiniea, whilst many of tho most familiar genera 
 among the trees and shrubs of the present day wore equally 
 well, and in some cases more largely ro|)rosentcd in thin 
 past period, tliough appearing for tho first time then or in 
 the midtllo Cretaceous. The tables also bring to light 
 another circumstance of groat interest in connocticiii with 
 the discussion, in an earlier part of this paper, on tho iden- 
 tity, at tho present day, botwoon so many i»lants in Kurope 
 and America. l^^Iovon species— all now extinct— were com- 
 mon to the Eoceno of Europe and the Laramie of tho United 
 States, whilst two others— also extinct— were common to 
 the European Eocene and to the Gi-cenland hods, considered 
 by Sir William Dawson as later Cretaceous and early Eocene. 
 There is thus some evidence that in the later Cretaceous and 
 l]ocene times, not only was tho climate in sub-arc^ ic Ame- 
 rica sufficiently mild to admit there of genera which are, 
 now at least, of a middle or possibly even southern tem- 
 
Brilinh Niirth Amerinm PInnit, If) 
 
 i.ornto typ.., hut that tl>o rclttlion.i of land un.l wator woro 
 Huch UK to allow migration l.otw.'ou Kmopo uml Amoricu. 
 U it uriroiiHoiuil.lu to Mupiuirto that tlio Iiitid then Mumiri.«ritly 
 ©Irvutod iihovo Iho HKU to connoft tlio old world with tho 
 now, may huvo hoon in a Hunilai- posiii,,,, i„ plioiono or 
 PoMt-lMiocono timoH, iind havo artordoi tho lUciliticH thon 
 iioodod lor tho inlormingling of the floruHtill oxinting ut Ujo 
 proHont diiy on tho two continontf? 
 
 I*iiKGLArrAr- Dkikt Plants. 
 
 'L M intorosliii;,' t.. Iind thu!, iti the pro-ghicinl drift whitdj 
 if* thought lo bo oithor IMiocono or I'loistocono, and wld< h 
 in spread over u coiiHidorahlo portion of tho Middio and 
 Southorn Htatos, puliooboraiu.iis boliovo thoy have rocog- 
 nizod throo of tho oxisting troos of those iiiaim—Majmlia 
 <jlau"», L., lUquidamhar sttjradHna, L.. and Quercus hnbri- 
 caria, Mx. Those species do not range us far as Canada. 
 
 AoE OK THE Canadian Flora. 
 
 The relative ages of tho Hpcoios which comprise tho Cana- 
 dian Mora form matters rather of speculation, and yet, from 
 tho foregoing j.ago.., it will bo seen that there are some data 
 on which K) found opinions. Tho conclusions may bo thus 
 summarized : —Tho species of whoso presonco iu the lOocone 
 there is fossil evidence, are tho(ddcst known roprosontativos 
 ot the oxisting flora. Next to these in ago, as species, are 
 the plants conimon to Europe and America, for they were 
 apparently already well distributed at the time of tho depo- 
 sition of tho Lcda clays. It is prol.ablo that many of tho 
 Arctic species, which are now linutod to America, aro 
 aiually ol'i. but, just as nuiny plants now have but limited 
 ranges, they had not in those older times found theii- way 
 beyond the American continent. The American species, 
 not also JMiropean in range, but which are donizens of 
 Japan, may bo contemporaneous with those Americo- 
 Europcan species, or even eai-lier in origin. Two of the 
 plants now common to Japan ami America date back to 
 tho Laramie times. The plants confined in range to British 
 
 C .. 
 
foitnfftfin Rt¥Offi of SHmee. 
 
 (-olumhitt, form prolmbly, u lutoi- floiii brought into oxiMtoiiro 
 iif'tor th« HiKt uphoHvul of tlio ^rout piiniilol ihiiirjH of moiin- 
 tnin« thoro. Koll,)wini( on nil of iIjoho oldor floriiM, but 
 posMtltly' con torn ponituxMiH in a^o with «»onio of thorn ar« 
 tho Huharctic! ^pocioM now on tlu> liomi!;) itli of LakoSuporior 
 ami tho muritimo plantH pronontly on tho whrn-tM of hI1 of 
 tho Groat FiakoM. Tho moMt locont croationH oro without 
 
 ilonitt thoHo Hpooios— woll roproHonlod by "ompoMi^o 
 
 which fiiicpiont more oMpuoially tho nuwor prairion of 
 Manitoba, 
 
 It in not difficult to «oe that tho dovclopmoiit of lifo on 
 the earth from itndawn to the proMcnt/timo has boon l)ux<»|y 
 inHuoncoii by tho vaist chan^oM whici/ have procoodod gra- 
 dually but con.'tantly throu^'hoiit ^'oologic tinio. In tho 
 f-arainio jigo, which was a prolon;;od period, Iho groat 
 contral plains of North America parallel to and ouHt of tho 
 Rocky Mountains, and throughout much of tho length of 
 tho continent, formed a vam, perhaps lolativoly, Hhallow 
 inland fresh water sea; during and after tho glacial times, 
 whilst an e<iially great inland, ice-laden sou again prevailed 
 over tho northern central parts of tho same continent, the 
 southern portions wore dry land. In later cretaceous and 
 Eocene times, the climate of the sub-arctic regions was, 
 relatively speaking, warm ; in glacial times and since, it 
 has doon so cold as to give a meaning of its own to tho 
 name arctic. During the tertiary times, the great dividing 
 ridges forming tho Hocky Mountains, wore finally vaiscd to 
 their present elovations ; whilst, as glacial times were 
 passing away, the then much higher elevntions and 
 mountain ranges, which gave rise to tho eastern glaciers 
 of this period, were gradually lowered in elevation to what 
 they appear at the present day. And these vast physical 
 and climatic changes in tertiary and iMwt-tortiury times are 
 but an illustration of what has been going on from ago to 
 age from the very .'awn of life upon the earth. What vast 
 destruction of animj-ls and plants each change must have 
 occasioned ! What a struggle for e.xistence must have 
 taken place among those which wore left! What adaptu. 
 tion to new conditions in which the survivors constantlv 
 
 
 I 
 
Brithh yiMtth Am^H-nn Plnntn 
 
 
 J 
 
 21 
 
 IoiuhI tl„inM*lvos, niu-l huvi' !«MJiltf.| ! Wliut (•h«nK«''» in 
 tln-t» uriirmilH and plarii- fluMimolvoH nmnf hnvo lu'«ii ^i-n 
 Uuol'y bf«Mi«lii ufM.ut ».y uUoiv.| hftbifM uri<l ultcml lb«Ml, arxi 
 by tho propoHM of MoUHtion which n«wr MuiioiimlinKM wouhl 
 rwiilt in I It iH not <lim(iilt to foncolvo how now vunotiex 
 ftn.l n^m'xm vvcul-l iV.,ru tiniu to timo follow, and how now 
 gunoru wroititi Ik> noahxl. 
 
 fNoTH.-Arui,! iho i^m-iit m«HM of mutoHul whirl, it hnn 
 beon nm-Hsai y to hiin;; f..K"»b.>r in pivpaiin^ Ouh pap«r, 
 It Irt ililHciili luhiriKlcoui «po(ial colloctois without lolor- 
 I'iMK to all, but r think it nKht to o.'kn.JwIfdKo Iho aNMi^i- 
 unco in ro^nirU to our far woxtorn flora which Dr. U. M. 
 Dawson and Mr. Macoun'n pul.licationH havon ^ivon mo, 
 particularly by indicittin/,' in nearly every cumo tho pro mmo 
 loculiticB ol occurrcnco.J— A. T. I). 
 
r ' *