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E ■ad Copii '^^^^mmmmmmm- ■ '" 'ii l ii Bnnniluw / ' ;■•■ n ^ -a,^ litriclori PREFACE TO THE AMERICAN EDITION. JTO N.XT to our own ntfaond hirtory, it ig incumbent with thit of tfte country from which we deSye our pohucl exirtence, uid the mort vduable of oS c^ Meo written, none hu bMB m lonz md an J«m.x.lir ^puI.r..th.tof Dr. Goldsmith. wLtSer'Sl'lE^nJ to ,ta attractive and perfecUy intelligible style, or tTlhS vjvid unpre«i,on which hi. «mple*and diar n««ti>S of the facts never fails to leave, it is not noTimpSSS to inquire. The fact of its estabUshed dassiad JSSc tejv IS sufficient to Justify the l«.bli.her??Xti?.T,e most approved edftion of this work, to be w^««f .„! .dapteJto the uj» of schools in ouri^ coSST "* tahli .™**-^ »"ustrauve matter, consisting of note^ t«1»f ^ ?fu ' "'^ ?• "8^«» ■■ adding greatiy to Its value; and Uie complete and car«f ^ series o?qu«J AS THK HISTORY OF ENGLAND CHAPTER I. THE AlfOIENT BRITONS. or ■«IT*IJf,» ntOH TBI I1ITA.I01I or tVUV C«AILt ■. o M TO TBI AIBIOATIOR or TBI «01IAkT4 ^ SECTION I. ZS '.i."^ wmmodioudy situated for trad* they iJSS If A- - ^!?" ''t'y *''®'«"'* ^'th the inland inhffiSte of the counfry, who eonaiderad themaelvea m the Ki pom«wri of the wil. and avoided all cZ'p^ndwce JS ^^w comer., whom they viewed « intruH'SS S fr'm-mm^m0lf^mi 9 NltTOKT OV KMOLANO. •. The inland inhabitanta an rapreaented aa axtremeljr namerona, living in eottama thatched with atraw, and feeding large herda of eatUe. They lived moatly upon milk, or fleah produced by the ehaae.* What clothea tney wore, to oorer any part of their bodiaa, were uaually the akina of beaata ; but the anna, lege, and thigha were left naked, and were uauallv painted blue. 4. Their hair, which waa long, flowed down upon their baeka and ahoul- den ; while their bearda were Kept eloae ahaven, except upon the upper lip, where it waa auflbred to grow. The dreea of aavam natioaa ia everywhere pretty much the aame, being cdeulated rather to inapire terror than to excite love or reapeot. 5. Aa to their govermnent, it eonaiated of aeveral email principalitiea, each under ita reapeetive leader; and thia aeema to be t)w eailieat mode of dominion with which man« kind are acquainted, and ia deduced from the natund privi- legea of paternal authority. Upon mat and imminent duigera/ a oommander>in-chief waa choaen by common eonaent, in a general aaaembly ; and to him waa committed the conduct of the general intereat, the power of making peaee, or leading to war. 6. Their foroea eonaiated chiefly of foot, and yet they could bring a eoniiderable number of horae into the field upon great oocaaiona. They likewiae need charieta in battle, which, with abort acvthea faatened to the ende of the ixletieea, inflicted terrible wounda, apreading horror and devaatatton whereaoever they drove.f 7. Nor while the chariot* were thua deatroying, were the warriora who eon- doeted them unemployed : they darted their javelin* againat the enemy, ran along the beam, leaped on the ground, r»> mumd their aeat, atopped or turned their horae* at full apeed, and aometime* cunningly retreated to draw the enemy into eenAiaion. . 8. The religion of the Britona waa one of the moat eon- aideraWe part* of their government; and the Druida,} ■ yMK.-HPurr«ao», • Tkt anelaiil BriioM w^m ^ „^ dwvo^bMmntonow old at • huadnd and twwitjr t UMMrgiTMaiWMtniigMtoddMniptian of the dniMiijriitHM BrltuM in aNiagtaig dMir war eiwrioii, wUeh Im woribM to ranMant on ud in- oaMm umnkm ; dMwbf intinwiinf tfiai dw AritoM wm* tMOmmi •»■ glMd in iMMtHM wmn.—Cmmi'M Ctm. hb. ir. t "Tto Drnkia wmw dividw) into dirM diflbimt etaMW ; «m HMi,WI» waMdMheroiehiNoriMnandfenMlagiealpaali! dM Vntaa, wlw w«m tiw MCMd mamdum, tlte nligiou* poott, and tb» pietondad implMtii tlw lidid parte !• flitmneljr ■tnwt and mostly upon eloUiet tncy i omially the ;hi wen left Their hair, ■ and shoal- aven, except grow. The ty much the ban to excite MTend small Rf ; and this I whkh man- latural priri- nd imminent by common u committed ir of making ind yet they nto the field chariete in the ends of ling honor nr while the who ooo- |eliBs against grouM, le- >t full speed, enemy into most eon* Druids,f naca, 'liM BrltuM » «M in* «m mmmmiH'mmrmmmmmmm Til* ANCTmrr nnrrom. who were the gvaidians of it, possessed great anthority among them. No speeies of superstition was ever mote terrible than theirs: besides the severe penalties which they were permitted to inflict in this worid, they inculcated the eternal transmigration of souls, and thus extended their antlumty ai far as tibe iears of their votaries.* 9. They diM»,wlriehwMby tolli«aMrtmBa>ioi i s,si>Jwhoj M> W B 8<«llth>i«***'Ml AM *• MM or Mm worn I tfioMWow gfoot j pwiondow to AMnimn, yio. altoey, Mid wiiarioi. ond wwohigMy Tonotatoahy Iho poopio- ThtMcond ' '^ 'ooitoin doTotoM, who, tfaoagii tooniod. •pent iho oraator Witt tho Dniidi fa itoiManff ia liw oMom of rotinon. ee- Of toUMirbwlMA. Tho Mri Hid lowwieiMHwaMMl |ioit of ihoir timo on aw wwMfcoad p oi tm no d lhoBiortoorTiloailleoioboBtdwtoi Tho urttMhoodvin Iho ant aaoiont tisM, woo honditotr hi oQ ■nd iSw oailiodarijr to In die GoMe Mioiai I whan riti«%ii «t iMM pWHBptlMi,floi •Iliad mmI acaMb- in Onweo, to As hradniNd fitS S flVNII 10 BM » in kil wm vw !■ ftNatdUto; ».FMt,feMy %;;l.'^'- ■ flillllllll UiiiftwiSI ""wiwiiippi^ •^iPipiPP! I II"" !■ lifWpiipppto m AMonirr aanoNt. 11 18. The Britons had chosen Cassivelau'nns* for their commander-in-chief; but the petty princes under his com- mand, either desiring his station, or suspecting his fidelity, threw off their allegiance. 18. Some of them fled with their forces into the internal parts of the kingdom, othefa submitted to Ciesar, till at length Cassivelan'nus himself, weakened by so many desertions, resolved upon making what terms he was aUe, while he yet had power to keep the field. 14. Tlie conditions offered by Casar, and ac- cepted by him, were, that he should send to the continent double the number of hostages at first demanded, and that he should acknowledge subjection to the Romans. Cesar, however, was obliged to return once more to compel the Britons to complete their stipulated treaty. Quutitma fir JBsHKm$mlian. 1. Ww Britain wdlhHmnbafimiiM time of itotamwioabvtIwIlMMBir t. Who inmducwl die pnelice CairibetetflMifcorC«Mibe1aB. -Ll^ *y'?.^ " * *q °f liilinii CMw>e niece, adojitad by C»mt. lb "^ ta* escnai ennefar 01 nMnew K^ich ooontijr was Anasriy called t The people of L-^., f The ihiid empeiw of 1 U A ReOMB empeiar, the locceMDr of Tibe'riw. •^r^ 12 HnmniY or inoland. thrratened Britain with an invasion, aervad radiw to expose him to ridicula Utan the island to danger. At Uogth, the Romaos, in the nign of Clau'dius,* began to think aeri- ooaly of reducing wem under their dominion. The ex- pedition for this purpose was conducted in the beginiung by Plan'tiua and other commanders, with that sueceas which 'nanally attended the Roman arms. 8. Carae'tacua was the first who seemed wiUuig« b^ a vigoroua eSoA, to rescue his conntry, and repel its insalting and rapacioua conquerors. This rude soldier, though with inferior forces, continned, for above nine years, to oppose and haraaa the Romans ; till at length he waa totally touted and taken priaoner by Osto'rios Scap'ula, who sent him in triumph to Rome. 4. While Carae'taeos was being led through Rome, he appeared no way dejected at the amazing concourse of spectators that weta gatiiered upon this ocea- sion ; but casting his eye* on the sj^ndours ^at surrounded him, " Alas I" cried he, •• how is it possible that a peofle possessed of such magnificence at home, codd envy me a fmmble cottage in Britain?" The emperor waa affected by the Britiah hero'a misfortunes, and wple tuldenvyne a or was affected by hia addfeas. ■pot, and set at en of the lee'ni, dlioB. Piasrt'- baqneathed one B other to his part, to seenie int effect) for lession of the the deceased, to be acowged m. 6. Theiie duoagboot the ^ intoiested in the oiber states ,,» woman of ointrd to bead iro handfsd and [ exasperated by I aeUlemmii «»d ^muOei the 1; which wak al- TUB AMOIMT BBnOlM. It ready a flonrishing colony ; but found, on his arrivd, that it would be requisite for the general safety to abandon that |daee to the mercUess fury of the enemy. 8. London was soon, therefore, reduced to asbee ; such of the inhabitants as remained in it were maasacred ; and the Romans, with all other strangers, to the number of seventy thousand, were cruelly put to the sword. Flushed with these suc- cesses, the Britons no longer sought to avoid the enemyi but bddly came to the plaM where PauU'nus awaited their arrival, posted in a very advantageous manner with a body of ton uoQsand men. 9. Tbe battle was obstinate and bloody. Boadi'cea heraelf appeared in a chariot with her two dau^ters, and harangued hat army with masouline in* trepidi^ ; but the irregular and undiscifdined bravery of her troops was unable to resist the cool intrepidity of the Romans. They were routed with great slaughter ; eighty thousand perished in tlw field, and an infinite number were made prisoners; while Boadi'cea herself, fearing to fall into the hands of the enraged victor, put an end to her life by poison. 10. The general who firmly established the dominion of the Romans in this island was Ju'lius Agric'ola,* who go* vemed it during the reigns a( yespa'sian,t Ti'tus,| ud Domi'tian,$ and distinguished himself as well by hi* con- nun as humanity. For several years aftw the time of Agric'ola, a profeond peace seems to have prevafled in Britain, and litde mention is made of the affairs of the isUnd by any historian. 11. At lengdi, however, Rome, that liad for ages given laws to nations, and diffused slsveiy and oppressioii over the known world, began to sink under her own magnifi- ceaee. Maiddnd, as if by a general ooaeait, rose iq^ to vindicate their natural freedom ; almost every nation as- serting *that independence of wUch they had been so long unjosuy deprived. IS. Donng these stmnries the Brituh youth vrere fre- qoOBdy drawn away into Gaul, to give ineffectual sueeoar «MlisiA|rieUa t hswae vilisnl^ bat vwy ^ , dM MSI of VMpa'Mia I he was • Md a HMi tiMt ha WH aaUtd the ojaii^ of iBHtUnd." f OeiailiMi wm the timlMi RoiBan empNor, and brother to Tllai; • , ani of a BMWt omel d«piMiiiaa. B giMt paiMcniar of dw ChiiMieni, I WI flBM mmmrvm H HISTOBY OV BNOLAMD. to the vtriouB eontenden for the empire, who, failing in every attempt, only left the name of tyrants behind them.* In Uie mean time, .as die Roman forces decreased in Britain, the Picts and Seotsf continued still more boldly to infest the northern parts ; and crossing the friths, which the Ro- mans could not guard, in little wicker boats covered with leather, filled the country, wherever they came, with slaugh- ter and consternation. 13. The Romanu, therefore, finding it impossible to stand their ground in Britain, in the reign of the emperor Valen- tin'ian took their last leave of the island, after being masters of it for nearly four hundred years, and now left die natives to the dioice of their own government and kings. They gave them the best instructions the calamitous times would permit, for exercising Uieir anae, and repairing their ram- parts ; and helped diem to erect k new wall of stone acroes the island, for they bad not, at that time, artisans skilful enough among themselves to repair that which had be^n built by the emperor Sev'erus. QuuHoiu for Examnalien. iVVnitt nrrrantwl AugintiM flmm vWtiaf Britain t Did TuMriM make an attompt upon Bntamt t. WlMtaipoMidC^igalatoridieiilat a Win* waidiafint penm diatwaa wiOing to npal die mvadenf BtowloogdidCaiaetMBaliaia»AeB«»t . 4 iVhat nMilu dii Cvmemm nNlw on wi tni in mg the qtlandonr of «, What waaed &e Wtm to lebel t _^ .. ^«nw oonmanded Boadhsea to be lU tiMtedt A WhMWMedieeonaeoneMMit .^ ^^ . 7. Who Bcwinanded the Ramaa ftma «t that timet a What w« the ftle of Leodon and »!■ inhrtiitMiti t ^ A DMHribeBoariieaa'aegwIiwt, and the lea^ofthN battle. M. A» i!*rt tliaa did pMoe pieyaU in OjeatJWlamf II. WletMifteritn^onorilemaatiluatimet ^ » What weie the natioMthrtinftalBdAe northern pMtif^^ 1& Whan did the Boman take their leave or Britain t And how kmg had ^A. they been maMen of itt to the invMlable • Aoeoidiiw to die "Niititia trnftrn," no lem dian twelve Mtirii boipi tiigi^died. FmUtfrnn' waieanfy -white ftii^ aolAeM woe. aoeoidinf ■^■M. atotianed in Britain. M naama ^wkch dm inhabitmai of Soodand wm at ihtt tfaM di^ ■bad. "l&nBte {to called torn JSi«k»,»|*nBdw,Migi»^^ ■ahitad), and dm Seota fiom Swile, a wtoidenr, in dm Celde iMigM. o^lUfamt tfib« of QdwioiyuB.''— XV. Amr jr. were fula howi impu withi hit «w( on the] ■* - i »IV #ll B W W *i . ! .« ff |l gH mmsmm- lo, failing in ihind them.* fd in Britain. Idly to infest rhich the Ro- eoveied with , with alaugh- Hible to stand nperor Valen- being mastexs itt tfie natiTSS kings. They I times would ng their tam- f stone across Ttisans skiUnl lich had been the BflMdowr of MPI And bow long kwl •IM BrilMi ettpi to3«£wi>bU •tllMltiMiA^ av, wd not *«" ■^ Crttte' Tm SAXONS. CHAPTER II. THE SAXON& SECTION I. 1. (A. D. 447.) Thi Britons, being now left to them- selves, considered their new liberties as their greatest cala- mity. The Picts and Scots, uniting together, began to look apon Britain as their own, and attacked the northern w^, which the Romans had built to keep off their incursions, with success. Havintt thus opened to themselves a passace, they ravaged the whme country with impunity, while ue Britons sought precarious shelter' in the woods and moun- tains.* 2. It was in this deplorable and enfeebled state ihat the Britons had recourse. to the Saxons, a brave people ; who, for their strength and valour, were formidable to all the German nations around them, and supposed to be more than a match for the gods themselves. They were a peoj^e restless and bold, w1h> considered war as their trade ; and were, in consequence, taught to consider victoiy as a doubt- ful advantage, but courage as a certain good. 9. A nation, however, entirely addicted to war, has seldom wanted the imputation, of cruelty, as those terrors which are opposed without fear are often inflicted without regret. The Saxons are represented as a very cruel nation : but we must re- member that their enemies have drawn the picture. 4. It was no disaneeable cireomstanee to these ambitions people to he invited into a country upon which they had lor ages been fonniqg designs. In consequence, therefore, of V<»'tigern*s solemn invitation, who was then king of Bri- tain, they wrived with fifteen hundred men, under the com- mand of Hen'gist and Hor'sa, who were brothers, and * la thii eitrtmi^, Ihajr made npiiUoaiiaii ftr Moeoar to JEHm, pieftet W* (kol, te lb* fiillowiDg rainarindito woido »-" Tho giaaw of IIm wfMo^ BiitOM, to iba tl»ic»M>pwiitwl ComoI JSttnii— The fawbwiaiN drive m mto Aoo—tWidtfwtitafcuBWuwbwsltoimw i WW h oflho bubaiiMMb w that mbsvoiMiUiigloftwbnt ihowMldwd ehoiea of bttac oiihw diuwaad rmmuimmi.'' iEliiwwMblMnmvor.tooclawljroiMttdiionniiicAltola. Mm iMHHnMd king of the Ham (wno, fioai mo bivoe ho miMe wmmvot bi* «w(K«l WW dMwn, mm dononrintod 'Vm tttmrgt ^ Ood"), to b w tow on the Britaiw any atiantiaa. ■•""'•«.wi.iJTmipP9f« VI HirrORT OF ENOLAKD. landed on the isle of Than'et. 5. There they did not long remain inactive ; but being joined by the Britith forees, they boldly marched againat the Picta and Scota, who had adiranced as far aa Lincolnshire, and soon gained a complete victory over them. (A. D. 460.) The Saxons, however, being sensible of the fertility of the country to which they came, and the barrenness of that which they had left behind, invited over great numbers ot their countrymen to become sharers in their new expedi- tion. 6. Accordingly they received a fresh supfriy of five thousand men, who passed over in seventeen vessels, and soon made a permanent establishment in the island. The British historians, irt order to account for the easy conquest of their country by the Saxons, assign their trea- cheiy, not less than their valour, as a principal cause. 7. They allege, that Yor'tigem was artfully inveigled into a passion for Rowe'na, the daughter of Hen 'gist; and, in order to marry her, waa induced to settle the fertile pNH vinee of Kent upon her father, tton whence the Saxons eonid never after be removed.* It is alleged, also, that upon the death of Vor'titaer, which happened shortly after the victory he obtained at Eg'riesford, Yor'tigem, his fa- ther, ifM reinstated upon the throne. 8. It is added, that thia weak monarch, accepting of a festival firom Hen'giat, threei htudred of his nobility were treacherously alao^ terisd, and himaelf detained aa adaptive. After the death df Hen'giat, several other. Cterman tribeti allared. hf the aneeess of their countrymen, went over iii gv0it nambers. 9. A body of Saxons, under the eonduot of BUa and his three sons, had some time befine laid the foaadition of the kingdom of tho Sooth Saxons, thoa|^ not wiOont great mipoaition and Uoodshed. Hiia new UiwioBi^ included Bmj, Sussex, aaid the New Forest { and eztMided to die fWmtien of Kent. W: Another tribe of the Saxons, onder the coaattand-of Ceidie, and his son Kenric, landed in the west, and liNtMi thaaoB took die name of West Saxons. These net widi • (tooU bAh UrtofMn anr.aM whm the banitiM BmnlM \ IB tyi%Hii,«ilM phMBtod bm on hOT faiM, wMi ii a WwIU M d ID * Wan>Ml. hiUbtJ ay nii^' or ' iiMi'ituaM in m* -v:.-L.^--^l'^ intrtteakTin^* eM*)iB,«im*MMi.'DttefiihV «^ • I M^ jrow iMafS? ".^f ta imiwr heM to olMrve, Iw^^ rii* bMoriMM iMve dadM«d. AM iw amliMilic doMMMiM «iM eanoM^M mMm : wd dMt dMy awtaeltaed to bdim ilM wfabltaiaB, div at IM« vMy modi enggMMed. a ve forc( thei theii atren alrea t«blii of th( Wilu 11. lebral sucee his ni the til prince nim U nephe and s< be. Hi eoaM( his mi andien in twe fought nouss own hi fal to lour; I mediaU BtiUgai had the own, to first wif shire, until Ai wjdiaa herhael been mo bqt it *Aki» tABriii tcSSm ey did not itith forces, ii, who had I a complete fertility of nesB of that numbers of lew expedi- pply of five Teasels, and and. or the easy n their trea- eanse. ly inreigled in'gist; and, ! fertile pio* the Saxons d, also, that shortly after [gem, his fa- L added, that m Hen'gist, usly slao^ mnan tribe*, irent over iii the eondoot Uid die , ihoogh lliis new ew FoiMftt iidH)f andfirott ■Mi wiA wasint •Mm ,<»,ailMi. -r"*«W""' mm w^ THB SAXONS. W a very vigorous opposition from the natives, bat being rein* forced from Qermany,* and assisted by their countrymen on the island, they routed the Britons ; and although retarded in their progress by the celebrated king Arthur,! they had strength enough to keep possession of Uie conquest they had already made. Cerdio. therefore, with his son Kenric, es- tablished the third Saxon kingdom in the island, namely that of the West Saxons, including the counties of Hants, Dorset, Wilts, Berks, and the Isle of Wight. 11. It was in opposing this Saxon invader that the ce- lebrated imnce Aruiur acquired his fame. However un- successful all his valour might have been in the end, yet his name made so great* a figure in the fabulous annals of the times, that some notice must be taken of him. 12. This Crince is of such obscure origin, that some authors suppose im to be the son of king Ambro'sius,:^ and others only his nephew ; others again affirm that he was a Cornish prince, and son of Gurlois, king of that province. However this be, it is certain he was a commander of great valour ; and, could courage alone repair the miserable state of the Britons, hie might have been effectual. 13. According to the mqat authentic historians, he is said to have worsted the Saxons in twelve successive battles. In one of these, namely, that fooffht at Caerbadon, in Berks, it is asserted that he killed no was than fo)ir hundred and forty of the enemy with bis own hand. But the Saxons were too numerous and power- . ful to . be extirpated by the desultory efforts of sinrie va- lour; so that a peace, and not a conquest, was tne im- mediate fruit of his victories. 14. The enemy, therefore, still gained ground ; and this prince, in the decline of life, had the moitifieatioB, from some domestic troubles of hi* own, to be a patient spectator of their encroachments. His first wife had been carried off hj Melnae, king of Somenet- shire, who detained her a whole year at Gla8'tonbuTy,€ uotil Arthur, difcovering the place of, her retreat, advanced with an army against the seducer, and obliged Um to give her back. 16. In his second wife, perhaps, he might uve been more fortunate, as we have no mention made of her ; bat it was otherwise with his third consort, who Was ear- * A kin eonmnr oT Euiope, tABriSrii |iriBo», wko wtoMkiiMi waMiiwii. 9t fwwhipphnof Moh. Tftiagi " "• laHijr fciagdoaa and iiMtailf at Twk, in the raonoT lUagofilMBriMw. i CMwilwqr l> a awwi in g«iaaiiw ■mrtsii CambiidM. and Iha Ua af Eb. Donntiaali En||)andtand aa1(Mr«i*a ptUtI ■mbii ■ ser their king whoai kinrd junsc ral CO ehestx by w eaUed 7. ' of th« aaited ■end Christ pqpnl mudui beauty eouatr to hav Ai^li En^is (•diMia liMjraM rodoeed are- Miun, meet- ,4-, *.■■ •reonaMArt Kentt ofUfrt r B Saxona were ^trymen wete Adventurers j, one body of in the eonnties ive their com- hich waalhe led a kingdom »mprehendiilg Thia king- it, fertned tlMB Iwhich waa es- indhif ifi ihe Itolhefirontina Obtained was Ipowerfbl and tin wtfam of ^^mmmmm TNI aAxom. two amaller Saxon kingdoma, the one called Bcmi'eia, taining the preaent county of Northumberland and the btshopriek of Durham ; the aubjecta of the other, ealled Dei'ri, extending themaelvea over Lancashire and York> ahire. 4. These kingdoms were united in the person of Ethelred, king of Northumberland, by the ezplusion of Edwin, his brjther-in-law, from the kingdom of the Deiri, and the seixure of his doniinions. In this manner, the na* tives being overpowered, or entirely expelled, seven king>> dome were established in Britain, which have since been well known by the name of the Saxon heptarchy. B. The Saxons, being thus well estabUshed in all Uie desi- rable parts of the ialand, and having no longer tho Britooa to contend with, began to quarrel among tnemsdvea. A eonntry divided into a number of petty iMepeiideiit pfinei* palitles, most ever be subject to contention, as jealousy and ambition have more frequent incentives to operate. 0. Afkar ■ series, therefore, of battles, treasons, and stratagems, all their petty principalities fell under the power of Egbert, king of Wessex, whose merits deeerved dominion, and whose prudence aeeured his conquests. By him all the kingdoms of the hep'archy were united under one common junsdietion ; but, t« give splendour to bis authority, agene- ral council of the clergy and laity was summoned at Win- chester, where he was solemnly crowned Ung of En^and, by which name the united lungdom was UMinoeforwavd caUed. 7. Thus, about four hundred Tewni after the first arrival of the Saxona ki Britain, all me petty settlements were oaited uto MM great state, and nothing oifered bat proepects of peaee, seenri^, and increasing refinement. It was about thia period that St. Gregory undidrtook to •end missionaries among the Suons, to coQvert theu to Christianity. 8. It is said, that, before his elevation to ihe papal chair, he chanced OM dav to pass through tho slave* ■wdcet at Borne, and pereeivbig aoiae ehildren of great beauty, who were set up for sale, he inquired about dieir country, and finding they were English pagans, he is said to have cried out in the Latin hmguMe, Non AngU sed Aii^Ii, forent, si essent Christiani. <• They would not be English, but angels, had diey been Christians."* 9. From * DlaniikMt flMhardM! tar«Mb (sdiMiietafliatthiHlMflnd). "IMii." ivplMitaNioiv, -MMtogMd liMjraKgslMMtfw meicjrgr God ftoai UiM^w; that XobUa. Bu mss^ to «w M iiw wJ Dairi -••Upppw* •»WI HirroRY or inolano, 80 that time h« wu ttniek with an ardent deaire to oonvwt that nnenlightened nation, and ordered a monk, named Augua'- tine, and othera of the aame Traternity, to undertidw the miaaion into Britain. Thia pioua monk, upon his firat landing in the Isle of Thanet, sent one of his interpreters to Eth'elbert, the Kent- ish king, declaring he was come from Rome with offers of etemsl salvation. 10. The king immediately ordered them to be fiirniahed with all neeeasaries, and even viaited them, though without declaring himaelf as yet in their favour. Augus'tine, however, encouraged by this favourable recep- tion, and now seeing i prospect of success, proceeded with redoubled zeal to preach the goapel. 1 1. The king openly espoused the Christian religion : while hiseiumple wnwght so successfully on his subjects, that numbers of then eane voluntarily to be baptized, the miasionarv loudly dedarinf sninat any coereive nieana towards their conveiaion. In this manner the other kingdoma, one after the other, em- braced the faith : and En^and was soon as famous for its superstition, as it bad once been for its averaeness to Chris* tianity. QumMsm/ot Etfonmatum, I. yfhmoM did wlvwiiurm ooniimia to oemt WJMt qoimto fofflwd Uw ibarih kingdom 5. What eoontiM did iba flfth Sum kiwdSm oomaMhrnd f & WhMwwdMriMhkiMiMieidMp ^^ ^ S^>«»«^*«vw^li^danf andlwwmiitfenMdf i''2?!!J"*"**l*??^]!''^ «*'•■•» lh«ieT«gM««UiM & WtathaMMMdto *• auMMaflOT iIm BriMu ««m wMMd t 6. UadMT whoM pomrdid all Um pMtjr |irind|iaIHiM ftUI 7. At a^M what uhM war* oiiMiaiMiiM Mt aiMMii tiM fl^ai What WW tha oiNiuiMlHMa witieh ' tolaBrilaint *.^ %? ^9*^ ">'••'<>"«*«■ MiwiTadbvtba Sana aMiaiolit 11. WlM«ataitwairndtiMdbrilwlili«'*«kaMlat • ■• ■ . kaw iillMUi«orilMt -Alklniabr' cried bs," in lus eoonlrjr."— MMM. MM nan»dr Ha WM «oM .Axa, w „ miMt aadiMvow Ibat Om fiaiiM of Gttd bf *1lw aa^CM Mifcaoa ) convert that koied Augut'- nderukfl th« n the Ule of )rt, the Kent- frith offere of ordered them vieited thenit their fevour. undble reeep- oeeeded with • king openly nple wrooffht »f themewne idly deoUring DTereion. In le otheri em* famouB for its tern to Chria* ShMdt ickf lofOMdbfMiH ■■■ iNTAiioN or Tm DANie. 11 ^-.f^iSff-^v^-fy ,,«,». ''V. ■ ,-i. I CHAPTER III. THE INVASION OF THE DANES. rilOM TBI MO or THC mrTAIICIIT TO THI UION or WIIAUH tm ooRQtmiuni. SBGTION I. ■ 1. ^A.D. 8M.) Pkaob and nnsntmity had been aearoelj eetabliahed in England, when a nighty twarm of thoae na- tlona called Danea* and Northmen, aabaei|«ently eormptei into Nomen or Normana, who had poaaeaeed the eonntry bordering on the Baltie,t began to level their funr against Entlaiid. A. amall body of then at ftrat landed on the eoeati^ with a view to learn the atate, of the conntnr i and having eommitted some depf«dationa,'lled to their ehipa for aafety. 9. About aeven yeara after thia firat attenpl, they nada a deeeent npon the kingdom of Northnmberlandi where they pillaged • numaatery, h«t their fleet being ahattered by a atom, they were defeated by the inhabitant! and pat to the sword. It was not till about five yeara afker the a e e aaaion of Egbert,^ that their invaaiona beeana truly fomidabla. From that tine they continued with aneeiain| feroeity, until the whole kingdom wu redoeed to a atate of the noet di»> (raaaiiig bond^.f • t. liMMirii oten repulaed. they always obtained their end of apoiUng the eonntry, and carrying the idnnder away. It waa their neAod to avoid eoning, if posaible, to a general ongageaasnt; but, aeatlering thenadvaa over the faee of th» oomtiy, thev enried away indiserininately* aa wM the inluMtanti themarivee, aa ^ their moveable peeaeasions. 4. At length, however, they reaolvad upon making a set> "Ik* "nt wtn iiriwUlMli of DwMMik. •ku^dtMin iha neithar t flM Bride b an inluMl M* in «k« Mith or Emor*. I Igbiit WM dw inN «U ■mmmIi n EaglaBd. i iiSirint MMdd ba aoM dNi#a ihui Ik* MUMT inwUch LwliitaMMfrManilMiriaeiinigM; dMjrnpaNd mMm mtnutwn,tai tkik HI— iiaBir mnd ih» w t UOmi to InliBwiinhijr. On* of UMr oetobniid 1 OUMT, niMd. Aom hii dUOw « dw fctmniie ■ffiOMMiit Miii^eliiMnn on di* poiiUi «r diair ipean), ik* OOM. rBwMltai.r his education, to Rome. On his return from thence, he became every day mora the object of his father's fond Sections ; and that perhaps was the raason why his e<)aeation wmttlt fint neglected. He had attaimd the age of twenty befon he waa made acquainted with the lowest elements of Uten* tun { but hetuingsome Saxon poems read, which raeotinted the pniae of herber, his whole mind waa roused, not only to obtain a similitude of glory, but alao to be able to tnilnnit OlMM ■Mwa Mtebol Hwwfli •rcMtt •WDl eipalfk le of Thtn«t, ey kept their led over them Qcceaior, wai >rt ipaee, he to render hii ir Eth'elrvd, t uAcient to re- ploita he WM ed, afterwude reaeDtmentto Ung of a lam foign that the rinter^nariefB lingtodialodM rhich ha dM. I kingdom that amberland and heart of Wea- Jfred ; the de- Inpire waahut Bh fear of eon* I monaataiiM Btionofaffiiin, mj hope waa m ot one man neaa, aeenrity. I found rednaa. fend Ma bletJ- !e had ghren lieh aftetwirda hy pop* Lao ktlier, ror hia If hebeeame ind affeetionat » wacat twmtjr before lenta of Utoia- liflhiMoVBted I, not obIt lie to tmiMBit Jtt. INVABIOlo Of THE OANM. w that g*or/ to poau .ly. 10. Encouraged by the queen hia mothei md aaaiated by • penetrating geniua, he aoon learned to read iheie i^ompoaitiona, and proceed from thence to a knowledge of Latin authora, who directed his taate, and ree* tified hia ambition. He waa acareely come to the throne when he woa obliged to oppose the Danea, who had leiied Wilton,* and were ex- •reiaing their uaual raragci on the country around. 11. He marched againat them with the few troope he could aaaemble on a sudden, and a desperate battle was fought, to the diaad- vantage of the English. But it was not in the power of misfortune to abate the king'a diligence, though it repreaaed hia power to do good. He waa in a littla time enabled to board another engagement ; ao that the enemy, dreading bia courage and activity, propoaed terma of peace, which he did not think proper to refuae. 13. They, by thia treaty, agreed to relinquish the kingdom ; but instead of complying with their engagements, they only removed from one place to another, bnming and deatroying wherever they came. CONTEMPORARY BOVERRiaNB. OfMory 1 LeoiV..... BsMdktm !i|idbolwI.. IV, A.a . m . 844 . M7 . 85a n.T. 8n A.Dw Thaophilni 1 819 MiekaalUI 8M Emptnrt tf lh$ W*in, am KinMt of /Vmw. Uwii I. rr. .:..... 814 LollHwiM 840 Lawtan 8M EMMENT PBRSONa CongdlMin 8M D aaji lh w. ,. fllB AlvSw. 04 KeiUMthnill. M9 DanaMM V 8W CooMuiliuiII mt lmlk$rtitinfE^.SarimOmatmAtailhMm. BWhm Wiifliidi sad Hmliflk-^la IMMiyiu ^BiMttUmml BMIrrt Tswl&im. bUhop of WhMkMlMr. OH«ak.«up|araaiMaa. l«ali«(andBiiMllMml.aidiMitoBi ttCtatt^knt^it «*» nii» OlJiWrt sad QOIa, ^^frtl■IllSlBll (fiaoai^ iriw «ntfs Ulbd wUk btavaljr oppMing Mm DuiM. Qutriioiu fat Examinafyn. L What wwrtssdislMrbsd the ataaqaaiity which nnkm afdMMVM Saaon UngdaiMT WhM and* or waiftn WM pnwiM fy tha DuMs t ft What loMdUihaDuMMArlHr Mar ft JfhatdidtiwDBiiMcairjrawn't «. WkaM^ddMvatteMlfiaMiSiyiJMmHlTMf EtetaaUf WMElhaliMia«iMdt • WBMnii Ihe oaonty torn or Wttlriiiia, liMMih BalWRwy N ODW tofiiD- •ipalflaee. ^Km^t^mmmff^i^ . i , i i,, i | i l um i tor fortune. 4. It is 8aid» fliat one Aij, bdw eemmaded by the herdsman's wife, who was ignonot t^is qndtty« to takeeare of some cakes which were baking by Ae fire, he happened tolet Aem bum, oli \rhidi riie eevmdy nphnidfed him for neglect. I^revious to his retiremont, Alfred had eoMettedaMMMnas for assembling a few trus^ fnends, wheMvar an oMNHFtaiaHiy should otEn of annoying ttie enemy, who were in noiiiieipa of die whole country. 0, This dioeen inatd* tAAbiUtM to So str cio to the red ( can cou wh< of] witi ing dauj by ( thro emb theii not ( ral, < 8. rited •T oeioa ingwi iiona< hiatru happei that^ kinJi and qi oerm; cidenti give hi herioi Wider, I tiaaoiM their n« . * WdeheearfJM oTtiNlvei itlijrEdwudlfaaFInt laathswwtgrimlnd. action. «Mala< conrenk ladt at kAUMt I enemy whoifi ;y eoM bind, those ravefen iwsrma of the nd freah inva- ictti, therefofe, ff fl«d to th« andpiHvhMed »nd defeotion, the duty they ng hiaremon- e way to the ly, Telinqoiah* [ hia aenwnta, , and lived fiw had been in- ler, though „/ in «viiy intiry, to eaMi I hie aolitairy .himaelftkHh ilia qaalit)r, to dieliie.he npbrtUkd ALFRSD THE ORKAT. 96 to their monarch, took shelter Tn the forests and marshes of Somerset, and from thence made occasion^ irruptions upon atraggling parties of the enemy. Their success in this rapa- cioua and dreary method of living encouraged many more to join their society, till at length, sufficiently augmented, they repaired to their monarch, who had by that time been reduced by famine to the last extremity.* 6. Meanwhile Ubba, the chief of the Danish commanders, carried terror over the whole land, and now ravaged the country of Wales without opposition. The only place where he found resistance was in his return from the castle of Kenwith, into which the Earl of Devonshire had retired with a small body of troops. 7. This gallant soldier, find- ing himself unable to sustain the siege, and knowing the danger of surrendering to a perfidious enemy, was resolved, by one desperate effort, to sally out and force his way through the besiegers, sword in hand. The proposal was embraced by all his followers : while the Danes, secure in their numbers, and in their contempt of the enemy, were not only routed with great slaughter, but Ubba, their gene- ral, was slain. 8. This victory once more restored courage to the dispi- rited Saxons ; and Alfred, taking advantage of their &vour- Atuuam nu- lie CSlkiw- * I'De liA of Airied is full of the maet intareMing evenii. (Miooi aneodotee related of him hv the old EngUih hietoriaiM, the ing we think worthy of a place in tnii work, aa it aflbrd* a itriking iUiialm. tion of hia benevolenoe, and it a proof of the piivaliaiia he, in '«"'~^ urilh his truttyadheienti, underwent during their seoluaion m SoaoerMtihire ;— " It happened one dav during the winter, which proved unconunonly leVeNi. tiait he had aent all hia attendania oot to^endeavonr to proenre fith. or • UnJ of praviikiaa; ae diflkub was the enterpriae eateemad, dtat tlM king and qne«i only were eioosed flom the emphMrment When they were gone, the king, aa waa hk ewtom, whenever he had an opportunity, look a Book, aiiil baiin reading, whilat Elawitha waa empiojrad ia herdoowiiioeai^ corns; they Gad hot long ooatinued thua engaged, befae a poor pilgrim, me- cidenlally paadng that way, knoeked at the gat6, and begged mey wwdd givehimaooMtfaingtoeat Hm hnmaiM khig called Eltwltha, and daairad her «> rive the poor man part or tidMtt provisMn there was in the Cm* ; the qneen, Onding only one kiof, brought it to Allied, to riiow how slender Aint store was, at 3m same time repreaenting the distress the fiunily wouM labonr under, shooM they return Aom their fciaging una u seas sf ni The king, net detened bjr this scanty view ftom Us eharitaUa miipose, but rather Inter- nally v^oioing at thk trial of his humanity, cheernilly jgave die poor Chrk- aaooMiflf of fteloaf; conr^taig Ae queen witfi ttua religioaa rafleetian, 'llMtHe wha oooM ibod Hvm thousand widi five loavaa and twe fishes^ eeddanketff itaodeasedhimVthathalf oflhekwrsoffioe fcr BMm than their nSJMssitlea' When the traveller depaited, Oe king returned to hi* reading, aadWt At satis & ctibnwhiAaioat surely reanltaftem a bsBs te en t action. Nor waa it long uniewarded, fbr his eoo^Mnkaia returned with so gNialaqMBnlil^af provisiaaa,thatlheywerenote)[paaed to any iteilar in- cMvenienoea during their leclusian." i^M 96 HUTOSY or KNOLANO. able disposition, prapaied to animate them to a vigorous exertion of their superiority. He soon, therefore, apprized them of the place of his itetreat, and instructed them to be ready with all their strength at a minute's warning. 9. But still none was found who would undertake to give intelli- gence of the forces and posture of the enemy. Not know- ing, therefore, a person in whom he could confide, he un- dertook thie dangerous task himself. In the simple dress of a shepherd, with his harp in his hand, he entered the Danish camp, tried all his musical arts to please, and was so much admired, that he was brought even into the presence of Gnthnun, the Danish prince, with whom he remained some days. 10. He there remarked the supine security of the Danes, their contempt of the English, their negligence in foraging and plundering, and their dissolute wasting of such iU-gotten booty. Having made his observations, he returned to his retreat; and, detaching proper emissaries among his subjects, appointed them to meet him in the forest of Selwciod, a summons which they sladly obeyed. 11. It was against the most unguarded quarter of the enemy that Alfred made his most violent attack ; while tiie Danes, surprised to behold an armv of English, whom they considered as totally subdued, made but a faint resistance. Notwithstanding the superiority of their numbers, tfiey were routed wi& great slaughter ; and though such as es- caped fled for refuge into a fortified camp in the neighbonr- hood, being unprovided for a siege, in less than a fortniiht tiiey were compelled to surrender at discAretion. IS. By the conqueror's permission, those who did not dioose to embrace ChristiaDity embariied for Flanders,* untfor the command of one of their generals, called Hastings. Gutih- rum, their prince, became a convert, with thirty of his no- Ues, and the king himself answered for him at the font 18. Alfred had now attained the meridian of glory; be possessed a greater extent of territory than had ever been enJAyed by any of his predecessors ; the kings of Wales did him homage for their possessions, the Northumbrisast received a king of his appointing, and no enemy appeared to give him we least apprehensions, or excite an alarm. 14. In this state of prosperi^ and profound tranquillity, which lasted for twelve yean, AUked was diligentfy en- Sloyed in cultivating the arts of peace, and in repairing the amages which the Kingdom had sustained by war. *:fowa|MitortlMN*llwriai)d*. tTheinliabiluitiorNarABnlMiiaBl fttgivi ofyfla urif a vigoroui bra« apprized 1 them to be ning. 9. But I give intelli- Not know- tnfide, he un- simple dress i entered the Base, and was > the presence he remained le security of eir negligence te wasting of lervations, he «r emissaries t him in the dly obeyed, [uarter of the ;k; while the h, whom they int resistance. Umbers, tiiey h such as ee- he neighbonr- \n a fortniriit ion. IS. By tot choose to * under the thigs. Gnth- rty of his no- it the font, of glory; be lad ever been iga of Watei irU^unbrianst Bmy appeared site an alarm, tranquillity, Uligendy en- repairipg the war. NordtBidMitaai iaPRED THK ORE'AT. 87 IS. His care was to polish the country by arts, as he had protected it by arms ; and he is said to have drawn up a body of laws.* His care for the encouragement of learn- ing did not a little tend to improve the morals and restrain the barbarous habits of the people. When he came to the throne, he found the English sunk into the grossest igno- rance and barbarism, proceeding from the continual dia- orders of the government, and from the ravages of the Danes. 16. He himself complains, that, on his accession, he knew not one person south of the Thames, who could to much as interpret the Latin service.f To remedy this deficiency, he invited over the most celebrated scholan from all parts of Europe ; be founded, or at least re-estap blished the univenity of Oxford, and endowed it with many privileges ; and he gave, in bis own example, the atroncest ucentives to study. 17. He usually divided his time mto three equal portions : one was civen to sleep, and the re- fection of his body, by diet and exercise ; another to the despatch of business ; and the third to study and devotion4 He made a considerable progress in the different studies of Sammar, rhetoric, philosophy, architectura, and geometnr. e was an excellent historian ; he understood musie ; he was acknowledged to be the best Saxon poet of the age, and left many works behind him, some of which nmain to this day. 18. To give a character of this prince, would * AUM Mtablkhed a ngnlur militia Oraa^MNit England, anl niwd a eontidafaide naval fiHce. by whieh meHw he waa enbhid to Mpel liw Ah tawincuniawortlMDuMs. R« Bftrnwank wiabliriMd a nguur doHm: dividing Hm kingdom into eooatia*, and die eoualkN into ImndfedB and tiiliii^. 8o weirragnlalad «w liM poUoe wliieh he «ttaMiahed,viiwt it to aaid & had floiden taiaeelela hong vp near the highway*, which no rabber dared lo loudt. Tet Iw never deviated Awn the meeM nigard to the libeMr of hia people; and thme k a leaaarfcalilB aentimaot pt iaa i ti id in hia will, namely. dJiat" A i»J^ lk$ BtgUtk iImM far mm- rmmiu m$ Jrmu Umir cmUkMfgklt." t So liMe, indeed. WM learning attended to by the gnat, that Aamr, dM faiogmpheror Al John Vni.. TTT.... 8W MartiBn. 8BS AdiiutUL 884 Stephen VI 885 FonnoeiH. 891 JSmmtot* e^'d* £iMt BmOIwL..:. 867 A.l>. Leo VI... 886 EJKmrarB *f tke Wnt, and King* tf FraMit Lewkn...... 85S Chuleel .. 879 CharieaU 880 Arnold 888 EMINENT PERSQN& Lawiiln 8M tBngBiif SeaUand. Conatantinell..... 868 Ediaa 878 OfMorv 880 DauddTuaVI 898 Oddima, awrloT Devon, who killed Hnbba the Dane, and took Ae Amooi Raafen, or enchanted itandanL Ulfredui, Tralotenldui, Celnoith. Ethelrad, and Pterambai, wen loeceHiTeljr atchbiihopa of canterimiy in diia reign. Quettionsfor Examinatum. 1. What aflhrt had fte imnliniial lavagiaof the Danes npaa ttie Engliiht S; 3) Ifow did Alfiwd act in this emeigency t 4. WhataaacdotalaiAlBdor AlOeddnrinf hiaeoneealaMAtf 8. How did dww who itiUMmBinedlhithM 10 Alfled conduct thanaelTeaT 6. Whet henevoiant act ia related «!' Ail monarch f (SwOeiWrik;.) 7. WhatdeaperataeflbrtdidtbeeariofDeTondiiMreMdTeonf Andwfaat W8B the cemaqnenoe I 8. What waa |i|a advantage nined bv Alfred's oouiage f 8, Bv whatatatagem did Alued get intelligence of the enemv't aitnatian T 10, If. Whatolaemitiona did he make dufnif hit atay in the Daniih cannf la What heeane of the Daaea after their deftatt la, What kmp paid honu^ to Alfred? 14, 15, 16. HOW waa Alfted emplojred during the peace t 17. For what purpoae did Alfrad divide hit tfme into three equal portknat And what were hii accompUriiineota ? 18. What ii the general character given of Alfred T 19i Whara did AlfM die, and at what place wai he bwied 7 acce atter an a He villai His I like head plicit both way I ecclei by th yean 4. sons I sonal he wa he hai virtual goren nothin upon! the mc his vir 6. A is reco Elgiva, •Sum ontbath brian rat fininded nearly eq mental e< tmmm B perfection, r blended in loderate, yet immand, vet leairoui that Bt off to the odily accom- open eooate- of October, AJD. m 8M g$if SeoUand. ttuZn 8j» tm S*a •• •• •• •• 86v ■ VI 898 I took theftmooi ilnofth. Et helwa . ifjf inlhiinign- tftaEni^Wtt At! tthanMlvwt )onl AndwlMl emv'fritnatioBt MUUlkhCMB|»t •qnal poitiowt ■DWT. SECTION III. W 1. (A.D. 901.) His aecond aon, Edward,* succeeded him on the throne. To him succeeded Athelstan, his natural son, the illegitimacy of his birth not being then deemed a sufficient obstacle to his inheriting the crown. He died at Gloucester, after a reign of sixteen years, and was succeeded by his brother Edmund, who, like the rest of his predeces- sors, met with disturbance from the Northumbrians on his accession to the throne ; but his activity soon defeated their attempts. 2. The resentment this monarch bore to men of an abandoned way of living was the cause of his death. He was killed by Leolff, a robber, at a feast, whete this villain had the insolence to intrude into the king's presence. His brother, Edred, was appointed to succeed him ; and, like his predecessors, this monarch found himself at the head of a rebellious and refractory people. 3. Edred im- plicidy submitted to the directions of Dunstan the monk, both in church and state ; and the kingdom was in a fair way of being turned into a papal province by this lealous ecclesiastic ; but he was checked, in the midst of his career, by the death of the king, who died of a quinsy, in the tenth year of his reign.; — A. D. 95S. 4. Edwy, his nephew, who ascended tlie throne, hia own sons being yet unfit to govern, was a prince of great per> sonal accomplishments, and of a martial disposition. ' But he was now come to the government of a kingdom, in which he had an enemy to contend with, against whom all military virtues could be of little service. 6. Dunstan, who had governed during the former reign, was resolved to remit nothing of his authority in this ; and Edwy, immediately upon his accession, found himself involved in a quarrel witn the monks ; whose rage neither his accomplishments nor his virtues could mitigate. 0. Among other instances of their cruelty, the following is recorded :— There was a ladv of the royid blood, naniea Elgiva, whose beauty had made a strong impression upon * ftiTDHMd Edward Ike EUer, fioia being tfi« firat (rf* that name ' I ItM difone of England. He obtained manv victoriea over the N< ian rabeii, built lOTeml eaatlea, and IbrtiRed different ettiei. I on brian wiwMt Notthnm He aln foandad the Univeni^ oT Cambridge, in 91& He ii eaid to have bean nearljr equal to hia fttbar in niilitai> oounge, but graady inferior to him in mental aceomplirtimwilii He reigMd M yenia. oS ' HirroRv or inoland. the young monarch's heart. He had even ventured to marry her contrary to the advice of his counsellors, as she was within the decrees of affinity prohibited by the canoq Uw. 7. On the day of his coronation, while his nobiiyity' were giving a loose to the more noisy pleasures of wine •nd festivity in the great hall, Edwy retired to his wife's apartments, where, in company with her mother, he enjoyed the more pleasing satisfaction of her conversation. Dun- Stan no sooner perceived his absence, than conjecturing the reason, he rushed furiously into the apartment, and upbraid- log him with aU the bitterness of ecclesiastical rancour, dragged him forth in the most outra^us manner. 8. Dunstan, it seems, was not without his enemies, for the king was advised to punish this insult bv bringing him to aficonnt for the money with which he had been intrusted during the last reign. This account the haughty monk re- fymeA, to give in ; wherefore be was deprived of all the ee> elesiastical and civil emoluments of which he had been in iwssession, and banished the kingdom. 9. His exile only ■enred to increase the reputation of his sanctity with the people.. Among the rest Odo, archbishop of Canterbury,* was so far transported with the spirit of pariyt that he jpro- ■onneed a divorce between Edwy and Elgiva. The kii^f was nnaUe to resist the indignation of the ehuieh, a^ eon- sentod to surrender his beautiful wife to its fury. Aeeord- * An uici^t city of lent, of whidi oooBfy it is te «a|teL «a a ventared to BelluTS, as the by the canoi| e his nobilit^' sures of wine I to his wife's er, he enjoyed sation. Dun- njecturing the t, and upbraid- itical rancour, iner. I enemies, for bringing him been intrusted itymonk re> f all the ee- had been in is exile only ititywith the Canterbaryt* that he pro- _. TbeKiBg ireh, and eon- iry. Aeeord- ^^ uf m t i mn i " ■DOAR. 81 ingly. Odo sent into the palace a party of soldiers, who seized the queen, and, by his orders, branded her on the face with a hot iron. 10. Not contented with this cruel vengeance, they carried her by force into Ireland, and there commanded her to remain in perpetual exile. This injunc- tion, however, was too distressing for that faithful woman to comply with ; for, beinr cured of her wound, and having obliterated the marks which had been made to deface her beauty, she once more ventured to return to the king, whom she still regarded as her husband. But misfortune continued to pursue her. 11. She was taken prisoner by a party whom the archbishop had appointed to observe her con- duct, and was put to death in a most cruel manner : the sinews of her legs being cut, and her body mangled, she was thus left to expire in the most cruel agony. In the mean time a secret revolt against Edwy became almost ge* neral ; and Dunstan put himself at the head of the party. 12. The malecontents at last proceeded to open rebellion ; and having placed Edgar, the king's youngest brother, a boy of about thirteen years of age, at their head, they soon put him in possession of all the northern parts of the king- dom. Edwy's power, and the number of his adherents, every ^y deelinmg, he was at last obliged to consent to a partition of the kingdom ; but his death, which happened soon after, freed his enemies from all further inquietude, and gave Edgar peaceable possession of the government 18. Edgar, being placed on the throne by the influence of the monks, affected to be entirely guided by their diveo* tions in all his succeeding transactions. Little worthy of notice is mentioned of this monarch, except his amour with Elfrida, which is of too singular a nature to be omitted. 14. Edgar had long heard of the beauty of a young lady, whose name was Eurida, daughter to the earl of Devonshire ; but, unwilling to credit common fiuoe in this particular, he sent Ethelwald, his favourite friend, to see and inform him if Elfrida was, indeed, that iaeonparaUe woman report had described her. 15. Ediel- wald, arriving at the earl's, had no sooner set his eyes apon that noUeman's daughter, than he became desperately en- amwmd of her himself. Such was the violence of his pHsion, that, forgetting Jiis master's intention, he s/Edgm ■ •mrm' m. 'mmt^miH^^ ..j2E«r*- private. 16. after, he m- quality, had ared amazed juBlljr of her irar Teh anv a in hii ad- ned the king r some time, laenting that, re's daughter immenae ae- ibly ontreated was the rich- lo seemingly raid retamed ed in public, keeping her i prevent her »f love, while But it waa I. 19. Edgar but, disaem- that part of ained, accom* him thither, d him that he >nnerly heard apqnaintance. did all in hia could obtain, >reparing for at hia wife's leased of her as possible iptible of its passion that tliaoce ; but, her persop beauty on itions; the insfandy hisintMi> id, and took BDOAR. ti leave with a seeming indifference ; but his revenge was not the less certain and faithful. Ethelwald was some time after sent into Northumberland, upon pretence of urgent aflfaira, and was found murdered in the wood by the war. 23. Some say he was stabbed by the king's own hand ; some that he only commanded the assassination ; however this be, Elfrida was invited soon after to court bv the king's own order, and their nuptials were performed with the usual solemnity. This monarch died, after a rei^ of sixteen years, in the thirty-third year of his age, bemg succeeded by his son Edward, whom he had by his first marriage with tlw daughter of the earl of Ordmer.* CONTEMPORARY S0VEREI0N8. Papu. Benedict IvV. . LeoV Beigiuilll AwMaeiiM lU.. Udo JohnX- Leo VII Stephen Vin.. JaimXI LeoVt. StepiienlX.... Mwiinin AEr^ST:::: BMMdietV.... MinXIU A.D. 900 904 906 mo 91S 919 •98 989 931 936 039 943 900 9fi6 964 965 A-D. Benedict VI 973 DoBiusa 978 Leo VI... ..T 886 Comtantine Porphyk ragenitiu 910 RoowniM the voonc- er ....r. 999 NicephonM 969 Zenraoee. 970 lEmntrmt rftki WeK. Lvmin... 899 Coamdel 91S Heniyl 919 EMINENT PERSONR Othol 906 OthoU 97S Kingt ef Ffviee. Cherlealir 899 LewielV IM LMhairal 9M Gunrtuitinalll.... 909 Ifaloolml MS Indnlphue 908 Dallii» 187 CaleniM ATI /« Hmmgntf IHmafii Ethelflrida, nrter of Edwaid the Elder.* giwt wurior, and very inetrnmenfl in aaiMinf to nin iier brather'i Tictoriee. AlholnM, arckbidiop of Cwilerbanr.— /n m ragn of Allitltlmn Guy, eail of Warwick, who fai nid lo have kOM the DaniA giant Coibnad, in m^ oombat, at Winchcaler, and peribnned maajr oAar eitraoidinarjr aetioiM. Tefketvl, a wceeaful warrior, an abbot of Cioyland, and ohanoeilor of dag- , Wolalon, arehbiihop of Canterbury. — la the rtin tf Bind: Dan> abbot of Glaetonburjr. Odo, arehbidiop of Caaterbury^~Jii «ke nv« ■lan. DanMan and Eleioe, arohbiihoin of Canlertmrjr. * Until die reign of Edgar, Ei [land was much infeiled with widvea. le hi hnnting and deptroying them; biM took teller in tlie nwontains and foreals The Umr, however, waa indefttignb Aidint ttiai thoae whidi aacMifrrtaaii of Wdee, he ohon^ the trinile of money imooied on that country into an anmial tribute of 900 wotves' h«adi : thii dirodiiced nich iil^enee in hunt' ing Iham, that their eitirpotion was loon oflaoled. " I 'J v ^' l"- 84 iiirroKT or bnoland. QuuHofu for OaammatUm. a. WuX WM liM OMiw of Edwud'i dMthl uA wiw mocMdcd himf & To wboM dircetion did Edied rabmilf 4. WhoMMOMdadEdMdf & WbdM did Edwjr iMrrjr T 7. What hapiMMd on the dajr of hit conmtioii f 8. On what acoount was Oumtan baniahad tha luntdani t 9i Bv whoM oidan waa tha queen Miaed \ 11 Who wa* EliHda, and whom did Ed^r Mnd to her ( 15. Ifow did Ethalwald peribnn hia roiaMai I 16, 17, 7 a Halata what Mlowad. 1ft How did the king act on hearing tha whola traiwaetiaa f aa What did Ethelwald requeat of hia wife I tl. What WM the remit of W non-compliance f at. flow did Ethelwald die T as. How kog did Edgar reign t and bjr whom wai be tueoMdad T M' SECTION IV. 1. (A. D. 079.) Edward, ■nrnamfld the Martyr, waa made king by the intereat of the monka, and lived but four yean after hia aoeeaaion. In tbia reign there ia nothing remarkable if we except hia tragical and memorable end. 2. Htinttng one day near Corfe Caatle, where Elfrida, hia mdther'in-law, reaided, he thought it hia duty to p«7 her a Tiait, altfiongh he waa not attended by any of his ratiBoe. TL;;i« desiring aom* liquor to be brought him, aa he waa .^ tsty, while ne waa yet holding the cup' to Kia head, one of EuHda'a domeatica, inatructed for that pnrpoae, ataibbed him in the back. The king, findini himaelf wounded, put apura to hia horse ; but fainting wiUi the loss of blood, he feU ftom the saddle, end hia foot atiekin(| in the atirrup, he waa dragged along by hia horae till he died. 8. E&elred the Second, aumamed the Unready, the son of Edgar and ElfHdn, aueeeeded; a weak and irraaolute monareh, incapable of governing the kingdom, or poviding for its saifeW. During hia reign, the old and teprible ene- miea, the Danes, who aeemed not to be loaded with the aame accumulation of vice and foUv aa the Engliah, were daiW gaining ground. 4. The weakneaa and inexperience of Etnelred appeared to give a favourable opportunity for renewing their depredationa ; and aeeordingljr, thqr ludsd on aevenl parte of the coaat, apreading their usnl tmor and devaatation. A. D. Ml . *>s8. ravel mm I ^ounti torioui 7. ( Sweyi OanJsl Edmui create fou|^t theDi eatem and El obliget the kit to him parte V about I Oxford whole Oani first ch alHwh* forioaa o Hi^im. andlhkl tollw&i ahMaiwi t.lBA hulk Shu •-• tinai asse •MMP «Mi«dhint Mtftyr, llivedbutfoor in is nothiM lemonble vna> re Elfrids, bia y to p*7 bar • of bis ratiaiM. lim. u b* WM I Kia bead, one rpose, stiAtbed wounded, put j of blood, be tbeatinup, be ready, the aon and irraaohite , or providing , terrible ene- tded with the -Engliah, were 1 inezperienee pportanitjr for ,they iMidod oaoal tanor I'ANUTI. M As they lired indiacriminately among the English, a resolution waa taken for a general maaaacre ; and Eahelrad, by a policy incident to weak princea, embraced the cruel resolution of putting them all to the aword. S. This plot waa carried on with such aecrecy, that it wu executea in one day, and all the Danea in England were destroyed without mercy. But this massacre, so perfidious in the contriving, and so cruel in the execution, instead of ending the long miseries of the people, only prepared the way for greater calamities. «rsik.0. While the English were yet congratulating each other their late deliverance from an inveterate enemy, king of Denmark, who had been informed of their lua cruelties, appeared off the western eoaats with fleet, meditating slauihter, and furious with revenge. ' was obliged to fly Into Normandy, and the whole lantry thus came under the power of Sweyn, his vic- torious rival. 7. Canute, aiVerwards sumamed the Great, succeeded Swavn as king of Denmark, and also as general of the Dattuh forces in England. The contest between him and Edomnd Ironside, successor to Ethelred, was managed with neat obatinaey and peraeveranee : the first battle that waa fou|^t appeared indecisive; a second followed, in which the Danes were victorioua; but Edmund atill havins inter- eat enoMh to brin^ a third army into the field, the Daniah and Enpiah nobihty, equally haraased by theae convulaionf. obliged their kinga to come to a compromise, and to divido the kingdom between them by treaty.* 8. Canute reaerved to himaelf the northern parte of the kingdom ; the aonthem parte were left to Edmund ; but this prince being murdered about a month after the treaty, by his two ohamberiaina at Oxford, Canute was left in peaceable poasession of the whole kingdom. A. D. 1017. Oanalet ia repreaented, bv some hiatoriana, as one of the first ehmisten in thoae barbaroua agea. The pie^ of the * b *s kalds wUoh was ftogbl at Ateliwr. Edmmid. pMMtving !• Sftnm hk o«ni,nd Cumtt adv* at te kMi «ir Ufa ibmiy rod* furiowi ooMlMt MMMd. ia whkh (Msoidiiw to dM ulfaor of th* f.« iJiMHIa iAMNoMM) Cimil* WM mmndMi, and dnt mpMad ftffaaaiaBMj ■iiddMi^il7aHd,Mtotk*dlvWaBorttekiiwda«i. l»Ctoato1» a ccwd w toiha ihwil. a liiiiaalliai nii aii In a nil n Idi Iha DaaMwUeh had, tlbmm wlihim himsdwioiii wad to iOO waw. iiilhaalin ,^ tlaiC>aarjwt¥^hiiI{ buihakwdMa, tu I. to ataiw BrMi manjraetiarvialMie«,lM iriaatiaipatHd raUtik aad laads a pilgriaMga M Hinou KOLAND. latter put of hit life, and the raaoluta valour of iha fomn , wara topica that flilad iha moutha of hia courtiera with flnt- lary and praiaa. ». Thar evan affected to think hia power OBOontroUahla, and that ■II thinfa would be obadiant to hi> oonnand. Oannta, aenaible of their adulation, ia Mid to ^^IfJf uf ?*• '•"<»*»»« ""••hod to rrprova tham. He oidorad hia ehair to be ttt on the aea-ahera while the tide wu •oniat 1b, and commanded the aea to retire. !•. •« Thou art under my dominion," cried he, •• the land umm which I ait 18 mine j I charge thee, therefore, (o approach bo farther, nor dare tO wet the feet of thy BOTaMian." Ue feifned to nt aome time in ezpectatum of aubmiaaion, till the wnraa began to aurround him, then turning to hia ooortieia. he obeerved. That the Udea of Lord and Muter belongad only to Him whom both earth and aeaa were nmiy to obey "•_*?'"/l*^ ■"•* reapeeted, he lived many yeara* ho^ noared with the anmame of Great for hia power, bat do- aerving it atill more for hia virtuea. He died at Shaftea- bBry,» in the nineteenth year of Ua reign, leaving behind Wm three aone, 8we^, Harold, and Hardieamrte. Sweyn waa crowned king of Nonray, HanUcanate wu put in poa- •eaaion of Denmark, and Harold aneceeded hia father on the Engliah throne. A. D. 1086. 11. To Harold aneceeded hia brother, Hardioannte. whom title waa readily acknowledgwl both by the Danea and the En|;liah ; end, npon hia arriVal ik«a the eontiaant, 1JJ7'' '^y^ '''* *• "••* ««»revagantdemonatration8 of joy. TTn. kwg*i violent and aii)nM government wa« of bat abort doration. He died two yeara afker hte aoe^aaion K^S^""^."^ eiweu al the marriage of a Daaiak lord! which wu ealebrated at Lambeth. iJ^'J^ ^*^" °' ^ ^^^^ monaroha once more lateoed the Engliah to place a monarah of the Saxon line vpentte throne, and accordingly Edward, anaamad the OMMMaor, wu by the gaoeral cooaent erowned king. v^jBiiiiHl* vlwMlol^^gro•lledllBder aft^^ nke, ■W ^jyiZloMJal, thair joy, al indiag ik^lEHrifSl ''v'«*-v , * ABMilMaiwninSaiNliiiiN. 14. of lb« fonnri , rtlen with flnt- hink his power >b«di«nt to hia tioDi ia Mid to ive them. H« lile the tide wu . 19. "Thou il upon which I wen BO farther, Uo feifuad to I, till the wnTOi it oonttionkhe r bolonfed only rmdjr to ohsy. nuy ymn, ho> power, bat de- lied at Bhaftet- leaving behind iamite< Bweyn wai pot in poa- i his father on Hardieannte, by the Danea the eoatinent, demonatrationa vnnieBt was of r his aoesas i on, a Danieh lord, dis once more the Saxon line smiHuned the nowBod king. • £w «f tMr ul» ll» showed, )Mm»siid Hw liNtof HAROLD. V7 win, yet either from miMlakcn nioty, or fixed aversion, during hit whole reign ho abitained i^roin her society !* 15. Thus having no lofjitimate issue, and being wholly engrossed, during the continuance of a long reign, with the visions of superstition, he was at last surprised by sickness, which brought him to his end, on the 6th of January, in the aixty-fifth year of his age, and twenty-fifth of hia reign. 10. Harold, the aon of a popular nobleman, whose name waa Godwin, and whose virtues seemed to give a right to his pretensions, ascended tlie throne without any opposition. But neither his valour, his justice, nor his popularity were able to secure him from the misfortunes attendant upon an ill-grounded title. His pretensions were opposed by Wil- liam duke of Normandy, who insisted that the crown be- tonged of right to him, it being bequeathed to him by Edward the Confessor.f Que$tumi for Examination. 1. Vf whoM intarsst wm Edward the Martyr crowned kinf t 8. Rielala the ciroumatancM aUending the king's death. 3. Who lucceeded Edward ? 4. What waa the oonduot of the Danea during Ethelred'i reign t 5. What method did Elhelred take lo destroy the Danea t 6. What waa the oonaequence of Ethelred't perfldy T 7. By whom waa Sweyn iueceeded r 9. Did Canute reprore hia courtleia ibr their flattery ? 10. Repeat the words Canute made uao of on ibis occasion. 11. Where did Canute die? and what issue did he leave ? IS. Whom did the English place on the throne upon iho death of Hardica- Dutel 14. Where had Edward the Coofeaaor been bred 1 and what predilectiooa had he in conaequence T 15. How kmgtUd Edward reign t U, What were the pretenaiona of William duke of Mormandy lo the Engliah Ihnoat SECTION V. 1. (A.D. 1066.) WuxiAH, who was afterwards called the Conqueror, was natural aon of Robert, duke of Normandy. Hia mother'a name waa Arlette, a beautiful maid of Falaise, whom Robert fell in love with aa ahe atood gazing at the door, while he paaaed through the town. William, who was * Thii emiribated ID gain him the Htlv of Saint and ConftMor. t Cdward the Cunfcssor oonrerted a small monastaiy into the beautUU eathedral called Wealminater Abbey, where he built Ua own semilchN, ■■d whieh, oMil rwiy lately, haa been the usual burial place of the XngUih "WpijiMinwx5i!rw>rosperity and peace. 8. But such is the blindness of luman hope, that he found enemies where he least expected them : and such, too, as served to imbitter all the latter part of his life. His last troubles were excited by his own children, from the opposing of whom he could expect to reap neither glory nor gain. He had three sons, Robert, William, and Henry, besides several daughters. 9. Robert, his eldest son, surnamed Curthose from the shortness of his legs, was & prince who inherited all the bravery of his family and nation, but was rather bold than prudent: and was often heard to express his jealousy of his two brothers, William and Henry. These by greater assiduity, had wrought upon the cre- dulity and affections of the king, and consequently were the more obnoxious to Robert. 10. A mind, therefore, so well prepared for resentment soon found or made cause for an open rupture. The princes were one day in sport together, and, in the idle petuunce of play, took it in their heads to throw water over their elder brother as he passed through the court, on leaving tiieir apartment. Robert, all alive to sus- picion, quickly turned this frolic into studied indignity: and having these jealousies further inflamed by one of his favour- ites, he drew his sword, and ran up stairs, with intent to take revenge. 11. The whole castle was quickly filled with tumult, and it was not without some difficulty that the king himself was able to appease it. But he could not allay the animosity which, from that moment, ever after prevailed in his family. Robert, attended by several of his confederates, withdrew to Rouen that very night, hoping to surprise the castle, but his design was defeated by the governor. 12. The flame being thus kindled, the popular character of the prince, and a sympathy of manners, engaged all the young nobility of Normandy and Maine, as well as Anjou and Brit- tanny, to espouse his quarrel ; even his mother, it is said, sup- ported him by secret remittances, and aided him in this ob- stinate resistance by private encouragement. This unnatural contest continued for several years to inflame the Norman state, and William was at last obliged to have recourse to England, for supporting his authority against his son. 13. Accordingly, drawing an army of Englishmen together, he ted them over to Normandy, where he soon compelled Robert and his adhereuts to quit the field, and he was quickly reinstated in all his dominions.* * In one of the baUlet between the ibrcct of William and his ion Robert, ■«i«l*>apnp>» 44 HISTORY OF RNOtAND. William had scarcely put an end to this transaction, when he felt a very severe blow in the death of Matilda, his queen ; and in addition to this domestic calamity, he received infor- mation of a general insurrection in the Norman government. 14. Upon his arrival on the continent, he found that the insurgents had been secreUy assisted and excited by the king of France, whose policy consisted in thus lesser ing the Nor- man power, by creating dissensions among the nobles of its different provinces. William's displeasure was not a little increased by the account he received of some railleries which that monarch had thrown out a,- Baction, when la, hw queen ; eceived infor- I government, bund that the id by the king ring the Nor- nobles of its as not a little tilleries which This so pro- im word, that flame. evied a strong id and burned and took the But the pro- vident, which on some hot IS thrown for- Idle to such a e died, shortly 087.« ing tf France. A.D. 1 1060 \g$ «/ Scotland. imm 1059 I VIII 1068 I concealed bjr hit ned, till the young On hia calling oat ruck with remone, I oflence ; but Wil- Ml. H» wai how- fland, Robert was I, king of Scotland, intad in Enfjand. II the landa of the I, &«. and entered red in the exche- kntiquily forvmad id, ^t which liiguiil ;ht o'clock in the ^*P»!*^W>^<« J WILLIAM TBI OOKQinCIiOR, EMINENT PERSONa Prince Edgar Atheling. Stigand and I^nAanc, archliiihopi of Canterbaijr. Edwin and Morear, earb of Northumberland and Mercia. Quettunufor Examination. 1. In what manner waa William received by the nobility and clergy t S. Where and by whom wai he crowned f 4. What oompiracy did the Engliah enter inlot 5. In what way did William determine to treat hia Eiuli h lultjecta t 6. T. What nieaaurea did he adopt to degrade the Engbh t 9. What were the trouble* which afllicted William f 10, 11. What flolie waa it that led to the aeriomooneeqaeQCca that Allowed t 18. Who eapouaed Rohert'i canae f 13. What hapnened in one of the engagementi between the Ibreea of the king ana hia aon ? (See Ike note.) 14 What mdncemeni had the king of France to amiat the inarnienlaf 10. What cauaed William'a death? What valuable ancient record ia pieaerved in the exchequer, and what waaitauaet (See lie Mk.) CHAPTER V. WILLIAM RUFU8. Bora 1060. Died Auguat Sd, 1100. Began to raifuteptStb, 1087. Bcigncd Uljreara. 1. (A. D. 1087.) William, sumamed Rufus, from the colour of his hair, was appointed, by the king's will, his successor, while the elder son, Robert, was left in pogse*- sion of Normandy. Nevertheless, the Norman baurons were from the beginning displeased at the division of the empire by the late king : they eagerly desired a union as before, and looked upon Robert as the proper owner of the whole. A powerful conspiracy was therefore carried on against William ; and Odo, the late king's brother, under" took to conduct it to maturity. 2. William, sensible of the danger that threatened him, endeavoured to gain the affections of the native English, whom he prevailed upon by promises of future good treat- i^«i«»mi»»«i*«iiMmn>i^i>v^|iiriiiiliiniHi> n 4t niBTOIIV OP ENOtAND. ment, and preference in the diatribution of hit favoun, to eapouie his interests. 8. He was soon, therefore, in the field ; and, at the head of a numerous army, showed him- self in readiness to oppose all who should dispute his pre- tensions. In the mean time Robert, instead of employing himself in levies, to support his friends in England, squan- dered his resources away in idle expenses and unmerited benefits, so that he procrastinated his departure till the op- portunity was lost: while William exerted himself with mcredible activity to dissipate the confederacy before his brother could arrive. 4. Nor was this difficult to eflect ; the conspirators had, in consequence of Robert's assurances, taken possession of some fortresses ; but the appearance of the King soon reduced them to implore his mercy. He granted them their lives ; but confiscated all their estates, and banished them the kingdom. 6. A new breach was made some time after between the brothers, on which Rufus found means to encroach still farther upon Robert's possesgions. Every conspiracy thus detected served to enrich the kinf, who took care to apply to his own use those treasnres wnich had been amassed for the purpose of dethroning him. 6. (A.D. 1007.) But the memory of these transient broils and unsuccessful treasons, was now totally eclipsed by one of the most noted enterprises that ever adorned the annala of nations, or excited the attention of mankind : I mean the crusades, which were now first projected. Peter the Hermit, a native of Amiens, in Picardy, was a man of great zeal, courage, and piety. 7. He had made a pilgrimage to the holy sepulchre at Jerusalem, and beheld, with indig- nation, the cruel manner in which the Christians were treated by the infidels, who were in possession of that place. He preached the crusade over Europe, by the pope's permission, and men of all ranks flew to arms with the utmost alacrity to rescue the Holy Land from the infidels, and each bore the sign of the cross u|H>n hia right shoulder, as a mark of their devotion to the cause. 8. In the midst of the universal ardour that was difiused over Europe, men were not entirely forgetful of their temporal interests ; for some, hoping for a more magnificent settlement in the soft regions of Asia, sold tiieir European property for whatever they could obtain, contented with receivinpr any thing for what they were predetermined to relinquish. 0. Among the princes who felt and acknowledged this general spirit >t M of ei sade stanc harai turall to df takin to hii This was I the « Bu increi real | of ini his cc tions soone give \ Ho censui purchi Guieq sade, tion, I had re ail hii becom 13. and ht sessioi But an he wai at ade struck taneou tit abiuMlan ■landing, centra of The .^ hall, am lime of fa ii favours, to efore, in the ihowed him- tute his pre- if employing {land, squan- id unmerited e till the op- [limself with ;y before his ult to effect; 'b auurancea, e appearance mercy. He their estates, r between the encroach still inapiracy thus care to apply a amassed for lese transient tally eclipsed T adorned the f mankind : I ected. Peter was a man of e a pilgrimage d, with indig- iristians were k of that place, jy the pope's irms with the 1 the infidels, ight shoulder, In the midst Earope, men interests; for int in the soft y for whateTCT any thing for 1. 0. Among general spirit ■wmw I I, ' WILLIAM RUFUS. IT of enterprise, was Robert duke of Normandy. The cru« sade was entirely adapted to his inclinations and his circum- stances; he was brave, zealous, covetous of glory, poor, harassed by insurrections, and what was more than all, na- turally fond of change. In order, therefore, to supply money to defray the necessary charges of so expensive an under- taking, he offered to mortgage his dukedom in No'^nandy tu his brother Rufus for a stipulated sum of money. 10. This sum, which was no greater than ten thousand marks, was readily promised by Rufus, whose ambition was upoo the watch to seize every advantage. But though the cession of Maine and Normandy greatly increased tiM king's territories, they added but little to bi« real power, and his new subjects were composed of men of independent spirits, more ready to dispute than to obey his commands. 11. Many were the revolts and insurrec- tions which he was obliged to quell in person; and no sooner was one conspiracy suppressed, than another rose to give him disquietude. However, Rufus proceeded, careless of approbation or censure ; and continued to extend bis dominions, either by purchase or conquest. 12. The earl of Poictiers and Guienne, inflamed with the desire of going upon the cru- sade, had gathered an immense multitude for that expedi- tion, but wanted money to forward his preparations. He had recourse, therefore, to Rufus, and offered to mortgan all his dominions, without much considering what would become of his unhappy subjects that he thus disposed of. 13. The king accepted this offer with his usual avidity, and had prepared a fleet and an army, in order to take pos- session of the rich provinces thus consigned to his trust. But an accident put an end to all his ambitious projects : he was shot by an arrow that Sir Walter Tyrrel* discharged at a deer in the New Forest, which, glancing from a tree,t struck the king to the heart. 14. He dropped dead instan- taneously ; while the innocent author of his death, terrified * A FVench gentleman, remarkable for hi* ikill in archeiy. t It ii a no lea interesting hiatoriral fact, than a botanical cniioritjr, abumlantly proving the longevity of the oak, that this celebrated tree is now ■landing, thouch in the laM itage of decay, near Malwood Caatle, in die centre of the New Foreal. It waa fint paled round by an order of Cbarlea II The ramfiart which iiirrounda the Tower of London, and WeMminatw hall, are the principal monumenti which remain of Rufus'a reign. At ths time of hia death be waa fi>rty4wo yean of age, and had reigned thirteen. HP HU P PKUIU I I MMPHMMP ■npMaMpn 4^ HISTORY or INOLAND. at the accident, put ipHrt to hi« horie, hMtenml to th« wa- •hore, embarke/ for France, and joined the crumde that wae then setting out for Jeruaalem. CONTEMPORARY 80VEREI0N& Popn. VWorin 1^ UibMlI low FMialll 1099 £Mwr«rf . AUiifl M»» JQii»»ror^<*«W««r. HenrrlV lOM EMINENT PER80N& Luiftane and AiiMlm. •fchbWiopi oTCuitorbniy. Hamlud, bkhop of Dttritam. Philip I »«» SeolfaitMf. , 1068 DomuIMiI Oilo,bUMipofB*]rmu. QutMmu far ExandnaHon. \i SfX^^JSati^i'^li-. » «.pp«t hi. inu.^. I te'^"°rSfi rf'STfcU on U- do..Cloo of con.pi««« ■aaimlhimt t RalSatiM uricin of iIm omiMaa. ft WhSrtoX.^lS«ct.r of die duk. ofNonMLndy II Who oftiH to mortgwe hg doimtaiow to Rulto f a. Whatowiwd lb* dMUh of Raflwt ,'t 3(1 to the tern- cruMile that 1 1000 ng Iff SeoUmU. yvTii MM .bUwporBBymu. tthkinMrntt on of oompivBCMt lUNBy I. CHAPTER VI. HENRY L DM Dms. U. 1135. B«>tmiitoNl|BAu|Ut8lk.UM tMpmi U yran. 1. (A. D. 1100.) HiNKT, surnamed Beauelere,* the late king'a younger brother, who had been liunting in the New Forest when RuAia was ilain, took the earliest ad- Tantace of the occasion, and hastening to Winchester, re- BolTed to secure the royal treasures, which he knew to be the best assistant in seconding his aims. The baions, aa well as the people, acquiesced in a claim which they were unprovided to resist, and yielded obedience, from the fear of immediate danger. 2. Henry, to ingratiate himself with the people, expelled from court all the minister's of his brothers debauchery and arbitrary power. One thing only remained to confirm his elaims without danger of a rival. The Enriish remembered the Saxon monarchs with gratitude, and beheld them ex- eluded the throne with regret. 8. There still remained •ome of the descendants of that favourite line ; and amongit othen, Matilda, the niece of Edgar Atheling ; which lady, having declined all pretensions to royalty,- was bred in • convent, and had actually Uken the veil. 4. Upon her Henry first fixed his eyes as a proper consort, by whose means the long breach between the Saxon and Norman in- terest would be finally united. It oniy remained to get over the eeniple of her being a nun ; but tliis a councU devoted to his interests readily admittod, and Matilda beinc pro- noonoed free to marry, the nuptials were celebrated with great pomp and solemnity.f 8. It was at this unfavourable jonctnre that Robert re- turned from abroad; and, after taking possession of his hmii hM fcilMr Mqr.^thM'UUiml* Ungi ww* litito bMlvr ikmamnmi MM, sml datarmuMd not to ooom und«r ' tQM«>BiUHMawMtlied< j h wc Mit sad gaodu t m rftwrt nn aeeoniit of har at to OOOM und«r that damripiiaa" the d«%iit oT ifaabigiMi. p4hwr rn wiwiJ ; As buUt two rt BtimdM. in Smn, nhmm t3Kd D* AteubM, or La Bow), wImm iho Iwd OMilr bom diowMd Ar Kant of meh • eonvaniMMo. E so HISTORY or BNOLAND. nitive (lomiiiioni, laid lii> cluini to llio crown of England. But proposnU for an nrcoinmodation being made, it wu ■tipulated that Robert, upon the payment of a certain sum, •hould reiign his pretensions to England ; and that, if either of the princes died without issue, the other should •ucceed to his dominions. This treaty being ratified, the armies on each side were disbanded : and Robert, having lived two months in the utmost harmony with his brother, returned in peace to his own dominions. 6. But Robert's indiscretion soon rendered him unfit to govern any state; he was totally averse to business, and only studious of the more splendid amusements or enjoy- ments of life. His servants pillaged him without compunc- tion ; and he is described ns lying whole days in bed for want of clothes, of which they had robbed him. 7. Hia subjects were treated still more deplorably ; for, being under the command of petty and rapacious tyrants, who plundered them without mercy, the whole country was become a scene of violence and depredation. It was in this miserable exi- gence thnt the Normans at length had recourse to Henry, from whose wise administration of his own dominions, they expected a similitude of prosperity, should he take the reins of theirs. 8. Henry very readily promised to re- dress their grievances, as he knew it would be the direct method to second his own ambition. The year ensuing, Uierefore, he landed in Normandy with a strong army, tOMi Soasession of the principal towns; and a battle ensuing, tobert's forces were totally overthrown, and ho himself taken prisoner, with nearly ten thousand of his men, and ■11 the considerable barons who had adhered to his laisfor- tunes. 0. This victory was followed by the final reduction of Normandy, while Henry returned in triumph to England, leading with him his captive brother, who, after a life of bravery, generosity, and truth, now found himself deprived not only of his patrimony and friends, but also his freedom. Henry, unmindful of his brother's former magnanimity with regard to him, detained hira a prison'^r during the remainder of his life, which was no less than twenty-eight years ; and he died in the castle of Cardiff, Glamorganshire. 10. It is even said by some, that he was deprived of his sight by m red-hot copper basin applied to bi8«yes ; while his brother •ttampted to stifle the reproaches of his conscience, by foundmg the abbey of Reading, which was then considered ■ sufficient atonement for every degree of barbarity. mi po acl ye ws an( old we del Tk cro the SU( Nc du( He hir toi his pie abl cat wa the dri a 1 sis eoi toi ba< sei of we noi ma wa the err wa an( of England, made, it waa certain aum, and that, if other should [ ratified, the obert, having hia brother, him unAt to bunineaa, and nts or enjoy- Dut compunc- a in bed for liim. 7. Hia ', being under ho plundered icome a acene niaerable exi- le to Henry, miniona, they he take the ttniaed to re- be the direct ^car ensuing, ig army, tome attle enauing, 1 he himaelf hia men, and to hia rniafor- inal reduction )h to En|[land, iter a life of laelf deprived } his freedom, nanimity with the remainder ht yeara ; and ahire. 10. It ' his sight by ile his brother onscience, by len considered twity. niNKv t. 81 11. Fortune now seemed to smile unon Henry, and pro- miae a long succcsaiun of felicity. He waa in peaceable poaaeasion of two powerful atatna, and hud a aon, who waa acknowledged hia undisputed heir, arrived at hia eighteenth year, whom ho loved must tenderly. His daughter Matilda waa alao married to the omporor Henry V. of Qermnny, and ahu had been sent to that court, while yet but eight yeara old, !or her education. 12. All hia prosprcta, however, were at once clouded by unforeseen misfortunes, and acci- dents, which tinctured hia remaining yeara with miaery. The king, from the facility with which he uaurped the crown, dreading that hia family might be subverted with the aame ease, took care to have his son recognized as his successor by the states of England, and carried him over to Normandy, to receive the homage of the burona of that duchy. 13. AAer performing this requisite ceremony, Henry, returning triumphantly to England, brought with him a numerous retinue of the chief nobility, who seemed to share in his success. In one of the vessels of the fleet, his son and several young noblemen, the companions of hia pleaaures, went together, to render the passage more agree- able. The king set sail from Harfleur,* and was soon carried by a fair w! ! out of sight of land. 14. The prince waa detained b^ oiiie accident; and his sailors, as well as their captain, I'itz-Stephen, having spent the interval in drinking, became so disordered, that they ran the ship upon a rock, and immediately it was dashed to pieces. The Crince was put into the boat and might have escaped, had e not been called back by the cries of Maude, his natural sister. He was at first conveyed out of danger himaelf, but could not leave a person so dear to perish without an effort to save her. He, therefore, prevailed upon the sailora to row back and take her in. 15. The approach of the boat giving several others, who had been left upon the wreck, the nopes of saving their lives, numbers leaped in, and the whole went to the bottom. About a hundred and forty young noblemen, of the principal families of ilngland and Nor- mandy, were lost on this occasion. A butcher of Rouen was the only person on board who escaped ; he clung to the mast, and was taken up the next morning by some fish- ermen. 16. Fitz-Stephen, the captain, while the butcher was thus buffeting the waves for his life, swam up to him and enquired if the prince was yet living ; when bieing told * A town of Normandjr in France. ■''» 82 HiaTORT OF ENGLAND. that he had perished, " then I will not outlive him," said the captain, and immediately sunk to the bottom. The shrieks of these unfortunate people were heard from the shore, and the noise even reached the king's ship, but the cause was then unknown. 17. Henry entertained hopes, for three days, that his son had put into some distant port in England ; but when certain intelligence of the calamity was brought to htm he fainted away, and was never seen to smile from that moment till the day of his death, which followed some time after at St. Dennis, a little town in Nor- mandy, from eating too plentifully of lampreys, a dish he was particularly fond of. He died in the sixty-seventh year of his age, and the thirty-fifth of his reign, leaving by will his daughter Matilda heiress of all his dominions. QutBtiona for Examination, 1. On the death of Rufiu, what was the conduct oT Henry f 5. What method did Henry take to ingratiate himaelf in hii ratgecti' &• your? 4. To whom wos Henry married 1 A. Wai there any other claimant to the crown of England t 6, 7. What waa the conduct of Robert at thi« time, and to what dlMWten did it lead ? 9. fn what way was the captive Robert treated by his brother t 11. What wa« tae situation of Henry at this time ? 18. For what purpose did Henry carry his son to Normandy 1 15. Relate the latal accident that beiel many of the nobili^. 17. What was the cause of the king's death ? CONTEMPORARY SOVEREIGNS. Popes. Paacain..: .M099 GelastiusII 1118 CalixtusII 1119 Honorins II 1124 famocentU 1130 Ewtperor* of the EatL AleiisI 1081 JohnComnenus, A.D. 1118 Emperore of Ihe We»t. Henry IV. 10S6 Henry V 1106 Lotharius 1125 Kinge of France. niilipl 1060 EMINENT PERSONS. Louis VI 1108 Kings of SceOamt. Donald Vm. 1068 Edgar. 1108 Alexander 1117 David 1184 Anselm and Radulph, archbishops of Canterbury. William Crilo, son of duke Robert of Normandy. Robert earl of Shrewsbury. The Empress Matilda.* * She was the only daughter and survivine legitimate child of Henry ; she was married to Ilennr V. emperor of Germany, but having become • widow in the year 1186, she returned to her father's court, and continued to receive the honorary title of empress. In the following year Henry, while ■« ■«»f«w»aiSW»"»«!fiFWS»* •(»»«- ■y^tix^f^ x' sir -x: e< y^ 'ST^ e him," said ottom. The ard from the ship, but the ained hopes, distant port the calamity never seen to death, which town in Nor- '8, a dish he sixty-seventh I, leaving by linions. f hii miiy«cti' ft- T o what diNiten ihert f 4.D1 1 1108 I of SeoUamL Vm. 1068 1108 ler 1117 1184 im Crito, Mmof The Empiwi shild of Heniy; iviiig become a nd continoed to u Henry, while STEPHEN. 68 Bora 1104. CHAPTER VII. STEPHEN. Died Oct. 35th, 1154. BeRan to reign Dee. 98tb, 1135. Reitnad 18J yean. ^ 1. (A. D. 1135.) No sooner was the king known to be dead, than Stephen, son of Adela, the king's sister, and the count of Blois,* conscious of his own power and influence, resolved to secure himself the possession of what he so long desired. He speedily hastened from Normandy, and ar- riving at London, was immediately saluted king by all the lower ranks of people. 2. Being thus secure of the peo- pie, his next step was to gain over the clergy ; and, for that frarpose, his brother, the bishop of Winchester, exerted all lis influence among them with great success, f Thus was Stephen made king by one of those speedy revolutions which ever mark the barbarity of a state in which they are customary. 3. The first acts of an usurper are always popular. Ste- phen, in order to secure his tottering throne, passed a char- ter, granting several privileges to the diflerent orders of the state : — To the nobility a permission to hunt in their own forests ; to the clergy, a speedy filling of all vacant bene- fices ; and, to the people, a restoration of the laws of Ed- ward the Confessor. To fix himself still more securely, he took possession of the royal treasures at Winchester, and had his title ratified by the pope with a part of the money. 4. It was not long, however, that Matilda delayed assert- ing her claim to the crown. She landed upon the coast of in Nornundy, became attached to Geoffry Martel, the young count of Aniou. who iMd changed hia name to Plantagenet, from hia cuatom of Hearing^ nia helmet a bunch of flowering broom (jjanle-de^enit) inatead of a idiuiie: not content with becoming hia godfather in chivalry, the king reaolved that Matada ahould receive the young count of Anjou aa her aecond huaband. nm mamage waa contracted without the conaent of the eatatea of the leahna or England and Normandy; being therefore deemed illegal, it aflbided Ste- phen • pretext for uaurping the throne— mttuam of MalmeAurv. • A city in France. ' t"' Stephen waa a man of great facet iouaneaa, and much of hia aucce* to tobeimpntod to the liimiliBr pleaaantry of hia conveiaation."— WittiaM <« the ▼arioos skirmishes on either side, in pursuance o «• upective pretensions; it will suffice to say that < U ^'s forces increased every day, while her antagoni.;. .bjmed every hour'to become weaker : and a victory gained by the queen threw Stephen from the throne into a prison, and exalted Matilda m his room. Matilda was crowned at Winchester with all imaginable solemnity. ' 8. Matilda, however, was unfit for government She aflTected to treat the nobility with a degree of disdain to which they had long been unaccustomed ; so that the fickle nation once more began to pity their deposed king, and rejpent the steps they had taken in her favour. The bishop of Winchester was not remiss in fomenting these discon- tents ; and when he found the people ripe for a tumalt, detaohed a party of his friends and vassals !■> block up the city of London, where the queen then resided. 9. At the same time measures were taken to instigate the Londoners to a revolt, and to seize her person. Matilda, having timdy notice of th s conspiracy, fled to Winchester, whither tM bishop, still her secret enemy, followed her, watching an opportunity to ruin her cause. Hh party was soon sof- fieiently strong to bid the queen open defiance, and to be- siege her in the very place where she first received hie bene the esca vour Step revo obli( reco repli li pose mor( who grea sum li Hen todi cord med i: and anti( poss to ti Step — . i i iii iimu ii i iii ■TBPUCN. ', natural son ■etinue, upon hundred and n of Arundel aed the num- y seemed to Mean time, eaiege Arun- she was pro- favoured her omise a long it not been belonging to i on Uie re- ith the nide- ,ed in many )nie forth in to Bristol, m ''hicb be to '■ >te the «> "e- iat ;. 'l i'e m'l. , <,bjmed ;ained by the I prison, and crowned at nment She >f disdain to hat the fickle id king, and The bishop liese discon- for a tumult, block up the I. 0. At the le Londoners laving timdy whither IM watching an as soon suf- !, and to be- received hi* ■Mr li; £ ii benediction. 10. There she continued for some time t but the town being pressed by a famine, she was obliged to escape ; while her brother, the earl of Gloucester, endea* vouring to follow, was taken prisoner, and exchanged for Stephen, who still continued a captive. Thus a sudden revolution once more took place ; Matilda was deposed, and obliged to seek for safety in Oxford. Stephen was again recognized as the king, and taken from his dungeon to be replaced on the throne. 1 1 . But he was now to enter the lists with a new op- poser, who was every day coming to maturity, and growing more formidable. This was Henry, the son of Matilda, who had now reached his sixteenth year; and gave the greatest hopes of being one day a valiant leader and a con- summate politician. 12. With the wishes of the people in his favonr, young Henry was resolved to claim his hereditary kingdom, and to dispute once more Stephen's usurped pretensions ; he ac* cordingly made an invasion on England, where he was im- mediately joined by almost all the barons of the kingdom. 13. In the mean time, Stephen, alarmed at the power and popularity of his young rival, tried every method to anticipate the purpose of an invasion ; but finding it im- possible to turn the torrent, he was obliged to have recourse to treaty. It was, therefore, agreed, by all parties, that Stephen should reign during his life ; and that justice •hoaM ■"fRipgp M HISTORY OF ENGLAND. be administered in his name : that Henry should, on Ste- phen's death, succeed to the kingdom ; and Williun, Ste- phen's son, should inherit Boulogne and his patrimonial estate. 14. After all the barons had sworn to this treaty, which filled the whole kingdom with joy, Henry evacuated England ; and Stephen returned to the peaceful enjoyment of his throne. His reign, however, was soon after termin- ated by his death, which happened about a year after the treaty, at Canterbury, where he was interred. Quettiatufor Examination. 1. Who aucceeded Haiuy the fint t S. MThat meaiurM were taken to Mcure the thrane t a Wlukt were the fint acta of Stephen ? 4. Wm there no oppoiition to Stephen ! fi. What wai Stephen'* conduct towardi Motildat 7. Did MatiMa nicceed in recovering the throne t 8. Had Matilda's conduct aiiv terious comequencee r la Whither did Matilda flee fer nfety f In what manner did the eacape? 11. Had Stephen any new oppoeerT IS. Who joined Heniy when he invaded England f 13. or what nature was die treaty between the two parties t CONTEMPORARY SOVEREION& Popet. A.D. CelertineH 1143 Lncinsll 1144 Eugeniua III. 1145 AnastasittslV..... 1153 AdrianlV 1154 JSM|»ror* cf the Eat. JohnConinenus.... 1118 Man. Coomenus.. A.n. 1143 Emperon of Ihe WeH. Lothaire H 1185 Conrad III 1136 Frederic 1 1152 Kingi of Frtmee. Louis VI 1108 Louis VII 1137 King of ScotUad. David 1 1184 EMINENT PERSONS. John of Salisbury, Henry of Huntinsdon, Roger de Hoveden, GeoflVey of Monmouth, (historians.) Cfurboil and 'Theobald, archhiBhop* of Canterbury. Thniiton, archbishop of York, and lieutenant to the king, who appointed HaliJi, bishop of Durham, his seneral against the Snots. Robert, Earl of Ohmcester, Rannlph, earl of Chester. Boi 1. gave tratic abusi extoi decei soldi 2. H mad< He j clain supe work this clerg assui the n admi impa throi 4. of hi of m baroi turall the i sevei pect( S. lish ( to an •H conitn< ll ll 'li Ul U lJ I Ii i lN. i H I " lould, on Ste- Williain, Ste- « patrimonial this treaty, nry evacuated ul enjoyment 1 after terrain- rear after the lng$ of Fnmee, A-D. VI 1108 VII 1137 ng ofSettloHi. I IIM eden, QeoflVey of p* of Canterliuiy. g, who appoiiiiM Robert, Earl of HENRY n. 67 CHAPTER VIII. HENRY II Boraliaa. Died July eib, 1180. Began to reifn Dee. 8th, IIM.* Beignad 34) yean. SECTION I. 1. (k.H. 1155.) The first act of Henry's government gave the people a happy 3men of his future wise adminis- tration. Conscious of his power, he began to correct those abuses, and to resume those privileges, which had been extorted from the weakness or the credulity of his pre- decessors. He immediately dismissed those mercenary soldiers who committed infinite disorders in the nation. 2. He resumed many of those benefactions which had been made to churches and monasteries in the former reigns. He gave charters to several towns, by which the citizens claimed their freedom and privileges, independent of any superior but himself. These charters were the ground- work of English liberty. The struggles which had before this time been, whether the king, or the barons, or the clergy, should be despotic over the people, now began to assume a new aspect ; and a fourth order, namely, that of the more opulent of the people, began to claim a share in administration. Thus was the feudal government first impaired; and liberty began to be more equally diffused throughout the nation. 4. Henry being thus become the most powerful prince of his age, the undisputed monarch of England, possessed of more than a third of France, and having humbled the barons that would circumscribe his power, he might na- turtdly be expected to reign with very little opposition for the future. But it happened otherwise. He found the severest mortifications from a quarter where he least ex- pected resistance. 5. The famous Thomas k Becket, the first man of Eng- lish extraction who had, since the Norman conquest, risen to any share of power, was the son of a citizen of London. * H« WM on the continent at the time of Stephen*! death, and the commencement of liii reign m dated ftom ihe day of hii landing in England. ' — T" 'OV niSTORT or ENGLAND. Raving reeeiTed his early education in the schools of that metropolis, he resided some time at Paris; and, on his return, became clerk in the sheriff's office. From that humble station he rose, through the gradations of office, until at last he was made archbishop of Canterbury a dignity second only to that of the king.* 6. No sooner was he fixed in this high station, which rendered him for life the second person in the kingdom, than he endeavoured to retrieve the character of sanctity which his former levities might have appeared to oppose. He was in his person the most mortified man that could be seen. He wore sackcloth next his skin. He changed it so seldom, that it was filled with dirt and vermin. His usual diet was bread ; his drink water, which he rendered farther unpalatable, by the mixture of unsavory herbs. 7. His back was mcigied with frequent discipline. He every day washed on his knees the feet of thirteen beggars. Thus pretending to sanctity, he set up for being a defender of the privileges of the clergy, which had for a long time been enormous, and which it was Henry's aim to abridge. 8. An opportunity soon oflfered, and gave him a popular Eretext for beginning his intended reformation. A man in oly orders had debauched the daughter of a gentleman in Worcestershire; and then murdered the father to prevent * The parantace of thti extraordinary man wa« truly ronuuitic. Hit ft- Ihar, Oilbart Beck, or Becket, while lervinE as a private aoldier in Pkleatine, waa taken ptiaoner by a Saracen chief. He had the good fortune to encage the affectiona of hii maiter'a daughter, and by her aid made his eicape. She •oon after look the deaperate reaolution of quitting her home and country in aaarch of the object of her love, and though the only two woidi of any waatem language which ihe knew were Londim and GiUert, aet ont fat Europe. By the aid of the ibrmer word ahe wcured a paaage on boaid an Englnh vearal ; and when Rhe was landed on the banks of the Thamea, she nn ftom street to street, calling out the latter name, until chance brought her into the presence of Gilbert himself, The strangeness of the event eidted universal attention, and the young Saracen, alter being boptiied bv the Cbnaban name of Matilda, became the wife of Gilbert Becket Thomas waa their eldest son, and was educated in all the learning and accomplhh- HMnttoftheage. He was in earlylife taken under the patronage of Tubaut, DT Theobald, archbishop of Canterbnry, and by tlie favour of that prelate was permitted to enjoy indulgences which the Norman conquetora had pro- hibited to all of Saxon descenU During the reign of Stephen, Becket and hia patron were warm supporters of Henry's claim to the Eiuliah ciown, and in oooaequenoe he was rewarded at the commencement of the new reign with thohigfa office of chancellor of Enghind. In this situation he waa dislin> gniahed by hia aeal in defeiice of the royal preronitive, and by tha extiavm- gant pomp and luxury of his establishment Henry believing that the oompanion of his games, hia warn, and even hia debauelieitea, would be aubaervient to his desires of limiting the power of the church, elevated Bt^et to the see of Canterbury, but found loo late that he had only given to Uw holy sea a xealoua champion, and to himself a dangerona antaganM. the c crime andtl the c privil 9. a gen to wh desire '.ime < crees, A nur aftern of CI 10. B accusi that li cept I others numbi bishof reluct! who ' terms 11. Becke monar midst to hir and w palace ingup he put teetion fusal drew i the CO The *«ty, g both fi 13. minati author been m IMIHil WUiflll - HBNIIV It. 80 chools of that and, on hia From that ions of office, Canterbury— a station, which the kingdom, er of sanctity ed to oppose. that could be le changed it vermin. His 1 he rendered savory herbs. Iscipline. He irteen beggars, ing a defender r a long time n to abridge, lim a popular n. A man in gentleman in ler to prevent ■omiintic. Hit ft- 'Idier in Pklcitine, fortune to engace 9 hk eacape. SEe me and countiy in :wo wordi of any riliert, aet oat for ■age on Ixwrd an f the Thamea, ihe liance brought her the event excited [ baptised by the Beckot ThomM [ and accompliih- ronBBeofThibaut, ir or that prelate Dqueron had pro- en,Becketandhi8 lidi crown, and in le new reign with on he was diatin. id bjr the extrava- lelieving that the cheriea, would be church, elevated B had only given troua antagoniit the effects of his resentment. The atrociousness of the crime produced a spirit of indignation among the people ; and the king insisted that the assassin should be tried by the civil magistrate. This Beoket opposed, alleging the privileges of the church. 9. In order to determine this matter, the king suumoned a general council of the nobility and prelates at Clarendon, to whom he submitted this great and important affair, and desired their concurrence. These councils seem at that time convened rather to give aui .> ; , 'y to the king's de- crees, than to enact laws that weiw i<» bind their posterity. A number of regulations were then drawn up, which were afterwards well known under the title of the Constitutions of Clarendon, and were then voted without opposition. 10. By these regulations it was enacted, that clergymen accused of any crime should be tried in the civil courts ; that laymen should not be tried in the spiritual courts, ex- cept by legal and reputable witnesses. These, with some others of less consequence, or implied in the above, to the number of sixteen, were readily subscribed to by all the bishops present: Becket himself, who at first showed some reluctance, added his mate to the number. But Alexander, who was then pope, condemned them in the strongest terms ; abrogated, annulled, and rejected them. 11. This produced a contest between the king and Becket, who, having attained the highest honours the monarch could bestow, took part with his holiness. In the midst of this dispute, Becket, with an intrepidity peculiar to himself, arraying himself in his episcopal vestments, and with the cross in his hand, went forward to the king's palace, and, entering the royal apartments, sat down, hold- ing up his cross as his banner of protection. 12. There he put himself, in the most solemn manner, under the pro- teetion of the supreme pontiff; and, upon receiving a re- fusal of permission to leave the kingdom, he secredy with- drew in disguise, and at last found means to cross over to the continent. The intrepidity of Becket, joined to hia apparent sanc- tity, gained him a favourable reception upon the continent, both from the people and the governors. 18. The pope and he were not remiss to retort their ful- minations, and to shake the very foundation of the king's authority. Becket compared himself to Christ, who had been condemned by a lay tribunal, and who was crucified im 00 HISTORY or INOLAND. ■new in the preient oppressions, under which the church laboured. But he did not rest in complaints only. 14. He issued out a censure, excommunicating the king's chief minl^^»rs by name, all that were concerned in sequestering the revenues of his see, and all who obeyed or favoured the constitutions of Clarendon. Frequent attempts indeed were made towards ta accom- modation ; but the mutual jealousies which etdi bore the olhor, and their anxiety not to lose the least advantage in the negociation, often protracted this desirable treaty. QuettioM far Examiination. 1. What «rera the fint acta af Honry's tuwer T S. What wai tha gtmussi-work oT En(luh libarty ( 4. DMcrib* th« poMMMom of Henrv "t Uti« UOM. ft. Who wM ThomM & BecUi f „ .^ . HowdidheriMlobearchhishoporCanterbaTyt & What «vai the character and roaniier of lire of Becket f ft Wtiat ptoceeding took plar'< ** the council of Clarendon T 10. What were theM regul"" .... , 11, 13. Describe BecketSt t , in the king c palac*. 1& To whom did Becket compai* himaelf t and whyt 14. How did Becket act? SECTION II. 1. (A. D. 1170.) At length, however, the mutual aim of both made a reconciliation necessary ; but nothing could exceed the insolence with which Becket conducted himself upon his first landing in England. Instead of retiring quietly to his diocese, with that modesty which became a man just pardoned by his king, he made a progress through Kent, in all the splendour and magnificence of a sovereip Gntiff. 3. As he approached Southwark, the clergy, the ty, men of all ranks and aces, came forth to meet him, and celebrated his triumphal entry with hvmns of joy. Thus confident of the voice and hearts of the people, he began to launch fordi his thunders against those who had be^ his former opposera. The archbishop of York, who had crowned Heme's eldest son in his wsenoe, was the first against whom he denounced sentence of suspension. 3. The bishops of London and Salisbury he actually ex- eommunieateo. One man he excommunicated for having spoken against him; and another for having eat off the yu of one ^ his horses. H thus was infor pond com| into cliur be tl govc that peac an e woul ungr tion atten The placi that • 1 follow t'othn ■peeel Tney kBtk HKNRY II. Bh the church only. 14. He king's chief n sequeeiering ir favouied the trdi «a aecom- euh bora the •ilvanttge in e traaty. 61 tf on I ihe mutual aim t nothing could [dueled Eiouelf iad of ratiring hich beoame a rogreia through of a BOTeraign the clergy, ue . to meet him, hymna of joy. the people, he thoae who had I of Tork, who wence, waa the of suapenaion. he actually el- ated for having ing cut off (he Henry waa then in Normandy, while the primate was thus triumphantly parading through the kingdom ; and it was not without the utmost indignation Uiat he receiTed information of his turbulent insolence. 4. When the sus- ponded and excommunicated prelates arrived with their complainto, his anger knew no bounds. He broke forUi into the most acrimonious expressions against that arrogant churchman, whom be had raised from the lowest station to be the plague of his life, and the continual disturber of his government. The archbishop of York remarked to him, that so long as Becket lived, he could never expect to enjoy peace or tranquillity : and the king himself burst out into an exclamation, that he had no friends about him, or he would not so long have been exposed to the insults of that ungrateful hypocrite.* 6. These words excited the atten- tion of the whole court, and armed four of his resolute attendants to gratify their monarch's secret inclinationa. The conspirators being joined by some assistance at the place of dieii meeting, proceeded to Canterbury with dl that haste their bloody intentions requirad. 6. Advancing 'TlMwoidsnsdeiiMonnrllMkiivanlliiioocaikn an Nid to Im m follow:— <"bUiei« not one or the en v of laijr, cowaitUy knighli, whan I ■Mintafai, dM will rid me of Ate torimlent priMt, who cuae » oonit bat t'odwrdqr on a hoM bono, with nothiiw but htewidlet behind him r Thte ■PM«h wdbrtnuitely animated to aclioa Reginald Fittime, William de Tn^r^ogh de Morvil.aBd RiclMid Mto."—£ermgUm'$ Lift ^ nmu F •■ III8T0RV or END LAND. directly to Racket's houM, anil entering his npartmcnt, they reproiichvd him very fiercely for the ruhncan and iiixolrnce of hifl conduct. During the altercation, the time approached for Becket to osaist at veapen, whither he went unguarded, the conspirators following, and preparing for their attempt. 7. As soon as he reached the altar, where it is just to think he aspired to the glory of martyrdom, they all fell upon him; and having cloven his head with repeated blows, he dropped down dead before the altar of St. Benedict,* which was besmeared with his blood and brains. 8. Nothing could exceed the king's consternation upon receiving the first news of this prelate's catastrophe. He was instantly sensible that the murder would be ultimately imputed to him : and at length, in order to divert the minds of the people to a difierent object, he undertook an expedi- tion to Ireland. A. D. 1 172. Q. Ireland was at that time in pretty much the same situation that England had been after the first invasion of the Saxons. They had been early converted to Christianity ; and for three or four centuries after possessed a very large Eroportion of the learning of the times. Bein^ undisturbed y foreign invasions, and perhaps too poor to invite the ra- pacity of conquerors, they enjoyed a peaceful life, which they gave up to piety, and such learning as was then thought necessary to promote it. 10. Of their learning, their arts, their piety, and even their polished manners, too many monuments remain to this day for us to make the least doubt concerning them ; but it is equally true, that in time they fell from these advantages ; their degenerate posterity, at the period we are now speaking of, were wrapped in the darkest barbarity. 11. At the time when Henry first planned the invasion of the island, it was divided into five principalities ; namely, Leinster, Meath, Munster, Ulster, and Connaught ; each ffovemed by its respective monarch. As it had been usual If one or other of those to take the lead in the wars, he . iS denominated sole monarch of the kingdom, and pos- sessed of power resembling that of the early Saxon mo- narehs in England. Roderic O'Connor, king of Connaught, was then advanced to this dignity, and Dermot M'Morrouch was king of Leinster. 12. This last-named prince, a weu, licentious tyi.'nt, had carried off the daughter of the king of * St BMMdict, the AwiMlar of the relkknui older which bean hia nMiM, waa bom in Italy about the y««r 480, andaarly embiaod a aolilaiy Uft. Me of I hin had and cas( real sed teni prii on ficu bov don dau Bel Irel moi stef spri and era. gasi six) soli trea tun of s ger wit ven aftf hoa 1 mil of the bei ove the pro anc ov« SOT I artmcnt, they ind iiiPolrnce e upproached t unguarded, iheir attempt, just to think all fell upon ed blows, he Bdict,* which rnation upon Btrophfl. He be ultimately eri the minds ok an expedi- ich the same invasion of Christianity ; a Tery large g undisturbed invite the ra- j1 life, which B then thought ng, their arts, rs, too many lake the least 3, that in time rate posterity, rrapped in the I the invasion [ties ; namely, naught ; each lad been usual I the wars, he lom, and pos- rly Saxon roo- of Connaught, t M'Morrough trince, a vrtuk, of the king of li baan his maM, • wliiafy lifc. RKNRT II. n Meath, who, being strengthened by the alliance of the king of Connaught, invaded Dermot's dominions, ard expeUea him from his kingdom. The prince, thus justly punished, had recourse to Henry, who was at that time in Guienne { and offered to hold his kingdom of the English crown, in case he recovered it by the king's assistance. 13. Henry readily accepted the offer ; but being at that time embarras- sed by more near interests, he only gave Dermot letters pa- tent, by which he empowered all his subjects to aid the Irish prince in the recovery of his dominions. Dermot, relying on this authority, returned to Bristol, where, after some dif- ficulty, he formed a treaty with Richard, sumamed Strongs bow, earl of Pembroke, who agreed to reinstate him in hu dominions, upon condition of his being married to his daughter Eva, and declared heir of all his territory. 14. Being thus assured of assistance, he returned private!) to Ireland, and concealed himself during the winter in the monastery of Ferns, which he had founded. Robert Fitx- stephens was the first knight who was able, in the ensuing spring, to fulfil his engagements, by landing with a hundred and uiirty knights, sixty esquires, and three hundred arch- ers. IS. They were soon iZfter joined by Maurice Pender- gast, who, about the same time, brought over ten knights and sixty archers ; and with this small body of forces Uiey re- solved on beseiging Wexford, which was to be theirs by treaty. The town was quickly reduced ; and the adven- turers being reinforced by another body of men to the amount of a hundi. d and fif\y, under the command of Maurice Fitz- gerald, composed an army that struck the barbarous natives with awe. 16. Roderic, the chief monarch of the island, ventured to oppose them, but he was defeated ; and soon after the prince of Ossory was obliged to submit, and give hostages for his future conduct. 17. Dermot being thus reinstated in his hereditanr do- minions, soon began to conceive hopes of extending the limits of his power, and making himself master of Ireland. With these views he endeavoured to expedite Strongbow, who, being personally prohibited by the king, was not yet come over. Dermot tried to inflame his ambition by the glory of the conquest, and his avarice by the advantages it would procure. He expatiated on the cowardice of the natives, and the certainty of his success. 18. Strongbow first sent over Raymond, one of his retinue, with ten knighu and seventy archers ; and receiving permission shortly after for I 1 WW III 64 IIIITORV 0? SMOLAND. himteir, he landed with two hundred hone and a hundred •rehen. All these Ensliih forcea, now joining together, became irrtaiatible ; and though the whole number did not amount to a thousand, yet such was the barbarous state of the natives, that they were everywhere put to the rout. The city of Waterford quickly surrendered; Dublin was taken by assault ; and Strongbow soon after marrying Eva, accord- ing to treaty, became master of the kingdom of Leinster upon Dermot's decease. 19. The island being thus in a manner wholly subdued, for nothing was capable of opposing the further progress of the English arms, Henry became willing to share in person those honours which the adventurers had already secured. 80. He, therefore, shortly after landed in Ireland, at the head of five hundred knighto and some soldiers ; not so much to conquer a disputed territory, as to take possession o( a kingdom. Thus, after a trifling eflfort, in which very little money was expended, and little blood shed, that beau- tiful island became an appendage to the English crown, and ■a such it has ever since continued with unshaken fidelity. Quatioru for Examination. % 9. Hgtiv did Backet conduct hiimelf on hit return to England 1 4. In what manner did Henry receive the complainM of Becket'a inaolenea ? A, 6. What waa the oonww|uence of Henry'i reMntment t 7. Br what meam did Henry divert the mindi of the people! 9^ la What wai the iituniion of Ireland at thia time T 11. Br whom wai it governed t It. What occaiioned the interference of Henry f . 18. What followed thii interference 7 IS. What Aitther meam were taken to aubdue Ireland T IB. Wliat waa the luccea of the llngliih on their invading Ireland t MX For what purpoae did Henry go to Ireland ? SECTION III. 1. (A.D. 1173.) The joy which this conquest diffused was very great ; but troubles of a domestic nature served to render the remainder of Henry's life a scene of turbulence and disquietude. Young Harry, the king's eldest son, was Uught to believe himself injured, when, upon being crowned as partner in the kingdom, he was not admitted into a share of the admi- nistration. 2. His diacontentfl were shared by his brothers Geoffrey and Richard, whom the queen persuaded to assert the hei wti for am pel act tht the tat po ir.( in su prt sui Tl Be bel lut IIINMY II. id a hundred ing tomther, nhcr (fid not roua itatoof le rout. The in waa taken Era, accord- of Leinater oily Bubdued, r progreis of aro in person 3ady secured, eland, at the not lers ■o le poaaession » which very ed, that beau- ih crown, and akcn fidelity. gland? Bcket'tiiwolMiMt plef ; Ireland t )uest difliised iture served to of turbulence ight to believe as partner in e of the admi- y his brothers laded to assert BM17 U. M kU |>U«iiM|* *> CuUil .i>T. their titles to the territories assigmed them, '^ueen El nor herself was meditating an escape to the court of F\-"ice, whither her sons had retired, and had put on man'' -^^ p.>i«I for that purpose, whoa she was seized by the kin : r order and put in confinement. 8. Thus Hem ^aw all his long perspective of future happiness totally ( .cvu'd ; his sons scarcely yet arrived at manhood, eager to sharv ihe spoils of thtir fatlier's possessions ; his queen warmly encouraging these undutiful princes in their rebellion ; and many poten- tates of Europe not ashamed to lend them assistance to sup- port these pretensions. 4. It was not long before the young princes had sufficient influence upon the continent to raise a po^^'erful confederacy in their favour. Henry, therefore, knowing the influence of superstition over the minds of the people, and perhaps ap- prehensive that a part of his troubles arose from the displea- sure of heaven, resolved to do penance at the shrine of St. Thomas, at Canterbury, for that was the name given to Becket upon his canonization. As soon as he came within sight of the church of Canterbury, alighting from his horse, he walked barefoot to war. '>? town, and prostrated himself before the shrine* of the >r . Next day he received abso- lution ; and, departing for London, was acquainted with the • Hera he was M»aT|«d by 'Jm Dwnki, and paMsd the whole day and night Bwtini oa the ban Mane*. Fa i^iM rw*wr' 66 niSTORT or SNOLAND. agreeable news of a victory over the Scot«, obtained on the very day of his absolution. 6. From that time Henry's affairs began to wear a better aspect : the barons, who had revolted, or were preparing for a revolt, made instant submission ; they delivered up their castles to the victor ; and England, in a few weeks, was re- stored to perfect tranquillity. 6. Young Henry, who was ready to embark with a large army, to second the efforts of the English insurgents, finding all disturbances quieted at home, abandoned all thoughts of the expedition. This prince died soon after, in the twenty-sixth year of his age, of a fever, at Martel, not without the deepiest remorse for his undutiful conduct towards his father. 7. As this prince hft .v.o posterity, Richard was become heir in his room ; and he soon discovered the same ardent ambition that had misled his elder brother. A crusade hav- ing been once more projected, Richard, who had lon^ wished to have all the glory of such an expedition to himself, and who could not bear to have even his father a partner in his victories, entered into a confederacy with the king of France, who promised to confirm him in those wishes at which he so ardently aspired. 8. By this, Henry found himself obliged to give up all hopes of taking the cross, and com- pelled to enter upon a war with France and his eldest son, who were unnaturally leagued against him. 9. At last, however, a treaty was concluded, in which he was obliged to submit to many mortifying concessions : but still more so, when, upon demanding a list of the barons that it was stipulated he should pardon, he found his son John, his favourite child, among die number. He had long borne an infirm state of body with calm resignation. He had seeu his children rebel without much emotion ; but when he saw that child, whose interest always lay next to his heart, among the number of those who were in rebellion against him, he could no longer contain hir indignation. He broke out into expressions of the utmost despair ; cursed the day on which he bad received his miserable being ; and be- stowed on his ungrateful children a malediction, which he never after could be prevailed npon to retract. 10. The more his heart was disposed to friendship and affection, the more he resented this barbarous return ; and now not having one corner in his heart where he could look for comfort or fly for refuge from his conflicting passions, he lost all his titrmer vivacity. A lingering fever, caused by a broken het at yet cou all her per the S. 1 3. I 4^ 5. . 6. ' 7. 1 8.' 10.1 Adri Alei Luc Urh Grei Clei E» Mar Alei And T Stra tny, thel Rail and •1 chol f men enla t1 aim Fran Mali lined on the rear a better reparing for red up their eks, was re- , who was le efforts of quieted at tion. This ■ of his age, remorse for was bflcome same ardent crusade hav- lon(^ wished limself, and irtner in his g of France, at which he md himself 18, and com- B eldest son, in which he essions : but r the barons and his son He had long nation. He notion; but B lay next to ) in rebellion gnation. He ; cursed the ing ; and be- n, which he 10. The iffection, the w not having r comfort or e lost all his >y a broken intNKT n. 07 heart, soon after terminated his life and his miseries. He died at the castle of Chinon, near Saumur, in the fifty-eighth year of his age, and the thirty-fifth of his reign , in the course of which he displayed all the abilities of a politician, all the sagacity of a legislator, and all the magnanimity of a hero ; sullied, however, by many instances of cruelty and perfidy, which were too commonly the characteristics of all the Plantaganets. Qutitunufor Examittation. 5. B> what meam did Eleanor endeavour to eacape t 3. In what way were Henry's proipects of future happineaa clouded t 4 What waa the penance performed by Henry t ft. At what time did the aifiiin of Henry wear a better aapect ? 6. Who endeavoured to aai«t the inBurgenln f 7. Did another of Henry'* aona enter into a conspimcy ? and what waa the conaequence i 8. What were the misfortnnea which le'i beatow a malediction on hia children ? 10. What earned the tieath of Henry ? What was his character ? CONTEMPORARY S0VEKE1GN8L Popea. k.Tt. Adrian iV^ 1154 Alexander ni .... 1159 Luci tory to victory. The Christian adventurers, under his com- mand, determined to besiege the renowned city of Ascalon, in order to prepare the way for attacking Jerusalem with greater advantage. Saladin, the most heroic of the Saracen monarchs, was resolved to dispute their march, and placed himself upon the road with an army of tliree hundred thou- sand men. This was a day equal to Richard's wishes ; this an enemy worthy his highest ambition. 6. The Eng- lish crusaders were victorious. Richard, when the wings of his army were defeated, led on the main body in person, and restored the battle. The Saracens fled in the utmost confusion, and no less than forty thousand of their number perished in the field of battle.* Ascalon soon surrendered after this victory ; other cities of less note followed the ex- ample ; Richard was at last able to advance within sight of Jerusalem, the object of his long and ardent expectations. 7. But just at this glorious juncture his ambition was to sufier a total overthrow : upon reviewing his forces, and considering his abilities to prosecute the siege, he found that his army was so wasted with famine, fatigue, and even vic- tory, that they were neither able nor willing to second the * Sd prevalent waa the courage of the Gnglith king, even in the enemy'* army, and w dreaded waa hit name, that the Saraoeni would ny to their native honwa, " What do you Mart at ? do you think you tee king Richard f Nor waa hii lealoua induitry lea remarkaole than hii courage. To encou- rage the ioldieri in repairing the ruined walli of Acre, Coenr do Lion not only laboured in penon, but appointed houn for other leaden to work at the head of their men. All cheemillv obeyed, except the duke of Auatria, who aem word that bii Ather havmg been neither Imcklayer nor mann, he had not learned either buiinew. The Engliih king, hearing thii inaotent apeeoh repeated to his fiice by the haughty duke, kicked him out of hia tent, and srderad hi* banner to m disgraced. Brtmplim, I 70 HIBTORT or ENGLAND. Tiews or their commander. 8. It appeared, therefore, abso* lutel^ necemary to come to an accommodation with Saladin ; and a truce for three years was accordingly concluded ; in which it was agreed, that the sea-port towns of Palestine should remain in the hands of the Christians ; and that all of that religion should be permitted to make their pilgrimage to Jerusalem in perfect security.* 0. Richard having thus concluded his expedition with more glory than advantage, began to think of returning hime : but being obliged to return through Germany, in the habit of a pilgrim, he was arrested^ by Leopold, duke of Austria, who commanded him to be imprisoned, and loaded with shackles, to the disgrace of honour and humanity. The emperor soon after required the prisoner to be delivered up to him, and stipu' -ft.Can.V.118S miiWUliaiallOS Int lord mayor of [ichard'a abwnoe. ■ ,. |i^ ■ IJ WW .jllJHK II M t l W JOHN. 1« CHAPTER X. JOHN. BcrnlieS. Died Utobtir 7lh, 1316. B«(an to reign April 6tb, IIW. Reigned 17i yean, SECTION I. 1. (A. D. 1190.) John,* who was readily put in pos- session of the English throne, lost no time to second his interest on the continent ; and his first care was to recover the revolted provinces from young Arthur, his nephew. But from the pride and cruelty of his temper, he soon be- came hateful to his subjects ; and his putting his nephew, who had a right to the crown, to death, with his own hand, in prison, served to render him completely hateful. 2. Hitherto John was rat»-:^f hateful to his subjects than contemptible; they rather dreaded than despised him. But he soon shewed that he might be offended, if not with- out resentment, at least with impunity. It was the fate of this vicious prince to make those the enemies of himself whom he wanted abilities to make the enemies of each other. The clergy had for some time acted as a community independent of the crown, and had their elections of each other generally confirmed by the pope, to whom alone they owed subjection. 3. However, the election of archbishops had for some time been a continual subject of dispute be- tween the suffragan bishops and the Augustine monks, and both had precedents to confirm their pretensions. John sided with the bishops, and sent two knights of his train, who were fit instruments for such a prince, to expel the monks from their convent, and to take possession of their revenues. 4. The pope was not displeased with these di- visions ; and, instead of electing either of the persons ap- pointed by the contending parties, he nominated Stephen Langton as archbishop of Canterbury. John, however, refusing to admit the man of the pope's choosing, the king- dom was put under an interdict. This instrument of terror in the hands of the see of Rome was calculated to strike tlie senses in the highest degree, and to operate upon the G 74 HHTORY or ENOLAKD. BuperstitiouB minds of the people. S. By it a stop was im mediately put to divine service, and to the administration of all the Sacramento but baptism. The church-doors were shut; the statues of the saints were laid on the ground; the dead were refused Christian burial, and -.vcre thrown into ditches on the highways, without the usual rites, or any funeral solemnity. 6. No situation could be more deplorable than that of John upon this occasion. F ..;ou8 at his indignities, jealous of his subjecto and apprehending an enemy in every face, it is said that, fearing a conspiracy against his life, he shut himself up a whole night in the castle of Nottingham, and suffered none to approach his person. But what was his consternation when he found that the pope had actually given away his kingdom to the monarch of France, and that the prince of that country was actually preparing an army to take possession of his crown ! 7. John, who, unsettled and apprehensive, scarcely knew where to turn, was still able to make an expiring effort to receive the enemy. All hated as he was, the natural en- mity between the French and the English, the name of king, which he still retained, and some remaining power, put him at the head of sixty thousand hien — a sufficient number indeed, but not to be relied on — and with these he advanced to Dover. 8. Europe now regarded the im- portant preparations on both sides with impatience ; and the decisive blow was soon expected, in which the church was to triumph or to be overthrown. But neither Philip nor John had ability equal to the pontiff by \/hom they were actuated ; who appeared on this occasion too refined a politician for either. He only int(?nded to make use of Philip's power to intimidate nis -actory son, not to destroy him. 9. He intimated, therelore, to John, by his legate, that there was but one way to secure himself from impending danger; which was to put himself under the pope's protection, v/ho was a merciful father, and still willing to receive a repentant sinner to his bosom. John was too much intimidated by the manifest danger of his situation not to embrace every means offered for his safety. He assented to the truth of the legate's remonstrances, and took an oath to perform whatever stipulation the pope should impose. 10. John having thus sworn to the performance of an unknown command, the artful Italian so well managed the harons, and so effectually intimidatvd tlte king, that he pel rec hit leg an( ow chi kin cro wil my mil wit hui dor in) sup his ^^ the I tior wai 1. s, 4. 5. 6. 9. 11. 18. con tue: At 8ta ^ai Btop was im Iministration i-doors were the ground; vcre thrown lual rites, or Jian that of ities, jealous every face, life, he shut ingham, and nrhat was his had actually France, and )reparing an sarccly knew ing effort to natural en- he name of ning power, -a sufficient d with these rded the im- atience ; and I the church either Philip ' \/hom they 1 too refined nake use of son, not to John, by his himself from If under the d still willing fohn was too his situation safety. He strances, and ! pope should performance irell managed king, that he JOHN. n persuaded him to take the mo«t extrnnrdinnry oath in all the records of history, before all the people, kneeling upon his knees, and with his hands held up between those of the legate. 11. "I John, by the grace of God, king of England, and lord of Ireland, in order to expiate my sins, from my own free will, and the advice of my barons, give to the church of Rome, to pope Innocent, and his succeiisorg, the kingdom of England, and all other prerogatives of my crown. I will hereafter hold them as the pope's vassal. I will be faithful to God, to the church of Rome, to the pope my master, and his successors legitimately elected. I pro- mise to pay him a tribute of a thousand marks yearly ; to wit, seven hundred for the kingdom of England, and three hundred for the kingciom of Ireland."-— 12. Having thus done homage to the legate, and agreed to reinstate Langton in the primacy, he received the crown, which he had been supposed to have forfeited, while the legate trampled under his feet the tribute which John had consented to pay. Thus, by this most scandalous concession John once more averted the threatened blow. In this manner, by repeated acts of cruelty, by expedi- tions without effect, and humiliations without reserve, John was become the detestation of all mankind. Queatioru for Examination. I. What wu the conduct of John on lucceedins to the throne T 5, 3. Of what nature wai the dimigreenient oetween the king and the clergy which produced «uch seriuuH coniiequenceii to the nation 1 4. Why waa tl.e kingdom put under an interdict 7 6. What were the conseqnencei of it 7 6. To what diatreva waa John reduced t 9. 'I>9 what humiliating conceniona did John lubmit T 11 . What oath did the king take 1 18. What degrading ceremony followed t SECTION II. 1. (A. D. 131S.) The barons had long been forming a confederacy against him ; but their union was broken, or tueir aims disappointed, by various and unforseen accidents. At length however they assembled a large body of men at Stamford, and from thence, elated with their power, they inarched to Brackley, about fifteen miles from Oxford, the ViXV'' 76 HISTORY or BNOLAND. place where tho court then residod. 2. John, hearing of tlieir approach, nent the archbishop of Canterbury, the earl of Pcmbroiie, and othera of the council, to know the parti- culars of their request, and what those libcrtiea were which they so earnestly importuned him to grant. The barons delivered a schedule, containing the chief articles of their demands, and of which the former charters of Henry and Edward the Confessor formed the ground-work. No sooner were those shown to tho king, than he burst into a furious passion, and asked why the barons did not also demand his kingdom ? swearing that he would never comply with such flxorbiUnt demands 1 But the confederacy was now too strong to fear much from the consequences of his resent- ment. 8. They chose Robert Fitzwalter for their general, whom they dignified with the title of •' mareschal of the army of God, and of the holy church," and proceeded, without further ceremony, to make war upon the king. They besieged Northampton; they took Bedford; they were joyfully received in London. They wrote circular letters to all the nobility and gentlemen who had not yet declared in their favour, and menaced their estates with de- vastation, in case of refusal or delay. 4. John, struck with terror, first offered to refer all dif- ferences to the pope alone, or eight barons ; four to be chosen by himself and four by the confederates. This the barons scornfully rejected. He then assured them that he would submit at discretion ; and that it was his supreme pleasure to grant all their demands : a conference was ac- cordingly appointed, and all things adjusted for this most important treaty. 6. The ground where the king's commissioners met the barons was between Staines and Windsor,* at a place called Runimede, still held in reverence by posterity as the spot where the standard of freedom was first erected in England. There the barons appeared with a vast number of knights and warriors, on the fifteenth day of June, while those on the king's part came a day or two after. Both sides encamped apart, like open enemies. The de- bates between power and precedent are generally but of short continuance. 6. The barons, having arms in their hands, would admit but a few abatements ; and the king's agents being for the most part in their interests, few debates * Here a the itrongeot ctutle In England : it wss the general reridenoe of hii late nuqeety, and wai originally bwlt by William the Conqueror. -BO*! em wt re( dn; no de th( na foi Wf CO sin th( thi W( asi bei am Fr sul p« for an( ■*«A/^' «ivw» JOHN. I, hearing of lury, the earl DW the parti- I were which The barons idea of their f Henry and No looner into a furious ) demand his >ly with such vas now too )f his resent- heir seneral, eschal of the d proceeded, on the king, edford; they rroto circular liad not yet tates with de- refer all dif- I ; four to be trates. This red them that s bis supreme rence was ac> for this most men met the * at a place tsterity as the rst erected in I vast number day of June, r or two after, ies. The de- nerallybut of arms in their nd the king's \B, few debates Mral reridenoe of KlBf Jaka tmflM Is nllfir Mi(H Charta. ensued. After some days the king, with a facility that was somewhat suflpieious, aifnied and sealed the charter required of him; a charter which continues in force to this day, and is the famous bulwark of English liberty, which now goes by the name of Maona Charta. 7. This famous deed either granted or secured freedom to those orders of the kingdom that were already poflscsged of freedom ; namely, to the clergy, the barons, and the gentlemen : as for the inferior and the greater part of the people, they were as yet held as slaves, and it was long before they could come to a participation of legal protection. 8. John, however, could not long brook these conces- sions that were extorted from his fears : he therefore took the first opportunity of denying to be the least governed by them. 0. This produced a second civil war, in which the barons were obliged to have recourse to the king of France for assistance. Thus England saw nothing but a prospect of being every way undone. If John succeeded, a tyrannical and implacable monarch was to be their tormentor ; if the French king was to prevail, the country was ever after to submit to a more powcrfid monarchy, and was to become a province of France. What neither human prudeuce could foresee nor policy suggest was brought about by a happy and unexpected accident. u2 8 rtfjfr 78 HIITORV OP RNOLAND. 10. John had oMcmblctl n con«idcrnblo army, wilh a ▼iow to make one (rreal effort for the crown ; and at the head of a large body of troone, resolved to penetrate into the heart of the kingdom. With these roaolutioni he de- parted from Lynn, which, for its fidelity, he had diitin- guished with many mark* of favour, and directed hit route townrd« Lincolnihire. His road lay along the sjiore, which was overflowed at high-water ; but not being apprised of this, or being ignorant of the tide of tljo place, he lost all his carriages treasure, and baggage, by its influx. 11. He himself CHCpped with the greatest difficulty, and arrived at the abbey of Swinstead, where his grief for the loss he had sustained, and the distracted state of his affairs, threw him into a fever, which soon appeared to be fatal. Next day, being unable to ride on horseback, he was carried in a litter to the castle of Soaford, and from thence removed to New- ark, where, after having made his will, he died in the fifty- first year of iiis age, andtlie eighteenth of his detested reign.* 12. Seldom l>aa any throne been disgraced by a monarch ■o depraved as John ; before his accession he had rebelled against a fond father, and treacherously attempted the life of a generous brother : to secure himself on the throne he murdered his nephew, prince Arthur, and detained hi* niece, the princess Eleanora, in perpetual imprisonment He repudiated one wife and imprisoned another, and violated his faith to both with the most abandoned pro- fligacy. He showed his contempt for religion bv habitually ■wearing, and wantonly riolating the most solemn oaths. If he was a bad man, he was a worse king ; he subjected himself to the ignominious yoke of Rome; he suffered France to take possession of the Norman provinces, almost without a struggle; and at home he acted the part of a lustful and bloody tyrant, sporting with the honours, the fortunes, and the lives of his unhappy subjects. Yet, by the blessing of Providence, his tyranny became the sonrce of the greatest benefits to posterity, since his intolerable oppressions drove the barons into rebellion, and procured them the great charter, which was the first foundation of British freedom. • King John once demanded 10,000 nurki ftom a Jew of Brirtol ; and, «i hM refuMl, ordered one of hii teeih to be drawn every day nU he thouiM comply. The Jew lort leven teeth, and then paid the sum requiied or him I. I 8. V 3.4 0.6 a V 9l V 10> 1 18. V IniMX lloiw Aleu AleiJ 8te chapi John Princ murd Bora myi with a and at t)ie notrate into ioni he de- had diitin- ed hit route |iore, which ippriied of , he lost all X. 11. He 1 arrived at loss he had , threw him Next day, ;d in a litter ired to New- in the fifty- 98ted reign.* r a monarch had rebelled pted the life B throne he letained his iprisonment .nother, and ndoned pro- ty habitually tlemn oaths, le subjected he suffered nces, almost le part of a lonours, the ts. Yet, by i the source I intolerable nd procured ounaation of Brwtol ; lUid, m y till Im should tm requiicd of -w«"*i|iieii('(wl))lluwiHlT 0, 6. C^n you nieiiiiun iho circumitancM which •ttondml tho liininc of Magim (^harta ( ^ 8. What iiriMlurmJ ■ nernnd civil war? 9. What great alR)rt did John rewilve lo make f 1U> II. What waa tlie accident which bafel John, and accelerolad hta death 1 18. What waa the character of John T CONTEMPORARY SOVEREIGNS. A.D. Innocent III 1Ij'» illlW baroni? did they com- 8 time about re conceived n important 1 some mea- ad, at a very of wisdom, ;)lied to, ap< ed by levity listen to the persuaded to ing assumed late conven- 1 battle, the ig was taken Idward, who d observance ir was not so ination of the aal machina- to secure his arse to an aid ', that of the it, where, be- ecclesiastics, n, he ordered lire ; and also itherto consi- in legislation, lish house of consideration >f the feudal L BO very com- BENRY III. 83 plying as he expected. Many of the barons, who had hi- therto steadfastly adhered to his party, appeared disgusted at his immoderate ambition; and. many of the people, who found that a change of masters was not a change for happi- ness, began to wish for the re-establishment of the royal family. 6. In this exigence, Leicester, finding himself unable to oppose the concurring wishes of the nation, was resolved to make a merit of what he could not prevent ; and he ac- cordingly released piince Edward from confinement, and had him introduced at Westminster-hall, where his freedom was confirmed by the unanimous voice of the barons. But though Leicester had all the popularity of restoring the prince, yet he was politic enough to keep him still guarded by his emis- saries, who watched all his motions, and frustrated all his aims. 7. The prince, thetefore, upon hearing that the duke of Gloucester was up in arms in his cause, took an opportunity to escape from his guards, and put himself at the head of his party. A battle soon after ensued ; but the earl's iumy ha- ving been exhausted by famine on the mountains »f Wales, were but ill able to sustain the impetuosity of young Ed- ward's attack, who bore down upon them with incredible fury. During this terrible day, Leicester behaved with as- tonishing intrepidity ; and kept up the spirit of the action from two o'clock in the morning till nine at night. 8. At last, his horse being killed under him, he was compelled to fight on foot ; and, though he demanded quarter, yet the ad- verse party refused it, with a barbarity common enough in the times we are describing. The old Xing, who was placed in the front oT the battle, was soon wounded in the shoulder ; and, not being known by hi« friends, he was on the point of being killed by a soldier ; out i rying out, " I am Hcri'- of Winchester, the king !" he H!. 16. He vowed revenge against the whole nation; a.iil averred that nothing but reducing them to the completest bondage could satisfy his resentment. He summoned his prelates, nobility, and all who held by knight's service, to meet him at Carlisle, which was appointed as the general rendezvous : and in the mean time he d -lached a body of forces before him to Scotland, under the command of Aymer de Valence, who began the threa!ene1(1 i(ing onw that nothing ilrj give him ;o'.i'7 •'epreem no* <' rging lartik i; uioiv, B appeuranrt!. nation ; and e completCBt immoned his I'b service, to 1 the general d a body of ;ommand of infliction by I. Forthshire. •ei-ien'ftil king hit! .jrniy di- n tha cpposi- n. But this 1 motives of natives, who nted in their le those who B. His death ad eflfectually He sickened his son with ind never to >m. He cx- his age, and i more to the •se who went t into itf prcMnt int? IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) »l % 7] ^> 1.0 lis Ui2 11 1.1 lU 12 140 2.5 2.2 2.0 II.25 mm U III 1.6 Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WfST MAIN STRfET WEBSTER, N.Y. U580 (716)872-4503 CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICIVIH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical MIcroreproductJons / Instltut Canadian de microreproductlons historlques i 9. 12. la 14. lb. la Ore IniM Adt Johi Nic Mai IlOE NicI Cel( Bon Ben Clei En Mic J( arcl carl earl emp or \ Con t he \ sni«M«s»« EDWARD I. ffS 4. Waa the king at first fiivourable to the measure ? 6. By whom was an attempt mode to rescue Scotland from the EngUih yoke ? 6. Who were the first ndherente of Wallace T 7. With what number of troope did Edward march towards the north t 8. Did any engagement take place between the forces of Edwanl and Wallace I What was the issue of this engagement 7 9. What was the conduct of Wallace afterwards J 13. In what manner wos Wallace aAerwanls surprised ? 13. What was the manner of his death ? 14. What took place after Bnice's escape from London 1 15. What was the conduct of the king on this occusiun ? 18. Where did the king die ? and what enterprise did he enjoin his son to prosecute ? CONTEMPORARY SOVEREIGNS. Popet. A.D. Gregory XT. 1271 Innocent V 1270 Adrian V 1276 John XXI 1276 Nicholas III 1277 Martin IV 1281 HunoriusIV 1285 Nicholas IV 1288 CelestineV I2M Boniface VIII 1S94 Benedict IX 1303 Clement V. 1305 Emperor* of the East. Michael VIU. 1259 Kings of Denmark. A.D. Eric VII 1259 Eric VIU 1286 Kingt of Sweden. Magnus II 1279 BirgerU 1299 KingB of Scotland. Aleianderlll.... 1246 JohnBaliol 1293 Robert Bruce..... 1306 A.D. Androntcus II 1283 Emperort of the West. Frederic II* 1212 Rodolnhua 1 1273 Adolphus of Nassau 1291 Albert 1298 Kings of France. Philip ni 1270 Philip IV 1285 Kitigs of Portugal. Adolphus III 1247 Dennis 1275 EMINENT PERSONa John Pnckham, Robert Winchelsea, Walter Reynolds, and John Stratford, archbishops of Canterbury. Richard, earl of Cornwall. Rodger Bigod, carl of Norfolk. Humphry Bohun, earl of Hereford. John Plantagenet, earl of Warwick. Roger Bacon. WickliBe.t * After the death of Frederic II. there was an interregnum in the Western empire until Rodoliihus; during which the following princes either reigned, or were elected : Cunrad III. ; William, carl of Holland ; Richard, earl of Cornwall ; Edward IV. ; and Alphonso, king of Casille.— //xAman. t Wickiifie was the first preacher of the reformed doctrines in England ; he waa the author of a valuable translation of the New Testament, and of several able tracts on the usurpations of the Romish church. m \n ? 'Mm ¥■ 94 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. CHAPTER XIII. EDWARD n. Born 1384. Died Sept. 31, 1337. Began to reign July 7, 1307. Reigned SO yesri. SECTION 1. 1. (A.D. 1307.) Edward, surnamed Caernarvon, was in the twenty-tliird year of his age when he succeeded his father ; of an agreeable figure, of a mild harmless disposi- tion, and apparently addicted to few vices. But he soon gave symptoms of his unfitness to succeed so great a mo- narch as his father ; he was rather fond of the enjoyment of his power than of securing it, and Ivlled by the flattery of his courtiers, he thought he had done enough for glory when he accepted the crown. 2. Instead, therefore, of prosecuting the war against Scotland, according to the in- junctions he had received from his dying father, he took no steps to check the progress of Bruce ; his march into that country being rather a procession of pageantry than a warlike expedition. 3. Weak monarchs are ever governed by favourlU;?* ; and the first Edward placed his affections upon was Piers Gavestone, the son of a Gascon knight, who had been em- ployed in the service of the late king. The young man was adorned with every accomplishment of person and mind that was capable of creating affection ; but he was utterly destitute of those q,ualities of heart and understanding that serve to procure esteem. He was beautiful, witty, brave, and active ; but then he was vicious, effeminate, de- bauched, and trifling. These were qualities entirely adapted to the taste of the young monarch, and he seemed to think no rewards equal to his deserts. 4. Gavestone, on the other hand, intoxicated with his power, became haughty and overbearing, and treated the English nobility, from whom it is probable he received marks of contempt, with scorn and derision. A conspiracy, therefore, was soon formed against him, at the head of which queen Isabel and the earl of Lancaster, a nobleman of great power, were associated. 5. It was easy to perceive that a combination of the nobles, while the queen secretly assisted their designs, woi and ban him ove and irre of s evei at! he bad ene: the the sup] prej oft of f Pen endi accc he s to tl tenc whi atta( conl The appi com 8. 1 ditic Thii solv and inst: whe seve 9. fere< near * P him I iii ft^' i 1 i r.1ifiMW i 'tfUri . diiWrV » t w« WnM'^W > t. . Hr^** ii frji « B i tirf>°r ii 1ft/ i ^rr i^ f^jpgi'i' mmS 7,1307. Reigned Caernarvon, was lie succeeded his armless disposi- 3. But he soon so great a mo- f the enjoyment id by the flattery nough for glory d, therefore, of rding to the in- ' father, he took his march into ;)ageantry than a favourIU;<< ; and upon was Piers 10 had been em- The young man : of person and on ; but he was nd understanding beautiful, witty, I, effeminate, de- entirely adapted emed to think no ne, on the other ne haughty and ly, from whom it with scorn and n formed against and the earl of e associated, nbination of the 1 their designs, ■ KWBBW I »." i .«,.if!l»,[Wi] ' -« " WWiiiMiillltoMa EDWARD II. 00 would he too powerful against the efforts of a weak king and a vain favourite. The king, timid and wavering, banished him (A. D. 1312) at their solicitation, and recalled him soon after. This was sufficient to spread an alarm over the whole kingdom ; all the great barons flew to arms, and the earl of Lancaster put himself at the head of this irresistible confederacy. The unhappy Edward, instead of attempting to make resistance, sought only for safety : ever happy in the company of his favourite, he embarked at Teignmouth, and, sailed with him to Scarborough, where he left Gavestone as in a place of safety, and then went back to York himself, either to raise an army to oppose his enemies, or by his presence to allay their animosity. 6. In the meai. time, Gavestone was besieged in Scarborough by the earl of Pembroke ; and, had the garrison been sufficiently supplied with provisions, the place would have been im- pregnable. But Gavestone, sensible of the bad condition of the garrison, took the earliest opportunity to offer terms of capitulation. He stipulated that he should remain in Pembroke's hands as a prisoner for two months ; and that endeavours should be used in the mean time for a general accommodation. 7. But Pembroke had no intention that he should escape so easily : he ordered him to be conducted to the castle of Deddington, near Banbury, where, on pre- tence of other business, he left him with a feeble guard, of which the earl of Warwick having received information, attacked the castle in which the unfortunate Gavestone was confined, and quickly made himself master of his person. The earls of Lancaster, Hereford, and Arundel were soon apprized of War'yick's success, and informed that their common enemy was now in custody in Warwick castle. 8. Thither, therefore, they hastened with the utmost expe- dition, to hold a consultation upon the fate of their prisoner. This was of no long continuance ; they unanimously re- solved to put him to death, as an enemy to the kingdom, and gave him no time to prepare for his execution. They instantly had him conveyed to a place called Blacklow-hill, where a Welsh executioner, provided for that purpose, severed his head from his body. 9. To add to Edward's misfortunes, he soon after suf- fered a most signal defeat from the Scots army under Bruce, near Bannockburn ;* and this drove him unce more to seek * Near Stirling. Edward was w sure or conquest, that hn brought with him William Boston, a Carmelite, aiid a famous poet, to celebrate his vtctoiy. f;t. f'i j-i« ^-sBW**^ w HISTORY OF BNOLAND. T'" k i for relief in some favourite's company. 10. The name of his new favourite was Hugh de Spenser, a young man of a noble English family, of some merit, and very engaging accbmplishments. His father was a person of a much more estimable character than the son ; he was venerable for his years, and respected through life for his wisdom, his valour, and his integrity. 11. But these excellent qua- lities were all diminished and vilified from the moment he and his son began to share the king's favour, who even dis- possessed some lords unjustly of their estates, in order to accumulate them upon his favourite. This was a pretext the king's enemies had been long seeking for : the earls of Lancaster and Hereford flew .to arms; sentence was pro- cured from parliament of perpetual exile against the two Spensers, and a forfeiture of their fortunes and estates. 12. The king, however, at last rousing from his lethargy, took the field in the defence of his beloved Spenser, and at the head of thirty thousand men pressed the earl of Lan- caster so closely, that he had not time to collect his forces together ; and, flying from one place to another, he was at last stopped in his way towards Scotland by Sir Andrew Harcla, and made prisoner. 13. As he had formerly shown little mercy to Gavestone, there was very little extended to him upon this occasion. He was condemned by a court- martial ; and led, mounted on a lean horse, to an eminence near Pomfret, in circumstances of the greatest indignity, where he was beheaded by a Londoner. 14. A rebellion, thus crushed, served only to increase the pride and rapacity of young Spenser ; nostof tlie forfeitures were seized for his use ; and in hisp.omptitude to seize the delinquento, he was guilty of many acts of rapine and injus- tice.* Questtotufor Examination. 1. What waa the diapoiition of Edward II. ? 2. What waa his conduct in regard to Scotland t 3. What waa the charaoterof Gaveitane, the king's firat favounteT 4. Who formed a conspiracy against the king ? 5. What was the conduct of the king on this occasion f • In the year 1315, the perpetual rains and cold weather havins not a-w-«^-fe^'«t=i rVittirriiilitHiiitiiii The name of oung man of a very engaging on of a much 3 was venerable or hia wisdom, e excellent qua- the moment he , who even dis- tes, in order to I was a pretext r : the earls of itence was pro- kgainst the two es and estates, im his lethargy, Spenser, and at he earl of Lan- )llect hia forces other, he was at by Sir Andrew formerly shown ttle extended to ned by a court- to an eminence latest indignity, y to increase the of tlie forfeitures tude to seize the apine and injos- it favourite T ither having not 7, 8. Were theie condition! obeerved i and what was the conduct of the no - Met towanla him ? 9. What miifortuiie did Elwaid experience in Scotland t 10. Who were the Spenien ? 1 1. On what pretext did the king'i erKimiea fljr to arms T 12. How did the king act on thii emergency t 13. What woi the manner of executing the earl of Lancaatar ? SECTION II. I. fA.D. 132S.) Birr he was now to oppose a more for- midable enemy in queen Isabella, a cruel haughty woman, who fled over to France, and refused to appear in England till Spenser was removed from the royal presence, and ba- nished the kingdom. By this reply she gained two very considerable advantages : she became popular in England, where Spenser was universally disliked ; and she had the pleasure of enjoying the company of a young nobleman, whose name was Mortimer, upon whom she had lately placed her affections, and whom she indulged with all the familiari- ties that her criminal passion could confer. 2. The queen's court now, therefore, became a ss^nctuary for all the male- contents who were banished their own country, or who chose to come over. Accordingly, soon after, accompanied by three thousand men-at-arms, she set out from Dort* harbour, and landed safely, without opposition, on the coast of Suf- folk. She had no sooner appeared than there seemed a ge- neral revolt in her favour : and the unfortunate king found the spirit of disloyalty was not confined to the capital alone, but diffused over the whole kingdom. 3. He had placed some dependence upon the garrison which was stationed in the castle of Bristol, under Uie command of the elder Spen- ser ; but they mutinied against their governor, and that un- fortunate favourite was delivered up, and condemned by the tumultuous barons to the most ignominious death. He wait hanged'on a gibbet, in his armour ; his body was cut in pieces and thrown to the dogs ; and his head was sent to Winchester, where it was set upon a pole, and expssed to the populace. * Dort, or Dordrecht, it a city of Holland, situated on an island of the Meuse. By an irruption of the river Meuse, seventy-two villages and one hundred thouMuid persons were lost It is said to have been occasioned by the malice of a matt, who wished to inundate his neighbour's ground, by de- Htrsying the dyke near bis house. ft%&. (-^•^•flMiwprwww* i>! I "vrnw" 18 HISTORY or ENGLAND. 4. Younff Spenser, ihe unhappy son, did not long snrvive his father ; he was taken, with some others who had follow- ed the fortunes of the wretched king, in an obscure convent in Wales, and the merciless victors resolved to glut their revenge in adding insult to cruelty. The queen had not pa- tience to wait the formality of a trial, but ordered him imme- diately to be led forth before the insulting populace, and seemed to take a savage pleasure in feasting her eyes with his distresses. 6. The gibbet erected for his execution was fifty feet high ; his head was sent to London, where the citi- zens received it in brutal triumph, and fixed it on the brid^. Several other lords also shared his fate ; all doserving pity m- deed, had they not themselves formerly justified the present inhumanity by setting a cruel example. 6. In the mean time, the king, who hoped to find refuge in Wales, was quickly discovered, and delivered up to his ad- versaries, who expressed their satisfaction in the grossness of their treatment. He was conducted to the capital, amidst the insults and reproaches of the people, and confined in the Tower. A charge was soon after exhibited against him, in which no other crimes but his incapacity to govern, his in- dolence, his love of pleasure, and his being swayed by evil counsellors, were objected against him. His deposition was quickly voted by parliament ; he was assigned a pension for his support : his son Edward, a youth of fourteen, was fix- ed upon to succeed him, and the queen was appointed regent during the minority. 7. The deposed monarch but a short time survived his misfortunes : he was sent from prison to prison, a wretched outcast, and the sport of his inhuman keepers. He had been at first consigned to the custody of the earl of Lancaster ; but this nobleman showing some marks of respect and pity, he was taken out of his hands, and delivered over to lords Berkeley, Montravers, and>Goumay, who were intrusted with the charge of guarding him a month about. 8. Whatever his treatment from lord Berkeley might have been, the other two seemed resolved that he should enjoy none of the comforts of life while in their custody. They practised every kind of indignity upon him, as if their design had been to accelerate his death by the bitterness of his sufier- ings. (A.D. 1328.) But when his persecutors saw that his deaUi might not arrive, even under every cruelty, till a revolution had been made in his favour, they resolved to rid themselves of their fears by destroying him at once. 9. Accordingly his two keepers, Oournay and Montravers, MWHHMMMMMMMtiM cai an wl 1. 8. 3. 0. 6. 7. ft ft CUi Johi El And Ami El Alb Hen Jc CMb VOttI 1 war app( opei m "MH i i l H ot long snrvive rho had foUow- ibscure convent d to glut their een had not pa- ired him imnie' populace, and [ her eyes with B execution was , where the citi- it on the brid^. ^serving pity m- fied the present to find refuge in id up to his ad- n the grossness s capitu, amidst i confined in the against him, in t govern, his in- swayed by evil I deposition was ed a pension for lurteen, was fix- ippointed regent arch but a snort from prison to of his inhuman le custody of the g some marks of Is, and delivered imay, who were month about. 8. might have been, Id enjoy none of They pfractised heir design had sss of his sufier- Bcutors saw that sry cruelty, till a ly resolved to rid lim at once. 9. md Montravers, "iiiiiii iiiilMi mmjj iiin-.K i ww i EDWARD III. fg came to Berkeley casde, where Edward was then confined, and murdered him by a moat cruel and torturing process, which left no marks of external violence. Quettiontfor ExmminatUm. I. What other eiMmy had Edwurd now to oppoM f a. Whrt happ«n«d to the elder Spenaert A fck . "T?" *"■ ^ r>^V>t SpeiMer executed f 7. Did the king loneiurvivehia miirortunea ? 8. Cm you relate the indignitiea praciiaed unm him f ^ttod"? ""^^ "'"*• '^'' ""'^' •*• ^ ^"^ WM it cow- A.D. dement V 1306 JohnXXlI 131C JSaiprrort o^lAe £iM(. AndronionBlI,, Andronicua III CONTEMPORARY SOVEREIGNS. 1390 Empiror$ iffkt WtK. Albert 1 1898 Heniy Vni 1304 A.D. LewialV 1314 _ King* of Frmkct. Philij>IV. IS84 LewtaX 1314 PhUipV 1316 CharlealV 1388 Kmgt pf PortugA Dennia. 1878 Alphooaua IV..... 1385 EMINENT PERSON& Eric Vin I8K Chriatopher II 13I9 Ai'iwt^SiMiini. Berger II isgo Magnua III 1390 „ King If SectUmd. Robertaruce 1300 John OS>n], archbiahop of Canterbury. Thomaa PiantaceneL «»l of 1^» ^Jh-JeaS'li?^.**^" PieS^aveatone and u!?7r8^% CHAPTER XIV. EDWVRD in. Bonil313. Died Jane 91, 1377. \ neart> . 4 ■p-wwigmpw" leo lllsrORV Of KN01.AND. who might natiimlly be wet down u one of the mfmhc™, artfully excluded himielf, under a pretended show of mode- ration ; but at the same time he iecretly inHuenced all the meaBures lliat came under their deliberation. 2. He caused the greater part of the royal revenuea to be aettled on the queen-dowager, and he Mldom took the trouble to conault the ministeri of govornment in any public undertak- ing. The king himiclf wua even no besieged by the fa- vourite's creatures, that no access could be procured to him, and the whole sovereign authority was shared between Mortimer and the queen, who took no care to conceal her criminal attachment. 8. At length, however, Edward was resolved to shake oil an authority that was odious to the nation, and particularly restrictive upon him. But «uch was the power of tlie fa- vourite, that it required as much precaution to overturn the usurper as to establish the throne. The queen and Morti- mer had for some time chosen the castle of Nottingham for the place of their residence ; it was strictly guarded, the gates locked every evening, and the keys carried to the queen. 4. It was therefore agreed between the king and some of the barons, who secretly entered into his designs, to seize upon them in the fortress ; and for that purpose Sir William Bland, the governor, was induced to admit them by a secret subterraneous passage, which had been formerly contrived for an outlet, but was now hidden with rubbish, and known only to one or two. It was bjr this, therefore, the noblemen in the king's interest entered in the night ; and Mortimer, without having it in his power to make any re- sistance, was seized in apartments adjoining those of the queen. 5. It was in vain that she endeavoured to protect him ; in vain she entreated them to spare her •« gentle Mor- timer ;" the barons, deaf to her entreaties, denied her that pity which she had so often refused to others. Her para- mour was condemned by the parliament, which was then sitting, without being permitted to make his defence, or even examining a witnesii against him. He was hanged on a gibbet, at a place called Elms, about a mile from London, where his body was left hanging for two days after. 6. The queen, who certainly was the most culpable, was shielded by the dignity of her station ; she was only disgraced from all share of power, and confined for life in the castle of Ris- ings, with a pension of three thousand pounds a year. From this confinement she was never after set free ; and though t I t II I ii o a n CI ai 8 h A P di la E m sii or lit ap in wi he «i Fi th( tat thi na ph toi Fr bri 11. pai his sitf «*• ammiBiSmaitMmmm ■DWARD III. !•! he menihcni, low of mode- nfluenced all lion. 2. He I to be lettled he trouble to blic undertak- od by the fn- tcured to him, ared between to conceal her •d to ahakc oil rid parlicularly »wer of the fa- overturn the en and Morti- Sottingham for \f guarded, the carried to the 1 the king and to his designa, hat purpose Sir to admit them 1 been formerly 1 with rubbish, this, therefore, , the night ; and > make any re- ig those of the ured to protect r " gentle Mor- denied her that BTS. Her para- which was then defence, or even us hanged on a ) from London, 1 after. 6. The e, was shielded r disgraced from he casde of Ris- g a. year. Prom ee ; and though the king annually paid her a visit of decent ceremony, yet she found herself abandoned to universal contempt and de- testation ; and continued, for about twenty-five years after, a miserable monument of blighted ambition. 7. In order still more to secure the people's aflections, Edward made a successful irruption into Scotland, in which, in one battle, fought at Halidon hill, about thirty thousand of the Soots were slain. Soon after, he turned his arms against France, which was at that time particularly unfortu- nate. Three sons of Philip the Fair, in full parliament, ac- cused their wives of adultery ; and in consequence of this accusation, they were condemned and imprisoned for life. 8. Lewis Hutin, successor to the crown of France, caused his wife to be strangled, and her lovers to be flayed alive. After his death, as he left only a daughter, his next brother, Philip the Tall, assumed the crown in prejudice of the daughter, and vindicated his title by the Salic law, which laid it down that no female should succeed to the crown. Edward, however, urged his pretensions, as being, by hia mother Isabella, who was daughter to Philip the Fair, and sister to the throe last kings of France, rightful heir to the erown. But first he, in a formal manner, consulted his par- liament on the propriety of the undertaking, obtained their approbation, received a proper supply of wool, which he intended to barter with the Flemings ; and being attended with a body of English forces, and several of his nobility, ho sailed into Flanders, big with his intended conquests. 0. The first great advantage gained by the English was in a naval engagement on the coast of Flanders, in which the French lost two hundred and thirty ships, and had thirty thousand of their seamen and two of their admirals slain. 10. The intelligence of Edward's landing, and the devas- tation caused by his troops, who dispersed themselves over the whole face of the country, soon spread universal conster- nation through the French court. (i)aen was taken and plundered by the English without mercy ; the villages and towns, even up to Paris, shared the same fate ; and the French had no other resource, but by breaking down their bridges, to attempt putting a stop to the invidcr's career. 1 1 . Philip, then king of France, was not idle in making pre- parations to repress the enemy. He had stationed one of his generals, Oodemar de Faye, with an army on the oppo- site side of the river Somme, over which Edward wis to |2 I lit HIRTOKV OP BKOLAND. nam ; while he hlmiolf, at the head of one hundred thou* ■and fighting men, advanced to give the EngU«h battle. la. Ai both armiei had for «ome time been in BiRlit of each other, nothing waa «o eagerly expected on each side aa a battle ; and although the forcea were extremely diapropor- tionate, the English amounting only to thirty thousand, the French to a hundred and twenty thousand, yet Edward re- solved to indulge the impetuosity of his troops, and to put nil to the hazard of a battle. He accordingly chose his ground with advantage, near the village of Crecy,* and there deter- mined to wait with tranquillity the shock of the enemy. He drew up his men on a gentle ascent, and divided them into three lines. The first was commanded by the young prince of Wales ; the second was conducted by the earls of North- ampton and Arundel ; and the third, kept as a body of re- serve, was headed by the king in jMsrson. 13. On the other side, PhUip, impelled by resentment, and confident of his numbers, was more solicitous in bring- ing the enemy to an engagement than prudent in taking measures for its success. He led on his army in three bodies opposite to those of the English. The first line con- sisted of fifteen thousand Genoese cross-bow men, the second body was led by the king of Franco's brother, and he him- self was at the head of the third. Quationt far Examination. 1 By whom, and in what mannar, were the openlions of ihe govemment condactcd? 4. What was the conduct of Ihe king at this timet & What was Ihe on the French cavalry, and count Alen^on, their bravest h'..f. W^ IM HISTORY OF ENOLAKD. KlDf Elmid lit. mi Uu bn n iu M a( Cikii. commander, was slain. This was the beginning of their total overthrow ; the French, being now without a compe- tent leader, were thrown into confusion ; the whole army took to flight, and were put to the sword by the pursuers without mercy, till night stopped the carnage, 6. Never was a victory more seasonable, or less bloody to the English, than this. Notwithstanding the great slaughter of the enemy, the conquerors lost but one squire, three knights, and a few of inferior rank. But this victory was attended with still more substantial advantages ; for Edward, as moderate in conquest as prudent in his methods to obtain it, resolved to secure an easy en- trance into France for the future. 7. With this view he laid siege to Calais, at that time defended by John de Yienne, an experienced commander, and supplied with every thing necessary for defence. These operations, though slow, were at length successful. It was in vain that the governor made a noble defence, that he excluded all the useless mouths from the city, which Edward generously permitted to pass. 8. Edward resolved to reduce it by famine, and it was at length taken, after a twelve months' siege, the de- fe idants having been reduced to the last extremity. He re- solved to punish the obstinacy of the townsmen by the death of six of the most considerable citi'pnr, who ofl«red them- selves, with ropes lound their necks, to satiate his indigna- tion ; but he spared their lives at the intercession of the queen. i iiMW MII Iggj^sffr— - nning of their thont a compe- le whole army y the pursuers ge, 6. Never to the English, r of the enemy, ihia, and a few tore substantial uest as prudent ire an easy en- lis view he laid >hn de Vienne, ith every thing though slow, at the governor all the useless 9usly permitted by famine, and i' siege, the de- emity. He re- len by the death o offered them- ate his indigna- on of the queen. EDWARD III. 105 0. While Edward was reaping victories upon the conti- nent, the Scots, ever willing to embrace a favourable oppor- tunity of rapine and revenge, invaded the frontiers with a numerous army, headed by David Bruce, their king. This unexpected invasion, at such a juncture, alarmed the English, but was not capable of intimidating them. 10. Lionel, Edward's son, who was left guardian of England during his father's absence, was yet too young to take upon him the command of an army ; but the victories on the continent seemed to inspire even women with valour. Philippa, Ed- wnrd's queen, took upon her the conduct of the field, and prepared to repulse the enemy in person : accordingly, hav- ing made lord Percy general under her, she met the Scots at a place called Nevil's Cross, near Durham, and offered Uiem battle. 11. The Scots king was no leas impatient to engage ; he imagined that he might obtain an easy victory against undisciplined troops, and headed by a woman. But he was miserably deceived. His army was quickly routed and driven from the field. Fifteen thousand of his men were cut to pieces ; and he himself, with many of his nobles and knights, were taken prisoners, and carried in triumph to London, A.D. 1346. 13. A. victory gained by the Black Prince, near Poictiera, followed not long after, in which John, king of France, was taken prisoner, and led in triumph through London, amidst an amazing concourse of spectators. Two kings, prisoners in the same court, and at the same time, were considered as glorious achievements ; but all that England gained by them was only glory. Whatever was won in France, with all the dangers of war, and the expense of preparation, was successively, and in a manner, silently lost, without the mortification of a defeat. 13. The English, by their frequent supplies, had been quite exhausted, and were unable to continue an army in the field. Charles, who had succeeded his father John, who died a prisoner in the Savoy, on the other hand, cautiously forbore to come to any decisive engagement ; but was con- tent to let his enemies waste their strength in attempts to plunder a fortified country. When they were tired, he then was sure to sally forth, and possess himself of such places as they were not strong enough to defend. 14. He first fell upon PonUiieu ; the citizens of Abbeville opened their gates to him ; those of St. Valois, Rue, and Crotoy imitated the tm I 106 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. example ; and the whole country was, in a little time, re- duced to total submission. The southern provinces were, in the same manner, invaded by his generals with equal suc- cess} while the Black Prince, destitute of supplies from Engktnd, and wasted by a cruel and consumptive disorder, was obliged to return to his native country, leaving the affairs of the south of Frahce in a most desperate condition. 16. But what of all other things served to casta gloom over the latter part of this splendid reign was ihc approaching death of the Black Prince, whose constitution showed but too manifestly the symptoms of a speedy dissolution. This valiant and accomplished prince died in the forty-sixth year of his age, leaving behind him a character without a single blemish ; and a degree of sorrow among the people that time could scarcely alleviate. 16. The king was most sensibly affected with the loss of his son, and tried every art to allay his uneasiness. He removed himself entirely from the duties and burdens of the state, and left his kingdom to be plundered by a set«)f rapa- cious ministers. He did not survive the consequences of his bad conduct, but died about a year after the prince, at Sheene, in Surrey, deserted by all his courtiers, even by those who had grown rich by his bounty. He expired in the sixty-fifth year of b>B age, and fifty-finst of his reign, 1377 ; a prince more admired than beloved by his subjects, and more an object of their applause than their sorrow. 17. It was in this reign that the order of the Garter was instituted ; the number was to consist of twenty-four per- sons besides the king. A story prevails, but unsupported by any ancient authority, that ♦.he countess of Salisbury, at a ball, happening to drop her garter, the king took it up, and presented it to her with these words, " Honi soi qui mal y pmte ;" — " Evil be to him that evil thinks." This accictent, it is said, gave rise to the order and the motto,* A. D. 1349. Edward left many children by his queen, Philippa of Hainhault. His eldest son, the Black Prince, died before J« B CI In U Gi J Ai Jo Jo J U an Jo ch fit * « Some do affiime, that thia order beganne fynt by king Richud Coenr de lion, at the aiege of the citie of Acres, where in hu create neceiaytie there WM but twenty-five knighia that firmlye and anrelye abode by him, where he cauaed all of ttiem to wear thongca of blue ley there aboute their leggea, and afterwaida they were called knigfata."— i&uUfT* Chnmide. iSPidbiN "^^^HJNi litde time, re- inces were, in ith equal sue- supplies from >tiTe disorder, iring the affairs sndition. 15. [loom over the ■oaching death owed but too >Iution. This trty-sizth year ithout a single eople that time rith the loss of lasinees. He burdens of the Y a setttf rapa- nsequences of the prince, at tiers, even by He expired ty'firat of his beloved by his use than their he Garter was -enty-four per- it unsupported f Salisbury, at ng took it up, ' Honi aoi qui hinks." This ad the motto,* a, Philippa of ce, died before gRichudCoenrde Its neccMytie there e by him, where he te their leggei, and EDWARD III. 107 him ; but he left a son named Richard, who succeeded to the throne.* Questions for Examination. 1. Describe the situation and conduct of the Genoese archers. 2. What circumstancea operated in favour of the iCnglish archers ? What advantage did the prince of Wales take of it? 3. What aslonishine bravery did the prince display ? 4. What answer did the l(iiig make, when he was requested to send relief to the prince ? 6. How many did the English lose in the battle) 8. How long did Ed wairf besiege Calais? 9. What diathe Scots in the mean time t 10. What female prepared to repulse the enemy ? 11. What was the fate of the Scotch 7 12. What did England gain by its royal prisoners 7 14. Whatobligedthe Bbck Prince to return to England ? 15. What character is given of the prince ? 17. When was the order of the Garter instituted ? What accident is said to have given rise to the institution of this order f CONTEMPORARY SOVEREIGNS. Pepes. A.D. John XII 1316 Benedict XI 1334 Clement VI 1343 Innocent VI 135S Urban V 1362 GregoiyXI 1370 Emperors of Ike East Andronicusfn.... 1320 John V 1341 John VI 13S& A.D. Charles IV 1347 Kings (/ France. Charles IV 1322 Philip VI 1328 John 1 1353 Charles V 1364 Kings of Portugal. Alphonsus IV.... 1325 Pedro 1 1357 Ferdinand 1 1367 A.D. Waldemarin... 1340 OlausIII 1375 Kings of Sweden. Magnus III 1390 Albert 1368 Kings of SeoUand. Robert Bruce.... 1306 David II 1330 Edward Baliol... 1338 David II. (reator.) 1348 Robert (Stuart) K. 1370 Emperors of the West. I IGngs of Denmark. IxNiialV 1314| Christopher II.... 1319 EMINENT PERSONS. Thomas Bradwardin, Simon Islip, Simon Langham, William Whittlesey, and Simon Sudbury, art^hbiehops of Canterbury. Edward, the Block Prince. John Lord Chandos. Latimer, the lord chamlwrlain, &c. *In this reign the statute of high-treason was first enacted. St. Stephen'k chapel (now tne house of commons) was built, and Windsor castle changed from a fortress to a palace. i 108 HISTORY OF ENOIAND. ' ' CHAPTER XV. RICHARD n. Born 1367 DepoMd Sept. 30, 1399. DiedJan. 10, 1400. Be|MtOMiri Bom 1387. "«P°^u~''3,_ 1^77. Roigned SBi year*. SECTION I. 1 (A D. 1377.) Richard the Second was but eleven yeaw Old whet, he came to the throne of his grandfa^Jpf' and found the people discontented and poor, the nobles Jroud and rebellious. As he was a minor, the f Y™"} was vested in the hands of his three uncles, the dukes of Lancaster, York, and Gloucester; and as the late k'ng had left the kingdom involved in many dangerous and expensi^e wars, which demanded large and constant supplies, the murmurs of the people increased in proportion. 2. l he fxpZeB of armaments to face the enemy on every side. 2d a want of economy in the administration, entirely ex- hausted the treasury; and a new tax of three gloats on every person above fifteen was granted by parhament as a suppV. The indignation of the people had been for some time increasing; but a tax so unequitable, mj^Jich /he rich paid no more than the poor, kindled the resentment of Ihe fatter into a flame. 3. It began in Essex, where a report was industriously spread that the pedants ^ei* ^ be destroyed, their houses burned, and their farms plundered. A blacksmith, well known- by the name "J ^at Tyler, was the first that incited them to arms. The tax-gatherers, coming to this man's house while he was at work, demanded payment for his daughter, which he refused, ""fPng "J* was under the age mentioned in the act. 4. One of the brutal coUectors insisted on her being a fvU-grown woman, and behaved in the most indecent manner. This provoKea the father to such a degree, that he instantly struck him dead with a blow of his hammer. The "tenders-by ap- plauded his spirit, and one and all resolved to defend his con- duct. He was considered as a champion in the cause, and appointed the leader and spokesman of the people. 6. It is easy to imagine the disorders committed by this tumultuous rabble; the whole neighbourhood rose in arms: they burned I niijiuil||i|,|iijii RICHARD II. 100 im,^ le|*a to raifti as but eleven 9 grandfather, ir, the nobles e government the dukes of late king had and expensive supplies, the tion. 2. The m every side, n, entirely ex- iree groats on arliament as a been for some in which the resentment of ssex, where a ints were to be rms plundered. ITat Tyler, was tax-gatherers, ork, demanded 1, alleging she 4. One of the grown woman, This provoked idy struck him standers-by ap- defend his con- the cause, and people. 5. It this tumultuous (IS : they burned and plundered wherever they came, and revenged upon their former masters all those insults which they had long sus- tained with impunity. As the discontent was general, the insurgents increased in proportion as they approached the capital. The flume soon propagated itself into Kent, Here- fordshire, Surrey, Suffolk, Norfolk, Cambridge, and Lincoln. 6. They were found to amount to above a hundred thousand men by the time they arrived at Blackheath. At the head of one party of these was Wat Tyler, who led his men into Smithfield, where he was met by the king, who invited him to a conferencie, under a pretence of hearing and re- dressing his grievances. Tyler, ordering his companions to retire till he should give them a signal, boldly ventured to meet the king in the midst of his retinue, and accordingly began the conference, 7. The demands of this demagogue are censured by all the historians of the time as insolent and extravagant ; and yet nothing can be more just than those they have delivered for him. He required that all slaves should be set free, and all commonages should be open to the poor as well as the rich ; and that a general pardon should be passed for the late outrages. 8. Whilst he made these demands, he now and then lifted up his sword in a menacing manner; which insolence so raised the indignation of William Walworth, then mayor of London, attending on the king, that without considering the danger to which he exposed his majesty, he stunned Tyler with a blow of his mace, while one of the king's knights, riding up, despatched him with his sword. 9. The mutineers, seeing their leader fall, prepared themselves to take revenge ; and their bows were now bent for execution, when Richard, though not yet quite sixteen years of age, rode up to the rebels, and with admirable presence of mind, cried out, " What, my people, will you then kMl your king? Be not concerned for the loss of your leader; I myself will now be your general; follow me now into the field, and you shall have whatever you desire." The awed multitude immediately desisted : they foHowed the king, as if mechanically, into the field, and there he granted , them the same charter that he had before given to their companions, but which he soon afterwards revoked in paiiiament.* * Ck>wer, the poet, wrote some Uitin veniei on thii rebellion, part ot which are here ioMrtea, aa a apecimen ol' the literature of this reign ; nor will they be lev acceptable, we trust, from the ludictoua efiect produced by putting Englkb niclHHUBea into a Latin dfen : K ■V' I i 1 ■ll-I J JW*- nmmmmmsmmm HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 10. Hitherto the king had acted under the control of the regency, who did all they could devise to abridge his power. However, in an extraordinary council of the nobility, as- sembled after Easter, he, to the astonishment of all present, desired to know his age ; and being told that he was turned of two-and-twenty, he alleged that it was time then for him to govern without help ; and that there was no reason that he should be deprived of those rights which the meanest of his subjects enjoyed. ... 11. Being thus set at liberty to conduct the busmess of government at discretion, it quickly appeared that he wanted those arts that are usually found to procure a lasting respect; he was fond of luxurious pleasures and idle ostentation ; he admitted the meanest ranks to his familiarity ; and his con- versation was not adapted to impress them with a reverence for his morals or abilities. 12. The cruelty shown to the duke of Gloucester, who, upon slight suspicions, was sent to confinement in Calais, and there murdered in prison, with some other acts equally arbitrary, did not fail to m- crease those animosities which had already taken deep root in the kingdom. The aggrandizement of some new favour- ites contributed still more to make the king odious ; but though he seemed resolved, by all his actions, to set his subjects against him, it was accident that gave occasion for his overthrow. 13. The duke of Hereford appeared in parliament, and accused the duke of Norfolk of havmg spoken seditious words against his majesty in a private con- versation. Norfolk denied the charge, gave Hereford the lie, and offered to prove his innocence by single combat. ' Watte vocat cui Thoma venit, neque Stmir retardst, BATftUB, GiBBB Bimul, HvKKE Venire lubent CoLUC furit quem Bobsb juvat, nooumenta porantet, Cum quibUB ad damnum Willb coire volat GaiooE rapit, dnm Davie attepit, cornea eat qmbua Uobbk, Larkin et in medio non minor eawjiutat HuDDB ferit, quem Judde tent, dum Time jnyatur, Jacke donxiaque viraa vellit, et enae necat, &c. Which are lku$ hmormtdii tranAaei by AndbxWs. " Wat criea, Tom ffiea, nor Sthkin ataya aaide ; And Batt and Ghb, and H?ee, tfiey auinmon loud, Collin and Hob combuatiWea provide, Wliilo Will the mischief forwarda in the crowd ; Gbeo hawla, Bob hawla, and Daw ioina the cry, With Laev, not the leaat amongthe throng ; _ HoDOEdruba, Joiwacruha, while Tib atandagnninng by „ And Jack with awoid and fiie-braud nMdly atndea akoK. J (1 t e n f J ii f( n s g a b a Si 1 f i u IS 14 in al to MMHMWHSi^" ' mmm . """"^SSaSSsiS RICHARD II. Ill iontrol of the ige his power. I nobility, as- of all present, le was turned ! then for him reason that le meanest of 3 business of hat he wanted sting respect; stentation; he and his con- th a reverence shown to the lons, was sent red in prison, not fail to in- aken deep root le new favour- g odious; but ins, to set his e occasion for 1 appeared in blk of having I a private con- I Hereford tlie single combat. rdat, M, UOSBK, r, )ud, 1; dMskng." IIIIIHIIIIIIM|liliWII'W»^" ' As proofs were wanting for legal trial, the lords readily ac- quiesced in that mode of determination ; the time and place were appointed, and the whole nation waited with anxious suspense for the event. 14. At length the day arrived on which the duel was to be fought ; and the champions having just began their career, the king stopped the combat, and ordered both the combatants to leave the kingdom. The duke of Norfolk he banished for life, but the duke of Here- ford only for ten years. Thus the one was condemned to exile without being charged with any offence, and the other without being convicted of any crime. The duke of Nor- folk was overwhelmed with grief and despondence at the judgment awarded against him : he retired to Venice, where, in a little time after, he died of a broken heart. 15. Here- ford's behaviour on this occasion was resigned and sub- missive, which so pleased the king, that he consented to shorten the date of his banishment four years ; and he also granted him letters patent, ensuring him the enjoyment of any inheritance which should fall to him during his absence ; but upon the death of his father, the duke of Lancaster, which happened shortly after, Richard revoked those letters, and retained the possession of the Lancaster estate to him- self. A. D. 1388. Quatiotu for Examination. 1. At what ase and under what circumtancei did Richard come to the thiDnef S. In whoie handt wai the govenunent veated T 3. Who waa the firat peiaon that excited the people to aims t S, 6. What diaordera were committed by the rebela ? and who waa their leader ? 7. What conditiona were requeated from the king by Wat Tyler ? 8. By whom waa Wat Tyler alainf » / j 9. What waa the condact of the kinf on thia occaaion r 10. Did the aubaequent conduct of the kuv; aerve to make him reapected bv hia autgecta ? 13. What gave occaaion to hia overthrow ? 14. With what aeveri^ did the king treat Norfolk and Hereford 1 SECTION n. 1. (A. D. 1308.) SvcH complicated injuries served to inflame the resentment of Hereford against the king ; and although he had hitherto concealed it, he now set no bounds to his indignation, but even conceived a desire of dethroning t?&ii 119 HISTORY OF KNOtAND. a person who had shown himself so unworthy of pow«. fortune sufficient to give weight *«. »>.. me«, re- He on^j waited the ab-ence of the k.rjg fmm E^J^^J^^j ?»*£,'. •chemes into execution; and Kicharo ■ »""'» junitv he land, to quell an insurrection there, was the opportunity ne ^I'SSgirhe instanUy embarked at Nantz with a ,etLt:rj!S[U- ;n three sm^lvessel^^^^^^^^^ Sh^oUKCen\tt^^^ Ws son,whl from ^s ardent valour, was sur^^^^ jiis banner was so great, that in a few days bis army •TmiirS''th?Zwe« transacting in England. BiLS['cintitd in IreLd in P^'f-i^-Kc^^^^^^^^^^ winds, for three weeks together, n^^"^**. J'l f 3 "Z news of the rebellion which haa ''«8??, ' VSaven with^ Sr. t ;Sm t.™. h. .hough. p«^r « ^r^^- "^ .h.l he earnestly dented « <»»f»'f°f- ';,;;';£,£;, Kro?sEri7s^;S'S:s4s s, hfAS^f-A'iSs.'s^HSi.i rival's approach from the walls, went down to receive Rim, *%fSiMWmMHMIWMMWMH ■SSMMIMMi^'' ^WM •iitiim RICHARD n. 118 ihy of powOT. an enlcrprise he was cool, i served with ; and he had ly and valour, id alliance and res. He only and to put hii [ over into Ire- opportunity he Nantz, with a >l8, and landed ordiumberland, 1 Henry Percy, Burnamed Hot- ses. After (hit to enlist under lays his army I in England, rity. Contrary is receiving any his native do- d Haven with a Blf in a dreadful le, without any 08C who, in the uted to fan his to desert him, X thousand men owing whom to hopes of aafety r of the enemy, obtain by arms, ras ready to eub- prescribe, and J. For this pur- stle within about Kt day with his id been brought , descrying nis 1 to receive nim ; while Hereford, after some ceremony, entered the castle in complete armour, only his head was bare, in compliment to the fallen king. 7. Richard received him with that open air for which he had been remarkable, and kindly bade him welcome. '* My lord king," returned the earl, with a cool respectful bow, " I am come sooner than you appointed, because your people say, that for one-and-twenty years you have ffovemed with rigour and indiscretion. They are very ill satisfied with your conduct ; but if it please God, I will helj you to govern them better for the time to come." To this declaration the king made no other answer but " Fair cousin, since it pleases you, it pleases us likewise." 8. But Hereford's naughty answer was not the only mortification the unfortunate Richard was to endure. After a short conversation with some of the king's attendants, Hereford ordered the Ring's horses to be brought out of the stable ; and the wretched animals being produced, Richard was placed upon one, and his favourite, the earl of Salis- bury, on the other. 9. In this mean equipage they rode to Chester; and were conveyed to the castle with a great noise of trumpets, and through a vast concourse of people, who were no way moved at the sight. In this manner he was led triumphantly along from town to town, amidst mul- titudes, who scoffed at him, and extolled his rivals. " Long live the good duke of Lancaster, our deliverer !" was the general cry ; but as for the king, to use the pathetic words of the poet, " None cried God bless him !" 10. Thus, after repeated indignities, he was confined a close prisoner in the Tower, there, if possible, to undergo a still greater variety of studied insolence and flagrant contempt. The wretched monarch, humbled in this manner, began to lose the pride of a king with the splendours of royalty, and his spirit sunk to his circumstances. There was no great dif- ficulty, therefore, in inducing him to sign a deed, by which he renounced his crown, as being unqualified for governing the kingdom. 11. Upon this resignation Hereford founded his principal claim : but, willing to fortify his pretensions with every appearance of justice, Iib called a parliament, which was readily brought to approve and confirm his claim. A frivolous charge, of thirty-three articles, was drawn up, and found valid against the king ; upon which he was solemnly deposed, and the earl of Hereford elected in his stead, by the title of Henry the Fourth. 12. Thus began the contest between the houses of York and Lancas- k2 TM' 114 HIITOnV OT BNOLAKD. ' Wchud n. mm»*tlH U> f*^ ter: which, for ieveral yeaw after, deluged the l"ng«lom whh blood I and yet, in the end, contributed to settle and confirm the constitution. ,1.111 -*i..,-. 18. When Richard waa depoaed, the earl of Northum- berland made a motion in the houae of peers, demandmg the advice of parliament with regard to the future treaUnent of the depoaea king. To this they replied, that he should be imprisoned in some secure place, where his fiends mA partixkns should not be able to find h.m. fhis was accord- fnirly put in practice ; but while he still continued alive, the usufper could not remain in safety. Indeed, some conspr- raoies and commotions which followed soon after, induced Henry to wish for Richard's death ; in consequence of which, one of those assassins that are found in eve^ court, ready to commit the most horrid crimes for rewa«i, went down to the place of this unfortunate "on"** " «»"*"*™""^ in the castte of Pomfret, and with eight of his foUowers, nished into his apartments. 14. The kmg, confl";J'"5, *«' design was to take away his hfe. resolved not ^ faU un- revenged, but to sell it as dearly as he could; wherefore, wresting a pole-axe from one of the murderers, he soon laid four of their number dead at hu. feet. But he was a lenirth overpowered, and struck dead by the blow of a pole- axe ; although some assert that he was starved in prison. 16. Thus died the unfortunate Richard, in the thirty-fourth RICIIAIIO II. 115 id the kingdom id to settle and irl of Northum- eers, demanding future treatment , that he should ) his friends and rhis was accord- itinued alive, the ed, some conspi- m afVer, induced consequence of td in every court, for reward, went rch's confinement of his followers, , concluding their i not to fall un- jould; wherefore, urderers, he soon t. But he was at lie blow of a pole- starved in prison, n the thirty-fourth vear of his ngo, and the twenty-third of his reign. Though hit conduct was blameahle, yet the punishment he suffered was greater than his offences ; and in the end his sufferings made more converts to his family and cause than ever his most meritorious actions could have procured them. He left no posterity, either legitimate or otherwise. Question* for Examination. 1. Bjr whom wu the king opponed 1 3. By whom won HprofunI jnmed on hit arriral in England ? 4. In what manner did Uieliing conduct hiniMtirr 6. Can you mention the indigiiitiei the king ofterwardi luffered f 7. How did Richard receive the earl of Hereford ? and what p— ed at th* interview between them f 8. 9. To what other moriificationa waa the lung obliged to (ubmit? 10. What ciroumitancei preceded hia reaignaiion of the crown I 11. By whom wa« he lueceeded f IS. What dreadflil oonteat now commenced t 13b After Richard waa depoeed, in what manner waa he treated f 14. Relate the cirrumiiancea which anended the murder of RJchaid. 10. Doacribe hii character. CONTEMPORARY SOVEREIGNa Gregory Xr. 1370 Urban VI 1378 BonilhcelX 1389 £«iMrar« . CharleiV 1364 CharteaVI 1380 King! of Portugal. Ferdinand. 13C7 John I lS8ft King and Quttn tf Denmark. OlaueUI 1376 A.D. Maifaret 1385 Qtueniif Stitden. Margaret held Sweden with Denmark 1397 King* tf SeoUand. Robert II 1370 Robert UI 1S90 EMINENT PERSON& William Courtney, Thomaa Arundel, archbiihopa of Canterbury. William Walworth, lord mayor of London. Roger Mortimer ; earl (rf* March, grand- aon to Clarence, heir apparent Henry of Bolingbroke. Vere, duke of Ireland. William of Wykeham, biahop of Wincheater, (bunder of Windiea- ler College, and of Morton College, Oiford. ■'i "i. Il« IIIRTORY or RNOLAND. CHAPTER XVI. HENRY IV. BornUar. Ditd Mirth 90. I4i:t Be««n to iclfn Oeiob»r 1, 13B». Itirnml 13 y«an. 1. (A.D. 1399.) Hkn«y Boon found that the throne of an usurper u but a bed of thorns. Such violent animoaities broke out among the baiona in the first session of this par- liament, that forty challenges were given and received, and forty gauntleU were thrown down as pledges of the sincerity of their resentment. But though these commotions were seemingly suppressed by his moderation for that time, yet one conspiracy broke out after another, and were detected in the formation, or actually punished in the field. 2. That formed against him by the earl of Northumber- land was the most formidable. It was in a skirmish between the Scots and English that Archibald, earl of Douglas, with many of the Scou nobility, were taken prisoners by the earl of Northumberland, and carried to Alnwick castle. When Henry received intelligence of this victory, he sent the earl orders not to ransom his prisoners, as he intended to detain them, in order to increase his demands in making peace with Scotland. 8. This message was highly resented by the earl of Northumberland, who, by the laws of war that pre- vailed in that age, had a right to the ransom of all such as he had taken in battle. The command was still more irk- some, as he considered the .king his debtor, both for his se- curity and his crown. Accordingly, stung with this supposed injury, he resolved to overturn a throne which he had the chief hand in establishing. 4. A scheme was laid, in which the Scots and Welsh were to unite their forces, and to assist Northumberland in elevating Mortimer, as the true heir to the crown of Eng- land. When all things were prepared for the intended in- surrection, the earl had the mortification to find himself unable to lead on the troops, being seized with a sudden illness at Berwick. But the want of his presence was well supplied by his son, Henry Percy, sumamed Hotspur, who took ♦' . ! command of the troops, and marched them towards Shrewsbury, in order to join his forces with those of Glen- jMIMHHWi , I3W. Idfiitd B throne of an It animoiities in of thU par- received, and f the aincerity motiona were that time, yet were detected ield. Northumber- ■miah between Douglaa, with Bra by tlie earl laatle. When 9 aent the earl tided to detain ng peace with Rented by the war that pre- of all auch as ■till more irk- oth for hia ae- I thia auppoaed ;h he had the ita and Welah lumberland in Town of Eng- e intended in- I find himaelf vith a Budden lence waa well Hotspur, who I them towards those of Glen- UBNRY IV. 117 dower, a Welah chieftain, who acme time before had been «>xchange(l from prison, and had now advanced with hia fi> -f* as far m .Shropshire. S. Upon the junction of these two arniins, they published a manifesto, which aggravated their real grieViiiices, and invented more. In the mean time, Henry, who had received no intelligence of their desi^a, was at first greatly surprised at the news of this rebellion. But fortune seemed to befriend him on this occasion : he had a amall army in readineaa, which he had levied for an in* tended war againat the Scots, and knowing the importance of deapatch againat such active enemies, he instantly hurried down to Shrewsbury, that he might give the rebels battle. 6. Upon the approach of the two armiea, both sides seera* ed willing to give a colour to their cause by ahowing a de- sire of reconciliation ; but, when they came to open their mutual demanda, the . treaty wua turned inU> abuse and re- crimination. On one aide was objected rebellion and ingr»> titude ; on the other, tyranny and usurpation. 7. The two armiea were pretty nearly equal, each consiBting of about twelve thousand men ; the animosity on both sides waa in- flamed to the higheat pitch ; and no prudence nor military akill could determine on which side the victory might in- cline i accordingly, « very bloody engagement ensued, in which the generala on both aides exerted thenuelvea with great bravery. Henry was seen everywhere in the thickest of the fight ; while his valiant aon, who was afterwards the renowned conqueror of France, fought by his side ; and, though wounded in the face by an arrow, atill kept the field, and performed astoniahing acta of valour. 8. On the other side, the daring Hotspur supported that renown which he had acquired in so many bloody engagements, and every- where sought out the king as a noble object of indignation. At last, however, his deaUi from an unknown ha !d decided the victory ; and the fortune of Henry onee more prevailed. On that bloody day, it is said, that no less than two thousand three hundred gentlemen were slain, and about aix thousand private men, of whom two-thirds were of Hotspur's army. 9. While this furious transaction was going torward, Noi^ thumberland, who was lately recovered from his indisposi- tion, waa advancing with a body of troopa to reinforce the army of malecontents, and take upon him the command: but hearing by the way of his son's and broUier's misfortune, he dismissed his troops, not daring to keep the field with ao small a force, before an army superior in number, and fliub- '''m^ fi^jixi^ &''■ 118 HIBTORY OF ENOLANO. ed with recent victory. 10. The earl, therefore, for a while, attempted to find safety by flight ; but at laat, being pressed by his pursuers, and finding himself totally without resoufce, he chose rather to throw himself upon the king's mercy than lead a precarious and indigent life in exile. Upon his appearing before Henry at York, he pretended that his sole intention in arming was to mediate between the two parties ; and this, though but a very weak apology, seemed to satisfy the king. Northumberland, therefore, re- ceived a pardon ; Henry probably thinking that he was suf- ficiently punished by the loss of his army and the death of his favourite son. 11. By these means Henry seemed to surmount all his troubles ; and the calm which was thus produced was em- Eloyed by him in endeavours to acquire popularity, which e had lost by the severities exercised during the preceding part of his reign. For that reason, he often permitted the house of commons to assume powers which had not been usually exercised by their predecessors. A.D. 1407. 12. In the sixth year of his reign, when they voted him the supplies, ti»ey appointed treasurers of their own, to see the money disbursed for the purposes intended ; and required them to deliver in their accounts to the house. They pro- posed thirty very important articles for the government of the king's household; and, on the whole, preserved their privileges and freedom more entire during his reign than in that of any of his predecessors. 13. But while the king thus laboured, not without success, to retrieve the reputation he had lost, his son Henry, the prince of Wales, seemed equally bent on incurring the public aversion. He became notorious for all kinds of debauchery, and ever chose to be surrounded by a set of wretches, who took pride in commit- ting the most illegal acts, with the prince at their head. 14. The king was* not a little mortified at this degeneracy in his eldest son, who seemed entirely forgetful of his sta- tion, although he had already exhibited repeated proofs of his valorous conduct and generosity. Such were the ex- c«s8es into which he ran, that one of his dissolute compa- nions having been brought to trial before Sir William Gas- coigne, chief justice of the king's bench, for some misde- meanour, the prince was so exasperated at the issue of the trial, that he struck the judge in open court. 15. The ve- nerable magistrate, who knew the reverence that was due to his Station, behaved with a dignity that became his office. BaaMHMi irefore, for a at last, being )tally without on the king's life in exile, he pretended liate between reak apology, therefore, re- at he was suf- i the death of mount all his uced was eni> alafity, which the preceding permitted the had not been D. 1407. 12. rated him the wn, to see the i and required B. They pro- government of ireserved their his reign than while the king the reputation Wales, seemed I. He became rer chose to be ride in commit- at their head. Iiis degeneracy Btful of his sta- Bated proofs of I were the ex- issolute compa- r William Gas- ir some misde- the issue of the , 15. The ve- e that was due came his office. r HENRY IV. 110 and immediately ordered the prince to be committed to pri- son. When this transaction was reported to the king, who was an excellent judge of mankind, he could not help ex- claiming m a transport—" Happy is the king that has a magistrate endowed with courage to execute the laws upon such an offender : still more happy in having a son wiUing to submit to such a chastisement !" This, in fact, is one of the first great instances we read in the English history of a magistrate doing justice in opposition to power; since, upon many former occasions, we find the judges only ministers of royal caprice. • ^®ji**"'^' ^^°'^ ''«"^*l» ha«I fo' some time been declin- ing, did not long outlive this transaction. He was subject to fits, which bereaved him for the time of his senses ; and which at last brought on his death at Westminster, in the forty-sixth year of his age, and the fourteenth of his reign. Queiliont for Examination. 1. Jj what lituation did Hentv find himself on sMending the Ihrane ? a Who wn the rooM formidable opponent of Henry ? 4. For what purnae were the Sooti and Welsh to unite their foreeat 7. Relate the vatwous cemduct of the king and prince. & What wai the fate of Hotipur 1 lo S!"' '*<»™e of *« enri of Northnmberiand 1 it Stel ■' »»>»«'«««» were the poweri anumed hy the honae of common » 13. What wai the conduct of the princ* of Walea ? ««™™»i- 16. For what oflence did the chiefjuilice imprison him t 16. wh:i ^^^ ^dr* rfTe to^?' """^ ** "' •^"'*'- «"°«^"^ ' CONTEMPORARY i90VEREIGN& Pcpe$. A.i>. BonifiH>e IX 1389 Innocent VII 1404 Gregory XII 1406 AlennderV. 1409 JohnXXin 1410 Aiiperor of Ikt EaiL Emanuel U. 1391 Emperon o/lMe WeH. A.D. Wincealani. 1378 Robert LePeL.... 1400 Sigimund 1410 Chariea ^^£ iFVmec 1380 IR»g qf PotUguL Johnl..... 1389 EMINENT PERSONS. King ami Omen €f Damarkmi SiMim. A.a Margaret ISSs EricXiII 1411 King^ ScoOand. Robertin....... 1390 Thomas Arundrf,archbiAop of Canterbury. Edward Mortimer. Henry Percy, sumamed Holapur. Chief JuaUce GaMXNene. Sir Robert KnowliJ^ mmmmm mmmti^ "TT! 180 HISTOKY Oy ENGLAND. I-. ^ CHAPTER XVII. HENRY V. Bom .m Died A«,. 3^ I4«„ „Be,.n .o „.|p. M«ch«., M.3. 1 TAD 1413 ") The first steps takenby the young king "".T^j 6 .. :„jgnded reformation; exnoriea quainted them with "'■J"'*'!'' ^ ^h^g dismissed them whiS'^been onl of the king's domestics, and stood h.gh 5Ssi:sthi;^eSS-ccK^^^^^ iTintentions. ordered that the citv e^^'^'^^fJl^^,' Si coming by night with his gnard. into f • G.lw' »-fieW^ ^«d such of the conspirators as appeared, and ^'wards m hold of several parUes that were hastening to the ap- At Lutterworth, iii 13b4. ■09^' HBNRV V. ISl larch 90, H13- y the young king led in his favour, companions: ac- lation; exhorted dismissed them )etency to subsist r promotion. 2. began to tremble ;on of their duty ; taking them into m Gascoigne, who with praise instead evero in the same Vickliffe,* or Lol- d every day more ! from the protec- baron of Cobham, !8, and stood high ndicted this noble- •agans, condemned Cobham, however, 8 confined, the day London to toke a king, apprized of |es should be shut; St. Giles's-fields, red, and afterwards istening to the ap- Mlto Suheraf then*- d ih an a-emWy held at miw and died p««!««wy pointed place. S. Some of these were executed, but the greater number pardoned. Cobham himself found meant of escaping for that time, but he was taken about four years after ; and never did the cruelty of man invent, or crimes draw down, such torment as he was made to endure. He was hung up widi a chain by the middle, and thus, at a slow fire, burned, or rather roasted, alive. 6. Henry, to turn the minds of ihe people from such hideous scenes, resolved to take advantage of the troubles in which France was at that time engaged ; and assembling a great fleet and army at Southampton, landed at Harfleur, at the head of an army of six thousand men>atHurms, and twenty-four Uiousand foot, mostly archers. But although the enemy made but a feeble resistance, yet the climate seemed to fight against the English, a contagious dysentery carrying off three parts of Henry's army. 7. The Enf^ish monarch, when it was too late, began to repent of his rash inroad into a country where disease and a powerful amy everywhere threatened destruction ; he, therefore, began to think of retiring into Calais. The enemy, however, resolved to intercept his retreat; and after he had passed the small river of Tertois, at Blangi, he was surprised to observe, from the heights, tlM whole French army drawn up in the plains of Agmeoott,* and so posted, that it was impossible for him to proeeed on his march without coming to an engagement. 8. No situation could be more unfavourable than that in which he found himself. His army was wasted with disease : the soldiers' spirits worn down with fatigue, destitute of pro- visions, and discouraged by their retreat. Their whole body amounted to but nine thousand men, and these were to sustain the shock of an enemy nearly ten times didr number, headed by expert generus, and {dentifnlly sup- plied with provisions. 0. As the enemy were so mneh superior, he drew up his army on a narrow ground between two woods, which guarded each flank ; and he patinidy expected, in that position, the attack of the enemy. The constable of France was at the head of one army, end Henry himself, widi Edward, duke of York, eommaBded the other. 10. For a time both armies, as if ai'raid to begin, lupt silently gazing at each other, neither wiIU«g to * Aginooiirt ia a village ia tha piOTiiiM of Aitoja, ftnaariy part %i Iks FiancE Mallwilaiidi. L T 18S UIBTORY OF KNOLAND. break their ranks by making the onset; which Henry per- ceivinR, with a cheerful countenance cned out, "My friende, since they will not begin, it is ours to set the example; come on, and the blessed Trinity be our pro- tecUon !'• Upon this the whole army set forward with a shout, while the French still waited their approach with intrepidity. 11. The English archers, who had long been famoos for their great skill, first let fly » "hower of arrows three feet long, whic'i did greaV execution. The French caTalry advancing to repel these, two hundred bowmen, who lay till then concealed, rising on a sudden, let fly among them, wid produced such a confusion, that the archers threw by their arrows, and rushing in, fell upon them sword in hand. The French at first repulsed the assailants, who were enfeebled by disease ; but they won made up the defect by their valour; and, resolving to conquer or die, burst in upon the enemy with such impetuosity, that the French were soon obliged to give way. 12. They were overthrown in every part of the held ; their numbers, being crowded into a very narrow space, were incapable of eiUier flying or making any resistance, ■o that they covered the ground with heaps of slain. After all appearance of opposition was over, there was heard an alarm from behind, which proceeded from a number of peasants who had fallen on the English baggage, and were putting those who guarded it to the sword. 13. Henry, now seeing the enemy on all sides of him. began to enter- tain apprehensions from his prisoners, the number of whom exceeded even that of his army. He thought it necessary, therefore, to issue general orders for putting them to death ; biit on a discovery of a certainty of his victory, he stopped the slaughter, ani was still able to save a great number. 14. This severity tarnished the glory which his victory would otherwise have acquired, but all the heroism of that age is tinctured with barbarity. In this battle the French lost ten thousand men and fourteen thousand prisoners : the English only forty men in all.* 16. France was at that time (A. D. 1417) in a wretched sitoation ; the whole kingdom appeared as one vast theatre The daks of Yoik and «arl of SuflUk ware ainanK the ftw wlwfcjjj" (hk batde on the ■ide of the EngtUh Atoo ^"•^•l?"'. J^^^^ nMMd Daw Otm, Roger Veughan, and Walker Uoyd. who had nwued the U^. and were aAerwtunta kuightad by him ai ihoy lay Ueeding to deem. —Moiu ln l t t. II t ti a u tl f 9MIViirm>,>mt~^vt?mfcf;' " r1Se25^^SSW^«^»rS5it5 ;h Henry per- il out, " My urs to set the y be our pro- Drwaid with a approach with had long been jwer of arrows The French idred bowmen, n, let fly among e archers threw them sword in lants, who were ip the defect by e, burst in upon e French were lit of the field ; ' narrow space, any resistance, of slain. After ■e was heard an 1 a number of ggage, and were •d. 13. Henry, began to enter- lumber of whom jht it necessary, ; them to death ; tory, he stopped a great number, lich his victory ) heroism of that ittle the French ,d prisoners : the 7) in a wretched one vast theatre the ftw who All in . vdiant WeWunw^ K. who hai meoM ybUedingtodMlh. HBNRV V. 128 of crimes, murders, injustice, and devastation. The duke of Orleans was assassinated by the duke of Burgundy ; and the duke of Burgundy, in his turn, fell by the treacnery of the dauphin. 16. A state of imbecility, into which Charles had fallen, made him passive in every transaction ; and Henry, at last, by conquests and negotiation, caused himself to be elected heir to the crown. The principal articles of this treaty were, that Henry should espouse the princess Catharine, daughter of the king of France ; that king Charles should enjoy the title and dignity for life, but that Henry should be declared heir to the crown, and should be intrusted with the present administration of the government; that France and England should for ever be united under one king, but should still retain their respective laws and privileges. 17. Inconsequence of this, while Henry was everywhere victorious, he fixed his residence at Paris ; and while Charles had but a small court, he was attended with a very magnifi- cent one. (A. D. 1421.) On Whit-Sunday, the two kings and their two queens, with crowns on their heads, dined to- gether in public ; Charles receiving apparent homage,' but Henry commanding with absolute authority.* 18. Henry, at that time, when his glory had nearly reached its summit, and both crowns were just devolved upon him, was seized with a fistula, a disorder which, from the unskilfulness of the physicians of the times, soon became mortal. He expired with the same intrepidity with which he had lived, in the thirty-fourth year of bis age, and the tenth of his reign. Quatunufbr ExamStaiion. 1. What were the fSnt steji* taken h^ the youiig king I S. What remarkable circumitance did the heremr of Wickliffe pradoM f 5. What was the melancholy fate of air John Oldcaitle, baton of CoUiam t * The revenue* of the government, and the granta of parliament, wan »n inadequate to Henry'i eipemive armiea and eipeditian*, that be was fcccetl to pawn hii oiown to hia uncle, Cardinal Beaufort, for a lane mm ; and oe^ tain Jewell to the lord majrorof Jjondon, for ten thonaana marls; he waa alao obliged to pledge two gold chafed baaoni, weighing together 981b. Sue to two canona uf St. Paul'i, for lix hundred marki t and two golden aheUa to the dean of Lincoln, for one hundred more. The coat of hiaamnr waa great t each knight received SOt. per diom ; a K^uire lOt. and each anaier 6a. Be* ■idea which, he had a coitly band of muaic, among which were ten elaikN^ which played an hour, night and morning, before hia teOL—JBulimai 4* i mJ^ ff ^ 134 BISTORT or KNOLAND. & What eauMd Henrjr to waemble m amiy in Fimnoe t What WM the Mnountof hi* Mitay f 7. Mniara did the enemy attempi tu intercept hia retreat T & In what oondttion wai tlie Efngliih army i 9. Yfho oommanded the reepeciive armies ? la iUlata the (articiilan of the liaule of Agincourt 14. What lamiihed the f,U>ry ofthia victory t What waa the aituatiao of France t 15. What wei« the principal artiolea of treaty between Engmnd and Fiance? M. What waa the age of Henry at hia death? and how long did he reignt CON! Johoxxm. Hid Maidn V. 1417 •EMPORARY SOVERE A. D. Sigiamund 1410 King tf France. CharieaVl 1380 Kingi^PorUigoL Johnl.r. 1385 roN& King of Denmark n of John of Gaunt, and preceptor to Henry the Fifth and Siitib Tblbot, earl of Shrewibory. CHAPTER XIII. HENRY VI. Mn. Depoaed March S, \tfii. Diad April SI. 1471. Began to leign Augoit 31, MO. Reigned 38| yeara. SECTION I. 1. (A. D. 1432.) The dake of Bedford, one of the most •eeompliahed princes of the age, and equally experienced both in the cabinet and the field, was appointed by parlia- ment protector of England, defender of the church, and first eounsellor to the king during his minority, as he was not yet a year old ; and as France was the great object that engrossed all consideration, he attempted to exert the efibrts of the nation upon the continent with all his vigour. 2. A new revolution was produced in that kingdom, by ^■^iSi^;. ■ •tt tween Engluid utd long did he reign I S. ing of Damtark ondf SMiedm. A. a uxni Mil King of SeoOand. MttllL 1390 il Beaalbrt, biihqp of or to Henry the Fifth ■■MM Beftn to iei(n Augoit I, one of the most tally experienced ointed by parlia- the church, and lority, as he was the great object ted to exert the h all his vigour, hat kingdom, by RKNRV VI. 135 means apparently the most unlikely to be attended with success. In the village of Domreni, near Vaucoleurs, on the borders of Lorrain, there lived a country girl, about twenty-seven years of age, called Joan of Arc. Tliis girl had been a servant at a small inn, and in that humble sta- tion had submitted to those hardy employments which &i the body for the fatigues of war. She was of an irreproachable life, and had hitherto testified none of those enterprising qualities which displayed themselves soon after. 3. Her mind, however, brooding with melancholy steadfastness upon the miserable situation of her country, began to feel several impulses, which she was willing to mistake for the inspira- tions of Heaven. Convinced of the reality of her own ad- monitions, she had recourse to one Baudricourt, governor of Vaucoleurs, and informed him of her destination by Hea- .ven to free her native country from its fierce invaders. Baudricourt treated her at first with some neglect : but her importunities at length prevailed ; and willing to make trial of her pretensions, he gave her some attendants, who con- ducted her to the French court, which at that time resided at Chinon. 4. The French court were probably sensible of the weak' ness of her pretensions ; but they were willing to make use of every artifice to support their declining fortunes. It was, therefore, given out that Joan was actually inspired ; that she was able to discover the king among the number of his courtiers, although he had laid aside all the distinctions of his authority ; that she had told him some secrets which were only known to himself ; and that she had demanded and minutely described a sword in the church of St. Cathe- rine de Firebois, which she had never seen. 5. In this manner the minds of the vulgar being prepared for her appearance, she was armed cap-k-pie, and shown in that martid dress to the people. She was then brought before the df ctors of the university, and they, tinctured with the credulity of Uie times,'^ or willing to second the imposture, declared that she had actually received her commission from above. 5. When the preparations for her mission were completely blazoned, their next aim was to send her against the enemy. The English were at that time besieging the city of Orleans, the last resource of Charles, and every thing promised them a speedy surrender. Joan undertook to raise the siege ; and to render herself still more remarkable, girded herself with the miraculous sword, of which she had before such extra- l2 199 HiaTORT or kKOLAND. ordinsiy notieet. Thus equipped, the ordered all the lol. dien to eonress themtelvea before they set out; she dia- ^ay«d in her hand a conaecratAd banner, and auured the iroopa of certain sucreti!. 7. Such confidence on her side ■oon raised the spirits of the French army ; nnd even the English, who pretended to despise her efforts, felt them- selves secretly influenced with the terrort of her mission ; and relaxing in their endeavours, the sien: was ni led with great precipitation. From being attacked, thn French now in turn became the aggressors. One victory followed .iii> other, and at length the French king was solemnly cro^nud at Rheims, which Joan had promised should come to pas*. 8. A tide of success followed the performance of this s(»- lemnity ; but Joan having thrown herself into the city of Oompeign, with a body of troops, that was then besieged by Uie duke of Burgundy, she was taken prisoner in a sally which she headed against the enemy, the governor shutting the gates behind. The duke of Bedford was no sooner informed of her being taken, than he purchased her of the count Yendome, who had made her prisoner, and ordered her to be committed to close confinement. 0. The credulity of both nations was at that time so great, that nothing was too absurd to gain belief that coincided with their passions. As Joan, but a little before, from her successes, was re- garded as a saint, she was now, upon her captivity, consi- aered as a sorceress, forsaken by the demon who had granted her a fallacious and temporary assistance ; and accordingly, being tried at Rouen, she was found guilty of heresy and witencrafl, and sentenced to be burnt alive, which was exe- cuted with the most ignorant malignity. 10. From dtis period the English aflairs became totally irretrievable. The city of Paris returned once more to a sense of its duty. Thus ground was continually, though ■lowly, gained by the French ; and in the lapse <^ a few VMTS, Calais alone remained of all the conquests that had been made in France ; and this was but a .imall compensa- tion for the blood and treasure which had been lavished in that country, and which only served to gratify ambition with tnnsient applause.* A.D. 1448. * TIm dnke of Bedford died about ihii time ; and when the daaphin of Vtmet WM adviifid to demoliah die monument of Mack msiUe whidi bad beM MJOtad to hi* memoiy, he geiieiootly replied, "Let him repoee in peaoe, and be thankfiil that he does lepoee ; were he to awake, he would make the tiontest of ui tremble." 1 ( I t c n li a a tl a Si d P Ci tl tl h P M ered all the loU t out; ahe Aia- nd Msured the nee on her aide ; Mid even the rorta, felt them- >f her iniaaion; waa niied with lt9 Frencb now iiy followed an- tlemnly Gromud d come to pMt. lance of thia att- into the city of la then beaieged riaoner in a auly overoor ahutting , waa no aooner laaed her of the ner, and ordered 0. The credulity that nothing waa I their paaaiona. icceaaea, waa re- captivity, conai- who had granted and accoraingly, ty of hereay and , which waa exe- i became totally once more to a itinually, though lapae of a few iqueata that had imall compenaa- leen laviahed in ifyambitioii with rhen the danphinof ekiMfbiawhMi bad 'Let him lepaie in to awake, he would RRNRY >. fVjr 11. But the incapacity of Henry began to appear in a fuller light ; and a foreign war being now extinguiahed, the neoplfl began to prepare for the horrors of intestine strife. In uiia period of calamity a new interest was revived, which had lain dormant in the timea of prosperity and triumph. Richard, duke of York, waa descended, by the mother'a aide, from Lionel, one of the sons of Edward the Third ; wbereaa the reigning king waa deacended from John of Gaunt, a younger aon of the aame monarch : Richard, there- fore, atood plainly in auceeasion before Henir ; and he began to think the weakneaa and unpopularity of the present reign a favourable moment for ambition. The ensign of Richard waa a white rose, that of Henry a red : and thia gave name to the two factions, whose animosity was now about to drench the kingdom with slaughter. 12. Among the number of complainta which the unpopu- larity of the government gave rise to, there were some which even excited insurrection ; particularly that headed by John Cade, which was of the most dangerous nature. Thia man waa a native of Ireland, who had been obliged to fly over to France for his crimes ; but seeing the people, upon his re- turn, prepared for violent measures, he assumed the name of Mortimer ; and at the head of twenty thousand Kentish men, advanced towarda the capita], and encamped at Black- heath. The king, being informed of this commotion, aent a liieaaage to demand the cause of their assembling in arms ; and Cade, in the name of the community, answered that their only aim waa to punish evil ministers, and to procure a redreaa of grievances for the people. 13. But committing some abuaes, and engaging with the citizens, he was aban- doned by most of his followera ; and retreating to Rochester, waa obliged to fly alone into the woods of Kent, where, a pric« being set upon his head by proclamation, he waa dia- covered and slain.* 14. In the mean time the duke of York secretly fomented these diaturbancea, and pretending to eapouse the cause of the people, still secretly aspired to the crown ; and, though he wiah^ nothing ao ardently, yet he was for aome time prevented by hia own acruplea from seizing it. What his in- * The iiNOription on Cade's standard consisted of the fbltowing d lOeianlly iauoalive of the levelling doctrines of him and bis leoel suOeienlljr doggerel, iloemM* " When Adam delv'd and Eve span. Who was then a gentleman r' 1.1 n Its nirronT or swotAMo. triguet failed to bring about, accident produced according to hii dealrea. i». The king falling into a distemper, which ■o far increaaed hii natural imbecility that it even rendered him incapable of maintaining the appearance of royalty, York waa appointed lieutenant and protector of the king- dom, with powera to hold and open pariiamento at pleasure. Quatiomfor Examination. 1. WlMthapMMd on Iha iImUi of Iha king? S. a Relate «»• hkloVy of Joan of Arc. . . .. , 4 By what artifice did the French court lupport thmr d«eliiiin( fiirtaiMa t 0. What MilaruriM did Joan undertakar 7. Ware the French iucce^ful f 8. In what manner wae Joan of Arc made priioner I 9. What wai the fata of thli eitraordinary woman T la In what ilate were the Englidi affiura at thii tima ' ^^ 11. What new interest waa now revived against Henry r and to what eonie- quencaa did it lead f . . . .^ ^ ■ ■ .l. It Maniion the parUoulan of an innirraction which took pUce, and the oauM whinn occaiionad i:. 1^. What waa 0>e fkle of the principal eompiratofiT J4 Who wicrotly fomented Iheae diMurbancea f 1» Whowasanioinladprotactorof tha kingdom T and on what occanoDT SECTION II. 1. (A.D. 1452.) Beujo thua invested with a plenitude of Eower, he continued in the enjoyment of it for aome time ; at at length the unhappy king recovered from his lethar^c complaint ; and, aa if waking from a dream, perceived with •urprise that he waa stripped of all his authority. Henry was married to Margaret ofAojou,* a woman of a masculine understanding, who obliged him to take the field, and in a manner dragged him to it, where both sides came to an en- oageaient, in which the Yorkiats gained a complete victory.f 3. The king himself being wounded, and taking shelter in » cottage near the field of battle, was taken prisoner, and treatedby the victor with great respect and tenderness. Henry was now merely a prisoner, treated with the splen* did forme of royalty ; yet, indolent and sickly, he seemed • Danghtar of Ren«. titular king of Scily ; an ambiUoos, anleraraing, and oonraceoua woman. She mipportad the itehiaof her huitand with giaM fbnitude and activity, till the iatal defeat at Towkcabury, which put an and to all her enterpriHa. t Tbia battle was the finrt of Bt Alban'a. a 6 t] n h h ei u ft t1 h b li h u ai a< h ei S ti ui si eml according to iatemper, which it even rendered ance of royalty, lor of the Iting- lenU Bt pleHure. rdMlininfffcttmiwr ^t and towhatoonM- l took plac*, Mid lb* Ion what occMioot ith a plenitude of it for some time ; From his lethar^pc n, perceived with irity. Henry was [1 of a mascaline le field, and in a IS came to an en- iomplete victory.t taking shelter in ten prisoner, and i tenderneM. Bd with the splen- ickly, he seemed tiMM,mleniriiing,and >r hiwlMiid with giwrt ory, which put an end HBitiiT VI. m pleased with his situation, and did not remt that power whieh was not to be exercised without fatigue. But Mar- raret once more induced him to assert his prerogative. 8. The contending parties met at Bloreheath, on the borders of Staffordshire, Sept. 33, 1459, and the Yorkists gained some advantages ; but Sir Andrew Trollop deserted with all his men to the king ; and this so intimidated the whole army of the Yorkists, that they separated the next day, without strike inpr a single blow. Several other engagements followed, with various success ; Margaret being at one time victorious, at another in exile ; the victory upon Wakefield-green,* in whieh the duke of York was slain, seemed to fix her good fortune. 4. But the eari of Warwick, who now put himself at the head of the Yorkists, was one of the moat celebrated gene- ralirof the age, formed. fur times of trouble, extremely artful, and ineontestably brave, equally skilful in council and the field ; and inspired with a degree of hatred against the queen that nothing could suppress. He commanded an army, in whieh ha led about the captive king, to give a sanction to his attempts. 6. Upon the approach of the Lancastrians, he eondttcted his forces, strengthened by a body of London- ers, who were very affectionate to his cause, and gave battle to the queen at St. Alban's. In this, however, he was de- feated. About two thousand of the Yorkists perished in the battle, and the person of the king again fell into the hands of his own party, to be treated with apparent respect, but real contempt. 6. In the mean time young Edward, the eldest son of the late duke of York, began to repair the losses his party had lately sustained, and to give spirit to the Yorkiste. This Erinee, in the bloom of youth, remarkable for the beauty of is person, his bravery, and popular deportment, advanced towards London with the remainder of Warwick's army ; and, obliging Margaret to retire, entered the city amidst tiie acclamations of the people. Perceiving his own popularity, he supposed that now was the time to lay his claim to the crown ; and his friend Warwick, assembling the citizens in St John's Fields, pronounced an harangue, setting forth the title of Edward, and inveighing against the tyranny and usurpation of the house of Lancaster. A.D. 1401. 7. Both sides at length met near Towton, in the county of York* to • la Iha Wait Kiding of YorUtii*. i . i KiSiiii I to iiirroRY or bnoland. dflcide the fata of the empire, and never waa England de- populated by ao terrible an engagement. It wna a dreadful light to behold a hundred thousand men of the name country engaged against each other ; and all to aati'ify Uie ambition of the weakeat or thn worst of mankind. V\ lile the array of Edward waa advancing to the charge, there happened a great fall of snow, which, driving full in the face of the enemy, blinded them ; and this advantage, seconded by ai impetuous onset, decided the victory in his favour. Edward issued orders to give no quarter ; and a bloody slaughter ensued, in which near forty thousand of the Lancastrians were slain. . 8. The weak and unfortunate Henry, always imprudent, and always unsuccessful, was taken prisoner, carried to liondon with great ignominy, and conducted to the Tower. Margaret was rather more fortunate : she contrived to esfeape out of the kingdom, and took refuge with her father in Flan- ders.* 0. Edward being now, by means of the earl of Warwick, fixed upon the throne, reigned in peace and security, while his title waa recognised by parliament, and universally sub- mitted to by the people. A.D. 1464. He began, therefore, to give a loose to his favourite passions, and a spirit of gal- lantry, mixed with cruelty, was seen to prevail in his court. The very same palace which one day exhibited a spectacle of horror, was to be seen the day following; with a mask or pageant ; and the king would at once gallant a mistress and inspect an execution. 10. In order to turn him from these pursuits, which were calculated to render him unpopular, the earl of Warwick advised him to marry ; and with his consent went over to France, to procure Bona of Savoy, as queen, and the match was accordingly concluded. But whilst the earl was hastening the negotiation in France, the * Mai|ai«t, fljring with her mm into a TorMt, waa aUaokad during the night bjr robben, who deapoiled her of her ringi and jewula, and trealM her with tba ulmoat indignity. The partition of Ihia great booty having raiaed a vlo- lent quarrel among them, ahe took an opportunity of flying with her ion into the tnickeat part uf the fomat, where ihe wandered tdl the waa overcone with hunger and fttigue. While in this wretched condilkH), ahe law a tr>\>- bar appraeching with \m naked a word ; ahe auddenly embraced the raaolutfaM of tnjaung enurely to hia &ith and geneioaity, and preicnting to him the jroong prince, " Here, my fViend," laid ahe, " I commit to your care the aafely of the aing'a aon." The man, atruck with the aingulari^ of the event, uid Noallad to virtue by the flattering confidence repoaed in him, vowed, not only ID abatain Tram all uuury againat the princes, but to devote himaelf entirely to her aervice. By hia meana ahe reached the aea-coaat, and embarked m Flandera.— Dit ilJmlle, ^e. ( 1 s r 8 a R d \ E n o tl « a( tr E tl le si w V to yi ol •a ve da be WM Englnnd dp- It wna a dreadful ' tlio name country liafy the ambition n iiile the army iht^re happened a in the face of the , aeconded by ai I favour. Edward bloody ilaughler tlie Lancutriani dwaya imprudent, iaoner, carried to ted to the Tower. :ontrived to esbape her father in Flan- I earl of Warwick, nd security, while d universally sub- 3 began, therefore, nd a spirit of gal- revail in hia court, [libited a spectacle ng with a mask or ant a mistress and rn him from these T him unpopular, rry ; and with his Jona of Savoy, as concluued. But ion in France, the nokad diirina tb« ni^ht a, and treatca her with rty having railed • vio. lying wim her Mm into till ihe wai overcone tndilkHi, the mw a mb- unbraced the rawlulion praeenlinf to him the to your care the lafety Miiy of the event, and in hinii vowed, not only levole himaeir entirely oaat, and embarked for Himiv VI. 181 king himself rendered it abortive at home, by mnrrying Elizabeth (Jrey,* with whom he had fulleit in love, luiJ whom he had vainly endenvnurud to ilubauch. 1 1. Having thus given Warwick real cause of oflence, he wns resolved to widen the broach by driving him from the council. War- wick, whose prudence was equal to his bravery, soon made use of both to assist his revenge ; and formed such a com- bination against Edward, that ho was in iiis turn ol)ligpd to fly the kingdom. Thus, once more, the poor, passive king Henry was released from prison to be placed upon a danger- ous throne. A parliament was called, which confirmed Henry's title with great solemnity ; and Warwick was him- self received among the people under the title of king- maker. 12. But Edward's p:irty, though repressed, was not de- stroyed. Though an exile in Holland, lie had many piirtisans at home ; and, after an absence of nine months, being seconded by a small body of troops, granted to him by the duke of Burgimdy, he made a descent at Havenspur, in Yorkshire. Though, at first, he was coolly received by the English, yet his army increased upon his loan^h, while his moderation and feigned humility still added to the number of his partisans. London, at that time ever ready to admit the most powerful, opened her gates to him ; and the wretched Henry was once more plucked from a throne to be sent back to his former mansion. 13. Nothing now, therefore, rem \ined to Warwick, but to cut short an anxious suspense, by hazarding a battle. Edward's fortune prevailed. They met at St. Alban's, and the Lancastrians were defeated ; while Warwick himself, leading a chosen body of troops into the thickest of the slaughter, fell, in the midst of his enemies, covered with wounds. Margaret, receiving the fatal news of the death of the brave Warwick, and the total dustruction of her party, gave wiiy to her grief, for the first time, in a torrent of tears ; and, yielding to her unhappy fate, took sanctuary in the abbey of Beaulieu, in Hampshire. 14. She had not been long in this melancholy abode be- * Elisabeth Grey wai daughter of rir Rinhard Woodville. The king flnt MW her at court, whither the had mmired lo preient a petition Tor the reco- very o( the confiicaled land* of ber late hiMbaiid, lir John Gray, who was liaiii in aroM on the aide oflleiiry. She told Edward, when be Ant add re el e d ber on the lubject of hia love, thiat though too humble to be hia wiA, ihe woa DM high to bewow hii concubine. W3 M n ' uw ■vni oifitmKmfm — I 182 HISTORY or BNOLAND. fore ahe found aome few friends atill waiting to aaaiat her fallen fortunes. She had now fought battles in almost every province in England ; Tewkesbury-park was the last scene that terminated her attempts. 15. The duke of Somerset headed her army : a man who had shared her dangers, and had ever been steady in her cause. When Edward first at- tacked him in his intrenchments, he repulsed him with such vigour, that the enemy retired with precipitation; upon which the duke, supposing them routed, pursued, and order- ed lord Wenlock to support his charge. But unfortunately, this lord disobeyed his orders ; and Somerset's forces were soon overpowered by numbers. 16. In this dreadful exi- gence, the duke finding that all was over, became ungovem* able in his rage; and beholding Wenlock inactive, and remaining in the very place where he had first drawn up his men, giving way to his fury, with his heavy battle-axe in both hands he ran upon the coward, and with one blow dashed out his brains. 17. The queen and the prince were token prisoners ader the Imttle, and brought into the presence of Edward. The young prince appeared before the conqueror with undaunted majesty ; and being asked, in an insulting manner, how he dared to invade England without leave, more mindiul of his high birth than of his ruined fortunes, he boldly replied, " I have entered the dominions of my father, to revenge hi* in- juries, and to redress my own." 18. The barbarous Ed- ward, enraged at his intrepidity, struck him on his mouth with his gauntlet ; and this served as a signal for further brutality : the dukes of Gloucester, Clarence, and others, like wild beasts, rushing on the unarmed youth at once, stabbed him to the heart with their daggers. To complete die tragedy, Henry himsdf was soon after murdered in cold blood. Of all those that were taken, none were suffered to survive but Margaret herself. 10. It was perhaps expected that she would 1^ ransomed by the king of France ; and in this they were not deceived, as that monarch paid the king of England fifty thousand crowns for her freedom. This extraordinary woman, after having sustained the cause of her husband in twelve battles, after-having survived her friends, fortunes, and children, died a few years after in privaey in France, very miserable indeed ; but with few other dtoms to our pity, except her courage and her distresses.* * Daring thto and Mv«nl pMvioui nigns, • mofrt dmid fiMhion wm fcl towed by tiw peopi*. It WMCuatonuutyto wautiMbMlworpaiMoftlMU d ■I 01 s hi WW litingto assist her es in almost every vas the last scene duke of Somerset 1 her dangers, and m Edward first at- l86d him with such ■ecipitation ; apon >ursued, and order- But unfortunately, Brset's forces were this dreadful exi- becamo ungovem* ock inactive, and ad first drawn up 8 heavy battle-axe uid with one blow ken prisoners a(ier of Edward. The ror with undaunted f manner, how he Bore mindful of his boldly replied, " I , to revenge his in- The barbuous Ed- him on his mouth i signal for further urence, and others, ed youth at once, ;ers. To complete sr murdered in cold le were suflfored to s perhaps ei^eeted of France ; and in larch paid the king er freedom. This led the cause of her irvived her friends, after in privacy in h few other dioms distresses.* t idMuid fiMhion «M fcl « bMks or pointi of thtii HINRY VI. 188 Quettioru for Examination, 1. What WM the istue of the fint batde between the houaei of York and Lancaater f 2. What waa the fortune of Henry t 3. Where did the contending partiet neit meet f What circumatance* gave the advantage to Henrv'i party t 4. Who waa the commander of the YorkistBt ' •r- ' 5. What wai bia aucce« 7 6. Who now laid claim to the crown ? 7. What were the partioulan of the action at Towton t 8. What happened to Margaret and the young prince after the battle f 9. How did Edward conduct himielf after bia accenion f 11. For what reason did Warwick combine agaimt Edwaid » .. SK *"■' *■'•• **" Warwick received among the peoide f 13. What waa the fortone of the next battle r 14. What followed thia engagement f 17. What waa the answer of the young iwince to Edward J 18. What waa hia treatment I What was the fate of Ueniy T 19. What of Margaret? CX)NTEMPORARy SOVEREIGN& Popt$. A.D. Martin V. 1417 Engenioa VL 1431 MidiolaaV 1447 Caliztna HI 14£i6 Pinan. 1458 Emp»ror$ tf the Eait. EmanuellL 1391 JohnVU 1489 Conatanlina UI. and last Christian emperor. Sue- ceeded by hia conqueror Ma- homet II. who took Constantino- ple by 8torm,May 1453 Edward 1433 Alphonaua. 1436 JSa^Mrer* t^lhe Win. Sigiamttnd 1410 Albert II 1438 Frederick in 1440 Aiiur* of France- Charles 1452 IGngtof DettmarkoMi Sueden. EricIX 1411 Christopher III.... 1439 Christian 1 1448 KingiifSeollami. Robertlll 1990 lAuis XI 1461 Jameal.. 1494 Jameall 1437 King* man of exquisite virtue enough to id a monarch, brother, the duke he king, hunting a creature of the great favourite of ke into a passion, illy of the person For this trifling and publicly ex- urence, upon the Lewed reproaches the iniquity of the h this liberty, or lim arraigned be- person as his ac- ery crime alleged duke was found SDWAKD V. 185 pilty ; and, bemg granted a choice of the manner in which he would die, was privately drowned in a butt of malmsey m the 1 ower : a whimsical choice, and implying that he had an extraordmary passion for that liquor. 6. However, if this monarch's reign was tyrannical, it was but short; while he was employed in making prep^. tions for a war with Prance, he was seized wkh a distemper, of which he expired in the forty-second year of his age, and fu"!l "/J™™.*''® deposiUon of the late king, in the twenty, tnird of his reign. Quutiotufor Examination. 1. What wu now the conduct of Edward f a. For what was Burdet tried and executed f fi 5^»?1^^^"'75"J' °f '^w»«' towawto hia brother. 6. What kind of death did the duke of Clarence prefer t 6. How long did Edward the Fourth reign t CONTEMPORARY S0VEREION& Pope$. A.D, PimH 14S8 PttulU. 1464 SeitualV 1471 Emperor of Oermant *iio Frederic n 1. Emperort cftht 7^k$. Mahomet n 1493 B^jaiet n. A.a liBl King < ita BISTORT OV CKOLAND. Having thiM weared them, his next step was to spread a report of their illegitimaev ; and by pretended obstacles, to pat off the day appointed for young Edward's coronation. His next aim was to despatch Lord Hastings, whom he knew to be warmly in the young king's interest. 8. Having summoned Lord Hastings to a council in the Tower, he entered the room knitt...g nis brows, biting his lips, and showing, by a frequent change of countenance, the signs of some inward perturbation. A silence ensued for some time : and the lords of the council looked upon each other, not without reason expecting some horrid catas- trophe. 3. Laying bare his arm, all shrivelled and decayed, he accused Jane Shore and her accomplices of having pro- ' duced this deformity by their sorceries ; upon which Hast- ings cried, " If they have committed such a crime, they deserve punishment." — " If I" cried the protector, with a loud voice ; " dost thou answer roe with ifs 7 I tell thee they have conspired my death ; and that thou, traitor, art an ac- complice in the crime." 4. He struck the table twice with his hand, and the room was instantly filled with armed men. ** I arrest thee," continued he, turning to Hastings, " for high-treason ;" and at the same time gave him in charge to the soldiers. Hastings was obliged to make a short con- fession to the next priest that was at hand ; the protector cr3ring out, by St. Paul, that he would not dine till he had aeen his heaa taken off. He was accordingly hurried out to the little green before the Tower chapel, man was an ene- et, as he had ac- le world saw she B her an example guilty. 6. She band, who was a vi to live with Ed- abandoned court, not displeased at neanness who had enjoyed the smiles was too notorious 8 accordingly con- city, and to do pe- sheet, with a wax ■OWARO V. 187 taper in her hand, before thousands of spectators. She lived n.h^ ^^^ ^r" *? "Z*™ **» »h« =«»«^n more open"? f mJ„ o???"""'^ gainecf over the duke of BuckinE' It^^r *^*"S »"<> P*"^". by bribes and prom?/es^f A^ture favour. This nobleman, therefore, used all h's aS to cajole the populace and citizens at St. PaKs cross • a^ "TonTl^ ^'?' "Hence into consent, his fXie" JS • Long live kmg Richard!" Soon after, the mayor «.d aldermen waiting upon Richard with an oflfer of T/tlo^n he accepted it with seeming reluctance ' Quatiotufor ExonUnatim. *■ ^pUSir*' '*«""'' '^'^ ''"ke of Glouc«., townk ft. y,^ 8. W^ mit felt bM indignatkMi f "««i«i 7. What pantehmem did ihe lufier f a fa what manner did Richwd contrive to p«K!U« «, ofli, of th, cnmn f SeitualvTT..... 1471 Empetorjf Germms. Fredericnf. 1440 EniVtror cfihe ISa-ki. B^JMBtn. 1481 CONTEMFORART SOVEREIGNa King qf France. CharieaVm i«3 Xuig 0/ Portugal. John If. 1481 Xing if Denmark and Sweden. John. A.IK 1481 1460 EMINENT PERSQNa Richard, duke of Gloucerter, protector. Edward awl nf w.»j.i. u ««r«. countea. of Mirimiy (chSdwinif cSSSM^of ChS^ ' S^ Grey j narquM of Dorwt ; VilUam, lord Hartmp. «-«»n«e). Eari m2 188 HIBTOKV or ENOtAND. CHAPTER XXI. . RICHARD IIL Born 1450. Died Aog. 0. 1«S. Began lo relfn June »7. M83- R«i|ned 1 • (A D. 1483.) Onb crime ever drawa on another; iuatice will revolt against fraud, and uaurpaUon requires security. As soon, therefore, as Richard was seated upon the throne, he sent the governor of the Tower orders to put the two young princes to death ; but this brave man, whose name was Brackenbury, refused to be made the mstrument of a tyrant's will ; but submissively answered, that he knew not how to imbrue his hands in innocent blood. A fit m- strument, however, was not lone wanting; sir James Tvrrel readily undertook the office, ind Brackenbury was ordered to resign to him the keys for one night. 2. Tyrrel, choosing three Associates, Sbter, Deighton, and Forest, came in the niirht-time to the door of the chamber where the princes were lodged, and, sending in the assassins, he bid them ex- eeute their commission, while be himself sUyed without. Tht>y found the young princes in bed, and faUen into a Mund sleep: after suffocating them with a bolster and pil- lows, they fhowed their naked bodies to Tyrrel, who ordered them to be buried at the stairs' foot, deep m the ground, under a heap of stones. , . ,. u 3 But while the usurper thus endeavoured to establish his power, he found it threatened in a quarter where he least expected an attack. The duke of Buckingham, who had been instrumental in placing him on the throne, now took disirust, being refused some confiscated lands for which he solicited. He therefore levied a body of men in Wales, and advanced with hasty marches towards Gloucester, where he designed to cross the Severn. 4. Just at that time the river was swoln to such a degree, that the country on both sides was deluged, and even the tops of some hills were covered with water. The inundation conUnued for ten days; during which Buckingham's army, composed of • See the not© at the end of Oio leigp of Heniy Vn. I < 1 fl ii n h I », f( Ci k bl le ■■^' :'m^ RICHARD III. ISO 7,1483. Ropicd wt on another; rpation requirea iBeatedupottthe orders to put the we man, whose le the inatruinent ed, that he knew blood. A fit in- air James Tyrrel lury waa ordered Tyrrel, choosir^f rest, came in the rhere the princes L he bid them ex- f stayed without* ind fallen into a a bolster and pil* to Tyrrel, who foot, deep in the )ured to establish rter where he least ingham, who had throne, now took nds for which he of men in Wales, [Gloucester, where at that time the p country on both [f some hUls were [continued for ten ly, composed of iHemyVn. Welshmen, could neither pass the river nor find rnbsistence on their own side ; they were therefore obliged to disperse, and return home, notwithstanding all the duke's efforts to prolong their stay. 6. In this helpless situation, the duke, af\er a short deliberation, took refuge at the house of one Bannister, who had been his servant, and who had received repeated obligations froiu his family; but the wicked seldom find, as they seldom exert, friendship. Bannister, unable to resist the temptation of a large reward that was set upon the duke's head, went and betrayed him to the sherifi* of Shropshire : who, surrouni ing the house with armed men, seized the duke, in the Itabit of a peasant, and conducted him to Salisbury ; where he was instantly tried, condemned, and executed, according to the summary method practised in those days. 6. Amidst the perplexity caused by many disagreeable occurrences, the king received information that tiie earl of Richmond was making preparations to land in England, and assert his claims to the crown. Richard, who knew not in what quarter he might expect the invader, had taken post at Nottingham, in the centre of the kingdom ; and had given commission to several of his creatures to oppose the enemy wherever he should land. 7. Some time afier, however, the earl of Richmond, who was a descendant from John of Oau't, by the female line, resolved to strike for the crown. He had been obliged to quit the kingdom ; but he now, knowing how odious the king was, set out from Harfieur, in Normandy, with a retinue of about two thousand persons, and after a voyage of six days, arrived at Milford-haven, in Wales, where ne landed without opposition. 8. Upon news of this de8C<;nt, Richard, who was pos- sessed of courage and military conduct, his only virtues, instandy resolved to meet his antagonist and decide their mutual pretensions by a battle. Richmond, on the other hand, being reinforced by sir Thomas Bouchier, sir Walter Hungerford, and others, to the number of about six thou- sand, boldly advanced with the same intention ; and in a few days both armies drew near Bosworth-field,* where the contest that had now for more than forty years filled the kingdom with civil commotions, and deluged its plains with blood, was determined by the death of Richard, who was * In Leiceftenhire. The battle fought at this place waa the laat of thir- teen between the houaea of York and I^ncaater- 140 HirrORY or SNOtAHD. slain in battle : while Richmond wm Balutwl king by the title of Henry the Seventh.* I Que$Uoru for Examinatioa. I. Whit WW the firrt act of Richard » 5. In what manner were hw ordera executed i , . ,t,~Mtm»a a Fwm what quarter and on what ocoaiipn waa Richard tort Ihreatwiad 4. What obliged Buckinghnm-i army to dmperje ? 6. What waa the fate orthc duke of Bn«'n8'»™L , 6. With what new oppoaer did Richard now contend 1 7. Where did Richmond land T a By whom waa he joined t Where did the armiee meet? What WM the raaalt of the batUe 1 Vojftt. A.D. SextualV 147» Innocent VIII 1484 £MMror of Oemany. I^^&cicll 1440 Avwror qf Oe TurU B^jaMtn 1481 CONTEMPORARY SOVEREIGNS. King of France. A.D. CharleaVin 1483 King qf Portugal Johnn 1481 EMINENT PER80NR King if Denmark and Sweden. A.D. John 1481 JiTii^ )/ SeodoM). Jameain...i 1460 Henry Tudor, eail of Hi^w»d. mtI of Oxford. Thoroaa. lord Staid* vSoountLovel. Sir Richard Ratclil Staflbid, duke of Buckinjrtiam. Vera, Howard, duke of NoriSUc Francia, SirWUUamCatcabjr. ♦ RirhHd'ahodv after being expoaed,waa buried in the church of the • n»™*«\'¥"y'S„ HSrembeatowed a monument on it, which Inn; « Bio tfamit gloria mundir u n p tl « el ai 80 in th Bi bo ted king by the I id fint ihreataiMd r<^' "'«' "»"'« ""hness, tEed of JlHarl n? w""'' ? ^''u " "*'"' *° ««»n»«rfeit the person Whn 1 of Warwick, the son of the duke of Clarence, who was smothered in a butt of malmsey. But, as the im! postor was not calculated to bear a close^ inspection, it iw bought proper to show^ him first at a distance ; and I elln" ch"rictf *^' *"*" *'""'"•' *■"' Wmtosupporihi-assS nJ'h ?'1 """J"!? ®''""*'' b^'^S j"«n««' by lord Lovel, and one or two lords more of the discontented party, rel in'an«i?"r' '"l!* ^"«'*"'' ' »'«' accordingfy la^ndS in .Lancashire, from whence he marched to York. exoectiM ButrS^h^""''* T ^"''J"'" '^''» - be ma^hXoig* ?^i ?J5 *•* ''" sii?>on, were taken prisoners; and four thousand of the common men fell in the battle. Simon, being a priest, could net be tried by the civil power, and was only committed to close con- finement. 7. Simnel was too contemptible to excite the king's fear or resentment; he was pardoned, and made 8 scullion in the king's kitchen, whence he was afterwards advanced to the rank of falconer, in which mean employ- ment he died. 8. A fresh insurrection began in Yorkshire. The people resisting the commissioners who were appointed to levy the taxes, the earl of Northumberland attempted to enforce the king's command ; but the populace, being by this taught to believe that he was the adviser of their oppressions, flew to arms, attacked his honse, and put him to death. The mutineers did not stop there; but, bv the advice of one John Archamber, a seditious fellow i ' mean appearance, they chose sir John Egremont for their leader, and prepared themselves for a vigorous resistance. 9. The king, upon hearing of this rash proceeding, immediately. levied a force, which he put under the earl of Surry : and this nobleman, encountering the rebels, dissipated the tumult, and took their leader, Archamber, prisoner. Archamber was shortly after executed, but sir John Egremont fled to the eourt of the dutchess of Burgundy, the usual retreat of all who were obnoxiou" to government in England. 10. One would have imagined, that from the ill saccess of Simnel's imposture, few would be willing to embark in another of a similar kind ; however, the old dutchess of Burgundy, rather irritated than discouraged by the failure of her past enterprises, was determined to disturb that go- vernment which she could not subvert, A. D. 1402. She first procured a report to be spread that the young duke of York, said to have been murdered in the 'Tower, was still living ; and finding the rumour greedily received, she soon I I 1 'J o tc : ei di th an kn Rt sei Fr ail ha wi tha HINRY VII. Ion, remained le royal cauae. ,he county of more b'.oody, lave ^«en ex- 6. But a vie a- id it proved •eld of battle: x^ Buppoaed he ,r »'sin»on, were common men ,uld net be tried id to cloee con- « to excite the ,ned, and made waa afterwarda I mean employ- re. The people ^pointed to levy npted to enforce ng by thia uught Dppreaaiona, flew to death. The le advice of one lean appearance, ler, and prepared The king, upon sly levied a force, id thia nobleman, I tumult, and took iber waa ahortly 1 to the court of it of all who were im ihe ai Bucceaa ling to embark in old dutcheaa of sd by the failure diaturb that go- lA.D. 1498. She le young duke of p Tower, waa atiU [received, ahe aoon produced a young man who nasumcd hii name and cha- racter. 11. The person chosen to sustuin thia part waa one OslMck, or Warbeck. the son of a converted Jew, who had been over in England during the reign of Edward IV. where he had this son named Peter, but corrupted, after the Flemish manner, into I'eterkin, or Perkin. 12. The dutchess of Durgtindy found this youth entirely suited to her purposes ; and her lessons, instructing him to personate the duke of York, were easily learned and strongly retained by a youth of very quick apprehension. In short, h a graceful air, his courtly address, his eaay manner, and elegant conversation, were capable of imposing upon all but such as were conscious of the imposture. The English, ever ready to revolt, gave credit to all these absurdities ; while the young man's prudence, conversation, and deportment served to confirm what their disaflection arid credulity had begun. 13. Among those who secretly abetted the cause of Perkin were lord Fitzwalter, air Simond Mountford, sir Thomas Thwaits, and sir Robert Cliflbrd. But the person of the greatest weight, and the most dangerous opposition, was sir William Stanley, the lord chamberlain, and brother to the famous lord Stanley, who had contributed to place Henry on the throne. This personage, either moved by a blind credulity, or more probably by a restless ambition, entered into a regular conspiracy against the king ; and a correspondence was settled between the malecontents in England and those in Flanders. 14. While the plot was thus carrying on in all quarters, Henry waa not inattentive to the designs of his enemies. He spared neither labour nor expense to detect the false- hood of the pretender to his crown ; and was equally assi- duoua in finding out who were his secret abettors. For thia purpose he dispersed hia spies through all Flanders, and brought over, by large bribes, some of those whom he knew to be in the enemy's interest. IS. Among these, sir Robert ClifTord was the most remarkable, both for his con- sequence, and the confidence with which he waa trusted. From this person Henry learnt the whole of Perkin's birth and adventures, together with the namea of all those who had secretly combined to assist him. The king was pleased- with the discovery ; but the more trust he gave to his spies, the higher resentment did he feign against them. 16. At firat he was atruck wi& indignation at the ingra- mmm iHt ■ 144 hiitohy o? ek^i-and. Utudfl of mnny of ihoM aboul him » but, concealing hU mentment for . proper ''PP°""n"yv^« "•"•"fS.^i '^f 'T instant arre.led Fiizwallor. Mountford. and ijwaita, to- .ether with William Danbury, Uobort Hatcliff. ThomM I'reMenor. and Thomas AHtwqod. All theae *»" """f ""j- convicted, and condemned for hii^h-treaaon. MountforJ, Ratcliff, and Danbury were immediately executed, the reat received a pardon. QuuUorufor Examination. & Who rounlcrteilMt the perwn of Ihe earl ol warwicn i S: ^^'^TZ'^ ^7^1^'^^ of .hi. r.b.lUo„ . I ^H^t T.rJ "/f^"'iliun.c.lont ««l what wa. U.. e«d«ct of .h. mulineent , ^.i,„, 10. What other impoatura *'•• •» Vj L?«f v™k f 11. Who wai clK-eiTlo poi««Bte the duko of Vorkl 15. Who imiructad Porkin to panonaie him t 13. WhowerehiaabeUora? .i.-.^,„Umf M. ii. What waa Hanry'a conduct on thi. «ff«;'«»' , 16. What wM tha fcta of thoaa who oppoaed the king T SECTION n. 1 rA D. 1494.) Thk young adventurer, thua finding his l.«L^ frustrated in England, went next to try hia fortune Koiand In Jat SLtr; his luck seemed greater than £ ?ng aS James IV., the ling of that counUy. rece.vmg him with great cordiality. He was seduced to bel'?'* "" itory of hi'i birth and adventures; and he carrted h« con- aa11o« «o far as to Bive h m in marriage lady Catharine Son daughter of the earl of HunUey. and a near kins- -n^^n 'of h?s own : a young lady eminent for virtue as of favour he wa* resolved to attempt setting him on the lirof England. It was naturally e-I-;;^,VadTof Perkin's first Appearance in that kingdom, all *e friends oi Oie house of York would rise in his favour. Upon thi» SouTuierefore, the king of ScoUand entered fengUmd S a numerous army, M»d proclaimed the young aJven- teiritomer he wentf But Perkin's preteneion., attended III 1 I I t 1 \ I a c 'J Si Cl tl (I tl th m ol 6. tn a an af] of] be CO trii wf wa an( the m concealing hit oit al iho •»">• ™d Thwaiu, to- iBtcliff, ThomiB ! were arniKned, in. Mounlfonl, «outed{ ihareit -■»i.. iiH H Ii' i la th« eooitict of ./i 146 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. more doubtful than before; and ibis youth's real pretensions are to this very day an object of dispute among the learned. After attempting once or twice to escape from custody, he ms hanged at Tyburn : and several of his adherente suf- fered the same ignominious death. . , . . . 8. There had been hitherto nothing m this reign but plots, treasons, insurrections, impostures, and executions ; and it is probable that Henry's severity proceeded from the continual alarm in which they held him. It is certain that no prince ever loved peace more than he ; and much of the ill will of his subjecu arose from his attempU to repress their inclinations for war. The usual preface to all his treaties was, » That, when Christ came into the world, peace was sung ; and when he went out of the world, peace was bequeathed." . , 9. He had all along two points in view ; one to depress the nobility and clergy, and the other to exalt and humanize the populace. With this view he procured an act, by which the nobility were granted a power of disposing of their estates ; a law infinitely pleasing to the commons, and not disagreeable even to the nobles, since they had thus an im- mediate resource for supplying their taste for P"d'ga»ly. and answering the demands of their creditors. The blow reached them in their posterity alone ; but they were too ignorant to be affected by such distant distresses. 10. He was not remiss also in abridging the popes power, while at the same time he professed the utmost sub- mission to his commands, and the greatest respect for the clergy. But while he thus employed his power in lowenng the influence of the nobles and clergy, he was usmg every art to extend the privileges of the people. In fact, his greatest eflbrts were directed to promote trade and commerce, because they naturally introduced a spirit of liberty, and disengaged them from all dependence, except upon the laws and the king. U. Before this great era, all our towns owed their origin to some strong castle m the neighbour- hood, where some powerful lord generally resided. These were at once fortresses for protection, and prisons for aU sorts of criminals. In this casUe there was usually a gar- rison armed and provided, depending entirely on the noble- man's support and assistance. 12. To these seats of pro- tection, artificers, victuaUers, and shopkeepers naturally resorted, and settied on some adjacent spot, to furnish me lord and his attendants wiUi all the necessaries they might in K Pi V> gi ol w V of pt mgm nGNRV VII. 147 real pretensions ong the learned, •om custody, he } adherents suf- 1 this reign but and executions; proceeded from 0. It is certain I he ; and much his attempts to lual preface to all le into the world, : the world, peace ; one to depress talt and humanize 1 an act, by which lisposing of their commons, and not Y had thus an ira- te for prodigality, itors. The blow )ut they were too itresses. dging the pope's ;d the utmost sub- >8t respect for the power in lowering B was using every pie. In fact, his ade and commerce, rit of liberty, and cept upon the laws sra, all our towns in the neighbour- y resided. These md prisons for all was usually a gar- drely on the noble- ihese seats of pro- pkeepers naturally L)t, to furnish the essaries they might require. The farmers also, and the husbandmen, in the neighbourhood, built their houses there, to be protected against the numerous gangs of robbers, called Kobertsmen, that hid themselves in the woods by day, and infested the open country by night. 13. Henry endeavoured to bring the towns from such a neighbourhood, by inviting the in- habitants to a more commercial situation. He attempted to teach them frugality, and a just payment of debts, by his own example ; and never once omitted the rights of the merchant, in all his treaties with foreign princes. 14. Henry having seen England, in a great measure, civilized by his endeavours, his people pay their taxes with- out constraint, the nobles confessing subordination, the laws alone inflicting punishment, the towns beginning to live in- dependent of the powerful, commerce every day increasing, the spirit of faction- extinguished, and foreigners either fearing England or seeking its alliance, he began to see the approaches of his end, and died of the gout in his stomach, (A. D. 1500), having lived fifty-two years, and reigned twenty-three. The reign of Henry VII. produced so many beneficial changes in the condition of England, and the manners of its people, that many historians have attributed to the monarch a larger share of wisdom and virtue than is justly his due. He was a faithless friend, a bitter enemy, a cruel husband to an amiable consort, an undutiful son to his venerable mother, a careless father, and an ungenerous master. He maintained peace because his avarice disinclined him to the expenses of war ; he increased the power of the people through jealousy of the nobler, and he checked the papal encroachments, because they interfered with his taxes. In- ordinate love of money and unrelenting hatred of the house of York* were his ruling passions, and the chief sources of all his vices and all his troubles. * The prateniioM of Perkin Wnrbeck, the loit who claimed the crown in right of the houae of York, will naturally occur to the reader's mind, and aome aniietjr will be felt to lenrii whether he waa really an unfortunate prince or. a crafty impostor. The latter opinion seema to have prevailed principally on the authority of Shakapeare and loid Bacon, certainly the two greatest names in our literature, but as certainly witnesses wholly unworthy of credit in the present inatance. They wrote to please queen Eliiabeln, who was naturally anxious to raise the character of her giandAther Henry Vri. and depreciate that of his rival Richard III. The first point to be ascertained is the fact of the murder of the two youiw princes, and this, which would at once have decided the pretensiona of M^rbeck, waa ao far from being proved, that the inquiaition taken and published by Henry's command ia ao full of contradictiona and palpable ;^-A • 148 HISTORY OF BNOLAND. Quettionifor Examinaium. 1. Whew next did the young adventurer try hU fortune t and what was 3. Al^hto'd^ppointinent in ScoUand, what waa Perkin's future scheme of oppoaition 7 4. What title did Perkin anume? 6. What waa his conduct ailerwardsf 6. In what manner did Henry treat hinif ....,., 7. Of what nature was his confession ? and what nia late I a From what cause proceeded Henry's seyerity f What wa« his usual preface to his treaUes f ...... 9. What were the two points which Henry had always in view T and what plan did he punue to attain themt la How did he abridge the power of the pope T p„„i..^ t U, 18. Before this era, what was the state of the towiM in lungland I 13, 14. By what moans did Henry civiliie his country T When did the king die t and what was his character T CONTEMPORARY SOVEREIGNa FopSt. A.D. Innocent vmV.... 1484 AlemnderVI 149S PiuslU 1503 .lulittsin 1S03 Esuaerort of Genmmy. Frederick II. 1440 if 1493 Ewmerar cf the Turb. Bi^tll.. 1481 Kings of France. A.D. Charles VIII 1483 Louis XII 1498 Kingand Qm ■ n .j< w Ferdinand* 'i' Catholic ri > Isabella l^ ' John 1401 Emanuel 149S King <^ Denmark and Sweden. John 1481 KingtqfSealtand. inM»IilT. 1460 iIV 1489 SKSSL.nJS-^^^l^w^^weVSid^'-'^v^^ ■"^"n:r.x.ce'sss'5ki°.^rn*?^^^ _JI^»j A«n. Witrhflpk alter he waa made prisoner, like the former, it SSJtate^e'l^lteof iSi^^-n'lle^ y^^ ™ri.«Bid to have repeated it at the time of his death. "a, tto oAer rideTWehave the evidence of the uld at once have aet re known whether it took eepecial care to M had luat reaaoo to if Warbeck'a preten- liflerent goven u aenta, Pm; but by the mar- d Anagon, tha whole HENRY VIII. 149 KMINENT PGRSONS. John Morton. Henry Chic'helcy, Thomnii Lnnglon. arehbiahoM of Can»«r Morton. 10,5 ch«m«llor. Vox, bishop of Winchctor. SetaSan CaK great .mvgator. Empeon aini Dudley, eKtorU«,«te mini.te«Tthe kinr* Born 1491. CHAPTER XXIII. HENRY Vni. Died January 38, 1547. Deitan lo reign April 99, ISOB. Keigiied 371 y<'ur». • »" i SECTION I. 1. (A.D. 1509.) No prince ever came lo the throne with a conjuncture of circumstances more in his favour than Henry the Eighth, who now, in the eighteenth year of his age, undertook the government of the kingdom. As he was at the head of a formidable army, fifty thousand strong, and as a war with France was the most pleasing to the peS- pie, he determined to head his forces for the conquest of that kingdom. 2. But France was not threatened by him alone : the Swiss, m another quarter, with twenty-five thousand men, were preparing to invade it; while Ferdinand of Arragon, whom no treaties could bind, was only waitinjr for a convenient opportunity of attack on his side to advantage. Never was the French monarchy in so distressed a situation ; but the errors of its assailants procured its safety. 3. After *i"5'^u'*."°"" ^"i^ ineffectual campaign, a truce was con- eluded between the two kingdoms; and Henry conUnued ^i,- I'Wl'" ™°'® P*'"'®'""' '■°"'««' ^hose immense sums Which had been amassed by his predecessor for very differ- ent purposes. ' 4. In this manner, while his pleasures on the one hand engrossed Henry's time, the preparations for repeated ex- pediuons exhausted his treasures on the other. As it was natural to suppose the old ministers, who were appointed to direct him by his father, would not willingly concur in these idle project., Henry had, for some time, disconUnued Mking their advice, and chiefly confided in the counsels of MSI 150 HIITORV OP INQLAND. Thomas, afterwards cardinal Wolsey, who seemed to second him in his favourite pursuits. 5. Wolsey was a minister who complied with all his master's inclinations, and flattered him in every scheme to which his sanguine and impetuous temper was inclined. He was tlic son of a private gentle- man, at Ipswich. He was sent to Oxford so early, that he was a bachelor at fourteen, and at that time was called the boy bachelor. He rose by degrees, upon quitting college, from one preferment to another, till he was made rector of Lymington by the marquis of Dorset, whose children he had instructed. 6. He was soon recommended as chaplain to Henry the Seventh ; and being employed by that mo- narch in a secret negotiation respecting his intended mar- riage with Margaret of Savoy, he acquitted himself to the king's satisfaction, and obtained the praise both of diligence and dexterity. 7. That prince having given him a commis- sion to Maximilian, who at that time resided at Brussels, was surprised in less than three days to see Wolsey present himself before him ; and, supposing he had been delinquent, began to reprove his delay. Wolsey, however, surprised him with an assurance that he had just returned from Brus- sels, and had successfully fulfilled all his majesty's com- mands. 8. His despatch on that occasion procured him the deanery of Lincoln ; and in this situation it was that he was introduced by Fox, bishop of Winchester, to the young king's notice, in hopes that he would have talents to sup- plant the earl of Surry, who was the favourite at that time ; and in this Fox was not out in his conjectures. Presently after being introduced at court, he was made a privy coun- sellor ; and as such had frequent opportunities of ingratia- ting himself with the young king, as he appeared at once complying, submissive, and enterprising. 9. Wolsey used eve^ art to suit himself to the royal temper; he sung, laughed, and danced with every libertine of the court; neither his own years, which were nearly forty, nor his character as a clergyman, were any restraint upon him, or tended to check, by ill-timed severities, the gayety of his companions. To such a weak and vicious monarch as Henry, qualities of this nature were highly pleasing ; and Wolsey was soon acknowledged as the chief favourite, and to him was intrusted the chief administration of affairs. 10. The people began to see with indignation the new fa- vourite's mean condescensions to the king, and his arro- gance to diemselves. They had long regarded the vicious i a h ii n h St T A tQ a 4. 6. S. 7. 9. 10. II. 13. sen aU ieemed to second yr was a minister ons, and flattered e and impetuous a private gentle- so early, that he le was called the quitting college, s made rector of lose children he nded as chaplain |red by that mo- s intended mar- d himself to the both of diligence 1 him a commis- ded at Brussels, I Wolsey present been delinquent, wever, surprised imed from Bnis- majesty'fl com- irocured him the I it was that he ter, to the young 6 talents to sup- ite at that time ; ares. Presently de a privy coun- lities of ingratia- ppeared at once 0. Wolsey used mper; he sung, e of the court; ly forty, nor his int upon him, or he gayety of his ious monarch as ly pleasing ; and ief favourite, and ration of affairs, ation the new fa- ig, and his arro- uded the vicious wm inmiT viii. wm 151 haughaness and he unbecoming splendour of the clergy with envy and detestation; and Wolsey's greatness servS to bring a new odium upon that body, already too much the objec of the people's dislike. His characfor. being now placed in a more conspicuous point of light, daily besan to man. est itself the more. 11. Insatiable in his ac^quSn^ but still more magnificent in his expense; of extensive "a pacay. but still more unbounded in enterprise ; ambitious jLCn.'"" "•'" """"f ^"'"'''"' "'^ »lory; insinuating r gagmg, persuasive, and at other times lofty, elevated, and commanding; haughty to his equals, but affable to ts dS pendants; oppressive to the people, but liberal to his fnends; more generous than grateful ; formed to Lke the ascendant in every intercourse! but vain enough not te coter his real superiority. ° ^uvcr 12. In order to divert the envy of the public from his inordinate exaltation, he soon entered into a correspondence with Francis the First, of France, who had takSn mrnv In consequence of that monarch's wishes, Henrv was nerl Ti^JZ ''"' ""'''"'^ *" '"' ^"'^'"««^ ^'^h tliat p^iJce AnJ J '^ "")^^"?"«'?"'' ^^» '•^Id between Guisnes and ^H^;yZc^rnVri^:^^ Quutioiufor Examination. '■ "^Ktnra^r """""'^'=«' «'^»"-'' "--y «'«' Ei8h.h on com. SECTION II. «PnV iE^P• }^^^'?- ^"^ "*'"""' ''«'■•'"' « 'lefiance had been sent by the two kings to each other's court, and throuS aU the chief c.Ues of Europe, importing th^t Henr™Sd 153 HISTORY OF KNOLAND. Francis, with fourteen aids, would be ready in the plains of Picardy to answer all coiners, that were gentlemen, at tilt and tournay.* Accordingly, the monarchs, now all gorgeously apparelled, entered the lists on horseback; Francis, surrounded with Henry's guards, and Henry with those of Francis. 2. They were both at that time the most comely personages of their age, and prided themselves on their expertness in the military exercises. The ladies were the judges in these feats of chivalry ; and they put an end to the encounter whenever they thought proper. In these martial exercises, the crafty French monarch gratified Henry's vanity by allowing him to enjoy a petty pre-eminence in these pastimes. 3. By this time all the immense treasures of the late king were quite exhausted on empty pageants, guilty pleasures, or vain treaties and expeditions. But the king relied on Wolse} hione for replenishing his coffers ; and no person could be fitter for the purpose. 4. His first care was to get a large sum of money from the people, under the title of a benevolence ; which, added to its being extorted, had the mortification of being considered as a free gift. Henry little minded the manner of its being raised, provided he had the enjoyment of it ; however, his minister met with some oppo- ■iUon in his attempts to levy these extorted contributions. In the first place, having exacted a considerable sum from the clergy, he next addressed himself to the house of com- mons ; but they only granted him half the supplies he de- manded. 6. Wolsey was at first highly offer^ded at their parsimony, and desired to be heard in the hi>use ; but as this would have destroyed the very form and constitution of that august body, they replied, that none could be permitted to sit and argue there but such as had been elected mem- bers. This was the first attempt made in this reign to render the king master of the debates in parliament. Wolsey first paved the way, and, unfortunately for the kingdom, Henry too well improved upon his plans soon after. 6. Hitherto the administration of all affairs was carried on by Wolsey ; for the king was contented to lose, in the embraces of his mistresses, all the complaints of his sub- jects ; and the cardinal undertook to keep him ignorant, in order to continue his uncontrolled authority. But now a period was approaching that was to put an end to this • Thai game was iiutituted by Henry I. of Germany, A.D. 919, and abo- Uahed in lS60. 1 t I P h tl tj ol ni P' til th be ef V(l th sti tei ch Hi ha be pa coi th( and wb( thei t friai enti y in the plains ■e gentlemen, at larchB, now all on horseback; ind Henry with it that time the rided themselves 68. The ladies and they put an ght proper. In nonarch gratified itty pre-eminence !S of the late king guilty pleasures, e king relied on ; and no person Bt care was to get ider the title of a extorted, had the gift. Henry little )vided he had the t with some oppo- ted contributions, derable sum from he house of com- le supplies ho de- offerded at their he house ; bat as nd constitution of couid be permitted een elected mem- I in this reign to ■liament. Wolsey for the kingdom, soon after, iffairs was carried ted to lose, in the daints of his sub- sep him ignorant, thority. But now mt an end to this any, AJ). 919, mi »IJ<»- HINRV VIII. tit minister's exorbitant power. One of the most extraordi- nary and important revolutions that ever employed the attention of man was now ripe for execution. This was no less a change than the reformation. 7. The vices and impositions of the church of Rome were now almost come to a head ; and the increase of arts and learning among the laity, propagated by means of printing, which had been lately invented, began to make them resist that power, which was originally founded on deceit. A.D. 1519. Leo the Tenth was nt that time pope, and eagerly employed in building the c! '" f St. Peter, at Rome. In order to procure money lui carrying on that expensive undertaking, he gave a commission for selling indulgences, a practice that had often been tried before. 8. These were to free the purchaser from the pains of purgatory ; and they would serve even for one's friends, if purchased with that inten- tion. The Augustine friars* had usually been employed in Saxony to preach the indulgences, and from this trust had derived both profit and consideration ; but the pope's minister, supposing that they had found out illicit methods of secreting the money, transferred this lucrative employ- ment from them to the Dominicans.t 0. Martin Luther, professor in the university of Wirtemberg, was an Augus- tine monk, and one of those who resented this transfer of the sale of indulgences from one order to another. He began to show his indignation by preaching against their efficacy ; and being naturally of a fiery temper, hlJ. pro> voked by opposition, he inveighed against the authority of the pope tiimself. Being driven hard by his adversaries, still as he enlarged his readiug, in order to support his tenets, he discovered some new abuse or error in the church of Rome. 10. In this dispute, it was the fate of Henry to be champion on both sides. His father, who had given him the education of a scholar, permitted him to be instructed in school divinity, which then was the princi- pal object of learned inquiry. Henry, therefore, willing to convince the world of his abilities in that science, obtained the pope's permission to read the works of Luther, which * They ofaaerved the rule of St AngmtiiM, pratcribed them by pope Alex- ander IV. in 1256. Thia rule wai, to have all things in nommon : the rich, who entered among them, were compelled to lell their posgeBBioiu, and give them to the poor. t In aoroe placei called jacobim. and in othert predicant!, or preaching Crian ; they were obliged to take a vow of abaolute poverty, and to abandon entirely their revenue* and poi8e«iona. m. 164 III8T0RV O? BNOLAND. had been forbidden under pain of excommunication. 1 1 . In conBcquence of thi«, the king defended the seven sacramente, out of St. Thomas Aquinas ; and showed some dexterity in tliis science, though it is thought that Wolsey had the chief hand in directing him. A book bemg thus finished .n haste, it was sent to Rome for the pope's approbation, which it was natural to suppose would not be withheld. J he pontiff, ravished with its eloquence and depth, compared it to the labours of St. Jerome, or St. Augustine, and re- warded the author of it with the title of defendkr of the FAITH ; little imagining that Henry was soon to be one the most terrible enemies that ever the church of Rome had to contend with. Quenitmi for Exmninatim, I, a Relate the perticnlart of the congre- that took place in the plaiiii. o( 3. In wtot minner were the late king's treajurca eihaimted f 4 How w - "hB kina'H coffom repleiiuhed f ... . r .1,. j. J: wT- ne first attempt malle to render the king roaster of the de- 6. wfedid W^liJ^^ndclvour'o keep the king ignorant of U.e complaint. ofhissubjfiou? , , .. , 7. What practices led to Ihe reformnUon ? . ... 9. j" what manner did Luiher oppose the transfer of the sale of indul 10. 11. ^ha?la« the king's conduct on this occasion? and what waa hi. reward t SECTION III. 1 (A D. 1527.) Hr-NRY had now been eighteen years married 'to Catharine of Arragon, who had been brought over from Spain, and married to his eldest brother, who died a few months after. But, notwithstanding the submis- sive deference paid for the indulgence of the church, Hen- ry's marriage with this princess did not pass without scru- ple and hesitation, both on his own side and on that of the neonle. 2. However, his scruples were carried forward, though perhaps not at first excited by a motive much more powerf-ul than the tacit suggestion of his conscience. It Kappened that among the maids of honour then attending the queen, there was one Anna Bullen, the daughter of sir Thomas Bullen, a gentleman of distinction, »"*» "J**"". *» most of the nobility. He had been employed by the king t r 'J f h ti h d u 6 tl h d( 8( S'c to a fe di ob in he ci< lai inj rei ■^— waWWfPPMKf "Kn(mi3R«j^t^iHim ;ation. 11. In ren Bucramentu, gome dexterity Volsey had the thus finished in robation, which withheld. The epth, compared gustine, and re- FENDKR OF THE in to be one the if Rome had to place in the plain* of luatedT ing roaster of ihe de- ijautofthecomplainto of ihe Mle of indul- mt and what waahia m eighteen years had been brought lest brother, who inding the submis- the church, Hen- )a8fl without Bcru- and on that of the ) carried forward, motive much more is conscience. It jur then attending the daughter of sir on, and related to ployed by the king HENRY VIII. IM in several embassies, and was married to a daughter of the duke of Norfolk. 3. The beauty of Anna surpassed what- ever had hitherto appeared at this voluptuous court ; and hur education, which had been at Paris, tended to set off her personal charms. Henry, who had never learned the art of rustraining any passion that he desired to gratify, saw and loved her ; but after several efforts to induce her to comply with his criminal desires, he found that without marriage he nould have no chance of succeeding. ' 4. This obstacle, therefore, he hardly undertook to remove ; and as his own queen was now become hateful to him, in order to procure a divorce, he alleged that his conscience rebuked him for having so long lived in incest with the wife of his brother. In this pretended perplexity, therefore, he applied to Cle- ment the Seventh, who owed him many obligations, desir- ing him to dissolve the bull of the former pope, which had given him permission to marry Catharine ; and to declare that it was not in the power, even of the holy see, to dis- pense with the law so strictly enjoineu in Scripture. S. The unfortunate pope, unwilling to grant, yet afraid to re- fuse, continued to promise, recant, dispute, and temporize ; hoping that the king's passion would never hold out during the tedious course of an ecclesiastical controversy. In this he was entirely mistaken. Henry had been long taught to dispute as well as he, and quickly found or wrested many texts in Scripture to favour his opinions, or his passions. 6. During the course of a long perplexing negotiation, on the issue of which Henry's happiness seemed to depend, he had at first expected to find in his favourite Wolsey a warm defender and a steady adherent ; but in this he found him- self mistaken. Wolsey seemed to be in pretty much the same dilemma with the pope. On the one hand, he was to please his master the king, from whom he had received a thousand marks of favour ; and on the other hand, he feared to disoblige the pope, whose servant he more imme- diately was, and who, besides, had power to punish his dis- obedience. 7. He, therefore, resolved to continue neuter in the controversy ; and, though of all men the most haughty, he gave way on this occasion to Campeggio, the pope's nun- cio, in all things, pretending a deference to his skill in canon law. Wolsey's schitme cf temporizing was highly displeas- ing to the king, but for a while he endeavoured to stifle his resentment, until he could act with more fatal certain^. ■.■:3 ■m %J^ ^4 ISO II18T0RV or KKOLAND. He fur lomc time louknd out Tor n man of eqiiul iibilitien and less art ; niul it whs not lon^i^ before accident threw in his way one Tlioinas Cranmer, of greater talents, and probably of more integrity. 8. Thus finding liimself provided with a person who could supply WoUey's place, he appeared less reserved in his resentments against that prelate. The attorney-general was ordered to prepare a bill of indictment against him ; and he was soon after commanded to resign the great seal. Crimes are easily found out against a favourite in disgrace, and the courtiers did not fail to increase the catalogue of his errors. He was ordered to depart from York-place palace ; and all his furniture and plate were converted to the king's use. 0. The inventory of his goods being taken, they were found to exceed even the most extravagant surmises. He was soon after arrested bv the earl of Northumberland, at the king's command, for high-treason, and preparations were made for conducting him from York, where he then resided, to London, in order to take his trial. 10. He at first refused to comply with the requisition, as being a cardinal ; but find- ing the earl bent on performing his commission, he com- plied, and set out by easv journeys to London, to appear as a criminal, where he had acted as a king. In his way he stayed a fortnight at the earl of Shrewsbury's ; where one day, at dinner, he was taken ill, not without violent suspi- cions of having poisoned himself. Being brought forward from thence, he with much diflicuUy reached Leicester-ab- bey; where the monks coming out to meet him, he said, " Father Abbot, I am come to lay my bones among you :" and immediately ordered his bed to be prepared. 11. As his disorder increased, an officer being placed near him, at once to guard and attend him, he spoke to him a little before he expired to this effect : " Had I but served God as dili- gently as I have served the king, he would not have given me over in my gray hairs. But this is the just reward I must receive for my indulgent pains and study ; not regard- ing my service to God, but only to my prince." He died soon after, in all the pangs of remorse, and left a life which had all along been rendered turbid by ambition, and wretch- ed by mean assiduities. 12. The tie that held Henry to the church being thus broken, he resolved to keep no farther nieasares with the pontiff. He, tlierefore, privately married Anna Bullen, ( ii a P ti b fi U n C ct ih C( T oi all di w th na re of tei I"fw iqiiul atiilitioR ami enl threw in liiii ita, and probably I a perion who less reierved in attorney-general against him ; and the great seal, urite in diograce, ) catalogue of his }rk-place palace ; ted to the king's taken, they were t surmises. He rthumberland, at iroparationa were ) he then resided, fie at first refused ardinal ; but find- mission, he corn- don, to appear as In his way he ry's ; where one out violent suspi- brought forward hed Leiccster-ab- eet him, he said, les among you :" rrpared. 11. As iced near him, at him a little before Tved God as dili- id not have given ihe just reward I ludy ; not regard- rince." He died i left a life which ition, and wretch- liurch being thus neasnres with the ed Anna Bullen. namiT tiii. Dwik of ()«M OIkuiM of AmtM. ''r'^Sf J?®,,'"'* *'^***"' marbhioness of Pembroke ; the duke of Norfolk, uncle to the new queen, her father, and Dr. cranmer, bemg present at the ceremony. Soon after, findr ing the queen pregnant, he publicly owned his marriam, and, to cover over his disobedience to the pope with an ap- pearance of triumph, he passed with his beautiful bride through London with a mngnificence greater than had ever been known before. But, though Henry had thus seceded Irom the church, yet he had not addicted himself tu the eye. tem of the reformers. ' 18. As the monlui had all along shown him the greateat resutance, he resolved at once to deprive them of future power to injure him. He accordingly empowered Thomaa Cromwell, who was now made secretary of state, to ttnd commissioners into the several counties of England to inspect the monasteries, and to report with rigorous exactness the conduct and deportment of such as were resident there. This employment was readily undertaken by some creatures of the co'irt, namely, Layton, London, Price, Gage, Peter, and BelLsis, who are said to have discovered monstrous duordera in many of the religious houses. The accusations, whether true or false, were urged with great clamour against these communities, and a general horror was excited in the nation against them. U. Queen Catharine of Arragon, Henry's first wife, lived in rebrement after her divorce until her decease. She was one of the brightest characters in English history. Her charac- ter and death are admirably depicted by Shakspeare. O m i #■■, m tM HtrroRV or BNOLAND. QuuHofu for Examination, 1. Who WM llmry'i flnl wife t >. Whom did h« •llarwardt wiah to obtain ? S. Whkl dMcripliofi la civan of Anna lliillen ? 4. What pntianc* did Ilenry silage ui prucura • dlvorc* 1 B. What waa Oia conduct or Iha pop« ? fl. What wars Iha clrcuimlsnca* which put an end to Wolaey'i power t & In what manner did the king act towani* himf 9. What account ia given of the inventory otKm gooda f 10. What oireumatancaa preceded the death of Wolaejr f 11. Relate WolMv'a einreaiion immediately before hia death. 19. What followed WolMy'a death I 13. What romininion did the king give to Cromwell ? 14. Whatia Mid of quMn Catharine f SECTION IV. 1. (A.D. 1530.) A Niw visitation oftho religious houses was soon after appointed, and fresh crimes were also pro- duced ; so that his severities were conducted with such seem- ing justice and success, that in less than two years he became possessed of all the monastic revenues. These, on tlie whole, amounted to six hundred and forty-five, of which twenty-eight had abbots who enjoyed a seat in parliament. Ninety colleges were demolished in several counties ; twothouiand three hun- dred and seventy-four chantries and free chapels, and a hun- dred and ten hospitals. 2. The whole revenue of these esta- blishments amounted to one hundred and sixty-one thousand pounds, which was about a twentieth part of the national income. But as great murmurs were excited by some on tfeia occasion, Henry took care that all those who could be useful to him, or even dangerous in case of opposition, •hould be sharers in the spoil. He either made a gift of the revenues of the convents to his principal courtiers, or sold them at low prices, or exchanged them for other lands on ▼ery disadvantageous terms. 3. Henry's opinions were at length delivered in a law, which, from its horrid consequences, was afterwards termed the Bloody Statute; by which it was ordained, that who- ever, hy word or writing, denied transubstantiation, whoever maintained that the communion in both kinds waa necessary, whoever asserted that it was lawful for priests to marry, whoever alleged that vows of chastity might be broken, whoever maintained that private masses were unprofitable, or that aurictdar confession waa unnecessary, should be found 1 a c r I h a a tl U ^^SSBMfiMt HENRY VIII. ISO Mr Wolaey'i power t dMih. religious houaci ■ were aUo pro- [) with such seem- ) yean he became ese, on the whole, hich twenty-eight . Ninety coUegei loui and three hun- apela. and a hun- nue of these eata* xty-one thouaand rt of the national ited by some on Dse who could be of oppoaition, made a gift of the courtiers, or sold or other lands on ivered in a law, ifterwardtt termed ained, that who- ntiation, whoever is was necessary, priests to marry, light be broken, vere unprofitable, ^(Should be found Suilty of heresy, ami burned or hanged as the court should etermine. 4. Aa tho people were at that time chiotly com- pooed of thoRo wlio t'ullowed the opinions of Iiuther, and auch as alill ailliered to the pope, thia atalute, with Henry's former decrees, in aome meaaure included both, and opened a field for peraecution, which aoon after produced its dread- ful harvests. Dainham and Bilney were burned for their oppoaition to popery. Sir Thomas More and bishop Fiaher were beheaded for denying the king's supremacy. S. These severities, however, were preceded by one of a different nature, arising neither from religious nor political causes, but merely from a tyrannical caprice. Anna OuUen, his queen, had always been favournble to the reformation, and consequently had many enemied on that account, who only waited som ' tit occasion to deat.oy her credit with the king, and that : .casipn presented it/ielf but too aoon. 0. The king's passion waa by thia t me quite palled with satiety, as the only desire he ever had foT her arose from that brutal appetite which enjoymin^soon Jestroys. He wns now fallen in love, if we may o prustito: theexprr non, vv.ih another, and languished for the posnession of Une Seymour, who had for some time been maid of honnii « the queen. 7. In the mean time her enemies ^ ei } not remiss in rais- ing an accusation against h The duke of Nc I'nlk, from his attachment to the old r ^.(i<'<.i, took care to pi r'uce seve- ral witnesses, accusing htrof ^^^conlinency with some of the meaner servants of ihu court. Four persons were par- ticularly pointed out as her paramours; Henry Norria, groom of the stole ; Weston and Bretun, gentlemen of the king's bedchamber ; togethei with Mark Smeaton, a musi- cian. 8. Accordingly, soon after, Norris, Weston, Breton, and Smeaton were tried in Westminster-hall, when Smeatoo was prevailed upon, by the promise of a pardon, to confess a criminal correspondence with the queen ; but he waa never confronted with her he accused ; and his execution with the rest, shortly after, served to acquit her of the charge. 9. Norris, who had b3en much in the king's favour, had an offer of his life if he would confess his crime, and accuse his mistress ; but he rejected the proposal with contempt, and died prnfessing her innocence and his own. The queen and her bro<.'.tr were tried by a jury of peers; but upon what proot i>t /^etence the crime of incest was urged against them is unknown : the chief evidence, it is said, amounted to no more than that Rochford had been seen to lean on her lm.^^l|^w.J,j l ..^l■. p-i> i lea HISTORY OF ENGLAND. i- bed before some company. 10. Part of the charge against her was, that she had declared to her attendants that the king never had her heart : which was considered as a slander upon the throne, and strained into a breach of law by statute, by which it was declared criminal to throw any slander upon the king, queen, or their issue. The unhappy queen, though unassisted by counsel, defended herself with great judgment and presence of mind ; and the spectators could not forbear declaring her entirely innocent. 1 1 . She answered distinctly to all the charges brought against her : but the king's authority was not to be controlled ; she was declared guilty, and her sen- tence ran that she should be burned or beheaded at the king's pleasure. On tlie morning of her execution, her sentence being mitigated into beheading, she sent for Kingstone, the keeper of the Tower, to whom, upon entering the prison, she said, " Mr. Kingstone, I hear I am not to die till noon, and I am sorry for it ; for I thought to be de;id before this time, and free from a life of pain." 12. 1 iie keeper attempting to comfort her by assuring her the pain would be very little, she replied, " I have heard the executioner is very expert ; and (clasping her neck with her hands, laughing) I have but a Htde neck." When brought to the scaffold, from a con- sideration of her child Elizabeth's welfare, she would not inflame the minds of the spectators against her prosecutors, but contented herself with saying, that " she was come to die as she was sentenced by the law." 13. She would ac- cuse none, nor say any thing of the ground upoii which she was judged ; she prayed heartily for the king, and called him " a most merciful and gentle prince : that he had always been to her a good and gracious sovereign ; and if that any one should think proper to canvass her cause, she desired him to judge the best." ' She was beheaded by the execu- tioner of Calais, who was brought over, as much more expert than any in England. 14. The very next day after her execution he married.the lady Jane Seymour, his cruel heart being no way softened by the wretched fate of one that had been so lately the object of his warmest affections. He also ordered his parliament to give him a divorce between her sentence and execution, and thus he endeavoured to render' Elisabeth, the only child he had by her, illegitimate, as he had in the same manner, formerly, Mary, his only child by queen Catharine. £ n I< r n ti k n Ci tl b( P al hi w fa sc re th of w le charge against ints that the king red as a slander }f law by statute, any slander upon py queen, though h great judgment could not forbear Bwered distinctly e king's authority iiilty,andhersen- aded at the king's ler sentence being stone, the keeper prison, she said, I noon, and I am re this time, and ter attempting to lid be very little, ir is very expert; ;hing) I have but fold, from a con- ;, she would not ; her prosecutors, ihe was come to I. She would ac- 1 upoii which she king, and called lat he had always and if that any luae, she desired ed by the execu- luch more expert xt day after her ir, his cruel heart of one that had Bctions. He also ice between her ivoured to render' legitimate, as he lis only child by HRNRY VIII. Queations for Examination. 1. What monwtic revenues now came into the king's poeseiwion? 2. What was the amount of these revenues t 3. What were the opinions of Henry T 4. What were the horrid consequences } 6. What tjrraniiioal act preceded these severities ? 7. Relate the charges alleged against Anna Biillcn. 9. What is said to have been the chief evidence ngainst her f 10. What strange charge was brought against her? 11. What washer behaviour on the trial? 18, la What at her execution? 14. In what manner did the king act after her execution 1 SECTION V. I. (A.D. 1537.) In the midst of these commotions the firps of Smithfield were seen to blaze with unusual fierce- ness. Those wha adhered to the pope, or those who fol- loT'ed the doctrines of Luther, were equally the objects of royal vengeance and ecclesiastical persecution. From the multiplied alterations which were made in the nctional sys- tems of belief, mostly drawn up by Henry himself, few knew what to think, or what to profess. 2. They were ready enough to follow his doctrines, how inconsistent or contradictory soever ; but, as he was continually changing them himself, they could hardly pursue so fa^ as he advanced before them. Thomas Cromwell, raised by the king's ca- price from being a blacksmith's son to be a royal favourite (for tyrants ever raise their favourites from the lowest of the people), together with Cranmer, now become archbishop of Canterbiiry, were both seen to favour the reformation witb all their endeavours. 3. On the other hand, Gardiner, bishop of Winchester, together with the duke of Norfolk, were for leading the king back to his original faith. In fact, Henry submitted to neitlier ; his pride had lone been so inflamed by flattery, that he thought himself entiued to regulate, by his own single opinion, the religious faith of the whole nation. 4. Soon after, bo less than five hundred persons were im- Erisoned for contradicting the opinions delivered in the tloody Statute : and received protection only from the lenity of Cromwell. Lambert, a schoolmaster, and doctor Barnes, who had been instrumental in Lambert's execution, felt the o2 169 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. severity of the persecuting; spirit, and by a bill in parliament, without any trial, were condemned to the flames, discussing theological questions at the very stake. With Barnes were eitecuted one Gerrard, and Jerome, for the same opinions. Three catholics, also, whose names were Abel, Featherstone, and Powel, were dragged upon the same hurdles to execu- tion ; and who declared that the most grievous part of their punishment was the being coupled with such heretical mis- creants as were united in the same calamity. 6. During these horrid transactions, Henry was resolved to take another queen, Jane Seymour having died in child- bed ; and after some negotiations upon the continent, he contracted marriage with Anne of Cleves, his aim being, by her means, to fortify his alliance with the princes of Ger- many. 6. His aversion, however, to the queen secretly increased every day ; and he at length resolved to get rid of her and his prime minister together. He had a strong cause of dislike to him for his late unpropitious alliance ; and a new motive was soon added for increasing his displeasure. Henry had fixed his affection on Catharine Howaird, niece to the duke of Norfolk ; and the only method of gratifying this itew passion was, as in the former cases, discarding the present queen to make room for a new one. The duke of Norfolk had long been Cromwell's mortal enemy, and eagerly embraced this opportunity to destroy a man he considered as his rival. 7. He therefore, made use of all his niece's arts to ruin the favourite ; and when this project was ripe for execution, he obtained a commission from the king to arrest Oromwell for high-treason. His disgrace was no sooner known, ^i^ all his friends forsook him, except Cranmer, wbo wrote such a letter ^ Henry in his behalf, as no oUier mtn in die kingdom would have presumed to offer. How- ever, he was accused in parliament of heresy and treason ; and without even being heard in his own defence, condemn- ed to suffer the pains of death, as the king should think proper to direct. 8. When he was brought to the seaffold, his regard for his son hindered him from expatiating upon his own innocence. He thanked God for bringing him to death for his transgressions ; confessed he had often been seduced, but that he now died in the catholic fAith. But the measure of Henry's severities was not yet fiUed up. He had thought himself verv happy in his new mar- riage. He was so captivated with the queen's accomplish- ments, that he gave public thanks for his felicity, and desired 1 i I c a a F c k F P d U t( n P o P ai n bi hi bi lo in m w fo h( s 3 ill in parliament, ames, discussing ^ith Barnes were same opinions, lel, Featheratone, lurdles to execu- ouB part of their ch heretical mis- r. ory waB resolved ng died in child- the continent, he liis aim being, by I princes of Ger- e queen secretly Ived to get rid of ad a strong cause alliance ; and a his displeasure. le Howard, niece hod of gratifying es, disouding the e. The duke of lemy, and eagerly 1 he considered as lU his niece's arts ject was ripe for the king to arrest e was no sooner except Cranmer, ehalf, as no other to offer. How* esy and treason ; efence, condemn- ing should think It to the scaffold, expatiattnff upon rbrinffinghim to te had often been >lic fAith. was not yet filled in his new mar- een's accompUsh- licity, and desired HKMtT VIII. his confessor to join with him in the same thanksgiving. 9. This joy, however, was of vory short duration. While the king was at York, upon an intended conference with the king of Scotland, a man of the name of Lassels waited upon Cranmer at London ; and, from the information of his sis- ter, who had been servant to the dutchess-dowager of Nor- folk, he gave a very surprising account of the queen's incon- tinence- When the queen was first examined relative to her crime, she denied the charge ; but afterwards, finding that her accomplices were her accusers, she confessed her incontinence before marriage, but denied her having disho- noured the king's bed since her union. 10. Three maids of honour, who were admitted to her secrets, still further alleged her guilt ; and some of them made such confessions as tended to augment the nature of her crime. The servile parliament, upon being informed of the queen's crime and confession, quickly found her guilty, and petitioned the king that she might be punished with death ; that the same penalty might be inflicted on the lady Rochford, the accom- plice in her debaucheries ; and that her grandmother, the dutchess-dowager of Norfolk, together with her father, mc ther, and nine others, men and women, as having been privy to the queen's irregularities, should participate in her punish- ment. With this petitioii the king was most graciously pleased to agree ; they were condemned to death by an act of attainder, which, at the same time, made it capital for all persons to conceal their knowledge of the incontinence of any future queen. It was also enacted, that, if the king married any woman who had been incontinent, she should be guilty of treason, in case she did not previously reveal her guUt. llie people made merry with this absurd and brutu statute ; and it was said that the king musthencefiirth look out for a widow. II. After all these laws were passed, in which die most wonderful circumstance is, that • Imdy of men could ever be induced to give their consent, the queen was beheaded on Tower-hill, together with the lady Roch- ford, who found no great degree of compassion, as she had herself before tampered in bfood. i QtuatUm far ExtmuMoiUm. 1. What cruel Mfwcalioniblknraddw multiplied almatiaos in HMnaMMl belieft 2. Who frvmired the refonMlion T 3. Who endeavoured to lend the king beck to popeijr t 164 HI8TORV OF ENGLAND. 5. Upon whom did Henry fix hui aflertiomt 6. what earned Ileiiry'a dislike to Cromwell t and what waa the come quence? .. 9 In what maimer waa the king inrormed of the mcontinence ol bia queen T 10. Who were the witneiMs (hat alleged her guilt 1 11. What was the fate of the queen T SECTION VI. « 1. (A.D. 1648.) In about a year after the death of the last queen, Henry once more changed his condition, by marrying his sixth and last wife, Catharine Parr, who, ac- cording to the ridiculous suggestions of the people, was, in fact, a widow. She was the widow of the late lord Latimer ; and was considered as a woman of discretion and virtue. She had already passed the meridian of life, and managed this capricious t3rrant's temper with prudence and success. 2. Still, however, the king's severity to his subjects con- tinued as fierce as ever. For some time he had been incom- moded by an ulcer in his leg ; the pain of which, added to his corpulence and other infirmities, increased his natural irascibility to such a degree, that scarcely any bf his domes- tics approached him without terror. It was not to be ex- pected, therefore, that any who differed from him in opinion should, at this time particularly, hope for pardon. 8. Though his health was declining apace, yet his im- placable cruelties were not the less frequent. His resentment was difliised indiscriminately to all ; at one time a protes- tant, md at another a qatholic, were the objec's of his se- verity. The duke -of Norfolk, and his son, the earl of Sany, were the last that felt the injustice of the tyrant's groundless suspicions. 4. The duke i^as a nobleman who had served the king with talent and fidelity ; his son was a young man of the most promising hopes, who excelled in every accomplishment that beciime a' scholar, a courtier, trnd a soldier. He excelled in all the military exercises which were then in request ; he encounaged the fine arts by his practice and example ; and it is remarkable that he was the first who brought our language, in his poetical pieces, to any degree of refinement. 5. He celebrated the fair Geraldine in all his sonnets, and maintained her superior beauty in all places of public contention. These I { i e a I n h tl tl n C! it tl tc n n n 01 c< ai CI ei bi in da H so p€ se de ev P' tO' pe I >; ni,.u. ii ,i i|ii J »l w »I W '11 what WM the coiwe itinence of hia queen t r the death of the lis condition, by le Parr, who, ac- 6 people, vras, in [ate lord Latimer; retion and virtue, life, and managed mce and success. ) his subjects con- B had been incom* r which, added to wased his natural any of his domes- was not to be ex- )m him in opinion pardon. ipace, yet his im- Lt. His resentment ne time a Motes- objeCd of his se- son, the earl of ce of the tyrant's s a nobleman who lity ; his son was s, who excelled in cholar, a courtier, military exercises aged the fine arts is remarkable that ^, in his poetical 6. He celebrated id maintained her ontention. These IIINRT VIII. qualifications, however, were no safeguard to him against Henry's suspicions ; he had dropped some expressions of resentment against the king's ministers, upon being dis- placed from the government of Boulogne ; and the whole family was become obnoxious from the late incontinence of Catharine Howard, the queen, who was executed. 6. From these motives, therefore, private orders were given to arrest father and son; and accordingly they were ar- rested both on the same day, and confined in the Tower. Surry being a commoner, his trial was the more expe- ditious : and as to proofs, there were many informers base enough to betray the intimacies of private confidence, and all the connexions of blood. The dutchess-dowager of Richmond, Surry's own sister, enlisted herself among the number of his accusers ; and sir Riehard Southwell also, his most intimate friend, charged him with infidelity to the king. 7. It would seem that, at this dreary period, there was neither faith nor honour to be found in all the nation. Surry denied the charge, and challenged his ac- cuser to single combat. This favour was refused him ; and it was alleged that he had quartered the arms of Edward the Confessor on his escutcheon, which alone was sufficient to convict him of aspiring to the crown. To this he could make no reply ; and indeed any answer would have been needless; for neither parliaments nor juries, during this reign, seemed to be guided by any other proofs but the will of the crown. 8. This young nobleman was, therefore, condemned for high-treason, notwithstanding his eloquent and spirited defence ; and the sentence was soon after exe- cuted upoh him on Tower-hill. In the mean time the duka endeavoured to mollify the king by letters of su'omission ; but the monster's hard heart was rarely subject to tender impressions. 9. The parliament meeting on the fourteenth day of January (A.D. 1546), a bill of attainder was found against the duke of Norfolk ; as it was thought he could not so easily have been convicted on a fair hearing by his peers. The death-warrant was made out, and immediately sent to the lieutenant of the Tower. The duke prepared for death ; the following morning was to be his last ; but an event of greater consequence to the kingdom intervened, and prevented his execution. 10. The king had been for some time approaching fut towards his end ; and for several days all those about his person plainly saw that his speedy death was inevitable. mmmmmimm 160 HISTORY or ENGLAND. The disorder in his leg was now grown extremely painful ; and this, added to his monstrous corpulency, which ren- dered him unable to stir, made him more uirious than a chained lion. He had been very stern and severe ; he was now outrageous. In this state he had continued for nearly four years before his death, the terror of all, and the tor- mentor of himself; his courtiers having no inclination to make an enemy of him, as they were more ardently cm- ployed in conspiring the death of each other.* 11. In this manner, therefore, he was suffered to struggle, without any of his domestics having the courage to warn him of his ap- proaching end ; as more than once, during this reign, per- sons had been put to death for foretelling the death of the king. At last, sir Anthony Denny had the courage to dis- close to him this dreadful secret ; and, contrary to his usual custom, he received the tidings with an expression of resig- nation. 12. His anguish and remorse were at this time greater than can be expressed ; he desired that Cranmer might be sent for ; but before that prelate could arrive he was speechless. Cranmer desired him to give some sign of his dying in the faith of Christ ; he squeezed his hand, and immediately expired, after a reign of thirty-seven years and nine months, in the fifty-sixth year of his age. 13. Some kings have been tyrants from contradiction and revolt; some from being misled by favourites; and some from a spirit of party ; but Henry was cruel from a * The irritability o€ the king wai lo nngovemitble, that many fell yictiim to It : and hi* queen, Miho comtantly attended him with the moit tender and dBtitul care, had alw, as will be Men by tlie following account, nearly &llen a Mcrifloe. Henry'i ftvourite topic oT convenation waa theology, and Catharine bad tuwarilv ventured to raiM objection! atninit his argamenU. Hwinr, highly provoked that fche should presume to dmer from hia opinion, compained of her obstinacy to Gardiner, bishop of Winchester, the chancel- lor, who inflamed his anger by repreaenting the queen as a dangerous here- tic. Hurried by their insinuations, he went so far as to direct the chancellor to draw up arUclee of impeachment, which he signed. This paper ibrtu- nately ftU into die hauds of one of the queen's friends, who immediately ear- ned Om imelligBnoe to her. Next morning she paid her nsbal visit to the king, and finding him disposed to challenge her to an argument on divinity, ahe modestly declined the converaation, saying, that it did not become a weyk woman to dispute with one, who, by his superior learoinat, was enti- uad to dictate, not only to her, but to the whole world ; and that if ever she had ventured to olgect to jny thing he advanced, it was only for the nke of her own instruction, and to engage him upon topic* which diverted his patna. This seasonable piece of flattery suddenly revived his aflectiona, and the chancellor coming soon aAer with a numerous escort, to seixe the queen f™ «*rry her to the Tower, the king treated him very roughly, calling him taiave, fool, and beast, and commanded him to be gone.— Ite MaMU^» ChmlBntum. i T S a If tl al Ci ii 1 s 3 4 6 7 8 9. 10, Jul Le, Ad Cle Pai R Ma Chi fii ^i T Th« ofV Bou Lun (eco ixtremely painful ; lency, which ren- re Mirioua than a id severe ; he was itinued for nearly if all, and the tor- no inclination to lore ardently cm- ler.* 11. In this ggle, wit'iout any rn him of his ap> ig this reign, per- ; the death of the he courage to dis- ntrary to his usual cpression of resig. were at this time red that Cranmer te could arrive he ;o give some sign lueezed his hand, thirty-seven years ' his age. irom contradiction y favourites; and was cruel from a , that many fell vietiim ith the moft lender ud g account, nearly &llefl ion waa theology, and agaiiMt hia aigamenii. difler from hia opinion, 'incheater, the chancel- in aa a dangeroua hen- to direct th» chancellor ad. Thia paper fcrtu- I, who immediately car- I her natial viait to the I argument on divinity, It it did not became a rior leaminar, waa enti- d ; and that if ever ahle waa onlyfiir the aake An which diverted hia rived hia aflectiona, and eort, to ieiae the queen ry roughly, calling him ) gme.— De MdeiOU* HBNRY Vlll. 191 depraved disposition alone; cruel in government, cruel in religion, and cruel in his family. OufdiviZ have t^kp^ some pains to vindicate the character of SrbrurprTnce as If his conduct and our reformation had any conEn with each other. There is nothing so absurd L to 5S So.X^if^''''"*''' *«™°" »°"« designs ^rebroughl aboutby the most vicious instruments; for we see even tGI Quutiotu for Examination. I" w^ «h« time mcreaaed the king'a inMcibilitv f J*'*^'?'?*"'^*'"' *'«"»" "verity J ^ fi \iin^' oharacteru given of the earl of Surry » 7 Wh«f°^E!'.K "^ wnong u,e number of Surry', accuaem f 10 V^I r;i"l!""^ "'".»»» fa«her. the duke of Norfolk f 10. What deacnpuon la given of the king during hii illne»f Popti. J"'"u«n ifsbs l^o.X 1513 Adrian VI 1522 Clement Vll 1583 PauUU 1534 Emperoriof Oermatm. Maximilian £ 1493 Charlea V 1519 tTNTEMPORARY SOVEREIGNa Kingi of Pranee. a.d. Loni»Xn 1498 Francial 1515 Emperort (fOt 7^r*». gj»«e«« 1481 SeUmI 1612 Srfinmnll. 1680 Jdm King$ and Qu. of Spain. Phihpl 1904 i^,"-\ '506 Charlea I isig Kingt of Portugal. Emanuel 1495 John III 1512 Chriatiann 1013 Xtngi tf Denmark Frederick I. im Chris«!"nm JQ33 King of Sweden alone. GuatavuaVaaa*... ISgg Kingi and Queen of SeoUand. J"»««jy M9e ifatrnV 1614 Mary I6tt I^V of Denmark and Sweden. 1481 EMINEPIT PERSONS. ffit-SJi "^?2«^arii?y.^"':3;ioi2ir^^^^ Lumleyj Edward, lord aieflSrtJ; dWcdter^™ Rochford; John, bid •GwTAViw Vasa delivered Sweden from the Daniahvoke- ud c ku lecomponae waa elected ila independent aovereign,^^ yoke . aol fcr hia MS HISTORY or ENGLAND. CHAPTER XXIV. EDWARb VI. Bora Itar. Died iuljr «, USl Begaa to nif a Jan. 90, 1M7. leig aad ^ yaan 1. (A. '-^. 1847.) Henr" the Eighth was succeeded on the throne by his only son, Edward the Sixth, now in the ninth year of his age. The late king, in his will, which he expected would be implicitly obeyed, fixed the majority of the prince at the completion of his eighteenth year ; and, in the mean time, appointed sixteen executors of his will, to whom, during the minority, he intrusted the government of the king and kingdom : the duke of Somerset, as protector, being placed at their head. 2. The protector, in his schemes for advancing the re- formation, had always recourse to the counsels of Cranmer, who, being a man of moderation and prudence, was averse to violent changes, and determined to orin^ over the people by insensible innovations to his own peculiar system. 3. A committee of bishops and divines had been appointed by the council to frame a liturgy for the service of the church ; and this work was executed with great moderation, precision, and accuracy. A law was also enacted, permit- ting priests to marry ; the ceremony of auricular confession, though not abolished, was left at the discretion of the people, who were not displeased at I eing freed from the spiritoal tyranny of their instructors ; the doctrine of the real pre- eence was the last tenet of popery that was wholly aban- doned by the pec, as both the clergjr and laity were loth to renounce so miraculous a benefit as it was asserted to be. 4. However, at last, not only this, bat all the principal opinions and practices of the catbolie religion, contrary to what the Suripture authorizes, were abolished; and the reformation, such as we have it, was almost entirely com- pleted in England. With all these innovations the people and clergy in general acquiesced ; and Gardiner and Bon- ner were the only persons whose opposition was thought of any weight ; they were, therefore, sent to the Tower, :;nd threatened with the king's further displeasure in case of dis- obedience. A.D. 1548. c d tl a n it tl t^ b: n ct th hi ot sa tn P' CO by be thi tOj for Wa mo IM7. Bei|BWISty«n> was succeeded on Sixth, now in the his will, which he ed the majority of enth year ; and, in lors of his will, to the government of lenet, as protector, r advancing the re- tunsels of Cranmer, ■ndence, was averse •ing over the people suliar system, had been appointed the service of the h great moderation, Iso enacted, permit- luricular confession, retion of the people, 4 from the spiritual ne of the real pre- t was wholly aban- and laity were loth ; was asserted to be. at all the principal religion, contrary to ib nized with all possible pomp and festivity. Meanwhile, Edward continued to languish, and several fatal symptoms of consumption began to appear. It was hoped, however, that his youth and temperance might get tlie better of hie disorders ; and, from their love, the people were unwilling to think him in danger. 10. It had been remarked, indeed, by some, that his health was visibly seen tu decline from the moment that the Dudleys were brought about his per- son. The character of Northumberland might have justly given some colour to suspicion ; and his removing all, ex- cept his own emissaries, from about the king, still farther increased the distrusts of the people. Northumberland, however, was no way uneasy at their murmurs ; he was as- siduous in his attendance upon the king, and professed the most anxious concern for his safety ; but still drove forward his darling scheme of transferring the succession to his own daughter-in-law. 20. The young king was put into the hands of an igno- rant woman, who very confidently undertook his cure. After the use of her medicines, all, the bad symptoms in- creased to a most violent degree ; he felt a difliculty of speech and breathing ; his pulse failed ; his legs swelled ; his colour became livid, and many other symptoms appeared of hia approaching end. He expired at Greenwich, in the six- ITS mrroRT or ■NotAND. 1 BiM EJvud VL nfutlll lo pU» kli IM m lb* Blkla. teenth year of his ase, and the aeventh of his reign, greatly regretted by all, ai nis early virtues gave a prospect of the continuance of a happy reign, July 0, 1563. An anecdote is related of this king to illustrate his piety and reverence for the Scriptures. When in his library, one day, being desirous to reach a book on a high shelf, he was oiered a large Bible as a footstool. But he refused the offer, with strong expressions of disapprobation towards the attendant who had made it. Quationafor Examination. L Who neoeeded Henry the Eighth f Who WM appoiBtad protector during the king's minoritjr f S; S. By what methodi wu the refomiation begun and completed t 4 Who were tent to the Towfcr for their avenioa to the refcimationt ft. By whom wai the protector oppoied t 7. For what reaione was he univemlly diililud t 8. What was the chief article of occuwtion agaimt him t 9. By what meani did he elude the rigour of hii lentence t 10. Did the protector regain hie authority f 11. In what manner did he then conduct hinwelf f 18. By whoae command was he aAerwardi arretted T OT what wa* he accused ? Ml What confsasioii did he make 1 14. What was hie behaviour when brought to the •caOud f 15. Who neit aspired to the chief authority? 16, 17. What means did he tain to secure it T IB, 19i What oircumstances preceded the king's death t aa Whare and at what age did Edward the Sixth die t I MARV. IT3 ■1U«. hi> reign, greatly a prospect of the 3. llustrate his piety in his library, one ligh shelf, he was tt he refused the tation towards the norityf id complatod f ibereKimalioat imf encef bid! Po/itl. CONTKMroRAKY HOVKREKJNa h'ing of Dtumnrk. Ptill III Jiiliiii 111..., A. II. .. I. '1.(1 .. 15S0 F.mpernr of Cirrmnny niiil h'ini; nf S/Kiiii. t'harlw V 13-J7 F.m/nritr iif Ike 'I'uikt. A. II. .Siiliiiiati II jsau Kinif of France. Henry II 15^17 King if I'urlugnl. John 111 IfMI A.n. (^Iinrlcii II 103.| King nf S)i>e)ifn. (JumuMM Vuhu.... li'H (iuftn nf SfiAlaml. Mary jaij EMINKNT PEKSONa «n!i^'?Il,"'7' "•^'•'''jhnpnfCnnlrrlmry. Ilenlh nnU the p<«lates of that age, Latimer was the most romarkaffi ' .or his una/Tected piety, and the simplicity of his manner."). He had never l(>iirnt to flatter in courts ; and his open rebuke was dreaded by all the great, who at that time too much deserved it. 6. His sermons, which ■j j .i i -i ' H ! '■ niii H) ij« s i.jun i y i .|it i H|HW|. f jli i i 178 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. "Hi' remain to this day, show that he had much learning and much wit ; and tiiere is an air of sincerity running through them, not to be found elsewhere. When Kidley began to coilifort his ancient friend, Latimer was as ready, on his part, to return the kind office : " lie of good cheer, brother," cried he ; " we sliall this day kindle such a torch in Eng- land, as, I trust in God, shall never be extinguished." 6. A furious bigot ascencied to preach to them and the people, while the fire was preparing; and Ridley gave a most serious attention to his discourse. No way distracted by the preparations about him, he heard him to the last, and then told him he was ready to answer all he had preached upon, if he were permitted a short indulgence ; but this was refused him. At length fire was set to the pile ; Latimer was soon out of pain : but Ridley continued to suffer much longer, his legs being consumed before the fire reached his vitals. 7. Cranmer's death followed soon after, and struck the whole nation with horror. His love of life had formerly prevailed. In an unguarded moment he was induced to sign a paper condemning the reformation; and now his enemies, as we are told of the devil, after having rendered him completely wretched, resolved to destroy him. 8. Being led to the stake, and the fire beginning to be kindled round him, he stretched forth his rigm hand, and held it in the flames till it was consumed, while he fre- quently c.^ed out, in the midst of his sufferings, " That unworthy hand !" at the same time exhibiting no appearance of pain or disorder. When the fire attacked his body, he seemed to be quite insensible to his tortures : his mind was wholly occupied upon thp hopes of a future reward. After his body was destroyed, his heart was found entire; an emblem of the constancy with which he suffered. 9. It was computed that, during this persecution, two hundred and seventy-seven persons suffered by fire, besides those punished by imprisonment, fines, and confiscations. Among those who suffered by fire .vere five bishops, twenty-one clergymen, eight lay gentlemen, eighty-four tradesmen, one hundred husbandmen, fifty-five women, and four children. All this was terrible ; and yet the temporal affairs of the kingdom did not seem to be more successful. 10. (A. D. 1557.) Calais, that had now for above two hundred years been in possession of the English, was attacked, and by a sudden and unexpected assault, being Ji M Pi / CI f Sc ■h learning and unning through tCidley began to > ready, on his cheer, brother," torch in Eng- juished." 6. A md the people, y gave a most ly distracted by to the last, and \ie had preached 36 ; but this was e pile; Latimer i to suffer much fire reached his ■, and struck the fe had formerly was induced to i; and now his having rendered oy him. beginning to be rigiii hand, and i, while he fre- ifferings, •• That ig no appearance led his body, he 3 : his mind was 3 reward. After bund entire ; an ffered. )ersecution, two by fire, besides nd confiscations, re five bishops, nen, eighty-four five women, and rei the temporal lore successful, w for above two 10 English, was ed assault, being MARV. blockaded up on every side, was obliged to capitulate ; so that in less than eight days, llie duke of Guise recovered a city tliat iiad been in possession of the English since the time of Edward the Third, who had spent eleven months in besieging it. This loss filled the wliolc kingdom with murmurs, and the queen with despair; she was heard to say, that, when dead, the name of Calais would be found engraven upon her heart. 11. These complicated evils, a murmuring people, an in- creasing heresy, a disdainful husband, and an unsuccessful war, made dreadful depredations on Mary's constitution. She began to appear consumptive, and this rendered her mind still more morose and bigoted. The people now, therefore, began to turn their thoughts to her successor ; and the princess Elizabeth came into a greater degree of consideration than before. 12. Mary had been long in a very declining state of health ; and having mistaken her dropsy for a pregnancy, she made use of an improper regi- men, which had increased her disorder. Every reflection now tormented her. The consciousness of being hated by her subjects, and the prospect of Elizabeth's succession, whom she hated, preyed upon her mind» and threw her into a lingering fever, of which she died, after a short and un- fortunate reign of five years, four months, and eleven days, in the forty-third year of he." age. Quesiiona for Examination. , 1. Who were the first in this roign who suffered martyrdom for their re- ligion ? 2. Whii were the principal nctors in this persecution? 3. 4. Dciicribe the bohnviotir nnd character of Ridley and Lotlmcr. 6. What wonl.i did Latimer make use of at the Make to Iiis friem' and fellow-sulferer? '■i. What is said of the character and death of Crannier ? ''. How many persons are said to have been burnt on account of their re- hgiouB tenets ? 10. B" whfit means was Calais obliged to capitulate 2 11. V\'^lr^t host ned Mary's death? Vi. Uow long did she ruign ? CONTEMPORARY SOVEREIGNS. I Popei. A.D. JuhusRI 1550 MarcelluslI 1555 PuulIV 1555 Emperor of Germany. Charles V 1D19 Emperom of ike Tark>. SoUmanll 15S!0 King of France. A.D. Henry II 1547 King of Spain. PhiUpII 1555 King of Portugal. Jolmlll 1521 King of Denmark. A.D. FredericII 1549 King of Sweden. Gustavus Vasa . . . 1522 Qu«en ff Scotland. Mary 1M3 tfM 180 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. EMINENT PERSON& Archbahop Cranmer; biahope Ridley, Hooper, Uumer, Ferre«, Rogen Saunden, Taylor, and many otiiera of the clergy wlio suflered for their re- ligion. Cardinal Pole, biohops Gardiner, Bonner, Thir) by, &c. who were fieiy lupporters of the papal power.* Lord Stafford. CHAPTER XXVI. ELIZABETH. Born 1933. Died March 84, 1603. Began to reign November 7, 15S8. Reigned m yeati. SECTION I. 1. (A. D. 1558.) NoTHiNO could exceed the joy Uiat was diffused among the people upon the accession of Elizabeth, who now came to the thrr ae without any opposition. This favourite of the people, from the beginning, resolved upon reforming the church, even while she was held in the constraints of a prison; and now, upon coming to the crown, she immediately set about it. A parliament soon after completed what the prerogative had begun ; act after act was passed in favour of the reformation ; and in a single session the form of religion was established as we at present have the happiness to enjoy it. 2. A state of permanent felicity is not to be expected here ; and Mary Stuart, commonly called Mary queen of Scots, was the first person that excited the fears or the re- sentment of Elizabeth. Henry the Seventh had married his eldest daughter, Margaret, to James, king of Scotland, who dying, left no issue that came to maturity except Mary, • "The common net at tht.: ^e for catching of prDte«tant» wa» the real presence, and this net wag used to catch the princess Ehzaboth ; for being asked one time, what she thought of the words ofGoJ.tAw t» my body, whether she thought it the truo boiy of Christ that was m the aocrament? It is said, that after some pausing, she thus oiisyored:— . , Christ was the word thai spake it, ; ^ ' He took the bioad and brake it, ^' 'si" ' " And what that word did make it, • *^i That I believe and take it ,• ^^■«4ti..T' Which, though it may seem but a slight eipresmon, yet hath it n»OM^lldness than at first mght appears ; at least it served her turn at tliat tuna to ««»P« the net. which by oirect answer she could not have dwie. ...^^P**-— «.t ELIZABETH. 181 mer, Ferret, Kogen luOeretl for their re- ir!by, &c. who were mber7, 15S8. ReignwJ d the joy that was sion of Elizabeth, opposition, leginning, resolved le was held in the Un coming to the A. parliament soon begun; act after m ; and in a single id as we at present at to be expected Mary queen of e fears or the re- enth had married king of Scotland, urity except Mary, ptote»twitiWWthereal wEUxabeth; for being fGoJ.ttw i» my body. woi in the sacrament I ethathitmMrfi*Mne«i at that time to eecape loue." afterwards surnanied Mary queen of Scots. 3. At a very early age, this princess, being possessed of every acconi* plishment of person and mind, was married to Francis, the dauphin of France, who, dying, left her a widow at the age of nineteen. Upon the death of Francis, Mary, the widow, still seemed disposed to keep np the title ; but, finding her- self exposed to the persecutions of the dowager-queen, who now began to take the lead in France, she returned home to Scotland, where she found the people strongly impressed with the gloomy enthusiasm of the times. 4. A difference of religion between the sovereign and the people is ever productive of bad effects ; since it is apt to produce con- tempt on the one side, and jealousy on the other. Mary cotdd not avoid regarding the sour manners of the reforming clergy, who now bore the sway among the Scots, with a mixture of ridicule' and hatred ; while they, on the other hand, could not look tamely on gayeties and levities which she introduced among them, without abhorrence and resent- ment. The jealousy thus excited began every day to grow stronger; the clergy only waited for some indiscretion in the queen to fly out into open opposition ; and her impru- dence but too soon gave them sufficient opportunity. 5. Mary, upon her return, had married the earl of Darn- ley ; but having been dazzled by the pleasing exterior of her new lover, she had entirely forgotten to look to the accom- plishments of his mind. Darnley was but a weak and igno- rant man ; violent, yet variable in his enterprises ; insolent, yet credulous, and easily governed by flatterers. She soon, therefore, began to convert her admiration into disgust: and Darnley, enraged at her increasing coldness, pointed his vengeance against every person he supposed the cause of this change in her sentiments and behaviour. 6. There was then in the court one Dav.d Rizzio, the son of a musician at Turin, himself a musician, \'hom Mary took into her confidence. She consulted him on all occa- sions ; no favours could be obtained but by his intercession ; and all suitors were first obliged to gain Rizzio to their interests by presents or by flattery. 7. It was easy to persuade a man of Darnley's jealous and uxorious temper that Rizzio was the person who had estranged the queen's affections from him : and a surmise once conceived became to him a certainty. He soon, therefore, consulted with some lords of his party, who accompanying him into the queen's apartments, where Rizzio then was, they dragged i'n''9i v. <^' — '' I 182 niSTORV OP ENGLAND. him into the antechamber, wliere he was despatched with fifty-six wounds ; the iinliappy princess continuing her la- mentations while they wen: perpetrating their horrid crime. 8. Being informed, however, of his fate, Mary at once dried her tears, and said she would weep no more, for she would now think of revenge. She, therefore, concealed her resent- ment, and so far imposed upon Darnley, her husband, that he put himself under her protection, and soon after attended her to Edinburgh, where he was told the place would be favourable to his health. 9. Mary lived in the palace of Holyrood-house ; but as the situation of that place was low, and the concourse of people about the court necessarily attended with noise, which might dislurb him in his present infirm state, she fitted up an apartment for him in a solitary house at some distance, called the Kirk of Field. Mary there gave him marks of kindness and attachment ; she conversed cordially with him, and she lay some nights in a room under him. 10. It was on the 0th of February that she told him she would pass that night in the palace, because the marriage of one of her servants was to be there celebrated in her pre- sence. But dreadful consequences ensued. About two o'clock in the morning, the whole city was much alarmed at hearing a great noise ; the house in which Darnley lay was blown up with gunpowder. His dead body was found at some distance in a neighbouring field, but without any marks of violence or contusion. No doubt could be enter- tained but that Darnley was murdered, and the general sus- picion fell upon Bothwell, a person lately taken into Mary's favour, as the perpetrator. II. One crime led -on to another ; Bothwell, though ac- cused of being stained with the husband's blood, though universally odious to the people, had the confidence, while Mary was on her way to Stirling, on a visit to her son, to seize her at the head of a body of eight hundred horse, and to carry her to Dunbar, where he forced her to yield to his purposes. 12. It was then thought by the people that the measure of his crimes was complete ; and that he who was supposed to kill *he queen's husband, and to have offered violence to her person, could expect no mercy : but they were iistonished upon finding, instead of disgrace, that Both- well was taken into more than former favour ; and to crown all, that he was married to Mary, having divorced his own wife to procure bis union. BLIZABGTIf. 188 despatched with ontinuing her la- iieir horrid crime, lary at once dried )rc, for she would irealed her resent- lier husband, that oon after attended le place would be od-house ; but as ihe concourBC of ndcd with noise, t infirm state, she iry house at some ry there gave him lonversed cordially room under him. she told him she ise the marriage of brated in her pre- lued. About two ivas much alarmed which Darnley lay ad body was found d, but without any ibt could be enter- id the general sus- taken into Mary's Dthwell, though ac- id's blood, though ! confidence, while isit to her son, to hundred horse, and her to yield to his ihe people that the d that he who was nd to have offered o mercy : but they disgrace, that Both- vour ; and to crown divorced his own 13. This was a fatal alliance to Mary ; and the people were now wound up, by the complication of her guilt, to pay very little deference to her authority. An association was formed that took Mary prisoner, and sent her into con- finement to the castle of Lnchlovin, situated in a lake of that name, where she suffered all the severities of an unkind keeper, an upbraiding conscience, with a feeling heart. 14. The calamities of the great, even though justly de- served, seldom fail of creating pity, and procuring friends. Mary, by her charms and promises, had engaged a young gentleman, whose name was George Douglas, to assist her in escaping from the place wherein she was confined; and this he effected by conveying her in disguise in n small boat, rowed by himself, ashore. It was now that, the news of her enlargement being spread abroad, all the loyalty of the peo- ple seemed to revive once more, and in a few days she saw herself at the head of six thousand men. Questiont for Examinaiim, I. What were the f!nt acta of Elizabeth in Tavour or? S. Who wai the lint pnnon that pxriled her reaenlment 7 From whom wot Mary queen orScola descended t 3. 'fo whom was she tint married T 4. Why ia the difference of religion between Ihe aovereign and the people apt to produce bad efiect*! 5. Deacribe the character of the earl of Damley. 8. Who waa David Rizziot 7. What wai the iate of Kizzio \ 8. On what did Mary determine in consequence f 9. How did she afiect to treat her husband ? 10. Relate the circumstances of the earl of Damley's death. 13. Where was Mary confined ? 14. By what meons did she escape ? SECTION II 1. (A. D. 1568.) A BATTLE was fought at Langside, near Glasgow, which was entirely decisive against the queen of Scots ; and now, being totally ruined, she fled southward from the field of battle with great precipitation, and came with a few attendants to the borders of England, where she hoped for protection from Elizabeth, who, instead of pro- tecting, onlered her to be put in confinement, yet treated her with all proper marks of respect. 2. She was accord- m 184 HISTORY or ENOLAND. ingly nent to Tuthury -castle, in the county of Staflbrd, and Eut into the custody of the earl of Shrewnbury ; where she ad hopes given her of one day coming into favour, and that, unless her own obstinacy prevented, an accommodation might at last take place. 3. The duke of Norfolk was the only peer who enjoyed the highest title of nobility in England ; and the qualities of his mind v 3rd correspondent to his high station. Bene- ficent, afTabU , .md generous, he had acquired the afleotions of the people ; and yet, from his moderation, he had never alarmed the jealousy of the sovereign. He was at this time a widower, and being of a suitable age to espouse the queen of Scots, her own attractions, as well as his interest, made him desirous of the match. 4. Elizabeth, however, dreaded such an union, and the duke was soon after made prisoner, and sent to the Tower. Upon his releasement from thence, new projects were set on foot by the enemies of the queen and the reformed religion, secretly fomented by Rodolphi, an instrument of the court of Rome, and the bishop of Ross, Mary's minister in England. 6. It was concerted by them that Norfolk should renew his designs upon Mary, and raise her to the throne, to which it is pro- bable he was prompted by passion as well as interest ; and this nobleman entering into their schemes, he, from being at first only ambitious, now became criminal. His servants were brought to make a full confession of their master's guilt ; and the bishop of Ross, soon after finding the whole discovered, did not scruple to confirm their testimony. 6. The duke was instantly committed to the Tower, and or- dered to prepare for his trial. A jury of twenty-five peers unanimously passed sentence upon him; and the queen, four months after, reluctantly signed the warrant for his execution. He died with great calmness and constancy ; and, though he cleared himself of any disloyal intentions against the queen's authority, he acknowledged the justice of the sentence by which he suffered. 7. These conspiracies served to prepare the way for Mary's ruin, whose greatest misfortunes proceeded rather from the violence of her friends than the malignity of her enemies. Elizabeth's ministers had long been waiting for some signal instance of the captive queen's enmity, which they could easily convert into treason; and this was not long wantiifg. 8. About this time (A.D. 1586), one John Ballard, a popish priest, who had been bred in the English |] y of Staflbrd, and sbury ; where she I into Tavour, and an accommodation peer who enjoyed ; and the qualities ^h station. Bene- lired the affections tion, he had never He was at this age to espouse the veil as his interest, ilizabeth, however, as soon after made m his releasement rot by the enemies , secretly fomented of Rome, and the [igland. 6. It was renew his designs to which it is pro- ell as interest ; and s, he, from being at nal. His servants 1 of their master's ir finding the whole leir testimony. 6. he Tower, and or- f twenty-five peers ti; and the queen, ie warrant for his !88 and constancy ; disloyal intentions irledged the justice epare the way for s proceeded rather le malignity of her g been waiting for Bn's enmity, which ; and this was not 1586), one John >red in the English I KLIZARRTII. IH seminary at Kheim*, rrsolvcd to rompaxn the d^alli of the queen, whom he conoidcred its the enemy of Ills religion ; and with that gloomv resolution came ovor to FJngland in the disguise of a soldier, with thn uHsumed name of captain Fortescue. He bent his endeavours to bring about at once the project of an assassination, an insurrection, and an invasion. 9. The first person he addressed himself to was Anthony Babington, of Dethick, in the county of Derby, a young gentleman of good family, and posseitsed of a very plentiful fortune. This person had been long remarkahh- for his zeal in the catiiolic cause, and in parlicular for hia attachment to the captive queen. He, thcre tive queen was to submit to tiie unjuatdcciaion of thoie who had no right, but that of power, to condemn her. Accord- ingly a commitaion was issued to forty peers, with five judges, or the major part of them, to try and pnsa lentonce upon Mary, daughter and heir of Jumes the Fifth, iiing of Scotland, commonly called que ' : n( Scots, :xud dowager of France. 14. Thirty-six of thei<^ii.'Mmi88ii'rK>rs arriving at the castle of Fotheringay on the i !il >if No\ inber, 1580, presented her with a letter from Elizaboii. commanding her to submit to a trial for a late conspira ■> . 'i'lie principal charge against her was urged by serjeant Gaudy, who ac- cused her with knowing, approving, and consenting to Babington's conspiracy. This charge was supported by Babington's confession, and by the copies which were taken of their correspuii. ence, in which her approbation of the queen's murder was expressly declared. 15. Whatever might havo been this queen's offences, it is certain that her treatment m' h; very severe. She desired to be put in possession of such nott^n as she had taken pre- paratory to her trial ; but this w 44 refused her. She de- manded a copy of her protest; h>:.> her request was not complied with. She even required an advocate to plead her cause against so many learned lawyers as had under- taken to urge her accusations ; but all her demands were rejected, and after an adjournment of some days, sentence of death waa pronounced against her in the Star Chamber in Westminster, ill the commissioners except two being present. Quutimu for ExaminatUm. 1. Where did Mary fly after her defeat at Langiide I & Where wai ihe confined \ 8. Describe the character of the duke of Norfollc. 4. Of what waa he deairouiT 5. What were the deeigiuo^ 'he duke of Norfolk? 6. What were the ooiuequennea ? 8. What coiwpinicy wan now formed in Mary's favour I lOl By whatmeana was Mary informed of it ? It What wa* the fate of the conipiraton ? 14. What waa the principal charoe alleged o^oat Mary T 10. What fkvoun ware refused her previoui to herientence T 1s^ nen only prepared e, in which a cap. iaion of those who mn her. Accord- ' peera, with five and paaa acntcnce the Fifth, king of ti, :xtid dowager of laii fiera arriving at Ni>\ iiiber, 1586, I. couimanding her y. Tlie principal t Gaudy, who ac- nd consenting to was supported by tpiea wiiich were lier approbation of id. [ueen'a ofiencea, it ere. She desired he had taken pre- led her. She de< r request was not advocate to plead era aa had under- \\et demands were me days, sentence the Star Chamber except two being lary ? entence ? .11 ■^.t.m'j ' jif ^j A^^ ^j'v' 4 'r fi^aif'ifgswiBwniMgWBimimMiinwiwiiirirfiiMiiiii \1 m ^ I IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) HiotograiAiic Sciences Corporalion ^ .^^ 33 WIST MAIN STRiiT WIBSTfR,N.Y. 14580 (716)872-4S03 CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICMH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques ] ( 1 t \ t ] t 1 1 t a ii s tl tl b o n ii h tl ■n., jiiija|,iiiiip.ij||nu BLIZABETH. 187 SECTION III. 1. (A. D. 1586.) Whether Elizabeth was really sincere in her apparent reluctance to execute Mary, is a question which, though usually given against her, I will not take upon me to determine. Certainly there were great arte used by her courtiers to incline her to the side of severity ; as they had every thing to fear from the resentment of Mary in case she ever succeeded to the throne. 2. Accord- ingly the kingdom was now filled with rumours of plots, treasons, and insurrections ; and the queen was continually kept in alarm by fictitious dangers. She, therefore, appeared to be in great terror and perplexity ; she was observed to sit much alone, and mutter to herself half sentences, im- porting the difficulty and distress to which she was reduced. 3. In this situation she one day called her secretary, Da- vison, whom she order to draw out secretly the warrant for Mary's execution, informing him that she intended keep- ing it by her, in case any attempt should be made for the delivery of that princess. She signed the warrant, and then commanded it to be carried to the chancellor, to have the seal affixed to it. 4. Next morning, however, she sent two gentlemen successively to desire that Davison would not go to the chancellor until she should see him: but Davison telling her that the warrant had been already sealed, she seemed displeased at his precipitation. Davison, who probably wished himself to see the sentence executed, laid the affair before the council, who unanimously resolved that the warrant should be immediately put in execution ; and promised to justify Davison to the queen. 5. Accord- ingly, the fatal instrument was delivered to Beale, who summoned the noblemen to whom it was directed ; namely, the earls of Shrewsbury, Derby, Kent, and Cumberland, and these together set out for Fotheringay-castle, accompanied by two executioners, to despatch their bloody commission. 6. Mary heard of the arrival of her executioners, who ordered her to prepare for death at eight o'clock the next morning. Early on the fatal morning she dressed herself in a rich habit of silk and velvet, the only one which she had reserved for this solemn occasion. Thomas Andrewn, the under-sheriff of the county, then entering the room, he informed her that the hour was come, and Uiat he must 188 HISTORY OF ENOtAND. HtB««k dttend her to the place of execution. 7. She replied that she was ready, and bidding her servants farewell, she pro- ceeded, supported by two of her guards, and followed the sheriff with a serene composed aspect, with a long veil of linen on her head, and in her hand a crucifix of ivory. 8. She then passed into another hall, the noblemen and the sheriff going before, and Melvil, her master of the household, bearing up her train, where was a scaffold Greeted, and co\ered with black. As soon as she was sected, Beale began to read the warrant for her execution. Then Fletcher, dean of Peterborough, standing without the rails, repeated a long exhortation, which she desired him to forbear, as she was firmly resolved to die in the catholic religion. The room was crowded with spectators, who beheld her with pity and distress ; while her beauty, though dimmed by age and afiliction, gleamed through her sufferings, and was still remarkable in this fatal moment. 9. The to executioners kneeling, and asking her pardon, she said she forgave them, and all the authors of her death, as freely as she hopod for forgiveness from her Maker ; and then once more made a solemn protestiation of her innocence. Her eyes were then covered with a linen handkerchief; and she laid herself down without any fear or trepidation. Then reciiing a psalm, and repeating a pious ejaculation, her head was severed firom her body, at two strokes, by the execu- tioners. 10. In contemplating the contentions of mankind, we find almost ever both sides culpable; Mary, who was stained with crimes that deserved punishment, was put to death by a princess who had no just pretensions to inflict punishment on her equal. 11. In the mean time, Philip, king of Spain, who had long meditated the destruction of England, and whose ex- tensive power gave him grounds to hope for success, now began to put his projects into execution. The point on which he rested his glory, and the perpetual object of his schemes, was to support the catholic religion, and exter- minate the reformation. The revolt of his subjects in the Netherlands still more inflamed his resentment against the English, as they had encouraged that insurrection, and as- sisted the revolters. He had, therefore, for some time been making preparations to attack England by a powerful in- vasion, and now every part of his vast empire resounded with the noise of armaments, and every art was used to ii "r i iii^itW^iT i > « 'fti ii ii>i i riii i tf i iinir'i^ii'fi('-"n'^ i ' ii f ri'iTrrirTiW «iiygM>ii^^ { : y c t I c t1 r s I p p e i ( { II IS 13 14 IS Ihe replied that rewell, she pro- nd followed the L a long veil of X of ivory. I noblemen and ' master of the was a scaffold ion as she was >r her execution, ling without the e desired him to in the catholic spectators, who r beauty, though {h her sufferings, nt. 9. The to on, she said she jath, as freely as ; and then once innocence. Her erchief ; and she )idation. Then ilation, her head 8, by the execu- }f mankind, we lary, who was lent, was put to nsions to inflict Spain, who had , and whose ex- for success, now The point on lal object of his gion, and exter- I subjects in the Bent against the rrection, and as- . some time been f a powerful in- mpire resounded art waa used to MWJH SLIZABGTH. 180 levy supplies for that great design. 1 2. The marquis of Santa Cruz, a sea-officer of great reputation and experience, was destined to command the fleet, which consisted of a hundred and thirty vessels, of a greater size than any that had hitherto been seen in Europe. The duke of Parma was to conduct the land forces, twenty thousand of whom were on board the fleet, and thirty-four thousand more were assembled in the Netherlands, ready to be transported into England ; no doubt was entertained of this fleet's success ; and it was ostentatiously styled the Invincible Armada. 13. Nothing could exceed the terror and consternation which all ranks of people felt in England upon the news of this terrible armada being under sail to invade them. A fleet of not above .hirty ships of war, and those very small in comparison, was all that was to oppose it at sea ; and as for resisting it by land, that was supposed to be impossiblct as the Spanish army was composed of men well disciplined, and long inured to danger. 14. Although the English fleet was much inferior in number and size of shipping to that of the enemy, yet it was much more manageable, the dex- terity and courage of the mariners being greatly superior. Lord Howard of Effingham, a man of great courage and capacity, as lord admiral, took upon him the command of the navy. 15. Drake, Hawkins, and Frobisher, the most renowned seamen in Europe, served under him ; while a small squadron, consisting of forty vessels, English and Flemish, commanded by lord Seymour, lay off Dunkirk, in order to intercept the duke of Parma. This was the pre- paration made by the English; while all the protestant powers in Europe regarded the enterprise as the critical event which was to decide for 3ver the fate of their religion. Questions for Examination. 9. With what rumoun wai the kingdom filled f 3. What orden did Elizabeth give to her lectetaiy ? 5. To whom was the warrant of Mary'a death delivered T 6, 7, 8, Relate the particulan of her execulioil. ft What waa her behaviour at the fttal Lour? 11. Who now meditated the deitruction of England t What wai the chief object of hit ichemea T 12. Who were his principal officeri ? What waa the amount of the Snaniih force*? 13. What wa> the number of the English thipat 14. Who commanded them T 16. What other preparation* were made by the Engliah T 'rtl •! 100 HISTORV OF ENOLAND. SECTION IV. 1. (A. D. 1588.) In the mean time, while the Spanish armada was preparing to sail, the admiral Santa Cruz died, as likewise the vice-admiral Palino ; and the command of the expedition was given to the duke de Medina Sidonia, a person utterly inexperienced in sea affairs ; and this, in some measure, served to frustrate the design. But some other accidents also contributed to its failure. 2. Upon leaving the port of I^isbon, the armada the next day met with a violent tempest, which sunk several of the smallest of their shipping, and obliged the fleet to put back into har- bour. After some time spent in refitting, they again put to sea ; where they took a fisherman, who gave them intelli- gence that the English fleet, hearing of the dispersion of the armada in a storm, had retired back into Plymouth har- bour, and most of the mariners were discharged. 3. From this false intelligence, the Spanish admiral, instead of going directly to the coast of Flanders, to take in the troops stationed there, as he had been instructed, resolved to sail for Plymouth, and destroy the shipping laid up in that harbour. But Eflingham, the English admiral, was very well prepared to receive them ; he was just got out of port when he saw the Spanish armada coming full sail towards him, disposed in the form of a half moon, and stretching seven miles from one extremity to the other. 4. However, the English admiral, seconded by Drake, Hawkins, and Frobisher, attacked the armada at a distance, pouring in their broad- Bidea with admirable dexterity. They did not choose to en- gage the enemy more closely, because they were greaUy inferior in the number of ships, guns, and weight of naetal ; nor could they pretend to board such lofty ships without manifest disadvantage. However two Spanish galleons were disabled and taken. 6. As the armada advanced up the channel, the English still followed, and infested their rear; and their fleet continually increasing from diflferent ports, they soon found themselves in a capacity to attack the Spanish fleet more nearly, and accordingly fell upon them while they were as yet taking shelter in the port of Calais. 6. To increase their confusion, Howard took eight of his smaller ships, and filling them with combustible materials, sent them, as if they had been fire-ships, one ^feilirj. I I Itf i 'm i i liii i i irM ii i t iiWTi iiafaiiaiailiMiiwi MiMtttaii *wf » i^ ■»*■"■ -, ■ "Tjh ELIZAFCTH. 101 while the Spanish Santa Cruz died, the command of Medina Sidonia, a lira ; and this, in lisign. But some Failure. 2. Upon the next day met d of the smallest put back into har- they again put to ;ave them intelli- the dispersion of ito Plymouth har- harged. 3. From 1, instead of going ike in the troops resolved to sail for ip in that harbour, rery well prepared port when he saw trds him, disposed I seven miles from iver, the English I, and Frobisher, ig in their broad- d not choose to en- they were greatly 1 weight of metal ; ofty ships without Spanish galleons nada advanced up and infested their ing from different capacity to attack ordingly fell upon ter in the port of on, Howard took n with combustible een fire-ships, one after the other, into the midst of the enemy. 'I'lie Spaniards, taking them for what they seemed to be, immediatnly took "•gilt, in great disorder ; while the English, proHling by tlieir panic, took or destroyed about twelve of the enemy. 7. rhis was a fatal blow to Spain; the duke de Medina Sidonia, being thus driven to the coast of Zealand, held a council of war, in which it was resolved, that, as their am- munition began to fail, as their ships had received great damage, and the duke of Parma had refused to venture hia army under their protection, they should return to Spain by sailing round the Orkneys, as the winds were contrary to his passage directly back. 8. Accordingly they mo- ceeded northward, and were followed by the English fleet as far as Flamborough-head, where they were terribly shat- tered by a storm. Seventeen of the ships, having five thousand men on board, were afterwards cast away on the Western isles, and the coast of Ireland. Of the whole armada, three-and-fifty ships only returned to Spain, in a miserable condition; and the seamen, as well as soldiers, who remained, only served by their accounts to intimidate their countrymen from attempting to renew so dangerous an expedition. * .1. ®- ^™."' being invaded, the English, in their turn, attacked the Spaniards, Of those who made the most signal figure in the depredations upon Spain, was the young earl of Essex, a nobleman of great bravery, generosity, and genius; and fitted not only for the foremost ranks in war by his valour but to conduct the intrigues of a court by his eloquence and address. 10. In all the masques which were then performed, the earl and Elizabeth were generally coupled as partners; and although she was almost sixty, and he not half so old, yet her vanity overlooked the disparity ; the world told her slie was young, and she herself was willing to think so. J his youps earl's interest in the queen's affections, as may natural!/ be supposed, promoted his interests in the state ; and he conducted all things at his discretion. 11. But, young and inexperienced aa he was, he at length began to lancy that the popularity he possessed, and the flatteries he received, were given to his meriu, and not to his favour. In a debate before the queen, between him and Burleigh, about the choice of a governor for Ireland, he was so heated in the argument, that he entirely forgot both the rules and duties of civility. 12. He turned his back on the queen ia a contemptuous manner, which so provoked her resentment, i »rt*)'WW*» i piH>f n' PI MS HISTORY or ENGLAND. thai she instantly gave him a box on the ear. Instead of recollectins: himself, and making the submission due to her aex and station, he clapped his hand to his sword, and swore he would not bear such usage even from her father. This offence, though very great, was overlooked by the queen ; her partiality was so prevalent, that she reinstated him in her former favour, and her kindness seemed to have acquired new force from that short interruption of anger and resent- ment. 13. The death also of his rival. Lord Burleigh, which happened shortly after, seemed to contirm his power. At that time the earl of Tyrone headed the rebellious na- tives of Ireland ; who, not yet thoroughly brought into sub- jection by the English, took every opportunity to make incursions upon the more civilized inhabitants, and slew all they were able to overpower. 14. To subdue these was an employment that Essex thought worthy of his ambition ; nor were his enemies displeased at thus removing him from court, where he obstructed all their private aims of prefer- ment. But it ended in his ruin. Instead of attacking the enemy in their grand retreat in Ulster, he led his forces into the province of Munster, where he only exhausted his strength, ar'. lost hia opportunity against a people that sub- mitted at his approach, but took up arms when he retired. 15. This issue of an enterprise, from which much was ex- pected, did not fail to provoke the queen most sensibly ; and her anger was still more heightened by the peevish and impatient letters which he daily wrote to her and tiie council. But her resentment against him was still more justly let loose, when she found, that, leaving the place of his iippoint- ment, and without any permission demanded or obtained, he returned from Ireland, to make his complaints to herself in person. 16. Though Elizabeth was justly offended, yet he soon won upon her temper to pardon him. He was now ordered to continue a prisoner in his own house till the queen's fur- ther pleasure should be known, and it is probable that the discretion u'f a few months might have reinstated him in all his former employments ; but the impetuosity of his cha- racter would not suffer him to wait for a slow redress of what he considered as wrongs : and the queen's refusing his request to continue him in possession of a lucrative mono- p<>ly of sweet wines, which he had long enjoyed, spurred him on to the most violent and guilty measures. (A.D. 1600.) 17. Having long built with fond credulity on his iiniii>i^V-iiil^iwa fied the puritans, by railing at the government of the church, he pleased the envious, by exposing the faults of those in power. 18. Among other criminal projects, the result of blind rage and despair, it was resolved that sir Christopher • Blount, one of his creatures, should, with a choice detach- ment, possess himself of the palace gates ; that sir John Davis should seize the hall ; sir Charles Danvers the guard- chamber; while Essex himself should rush in from the Mews, attended by a body of his partisans, into the queen'a presence, and entreat her to remove his and her enemies, to assemble a new parliament, and to correct the defects of the present administration. QuulioM for ExaminaHon. 1. 1 What wers Ihe circuimtanOM that oontribniad to retaid the 4. Deicribe the gallant conduct of the EngUah. 7, 8. What were tlie coniequenceaT 9. What wnii the rharauler of the earl otEmet f 12. IIuw did he behnve to the qneen ( 13. Wliat expedition did he undertake? 14. What woR hia lacceai 1 li, 1& In what manner did he increase the queen'a reaentment t 17, From whom did Euex expect a«iitance? 18. On what project did he aiterwardi reiolve T SECTION V. 1. (A. D. 1601.) WuiLB Essex wsi deliberating upon the manner in which he should procf : >, he received a pri- vate note, by which he was warned u i>-o<'ide for his own safety. He now, therefore, consulted .rith his friends, touching the emergency of their situation ; they were desti- tute of arms and ammunition, while the guards at the palace were doubled, so that any attack there would be fruitlesa. 2. While he and his confidants were in consultation, a per- son, probably employed by his enemies, came in as a mes- senger from the citizeoB, with tender* of friendship and R immm Wlliixi m il — 194 HISTORY or KNOLAND. ^1 y aniitance against all his adveraariea. Wild as the project was of raising the city in the present terrible conjuncture, it was resolved on ; but the execution of it was delayed till the day following. 8. Early in the morning of the next day, he was attended by his friends the earls of Rutland and Southampton, the lords Sandes, Parker, and Monteagle, with three hundred persons of distinction. The duurs of Essex-house were im- mediately locked, to prevent all strangers from entering ; and the earl now discovered his scheme for raising the city more fully to all the conspirators. In the mean time, sir Walter Raleigh sending a message to Ferdinando Georges, this officer had a conference with him in a boat on the Thames, and there discovered all their proceedings. 4. The earl of Essex, who now saw that all was to be hazarded, resolved to leave his house, and to sally forth to make an insurrec- tion in the city. But he had made a very wrong estimate in expecting that popularity alone would aid him m time of danger ; he issued out with about two hundred followers, armed only with swords ; and in his passage to the city was i'oined by the earl of Bedford and lord Cromwell, fi. As e passed through the streets, he cried aloud, " For the queen ! for the queen ! a plot is laid for my life ;" hoping to engage the populace to rise ; but they had received oraers from the mayor to keep within their houses ; so that he was not joined by a single person. 6. In this manner, attended by a few of his followers, the rest having privately retired, he made towards the river ; and, taking a boat, arrived once more at Essex-house, where he began to make preparations for his defence. But his case was too desperate for any re- medy from valour ; wherefore, after demanding in vain for hostages and conditions from hia besiegers, he surrendered at discretion, requesting only civil treatment and a fair and impartial hearing. 7. Essex and Southampton were immediately carried to the archbishop's palace at Lambeth, from whence they were die next day conveyed to the Tower, and tried by the peers on the nineteenth of February following. Litde could be urged in their defence ; their guilt was too flagrant ; and though it deserved pity, it could not meet an acquittal. Essex, after condemnation, was visited by that religious horror which seemed to attend him in all his disgraces. He was terrified almost to despair by the ghostly remon- strances of his own chaplain ; he was reconciled to his m: ■ IPFR IIIU. liMII I Id u the project )le conjuncture, it was delayed till r, he WM attended Doulharopton, the th three hundred ix-houte were im- 'Om entering ; and ling the city more 1 time, sir Walter do Georges, this t on tlie Thames, 4. The earl of lazarded, resolved nake an insurrec- y wrong estimate lid him m time of undred followers, ge to the city was Cromwell. 5. As aloud, •' For the my life ;" hoping ad received oraers !8 ; so that he was manner, attended privately retired, boat, arrived once make preparations perate for any re- mding in vain for he surrendered ent and a fair and ediately carried to whence they were tried by the peers Little could be too flagrant ; and neel an acquittal, by that religious all his disgraces, e ghostly remon- reoonciled to his d in this reign, deserves, as a philosopher, the highest applause ; his style is copious and correct, and his wit is only surpassed by his learning and penetration. 17. If we look through ftli of her reign, natancei ; in the towards the end ■ ho WM poiipflt- e discern men t to itter her chnrms o her favour and ects, aa a queen fi with {rratitudo. gative in pariia- citly allowed in and could make was so wise and 'h she claimed, which were not in like manner, It in possession mercG was daily ;gan to find that )e on the bosom been the object iderer, now as- ble to its invad- iniards and Por- d they planned passage to the jfh, without any England, while ovements ; and Eountry, found, !asy ;^(i in this applause ; his only surpassed } look through itMiiiiiili mm ELIZABETH. 167 history, and consider the rise of kingdoms, we shall scarcely find an instance of a people becoming, in so short a time, wise, powerful, and happy. Liberty, it is true, still conti- nued to fluctuate; Elizabeth knew her own power, and stretched it to the very verge of despotism ; but, now that commerce was introduced, liberty soon after followed ; for there never was a nation that was perfectly commercial that submitted long to slavery. Quationsfor Examination. What project did Rh«i ramlve on for railing (he city t 8, 4, ft. riiow did he proceed to effect ihii 1 6, 7. What wu Ihn faie of I'lawi and Southimpton t 8. What induced Kwcx to have hope* urpordon 1 9. What v/tu Kllmlxjih'i ooiiduet on thii ot^ciuion f 10. Did Kliubeih long lurvive the deaUi of her favourite f 11. What woa her character I 13. What w«« the political condition of England at the death of Elisabeth f 14. Did any importaiii events taltc place during her reign ? 15. What waa liie Mule oi' learning I and what eminent men flonriihed at Ibis tins I Pept$. Pauuv ISM Pina IV 1599 PiuaV ISAS Gregory XIII 1S72 SeituaV 1586 UrbwiVII 1590 Gregory XIV 1590 Innocent IX 1591 Clement VIII I59S Emperort tf Qerwatm. Ferdinaud I. IfSM MaiimiliMlI 1564 Rodolphui II 1576 Emperor$ of the Turks. Solimanll 1590 CONTEMPORARY SOVEREIONa A.D. Selira II 1566 Aniurathlll 1574 Mahomet III 1695 KingB of Fnmee. Henry II J547 Krnncia II 1559 ChariealX 1560 Henry III 1574 Menry IV 1589 King tjf Spain. Philip II 1555 King! itf PortugtU. 8ebaitian 15S7 lf«nry 1679 Union of S/mn and Ponugat. Philip n 1580 Philip III 1597 King§ ^ Denmark. ChriatianlV 1558 Frederick II 1669 X^in^f qf Stiitden. EricX 1556 John in 1569 Sigiamund 159S Qneen and King dL ScoOand. Mary 1543 JameaVI 1567 EMINENT PERSONS. Shatapeare. 8pei»er. Ba«m. Sir Hiilip Sidney Sir Walter Raleigh. Sir Fruicia Drake. Lord Howard of Effli^l^. Cecii, lord Burieigh. Ro- bert Dudley, earl of Leiceater. Str Martin Frobiaher. Sir John KhwkiiM. «tc. &c. ^^ 198 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. CHAPTER XXVII. JAMES I. Born IS66. Died March 37, 16S5. Bocan to rvign March S4, 1603. Reigned 98 years over Great Britain. SS yearn (nearly) over Scotland, 1. (A.D. 1603.) James the Sixth of Scotland, and the First of England, the eon of Mary, came to the throne with the universal approbation of all orders of the state, as in his person were united every claim that either descent, bequest, or parliamentary sanction could confer. However, in the very beginning of his reign, a conspiracy was set on foot, the particulars of which are but obscurely related. 2. It is said to have been begun by lord Grey, lord Cobham, and sir Walter Raleigh, who were all condemned to die, but had their sentence mitigated by the king. Cobham and Grey ' were pardoned after they had laid their heads on the block. Raleigh was reprieved, but remained in confinement many years afterwards, and at last suffered for his offence, which was never proved. 3. Mild ae this monarch was in toleration, there was a project contrived in the very beginning of his reign for the re-establishment of popery, which, were it not a fact known to all the world, could scarcely be credited by posterity. This was the gunpowder plot, than which a more horrid or terrible scheme never entered into the human heart to con- ceive. 4. The Roman catholics had expected great favour and indulgence on the accession of James, both as a descendant of Mary, a rigid catholic, and also as having shown some partiality to that religion in his youth ; but they soon disco- vered their mistake, and were at once surprised and enraged to find James, on all occasions, express his resolution of strictly exercising the laws enacted against them, and of per- severing in the conduct of his predecessor. This declaration determined them upon more desperate measures ; and they at length formed a resolution of destroying the king and both houses of parliament at a blow. The scheme was first broached by Robert Catesby, a gentleman of (rood parts and ancient family ; who conceived that a train of gunpowder iiiiiBiiifiiliilil ii»* l »» r Ml l»i> 1WHIM | l « il l i i JAMRS I. 190 '*%*, 34. 1603. Reigned « r Scotland. cotland, and the the throne with 3 state, as in his lescent, bequest, Jowever, in the ivas set on foot, elated. 2. It is •d Cohham, and d to die, but had )ham and Grey ds on the block, nfinement many 3 offence, which on, there was a lis reign for the lot a fact known d by posterity, more horrid or an heart to con- Teat favour and as a descendant ig shown some hey soon disco- sed and enraged s resolution of lem, and of per- Phis declaration lures ; and they g the king and cheme was first 'ffood parts and I of guiipowder might be so placed under the parliament-house as to blow up the king and all the members at once. 6. How horrid soever the contrivance might appear, yet every member seemed faithful and secret in the league ; and about two months before the sittingof parliament, they hired a house, in the name of Percy, adjoining to that in which the parliament was to assemble. 7. Their first intention was to bore a way under the parliament-house from that which they occupied, and they set themselves labouring at the task ; but when they had pierced the wall, which was three yards in thickness, on approaching the other side, they were surprised to find that the house was vaulted underneath, and that a magazine of coals was usually deposited there. 8. From their disappointment on this account they were soon relieved, by information that the coals were then sell- ing off, and that the vaults would then be let to the highest bidder. They therefore seized the opportunity of hiring the place, and bought the remaining quantity of coals with which it was then stored, as if for their own use. 9. The next thing done was to convey thither thirty-six barrels of gunpowder, which had been purchased in Holland ; and the whole was covered with coals and fagots, bought for that purpose. Then the doors of the cellar were boldly thrown open, and everybody admitted as if it contained nothing dangerous. 10. Confident of success, they now began to plan the re- maining part of their project. The king, queen, and prince Henry, the king's eldest son, were all expected to be present at the opening of the parliament. The king's second son, by reason of his tender age, would be absent, and it was resolved that Percy should seize or assassinate him. The princess Elizabeth, a child likewise, was kept at lord Har- rington's house in Warwickshire ; and sir Everard Digby was to seize her, and immediately proclaim her queen. 11. The day for the sitting of parliament now approached. Never was treason more secret, or ruin more apparently in- evitable : the hour was expected with impatience, and the oonspirators gloried in their meditated guilt. The dreadful secret, though commnnicated to above twenty persons, had been inviol^ly kept during the space of a year and a half. When all the motives of pity, justice, and safety were too weak, a remorse of private friendship saved the kingdom. 12. Sir Henry Percy, one of the conspirators, conceived a design of saving the life of lord Mounteagle, his intimate 200 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. friend and companion, who also was of the same persuasion with himself. About ten days before the meeting of parlia- ment, this nobleman, upon his return to town, received a letter from a person unknown, and delivered by one who fled as soon as he had discharged his message. 13. The letter was to this effect : " My lord, stay away from this parliament ; for God and man have concurred to punish the wickedness of the times. And think not slightly of this advertisement, but retire yourself into your country, where you may expect the event in safety. For tliough there be no appearance of any stir, yet I say they will receive a ter- rible blow thi« parliament ; and yet they shall not see who hurts them. This counsel is not to be condemned, because It may do you good, and can do you no harm. For the danger is past as soon as you have burned the letter." 14. The contents of this mysterious letter surprised and puzzled the nobleman to whom it was addressed; and, though inclined to think it a foolish attempt to affright and ndicule him, yet he judged it safest to carry it to lord Salis- bury, secretary of slate. 15. Lord Salisbury, too, was in- clined to give little attention to it, yet thought proper to lay It before the king in council, who came to town a few days after. None of the council were able to make any thing of It, although it appeared serious and alarming. In the uni- versal agitation between doubt and apprehension, the king was the first who penetrated the meaning of this dark epistle. 16. He concluded that some sudden danger was preparing by gunpowder; and it was thought advisable to inspect all the vaults below the houses of pariiament. This care be- longed to the eari of Suffolk, lord chamberiain, who pur- posely delayed the search till the day before the meeting of parliainent, November 5, 1605. He remarked those ffreat pdes of fagots which lay in the vault under the house of peers, and seized a man preparing for the terrible enterprise, dressed m a cloak and boots, with a dark lantern in his hand. 17. This was no other than Guy Fawkes, who had ;jii8t deposited every part of the train for its taking fire the next morning, the matches and other combustibles being found in his pockets. The whole design was now disco- vered; but the atrociousness of his guilt, and the despair of pardon, inspiring him with lesoluUon, he told the officers of jusUce, with an undaunted air, that, had he blown them and •1 u j"P *"«f*''*^'' •»« ^^ been happy. Before the coun- cil he displayed the same intrepid firmness, mixed even with ■MawiMMlMa ■iliHWHIMWIMIil same persuasion leeting of parlia- town, received a ired by one who isage. 13. The away from this ed to punish the : slightly of this • country, where tliough there be rill receive a, ter- lall not see who learned, because >arm. For the he letter." Br surprised and tddressed ; and, >t to aifright and r it to loid Sails- iry, too, was in- ht proper to lay town a few days ike any thing of 9g. In the uni- insion, the kjng this dark epistle. ir was preparing lie to inspect aU This care be- irlain, who pur- 3 the meeting of rked those great r the house of rible enterprise, lantern in his awkes, who had s taking fire the ibustibles being was now disco- d the despair of d the officers of blown them and before the coun- nized even with •jm I JAMES I. 201 8ainr» of Gay FftwkM. scorn and disdain, refusing to discover his associates, and showing no concern but for the failure of his enterprise. But his bold spirit was at length subdued ; being confined in the Tower for two or three days, and the rack just shown him, his courage, fatigued with so long an efibrt, at last failed him, and he made a full discovery of all his accomplices. <«■«««&'' Quettions for Examination. 1. Who succeeded Elizabeth? 8. What conspiracy was set on foot at the commencement of this reign f 3. What project was contrived for the re-establishment of popery ? 5. By whom was it first broached ( 6 — 9. In what manner was the project endeavoured to be carried mto eflect ! 10. Who were expected tu be present at the opening of parliament 7 It. To how many persons hnd the plot been reveal^ ? 18. What circumstance saved the kingdom { 13. What were the contents of Percy's letter? 15. Who was the tint to discover the meaning of the letter? 16. Cim yon relate the menxures taken to prevent the apprehended danger f 17. What was the name of the person engaged in this enterprise ? and what was bis conduct on being discovered ? SECTION II. 1. (A.D. it05.) Catesbt, Percy, and the conspirators who were in London, hearing that Fawkes was arrested, fled with all speed to Warwickshire, where sir Everard :[ 202 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. Digby, relyinjr on the success of the plot, was already in arms. But the country soon began to take the alarm, and wherever they turned, they found a superior force ready to oppose them. 2. In this exigence, beset on all sides, they resolved, to the number of about eighty persons, to fly no further, but to make a stand at a house in Warwickshire, to defend it to the last, and sell their lives as dearly as possible. But even this miserable consolation was denied them; a spark of fire happening to fall among some gunpowder that was laid to dry, it blew up, and so maimed the principal conspirators, that the survivors resolved to open the gate, and sally out against the multitude that surrounded the house. 3. Some were instantly cut to pieces ; Catesby, Percy, and W inter, standing back to back, fought long and desperately, m in the end the two first fell covered with wounds, and Winter was taken alive. Those that survived the slaughter were tried and convicted; several fell by the hands of the executioner, and others experienced the king's mercy. The jemuts. Garnet and Oldcorn, who were privy to the plot, suffered with the rest, and, notwithstanding the atrociousness ol their treason, Garnet was considered by his party as a martyr, and miracles were said to have been wrought by his 4. The sagacity with which the king first discovered the plot raised the opinion of his wisdom among the people; but the folly with which he gave himself up to his favour- ites quickly undeceived the nation. A.D. 1012. In the first rank of these stood Robert Carr, a youth of a good family in Scotland, who, after having passed some time in his travels, arrived in London, at about twenty years of age. AU his natural accomplishments consisted in a pleasing vi- sage ; and all his acquired abilities in an easy and sraceful demeanour. * 5. This youth was considered as a most rising man at court i he was knighted, created viscount Rochester, ho- noured with the order of the garter, made a privy counsellor, and to raise him to the highest pitch of honour, he was at last created earl of Somerset. 6. This was an advancement which some regarded with envy ; but the wiser part of mankind looked upon it with contempt and ridicule, sensible that ungrounded attachments are seldom of long continuance. Some Ume after, being accused and convicted, from private motives, of poisoning sir Thomas Overbury in the Tower, he fell under the king's a!?s»Ba5====^ JtAMES I. 203 was already in the alarm; and force rea(iy to 1 all sides, they Tsons, to fly no Warwickshire, to arly as possible, lenied them ; a gunpowder that d the principal open the gate, nded the house. >by, Percy, and nd desperately, th wounds, and id the slaughter e hands of the 's mercy. The vy to the plot, le atrociousness his party as a wrought by his discovered the [ig the people; p to his favour- 1012. In the mth of a good 1 some time in ;y years of age. n a pleasing vi- ly and graceful rising man at Rochester, ho- ■ivy counsellor, lour, he was at regarded with d upon it with ed attachments le after, being I, of poisoning ader the king's displeMure: and being driven from court, spent the remain- der of his life in contempt and self-conviction. 7. But the king had not been so improvident as to part with one favourite until he had provided himself with an- other. This was George Villiers, a youth of one-and-twenty, the younger brother of a good family, who was returned about that time from his travels, and whom the enemies of Somerset had taken occasion to throw in the king's way, certain that his beauty and fashionable manners would do the rest. 8. Accordingly he had been placed at a comedy full in the king's view, and immediately caught the monarch's affections. In the course of a few years, he was created viscount Villiers, earl, marquis, and duke of Buckingham, knight of the garter, master of the horse, chief justice in eyre, warden of the cinque ports, master of the king's bench oflice, steward of Westminster, constable of Windsor, and lord high admiral of England. 9. The universal miitmur which these foolish attachments produced was soon after heightened by an act of severity, which still continues as the blackest stain upon this mo- narch's memory. The brave and learned Raleigh had been confined in the Tower, almost from the very beginning of James's accession, for a conspiracy which had never been proved against him ; and in that abode of wretchedness he wrote several valuable performances, which are still in the highest esteem. 10. His long sufferings, and his ingenious writings, had now turned the tide of popular opinion in his favour ; and they who once detested the enemy of Essex, could not now help pitying the captivity of this philosophi- cal soldier. He himself still struggled for freedom ; and perhaps it was with this desire that he spread the report of his having discovered a gold mine in Guiana, which was sufficient to enrich not only the adventurers who should seize it, but afford immense treasures to the nation. 11. The king, either believing his assertions, or willing to subject him to further disgrace, granted him a commission to try his fortune in quest of these golden schemes ; but still reserved his former sentence as a check upon his future behaviour. 12. Raleigh was not long in making preparations for this adventure, which, from<*the sanguine manner in which he carried it on, many thought he believed to be as promising as he described it. He bent his course to Guiana, and re- maining himself at the mouth of the river Oronooko with five of the largest ships, he sent the rest up the stream, under HHMI nmn^ 204 HISTORY or KNOLAND. the command of his son, and captain Kemmis« a person en- tirely devoted to his interest. 13. But instead of a country abounding in gold, as the adventurers were taught to expect, they found the Spaniards had been warned of their approach, and were prepared in arms to receive them. Young Ra- leigh, to encourage his men, called out that " was the true mine," meaning the town of St. Thomas, which he was ap- proaching ; " and that none but fools looked for any other ;" but just as he was speaking he rec'eived a shot, of which he immediately expired. This was followed by another dis- appointment ; for when the English took possession of the town, they found nothing in it of any value. 14. Raleigh, in this forlorn situation, found now that all his hopes were over ; and saw his misfortunes still farther aggravated by the reproaches of those whom he had under- taken to command. Nothing could be more deplorable than his situation, particularly when he was told that he must be carried back to England, to answer for his conduct to the king. 15. It is pretended that he employed many artifices, first to engage them to attack the Spanish settlements at a time of peace, and, failing of that, to make his escape into France. But all of those proving unsuccessful, he was de- livered into the king's hands, and strictly examined, as well as his fellow-adventurers, before the privy council. Count Gondemar, the Spanish ambassador, made heavy complaints against the expedition ; and the king declared that Raleigh had express orders to avoid all disputes and hostilities against the Spaniards. 16. Wherefore, to give the court of Spain a particular instance of bis attachment, he signed the warrant for his execution ; not for the present offence, but for his former conspiracy. This great man died with the same fortitude he had testified through life ; he observed, as he felt the edge of the axe, that it was a sharp but a sure remedy for all evils ; his harangue to the people was calm and eloquent ; and he laid his head down on the block with the utmost indifference. Question* for Examination. 1. What meanirea were taken by the principal coupinioitt S. What WM their fete f 4. Who was king Jamea'i fint favourite ? & How did Somerset fall under the king'i diipleatumt 7. Who wai the king's next favourite T 8. What honours did he confer on him ? 9. For what was air Walter Raleigh confined in the Tower t •'-"'•*-— "f r Tr ' rr ii " r i -'-'-n i «iii« tia i» n ii ii i.iiri M»» .i>i n i,ii w nis, a person en- lead of a country taught to expect, r their approach, m. Young Ra- it " was the true rhich he was ap- i for any other ;" hot, of which he by another dis- >08se8sion of the and now that all unes still farther m he had under- e deplorable than I that he must be I conduct to the d many artifices, settlement!^ at a ! his escape into isful, he was de- xamined, as well council. Count leavy complaints tred that Raleigh 9 and hostilities give the court of at, he signed the gent offence, but Ein died with the 'e ; he observed, sharp but a sure people was calm m the block with ratonf I VWMt JAMI'.S I. 10. What report did Raleigh spread? 12—15. Mention ihe paniculan relating to thia expedition. 16. VVIint wai the Tate of this great man 1 VVIiul wai hii behaviour at hia execution t SECTION II. 1. (A.D. 1618.) Bur there soon appeared veiT appa- rent reasons for James's partiality to the court oi Spain. This monarch had entertained an opinion which was pecu- liar to himself, that in marrying his son Charles, the prince of Wales, any alliance below that of royalty would be un- worthy of him : he, therefore, was oblii^ed to seek, either in the court of France or Spain, a suitable match, and he was taught to think of the latter. 2. Gondemar, who was an ambassador from the court, perceiving this weak mo- narch's partiality to a crowned head, made an offer of the second daughter of Spain to prince Charles ; and that he might render the temptation irresistible, he gave hopes of an immense fortune which should attend the princess. How- ever, this was a negotiation which was not likely soon to be ended ; and from the timet the idea was first started, James saw five years elapse without bringing the treaty to any kind of conclusion. 3. A delay of this kind was very displeasing to the king, who had all along an eye on the great fortune of the prin- cess ; nor was it less uisagreeable to prince Charles, who, bred up with the ideas of romantic passion, was in love without ever seeing the object of his affections. In this general tedium of delay, a project entered the head of Vil- liers, who had for some years ruled the king with absolute authority, that was fitter to be conceived by the knight of a romance than by a minister and a statesman. 4. It was projected that the prince should himself travel in disguise into Spain, and visit the princess of that country in person. Buckingham, who wanted to ingratiate himself with the prince, offered to be his companion ; and the king, whose business it was to check so wild a scheme, gave his consent to this hopeful proposal. 5. Their atlventures on this strange project would fill novels ; and have actually been made the subject of many. Charles was the knight-errant, and Buckingham was the squire. The match, however, S miiiiiHBa mm 206 HISTORY OF BNOLAND. broke off, for what reason historians do not assign ; but, if we may credit the novelists of that time, the prince had al- ready fixed his affections upon the daughter of Henry IV. of France, whom he married shortly after. 6. It may be easily supposed that these mismanagements were seen and felt by the people. The house of commons was become by this time quite unmanagable ; the prodigality of James to his favourites had made his necessities so many, that he was contented to sell the different branches of his prerogative to the commons, one after the other, to procure supplies. In proportion as they perceived his wants, they found out new grievances ; and every grant of money was sure to come with a petition for redress. The struggles be- tween him and the parliament had been growing more and more violent every session ; and the very Inat advanced their pretensions to such a degree, that he began to teke the alarm : but these evils, which the weakness of this monarch had contributed to give birth to, fell upon his successor. 7. These domestic troubles were attended by others still more important in Germany, and which produced in the end most dangerous effects. The king's eldest daughter had been niarried to Frederic, the elector palatine of Germany ; and this prince, revolting against the emperor Ferdinand the Second, was defeated in a decisive battle, and obliged to take refuge in Holland. 8. His affinity to the English crown, his misfortunes, but particularly the protestant religion, for which he had contended, were strong motives to the people of England to wish well to his cause ; and frequent ad- dresses wei% sent from the commons to induce James to take a part in the German contest, and to replace the exiled prince upon the throne of his ancestors. 9. James at first attempted to ward off the misfortunes of his son-in-law by negotiation, A.D. 1620; but this proving utterly ineffectual, it was at last resolved to rescue the palatinate from the empe- ror by force of arms. Accordingly, war was declared against Spain and the emperor; six thousand men were sent over into Holland, to assist prince Maurice in his schemes against those powers ; the people were every- where elated at the courage of their king, and were satisfied with any war which was to exterminate the papists. 10. This army was followed by another, consisting of twelve thousand men, commanded by count Mansfeldt ; and the court of France promised its assistance. But the English were disappointed in all their views ; the troops being em- i W ii i i i il l ii i>*i» -^ BIWil ry , 1 .», < t l ?|IIMm»H ii»|i H i> u< l pi| | ll «il .)>^. ' , "f W^ W'' t assign ; but, if he prince had al- ei of Henry IV. mismanagements luse of commons ; the prodigality essities so many, branches of his other, to procure his wants, they It of money was rhe struggles be- 'owing more and 9t advanced their gan to take the I of this monarch is successor, id by others still duced in the end St daughter had [le of Germany ; 9r Ferdinand the d obliged to take English crown, tant religion, for 'es to the people nd frequent ad- ice James to take ilaee the exiled I. James at first is son-in-law by terly ineffectual, ) from the empe- r was declared sand men were Maurice in his )le were every- id were satisfied le papists. 10. istinff of twelve isfeldt; and the But the English roops being em- BM JAMES I. 'W barked at Dover, upon sailing to Calais they found no orders for their admission. After waiting in vain for some time, they were obliged to sail towards Zealand, where no proper measures were yet concerted for their disembarkation. 11. Meanwhile a pestilential disease crept in among the forces, so long cooped up in narrow vessels ; half the army died while on board ; and the other half, weakened by sickness, appeared too small a body to march into the palatinate ; and thus ended this ill-concerted and fruitless expedition. 12. Whether this misfortune had any effect upon James's constitution is uncertain ; but ho was soon after seized with a tertian ague, which when his courtiers assured him from the proverb that it was health for a king, he replied, that the proverb was made for a young king. A.D. 1625. After some fits he found himself extremely weakened, and sent for the prince, whom he exhorted to persevere in the pro- testanl religion ; then, preparing with decency and courage to meet his end, he expired, after a reign over England of twenty-two years, and in the fifty-ninth year of his age. Quettiorufor Examination. 1. What won the reaaom for Jamea't partiality to Spain t S. WhUtttB^rwaamadaby theSpanisnambanador} 4. WVaTpvject wa« fonned by ViUieia, and by whom wa« it undertaken ? 6. Waal was i»« miccew f ... 6. How did tho huiise of commona act towarda JameaT 7— U. Relate ihe circunutancea that occurred in Germany. 12. In what manner did the king conduct himielf previously tohia deattiT Uow long did he reign ? Popet. *.D. Clement VUI 1&98 Leo XI 1605 Paul III 1605 Gregory XV 1621 Urban VIII 1623 CONTEMPORARY SOVEREIGNa Emperor of the Titrhi. King* of Spain and *.D. Portugal A.Dw Achmetl 1603 Philip III 1897 Mustapha 1 1617 Osman 1 1618 Moilapha I. reator- ed 1622 AmunthlV 1623 Emperor* of Qermanti. Rodolphuafl 1576 Matthiail 1612 Ferdinand II 1619 King* of France. Henry IV. 1589 LouiiXIlI 1610 EMINENT PERSONS. PhilipIV 1681 King tf Denmark. Christian I V 1588 King* of Sweden. Sigismund.i 159B Charles IX 1608 Gust^vusII 1611 Henry, prince of Wales. Carr. earl of Somemot. Villiets, duke of Bucfc inghnm: Lord chancellor Bacon. Wiluam SHAKspK*aB. Sir Walter Ra- leiEli. Sir Hugh Middletnn. Lord chancellor Maitland. W. A. earl of. Stirling. Sir A Kerr, earl of Ancram. J. H«n.i ton. earl of Haddmrtm Jaawa, duke of Hamilton. Henry Carey, lord FalkUnd. G. Calvertjlord tmmm 208 IlIftTORV OF KNOLAND. Baliimora. nnb«rt rnmy, warl of Monnvmih. Sir M. CMil.carl ofSalitbury. Hanry Howard, earl or Northamptna Lord chancellor Elleamere. Mr Fulke Otivilla, loni BnM)k«. O. Curvw, enri of Tolnet. W. Herbert, earl of Pembroke. 8ir Dudley Carloion, viicount Dorchetler. E. Cecil, viacount Wimbledon, &c. Sic. CHAPTER XXVIII. CHARLES I. Bom 1600. Ditd January 30, IC4B. Il«(an to reiga March 97, ItOS. ftvigiied 33| yeari. Kvigiieu IDj yeari. SECTION I. 1. (A. D. 1625.) Frw princes ever ascended the throne with more apparent advnntii^es than Charles ; and none ever encountered more real dimculties. Indeed, he undertook the reins of government with a fixed persuasion that his Eopularity was sufficient to carry every measure. 2. He ad been loaded with a treaty for defending th« prince palatine, his brother-in-law, in the last reign : and (he war declared for that purpose was to be carried on with vigour in this. But war was more easily declared than supplies granted. After some reluctance, the commons voted him two subsidies; a sum far from being sufficient to supj[.jrt him in his intended equipment. 3. To supply the want of parliamentary aid, Charles had recourse to some of the ancient methods of extortion, prac- tised by sovereigns when in necessitous circumsta^ices. That kind of tax called a benevolence was ordered to be exacted, and privy seals were issued accordingly. With this the people were obliged, though reluctantly, to comply ; it was in fart authorized by many precedents; but no pre- cedent whatsoever could give a sanction to injustice. 4. After an ineflectual expedition to Cadiz, another at- tempt was made to obtain 'supplies in a more regular and constitutional manner than before. Another parliament was accordingly called ; and though some steps were taken to exclude the more popular leaders of the last house of com- mons, by nominating them as sherifis of counties, yet the present parliament seemed more refractory than the former. MMxMliiaMIMil MMHi Itijr eil, carl oT Balitbury. lor Ellnmen. ESr I. W. Herbert, earl r. G. Cecil, viacount Mirch 97, IflU. nded the throne ; and none ever I, he undertook uasion that his easure. 2. He ling th« prince [| : and the war on with vigour i than supplies ions voted him sient to supj[.jrt tid, Charles had extortion, prac- circnmsta^ices. I ordered to be rdingly. With itly, to comply ; its ; but no pre- njustice. diz, another at- ire regular and parliament was I were taken to t house of com- lunties, yet the han the former. »!i i jmw w j )ii . i ji i i. ■ CHARLES I. tM S. When the king laid before the house his necessities, and •sked for a supply, they voted him only three subsidies, which amounted to about sixty thousand pounds ; a sum no way adequate to the importance of the war, or the necessities of the state. In order, therefore, to gain a sufliciont supply, a commission was openly granted to compound with the catholics, and agree for a dispensation of the penal laws against them. He borrowed a sum of money from the no- bility, whose contributions came in but slowly. 6. But the greatest stretch of his power was in the levying of ship- money. In order to equip a fleet (at least this was the pretence made), each of the maritime towns was required, with the assistance of the adjacent counties, to arm as many vessels as were appointed them. The city of London was rated at twenty ships. This was the commencement of a ' tax, which afterwards, being carried to such violent lengths, created such discontents in the nation. 7. War being soon after declared against France, a fleet was sent out, under the command of Buckingham, to relieve Rochelle, a maritime town in that kingdom, that had long enjoyed its privileges, independent of the French king ; but that had for some time embraced the reformed religion, and now was besieged with a formidable army. This expedition was as unfortunate as that to the coast of Spain. 8. The duke's measures were so ill concerted, that the inhabitants of the city shut their gates, and refused to admit allies, of whose coming they were not previously informed. Instead of attacking the island of Oleron, which was fertile and de- fenceless, he bent his course to the isle of Ithe, which was garrisoned and well fortified. He attempted there to starve out Uie garrison of St. Martin's castle, which was plentifully supplied with provisions by sea. 0. By that time the French had landed their forces privately at ano^er part of the island : so that Buckingham was at last obliged to retreat, but with such precipitation, that two-thirds of his army were cut to pieces before he could re-embark, though he was the last man of the whole army that quitted the shore. 10. This proof of his personal courage, however, was but a small subject of consolation for the disgrace which his country had sustained, for his own person would have been the last they would have regretted. II. The contest between the king and the commons every day grew warmer. The ofiicers of the custom-house were summoned before the commons, to give an account by what s2 nil 310 IIIITORV or RNOLAND. authority they nised the goodi of the merchanU who had reAiied to pay the duty of tonnage and poundage, which they aliened was levied without the sanction of law. The barona of the exchequer were examined concerning their decreea on that head ; and the sherifT of London committed to the Tower for hia activity in aupporting the custom-houio officer!. 12. Theae were hold meaRurea ; but the coromona went still further, by a resolution to, examine into religioua grievances, and a new spirit of intolerance began to appear, A. D. 1029. The king, therefore, resolved to dissolve a parliament which he found himself unable to manage ; and air John Finch, the speaker, just as the question concerning tonnage and poundage was going to be put, rose up, and informed the house that he hod a command from the king to adjourn. 18. The honse upon this was in an uproar; the speaker waa puahed back into his chair, and forcibly held in it by Hollis and Valentine, till a short remonstrance was framed, and paaaed by acclamation rather than vote. In this liaaty production, papists and Arminians were declared capital enemies to the state ; tonnag*^ and poundage were condemned as contrary to the law ; and not only thofo who raised that duty, but those who paid it, were considered aa guilty of capital crimes. 14. In consequence of this violent procedure, sir Miles Hobart, air Peter daymen, Selden, Coriton, Long, and Strode, were, by the king's order, committed to prison, under pretence of sedition. But the same temerity that impelled Charles to imprison them, induced him to grant them a release. 15. Sir John Elliot, Hollis, and Valentine were summoned before the king's bench ; but they refusing to appear before an inferior tribunal for faults committed in a superior, were condemned to be imprisoned during the king a pleasure ; the two former to pay a fine of a thousard pounda each, and the latter five hundred, and to find sureties for their good behaviour. The members triumphed in their aufleringa, while they had the whole kingdom as spectators and applaudera of their fortitude. 16. In the mean time, while the king waa thus distressed hy the obstinacy of the commons, he felt a much severer blow by the death of hia favourite, the duke of Buckingham, who fell a sacrifice to his unpopularity. 17. It had been resolved once more to undertake the raising of the siege of Rochelle ; and the earl of Denbigh, brother-in-law to Buck- kHMi WMM ■waa chanla who had oundage, which I of law. The oncerning their ndon committed le ruBtom-houao ut the coromona B into religioua legnn to appear, 1 to dissolve a manage ; and ition concerning It, rose up, and from the king ir; the speaker f held in it by ce was framed, In this liiiHty leclared capital rere condemned vho raised that id as guilty of dure, sir Miles on. Long, and tted to prison, 3 temerity that 1 him to grant , and Valentine It they refusing I committed in ned during the B of a thousai^d to find sureties imphed in their n as spectators thus distressed . much severer )f Buckingham, 1. It had been of the siege of in-law to Buck- wiMili mimmimmmmi'>''rmimmHm *Hfc CIIARLRS I. tit Ingham, was sent thiiher, but relumed without eflecting any thing. In urdor to nt|Niir thJH diagnice, the duke of Buck- ingham wen' in person to Porlsinouth to hurry on another expedition, and to punish such as had endeavoured to de- fruiif! Ilic crown of the ipgsl assessments. 18. In the general discontent thut prevailed agaiiiNt (hat nobleman, it was daily expected that some severe meaaures would be resolved on ; and he was sti);^matized sis the tyrant and betrayer of his country. There was one Felton, who caught the general contagion, — an Irishman of a good family, who hud served under the duke as lieutenant, but had resigned, on being refused his rank on the death of his captain, who had been killed at the isle of Rhd. 10. This man was naturally me- lancholy, courageous, and enthiiHiastic ; he felt for the coun- try, as if labouring under a calamity which he thought it in the power of his single arm to remove. He, therefore, re- solved to kill the duke, and thus revenge his own private in- juries, while he did service also to Ood and man. 30. Ani- mated in this manner with gloomy zeal and mistaken patriotism, he travelled down to Portsmouth alone, and entered the town while the duke was surrounded by hia levee, and giving out the necessary orders for embarkation. While he was apeaking to one of his colonels, Felton struck him over an ofiicer's shoulder in the breast with his knife. 21. The duke had only time to say, " The villain has killed me ;" when he fell at the colonel's feet, and instantly ex- pired. No one had seen the blow, nor the person who gave it ; but a hat being picked up, on the inside of which was sewed a paper containing four or five lines of the re- monstrance of the commons against the duke, it was con- cluded that this hat must belong to the assassin ; and while they were . employed in conjectures whose it should be, a man without a hat was seen walking very composedly before the door, and was heard to cry out, " I am he !" 22. He disdained denying a murder in which he gloried ; and averred that he looked upon the duke aa an enemy to his country, and, aa such, deserving to sufier. When asked at whose instigation he had perpetra|ed that horrid deed, he answered that they need not trouble themselves in that in- quiry : that his conscience was his only prompter, and that no man on earth could dispose him to act against its dictates. He suflfered with the same degree of constancy to the last j nor were there many wanting, who admired not only his fortitude, but the action for which he suffered. 212 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. Quesfiotufor Examination. 1. Who lucceeded Jaraeif l~?« ^' meihodi were taken to procure mppUeg f 11 Wh.r2S' "'"fT attended Buckingham's expedition to France? la mS f "°***^ ** coiUMt between the king knd the commoni f Sr '' " '' *" '^ ""^ many y the memben to "■''duWHtkiighT.'^'''" '"'^''' ""'"'•^ *" ««-in..«« of the 88. What waa the conduct of the i SECTION II. iJ'Jlt'^; ^^^"^K '^"^ '''"<' ^"^ me^Bnre, now being left without a minister and a parliament, was a prudent one! He made a peace with the two crowns against whom he had hitherto waged war, which had been entered upon without necessity, and conducted without glory. 2. Being freed from these embarrassments, he bent his whole attention to the management of the internal policy of the kingdom, and took two men as his associates in this task, who still acted an under part to himself. These were, sir Thomas Went- worth, afterwards created earl of Strafford; and Laud, after- wards archbishop of Canterbury. .1. ^' ^^^^ J'^",'^.' tJie'efore, during this long interval, ruled the church, the king and Strafford undertook to manaffe the temporal interests, of the nation. A declaration was dis- persed, implying that during this reign no more parliaments would be summoned; and every measure of the kinir but too well served to confirm the suspicion. 4. Tonnage and poundage were continued to be levied by royal authority alone ; custom-house officers received ordera trom the council to enter any house whatever, in search of suspected goods: compositions were openly made with papists, and their religion was become a regular part of the revenue. 5. The high commission court and the court of the star-chamber exercised their power, independent of any law, upon several bold innovators in liberty, who only gloried in their sufferings, and contributed to render govern- ment odious and contemptible. Prynne, a barrister at Lin- coln s-Inn ; Burton, a divine ; and Baslwick, a physician ; were tned before this tribunal for schismatical libels, in Which they attacked, with great severity and intemperate to France t «!OlllinOIMf idjoumf }f the membei* to aMMination of the v* .M ■< J* '■*^ ire, now being a prudent one. '■ whom he had upon without Being freed e attention to kingdom, and vho still acted 'homas Went- id Laud, after- interval, ruled to manage the tion was dis- re parliaments the king but > be. levied by iceived orders in search of r made with ur part of the the court of ndent of any i^, who only inder govern- Tister at Lin- a physician; sal libels, in intemperate imiiiiimii CHARLKS I. 2.3 zeal, the ceremonies of the church of England. They were condemned to be pilloried, to lose their ears, and to pay five thousand pounds to the king. r , • 6. Every year, every month, every day, gave fresh m- stances, during this long intermission of parliaments, of the resolution of the court to throw them off for ever ; but the levying of ship-money, as it was called, being a general burden, was universally complained of as a national griev- ance. This was a tax which had, in former reigns, been levied without the consent of parliament, but then the exigency of the state demanded such a supply. 7. John Hampden, a gentleman of fortune in Buckinghamshire, re- fused to comply with the tax, and resolved to bring It to a legal determination. He had been rated at twenty shillmgs for his estate, which he refused to pay ; and the case was argued twelve days in the exchequer chamber, before all the judges of England. 8. The nation regarded, with the utmost anxiety, the result of a trial that was to fix the limits of the king's power. All the judges, four only excepted, gave sentence in favour of the crown ; while Hampden, who lost his cause, was more than sufficiently recompensed by the applause of the people. 9. The discontent and opposition which the kmg met with, in maintaining episcopacy among his English subjects, might, one would think, hinder him from attempting to in- troduce it among those of Scotland, where it was generally hateful. Having published an order for reading the Uturgy in the principal church in Edinburgh, the people received it with clamours and imprecations. 10. The seditious disposi- tion in that kingdom, which had hitherto been kept within bounds, was now too furious for restraint, and the insurrec- tion became general over all the country, and the Scots flew to arms with great animosity. 11. Yet still the king could not think of desisting from his design ; and so prepossessed was he in favour of rojral right, that he thought the very name of king, when forcibly urged, would induce them to return to their duty. Instead, therefore, of fighting with his opponents, he entered upon a treaty with them ; so that a suspension of arms was soon agreed upon, and a treaty of peace concluded, which neither side intended to observe: and then both parties agreed to disband their forces. After much altercation, and many treaties signed and broken, both parties had recourse S I imsa^s^sSS. 214 HIST0R7 OF BNOLAND. once more to arms, and nothing but blood could satiate the contenders. 12. War being thus resolved on, the king took every method as before for raising money to support it. Ship- money was levied as usual ; some other arbitrary taxes were exacted from the reluctant people with great severity; but these were far from being sufficient ; and there now re- mained only one method more, the long-negiected method of a parliamentary supply. 13. The new house of commons, however, could not be induced to treat the Scots, who were of the same principles with themselves, and contending against the same ceremo- nies, as enemies of the state. They regarded them as friends and brothers, who first rose to teach them a duty it was incumbent on all virtuous minds to imitate. The king, therefore, could reap no other fruits from this assem- bly than murmurings and complaints. 14. Every method he had taken to supply himself with money was declared an abuse, and breach of the constitution. The king, there- fore, finding no hopes of a compliance with his requests, but recrimination instead of redress, once more dissolved the parliament, to try the most feasible methods of removing his necessities. 16. His necessities, however, continuing, that parliament was called, which did not cease sitting till they overturned the constitution. Without any interval they entered upon business, and by unanimous consent, they struck a blowihat might be regarded as decisive. Instead of granting the demand of subsidies, they impeached the earl of StraflTord, the king's first minister, and had him arraigned before the house of peers for high-treason. 16. After a long and elo- quent speech, delivered without premeditaUon, in which he confuted all the accusations of his enemies, he was found guilty by both houses of parliament ; and nothing remained but for the king to give his consent to the bill of attainder. Charles, who loved Strafibrd tenderly, hesitated, and seemed reluctant, trying every expedient to put off so dreadful a duty as that of signing the warrant for his execution. 17. While he continued in this agitation of mind, not knowing how to act, his doubto were at last silenced by an act of heroic bravery in the condemned lord. He received a letter from that unfortunate nobleman, desiring that his life might be made the sacrifice of mutual reconcUiation between the iould satiate the ing took every port it. Ship- arbitrary taxes great severity ; I there now re- elected method r, could not be lame principles ! same ceremo- arded them as them a duty it imitate. The am this assem- Every method r was declared he king, tbere- I his requests, nore dissolved ds of removing that parliament liey overturned entered upon ick a blow that r granting the -I of Strafibrd, ned before the long and elo- I, in which he he was found liing remained U of attainder, d, and seemed so dreadful a recation. 17. not knowing by an act of ceived a letter his life might 1 between the .r.mmi > ""' ' " ' ■ w' w ** CHARLKS I. 215 king and the people ; adding, that he was prepared to die, and to a willing mind there could be no injury. 18. This instance of noble generosity was but ill repaid by his mas- ter, who complied with his request. He consented to sign the fatal bill by commission ; Strafford was beheaded on Tower-hill, behaving with all that composed dignity of re- solution that was expected from his character. 19. In this universal rage for punishment, the parlia- ment fell with great justice on two courts, which had been erected under arbitrary kings, and had seldom been em- ployed but in cases of necessity. These were, the high commission court, and the court of star-chamber. A bill unanimously passed the houses to abolish both ; and in them to annihilate the principal and most dangerous articles in the king's prerogative. 20. In the midst uf these troubles an insurrection in the northern counties of Ireland, accompanied by several acts of atrocious cruelty, excited great alarm throughout the empire. The insurgents might have been easily subdued, but the king's deputies in Ireland, eager to make their fortunes by trading in confiscations, averred, that all the catholics in the kingdom were involved in the guilt of this rebellion, and by wicked arts changed the local disturbance ■into a general civil war. Many wanton murders were com- mitted on both sides; religious zeal added bitterness to political animosity ; the hatred of heresy by one party, and of popery by the other, led men to perpetrate and palliate crimes shocking to human nature. The war lasted several years ; four hostile parties had armies in Ireland, the native Irish, the descendants of the early settlers, usually called " the lords of the pale," the royalists, and the puritans, who supported the supremacy of the English parliament. The last party, though infinitely the weakest, finally tri- umphed by taking advantage of the dissensions and errors of the other three. 21. The king, aware that he was already suspected of a secret attachment to popery, and that the northern Irish pretended to have his authority for taking up arms, used every means in his power to put down the rebellion. But he was no longer able to effect this desirable object, the native Irish and the lords of the pale, frequently deceived before, would not trust the royal promises ; Parsons and Borlase, the lords justices of Ireland, refused to obey the king's commands ; and the English parliament gladly used i I 216 HISTORY OF BNOLAND. the IrUh war as a pretext for levying soldiers ; for every one now clearly foresaw that the disputes, between the king and the parliament must finally be decided by the tiword. Many insinuations were thrown out that he had himself fomented this rebellion, and no money could be spared for the extinction of distant dangers, when they pretended that the kingdom was threatened with greater at home. It was now that the republican spirit began to »>pear without any disguise in the present parliament ; and that party, instead of attacking the faults of tlie king, resolved to destroy monarchy. QuatioM for Examination. I. What WM dte king'i fint meaiure after Buckingham'! death t 8, 3. By whom waa the king aaiiited in hiigovemmentf 4. In what manner did the cuMom-houae omceia exact tuet t 6. What i* wid reapecting the court of star-chamber { 6. What tax waa the moat generally complained of? 7, & By whom waa the tax of «hi|>-money oppoaed t and what were the coniequences t »— 12. What pioduced an inaurrection in Scotland, and aflerwarda war? 13. How were the Scotch regarded by the new peiiiamentt 15. What waa the conduct oflhe next parliament ? 16—18. Deacribe the porticulanof the trial and death of the etrl ofStraflbid. 19. What were the next proceedingi of parliament t 90. What inaurrection took place in Ireland T 81. How waa the king treated by hii parliament on thia occasion I What spirit now openly manifested itself I 9^ SECTION III. 1. (A.D. 1641.) Thk leaders of opposiUon began their operations by a resolution to attack episcopacy, which was one of the strongest bulwarks of the royal power. They accused thirteen bishops of high-treason, for enacting ca- nons without the consent of parliament ; and endeavoured to prevail upon the house of peers to exclude all the prelates from their seate and votes in that august assembly. The bishops saw the storm that was gathering against them ; and, probably to avert its effects, they resolved to attend their duty in the house of lords no longer. 2. This was a fatal blow to the royal interest ; but it toon felt a much greater from the king's own imprudent. Charles had Jang suppressed his resentment, and only •fl*i MJffiJIWHt Im'i " 1 Idien ; for every letween the king )d by the tiword. he had himself Id be spared for y pretended that I home. began to appear ament; and that le king, resolved ni'idMUl? lit ttazM? ■lid what were the id aflerwarda war? iientt riheearlofStraflMd. loccaiion? Iticn be|;an their iscopacy, which ral power. They for enacting ca- and endeavoured [le all Uie prelates assembly. The ;ainst them ; and, 1 to attend their interest; but it }wn imprudence. Iment, and only CHARLES 1. 817 strove to satisfy ihc coinmona by the greatness of his con- cessions ; l)iil, tiniling that all his compliancps had but in- creased thcii- demands, he could no longer restrain it. 3, He gave orders to Herbert, his attorney-general, to enter an accusation of high-treason in the house of peers against lord Kimbolton, one of the most popular men of his party, to- gether with five commoners ; sir Arthur Haslerig, HoUis, Hampden, Pym, and Strode. 4. The articles were, that they had traitorously endeavoured to subvert the fundamen- tal laws and government of the kingdom ; to deprive the king of his regal power, and to impose on his subjects an arbitrary and tyrannical authority. Men had scarcely lei- sure to wonder at the precipitancy and imprudence of his impeachment, when they were astonished by anotlier mea- sure, still more rash and unsupported. 5. The next day the king himself was seen to enter the house of commons alone, advancing through the hall, while all the members stood up to receive him. The speaker withdrew from the chair, and the king took possession of it. Having seated himself, and having looked around for some time, he told the house that he was sorry for the occasion that had forced him thither ; that he was come in person to seize the members whom he had accused of high-treason, seeing they would not deliver them up to his serjeant-at-arms. He then sat down for some time, to see if the accused were present; but they had escaped a few minutes before his entry. 6. Thus disappointed, perplexed, and not knowing on whom to rely, he next proceeded, amidst the clamours of the populace, who continued to cry out " Privilege ! privi- lege !" to the common-council of the city, and made his complaints to them. The common-council only answered his complaints with a contemptuous silence ; and on his return, one of the populace, more insolent than the rest, cried out, •• To your tents, O Israel !" a watch-word among the Jews, when they intended to abandon their princes. 7. Being returned to Windsor, he began to reflect on the rashness of his former proceedings, and now, too late, re- solved to make some atonement. He, therefore, wrote to the parliament, informing them that he desisted from his former proceedings against the accused members ; and as- sured them that upon all occasions he would be as careful of their privileges as of his life or his crown. Thus his former violence had rendered him hateful to his com- T MMIflttMHHil i m i 'iu i n ii i 218 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. T mon^, and his present submission now rendered him con- temptible. 8. The power of appointing generals and levying armies was still a remaining prerogative of the crown. The com- mons having, therefore, first magnified their terrors of po- pery, which perhaps they actually dreaded, they proceeded to petition that the Tower might be put into their hands, and that Hull, Portsmouth, and the fleet should be intrusted to persons of their choosing. 'I'hese were requests, the complying with which levelled all that remained of the an- cient constitution ; however, such was the necessity of the times, that they were first contested, and then granted. 9. At last, every compliance only increased the avidity of mak- ing fresh demands ; the commons desired to have a militia, raised and governed by such ofiicers and commanders as they should nominate, under pretext of securing them from the Irish papists, of whom they professed to be in great apprehensions. 10. It was here that Charles first ventured to put a stop to these concessions, and being urged to give up the com- mand of the army for an appointed time, he was so exas- perated that he exclaimed, " No, not for an hour." This preremptory refusal broke off all further treaty ; and both sides were resolved to have recourse to arms. 11. No period since England began could show so many instances of courage, abilities, and virtue, as the present fatal opposition called forth into exertion, A.D. 1642. Now was the time when talenU of all kinds, unchecked by au- thority, were called from the lower ranks of life, to dispute for power and pre-eminence. 12. Manifestos on the one side and the other were now dispersed throughout the whole kingdom ; and the people were universally divided between two factions, distinguished uy the names of cavaliers and roundheads. The king's forces appeared in a very low condition ; besides the trained bands of the country, raised by sir John Digby, the sheriff, he had not get together three hundred infantry. 13. His cavalry, which composed his chief strength, exceeded not eight hundred, and were very ill provided with arms. How- ever, he was soon gradually reinforced from all quarters ; but not being then in a condition to face his enemies, he thought it prudent to retire by slow marches to Derby, and thence to Shrewsbury, in order to countenance the levies which his friends were making in those quarters. ^«*»isi«»c*«s*c; IMM IM Icrcd him con- levying armies ni. The com- ■ terrors of po- liiey proceeded their hands, lid be intrusted B requests, the ined of the an- ecessity of the in granted. 0. avidity of mak- have a militia, ommanders as ing them from to be in great 1 to put a stop 'e up the com- e was so exas- hour." This aty; and both show so many as the present [). 1642. Now hecked by au- life, to dispute ither were now and the people I, distinguished The king's ides the trained by, the sheriff, itry. 13. His , exceeded not h arms. How- 1 all quarters; lis enemies, he I to Derby, and mce the levies ters. CHARLES I. 210 14. In the mean time the parliament was not remiss in preparations on their side. Tliey hiul a magnzine of arms at Hull, and sir John Ilotham was appointed f^overnor of that place by government. The forces also, which had been everywhere raised on pretence of the service of Ireland, were now more openly enlisted by the parliament for their own purposes, and the command ^iven to the earl of Essex, a bold man, who rather desired to see monarchy abridged than totally destroyed ; and in London no less than four thousand men were enlisted in one day. 15. Edge-hill was the first place where the two armies were put in array against each other, and the country drenched in civil slaughter. It was a dreadful sight to see above thirty thousand of the bravest men in the world, in- stead of employing their courage abroad, turning it against each other, while the dearest friends and nearest kinsmen embraced opposite sides, and prepared to bury their private regards in factious hatred. After an engagement of some hours, animosity seemed to be wearied out, and both sides separated with equal loss. Five thousand men arc said to have been found dead on the field of battle. Qtuatioru for Exttmination. 1. What was the first act of the leaden of the oppoaitiont By what means did the bishops avert the impending storm t 2, 3. What was the kins's conduct on this occasion ? 4. What were the articles of impeachment ? 6. How did the king conduct lumsclf when he went to the house of com- mons? 6. How did the common-council afterwards receive himf 7. What were the consequences of his rashness ? 8. 9. What were the next demands of the commons? 10. On what occasion did the king stop ail further concessions ? What was the result 7 12. By what names were the contending parties distinguished ? 13. In what situation were the kine's fometii 14. What preparations did the parliament make ? 15. Where did the armies first meet ? • What was the issue of the battle ? SECTION IV. 1. (A.D. 1643.) It would be tedious, and no way in- structive, to enter into the marchings and counter-marchings of these undisciplined and ill-conducted armies ; war was J if r""""*"""""^""*''"'^ sss f i no HISTOnV OF RNOLAKD. a new trade to the English, as they had not seen a hostile engagement in the island for nearly a century before. The queen came to reinforce the royal party ; she had brought soldiers and ammunilion from Holland, and immediately departed to furnish more. 2. But the parliament, who knew ite own consequence and strength, was no way discouraged, rheir demands seemed to increase in proportion to their losses ; and as they were repressed in the field, they grew more haughty in the cabinet. Such governors as gave up their fortresses to the king were attainted of high-treason. 8. It was in vain for the king to send proposals after any success ; this only raised their pride and their animosity. But lliough this desire in the king to make peace with his subjects was the highest encomium on his humanity ; yet his long negotiations, one of which was carried on at Ox- ford, were faulty as a warrior. He wasted that time in al- tercation and treaty, which he should have employed in vigorous exertions in the field. 4. However, his first campaign, upon the whole, wore a fevourable aspect. One victory followed after another ; Cornwall was reduced to peace and obedience under the king ; a victory was gained over the parliamentarians at Stratton-hill, in Cornwall ; another at Roundway Down, about two miles from Devizes ; and a third at Chalgrave Field. Bristol was besieged and taken, and Gloucester was invested ; the battle of Newbury was favourable to the royal cause ; and great hopes of success were formed from an army in the north, raised by the marquis of Newcastle. 6. In this first campaign, the two bravest and greatest men of their respective parties were killed ; as if it was in- tended, by the kindness of Providence, that they should be exempted from seeing the miseries and the slaughter which were shortly to ensue; these were John Hampden, and Lucius Gary, lord Falkland. The first in a skirmish against prince Rupert ; the other in the battle of Newbury, which followed shortly after. 6. Hampden, whom we have seen, in the beginning of these troubles, refusing to pay the ship-money, gained, by his inflexible integrity, the esteem even of his enemies. To these he added affability in conversation, temper, art, elo- quence in debate, and penetration in council. 7. Falkland was still a greater loss, and greater character. He added to Hampden's severe principles a politeness and elegance but then beginning to be known in England. He I , not seen a hostile ury before. The she had brought and immediately ament, who knew way discouraged, oportion to their field, they grew mora as gave up of high-treason, iposals after any their animosity, i peace with his > humanity; yet arried on at Ox- I that time in al- ive employed in le whole, wore a I after another ; ience under the liamentarians at tundway Down, rd at Chalgravo and Gloucester favourable to the ere formed from 8 of Newcastle, est and greatest as if it was in- t they should be slaughter which Hampden, and skirmish against fewbury, which le beginning of ney, gained, by is enemies. To ;mper, art, elo- I. reater character. a politeness and England. He CHARLRS I. Ml had boldly withstood tho king's pretensions while he saw him making n bad use of his power ; but, when he per- ceived the design of the parliament to overturn the religion and the constitution of the country, ho changed his side, and steadfastly attached himself to the crown. 8. From the be- f [inning of the civil war, his natural cheerfulness and vivacity brsook him ; ho became melancholy, sad, pale, and negli- gent of his person, and seemed to wish for death. His usual cry among his friends, after a deep silence and fre- quent sighs, was, " Peace ! peace !" He now said, upon the morning of the engagement, that he was weary of the times, and should leave them before night. He was shot by a musket-ball in the belly ; and his body was next morn- ing found among a heap of slain. His writings, his ele- gance, his justice, and bis courage deserved each a death of glory ; and they found it. 9. The king, that he might make preparations during the winter for the ensuing campaign, and to oppose the designs of the Westminster parliament, called one at Oxford ; and this was the first time that England saw two parliaments sitting at the same time. His house of peers was pretty full ; his house of commons consisted of about one hundred and forty, which amounted to not above half of the other house of commons. From this shadow of a parliament he received some supplies, after which it was prorogued, and never after assembled. 10. In the mean time, the parliament were equally active on their side. They passed an ordinance commanding all the inhabitants of London and its neighbourhood to retrench a meal a week, and to pay the value of it for the support of the public cause. 11. But, what was more eflTectual, the Scots, who considered their claims as similar, led a strong body to their assistance. They levied an army of fourteen thousand men in the oast under the earl of Manchester ; they had an army of ten thousand men under Essex ; another, of nearly the same force, under sir William Waller. These were su- perior to any force the king could bring into the field ; and were well appointed with ammunition, provisions, and pay. 12. Hor ''ties, which even during the winter season had never been ,vholly discontinued, were renewed in spring with their usual fury, and served to desolate the kingdom, without deciding victory. A.D. 1644. Each county joined that side to which it was addicted from motives of convic- tion, interest, or fear, though some observed a perfect neu- t3 .1 222 HtSTORV or KNOLAND. Irality. Several frequently petitioned Tor peace ; and nil the wiie and good were earnest in the cry. 13. What particu- larly deirerves remark woa an attempt of the women of London, who, to the number of two or tiiroe thousand, went in a body to the house of commons, earnestly demanding a peace^" Uive us those traitors," said they, " that are against a peace : give them, that we may tear them to pieces." The guards found some difficulty in quelling this insurrection, and one or two women lost their lives in the affray. 14. The battle of Marston Moor was the beginning of the king's misfortunes and disgrace. The Scots and parlia- mentarian army had joined, and were besieging York, when prince Rupert, joined by the marquis of Newcastle, deter- mined to raise the siege. Both armies drew up on Marston Moor, to the ntimher of fifty thousand, and the victory seemed long rnde<:ided between them. 16. Rupert, who commanded the i,(^ht wing of the royalists, was opposed by Oliver Gromwcii, who now first came into notice, at the head of a body of troops which he had taken care to levy and discipline. Cromwell was victorious ; he pushed his opponents oflf the liicld, followed the vanquished, returned to a second engagement, und a second victory ; the prince's whole train of artillery was taken, and the royalists never after recovered the blow. 16. William Laud, archbishop of Canterbury, was sent to the Tower in the beginning of the civil war. He was I'.ovr brought to his trial, condemned, and executed. And it \ '!, > a melancholy consideration, that iti those times of trou- ble, the best men on either side were those who chiefly suf- fered. 17. The death of Laud was followed by a total alteration of the ceremonies of the church. The liturgy was, by a public act, abolished the day he died, as if he had been the only obstacle to its formal removal. The church of England was, in all respects, brought to a conformity to the puritani- cal establishment; while the citizens of London, and the Scots army, gave public thanks for so happy an alteration. Qtuftiotujbr Examination, 1. Who reinTorced the royal party 1 % What courage did the parliament display? 4, 5. In the first campoign, where were the principal battlM fought f 6. Describe the character of Hampden. 7. Describe the character of FalUond. ice ; and nil the What particu* ,he women of thousand, went y demanding a By, " that are r tear them to in quelling this eir lives in the cRAiaii I. m & How wmi Ilia dnoth occaiionad f 9. Where ndon, and the f an alteration. tiM fought 1 SECTION V. 1. (A.D. 1645.J Thb well-disputed battle, which decided the fate of Charles, was fought at Naseby, a village in Northamptonshire. Tlie main body of the royal army was commanded by lord AsUey ; prince Rupert led the right wing, sir Marmaduke Langdale the left, and the king him- self headed the body of reserve. 2. On the opposite side, Fairfax and Skippon commanded the main body, Cromwell led on the right wing, and Ireton, his son-in-law, the left. Prince Rupert attacked the left wing with his usual impetu- osity and success ; they were broken, and pursued as fiir as the village ; but he lost time in attempting to make himself master of their artillery. 3. Cromwell, in the mean time, was equally successful on his side, and broke through the enemy's horse, after a very obstinate resistance. While these were thus engaged, the infantry on both sides maintained the conflict with equal ardour, but in spite of the eflbrts of Fairfax and Skippon, their battalions began to give way. At this cri- tical period, Cromwell returned with his victorious forces, and charged the king's infantry in flank with such vigour, that a total rout began to ensue. 4. By this time prince Rupert had rejoined the king, and the small body of reserve : but his troops, though victorious, could not be brought to a second charge. The king, perceiving the battle wholly lost, was obliged to abandon the field to his enemies, who took all his cannon, baggage, and about fifty thousand pri- soners. 6. The battle of Naseby put the parliamentarians in pos- *>e»sion of almost all the strong cities of the kingdom, Bris- tol, Bridgewater, Chester, Sherborn, and Bath. Exeter was besieged ; and all the king's troops in the western counties being entirely dispensed, Fairfax pressed the plact, and It surrendered at discretion. The king, thus surrounded. wsmsssBam 824 niMTORV or BNOLAND. Mi harniflod on every side, retreated to Oxford ; that, in all con- ditions of his fortune, had held steady to his cause ; and there he resolved to ofler new terms to his incensed pur- suers. 6. In the mean time Fairfax was approaching with a powerful and victorious army, and was taking the proper measures for laying siege to Oxford, which promised an easy surrender. To be taken captive, and led in triumph by his insolent subjects, was what Charles justly abhorred : and every insult and violence was to be dreaded from the soldiery, who had felt the effects of his opposition. 7. In this desperate extremity he embraced a measure, which, in any other situation, might justly lie under the im- putation of imprudence and indiscretion. He took the fatal resolution of giving himself up to the Scots army, who had never testified such implacable animosity against him ; but he soon found, that instead of treating him as a king, they insulted him as a captive. 8. The English parliament, being informed of the king's captivity, immediately entered into a treaty with the Scots about delivering up their prisoner. This was soon adjusted. They agreed, that upon payment of four hundred thousand pounds, they would deliver up the king to his enemies, and this was cheerfully complied with. An action so atrocious may be palliated, but can never be defended ; they returned home laden with plunder, and the reproaches of all good men. 0. The civil war was now over ; the king had absolved his followers from their allegiance, and the parliament had now no enemy to fear, except those very troops by which they had extended their overgrown authority. But, in pro- portion as the terror of the king's power diminished, the divisions between the members which composed the parlia- ment became more apparent. 10. The majority in the house were of the presbyterian sect, who were for having clergy ; but the majority of the army were staunch independents, who admitted of no clergy, but thought that every man had a right to instruct his fellows. At the head of this sect was Cromwell, who secreUy directed Uieir operations, and invi- gorated all their measures. 11. Oliver Cromwell, whose talents now began to appear in full lustre, was the son of a private gentleman of Hun- tingdon : but, being the son of a second brother, he inherited a very small paternal fortune. From accident or intrigue, ikeili ■f*^ ClIARLRa 1. 235 thai, in all con- hii caiiao ; and I inceniod piir- onching[ with a ling the proper :h promiied an led in triumph justly abhorred : i;adod from the osition. iccd a measure, ie under the im- le took the fatal army, who had gainst him ; but as a king, they ed of the king's with the Scots ts soon adjusted, mdred thousand lis enemies, and ion so atrocious ; they returned lies of all good ig had absolved parliament had roops by which r. But, in pro- diminished, the )osed the parlia- rity in the house having clergy ; lepondents, who ery man had a >f this sect was stions, and invi- began to appear itleman of Hun- Ker, he inherited lent or intrigue, ho was choHcn a member fur the town of Cambridge in the \m\% parliament ; but he seemed at first to possess no ora- torical talents ; his person being ungraceful, his dress slo* vpiily, his elocution homely, tedious, obscure, and cmbar- ruHHcd. la. He made up, however, by ural and pcrscverancn what he wanted in natural nowers ; and being emlowcd with unshaken intrepidity, much dissimulation, and a thorough conviction of the rectitude of his cause, he roue, through the gradations of preferment, to the post of lieutenant-general under Fairfax ; but, in reality, possessing the supreme com- mand over the whole array. 13. The army now began to consider themselves as a body distinct from the commonwealth ; and complained that they had secured the general tranquillity, while they were at the same time deprived of the privileges of Englishmen. In opposition, therefore, to the parliament of Westminster, a military parliament was formed, composed of the othcers and common soldiers of each regiment. 14. The principal officers formed a council to represent the body of peers : the soldiers elected two men out of each company, to re- present the house of commons, and these were called the agitators of the army. Cromwell took care to be one of the number, and thus contrived an easy method of secretly conducting and promoting the sedition of the army. 18. The unhappy king, in the mean time, continued a prisoner at Holmby Castle ; and as his countenance might add some authority to that side which sliould obtain it, Cromwell, who secretly conducted all the measures of the army, while he apparently exclaimed against their violence, resolved to seize the king's person. 10. Accordingly, a party of five hundred horse appearing at Holmby Castle, under the command of one Joyce, conducted the king to the army, near Cambridge. The next day Cromwell ar- rived among them, where he was received with acclama- tions of joy, and was instantly invested with the supreme command. Quatiorufor Examination. 1. Where wm the battle Tought that decided the fate of Charles t Who were the leaden of the king'i army 7 8. By whom woi the parliamentary army conducted f 4. Whot wu the iuue of the battle ! _ . . 5. What towns Rurremlered to the (nrliamentorians afler Uti* engagemenU 6. Where did the kins fly for refuge 1 7. On what mraiure did he now resolve 1 >n v^ ■4 i t^aa ■iTj ii ia i V ii n - m— ""^"- 226 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 8. What Bttociona oct was committed towards the king? 10. What were the parlies wliich compoaed the parliament ? 11. Who wa« Oliver Cromwell? 12. To what poet in the army did he riae? 14. In what ranniier was a council formed from tlie army '( 15. Where waa the place of the king's confinement? 16. By whole command was ho taken and conducted to the army ? SECTION VI. m (A.D. 1647.) The house of commons was now di- vided into parties, as usual; one part opposing, but the majority, with the two speakers at their head, encouraging the army. In such an universal confusion, it is not to be expected that any thing less than a separation of the parties could take place : and accordingly the two speakers, with sixty-two members, secretly retired from the house, and threw themselves under the protection of the army, which was then at Hounslow-heath. 2. They were received with shouts and acclamations ; their integrity was extolled ; and tlie whole body of the soldiery, a formidable force of twenty thousand men, now moved forward, to reinstate them in their former seats and stations. 3. In the mean time, that part of the house which was left behind resolved to act with vigour, and resist the en- croachments of the army. They chose new speakers, they gave orders for enlisting troops, they ordered the trainbands to man the lines, and the whole city boldly resolved to resist the invasion. But this resolution only held while the enemy was thought at a distance ; for, when the formidable force of Cromwell appeared, all was obedience and submission ; the gates were opened to the general, who attended the speakers, and the rest of the members, peaceably to their habitations. 4. The eleven impeached members, being accused as causers of the tumult, were expelled, and most of them retired to the continent. The mayor, sheriff, and three aldermen were sent to the Tower ; several citizens and officers of the militia were committed to prison, and the lines about the city were levelled to the ground. The command of the Tower was given to Fairfax, the general ; and the parliament oflered him their hearty thanks for having disobeyed their commands. 5. It now only remained to dispose of the king, who had MNlM iSB" L It? he aniiy f IS was now di- )osing, but the id, encouraging it is not to be n of the parties speakers, with the house, and e army, which re received with I extolled ; and force of twenty nstate them in Duse which was I resist the en- 1 speakers, they 1 the trainbands esolved to resist vhile the enemy formidable force nd submission ; lo attended the Bceably to their nembers, being )elled, and most yror, sheriff, and several citizens to prison, and ! ground. The ax, the general ; lanks for having B king, who had CIIARLF.S I, 227 been sent by the army a prisoner to Hampton Court; from whence he attempted to escape, but was once more made prisoner in the Isle of Wight, and confined in Carisbrook Castle. 6. While the king continued in this forlorn situation, the parliament, new modelled as it was by the army, was every clay growing more feeble and factious. He still, therefore, continued to negotiate with the parliament for settling the unspeakable calamities of the kingdom. The parliament saw no other method of destroying the military power than to depress it by the kingly ; and frequent proposals for an accommodation passed between the captive king and the commons. 7. But it was now too late : their power was soon totally to expire ; for the rebellious army, crowned with success, was returned from the destruction of their enemies ; and, sensible of their own power, with furious remonstrances began to demand vengeance on their king. At the same time they advanced to Windsor : and sending an officer to seize the king's person, where he was lately sent under confinement, they conveyed him to Hurst Castle, in Hamp- shire, opposite the Isle of Wight. 8. The commons, however, though destitute of all i.opes of prevailing, had still courage to resist, and atu .npted, in the face of the whole army, to close their treaty with the king. But the next day colonel Pride, at the head of two regiments, block- aded the house, seized in the passage forty-one members of the presbyterian party, and sent them to a low room be- longing to the house, that passed by the denomination of hell. 9. Above a hundred and sixty members more were excluded ; and none were allowed to enter but the most furious and determined of the independents, in all not ex- ceeding sixty. This atrocious invasion of the parliamentary rights commonly passed by the name of Pride's Purge, and the remaining members were called the Rump. These soon voted that the transactions of the house a few days before were entirely illegal, and that their general's conduct was just and necessary. 10. A committee was appointed to bring in a charge against the king ; and a vote passed, declaring it treason in a king to levy war against his parliament. A high court of justice was accordingly appointed, to try his majesty for this new-invented treason. 11. Colonel Harrison, the son of a butcher, was com- % t t I r J- 228 HISTORY OF KNOLAND. manded to conduct the king from Hurst CaBUe t|>. Windsor, Td from thence to I^ndon. His afflicted subjects, who Jan to hTve a sight of their sovereign. >vere greaUy atrected at U^ change that appeared in his face and person. He had allowed his beard to grow ; his hair was become vene- rablvTrry. ral>.er by the pre««ure of anxiety than the hand of tfmeTwhile his apparel bore Uie marks of misfortune and Tcly 12. Thus he stood a solitary figure of majes y ?ndt"eL, which even his adversaries could not b^^^^ without reverence and compassion. He haU been long at- tended only by an old decrepid servant, whose name was SphiUp Warwick, who could only deplore his masters fate without being able to revenge his cause. 13. All the S erfor sjlols of sovereignty were "O^ withc^rjwn ; a„, liis new attendants had orders to serve him without cere monv. The duke of Hamilton, who was reserved for the Tame'^ punishment with his master, having leave to uAe a r fafewell as be departed from Windsor, threw himseK at itr bino'« fppt crvine out, " My dear master I 14. ine ?nhapprn.onarc7S him ui. and emb^cing h.m ten- Sy^'r^plied. while tears ran ^^"^^^^^^^eZl SLrhowt-hrotidir,:^ perfuMtrS SStSl^t^toXlSitlalS "°lt From tt sixth to thJ twentietfi of January was spent oersons. named by the commons: but of these never aoc»e EelenW sat upon the trial. The members were ch efly romjlS of 'he principal officers oMJe army, most of them of -very mean birth, together with some oi the lower SSe and a fTw citizens of London. Bradshaw. a lawyer tTchoren president ; Coke was -?VO^;^'^^^^'^iXe"e neople of England; Dorisbus, Steele, a""! Aske were Earned <^sistani. The court sat i« W^stminster-h^. Ifl The kine was now conducted from Windsor to &t. T ' irVhP next day was brought before the high irrfS take hs trS.%hen he wis brought forward rewa^cSucted by the mace-bearer to a chair placed ♦i^riKp h,r Thoueh lone detained a prisoner, and now niSSuceS asacrSfhr^^^^^ sustained' the dignity of a SS he sirveye" the members of <^^ ^?^'}^''^\''Cn aid haughty air ; and, without moving his hat. sat down. in I Castle to Wimlsor, lifiteil subjects, who vere greatly atFected !e and person. He r was become vene- [jxiety than the hand narks of misfortune iry figure of majesty IS could not behold e had been long at- it, whose name was leplore his master's cause. 13. All the low withdrawn ; and ire him without cere- was reserved for the v'mg leave to take a sor, threw himself at master l" U. The embracing him ten- his cheeks, " I have These were severe tersuaded that his ad- trial; but he every private assassination, of January was spent aordinary trial. The Ired and thirty-three , of these never above lembers were chiefly f the army, most of ih some of the lower Bradshaw, a lawyer, ointcd solicitor for the !ele, and Aske were Vestminster-hall. from Windsor to St. mght before the high was brought forward, rer to a chair placed jd a prisoner, and now ained the dignity of a the court with a stem ng his hat, sat down. CHARLES I. 220 while the members dso were covered. 17. His charge was then read by the solicitor, accusing him of having been the cause of all the bloodshed which followed since the com- mencement of the war : at that part of the charge he could not suppress a smile of contempt and indignation. After his charge was finished, Bradshaw directed his discourse to the king, and told him that the court expected his answer. Quettionafor Extmination. 1. What meamirM w«re punaed by the ouuority of the house of commooit 2. How were thejr received hy the army 7 3. What Wtui the conduct of the remaining memben f 4. To whom wai the command of the Tower given f 5. Did not the king aacape from hia place of confinement f Where wm he taken f 6. Did he continue to negotiate with the parliament f 7—9. Deacribe the conduct of the army on this oceoaion. ' 11, 12. What was now the appearance of the king ? 13. What pamed between him and the duke of Ibmiltont 15. How many peiaona sat on the king'a trial t 16. Who were the chief? 17. What waa hia behaviour on hia trial 1 What waa the chaige alleged againat him t SECTION VII. 1. (A. D. 1648.) The king, with great temper, entered upon his defence, by denying the authority of the court. He represented, that, having been engaged in a treaty with his two houses of parliament, and having finished almost every article, he expected a different treatment from that which he now received. He perceived, he said, no appear- ance of an upper house, which was necessary to constitute a just tribunal. 2. That he was himself the king and the fountain of law, and, consequently, could not be tried by laws to which he had never given his assent ; that having been intrusted with the liberties of the people, he would not now betray them, by recognising a power founded in usurpation ; that he was willing, before a proper tribunal, to enter into the particulars of his defence ; but that before them he must decline any apology or plea of innocence, lest he should be considered as the betrayer of, and not a martyr for, the constitution. 3. Bradshaw, in order to support the authority of the ,r I ""W HISTORY OF ENGLAND. court, insisted that they had received their power from the people, the source of all right. He pressed the prisoner not to decline the authority- of the court, which was dele- gated by the commons of England ; and he interrupted and overruled the king in his attempts to reply. 4. In this manner the king was three times produced be- fore the court, and as often he persisted in ueclining its jurisdiction. Tlie fourth and last time he was brought be- fore the self-created tribunal ; as he was proceeding thither, he was insulted by the soldiers and the mob, who exclaimed, " Justice ! justice ! execution ! execution !" but he con- tinued undaunted. His judges, having now examined some witnesses, by whom it was proved that the king had ap- peared in arms against the forces commissioned by parlia- ment, pronounced sentence against him. 6. The conduct of the king, under all these instainccs of low-bred malice, was great, firm, and equal ; in going through the hall, the soldiers and the rabble were again instigated to cry out, " Justice and execution !" They reviled him with the most bitter reproaches. Among other insults, one mis- creant presumed to spit in the face of his sovereign. He patiently bore their insolence. " Poor souls," cried he, " they would treat their generals in the same manner for sixpence." 6. Those of the populace who still retained the feelings of humanity, expressed their sorrow in sighs and tears. A soldier, more compassionate than the rest, could not help imploring a blessing upon his royal head. An officer, overhearing him, struck the honest senUuel to the ground before the king, who could not help saying that the punishment exceeded the offence. 7. After returning from this solemn mockery of justice, the unhappy monarch petitioned the house for permission to see his children, and desired the attendance of Dr. Juxon, bishop of London, to assist in his private devotions. Both requests were immediately granted, and three days were allowed to prepare for the execution of the sentence. This interval was spent by Charles in the exercises of devotion, and in administering consolation to his unhappy family. 8. During the progress of the trial, the French and Dutch ambassadors vainly interceded in his behalf; and the Scots, who had set the first example of resistance to his authority, now remonstrated against the violence offered to his person and dignity. 0. After his condemnation, the queen and the prince of Wales wrote the most pathetic letters to the par- ■ Ill n il "m ill CHAHLK8 I. 231 ir power from the issed the prisoner I, which was dele- he interrupted and y. imes produced be- in ueclining its e was brought be- proceeding thither, ob, who exclaimed, on!" but he con- ow examined some the king had ap- issioned by parlia- ihese instances of 1; in going through again instigated to y reviled him with !r insults, one mis- lis sovereign. He souls," cried he, same manner for who still retained lir sorrow in sighs late than the rest, on his roya) head. honest seniihel to Dt help saying that nockery of justice, use for permission lance of Dr. Juxon, s devotions. Both 1 three days were tie sentence. This ircises of devotion, s unhappy family. French and Dutch lalf ; and the Scots, ce to his authority, Sered to his person I, the queen and the B letters to the par- ■nnUMoCUicCkulaL l«4t. liament ; but nothing could divert the stem regicides from their atrocious design. 10. The king was confined in the palace of 8t. James's, but the place selected for erecting the scaffold was the street before the palace of Whitehall. 11. On the morning of the execution he rose early, and having spent some time in private devotion, received the sacrament from the hands of bishop Juxon ; he was then conducted on foot through the park to Whitehall, and partook of some slight refresh- ment ; after a brief delay, he advanced to the place of execu- tion, attended still by his friend and servant Dr. Juxon, who used every exertion to soothe the last moments of his unfor- tunate master. 12. The scaffold, which was covered with black, was guarded by a regiment of soldiers, under the command of colonel Tomlinson, and under it were to be seen a block, the axe, and two executioners in masks. The people, in immense crowds, stood at a great distance, in dreadful expectation of the event. The king surveyed all these solemn preparations with calm composure ; and as he could not expect to be heard by the people at a distance, he addressed himself to the few persons who stood around him. 13. He there justified his own innocence in the late fatal war ; and observed, that he had not taken arms till after the parliament had shown him the example. That he had no other object in his warlike preparations than to preserve that authority entire, which had been transmitted to him by his ancestors; but, though innocent towards his people, he *, 232 HISTORY OF KNOLAND. acknowledged the equity of hia execution in the eyes of his Maker. 14. He owned that he was justly punished for having consented to the execution of an unjust sentence upon the earl of Strafford. He forgave all his enemies ; exhorter) the people to return to their obedience, and ac- knowledge his son as his successor ; and signed his attach- ment to the protestant religion, ajB professed in the church of England. So strong was the impression his dying words made upon the few who could hear him, that colonel Tom- linson himself, to whose care he had been committed, ac- knowledged himself a convert. 15. While he was preparing himself for the block, bishop Juxon called out to him, "There is, sir, but one stage more, which, though turbulent and troublesome, is yet a very short one. It will soon carry you a great way. It will carry you from earth to heaven, and then; you shall find, to your great joy, the prize to which you hasten, a crown of glory." 16. " I go," replied the king, '* from a corruptible to an incorruptible crown, where no disturbance can have place." — " You exchange," replied the bishop, " a temporal for an eternal crown ; a good exchange !" Charles, having taken off his cloak, delivered his George to the prelate, pronounc- ing the word " Remember !" Then he laid his neck on the block, and, stretching out his hands as a signal, one of the executioners severed his head from his body at a blow ; while the other, holding it up, exclaimed, "This is the head of a traitor !" 17. The spectators testified their horror of the sad spectacle in o:,rhs, tears, and lamentations ; the tide of their duty and affcction began to return ; and each blamed himself either with active disloyalty to his king, or a passive compliance with his destroyers. 18. Charles was executed in the forty-ninth year of his age, and the twenty-fourth of his reign. He was of a mid- dle statute, robust, and well-proportioned. His visage was pleasing, but melancholy ; and it is probable that the con- tinued troubles in which he was involved might have made that impression on his countenance. As for his character, the reader will deduce it, with more precision and satisfac- tion to himself, from the detail of his conduct, than from any summary given of it by the historian. 1 I*' >'i'''.iWi!i!ii!|l"-'iipi|' n in the eyes of his ustly punished for an unjust sentence s all his enemies ; obedience* and ac- I signed his attach- ed in the church of n his dying words that colonel Tom- sen committed, ac- ir the block, bishop )ut one stage more, , is yet a very short ray. It will carry shall find, to your a crown of glory." corruptible to an ;e can have place." "a temporal for an arles, having taken prelate, pronounc- lid his neck on the signal, one of the body at a blow ; led, "This is the istified their horror lamentations; the return ; and each alty to his king, or -ninth year of his He was of a mid- . His visage was bable that the con- might have made ) for his character, :ision and satisfac- luct, than from any TIIR COMMONWEALTH. 238 Questions fw Examination. 1, 2. What did the king urge in hi* derence 7 3. What woB the anHwcr u? Bradshaw 1 4. What treatment did he receive Trom the loldienT 5. With what patience did he bear their reproaches} and what wai hii n mark 7 7. 8. What followed the king'i condemnation 7 9, 10. What opot wai chmen an the place nl the king'i execution f 13. What preparations were made for his tri^l t 13. 14. What did he aajr in his address to the people 7 15, 16. What conversation passed between the king and bishop Juxonf 17. What efTact had his execution on the minds of the people f 18. How long did Charles reign 7 CONTEMPORARY SOVEREIGNS- Papef. A.D. Urban Vin 1633 Innocent X 1644 Emperort of Oermany. Ferdinand II. 1619 Ferdinand III 1637 £iii;wrorf of the Turk*. A.D. AmurathlV 1683 Ibrahim. J649 Mahomet IV 1649 King» of Prance. Louis XIII 1680 Louis XIV 1643 King of Spain and Portugal. Philip IV. 1621 Portugal alone. John IV. 1640 EMINENT PERSONS. Archbishop Laud. Earl of Straflbrd. John Hampden. Lucius Cairy.Ioid Falkland. Harry Cary, lord Falkland. II. Montague, earl of Manchester. K. Ureville, lord Bnmke. Lord-koeper Littleton. Arthur, lord Capel. Lord Edward Herbfirt, of Clierbory. G. Stanley, earl of Derby. J. Digby, earl of Bristol. Ulicke de Burgh, marquis of Clanricarde, and er '. of St. Albon's. Henry Carey, earl of Monmouth. Mildmay Fane, earl of Westmorelaiid. E. Somerset, marquis of Worcester CHAPTER XXIX. OLIVER CROMWELL. Born IS99. Died September 3, 1058. Became lord protector December IS, 16SX Ruled 4) years. THE COMMONWEALTH. SECTION I. 1. (A.D. 1749.) Cromwell, who had secretly solicited and contrived the king's death, now began to feel wishes to whicu he had been hitherto a stranger. His prospects widening as he rose, his first principles of liberty were 02 •<.^ "UPWf »i p j» l .iJ|". ii > ! W 234 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. all lost in the unbounded stretch or power that lay before him. 2. Having been appointed to command the army in Ire- land, he prosecuted the war in that kingdom with his usual success. He had to combat against the royalists, com- manded by the duke of Ormond, and the native Irish, led on by O'Neil. But such ill-connected and barbarous troops could give very little opposition to Cromwell's more nu- merous forces, conducted by such a general, and emboldened by long success. He soon overran the whole country; and, after some time, all the towns revolted in his favour, and opened their gates at his approach. 3. But, in these conquests, as in all the rest of his actions, there appeared a brutal ferocity, that would tarnish the most heroic valour. In order to intimidate the natives from defending their towns, he, with a barbarous policy, put every garrison that made any resistance to the sword. 4. After his return to England, upon taking his seat, he received the thanks of the house, by the mouth of the speaker, for the services he had done the commonwealth in Ireland. They then proceeded to deliberate upon clioosing a leneral for conducting the war in Scotland, where they had espoused the royal cause, and placed young Charles, the son of their late monarch, on the throne. Fairfax re- fusing this command upon principle, as he had all along declined opposing the presbyterians, the command necessa- rily devolved upon Cromwell, who boldly set forward for Scotland, at the head of an army of sixteen thousand men. 5. The Scots, in the mean time, who had invited over their wretched kins to be a prisoner, not a ruler among them, prepared to meet the invasion. A.D. 16.' 9. A batde soon ensued, in which they, though double the number of the English, were soon put to flight, and pursued with great slaughter, while Cromwell did not lose above forty men inaU. 6. In this terrible exigence young Charles embraced a resolution worthy a prince who was willing to hazard all for empire. Observing that the way was open to England, he resolved immediately to march into that country, where he expected to be reinforced by all the royalists in that part of the kingdom. 7. But he soon found himself disappointed in the expec- tation of increasing his army. The Scots, terrified at the prospect of so hazudous an enterprise, fell from him in great m i . .lymi, i i ii:W ii ww>i. i" " I vet that lay before id the army in Ire- lorn with his usual le royalists, corn- native Irish, led on I barbarous troops tmwell's more nu- al, and emboldened le whole country; Ited in his favour, 3. But, in these , there appeared a lost heroic valour, n defending their every garrison that taking his seat, he the mouth of the ! commonwealth in rate upon choosing otland, where they id young Charles, rone. Fairfax re- he had all along command necessa- ly set forward for en thousand men. > had invited over ruler among them, M). A batde soon he number of the lursued with great above forty men harles embraced a ling to hazard all I open to England, liat country, where tyalists in that part inted in the expec- its, tenified at the 1 from him in great PBPsngiH' "TF THE COMMONWEALTH. 235 numbers. The English, affrighted at the name of his op- ponent, dreaded to join him ; but his mortifications were still more increased as he arrived at Worcester, when in- formed that Cromwell was marching with hasty strides from Scotland, with an army increased to forty thousand men. 8. The news had scarcely arrived, when that active general himself appeared ; and, falling upon the town on all sides, broke in upon the disordered royalists. The streets were strewed with slaughter ; the whole Scots army were either killed or taken prisoners ; and the king himself, having given many proofs of personal valour, was obliged to fly. 0. Imagination can scarcely conceive adventures more romantic, or distress more severe, than those which at- tended the young king's flight from the scene of slaughter. After various escapes, and one-and-forty days concealment, he landed safely at Feschamp, in Normandy ; no less than forty men and women having, at different times, been privy to his escape. 10. In the mean time, Cromwell, crowned with success, returned in triumph to London, where he was met by the speaker of the house, accompanied by the mayor of London, and the magistrates, in all their formalities. His first care was to take advantage of his late success, by depressing the Scots, who had so lately withstood the work of the gospel, as he called it. 11. An act was passed for abolishing roy- alty in Scotland, and annexing that kingdom, as a conquered province, to the English commonwealth. It was empow- ered, however, to send some members to the English par- liament. Judges were appointed to distribute justice, and the people of that country, now freed from the tyranny of the ecclesiastics, were not much dissatisfied with their pre- sent government. The prudent conduct of Monk, who was left by Cromwell to complete their subjection, served much to reconcile the minds of the people, harassed with dissen- sions, of which they never well understood the cause. 12. In this maimer, the English parliament, by the means of Cromwell, spread their uncontested authority over all the British dominions. Ireland was totally subdued by Ireton and Lr.dlow. All the settlements in Ajnerica, that had de- clared for the royal cause, were obliged to submit; Jersey, Guernsey, SciUy, and the Isle of Man, were brought easily under subjection. Thus mankind saw, with astonishment, a parliament composed of sixty or seventy obscure and illi- terate members governing a great empire with unanimi^ 280 I nn> f w.n i f iwny^wtf^jm il I U I f HIS-rORY OF ENOLANO. •I W II '." " '^•F'WWi" and BucccBB, 18. Without any arknowledjfetl mibordination, except a council of Btntc, consisting of ihirty-eight, to whom all addreuea were made, they levied armies, maintained fleets, and gave laws to the neighbouring powers of Europe. 14. The finances were managed with economy and exact- ness. Few private persons became rich by the plunder ri" the public : the revenues of the crown, the lands of '.ho bishops, and a tax of a hundred and twenty thousand pounds each month, supplied the wants of the government, a.«d gave vigour to all their proceedings. Questions for Examination. 1. What WM the nature of Cromwell'i ambitiunf 9. What iiiccaM aUended him in Ireland 1 8. What cruelly lamiihed hi* vicloriei 1 i. Whom did the parliament appoint lo the commoiMl of the army aninot Scotland / ' ft. What waa Cromwell'i iiicreM 1 6. What reoolution did prince Charlea cmhrnce 1 7. What nowi did the prince receive nl Worcciterf 8. What woi the retinll of hia undorlakinK ? 9. What were hia luAennm I and how diil he etcope T 10. What waa Cromwoll's fimt core olicr hiH return f 11. What art was now paned roupccliiig Sooilnnd 1 18—14. Whot wa< the itate of the Briliih era|iire at this time t SECTION II. 1. (A. D. 1652.^ The parliament, having thus reduced their native dominions to perfect obedience, next resolved to chastise the Dutch, who had given but very slight caut>e of complaint. It happened that one doctor Dorislaus, who was of the number of the late king's judges, being sent by the parliament as their envoy to Holland, was assassinated by one of the royal p?»ty, who had taken refuge there. 2. Some time after, also, Mr. St. John, appointed their ambassador to that court, was insulted by the friends of the prince of Orange. These were thought motives sufficient to induce the commonwealth of England to declare war against them. The parliament's chief dependence lay in the activity and courage of Blake, their admiral; who, though he had not embarked in naval command till late in life, yet surpassed all that went before him in courage and dezt«rity. 8. On the other side, the Dutch opposed to him 1 "WW I i!'i"i « iwww«im«wip THE COMMONWEALTH. 237 !il(fr(l fliihordination, lirty-eight, lo whom armies, maintained : powers of Europe, iconomy and exact* 1 by the plunder r i" I, the lands of '.he ity thousand pounds e government, a>td n. umI of the army against f tper ipei I thia time I aving thus reduced !nce, next resolved It very slight caube tor Dorislaus, who Iges, being sent by i, was assassinated aken refuge there, in, appointed their f the friends of the ; motives sufficient ind to declare war dependence lay in eir admiral; who, mmand till late in im in courage and itch opposed to him their famous admiral Van Tromp, to whom they have never since produced an equal. Many were the cngiigcmcnU be- tween tlicsu celebrated admirals, and various w:i»i their suc- cess. Sen-fights, in general, seldom prove decisive; and the vanquiriliod are soon seen to make head against the victor. Several dreadAil encounters, therefore, rather served to show the excellence of the admirals, than to determine their superiority. 4. The Dutch, however, who felt many great disadvantages by the loss of their trade, and by the total suspennion of their fisheries, were willing to treat for a peace ; but the parliament gave them a very unfavourable answer, Ii was the policy of that body to keep their navy on foot as long as they could ; righUy judging, that, while the force of the nation was exerting by sea, it would di- minish the power of general Cromwell by land, which was become very formidable to them. 6. This great aapirer, however, quickly perceived their designs; and, from the first, saw that they dreaded his growing power, and wished its diminution. All his mea- sure were conducted with a bold intrepidity that marked his character, and he now saw that it was not necessary to wear the mask of subordination any longer. Secure, there- fore, in the attachment of the army, he resolved to mak.hed many of the 'It is you," con- thii. 11. I have nrould rather alay n pointing to the ; bauble.''^ After clearing the hall, tutting the key in t parliament were It among the citi- THE COMMONU'KALTII flit lens, and the very dregs of the fanatics. lie was well ap- prized, that, during the administration of such a group of characters, he alniin must govern, or that they must soon throw up the reins of government, which they were unqua- lified to guide. Accordingly, their practice justified his sa- gacity. One of them particularly, who was called Prpise God Barebone, a canting leather seller, gave his name to thir odd assembly, and it was called Barebone's parliament. 15. The very vulgar now began to exclaim against so foolish a legislature ; and they themselves seemed not insen- sible of the ridicule which every day was thrown out against them. Accordingly, by concert, they met earlier thah the rest of their fraternity, and observing to each other that this parliament had sat long enough, they hastened to Crom- well, with Rouse their speaker at their head, and into his hands they resigned the authority with which he had invest- ed them. Qualioru fo,- Examination, 1. What cirounuuncei produced a wnr with the DuJch ? 2. On what admiral did the Eniliah place iheir chief dependence T a To whom wn» Bliike np|meed f i~ «. ■ 4. What wan the -mltoriho war? 8. Whatpeiii i.aCrorawollpenundethoomcewtopreiemT 7. 'n whni > ,nor did the parhament receive the petition 1 7—11. Reliiio ih6 nnrticulan ofthuidiapute, and ita raauU. IJ S*^ *''"■" *.*' '"« "«"' parliament compowd ? and what waa it called f IJ. 10 whom did they reaiga their authority 1 SECTION III. 1. (A.D. 1653.) Cromwell accepted their resignation with pleasure ; but bei.ig told that some of the members were refractory, he sent colonel White to clear the house of such as ventured to remain there. They had placed one Moyer in the chair by the time that tl e colonel had arrived ; and being asked by the colonel what they did there, Moyer replied very gravely, that they were seeking the Lord. " Then may you go elsewhere," cried White ; " for to my certain knowledge, the Lord has not been here these many years." 2. This shadow of a parliament being dissolved, the offi- cers, by their own authority, declared Cromwell protector "•-«j««53fT| 240 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. of the commonwealth of England. He was to be addressed by the title of highness ; and his power was proclaimed in London, and other parts of the kingdom. Thus an obscure and vulgar man, at the age of fifty-three, rose to unbounded power : first by following small events m his favour, and at length by directing great ones. . -a: _ 3 Cromwell chose his council from among his oflicers, who had been the companions of his dangers and his victo- ries, to each of whom he assigned a pension of one thousand pounds a year. He took care to have his troops, upon whose fidelity he depended for support, paid a month in ad- vance ; the magazines were also well provided, and the public treasure managed with frugality and care ; while his activity, vigilance, and resolution were such, that he disco- vered every conspiracy against his person, and every plot for an insurrection, before they took effect. 4. His management of foreign affairs, though his schemes were by no means political, yet well corresponded with his character, and for a while were attended with success. The Dutch, having been humbled by repeated defeats, and totally abridged of their commercial concerns, were obliged at last to sue for peace, which he gave them upon terms rather too favourable. 5. He insisted upon their paying deference to the British flag; he compelled them to abandon the interest of the king, and to pay eighty-five thousand pounds, as an indemnification for former expenses ; and to restore the Enf the heads of the an engagement to ensive both at home md he was left con- was no sooner de- and, to increase the ning principles, that assassination would by colonel Titus, a hia cause, entitled, >amphleta that came that have since ap- masterly. " Shall 10 would not suffer be devoured by the atise, and was never THE COMMONWEALTH. 243 Quettiona for Examination. 1. Mention what followed (he resignation of this parhament. 2. What important events succeeded i 3—5. What were the first acts of Cromwell ? 6, 7. In what manner did he act towards France and Spain ? 9—13. Relate the bold and successful enterprise of admiral Blake. 13. What other admirals did Cromwell employ I and with what success? 14, 15. What was Cromwell's situation at this time ? 16, 17. What were his domestic troubles 1 IB. Who entered into an engagement to destroy him 1 19. What effect had tike pamphlet written by colonel Titus on him ? SECTION IV. 1. (A.D. 1658.) All peace was now for ever banished from his mind ; and he found, that the grandeur to which he had sacrificed his former peace was only an inlet to fresh inquietudes. The fears of assassination haunted him in all his walks, and were perpetually present in his imagination. He wore armour under his clothes, and always kept pistols in his pockets. 2. His aspect was clouded by a settled gloom ; and he regarded every stranger with a glance of timid suspicion. He always travelled with hurry, and was ever attended by a numerous guard. He never returned from any place by the road he went; and seldom slept above three nights together in the same chamber. Society terrified him, as there he might meet an enemy ; solitude was terri- ble, as he was there unguarded by every friend. 3. A tertian ague came kindly at last to deliver him from this life of horror and anxiety. For the space of a week no dangerous symptoms appeared ; and in the intervals of the fits he was able to walk abroad. At length the fever in- creased, and he became delirious. He was just able to an- swer yes to the demand, whether his son Richard should be appointed to succeed him. He died on the third day of September, the very day which he had always considered as tlie most fortunate of his life ; he was then fifty-nine years old, and had usurped the government nine years. 4. Whatever might have been the difference of interests after the death of the usurper, the influence of his name was still snflicient to get Richard, his son, proclaimed protector in his room. But the army, discontented with such a lead- er, established a meeting at General Fleetwood's, which, aa he dwelt at Wallingford-house, was called the cabal of VVal- VI^« ' lUi^'WHiPB^Wi*^'' 244 III8T0RT OF KNOLAND. lingford. The result of their deliberation was a remonstrance, that the command of the army should be intrusted to some per- son in whom they might all confide ; and it was plainly given to understand, that the young protector was not that person. B. Richard wanted resolution to defend the title that had been conferred upon him ; he soon signed his own abdica- tion in form, and retired to live, several years after his re- signation, at first on the continent, and afterwards upon his paternal fortune at home. He was thought by the ignorant to be unworthy the happiness of his exaltation ; but he knew, by his tranquillity in private, that he had made the most fortunate escape. 6. The officers, being once more left to themselves, de- termined to replace the remnant of the old parliament which had beheaded the king, and which Cromwell had so dis- gracefully turned out of the house. 7. The rump parliament, for that was the name it went by, being now reinstated, was yet very vigorous in its at- tempts to lessen the power by which it was replaced. The officers of the army, therefore, came to a resolution, usual enough in those times, to dissolve that assembly by which they were so vehemently opposed. 8. Accordingly, Lam- bert, one of the generals, drew up a chosen body of troops, and placing them in the streets which led to Westminster- hall, when tlie speaker, Lenthall, proceeded in his carriage to the house, he ordered the horses to be turned, and very civilly conducted him home. The other members were likewise intercepted, and the army returned to their quarters to observe a solemn feast, which generally either preceded or attended their outrages. 9. During these transactions, general Monk was at the head of eight thousand veterans in Scotland, and beheld the distraction of his native country with but slender hopes of relieving it. 10. Whatever might have been his designs, it was im- possible to cover them with greater secrecy than he did. As soon as he put his army in motion, to inquire into the causes of the disturbances in the capital, his countenance was eagerly sought by all the contending parties. He still, however, continued to march his army towards the capital ; the whole country equally in doubt as to his motives, and astonished at his reserve. But Monk continued his inflexi- ble taciturnity, and at last came to St. Alban's, within a few miles of London. TIIK COMMONWEALTH. 245 iras a remonstrance, trusted to some per- it was plainly given ras not that person. 1 the title that had ad his own abdica- years after his re- ifiterwards upon his rht by the ignorant exaltation ; but he t he had made the to themselves, de- d parliament which imwell had so dis- iB the name it went vigorous in its at- rsB replaced. The a resolution, usual assembly by which Accordingly, Lam- sen body of troops, ed to Wcstminster- ided in his carriage >e turned, and very her members were led to their quarters dly either preceded I Monk was at the and, and beheld the it slender hopes of designs, it was im- icrecy than he did. to inquire into the b1, his countenance g parties. He still, towards the capital ; to his motives, and ontinued his inflexi- iban's, within a few 11. He there sent the rump parliament, who had resumed their seat, a message, desiring them to remove such forces as remained in London to country quarters. In the mean time the house of commons, having passed votes for the composure of the kingdom, dissolved themselves, and gave orders for the immediate assembling a new parliament. 12. As yet the new parliament was not assembled, and no person had hitherto dived into the designs of the general. (A.D. 1660.) He still persevered in his reserve ; and al- though the calling of a new parliament was but, in other words, to restore the king, yet his expressions never once betrayed the secret of his bosom. Nothing but a security of confidence at last extorted the confession from him. 13. He had been intimate with one Morrice, a gentleman of De- vonshire, of a sedentary, studious disposition, and with him alone did he deliberate upon the great and dangerous enter- prise of the restoration. Sir John Granville, who had a commission from the king, applied for access to the general ; he was desired to communicate his business to Morrice. 14. Granville refused, though twice urged, to deliver his message to any but the general himself; so that Monk, find- ing that he could depend upon this minister's secrecy, he opened to him his whole intentions ; but, with his usual caution, still scrupled to commit any thing to paper. In consequence of this, the king left the Spanish territories, where he very narrowly escaped being detained at Breda by the governor, under the pretence of treating him with proper respect and formality. From thence he retired into Hol- land, where he resolved to wait for further advice. 15. At length the long-expected day for the sitting of a free parliament arrived. The affections of all were turned towards the king ; yet such were their fears, and such dan- gers attended a freedom of speech, that no one dared for some days to make any mention of his name. All this time Monk, with his usual reserve, tried their temper, and exa- mined the ardour of their wishes ; at length he gave direc- tions to Annesley, president of the council, to inform them that sir John Granville, a servant of the king, had been sent over by his majesty, and was now at the door with a letter to the commons. 16. Nothing could exceed the joy and transport with which this message was received. The members, for a mo- ment, forgot the dignity of their situations, and indulged in a loud acclamation of applause. Granville was called in, x2 IHHMMI •^ivivpMinn^ 340 IIISTORT OF ENGLAND. and the letter eagerly read. A moment's pause was scarcely allowed : all at once the house burst into an universal assent to the king's proposals ; and to diffuse the joy more widely, it was voted that the letter and indemnity should immediate- ly be published. 17. Charles II. entered London on the twenty-ninth of May, which was his birth-day. • An innumerable concourse of people lined the way wherever he passed, and rent the air with their acclamations. They had been so long dis- tracted by unrelenting factions, oppressed and alarmed by a auccessio/i of tyrannies, that they could no longer suppress these emotions of delight, to behold their constitution re- stored, or rather like a phenix, appearing more beautiful and vigorous from the ruins of its former conflagration. 18. Fanaticism, with its long train of gloomy terrors, fled at the approach of freedom ; the arts of society and peace began to return ; and it had been happy for the people if the arts of luxury had not entered in their train. Queslioru for ExamituUton. 1, 9. What WM the state or Cromwell'i mind, and what wo* hii conduct previoiw to hi* death 1 3. When did be die ? at what age f and how Iom did he reign ? 5. What mode of life did RichaM Cromwell prefer T 6. Whatmeaaure* were now deternrined upon ? 7, 8. What consequences followed I 9—13. What was now the conduct of general Monk ? 13. In whom did general Monk confide T 16. Relate the particulan which preceded the king's restoration. 17. At what time did Charles II. enter London! and what was his recep- tion! CONTEMPORARY SOVEREIGNS. Pdpet. A.n. InnoeentX 1644 AlennderVII 1655 Emf*ror$of Germany. Ferdinandni 1^7 Leopold 1658 Emperor nny ; your enemies have a design upon your life, and you may be shot in this very walk." 2. Being questioned in consequence of this strange intima- tiun, he offered to produce one doctor Tongue, a weak, credulous clergyman, who told him that two persons, named Cirove and Pickering, were engaged to murder the king ; and that sir George Wakeman, the queen's physician, had undertaken the same task by poison. 3. Tongue was intro- duced to the king with a bundle of papers relating to this pretended conspiracy, and was referred to the lord-treasurer Danhy. He there declared that the papers wrc thrust under his door ; and he afterwards asserted that he knew the author of them, who desired that his name might be concealed, aa he dreaded the resentment of the Jesuits. 4. This information appeared so vague and unsatisfactory, that the king concluded the whole was a fiction. However, Tongue was not to be repressed in the ardour of his loyalty; he went again to the lord- treasurer, and told him that a packet of letters, written by Jesuits concerned in the plot, was Viat night put into the post-house at Windsor, directed to one Bedingfield, a Jesuit, who was confessor to the duke of York, and who resided there. These letters had actually been received a few hours before by the duke ; but he had shown them to the king as a forgery, of which he knew neither the drift nor the meaning. 5. Titus Oates, who was the fountain of all this dreadful intelligence, was produced soon after, who, with seeming reluctance, came to give his evidence. This Titus Oates was an abandoned miscreant, obscure, illiterate, vulgar, and indigent. He had been once indicted for perjury, was after- wards chaplain on board a man-of-war, and dismissed for unnatural practices. 6. He then professed himself a Roman catholic, and crossed the sea to St. Omer's, where he was for some time maintained in the English seminary of that city. At a time that he was supposed to have been intrusted with a secret involving the fate of kings, he was allowed to HI 252 IIIITORV OF KNOLAND. remain in such nciTHsiiy, tliut Kirliy was obliged to supply him with daily bread. 7. He had two niellioda to proceed ; either to in^^ratiate himself by this int'orniatiun with the ministry, or to alarm the people, and tlius turn their iRars to his advantage, lie chose the latter method. 8. He went, therefore, with his companions, to sir Edmondsbury (Godfrey, a noted and active justice of the peace, and before him deposed to a narrative dressed up in terrors fit to make an impression on the vulgar. The pope, he said, considered himself as entitled to the pos- session of England and Ireland, on account of the heresy of the prince and people, and had accordingly assumed the sovereignty of these kingdoms. 0. The king, whom the Jesuits called the Black Dastard, was solomnlv tried by them, and condemned as a !ieietic. Grove and Pickering, to make sure' work, were einployed to shoot the king, and that too with silver bullets. The duke of York was to be offered the crown in consequtnce of the success of these probable schemes, on condition of extirpaun^ the protcstant religion. Upon his refusal, "To pot James must go!'* as the Jesuits were said to express it. 10. In consequence of this dreadful information, suffi- ciently marked with absurdity, vulgarity, and contradictions, Titus Oates became the favourite of the people, notwith- standing, during his examination before the council, he so betrayed the grossness of his impostures, that he contradicted himself in every step of his narration. 11. A great number of the Jesuits mentioned by Oates were immediately taken into custody. Coleman, secretary to the duke of York, who was said to have acted so strenuous a part in the conspiracy, at first retired, and next day sur- rendered himself to the secretary of state ; and some of his papers, by Oaten's (lircctions, were secured. 12. In this fluctuation of passions an accident served to confirm the prejudices of the people, and to put it beyond a doubt that Oates's narrative was nothing but the truth. Sir Edmondsbury Godfrey, who had been so active in un- ravelling the whole mystery of the popish machinations, after having been missing 8ome days, was found dead in a ditch by Primrose-hill, in the way to Hampstead. 13. The cause of his death remains, and must still continue, a secret ; but the people, already enraged against the papists, did not hesitate a moment to ascribe it to them. The body of God- frey was carried through the streets in procession, preceded ««»»»»iWi»li i K iri II iR obliged to supply ritlicr to ingratiate iiiiittry« or to alariii Ilia advantage, lin tlierefore, with his ', a noted and active mflud to a narrative ision on the vulgar, entitled to the poa- int of the heresy or ingly assumed the 10 king, whom the mnly tried by them, Pickering, to make king, and that too was to be offered 8 of these probable protcstant religion. |[oI" as the Jesuits information, suffi- , and contradictions, lie people, nolwith- I the council, he so that he contradicted lentioned by Oatea Coleman, secretary e acted so strenuous , and next day sur- e ; and some of his red. accident served to il to put it beyond a but the truth, leen so active in un- ipish machinations, 'as found dead in a mpstead. 13. The 1 continue, a secret ; the papists, did not The body of God- irocession, preceded CHARLBS II. nt by seventy clergymen ; and every one who saw it made no doubt that his death could be only caused by the papists. 14. Evuii the better sort of people were infected with the vulgar prejudice ; and such wus the general conviction of popish guilt, that no person, with auy regard tu pertiunal safety, could express the least doubt concerning the informa- tion of Gates, or the murder of Godfrey. 15. In order to continue and propagate the alarm, the parliament affected to believe it true. An address was voted fur a solemn fast. It was requested tliat all papers tending to throw light upon so horrible a conspiracy might be laid before the house ; that all papisU should remove from Lon- don ; that access should be denied at court to aP unknown and suspicious personb ; anr that the train-bandt in London and Westminster should be in readiness to mMoh. 16. Outea was recommended to parliament by the king. He was lodged in Whitehall, and encouraged by a r sion >f twelve hundred pounds a year to proceed in forging new informations. The encouragement given to Gates di. lOt fail U> >ing iii others also, who hoped to profit by the delusion of i /* times. 17. William Bedloe, a man, if possible, more infu ous than Gates, appeared next upon the stage. He w .'S, like the former, or verv low birth, and had b ' aoted for sflveraf cheats and thefts. This man, at his oh a iW. ire, was arrest' a at Bristol, and conveyed to London, w ere itu declared before the council that he had seen the body of sir Edmondsbury Godfrey at Somerset-house, where the queen lived. 18. He said that a servant of Lord Bellaais offered to give him four thousand pounds if he would carry it off ; and, finding all his information greedily received, he confirmed and height- ened Gates's plot with aggr&vated horirs. 19. Thus encouraged by the general voice in their favour, the witnesses, who had all along enlarged their nurnuivea in proportion as they were eagerly receiv^, went a step further, and ventured to accuse the queen. The commoiM, in an address to the king, gave countenance to this scandalous ac- cusation ; the lord) rejected it with becoming disdain. QiMikV": far Ejcamination. 1. In what mtnner did Kirfay addrea th« kiocf 2 — 1. Relate the circiimitenaeeofe praiendea ooupinoy. 5. What waa the character of the principal actor in thw Duiinea f 7—11. By what iim» ., .ltd ha pniceed t 12— H. What avcidc.-!! terved to conflnn the piejudicea of the people ? f-i**aj ••^"•^ 254 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. W; WluH mwuM wert token to continue the alairm » 16. How WM 0»t»» treated by the government ? 17. Whet other delueion foUowed I 19. Whom did they afterwarde venture to accuw I SECTION HI. 1 (A. D 1676.) Edward Colbman, secretary to the diike of York, was the first who was brought to tnal. as being most obnoltous to those who pretended to fear the mtrodtic tion of pope^. Bedloe swore that he received a comtnts- i^n aiffnedbv the suptrior of the Jesuits, appoinUng him paoi secretary S statS, and that he had consented to the E a^Snation. 2. After this unfortunate mr n'ssen- tonfe thus procured by these "PfJ.PSfyifTe"'^^^^^^^ houses offered to /»««[P^'J ^^^ S;^^^ ample confes'ion ; but ^ h« 'tm, 'n « Jiif^ by falsehood treasonable »«"«*»• J«i"jS ^^h Llmness and constancy ; itorKpeVslsSrtt^trongestprotestati^ 'Txhe'trial of Coleman was succeeded by those of Ire- »f tiS? pSrl?S?».'"i« ot G Jr»y ; but 0,o«,h Si"t!mSr»d Pmnoe'. mfomalion we.. WlJIy mtmmr'OUfmfK'^ Ktary to the duke to trial, as being fear the introduc- leived a commis- I, appointing him consented to the tunate mr n's sen- membetD of both if he would make f, possessed of no I life by falsehood gs and constancy ; rotestations of his 1 by those of Ire- tested their inno- ippy men went to rcumstance which their being Jesuits ipon the evidence dfrey; but though ition were totally y was invalidated le prisoners were inied their guilt at ;, this circumstance I, Fenwick, Gaven, I same order, were on after. Besides IS, appeared against •m still further, and papists in England isoners proved, by CHARIES II. 256 sixteen witnesses from St. Omer's, that Gates was in that seminary at the time he swore he was in London. But, as they were papists, their testimony could gain no manner of credit. All pleas availed them nothing: but the Jesuits and Langhorne were condemned and executed ; with their last breath denying the crime for which they died. 7. The informers had less success on the trial of sir George Wakeman, the queen's physician, who, though they swore with their usual animosity, was acquitted. His con- demnation would have involved the queen in his guilt ; and it is probable tlie judge and jury were afraid of venturing so far. 8. The earl of Stafford, nearly two years after, was the last man that fell a sacrifice to these bloody wretches ; the witnesses produced against him were Gates, Dugdale, and Tuberville. Gates swore that he saw Fenwick, the Jesuit, deliver Stafford? commission from the general of the Jesuits, constituting him paymaster of the papal army. 9. The clamour and outrage of the populace against the prisoner was very great : he was found guilty, and condemned to be hanged and quartered ; but the king changed his sentence into that of beheading. He was executed on Tower-hill, where even his persecutors could not forbear shedding tears at that serene fortitude which shone in every feature, motion, and accent of this aged nobleman. 10. This parliament had continued to sit, for seventeen years without interruption, wherefore a new one was called ; in which was passed the celebrated statute, called the Habeas Corpus Act, which confirms the subject in an absolute se- curity from oppressive power. By this act it was prohibited to send any one to prison beyond the sea : no judge, under severe penalties, was to refuse to any prisoner his writ of habeas corpus ; by which the jailer was to produce in court the body of the prisoner, whence the writ had its name, and to certify the cause of his detainer and imprisonment. 11. If the jail lie within twenty miles of the judge, the writ must be con';eyed in three days, and so proportionably for greater distances. Every prisoner must be indieted the first term of his commitment, and brought to trial the sub- sequent term ; and no man, after being enlarged by court, can be recommitted for the same offence. 12. The Meal-tub Plot, as it was called, soon followed the former. Gne Dangerfield, more infamous, if possible, than Gates and Bedloe, a wretch who had been set in the I H iHWBWfyii l^ |iM yi P 1 . H W»pWW|Bl^ i 8S0 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. pillory, scourged, branded, and transported for Telony and coining, hatched a plot, in conjunction with a midwire, whose name was Collier, a Roman catholic of abandoned character. Dangerfield began by declaring that there was a design on foot to set up a new form of government, and remove the king and the royal family. 13. He communi- cated this intelligence to the kiiig and the duke of York, who supplied him with money, and countenanced his dis- covery. He hid some seditious papers in the lodgings of one colonel Mansel: and then brought the custom-house officers to his apartment, to search for smuggled merchan- dise. The papers were found; and the council, having examined the affair, concluded they were forged by Danger- field. 14. They ordered all the places he Arequented to be searched ; and in the house of Cellier the whole scheme of the conspiracy was discovered upon paper, concealed in a meal-tub, from whence the plot had its name. Dangerfield, being committed to Newgate, made an ample confession of the forgery, which, though probably entirely of his own contrivance, he ascribed to the earl of Castleroain, the countess of Powis, and the fire lords in the Tower. 16. He said that the design was to suborn witnesses to prove a charge of sodomy and perjury upon Oates, to assassinate thte eari of Shaftesbury, to accuse Uie dukes of Monmouth and Buckingham, the earls of Essex, Halifax, and others, of having been concerned in the conspiracy against the king and his brother. Upon this information the earl of Castle- main and the countess of Powis were sent to the Tower, and the king himself was suspected of encouraging this im- posture. 16. The chief point which the present house of commons laboured to obtain was the exclusion bill, which, though the former house had voted, was never passed into a law. Shaftesbury, and many considerable men of the party, had rendered themselves so obnoxious to the duke of York, that they eonlS find safety in no measure but in his ruin. Mon- mouth's friends hoped that the exclusion of James would make room for their own patron. 17. The duke of York's professed bigotry to the catholic superstition influenced numbers : and his tyrannies, which were practised without control, while he continued in Scotland, rendered his name odious to thousands. In a week, therefore, after the com- mencement of the session, a motion was made for bringing in a bill for excluding him from the succession to the throne. d for felony and with a midwife, lie of abandoned ag that there was government, and 13. He communi* le duke of York, itenanced his dis- n the lodgings of the custom-house luggled merchan- s council, having brged by Danger- e frequented to be whole scheme of ler, concealed in a me. Dangerfield, iple confession of tirely of his own ' Castlemain, the e Tower. 15. He nesses to prove a , to assassinate thfe of MonmouUi and uc, and others, of ' against the king the earl of Castle- ent to the Tower, couraging this im- house of commons 11, which, though passed into a law. I of the party, had iuke of York, that n his ruin. Mon- tn of James would he duke of York's rstition influenced i practised without rendered his name ore, after the com- made for bringing ssioa to the throne. CHARLES II. mn' and a committee was appointed for that purpose. The debates were carried on with great violence on both sides. The king was present during the whole debate ; and had the pleasure of seeing the bill thrown out by a very great majority. Q..taiunti fnr Examination. 1. Who WM fint brought to trial r S. What waa hia behaviour nt hia execution t 3, 4. Who were the next that auffered f 5. What othen were tried for their livea f 6. By what means did they prove their innocence ? 7. Which of the accoied waa acquitted ? a Who waa the lait that fell a victim to theae wretehea T What waa the evidence againit him T 9. What lentence waa paned upon the earl orStafibrd f What eflect had hia ibrtitudeon the beholders of hia death? 10, 11. What were the particulari of the Habeaa Corpua Act? 18. What plot waa now laid, and who waa the principal actor in it? 13. How and when waa it discovered ? 16, 17. What now engaged the attention of the Commonaf SECTION IV. 1. (A. D. 1683.) Each party had for some time reviled and ridiculed the other in pamphlets and libels ; and this practice at last was attended with an accident that deserves notice. One Fitzharris, an Irish papist, dependent on the dutchess of Portsmouth, one of the king's mistresses, used to supply her with these occasional publications. 2. But he was resolved to add to their number by his own endeavours ; and he employed one Everhard, a Scotch- man, to write a libel against the king and the duke of York. The Scot was actually a spy for the opposite party ; and supposing this a trick to entrap him, he discovered the whole to sir William Waller, an eminent justice of peace ; and to convince him of the truth of this informa- tion, posted him and two other persons, privately, where they heard the whole conference between Fitzharris and himself. 3. The libel composed between them was replete with the utmost rancour and scurrility. Waller carried the intelligence to the king, and obtained a warrant for com- mitting Fitzharris, who happened at that very time to have a copy of the libel in his pocket. Seeing himself in the hands of a party from which he expected no mercy, he v2 te= tS8 HISTORY OF BNGLAND. resolved to side with th^m, and throw the odium of the [ibel on the court, who, he said, were willing to draw out a libel which should be imputed to the exolusioners, and thus render them hateful to the people. 4. He enhanced his services with the country party by a new popish plot, still more tremendous than any of the foregoing. He brought in the duke of York, as a principal accomplice in the plot, and as a contriver in the murder of sir Edmondsbury Godfrey. 5. The king imprisoned Fitzharris ; the commons avowed his cause. They voted that he shonld be impeached by themselves, to secure him from the ordinary forms of jus- tice ; the lords rejected the impeachment ; the commons asserted their right ; a commotion was likely to ensue ; and the king, to break off the contest, went to the house, and dissolved the parliament, with a fixed resolution never to call another. 6. This vigorous measnre was a blow that the parlia- ment had never expected; and nothing but the necessity of the times could have justified the king's manner of proceeding. From that moment, which ended the parlia- mentary commotions, Charles seemed to rule with despotic pbwer, and he was resolved to leave the succession to his brother, but clogged with all the faulto and misfortunes of his own administration. 7. His temper, which had always been easy and merciful, now became arbitrary, and even cruel ; he entertained spies and informers round the throne, and imprisoned all such as he thought most daring in their designs. 8. He resolved to hnmble the presbyterians ; these were divested of their employmente and their places ; and their offices given to such as held with the court, and approved the doctrine of non-resistance. The clergy began to testify their zeal and their principles by their writings and their sermons ; but though, among these the partisans of the king were the most numerous, those of the opposite faction were the most enterprising, 9. The king openly espoused the cause of the former ; and thus placing himself at the head of a faction, he deprived the city of London, which had long headed the popular party, of their charter. It was not till after an abject submission that he returned it to them, having previously mibjected the election of their magistrates to his immediate authority. 10. Terron alao were not wanting to confirm this new T rttcw^fv^ II iimwR mmm CIIARLEfl II. 239 the odium of the lling to draw out a lusioners, and thus He enhanced his r popish plot, still ling. He brought nplice in the plot, sir Edmondsbury i commons avowed be impeached by nary forms of jus- nt; the commons likely to ensue ; rent to the house, id resolution never w that the parlia- bnt the necessity king's manner of ended the parlia- rule with despotic succession to his knd misfortunes of which had always rbitrary, and even ! round the throne, ost daring in their srians ; these were places ; and their >urt, and approved gy began to testify writings and their irtisans of the king posite faction were lenly espoused the limself at the head ondon, which had larter. It was not turned it to them, >f their magistrates confirm this new spenies of monarchy. Fitzharris was brought to trinl be- fore a jury, and condemned and executed. The whole gang of spies, witnesses, informers, and suborners, which had long been encouraged and supported by the leading patriots, finding now that the king was entirely master, turned short upon their ancient drivers, and offered their evidence against those who had first put them in motion. The king's ministers, with a horrid satisfaction, gave them countenance and encouragement ; so that soon the same cruelties, and the same injustice, were practised against presbyterian schemes, that had been employed against catho- lic treasons. 11. The first person that fell under the displeasure of the ministry was one Stephen College, a London joiner, who had become so noted for his zeal against popery, that he went by the name of the protestant joiner. He hail at- tended the city members to Oxford, armed with sword and pistol ; he had been sometimes heard to speak irreverently of the king, and was now presented by the grand jury of London as guilty of sedition. 12. A jury, at Oxford, after half an hour's deliberation, brought him in guilty, and the spectators testified their inhuman pleasure with a shout of applause. He bore iiis fate with unshaken fortitude ; and at the place of execution denied the crime for which he had been condemned. 1 3. The power of the crown became at this time irre- sistible (A. D. 1683), the city of London having been de- prived of their charter, which was restored only upon terms of submission ; and the giving up the nomination of their own magistrates was so mortifying a circumstance, that all the other corporations in England soon began to fear the same treatment, and were successively induced to sunender their charters into the hands of the king. Considerable sums were exacted for restoring these charters ; and all the offices of power and profit were left at the disposal of the crown. 14. Resistance now, however justifiable, could not be safe, and all prudent men saw no other expedient, but peaceably submitting to the present grievances. But there was a party in England that still cherished their former ideas of freedom, and were resolved to hazard every danger in its defence. 15. The duke of Monmouth, the king's natural son by Mrs. Waters, engaged the earl of Macclesfield, lord Bran- don, sir Gilbert Gerrard, and other gentlemen in Cheshire, i^ n iij'Waiiiw.wiiv 360 HISTORY OF EKOLANO. in his cause. Lord Russel fixed a correspondence with ■ir William Courtney, sir Francis Rowles, and sir Francis Drake, who promised to raise the west. Shaftesbury, with one Ferguson, an independent clergyman, and a rest- less plotter, managed the city, upon which the confederates chiefly relied. It was now that this turbulent man found his schemes most likely to take' effect. 16. After the disappointment and destruction of a hun- dred plots, he at last began to be sure of this. But this scheme, like all the former, was disappointed. The caution of lord Russel, who induced the duke of Monmouth to put off the enterprise, saved the kingdom from the horrors of a civil war ; while Shaftesbury was so struck with the s^nse of his impending danger, that he left his house, and lurking about the city, attempted, but in vain, to drive the London- ers into open insurrection. 17. At last, enraged at the numberless cautions and delays which clogged and defeated his projects, he threatened to begin with his friends alone. However, after a long struggle between fear and rage, he abandoned all hopes of success, and fled out of the kingdom to Amsterdam, where he ended his turbulent life soon after, without being pitied by his friends or feared by his enemies. Quettumt for Examination. I, S. What incident next deiervee notice T 3, 4. How did tlie commons act on ihi« occasion t and what was the coMe- quence f 5. How did the dispute end between the king and parliament 1 7. What was now the temper of the king? 8. How did the cler^ act t 9. or what did the kmg deprive the city of London 1 10. What was now the conduct of tlie spies 1 11, IS. Who first fell under the ministry's displeasure 1 and on what occa- sion f 13. 14. What resulted fivm the great power of the crownf 15. By wliom was resistance made f 16, 17. What was the issue of it? SECTION V. I. (A. D. 1684.) The loss of Shaftesbury, though it re- tarded the views of the conspirators, did not suppress them. A council of six was elected, consisting of Monmouth, Ros- asaggjftinnTitiirnim •ivu yi I u u 'mmftfiptvfm CHARLES II. 201 irrespondence wit1> B8, and sir Francis est. Shaftesbury, 'gyman, and a rest- ch the confederates rbulent man found struction of a hun- of this. But this nted. The caution f Monmouth to put m the horrors of a lick with the s^nse house, and lurking drive the London- Bt, enraged at the )gged and defeated I his friends alone. fear and rage, he )ut of the kingdom Lirbulent life soon Is or feared by his t. id what wu the conw- •rluunentf f « f and on what occa- ownf ury, though it n- lot suppress them. ' Monmouth, Rus- sel, Essex, Howard, Algernon Sidney, and John Hampden, grandson to the great man of that name. 2. Such, together with the duke of Argyle, were the leaders of this conspiracy. But there was also a set of subordinate conspirators, who frequently met together and carried on projects quite unknown to Monmouth and hia council. Auiong these men were colonel Rumsey, an old republican officer, together with lieutenant-colonel Walcot, of the same stamp ; Goodenough, under-sheriff of London, a zealous and notetl party-man ; Ferguson, an independent minister ; and several attorneys, merchants, and tradesinen of London. 3. But colonel Rumsey and Ferguson were the^only persons that had access to the great leaders of the conspiracy. These men in their meetings embraced the most desperate resolutions. They proposed to assassinate the king on his way to Newmarket ; Rumbal, one of the party, possessed a farm upon that road called the Rye-house, and from thence the conspiracy was denominated the Rye- house plot. 4. They deliberated upon a scheme of stopping the king's coach, by ovenuming a cart on the highway at this place, and shooting him through the hedges. The house in which the king lived at Newmarket took fire ac- cidentally, and he was obliged to leave Newmarket eight days sooner than was expected, to which circumstance his safety was asoribed. 6. Among the conspirators was one Keiling, who finding himself !% danger of a prosecution for arresting the lord- mayor of Iiondon, resolved to earn his pardon by discover- ing this plot to the ministry. Colonel Rumsey, and West* a lawyer, no sooner understood that this man had informed against them, than they agreed to save themselves by turning king's evidence, and they surrendered themselves accor£ ingly. 6. Monmouth absconded ; Russel was sent to the Tower ; Grey escaped ; Howard was taken, concealed in a chimney ; Essex, Sidney, and Hampden were soon after arrested, and had the mortification to find lord Howard an evidence against them. 7. Walcot was first brought to trial and condemned, together with Hone and Rouse, two associates in the con- spiracy, upon the evidence of Rumsey, West, and Shep- panl. They died penitent, acknowledging the justness of the sentence by which they were executed. A much greater sacrifice was shortly after to follow. This was the lord Russel, son of the earl of Bedford, a nobleman of num- ,v.V Mi tM HIRTORT or RNOLAND. berlesa good qualitiei, and led into this conipiracy frora a conviction of the dnke of York'i iiitenlion to rentore popery. 8. He waa liberal, popular, humane, and brave. All hia virtues were so many crimes in the present luspicious dis- fmsition of the court. Tlie chief evidence against him was ord Howard, a man of very bad character, one of the con- spirators, who was now contented to take life upon such terms, and to accept of infamous safely. 9. This witness ■wore that Russel was ungnf^ed in the de8i|i[n of an insur- rection ; but he acquitted him, as he did also Rumsey and West, of being privy to the assassination. The jury, who were zealous royalists, af\er a short deliberation, broughl the prisoner in guilty, and he was condemned to suffer Be- heading. The scaffold for his execution was erected in Lincoln-inn-fieldf ; he laid his head on the block without the least change of countenance, and at two strokes it waa severed from his body. 10. The celebrated Algernon Sidney, son to the earl of lieicester, was next brought to his trial. He had been formerly engaged in the parliamentary army against the late king, and was even named on the high court of justice that tried him, but he had not taken his seat among the judges. II. He had ever opposed Cromwell's usurpation, and went into voluntary banishment on the restoration. His affairs, however, requiring his return, he applied to the king for a Eardon, and obtained his request. But all his hopes and all is reasonings were formed upon republican principles. For hia adored republic he had written and fought, and w«nt into banishment and ventured to return. 12. It may easily be conceived how obnoxious a man of such principles waa to a court that now was not e^' -^ content to be without limitations to its power. They h. so far as to take illegal methods to procure his condemnation. The only witness that deposed against Sidney was lord Howard, and the law required two. 13. In order, therefore, to make out a se- cond witness, they had recourse to a very extraordinary ex- pedient. In ransacking hia closet, some discourses on go- vernment were found in his own handwriting, containing principles favourable to liberty, and in themselves no way Bubversive of a limited government. By overstraining, some of these were construed into treason. 14. It was in vain he alleged that papers were no evidence ; that it could not be proved they were '.vritten by him ; that, if proved, the papers themselves contained nothing criminal. His defence conspiracy from a ti to restore popery. n*i brave. All his lent BuspieiouB dis- ce against him was ;cr, one of the con- kite life upon such 9. This witness lesign of an insur- I also Rumsey and I. The jury, who iliberation, brousht jmned to suffer be- on was erected in the block without two Btrokel it was , son to the earl of ial. He had been my against the late ourt of justice that among the judges, iurpation, and went ation. His affairs, sd to the king for a ill his hopes and all Etn principles. For i fou<^ht, and w«nt 12. It may easily uch principles was tent to be without ar as to take illegal The only witness )ward, and the law , to make out a se- y extraordinary ex- I discourses on go- Iwriting, containing themselves no way overstraining, some 14. It was in vain ; that it could not that, if proved, the ninal. His defence <;iiARM!R II. 2rt3 was ovflrrnlcil; the violent and inhuman Jefferies, who was now chief-juplipo, easily prevailed on a partial jury to bring him in guilty, and his execution followed soon after. IS. One can scarce contetn plate the transactions of this reign without horror. Such a picture of factious guilt on each side ; a court at once immersed in sensuality and blood, a people armed against each other with the most dead'y ani- mosity, and no single party to be found with sense enough to stem the general torrent of rancour and factious suspicion. Hampden was tried soon after, and as there was nothing to affect his life, he was fined forty thousand pounds. Hol- loway, a merchant of Bristol, who Iiad fled to the West In- dies, was brought over, condemned, and executed. Sir Thomas Armstrong also, who had fled to Holland, was brought over, and shared the same fate. 17. Lord Essex, who had been imprisoned in the Tower, was found in an apartment with his throat cut ; but whether he was guilty of suicide, or whether the bigotry of the times might not have induced some assassin to commit the crime, cannot now be known. This was the last blood that was shed for an imputation of plots or conspiracies, which continued during the greatest part of this reign. 18, At this period the government of Charles was as ab- solute as that of any monarch in Europe ; but, happily for mankind, his tyranny was but of short duration. The king was seized with a sudden fit, which resembled an apoplexy ; and although he was recovered by bleeding, yet he languish- ed only for a few days, and then expired, in the fifty-fifth year of his age, and twenty-fifth of his reign. During his illness some clergymen of the church of England attended him, to whom he discovered a total indifference. Catholic priests were brought to his bedside, and from their hands he received the rites of their communion. Qtuitioru for Examnation. !■ What new compiisry wa* fonned f 2- Who were the raborainate compiralon 1 3, 4. What were their detpente remlutioM 1 9. In what nwnner waa thii plot diicovered ? 6. What waa the fate of the cona|aratofa f ^■ What eminent nnblenuui was cimcemed in thia oonapiraey T H. Describe the character of lord Ruasel. Who was principal evidence against him ? 9. Where did loid Ruasel sufler 1 10. Who was the neit brought to trial ? Pope*. Alaxander Vll.... Iftftd Clement IX 1667 InnooentXI 1676 CUmenlX 1670 Emptrar of Qtrmany. LMpoU 1668 HIBTUHY OP KNOLAND. II. Dewribo the clianuiMr mnd conduct ul° Algernon 8idiiey. 13, 13. Wliat nielliutli were taken to procure liia cuixleinnatiun \ li Waf hii (lelbnce attended to f and by whom waa he tried I IS. What dreadftil picture did the kingdom now preient t 16, 17. What ottiur penoiw nuflered ' 18. Deechbe the maimer ul' the death of the king. CONTEMPORARV 80VEKIC1GNS. Empiror of the Turki. I Kingi qf PortugaL A.o. A.D, Alphonio VI 1656 MahumotIV 1C49: Pedro 11 1668 King of France. LouiaXIV 1643 Kingi of Spain. Philip IV .7.. 1681 ClMrleall 1C65 EMINENT PERSONS. Kingi of Denmark. FrMlencklll 1648 Cbriitian V 1670 Charl eall 1660 Hyde, earl of Clarendon ; ViUien, duke of Buckiiwhain ; Butler, duke nf Ormofid ; Cooper, earl of Shafteibury ; lir William Temple : Algenion Sid- nay : Wantwortb Dillon, earl of Rcaconinon ; R. Boyle, earl of Orrery ; O. Mackensie, earl of Cromarty; O. Monk, duke of Albemarle; C. Stanley, earl of Derby ; Montague, earl of Sandwich ; J. Puwloit, niarqui* of Wiii- cbeeier ; W. Cavendiah, duke of Newcaatle ; G. Digby, earl of Bristol ; Deii- ail, lord Hollia ; Dudley, lord North ; J. Tourhet, earl of Caitlehaven and baron Audley ; H. Pierpoint, marquii of Oorcheiter ; J. Wilmot, earl of Ro- cheater ; Anthony Aihley ; Heneage Finch, earl of Nottingham ; Francii Mortb, lord-keeper Guildloid ; J. RoMrtt, earl of Radnor ; Arthur Annealey, ••il of Analeoaa ; marquii of Argyle : H. Finch, earl of Winchebea ; A. Ca- rey, lord Alkland; Anne, counteaiof Doraet, Porabroke, and Montgomery ; Muiaret, dutcbeaof Newcaatle. CHAPTER XXXI. JAMES n. Began to reixn February 6, 16RS. Abdicated the throne Jaauary S, vm. Reigned H yean. SECTION I. 1. (A.D. 1685.) The duke of York, who succeecled his brother by the title of king James the second, had been bred a papist by his mother, and was strongly bigoted to his principles. He went openly to mass .with all the ensigns of his dignity, and even sent one Caryl as his agent to Rome, JAMBt II. II HidiMy. lulemimtiun f u he irivd I eMntf IGN8. KingKff PortugaL a.d. AlphoiMoVi 1656 Pedro II 1668 Kingi of Denrnark. Fradencklll 1648 L'hrutian V 1670 King of StMdm. CharlMXl 1660 imlMm ; Butler, duke nf 1 Temple : Algenion Sid- Boyle, earl of Orrery ; O. ' Albemarle; C. Stanley, Puwielt, roarquu of Win- gby, earl of Briatol ; Den- earl of Caillehaven and r; J. Wilmot,earl of Ro- of Nottingham ; Francii Adnor ; Arthur Annealey, irlofWincKebea; A. Ca- broke, and Montgomery ; Abdicated the throne eon. who succeeded hia cond, had been bred ngly bigoted to his iirith all the ensigns IB his agent to Rome, to make submission to the pope, and to pave the way for the readmission of England into the bosom of the catholic church. 2. A conspiracy, set on foot by the duker of Monmouth, was the first disturbance in this reign. He ii til, since his last conspiracy, been pardoned, but was ordered to depart the kingdom, and had retired to Holland. Being dismissed from thence by the prince of Orange, upon James's acces- sion he went to Brusseln. where finding himself still pursued by the king's severity, li resolved to retaliate, and make an attempt upon the kingdom. 3. He had ever been the dar- ling of the people, and some averred that Charles had mar- ried his mother, and owned Monmouth's legitimacy at his death. "The duke of Argyle seconded his views in Scot- land, and they formed the scheme of a double insurrection ; so that, while Monmouth should attempt to make a rising in the west, Argyle was also to try his endeavours in the north. 4. Argyle was the first who landed in Scotland, where he published his manifestos, put himself at the head of two thousand five hundred men, and strove to influence the peo- ple in his cause. But a formidable body of the king's forces coming against him, his army fell away, and he himself, after being wounded in attempting to escape, was taken pri- soner by a peasant, who found him standing up to his neck in apod of water. He was from thence carried to Edin- burgh, where, after enduring many indignities with a gallant spirit, he was publicly executed. 5. Meanwhile Monmouth was by this time landed in Dorsetshire, with scarcely a hundred followers. However, his name was so popular, and so great was the hatred of the people both for the person and religion of James, that in four days he had assembled a body of above two thousand men. 6. Being advanced to Taunton, his numbers had increased to six thousand men; and he was obliged every day, for want of arms, to dismiss numbers who crowded to his stand- ard. He entered Bridgewater, Wells, and Frome, and was proclaimed in aU those places ; but he lost the hour of action in receiving and claiming these empty honours. 7. The king was not a little alarmed at his invasion ; but BtiU more so at the success of an undertaking that at first ap- peared desperate. Six regiments of British troops were recalled from Holland, and a body of regulars, to the num- Z '^ " 1 " !' 306 IliiiTORV or INOLAND. ber of three thouiand men, were lent, under the command o( the earU of Feversham and Churchill, to check the progreM of the rebela. 8. They took poat at Sedgemore, a Tillage in the neighbourhood of Bridgewater, and were joined by the militia of the county in conaiderable number*. It waa there that Monmouth reaolvcd, by a desperate effort, to loae his life or gain the kingdom. ■ The negligent diapoaition made by Feversham invited him to the attack ; and his faith- ful followers showed what courage and principle could do against discipline and numbers. 0. They drove the royal infantry from their ground, and were upon the point of gain- ing the vHtory, when the misconduct of Monmouth, and the cowardice of lord Grey, who commanded the horse, brought all to ruin. This nobleman fled at the first onset ; and the rebela being charged in flank by the victorious army, gave way, after three hours' contest. 10. About three hundred were killed in the engagement, and a thoiuand in the pur- suit ; and thus ended an enterprise rashly begun, and more feebly conducted. Monmouth fled from the field of battle about twentjr miles, till his horse sunk under him. He then alighted, and chang- ing his clothes with a shepherd, fled on foot, attended by a German count, who had accompanied him from Holland. 11. Being quite exhausted with hunger and fatigue, they both lay down in a field, and covered themselves with fern. The shepherd being found in Monmouth's clothes by the pursuers, increased the diligence of the search ; and by the means of blood-hounds he was detected in this miserable situation, with raw peas in his pocket, which he had gathered in the fields to sustain life. 12. He wrote the most sub- miMive letters to the king: and that monarch, willing to feast his eyes with the miseries of a fallen enemy, ^ve him an audience. At this interview the duke fell upon bis knees, and begged his life in the most abject terms. He even signed a paper, offered him by the king, decUrin^ his own illegitimacy ; and then the stem tyrant assured him that his crime was of such a nature as could not be pardoned. 13. The duke, perceiving that he had nothing to hope from the clemency of his uncle, recollected his spirits, rose up, and retired with an air of disdain. He was followed to the scaf- fold with great compassion from the populace. He warned the executioner not to fall into the same error which he had committed in beheading Russel, where it had been necessary to redouble the blow. 14. But this only increased the se- ler Uie command of check the progreia iiigemore, a villitge no were joined by number*. It woa lerate effort, to loae igliffent diaposition ;tack ; and hia faith- principle could do ley drove the royal m the point of gain- Monmouth, and the 1 the hone, brought irat onaet ; and the itorious army, gave - Mut three hundred louaand in the pur- ly begun, and more about twenty milea, ilighted, and chang- foot, attended by a liim from Holland. T and fatigue, they emaelvea with fern, ith'a clothea by the aearch ; and by the 1 in thia miaerable lich he had gathered rote the moat aub- monarch, willing to sn enemy, (^venim I fell upon hia knees, t terma. He even , declaring; his own laaured him that his . be pardoned. 13. Dg to hope from the ipirits, rose up, and followed to the scaf- tulace. He warned error which he had '. had been necessary ly increased the se- JAMIS II. 267 verily of the puniiliment ; the man was aeiaed with an uni- versal trepidation, and he struck a feeble blow, upon which the duke rained his head from the block, as if to reproach him ; he gently laid down his head a second time, and the execiilioner struck him again and again to no purpose. He at last threw the axe down ; but the sheriff compelled him to resume the attempt, and at two more blows the head was severed from the body. 15. Such was the end of James, duke of Monmouth, the darling of the English people. He was brave, sincere, and good-natured, open to flattery, and by that seduced into an enterprise which exceeded his capa- city. *^ 16. But it were well for the insurgents, and fortunate for the kin^, if the blood that was now shed had been thought a sufficient expiation for the late offence. The victorious army behaved with the most savage cruelty to the prisoners taken after the battle. Feveraham, immediately after the victory, hanged up above twenty prisoners. 17. The militarv severities of the commanders were still inferior to the legal slaughters committed by judge Jefferies, who was sent down to try the delinquents. The natural brutality of this man's temper was inflamed by continual in- toxication. He told the prisoners, that if they would save him the trouble of trying them, they might expect some fa- vour, otherwise he would execute the law upon them with the utmost severity. 18. Many poor wretches were thus allured into a confession, and found that it only hastened their destruction. No less than eighty were executed at Dorchester ; and, on the whole, at Exeter, Taunton, and Wells, two hundred and fifty-one are computed to have fallen by the hands of the executioner. Quatioiufor Examination. 1. In what maniMr did Jamei act on mieceeding to tho thione f 2, a What wai the fint diiturfaance in thia reign f and who w«n die ptin- cipab concerned in it t ' 4. What ittccea attended Argyle'i attempt 1 5—10. Relate the particulan of Moninouth'i invarion. II. In what ntuaiion wae he found 7 18. What was hia conduct after be waa taken t 13, 14. Relate what happened at hia execution. 15. What wai hia character! 16. How were the priaonera treated t \l What waa the conduct ofjudge JeOeriea f IB. How many rebela an laid to have been excculsd f ftffl»P» -~ i i i p n i a ii i i ni t»» HISTORY OF ENGLAND. SECTION II. 1. (A.D. 1686.) In ecclesiastical matters, James proceed- ed with still greater injustice.' Among those who distin- guished themselves against popery was one Dr. Sharpe, a dergj'man of London, who declaimed with just severity against those who changed their religion by such arguments as the popish missionaries were able to produce. 2. This being supposed to reflect upon the king, gave great offence at court ; and positive orders were given to the bishop of London to suspend Sharpe, till his majesty's pleasure should be further known. The bishop refused to comply ; and the king resolved to punish the bishop himself for disobe- dience. 8. To effect his design, an ecclesiastical commission was issued out, by which seven commissioners were invested with a full and unlimited authority over the whole church of England. Before this tribunal the bishop was summoned, and not only he, bui Sharpe, the preacher, suspended. 4. The next step was to allow the liberty of conscience to all sectaries ; and he was taught to believe, that the truth of the catholic religion would Uien, upon a fair trial, gain the victory. He, therefore, issued a declaration of general indnlgence, and asserted Uiat non-confonnity to the esta- blished religion was no longer penal. 6. To complete his work, he publicly sent the earl of Casllemain ambassador extraordinary to Rome, in order to express his obedience to the pope, aud to reconcile his king- dom to the catholic communion. Never was there so much contempt thrown upon an embassy that was so boldly un- dertaken. The court of Rome expected but little success from measures so blindly conducted. They were sensible that the king was openly striking at those laws and opinions, which it was his business to undermine in silence and se- curity. 6. The Jesuits soon after were permitted to erect colleges in different parts of the kingdom ; they exercised the catho- lic worship in the most public manner ; and four catholic bishops, consecrated in the king's chapel, were sent through the kingdom to exercise their episcop^ functions, under the title of apostolic vicars. r|i»i»l»»|f«*i »»i' < l i' ^ i "' ' ters, James proceed- ; those who distin- 8 one Dr. Sharpe, a I with just severity n by such arguments » produce. 2. This ;, gave great offence en to the bishop of sty's pleasure should i to comply ; and the himself for disobe- lical commission was loners were invested er the whole church shop was summonedf her, suspended, liberty of conscience jelieve, that the truth [>on a fair trial, gain eclaration of general oformity to the esta- licly sent the earl of to Kome, in order to to reconcile his kins^ rer was there so much lat was so boldly un- ted but little success They were sensible me laws and opinions, ine in silence and se- litted to erect colleges y exercised the catho- ,er ; and four catholic pel, were sent through d functions, under IJne JAMES II. 7. Father Francis, a Benedictine monk, was recommend- ed by the king to the university of Cambridge, for a degree of master of arts. But his religion was a stumbling-block which the university could not get over; and they pre- sented a petition, beseeching the king to recall his mandate. 8. Their petition was disregardet, and their deputies denied a hearing : the vice-chancellor himself was summoned to appear before the high commission court, and deprived of his office ; yet the university persisted, and father Francis was refused. 0. The place of president of Magdalen college, one of the richest foundations in Europe, being vacant, the king sent a mandate in favour of one Farmer, a new convert to popery, and a man of bad character in other respects. The feUows of the college made very submissive applications to the king for recalling his mandate ; they refused admitting the candi- date ; and James, finding them resolute in the defence of their privileges, ejected them all except two. 10. A second declaration for liberty of conscience was published about the same time with the former ; but with this peculiar injunction, that all divines should read it after service in their churches. (A.D. 1688.) The clergy were known universally to disapprove of these measures, and they were now resolved to disobey an order dictated by the most bigoted motives. They were determined to trust their cause to the favour of the people, and that universal jealousy which prevailed a^inst the encroachment of the crown. II. The first champions of this service of danger were Loyde, bishop of St. As^h ; Ken, of Bath and Wells ; Turner, of Ely ; Lake, of Chichester; White, of Peterborough; and Tra- lawney, of Bristol. These, together with Sancroft, the pri- mate, concerted the address, in the form of a petition to the king, which, with the warmest expressions of zeal and sub- mission, remonstrated that they could not read his declaration consistent with their consciences, or the respect they owed the protestant religion. 12. The king in a fury summoned the bishops before the council, and there questioned them whether they would ac- knowledge their petition. They for some time declined giving an answer ; but being urged by the chancellor, they at last owned it. On their refusal to give bail, an order was immediately drawn for their commitment to the Tower, and the crown lawyers received directions to prosecute them for a seditious libel. z2 '•*^»s*SKs^RF«:fWK8^ rtSKssuTs'saissRsriassrr:^ ^,,«.,s^ S70 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. Questions for Examinali'on, 1. In what way did Dr. Sharpe give offence to tlie king ? 2. What was the conduct of Jampa on that orrasiun ? ' 3. By what meana did he effect hia deaigii t 4. what woa hia next atep ? 0. Whom did ho send amboaaador extraordinary to Rome ? and how waa the the embaaay received ? 6. Relate the further proceedinga of Jolnea. 9. What look place at Magdalen college 1 10. What were the coDiequencea of onother declaration ? 11. Who were the first that diaobeyed the king's mandate 7 13. In what manner did Jamea act on thia occasion T ' ' SECTION III. I. (A.D. 1688.) The twenty-ninth day of June was fixed for their trial ; and their return was more splendidly attended than their imprisonment. The cause was looked upon as in- volving the fate of the nation ; and future freedom, or future slavery, awaited the decision. The dispute was learnedly managed by the lawyers on both sides. 2. HoUoway and Powel, two of the judges, declared themselves in favour of the bishops. The jury withdrew into a chamber, where they passed the whole night; but next morning they returned into court, and pronounc^ the bishops not guilty. 3. West- minister-hall instantly rang with loud acclamations, which were communicated to the whole extent of the city. They even reached the camp at Hounslow, where the king was at dinner, iu lord Feversham's tent. His majesty demanded the cause of these rejoicings, and being informed that it was nothing but the soldiers shouting at me delivery of the bishops, " Call you that nothing T" cried he ; " but so much the worse for them I" 4. It W3S in this posture of affairs that all people turned their eves upon William, prince of Orange, who had married M a^, the eldest daughter of king James. William was a prince who had, from his earliest entrance into business, been immersed in dangers, calamities, and politics. The ambition of France, and the jealousies of Hol- land, had served to sharpen hif talents, and to give him a propensity for intrigue. 5. This politic prince now plainly saw that James had incurred the most violent hatred of his subjects. (A. D. '"!»! JAHR8 II. 271 king? I? Rome f and how woh the ation ? indate ? 1 ly of Jane was fixed 3 splendidly attended as looked upon as in* re freedom, or future spute was learnedly , 2. HoUoway and mselves in favour of 9 a chamber, where loming they returned lot guilty. 3. West- acclamations, which t of the city. They here the king was at 8 majesty demanded ling informed that it it the delivery of the id he; "but so much hat all people turned age, who had married ss. t his earliest entrance gers, calamities, and the jealousies of Hol- ts, and to give him a saw that James had his subjects. (A.D. 1689.) He was minutely informed of their discontents ; and by seeming to discourage, still farther increased them, hoping to gain the kingdom for himself in the sequel. 6. The time when the prince entered upon this enterprise was just when the people were in a flame about the recent insult offered to their bishops. He had before this made considerable augmentations to the Dutch fleet, and the ships were then lying ready in the harbour. Some additional troops were also levied, and sums of money raised for other purposes were converted to the advancement of this expe- dition. 7. So well concerted were his measures, that, in three days, above four hundred transports were hired ; the army fell down the rivers and canals from Nimeguen, with all ne- cessary stores ; and the prince set sail from Helvoetsluys, with a' fleet of nearly five hundred vessels, and an army of above fourteen thousand men. It was given out that this invasion was intended for the coast of France ; and many of the English, who sew the fleet pass along their coasts, little expected to see it land on their own shores. Thus, after a voyage of two days, the prince landed his army at the village of Broxholme, in Torbay, on the fifth of November, which was the anniversary of the gunpowder treason. 8. But though the invitation from the English was very general, the prince had for some time the mortification to find himself joined by very few. He marched first to Exe- ter, where the country people had been so much terrified at the executions which had ensued c•^ Monmouth's rebellion, that they continued to observe a strict neutrality. 9. He remained for ten days in exnectation of being joined by the malecontents, and at last bt-^'an to despair of succ <;>;'- But, just when he began to vi^'i' nr^.te about re-embarking his forces, he was join^^. by » ...r,..« persons of consequence, and the whole countr> b.jon rwr .ja.? ^^ocking to his standard. The nobility, clergy, cfi. o*h, did ( ' • *he king's own ser- vants and creatures, v-.^rw unaniir v,jo In deserting James. 10. Lord Churchill had been raised Vom the rank of a page, and had been inva . ' w'*h a high cocmand in the army ; had been created a \jeer, i'.! owec" his whcio fortune to the king's bounty ; even he ties, jrted among the rent, and carried with him the duke of Grafton, the natural son of the late king, colonel Berkeley, and some others. 11. The prince of Denmark, and Anne, his favourite z^mss^^^mm^meism^ms^^^^'* ^ \ii 272 "WIPWW'PW" HISTORY OF BNQLAND. daughter, perceiving the deaperation of his circnniHtanceft, resoived to leave him, and take part with the prevailing side. When he was told that the prince and princesB had followed the rest of his favouritt^s, lie was stung with most bitter anguish. " God help me" cried he, in the extremity of his agony, " my own children have forsaken me !" 12. The king, alarmed eve^v day more and more with the prospect of a general disaffection, was resolved to hearken to those who advised his quitting the kingdom. To prepare for this, he first sent away the queen, who arrived safely at Calais, under the conduct of count Lauzun, an old favourite of the French king. He himself soon after disappeared in the night-time, attended only by sir Edward Hale, a new convert : but was discovered and brought back by the mob. But shortly after, being confined at Rochester, and ob- serving that he was entirely neglected by his own subjects, he resolved to seek safety from the king of France, the only friend he had still remaining. 14. He accordingly fled to the sea-side, attended by his natural son, the duke of Ber- wick, where he embarked for the continent, and arrived in safety at Ambleteuse in Picardy, from whence he hastened to the court of France, where he still enjoyed the empty title of a king, and the appellation of a saint, which flat- tered him more. 15. The king having thus abdicated the throne, the next considention was tht appointing a successor. (A.D. 1688.) Some declared for a legent ; others, that the princess of Orange should be invested with regal power, and the young prince considered as supposititious. After a long debate in both houses, a new sovereign was preferred to a regent, by a majority of two voices. It was agreed that the prince and princess of Orange should reign jointly as king and queen of England, while the administration of government should b^ placed in the hands of the prince only. ■ Quatioru for Examination. 1—3. Relate the cifcumstancea which attended the biihope' trial. 4. To whom did the people look for deliverance 7 6. What waa the lituation of the people when William entered upon thii enterprise ! 7. What measures did William concert to effect the invasion of England f Where did he land } 10. By whom was the kins deserted J 11. What ejcclamation did the kin^make when he was told that the prince and princess had foimken him ! WWWWWWII »i)il"! I H* W ui , 1^ ■ his circimiHtances, the prevailing side, incess had followed g with most bitter the extremity of his I me !" ore and more with resolved to hearken ^dom. To prepare iio arrived safely at m, an old favourite ifter disappeared in Jward Hale, a new it back by the mob, Rochester, and ob- y his own subjects, of France, the only accordingly fled to n, the duke of Ber- lent, and arrived in rhence he hastened snjoyed the empty i saint, which flat- ;he throne, the next Bsor. (A.D. 1688.) lat the princess of wer, and the young ter a long debate in rred to a regent, by sed that the prince jointly as king and tion of government ice only. 9 bishop*' trial. fiUiam entered upon thu ! tnvuion of England f waa told that the prince WILLIAM III. 12. What rMolulion did iho king adopt? 14. To what court did James repair ? ib. Whfft followed the king's abdication ? 273 CONTEMPORARY SOVEREIGNS. Pope. A.D. InnocentXI 16T6 Emperor of Qermany. Leopold 16S8 Emperors of the Tarkt. Mahomet IV. 1649 A.D. SolymanI 1687 King of France. LouisXIV.. 1643 King of Spain. Charles n.. 1665 EMINENT PERSONa King cf Portugal. A.D. Pedro II 1683 King of Denmark. Christie V 1678 King of Sweden. Charles XI. 1660 The duke of Monmouth. Spencer, earl of Stinderland. Prince ^es. otherwise called the Pretender. Judge Jeffenes. Colonel Ku*. G. Havile, marauis of Halifai. George, earl of Berkeley. Thomas Osborne, duke of UeX H. Boith. lord DeUmoro, and earl ot Warrington. C. Sackv.I e. efrl borlet IL Cavendish, duke of Devonshire. J. ThomKen, lord Ha- terlham Colin Lindsey. earl of Balcarras. James I>»l7|np'». v"««H.nl Stair. R Graham, viscoimt Prestoa Roger Palmer, eari of Ctsdemain. CHAPTER XXXn. WDiLIAM ra. Born 16S0. Died March 8, 1702. Landed in England November 5, 1688. Began to reign January 22, 1689. E signed 13 years. SECTION I. 1. (A.D. 1C8'7.) William was no sooner elected to the throne, than ho began to experience the difficulty of govern- ing a people, who wore more ready to examine the com- mands of their suffiriors han to obey them. 2. His rei^n commem ed with an attempt similar to that which had bc4u the pripciipal cause of all the disturbances in the preceding reign, and which had excluded the monarch from the throne. William was a Calvinist, and consequently averse to persecution ; he therefore began by attempting those laws which enjoined uniformity of worship; and, though he could noi entirely succeed in his design, a tolera- tion was granted to such dissenters as should take the oaths of allegiance, and hold no private conventicle. 3. In the mean time, James, whose authority waa still 'ssm^^^mMma^^smp I ui^j|iiii|uiiiefore the place. »f the river Boyne that her, inflamed with all ce of religion, hatred, er Boyne at tliis place it wade over on foot ; i rendered dangerous ed to defend the latent id the protestant army, ilong the side of the le proper observations mean time, being per- privately brought out, ras sitting. The shot himself was wounded o'clock, king William the river. This the Bs ; and, after c furious inusual vigour. The St in Europe abroad, home. 9. After an Dcipitation, leaving the me to their assistance, . William led on his WttLIAM III. 375 a*IIU <( Alalia «■< 4Mtk o( (taMnI St Kvtb. horse in person ; and contributed by his activity and vigi- lance to secure the victory. James was not in the battle> but stood aloof during the action, on the hill of Dunmore, surrounded with some squadrons of horse ; and at intervals was heard to exclaim, when he saw his own troops repuls- ing those of the enemy, " O spare my English subjects !" 10. The Irish lost about fifteen hundred men, and the protestants about one-third of that number. The victory was splendid, and almost decisive ; but the death of the duke of Schomberg, who was shot as he was crossing the water, seemed to outweigh the whole loss sustained by the enemy. 11. The last battle fought in favour of James was at Aughrim. (A.D. 1601.) The enemy fought with surpris- ing fury, and the horse were several times repulsed ; bu' the English wading through the middle of a bog up to the waist in mud, and rallying with some difficulty on the firm ground on the other side, renewed the combat with great fury. 12. St. Ruth, the Irish general, being killed, his fate so discouraged his troops, that they gave way on all sides, and retreated to Limerick, where they resolved to niake a final stand, after having lost above five thousand of the flower of their army. 13. Limerick, the last retreat of the Irish forces, made a brave defence : but soon seeing the enemy advanced within ten paces of the bridge-foot, and perceiving themselves surrounded on »U side?, they detetmined to capitulate ; a negotiation Wc.a immediately begun, and hostilities ceased on both sides. 14. The Ro- 'ymmmmrmm^ 376 HISTOnV Of EHOIAWI). man catholicB, by this capitulaUon, were restored to the enioyment of those liberties in the exercise of their religion, which they had possessed in the reign of king Charles the Second. AH persons were indulged with free leave to re- move with their families and effects to any other countiy, except England and Scotland. In consequence of this, ^ above fourteen thousand of those who had fought for king James went over into France, having transports provided by government for conveying them thither. Queationa for Examination. 1, 1 What weM the fimt sett of Willwm ' a In what maimA mm Jamea received in Ireland ? 4. What wai the itate of affiun in that country T 6. RelaUi the parUoulaia of the aiege of Ixmdonderry. 6. Where did the arrtuee fliat meet » 7. By what meant waa Wdham wowided ? "• '^VZ ^X"'o?'thrnr.i. during thi. engagement 10. What lo» did each ride anitBin f 11. Where waa the next battle fought ? li How many of the Iriih fell in thia engagement t 13 What WB« the laat place of their retreat T 14. What were the aruclea of theur capitulauon T SECTION n 1 f A D 1692.) Jambs was now reduced to the lowest stat^ of despondence : his designs upon England were quite frustrated, so that nothing was left his friends but the hopes of assassinating the monarch on the throne. These base attempts, as barbarous as they were useless, were not en- Urely disagreeable to the temper of James. 2. It is said he encouragyd and proposed them ; but they f proved nnwr- viceabte to his cause, and only ended in the destruction of the undertakers. From that time tiU he died, which was about seven years, he continued to reside at St. Germains, a pensioner on the boumy ot Louis, and assisted by occa- sional liberalities from his daughter and friends in England. He died on the tixteenth day of September, in the year 1700, after having laboured under a tedious sickness ; ar ci many miracles, as the people thought, were wrought at his tomb. 3. Indeed, the latter part of his hfe waa calculated to inspire the superstitious with reverence lor his piety. He subjected himself to acts of uncommon penance anO mMmn mi rv v m iim n>. were restored (o the rcise of their religion, n of king Charles the with free leave to re- \o any odier cointry, consequence of this, o had fought for king transports provided by ir. aim. utdt rf inderry. Dgthi* engagement lentt WILLIAM III. 877 p reduced to the lowest )on England were quite 19 friends but the hopes e throne. These base i useless, were not en- ames. 2. It is said he , they all proved unser- d in the destruction of ill he died, which was reside at St. Germains, , and assisted by occa- and friends in England. September, in the year i tedious sickness ; ar cl it, were wrought at his his life waa calculated ■everence for his piety, ncommon penance and mortification. He frequently visited the poor monks of La Trappo, who were edified by his humble and pious deport- ment. 4. His pride and arbitrary temper seemed to nave vanished with his greatness ; he became affable, kind, and easy to all his dependanU ; and at his last illness conjured his son to prefer religion to every worldly advantage, — a * counsel which that prince strictly obeyed. He died with great marks of devotion, and was interred, at his own request, in the church of the English benedictines at Paris, without any funeral solemnity. 5. William, upon accepting of the crown, was resolved to preserve, at much as he waa able, that share of preroga- tive which still was left him. But at length he became fatigued with cpposing the laws which parliament every day' were laying round his authority, and gave up Ute contest. 6. He admitted every restraint upon the prerogative in Eng- land, upon condition of being properly supplied with the means of bumbling the power of France. War, and the balance of power in Europe, were all he knew, or indeed desired to understand. Provided the parliament furnished him with supplies for these purposes, he permitted them to rule the internal polity at their pleasure. 7. For the prose- cution of the war with France, the sums of money ^[ranted to him were incredible. The nation, not content with fur- nishing him with such sums of money as they were capable of raising by the taxes of the year, mortgaged these taxes, and involved themselves in debts which they have never since been able to discharge. 8. For all that profusion of wealth granted to maintain the imaginary balance of Europe, Engliind received in return the empty reward of military glory in Flanders, and the consciousness of having given their allies, particularly the Dutch, frequent opportunities of being ungrateful. The war with France continued during the greatest part of this king's reign ; but at length the treaty of Ryswick, A.D. 1697, put an end to those contentions, in which England had engaged without policy and came off without advantage. 9. In the general pacification her interests seemed entirely deserted ; and for all the treasures she had sent to the con- tinent, and all the blood which she had shed there, the only equivalent she received was an acknowledgment of king William's title from the king of France. 10. William was naturally of a very feeble constitution : and it was by this time almost exhausted by a series «f con- a A W5««S»«W%t*li*a--!3JJSS^^WS m HISTORY or KNOLAND. tinuu didquletuoe and action. He had endeavoured to re- pair liii' conatitulion, or at leaat to conceal its decays, by exercise and riding. On the twenty-first day of February, in riding to Hampton-court from Kensington, his horse fell under him, and he waa thrown with such violence, that his eollar-bone was fractured. His attendants conveyed him to the palace at Hampton-court, where the fracture was re- duced, and in the evening he returned to Kensington in his coach. 11. The jolting of the carriage disunited the frac- ture once more, and the bones were again replaced, under Bidloo, his physician. This in a robust constitution would have been a trifling misfortune ; but in him it was fatal. For some time he appeared in a fair way of recovery ; but, falling asleep on his couch, he was seized with a shivering, which terminated in a fever and diarrhoea, which soon be- came dangerous and desperate. 11. Perceiving his end approaching, the objecto of his former care still lay next his heart ; and the fate of Europe seemed to remove the sensa- tions he might be supposed to feel for his own. The earl of Albemarle arriving fi v;n Holland, he conferred with him in private on the postur » of affairs abroad. Two days after, having received the saorament from archbishop Tenison, he expired in the fifty-second year of his age, after having reigned thirteen years. Quettiomfor Examination, I. To what rituttion wm JamM reduced t Mid what were the deiigiw of hii friendat . . 5. When and where did Jamea diet & How did the exiled monarch apend the latter part of his life T 4. What coumel did he give to hia ion in hit lait ilbiea I 6. What wai WiUiam'a reaolution on accepting the crown f 6. Did hia actiona oorreapond with that reiolntian ? 7. In what manner did WiUiara act? 8, 9. What ooniequencea reiulted from the war with France ? 10,11. What accident happened to William t and what were the con»e- queneea? IX. What olgect lay neareet hi* heart? How long did William reign, and what wai hia age T CONTEMPORARY 80VEREI0N& Pom*. AlennderVin... innocent XII.... Clement XI 1691 1700 Emotror of Otrmami- Leo^..... 1658 Ematron of the Turk*. Soliman IIL 1687 Aohmetll... Muataphall. A.l>. 1691 King tf FroHce, Louie XIVT. 1643 Kingt vf Spain. Charles 11 1665 Philip V. 1700 Jjfing of Portugal. A.D. FedroU 1683 King of Denmark. Christian V 1670 Kingt of Swedtn. Charles Xr. 1660 Charles XII 1691 ■■■•Wl endeavoured to re- peal its decay*, by day of February, in ton, hit horse fell h violence, that his ts conveyed him to le fracture was re- Kensington in his ) disunited the fmc- &in replaced, under , constitution would 1 him it was fatal. r of recovery ; but, id with a shivering, Ba, which soon be- Perceiving his end ire still lay next his remove the sensa- his own. The earl conferred with him i. Two days after, ibishop Tenison, he s age, after having iBt were the Ueiigiw of hii art of hie life f illneat e crown f ? ith France f id what were the conse- laget King of Portugal. A.D. PedroU 1683 Kiig of Denmark. ChrietianV 1670 ^itur* nf Swedtn. Charles Xr. 1660 Charies XII 1691 ANirc. EMINENT PERSON& 279 Silt UkKC NcwToN. John Looki. Arohbiihop TUIoiion. Biihop Burnet. Duke Schomberg. General Schomberc, ion of the duke. Montague, earl Halifai. RuMel, earl of OiCMd. John, lord Somen. Anthony AihUy Cooper, earlofShaftetbury (graiidton to the nobleman mentioned in a lurmer reign). Sheffield, duke or Buckingham. John, lord Cutta. Admiral RubmI loid Berkley, dec. CHAPTER XXXIII. Born IflM. DM Aui ANNE. 14 BegRa to reign March 8 int. Reigned 1)| yearf . SECTION I. 1. (A.D. 1702.) Anne, married to prince George of Denmark, ascended the throne in the thirty-eighth year of her age, to the general satisfaction of all parties. She was the second daughter of king James, by his first wife, the daughter of chancellor Hyde, afterwards earl of Clarendon. Upon coming to the crown, she resolved to declare war against France, and communicated her intentions to the house of commons, by whom it was approved, and war was proclaimed accordingly. 2. This declaration of war, on the part of the English, was seconded by similar declarations by the Dutch and Germans on the same day. The French monarch could not suppress his anger at such a combination, but his chief re- sentment fell upon the Dutch. He declared with great emo- tion, that, aa for these gentlemen pedlars, the Dutch, Ui»y should one day repent their insolence and presumption in declaring war against one whose power they had formerly felt and dreaded. 3. However, the affairs of the allies were no way influenced by his threats. The duke of Marl- borough had his views gratified, in being appointed general of the English forces : and he was still farther flattered by the Dutch, who, though the earl of Athlone had a right to share the command, appointed Marlborough generalissimo of the allied army. 4. And it must be confessed, that few men shone more, either in debate or action, than he ; serene in the midst of danger, and indefatigable in the cabinet ; so Mmm mmmm mmmm '^^mmmmimmm 380 BiarORT 07 tNOLANO. I ^ thM he became the moat formidable enemy to Fuoce that Kncland ever produced, since th< uonquc-ing timei« r> Creasy attcTAffincourt. 5. A mat part of the history of this reign consists in bat- tles fought upon the continent, which, though of very little advantage to the interest of the nation, were very great additions to its honour. These triumphs, it is true, are Biased away, and nothing remains of them but the names of lenheim, Ramilies, Oudenarde, and Malplaquet, where the allied armv gained great, but (with respect to England) use- less victories. 6. A conquest of much greater national importance was gained with less expense of blood and treasure in Spain. rhe ministry of England, understanding that the French were employed in equipping a strong squadron in Brest, ■ent out sir Cloudesly Shovel and sir George Rooke to watch Aeir motions. Sir George, however, had further orders to convoy a body of forces in transport-ships to Barcelona, upon which a fruitless attack was made by the prince of Hesse. 7. Finding no hopes, therefore, from this expedition, in two da^s after the troops were re-embarked, sir George Rooke, joined by sir Cloudesly, called a council of war on board Uie fleet, as they lay off the coast of Africa. In this they resolved to make an attempt upon Gibraltar, a city then be- longing to the Spaniards, at that time ill provided with a garrison, as neither expecting nor fearing such an attempt. jii » y to fiunce that igtimcK ri Crewy gnconflists inbat- lugh of very little were very great 18, it is true, are 1 but the names of )1aquet, where the t to England) use- I iniportance was treasure in Spain. r that the French luadron in Brest, ge Rooke to watch 1 farther orders to lo Barcelona, upon ! prince of Hesse. expedition, in two sir George Rooke, of war on board ica. In this they ar, a city then be- ll provided with a such an attempt. m ^N3 IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) It 1.0 1.1 11.25 l^|Z8 |25 m Si u L° 12.0 6" 1.4 il.6 -► (. M Photographic SoHices Corporalion 73 WtST MAIN STRUT VVIBSTIR,N.Y. MSM (716) 172-4503 -^^ NMM ■■■I .. ti^iiJfe^Wfr-'Jg* 4 ^ %' s$ .V ^J^ ^9> CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICMH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut canadien de microrer: oductions historiques ANNE. 281 8. The town of Gibraltar atands upon a tongue of land, as the mariners call it, and defended by a rock inaccesRible on every side but one. The prince of Hesse landed his troops, to the number of right hundred, on the continent ad- joining, and summoned the town to surrender, but without effect. 9. Next day the admiral gave orders for cannonading the town ; and, perceiving that the enemy •were driven from their fortifications at a place called the South Mole Head, ordered captain Whitaker to arm all the boats, and assault that quarter. Those officers whcr happened to be nearest the Mole immediately manned their boats without orders, and entered the fortifications sword in hand. 10. But they were premature ; for the Spaniards iprung a mine, by which two lieutenants and about one hundred men were killed or wounded. Nevertheless, the two captains. Hicks and Jumper, took possession of a platform, and kept their ground until they were sustained by captain Whitaker, and the rest of the seamen, who took a redoubt between the Mole and the town by storm. Then the governor capitulated, and the prince of Hesse entered the place, amazed at the success of the attempt, considering the strength of the fortifications. 11. When the news of this conquest was brought to Eng- land, it was for some time in debate whether it was a cap- ture worth thanking the admiral for. It was at last consi- dere«l as unworthy public gratitude; and, while the duke of Marlborough was extolled for useless services, sir George Rooke was left to neglect, and soon displaced from his com- mand for having so essentially served his country. A strik- ing instance, that, even in the most enlightened age, popular applause is most usually misplaced. 12. Gibraltar has ever since remained in the possession of the English, and continues of the utmost use in refitting that part of the navy destined to annoy an enemy, or protect our trade in the Mediterra- nean. Here the English have a repository capable of con- uining all things necessary for the repairing of fleets or the equipment of armies. 13. While the English were thus victorious by land and sea, a new scene of contention was opened on the side of Spain, where the ambition of the European princes exerted iUelf with the same fury that had filled the rest of the conti- nent. Philip the Fourth, grandson of Louis the Fourteenth, had been placed upon the throne of that kingdom, and bad been received wiih tlie joyful concurrence of the greatest part of his subjects. 14. He had also been nominated snccessor 2a2 f 883 HISTORY OF SNOtAND. •r^^ ': to the crown by the late king of Spain's will. But, in a former treaty among the powers of Europe, Charles, son of the emperor of Germany, was appointed heir to that crown ; and this treaty had been guaranteed by France herself, though she now resolved to reverse that consent in favour of a de- scendant of the house of Bourbon. 15. Charles was still farther led on to put in for the crown of Spain by the invi- tations of the Catalonians, who declared in his favour, and by the assistance of the English and the Portuguese, who promised to arm in his emu's. He was furnished with two hundred transports, thirty ships of war, and nine thousand men, for the conquest of that extensive empire. But the earl of Peterborough, a man of romantic bravery, offered to conduct them ; and his single service was thought equiva- lent to armies. 16. The eari of Peterborough was one of the most sin- gular and extraordinary men of the age in which he lived. When yet but fifteen, he fought against the Moors in Africa ; at twenty he assisted in compassing the revolution, and he now carried on the war in Spain almost at his own expense ; his friendship for the duke Charles being one of his chief motives to this great undertaking. He was deformed In his person ; but of a mind the most generous, honourable, and active. His first attempt upon landing in Spain was the taking of Barcelona, a strong city, M'ith a garrison of five thousand men, while the whole army amounted to little more than nine thousand. The prince of Hesse was killed in this action. 17. These successes, however, were but of short continu- ance; Peterborough being recalled, and the army under Charles being commanded by the lord Galway. This no- bleman, having received intelligence that the enemy, under the command of the duke of Berwick, Was posted near the town of Almanza, he advanced thither to give him battle. 18. The conflict began about two in the aflemoon, and the whole front of each army was fully engaged. The centre, consisting chiefly of battalions from Great Britain and Hol- land, seemed at first victorious ; but the Portuguese horse, by whom they were supported, betaking themselves to flight in thp first charge, the English troops were flanked andsur^ rounded on every side. 10. In this dreadful emergency they formed themselves into a square, and retired to an emi- nence, where being ignorant of the country, and destitute of all supplies, they were obliged to surrender prisoners oi" '""-^-'-^•irTirr-' .rr; ID. in'fl will. But, in a rope, Charles, son of id heir to that crown ; ''ranee herself, though 3nt in favour of a de- L6. Charles was still }f Spain by the invi- id in his favour, and the Portuguese, who s furnished with two ', and nine thousand re empire. But the ic bravery, offered to was thought equiva- one of the most sin- e in which he lived, the Moors in Africa ; e revolution, and he at his own expense ; ing one of his chief was deformed In his 9US, honourable, and g in Spain was the h a garrison of five lounted to little more iBse was killed in this but of short continu* id the army under Galway. This no- at the enemy, under was posted near the to give him battle, e afternoon, and the ;aged. The centre, eat Britain and Hoi- e Portuguese horse, themselves to flight rere flanked and sur^ Ireadful emergency id retired to an emi- itry, and destitute of render prisoners of ANNB. S88 DMA •( th< prim o( Bmm at BwMlew. war, to the number of ten thousand men. This victory was complete and decisive ; and all Spain, except the province of Catalonia, returned to their duty to Philip their sovereign. Quettiotufor Examination. I. Who ■ucceedcd William 7 Against whom did Anne declare war t S. How did the F'rench monarch oxprrw his anger? 3. Who was appointed generalissimo ? 4. What is his character ? & Where did the nation gain great victories ? 6, 7. What important conquest was next obtained t 8 — 10. Relate the particulars. 1 1. What opinion did the nation entertain of it f IS. Was not this opinion unfounded ? 13—15. What new scenes of contention arose f Jo yai^ were fte character and conduct of the earl of Palerboiouch ? 18, 19. Relate the particulars of the batde of Almanza. """"«" • SECTION II. 1. (A.D. 1707.) Thb councils of the queen had hitherto been governed by t whig ministry; for, though the duke of Mulborough had first started in the tory interest, he soon jomed the opposite faction, As he found them most sincere 884 HMTORY or XNOLAND. T in their desires to humble tlie power of France. The whigi, therefore, etill pursued the schemes of the late king ; and impressed with a republican spirit of liberty, strove to humble despotism in every part of Europe. 2. In a go- vernment, where the reasoning of individuals, retired from power, generally leads those who command, Uie designs of the ministry must alter as the people happen to change. The people, in fact, were beginning to.change. But pre- vious to the disgrace of the whig ministiy, whose fall was now hastening, a measure of the greatest importance took place in parliament; a measure that had been wished by many, but thought too difficult for execution. 8. What I mean is, the union between the two kingdoms of England and Scotland ; which though they were governed by one sovereign since the accession of James the First, yet were still ruled by their respective parliaments, and often professed to pursue opposite interests and different designs. 4. The attempt for an union was begun at the commence- ment of this reign ; but some disputes arising relative to the trade of the East, the conference was broken up, and it was thought that an adjustment would be impossible. 6. It was revived by an act in either parliament, granting power to commissioners, named on the part of both nations, to treat on the preliminary articles of an union, which should after- wards undergo a more thorough discussion by the legislative body of both kingdoms. The choice of these commission- ers was left to the queen, and she took care that none should be employed but such as heartily wished to promote so de- sirable a measure. 6. Accordingly, the queen having appointed commission- ers on both sides, they met in the council-chamber of the Cockpit, near Whitehall, which was the place appointed for the conferences. As the queen frequently exhorted the commissioners to despatcli, the articles of this famous Union were soon agreed to, and signed by the commissioners ; and it only remained to lay them before the parliaments of both nations. 7. In this famous treaty it was stipulated that the succes- sion to the united kingdom should be vested in the house of Hanover ; that the united kingdoms should be represented by one and the same parliament ; that all the subjects of Great Britain should enjoy a communion of privileges and advantages. 8. That they should have the same allowance and privileges, with respect to commerce and customs ; that irwwiiwnrii Vance. The whigi, the late king; and liberty, strove to rope. 2. In a go- idnala, retired from and, Ute designs or happen to change, .change. But pre- try, whose fall was ist importanre took id been wished by iution. 8. What I igdoms of England B governed by one ihe Firstf yet were and often professed . designs. a at the commence- ising relative to the oken up, and it was lossible. 5. It was granting power to >tn nations, to treat which should after- in by the legislative ' these commission- m that none should i to promote so de- kointed commission- ncil-chamber of the place appointed for ently exhorted the f this famous Union sommissioners ; and parliaments of both ited that the succes- rested in the house lould be represented all the subjects of m of privileges and the same allowance i and customs ; that ANNE. 28S the laws concerning public right, civil government, and policy, should be the same through the two united king- doms ; but that no alteration should be made in the laws which concerned private rights, except for the evident benefit of the subjects of Scotland. 0. That the courts of session, and all other courts of judicature in Scotland, should re- main, as then constituted by the laws of that kingdom, with the same authority and privileges as before the union ; and that Scotland should be represented in the parliament of Great Britain by sixteen peers and forty-five commoners, to be elected in such a manner as should be settled by the present parliament of Scotland. 10. That all peers of Scot- land should be considered as peers of Great Britain, and rank immediately after the English peers of the like degree at the time of the union, and before such as should be created after it; that they should enjoy all privileges of English peers, except that of sitting or voting in parliament, or sitting upon the trial of peers ; and that all the insignia of royaUy and government should remain as they were. II. That all laws or statutes in either kingdom, as far as they may be inconsistent with the terms of these articles, should cease, and be declared void by the respective parlia- ments of the two kingdoms. These were the principal articles of the union ; and it only remained to obtain the sanction of the legislature of both kingdoms to give them authority. 12. The arguments of these different assemblies were suited to the audience. To induce the Scots parliament to come into the measure, it was alleged, by the ministry and their supporters.; that an entire and perfect nnion would be the solid fouhdation of a lasting peace. It would secure their religion, liberty, and property ; remove the animosities that prevailed among themselves, and the jealousies that subsisted between the two nations. 13. It would increase their strength, riches, and commerce ; the whole island would be joined in affection, and freed from all apprehen- sions of different interests ; it would be enabled to resist dl its enemies, support the protestant interests, and maintain the liberties of Europe. It was observed, that the less th» wheels of government were clogged by a multiplicity of councils, the more vigorous would be their exertions. 14. They were shown that the taxes which, in consequence of this union, they were to pay, were by no means so pro- portionably great as their share in the legislature ; that their 11 iMiUMiiMtatli npMrpHvpwi wHBiviainim^ji 386 HISTORY or INOLAND. taxes did not amount to a uventieth part of those lupplied by the Engliah ; and yet their share in the legislature was not a tenth part less. Such were the argumenrs in favour of the union addressed to the Scots parliament. 15. In the Engliah houses it was observed, that a powerful and dan- gerous nation would thus for ever be prevented from giving them any disturbance. That, in ease of any future rupture, England had every thing to lose, and nothing to gain, agamst a nation that was courageous and poor. 10. On the other hand, the Scots were fired with indig- nation at the thought of losing their ancient and indepen- dent government. The nobility found themselves degraded in point of dignity and influence, by being excludea from their seats in parliament. The trading part of the nation beheld their commerce loaded with heavy duties, and con- sidered their new privileges of trading to the English plan- tations in the West Indies as a very uncertain advantage. 17. In the English house it also was observed, that the union of a rich with a poor nation would always be benefi- cial to the latter, and that the former could only hope for a participation of their necessities. It was said that the Scots reluctantly yielded to this coalition, and it might be likened to a marriage with a woman against her consent. 18. It was supposed to be an union made up of so many unmatched pieces, and such incongruous ingredients, that it could never take effect. It was complained that the proportion of the land-tax paid by the Scots was small, and unequal to their share in the legislature. 19. At length, notwithstanding all opposition made by the tories, every article in tlie union was approved by a great majority in both parliaments. Thus all were obliged to acquiesce in an union of which they at first had not the sagacity to distinguish the advantage. Quutimufor Examination, 1. Bjr whom had the qneen'i cmimeb hitherto been gwremed f ,, % 3. What important meaiure took place in nariiamentf 4—8. By what meant waa the union eflectad? 7— II. Relate the atipalatiom contained in thia ftmoM treaty. IS— li. What arguroenti were need to induce the Soota to come into the meaaurct IS. What ariramenti were made ute of to the Englith T lA. In what manner did the Soota receive thia memge f 17. How waa it received by the Engliah T 18. What opinion waa held concerning it f 19. Did the meaiure (ucceed f p w i m ii M iii^ j " ■' t of thoie supplied the legislature was gumenrs in favour nrient. 15. In the powerful and dan- vented from giving any future rupture, nothing to gain, poor. ) fired with indig- iient and indepen- lemselves degraded ing excluded from part of the nation y duties, and con- the English plan- icertain advantage, observed, that the I always be benefi- ild only hope for a said that the Scots it might be likened r consent. 18. It 10 many unmatched that it could never proportion of the d unequal to their position made by ras approved by a us all were obliged it first had not the goreiiMd t wnt? am treaty. Scot* to coma into Um hr ANMK. SECTION III. as? 1. (A.O. 1708.) In the mean time the whig ministry was every day declining. Among the number of those whom the dutchess of Marlborough had introduced to the queen, to contribute to her private amusement, was one Mrs. Masham, her own kinswoman, whom she had raised from indigence and obscurity. The dutchess, having gained the ascendent over the queen, became petulant and insolent, and relaxed in those arts by which she had risen. 2. Mrs. Masham, who had her fortune to make, was more humble and assiduous ; she flattered the foibles of the queen, and assented to her prepossessions. She soon saw the queen's inclination to the tory set of opinions, their divine right and passive obedience ; and instead of attempting to thwart her, as the dutchess had done, she joined in with her partiality, and even outdid her in her own way. 3. This lady was, in fact, the tool of Mr. Harley, secre- tary of state, who also some time before had insinuated himself into the queen's good graces, who had determined to sap the credit of the whig ministers. His aim was to unite the tory interest under his own shelter, and to expel the whigs from the advantages which they had long enjoyed under government. 4. In this career of his ambition he chose for his coad- jutor Henry St. John, afterwuds the famous lord Doling- broke ; a man of great eloquence, and greater ambition ; enterprising, restless, active, and haughty, with some wit and little principle. To this junto was added sir Simon Har- court, a lawyer, a man of great abilities. 5. It was now perceived that the people themselves began to be weary of a whig ministry, whr > they formerly ca- ressed. To them they imputed the bu.i -.^us under which they groaned, — ^burdens which they had bten hitherto ani- mated to bear by the pomp of triumph ; but the load of which they felt in a pause of success. 6. Harley, afterwards known by the title of lord Oxford, was at the bottom of all these complaints ; and though they did not produce an immediate effect, yet they did not fail of a growing and steady operation. 7. At length the whig party of the ministry opened their eyes to the intrigues of the tories. But it was now too late ; S88 HISTORY or ENGLAND. they had entirely lost the confidence of the queen. Harley soon throw bff the mask of friendship, and took more vigorous measures for the prosecution of his designs. In him the queen reposed all her trust, tliouj^h he had now no Tisible concern in the administration. 8. The first triumph of the tories, in which the qwetm discovered a public par- tiality in their favour, was seen in a transaction of no great imporUnce in iUelf, but from the consequence it produced. The parties of the nation were eager to engage, and they wanted but the watchword to begin. This was given by a man neither of abilities, property, nor power ; but whom accident brought forward on this occasion. 9. Henry Sacheverel was a clergyman bred at Oxford, of narrow intellects, and an overheated imagination. He had acquired some popularity among those who had dis- tinguished themselves by the name of hi^h churchmen, and bad taken all occasions to vent his animosity aninst the dissenters. At the summer assizes at Derby, he held forth in that strain before the judges. On the fifth of November, in St. Paul's church, he, in a violent declamation, defended the doctrine of non-resistance, inveighed against the tolera- tion of dissenters, declared the church was dangerously at- tacked by its enemies, and slightly defended by its false friends. 10. He sounded the trumpet for the zealous, and exhorted the people to put on the whole armour of God. Sir Samuel Gerrard, lord mayor, countenanced this ha- rangue, which, though very weak both in matter and style, was published under his protection, and extolled by the tories as a masterpiece of writing. These sermons owed all their celebrity to the complexion of the times, and they are now deservedly neglected. 11. Mr. Dolben, son of the archbishop of York, laid a complaint before the house of commons against these rhap- sodies, and thus gave force to what would soon have been forgotten. The most violent paragraphs were read, and the sermons voted scandalous and seditious libels. Sache- verel was brought to the bar of the house, and he, far from disowning the writing of them, gloried in what he Hfid doue, and mentioned Uie encouragement he had received to publish them from the lord mayor, who was then present. 12. tieing ordered to withdraw, it was resolved to impeach him of high crimes and misdemeanours at the bar of the house of lords ; Mr. Dolben was fixed upon to conduct the prosecution, in the name of the commons of England. A le queen. Harley I, and took more if hia designa. In iffh he had now no The firat triumph ored a public par- saction of no great [uence it produced. » engage, and they lia waa given by a power ; out whom 1. tn bred at Oxford, imagination. He hoae who had dis* gh churchmen, and imoaity against the )erby, he held forth fifth of NoTember, clamation, defended I against the tolera* was dangerously at- fended by iU false iot the zealous, and »le armour of God. ntenanced this ha- n matter and style, ad extolled by the lese sermons owed he times, and they op of York, laid a against these rhap- lid soon have been hs were read, and ous libels. Sache- le, and he, far from d in what he USd he had received to I was then present, resolved to impeach s at Uie bar of the ipon to conduct the OS of England. A n ii » i mi--iMwu'<' — mujinj ' ANNE 28U committee was appointed to draw up articles of impeach- ment : Sachuverel was taken into custody : and a day was appointed fur his trial before the lords in Westminster hall. 13. The eyes of the whole kingdom were turned upon this very extruordinnry trial, which lasted three weeks, and excluded all other public business for the time. The quefin herself was every day present as a private spectator, whilst vast multitudes attended the culprit each day as he went to the hall, shouting as he passed, or silently praying for his success. The managers for the commons were sir Joseph Jekyl, Mr. Eyre, solicitor-general, sir Peter King, recorder, general Stanhope, sir Thomas Parker, and Mr. Walpole. 14. The doctor waa defended by sir Simon Harcourt and Mr. Philips, and assisted by doctor Atterbury, doctor Small- ridge, and doctor Friend. While the trial continued, nothing could exceed the violence and outrage of the populace. They sunounded the queen's sedan, exclaiming, " Ood bless your majesty and the church ! We hope your majesty is for doctor Sacheverel." IS. They destroyed several meeting-houses, plundered the dwellings of many eminent dissentelrs, and even proposed to attack the bank. The queen, in compliance with the request of the commons, published a proclamation for suppressing the tumults ; and several persons, being apprehended, were tried for high- treason. Two were convicted, and sentenced to die ; but neither suffered. 16. When the commons had gone through their charge, the managers for Sacheverel undertook his defence with great art and eloquence. He afterwards recited a speech himself, which, from the difference found between it and his sermons, seemed evidently the work of another. 17. In it he solemnly justified his intentions towards the queen and her government. He spoke in the most respectful terms of die revolution, and the protestant succession. He maintained the doctrine of non-resistance as the tenet of the church in which he was brought up ; and in a pathetic con- clusion endeavoured to excite the pity of his audience. 1, 8. What circimictanMt led to the fitll of the whig nuniiten T 8, 4. Who were the principal penoM oppoeed to thm ? ft. Whet mad* the people dimtiified ? 6. Who was the caiue of their diicraitent 1 7. In whom did the queen repoee her trwt f 2 B tmmrmmmirmm niSTORV or RNOLANO. 8. In what ucldenl originauttl ih« contsniion between the two partla A What woi the ■ubjerl ul Heuheverel'i writiiiga ( 10. Whii countennncea und eitolled ihrm ? 11. What notice did parlianienl lake of Iheie wrilinn f IS. What followed 1 13. Who were the maiiacen (or theoonunonet 14. Dy whom woe he defended ? What waa the conduct of ihe populace 1 15. Whnt outragei did they commit ' 16, 17. What wai the purport oT Hacheverel't defence f SECTION IV. 1. ^A.D. 1709.) At length, after much obatinate diapute and virulent altercation, Sacheverel waa found guilty, by a majority of aeventeen voicea ; but no leaa than four-and- thirty peera entered a proteat againat thia deciaion. He waa prohibited from preaching for three yean ; and hia two ■ermona were ordered to be burnt by the hand of the com- mon hangman, in preaence of the lord mayor and the two aherifis. The lenity of thia sentence, which was in a great measure owing to the dread of popular resentment, was considered by the tories as a triumph. 2. Such was the complexion of the times, when the queen thought proper to summon a new parliament ; and being a friend to the toriea herself, she gave the people an opportunity of indulging themselves in choosing representa- tives to her mind. In fact, very few were returned but such as had distinguished themselves by their zenl against the whig adminiatration. 3. In the mean time the campaign in Flanders waa con- ducted with the most brilliant success. The duke of Marlborough had every motive to continue the war, as it gratified not only his ambition, but his avarice ; a passion that obscured his shining abilities. 4. The king of France appeared extremely desirous of a peace, and reaolved to solicit a conference. He employe^ one Perkum, resident of the duke of Holstein at the Hacue, to negotiate upon this subject, and he ventured also to solicit the duke himself in private. A conference waa at length begun at Gertruydenburg, under the influence of Marlbo- rough, Eugene, and Zinzendorf, who were all three, from private motives, entirely averse to the treaty. 5. Upon thia occasion the French ministers were subjected to every spe- ANNK. 301 n iIm two partiw t I obstinate dispute found guilty, by a ss than four-and- tis decision. He ears ; and his two hand of the com- layor and the two ich was in a great r resentment, was times, when the r parliament ; and rave the people an oosing representa- retumed but such zeid against the rianders was con- The duke of lue the war, as it ^variee ; a passion nely desirous of a ). He employe4 tein at the Hacue, nred also to solicit oe wua at lenath uence of Marlbo- ro all three, from ty. 6. Upon this cted to every spe- cies of mortifirstion. Hpies were placed upon all their conduct. Their master was insulted, and their letters wore opened ; till at last Louis resolved to haxard another cam- paign. 6. It was only by insensible degrees that the queen seemed to acquire courage enough to second her inclinations, and depose a ministry that had long been disagreeable to her. Harley, however, who still shared her confidence, did not fail to inculcate the popularity, the justice, and the secu- rity of such a measure ; and, in consequc-^e of his advice, she began the changes, by transferring the post of lord- chamberlain from the duke of Kent to the duke of Shrews- bury, who had lately voted with the tories, and maintained an intimate correspondence with Mr. Harley. 7. Soon after the earl of Sunderland, secretary of state, and son-in- law to the duke of Marlborough, was displiced, and the earl of DartmouUi put in his room. Finaing that she was rather applaudea than condemned for this resolute proceed- ing, she resolved to become entirely free. 8. Soon after the earl of Godolphin was divested of his office, and the treasury put in commission, subjected to the direetipn of Mr. Harley, who was appointed chancellor of the exchequer, and under-treasurer. 0. The earl of Rochester was declared president of the council, in the room of lord Somers. The staff of the lord-steward, being taken from the duke of Devonshire, was given to the duke of Buckingham ; and Mr. Boyle was removed from the secretary's office to make way for Mr. Henry St. John. The lord chancellor having resigned the great seal, it was first put in commission, and then given to sir Simon Har- eourt. 10. The earl of Wharton surrendered his commis- sion of lord-lieutenant of Ireland, and that employment was conferred upon the duke of Ormond. Mr. George Grenville was appointed secretary of war, in the room of Mr. Robert Walpole ; and, in a word, there was not one whig left in any office of the state, except the duke of Marlborough. He was still continued the reluctant general of the army ; but he justly considered himself as a ruin entirely undermined, and just ready to fall. 11. But the triumph was not yet complete until the parliament was brought to confirm and approve the queen's choice. The queen, in her speech, recommended the pro- secution of the war with vigour. The parliament were ardent in their expressions of zeal and unanimity. They exhorted her to discountenance all such principles and f 39S HISTORY OF ENULAN'n. measures an had lately threatened her royal crown and dignity. This was but an opening to what soon after fol- lowed. 12. The duke of Marlborough, who but a few months before had been so highly extolled and caressed by the representatives of the people, was now become the object of their hatred and reproach. His avarice was justly upbraided ; his protracting the war was said to arise from that motive. Instances were every where given of his fraud and extortion. These might be true ; but party had no moderation, and even his courage and conduct were called in question. 13. To mortify the duke still more, the thanks of the house of commons were voted to the earl of Peter- borough for his services in Spain, when they were refused to the duke for those in Flanders ; and the lord-keeper, who delivered them to Peterborough, took occasion to drop some reflection against the mercenary disposition of his rival. 14. Nothing now, therefore, remained of the whig sys- tem, upon which this reign was begun, but the war, which continued to rage as fierce as ever, and which increased in expense every year as it went on. It was the resolution of *he present ministry to put an end to it at any rate, as it had involved the nation in debt almost to bankruptcy ; and as it promised, instead of humbling the enemy, only to become habitual to the constitution. 15. It only remained to remove the duke of Marlborough from his post, as he would endeavour to traverse all their negotiations. But here again a difficulty started ; this step could not be taken without giving offence to the Dutch, who placed entire confidence in him ; they were obliged, there- fore, to wait for some convenient occasion. Upon his return from the campaign he was accused of having taken a bribe of six thousand pounds a year from a Jew, who con- tracted to supply the army with bread ; and the queen thought proper to dismiss him from all his employments. 16. This was the pretext made use of, though hie fall had been predetermined ; and though his receiving such a bribe was not the rea^ cause of his removal, yet candour must confess that it ought to have been so. In the mean time. Prior, much more faruC^K »> a poet than a statesman, was sent over vith proposals to France ; and Mienager, a man of no great station, returned with Prior to I^ndon, with full powers to treat upon the pre- liminaries. 17. The ministry having got thus fiar, the great difficulty royal crown and rhat soon after fol- I, who but a few d and caressed by now become the avarice was justly said to arise from ere given of his ue ; but party had onduct were called II more, the thanks the earl of Peter- they were refused ! lord-keeper, who ision to drop some m of his rival. I of the whig ays* ut the war, which hich increased in was the resolution it at any rate, as it bankruptcy ; and e enemy, only to ke of Marlborough ) traverse all their started ; this step to the Dutch, who ere obliged, there- ision. Upon his of having taken a n a Jew, who con- ; and the queen his employments, though his fall had iiving such a bribe yet candour must faruO^K »' a poet posals to France; on, returned with ■eat upon the pre- the great difficulty ANNE. 293 Still lay before them, of making the terms of peaoe agreeable to all the confederates. The earl of Strafford, who had been lately recalled from the Hague, where he resided as ambassador, was now sent back to Holland, with orders to communicate to the pensionary Heinsius the preliminary proposals, to signify the queen's approbation of them, and to propose a place where the plenipotentiaries should assemble. 18. The Dutch were very averse to begin the conference, upon the inspection of the preliminaries. They sent over an envoy to attempt to turn the queen from her resolution ; but, finding their efforts vain, they fixed upon Utrecht as a place of general conference, and they granted passports to the French ministers accordingly. 19. The conference began at Utrecht, under the conduct of Robinson, bishop of Bristol, lord privy-scal, and the earl of Strafford, on the side of the English ; of Buys and Van- derdusson, on the part of the Dutch ; and of the marshal d'Uxelles, the cardinal Polignac, and Mr. Menager, in behalf of France. The ministers of the emperor and the duke of Savoy assisted, and the other allies sent also pleni- potentiaries, though with the utmost reluctance. 20. As England and France were the only two powers that were seriously inclined to peace, it may be supposed that all the other deputies served rather to retard than advance its pro- press. They met rather to start new difficulties, and widen the breach, than to quiet the dissensions of Europe. Quettiotu for Examination. 1. Wa» Sacheverel found guilty T What WW hia Mntence f 8. Which party prevaUed in the new pariiwnont T 3— J- What took place m Flanders f e— 10. What change in the muiiRtiy took place ? lo i? TlfcL' "^"""^ •*'•• *• parliament act ? 14 WhMt^.'^^?T """"'"^ •»«»■««• Ae duke of Maribomugh 1 \t Sfe' T* "". '^''"'""n of the preMint minintry r '^ « JX u^'"" *""^ *"" Mariborongh chaiged ? it' JZ: "^* proceeduigt were now adopted » io Jv?" Dutch avene to the measure » 19. Where did the conference begin f By whom i 80. What retarded it* progress ? ■ it conducted 1 2b2 HlflTORV OF ENOIAND. r SECTION V. 1. (A.D. 1712.) The English ministers, therefore, finding multiplied obstructions from the deliberations of their allies, set on foot a private negotiation with France. They stipu- lated certain advantages for the subjects of. Great Britain in a concerted plan of peace. They resolved to enter into 8uch mutual confidence with the French as would anticipate all clandestine transactions to the prejudice of the coalition. 2. In the beginning of August, secretary St. John, who had been created lord viscount Bolingbroke, was sent to the court of Versailles to remove ail obstructions to the separate treaty. He was accompanied by Mr. Prior and the abbe Gualtier, and treated with the most distinguished marks of respect. He was caressed by the French king and the marquis de Toroy, with whom he adjusted the principal interests of the duke of Savoy and the elector of Bavaria. 3. At length the treaties of peace and commerce between England and France being agreed on by the plenipotentiaries on either side, and ratified by the queen, she acquainted the parliament of the steps she had taken. 4. The articles of this famous treaty w^ere longer can- vassed, and more warmly debated, than those of any other treaty read of in history. The number of different interests concerned, and the great enmity and jealousy subsisting between all, made it impossible that all could be satisfied ; and indeed there seemed no other method of obtaining peace but that which was taken, for the two principal powers concerned to make their own articles, and to leave the rest for a subject of future discussion. 5. The first stipulation was, that Philip, now acknow- ledged king of Spain, should renounce all right to the crown of France, the union of two such powerful kiagdoms being thought dangerous to the liberties of Europe. It was agreed that the duke of Berri, Philip's brother, r.nd after him in succession, should also renounce his right to the firown of Spain, in case he became king of France. 6. It was stipulated that the duke of Savoy should possess the island of Sicily, with e title of king, together with Fenis- trelles, and other plai on the continent; which increase of dominion was in some measure made out of the spoils of the French monarchy. The Dutch had that barrier T ANNB. , therefore, finding ms of their allies, ce. They stipu- f. Great Britain in red to enter into I would anticipate i of the coalition, iry St. John, who e, was sent to the ns to the separate ■lor and the abbe ^uished marks of sh king and the ited the principal ictor of Bavaria, jmmerce between ) plenipotentiaries he acquainted the were longer can- dose of any other different interests alousy subsisting ould be satisfied; hod of obtaining » principal powers to leave the rest [ip, now acknow- all right to the }werful kiagdoms ' Europe. It was irother, r.nd af^r his right to the f France. 6. It lould possess the ether with Fenis- ; which increase out of the spoils had that barrier granted them, which they so long sought after ; and if the crown of France was deprived of some dominions to enrich the duke of Savoy, on the other hand the house of Austria was taxed to supply the wants of the Hollanders, who were put in possession of the strongest towns in Flanders. 7. With regard to England, its glory and its interests were secured. The fortifications of Dunkirk, a harbour that might be dangerous to their trade in time of war, were ordered to be demolished, and its port destroyed. Spain gave up all right to Gibraltar and the island of Minorca. Prance resigned her pretensions to Hudson's Bay, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland ; but they were left in possession of Cape Breton, and the liberty of drying their fish upon the shore. 8. Among these articles, glorious to the English nation, their setting free the French protestants confined in the prisons and galleys for their religion, was not the least meritorious. For the emperor, it was stipulated, that be should possess the kingdom of Naples, the dutchy of Milan, and the Netherlands. The king of Prussia was to have Upper Guelder ; and a time was fixed for the emperor's acceding to these articles, as he had for some time obsti- nately refused to assist at the negotiation. 9. Thus Europe seemed to be formed into one great republic, Uie different members of which were cantoned out to different governors, and the ambition of any one state amenable to the tribunal of all. Thus it appears that the English ministry did justice to all the world ; but their country denied that jus- tice to them. 10. But while the whigs were attacking the tory minis- ters from without, these were in much greater danger from their owa internal dissensions. Lord Oxford and lord Bo- lingbroke, though they had started with the same principles and designs, yet, having vanquished other opposers, now began to turn their strength against each other. Both began to form separate interests, and to adopt different principles. Oxford's plan was the more moderate ; Bolingbroke's the more vigorous, but the more secure. II. Oxford, it was thought, was en'irely for the Hanoverian succession ; Bo- lingbroke had some hopes of bringing in the pretender. But though they hated each other most sincerely, yet they were for a while kept together for the good offices of their friends and adherents, who had the melancholy prospect of seeing the citadel of their hopes, while openly besieged from without, secretly undermined withio.. II .UiiMUMitW lli J ' 396 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 12. This was a mortifying prospect for the tories ; but it was more particularly displeasing to the queen, who daily saw her favourite minister declining, while her own health kept pace with their contentions. Her constitution was now quite broken. One fit of sickness succeeded another ; and what completed the ruin of her health was the anxiety of her mind. These dissensions had such an eflect upon her spirits and constitution, that she declared she could not outlive it, and immediately sunk into a state of lethargic in- sensibility. 13. Notwithstanding all the medicines which the physicians could prescribe, the distemper gained ground 80 fast, that the day afterwards they despaired of her life, and the privy council were assembled on the occasion. All the members, without distinction, being summoned from the different parts of the kingdom, began to provide for the security of the constitution. 14. They sent a letter to the elector of Hanover, informing him of the queen's desperate situation, and desiring him to repair to Holland, where he would be attended by a British squadron to con- vey him to England. At the same time they despatched instructions to the earl of Strafford, at the Hague, to desire the states-general to be ready to perform the guarantee of the protestant succession. 15. Precautions were taken to secure the sea-ports ; and the command of the fleet was bestowed upon the earl of Berkeley, a professed whig. These measures, which were all dictated by that party, answered a double end. It argued their own alacrity in the cause of their new sovereign, and seemed to imply a danger to the state from the disaffection of the opposite interest. 16. On the thirtieth of July, the queen seemed some- what relieved by medicines, rose from her bed about eight o'clock, and walked a little. After some time, casting her eyes on a clock that stood in her chamber, she continued to gaze on it for some minutes. One of the ladies in waiting aaked her what she saw thero more than usual, to which the queen only answered by turning her eyes upon her with a dying look. 17. She was soon after seized with a fit of apoplexy. She continued all night in a state of stu- pefaction, and expired the next morning, in the forty-ninth year qf her age. She reigned mora than twelve years over a people that was now risen to the highest pitch of refine- ment; that had attained by their wisdom all the advantages of opulence, and, by their valour, all the happiness of se- curity and conquest. GEORGE I. 287 for the tories; but le queen, who daily ile her own health ir constitution was lucceeded another ; [th was the anxiety uch an effect upon ared she could not tate of lethargic in- le medicines which nper gained ground spaired of her life, 1 the occasion. 1, being summoned I, began to provide They sent a letter lim of the queen's repair to Holland, ih squadron to con- te they despatched ie Hague, to desire n the guarantee of lions were taken to d of the fleet was a professed whig, ited by that party, own alacrity in the i to imply a danger tpposite interest, leen seemed some- ler bed about eight le time, casting her it, she continued to le ladies in waiting lan usnal, to which her eyes upon her after seized with a it in a state of stu- I, in the forty-ninth n twelve years over test pitch of refine- n all the advantages le happiness of se- Quettimtfor Examinalton. '**^ "' 1, 2. What circumitancM preceded the treaty with FVance? 3, 4. After ila coiicluaion, in witat manner waa it received t 5. What was the first stipulation ? 6. What the next? 7. liow did the treaty regard England f 8. Whiith article ufthe treaty was ineritoriuua to the English natiunf What were the stipulations regarding the emperor and the king of Prussia ? 9. What appearance did Europe now exhibit ? 10. What dissension took place between Oiibrd and Bulingbioke T 11. What was thought to be their different views? 13. What effect haa this disunion on the queen ? 13—15. When the queen's Me was despaired oC what nwMurea were taken f IC. What immediately preceded the queen's death ? 17. How long did she reign 7 What was the situation of England at her death f CONTEMPORARY SOVEREIGNS. Pope. A.n. Clement XI 1700 Emptrori of Gemany. Leopold 1658 Joseph 1 1705 ChariesVI 1711 Emperor of the Turk*. Mustapha II 1695 Pedro fl, A.D. Achmetlll 1703 King of Fraafiet. LoniiXIV. 1643 King of Spain. Philip V 1700 Kingt of PartugaL ' '• ,...71683 A.D. John V. 1707 King of Denmark FiedeiMklV 16e» King of Sweden, ■Itfl... Charles 1697 King of Pruseia. rick I. .. Frederic! 1701 EMINENT PERSONS. Churchill, duke of Marlborough ; lord Bolingbroke ; sir William Temple ; Boyle, earl of Orrery; Swift; Sidney, earl ofGodolphin; Harley, earl of Oxford ; Mordaunt, earl of Peterborough ; Howard, earl of Suffolk ; D. Finch, earl of Nottingham ; G. Grenville, lord Lansdowne; Philip, duke of Wharton; R. lord Raymond; lord-chancellor King; T. lord Paget; Sarah, dutchesB of Marlborough. CHAPTER XXXIV. OEOROE I. Born UMO. IKed June II. 1737. Began to reign August 1. mi. Reigned IS} years. SECTION I. i. (A.D. 1714.) Pursuant to the act of succession, Oeorge the First, son of Ernest Augustus, first elector of Brunswick, and the princess Sophia, grand-daughter to MK HISTORY or BNOL4ND. James the First, ascended the British throne. His mature age, he being now fifty-four years old, his sagacity and experience, his numerous alliances, and the general tran- quillity of Europe, all contributed to establish his interests, and to promise him a peaceable and happy reign. 2. His abilities, though not shining, were solid ; he was of a very different disposition from the Stuart family whom he suc- ceeded. These were known, to a proverb, for leaving their friends in extremity. George, on the contrary, soon after bis arrival in England, was heard to say, " Mv maxim is, never to abandon my friends, to do justice to all the world, and to fear no man." 3. To these qualifications of resolution and perseverance he joined great application to business. However, one fault with respect to England remained behind ; he studied the interest of those subjects he had left more than those he came to govern. 4. The queen had no sooner resigned her brf^ath, than the privy-council met, and three instruments were produced, by which the elector appointed several of his known adhe- rents to be added as lords-justices to seven great officers of the kingdom. Orders also were immediately issued out for proclaiming George, king of England, Scotland, and Ireland. The regency appointed the earl of Dorset to carry him Uie intimation of his accession to the crown, and to attend him on his journey to England. They sent the general officers, in whom they could confide, to their posts ; they reinforced the garrison of Portsmouth, and appointed the celebrated Mr. Addison secretary of state. 5. To mortify the late ministry the more, lord Bolingbroke was obliged to wait every morning in the passage among tlie servants with his bag of papers, where Uiere were persons purposely placed to insult and deride him. No tumult appeared, no commo- tion arose against the accession of the new king, and this gave a strong proof that no rational measures were even taken to obstruct his exaltation. 6. When he first landed at Greenwich, he was received by the duke of Northumberland, captain of the life-guard, and the lords of the regency. When he retired to his bed- chamber, he sent for such of the nobility as had distin- guished themselves by their zeal for his succession. But the duke of Ormond, Uie lord-chancellor, and the lord-trea- surer, found themselves excluded. 7. The king of a faction is but the sovereign of half his 8 n 8 n b '1 tl ii tl n w h: 8( ai Pl di el to w w w m ^ ki b( til CO to Pi th m re "g tei re pe wi th ap Dne. His mature his sagacity and the seneral tran- ilish Lis interests, >y reign. . 2, His he was of a very ly whom he sue- ), for leaving their tntrary, soon after , " My maxim is, B to all the world, I and perseverance lowever, one fault d ; he studied the ore than those he her breath, than Its were produced, ' his known adhe- m great officers of itely issued out for tland, and Ireland, t to carry him the and to attend him he general officers, to ; they reinforced ted the celebrated > mortify the late u obliged to wait B servants with his B purposely placed peared, no commo- lew king, and this easures were even h, he was received of the life-guard, I retired to his bed- lity as had distin- s succession. But , and the lord>trea- vereign of half his OBOROE I. 980 subjects. Of this, however, the new-elected monarch did not seem to be sensible. It was his misfortune, and con- sequently that of the nation, that he was hemmed round by men who soured him with their own interests. None now but the leaders of a party were admitted into employment. The whigs, while they pretended to secure the crown for their king, were, with all possible arts, confirming their own interests, extending their connexions, and giving, laws to the sovereign. 8. An instantaneous and total change was made in all the offices of trust, honour, and advantage. The whigs governed the senate and the court, whom they would have oppressed ; bound the lower orders of people with severe laws, and kept them at a distance by vile distinctions ; and taught (hem to call this — liberty ! 9. These partialities soon raised discontents among the peo- ple, and the king's attachment considerably increased the discontents throughout the kingdom. The clamour of the church's being in danger was revived. Birmingham, Bris- tol, Norwich, and Reading, still remembered the spirit with which they had declared for Sacheverel ; and now Uie cry was, " Down with the whigs, and Sacheverel for ever !" 10. Upon the first meeting of the new parliament, in which the whigs, with the king at their head, were predo- minant, nothing was expected but the most violent measures against the late ministry, nor were the expectations of man- kind disappointed. (A.D. 1714.) 11. The lords professed their hopes that the king would be able to recover the reputation of the kingdom on the con- tinent, the loss of which they affected to deplore. The commons went much further ; they declared their resolution to trace out those measures by which the country was de- pressed; they resolved to seek after diose abettors on whom the pretender seemed to ground his hopes ; and they deter- mined to bring such to condigc punishment. 12. It was the artifice, during this and the succeeding reign, to stigmatize all those who testified Uieir discontent against government as papists and Jacobites. All who at- tempted to speak against the violence of their measures were reproached as designing to bring in the pretender ; and most people were consequently afraid to murmur, since discontent was so near akin to treason. The people, therefore, beheld the violence of their conduct in silent fright, internally dis- approving, yet not daring to avow their detestation. 13. A committee was appointed, consistiog. of twenty 300 HISTORY OF BNOLANO. persons, to inspect all the papers relative to the late negoti- ation for peace ; and to pick out such of them as might serve as subjects of accusation against the late ministry. After some time spent in this disquisition, Mr. Walpole, as chair- man of the committee, declared to the house that a report was drawn up ; and in the mean time moved that a warrant might be issued for apprehending Mr. Matthew Prior and Mr. Thomas Harley, who, being in the house, were imme- diately taken into custody. 14. He then impeached lord Bolingbroke of high-treason. This struck some of the members with amazement : but they were still more asto- nished, when lord Coningsby, rising up, was heard to say, •• The worthy chairman has impeached the hand, but I im- peach the head ; he has impeached the scholar, and I the master ; I impeach Robert earl of Oxford and the earl of Mortimer of high-treason, and other crimes and misdemea- nours. Quationi for Examination. 1. ITnder what circuimtancM did George I. Mcend the thnme 1 i. What were his abilitiea and diapoaition ? What wai hi* maxim 1 a What ftttlt haa been attributed to him t 4. What waathe fintactof the privy council? 5. In what manner waa Bolingbroke treated t 6. By whom wai the king received on hia landmg ? 7. By whom waa the kin^ adviaed, and what wm the reault t 8, 9. What did theae partialitiei produceT 10, 1 1. In what manner did the new parliament act? It. What did their proceeding* produce t 13, 14. For what purpoM waa a oommittee appointed ? SECTION II. 1. (A.D. 1714.) Whcn lord Oxford appftared in the house of lords the day following, he was avoided by the peers as infectious ; and he had now an opportunity of discovering the baseness of mankind. When the articles were read against him in the house of commons, a warm debate arose upon 4hat in which he was charged with having advised the French king of the manner of gaining Tonmay from the Dutch. 2. Mr. Walpole alleged that it waa treason. Sir Joseph Jekyl, a known whig, said that he could never be of opinion that it amounted to treason. It was his principle. mn Ill ivKaMwm wmt mf m ■ OKOROK I. 801 to the late negoti- hem as might serve te miniatry. After Walpole, as chair- house that a report oved that a warrant Matthew Prior and house, were imme- en impeached lord itruck some of the !re still more asto- , was heard to say, the hand, but I im- i scholar, and I the rd and the earl of nea and misdemea- m. I thelhranef the rwult t ;t ppeared in the house ided by the peers as inity of discovering ) articles were read i warm debate arose 1 hairing adrised the > Tonmay firom the it was treason. Sir • he could never be It WIS his principle. he said, to do justice to all men, from the highest to the lowest. He hoped he might pretend to some knowledge of the law, and would not scruple to declare, upon this part of the question, in favour of the criminal. 3. To this Wal- pole answered, with great warmth, that there were several persons, both in and out of the committee, who did not in the least yield to that member in point of honesty, and ex- ceeded him in the knowledge of the laws, and yet were satisfied that the charge in that article amounted to high- treason. 4. This point being decided against the earl, and the other articles proved by the house, the lord Coningsby, attended by the whig members, impeached him soon after at the bar of the house of lords ; demanding, at the same time, that he might lose his seat, and be committed to cus- tody. When this point came to be debated in the house of lords, a violent altercation ensued. Those who still adhered to the deposed minister, maintained the injustice and danger of such proceedings. 6. At last the earl himself rose up, and with great tranquillity observed, that, for his own part, he always acted by the immediate directions and command of the queen, his mistress : he bad never offended against any known law, and was unconcerned for the life of an in- significant old miin. Next day he was brought to the bar, where he received a copy of his indictment, and waa allow- ed a month to prepare his answer. Though Dr. Mead de- clared, that if the earl should be sent to the Tower his life would be in danger, it was carried in the house that he should be committed. 6. At the same time the duke of Ormond and lord Boling- broke, having omitted to surrender themselves (for they had actually fled to the continent) within a limited time, it was ordered that the earl-marshal should rase out their names and arms from among the list of peers ; and inrentories were taken of their estates and possessions, which were declared forfeited to the crown. 7. Lord Oxford being confined in the Tower, he continued there for two years, during which time the nation was in a continual ferment, from an actual rebellion that was carried on unsuccessfully. After the execution of some lords, who were taken in arms, the nation seemed glutted with blood, and that was the time that lord Oxford petitioned to be brought to trial. 8. He knew that the fury of the nation was spent on objects that were really culpable, and expected that his case would look like innocence itsel'' compared to C3 IIIBTORV or BNOLANO. theirs. A day, therefore, at his own request, was assigned him, and the commons were ordered to prepare Tor their charge. At the appointed time the peers repaired to the court in Westminster-hall, where lord Cowper presided as lord high steward. 0. But a dispute arising between the lords and commons, concerning the mode of his trial, the lords voted that the prisoner should be sot at liberty. To this dispute he probably owed the security of his title and fortune ; for, as to the articles importing him guilty of high- treason, they were at once malignant and frivolous, so that his life was in no manner of danger. 10. In the moan time these vindictive proceedings excited the indignation of the people, who perceived that the ave- nues to royal favour wore closed against all but a faction. The flames of rebellion were actually kindled in Scotland. The earl of Mar, assembling three hundred of his own vas- sals in the Highland^, proclaimed the pretender at Castle- down, and set up his standard at a place called Braemaer, assuming the title of lieutenant-general of his majesty's forces. 11. To second these attempts, two vessels arrived in Scotland from France, with arms, ammunition, and a number of officers, together with assurances to the earl, that the pretender himself would shortly come over to head his own forces. Th^ earl, in consequence of this promise, soon found himself at the head of ten thousand men, well armed and provided. 12. The Juke of Argyle, apprized of his in- tentions, and at any rate willing to prove his attachment to the present government, resolved to give him battle in the neighbourhood of Oumblain, though his forces did not amount to half the number of the enemy. After an engagement, which continued several hours, in the evening both sides drew oflT, and both sides claimed tlie victory. 13. Though the possession of the field was kept by neither, yet certainly all the honour and all the advantages of the day belonged to the duke of Argyle. It was sufiicient for him to have inter- rupted the progress of the enemy ; for, in their circumstances, delay was defeat. The earl of Mar soon found his disap- pointment and losses increase. The castle of Inverness, of which he was in possession, was delivered up to the king by lord Lovat, who had hitherto professed to act in the in- terest of the pretender. 14. The marquis of TuUibardine forsook the earl, in order to defend his own part of the coun- try ;. and many of the clans, seeing no likelihood of coming soon to a second engagement, returned quietly home : for OKOROB I. 803 ueat, waa Miij^ed prepare for their rs repaired to the owper presided aa iainff between the le of hia trial, the ict at liberty. To (y of hia title and nm guilty of hivh- 1 fhvolouB, ao that roceedinga excited ived that the ave- all but a faction, died in Scotland, d of hia own via- etender at Caatle- called Braemaer, of hia majeaty'a ro veaaela arrived nmunition, and a 38 to the earl, that I over to head hia ihia promiae, aoon men, well armed ipprized of hia in* hia attachment to him battle in the sea did not amount - an engagement, ening both aidea ry. 13. Though her, yet certainly e day belonged to liim to have inter* sir circumatancea, found hia diaap- ) of Inyerneaa, of d up to the king 1 to act in the in* I of TuUibardine part of the coun* iihood of coming lietly home : for an irregular army ia much easier led to battle than induced to bear the fatiguea of a campaign. IS. In the mean time the rebellion waa much more un* Bucceaafully nroaecuted in England. From the time the pretender had undertaken thia wild project at Paris, in which the duke of Ormond and lord Bolingbroke were engaged, lord Stair, the Engliah ambaaaador there, had penetrated all hia deaigna, and sent faithful accounts of all his measures, and all hia adherenta, to the miniatry at home. Upon the firat rumour, therefore, of an inaurrection, thev impriaoned several lords and gentlemen, of whom they had a suspicion. 16. The earla of Home, Wintown, Kinnoul, and othera, were committed to the caatle of Edinburgh. The king ob- tained leave from the lower houae to seize sir William Wyndham, sir John Packington, Harvey Combe, and others. The lords Lansdowne and Duplin were taken into custody. Sir William Wyndham's father-in-law, the duke of Somer- set, offered to become bound for hia appearance, but hia aurety was refused. QuetNotu for Examination, I. What WM the conduct of the peen towardi lord Oxibid f 3. In what way waa he defended liv lir John Jekyl f a What waa the anawer of Walpofe f 4. Who impenched the earl ofOxford before the lorda 1 ft. What anawer did hii lonlthip make to the charge f 6. What proceedings were taken agaiiiit Ormond and Bolingbroke f 7. In what atate waa the nation at thii time t a Under what circiunstancea did Oxford renueat hia trial t ft What occaafamed hia bein(| set at liberty f 10. What excited the indignation of the people T 11—14. Relate the particulara of the rebellion of Scotland. 1ft. Who, penetrating into the wild prqject of the pretender, aent accounts of all Ilia raeaaurea ? 16. Who were impriaoned in oonaequeiice I SECTION III. 1. (A.D, 1716.) Att theae precautiona were not iible to atop the insurrection in thto western counties, where it waa already begun. However, all their preparationa were weak and ill-conducted, every measure waa betrayed to government aa soon aa projected, and many revolta auppreased in the very outaet. 2. The univeraity of Oxford was treated with great aeverity on thia occaaion. Major-general Pepper, with iii niwamiv*^ HISTORT or INOLAND. ■ itrong detachment of dragoon*, look poiieieion of the city ■t daybreak, declaring that he would initantly ahoot any of the atudenta who ahould preaume to appear without the limita of their reapective collegea. The inaurrectiona in ttie northern eountiea came to greater maturity, a. In the month of Uc< tober, 1715, the earl of Derwnntwatcr, and Mr. Forater,took the field with a large body of hone, and being joined by some gentlemen from the bordera of ScoUand, proclaimed the pretender. Their firat attempt waa ta aeize upon New- eaatle, in which they hod many frienda, but they found the Gtea abut againat them, and were obliged to retire to Hex- m. 4. 'Fo oppoae theae, general Carpenter waa detached by goremment with a body of nine hundred men, and an engagement waa hourly expected. The rebela had pro- ceeded by the way of Kendal and Lancaater to Preaton, of which place they took poaaeaaion without any reaiatance. But thia waa the laat atage of their ill-adviaed incuraion ; for feneral WiUa, at the head of aeven thouaand men, came up to the town to attack them, and from hia activity there waa no eacaping. S, They now, therefore, began to raise barri- eadoa, and to place the town in a posture of defence, repuls- ing the first attack of the royal army with success. Next day, however, Willa was reinforced by Carpenter, and the town was invested on all sides. In this deplorable situation, to which they were reduced by their own raahness, Forater hoped to capitulate with the general, and accordingly sent oolonel Oxburgh, who had been taken prisoner, with a trumpeter, to propose a capitulation. 0. This, however, Wills refused, idleging that he would not treat with rebels, uid that the only favour they had to expect was to be spared from immediate alaughter. These were hard terms, yet no better could be obtained. They accordingly laid down their urms, and were put under a strong guard ; all the noblemen and leaders were secured, and a few of the ofiicers tried for deserting from the royal army, and shot by order of a court- martial. The common men were imprisoned at Chester and Liverpool ; the noblemen and considerable officera were •ent to London, and led through the streeta, pinioned and bound together, to intimidate their party. 7. I'he pretender might, by this time, have been een- Tinced of the vanity of his expectations, in supposing that the whole eountry would rise up in his cause. His affairs were actually deaperato ; yet, with his usual infatuation, he resolved to hazard hie person among his friends in Scodandi UKOHUE I. :)Oft leition of the city ntly ■hoot any of without the limila ma in the northern the month of Uc- Mr. Foriter, took beinff joined by itland, proclaimed aeiie upon New- it they found the to retire to Hex- nter was detached red men, and an B rebela had pro- ler to Preaton, of It any reaiatance. led incuraion ; for ltd men, came up activity there waa f^an to raise barri- }f defence, repula- aucceaa. Next arpenter, and the plorable aituation, raahneaa, Forater accordingly sent priaoner, with a L Thia, however, treat with rebela, ; WHS to be apared ard terma, yet no ly laid down their all the noblemen i officers tried for order of a court- loned at Cheater able officera were Bta, pinioned and have been eon- in auppoaing that luae. His uSaira al infatuation, he enda in Scotlaivli nt a time wiien such a miianiire wuh (no lute for aucceaa. 8. Pa«**iing, therrfor through FriHicp in diiif{iiiae, and embark- ing II smtiii veMKL'l a( Dunkirk, lip arrived, after a paaiage of a few (liiyit, on tlic roost u( Scotland, with only six ifcn- tlemen in hia Iriiiii. Ho paaaed unkiiiiwn through Aberdeen to Feteroaae, wlicro he waa met by the ent\ of MaV, and about thirtv noblemen and gentlemen of the first quality. 9. There he waa aolcmnly proclaimed. Hia declarat.'lin, dated at Commercy, waa printed and diaprraed. He went from thence to Dundee, where he uiade a public entry, and in two daya more he arrived at Scoon, where he intended to have the ceremony of the coronation performed. He order- ed thankagivings to be made for hia aafe arrival ; he enjoined the miniatora to pray for him in their churchea ; andi with- out the ainallcst ahare of power, went through the ceremo- niea of royalty, which threw an air of ridicule on all hia conduct. 10. Ilaving thus apent aome time in unimportant [)arade, he resolved to abandon the enterprise with the aame evily witli which it waa undertaken. Having made a apeech to hia grand council, he informed them of hia want of money, arma, and ammunition, fur undertaking a campaign, and therefore deplored that he waa compelled to leave them. He once more embarked on board a small French ship that lay in the harbour of Montroae, accompanied by aeveral lords, hia adherenU, and in five daya arrived at Gravelin. 11. In this manner ended a rebellion, which nothing but imbecility coald project, and nothing but rashneaa could aupport. But though the enemy waa no more, the fury of the victora did not seem in the least to abate with aucceaa. The law waa now put in force with all its terrors ; and the prisons of London were crowded with thoae deluded wretchea, whom the miniatry acemed reaolved not to pardon. 12. The commons, in their address to the crown, declared they would prosecute in the most rigorous manner the authora of the late rebellion. In consequence of which the earls of Derwentwater, Nithisdale, Carnwath, and Wintown, tljo lorda Widrington, Kenmuir, and Nairne, were impeached, and, upon pleading guilty, all but lord Wintown received sentence of death. No entreatiea could soften the miniatry to spare these unhappy men. The countess of Derwent- water, with her aiater and several other ladies of the first dis- tinction, being introduced into the presence of th3 king, be- Houghl his clemency for her husband, but without effect. 13. Orders were despatched for executing the lords Der- 2o 2 y ■ ■ i|W »W JMU W W i| » i W W tf l»PWP"WPWflWl i »i ; gW WW i' l < ) ' '..J'J!»''- j li^BgHW^ " ' ■■ 806 HI8T0RV OF ENGLAND CmmlHi or DMimtintCT M«f«^'.at hr hm knbud. wentwater, Nithisdale, and Kenmuir immediately ; the rest were respited to a farther time. Nithisdale, however, had the good fortune to escape in women's clothes, which were brought to him by his mother, the night before he was to have been executed. Derwentwater and Kenmuir were brought to the scaffold on Tower-hill at the time appointed. Both underwent their sentence with calm intrepidity, pitied by all, and seemingly less moved ihemselves than those who beheld them. 14. In the beginning of April, commissioners for trying the rebels met in the court of common pleas, when bills were found against Mr. Forster, Mr. Mackitosnh, and twenty of their confederates. 16. Forster escaped from Newgate, and reached the con- tinent in safety ; the rest pleaded not guilty. Pitts, the keeper of Newgate, being suspected of having connived at Fors^r's escape, was tried for his life, but acquitted. Yet, notwithstanding this. Mackintosh and several other prisoners broke from Newgate, after having mastered the keeper and turnkey, and disarmed the sentinel. 16. The court pro- ceeded to the trial of those that remained : four or five were hanged, drawn, and quartered at Tyburn ; two-and-twenty were executed at Preston and Manchester ; and about a thousand prisoners experienced the king's mercy, if such it might be called, to be transported to North America. n. A rupture with Spain^ which ensued some time after er, I luu.^i^jvu pftumigi^ff' mediately ; the rest idale, however, had lothes, which were it before he was to ind Kenmuir were the time appointed. J intrepidity, pitied Ives than those who issioners for trying I pleas, when bills kitosnh, and twenty id reached the con- guilty. Pitts, the having connived at ut acquitted. Yet, eral other prisoners red the keeper and 6. The court pro- 1 : four or five were n ; two-and-twenty ster ; and about a 's mercy, if such it th America, ed some time aflter, OEOROE I. 807 served once more to raise the declining expectations of the pretender and his adherents. It was hoped that, by the assistance of cardinal Alberoni, the Spanish minister, a new insurrection might be carried on in England. The duke of Ormond was the person fixed upon to conduct this expedi- tion ; and he obtained from the Spanish court a fleet of ten ships of war and traosporto, having on board six thousand regular troops, with arms for twelve thousand more. 18. But fortune was still as unfavourable as ever. Having set sail, and proceeded as far as Cape Finisterre, he was encoun- tered by a violent storm, which disabled his fieet, and frus- trated the expedition. This misfortune, together with the bad success of the Spanish arms in Sicily, and other parts of Europe, induced Philip to wish for peace ; and he at last consented to sign the quadruple alliance. This was at that time thought an immense acquisition, but England, though she procured the ratification, had no share in the advantage of the treaty. Questions for Examination. 1. or what nature was the iiwurrectinn in the western cnuntiee 7 2. In what maiu)er wAi the univenuty o{ Oxford treated { 3. By whom waa the pretender tint proclaimed f 4. Relate the manner m which they were oppoied. 6, 6. What was the result of the siege of Preston f 8, 9. What was the next proceeding of the pretender 1 10. What was his conduct on abandoning this enterprise 1 11. What was the conduct of the victors } 12. What was the declaration of the commons ? and what was the coom- anence T 13. Whatordeis were now despatched f JJ~^Sl '*"'••" *• Particulars which regarded the other rebels. :Z' ?!?" rupture raised the declining hopes of the nielender ? la What was the result? SECTION IV. I. (A.D. 1721.) It was about this time that one John Law, a Scotchman, had cheated France by erecting a com- pany under the name of the Mississippi, which promised that deluded people great wealth, but which ended in involv- ing the French nation in great distress. It was now that the people of England were deceived by a project entirely similar, which ia remembered by Uie name of die South UI8T0RY OF ENGLAND. Sea Scheme, and which was felt long after by thousands. S. To explain this as concisely as possible, it is to be ob- served, that ever since the revolution under king William, the government, not having had sufficient supplies granted by parliament, or what was granted requiring time to be collected, they were obliged to borrow money from several different companies of merchants, and, among the rest, from that company which traded to the South Sea. The South Sea company having made up their debt to the government ten millions, instead of six hundred thousand pounds, which they usudly received as interest, were satisfied with five hundred thousand pounds. 8. It was in this situation of things that one Blount, who had been bred a scrivener, and was posseseed of all the canning and plausibility requisite for such an undertaking, proposed to the ministry, in the name of the South Sea company, to buy up all the debts of the different companies of merchants, and thus to become the sole creditor of the state. 4. The terms he offered to government were ex- tremely advantageous. The South Sea company was to redeem the de>>ts of the nation out of the hands of the private proprietors, who were creditors to the government, upon whatever terms they could M[ree on ; and for the interest of tliis money, which they had thus redeemed, and taken into their own hands, they would be contented to be allowed by government, for six years, five per cent ; then the interest should be reduced to four per cent. { and should at any time be redeemable by parliament. 6. But now came the part of the scheme big with fraud and ruin. As the directors of the South Sea company conld not of them- selves be supposed to possess money sufficient to buy up the debts of the nation, they were empowered to raise it by opening a subscription to a scheme for trading to the South Seas, from which commerce immense ideal advantages were promised by the canning directors, and still greater expected by the rapacious credulity of the people. All persons, therefore, who were creditors to the government, were invited to come in, and exchange their stocks for that of the South Sea company. 0. The directors' books were no sooner opened for the first subscription, than crowds came to make the exchange of their stock for South Sea stock. The delusion was art- fully continued and spread. Subscriptions in a very few days sold for double the price they had been bought at. OIOROK I. 809 Oter by thousands, ble, it is to be ob- ler king William, supplies granted airing time to be oney from several ong the rest, from ^a. The South to the government tnd pounds, which latisfied with five t one Blount, who isses&ed of all the h an midertaking, of the South Sea ifferent companies ole creditor of the emment were ex- i company was to the hands of the } the government, on ; and for the huB redeemed, and be contented to be e per cent. ; then cent. { and should >nt. B. But now ud and ruin. As !onld not of them- cient to buy up the red to raise it by ading to the South al advantages were 11 greater expected )le. All persons, government, were )cks for that of the ler opened for the nake the exchange 3 delusion was art- ons in a very few d been bought at. The scheme succeeded even beyond the projectors' hopes, and the whole nation was infected with a spirit of avaricious enterprise. The infatuation prevailed ; the stock increased to a surprising degree, and to nearly ten times the value of what it was subscribed for. 7. Afler a few months, however, the people awoke from their dreams of riches, and found that all the advantages they expected were merely imaginary, while thousands of families were involved in one common ruin. 8. The principal delinquents were punished by parlia- ment with a forfeiture of all such possessions and estates as they had acquired during the continuance of this popular phrensy, and some care also was taken to redress the suf- ferers. The discontents occasioned by these public calami- ties once more gave the disaffected party hopes of succeed- ing. Bat in all their councils they were weak, divided, and wavering. 9 The first person that was seized upon suspicion was Francis Atterbury, bishop of Rochester, a prelate long ob- noxious to the present government, and possessed of abilities to render him rormidame to any ministry he opposed. His papers were seized, and he himself confined to the Tower. Soon after the duke of Norfolk, the Earl of Orrery, the lord North and Grey, and some others of inferior rank, were ar- rested and imprisoned. Of all these, however, only Uie bishop, who was banished, and one Mr. Layer, who was hanged at Tyburn, felt the severity of government, the proofii against the rest amounting to no convictive evidence. 10. The commons about this time finding many abuses had crept into the court of chancery, which either impeded justice or rendered it venal, they resolved to impeach the chancellor, Thomas earl of Macclesfield, at the bar of the house of lords, for high crimes and misdemeanors. 11. This was one of the most laborious and best contested trials in the annals of England. The trial lasted twenty days. The earl proved, that the sums he had received for the sale of places in chancery had been usually received by former lord chancellors ; but reason told that such receipts were contrary to strict justice. Equity, therefore, prevailed above precedent ; the earl was convicted of fraudulent prac- tices, and condemned to a fine of thirty thousand pounds, with imprisonment till the sum should be paid, which was aceoidingly discharged about six weeks after. 13. In this manner, the corruption, venality, and avarice 810 HI8T0RV OF SNOtAND. of the times had increased with the riches and hixury of the nation. Commerce introduced fraud, and wealth introduced prodigality. , It must be owned that the parliament made some new efforts to check the progress of vice and immorality, which now began to be diffused through every rank of life. But they were supported neither by the co-operation of the ministry, nor the voice of the people. • .,,,,. 13. It was now two years since the king had visited his electoral dominions of Hanover. He, therefore, soon after the breaking up of the parliament, prepared for a journey thither. (A. D. 1727.) Having appointed a regency in his absence, he embarked for Holland, and lay upon his land- ing at a litUe town called Voet. Next day he proceeded on his journey, and in two days more, between ten and eleven at night, arrived at Delden, to all appearance in per- fect health. 14. He supped there very heartily, and conti- nued his progress early the next morning, but between eight and nine ordered his coach to stop. It being ^r- ceived that one of his hands lay motionless. Monsieur Fa- brice, who had formerly been servant to the king of Swe- den, and who now attended king George, attempted to quicken the circulation, by chasing it between his hands. 16. As this had no effect, the surgeon, who followed on horseback, was called, and he also rubbed it with spirits. Soon after the king's tongue began to swell, and he had just strength enough to bid them hasten to Osnaburgh. Then falling insensibly into Fabrice's arms, he never recovered, but expired about eleven o'clock the next morning, in the ■ixty-eighth year of his age, and the thirteenth of his reign. QuutUmsfor Examination. 1. What wu Oe ooaduct of the South Sea acheme t i Eiplain the nature of it .._, 3. Wnat pcopoaition waa made to the miniitiy T 4. What were the terms? .„,,..., ' ft. What part of the acheme waafuU of fraud and rum I 6. What auccew attended it? a How were the principal de inquenta puniahed T 9 What uenona were now aeized as obnoiionj to government I 10. Onwhatchar^ewaatheearlof IMaccleafieldnnpeachedt 11. Relate the particulara of his trial. II KX^^'S.e^'id'lir^.Sprer'.ovi^thi.elecU.r^^ IS: K.'rssz^d^'s;jT2s?7ii»';!:Swutw..hi.H.t Si ri P P si h r< m til 8( d< hi af it, ru and luxury of the wealth introduced , made some new immorality, which rank of life. But i-operation of the ng had visited his srefore, soon after ired for a journey ed a regency in his lay upon his land* day he proceeded , between ten and ippearance in per- keartily, and conti- ling, but between »p. It being per- ess, Monsieur Fa- the king of Swe- trge, attempted to etween his hands. who followed on ed it with spirits. 9II, and he had just Dsnaburgh. Then e never recovered, xt morning, in the teenth of his reign. t aint govemnent t peacheat ii electoral dominiom t iyfi^ -'-^ '~' OBOROE It. CONTEMPORARY SOVEREIGNa En^tM qf Ruuia 311 PopU. A.D. Clement XI 1700| ^d Innocent XIII 1721 Catherine 1 1786 Benedict XIII 1734 Emperor 0/ Germany. Charlee VI. ...... 1711 Emperor 0/ Ihe l^irkn. Achinetni 1703 Emperor 0/ Ruesia. Peler the Gnat, lint emperor. 1732 Kini;$ of France. Loui»X(V. 16-13 Louis XV 1716 King (f Spain. Philip V 1700 King of Portugal JohnV. 1707 EMINENT PERSONS. King of Denmark. Frederick IV 1699 King and Queen tf Sweden. Charlee Xn 1697 Utricia Leonora... 1718 King ofPruuia. Frederic n 1713 Sir William WuMlhain. Sir Robert Walpole. Wilham Pnltenev Fninri. tajhop^Atterbury. John, lord Hervey. Y„hn PerS^al. ilJ^f E^, CHAPTER XXXV. GEORGE n. Born 1683. Died Oetober ilS, 1780. Began to reicn June U ITW fieigned 33i yean. SECTION I. 1. (A.D. 1727.) Upon the death of George the First, his son George the Second came to the crown ; a man of infe- rior abilities to the late king, and strongly biased with a partiality to his dominions on the continent. The chief person, and he who shortly after engrossed the greatest share of power under him, was sir Robert Walpole, who had risen from low beginnings, through two successive reigns, into great estimation. 2. He was considered as a martyr to his cause in the reign of queen Anne ; and when the tory party could no longer oppress him, he still pre- served that hatred against them with which he set out. - To defend the declining prerogative of the crown might, per- haps, have been the first object of his attention ; but soon after, those very measures by which he pretended to secure It, proved the most effectual means to lessen it. By cor- rupting the house of commons, he increased their riches 812 HIiTORV OF «N01AND. and power ; and they were not averte to voting "way tho«. million, which he permitted them «o l'^™"y j^^i""' . 3. As Buch a tendency in him naturally produced oppoai- tion, he was possessed of a most phlegmauc msensibility to reproach, anfa calm dispassionate "y""""' f 'f .'"""i'^f ui^n such topics as he desired should be believed. His dKou«e wi fluent, but without dignity, and hi. 0.«.ner convincing, from it. apparent want of art. . „_ , ., 4. The Spaniard, were the fir.t nation who .howed the futility of the treatie. of the former reign to b>nd, when any advantage wa. to be produced by infraction. The people of our We.t India Wands bad long carried on an illici trade with the subjecto of Spain upon ^he continent, but whenever detected, were rigorously P'"»»»!'"*' """ *"' cargoes confi.cated to the crown. 6. In hi. tem^n^Ll adv^Tture, on the one hand, and the vigilance of punuit and punishment on the other, it must often have happened that the innocent must suffer ^'* *« . K".'!*);! f * ""?y complaint, were made, perhaps founded in J«f»<=«. t\» „5« English merchanta were plundered by the Spanish king, vessels upon the southern coaat of America, as if they had ^t. ^he English ministry, unwilling to credit every report which wa. inflamed by resentment, or urged by avance, Tx^cte^ to remedy the eviU complained of by their favourite aylitem of treaty, and in the mean time promised tlie nation ri»iress. At length, however, the complaints became more «neraU and th7merchant. remon.trated by petition to Ae Eouse of commons, who entered into a deliberation on the suliecu 7. They examined the evidence of Mveral who had be«n uniuatty .eized, and treated with great cmelty. One man, the master of a trading vessel, had been uwd by the Spaniard, in a most shocking manner ; he gave in hi. evidence wiOi great precision, informed the bou.e of ttie manner they had plundered and .tripped him, of their cut- ting off hi. ear., and their preparing to put him to death. " I then looked up," .aid he, " to my God for pardon, and to my country for revenge." 8. TheM accounto raised a flame among the people, which it wa. neither the minieter'. intere.t nor perhap.that of the nation to indulge ; new negotiation, were wt on foot, and new mediator, offered their interpoeition. A treaiy was signed at Vienna, between the emperor, the king ol Great Britain, and the king of Spain, which wttled the d i ! I OCOROC II. 818 voting away Uiote srally to share, y produced oppoai- latic inaensibuity to inner of reaaoning be believed. Hia ,y, and his manner rt. on who showed the 1 to bind, when any iction. The people larried on an illicit . the continent, but )unished, and their In thia temerity of vigilance of pursuit iften have happened le guilty, and many d in justice, that the r the Spanish king's erica, as if they had to credit every report >r urged by avarice, d of by their favourite B promised tlie nation nplaints became more >ted by petition to the ) a deliberation on the dence of several who d with great cruelty, lel, had been uaed b^ inner ; he gave in his ned the house of Ae ;>ed him, of their eut- to put him to death. f Qod for pardon, and e among the people, iterest nor perhaps that {otiations were set on nterposition. A treaty emperor, the king of ain, which setded the peace of Europe upon its former footing, and put off the threatening war for a time. 9. By this treaty the king of England conceived hopes that all war would be at an end. Don Carloa, upon the death of the duke of Parma, was, by the assistance of an English fleet, put in peaceable posses- sion of Parma and Placentia, while six thousand Spaniards were quietly admitted, and quartered in the dutchy of Tus- cany, to secure for him the reversion of that dukedom 10. An interval of peace succeeded, in which nothing remarkable happened, and scarcely any contest ensued, ex- cept in the British parliament, where the disputes between the court and country party were carried on with unceasing animosity. 11. (A.D. 1731.) A society of men, in this interested age of seemins benevolence, had united themselves into a company, by tfie name of the Charitable Corporation ; and their professed intention waa to lend money at legal interest to the poor, upon small pledges, and to peraons of higher rank upon proper security. Their capital was at first limited to thirty thousand pounds, but they afterwarda increased it to six hundred thousand. 12. This money was supplied by subscription, and the care of conducting the capital waa intrusted in a proper number of directors. This company having continued for more than twenty years, the casnier, George Robinson, member for Marlow, and the warehouse- keeper, John Thompson, disappeared in one day. Five hundred thousand pounds of capital was found to be sunk and embezzled by means which the proprietors could not discover. 13. They, therefore, in a petition, represented to the house the manner in which they had been defrauded, and the diatress to which many of the petitioners were re^ duced. A secret committee being appointed to examins into this grievance, a most iniquitous scene of fraud was discovered, which had been carried on by Robinson and Thompson, in concert with some of the directors, for em> beszling the capital, and cheating the proprietors. Many persons of rank and quality were concerned in thia infamous conapiraey ; and even some of the first characters in the nation did not escape censure. 14. A spirit of avarice and rapacity infected every rank of life about this time : no less than six members of parliament were expelled for the most sordid acts of knavery. Sir Robert Sutton, sir Archibald Grant, and George Robinson, for their frauds in the manage- ment of the Charitable Corporation scheme ; Dennis Bond 2D —-ryggj 814 HIBTORV OF SNOLAND. and Serjeant Birch, for a fraudulent iale of the late unfortu- nate earl of Derwentwater's large estate ; and, laatly, John Ward, of Hackney, for forgery. 16. Luxury had given birth to prodigality, and that was the parent of the meanest arts of peculation. It was asserted in the house of lords, at that time, that not one shilling of the forfeited estates was ever applied to the service of the public, but became the reward of fraud and venality. Quutiontfor Examination. 1. By whom w«i George the Fint luccecded ' . . . , Who engroiwd the greateet thare of power under him ' , 5. 3. What mewuree did Walpole punue ? what wm hw character T 4, 6. Under what circumitancei did the dispute with Spain origmate f 6. What waa the conduct of Uie Engliah miuiitry ' . . . ,. . 7. Relate the evidence of oiie who had been treated with great cruelty r>y the Spaniards, a What for a time prevented the threatening wart 10. In the interval of peace did any thing remarkable happen I 1 1 . What waa the origin of the Charitable CorporaUoo f IS. By whom waa it» capital embeuled f 13. What followed the detection of thii "oud t 14. What memben of parUament were expelled for the moat iioidul acta oi 15. What^wmarkable ai^rtion waa made in the house of tarda at this time ? SECTION II. I. (A. D. 1732.) A SCHEME, set on foot by sir Robert Walpole, soon after engrossed the attention of the public, which was to fix a general excise^ The mmister mtroduced it into the house, by going into detail of the frauds practised by the factors in London, who were employed by the Ame- rican planters in selling their tobacco. 2. To prevent these frauds, he proposed, that, instead of having the custom levied in the usual manner upon tobacco, all hereafter to be imported should be lodged in warehouses appointed for that purpose by the officers of the crown ; that it should from thence be ■old, upon paying the duty of fourpence a pound, when the proprietor found a purchaser. 3. This proposal raised a violent ferment, not less within doors than without. It was asserted that it would expose the factors to such hardships, that they would not be able to continue their trade, and that aiOROK II. 3)S e of the late unfortu- e ; and, laatly, John , Luxury had i;iven arent of the meanest 1 the house of lords, forfeited estates was iblic, but became the um. uder him f wai hit chsnctorT with Spain originate f K' . . Bted with great cruelty by art able happen T mtioot for the mott wldid acU of bouse of lorda at this time 1 n foot by sir Robert tention of the public, lie minister introduced of the frauds practised mployed by the Ame- 2. To prevent these ving the custom levied ereafter to be imported inted for that purpose should from thence be ce a pound, when the his proposal raised a than without. It was ora to such hardships, le their trade, and that such a scheme would not even prevent the frauds complained of. It was added, that a number of additional excisemen and wavehouse-lieepers would thus be employed, which would at once render the ministry formidable, and the people dependent. 4. Such were the arguments made use of to stir up the citizens to oppose this law : arguments rather specious than solid, since, with all its disadvantages, the tax upon tobacco would thus be more safely and expeditiously collected, and the avenues to numberless frauds would be shut up. The people, however, were raised into such a fer- ment, that the parliament-house was surrounded with mul- titudes, who intimidated the ministry, and compelled them to drop th.ken place, were now quite reversed. At that time Frtnoe And England were combined against Soma ; at present Frtt;i:;i and Spain were united against England ; such little hopes can statesmen place upon the firmest trea- ties, where there is no superior power to compel the observ- 11. (A. D. 1789.) A rupture between England and Sjpain being now become unavoidable, the people, who had long cUmoured for war, began to feel uncommon alacrity at lU approach ; and the ministry, finding it ineviUble, began to be as earnest in preparation. Orders were issued for aug- menting the land forces, and raising a body of marines. War was declared with proper solemnity, and soon alter two rich Spanish priaes were taken in the Mediterranean. 1». Admiral Vernon, a man of more courage than expe- rience, of more confidence than skUl, was sent as comman- der of a fleet into the West Indies, to distress the enemy in that part of the globe. He had asserted in the house of oommons, that Porto BeUo, a fort and harbour m South America, cculd be easily destroyed, and that he himselt would undertake to reduce it with six ships only. 18. A project which appeared so wild and impossible was ridiculed by the ministry ; but as he stiU insisted upon the proposal, they complied with his request, hoping that his want of suc- cess might repress the confidence of his party. In this, how- ever, they were disappointed; for with six ships only he attacked and demolished all the fortificationa of the place, and came away victorious with scarcely the loss of a man. This victory was magnified at home in all the atrains ot aSOROK II. 317 ', the houie of corn- produced, and their ofthehouie. 9. It Spain had agreed to 'ithheld, and no rea- , therefore, to gratify former defioienciea, nation in a condition were granted againit ■idea considered aa .both diligently aet land. 10. In thia ter at the Hague de- ' treaty to aaaiat the ich but twenty yeara e reversed. At that id againat Spain ; at 1 against England ; pon the firmest trea« 10 compel the observ* 1 England and Spain sople, who had long tmmon alacrity at its ineviuble, began to were iaaued for aug- a body of mahnea. inity, and aoon after (1 the Mediterranean. courage than expe- iraa sent aa cbmman- listresa the enemy in rted in the houae of ad harbour in South and that he himself t ships only. 18. A possible was ridiculed d upon the proposal, ; that his want of suc- 8 party. In this, how- ith six ships only he ications of the place, ily the loss of a man. I in all the struna of panegyric, and the triumph was far superior to the value of the conquest. 14. While vigorous preparations were making in other departments, a nquadron of ships was equipped fur distress- ing the enemy in the South Seas, the command of which wni given to commodore Anion. This fleet wan destined to sail through the Htrnits of Magellan, and, steering northwards along the coast of Chili and Peru, to co-operate occasionally with admiral Vernon across the isthmus of Darien. The delays and mistakes of the ministry frustrated that part of the scheme, which was originally well laid. 15. \Vhen it was too late in the season, the commodore set out with five ships of the line, a frigate, and two smaller ships, with about fourteen hundred men. Having reached the coast of BraxU, he refreshed his men for some time on the island of St. Catherine, a spot that enjoys all the fruitfulness and verdure of the luxurious tropical climate. From thence he steered downward into the cold and tempestuous regions of the south ; and in about five months after, meeting a terrible tempest, he doubled Cape Horn. 10. By this time his fleet was dis- persed, and his crew deplorably disabled with the scurvy ; so that with much difliculty he gained the delightful island of Juan Fernandez. There he was joined by one ship, and a vessel of seven guns. From thence advancing northward, he landed on the coast of Chili, and attacked the city of Paita by night. 17. In this bold attempt he made no use of his shipping, nor even disembarked all his men ; a few soldiers, favoured by darkness, sufficed to fill the whole town with terror and confusion. The governor of the gar- rison, and the inhabitants, fled on all sides ; accustomea to be severe, they expected severity. In the mean time a small body of the English kept possession of the town for three days, stripping it of treasures and merchandise to a considerable amount, and then setting it on fire. Que$tion$ for Examination. 1. Whaf wheme now engroned the public anention ? 8. How did ihe minister propoae to eiliNit it f 3. What were the argumenta med in oppoiition to this mesiure f 4. What WM their lucceai T 5. Fmm what cauie originated the dii|iute with Spain ? 6. What waa Ihe conduct of the Speniarda ? 7. What meaiiirea were taken by Ihe E^gliih merchants ? 8. What continned to be the conduct of the enemy 7 9. What induced the minister to gratify Ihe general ardour of Ihe nation f In wtwt maaner did die war commence f 2o2 SIS HtlTORT or INOLANO. la Undar wImI pNtmiM dkl I'rmc* laM R|aln f II. What WM Ih* fMling of Dm paopla at iha approach of iha war? IS. What did admiral Vamon aaart In iha huuM ui' cummona t IS. Ralaia Ika laeoaai orthii aipadilion. li— 17. DaMhha iha prooaadiiwi of Iha tquadron uudar ooouandora Aawi., ftom iu Mllinf to iha lakuig of Paiui. ' SECTION III. 1. (A.D. 1740.) Soon iiAer, thi* imall tquadron advanced M far aa Panama, situated on the iathmua of Darien, on the weatem aide of the great American continent. The com- modore now placed all hia hopea in taking one of thoae valuable Spanish ahips which trade from the Philippine ialanda to Mexico. Not above one or two at the moat of theae immensely rich ahipa went from one continent to the other in a year ; they were, therefore, very large, in order to carry a auffioiency of treasure, and proportionably strong to defend it. 2. In hopea of meeting with one of these, the commodore, with his little fleet, traversed the Pacific Ocean ; but the scurvy once more visiting his crew, several of his men died, and almost all were disabled. In this exigence, having brought all his men into one vessel, and set fire to another, he steered for the island of Tinian, which lies aboat halfway between the new world and the old. ' 8. In this charming abode he continued for some time, till his men recovered their health, and his ship was refitted for •ailing. Thus refitted, he set forward for China, where he laid in proper stores for once more traversing back that immense ocean, in which he had before suflTered sueh incredible dif- fiealtiea. 4. Having accordingly taken some Dutch and Indian sailors on board, he again steered towards America, and at length, after various toils, discovered the Spanish gal- leon he had so long and ardently expected. This vessel was built as well for the purpose of war as for merchandise. It mounted sixty guns and five hundred men, while the crew of the commodore did not amount to half that number. 8. However, the victory was on Uie side of the English, and they returned home with their prize, which was esti- mated at three hundred and Uiirteen thousand pounds ster- ling, while this different captures that had been made before amoiuted to as much more. Thus, after a voyage of three 9, Mchorih* wart >( conunoria f uiidw oommndoN Amo 1 tquadron advanced ua of Darien, on the >ntinent. The coin- taking one of thoae rrom the Philippine r two at the moat of one continent to the very large, in order iroportionably atrong vith one of theae, the id the Pacific Ocean ; crew, aevera^ of hia 1. In thia exigence, eaael, and set fire to ' Tinian, which lies and the old. ' 8. In aome time, till hia ship waa refitted for ina, where he laid in : back that immenae aueh incredible dif- :en aome Dutch and ed towarda America, Bred the Spaniah gal- pected. Thia veasel r aa for merchandise. Ired men, while the t to half that number, aide of the English, rise, which waa eati- louaand pounda ater- lad been made before \n a Toyage of three OBOROK II. 810 yeara, conducted with aatonisliing perseverance and intre- pidity, the piit>lic sustained the loss of a noble Heet, but a few individuals became possf>ssed of immonje riches. 6. In tlie mean time iho English conducted other opera' tions against the enemy with amazing activity. VVhen Anson set out, it was with a design of acting a subordinate part to a formidable armament designed for the coast of New Mpain, consisting of twenty-nine ships of the line, and almost an equal number of frigates, fumithcd with all kinda of warlike storea, nearly fifteen thousand seamen, and aa many land-forcea. Never was a fleet more completely equipped, nor never had the nation more sanguine hopes of success. Lord Cathcart was appoialcd to command the land-forcea; but he dying on the pasaage, the command devolved upon general Wentworth, whoae abilities were supposed to be unequal to the trust reposed in him. 7. When the forces were landed at Carthagena, they erected a battery, with which they made a breach in the principal fort, while Vernon, who commanded the fleet, aent a number of ships into the harbour to divide the fire of the enemy, and to co-operate with the army on shore. 8. The breacii being deemed practicable, a body of troops were commanded to storm ; but the Spaniards deserted the forts, which, if possessed of courage, they might have de- fended with success. The troops, upon gaining this advan- tage, were advanced a good deal nearer the city , but there they met a much greater opposition than they had expected. 9. It was found, or at least asserted, that the fleet could not lie near enough to batter the to,ivn, and that nothing re- mained but to attempt one of the forts by scaling. The leaders of the fleet and the army began mutually to accuaa each other, eaoh asserting the probability of what the other denied. At length, Wentworth, atimulated by the admiral's reproach, resolved to try the dangerous experiment, and ordered that fort St. Lazare ahould be attempted by scalade. 10. Nothing could be more unfortunate than this undertak- ing ; the forces marching up to the attack, the guides were slain, and they mistook their way. Instead of attempting the weakest part of the fort, they advanced to where it was the strongest, and where they were exposed to the fire of the town. Colonel Grant, who commanded the grena- diers, was killed in the beginning. 11. Soon after it was found that their scaling ladders were too short ; the oflicers were perplexed for want of orders, and the troops stood ex- 11 320 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. posed to the whole fire of the enemy, without knowing how to proceed. After bearing a dreadful fire for some hmirs with great intrepidity, they at length retreated, leaving six hundred men dead on the spot. 12. The terrors of the climate soon began to be more dreadful than those of war ; the rainy season came on with such violence, that it was impossible for the troops to continue encamped ; and the mortality of the season now began to attack them in all its frightful varieties. To these calamities, sufficient to quell any enterprise, was added the dissension between the land and sea commanders, who blamed each other for every failure, and became frantic with mutual recrimination. They only, therefore, at last, could be brought to agree in one mortifying measure, which was to re-embark the troops, and withdraw them as quickly as possible from this scene of slaughter and contagion. 13. This fatal miscarriage, which tarnished the British glory, was no sooner known in England, than the kingdom was filled with murmurs and discontent. The loudest burst of indignation was directed at the minister; and they who once praised him for success he did not merit, condemned him now for a failure of which he was guiltless. 14. (A. D. 1741.) The minister, finding the indignation of the house of commons turned against him, tried every ^rt to break that confederacy, which he knew he had not strength to oppose. The resentment of the people had been raised against him to an extravagant height ; and their lead- ers taught them to expect very signal justice on their sup- posed oppressor. At length, finding his post untenable, he declared he would never sit more in that house ; the next day the king adjourned both houses of parliament for a few days, and in the interim sir Robert Walpole was created earl of Orford, and resigned all his employments. 15. But the pleasure of his defeat was but of short dura- tion ; it soon appeared that those who declared most loudly for the liberty of the people, had adopted new measured with their new employments. The new converts were branded as betrayers of the interests of their country ; but particularly the resentment of the people fell upon Pulteney, earl of Bath, who had long declaimed against that very conduct he now seemed earnest to pursue. 16. He had been the idol of the people, and considered as one of the most illustrious champions that had ever defended the cause of freedom; but rUlured, perhaps, with the hope of go- ■i-«*««***t*^a!^f^te*SwVettingen. but the most mor- f, it must be at the active, there was a for all was impos- i troops saved his rhich they should !r the command of arged the English 3d with intrepidity d to give way, and ith the loss of five ith vigour on every [land ; and Charles, OEOROK II. 323 the son of the old pretender, departed from Rome, in the disguise of a Spanish courier, for Paris, where he had an audience of the French king. 10. The family had long been the dupes of France ; but it was thought at present there were serious resolutions formed in their favour. The troops destined for the expedi- tion amounted to fifteen thousand men ; preparations were made for embarking them at Dunkirk, and some of the ports nearest to England, under the eye of the young pretender. 11. The duke de Roqnefeuille, with twenty ships of the line, was to see them safely landed in England ; and the fa- mous count Saxe was to command them when put on shore. But the whole project was disconcerted by the appearance of sir John Norris, who, v,ith a superior fleet, laade up to attack them. The French fleet was thus obliged to put back ; a very hard gale of wind damaged their transports beyond redress ; and the French, now frustrated in their scheme of a sudden descent, thought fit openly to declare war. 12. The French, th«>refore, entered upon the war with great alacrity. They besieged Fribourg, and in the begin- ning of the succeeding campaign invested the strong city of Toumay. Although the allies were inferior in number, and although commanded by the duke of Cumberland, yet they resolved, if possible, to save the city by hazarding a battle. They accordingly marched against the enemy, and took post in sight of the French, who were encamped on an eminence, ihe village of St. Antoine on the right, a wood on the left, and the town of Fontenoy before them. 13. This advan- tageous situation did not repress the ardour of the English, who began the attack at two o'clock in the morning, and, pressing forward, bore down all opposition. They were for nearly an hour victorious, and confident of success, while Saxe, a soldier of fortune, who commanded the French army, was at that time sick of the same disorder of which he after- wards died. However, he was carried about to all the posts in a litter, and assured his attendants that, notwithstanding all unfavourable appearances, the day was his own. 14. A column of the English, without any command, but by mere mechanical courage, had advanced upon the enemy's lines, which, opening, formed an avenue on each side to re- ceive them. It was then that the French artillery on the three sides began to play on this forlorn body, which, though they continura for a long time unshaken, were obliged at last to retreat. 824 HISTORY OP BNOLAND. 15. Thii waa one of the most bloody battles that had been fought in this age ; the allies left on the field nearly twelve thousand men, and the French bought their victory with nearly an equal number of slain. This blow, by which Tournay was taken by the French, gave them such a manifest superiority all the rest of the campaign, that they kept the fruits uf their victory during the whole continuance of the war. Questiotu for ExammatUm. 1. On the deatli of the emperor of Aoitria, what ww the cooduct of the French t % Deecribe the lituation of the emperor'i dnghter. 3. What cauie had Brilain to intermeddle in continental eehenea f 4, 5. With wbatittcceM wai Britain's interference attended t 6—8. Relate the circumttanoee which preceded and attended the battle of Dettingen. 9. What other pnjeet did the French eitdeavour to eflsct ? 10, II. What lucceai attended their meaaureat IS. What preceded the battle of Fontenojr f 13, 14. Relate the particulan of thia battle. 15. What loaa did each aide experience t SECTION V. 1. (A.D. 1745.) But though bad •neeeas attebuod the British arms by land and aea, yet these being distant evils, the English seemed only to complain from honourable mo- tives, and murmured at distresses of which they had bat a very remote prospect. A civil war was now going to be kindled in their own dominions, which mixed terrors with their complaints ; and which, while it increased their per^ plexities, only cemented their union. 2. It was at this period that the son of the old pretender resolved to make an efibrt for gaining the British crown. Charles Edward, Uie adventurer in question, had been bred in a luxurious court without partaking of its effeminacy. He was enterprising and ambitious ; but, either firom inex- perience or natural inability, utterly unequal to the bold un- dertaking. He was long flattered by the rash, the supersti- tious, and the needy : he was taught to believe that the kingdom was ripe for a revolt, and that it could no longer hear the immense load of taxes with which it was burdened. 8. Being now, therefore, furnished with some money, and iy battles that had >n the field nearly DUght their Tictory ken by the French, all the rest of the iheir Tictory during n. wu the conduct of iIm leiital ■ehamw t attended? Ad attended the battle of >efliM:t? lecesa attehaod the I being distant evils, rom honourable mo- hich they had but a IS now going to be mixed terrors with inereased their per^ of the old pretender r the British crown, 'stion, had been bred of its effeminaey. nt, eiAer from inex- equal to the bold an- te rash, the snpersti- to believe that the It it could no longer lich it was burdeiMd. th some money, and MflKyi OEOROE II. 83i with still larger promises from France, who fanned his am- bition, he embarked for Scotland on board a small frigate, accompanied by the marquis of TuUibardine, sir Thomas Sheridan, and a few other desperate adventurers. Thus, for the conquest of the whole British empire, he only brought with him seven officers, and arms for two thousand men. 4. The boldness of this enterprise astonished all Europe. It awakened the fears of the pusillanimous, the ardour of *la brave, and the pity of the wise. But by this time the young adventurer was arrived at Perth, where the unnecessary ce- remony was performed of proclaiming his father king of Great Britain. 5. From thence, descending with his forces from the mountains, they seemed to gather as they went for- ward ; and, advancing to Edinburgh, they entered that city without opposition. There again the pageantry of procla- mation was performed ; and there he promised to dissolve the union, which was considered as one of the grievances of the country. However, the castle of that city still held out, and he was unprovided with cannon to besiege it. 6. In the mean time, sir John Cope, who had pursued the rebels through the Highlands, but had declined meeting them in their descent, being now feinforced by two regi- ments of dragoons, resolved to march towards Edinburgh, and give the enemy battle. The young adventurer, whose forces were rather superior, though undisciplined, attacked him near Preston-pans, about twelve miles from the capital, and in a few minutes put him and his troops to flight. 7. This victory, by which the king lost five hundred men, gave the rebels great influence ; and had the pretender taken ad- vantag« of the general consternation, and marched directly for En^and, the consequence might have been fatal to free^ dom. But he was amused by the promise of soeoours which never came ; and thus induced to remain at Edinburgh, to enjoy the triumphs of an unimportant victory, and to be treated as a monarchi. 8. While Uie young |netender was thus trifling away his time at Edinburgh (for, m dangerous enterprises delay is but defeat), the ministry of Great Britain took every precaution to oppoee him with success. Six thousand Dnteh troops, that had eome over to the assistance ef the erown, were despatch- ed noitfiward, under the command of gennrk Wade. The duke of Cumberland soon after arrived from Flanders, and was Ml6wed by another detaehtaent of dragoons and in- fbntry, well dHciplined, and inured to action. Besides 3E ii M« HirroBV or bnoland. thesfl, voluntMra offend in erery part of the kingdom ; and every county exerted a vigorous spirit of indignation both agninst the ambitioUf the religion) and the allies of the young pretender. 9. However, he had been bred in a school that taught him maxims ve^ different from those that 'hen prevailed in England. Though he might have brought civil war, and all the calamities attending it with him, into the kingdom, he had been taught that uie assertion of bis right was a duty incumbent upon him, and the altering the constitution, and perhaps the nligion of his country, an object of laudable ambition. 10. l^us animated, he went forward with vi« gout ; and having, upon frequent consultations with his offi- cers, come to a resolution of makinff an irruption into Eng- land, he entered the country by the western border, and invested Carlisle, which surrendered in less than three days. He there found a considerable quantity of arms, and there too he caused his father to be pioclaimed king. 11. General Wade, being apprized of his progress, ad- vanced across the eounliy Irom the opposite shore ; but re- ceiving intelligence that the enemy was two di^s' march before him, he retired to his former station. The young pretender, thus unopposed, resolved to penetrate farther into the kingdom, having received assurances from France that a considerable body of troops would be landed on the south- em coasts, to make a diversion in his favour. 12. He was fltott^red also with the hopes of being joined by a eonsiderar Ue number of maleeontents as he passed forward, and that his army woidd increase on hi* march. Accordingly, leav- ing a small garrison in Carlisle, which he should rather have left defenceless, he advanced to Penrith, marching mi foot in a HigUaod dress, and continued his irruption till he cane to Manchester, where he established his head-quarters. 18. He was there joined by about two hundred English, who were formed into a regiment, under the command of co- lonel Townley. From thence he pursed his march to Derby, intendinc to go by the way of Chester into Walea, where ke hoped to Im joined by a great number of followers ; but the Cwtions among bis own chiefii prevented his proceeding to that part of the kin^m. IS. He was by this time advanced within a hundred miles of the capital, which was filled with perplexity and eunstarnation. Had he proceeded in his career with the* axpe^Ution which he had hitherto used, he might have made OSOROK It. 837 the kingdom ; an«l )f indignation both I aUiea of tlie young lool that taught him 1 'hen prevailed in ht civil war, and all the kingdom, he ia right waa a duty be conatitution, and object of laudable it forward with vi« lationa with hie offi- irmption into Eng' reatem border, and eas than three daya. of arma, and U>ere Iking. Bf hia progreM, ad- oaite ahore ; but re- a two diys' march tation. The young enetrate farther into 18 from France that landed on the south* ivour. 12. He waa ined by a eonsider»> •d forward, and that Accordingly, leav- « should rather have h, marchiog on foot miptioa till he came 1 liead-quartera. ro hundred Engliah, the command of eo- his march to Derby, r into Wales, where Br of followers ; but Bnted hia proceeding 1 within a hundred with perplexity and his career with that he might have made himself maater of the metropolis, where he would certainly have been joined by a considerable number of his well- wishers, who waited impatiently for his approach. Queitknufor Exumnatum. 1. What WM the lituatian of Enfland at Ihu time T S. BjrwhanwMHiaflbrtiMikitogidnlliaEngMimownr 3. Uiodar what emoaoManoM VMM it imdMtalMii T & What wen ilia fint pracaadinfi oTlhe pntandaTt a. With what iaccMi«Iid ha attack Mr JoimCopaf 7. WkatwafathaooMaqMaeatortUaTielarvf a What pnoanlioiia warn takan bjr tfaa EofUih miiiMirT f What waa tha conduct of the prMander t II. Bjr w&an waa an aitaiapt nada to oppoaa himf and what waa ik n- anitl 13. Towbatpiaoaadidhaaanprooaad? IS. Bv whom waa he joined f andwhithe> did ha neit inarch t 14 What might have been thanmlt had ha prooeeded with eipaditiont ' - I ■ it SECTION VI. 1. (kJ). 1745.) In the mean time the king resolved to take the field in person. But he found safety from the discontents which now began to prevail in the pretender'a army. In fact, he was but the nominal leader of hia foroea ; u his cenerals, the chief of the highland clans, were, from their education, i|norant, and averse to subordination. They had from the beginning began to embrace opposite systems of operation, and to contend with each other for pre-emi- nenctt; but they seemed now unanimous in returning to Uieir own country once more. 2. The rebels accordingly effected their retreat to Carlisle wahout any loss, and from thence crossed the rivers £den ud Solway, into Scotland. In thete marchea, however, they preserved all the roles of war ; they abstained in a great measure from plunder ; they levied contributions on the towns aa they passed along; and with unaccountable cauUon left a garrison at Cariisle, which shordy after waa I, in full apirita, to ar, who waa in the d the first fire put arse retreated with ifantry ; while the It part of the royal . They retired in iquerors in posaea- I field of battle, leemed not unproa- ir triuropha. The rourite of the Eng- tdera, and put him> which conaiated of theae he advanced vend of the Scoleh over ; and havink he reaolved to find lech. AfU^rhavinff . time, he renewed up to the banka of 'aa the place where ■aage, but they loet I other. 8. They and subordination, /. After B varie^ olved to wait their place about nine 1 in hilla, except on 'here they drew up kt thousand men, in OSOROI II. 82« three diviaions, supplied with aome piecea of artillery, ill manned and aerved. 9. The battle began about one oVIock in the af^moon ; the cannon of the king'a army did dreadful execution amonv the rebels, while theirs was totally unserviceable. One of the great errors in all the pretender'a warlike measnres, waa his subjecting wild and undisciplined troops to the forms of artful war, and thua repreaaing their native ardour, from which alone he could hope for success. 10. After they had kept in their ranka and withstood the English fire for some time, they at length became impatient for cloaer engagement ; and about five hundred of them made an irruption upon the left wing of the enemy with their accustomed ferocity. The first line being disordered by this onset, two battaliona advanced to support it, and galled the enemy with a terrible close discharge. 11. At the same timethe dragoona, under Hawley, and the Argyleahire militia, pulling down a park wall feebly defended, fell among them, swora in hand, with great slaughter. In less than thirty minutes they were totally routed, and the field covered with their wounded and slain, to the number of three thousand men. The French troops on the left did not fire a shot, but stood inac- tive during the engagement, and afterwards surrendered themselves prisoners of war. 12. An entire body of the clans marched off the field in order, while the rest were routed with great slaughter, and their leaders obliged with reluctance to retire. Civil war is in itself terrible, but much more so when heightened by unnecessary cruelty. How guilty soever an enemy may be, it is the duty of a brave soldier to remember that he is only to fight an opposer, and not a suppliant. 13. The victory was in every respect decisive, and humanity to the conquered would have ren- dered it glorious. But little mercy was shown here ; the conquerors were seen to refuse quarter to the wounded, the unarmed, the defenceless ; some were slain who were only excited by curiosity to become spectators of the combat, and soldiers were seen to anticipate the base employment of the executioner. 14. The duke, immediately after the action, ordered six-and-thirty deserters to be executed. The conquerors spread terror wherever they cane ; and, after a short space, the whole country round was one dread- ful scene of plunder, slaughter, and desolation ; justice forgotten, ana vengeance assumed the name. 2>2 J 990 HIHTORY or RNULAND. QuntUma for ExaminaHim, |. What WW Ihe litiwtiaii of the pr«t«ntler'» arm/ 1 t. Tn wliu place did iha rthsli rvtreait i. By whom wen thay >Hn0a t . , , „ . ,. _, , 4. Wtwl tucreiM altondml them m hMloging Sdrling CMtUr Who •liaroplad »o miirn llio •ipg" ' . . . •. Wilh what nur.etm did Ihe nbeU attack the rojral anqr I 6. What ended their iriiunptw I ...... 7. What wai the rotKluet of the duke of Cumberland r a Whit woe the determination of the rebel army J What waa the amount oi iheirlbrceat ^„ „ . 9—13. Retnto the partioiOari and reeult of the battle oT CuUodea IS, 14. What waa tlie oMiduci oT the oonqiierori ? SECTION VII. 1. (A.D. 1746.) In this manner were bluted all the hopes and all the ambition of the young adventurer ; one short hour deprived him of imaginary thrones and sceptres, and reduced him from a nominal king to a distressed, forlorn outcast, shunned by all mankind except those who sought his destruction. To the good and the brave, subsequent distress often atones for former guilt; and while reason would speak for punishment, our hearts plead for mercy. 2. Immediately after the engagement, he fled a «ay with a captain of Fitz-iames*s cavalry, and, when their horses were fatigued, they both alighted, and separately sought for safety. He for some days wandered in this country, naturally wild, but now rendered more formidable by war, a wretched speoutor of all those horrors which were the leenlt of hie ilUgroanded ambition. a. There is a striking similitude between his adventures «ad those of Charles the Second upon his escape from Woreeeter. He sometimes found refuge in caves and eotUges, without attendanU, and dependent on the wretched natives, who could pity, but not relieve him. Sometimes he lay in forests, with one or two companions of his dis- tress, eontinually panned by the troops of the conqueror, as there was a reward of thirty thousand poundd offered for taking him dead or alive. 4. Sheridan, an Irish adven- turer, was the person who kept most faithfully by him, and inspired him with courage to support such incredible hard- ships. He had occasion, in the course of bis concealments, to trust his life to the fidelity of above fifty individuals, OIIOMaB II. M* OH. /» ngcMtlct lyalanayl rlandt J tUa ol* CuUmImi. were blHted all the ang adventurer; one thrones and aeeptrei, > a distressed, forlorn ipt those who sought te brave, subsequent I; and while reason rts plead for mercy, he fled a -ay with a when their horses id separately sought red in 0iis country, ) formidable by war, rors which were the ween his adventnies Kin his escape from refuge in caves and ideni on the wretched ve him. Sometuaes }mpanions of his dis- ips of the conqueror, isand pounds offered ridan, an Irish adven- faithfully by him, and such incredible hard- i of his concealments, ove fiAy individuals, whose veneration for liis family prevailed above their iva- rioe. 0. One day, having walked from morning till night, he ventured to enter a house, the owner of which he well knew was attached to the opposite party. As he entered lie addressed the master of the house in the following man- ner :' " The son of your king comes to beg a little bread, and a few clothes. I know your present attachment to my adversaries, but I believe you have sufficient honour not to abuse my eonfidenee, or to take advantage of my distressed situation. Take tliese rags, that have Tor some time been my only covering : you may probably restore them to me one day, when 1 shall be seated on the \hrone of Gre^t Britain." 6. The master of the house was touched with pity at his distress ; he assisted him as far as he was able, and never divulged the secret. There were few of those, who even wished his destruction, tliat would choose to be the immediate actors in it, as it would have subjected them to the resentment of a numerous party. 7. In this manner he continued to wander among the frightful wilds of Glengary for near six months, often hemmed round by his pursuers, but still rescued by some lucky accident from the impending danger. At length a privateer of St. Maloea, hired by his adherents, arrived m Lochnanach, in which he embarked in the most wretched attire. He was clad in a short coat of black frieze, thread- bare, over which was a common Highland plaid, girt round by ■ belt, from whence were suspei^ed a pistol and a dag* ger. He had not been shifted for many weeks , his eyes were hollow, his visage wan,, and his constitution greatly impaired by famine and fatigue. 8. He was accompanied bv Sullivan and Sheridan, two Irish adherents, who had snared all his calamities, together with Cameron of Lochiel, and his brother, and a few other exiles. • They set sail for Franca : and, after having been chased by two English men-of-war, they arrived in safety at a place sailed Roseau, near Morlaix, in Bretagne. Perhaps he would have found it more difficult to escape, had not the vigilance of his pur- suers been relaxed by a report that he was already slain. 9. In the mean time, while the pretender was (bus pur- sued, the scaffolds and the gibbets were preparing for his adherents. Seventeen officers of tne rebel army were hanged, drawn, and quartered, at Kennington-common, in the neighbouriiood of London. Their constancy in death -SSS ll: ■IM^iiistiiiij 8M HirroRY or inoland. nined more praMlytet to their came than even perliapa their victoriee would have obtained. Nine were eiecuied in the lame manner at Carliile, and eleven at York. A few obtained pardon, and a considerable number of common men were transported to the planUtiona in North America. 10. The earla of Kilmarnock and Cromartie, and the lord Balmerino, were tried by their peere, and found guilty. Cromartie waa pardoned, and the rest )vere beheaded on Tower*hUl. In this manner victory, defeat, negotiation, treachery, and rebellion, succeeded each other rapidly for some years, till all sides began to think themselves growing more feeble, and gaining no solid advantage. 11. A negotiatioi was, therefore, resolved upon; and the eontending povers agreed to come to a congress at Aix-la-Ohapelle, whe.-e the earl of Sandford and sir Thomas Robinson assisted as plenipotentiaries from the king of Great Briuin. This treaty was begun upon the preliminary condition of restoring all conquests made during the war. 12. From thence great hopes were expected of conditions both favourable and honourable to the English ; but the treaty still remains a lantinff mark of precipiute counsels and English disgrace. By this it was agreed, that all pri- soners on each side should be mutually restored, and all conquests given up. That the dutohies of Parma, Placentia, and OuasUlU, should be ceded to don Philip, heir-apparent to the Spanish throne, and to his heirs ; but in case of his sneeeeding to the crown of Spain, then theee dominions should revert to the house of Austria. 18. It was oon< firmed that the forUfieations of Dunkirk to Uie sea should be demolished ; that the English ships annually sent with slaves to the coast of New Spain should have this privilege continued for four years ; that the king of Prussia should be confirmed in the possession of Silesia, which he had lately ecnouered ; -and that the queen of Hungary should be secured in her patrimonial dominions. 14. But one article of Uiis peaee waa more displeasing and afllietive to the English than all the reat. It was stipulated that the king of Great BriUin should, immediately after the ratifica- tion of this treaty, send two persons of rank and diatinetion to France, aa hostages, until restitution should be made of Cape Breton, and i^ other conquests which England had made during Uie war. 16. This was a mortifying clause; but, to add to the general error of die negotiation, no men- oBoiiai II. aaa than even perlitps ^in« were cxeculad Bn a( York. A few lumber of cummon in North America. Dromartie, and the I, and found guilty, yvere beheadfed on ktion, treachery, and for Bome yeara, till twing more foebie, »oWed upon; and e to a congreae at brd and air Thomaa from the king of ipon the preliminary im during the war. pected of conditions Engliah; but the precipiute eounaels agreed, that all pri> illy reatored, and all of Parma, Placentia, Philip, heir-apparent I ; but in caae of hia len theae dominions u 18. It waa oon* rk to the aea should I annually aent with d have thia privilege ig of Pnasia ahould iesia, which he had of Hungary ahould ons. 14. But one ling and afflictive to I atipidated that the tely after the ratifica- rank und diatinetion a should be made of which England had a mortifying clause; I negotiation, no men* lion was made of the searching the vessels of England in the American seas, upon which the war was originally begun. The limits of their respective possessions in North America were not ascertained ; nor did they receive any equivalent for those forU which they restored * . the enemy. 10. The treaty of Utrecht had long been the object of re- proach to those by whom it was made ; but with all its faulu, ibe treaty now concluded was by far more despicable and erroneous. Yet such was the spirit of tiie times, that the treaty of Utrecht was branded with universal contempt, and the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle was extolled with the highest straina of praise. 17. This treaty, which some asserted would serve for a bond of permanent amity, was, properly speaking, but in temporary truce ; a cessation from hostilities, which both lidss were unable to continue. Thoush the war between England and Prance waa actually hushed up in Europe, yet in the East and West Indies it still went forward with undiminished vehemence ; both sides still willing to offendt ■till offending, and yet both complaining of the infraction. Quutionifor Examination 1,9. Tn whalRitnntl a. WhOMarivax' vM dw pretender after the beitle of Cullodm T lid hie reeemble > 4. Who wee hi ,.«( tikiihAil atlendent t ft. In what manner did he addreM one of hia opponenta f 7. Bjr what meana did he eecape f and what waa hia appaaranea f & Bf whosi waa he acroiapaniad > 9. In what maitiitar were hia adbarenia piuiiahed > 10. What noblemen were beheaded t 11. What lad IB a nagoiiation between Oreal Britain and Spain t 13. What hopae were a«|>aotad ftom thia treaty 1 What wm the reaull r 13. What were iK oonditiom 1 14. Whidi artiole of the peace waa rerjr diiptaaainf to tha Engliah f 1ft. What WM another error in tha negotiation t 16. Wiwt opinion waa held of thia treaty I SECTION vni. 1. (A. D. 1760.) A NSW colony hairing been formed in North America, in the province of Nova Scotia, it was thought that thither the waste of an exuberant nation might well be drained off; and those bold spirits kept in employ- ment at a distanice, who might be dangerous if suffered to continue in idleness at home. Nova Scotia was a place IJ I 334 BISTORT or ENGLAND. where men might be imprisoned, but not maintained ; it was cold, barren, and incapable of successful cnltiTation. 2. The new colony, therefore, was maintained there with some expense to the government in the beginning ; and such as were permitted soon went southward to the milder climates, where they were invited by en untenanted and fertile soil. Thus did the nation ungratefully send off her hardy veterans to perish on inhospitable shores, and this they were taught to believe would extend their dominions. 3. However, it was for this barren spot that the English and French revived the war, which spon after spread with sucl^ terrible devastation over every part of the globe. The native Indians bordering upon the deserts of Nova Scotia, a fierce and savage people, looked from the first with jealousy upon these new settlers ; and they considered the vicinity of the English as an encroachment upon their native pos- sessions. 4. The French, who were neighbours, in like manner, and who were still impressed with national animo- sity, fomented these suspicions in the natives, and repre- sented the English (and with regard to this colony the representation might be true) as enterprising and severe. Commissaries were, therefore, appointed to meet at Paris, to compromise these disputes ; but these conferences were rendered abortive by the cavillings of men, who could not be supposed to understand the subject in debate. 5. As this seemed to be the first place where the dissen- sions took their rise for a new war, it may be necessary to be a little more minute. The French had been the first cultivators of Nova Scotia, and by great industry and long perseverance had rendered the soil, naturally barren, some- what fertile, and capable of sustaining nature, with some assistance from Europe. This country, however, had fre- quently changed masters, imtil at lengUi the English were settled in the possession, and acknowledged as the rightfhl owners, by the tfeaty of Utrecht. 6. The possession of this country was reckoned necessary to defend the English colonies to the north, and to preserve their superiority in the fisheries in that part of the worid. The French, however, who had been long settled in the back part of the country, resolviKi to use every method to dispossess the new-comers, and spirited up the Indians to more open hostilities, which were represented to the English ministry for some time without redress. 7. Soon after this, another source of dispute began to be a h tc ai ol a at to maintained ; it was Ful cnltivation. 2. ,ed there with some ining ; and nich as the milder climates, ted and fertile soil. r her hardy veterans is they were taught lot that the English m after spread with of the globe. The ts of Nova Scotia, a e first with jealousy sidered the vicinity jn their native pos- neighbours, in like irith national animo- natives, and repre- lo this colony the rprising and severe, id to meet at Paris, ise conferences were men, who could not n debate. ce where the disten- may be necessary to I had been the first St industry and long turally barren, seme- I nature, with some y, however, had fre- Ih the English were edged as the rightftil The possession of » defend the English leir superiority in the he French, however, L part of the country, sess the new-comers, pen hostilities, which nistry for some time f dispute began to be OKOROK II. 335 seen in the same part of the world, and promised as much uneasiness as the former. The French, pretending first to have discovered the mouth of the river Mississippi, claimed the whole adjacent country towards New Mexico on the east, and quite to the Apalachian mountains on the west. 8. In order to assert their claims, they found several English, who had settled beyond these mountains from motives of commerce, end also invited by the natural beauties of the country ; they dispossessed them of their new settlements, and built such forU as would command the whole country round about. 9. Not in America alone, but also in Asia, the seeds of a new war were preparing to be expanded. On Uie coasU of Malabar, the English and French had, in fact, never ceased from hostilities. (A. D. 1756.J The ministry, however, in England now began a very vigorous exertion in defence of their colonies, who refused to defend themselves. Four operations were undertaken in America at the same time. Of Uiese, one was commanded by colonel Monckton, who had orders to drive the French from the encroachments upon the province of Nova Scotia. 10. The second, more to the south, was directed against Crown Point, under Uie command of gene- ral Johnson. The third, under the conduct of general Shir- ley, was destined to Niagara, to secure the forts on that river; and the fourth was farther southward still, against fort du Quesne, under general Braddock. 11. In these exp«litions Monckton was successful ; Johnson also was victorious, though he &iled in taking the fort against which he was sent; Shirley was thought to have lost the season for operation by delay ; Braddock was vigorous and active, but suffered a defeat. This bold com- mander, who had been recommended to this service by the duke of Cumberland, set forward upon this expedition in June, and left the cultivated parts of the country on the 10th, at the head of two thousand two hundred men, directing his march to that part of the country whence major Washington had retreated the year before. 12. Being at length within ten miles of the French fortress he was appointed to besiege, and marching forward through the forest widi full confidence of success, on a sudden his whole army was astonished by a general discharge of arms, both in front and flank, from an enemy that still remained unseen. It was now too late to think of retireating ; the troops had passed into the defile. \ij 336 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. which the enemy had artfully permitted them to do before they offered to fire. 13. The vanguard of the English now, therefore, fell back in consternation npon the main body, and the panic soon became general. The officers alone disdained to fly, while Braddock himself still continued to command his brave associates, discovering at once the greatest intrepidity and the greatest imprudence. 14. An enthusiast to the discipline of war, he 4isdained to fly from the field, or to permit his men to quit their ranks, when their only method of treating the Indian army was by pre- cipitate attack, or an inwnediate desertion of the field of battle. At length Braddock, having received a musket-shot through the lungs, dropped, and a total confusion ensued. All the artillery, ammunition, and baggage of the army was left to the enemy ; and the loss sustained by the English army might amount to seven hundred men. The remnant of the army in this emergency was saved by the courage and ability of Washington. 15. The murmurs, fears, and disS' nsii « which Ais defeat gave rise to, gave the French an c. ■■■ *y of car- rying on their designs in another quarter. *i island of Minorca, which we had taken from thu . ; . ^rds in the reignr of queen Anne, was secured to England by repeated treaties. But the ministry at this time, being blinded by domestic terrors, had neglected to take sufficient precaution for its defence, so that the garrison was weak, and no way fitted to stand a vigorous sieiprc. 16. The French, there- fore, landed near the fortification of St. Philip, which was reckoned one of the strongest in Europe, and commanded by general Blidteney, wtK> was brave indeed, but rather ■npemmaated. The siege was carried on with visour, and for some time as obstinately defended on the side of the English ; but the place was at length obliged to capitulate. Quationi for JExammatum. 1, 1. From what molive wm the new eaiooj in Nova Soolia ftamkhed with inhsbitiiHit 3. What WW the caiiMof the renewal of the wart 4. MTherefrereoommiHwiei appointed to meet to Mtdetbseediepatset WhatiMidefed these oonftrenoee abortive t & Who had been the fintcuitivaion of Move Sootiat Who bad been acknowledged rightfiil ownen oTthii ooantrv T A. What method did the Fieneh uae to d i ipomem the EngUrii f 9. What oiiiar condact of (he FraiMsh oontribated to haaien the wart 9, 10. What opeialioM wen undertalwn by the Eng liah t II. What meoem attended them f ;.■! ■: t i . \ )?f mt& Jh .i il ^'it&'ii^'^^iiij l lMilS^ D. d them to do before of the English now, pon the main body, The officers alone elf still continued to )vering at once the (nprudenee. 14. An 4i8dained to fly from it their ranks, when an army was by prc- rtion of the field of iceived a musket-shot ial confusion ensued, ^ge of the army was ained by the English men. The remnant ed by the courage and 88' n< « which this in c, • *y of car- rter. n island of this . ; I ..rds in the England by repeated me, being blinded by i sufficient precaution as weak, and no way i. The French, there- St. Philip, which was rope, and commanded ra indeed, but rather »d on with vigour, and id on the side of the obliged to capitulate. Nov* Sootia iUmiiiMd with rart t to Mttle thsM diapalM t IcoliBf iwofthiiooiintiyt BMlhaEimUriif led to hm»n tin wart BEnglkht OEOROE II. 387 18, 13. RelBla the paiticulan of general Braddock'i eipeditian. 14. What waa the reault of itt 19i 16. What other enterpriae did the French undertake r and with what SECTION IX. 1. (A.D. 1757.) Tmt ministry, being apprized of this un- expected atteck, resolved to raise the siege if possible, and sent out admiral Byng, with ten ships of war, with orders to relieve Minorca at any rate. Byng accordingly sailed from Gibraltar, where he was refused any assistance of men from the governor of that garrison, under a pretence that his own fortifications w'ere in danger. 2. Upon his approaching the island, he saw the French banners displayed upon the shore, and the English colours still flying on the castle of St. Philip. He had been ordered to throw a body of troops into the garrison, but this he thought too hazardous an un- dertaking, nor did he even make an attempt. While he was thus deliberating between his fears and his duty, his attention was quickly called off by the appearance of^ a French fleet, that seemed of nearly equal force to his own. 3. Confounded by a varietv of measures, he seemed re- solved to pursue none, and, therefore, gave orders to form the line of battle, and act upon the defensive. Byng had been long praised for his skill in naval tactics ; and, per- haps, valuing most those talents for which he was most praised, he sacrificed all claims to courage to the applause for naval discipline. The French fleet advanced, a part of the English fleet engaged ; the admiral still kept aloof, and gave very plausible reasons for not coming into action. The French fleet, therefore, slowly sailed away, and no other opportunity ever oflered of coming to a closer engagement. 4. Nothing could exceed the resentment of the nation upon being informed of Byng's conduct. The ministry were not averse to throwing from themselves the blame of those measures which were attended with such indifferent success, and they secretly fanned die flame. 5. The news which soon after arrived of the surrender of the garrison to the French, drove the general ferment almost to frenzy. In the mean time Byng continued at Gibraltar, quite satisfied with his own conduct, and little expecting the dreadftil storm that was gathering against him at home. Orders, 2 F y 388 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. howeveri were soon sent out for puttinc him under an arrest, and for carrying him to England: 0. ypon his arriv^ be was committed to close custody in Greenwich hospital, and some arts used to inflame the populace against him, who want no incentives to injure and condemn their superiors. Several addresses were sent up from different counties, demanding justice on the delinquent, which the ministry were willing to second. 7. He was soon nfter tried by a court-martial in the harbour of Portsmouth, whei«, after a trial which continued several days, his judges were agreed that he had not done his utmost during the engagement to destroy the enemy, and therefore they ad- judged him to suffer death by the twelfth article of war. At the same time, however, they recommended him as an object of mercy, as they considered his conduct rather as the effect of error than of cowardice. By this sentence they expected to satisfy at once the resentment of the nation, and yet screen themselves from conscious severity. 8. The government was resolved upon showing him no mercy ; the parliament was applied to in his favour ; but they found no circumstance in his conduct that could invalidate the former sentence. Being thus abandoned to his fate, he maintained to the last a degree of fortitude and serenity that no way betrayed any timidity or cowardice, On the day fixed for his execution, which was on board a man-of-war in the harbour oi Portsmouth, he advanced from the cabin where he had been imprisoned, upon deck, the place appointed for him to suffer. 0. After delivering a paper, containing the strongest assertions of his innocence, he came forws^ to the place where he was to kneel down, and for some time persisted in not covering his face ; but his friends repre- senting that his looks would possibly intimidate the soldiers who were to shoot him, and prevent their taking a proper aim, he had his eyes bound with a handkerchief; and then giving the signal for the soldiers to fire, he was killed in- stantaneously. There appears some severity in Byng's punishment ; but it certainly produced soon after very bene- ficial effects to the nation. 10. In the progress of the war the forces of the con- tending . powers of Europe were now drawn out in the following manner. England opposed France in America, Asia, and on the ocean. France attacked Hanover on the continent of Europe. This country the king of Prussia undertook to protect ; while England promised him troops ting him under an and; 0. IJpon his tody in Qreenwich ,he populace against and condemn their up from different linquent, which the He was soon nfter >ur of Portsmouth, tral days, his judges utmost during the therefore they ad> slfth article of war. imended him as an s conduct rather as y this sentence they nt of the nation, and severity. 8. The him no mercy ; the ; but they found no nvalidate the former fate, he maintained erenity that no way >n the day fixed for man-of-war in the Dm the cabin where I place appointed for aper, containing the le came forwa^ to , and for some time t his friends repre- timidate the soldiers heir taking a proper Ikerchief; and then e, he was killed in- severity in Byng's oon after very bene- forces of the con- drawn out in the France in America, ked Hanover on the he king of Prussia tromised him troops anil money to assist in the operations. Then again Austria had her aims at the dominions of Prussia, and drew the elector of Saxony into the same designs. In these views she was seconded by France and Sweden, and by Russia, who had hopes of acquiring a settlement in the west of Europe. 11. The east was the quarter in which success first began to dax upon the British arms. The affairs of the English seemed to gain the ascendency by the conduct of Mr. Clive. This gentleman had at first entered the com- pany's service in a civil capacity ; but finding his talents more adapted to war, he gave up his clerkship, and joined among the troops as a volunteer. His courage, which i« all that subordinate ofiicers can at first show, soon became remarkable ; but his conduct, expedition, and military skill soon after became so conspicuous as to raise him to Uie first rank in the army. 12. The first advantage that was obtained from his ac- tivity and courage was the clearing the province of Arcot. Soon after tl i French general was taken prisoner ; and the nabob, whom the English supported, was reinstated in the government of which he had formerly been deprived. 13. The prince of the greatest power in that country declared war against the English from motives of personal resentment ; and, levying a numerous army, laid siege to Calcutta, one of the principal British forts in that part of S40 niBTORV OF ENGLAND. the world ; but which wu not in a sute of strength to de- fend itaelf against the attack even of barbariana. The fort was tAken, having been deserted by the commander ; and the garrison, to Uie number of a hundred and forty-six per- sons, were made prisoners. 14. They expected the usual treatment of prisoners of war, and were ttierefore the less vigorous in their defence ; but they soon found what mercy was to.be expected from a savage conqueror. They were all crowded together into a narrow prison, called the Black Hole, of about eighteen feet square, and received air only by two small windows to the west, which by no means aflbraed a suiBcient circula- tion. IS. It is terrible to reflect on the situation of these unfortunate men, shut up in this narrow place, in the burning climate of the E::.4t, and suffocating each other. Their first efforts, upon perceiving the effects of their horrid confine- ment, were to break open the door of the prison : but, as it opened inwards, they soon found that impossible. They next endeavoured to excite the compassion or the avarice of Ihe guard, by offering him a large sum of money for his assistance in removing them into separate prisons ; but with this he was not able to comply, as the viceroy was asleep, and no person dared to disturb him. 16. They were now, therefore, left to die without hopes of relief; and the whole prison was filled with groans, shrieks, contest, and despair. This turbulence, however, soon after sunk into a calm still more hideous ! their efforts of strength and courage were over, and an expiring languor succeeded. In the morning, when the keepers came to visit the prison, all was horror, silence, and desolation. Of a hundred and forty-six who had entered alive, twenty-three only survived, and of these the greatest part died of putrid fevers upon being set free. 17. The destruction of this important fortress served to iutemipt the prosperous success of the English company ; but the fortune of Mr. Clive, backed by the activity of an English fleet under admiral Watson, still turned the scale in their favour. Among the number of those who felt the flower of the English in that part of the world was the amous TuUagee Angria, a piratical prince, who had long infes^d the Indian ocean, and made the princes on the coast his tributanes. He maintained a large number of galleys, and with these he attacked the largest ships, and almost ever with success. 18. As the company had been greatly harassed by his depredations, they resolved to sub- MHM OBOROE II. 841 te of itrength to de- irbariuii. The fort le commander ; and sd and forty-rix per- lent of prisoners of us in their defence ; t.be expected from a >wded together into B, of aboiit eighteen to smidl windows to . a sufficient eircula- he situation of these place, in the burning h other. Their first their horrid eonfine- r the prison : but, as t impossible. They ion or the avarice of im of money for his kte prisons; but with viceroy was asleep, 6. They were now, elief ; and the whole contest, and despair, lunk into a calm still h and courage were id. In the morning, rison, all was horror, d and forty-six who irvived, and of these pon being set free, nt fortress served to English company; by the activity of an till turned the scale )f those who felt the r the world was the •rince, who had long the princes on the a large number of le largest ships, and e company had been they resolved to sub- due such a dangerous enemy, and attack him in his own fortress. In pursuance of this resolution, admiral Watson and colonel Olive sailed into his harbour of Qeriah ; and though they sustained a warm fire as they entered, yet they soon threw all his fleet into flames, and obliged his fort to surrender at discretion. The conquerors found there a large quantity of warlike stores, and effects to a considerable value. 1. Who WM MDt out to the relierof Mi:>orca 1 S, 3. What WM the conduct of admiml Byng ? 4. What wai the comequence 7 5. What aOerwardi followed T 6. What treatment did Byng experience T 7. What wai the mnilt of the court-martial ? 8, 9. Relate the manner of Byng'i execution. •0, In what manner were the contending powers oppoted to each other f 11. In what quarter did lucceia fimt attend the Britiah arma ? From whoae condnct t IS, 13. What were the Rrst operation* 1 !♦— 18. Relate the terrible iituation of the pmoner) confined in the Black Hole at Calcutta. •«».» 17, la What are the particulaiaof the lucceni which attended colonel Clive and admiral Watnn ? SECTION X. 1. (A.D. I7S7.) Colonel Clivb proceeded to take re^ venge for the cruelty practised upon the English. About the beginning of December he arrived at Balasore, in the kingdom of Bengal. He met with little opposition either to the fleet or army, till they came before Calcutta, which seemed resolved to stand a regular siege. As soon as the admiral with two ships arrived before the town, he received a furious fire from all the batteries, which he soon returned with still greater execution, and in less than two hours obliged them to abandon their fortifications. By these means the English took possession of the two strongest^ settlements on the banks of the Ganges ; but that of Geriah they demolished to the ground. 2. Soon after these successes, Hoogly, a city of great trade, was reduced, with as little difficulty as the former, and all the viceroy of Bengal's storehouses and granaries were destroyed. In order to repair these losses, this barba- rous prince assembled an army of ten thousand horse and 2f2 343 HIBTORV or FNOtAND. fifteen thoiwand foot, and profeased a firm resolution of expelling the English from all their settlemenU in that part of the world. 8. Upon the first intelligence of his march, colonel Clive obtained a reinforcement of men from the admiral's ships, and advanced with his little army to attack these numerous forces. He attacked the enemy in three columns, and, though the numbers were so disproportionate, victory soon declared in favour of the English. 4. The English by these victories having placed a viceroy on the throne (for the Mogul had long lost all power in Indij), they took care to exact such stipulations in their owi. favour as would secure them in possession of the country whenever tiiey thought proper to resume their authority. They were gratified in their avarice to its ex- tremest wish ; and that wealth which they had plundered from slaves in India, they were resolved to employ in mak- ing slaves at home 6. From the c>.. sst of the Indians, colonel Clive turned to the humbling of the French, who had long dispnted empire in that part of the world, and soon dispossessed them of all their power, and all their settlements. 6. In the mean time, while conquest shined upon us from the East, it was still more splendid in the western world. But some alterations in the ministry led to those successen which had been long wished for bv'ihe nation, and were at length obuined. The aflfairs of war had hitherto been diMeted by a ministry but ill supported by the commons, because not confiiled in by the people. They seemed timid and wavering, and but feebly held together, rather by their fean than their mutual confidence. 7. When any vew measarc was proposed which could not receive their appt.'v bation, or any new member was introduced into government whom they did not appoint, they considered it as an in- fringement on their respective departments, and threw up their places with disgust, with a view to resume them with greater lustre. Thus the strength of the crown was every day declining, while an aristocracy filled up every avenue to the throne, intent only on the emolument, not the duUes of office. 8. This was, at that time, the general opinion of the people, and it was too loud not to reach the throne. The ministry that had hitherto hedged in the throne were at length obliged to admit some men into a share of the govern' ment, whose activity at least would counterbalance their OEOnOE It. 848 Arm resolution of ements in that part ence of his march, of men from the ittle army to attack he enemy in three !o disproportionate, figlish. ng placed a viceroy I lost all power in tipulations in their possession of the Br to resume their ir avarice to its ex- they had plundered 1 to employ in mak- :olonel Clive turned had long disputed 1 soon dispossessed ttlements. ihined upon us from the western world, id to those successeK nation, and were at ' had hitherto been d by the commons. They seemed timid ither, rather by their 7. When any vevr I receive their apptK'v iced into government sidered it as an in* nents, and threw up resume them with the crown was every ed up every avenue ment, not the duties leral opinion of the ch the throne. The the throne were at 1 share of the govem- counterbalance their timidity and irresolution. At the head of a newly intro- duced party was the celebrated Mr. William Pitt, from whose vigour the nation formed very great expectations, and they were not deceived. 0. But though the old ministers were obliged to admit these new members into their society, there was no legal penalty for refusing to co-operate with them ; they, there* fore, associated with each other, and used every art to make their new assistants obnoxious to the king, upon whom thoy had been in a manner forced by the people. His former ministry flattered him in all his attachmenU to his German dominions, while t>-o new had long clamoured against all continental connexions, as utterly incompatible with the interi'St of the nation. These two opinions, carried to the extreme, might have been erroneous; but the king was naturally led to side with those who favoured his own sen- timents, and to reject those who opposed them. 10. Mr. Pitt, therefore, after being a few months in office, was ordered to resign by his majesty's command ; and hia coadjutor, Mr. Legge, was displaced from being chancellor of the exchequer. But this blow to his ambition was but of short continuance ; the whole nation, almost to a man, seemed to rise up in his defence ; and Mr. Pitt and Mr. Legge being restored to their former employments, the one secretary of state, and the other chancellor of the exche- quer, began to act with vigour. 11. The consequence of the former ill-conducted counsels still seemed to continue in America. The generals sent over to manage the operations of the war loudly accused the timidity and delays of the natives, whoso duty it was to unite in their own defence. The natives, on the other hand, as warmly expostulated against the pride, avarice, and incapacity of those s?nt over to command them. 12. General Shirley, who had been appointed to the supreme command there, had been for some time recalled, and re- placed b} lord Loudon ; and this nobleman also soon after returning to England, three several commanders were put at the head of separate operations. General Amherst com- manded that designed against the island of Cape Breton. The other was consigneu to general Abercrombie, against Crown Point and Ticonderoga ; and the third, still more to the southward, against Fort du Quesne, commanded by brigadier-general Forbes. 13. Cape Breton, which had been taken from the French ilM m 344 HiaTORV or tNOLAND. during the preceding war, had been returned at the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. It wna not till the English had been put in poaacBsion of that island that they began to perceive ita advantageous situation, and the convenience of ita harbour for annoying the British trade with impunity. It was also a convenient port for carrying on their fishery, a branch of commerce of the utmost benefit to that nRtion. The wrest- ing it, therefore, once more from the hands of the French, was a measure ardently desired by the whole nation. 14. The fortreas of Louisbourg, by which it was defended, had been strengthened by the assistance of art, and was still better fortified by the nature of iUi situation. The ffarrison also was numerous, Uie commander vigilant, and every precaution taken to oppose a landing. An account of the operations of the siege can give but little pleasure in abridge ment ; be it sufficient to say, that the English surmounted every obstacle with great intrepidity. Their former timidity and irresolution seemed to vanish, their natural courage and confidence returned, and the place surrendered by capitula- tion. The fortifications were soon after demolished, and rendered unfit for future protection. Quatiofufor Examination. 1. What further tuccswei Bttomled colonel Clive T % 3. What victory did he obtain over the viceroy of Ben|*l t 4- What wae the consequence uf iheM victoriet ? & How did colonel Clive treat the French t 6, 7. What waa the conduct of the miniatry ? & Who waa at the head of the newly introdoced party f ft What waa the conduct of the old miniatrv T For what reawni wa« the king favourable to hii former imniitan f 10. What followed the reaiRnalion of the new miniaten f n. What naneral* commanded the American otiaratiaiia? 13. Why waa Cape Breton coniidered an advaniageoua aituation ' 14. Relate the particulara of the capture of LDuiabourg. SECTION XI. 1. (A.D. 1768.) Thi expedition of Fort du Quesne was equaUy successful, but that against Crown Point was once more dnfeated. This was now the second time that the English urmy had attempted to penetrate into those hideous wilds by which nature had secured the French poesessions in that part of ihe world. Braddock fell in the attempt, ned at the treaty of iKlJNh had been put egtm to perceive ita ience of ita harbour lunily. It waa alio iahery, a branch of lation. The wreat- inda of the French, whole nation. 14. t waa defended, had >f art, and waa atiU Uon. The ffarriaon vigilant, and every An account of the ) pleaaure in abridg* Bngliah aurmounted lieir former timidity natural courage and indered by oapitula- ler demoliahed, and ? of Bmi|«IT party! iw fonntr ministan 1 liitora f atiamf Roui lituation ' ourg. Fort du Queane waa own Point waa once econd time that the te into thoae hideoua I French poaaeaaiona fell in the attempt, OKOROK II. ii§ a martyr to his impetuoaity: too much caution waa equally injurioua to hii aucceaiior. Abercrombie >.penl much time in marching to the place of action, and the enemy were thua perfectly prepared to give him a levere reception. 3. Aa he approached Ticondernga, he found them deeply in- trenched at the foot of the fort, and atill farther aecured by fallen treea, with their branchea pointing againat him. Theae diflicultiea the Engliah ardour attempted to aurmount : but aa the enemy, being aecure themaelvea, took aim at leiaure, a terrible carnage of the aaaailanta enaued ; and the general, after repeated eiforta, waa obliged to order a retreat. 3. The English army, however, were atill superior, and it waa aupposed, that when the artillery waa arrived, aome- thing more aucceaaful might be performed ; but the general fell too aenaibly the terror of the late defeat to remain in the neighbourhood of the triumphant enemy. He therefore withdrew hii troopa, and returned to hia camp at Lake Qeorge, from whence he had taken hia departure. 4. But though, in thia respect, the English arms were unaucceaaful, yet upon the whole the campaign waa greatly in their favour. The taking of Fort du Queane aerved to remove from their coloniea the terror of the incuraiona of the Indiana, while it interrupted that correspondence which ran along a chain of forta, with which the French had envi- roned the English aettlementa in America. This, therefore, promised a fortunate campaign the next year, and vigorous measurea were taken to ensura success. 6. Accordingly, on the opening of the following year, the miniatry, aenaible that a aingle effort carried on in such an extensive country could never reduce the enemy, were re- solved to attack them in several parta of the empire at once. Preparations were alao made, and expeditions driven fol^ ward against three different parta of North America at the same time. 0. General Amherst, the commander-in-chief, with a body of twelve thousand men, was to attack Grown Point, that had hitherto been the reproach of the English army. General Wolfe waa at the opposite quarter to enter the river St. Lawrence, and undertake the siege of Quebec, the capital of the French dominiona in America ; while ge- neral Prideaux and sir William Johnson were to attempt a French fort near the cataract of Niagara. 7. The last-named expedition was the first that succeed- ed. The fort of Niagara waa a place of great importance, and aerved to command all the communication between the i U6 HltTOmV or BNOLAND. northern tnd weitem French MttlemenU. The tiege wu befun with vigour, and promiied an euy conqueat ( but general Prideaux waa killed in the trenches by the bursting of a mortar, ao that the whole command of the expedition devolved upon general Johnaon, who omitted nothing to puah forward the vigoroua operationa of hia predeceaaor, to which alao he added hia own popularity with the aoldiera under him. 8. A body of French troopa, who were aenai- ble of the importanee of thia fort, attempted to relieve it ; but Johnaon attacked them with intrepidity and aucceaa ; for in lesa than an hour their whole army waa put to the rout. The garrison aoon after, perceiving the fate of their coun* trymen, aurrendered priaonera of war. The aucceaa of ge- neral Amherst waa leaa aplendid, though not less servicea< ble ; upon arriving at the deatine(< place, he found the forta, both of Crown Point and Ticouderoga, deserted and de- Btroyed. 9. (A.D. 17SQ.) There now, therefore, remained but one grand and decisive blow to put all North America into the poaaession of the English ; and this was the taking of Que- bee, the capital of Canada, a city handsomely built, popu- lous and flourishing. Admiral Saundera was appointed to command the navid part of the expedition ; the aiege by land was committed to the conduct of general Wolfe, of whom the nation had great expectations. This young aol- dier, who was not thirty-five, had distinguished himself on many foroTer occasions, particularly at the aiege of Louis- bonrg, a part of the success of which waa justly aacribed to him, who, without being indebted to family or connexions, had raiaed himself by merit to his present command. 10. The war in this part of the world had been hitherto carried on with extreme barbarity, and retaliating murders were continued without any one'a knowing who firat began. Wolfe, however, disdaining to imitate an example that had been aet him even by some of hia associate oflicers, carried on the war with all the apirit of humanity which it admits of. 11. It is not our aim to enter into a minute detail of the siege of this city, which could at beat only give amuse- ment to a few ; it will be sufficient to say, that when we conaider the situation of a town on the side of a great river, the fortificationa with which it was secured, the natural atrength of the country, the great number of veaaels and floating batteriea the enemy had provided for the defence of th* river, the numerous bodiea of aavages eontinually boTer< D. itf. Tha liege wai euy conqueit ; but shea by the bunting id of the exp«dilion omitted nothing to ' hia predeceaaor, to ty with the aoldiera pa, who were aenai- mpted to relieve it ; lity and auceeaa ; for waa put to the rout. I fate of their coun< The auceeaa of ge- f\i not leaa aervicea- I, he found the forta, a, deaerted and de- re, remained but one rth America into the ■ the taking of Que- daomely built, popu- ra was appointed to lition ; the aiege by f general Wolfe, of la. Thia young aol- nguiahed himaelf on the aiege of Louia- raa justly aacribed to imify or conneziona, int command. Id had been hitherto retaliating murdera ring who nrat began, an example that had ciate officers, carried nity which it admits lo a minute detail of est only give amuse* lo say, that when we side of a great river, secured, the natural imber of vessels and ed for the defence of (ea continuBlly hover- OBOROK II. t49 ing round the Knglish army, we must own there waa such a combination of difTiculliea us might dincourage and perplex the most resolute commander. 1'^. The general himself seemed perfectly sensible of the ditriculty of the undertaking. Afler stating, in a letter to the ministry, the daPKers that pre- sented, " I know," said he, " that the aflTairs of Ureut Britain require the most vigorous measures. But then the courage of a handful of brave men sliould be exerted only where there is some hope of a favourable event. At present the difliculties are so various, that I am at a loss how to deter- mine." 13. The only prospect of attempting the town with success was by landing a body of troops in the night below the town, who were to cUmber up the banks of the river, and take possession of th* ground on the bac)> of the city. This attempt, however, vP^ared peculiarly Jiscouraging. The stream waa rapid, the ahorc rhelvir ;;, the bank above lined with aentinels, the landing-place so narrow as to be easily missed in the dark, and cn slee) less of the ground such as hardly to be surmou (ed in thr 'ay-time. All th' :» difficulties, however, were surmountba by the \>iiduct oi' the general, and the bravery of the men. 14. Cn! . el How, with the light infantry and the Highlanders, ji' ended the woody precipices with admirable cc 'ge anii activity, a.. ' dislodged a small body of troops ':..i. defended a narr' .. pathway up to the bank ; thus, a fe v mc h ^leir bayonets fixed: but a second ball, more fatal, pierc«.^ his breast; so that, unable to pro- ceed, he leaned on the shoulder of a soldier that waa next him. 16. Now, struggling in the agonies of death, and just expiring, he he v.'i a voice cry, " They run !" Upon which n il ^ WfP^wWW— Hil l 848 HISTORY or ENGLAND. SMlkotOMMU W«lfc. he seemed for a moment to revive, and asking who ran, was informed the French. Expressing his wonder that they ran so soon, and unable to gaze any longer, he sunk on the sol- dier's breast, and his last words were, " I die happy !" Perhaps the loss of the English that day was greater than the conquest of Canada was advantageous. But it is the lot of mankind only to know true merit on that dreadful oc- casion when they are going to lose it. Quatioru for ExamtTUituin. tt What WM die nioeeM agaimt Fort do Queane ? 5. WhatdifficultiM had Aberorombie to encounter? 3. To what place did he withdraw hii troops 7 4. What wu the general succea of the campown t b. What vigoroui meaauree were adopted the following vear f 6. By whom were the different expedition! commandea r 7, 8. What are the particular! of the expedition which fitat lucceeded 1 9. What waa the next decjaive blow t To whoawaa intriiated the command of the expedition agaipat Quebec? 10. In what manner did Wolfe carry on the war? 11. What waa the aitoation and atrength of Quebec? 13. What WM the opinion of the rmeral ? 13; 14. Relate the partioulara ana aucceaa of the liege. 15. In what manner rvaa general Wolfe wounded ? Vk Relate Ua heroic conduct in the agonies of death. asking who ran, wu vonder that they ran he sunk on the aol- e, " I die happy !" lay was greater than sous. But it is the , on that dreadful oc- 1 «? I? lomiM vew f - landed' rhich fint ittCCMcled 1 tpedition againit Quebec I cf r i«h. OBOROa II. SECTION XII. 1. (A.D. 1759.) The surrender of Quebec was the con- sequence of this victory ; and with it soon after the total cession of all Canada. The French, indeed, the following season, made a vigorous effort to retake the city ; but by the resolution of governor Murray, and the appearance of an English fleet under the command of lord Colville, they were obliged to abandon the enterprise. 2. The whole province was soon after reduced by the prudence and acti- vity of general Amherst, who obliged the French army to capitulate, and it has since remained anneied to Uie British empire. To these conquests, about the same time was added the reduction of the island of Gaudaleupe, under commodoro Moore and general Hopson ; an acquisition of great importance, but which was restored at the succeedinff peace. ^ 8. These successes in India and America were great, though achieved by no very extensive efforts ; on the con- trary, the efforts of the En^h made in Europe, and the operations of their great ally, the king of Prussia, were asto- nishing, yet produced no signal advantages. 4. England was all this time happily retired from the mi- series which oppressed the rest of Europe ; yet from her natural military ardour, she seemed desirous of sharing those dangers of which she was only a spectator. This passion for sharing in a conUnental war was not less pleasing to the king of England, from his native attachment, than from s desire of revenge upon the phinderers of his country. 6. AM soon, therefore, as it was known that prince Ferdinand had put himself at the head of the Hanoverian army, to assist the kin|r of Prussia, his Britannic majesty, in a speech to his parliament, observed that the late successes of his ally in Germany had given a happy turn to his affairs, which it woidd be necessary to improve. Tiie commons concurred in his sentiofents, and liberally granted supplies both for the service of the king of Prussia, anther was unwilling to uinies advancing near n the attack with great r the infantry ensued, ritish and Hanoverian on the right of the in- by a scanty wood that niantry giving ground, I a favourable opportu- them, and Hccordingly B. 11. These orders hey were Vointelligible for posterity to debate ;e shortly after was re- id guilty, and declared ommand for Uie future, repulsed in all their at- Bi^iht giving way, were pursued to the very ramparts of Minden. The victory was splendid, but laurels were the only advantage reaped from the field of battle. 13. After these victories, which were greatly magnified in England, it was supposed that one reinforcement more of British trocp: nrouid i«(.7!!oate the war in favour of the allies, and a reinforcement was quickly sent. The British army in Germany now, therefore, amounted to above thirty thou- sand men, and the whole nation was flushed with the hopes of immfediate conquest. But these hopes soon vanished, in finding victory and defeat successively following each other. The ^lies were worsted at Corbac, but retrieved their ho-' nour at Exdorf. A victory at Warbourgh followed shortly after, and another at Zirenburg ; but then they suffered a defeat at Compen, after which both sides went into winter- quarters. 14. The successes thus on either side might be considered as a compact, by which both engaged to lose much and gain little ; for no advantage whatever followed from victory. The English at length began to open their eyes to their own interest, and found that they were waging unequal war, and loading themselves with taxes, for con- quests that ttiey could neither preserve aor eiyoy. , Quatiau far Examination. 1, 2. What confequence followed thia vicloiy t 4. What paaion operated for tharing in a continental warT *• What afaMrratioB did hii mqaMy make to th« comiMnit and how did they concur in his lealimenta 7 6, 7. What wa« Mr. Pitt'i conduct ; and what were the general inclinatioM of the people? 8. What Engliih coeunander was fitat aent to Geimanjr I 9. What cauied the miiundentanding which look [dace between the ooni- manden r 10, 11. Howdkl lord George Seckville actat the battle of Minden 1 1% >Vhat waa th« auccen o'itl 13. What followed theae vi^toriea ? 14. In what light might thr eventa of thia war be eomidered f SECTION xm. 1. (A.D. 1759.) It must be confessed, that the efforts of England at this time over every part of the globe, were amazing, and the expense of her operations greater than had ever b^n disbursed by any nation before. The king of u sot RIRTORV or CNOLAND. Prnsris receired a sabsidj ; a large body of her forces com- manded the extensive peninsula of India ; another army of twenty thousand men confirmed their conquests in North Amenea; there were thirty thousand men employed in Germany, and several other bodies dispersed in different garrisons in various parts of the world ; but all these were nothing to the force maintained at sea, which carried com- H^nd wherever it came, and had totally annihilated the Fnnch power on that element. 2. The courage and con- duet of the English admirals had surpassed whatever had been read in history; neither superior force nor number, nor even the terrors of the tempest, could intimidate them. Admiral Hawke gained a complete victory over an equal number of French ships, on the coast of Bretagne, in Qui- beron Bay, in the midst of a tempest, during the darkness of night; and what a seaman fears more, upon a rocky shore. 8. Such was the glorious figure the British nation appear- ed in to all the world at this time. But while their arms prospered in evenr effort tending to the real interests of the nation, an event happened, which for a time obscured the splendour of her victories. On the twenty-fourth of Octo- ber, the king, without having complained of any previous disorder, was found by his domestics expiring in his cham- ber. 4. He had arisen at his usual hour, and observed to his attendants, that, as the weather was fine, he would take a walk iu the garden of Kensington, where he then resided. In a few minutes after his return, being left alone, he was heard to fall down upon the floor, llie noise of this bri'^g- ing his attendants into the room, they lifted him into bed, where he desired, witii a faint voice, that the princess Ame- Ua might be sent for : but, before she could reach the apart- ment, he expired. An attempt was made to bleed him, but widiout effect ; and afterwards the sumons, upon opening him, discovered that the right ventricle of the heart was ruptured, and that a great quantity of blood was discharged through the aperture. 5. (Oct. 25, 1760.) George the Second died in the se- ven^-sevenUi year of his age, and thirty-third of his reign, lamented by his subjects, and in the midst of victory. If any monarch was happy in the peculiar mode of bis death, and the precise time of its arrival, it was he. 6. The uni- versid enthusiasm for conquest was now beginning^ to sub- side, and sober reason to take her turn in the administration of affairs. The factions which had b^n nursing during his OKOROK II. sn r of her forces com- ,; mother army of ;onqnests in North men employed in ipersed in different but all these were nrhich carried com- lly annihilated the e courage and con- used whatever had force nor number. Id intimidate them, story over an equal f Bretagne, in Qui- luring the darkness upon a rocky shore, ritish nation appear^ at while their arms real interests of the i time obscured the Bnty-fourth of Octo- ed of any previous tpiring in his cham- )ur, and observed to fine, he would take leie he then resided. ; left alone, he was i noise of this bring- lifled him into bed, at the princess Ame- ould reach the apart- de to bleed him, but ![eons, upon opening e of the heart was tlood was discharged !ond died in the se- ty-third of his reign, nidst of victory. If r mode of his death, ras he. 6. The uni- DW beginning to sub- in the administration m nursing during bis long reign had not yet come to maturity ; but threatened, with all their virulence, to afflict his successor. He was himself of no shining abilities ; and while he was permitted to guide and assist his German dominions, he intrusted the care of Great Britain to his ministers at home. However, as we stand too near to be impartial judges of his merits or defecto, let us state his character, as delivered by two wriU ers of opposite opinions. 7. " On whatever side," says his panegyrist, " we look upon his character, we shall find ample matter for just and unsuspected praise. None of his predecessors on the tiirone of England hved to mo great an age, or enjoyed longer feli- city. Hm subjects were still improving under him in com- merce and arts ; and his own economy seta prudent example to the nation, which, however, tiiey did not follow. He was in temper sudden and violent ; but this, though it influ- enced his conduct, made no change in his behaviour, which was generally guided by reason. 8. He was plain and di- rert in his intentions, true to his word, steady in his favour and protection of his servants, not parting even with his mi- nisters till compelled to it by the violence of faction. In short, through tiie whole of his life, he appeared rather to live for the cultivation of useful virtues than splendid ones ; and, satisfied with being good, left others their unenvied greatness." 9. Such is tiie picture given by his friends, but there are others who reverse the medal. "As to the extent of his understanding, or the splendour of his virtue, we rather wish for opportunities of praise than undertake the task ourselves. His public character was marked with a predi- lection for his native counU-y, and to that he sacrificed all other considerations. 10. He was not only unlearned him- self, but he despised learning in others : and tiiough genius might have flourished in his reign, yet he neither promoted it by his influence nor example. His fru^ity bordered upon avarice ; and he hoarded not for his subjects, but him- self." Which of these two characters is true, or whether they may not in part be both so, I will not pretend to decide. ~ If his favourers are numerous, so are they who oppose him-; let posterity, therefore, decide tiie contest. Questiont for BxanUnation. 1 What Mtoniihing ellbrtis did Britain mdte to carry on the « in what onitner waaih« ooufage oC the Enniiih admimla 2o2 warf Engiiih admintb alio wn t 88t HirroKV or bnolano. a WlMltaapaflut«TMttokKni«dtlMfanlr«ortiifWTielnnMt 4. What ciroumfrtMWMi pncad«d tlie king'i dolh t What waa Iha oaiiM of hiadeatht 5.WhMwaaMai 7, a What ia the chaiMterof the kinf as given by hk friandi t — ... .^j I Ma ■!•, Mid how long dM ha rai«ii t I Iha iltiMiHm of tha oMUliy at that time 1^ ,, ^ .._. ji thechaiacterorthe kini 9, 10. What, aa giren by hit euemieal CONTEMPORARY Ptpu. BanedictXin 17M CteDMni XII 1738 BoiedictJUV..... 1740 Clement Xm 178S A-D. Eliaboth 1741 ChaAea Vl OafawM. ....: iTii Chariea Vn Fianeia Btapban.. 1740 1746 AuierortaiHl Empreui* Peter II. ITS: Anoe 1730 Mm 1740 King «if Frme*. LottiaXV 1716 King$ tf Spain. PhiUp V.Creatoied) 17S4 rerdaiandVI 1746 Emptrpr* ^ A$ T^nkt. Aduaetin 1703 Mahomet V 1730 Ounanll 1764 Mdatapha III 1757 SOVERGION& KingittfPortufl A,D. John v.. ITW Joaeph 1760 King* if Denmark. FradencklV 1699 ChriatianVI 1730 FnderickV 1746 King$ tempt to obuin peace, but having failed in this, a successful application for assistance was made to the king of Spain, and • secret treaty, called die Family Compact, was made between die two powers. 6. This transaction, though ^fttlly concealed, did not escape the penetration of Mr. Put ; he warned his colleagues of die insidious designs of Spam, and urged them to send out a fleet to intercept die Spanish flota, or strike some odier decisive blow before the hostile projects of dwt eoart were ripe for exeeution. This M 8S6 HIRTORY or SNOLAND. proposnl wai very coolly received by the other membffitf of Ihe cabinet ; they were not in poasesHion of all the inlbrma- tion which their colleague had obtained, and they were besides jealous of the influence which Mr. Pitt's superior popularity conferred. The project was finally rejected, and Mr. Pitt immediately resigned. As a mark of gratitude, however, for his eminent public services, a pension of 3000/. a year was ' lied on him for .three lives, and his wife was created baroness Chatham. 7. The retirement of this popular minister was generally attributed to the secret influence of the earl of Bute, who was supposed to have obtained complete ascendency over the mind of his royal master. This suspicion created ge- neral displeasure among the people ; on the lord mayor's day, when his majesty and suite proceeded to dine in the city, the king and queen were received with coldness and silence, the earl of Bute was grossly insulted, but Mr. Pitt was welcomed with the loudest acclamations. 8. In a few months the wisdom of Mr. Pitt's anticipa- tions was fully established ; the hostile designs of Spain could no longer be concealed, and when the British ambas- sador remonstrated, he received nothing but evasive answers, or flat refusals to all his demands. He was in consequence recalled, and in a short time afier a declaration of war was published against Spain. 0. A new parliament being assembled, the consideration of a provision for the queen, in the event of her surviving his majesty, was recommended from tht throne. An annu- ity of 100,000/. was settled on her for life, together with the palace of Somerset houHc (afterwards exchanged for Buckingham house), and tl. idgc and lands of Richmond park. , .... 10. (A.D. 1762.) No change of imporUnce bad hitherto been made in the cabinet, except the appointment of the earl of Bute tu the office of secretary of state ; but a more important alteration had long been meditated, one that in- volved idmost a complete revolution in the domestic policy of England. Since the accession of the house of Bruns- wick, the administration of public aflairs had been prin- cipally confided to some of the great families, by whose exertions that race of sovereigns had been placed upon the throne. Their power had been considerably strengthened by the suppression of the two rebellions in 1716 and 1745 ; sod the two former kings, more attached to their German I other membRii of of all (he inlbrma- id, and ihey were Mr. Pitt'a superior anally rejected, and mark of gratitude, icea, a pension of three Uvea, and hia aister wa« generally B earl of Bute, who «te ascendency over uapicion created ge- on the lord mayor's eeded to dine in the d with coldness and nsulted, but Mr. Pitt itions. r Mr. Pitt's antioipa- lie designs of Spain m the British ambas- but evasive answers, s was in consequence iclaratiou of war was ed, the consideration rent of her surviving M throne. An annu- br life, together with ivards exchanged fur d lands of Richmond portance bad hitherto e appointment of (be of state ; but a more aeditated, one that in- [n the domestic policy (he house of Bruns- ffairs had been prin- t families, by whose been placed upon the jiderably strengthened ms in 17 15 and 1746; shed to their German OROROK III. 857 dominions than to their British kingdoms, surrendered the government of these countries to their ministers without reluctance. The new sovereign of Britain was entirely- free from German predilections ; in the court of his mother he had been taught to dislike the politics of his grandfather, and he had no longer any reason to dread danger from the change, for the claims of the young pretender had long since sunk into total insignificance. Unfortunately, the earl of Bute, to whom the management of such an important change was confided, did not possess abilities equal to the task. His domestic virtues, his refined taste, and generous liberality had made him deservedly beloved in private life ; but his reserved habits, his coldness of manner, and his total igno- rance of state affairs, made his public career odions to the people, painful to himself, and injurious to the popularity of his sovereign. 11. It was resolved to get rid of the Pelham family, which had been so long at the head of affairs ; the duke of Newcastle was made so uneasy in his situation, that he resigned his post as first lord of the treasury, and was suc- ceeded by the earl of Bute ; the greater part of the ministers imitated the duke's example ; and even the duke of Devon- shire, whose exertions in behalf of the Hanoverian suoees- sion had been rewarded by the place of lord chamberlain, found it necessary to resign his situation. A furicns paper* war ensued, and party spirit, which had slept during the triumphant administration of Mr. Pitt, was revived, and raged with unparalleled fiiry. National prejudices contri- buted to fan the flame ; tiie earl of Bute was a Scotchman, and the old jealousy between the natives of the northern and southern divisions of the country was made a formidable engine of party hostility. 12. The war was carried on with equal vigour and suc- cess by the new administration. The French arid Spaniards having in vain endeavoured to detach the Portuguese from their alliance with England, sent an army to invade the country : but an English body of auxiliaries was imme- diately despatched to Portugal, and the progress of the in- vaders was soon cheeked. At first, indeed, the bigoted Portuguese refused to unite cordially with their heretical allies ; but when eoant de la Lippe was appointed to the command of their armies, he entered cordially into the views of the English general, and the Spaniards were defeated in two decisive engagements. Spain suffered still more se- IN HIRTOKY or RNOLAND. verely in othrr qnartera of the vlobe ; Ilavannih, with Elununr to the amount or three milTiona aterling . waa taken y the oarl of Albemarle and admiral Pocorke ; the city of Manilla lurrendered to general Draper and admiral Corn* iih ; it wu ranaomed for the itipiilated aum of one million, bat the Spaniarda violated their engai^ementa, and the ran- •om waa never paid. Two valuable treaaure thipe, con- taining property to the amount of two milliona aterling, were about the aame time captured by Britiah cruiaera. (August 12, 1763.) While the wagona that conveyed the treaaure taken from the Spaniah vpaaela to the Tower were paaaing in front of the palace, the cannon in the park an- nounced the birth of a prince of Walea, and thia coincidence not a little increaaed the public joy at thia happjjr event. 13. While the arma of England were thua triumphant in varioua quartera of the globe, the king of Pruaaia, her prin- cipal, and, indeed, her almoat only ally, after a aeriea of brilliant exploita, which have immortaliied hia name,8eenied to have been brought to the very brink of ruin by the junc- tion of the Russians with hia inveterate enemiea. At the very moment, however, that his deatruction aeemed certain, he waa rescued by one of those audden revolutions which baffle all human calculation. Elizabeth, empreaa of Russia, dying, was succeeded by her nephew, Peter III., who waa an enthusiaatic admirer of the Prussian king ; he not only concluded a peace with Frederick, but even joined his arma to thoae of that monarch, and began to act hoatilely against hia former allies. Peter was, however, soon dethroned by his sulnects ; Catharine IL, hia conaort, then became em- press of Ruaaia ; she withdrew her forces from those of the King of Prussia, and resolved to maintain a strict neutrality. Frederic waa not alow in availing himaelf of these favour- able circumstances, and aoon amply retrieved bia former losses. 14. AU parties were now serioasly anxious for the resto- ntion uf peace. France waa deprived of her colonial pos- •eaaions, and saw her commerce on the brink of ruin ; Spain had suffered still more severely ; the Austrians and Prus- sians were wearied of campaigns, which left the armies at thei^ cloae nearly in the same situation they occupied at the commencement; and England, notwithstanding bet triumphs, felt that a continuation of such exertions would soon ex- haaat her reaources. The seven yeara' war waa terminated by a general peace, by which England was permitted to re- -ii i iiiM i i i iii, J y ii K>; llavannih, with • iterling, wm taken I Pococke; the city «r and admiral Corn- I aum of one m'.Uion, ementa, and the ran- treaaure ahipfi con- vvo mitliona aterling, by Britiah cruiaera. na that conveyed the la to the Tower were innon in the park an- I, and thia coincidence thia happjr event, ire thua triumphant in ; of Pruaaia, her prin- ]ly, after a eeriea of lized bia name, aeemed k of ruin by the junc- ate enemiea. At the action aeemed certain, den revolutions which sth, empreaa of Ruaaia, Y, Peter III., who waa an king; he not only It even joined hia arma to act hoatilely againat er, aoon dethroned by lort, then became em- brcea from those of the itein a strict neutrality, imself of these favour- y retrieved his fomier y anxious for the resto- ed of her colonial pos- ihe brink of ruin ; Spain le Austrians and Prus- hieh left the armies at on they occupied at the ihatanding-her triumphs, ertions would soon ex- ira' war was terminated ind was permitted to «e- OBOROIt III. •M tain Canada and aoveral other conqueaU, receiving aiao from Spain, Florida, in exchange for the Havannah. Ifi. 'J'hough the terms of the peace were very favourable to llie iiitereau of the Englikh, yet the nation, intoxicated by aucceas, re- gretted the termination of the war. The nriiclea had been Bigned eeveral months before the city of London could be prevailed upon to present a tardy and reluctant address of congratulation i and on the day of iu presentation, the lord- mavor (Beckford) refused to ailend, and the bells of the different churches rui muffled peals during the procession Quutiorufor Examination. 1. By whom WM CI«orga II. wiccMded r 2. Did any thinf remarkable occur at 'he fint meeting of the privy council f 3. What prac^inip look place inr pariiament f *^ ' ^^ 4. To wliom did G«>rge III. unite hiimelf in marriacer coTil t"""™"""" ""^ *" ***"* *^^^ di.p«itioni in the Spanidi 6. Under what cimiinMancM did Mr. Pitt reaian hia office t Z- JK*** X**?..*? """""XiU'nc* of hie rwignaiion f a Were Mr. Pitt • luipickm of the Spanish court well Ibunded ? 9. What dowry wwi eeltled on ttie queen f m What great cbame took place in the adminirtmtion f U. Did any evil oomequencee reeult ftom the change of miniitry 1 2. How wai the war ooiidurtod f what triumphi dTd the Enalidi obtain f ? SL***' "^ wae the king of Prmeia tMcued fWmi hie difflculSee T \i- JK*''' r*" ■" 1*"^ aniioui to terminate the war ? 15. Wai the peace popular in England r SECTION II. 1. (A.D. nea.) Tran4VIu.itv might naturally have been expected at the conclusion of a glorious war, but this was prevented by the domestic dissensions which party spirit (iroduced. The earl of Bute's unpopularity still con- tinued, but his influence was apparently unabated, for not- withstanding the most vigorous efforts of the opposition, he prevailed upon pariiament to impose a tax upon cider, which, without producing any great revenue, gave infinite dissotbfaction to the nation. Immediately after this triumbh, his lordship, to the great surprise of every one, resigned his poet and retired into private life. 2. He was succeeded by Mr. George Grenville. The prens soon teemed with the most yiroient libels from the partisans of the several factions that divided die eonntry. In these productions the person '«wsa jBwiiiMi i iii aoo HMTMf Of INaLAND of tlie uveicign wu not nlwnyt sparAd, until at length the niiniatry waa roua«d by the appearance of No. 46 of the North Briton, a iieriodical paper conducted by Mr. Wilkea, the member Tor Ayleabury, in which it waa atated that the kinf had uttered a deliberate falaehood in hia apeeeh to par- liament. Thia waa an oflfenco which could not be paaaed over, and a general warrant waa iaaued for the arreat of the author, printera, and publiahera of that .paper. Mr. Wilkea waa arreated and aent to the Tower ; aeveral innocent per- aona were taken into euatody, and the miniatry found that in their eagerneaa to puniah a delinquent, they had unfortu- nately raiaed a great constitutional queation, which muat of neceaaity be decided againat then. 8. The printera uken np under the warrant, brought actiona againat the meaaengera by whom they had beien arreated, and recovered heavy damagea. Mr. Wilkea alao having been brought by habeaa corpoa before the court of common pleas, waa liberated, the judgea being uuanimoualv of opinion, that privilege of parlianoent extended to the eaSki of writing a libel. The houae of commona gave a different deciaion. They voted that No. 4ft of the North Briton waa a false, acandalous, and aeditioua libel, and that the author of auch waa not protected by privilege of parliament. Soon after, Mr. Wilkea fought a duel with Mr. Martin, whom be had libelled, and waa severely wounded ; he had scarcely recovered from its effects when he thought fit to retire to France. (A. D. 1764.) During hia abaence, he waa expelled the house of commons, and driven to an outlawry in the court of king'a bench for not appearing to stand his trial. The only advantage that reaulted from this struggle, was the declaration of the illegality of gcsttnal warruta by a reaoUtion of both houses of pariiamenl. 4. (A.O. 1760.^ The immenae expenditore ineunred during the late war had invirived the oonntry in conaideraUe difficulties, and it was considered only just that the AnM> (ican coloniea, whoae intereata had been most regarded in the treaty of peace, should bear theur proportion of the Sublic burdens j aoooidingly, a > bill for imposing stamp utiea on all mercantile tranaactiona in the coloniea was in- trcKJkiced by Mr. GrenviUe, and paaaed into a law with bat little opposition. The Americana had been for aome time Mf vioasly very indignant at the treatment they had leeeived irom the mother-country; their profitable Inde with the j^fpaoish oeloniea had been deatroyed by new fiscal regular , until at lengtli the e of No. 45 of the :ted by Mr. Wilkei, WH ■Uted that the in hia apeech to par- ;ould not be patted for the arreat of the paper. Mr. Wilkea averal innocent per- miniatry found that It, they had unforiu- ition, which muat of he warrant, brought hom tliey had been a. Mr. WUkae alao la before the court of la being unanimoualy \ extended to the eaav^ jnona gave a different of the North Briton 18 libel, and that the 'ivilege of parliament, el with Mr. Martin, ily wounded ; he had ten he thought fit to 5hia abvenee, ho waa riven to an outlawry ppearing to atand hw •d from thia atruggle, ' general warruta by lent. expenditure incurred ountry In conaideraUe ly juat that the AflM* len moot regarded in ia proportion of the for impoatng atamp the coloniea waa in- sd into a law with but _ been for aome time aent they had reoeived fitable trade with the by new fiaoal regular OKOROE III. Ml tiona ; the Indiana had harutHed their bark aettlcmenta, nnd no royal forcea were arnt to check the prnj^rnaa of the bar- bariana; when, therefore, newa arrived that tazca were ahont to be imposed on the coloniea by a parliament in which they were not repreaented, public indignntion knew no bounda, and the colonial legislaturea aent renionatrancna couched in very atrong language to the parliament and the throne, ft. The progresa of theiie diaseniiiona wai, however, arreated by the downfall of the Uri-nviile adminiitration ; the miniater having omitted tlie nnme of the kingV mother in the bill for providing a council of regency in case of any emergency, ao diapleaaed hia majeaty, that he waa compelled to aend in hia reaignation. A new miniatrv waa formed, principally by the exertiona of the duke of Cumberland, at the head of which waa placed the marquia of Rockingham, a nobleman eonapiououa for his public and private virtues, but not diatinguiahed by auper-eminent abililiea. 0. (A. D. 1760.) The chief business of the new ministry was to undo all that their predecessora had done ; the atamp act, which had excited so much dissatisfaction in America, and the eider tax, which waa equally unpopular in England, were both repealed, and theae judicious measures were fol- lowed by a brief interval of tranquillity. 7. (A. D. 1767.) The Rockingham adminiatration waa ao weakened by the death of the duke of Cumberland, that it waa broken up, and a new cabinet formed under the aus- pices of Mr. Pitt, who was created earl of Chatham, and the duke of Grafton was placed at its head, as firat lord of the treasury. The attention of government was firat directed to the utVuirs of the East India company, which had been thrown into confusion by the avarice and rapacity of their servants. Lord Clive waa sent out to India, with full powers to remedy these evils, and under his administration the com- pany soon recovered its former prosperity, and laid the foundations of future greatneas. 8. The unfortunate deaign of taxing America was again revived ; an act was pasaed for i^ranung dnties on all glass, paper, painters* colours, and tea importra into the British colonies ; which the Americana resisted by petitions, remonstrances, and agreements not to use British manufactures until the obnoxioua duties were repealed. An act was alao pasaed enjoining the coIobIm to provide his majesty's troops with necessaries in their quar- ters ; the colonial hooae of assembly, in the state of New Yorii> peremptorily refused obedience, and another act was 2H IIIIIIIJI liWilB HISTORT OF ENOLAND. pused restraining the assembly from making laws until Uiey had complied with the terms of the former statute. 9. (A.D. 1768.) The natural date of the parliament having nearly expired, it was dissolved, and writs issued for the election of a new one. Wilkes embraced the op- portunity of returning from exile which a change of minis- try afforded ; he offered himself a candidate for Middlesex, and was elected by an overwhelming majority. He then surrendered himself to the court of king's bench, and pro- cured the reversal of his ouUawry ; he was, however, sen* tenced to pay a fine of a thousand pounds, and to «»"»>• prisoned for twenty-two months. As he was esteemed a martyr in the cause of liberty, a subscription was opened for paying his fine, supporting him while in prison, and compounding his debts, which amounted to more than twenty thousand pounds. 10. The disturbances m AmerMM still continued to increase, and the states of New England were particulariy remarkable for their determined bosUlity to the new duties. Descended from the puritans and re- publicans, who had left England after the restoration of Charies II., and sought in the wilds of America the liberty of conscience denied to them at home, the New Englanden possessed in no ordinary degree the spirit of independence, tmd the obstinate resolution which had characteriied the soldiers of Fairfax and Cromwell. In Boston the commis- sioners of customs were so severely handled, that they were forced to take refuge from the fury of the populace in fort William ; and to preserve the peace of the town, it was deemed necessaiy to send Uiither two regimenU of foot from Halifax, aud as many from Ireland. 11. The situation of Ireland began also to give the minister considerable uneasiness ; by Poyning's law, passed in the reign of Henry VII., and extended by several sub- sequent statutes, the legislature of that counUy had been made so completely dependent on the British government, (hat it was become a mere nullity. An unwise and unjust spirit of commereial jealousy induced Uie English to abuse the advantages which they had obtuned, and several im- politic restrictions were imposed on Irish commerce and manufactures. These measures produced litUe or no ad- vantage to the English, while tiiey crushed the rising ener- gies of the sister kingdom ; but they were obstinately n»in- tained, for the age was not yet sufficiently enlightened to discover Uut the prosperity of oue country was intimately P jll W PIiW P .HM I M - ■Mr-tmn II inr- -iwwnT BiSai iking laws untU trmer atatute. the parliament and wriu issued embraced the op- change of minia- te for Middlesex, jority. He then B bench, and pro- as, however, sen-^ is, and to be im- I was esteemed a ption was opened le in prison, and ed to more than )anees in Ameriea of New England termined hostility puritans and re- he restoration of merica the liberty B New Englanden t of independenee, characterized die loston the commis- led, that they were e populace in fort f the town, it was regiments of foot also to give the rning*s law, passed ed by several snb- country had been Iritish government, unwise and unjust le English to abuse ed, and several im- rish commerce and ;ed little or no ad- hed the rising ener- re obstinately main- BUtly enlightened to intry was intimately OSOROR III. connected with that of the other. A strong party had, however, been formed in Ireland to achieve the legislative independence of their country > and they* gained no small part of their object, by the jpassing of the octennial act, which limited the duration of Irish parliaments to eight years, for they had been previously dissolved only ',s the demise of the crown. 12. In the East Indies, the English were assailed by aa enemy more formidable than any they had hitherto met in that quarter. Hyder Ally, who had raised himself from the rank of a common sepoy to that of a sovereign prince, com- menced hostilities against the company's settlements, and for several years kept them iu a state of incessant idarm. 13. When the new parliament met, the people imagined that Mr. Wilkes would be liberated to take his seat, and therefore assembled in great numbers in St. George's fields, round die king's bench prison, in order to conduct him to the house of commons. The Surry justices took the alarm, and read the riot act, but the multitude refusinff to disperse^ the military were called out, and unfortunately ordered to fire. One man was killed on the spot, and a great number were wounded, several mortally. It happened Uiat a Scotch regiment had been employed in this lamentable affair, a circumstance which not a little increased the public indig- nation. Verdicts of wilful murder against the soldiery were returned by the different inqqeats, and on the sub- sequent trials several of the soldiers were found guilty of murder. 14. The government by no means participated in the popular feeling; not only were pardons granted to those who had been convicted, but the secretary, of state, lord Weymouth, sent a letter to the justices thankins tt}em for their spirited conduct. This document was published by Mr. Wilkes, with an indignant commentary, in which he termed the affair " a horrid massacre," and added a virulent invec- tive against the entire conduct of the government. 19. For this publication Mr^ Wilkes was exp^ed the house of com- mons, and with strange inconsistency, the causes assigned for his expulsion included not only his late offence, but die former acta for which he had already atoned by undergoing judicial punishment. This complication of charge afforded just grounds of complaint, and not a little tended to give Wilkes a decided superio(ity over his opponents. (A. D. 1769.) The freeholders unanimously re-elected him, but 'mam 864 HiaTORY OF SNOLAND. the house considered the election void, and issued a new writ. The same proceedings were twice repeated ; until at length colonel Lutlrell was prevailed upon to offer himself as candidate. Wilkes was once more returned by an im- mense majority, the votes for him being 1148, while those for his opponent amounted only to 269 ; the house of com- mons, notwithstanding, declared that Luttrell was and ougM to be the sitting member. 16. This was considered, with some show of jusUce, a fatal blow to the liberties of the subject ; petitions and re- monstrances of the most daring nature poured in from all parts of the kingdom ; the press teemed with the most virulent attacks on all the constituted authorities, some went so far as to deny the legality of the present parliament, and the obligation of the people to obey its laws. An anonymous writer, named Junius, was particularly distinguished by the fierce severity of his attacks on the ministry, and by the superior brilliancy of his style, which still preserves hia celebrated letters from the oblivion into which party pro- ductions usually fall. Meanthne the disputes, with the colonists continued to be maintained with unabated zeal { and the Irish pariiament showed such a determination to throw off the yoke, that it was found necessary to elude their demands by a prorogation. Quuttaiu for ExantimUion. 1. How wi» th* tnmquiUihr of the country <«'J*"5S*Jf A. N«tf. Britm I 8. MITiatcifcuiMtancM took place fetpectmgNa 46 of aeNofttiBrilooT t wSi'^h^liSiSSi^Sd^tounkmbetw^ coloniee t ^d. • & How WM the Gronville miniitry overuirown ! 6. Rf what meam waa tranqoiUiiy laatoied f . . 7. What waa the fint meMura of the Gtalton adnunwiniionT 8. Bv what act wa» die discontent of the Amenoana leviTed T ft flow did Wnkea behave on the change of a^many t W. la what manner did the Americanj conduct iheDMelvea T II W«i any important change made m the Imn leguuaiure » IS. Did any new power jippsar in the Eait Indieaf 1ft What nnibrtanate event took place m 8t QeorM ■ fielda » 14. How waa WUkea involved in a new contest with govemnwnt ' 15. What waa the dedaion of the hou»e of commom reipecting me Middiean election r . , . i... IS DidtMadeciiionpiodnceanyuopleaiantreaultaT ind issued a new repeated ; until at n to offer himself ;tumed by an im- 1143, while those the house of com- rell was and ought show of justice, a ; petitions and re- >oured in from all ed with the most orities, some went mt parliament, and ta. Aix anonymous istinguished by the inistry, and by the still preserves his ( which party pro- disputes. wiU) the ith unabated zeal; a determination to issary to elude their I. edt 5 of the N«A Briton t igland and tbe Amukan inittntionT • revived! try? nuelveet giilature ? e'e field*? th goveninientf reipectingtheMiddleeex ii wn ii W Iiil l i iT ii W w 9ROROE III. SECTION III. 36S 1. (A.D. 1770.) The health of the earl of Chatham had been long in such a state as to prevent him from exerting his energies for the benefit of his country ; he had die mortification to find that his influence was lost in the cabinet, and his popularity forgotten by the nation; he therefore resigned his office, and his example was imitated by the duke of Grafton. Lord North succeeded the latter as first lord of the treasury, and some trifling changes were made in the inferior departments of government. 2. Foreign nations seemed to have lost all respect for a cot]ntry whose councils were uubjtct to such sudden vicis- situdes, and the subjects of the realm were no longer willing to pay that respect to the laws wiilch is neoessaiy to the well-being of a state. The new m'jtistry seemed ill calculated to retrieve the honour of the country ; they per- mitted France to acquire the island of Corsica without ven- turing to interfere, and tamely submitted to an insult offered by Spain to the British flag in the affair of the Falkland islands. The spirit of Uie nation however forced the ministry to make some exertions in the latter instance, and the matter was finally adjusted by a convention. 8. (A.D. 1771.) The debates in parliament had beon hitherto printed surreptitious!/, as their publication was deemed a breach of privilege. The interest felt by the public in the debates on tlie Middlesex election induced the printers to act laoro daringly than before, 's.'^ ' at length a formal complaint w^ ;< 'rMf) in the house, and a messenger was sent into %hn cif^ ,) .'iirrest Uie most notorious of the offenders. Oi>^ pri' u r having* been seized by the mes- senger, sent for a rciiKtaiiA, x } "arried both before die lord mi^or Mr. '^^oshy. Th' ' {{eiitleman, with die Mer- men Wilkes and Oliver, not oAy discharged the printer, but threatened! :: senri the measr r.;,'er to prison uidess ha found bail to ftasw>' toi hie appearance on a charge of illegal arrest The hi. use of commons received the news of these proceedings with the most viidunt indignation; die lord mayor and Oliver were sent to die Tower, and Wilkes was summoned to appear at the bar of the house. But an unexpected difficulty was soon raised ; Wilkes refused to appear unless permitted to take his place for Middlesex, 2h2 HilBHitatai* • I jiiiiiiMiiiiraiiiiiiiiiiiiaii ii ! '^3^r ' ■ I I ^ II I HB 866 niSTOHT OF BNOLAND. and the house at length compromised its dignity, by ordering him to attend on the 8th of April, and then adjourning to the 0th. Since this event no attempt has been made to check the publication of the parliamentary debates, which now constitute the most importer t, as well as the most interesting, feature in the periodical press. 4. (A. D. 1772.) Tiie marriage of the king's brothers, the dukes of Cumberland and Gloucester, with subjects of the realm, led to the enactment of the royal marriage act, which prohibited any of the descendants of George II. from marrying before the age of twenty-five without the consent of the king in council. An act was also passed to abrogate the law by which felons, who refused to plead, were pressed to death ; it was enacted that, for the future, those who did not plead should be held guilty of the crimes laid to their charge. 6. The continent of Europe was the scene of an atrocious act of injustice committed by three crowned heads ; the firet dismemberment of Poland was effected by an iniquitous confederacy between the emperor of Germany, the empress of Russia, and the king of Prussia; they left the unfor- tunate monarch of tlie country little more than a nominal sovereignty, and even of this he was subsequently deprived by the royal rolhers, and the name of Poland blotted from the list of natiOiis. 6. About the same time the king of Sweden, in violation of the most solemn obligations, abro- gated the free constitution of his country, and made himself despotic. 7. In Denmark, on the other hand, the royal power was overthrown by a vile faction, who deprived the king of his authority, murdered his ministers, and drove his queen, Matilda, sister to the king of England, into esile, where grief soon terminated her sufferings. 8. The planters in the island of St. Vincent had grossly Untreated the Caribbs, or native inhabitants, v ho had been allowed to possess their lands in quiet vJ 'c; the colony remained under the dominion of the French. A civil war ensued, and the planters, notwithstanding all their advan- tages, were worsted ; application for assistance against the rebellious savages, as Ihey thought fit to designate men who refused to submit tamely to upen robbery, was made to the British parliament ; but the opposition was so strong, that the advocates of the planters were forced to yield, and peace was subsequently restored on equitable conditions. 9. (A. D. 1773.) Ireland and Scotland were, about ibis dignity, by ordering ten adjourning to the been made to check lebates, which now the most interesting, the king's brothers, [fit, with subjects of I royal marriage act, ants of George 11. nty-five without the t was also passed to lo refused to plead, that, for the future, 1 guilty of the crimes scene of an atrocious med heads ; the first ed by an iniquitous ermany, the empress they left the unfor- nore than a nominal ubsequently deprived Poland blotted from me time the king of nn obligations, abro- ry, and made himself her hand, the royal n, who deprived the nisters, and drove his England, into exile, Ings. Vincent had grossly itants, ir ho had been iet v'!' 't! the colony French. A civil war ding all their advan- assistance against tfie fit to designate men a robbery, was made nsition was so strong, e forced to yield, and [^uitable conditions, tland were, about this OIOROK III. §gf time, drained of a large portion of their peasantry, driven to emigration by the cruel rapacity of the landlords ; the exiles sought an asylum in America, and supplied that country, at the moment it was about to commence its great struggle for independence, with a hardy population, animated by the most bitter feelings of resentment against the country which they had been forced to abandon. 10. The voyages of discovery undertaken during the early part of this reign were very creditable to the adminis- tration by which ^ey were sent out. Captain Phipps made an ineffectual effort to discover a north-west passage to the East Indies ; Byron, Wallis, Carteret, and Cook suc- cessively navigated the globe, and discovered several new islands in the Pacific Ocean. The last named navigator was killed during his third voyage at Owhyhee, in an unfortu- nate dispute with the natives. 11. The dGtermination of the Americans to use no articles on which a dtity was levied by the British parlia- ment was stiir obstinately maintained, and the presence of the British troops in Boston kept alive those feelings of ani- mosity which more conciliatory conduct might have extin- guished. In resisting a violent act of aggression, a party of the military were compelled to fire on the populace, of whom three were killed and five drngeronsly wounded. The townsmen assembled on the following night, and were with much difficulty prevented from proceeding to extremi- ties; but on the day that the unfortunate victims were in- terred, most of the shops in Boston were closed, the bells of all the churches in the town and neighbourhood rung muffled psals ; and the funerals were escorted by all the citizens, oi e^ery rank, in mournful procession. Captain Preston, who had commanded the party, was tried for mur- dpf. anil it is Ivighly creditable to the American character, that hiv defence wan intrusted to Adams and Quincy, the most violent advoc-.tes of freedom ; and that a jury com- posed of townsmen acquitted the prisoner without hesitation. 12. These proceedings were naturally considered by th« provincial governors as strong evidences of a rebellious spirit, and in themselves almost acts of treason ; they con- sequently, in their public and private letters, described them in no measured terms. Mr. Hutchinson, the governor of Massachusetts, and his lieutenant, Mr. Oliver, had written several letters, in which they severely condemned the American leaders, called for the adoption of the most vigor- "MB HISTORY OF INOLAND. oua measures, and even recommeniled the *' taking off" of the most active opponento of government Of these letters Dr. Franklin obtained possession, and he immediately laid them before the provincial assembly of Massachusetts. The perusal of tliese documents excited violent indignation ; it was unanimously resolved, " that the tendency of the raid letters was to overthrow the constitution of this govern- ment, and to introduce arbitrary power into the province ; and it was further voted, *' that a petition should be imme- diately sent to the king, to remove Hutchinson and Oliver for ever from the government of the province." The peti- tion was immediately transmitted, and Franklin came over to England to support it in person before the privy council. 18. (A.D. lT7i.) On the day hppointed for hearing the petition, Mr. Wedderbume, the solicitor-general, appeared on bcValf of the governor, and assailed Franklin for the treachery of publishing a private correspondence, in one of the most elaborate invectives ever uttMed. Less fervid elo- quence wou*d have been sufficient to sway the determination of the council ; the petition was declared to be scandalous and vexatious, and Franklin was dismissed from the office which he held of postmaster-general of the colonies. 14. The refusal of the Americans to purchase tea had led to a vast accumulation of that article in the storehouses of the East India company ; in order to afford them some relief, a drawback of the import duty was allowed them on all U:ti thai should be exported ; and the ministry believed that the colonists would gladly pay the small tax of three pence -per pound on an article which they could only pro- eore by smuggling, and at an enormous expense. But those who had formed such expectations had sadly miscalculated the spirit and firmness of the Americans ; resolutions were «dnpted in the several provinces, declaring that all who aided or abetted iu the landing or vending of the expected tea, should be deemed enemies of their country ; and the majo- rity of the consignees, terrified at these proceedings, sent back the cargoes. In Boston, the agents of the company were dependants on the governor, and trusting to the pro- tection of the military, resolved to persevere : but during the night the leading patriots, disguised as Indians, boarded the vessels, and emptied the tea-chests into the water. 16. The news of this proceeding was received by the British ministry with unmixed pleasure ; they thought that Boston, the great focus of American sedition, having been ^■■■■■■■J the " taking off" of nt. Of these letters he immediately laid of Maasachuaetta. I violent indignation ; the tendency of the tution of thia govern- r into the province ; ion should be imme- itohinson and Oliver evince." The peti- Franklin came over re the ynry council, inted for hearing the tor-general, appeared led Franklin for the spondence, in one of red. Leas fervid elo- vay the determination ired to be scandalous lissed from the office r the colonies. to purchase tea had :le in the storehouses to afford them some was allowed them on the ministry believed he small tax of three they could only pro- I expenae. But those d sadly miscalculated ma ; resolutions were ring that all who aided of the expected tea, luntry ; and the majo- lese proceedings, sent gents of the company nd trusting to the pro- severe : but during the s Indians, boarded the ito the water. was received by the ire ; they thought that sedition, having been aiOROB III. guilty of a flagrant delinquency, was now completely at their mercy, and they prepared to visit it with exemplary punish- ment. A bill for shutting up the port of Boston, and another for annulling the charter of Massachusetts, were passed with little opposition ; and these harsh measures were soon foU lowed by a third, of a still more dangerous tendency ; it enacted, that " if any person were indicted for murder or any capital offence, committed in the province of Massachu- setts, in aiding the magistracy, such person or persons might be sent by the governor to some other colony or to Great Britain.for trial." It was in vain that colonel Barrd, and some others, showed that this measure directly tended to sanction military outrage by the hope of impunity ; it passed through both houses with overwhelming majorities, and im- mediately received the royal assent. 16. Nothing could ex( ced the burst of indignation with which the first intelligen :e of these harsh measures was re- ceived in the New England states. They sternly refused to obey laws which deprived them of their natural and chartered rights, and made active preparations to resist their enforcement. All the other colonies, except Georgia, zeal- ously adopted the cause of the people of Massachusetts, and agreed to discontinue their commerce with Great Britain until the obnoxious statutes should be repealed. To give greater effect to their remonstrances, an assembly of delegates from the different states was organized by Franklin and other provincial leaders, which, under the name of a congress, met in Philadelphia. The congress promised every assist- ance to the New Englanders, and prepared a spirited peti- tion to be laid before his majesty, soliciting a redress of grievances. They also published addresses to the B' itish people, to the Canadians, and to the West Indian co^Jiiies, vindicating the purity of their motives, and declaring tlieir fixed resolution not to submit to oppression. Questions for Examination, 1. Wer« any changes made in the ministry ? 5. Did any remarkable eventa occur abroad f 3. By what train of evento waa the right of printing the parliamentary da- batei ostablithed > . 4. What remarkable acta of parliament were pened 1 9. Did any of the Ruropean powent combine to rain Poland 6. What revolutioB took place in Sweden? 7. Did any thing remarkable occur in Denmark i 8. What were the ctrcnmslancea of the Caribb ws: 5 9. On what account did emigration to America inereaie) immtmmmm •^H^flFWnW^W* 870 HHTOMT or IMOLAND. lOb Wm* uif rHMriuM* vo]ri«M ofdiMOTPry undart^m t II. Whal miUtary outran «rMt*d • graal MtuMHioo in Bwlon T 11 How WM the UMmbly of MMMUibuMtta placed in open hoaiUity to ill ■OTomorl ... la. How wai the Maaachuaatii lamomtrance traalad bjr tha pnyy oouncd? 14. How did the Americana treat the tea eiported Ooni England I 1ft. What vindictive meaaurea were Mncdoned by tha Brittti parliamant t It HowdidlheAiiMiioaiiaaotincoiiaaqiMiioet SECTION IV. 1. (A.D. 1776.) An opportunitjr of retracting their etepe WM afforded to the Britiah miniaters bv the presentation of the petition from the congresa at Philadelphia ; especially aa a new parliament had been summoned in the room of that which had sanctioned the late severe measures of coercion. It was reported that his majesty had received the petition roost graciously, and the public consequently indulged in expectations of a reconciliation between the colonies and the mother country. These hopes were destined to be disap- pointed ; the houses of parliament, in their address to the king at the opening of the session, stated that " a rebellion actually existed in the province of Massachusetts," and in the usual style offered to assist in its suppression with their lives and fortunes. A few members, justly anxious to avert tiie hazards of war, laboured hard to change the determina- tions of the minister ; in particular Mr. BArke proposed a plan for conciliating America, in a speech of unrivalled elo- quence ; these efforts were vain, and nothing now remained but an appeal to the sword. Franklin also, having been long employed in a kind of treaty with the ministers, finding them determined to persevere in their insane resolutions, broke off the conference, and sailed for America, resolved to share the fortunes and hazards of his fellow-citizens. 2. The New Englanders were determined to attack the royal forces as soon as ever they should march out of Boa- Ion, and their adherence ic this resolution was soon put to the test. On th'j night of thn eighteenth of April, a detach- ment was sent from Boston to seize some military stores, which the insurgents had collected at Concord. In apite of every precaution, Uie country was alarmed, and when the advanced guard arrived early on the following morning at Lexington, they found a sm^ body of provincials prepared ww ni i umm f n » iiw i . >. JertakMit linBMlMit sd in open hmtUitjr to ill tl«d bv th« privy oouncilt (Vom EMland \ th« Briwh iwrliammt t retracting their itepa f the presentation of elphia ; eapeoially aa in the room of that leaaures of coercion, eceived the petition >quently indulged in I the colonies and the destined to be diaap- their address to the ted that " a rebellion assachusetts," and in ippression with their ustly anxious to avert hange the determina- T. BArke proposed a ;ch of unrivalled elo- othing now remained in also, having been the ministers, finding r insane resolutions, ' America, resolved to ellow-citizene. rmined to attack the Id march out of Bc«- ition was soon put to ith of April, a deUch- some military stores, Doncord. In spite of armed, and when the following morning at r provincials prepared OBOROB III. 871 to oppose them. A brief skirmish ensued, in which the Americans were defeated with some loss, and the detach- ment, proceeding to Concord, destroyed all the stores that they found. But they were not permitted to return unmo- lested ; the militia, assembling in force, furiously assailed their flanks and rear ; a constant fire of rifles was maintained from every hedge and every wall which skirted the road, and had not a regiment under the command of lord Percy been sent from Boston to cover their retreat, the entire de« tachment would have been destroyed. It was late in the evening when the British forces arrived at last within the lines of '.heir own fortifications, having lost 60 killed, 180 wounded) and 28 prisoners. 8. Blood having been thus drawn, the whole of the dis- contented colonies boldly prepared to maintain the inevita- ble contest. Volunteers enrolled themselves in every pro- vince, and the king's stores were everywhere seized and appropriated to the use of the insurgents. The fortress of Ticonderoga and Crown Point were surprised by a body of militia, and the Americans thus obtained possession of 100 pieces of cannon and a proportionate quantity of ammunition. The towns and villages in the neighbourhood of Boston were garrisoned, and that city thus placed under a strict blockade. 4. General Gage, who commanded the garrison, soon re- ceived reinforcements from Great Britain, under the com- mand of generals Howe, Burgoyne, and Clinton. He resolved therefore to commence active operations ; but before com- mitting himself to the chances of war, he issued a procla- mation, oflering pardon to all who should lay down their arms, except Messrs. Hancock and Adams. The Americans treated the proclamation with contempt, and soon after elected Mr. Hancock president of congress. 5. In Charlestown. a place situated to the north of Boston, is an eminence called Bunker's hill, which in some degree commands the harbour ; this post the Americans resolved to occupy ; and a party was sent over from Cambridge to in- trench themselves on the height. This they effected with such rapidity and silence during one of the short nights of June, that the appearance of their works at daybreak was the first notice of their presence. The importance of dis- lodging the enemy was evident to the British generals, and a detachment under the command of Howe was sent to th«) peninsula in boats. A tremendous cannonade was opened '". : 1 »w w ninm MS) l A i RHiw i l l i 'l i iliMililitil W'i f nr i i i i < mn i r I ■ ii ii i nrnri-r- r ^*' 872 HISTORY or KNOLANO. on the provincials from Uie ahips and floating batteries in the hai-bour, and from Cop's-hill in HoRton, l)ut the provincials imnotained their post with unduunted resolution. They re- served their fire until the royal forces had advanced within sixty yards of their line, and then poured in so close and murderous a discharge, that the assailants were broken, and fled to the water's edge. A tiecond assault was again de- feated by the well-aimed and steady fire of the provincials; but when Howe rallied bis men to the third attempt, the ammunition of the Americans began to fail, and after an ob- stinate resistance they were compelled to retreat. In this fierce contest the provincials lost about 450 killed, wounded, and missing ; but the victors suflfered still more severely ; their loss amounted to more than a thousand killed and wounded, of whom 70 were officers. The unusual number of officers that fell is attributed to the fatal aim which the provincials took with their rifles, and to the belief generally prevalent in America, that the war was odious to the great body of the Englijh people, and only supported by the no- bility and gentry, from which classes the British officers are generally selected. 6. Another eflb t to avert the horrors of war was made by the congress, iMtl a second pathetic petition forwarded to his majesty. It was intrusted for presentation to Mr. Penn, a descendant of the great founder of Pennsylvania, and one of the chief proprietors in that province. But public and private remonstrances were equally inefiectual, the peti- tion was not even honoured with an answer. 7. The Americans were far from confining their exertions to the pacific means of petition and remonstrance ; with a happy unanimity, they elected George Washington, esquire, oommander-in-chief of all their forces ; and sent two bodies of militia under generals Montgomery and Arnold to drive the English from Canada. After a brief but brilliant career, Montgomery was killed in an attempt to storm Quebec, and the cruelties perpetrated by the infamous Arnold so alien- ated the Canadians, that no hope remained of its uniting with the revolted provinces. 8. (A.D. 1776.) Boston was closely blockaded by Wash- ington, and the garrison was soon reduced to the greatest distress. Howe, who had succeeded Gage in the command, though a general of great ability, found himself unequal to the difficulties of his situation. The inhabitants of Boston, an well as the garrison, had to sustain the horron of famine T mmmfm lating batteriei in (he I, but the provincials saolution. They re- had advanced within ured in so cluse and [Its were broken, and Biault was again de- 9 of the provincial* ; ie third attempt, the fail, and after an ob- . to retreat. In this ISO killed, wounded, ■till more aeverely; thousand killed and The unusual number fatal aim which the > the belief generally odious to the great supported by the no- te British officers are rs of war was made c petition forwarded presentation to Mr. of Pennsylvania, and ovince. But public ' ineffectual, the peti- iwer. fining their exertions imonstrance ; with a Washington, esquire, and sent two bodies and Arnold to drive ef but brilliant career, o storm Quebec, and ous Arnold so aUen- lained of its uniting r blockaded by Wash- luced to the greatest rage in the command, i nimself unequal to ihabitants of Boston, the boRors of famine OKOHOE III. during the winter ; and early in the spring the Americans opened batteries on the neighbouring hills, which swept the town and harbour. Under these circumstances, the town was evacuated by the English, and Washington, entering it, was hailed by the citizens as their deliverer. 0. \n expe- dition undertaken by the British against Charleston, in South Carolina, signally failed. The general (Clinton) was unable to second the naval operations directed by sir Peter Parker ; and, after a useless exhibition of bravery, the ad- miral was forced to retire with the loss of a ship of war, which he burned, to prevent its falling into the hands of the enemy. 10. The An>f;ricans, and the greater part of their leaders, had hitherto ' uncd hopes of peacefully accommodating their disput England ; but the intelligence that the British minu .. , liud hired a body of German mercenaries for their subjugation wrought so powerfully on their excited feelings, that they determined to renounce their allegiance. (July 4th, 1776.) On the motion of Richard Henry Lee, member for Virginia, the congress published their declara- tion of independence, and elected the colonies into free and sovereign states. At the very time that this resolution was adopted, a British fleet was hovering round their coast, a British army was preparing to invade their territories, and symptoms of discouragement and disaiTection were percep- tible in their own soldiery. Still the congress refused to despair, and prepared to support with spirit the independ- ence which they had so courageously asserted. 11. General Howe did not long remain idle at Halifax, whither he had retired after the evacuation of Boston ; he sailed for New York, and being there joined by his brother, lord Howe, with a considerable fleet, he made himself mas- ter of that city and Long Island. Following up his tri- umphs, he expelled the provincial army from the Jerseys, and compelled them to take refuge beyond the Delaware. This rapid success raised the hopes of the British to the highest pitch; the immediate conquest of America was looked upon as absolutely certain, and little seemed wanting to complete so desirable a consummation. 12. But they soon found that Washington, though defeated, was not sub- dued, and that his knowledge of the country in a great degree compensated for his inferiority of numbers. Cross- ing the Delawam in the middle of December, he attacked a body of Hessians at Trenton, and made 000 prisoners ; and 21 [ HSMMa m HIITORT Of BNOLAND. then while lord rornwollia was advancing to reeorer Tren* ton, the indefatigable Americana auddenlv appeared in hia lordahip'a rear, and deatroyed or captured tlie greater part of a detachment under colonel Mawnood. 18. A verv extraordinary incident took place, about this time, in the East Indiea. The council of Madraa had plunged the company into an unjuatifiable war I'h the rajah of Tanjore, whom they attacked and took ;< , < ner. T objtJt, when he waa seized and thrown mto prison by certoin membera of the council. Thia indignity worked ao bitterly on hia feelinga that he sickened and died, leaving behind him a higher character for honour and integrity than moat of those who have made fortuncfl in the Eaat His perse- cutors were subsequently brouf;h': to trial and punisheid, but not with severity proportioned to dteir deserts. 14. (A.D. 1777.) The caution ■}( Waahington prevented anv decisive engagement in the early ] >rt of the new cam- paign ; but the march of Howe towarda 1' ')f,U>lelphia induced the American general to hazard a battle, Tlie armiea met near the Brandywine rivev, and uJ>.er a lot:;? tud fierce battle the English obtained a decisive victory. I'hiladelphia was immediately aurrendered, and occupied by the English forces : a second attempt made by Washington to retrieve his loues was defeated ; and by the aid of ue fleet, Howe reduced the fortificationa which the Americans had con- structed on the banks of the Ddaware, and opened free communication with hia sopplies. 15. But the successes of the English in the soathem states were more than counterbalanced by the disaster they expe- rienced in the northern. Early in the year, general Bur- Joyne, with an army of 7000 men, and a large body of ndiana, received orders to advance from Canws into tfao state of New York, and co-operate with a body of troops which Howe was to send to his assistanee. This plan, if successful, would cut off the New England statea from the reat of the union, and expoae them to be overrun and con- quered in detail. Burgo^ne's part in this expedition was executed with equal skill and intrepidity ; he marched boldly through the country, bearing down all opposition. But the Americana soon assembled an army in his front, and as he had advanced to a distance from his supplies, his situation soon became very hazardous. The operations of the to recover Tren< ' appeared in his Uie greater part ( place, about this adraa had plunged i>h the rajah uf 1- .ner. lH)rd laiL' .: ^s-dem >r 19- recteii ti-'i". obji:t, priaon by < ertain worked ao bitterljr ied, leaving behind integrity than moat East. His perse- 1 and punisheid, but eserts. ishington prevented )rt of the new cam- h)JH<)Alphia induced i. 1 !ie armies met onjr ond fierce battle Philadelphia was id by the English ishington to retrieve I of ue fleet, Howe Americans had con* 9, and opened free I the sonthem states disaster they expe- J ear, general Bur- a large body of >m Canads into iho h a body of troops nee. This plan, if and states from the le overrun and con- this expedition was idity ; he marched >wn all opposition, my in his front, and on his supplies, his 'he operations of the . • - >» *■ mtt^ > IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) '^ 4^ ^ 1.0 1.1 11.25 Ui|21 §15 Itt JM |22 ^ L& |2£ ■I HI I* liil -^ p> / ^V^^\> ^"^^ ^ «^*^^ V // '/ Photographic ScMices Corporatton ¥f^ ^^ o ^^ 4>%y^^ '^^^ 23 WIST MAM STRHT «tflBSTII,N.Y. MSM (716)t7a-4»03 ^ CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/iCIVIH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute fcr Historical Microieproductions / Institut Canadian da microraproductions historiquas "mmm ma' i I I OEOROE III' 375 army, whose aBsistance he expected, were rniserably con- ducted; 8ir Henry Clinton did not leave New York till Oclobe;, and even then, instead of hastening forward to h,8 destination, he employed his troops in burning the unre- Bisting towns and viUages, and devastating the country. Whether this tardiness is to be ascribed to the weakness of the general, or to the insufficiency of the orders sent out by Z Sistry, is not easily ascertained, but from wha^ver cause, it proved the ruin of the entire expedition. On the 16th oi October, general Vaughan. with »he van of Clinton s army, could have rescued Burgoyne from all »>;« Jifficulties, but Vaughan stopped to plunder and burn the little town of iEsopusT and before he was again P"P"«d *o advance, Burgoyne and his army were prisoners of war to the Ameri- can army under the command of gener^ Gates. 16 Bureoyne, depending on the advance of the army from New York, had allowed himself to be cooped up m Saratoea; his provisions were exhausted, his ammunition begSng to fail, his troops dispirited, and his Unes inca- cable of long defence. He therefore surrendered on the condition that his troops, after having laid down their arms, should be sent home, provided that they should not serve asain in America during the present contest. Burgoyne ritumed to England on his parole on y to experience j^ater morUfications ; the leaders of administraUon threw aU the blame of a failure, attributable solely to themselves, on the unfortunate general; he was refused admittance into the presence of the sovereign, denied the justice of a court- martial, and subjected to a series of petty persecuUons Stey more disgraceful to the ministry than to their V ctim. n. General Gates, after his victory, advanced to check the outrages committed by Clinton's soldiers; sir Henry retreated to New York before the victorious army, and the American general was consequendy enabled to send such a reinforcement to Washington'!, army, as made it Tee more a match for that of Howe, and sufficient to protect the province of Pennsylvania from the ravages of the enemy. Questions for Examination. 1 How were the hope* of the friends of pence disappointed T i wKewThe cifcum.tance.of the aifcir at Lexington ? 3. Did the Americans begin the ww ''8?~»«V ' , . , 4 How was the proclamation of general Gage treated ! 6 Wtat were thi circumstrnwo. of the battle of Bunker s hiU t —L 878 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 6. Were any eflbrts made to reatore peace ? '"' 7. How did the invaaion of Canada terminate 7 8. Why was Boston evacuated by the British ? 9. Did the expedition against Charleston succeed 7 10. Under what circumstances did the Americaiu publish the declaration of independence 7 11. ^Vhat k'lccessea did general Howe obtain 7 12. Was Washington dispirited by his losses 7 .„..., 13. Did any remarkable circumstance occur in the East Indies I 14. Where was Washington defeated 7 15. What led to the surrender of Burgoyne'i army 7 16. How was Burgoyne treated 7 17. How did Gates use his victory 7 SECTION V. 1. (A.D, 1778.) The event of which ministers had been vainly warned from the commencement of the unfortunate contest into which they had rashly precipitated the country, at length took place. France acknowledged the independence i« of the United States, and entered into a close alliance with the revolted colonies. Before the news of this treaty could reach America, lord North introduced twc conciliatory bills into the British parliament, granting the provincials every thing that they had demanded before thei declaratit n of independence. In the debates that ensued, the mirister found some of his former supporters more virulent antago* nists than the opposition— they taunted him for deserting the high principles of prerogative and British supremacy which he had hitherto maintained, and complained bitterly of the deception by which he had gained their support. The bills, however, passed the lower house, but their progress through the upper was marked by an incident that must not be carelessly passed over. It was known that the duke of Richmond was of opinion that peace should be purchased even by acknowledging the independence of America, and that he intended to propound these sentiments during the discussion. 2. The venerable earl of Chatham, "inking under the weight of years and bodily infirmities, attended in his place for the purpose of protesting against the dis- memberment of an empire to whose greatness he had so largely contributed, and deprecated such a proceeding with great warmth and eloquence. The duke of Richmond hav- ing answered this speech, the earl rose to reply, but the powers of nature were exhausted, he fell on the floor of the ulll-jyOinnilfnilfiiM ,.e^.a^,.JjS^.-£.i»i.. mam tmh. .'•■^iH' bliih the declaration o< lit Indiea t ministers had been of the unfortunate )itatere no preparations lemselves, showed f volunteers were arms were at first [Beers were chosen Tlemont appointed )mpanies. When ty by sea, the fear sers retained their They had learned mined to eflect the ihing the indepen- of her commerce Y to the ministry ; irse of narrow and ly concession, and a revolution. .i^d.:^,..^,.. ..^..■.:.-,:.^J,:^-^f.^^^ OROROB III. 879 9. (1780.) Holland was soon added to the enemies of England ; Mr. Laurens, who had been president of con- gress, was taiien by a British cruiser, and the papers found in his possession fully proved the existence of a treaty be- tween the Dutch and the Americans. War was therefore declared, and thus was England engaged with a fourth enemy without a single ally. About the same time the northern powers of Europe joined in a confederation called the armed neutrality, which was aimed against the mari- time claims of England. Its avowed design was to pro- tect the trade of neutral vessels with the several belligerent powers. 10. But the spirit of the English nation sunk not in this apparently unequal contest. Admiral Rodney captured a Spanish convoy, defeated the enemy's fleet, though forced to engage under very disadvantageous circumstances, and relieved Gibraltar, which the Spaniards had begun to be- siege ; sailing thence to the West Indies, he dispersed a French fleet far superior to his own. In America, South Carolina was subdued by sir Henry Clinton ; and the American general Arnold, believing the independent cause almost hopeless, abandoned his country's cause, and entered into the royal service. The acquisition of this worthless deserter cost the life of one of Britain's best and bravest officers. Major Andre, adjutant-general of the royal army, having been sent to conduct the negotiation with Arnold, was seized within the American lines, and hanged as a spy, by a rigid interpretation of the laws of war. 11. The ministry had hitherto found the parliament well disposed to support their measures ; but the number of pe- titions presented from the counties and leading towns against the administration, soon raised up a formidable opposition. (April 6th.) At length Mr. Dunning moved his celebrated resolution, " that the influence of the crown has increased, is increasing, and ought to be diminished," which was car- ried by a majority of twenty-eight votes ; but a second re- solution, designed to give effect to the former, was rejected by a majority of fiflty-one, and the ministry soon after re- covered their wonted superiority. 12. Some of the penal laws against the Roman catholics were wisely repealed by the parliament, but in consequence of the exertions of some misguided bigots, these measures were followed by the most formidable riots that ever dis- S80 HISTORY or RNOLAND. graced the metropolis. June 2. An immense multitutie assembled in St. George's-fields, to petition for a repeal of the laws that had been passed in favour of the Roman catholics, and after adopting several resolutions, proceeded in large parties to the avenues leading to the house of com- mons, where they insulted several of the members. Lord George Gordon, a visionary enthusiast, came out and made a violent harangue to the multitude, informing them that their petition had been rejected. The irritated mob at once proceeded to acts of violence ; they destroyed all the Romish chapels in and about town; they' burned the prisons of Newgate, the king's bench, and the fleet, together with several private houses ; they even threatened the bank, which was preserved with difficulty. At length the military were called out, and the rioters dispersed, though not until two hundred and twenty of their number had bebn killed or mortally wounded. 13. (1781.) The campaign which decided the question of American independence seemed at its commencement to promise a far difl^erent termination : Washington's army was so distressed that 1600 troops deserted his lines ; but though they had thus shown their resentment, they refused to listen to any oflfers from the British generals, and the emissaries sent to seduce them were given up and hanged. Congress, however, exerted itself so successfully, that the distresses of the army were finally relieved, and Washing- ton enabled to commence decisive operations. He at first designed to besiege New York, but being baffled by the superior forces of sir Henry Clinton, he suddenly resolved 1o march into the southern states, and overpower lord Cornwallis before Clinton's army could move to his as- sistance. 14. This decisive operation was crowned with complete success ; lord Cornwallis was attacked in York- town, by the combined armies of France and America ; his lordship made a gallant defence, but two redoubts in his front were carried by storm — his works ruined — his lines swept by the fire of the enemy's batteries, and the eflfective strength of his garrison diminished by sickness. Under tiiese circumstances, nothing remained but to propose terms of capitulation. He accordingly surrendered to general Lincoln with the same formalities that he had pre- scribed to that officer eighteen months before at Charleston ; and it is remariialh, i.* a second coincidence, that Uie fl£ nense multitude 1 for a repeal of of the Roman lions, proceeded i house of com- nembers. Lord le out and made ming them that itcd mob at once d all the Romish the prisons of , together with 9ned the bank, igth the military hough not until d be£n killed or ed the question commencement ihington's army i his lines ; but nt, they refused snerals, and the up and hanged, isfiilly, that the , and Washing- is. He at first baffled by the ddenly resolved overpower lord lore to his as- I crowned with Jicked in York- d America ; his redoubts in his ined — his lines ind the effective kness. Under ut to propose surrendered to lat he had pre- 9 at Charleston ; ilence, that the OfiOROB lit. 8fl* articles were drawn up by lieutenant-co.onel Laurens, whose father was still detained as a close prisoner in the Tower of London. 18. These losses were in some degree compensated by the success of our arms in the East Indies, where sir Eyre Coote defeated Hyder Ally, and restored the company's ascendency. In the West Indies, the island of St. Eustalms was taken from the Dutch, but subsequently recaptured by u Jr'*""**' ^ desperate engagement also took place off the Dogger Bank between an English squadron commanded Mr admiral Parker, and a Dutch squadron under admiral Zoutman ; after a fierce battle which lasted three hours, the victory remained undecided, and both returned to their re- spective harbours. Questieni far Examination. I. Whst meonire did the Britiih miniitry propoMt S. Ii there any thing nmarkatde in the cii-ciumtuKee of loid Chatham*! death ? 3. What honoura were paid to hii memoiy ? 4. How were lord North'i commiwionen treated by the Americana f 5. In what diigraceful manner waa admirtJ Keppel treated r e. uid the reiulia of the campaign answer the expectaUom of the Am«- 7. How waf the Engliih navy neglected t H. What miportant eventi took place in Ireland t ,« SL*i?'n"?J'^*"f'"'" *"» E"«l»nd a«ailedr la Did the Bnikh obtain any triumphi f \\- S5"' "''?^i''A '•»'"»«»«» waa carried in pariiament f o « ""y «»™uaBble nota occur in London J 18. How wa. Wajhington baffled in the beginning of the lait campaJgnT M jy^H **•*' }"»»npl> d'd Hw American! obtain f Id. Did the Ejiglith obtain any lucoeises } SECTION VI. 1. (A.D. 1782.) The Arr. ;rican war was now virtually at an end ; all rational hopes of reducing the country again under the subjection of Great Britain were abandoned by the great majority of the nation ; but the ministry at least manifested the virtue of perseverance, and declared their resolution to carry on •• a war of posts." The nation at large was opposed to this insane project; and parliament, yielding to the voice of the people, gradually withdrew its support from the administration. At length, on the motion of general Conway, the house of commons voted •♦ that ii|)iirt>Wi' * •mtf^ m ft' a » m > '^^ HISTORY or BNOLAND. whoerer advised his majesty to the continuation of the American war, should be considered as a public enemy." This, of course, led to the resignation of lord North, and a new ministry was formed under the auspices of Mr. Fox •nd the marquis of Rockingham. 8. Negotiations for peace were immediately commenced, nor were any of the belligerent powers disinclinfj to an accommodation. The United States, having secured their independence, had nothing to gain by a continuance of the war; the navy of France, after being severely crippled during the contost, was at ito close almost annihilated by a victory which admiral Rodney gained over count de Graase, in the West Indies, on the I2th of April; and the Spaniards, after having besieged Gibraltar, and wasted before its walls an incredible quantity of blood and trea- sure, had the mortification to find all their efforts fail, their grand attack signally defeated, and the floating batteries, which they had deemed irresistible, burned to the water's edge, by a tremendous storm of hot balls and shells poured on them by the gallant garrison. 8. Wilkes took advantage of the altered spirit of the times, and procured the removal of all the resolutions con- cerning the Middlesex election from the journals of the house of commons ; aftor which this celebrated demagogue sunk into complete insignificance. In Ireland, the parliament, roused by the fervid eloquence of Mr. Grattan, obtained from the new ministry the concession of their legislative in- dependence. Immediately after which, the Irish house of commons voted a sum of j£50,000 to purchase an estate for Mr. Grattan, as a reward for the services which he had ren- dered his country. 4. But while the new administration was exerting itoelf for the reformation of abuses at home and the establishment of peace abroad, it was suddenly dissolved by the death of the marquis of Rockingham. The earl of Shelburne was appointed premier, which so displeased Mr. Fox and his friends that they immediately resigned. The noble lord did not long retain his place ; Mr. Fox, to the utter astonish- ment of the entire nation, entered into a coalition with lord North, whom he had so long and so bitterly opposed. Their united parliamentary influence was irresistible: and they forced themselves into the royal councils, in spite of the se- cret dislike of the king and the open disgust of the nation, 5. (A.D. 1783.) The success of the coalition was of short T mtinuation of the a public enemy." f lord North, and ■picea of Mr. Pox atel^ commenced, diainclinrj to an ing aenured their ontinuance ol* the aeverely crippled at annihilated by d over count de }f April ; and the iltar, and waated r blood and trea- eflbrts fail, their floating batteriea, ed to the water's ind ahells poured red spirit of the I resolutions con- rnals of the house demagogue aunk I, the parliament, Brattan, obtained leir legislative in- le Irish house of base an estate for irhich he had ren- as exerting itself the establishment 1 by the death of >f Shelburne was VIr. Fox and his rhe noble lord did le utter astonish- oalition with lord 'opposed. Their istible: and they in spite of the se- tt of the nation, itlon was of short OEOROE III. 383 duration ; immediately after concluding the peace with Prance and America, Mr. Fox introduced a bill for regu- lating the government of India, which his influence carried through the house of commons, notwithstanding the most vigorous eflbrts of the company and its servants. But in the lords the opposition was more efliectual, the king him- self avowed his hostility to the measure, and it was Anally rejected by a considerable majority. The ministry appear- ing unwilling to resign, were summarily dismissed, and e new administration formed, of which Mr. William Pitt, the second son of the earl of Chatham, was the most conspi- cuous member. 6. (A. D. 1784.) Parliament at its meeting exhibited the nnusual spectacle of ministers in a complete minority ; to carry on the public business under such circumstances was, of course, impossible, and no sooner were the supplies voted than the parliament was dissolved. The coalition had given such general offence to the nation, that the new ministry ob- tained a decisive majority in the new house of commons. Mr. Pitt's India bill, which was less violent, but also less effective than that of Mr. Fox, was passed triumphantly ; and an act for restoring the Scotch estates forfeited in 1745, went through both houses without opposition, and received the royal assent. 7. (A. D. 1785.) Mr. Pitt, pursuant to the promises he had so often made, brought forward his motion for a reform in parliament ; his plans were very judicious and well ar- ranged, but they were rejected by a considerable majority, not, as was generally suspected, without his tacit consent. 8. (1786.) The south-western coast of New Holland afford- ing several favourable spots for colonization, it was resolved to transport convicts thither, and give them an opportunity of retrieving their characters and reforming their manners in another hemisphere. About the same time a maniac, named Margaret Nicholson, made an attempt to assassinate the king, as he was alighting from his carriage ; she was imme- diately seized, and her insanity being fully proved, she was sent to Bethlehem hospital, where she remained safely guarded, but unmolested. 9. (1787.) Mr. Sheridan, aided by Mr. Burke, Mr. Fox, and several others, brought forward a motion for the im- peachment of Warren Hastings, late governor-general of India, for high crimes and misdemeanours in the execution of his office, which passed with but little opposition. The 994 HiaTOKY or BNOLAND. ; M conuquent trial befDre the houie of lorda lingered out during the leven lucceeding yean, and ended in the acquittal of the accused. 10. A strong party in Holland, secretly supported by the French court, violently opposed their stadtholaer, the prince of Orange, and disregarded the remonstrances made by England in his favour. This dispute would probably have rekindled a general war, had not the king of Prussia, en- raged at an insult offered to his sister, sent a large army into Holland, which Boon restored the authority of the stodl- holder, and crushed the power of his opponents. 11. (1788.) While the nation was enjoying profound re- pose, and silently repairing the losses incurred in the Ame- rican war, the country was suddenly astounded by the news that his majesty had been attacked by a i>evere illness, which incapacitated him for discharging the duties of government. Mr. Fox insisted that the regency of right belonged to the prince of Wales ; Mr. Pitt as vehemently asserted, that par- liament alone could provide for such an emergency. (1789.) After some very warm debates, it was finally resolved that the prince of Wales should be declared regent, subject how- ever to certain restrictions, and that the custody of the king's person should be intrusted to the queen, assisted by a coun- cil. The parliament of Ireland came to a very different de- cision ; they decreed the regency of their country to the prince of Wales, without any restriction whatever. This difierence between the two parliaments would probably have led to fatal consequences but for the unexpected recovery of the king. His majesty's restoration to health diffused uni- versal joy through the kingdom, and was celebrated by the most universal and splendid illuminations ever previously known. „ , . . 12. (1790.) A dispute took place between England and Spain about the possession of Nootka Sound, on the north- west coast of America, where the English had planted a small colony, which the Spaniards had seized, and made the settlers prisoners. An armament was prepared with asto- nishing rapidity, but at the expense of three millions sterling ; Spain however was unpreparrd for war, and all disputes were finally adjusted by an equitable convention. 13. While the country was thus respected abroad, and enjoying profound peace at home, events were occurring in a neighbouring nation which soon involved England in a long, expensive, but not inglorious war ; and produced a de- riaiii ingered out during the acquittal of th« r >upported by the thofder, the prince strancei made by luld probably have ng of Prusaia, en- t a large army into irity of the atadt- lonenta. oying profound re- :urred m the Ame- unded by the newa ivere illnestt, which iea of government, ht belonged to the ' asserted, that par- nergency. (1789.) nally resolved that sgent, subject how- ustody of the king's assisted by a coun- a very different de- eir country to the n whatever. This rould probably have cpected recovery of health diffused uni- 18 celebrated by the ins ever previously tween England and ound, on the north- (lish had planted a leized, and made the prepared with asto- ee millions sterling ; or, and all disputes nvention. spected abroad, and IS were occurring in olved England in a ; and produced a de- OBOROK cisive change in the asnect of Europe, all whose effects are probably not even yet aeveloped. Quuiieni for Examination tofUMtimMr 1. How WM lh« AiMrioan war flmlljr termimMd t & Why wan all iwrtiM incllMd to pa«c« f & What cireuimtancw ihowad th« altored ipMt 4. How was tha minliiry broken up f 6. Ohl tha ooalilion miniuiy lon| continuAt A. How waa Mr. Plit'i powar ilrangthanad t 7. What imporiant motion mada by Mr. Pitt waa dafealad 1 & Wai any aliampt mada on the king'i lifa 7 0. Ii thara any thing ramarkabia in iLa trial of Warren Haitinn ? 10. What diitiirhancea took place in Holland 1 U. I'o what diiputai did liii m^JMty'a illnaaa give riie t 18. What arrangemenu were mada raapaeting Nootka Sound 1 13. What waa tha lUte of tha country at ibia time t SECTION VII. 1. No event of equal importance with the French revolu- tion is recorded in history, and there is no subject which has given rise to such diversity of opinion. Its causes, its consequences, even the simple facta that occurred in its pro- gress, are to this hour matters of keen and violent debate, nor can an impartial narrative be expected while many of the actors are still alive, and while the impulse then given con- tinues to be felt in every part of Europe. It is undeniable that the form of government established in France sadly re- quired amelioration ; the privileges of the nobles were tyran- nical and oppressive, and they were exercised with strict severity ; the conduct of the clergy was far from being in accordance with the principles of that holy religion which they professed ; the prodi^lity of the court waa extreme ; the criminal laws unjustly constituted, and worse adminis- tered ; the government placed in the hands of nobles equally ignorant and indolent ; nor was there a single office, civil or military, open to the most superior merits, unless aided by the possession of high birth and titled name. These were evils poorly compensated by the private virtues of the hap- less sovereign, who came to the throne of France at the mo- ment when the accumulated evils of centuries had nearly reached their consummation. 2. While the higher classes were sunk in luxury and sloth, the lower ranks, in a state 2K > 5i'i7W l Pi^ |i riiTS •msmio HISTORY OF ENGLANP. of ignorance and degradation, and goaded on by misery, were ready to second every movement, and to join in every excess. In the middle classes, the elements of strife were even more thickly sown ; they were irritated at the con- tempt shown them by their haughty superiors, they were in- dignant at seeing the doors of preferment closed against the exertions of honourable ambition, t^d their minds were de- bauched by the perusal of the speculative treatises on ** the rights of man," which, despite of every restriction, daily issued from the press, and which, with very few exceptions, advocated principles subversive of all religion, and conse- quently of all good government. 3. The American war precipitated a revolution, which probably, could not have been much longer delayed. The French soldiers, while fighting in the cause of American freedom, naturally imbibed the principles of their allies, and dilTused them over the country on their return home : the royal exchequer, which had been nearly exhausted by the profligate extravagance of the former reign, was totally ruined by an expensive war, and the country was on the very eve of a national bankruptcy. When a variety of ex< pedients, most of which made matters worse, had been tried in vain, the king determined to convoke the states-generaU which had not been assembled since 1614, and they accord- ingly met at Versailles on the Sth of May, 1780. 4. After some angry debates, it was determined that the three orders of the clergy, the nobles, and the commons, should meet in one body, an arrangement which threw all the power into the hands of the popular party. They as- sumed the name of the national assembly, and immediately commenced a total change in the constitution of their coun- try. Feudal privileges and titles were abolished ; local di- visions set aside ; and the country distributed into depart- ments instead of provinces, for the purpose of adopting an uniform system of taxation; monastic institutions were suppressed, and the English system of trial by jury sub- stituted for the administration of justice by the old provincial parliar ents. 5. Such an extensive alteration naturally disgusted the court and the nobility ; unable to co);co°l their hostility to the new measures, they exposed themselves to popular in- dignation, and dreading the consequences, the Count d'Artois, (afterwards Charles X.) the prince of Conde, and several others, emigrated. But this flight aggravated the jealousy iriXMHil id on by misery, id to join in every snts of strife were itated at the con- ■iors, they were in- closed against the - if minds were de- treatises on ** the ' restriction, daily ry few exceptions, ligion, and conse- revolution, which ;er delayed. The ;au8e of American es of their allies, leir return home: early exhausted by ' reign, was totally tuntry was on the sn a variety of ex- rse, had been tried the states-generaU [, and they accord- f, 1789. itermined that the tnd the commons, [It which threw all party. They as- r, and immediately tion of their coun- iralished; local di- buted into depart* ise of adopting an institutions were trial by jury sub- j the old provincial rally disgusted the ?1 their hostility to ves to popular in* the Count d'Artois, Donde, and several vated the jealousy ■■mvMOMmw^ili^nwvV" '■ ^ ^■ M W l' !*^ " ¥ " " GEORGE III. PP of the people ; the Parisian mob stormed the fortress of the Bastile, the state prison of France, and levelled it with the ground ; they next formed a national guard, composed en- tirdy of citizens, at the head of which was placed M. de la Fayette ; and at length a furious mob advanced to Ver- sailles, and brought the king and royal family in triumph to the capital. 6. (1791.) The progress of the revolution in France was anxiously watched by two powerful parties in England, who viewed it with very different feelings. While one party looked upon it as the triumph of lilerty, the administration and a large portion of the aristocracy regarded it as the triumph of anarchy over all legitimate authority. Nor were such feelings confined to the higher classes, the popu- lace shared largely in the hatred to the new politics of France ; a dinner to celebrate the capture of the Bastile was adjourned in London through dread of popular resentment ; but in Birmingham a festive meeting to commemorate the same event was dispersed by a furious mob, which sub- sequently proceeded to destroy the dissenting chapels, and the houses of all who were supposed favourable to the French revolution. 7. (1792.) The principal powers on the continent having entered into a treaty, to check the progress of the French revolution, it was obvious that war could not long be de- layed ; but the interference of the monarchs precipitated the events which they wished to prevent. The duke of Bruns- wick, as commander-in-chief of the allied armies, issued an ill-judged and sanguinary manifesto, which, with some sus- picious circumstances in the conduct of the king and queen, so exasperated the French, that all the power of the state was thrown into the hands of the jacobins, as the most violent republicans were called. The consequences were dreadful : the palace of the king was stormed, his guards massacred, himself and family confined as close prisoners, and royalty finally abolished in France. Ere yet the world recovered from its astonishment at these events, it learned with equal surprise and indignation, that the unfortunate king had been brought to trial by his subjects, and con- demned to death by a majority of votes. This iniquitous sentence was executed on the 2l8t of January, 1793. 8. \Vhile France was thus distracted, England was quietly enjoying the blessings of peace : and the parliament engaged in the advancement of measures equally salutary " * , ' l | L i »"" 388 HISTORY OF BNOLAND. »>«D»to«tTUand, intimating by i of these countries spective sovereigns. war, if not directly table to the British jtocracy by which It appearance, the duke of York was sent to join the allied armies in the invasion of France; but the invaders, though at first successful, having taken Valenciennes, soon suffered some severe checks ; and at the end of the second campaign were totally defeated by the republicans. The fortified harbour of Toulon having been surrendered to the English, the French government made the most strenuous efforts for its recovery ; these proved for a time abortive, until the direction of the siege was intrusted to Napoleon Bonaparte, who now for the first time appeared on that scene where he afterwards played so conspicuous a part. By his exertions the Eng- lish were compelled to evacuate the town, leaving the greater portion of the citizens exposed to the sanguinary vengeance of the irritated republicans. 12. (1794.) To compensate for this ill success by land, the British navy established its wonted pre-eminence, in a victory gained by earl Howe over the French fleet in the West Indies; and several of the colonies belonging to France were about the same time conquered with little trouble. 13. The domestic occurrences of this period, though not very numerous, were not deficient in import- ance: Messrs. Hardy, Home Tooke, and others, were brought to trial at the Old Bailey on a charge of high-trea- son, and acquitted, after a patient investigation, which lasted several days. That they desired to effect a great change in the constitution of the country was acknowledged by the prisoners themselves ; but it was clearly proved that they wished to obtain reform only by legal and constitutional means, and that they were opposed to violence and insur- rectionary movements. The ministers succeeded better with similar prosecutions in Ireland and Scotland, where several persons were found guilty of sedition, and sentenced to several degrees of punishment. 14. (1796.) The ill success of the war induced many of the continental sovereigns to make peace with the French republic. The grand-duke of Tuscany set the example, and was followed by the king of Spain, the Swiss cantons, and the regent of Sweden. The king of Prussia only waited until he had received the English subsidy, and then signed a treaty with the power he had been paid to oppose. The people of Holland expelled the stadtholder, and erect- ing in theii* country what they called a Batavian republic, became virtually a province of France. In short, England had scarcely an ally remaining but Austria, and the con- 2 K 2 r^js 890 HISTORY OF ENOtAND. tinued friendship of that power was never a matter of cer* tainty. 15. The English navy obtained some triumphs, especially a brilliant victory under lord Bridport, at Port rOrient ; but an expedition undertaken by the French emi* grants, under the auspices of the British ministry, was Mignally defeated. 16. Symptoms of discontent, almost amounting to dis- affection, began to be manifested in various parts of the empire ; the successes of the war had been few and of little value ; but had they been still more decisive, they would not have compensated for the distress occasioned by un- precedented taxation. The people of London suffered se- verely from the interruption of commerce, and some of the lower class, irritated by their protracted misery, assailed the king's carriage when his majesty went in state to the house of lords. This outrage served, however, to strengthen the administration, for the parliament, indignant at the out- rage offered to the sovereign, sanctioned several bills for the suppression of sedition ; bills, perhaps, rendered necessary by the peculiar circumstances of the period, but which greatly diminished the limits of British freedom. 17. The prince of Wales, in order to procure the payment of his debts, married his cousin, the princess Caroline of Brans- wick ; we mast once again refer to this unfortunate union, it is sufficient to say here, that a daughter was born in the beginning of the following year, soon after which the parents were finally separated. 18. (1796.) The Dutch and Spaniards, having joined their forces to those of the French, were now become enemies of Great Britain ; and this country, from being an accessary, was now a principal in the war. Several of the Dutch set- tlements in the East Indies were subdued, but England lost the island of Corsica, which had been formally placed under British protection a few years previouoly. The Austrians were almost driven out of Italy by the French under Napo- ledn Bonaparte, whose brilliant career began now to excite the attention of Europe. A fruitless effort to terminate the war by negotiation was made by the British ministry ; it failed, because probably it never was intended to succeed. 19. (1797.) The enormous expenses which Great Britain had to sustain were found to have exhausted the resources of the country so much, that at length the b&nk stopped payment ; and an issue of paper money was of course the consequence. Two alarming mutinies broke out in the OKOROE III. 391 ;r a matter of cer- )d some triumphs, Bridport, at Port y the French emi- Lish ministry, was amounting to dis- krious parts of the en few and of little ecisive, they would occasioned by un- ondon suffered se- «, and some of the d misery, assailed ent in state to the irever, to strengthen ndignant at the out- several bills for the rendered necessary period, but which reedom. 17. The ie payment of his Caroline of Brons- s unfortunate union, it was born in the it which the parents , having joined their w become enemies being an accessary, al of the Dutch set- d, but England lost rmally placed under ily. The Austrians i^rench under Napo- egan now to excite fort to terminate the British ministry; it ended to succeed, which Great Britain lusted the resources 1 the b&nk stopped was of course the i broke out in the navy ; that at Spithead was settled by giving the seamen additional pay, but that at the Nore was not quelled without bloodshed, and the execution of some of the ringleaders. 20. But England still maintained her naval renown ; a bril- liant victory was gained by sir John Jarvis over the Spanish fleet, off Cape St. Vincent, and an equally glorious triumph was obtained over the Dutch by admiral Duncan, at Cam- perdown. 21. Our ally had not equal fortune, Austria was everywhere defeated, and to escape total ruin was obliged to submit to the terms of peace which Bonaparte dictated at Campo Formio. Quutions for Examinatum. 1. What wai die ttate of Fiance at the conunencement of the revolution t - 2. In what dangeroua circunMancee were the diflerent ordei* of locietvf - 3. How did the American war precipitate a revolution f 4. What triumpha were gained oy the popular party at the meeliog o£ the' ilates-genpral f > 9. Did these alterations produce any iraportant reenlti t 5. Ill what manner was the French revolution reganled in England T 7. What conaequences were produced by the duke of Bruntwick'i pi nation? & What wai the Mate of England at thia time f 9. Wa« any important advantages gained in the East Indies? 10. How did tlie war commence ? 11. Wliat reverses did the English experience f 12. By what naval triumphs were these compenaaied t 13. Did any important trials occur at this time f 14. How did the allies of Enghind behave? 15. Where was lord Bridport victorious ? 16. How did the people of England show their discontent ? 17. What royal marriage was contracted at this time ? 18. In what manner was the war conducted ? I9i Did any dangerous events occur in England ? 90. How did the English navy behave? 81. Wheie wm peace nade between Fnuice and Austria ? pracla. SECTION vm. .1. (A.D. 1798.) Thb restoration of the legislative inde. pendence of Ireland in 1783 was far from satisfying the ex- pectations formed by a considerable party in that country. Reform in parliament, and a repeal of the remnant of th« penal laws against the Roman catholics, were rather de- manded as a right than craved as a boon ; and when the government refused to make concessions, the majority re- mained sullen and diactmtented, while a few wilder spirits II m MS^- — 392 HISTORY or ENGLAND. meditated a total separation from England, and the esta- blishment of an Irish republic after the example of France. The lower classes were easily induced to adopt schemes that fluttered their national pride ; and though government, having received timely information, arrested the principal leaders, disaffection was too extensive to be thus checked, and several counties broke out in open insurrection. After a sanguinary struggle, disgraced by several atrocities on both sides, the revolters were everywhere defeated ; and on the surrender of a small body of French who had been sent to aid the insurgents, peace was finally restored by the judi- cious and merciful measures of lord Comwallis. 2. In the mean time. Napoleon, with a large fleet and army, proceeded to Egypt, and on his voyage obtained pos- session of Malta by the treachery of the knights. The ca- reer of the French invader was sufficiently triumphant in Egypt, but his hopes of permanent success were sadly blighted by the loss of his fleet, over which admiral Nelson obtained one of the most complete victories recorded in the annals of war. 3. This brilliant triumph was obtained in Aboukir Bay, one of the mouths of the Nile, on the first of August ; nine sail of the line were taken ; two more and a frigate either burnt or blown up during the action, and only two escaped, which, however, were subsequently captured. Soon after Bonaparte was repulsed before Acre, chiefly by the heroic exertions of sir Sidney Smith ; and having at the same time received news from France that seemed to open safer and brighter objects, he secretly returned home, and soon effected a revolution, by which he placed himself at the bead of the government with the title of first consul. 4. The first measure taken by Napoleon after his eleva- tion, was to send a letter to the king of England offering peace ; this was instantly rejected, for a new and powerful coalition had been formed against France, from which the most splendid success was anticipated. But this coalition soon fell to pieces ; the Russian emperor withdrew his forces ; the duke of York was forced to quit Holland with his army on finding the population indisposed to second his efforts, and the French, under the new government, display- ed even more than their former energies. 5. In the East Indies the English waged a successful war against their old enemy Tippoo Saib ; his capital was taken by storm, himself slain, and all his treasures divided amona the conquerors. Since that period the entire peninsula of / ' JWfWV»jMj (-- / i w^H aB twwr ;Br7«g"r7 y^arryiyv;j pj/ ^ L ^ m -^pg^^y fi--- land, and the esta- example of France. to adopt schemes though government, ested the principal be thus checked, insurrection. After al atrocities on both ifeated ; and on the lo had been sent to istored by the judi- Qwallis. h a large fleet and oyage obtained pos- knights. The ca- ently triumphant in luccesB were sadly lich admiral Nelson ries recorded in the iph was obtained in Nile, on the first of in ; two more and a the action, and only isequently captured, ore Acre, chiefly by ; and having at the that seemed to open returned home, and e placed himself at e of first consul, leon after his eleva- >f England oflTering a new and powerful ice, from which the But this coalition peror withdrew his 9 quit Holland with iposed to second his government, display- tged a successful war lis capital was taken sures divided among i entire peninsula of OEOROK III. 393 India has been virtually subjected to the authority of the English. 6. (A. D. 1800.) Austria had ^.gain commenced war against France, and was maintaining it with chara^ristic obstinacy, when Napoleon brought it to a sudden close by one of those master-strokes of genius which baffle ordinary calculation. He led his army across the Alps into Italy in despite of the most appalling dificuHies, and obtained a complete victory at Marengo. A subsidy froni England induced the Austrian emperor to continue his resistance, but the battle of Hohenlinden placed him completely at the mercy of tlie conqueror, and he was forced to solicit terms of peace. 7. The question of a legislative union with England, which had been previously negatived in the Irish house of commons, was finally careied by the minister ; it was deter- mined that from the Ist of January, 1801, there should be but one imperial parliament for the British islands, in which Ireland should be represented by four spiritual peers, taken in rotation every session, twenty-eight temporal peers chosen for life, and one hundred commoners elected in the usual manner. 8. (1801.) Paul, emperor of Russia, not satisfied with deserting the alliance of England, became her bitter enemy, and persnaded the other northern powers to revive the hostile confederation, called the armed neutrality. After negotiation had been tried ineffectually, a fleet was sent against Copenhagen, under the command of admiral Parker, assisted by lord Nelson. After having passed the Sound with little difficulty. Nelson attacked, and almost annihilated the formidable lines of the Danish defence ; but some of his own ships having grounded in a situation exposed to the fire of the hostile batteries, he took advantage of his previ- ous success to offer terms of accommodation, which were immediately accepted. It is probable that the war might have been again renewed had not intelligence been received of the deposition of the emperor Paul, who . had been the head of the confederacy. His son and successor, Alexan- der, was anxious to be on good terms with Great Britain ; and the minor states found themselves obliged to imitate his example. 9. An expedition, under the command of sir Ralph Abercrombie, was equally successful in expelling the French from Egypt, but that distinguished officer fell in the arms of m 894 niSfORY or BNOLAND. victory. The French, having been defeated at Alexandria, offered terms when general Hutchinson was preparing to besiege them in Cairo, and evacuated the country pursuant to the articles of capitulation. 10. Before the news of this success arrived in England, the country had been threatened with an invasion. Troops were collected along the coasts of France and Holland, and vessels prepared for their trans- portation in the harbours along the channel. Lord Nelson was sent with a flotilla to attack Boulogne, the enemy's principal rendezvous, but failed after two brilliant efforts. The bravery, however, displayed by the British sailors, and the manifest superiority of England by sea, convinced Na- poleon that the enterprise was hopeless, and the project was soon laid aside. 11. Both the belligerent powers were now heartily tired of a war, which exhausted their resources, and conferred advantages on neither. In deference to the general wish, a change of ministry was effected in England ; Mr. Adding- ton (afterwards lord Sidmouth) became premier in place of Mr. Pitt, and negotiations instantly commenced. (1802.) The terms were soon arranged, and a peace was concluded at Amiens, which cannot be better described than by the words of an eminent statesman, " it was a peace at which everybociy rejoiced, but of which nobody could be proud." 12. From the moment in which the treaty of peace was signed, jealousies and discontents daily arose in France and England, which threatened to produce fresh hostilities at no very distant period. Bonaparte, having been appointed first consul for life, used every exertion to enlarge dominions of which he was now in all but name the sovereign ; he aggran- dized France by the annexation of Piedmont to its territories, and had given even greater offence by invading Switzer- land. On the other hand, the first consul complained that England still retained possession of Malta, which, by the terms of the late treaty, should have been restored to the knights, and remonstrated against the virulent libels on his character, which were published in the English Newspapers, as he believed, with the connivance of government. (A.D. 1803.) These mutual bickerings soon produced more angry demonstrations ; lord Whitworth, the English ambassador, having been treated with unmerited indignity, withdrew from France, and war was soon after proclaimed. 13. A short time previous to the recommencement of hos- tilities, a conspiracy for the suibvf rsion of the government OIOROE III. 8A5 bated at Alexandria, n was preparing to he country pursuant ore the news of this had been threatened ted along the coasts pared for their trans* nnel. Lord Nelson ilogne, the enemy's wo brilliant efforts. I British sailors, and sea, convinced Na- and the project was e now heartily tired irces, and conferred M the general wish, gland ; Mr. Adding- premier in place of nmenced. (1802.) leace was concluded scribed than by the aa a peace at which ]y could be proud." treaty of peace was arose in France and resh hostilities at no been appointed first [ilarge dominions of vereign ; he aggran- lont to its territories, r invading Switzer- isul complained that lalta, which, by the )een restored to the irirulent libels on his Snglish Newspapers, rovemment. (A.D. Toduced more angry ilnglish ambassador, indignity, withdrew ociaimed. mmencement of hos* of the government was detected in England. It was formed by a colonel Des- pard, who fancied that government had treated him with unjust neglect ; his associates were desperate men of the lowest ranks, and nothing could be more wild or inadequate than the means by which they proposed to execute their insane projects. 14. The execution of the principal con- spirators restored public confidence ; but in a few months the alarni was again renewed by the account of an insur- rection having broken out in Dublin. The leader of the revolt was Robert Emmett, a young man of the most amia- ble qualities, but a wild and visionary enthusiast. The insurgents were badly armed and worse disciplined ; they were consequently wbdued with little difficulty, but not before lord Kilwarden and his nephew had ^en murdered by the infatuated mob. 18. Napoleon recommenced the war with great vigour ; his troops overran Hanover, and compelled the princes in the north of Germany to close their ports against the English. On the other hand, the British navy blockaded the mouths of the principal rivers from which British traders were ex- cluded, and captured several French colonies. The English having made prizes of many French merchant-ships, and treated their crews as prisoners, Bonaparte seized on all the English visiters who were travelling in France, and detained them as hostages. 16. About the same time, the French army, which had been employed to suppress the revolt of the negroes in St. Domingo, being cut off from all supplies by the British cruisers, was forced to surrender, and the island has since remained an independent state under the name of Hayti. The threats of invading Britain were re- peated, but after a vain display of force on both sides, no efforts were made to put the threats in execution. Queitiontfor Examination. 1. What ealunitoui event occuired in Ireland f 2. Whither did Napoleon lead hii new armaniont T 3. How waa the [WogreM of the French in Esypt checked f 4. What waa Napoleoira firet attempt when appointed consul 1 5. Did the Engliih obtain any triumph in the Eait Indies t 6. Where waa the power of Austria overthrown f 7. What important change was made in the eovemment of Ireland f 8. How did England escape the dangers Uureatened bv the armed neu. tralityf 9. By whom were the French driven from Egypt T 10. What events were produced 1^ the threats of invasion t 1 1 . How was a peace eflected ? 18. Did the peace piomise to be permanent ? *i .1 m 890 HISTORY or KNOLAND. 13. What compi racy wa« tliiooveretl in Knglanil ? 14. Wai there not ■ new aitempi at infumclion in iNland f 1ft. How did the war commenre f le. or what iatand war* the Knnch deprived > SECTION IX. 1. (A.D. 1804.) The adminiatration of Mr. Addington having failed to give latiafaction to the nation, he resigned, and was succeeded by Mr. Pitt, who immediately devoted all his energies to the formation of a new coalition against France. In this labonr he wai not a little assisted by the general indignation which was excited by the unprincipled murder of the duke d'Enghien. This nnfortunate young prince was seized by the emissaries of Bonaparte in a neutral territory, dragged to the castle of Vincennes, sub- jected to tlie mockery of a trial before a military tribunal, and shot in the ditch of the casUe by torch-light. Immedi- ately alier tlie perpetration of this crime, Bonaparte was proclaimed emperor of the French and king of Italy ; but the assumption of the latter tide gave great offence to Austria, whose claims on Italy were thus contemptuously disregarded. 2. One ally, however, was ensured to France by an act of questionable policy on the part of England. Spain hav- ing entered into a treaty with Napoleon, the British minister determined to intercept the treasure ships from South America, without waiUng for the formality of a declaration of war. Three of these vessels were intercepted by the British squadron, two were taken, but the third unfortu- nately blew up, and the greater part of the crew perished. The Spanish court, on hearing the news, immediately pro- claimed itself the enemy of Great Britain. 3. (A.D. 1805.) The naval triumphs of Englapd were consummated by the almost total annihilation of the hostile fleets. The French ships of war in Toulon, having baffled the vigilance of the blockading squadron, effected a junction with the Spanish fleet at Cadiz, and sailed for the West Indies ; hither they were pursued by lord Nelson; but hav- ing heard of his approach, the allied admirals returned to . Europe. Nelson soon followed, and after several disap- pointments, had, at length, the satisfaction to discover the ' .Vj. ' ji ' j ir ?v- >OT^.'Wrf*iiwrfig g fijfartn, effected a junction sailed for the West ord Nelson; but hav- admirals returned to after several disap- ction to discover the ■•""-V- OKOROK III. 897 '.tiJLj. ''^^\*V. ,/•.'■:' / i /^ French under ViUeneuTe, and the Spaniards under Gravina. on the moniing of October 21at. driwn up in a double ST; of batUe off (fape Tra&Igar. The Briufh navy .tSckS n two columns, the windward line being led by Nelson, in the Victory, the leeward by admiral Coflingw«id. xSr I terrible engagement, which lasted three hours, the English obteined a decisive victorj-. Nineteen sail of the line, with ViUeneuve. and two other flag officers, were oaptuiJd 5 ie remainder, under admiral Gravina, fled, but aevenU of them ^tZhln 2'^'^iy *?'^«» by a squadron under sir R. S A ?"i J* J*!'" ''''*?'y *" '*«"ly purchased by the deatf, of lord Nelson, who had long ien the pride of Z English Mvy. He waa mortaUy wounded by a mueket-baU in the middle of the acuon, and died a IHtle lifore ita dose. 8. The gnef of his country waa shown by the honours paid to hia memory; h» brother was raised to the peerage; a hbend penaion aettled on hia widow; his reiiaina wire depoaited m St. Paul', cathedral, ««»mpanied by a proC aion mora aplendid and magnifient than England had ever witnessed on a similar occasion, and a monument erected at the public expense aa a lasting testimony of national grati- t^nfn'rv rrr'^'i n'l? '^'^ \°^^ *° ^^ Companions of hia victory admiral Collingwood waa raised to the peerkge. and JaiSoHhTZn*" "'''* '" "** ''-""'''«>' •-'» f"' *• 6. The triumphs of France by land amply compensated 2 li 5-i Ad IP'l'S ^1 3M lltrrORV or KNOLAMD. for her loiset by sea. The Auitriani were everywhere defeated ; the archduke Charles waa driven from luly by Maaaena; Ulm waa aurrendered to Napoleon by general Mack, under circumauncea that led to atrong suapiciona of treachery ; and, finRlly, Vienna iUelf aubmitted to the con- queror. The Junction of the Ruaaiana gave a temporary confidence to the Auatrian emperor ; but nia hopea nroved fallaciouB ; on the 2d of December Napoleon totally de- feated the allied armiea at Auaterlits, and Auetria waa necessarily compelled to aubmit to whatever terme the con- queror thought fit to dictate. 7. (A.D. 1806.) The failure of • coalition which he had uken so much pains to form, and the mortification of seeing his colleague, lord Melville, impeaehed by the house of commons, pireyed on Mr. Pitt's health, and, to uae a com- mon but expressive uhrase, broke his hoart. He was ho- noured with a public funeral, and a monument erected to his memory at the national expense. A new administration waa formed under the auapicea of lord Grenville and Mr. Fox, one of whoae first measures waa the final abolition of the alave-trade. Mr. Fox did not long aurvive hie great political rival ; he died in the courae of the same year. 8. During the late atniggle the conduct of the king of Pruaaia had been marked by aingular indecision. Scarcely, however, had Austria been cruahed, than, to the great aato- uiahment of the world, it waa announced, that Pruaaia, in a moment of chivalrous enthusiasm, had determined singly to cope with the victorious arms of France. The war was decided in a aingle campaign ; the Pruasians were inetrieva- bly ruined at the batde of Jena ; fortress after fortress sur- rendered to Napoleon, and the unfortunate king, atripped of the greater part of his dominions, had now no hope bnt in the aasistanee of Russia. 9. (A.D. 1807.) Even this last hope failed, an indecisive battle wu fought at Eyiau ; but the Rusaians having failed in an attempt to relieve Dantzie, and suffered a total defeat at Friedland, solicited terms of peaee. A treaty was concluded at Tilait, by which the Prussian king was stripped of half his dominions, and had the further mortification to learn that the remainder was apared only in deference to the wishes of the young emperor of Russia. 10. This decisive success enabled Bonaparte to execute the projects which be had so long formed acainst the com- merce of England. By the celebrated Benin decrees, all ^^''-■■nu^-\-i<'iisSf^^^$ih^*^^'i'^j giK''p»:w'''" T". r*^^^ ^ OBORUI III. SOU wcr« everywhere l»en from Italy by poleon by general irong auapiciona of bnitted to the con- rave a temporary t liii hopea proved apoleon totally de- , and Auatria waa tver terma the eon- lition which he had irtiftcation o( seeing i by the house of and, to U8« a eom- h«art. He was ho- unient erected to his new administration Grenville and Mr. he final abolition of survive his great the same year, idact of the king of lecision. Scarcely, an, to the great aato- id, that Prussia, in a determined singly to ice. The war waa lians were inetrieva- IS after fortresa aur- ate king, atripped of now no hope bnt in m.) Even this last ught at Eylau ; but »t to relieve Dantzie, 1, solicited terms of TAnX, by which the I dominions, and had the remainder waa f the young emperor Jonaparte to execute (led affainst the com- d Benin decrees, all (he coniinentttl ports were closed against British manufuc- turefs, and Denmark, thouffh lon^ in itlliance with England, wa« forced to comply with thn imperious mandate. This led to the adoption of mnaaurea by llio British government, which could only be justifi^il by the most stern nncesaily. 11. An expedition, under the command of admiral lurd Gambler, ana general the earl of Cathcart, was sent to compel the surrender of the Dansih floet, in onler that it might be retained as a deposite by England until the con- clusion of the war, as Napoleon notoriously designed to have employed it in restoring the navy of France. The demand was peremptorily refused ; but the English having bombarded Copenhagen for three days successively, his Daniah majesty, to aave his capital from total destruction, agreed to the proposed terms, and the whole fleet, consisting of eighteen ships of the line, fifteen frigates, and thirty-one •mailer veasels, was given up, together with an immenae quantity of naval stores. 13. But the other foreign expeditions undertaken by the English were unusually unaucceasful ; Buenos Ayres, after ita capture by air Home Popham, wus recovered by the inhabitants, and an armament sent out for its recovery under Seneral Whitelocke failed signally and disgracefully: a eet under admiral Duckworth forced the passage of the Dardanelles, but being unable to make an impression on Constantinople, waa compelled to retire with loss : Alexan- dria, in Egypt, waa captured by general Fraaer, but he ■oon compelled to evacuate his conquest ; and an expedition undertaken to assist the king of Sweden had an equally inefllcient termination. 13. The Grenville administration, which had been very popular at the outaet, had now declined considerably in publie favour ; and it probably had never possessed the full confidence of the king. The ministers having brought for- ward aome measures of concession to the Roman catholics, which his majesty disapproved, were compelled to reaign, and Mr. Pitt'a frienda were recalled to the cabinet. 14. Portugal waa now the only part of the continent open to Great Britain, rnd Napoleon determined that her manufactures should be excluded from this country also. The prince-regent of Portugal, alarmed by the appearance of a powerful French army on hia frontiers, promised obe- dience to the demands of the French emperor ; but finding that every compliance was inaufficient to conciliate the - Sf 400 HISTORY OF BNOI.AND. invaders, and that the annihilation of hia kingdom was intended, he embarked on board the English fleet, and was conveyed to the Brazilian settlemente in South America. Immediately after his departure the French occupied Lisbon without opposition. QutsHontfor Examinatim. 1. How did Napoleon eicite the renntment of the Eurofwan monarchat, , 8. Why did the Spaniards aupport the French with all their might T 3. What great naval victory did the Engliah obtain ? 4. By what event waa the joy for thia victory diminished ? i. In what manner did the Englikb nation show its respect for Nelson and his companions ? 6. Did the French gain any advantages on land 1 7. Why was there a change made in the British ministry ! & What success had the Prussians in their war against France t 9. By what events was a peace precipitated f 10. What use did Napoleon make of hu victory t 11. How did the English act under these circumstances f 18. In what eipeditions were the English unsuccessful ' , ^ . . la What circumstances brought about a change in the British mimstry f 14. What remarkaUa events ttwHphce in Fkmugalt SECTION X. 1. (A.D. 1808.) Thb unprincipled occupation of Portu- gal was followed by a series of transactions still more iniqui- tous in Spain, which, though at first apparenllT successful, blighted for ever the character of Napoleon, ana contributed not a little to his final overthrow. Seldom have the annals of any country presented such a picture of vice and imbe- cility as was displayed by the court of Spain at the period which now occupies our attention ; the king was a weak and irresolute monarch, destitute of abilities tpr managing the affairs of state, even in the most tranquil times; and, consequently, wholly unfit to rule at a period when all Europe was convulsed by the consequences of the French revolution. His prime minister, and the virtual ruler of Spain, was Godoy, whom the illicit attachment of the queen had raised from the ruik of a private gentleman to guide the national councils, under the proud title of the Prince of Uie Peace. But GodOy was by no means fitted to discharge the duties of the station to which he had been raised. Possess- ing neither talent nor principle, he pursued a snlfish and mmm^lmmimtim his kingdom was {lish fleet, and was in South America, ch occupied Lisbon * ^> 1 European monarciw? ,. all their might T ^ if iihod? ■ respect for Nelwn and inurtnr? tintt France T -n iceaf iheBritiihminiitryr 1 m — ~ ^. t; •>« ■H ccupation of Portui- mt still more iniqui- parentlv successful, ion, and contributed lorn have the annala I of vice and imbe- Spain at the period ing was a weak and • ipr managing the uiquil times; and, a period when all mces of the French he virtual ruler of thmentof the queen itleman to guide the )f the Prince of die Ited to discharge the !n raised. Possess- irsued a sf^lfish and T^'spgpwww ifr^»='K^m OEOROV lit. 401 vacillating course of policy, which wasted the resources of Spain, and made the country contemptible in the eyes of all the surrounding nations. 2. Godoy was of course unpopu> lar ; the nobility despised him as an upstart ; the people regarded him as the author of all the calamities by which they were oppressed ; and, at length, reports having been circulated that he intended to remove the royal family to South America, a furious insurrection broke out, which terminated in stripping Godoy of all his authority. De- prived of his only reliance, the imbecilo Chmrles resigned the crown to his son Ferdinand, prince of Asturias, who was at once proclaimed king, to the universal delight of the people. 3. When Napoleon received intelligence of this revolution, he immediately proceeded to Bayonne, in order to be nearer the scene of action, and directed the numerous army, whicli he maintained in Spnin, to occupy Madrid. By means of some obscure intrigues, Charles was induced to withdraw his abdication, and claim the assistance of the French emperor against his rebellious son ; while at the same time assurances were privately conveyed to Ferdinand that Napoleon was attached to his cause, and would, if an appeal was made, certainly decide in his favour. 4. By such representations the entire Spanish royal family was induced to cross the frontier ; and no sooner were they in the power of the French emperor, than they were severally compelled to abdicate their claims to the crown, which Na- poleon was determined to transfer to his brother Joseph. 5. When the iniquitous transactions at Bayonne became known, they filled the mind of every Spaniard with feelings of the deepest indignation ; one sentiment seemed to per- vade the entire nation; a determination to maintain the independenc(' of their country, and submit to none but their legitimate sovereign. The French were able to suppress the insurrection at Madrid after a fearful massacre, which is the deepest stain on the character of Murat, by whom the garrison was commanded ; but in the provinces, provisional juntas were formed, armies levied, and every preparation made for a vigorous resistance to the usurpers. The gar- rison of Gibraltar, and the British fleets in the Mediterra- nean, lent their assistance to the eflbrts of the patriots, and by their aid the important city of Cadiz was secured, and the French fleet, which lay in the harbour, forced to sur- render. 6. The armies of France also met some severe checks ; Dupont, witli a force of 16,000 men, was forced 2l2 m 11 402 HISTORY or ENGLAND. to surrender to the patriot general Castanos ; Moneey was compelled to retreat from Valencia ; and lastly, a Spanish army, which had been employed by Bonaparte in the north of Germany, revolted, and was conveyed by a British squad- ron to the peninsula. 7. The flame of insurrection soon spread to Portugal ; and though the French generals in that unhappy country endeavoured to suppress the revolt by cruelly massacring all suspected of having shared in the efforts for the libera- tion of their country, tfiis detestable policy only engendered a more determined spirit of resistance, and a fiercer thirst for vengeance. .. 8. The news of the events in the peninsula was received in England with the greatest enthusiasm. The Spanish deputies were welcomed with the utmost warmth ; all the Spanish prisoners released, clothed, armed, and sent to aid the efforts of their countrymen ; munitions of war were lupplied to the patriots from the British anenals ; public aids and private subscriptions were liberally contributed for the supply of their exhausted resources ; and a well-appointed army under the command of sir Arthur Wellesley, sent to assipt in the liberation of Portugal. 9. On the fint of August Uie British troops landed in Mondego Bay, and soon commenced active operations. On the seventeenth, the French were defeated at Rolica ; but on the twenty-first, a still more decisive battle was fought at Vimiera, and the English were completely victorious. 10^ Unfortunately at this important moment, sir Arthur Welles- ley was superseded in his command by sir Harry Burrard, who gave immediate ordera to stop the pursuit, thus sacri- ficing all the fruits of this brilliant victory. On the following morning, sir Hew Dalrymple arrived to take the supreme command, and he entered into negotiations with the French commander. 1 1 . A convention for the evacuation of Portu- ml was concluded at C intra, on terms so favotuable to the French that they excited univenal dissatisfaction. One artide provided for the security of the Russian fleet then lying in the Tagus ; but this the English admiral, sir Charles Cotton, peremptorily refused to ratify; and the ships were surrendered to him on condition of being restored in six months after the condusion of peace with Russia. 12. Portugal being now free from the invader, sir John Moore, who had been appointed to the command of the Ihritish army, was directed to advance into northern Spain* D. tanos; Moncey was nd lastly, a Spanish inaparte in the north d by a British squad- spread to Portugal; lat unhappy country cruelly massacring efibrts for the libera- licy only engendered and a fiercer thirst ninsula was received iasm. The Spanish ost warmth ; all the med, and sent to aid nitions of war were tish arsenals ; public irally contributed for and a well-appointed ir Wellesley, sent to ish troops landed in stive operations. On tted at Rolica ; but on battle was fought at ;tely victorious. 10. It, sir Arthur Welles- ly sir Harry Burrard, le pursuit, thus sacri* ry. On the following to take the supreme ions with the French I evacuation of Portu- so favourable to the iissatisfaction. One te Russian fleet then h admiral, sir Charlefl I and the ships were being restored in six rith Russia, the invader, sir John Uie command of the into northern Spain* oioRO* in. 408 and aid the exertions of the patriots. The instructions sent to the gallant general had been prepared on the faith of the representations made by the Spanish deputies in London ; it was not discovered, until too late, that these were wholly unworthy of credit. 13. The resolute spirit of hostility to the French in the lower ranks of the Spaniards is indubita- ble ; but the upper ranks, at the same time ignorant and conceited, were slow to make any exertion, and thoi jht more of securing for themselves some petty authority than joining in eflbrts for the liberation of their country. Like all weak and vain-glorious men, they were great boasters ; they told of countless armies and exhaustlesi resources ; but when the moment of trial arrived, their armies were found to be an undisciplined rabble, and even sometimes to haVe existed only on paper ; their magazines were discovered to be empty, and their boasted preparations to have consisted in doing nothing. Even before sir John Moore had entered Spain, the principal forces with which he had been destined to co-operate were defeated and dispersed, in a great degree by the sheer incapacity of their generals. When sir John Moore found that all the expectations which he had been led to form were utterly groundless, he resolved to return to Portugal ; the British minister to the Spanish junta, how- ever, prevailed on him to change his resolution and to hazard an advance into the heart of the country. 14. In the mean time Napoleon himself had arrived to take the direction of the invading army, and the promptitude of his movements i 404 nilTORV or IKOLAKD. ili soon leA the British general no other choice but retreat. The suflerings of the army during this retrogade movement transcend the powers of description ; discipline was for the most part at an end, and the country they had come to trotect was treated by the famished soldiers as if it had elonged to an enemy. 15. (A.D. 1809.) At length, when they reached Corunna, the enemy was found to have pursued them so close that nothing but a victory or a convention could secure their embarkation. Sir John Moore at once decided to risk the chances of battle ; he obtained a victory so glorious as to shade the calamities of the retreat ; but unfortunately the success of the army was purchased by the life of its gwant commander. ^ 16. (A.D. 1809.) Taking advantage of the withdrawing of the French troops from Germany to recruit the armies in Spain, the emperor of Austria again determined to encpunter the hazards of war, and endeavour to retrieve hi«. former fortunes. But the same fatality which had hitherto attended |he military operations of this power, still counteracted its efforts. Napoleon, in a brief but decisive campaign, made himself master of Vienna ; and though his army met a severe check at Aspeme, he soon after obtained a decisive victory at Wagram, which prostrated the Austrian empire at his feet. 17. But while this contest remained as yet doubtful, the English were fast retrieving their tarnished honour in the peninsula. Sir Arthur Wellesley was sent again to the scenes of his former glory, and succeeded in expelling the French from Oporto, and seveml other acquisitions which they had made in Portugal after the retreat of sir John Moore. He even advanced into Spain, and obtained a bril- liant victory at Talavera; but being unsupported by the Spanish authorities, he was obliced to relinquish his eon- Juesto, and terminate the campaign without obtaining any ecisive advantage. For the skill and bravery, howeter, which had been displayed at Talavera, sir Arthur Wellesley was elevated to the peerage with the title of viscount Wel- lington. 18. To create a diversion in favour of Austria, an ezpedi tion was sent to the coast of Holland, under the command of the earl of Chatham and sir Richard Strachan. The fortress of Flushing and the island uf Walcheren were subdued; but the unhealthiness of the climate forced the oonquerors to evacuate these acquisitions after the sacrifice S'D. tr choice but retreat. I retrogade movement discipline was for the y they had come to aoldiera as if it had 09.) At length, when found to have pursued toryor a convention John Moore at once he obtained a victory s of the retreat ; but was purchased by the lady by which his majesty had been previously attacked. The remainder of bis life was spent in a state of mental imbecility, and the government of the country was thence- forth intrusted to the prince of Wales, who acted as regent 4. A Utile before this event, a strange revolution took place in Sweden, the king was deposed, and his family excluded ■m,)tMiiMmimmim!riiiisamvmiiiiim Km ;d ustria enabled Napo- iBula, and the patriots emed to have decided the regular field of iards were moat to be cut off all stragglers, ry inarch, were more I could be assembled, il was justly deemed [uillity of the French despatched Massena tlie British froai the eemed himself at this for he had married uffhter of the emperor Josephine, the faith* srd Wellington deter* isted eyery temptation y. He retreated lei* d at Busaco, when he in them a severe de- retreat to the impre^* I determined to remain a to retire. Nothing French marshal, who re retreating to their n a position which it iie was at once reduced rest of the campaign » death of the prineess king, spread a gloom I a return of that mv D previously attacked, in a state of mental e country was thence* I, who acted as regent i revolution took place id his family excluded GIOROE III. 407 from the throne ; his uncle was elected in his stead, and as he was childless, the succession was settled on Charles John Bernadotte, one uf Napoleon's generals. S. (A.D. 1811.^ The ability displayed by lord Wellington in selecting the lines of Torres Vedras, and the patience with which he waited the progress of events in that formi- dable position, received at length their merited reward. Hunger and disease made more havoc in the French army than the sword, and Massena soon found that nothing but instant retreat could save him from destruction.^ In this retrograde movement the French marshal fully maintained his former character for talent ; but in every other respect his conduct merits the universal reprobation of posterity. Every crime to which lust and rapine could prompt an un* principled soldiery, was committed with impunity; the claims of age or sex afforded no protection from murderous outrage; mangled corpses and smoking ruin marked tho tract by which these ruffian-warriors retreated from the land where their hopes had been baffled and their pride tamed. 6. After this success, the campaign lingered without any very decisive operation. An attempt was made to recover Badajoz, which the Spaniards had surrendered to the French under very disgraceful circumstances. Soult advanced to relieve tlie place, and was engaged by general Beresford at Albuera. The battle was fierce and bloody ; the English purchased their victory at a very dear rate, and tlieir losses were so great that they were unable to continue the siege which they had undertaken. Massena, to recover his lost fame, attacked the English at Fuentes d'Honore, but met with a severe repulse ; he was soon after recalled, and Mar- mont appointed in his stead. ' 7. The management of the Spanish armies continued to be intrusted to me'j, for the most part, ignorant of the first rudiments of theu profession. They were frequently defeated in the course of the cam- paign ; but they were incapable of beinff instructed even by adversity. The English, under genenu Graham, obtained a brilliant victoiy at Barossa ; but the obstinacy and ieno- ranee of their allies prevented them from reaping the fruit of their success. 8. (A. D. 1812.) The restrictions which had Jbeen im- posed on the prince-regent being removed, it was expected that some important changes would be made in the adminis* tration ; none, however, took place at that time ; but a sad event in the middle of the year produced a new modification MS HISTORY or KHOLAMD. in the ministrjr. The premier, Mr. Percival, wan uaaBsin- aled in the lobby of the house of commons by a merchant named Bellinffham, who fancied that his just claims had been neglected by Bovernment. The murderer was tried at the Old Bailey, and executed ; but he seemed to feel little remorse for the horrid crime which he had committed. Lord Liverpool waa appointed first lord of the treasur}', and Mr. Vansittart chancellor of the exchequer, in the room of the deceased minister. 9. Marmont was even a less successful rival of lord Wellington than his predecessor Massena; the important fortresses of Ciudad Rodrigo and Badajox were besieged and stormed before the French marshal could move to their relief, and the forta erected to secure the fords of the Donro were taken almost in hia presence. The two armies were several days within sight of each other near Salamanca, without coming to a general engagentat : the forces were nearly equal, and the leaders anxiously waited to take ad- vantaige of any blunder that might be made by their oppo- nents. At length Marmont maido an injudicious movement to his left, in hopes to cut off the British from Ciudad Rodrigo; his line was thus necessarily weakened, and Wellington instantly seixed the opportunity to make his attack. The consequence was the total rout of the French, with the loss of fourteen thousand men, killed, wounded, and prisoners. The number of killed and wounded, on the part of the victors, scarcely exceeded five thousand. 10. Naturally expecting that the intelligence of this glo- rious victory would stimulate the Spaniards to more vigoroua exertiona ; and relying on the promise of the British ministry to create a powerful diversion, by sending an expedition from Sicily to the south-eastern coast of Spain, Wellington, who had been lately created an eari, resolved to advance into the centre of Spain, and drive the enemy from the capital. This briUiant and hazardous enterprise succeeded ; the English were received with enthusiasm in Madrid, and joy was difiused throughout the entire peninsula. 11. But the hopes which were thus inspired proved delusive ; the Spaniards made no exertion to second Uie efforts for their liberation ; Ballasteros, one of their generals, refused to re- ceive iustructions from a foreigner; the force sent from Sicily was, by some blunder of the British ministry, lata in time and miserable in amount ; the French were, Uiere- fore. enabled to threaten Wellington with armies three times V » "M5 ' J '' ND. ercival, wan uiafliiif imons by i merchant his juit claims had murderer was tried at ■oemed to feel little he had committed. d of the treuur}', ud iquer, in the room of cesaful rival of lord asena; the important idajos were besieged ' could moTe to their he fords of the Dooro rhe two armies were ther near Salamuea, lent : the forces were ly waited to teke ad- made by their oppo- injudicious movement British from Ciudad arily weakened, and ortunity to make his id rout of the French, aen, killed, wounded, and wounded, on the five thousand, elligence of this glo- iards to more vicorous tf the British mmistry Hiding an expedition if Spain, Wellington, resolved to advance the enemy from the enterprise succeeded ; iasm in Madrid, and peninsula. 11. But proved delusive; the the efforts for their inerals, refused to re- the force sent from British ministry, late > French were, Uiere- th armies three times OIOROK III. 400 1 more numerous than his own. Under these circumstances the English general resolved to transfer the scene of his operations to the north of Spain ; but having failed in an attack on Burgos, he was compelled to retire to the frontiers of Portugal. During the retreat, the British soldiers suUied their laurels by several outrages, which were severely re- prehended by Wellington, and measures taken for their pre- vention in future. 12. In the mean time the ambition of Napoleon had hurried him into a war with Russia, which, though success- ful in the outset, ended in lamentable ruin. The French army advanced in spite of every resistance to Moscow, the ancient capital of the kingdom, but there their triumphs ended. The Russians set fire to the city ; the invaders, de- prived of quarters, were forced to retreat ; a severe winter set in, cold and famine destroyed them by thousands, and only a miserable relic of the finest army which had ever been assembled in Europe escaped across the frontiers. 13. Some unfortunate disputes between the government of Great Britain and the United States led to a war between two countries, which similarity of language and ancient connexion ought to have kept for ever in amity. The Americans unsuccessfully invaded Canada, but at sea their frigates obtained some signal triumphs over British vessels. The first of this series of victories was the capture of the 2M 410 HISTORY or BNQLANO. British frigate Guerriere, by the American frigate Conslitu- tion, commanded by captain Hull. 14. (A.I). 1813.) The Spanish Cortes became at length convinced of the necessity of giving the command of their armies to the British general, and a complete change in the fortunes of the war followed this judicious measure. By a series of brilliant operations, the French were driven from their several positions on the Ebro and the Douco, com- pelled to abandon the capital, and at length reduced to the alternative of abandoning the country, or fighting a pitched batde to preserve their conquests. Joseph adopted the latter course, and drew up his forces near Vittoria, which had been made the French dep6t in the northern provinces. In this position he was attacked by lord Wellington, on the 2 let of June, and after a severe contest utterly overthrown. The artillery, baggage, and military chest of the fugitives, fell xnto the hands of the victors ; and so complete was the rout, that the remnants of the defeated army scarcely deemed themselves safe until they had escaped beyond the frontier. Before pursuing them into France, it was neces- sary to reduce tHe fortresses of St. Sebastian and Pamjpe- luna, which were immediately invested. The former, after a frightful loss, was taken by storm ; the latter surrendered gome time after by capitulation. 15. The reverses of the French in the north of Europe were equally signal. Prupsia and Sweden joined their armies to Russia ; Austria subsequently joined the alliance, and their united forces obtained a decisive victory over those of the French emperor at Leipsic. The retreat of the de- feated army was disastrous in the extreme ; the Germans everywhere joined the pursuers, and after suffering the most severe calamities. Napoleon's army was driven across the Rhine, and it became evident that the next campaign would commence with the invasion of France both on her eastern and western frontier. QuaHorufor Examination. 1. How WM BonafMrte eiwbl«d to give hii undivided atteiitioa to the aflUit of the peninaula T l In whet manner did Wellington Mil . . r. . j. 3. What remarkable event look place at thia imte in England I 4. Did any revolution take place in Sweden t i. How did MaMena conduct hii retreat from Torre* Vedrai ? & Were there any other remarkable evente in Iha campaign t in frigate Constitu- IS became at length ) command of their plete change in the )U8 measure. By a 1 were driven from id the Douco, com- iglh reduced to the r fighting a pitched oseph adopted the lear Vittoria, which northern provinces. Wellington, on the utterly overthrown, est of the fugitives, d so complete was sated army scarcely iscaped beyond the 'ranee, it was neces- )astian and Pampe- The former, after le latter surrendered le north of Europe weden joined their ' joined the alliance, re victory over those e retreat of the de- reme; the Germans after suffering the y was driven across the next campaign Prance both on her on. Jed attcntioa to the aflUn in England I rm Vedrait B campaign t OKOROB III. 7. How did the 8paniih goveniiniMil Iwhave f H. What event cauned a chanxe of niinialry in Rncland f V. What itreat viclury did WuTliiiKUMi jiRin uvvr Munnuiitt 10. Mow did Wellingtim endenvuiir lu inipruve liii triumph' 11. By what circumalanceii were \Vpllington'> hu|iei fruilrated t 13. In what new war did Bona|iari<> pii|j[nKe t 13. What new enemy airaded the Englinh ? M. What great victory did VV)>lliiigi4m gain over Joaeph Bonaparte f IS. Did Napoleon meet any other reveraet I SECTION XII. 1. (A. D. 1813.) The operations of the allied armies in the south-eastern proviMccs of Spain were singularly ill- conducted. Sir John Murray, to whose guidance they were intrusted, proved totally unfit for his situation. He precipitately commenced the siege of Tarragona, and then abandoned his works and guns witlt still more disgraceful rapidity ; after which he returned to a state of inactivity. 2. But the vigour of Wellington more than atoned for these deficiencies ; he crossed the Bidassoa in October, and on the 10th of November defeated Soult's army on the Nivelle. (A. D. 1814.) Winter did not interrupt the operations of the armies. Soult, continually pushed by the British forces, assumed a strong position at Orthes, from which he was driven with severe loss, and Bordeaux was consequently exposed to the invading army. In the mean time the duke d'Angouleme, the representative of the ancient line of French monarchs, had arrived in Wellington's eainp ; to him the inhabitants of Bordeaux opened their gates, and received with the utmost enthusiasm the descendant of their former kings. 3. Wellington, pursuing his victorious career, anin defeated Soult at Toulouse ; but while preparing to foUow up his victory, news arrived from Paris that Napoleon had abdicated, and that the war was at an end. 4. In January, 1814, the allied armies had crossed the Rhine, and advanced into the heart of France ; negotiations for peace were indeed commenced at Chatillon, but the in- sincerity which marked the conduct of the French commis- sioners prevented them from coming to any conclusion. Napoleon's great object was to recover Holland, which had achieved its independence after the battle of Leipsic, by the aid of England, and had recalled the stadtholder to his ancient dominions. The French emperor had strong hopes 413 HIITORV or RNOLAND. 1 that one great victory would reMtorfl liim to h'w former pr«« eminence, ft. Never in hii proudest and most nalmv claye did Nnpoleon diiplay more energy and ability tl m in thif hii time of difliculty; but he had beaten hia euemiea into the art of conquering. While he was mancBuvring in their rear, the Pruaiiani and Auatrinne made a ruah on Parte, which fell almoit without reaiitance. On the 0th of April, Bonaparte signed the inatrumcnt of abdication, and Louia XVIII. was recalled from exile to ascend the throne of hia inceatora. The fallen emperor received the island of Elba an an independent sovereignly ; the dutchies of Parma and Planentia were aettled on nia wife and aon. 6. The return of peace was celebrated with general re- joicinga throughout England ; and the metropolis was illu- minated during three successive nights. Immediately after, the emperor of Russia, the king of Prussia, and a numeroua train or other diatinguished foreignera came over to England, and met a moat magnificent reception. After a short but (ratifying viait, they returned to the continent, leaving behind a favourable impression of their urbanity, and of the respect they showed fur the institutions of this country. 7. The American war was soon after terminated ; the triumpha and losses 'on both sides were nearly balanced by land, but the superiority of American courage and discipline at sea was made clearly manifest in every engagement, in which ships of equal force on both sides were oppoaed to each other. The treaty of peace was not signed before December, 1814. 8. (A.D. 181S.) A congress of ambassadors from the leading powers of Europe had assembled at Vienna to settle the state of the continent, when they were astounded by intelligence which threatened to render all their deliberationa useless. Bonaparte, wearied of his exile, and invited by numerous partisans in France, sailed from Elba, and having escaped the vigilance of the cruisers, landed once more in the country which had so long acknowledged his sway. 0. The army everywhere declared in hia favour ; no enectual resistance was attempted ; Louis, with a few friends, escaped beyond the Belgian frontier ; and in an incredibly short time Bonaparte once more ascended the imperial throne. The allied sovereigns took immediate measures to dethrone an usurper whom experience had shown to be the common disturber of nations, and a violater of the faith of treaties ; and preparations were made for a second invasion of France* t to hin formnr prt* uni (f. ydayt nd moiit nalir ability tl m in tliiv «n hii Khcmiei into manoiuvring in their le a ruih on Paria, On tho eth of April, t)ilirtition, and Louia id the throne of hia (I the island of Elba ichies of Parma and ion. ted with ji^eneral re- metropolii waa illu- Immediately after, isia, and a numeroua ime over to England, After a short but 9 continent, leaving urbanity, and of the I of this country, fter terminated; the e nearly balanced by lurage and discipline tvery engagement, in ides were opposed to as not signed before nbassadors from the ed at Vienna to settle r were astounded by all their deliberationa tile, and invited by om Elba, and having landed once more in ledged his Bway. 0. favour ; no effectual ; few friends, escaped incredibly short time nperial throne. The sures to dethrone an I to be the common the faith of treaties ; d invasion of France. OKOROE III. 418 BMU* into line under the i fell into confusion. ;on gave the word to ith resistless impetu- I rallied, were broken tie, but a rout. The fresh, continued the virtually annihilated, iranced towards Paris On the 22d of June, irone, and fled to the pe to America. But ! the vigilance of the lelf to captain Malt* yed, with his retinue, ies were informed of be sent as a prisoner tuthern Atlantic, and vation. In this little 5th of May, 1821. is throne without op> zealous partisans, of colonel Labedoyere, the greater part of ty. The long wars id Europe were now Ig to be of long dura- ton. GGOROE in. 415 4. What opentiom were undertaken at the norlh-eaat aide of France T 6. How was the war terminated ? 0. In what manner was the return of peace celebrated in England ? 7. How was (he American war terminated ? 8. By what news was the congress at Vienna disturbed ? 9. Did Napoleon again become master uf France ? 10. How was the war recommenced I 11. What particulars of the battle of Waterloo are mentioned ? 13. What became of Bonaparte 7 13. How was the war finally ended f Df Spain t d up? -,i^>^w,.'._- SECTION XIII. I. (A.D. 1816.) It had been hoped, rather than expected, that the exertions made by the people in the different Euro- pean nations to overthrow the power of Napoleon, would have been rewarded by the* sovereigns conceding to them free constitutions. But the monarchs, terrified at the evils which the French revolution had produced, were firmly resolved to extend rather than abridge the royal authority. 2. The restored king of Spain, whose slavish weakness had been the first cause of his own imprisonment and his kingdom's degradation, treated with the greatest ingratitude those whose blood had befu shed like water to effect his restoration. The inquisition was revived, and every despotic custom, which made the government of Spain infamous, and the country miserable, were re-established in full force. The Spaniards, who entertained liberal opinions, and who had been the most zealous opponents of the French power, wftre bitterly persecuted, and either brought to the scaffold or driven into exile. 3. This aspect of affairs by no means contributed to allay the dissatisfaction which pervaded Britain at the termination of the war. The channels of trade, which were only opened by a long course of warfare, were suddenly closed ; the manufacturers had no demand for their goods, the prices of agricultural produce were seriously diminished, and all the evils which attend a sudden transition from war to peace were felt the more sensibly on accoupt of the tremendous addition which the expenditure requisite to support such un- paralleled exertions had made to the national debt. 4. The marriage of the princess Charlotte of Wales, with Leopold, prince of Saxe-Cobourg, and that of the duke of Gloucester, with his cousin the princess Mary, for a time <16 IlISTOnV OF ENGLAND. averted the gloom which seemed fast spreading over the nation ; and a brilliant victory obtained by lord Exmouth over the Algerines, diverted public attention from intestine calamities. 5. Though Algiers was defended by 1000 pieces of cannon, it could not resist the intrepidity of Bri- tish seamen ; its defences were destroyed, its fleet burned in the harbour, and at length, to save it from total destruc- tion, the dey offered terms of peace. He was pardoned on the conditions of liberating the Christian slaves, more than a thousand of whom were received on board the British fleet ; of abolishing slavery for ever in his dominions; and making reparation to the powers who had been the more immediate objects of his barbarous aggressions. 6, (A.D. 1817.) But even naval glory, always the most, pleasing to Englishmen, failed to allay the discontents that pervaded the lower ranks of society ; alarming riots oc- curred in many parts of the kingdom, and meetings were held in the metropolis, where the most threatening discourses were pronounced. The parliament in this crisis passed laws to increase the powers of government, especially the suspension of the Habeas Corpus Act, and several of the popular leaders were arrested,. Some were brought to trial in London, and acquitted ; but in Derby several were found guilty, and suflTered the penalties of high-treason, which had not been inflicted for seventy years before. These vigorous measures, followed by a revival of commerce, and an im- proved harvest, restored public tranquillity ; but the gloom which hung over the nation was not dispelled, and a new event served to deepen it still further. 7. The princess Charlotte of Wales, the pride and darling of England, was delivered of a still-born child, whose birth she survived only a few hours. Never was grief more universal — never was a nation's sorrow so deeply felt, and so generally manifested. The day of the funeral was voluntarily observed as a day of fasting and humiliation throughout the three kingdoms ; and a stranger, witnessing the aflliction on every counte- nance, might have supposed that every family in the realms had been deprived of one of its most beloved members. 8. (A.D. 1818.) To supply the chasm which this lamen- table event had occasioned in the succession to the crown, several of the royal family formed matrimonial alliances. The dukes of Cambridge, Kent, and Clarence, and Uie prin- cess Elizabeth were united to branches of different princely families in Germany, and such an increase was made in sv. It spreading over the led by lord Exmouth tention from intestine 3 defended by 1000 he intrepidity of Bri- -oyed, its fleet burned it from total destruc- He was pardoned on an slaves, more than a sard the British fleet ; >minions ; and making 1 the more immediate lory, always the most. r the discontents that ; alarming riots oc- I, and meetings were hreatening discourses in this crisis passed nment, especially the , and several of the were brought to trial t»y several were found rh-treason, which had ore. These vigorous mmerce, and an im- lillity ; but the gloom . dispelled, and a new it. 7, The princess ling of England, was irth she survived only universal — never was generally manifested, y observed as a day the three kingdoms ; on on every counte- ' family in the reiJms leloved members, sm which this lamen- cession to the crown, natrimonial alliances, larence, and the prin- I of different princely ncrease was made in OKOROE in. 417 their revenues by parliament as might enable them to sup« port the additional expenses which they necessarily incurred. These arrangements had not been long concluded, when the rpyal family suffered a second loss by the death of queen Charlotte, who expired at Kew, on the 17th of November, in the seventy-fifth year of her age. 0. (A.D. 1819.) The extensive colonies which Spain had recently possessed in South America, w->'-'ed by the tyranny to which they had been subjected, thiew off the yoke, and commenced a successful struggle for indepen- dence. The king of Spain, however, imagined that their subjugation was still possible, and assembled an army at Cadiz, in the isle of Leon, to form an expedition against the revolted provinces. But the soldiers who had been thus collected to crush the rising freedom of America, disap- pointed the hopes of their despotic sovereign. 10. *They unanimously refused to embark ; and directing their attention to the miserable condition of their own country, they demand- ed the establishment of a free constitution, which Ferdinand was compelled to concede. Similar revolutions subsequently took place in Portugal, Naples, and Piedmont; but in the two latter countries the old despotic governments were restored by the Austrians, who have ever been strongly opposed to liberal institutions. 11. The public mind in England continued to be agitated by projects for effecting reform in parliament, and other changes in the constitution. Public meetings, attended by immense multitudes, were held in different parts of the country. One in particular, at Manchester, was attended with lamentable consequences. The magistrates having determined to arrest the leaders, especially Mr. Hunt, sent a party of yeomanry to aid the ofiicers of police ; unfortu- nately, in passing through the immense assembly, some confusion took place, which led to a serious affray ; several of the multitude were killed, and a still greater number wounded by the sabres of the yeomanry, or severely crushed. Hunt and his friends were taken into custody on a charge of high-treason ; but this was soon abandoned, and they were ordered to find bail on a charge of sedition. 12. This event produced great diversity of opinion, and very angry debates within and without the walls of parliament ; but the sentiments of government were expressed unequivocally in * ThoM evenii did not take place until the following year ; but are placed here to preaerve the continuity of the narrative. 418 HISTORY OF ENGLAND a letter of thanks addressed to the magistrates and yeomanry of Manchester, for their prompt and spirited conduct. At the following assizes v the grand jury threw out the bills charging the yeomanry with murder ; but Hunt and his associates, being found guilty of r-, ition, were sentenced to different periods of imprisonment. Sir Francis Burdett also, who had denounced the conduct of the magistrates and the ministry in very severe terms, in a letter addressed to his constituents, was brought to trial, and found guilty of a libel on his majesty's government. Finally, parliament was assembled in the end of the year, and six restrictive acts passed for the prevention of seditious meetings, for prohi- biting training, and arming, for checking blasphemous and seditious writings, and to impose a tax on cheap periodical publications. 13. (A. D. 1820.) On the 23d of January, his royal highness the duke of Kent died at Sidmouth, in the 53d year of his age, leaving behind him an only daughter, the princess Victoria Augusta, now the presumptive inheritor of the British throne. On the 29th of the same month, George III. died at Windsor Castle, at the advanced age of eighty-one, after a reign of fifty-nine years seven months and three days ; the longest and most memorable in the an- nals of England. We are still too near the times in which this event occurred, and too much swayed by the opinions and prejudices resulting from personal ' elings, to draw an impartial character of this venerable sovereign. But what- ever diversity of opinion there may be respecting the politics of the monarch, none can deny the virtues of the man ; amiable, merciful, benevolent, he was an nffectionate hus- band, a tender father, and a faithful friend; no prouder «pitaph needs to be inscribed upon his tomb. Qutsti/ms for Examination. 1. In what manner were the hopes of the people of Europe diwppotailed? S. How did the realored king of Spain behave t 3. What WBB the slate of Ei^[land after the war t 4. By what circunutanceH were the hopes of the nation railed t 5. what victory waa obtained at Algien ? 6. How did guvemment endeavour to check the progrea of aaditkm t 7. What fatal event filled the nation with twlnesg ? 8. Did any other remarkable circumstances occur in the royal fiunily t 9. What colonies revolted against the parent state T 10. How was a constitution established in Spain 1 11. What unfortunate circumstance look place at Manchester t IS. What were the consequences of this event 7 13. What deaths took place in the royal fitinily t "-' ^'$S9 ^'"'r^'^! ' S S^' LND (istrates and yeomanry [ spirited conduct. At y threw out the bills !r ; but Hunt and his ion, wer6 sentenced to Sir Francis Burdett of the magistrates and in a letter addressed to and found guilty of a i<'inally, parliament was nd six restrictive acts 18 meetings, for prohi- king blasphemous and IX on cheap periodical of January, his royal Sidmouth, in the 53d im an only daughter, e presumptive inheritor h of the same month, , at the advanced age ne years seven months t memorable in the an- 9ar the times in which rayed by the opinions al ' elings, to draw an lovereign. But what- I respecting the politics > virtues of the man ; is an nflfectionate hus- iil friend; no prouder IS tomb. 2/ion. )le of Europe diwppaiiiled? ur? he nation nuMd t 10 progrea of ledition f L'ur in the rojril ramily t later I? u M ancheiter 1 OEOROE IV. CONTEMPORARY SOVEREIGNS. 419 Pope$. A.D. aementXIV 1769 PiiaVI ms RimVII 1800 EmperoTi of Oermamf. Jowphll 1765 Leopold 1790 Francis II 179S AaumeJ the title of empeior of Auitria 1804 Emperori of Ihe THrha. MiMtaphalll 1757 AchmetlV 1774 Selimlll 1789 Mahmoadll 180S Emperori emd Emprtnei tf Ru$*ia. Peter III 1768 Catharine n 1763 A.D. Paul 1 1797 Alexander 18U1 Satertign* of France. Louie XVI 1774 Republic 1793 Napoleon eoniul.. 1799 emperor 1(104 LouiaXVIIl 1B14 Kingi of Spain. Charles III....... 1759 Charles IV 1788 Ferdinand VII.... 1808 Queen and King of PortugaL Maria. 1777 John VI Kingi of Pnutia. Frederick U 1740. A.V. Frednncklll 1786 Frederick IV 1797 King$ of Poland Stanislaus 1786 Augustus IV 1786 Divided between Rur.iia, Prue> ..ia, and Ger^ many 1793 Kingi of Denmark. Christian VII 1756 Frederick VI 1808 Kingi of i lift.. Suiedm. Gustavus Ift 177S GiistavusIV 179S Charles XIII 1809 Charles XIV 1818 CHAPTER XXX VH. OEOROE IV. BomlTHS. Died 1830. Began to reign 1690. Reigned 10 yean. SECTION I. 1. (A.D. 1820.) The accession of a monarch, who had been actually in the possession of sovereign power for so many previous years, produced no important political changes. George IV. was publicly proclaimed on the 31st of January in London and Westminster, and matters went on for some time in their ordinary course. On the 23d of February, the metropolis was astounded by intelli- gence of a plot being discovered for the assassination >• ' his majesty 8 ministers. 2. The Oato street conspira;; as it was called, from the little street near the. Edgewarie- road, where the conspirators used to assemble, was planned by Thistlewood, who had been before acquitted on a charge of treason, and some other men of desperate fortunes. Their design was to obtain, on some pretence, admission to t^Hi 4g^ UIvrORV OF BNOLAND. lord Harrowby's, when the ministers were assembled at a cabinet dinner, and there murder the entire party. 8. But all their plans were betrayed to government by a spy, and a strong body cf police, accompanied by a detachment of tho guards, burst into their rendezvous at the moment that they were preparing for the execut'on of their designs. After some resistance, in which Smithers, a police officer, was killed, they were overpowered, and the greater part made prisoners; Thistlewood made his escape, but was subse- quently taken at a house in Moorfields. Snch was the poverty and misery of these wretched madmen, who pro- posed to subvert a powerful government, that when they were searched, not even a shilling was found among the whole party. They were soon after brought to trial : This- ^ewood and four others were executed, some more trans- ported, and government, satisfied with these examples, gave up the prosecution against the rest. 4. Preparations were now commenced for the coronation of his majesty, when they were suddenly suspended by an event which excited more public interest and more angnr feelings than any other that had occurred for a long period. This was the return of queen Caroline to England, and her subsequent trial be- fore the house of lords — matters over which the historian wofld willingly cast a veil, but which are far too important to be omitted. 6. We ha"e already mentioned the formal separation be- tween the prince of Wales and his consort, soon after their marriage ; some years after, her conduct was made the sub- ject of a secret investigation, which, after a long and dis- gusting inquiry, terminated in her acquittal. After beinc subject to such an indignity, the unfortunate princess quitted England, and spent her time in travelling, especially in visiting the most celebrated spots on the coasts of the Me- diterranean. She visited Jerusalem, and several other towns of Palestine, and afterwards took up her residence in that part of Italy which is subject to the Austrian emperor. Reports very injurious to her character began to be circulated, and a secret commission of eminent lawyers was sent cut to Milan to investigate their truth. 6. On the king's accession to the throne, the evidence collected by the Milan commission was made tiie pretext for omitting the queen's name in the liturgy ; and at the same time the hoPiOurs due to her rank were refused by foreign powers. Deeply irritated at these insults, she de- ND. were assembled at a entire party. 3. But nment by a spy, and a y a detachment of tho . the moment that they their designs. After , a police officer, was the greater part made scape, but was subse- fields. Such was the ed madmen, who pro- ment, that when they was found among the brought to trial : This- ited, some more trans- it these examples, gave 4. Preparations were of his majesty, when n event which excited feelings than Uny other This was the return ler subsequent trial be- er which the historian h are far too important B formal separation be- sonsort, soon after their iuct was made the sub- , after a long and dis- acquittal. After being rtunate princess quitted ravelling, especially in the coasts of the Me- im, and several other ook up her residence in 1) the Austrian emperor. \T began to be circulated, t lawyers was sent out le throne, the evidence was made tlie pretext he liturgy ; and at the ■ rank were refused by it these insults, she de- OBOROB IV. 421 termined to return to England, though aware that her land- ing would be the signal for the commencement of a rigorous prosecution, and though she had been' offered an annuity of fifty thousand pounds on condition of her remaining abroad. 7. She landed at Dover on the 6th of June, and was re- ceived with the greatest enthusiasm by the populace. Equal honours were paid to her along the road to the metropolis, and her reception in London was still more gratifying. 8. On the very day of the queen's arrival in London, a message was sent to both hojses of parliament, requesting that her conduct should be made the subject of investigation, and that the evidence collected at Milan should be taken iqto consideration. Some delay was occasioned by an use- less effort of the house of commons to effect a compromise : this having failed, " a bill of pains and penalties," to deprive tho queen of her rights and dignities, and to divorce her from her husband, was introduced into the lords. 0. The trial soon commenced, and lasted forty-five days, after which the bill was read a second time by a majority of twenty- eight ; but on the third reading, the ministers could only command a majority of nine, and the bill was therefore abandoned. 10. During these proceedings, the agitation of the public mind knew no bounds ; cavalcade after cavalcade was seen proceeding out to Hammersmith, where the queen resided, with addresses containing the warmest expressions of affec- tion for herself, and hatred of her opponents ; the press teemed with virulent libels on all who were conspicuous in either party ; disunion even reached the domestic circle, and the question of the queen's guUt or innocence was debated furiously in every society and in every family within the British seas. The abandonment of the bill was hailed by the queen's friends as a complete acquittal, and tlieir delight was testified by a pretty general illumination, though it must be confessed that many who exhibited this outward sign of joy were forced to Ute display through dread of popular violence. 11. (A.D. 1821.) The hcnto and animosities produced by the queen's trial continued to rage with unabated fury through the remainder of the life of that imhappy lady ; it was even supposed that the rejection of her claim to par- ticipate in the coronation would have led to some serious commotion. But tliat august cureuiony was performed without interruption ; the queen, indeed, presented herself 2N in HISTORY or BNOLANO. at the doora of Westminiter Abbey, and waa refuted ad- mittance, but no seriouB display of popular displeasure followed. 12. This last event produced a fatal effect on her health, which had been long declining ; and her death, which followed soon after, was generally attributed to a broken heart. The fatality which attended this unfortunate woman seemed to follow her very remains. Her funeral was a scene of outrage and violence. It had been intended that the procession should not pass thiough the metropolis ; but the populace attacked the military escort, and after some loss of life succeeded in forcing away the hearse ; the fu- neral array then passed through the city to Whitechapel, where the corpse was restored to the constituted autiiorities, and then allowed to pass quietly to Harwich, whence it was transferred to Brunswick, to repose with the ashes of her illustrious ancestors. 13. Immediately after the coronation, his majesty paid a visit to Dublin, and was received by the Irish people with a burst of loyal affection such as was probably never before witnessed. After a short visit, he embarked at Kingstown in the presence of a coundess multitude, who rent the air with acclamations, and with blessings on the head of the first English sovereign who had visited Ireland without hostile intentions. Shortly after his return, the king made an excursion to Hanover, the cradle of his race ; and after a brief stay returned to England. 14. Great distress was experienced throughout the British islands by the depreciation of agricultural produce, and con- sequent difiiculty of payinjir rents. In Ireland, the mutual discontents of the land-holders and peasantry led to several outrages on the part of the latter, perfectly disgraceful to a civilized country. By a little vigorous exertion, however, these violences were repressed, and comparative tranquillity restored. The distress of the lower classes, which indeed almost exceeded credibility, was relieved by a general and generous subscription in England, which arrested the pro- Sress of a pestilential disease, produced by famine and istress. QuUtionsfor Examination. 1. By what event were the rninda of the people diiturbed at the commence- ment of the new reign f . S. What were the deeigm of the Cato street compiraton t 3. How were the plaw of the conspiraion defeated t ^, and was refuted ad- of popular displeasure duced a fatal effect on clining ; and her death, inerally attributed to a ttended this unfortunate remains. Her funeral . It had been intended thiough the metropolis ; y escort, and after some ray the hearse ; the fu- He city to Whitechapel, e constituted autiiorities, Harwich, whence it was with the ashes of her ation, his majesty paid d by the Irish people as was probably never visit, he embarked at luntless multitude, who with blessings on the who had visited Ireland [y after his return, the , the cradle of his race ; igland. d throughout the British Itural produce, and con- In Ireland, the mutual peasantry led to several >erfectly disgraceful to n ■ous exertion, however, comparative tranquillity r classes, which indeed ilieved by a general and which arrested the pro- oduced by famine and nation, pie diiturbed at the commenc*- conapiraton t efeated t OKOROE IV. 428 4. Whsl event caiuwd the coromttion to be paetponed f 5. Hdwdid the queen become exjueed to iiiipiciun { 6. On what occasion were the etiecia of thene aunpicioni manifeded t 7. How wai the queen received in England f 8. What meanire* were taken by the minlatry t 9. How did the queen'i trial terminate 1 10. What etiect did thia lamentable occurrence produce in the country t 1 1. Waa the ceremony of the coronation diiturbed ? 19. Did any remarkable circumstancea alteiitl the queen'i death and barialt 13. Hnw wai the king received in Ireland ? 14. Waa any diitrea experienced in the country t SECTION II. 1. A TIME of profound peace furnishes but few incidents worthy of be ng recorded by the historian; during such a period a nation is silently employed in improving its re- sources and repairing the injuries which had been inflicted by war on its finances. The unparalleled contest in which England had been so long engaged, imposed on her rulers a task of no ordinary difficulty ; the immense debt which had been accumulated, required a large taxation to pay its inter- est ; and though many exertions have been made to relieve the country from such pressure, no extensive reduction can reasonably be expected for a very long period. (1822.) 2. After the termination of the parliamentary session, the king Eroceeded to visit the Scottish capital, and was received by is northern subjects with the utmost enthusiasm. The festivities were, however, soon interrupted by the melancholy news of the death of the marquis of Londonderry, the se- cretary for foreign aflairs, who had committed suicide in a fit of temporary insanity. After an interval of more than a month, Mr. Canning was appointed his successor, and re- ceived the seals of office at a time when a minister possessing his talents and energy was most wanting to the country. 3. The European sovereigns had entered into a league to check the progress of revolution, and chose to call their union the holy alliance. A congress was held at Verona, and a resolution taken to subvert the constitution, and restore despotism in Spain. The duke of Wellington, on the part of England, refused to sanction the design, the execution of which was intrusted to the king of France. 4. (1823.) Early in the following year, the duke of Angouleme, at the head of a powerful army, entered Spain, and soon compelled M en HHTORV or KNOLAND. the coMtitutionalitU, wholly unprepared for retiitaner, to unqualified iubmiasion. Ferdinantl, restored to th». exer- ciae of deapotic power, persecuted all whom he ..uspecled of liberal principles with extreme severity, and revived all the cruel inatitutiona by which the government of Spain has been so long disgraced, with even more than ordinary rigour. , . ^- ,. t 8. The feelings of the great majority of the TiiLgliah peo- ple were powerfully excited by this outrage on the liberties, of a neighbouring nation ; but the ministers had dettrmined to mainUin a strict neutrality, though they severely condemned the principles and conduct of the French government. But while despotism waa thus re-esublishing its iron reign in Europe, freedom had obtained signal triumphs in America ; the revolted colonies of Spain had now completed their emancipation, and their independence was acknowledged by England ami aeveral other European powers. 6. A sanguinary atruKgle for the liberation of Greece fibm the Turkish yoke had commenced some time previ- ously, but had long produced no result but terrific massacres. The principal members of the holy alliance viewed the insunection of the Greeks with secret dislike ; bi)t the sympathies of the greater part of th^* people of Europe were awakened in their favour, and sev ral volunteers from England and other countries tendered their assistance to the insurgenu. 7. (1824.) Lord Byron, whose poetry had created a powerful feeling in favour of the Greeks, proceeded to aid them by his personal exertions, but unfortunately fell a victim to a fever at Missolonghi, in Western Greece. 8. The British colonies in Africa and India were severely harassed by the assaults of barbarous enemies; in the former, the governor, sir C. McCarthy, waa defeated, and eruelly murdered by the Ashantees ; but his death waa aub- •eauendy avenged, and these savaee warriora forced to submiaeion. 9. In Hindoatan, the Burmese were tolalljr defeated, their strongest fortificaUons captured, and their territoriea placed at Uie mercy of the British trqopt ; they were consequently forced to solicit peace, which waa granted on terms that tend greatly to increase the security of the British possessions in the East. -, , j j 10. From the time that the union between England and Ireland had been effected, attempts were annually made for the repeal of the remaining restrictive laws against Uie B^ man catholics ; repeated failures by no means diminished wsmmmm D. red for reaUUner, to ■eitored to th«. exer- whom he '^uipeotrd irity, and revived all governmjnt of Spain more than ordinary y of the ^ii.gliah peo* itrage on the libertiea, ten had dettrmined to y severely condemned ch government. But ling its iron reign in Iriumphi in America ; now completed their waa acknowledged by lowera. liberation of Greece iced some time previ- but terrific massacrea. alliance viewed the cret dislike ; bi)t the lir> people of Europe vs nl volunteers from their assistance to the D, whose poetry had the Greeks, proceeded , but unfortunately fell Weitem Greece, id India were severely ous enemies; in the ly, waa deieated, and but his death was sub- S warriors forced to urmese were totally s captured, and their Brituh trqopa ; they ice, which was granted ise the security of the between England and rere annually made for B laws against the Ro- no means diminished oKORoi IV. 425 the hopes of the catholic leaders and their friends ; and in Ireland the^ formed a permanent association for the further- ance of their objects. (1835.) The members of the Catholic Association were not always very measured in their lan- guage, or temperate in their atucks on government, and it was judged expedient to suppress meetings which seemed f regnant with danger. 11. A bill for extending the law in reland against illegal societies was introduced into parlia- ment, and as it waa expected that catholic emancipation would immediately follow, it passed with but little opposition. This hope was, however, doomed to be disappointed, the catholic question was indeed carried in the lower house, but it was lost in the lords principally on account of the exertions made by his royal highness the duke of York. 12. Speculations and joint-stock companies of every description had lately multiplied so fast, that the nation seemed infected with a species of insanity ; but the bubbles aoon buret, and a terrible reaction enaued. The oonfuaion of the money market, and the commercial embarraasmenta thua created, did not entirely diaappear for the next two or three years. 13. (A.D. 1836.) The state of Portugal, the oiuest ally of England, began now to attract the attention of the public. On the death of John VI. the succession devolved on Don Pedro, who resided in Brazil ; he, however, satisfied with the imperial crown which he had acquired in South America, abdicated the Portuguese throne in favour of his daughter Donna Maria, and, to prevent any domestic commotion, betrothed her to his brother Don Miguel. Before taking this decisive step, he prepared a constitution, securing the blessings of civil and religious liberty to the Portuguese, who, unfortunately, could neither appreciate the one nor the other. 14. A strong party resolved to make Don Miguel absolute king, and under the secret sanction of the Spanish government, began to assemble forces on the frontiera. Under theae circumstances, application waa made to England for assistance ; and an nxpeditton was sent out with a promptitude that excited the admiration of Europe. To preserve the continuity of the narrative, we must complete the account of the trans«ctinns in Portugal before we again return to the affairs of England. 15. In September, 1827, Don Miguel was appointed regent by his brother, and imme- diately proceeded to assume the reins of power. In the following year, after the departure of the English troops, he 2n2 lliaTORV or RNOLAND. uiurp«(l the crown in defiance of the claimi of hi« niece, tnd immediately after abrogated the ronatitution and pro* claimed himaelf abiolute. The young queen of Portugal bad, in the mean time, arrived in England, but finding her frienda not aufficiently strong to overthrow the usurper, she returned to her father's covrt at Rio Janeiro. (Ration* for Examination, 1. By what eirauimtMtcM have the Englwh miniittn been long embar iwMdr X Wlwt event cauMd a chance in the mintalry t 8. for what purpoee wa« the noly alliance formed f 4. How waelheBpanieh oonitiiuiion overthmivn f ft. What Mvoluliona occurred in South America t (k Did an / European nation make a fierce Mrunile for IVeedom f 1. What nmarkable Enftith nobleman died while aiding the Oraeu t 9. Did aiqr wan take piaoe in the British colonie* t 9. How did .'he Burmoae war terminate t 10. What renukkable circunwtancei occurred in Ireland f 11. Did |»rUaiii>>nt adopt any meiwure in oowequenoe f IS What pecuniary emaarrMmenli oeeurrtd in England f 13. How wai public aiienUon directed to the aflhinof Portugal t 14. In whatmannerdid the Engliah aovemnient behave f ISi What wai the final teiminatton oT the ilruggle in Portugal t SECTION III. 1. (A.D. 1827.) Dbath and disease, among the great and noble of the land, produced some important changes in the councils of Great Britain. On the 5th of January, his royal highness the duke of York died, sincerely and generally lamented, more especially by the army ; for bis conduct ever since his restoration to ^e office of commander-in-chief, bad deservedly procured for him the endearing appellation of " the soldier's friend." 2. On the Hth of Februsry, the earl of Liverpool, prime minister of Encland, was seized with a fit of apoplexy, which terminated nis political exist- ence, though his natural life was prolonged to the dose of the succeeding year. He was succeeded by Mr. Canning, whose commanding eloquence and enlightened views had made him almost irresistible in the house of commons. 3. But the additional fatigues imposed upon this highly-gifted statesman, and the fierce opposition he had to encounter, proved too much for a constitution already enfeebled by neglected disease ; he died on the 8th of August, in the ■ - FjiifiiiMliilHi iiTi- ND. ) claimi of hU niMe, noMtitution and pro> ng queen or Portugal glanu, but finding her hrow the usurper, the tneiro. Uion, niniitani been long emb•^ » nedf vn f It [gU for fVeedom t hile uding the Oreeki t cat Ireland I [uenoe f iCngluidf tin or Portugal f behave f le in Portugal? oiniioK IV. 497 I, among the great and portant changes in the I of January, his royal ncerely and renenJly f ', for his eonduet ever mmander-in-chief, bad dcaring appellation of 17th of February, the ' Encland, was seized ited his political exist- ionged to the dose of ed^ by Mr. Canning, enlightened views h^ ouse of commons. 3. upon this highlyogifted he had to encounter, already enfeebled by 8th of August, in the fifty-eighth year of his age. 4. Mr. F. Robinson, having been elevated to the peerage, by tho title of lord Uoderich, wu next appointed premier, but hii ndminiatration was loose and unsettled, and the cat- .net which he had formed soon fell to pieces. The duke of Wellington was then called by his majesty to preaide over the councils of Britain, and aided by Mr. Peel, he succeeded in forming a ministry, promising more firmness and stability than that which it succeeded. 6. The atrocities which marked the warfare between the Greeks and Turks were so shocking to humanity, that the sovereigns of Europe felt themselves bound to interfere, and a treaty for the pacification of Greece was signed, in London, on thf 0th of July, 1837, by the representatives of England, France, and Russia. 6. In consequence of this, the allied fleets in the Mediterranean prepared to force the combatants to consent to an armistice, and blockaded the Turkish fleet in the harbour of Navarino. Ibrahim Pacha, the Turkish commander in the Morea, paying but little attention to the remonstrances of the allied admirals, the united fleets sailed into the harbour, on the 20th of Oc* tobr"-, under the command of sir Edward Codrington, to < .uiaidate him into submission. 7. A shot fired by a Turkish vessel was the signal for a general engagement, which lasted four hours. It terminated in the almost utter annihilation of the Turkish fleet, with coniparatively little loss to the allied squadrons. The independence of Greece was virtually achieved by this brilliant victory, and was further secured by the arrival of a small military force from France; the Turkish government, however, refused sub* mission, and war was commenced against Russia. 8. The events of this war, though not properly belonging to Enf* lish history, demand a brief notice ; in the first campaign the Turks made an obstinate resistance, and gained some advantages over their opponents ; but in the foUowing year (1829), the Russian armt were everywhere successful ; the passages of the Balkan wjre forced ; Adrianople, the second city in the empire, was captured, and the sultan forced to consent to terms of peace, dictated almost at the gates of Constantinople. 9. The demands of Russia were, how- ever, less exorbitant than might have been expected under the circumstances, but there is reason to believe that this moderation was inspired by a dread of provoking the jea- lousy and resentment of England. MM 428 HISTOKV OF ENGLAND 10. (A. D. 1828.) After the resignation of lord Godericb, Mr. Huskisson and some other friends of the late Mr. Can- ning, had joined in the duke of Wellington's administration, but they soon found that little harmony could exist in such a coalition. At length Mr. Huskisson, having voted against ministers, tendered his resignation, which to his great aur- prise and mortification was accepted, nor could all his sub- sequent efforts alter the inflexible spirit of the duke of Wel- lington. The time of the house of commons was wasted in the discussion of this and similar petty disputes, but one act of the session made an important change in the forms of the constitution. The test and corporation acts, which required the receiving of the sacrament of the Lord's supper, according to the rites of the church of England, as a neces- sary qualification for office, were repealed after a brief par- liamentary struggle ; and the hopes of the Roman catholics, for the repeal of the laws by which they were excluded from parliament, were greatly raised by this event. A mo- tion in their favour was made by sir Francis Burdett, and carried by a majority of six; but it terminated ineffectively, as a similar motion was negatived in the house of peers. 11. The country continued to be agitated by the catholic question during the remainder of the year ; on the one hand, Brunswick clubs were formed by the advocates of protestant ascendency, to resist all further concession ; on the other side, the catholic leaders and their friends strenu- ously exerted themselves to render the cause of emancipa- tion popular. In Ireland, the agitation was so violent that there was reason to apprehend a civil war : the most in- temperate harangues were made at Brunswick meetings and in the Catholic Association ; it was manifest that nothing but promptitude and decision on the part of government could avert the effusion of blood. 12. (A. D. 1829.) The commencement of the ensuing session of parliament was expected by all parties with the utmost anxiety ; and it was not without surprise, that both parties found catholic emancipation recommended in the speech from the throne. A bill to give effect to this re- commendation passed both houses by triumphant majorities, though not without encountering a vigorous opposition, and received the royal assent on the 13th of April. 13. From the date of this important change in the con- •titution, to the close of the reign, nothing of great import- ance occurred in England ; but in France the dissatisfaction - ~^iimSf^ m 0m ■ 1 1 I ■ wv 'i M ' i ' . '■ " ' ' V AND lation of lord Goderich, [Is of the late Mr. Can- ington's administration, ny could exist in such n, having voted against which to his great sur- nor could all his sub- irit of the duke of Wel- r commons was wasted petty disputes, but one It change in the forms iorporation acts, which nt of the Lord's supper, >f England, as a neces- >ealed after a brief par- if the Roman catholics, :h they were excluded by this event. A roo- ir Francis Burdett, and erminated ineffectively, the house of peers, igitated by the catholic the year ; on the one ] by the advocates of further concession ; on nd their friends strenu- :he cause of emancipa- ion was so violent that ivil war : the most in- Irunswick meetings and manifest that nothing he part of government :ement of the ensuing by all parties with the hout surprise, that both I recommended in the give effect to this re- f triumphant majorities, igorous opposition, and I of April. mt change in the con- othing of great import- ranee the dissatisfaction GEORGE IV. 429 of the people with their rulers became daily more manifest. An expedition was undertaken against Algiers, probably with the hope of diverting the attention of the French peo- ple from politics, to what had been so long their favourite passion,— military glory. (A. D. 1830.) The expedition was eminently successful ; Algiers was captured, and the entire presidency subjected to the power of France : but the discontents of the French people continued to rage with as much violence as ever. 14. The illness of the king in the commencement of the year 1830 threw a damp on public affairs, and as its fatal tendency became more apparent, speculations were rife on the probable political conduct of his successor. After a tedious sickness, which he sustained with great fortitude and resignation, George IV. died at Windsor Castle, on the 25th of June. The reasons already assigned for omitting a sketch of the cliaracter of George III. are in the present instance still more forcibly applicable ; we shall only say of him as a distinguished writer has said of Henry IV. of France, Oh ! be hia failing! covered by his tomb, And guardian laurels o'er his ashes bloom. Quatioiufor Examination. 1. What death occurred in the royal family ? 8> By what circumstance was Mr. Calming placed fat the head of the mi- nistry ? 3. What is supposed to have caused Mr. Canning's death t i. What changes took place in consequence of Mr. Canning's death 1 &. In what manner did the European sovereigns endeavour to effect the pacification of Greece ? 6. What caused the battle of Navarino T 7. What were the consequences of the battle ? 8. How did the Russian war with Turkey terminate? 9. Why was Russia moderate in her demands? 10. What remarkable circumstance occurred in the parliamentary seaskm of 1828? 1 1 . Was the British nation disturbed by the agitation of any important question? 12. How was the catholic quf^slion finally settled ? 13. Did the French government engage m any important expedition ? 14. When did George IV. die? CONTEMPORARY SOVEREIGNS. LeoXn Pope*. A.D. Emperor of Auitria. Franc^U 1793 King of Bavaria, Louis Charlee Au- gustus . King and Electorate of BolUMia. A.D. Francis n 1792 King of Denmark. FredencVI 1808 King of Prance. 18SS Charles X 1824 King of Hanover a.I>. George IV. *ib^ qf Chreat Britain. King of NmUe and Sicity. Ferdinand IV. rest 1824 Francis Janiver Joseph 182S "wn ^ nB.' ' 430 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. King of the Nelherlandi. A.D. William T 1813 King of Poland. Nicholat I. §ee Ruuia. uttnof Portugal Donna Maria da Gloria. King of Prvuia. a.d. Frederic IV 1797 Emperor of Ruuia. Nicholas 1 1825 King of Sardinia. Charles F^lix 1821 King of Saxon >/. Anthony Clement. 1827 King of Spam. a.d. Ferdinand VII... 1808 King of Streden and Norway. Charles XIV 1818 Qrtmd Seignior of Turkey. Mahmoudll 1806 King tf Wirtemierg. Frederic William. 1816 CHAPTER XXXVIII. WILLIAM IV. Bom 1765. Lon( live the king. Began to reign ISW. Majr his reign be prosperous. The accession of his royal >>na«e » speech in the house of peers, in which he stated that the principles of his government should be economy and tND. It was hoped, we may ters would have been e for reform, and the with intense anxiety ; >f parliament and the L the earliest opportu- isured terms, his un- cles of reform. This 1 dissatisfaction, which :um8tance in itself of few days after. His f dining with the cor- tvember, when a civic r the new lord mayor, ly the citizens for the lovember, however, it had been indefinitely mayor's procession nor Jniversal panic spread osed that nothing but formidable conspiracy to advise his majesty mised gratification ; but m was groundless, that to the duke of Welling- rould probably hiss or cule was raised, which o encounter. On the )lan of a civil list was a majority of twenty- eclaration that the mi- nfidence of parliament, consequence. A new led under the auspices ich were selected from 3 small but able party ite Mr. Canning. One ents was that of Mr. cellor, which was made rsions by the partisans B after the appointments ity, earl Grey made a rh'\c\\ he stated that the lould be economy and WILLIAM IV. 483 retrenchment at home ; non-intervention with the aflairs of other states ; and a reform in the lower house of parliament. These professions gave general satisfaction, and the nation impatiently, but not distrustfully, looked forward to their performance. Towards the end of the vear some serious disturbaneea took place in the agricultural districts, and much mischief was done by incendiaries burning the bams and stacks of the farmers that used threshing-machines. Special com- missions were proiuptly issued by the government for the immediate trial of the rioters Uiat had been taken into custody, and by a judicious mixture of firmness and clemency, tranquillity was finally restored. The state of Ireland was the source of still greater uneasiness; the political dissensions in that unhappy country were revived in all their former fury, the distress of the peasantry, hourly increasing, finally terminated in the horrors of famine ; and a numerous party began to clamour for a repeal of the union, which they hul been taught to consider the source of their misery. A generous subscription in England alleviated the distress of the Irish peasantry, but no measures were adopted to allay the dissatisfaction that pre- vailed in the country. On the first of March, 1831, lord John Russell presented the ministerial plan of reform to the house of commons, and after a protracted debate of seven nights, leave was given to bring in t^ills for the amendment of the representa- tion of England, Scotland, and Ireland. From the first hour that this important measure was proposed, it absorbed the whole attention of the public to the exclusion of every other topic. It would be inconsistent with the limits and nature of this work to give an account of the fierce struggle that now took place between the advocates and opponents of reform, within and without the walls of paniament; we shall, therefore, merely mention a few of the most remarkable incidents and dates connected with the measure. On the 22d of March, the second reading of the Enjjf^ish reform bill was carried only by a majority of one, and it became obvious that in the house of commons, as it thea stood, the ministers could not stand their ground. On the 19th of April, general Gascoyne obtained a majority of eight over the ministry, and on the 21st, the majority against the cabinet amounted to twenty-two ; and this on a question connected with the supplies. The ministers had 20 484 HirroRV or bnoland. now only to chtKMe between instant resignation or an immediate dissolution of parliament; the^ chose the latter; and on the U'ld, the king proceeded to dissolve the parlia- ment, steting that the measure had been taken in order to ascertain the sense of the people respecting the proposed alteration in the representation. The result of the election was more favourable to the ministry than Uieir most sanguine hopes could have anti- cipated. The reform bill was introduced to the new par- liament on the 24th of June, and on the 6lh of July the second reading was carried by a majority of lid, after a debate which lasted three nighu. The progress of the bill through the committee was singularly slow, and it was not until the ^Ist of September that it was finally passed by a majority of 129, and sent up to the lords. The decision of their lordships was waited for with the most intense anxiety :— it was unfavourable ; tlie bill was rejected by a majority of 41, after a long and interesting debate of four nights' duration. The news of this rejection produced serious riots in several parts of the country, but especially at Derby and Nottingham ; they were, however, quieted by the interference of the military, and when parliament was prorogued on the 20th, the public confidence and public peace seemed fully restored. Unfortunately, the disturbers of the public peace took advantage of the entrance of sir Charles Wetherell, as recorder, into Bristol, to commence a more serious riot, during which several public buildings and private houses were burned, a vast amount of property destroyed, and manv valuable lives lost. Quiet was re- stored after some delay, the blame of which has been thrown on different parties, and several of the rioters were brought to trial for their offences. During the entire year, Poland had maintained a gallant struggle for independence against the gigantic power of Russia, but being unaided by any European power, the brave but unfortunate nation was finally subdued, and placed at the mercy of the conqueror. Greece, which had also excited the sympathy of the English people, presented an aspect little calculated to gratify the philanthropist; for want of an efficient government, the unfortunate country became a prey to intestine commotions, and the president, eannt Capo d'Istfias, was assassinated while on his way to •ttend divine service. The close of the year 1831 was rendered particularly reaignation or an ey choae the latter ; lisBolve the parlia- in taken in order to scting the proposed faTourable to the ea could have anti- id to the new par- te 6th of July the rity of 116, after a progreM of the bill low, and it was not I finally passed by rds. The decision the most intense 1 was rejected by a ting debate of four rejection produced intry, but especially , however, quieted id when parliament mfidence and public ately, the disturbers the entrance of sir irisiol, to commepce ral public buildings amount of property Mt. Quiet was re- }f which has been of the rioters were maintained a gallant gigantic power of iropean power, the subdued, and placed ce, which had also ;>eople, presented an philanthropist ; for unfortunate country and the president, while on his way to Budered particularly WILLIAM IV. gloomy by the appearance of a new pestilential disease, called spasmodic cholera, which, aAer committing fearful ravages in central Europe, at length appeared in England. It has not proved so extensively fatal in this, as in other countries ; but iu virulence is not tven yet quite exhausted. Parliament reassembled in December, and the reform bill was again introduced into the house of commons ; after a protracted rather than a vigorous struggle, it passed the lower house in < m 1832. The bill was then sent to the upper house, auu after an animated debate, read a second time by a majority ; but several of the lords declared that they supported it only in the hope that the details would be materially altered in the committee. When parliament reassembled after the recess, the ministers were left in a minority on the very first night, and his majesty having refused to create a sufficient number of peers to turn the scale, earl Grey and his colleagues resigned. But the house of commons having at once pledged itself to the sup> port of the reforming administration, and the great body of the people having joined in the demand for its re-establish- ment, the king was obliged to recall his ministers, after an ineffectual attempt to construct another cabinet. The ques- tion about the creation of peers was compromised by the temporary secession of the great body of the lords opposed to reform ; the bill consequently passed rapidly U ugh all its stages, and on Thursday, the seventh of June, received the royal assent CHAPTER XXXIX. RKMAKKS ON THC MANMBRS AND LITBRATUM OV THC AQC. 1. Thr task of the modern historian is usually extended to something more than a mere detail of political events, and it is generally expected that he should dose his labours with a general and abstract view of the arts and sciences, the literature, and the manners of the age which he has undertaken to record. 2. In compliance with these considerations, we shall sub- join a few remarks on these subjects : to do which, it will 486 IIIITORV OF KNOLANO. be neeeaiary that we look, in the firat place, on the influ- •ncfl which that powerful engine, the preaa, has on the manners of the age. 8. If the press, managed as it formerly was, and dedi- cated almost solely to publications in a dead language, produced such salutary effects as a reformation in religion, and an improvement in life and manners, what may not be expected from it, now that it is acknowledged free, and chiefly consecrated to the living languages, and to the dis- cussion of the most interesting questions of constitutional policy and local government. 4. America, perhaps, owes to the British press the first ideas of her freedom and independence ; being awakened by the speeches and disquisitions which it poured forth to a just sense of her rights and privileges, and afterwards copying and improving them in her own clime. 6. The great rev<^ as which have taken place on the continent may, in . , be traced to the same cause; for although excessive taxes, and other grievances, real or imaginary, gave the first impulse to the machine, its different compo- nent parts eould never have acted with vigour and enect without the assistance of the press.— 6. The flame thus kindled seems catching, and to be pervading, the rest of Europe; for the deliberations and debates even of the Qermanic diet are subjected to public inspection and dis- cussion. 7. Let us then hope, that as the sun of know- ledge diffuses its rays farther and farther over Europe, its different states, like the different distri:ts of the same community, will feel the propriety of living in peace and friendship, and exchange war and depredation fo;: commerce and mutu^ accommodation. May this simple wikh of phi- lanthropy one day be realized through the means of the press! 8. To the efforts of literary men the present age is under unspeakable obligations. It is to them we are really indebted for whatever is enviable in our civil state. They have taught both princes and the people to know them- selves : they have defined the functions of the former, and made known to the latter what are the rights and privileges of men. 9. It is only by perusing the records of history for a few ages back, and by comparing the former state of mankind with the present, and particularly in this country, that the merits of literature and science can be properly estimated. ■ '"m^f^Wtfkmmff' place, on the influ- preu, has on the erly was« and dedi- 1 a dead language, irmation in religion, a, what may not be owledged free, and [68, and to the dia- na of constitutional itish press the first ); being awakened h it poured forth to (68, and afterwards nrn clime. 6. The se on the continent ause; for although real or imaginary, ts different compo- li vigour and effect ■6. The flame thus vading, the rest of bates even of the inspection and dis- I the sun of know- ler over Europe, its tri:t8 of the same living in peace and lation for commerce simple wik'h of phi- the means of the the present age is them we are really civil state. They iple to know them- of the former, and ights and privileges records of history the former state of krly in this country, ice can be properly POLITICS, LITERATI7RR, &C. OF TH« AOI. 4ST 10. In speaking of the literature of the age, we cannot too strongly deprecate that destructive system, which has a tendency to degrade the female understanding ; which regards that sex like the Grecian slaves, or the devoted beauties of Circassia, as created solely to cratify the ex- ternal senses; and which cultivates, with persevering assiduity, those accomplishments only that are calculated to excite sensual passions and emotions, and which, we fear, has contributed too fatally to the depravation of man- ners among the higher classes of society. 11. We are not advocates for a rigorous course of scholastic discipline, but we feel that we are disoharginr an honest duty to the public, in maintaining that the acquisition of solid learning is not only consiatent with female accomplishments ana domestic virtues, but the chief promoter of every rational enjoyment. 12. Let those who would dispute this asser- tion, contrast the manners of the pretsnt age with those when women of rank and fortune studied Plato; and when the throne of England was occupied by a female equally versed in ancient and in modern literature, and who wn>te the Roman language with a degree of elegance and purity scarcely equalled by the first scholars of latter times. 13. That was the epoch of England's glory, and yet- the fair sun of science had then scarcely burst from the clouds of darkness in which it had been shrouded by bigotry and superstition ! 14. But notwithstanding the foregoing animadversions on the errors of the age, and the inattention manifested by many to the solid acquirements of useful knowledge, we are still most happy to have to remark, that the arts and sciences, and literature in general, during the reign of his late majesty, have made extraordinary progress, and merit no slight degree of praise and admiration. 15. Our limits, however, prevent us from entering at much length on the subject ; and we shall, therefore, close these remarks by giving a brief sketch of the arts and sciences, and general literature, that have distinguished the memorable period to which we have just alluded. This we shall do, for the sake of distinctness and brevity, in alpha- betical order, under respective heads ; beginning with-— 16. AoRicnLTDRK. — The method of cultivating the earth, and improving the growth of its productions, had excited little interest prior to the reign of George the Third, who, being particularly attached to rural pleasures and agricul- 2o2 Mi Htrromr or RKotAWD. tnnl punuita, rendered this valuable aeienee faehionable ; and under hia immediate auapicea aroae that excellent national institution, the Board of Agriculture. Thua countenanced and iupported, men of talent made the cul- ture of the aoil their peculiar atudjr, and divaeminated their diacoTeriea and inventiona through the medium of the preaa. 17. In thia laudable purauit, Mr. Arthur Young'a name atanda peculiarly conapicuoua ; and many other gen- tlemen have aince contributed a fund of practical agricultural knowledge, through the aame medium. The natural con- aequence haa been, tliat our native aoil haa been improved, our crop* rendered more abundant, and the fniiu of tb-v earth have acquired a auperior degree of excellence, wh, the implementa of induatry have been aimplified, and the profound inveatigationa of theory have been adopted, with great auceeaa, by the moat zealoua and enlightened agri- culturiata. 18. AsoHfrBcnmc. — Although there ia no architect of the preaent day who could diaputo the palm of excellence with air Chriatopher Wren (who waa justly honoured with the title of the Britiah Pallaidio,*) yet no one who haa seen the metropolia, can view with indifference the magnificent ■tructorea that have raiaed their stately heada in London and its environa during the two laat reigna. 19. Among the moat celebrated arcnitecta, whoae taate and geniua have em- belliahed the Britiah capital, we may mention the namea of ■ir William Chambera, and Meaara. Soane, Bmirke, Naah, and Rennie, the latter of whom, in the completion of Wa- terloo bridge, haa exhibited to the world a laating monu- ment of hia own akill, and the public apirit o( the timea. 20. AsTRONOKT.— -This noble acience has, during the reign of George III., been enriched with improvements unknown to the illuatrioua Newton ; and by the indefatigable reaearchea of Dr. Herachell, new planeta have been oiaco- vered. By him the Georginm Sidua was first obaerved ; and it was so denominated to. perpetuate the name of George the Third. 21. Many idle theories have been advanced in opposition to the Newtonian system, which, however, has gained additional confirmation whenever a * AndreB P«1l«dio, • ftmoni Italian uchitcct, wu bom at Vicenta, in 1518, and to him ii principally altribnied the daaie laite which nigm in w many n( tb« buildingi of Italy. His memory ii hiahty honoured by the vo- tariei of the line arts, and the dignified limplicity aiid purity of hittaite have given him llie appellation of the Raphael of archileoi*. IND. t ■ciencfl fathionablr ; troM that excellptit Agriculture. Thus r talent made the cut- and dineminated their the medium of the t, Mr. Arthur Young's and many other gen- of practical agricultural um. The natural con* >il has been improTed, and the fruita of th'f e of excellence, wh, sen simplified, and the ive been adopted, with and enlightened agri- lere is no architect of the palm of excellence ■ justly honoured with It no one who has seen erence the magnificent y heads in London and eigne. 19. Among the ite and genius have em- r mention the names of . Soane, Smirke, Nash, the completion of Wa- world a lasting monu- c spirit of the times, cience has, during the ed with improvement! and by the indefatigable ilanets have been disco- us was first observed ; rpetuate the name of He theories have been rtonian system, which, nfirmation whenever a wet, WM terti at VicMin, in cUirie tMie which nigM in to ii highly honour^ by the vo- ty and purity or hitlaite have rehilaoia. POLITICS, UTBRATVM, ilC. OW THI AOK. 480 discussion of ite merite has been fairiy entered into, and it at present stands unrivalled, aik the loftiest . monumnnt of the superior powers of the human intellect. 32. Yet this system, so full of truth and grandeur, was once attacked with the greatest virulence, and even the learned and pious bishop Home designated it as an infidel system. The veil of ignorance and prejudice has, however, been happily re- moved, and we may now behold the light of philosophy in all ite splendour. 33. boTAMV. — Since the celebrated Linnnus arranged, classed, and systematized the vegetable worid, many othei men of genius have by their labours contributed much to promote the study of this elegant science. Among such we reckon Dr. Darwin, Professor Martyn, and Dr. Thornton. 34. But a knowledge of botany has not been confined to professors and members of the Linnsan society ; the patronage and attention it received from our late nmiable princess Charlotte, as well as the princess Elizabeth, and other distinguished females in ttiis kingdom, rendered bo- tanical studies fashionable, and paved the way fur a more general diffusion of so valuable and entertaining a science among other classes of the community. 26. Chemistry. — In this enlightened period, men of the most eminent abilities have directed their attention to chemi- cal knowledge, and no branch of natural philosophy has been cultivated with more persevering emulation. We shall not attempt, in this brief notice, to enumerate the names even of all who, in the present age, seem to have exhausted the powers of the mind in the immense fund of experimen- tal knowledge which they have displayed. 26. At the bead of these is Priestley ; and though it may seem almost invi- dious to exclude any who have enriched this important science with their labours, our limita prevent us from doing justice to them. Such men, however, as Dr. Watson, the late bishop of Llandaff, and oir Humphry Davy, must not pass unnoticed ; nor ought we to omit the names of Accum or Parke. 27. Education. — On the subject of education we scarcely have words tQ express our admiration of the wonderful im- provementa which have been made in teaching the elemenU arv principles of science during the two last reigns. 28. When we reflect on the great advantages which the rising generation possess (particularly of the lower order), from the extraordinary efforU that have been made to give tliem HirroRT nr rkoland. the benefit of acholHtie eihiratinn, thti ipratifyinf idee pre> ■ents ilMir to the view of the philanihropiat, that thouunda of our fellow-beingi, who, from their inferior aituationa in life, would be expoaed to all the temptationa of Tice, and, perhapa, rendered peata to aocietv,may now become patterna of virtue, and ornamenta of their country. 20. If we turn our eve to the middle and higher claaaea of aociety, we ahall find that a apirit of inquiry exiala, and a thirat afier know- ledge, and we alao find that the important taak of educalina the infant mind, " of teaching the young idea how to ahnot," ia not, at thia enlightened period, introated to the ignorant pedant; but that men of talent and laudable induatry preside over our mnat extenaive acholaatic eatabliahmenta. 80. If the aenate of Rome thought fit to decree a civic erown to him who aaved the life of one fellow-citizen, what honoura are due to him whoae life ia apent in the arduoua taak of laying the foundation of knowledge, virtue, and patriotiam, in the minda of youth !— It would be impoa- Bible to do individual juatice to the numeroua encouragera of learning in the present day ; and it might be conaidered illiberal in the editor of this work to recommend the ayalem he haa adopted, aa more particularly calculated than another to effect the desirable object of a liberal education. S 1 . LiTERATORB.— To speak of the general literature of the age at nny length, would be inconsiatent with the brevity at which we aim, and, in fact, would be irrelevant to the plan on which our remarka on the various aciences are formed. 32. That literature haa received a degree of na- tional encouragement unknown in former times, ia unques- tionable : and it ia equally certain, that George the Third was ever ita liberal patron ; nor haa his patronage been beatowed in vain ; it has given riae to emulation, and the spirit of emulation has led to the production of some of the moBt valuable works that ever embelliahed tlie annals of this or any other country, ancient or modem. 88. The names of Johnson, Gibbon, Hume, Robertson, Smollet, Goldsmith, Wraxall, Moore, Brooke, Paley, Lowth, Porteus, Douglaa, Law, Adam Smith, Priestley, Price, Bruce, Hunter, Bell, Bryant, Clara Reeve, Charlotte Smith, Montague, Itc. ice. will be venerated by future ages. 34. Literary journals and reviews have alao met with unprecedented 'encouragement during the two laat reigns, and men of the highest rank and literary attainmenta have iiot disdained to become their conductors, or, at least, their «D. li in-atifyini; idea pi«< ropiit, that tliouiandi inferior aituntiona in plationa of tica, and, now bccomit patterna itry. 20. If w« turn a of aociety, we ahall 1 a thirat after know- tant taak of educalinc ig idea how to ahoot, ■uated to the ignorant iable induatrjr preside ibliahmenta. t fit to decree a civie le fellow-citizen, what apent in the arduoua lowledge, virtue, and -It would be impoa- lumeroua encouragera t might be eonaidered eeommend the ayaieni alculated than another al education, s general literature of latent with the brevity be irrelevant to the varioua aoiencea are ;eived a degree of na« tner timea, ia unquea- at George the Third I hia patronage been to emulation, and the nction of aome of the ihed ttie annala of thia ■n. m, Hume, Robertaon, )rooke, Paley, Lowth, ith, Priestley, Price, seve, Charlotte Smith, by future ages. I have alao met with : the two laat reigns, »rary attainmenta have tors, or, at least, their POLITICS, LinRATimi, iic. or nti aok. 441 avowed contributors. A lihoral and enlightened reviewer ia certainly an ornament and a blessing tu the republic of letters ; but we too often find that the pen of the reviewer is guided by political or theological preiudice, and, in the hand of an ungenerous critic, is calculated to do much serious injury to that cause which it ought to cherish and protect. 3B. Medicine. — During the period we are speaking of, medical science has arrived at the very acm^ of perfection. That loathsome and fatal disorder, the small-pnx, haa been nearly annihilated by Dr. Jenner'a discovery of vaccination ; and every department of medicint and surgery haa been benefited by lh< labours of many eminent practitioners. Among numero. t others we recogni..e the names of Aber- nethy, Bell, Baillie, Chr^elder , Cooper, Cullen, Duncan, Ileberden, Lettsoin, Morris, Merely, Sims, &c. 36. Music. — Though music aiay not claim a place among the useful arts, yn its poM •-'•a are too 'vll aj predated by the ear of taste, to suffer it Ui be nef: ^oted in j'olished so- ciety. Who can listen to the subl; .: compositions of Handel without emotion, or fail t j> delighted with the vocal powers of a Brahar or the dulcet wa;' 'inga of a Paton or a Stephens ? 87. The liberality, or. to ur « a term more consonant to British feelings, the fooHi.i extravagance of the present age, not content with patronizing native talent, haa inundated th» country with a host of foreigners, whose scientific cadenzaa we consider as by far too desrly purchased, when we reflect on the licentious mannera which are thus imported from Italy and France, and which have already done much to de- stroy the modest virtues o: the British fair. 88. In this slight sketch of the musical talents of the present age, it would appear invidious to notice the names of any, where so many may be found who have acquired just celebrity, nnd contributed so much to the refined amuse- ment of the public. But we must not omit to pay a just tribute to the founders and promoters of the Royal Musical Academy, which, under the direct patronage of the king, and intrufci.'.'. .< the care of the first musical geniusses that the counu; ui '"oast of, bids fair to exalt the national character, and to render England independent of foreign aid' in the cultivation of this accomplished, elegant, and rational 8cien<*': 80, Paihtino.— Tbia accomplished art has received not 4^ HISTORY OF ENOLAMD. only the direct patronage of George III. and JV. in Ae estiblishment of the Royal Academy, but that of many noblemen and genUemen of opulence, among whom are the marquis of Stafford, the late sir Francis Banng, Mr. Anger- stein, &c. &c. 40. In consequence of their liberality, and the encouragement that the fine arts have received from the public in general, a glorious spirit of emulation has ansen Long the professors of the art of pamting. and it ha. been revived with an ardour superior to that of any era m ancient ' 4l7sir Joshua Reynolds introduced a style of elegance and beanty in portrait painting, which has been successfuUy followed by sir Thomas Lawrence (the late president of the Royal Academy), sir William Beechey, Romney, Shee, Opie, iHoppner, and many othr b. 42. In landscape, Gainsborough emulated Claude Lorraine, and the pencil of Loutherbourgh has displayed the most enchanting scenery. Mr. West, late president of the Royal Academy, has pro- duced some of the grandest pieces that ever were submitted to the public (Death on the Pale Horse, Chnst rejected, &c.) ; and his labours have been eminently rewarfed. 43. The bold imagination and brilliant talents of Barry, the supernatural figures of Fuseli, and the charming P«nt«n8» of Wilkie, equally astonish and delight the spectator, while Moreland has immortalized his name by the closest imita- tions of nature in depicting rural scenery. In short, every department of the art has received an accession of talent, and the British school at the present moment stands unn- '*44.'PoKTOT.— This divine art has been culUvated with sineular success during the late reigns, and the powers ot the muse have, in some instances, lieen pre-eminenUy dis- played. Among poets of the fir.t rank, we discover the Sames of Byronffieattie, Boscawen, Bowles, Cowper, Cum- Wand, Churchill. Coleridge, Goldsmith, Hayley, Hurdw. Jernineham, Lloyd, Lamb, Mason. Moore, Pratt, Penrose, ?e3 stenstoL: Southey. Writer S"'^ /"hj-X Tiehe. Warton, Whitehead, Wordsworth, &c. 46. Nor must we forget to enumerate the foUowmg females, who have evinced poetic talents of a very superior kmd, vix. Mrs. BarbauW: Mrs. Cowley, Miss Seward, Mrs. Chwlotte Smith, Mrs. Robinson, and Mrs. ^'>^'''''?- *^'^^^" the head of poetry, we may properiy notice the state of the drama: but herewith very few excepUons, we shall v n ^^^ttf i '-f f ^ mw wmmmm wfi sw' ND. III. and IV. in the , but that of many among whom are the jis Baringi Mr. Anger* Bf their liberality, and lave received from the emulation haa arisen inting, and it haa been It of any era in ancient ed a style of elegance I has been successfully the late president of schey, Romney, Shee, 43. In landscape, line, and the pencil of «t enchanting scenery, yal Academy, has pro- at ever were submitted lorse, Christ rejected, inendy rewarded. 43. talents of Barry, the le charming paintings ;ht the spectator, while ne by the closest imita* mery. In short, eveiy an accession of talent, it moment stands unri* IS been cultivated with ms, and the powers of been pre-eminently dis- rank, we discover the Bowles, Cowper, Cum- smith, Hayley, Hurdis, Moore, Pratt, Penrose, ler Scott, John Scott, Bworth, Ac. 46. Nor following females, who ery superior kind, via. Seward, Mrs. Charlotte Hemans. 46. Under srly notice the state of Bw exceptions, we shall POLITICS, LITBRATDRE, d(C. OF THK AOB. 443 find little room for panegyric. It is true, that the talents of Coleman, Cumberland, Home, Morton, Sheridan, and Knowles, have been well employed in dramatic works ; but many miserable productions have been foisted on the public ; and a vicious taste, calculated to degrade the drama, has been indulged in theatrical amusements. 47. Genuine wit and humour have been almost banished, while their place is usurped by the ridiculous puns and false sentiment of the German school ; and stories of spectres, blood-red knights, and haunted towers, have been dramatized and exhibited on the British stage. 48. SouLPTURB. — Under the auspices of the late sove- leigns, the art of sculpture has attained a high degree of perfection ; and the inimitable productions of Bacon, Bubb, Chantrey, Flaxman, and Westmacott, prove that England is rot deficient in that superlative art, which so pre-eminently distinguished the classic ages. 49. Theolooy. — Although public attention has been di- rected to the arts and sciences in a very superior degree, as the foreg^oing remarks abundantly sliow, the important study of divinity has not been neglected; nor have examples been wanting of dignitaries of the church sedulously em- ploying their time in disseminating moral and religious truths. SO. The writings of bishops Horseley, Home, Lowth, Law, Newton, Hurd, Porteus, Tomline, Hunting- ford, Burgess, and Barrington, Dr. Rennell, Vicesimus Knox, Sumner, and many other eminent divines, reflect glory upon the age and country in which they lived. 51. We now conclude this chapter by observing, that as occasion oalls for future editions of this improved work, we shall continue the History of England up to the period of each edition ; by which means a full, complete, and authentic history of our own times will be in constant circulation. Quotums for Examination. 1. What is generally expected of the modem hiilorian f 2- Does not the freedom of the prew hold out an enoourafimg proapect 4. What countrjr waa awakened to a aenee of id own impoitanoe ihraugh this mediom t 5. May not the fame came have operated on the continent f 7. What may not reault from thia diffusion of knowledge 1 8. In what way have litemiy men benefited the oommunito t 9. How are the merila of literature to be properly estimated t 10. What lyatem of female education lends to degrade the undenlanding ? Ji IK^'" ««!«>"»■«*•»• to be derived from the aoquiaiiion of solid leanung f lit. What lUusinous female is hero alluded to f m» mam mmmmm m BISTORT or ENGLAND. 14. Daring whoM nign have the orti tml iciencM made m eitranrdiiwry progNM? 16. To whoM immediate auipicea are we moat indebted for tlie improved ■late of aKriculture T 17. What benefita have laaulled fixNn the united eflbria of eminent practical acriculturista f la WhowaaPklladioT 19. Name the moat celebrated architecia of the preaent day. 90. Who diaoovered the Georgium Sidua t and whjr waa itao called ? S8. What biihop detignated the Newtonian as an " infidel lyilem {" 93. Whoae namea stand foremost in botanical science I 94. What illustrioas ladiea pattoniaed it f 95. Has not the study of chemistiy been much penevered m daring the lata reian t 96. Who have principally promoted it t 98l To what claaaof the communis have the benefits of scholastic education been puticularly extended f 99. To whom is the important task of education at the prewnt day intrusted f What reward was given to him who saved the life of a Roman ciiiaen t 30. Has not the patrooafw bestowed on literature by hia late majesty, pro- duced the most valuabie results ? S3L What authors' names will be venerated by posterity f S4. Repeat the ofaaervationa that are oAbred on the character of levieweia. 35. Who diwovered the saluiaiy eActs of vaccination t What eminent medical charactera are here enumerated t 36. Whose namea are mentioned as eminent vocal performers f 87. Why is the practice of encoungsng foreign perfocmen deprecated f 38. Repeat the namea of the musical oomposen here mentioned. 39. To whom are we indebted for the establidmientof the Royal Academy of painten t and who have patroniied the worits of deserving artists 7 41. Name the moat eminent portrait minteia. 49. For wiut are Gainsborough and Loutherbouifh noted 1 and what cele- brated pictnrea have been produced by Mr. West, a former president of Ae Royal Academy t 43. For what are Bany, Fuaeli, Wilkie, and Moreland celebrated t 44. Wlio are nuned among poeta of the first rank? 4fi. Wliat ladiea deserve notice for their skill in poeliy t 46. Who are the beat dramatic writeia of the age t 47. In what way haa the British stage been degraded f 48. Vfhat sonlpton of eminence gnwed the late reign f fiO. Enumerate the namea of those divineawhoaewnlings reflect glory on the age in which tfiey lived. CHAPTER XL. ON THE BRmm CONSirrUTION. I. If we trace the history of the British constitution to its remotest origin, we shall find that it begins with the dominion of the Saxons in England, who, having been accustomed to enjoy a great degree of liberty in their own country, retained the same spirit in their newly- acquired territories. It is true, that when the Romans uaib mo. encM iMde wi eitranrdimry It indebted for the improved I eflbri* of vminent practical p r eee n tdty. why WW iteo called ? n " infidel tyitem I" encel lenevered in during the late inefila oficholaatio education at the prewnt day intnwted t the life of a Roman ciiiwn f are by hie late majesty, pro- poiterity f the citaraoter of leviewen. 'accination t What eminent f Bal perfonnen t performen deprecated ? here mentioned. mentof the Royal Academy le worin of deaerving artist* T luigh noted 1 and what cele- Mr. Weat, a former president reland celebrated t ikt poetry t set radedf reign f I wniiDgi reflect glory on the ammmm^tlttf, rrunoN. le British constittttion id that it begins with ind, who, having been 16 of liberty in their pirit in their newly- at when the Romans BRITISH CONSTITUTION. 445 invaded Britain, the inhabitants are represented as' living in classes, or petty stales, each of which was governed by its own peculiar laws and customs, under the authority of a chief magistrate or prince ; but the invading Saxons, who were zealously attached to their own laws, annihilated those of the vanquished Britons, and established such as their dispositions and customs had rendered congenial to their own feelings. 2. Thus, for instance, the people had a leader in time of war, who distributed among his follow ers the conquered lands, according to their respective merits. In the course of time these leaders assumed the title of kings over the districts they had conquered; and those persons who had been favoured with the donations of linds, formed a kind of council, whose opinions were resorted to on difficult occasions, or whenever the interests of the community seemed to stand in need of their united assist- ance. In this we may trace a faint resemblance of two branches of our present constitution — the king and the assembly of peers. 3. But when the Normans, under William, subjugated the country, the feudal system was introduced, and every endeavour was used by him and his immediate successors to efface from the minds of the people the remembrance of the Saxon constitution; and though Henry I. found it necessary to grant the English a charter to engage them on his side in excluding his elder brother Robert from the throne (which was renewed by Stephen, under circum- stances nearly similar), yet the kings were constantly add- ing to their power, and increasing their prerogatives ; in which encroachments they were generally supported by the terrors of papal anathemas. 4. Uncultivated and ignorant, however, as were the people, they naturally grew dissatisfied ; and at length, in the reign of king John, their discontent was openly shown ; the barons assembled with their swords in their hands, at the head of a powerful aimy of their adherents, demanding and obtaining from him the great Charter of English liberties, which his son and successor, Henry III. coimrmed. 6. Commerce, which in earlier times was exceedmgly limited, now became much more general ; the inhabitants of the cities and large towns were enriched by it, and they obtained from the sovereign the right of taxing themselves, thus forming a new branch of the legislature, since known 2P ■MM MMMCMN 440 HISTORY OF ENOLAN0. by the appellation of the house of commons. By this means the real power of the sovereign was much abridged, as his supplies could only be raised through the consent ot' the representatives of the people. 6. We have thus arrived at » yvnod when the despotic will of the sovereign, and the barbarous license assumed by the nobles, no longer awed the other classes into servile submission, but when the common people had their pro- perty and liberty secured to them by known laws—when justice was distributed, and the government approached much nearer to that end for which it was originally insti- tuted — the equal protection of the citizens, and the well- being of the state. 7. Thus it will be seen from the foregoing observations, that the British constitution was fouqded on the principles of national security and personal liberty. Its power was derived from the people ; and to make it subservient to their true interests, it was confided to the care of three estates, namely, the king, lords, and commons ; who were to be a mutual support and a mutual check to each other ; whose power is so nicely balanced that the interests of each is best promoted, by each confining itself to the particular duties that come within its proper jurisdiction 8. The Kino. — In Great Britain tlie supreme execu- tive power is vested in a single person, who has the title of KINO ; and the right of succession to the throne is, by the established law of the land, hereditary. When a female is the nearest in lineal descent to the throne, she occupies it with the title of queen, there being no impediment to the executive power being vested in a woman, who sub- scribes to the forms and conditions prescribed by the con- stitution. 9. The king receives all the honours due to majesty, and is maintained in a degree of splendour consistent with his dignified station. As the chief magistrate of the state, he possesses the sole power of declaring war or making peace ; of appointing ambassadors to foreign courts, and receiving ambassadors at his own court; of bestowing titles of honour ; of assembling, proroguing, and dissolving the parliament ; of giving his assent to such new laws aa he apprehends will be for the good of his subjects, and withholding it when he believes it will be hurtful ; and also of executing the existing laws. 10. He is the supreme head of the established church, and the supreme judge in commons. By this was much abridged, ugh the consent oi' > when the despotic us license assumed r classes into servile eople had their pro- mown laws— when rnment approached vas originally insti- zens, and the well- ;going observations, ed on the principles ty. Its power was ke it subservient to the care of three immons ; who were heck to each other ; the interests of each elf to the particular dictioc tlie supreme execu- n, who has the title 1 to the throne is, by iry. When a female irone, she occupies g no impediment to a woman, who sub- iscribed by the con- urs due to majesty, dour consistent with {istrate of the state, ring war or making foreign courts, and >urt; of bestowing ruing, and dissolving jo such new laws as Df his subjects, and 'ill be hurtful ; and . He is the supreme 16 supreme judge in BRITIBK CONSTITUTION. 447 every court of law. His person is lield sacred, and a sub- ject, for a single act of treason, not only loses his life, but his heirs are deprived of his estate. The king is moreover presumed to do no wrong, his ministers being responsible for every act done in his name. 11. The power of the king, however, is limited where power might become tyranny, and where he might be capable of injuring either himself or his subjects. As he receives all his honour, power, and authority from the laws, when he ascends the throne, he binds himself by a solemn oath to observe the great charter of the English liberties, and to make the laws the rule of his conduct ; and he is equally bound to pay obedience to the laws, as the meanest subject in the realm. 12. Though the king has not the Sower of making laws, yet no law can be enacted without is consent ; and though the execution of them is always intrusted to his care, he cannot seize the property of the most inconsiderable person in his dominions, unless it be forfeited by law. Neither can he take away the liberty of one of his subjects, unless by some illegal act the individual has forfeited his right to liberty. 13. The king has a right to pardon ; but neither he, nor the judges to whom he delegates his authority, can condemn a man as criminal, until he is first found guilty of the crime laid to his charge, by a jury of twelve men, who must be his peers or equals; and that the judges may not be influenced by the king, or his ministers, to misrepresent the case to the jury, they have their salaries for life, and do not hold their office during the pleasure of the sovereign. 14. The kingly office is not, however, deprived of any part of its real dignity, by having these salutary restrictions imposed upon it. The honour of the king results from the safety of his subjects, and the godlike power of diffusing happiness by a just observance of the laws, and in some- times softening the rigour of them with mercy, 15. Now although such limitations of power might not suit the arbitrary will of a despot, who wished to tyrannize over the lives and liberties of his subjects, yet a virtuous mom^rch, justly appreciating the equity of the British con- stitution, will bless the memory of those wise patriots, who discovered the proper medium between absolute power and lawless anarchy, who gave to the sovereign all that was neces- sary to ensure the respect and obedience of his people, while it deprived him of the means of infringing on their rights. mmm 448 PUTORY OF ENGLAND. 16. The Queen. — As the king is not allowed to marry a subject, the queen consort must be a foreigner, but she becomes naturalized by her marriage. She may make whatever purchases she chooses, and dispose of them at f>leasure ; and she has the power of removing any suit of aw relative to herself into whatever court she pleases, with- out the usual legal formalities. 17. If the king should die, and the queen marry again, the honours due to her rank would still be paid to her, although her husband might be only a private gentleman. Similar honours are conferred on the husband of a reigning queen ; he enjoys the title of king at court, but is not recognised as such at law ; and if his queen should die, he would again sink to the same station he occupied before his marriage. 18. The Princes and Princesses. — The eldest son of the king of England receives the titles of Prince of Wales,* and duke of Cornwall,! at his birth ; and should he die during the life of his father, these titles are generally given by patent to the next heir of the throne. The prince of Wales is always heir-apparent to the crown. 19. Should the king die during the prince's minority, he is considered of age to assume the legal functions at eighteen ; otherwise he cannot legally act for himself until he has attained the age of twenty-one. During his minority he ia maintained by his father; but when he comes of age, he is provided by parliament with a separate household, and ao annual revenue befitting his exalted rank. 20. The eldest daughter of the king is styled the princess royal ; but his younger children, whether male or female, receive no particular title, but have only the appellation of royal highness prefixed to their names, till hi* majesty thinks proper to bestow on them some title of dignity. 21. The Nobility. — In England, there are persons dis- tinguished by birth, riches, and honours ; advantages which give them such a considerable weight in the government, that were they to be confounded with the multitude, they would have no intei^st in supporting liberty ; for as moat ' * Thii tide waa settled by Edward I. on hii eldeat aon, afterward* Ed> ward II. who wa* bom at Caernarvon caaile loon after hia father bad ooa- quered the priniipality ofWalea ; and who, to soothe and gratify the Welch, had promiied to give them a prince by birth a Welchman. t The title of duke of Cornwall was iirat given by Edward UL to his aUett ion, Edward the Black Prince. T IND. not allowed to marry e a foreigner, but she ige. She may makjB id dispose of them at removing any suit of ourt she pleases, with- [f the king should die, lours due to her rank ler husband might be lonours are conferred he enjoys the title of as such at law ; and ain sink to the same je. E8. — The eldest son le titles of Prince of his birth ; and should ese titles are generally of the throne. The parent to the crown. rince's minority, he is i functions at eighteen ; himself until he has ring his minority he is he comes of age, he ia ate household, and an ank. ) king is styled the lildren, whether male e, but have only the ed to their names, till m them some title of there are persons dis- irs ; advantages which ht in the government, ih the multitude, they g liberty ; for as most ■ eldMt aon, aftarwtrda Ed> Don after hia father had ooii> ■oothe and gratify the Welch, IVelchman. iven by Edward UL to hia r BRITISn COVSTlTtTTlOV. 449 of the popular resolutions would be made to their preju- dice, the public liberty would be their slavery. 22. The share they are therefore allowed in the legislature is in pro- portion to the interest they have in the stale ; and they form a body of nobles,* which is there considered necessary for the support of the monarchy. 23. The Parliament. — The legislative power is com- mitted to the two houses of parliament, consisting of the nobles, forming the house of lords, t and the representatives * The pecra of the realm are privileged from arreat, except for treaaon, felony, or other high crimes and iniiwlemeanors ; the sherilT cannot aearch their house* without a warrant from the king, signed by six privy counsel- lors : they have a riglh to sit nn lh« bench in any court of judicature, and are exempt from all offices of servire whatever. t The house of lords comprises tlio |>eer» of the ronim, spiritual and tem- poral. The spiritual peers coiisisl ol the two archbiHhu|)s (Canlerhiiry and Yor*), and the twenly-four bishops ; the temporal peers comprise the prmces of the hlood royal, and the whole of the hereditary Knglish nobility, bearing the titles of dukes, marquises, earle, viscounts, aim barons^ sixteen peers to represent the nobility of Scotland, and twenty-eight to represent that of Ireland. The origin and other particulari relative In the different daisei of the No- bilily. — Di;kk. — This title was unknown in England till the reign of Edward III. who, in 1336, created his son, Edward the Black Prince, duke of Corn- wall (as before mentioned). M»Kaiii8. — Kicbnrcl 11. in ISSIJ, conferred the title of marquis on Robert de Vere, enri of Oxford, by making him marquis of Dublin. This ia supposed to be the origin of the title in England. EiRL. — This is a very ancient title, having been in um> Huiong our Saxon ancestors. In thme times it was an official dignity, having a jiirudiction over the place from which the title took its nnme. Soon after the Norman con- queat, we find that William created several earls, allotting to each the third Kenny arising from the pleas in their respective districts. That grant has, owever, long since ceased, and in lieu of it the earls now receive a small annuity from the exchequer. ViBcouNT. — ^The title of viscount is of much more recent date ; the fint we read of being John Beaumont, who was created viscount Beaumont, by Henry VI. m the year 1349. Baron. — In English history we often nnd that the word Imron naed to denominate the whole collective body of the nobility. When, after the NiNrman conquest, the Saxon title of ikane was disused, that of baron suc- ceeded ; and, being the lowest title among the nobles, was very generally applied aa the term lord ia now ; with vhich, indeed, it appeara to be aynonyroouu. Dreif cf Ike Nihility, Title* besl/und by Co. rleny, ^c. — On all solemn occa- akma £ach closa of the nobility ia diaiingnisht d by wearing a peculiar dreaa and coronet; but at other times the nobles appear in the dreaa of private gentlemen. The eldest sons of the nobility r ceive certain complimentary titles, according to the rank of their fathere ; I 'it thev have no share in the legislature, exr«pt they should happen to be lected (as is frequently tlie case) aa representatives in the house of rommi ns. The title conferred, by conrteey, on tlie eldest son of a duke, is that of narquie ; the eldest son of a nmrquia ia in the like manner honoured with the title of earl ; and the eldest son of an earl ia styled viKOunt. The younger sons of dukes, mar- quiaea. and earls, are styled lordi ; and their brothers are termed AonouraUe. A duke'a wife is styled datcheti ; the wife of a marquis, marchioneu ; of an 2p2 4ID HHTORY OP ENGLAND. of the people, who compose the house of commons, each of which have separate views and interests. But the privi- leges enjoyed by the members of the house of lords are hereditary, while the individuals who form the house of commons enjoy their power for a limited time only, and are dependent on the people for the honour of representing them. 34. The only disadvantages that can possibly arise from the privileges < ich the peers of the realm enjoy of a perpetual share in the administration of government, is, that they might be tempted to pursue their own interests to the preju- dice of the public ; and therefore to prevent this, where they might receive tlie greatest pecuniary advantages from Mrl, eotmteM ,- and of a baron, lady. All the daughters of the nobility, like- wi«e, receive the title uf lady. MUUarv Ordem of Knigklhood. — ^The fint in point of dignity are Iha kniKhti of the Garter, or Si. George : the lecond, knight* or tlie Bath ; and the third, knighta of the Thiitle of Sl Andrew, which latter ii a Scoltiih order. The Order of the Garter in neldoni conferred on any penona but princes of the blood, foreign princei, and peers uf the realm, though sometimes heirs- apparent to a peerage, and (avuurile minialrre, are honoured with it Ed- ward III. instituted this order, in 1530, and it is the oldest of any honorary order conferred by aiiv Kiiropenn sovereign. The knights are installed in St. George's chapel, Windsor. The undress of this Order consists of a broad mazarine blue ribanu, worn ncra« the coat, from the right shoulder to the left side ; and an embroidered garter worn below the right knee, inscribed with the motto, " Honi mil i/iii inal y pmie." (Evil be to him who evil thinks.) The full dress is a superb mantle, a collar with St. George and the dragon pendant, a cap, and plume of fealhers, &c. The Order of the Bath was (irst instituted by Henry (V. in 1399; it after- wards became extinct, and was rcviveii by George I. fi)r the purpose of being bestowed on eminent naval and military commanders. It has uf lata, however, been given to gentlemen who l.ave been employed as ambassadors to foreign courts. The kniihts of this order are installed in Westminslar Abbey. When in their full dress they wear mantles and collars of the order ; and their undrc!!'< ;» ^ brand rose-coloured ribbon, from the right ■houlder to the lef. side. - . ntnr on ths loft breast. The Order of the Thiailt . vhioh is very ancient, had been discontinued tillJames V. of Stland revived it in 1510. The full dress of these knighu consists of a mr.ntle, and a collar with St. Andrew on his ernes pendant; in their undress they are distinguished by a broad green ribbon and star. Tula eonferrtd on th* Cummonal'i/. — The titles bestowed on the corainon- alty of Rngland are those of hnmnett, knighit, and exfitirei. The title of baronet is supposed to be derived from the ancient knights bannerets ; their dijroity ia conferred by letters-patent, and descends to their eldest son*, when they are addressed, the word tir is prelixed to their Christian name, and harmtl is placed after the surname, knights, or, ns they are termed in heraldry, knight* bachelors, receive the title of lir from the -kinc, whiih is alwaya prefixed to their Christian name ; but this title does not descend .-> the son. The word tmiuire u applied to those gentlemen of property wlio are not distinguished by any particular title. Properly speaking, only those penoDs who are styled esquires in the king's patent, and commissions to hold ofRces, are eraitled to it ; but custom has rendered the appellation to all who live indepenfieiit of business, and even to opulent merchant*, artists, and tndeMnen. ■^ (D. lae of commoni, each reats. But the privi* house of lords are form the house of ted time only, and are of representing them, tossibly arise from the 1 enjoy of a perpetual rnment, is, that they interests to the preju- prevent this, where niary advantages from lighten of the nobility, UIm- n point of dienity are Iha knight* of tlie Bath ; and which lotter ii a Scollith fi any penona but prince* of Im, though Bometime* hein- are honoured with it Ed- the oldest of any honorary Vhe knighta are imtatled in hii Order ooniitta of a broad im the right shoulder to the iw the right knee, imoribed (Evil be to him who evil liar with St. George and the c. Henry rv. in 1399; it after- eorge I. fi)r the piirpoee of ■ominnnden. It ha* of late, Bii employed a* ambaiwtdon re indalled in Weitminatar mantlea and collar* of the ired ribbon, from the right east. ent, had been discontinued le full dress of these knight* IW on hw cross pendant ; in {reon ribbon and star. IS bestowed on the common- ind exfniret. The title of )ut knights bannerets ; their cends to their eldest son*, ed to their Christian name. Its, or, ns they are termed in air from the king, whii h ia lis title does not descend .1 gentlemen of property wlio roperly speaking, only those ent, and commissions In hold d the appellation to all who lent merchants, artists, and BRITISH CONSTITirriON. 461 being corrupt, as in the case of granting supplies, or lerying taxes, they have only the power of refusing their assent ; while tlie commons alone have that of enacting the statutes. 25. But as the great, in all countries, are exposed to popular envy, on account of their high station, it is wisely orciered, that when they are charged \Axh any public mis- demeanor, they have the privilege of being tried by their peers, as indeed the meanest subject has, who is tried by a jury of his neighbours. 26. The peers are, therefore, not to be tried by the ordinary courts of judicature, but by that part of the legislature of which each is a member : and in their decisions on the guilt or innocence of the peer charged with the commission of crime, they do not give their testi- mony upon oath, but each, laying his hand on his heart, simply declares his opinion on his honour. 27. Thus are the nobles invested with every outward mark of dignity, and with all the privileges necessary to maintain their rank with splendour ; and yet are so limited, that they have not the power to encroach upon the rights and liberties of the inferior subjects. 28. But while the privileges of the lords are preserved, and other wise purposes answered by their having a share in the legislative powers, the privileges of all inferior per- sons are secured, by every man's having, either in person or by his representatives, a share la the legislature, by which means no laws can be enacted or repealed without the consent of the representatives of the majority of the nation. Thus the liberties of the commons are as strongly secured as the royal prerogatives, or as the privileges of the lords. 29. The commons are the guardians of the public liberty : they are the deputies sent up from all parts of the kingdom to make such laws as shall best promote the inter- ests of the whole collective body. They are empowered to search into the conduct of the highest peer of the realm, and, in the name of the people, they can impeach the fap vourite or minister of the king. 30. They can call the judges to an account for the mal-administration of their office, and bring all those to justice who make an ill use of their power. They have the sole right of originating bills for granting the necessary supplies for the service of govern- ment ; of deciding on controverted elections ; and of inquir- ing into, and procuring redress for, all national grievances. 31. The house of commons consists of six hundred and 4B3 HISTORY or ENGLAND. fifly-ciglit membera ; eighty of which are chosen to repre* sent the forty counties of England, fifty for the cities, three hundred and thirty-nine for the boroughs, two for each of the universities, sixteen for the Cinque Porta, twenty-four for Wales, forty-five for Scotland, and one hundred for Ireland.* 99. The counties are represented by knights of the shire, who must possess an estate, in freehold or copy-hold, to the value of six hundred pounds per annum. They must be elected by persons who are proprietors of freehold land situate within their county, amounting to the yearly value of forty shillings, clear of all charges and deductions, ex- cept taxes and poor-rates. 33. The cities are represented by citizens, possessing a clear estate of three hundred pounds a year, who are chosen according to the charter or custom of the city. The boroughs are represented by burgesses, elected according to the particular franchises of the voters ; and they must also be possessed of a clear estate worth three hundred pounds per annum.t 34. The British constitution thus consists of three estates, as before observed, each of which has separate privileges, each is a check upon the other, and yet each is equally de- pendent. 35. The first, which is the executive power, has the privilege of assembling, adjourning, proroguing, and dissolving the two legislative bodies, because they are sup- posed to have no will, except when they are assembled ; and when they are assembled, if they had the right to pro- rogue themselves, they might never be prorogued ; they might encroach on the executive power ; they might become despotic, and even one of these might destroy the ether. 36. But as the executive power might make an ill use of this nrivilege, by never assembling the legislature, it is ren- dered dependent on these bodies, by their holding the sinews of government, and the granting the necessary sup- plies only from year to year. 37. The king, indeed, has the power to raise what forces he pleases : but the represen- tatives of the people only, who grant the supplies, can de- termine what number he shall be enabled to pay. S8. But while the representatives of the people have thus * The new reform bills will make aome change in theae numben, and the qualilicationa of votera. t The (ona of peera, and psnona qualified to be knighta of the ihirea, may repreaent citiea and horoughi, if properly elected, widiout poMeaaing the aama necaaiary to qualify oinen. are chosen to repre- for the cities, three \\», two for each of J Porta, twenty-four 1 one hundred for mights of the shire, or copy-hold, to the m. fhey must be rs of freehold land to the yearly Talue and deductions, ex- ities are represented iree hundred pounds le charter or custom ented by burgesses, hises of the voters ; clear estate worth lists of three estates, separate privileges, 1 each is equally de- xeculive power, has g, proroguing, and icause they are sup- Key are assembled ; lad the right to pro- B prorogued ; they they might become destroy the ether. make an ill use of egislature, it is ren- their holding the r the necessary sup- I king, indeed, has I : but the represen- le supplies, can de- i to pay. lie people have thus n thsM numben, and the Liiighli of the ihirae, may I, widiout poneanng the ■•"rn^iWP" "•^ BHITISII UONSTITVTIOM. 4S8 the important charge of watching over the preservation of British liberties, trade, and property, what care ought every county, city, and borough, to take to choose such only as are quiilified to fulfil this important task ; for choosing such, whose integrity will render ilium superior to the temp- tation of a bribe, whose wisdom is capable of managing great interests, and wliosn greatness of soul will make them think that they can never do too much for their country, and for their constifier j. 3U. He who parU with his vote for « lu- crative or 8( uish consideration, or is instrumental in choosing one whom his conscience disapproves, and who is unquali- fied or corrupt, — is unworthy the name of a freeman, and can never have the least reason to complain, if he should live to see his own rights and privileges destroyed by th« subversion of this happy constitution. Quutiont for Examination, 1. Who were the origiital author* of the Briti»h conititution t 8. In what may we trace u foini reieniblance of two brenchei of the pre- «ent Goiralitutioii of ICngland? 3. Waaiiot the hberty of the people abridged after the Norman conqueat? Who demanded and obtained the great charter of Engliah libertiea 1 am and of whom 1 A. To what new branch of the legislature did the extension of corameice and its attendant riches lead ( C. For what end was the government originally instituted ( 7. On what principle wok ihe British roiistilulion founded ? From whom was its power derived 1 and to whom confided t 8. In whom is the supreme executive power vested ? 9. What power does the king possess ? 10. What dignities are poruliar to his station 7 U. in what respect is the |>ower of the kmg limited ? 18. What other restrictions are there to his power ? 13. What is observable with respect to judges and juries T 14. Whence' does the honour of the king result ? 15. How will these limilalions of power be appreciated by a virtuoua monarch ? 16. 17. What particulars are tliere which relate to the queen T 18, 19. Whot titles belong to Ihe kings eldest son ? and what particulors are observed of him ? 20. Whnt titles have the other children of the king? 81. What distinctions are common to some individimU in F.ngland ? 82. What share have the nol)les in the legislature ? Note. Who was the first Riiglisli duke? Whers ond by whom wiis the title of mnrquia first conferred ? From whom is the title of earl derived ? Who created the fint Riutlish visconnt ? What was the origin of the title of baron t What are the titles whirii are bestowed by courtesy 1 Name the different railitas-jf ordcni of knighthood. . On whom is the order of the Garter generally conferred ? Who instituted it ? and what motto is inscribed on the Garter? By what coloured ribbon are these knighu dislinguislted ? nilTORV or INOLANO. Who iniititut«rea0Dted, and bow are Iha w«rf ■pendent on the .'wo other a rarwideration of the natura itativea have to parformf ■■"««• WORKS RECENTLY PUBLISHED BY KEY «& BIDDLE, No. ri3, MINOR STREET. MIRIAM, OR THE PoWER OP TRUTH. BY TItK ACTHOR OF " INFl .UENCI." Tliii tale ii professedly founded on an "anecdote, said to be a well-atteatcd fact, of an Aniericr u. Jew converted to Christianity by tbe death of his only child, a beautiful gir',, whom he had reared with no common care and affection. She embraced the Christian faith unknown to her father, until with her dying lips she confessed to him her. apostacy from Judaism, giving him at the same time a Testament, with a solemn injunction to believe in Jesus of Nazareth." This outline is ingeniously and skilfully filled up, and a tale of deep interest is produced. There are many passages of deep patbos, and the argument for Christianity adapted to the Jews, is happily sustained. We tbink tbe pleasure and instruction which tbe book is calculated to aiford. will well repay a perusal. —Thi Prubyterian. The style of writing in this volume is simple and beautiful, aa tbs atOTy ia affecting. — Boston 7Vaii«//er. The. book haa enough of fiction to enliven the fancy and gratify the corioaity of youth, who might not otherwise read it ; while it conveys lessons of piety, and -Tgumenta for tbe man of understanding. We wish that many a lovely Jewess could be persuaded to read " Miriam."— rAc P/Uladt'pUa». Tbe work altogether deserves to hiand high in tbe elasa of produelioni to which it belongs. — I^iscopal Bteoritr. When we see a book which bears the imprint of Key & Biddle, we are always sure to see a handsome one. In this case, we can give aa high praiae to the matter as we can to the mechanical execution. " Influence" was one of the very best of that class of religious novels lately so prtivalent in England ; and its gifted young author has even improved upon herself, in this affecting and powerful story. She has aken that touching inci- dent, well known through the medium of our tracts, of a Jewish maiden who, on her dying bed, won over her reluctant father to the religion of tbe Jews be despised. It was a subject too good to be left unimproved, and in "Miriam" haa been embalmed, one of the most beautiful and delicate religious narratives we have ever read. No one whose feelings and sympathies are uneorrupted, can peruse this touching tale, without feeling a strong interest, and that sympathy which will sometimes melt them into tears. Upon the publication of Miriam in Lon- don, it quickly ran through three editions, and we doubt not it will attai.-« a co-extensive popularity here, where there is more fireshness of the feelings, and a more deeply imbued spirit of rational piety, to appreciate the fine tone of reli- gious spirit which pervades it.— A*. T. Cm. Adv. AIDS TO MENTAL DEVELOPMENT, or Hinta to Parenta. Being a System of Mental aiid Moral Instruction, exemplified in CJonversations between a Mother and her Children, with an AddreoB to Mothers. By a Lady of Philadelphia. A MANUAL ON THE SABBATH ; embracing a cousideration of its Perpetual Obligation, Change of Day, Utility and Duties. By John Holmes Agnew, Professor of Languages^ Wadiington Col- lege, Washington, Pa. With an Introductory Essay, by Dr. Miller, of Princeton, N. J. COUNSELS PROM THE AGED Dr. Alexander. TO THE YOUNG. By •WOBXB BBOBKTX.'B' PI7BZiX8Bai> THE PHILOSOPHY OF A FUTURE STATE. By Thomas Dick, author of the Christian Philosopher, &c. TODD'S JOHNSON'S DICTIONARY OF THE ENGUSH LANGUAGE. To which is added, a copious Vocabulary of Greek, I^tin, and Scriptural Proper Names, divided into ^llables, and ac- cented for pronunciation. By Thomas Bees, LL.D., F.R.S.A. The above Dictionary will make a beautiful pocket volume, same size as Young Man's Own Book. MEMORANDA OF A RESIDENCE AT THE COURT OF IX)NDON. By Richard Rush, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary from the United States of America; from 1817 to 182Sb Second edition, revised and enlarged. PAROCHIAL LECTURES ON THE LAW AND THE COS- PEL. By Stephen H. Tyng, D.D., Rector of St Paul's Church, Philadelphia. THE CHRISTIAN PHILOSOPHER, or the Connection of Science and Philosophy with Religion. By Thomas Dick. THE PHILOSOPHY OF REOGION, or an Illustration of the Moral Laws of the Universe. By Thomas Dick. THE IMPROVEMENT OF SOCIETY, by the Diffusion of Knowledge; or an Dlustration of the advantages which would re- sult from a general disseminaticm of rational and scientific informa- tion amone all rankb. Illustrated with engravings. By Thomas Dick, LL.D., author of Philosoi^y cf a Future State, &c. THE PIECE BOOK, comprising Choice Specimens of Poetry and Eloquence, intended to be transcribed or committed to memory. MEMOIRS OF HORTENSE BEAUHARNAIS, DUCHESS OF ST. LEU AND EX-QUEEN OF HOLLAND. Thii is an interesting account of a eonspieuons character. Bbe was the daughter of Josephine Eteauharnais, alias, or afterwards, Josephine Bbnaparte, former wife of Napoleon of France ; and she became the wife of Louis Bonaparte, tlM ex-Icing of Holland. Of those who have flgured at large on the great theatre of life, at one of the most memorable eras in history, many interesting anec- dotes are given. We can safely recommend this work to the reading public— Anurhan StiUitul. No one of all those distinguished personages who occupied so large ■ spae«' in the world's eye, iVom their connexion with Napoleon, presents a story of deeper interest than the amiable and accomplished subject of those raemoirs. Possess- ing all the grace and fascination of manner, which so eminently characterized her motlier, the Empress Josephine, she has a strength and cnltivntion of intel- lect ; an extent and variety of linowledge ; and a philosophic fortitude which the Empress never could boast. Unhappy in her marriage, she was yet a de- voted wife and fond mother; Md though gifted with every quality to adorn royalty, she willingly withdrew to the shades of private life, resigning the crown she had embellished without a murmur. Many of the details of this work will be found deeply interesting, and the notes are copious and instructing. The translator bus faithfully preserved the spirit of his original.— Ss(arf those rarmoirs. Possess- so eminently eharaelerized th and cnltivntion of Intel- philosophic fortitude which larriage, she was yet a de- ith every quality to adorn ite life, resigning the crown ly interesting, and the notes lithfully preserved the spirit xav ft Siizi>BXta> HARPE'S HEAD, A LEGEND OF KENTUCKY. By James Haix, Esq. author of Legends of Ihe West, &c. &c. It is an able production, characteristic of the writer's eminent talents, and abounding with narratives and sketches of absorbing interest. Tlie history of Harpe forms the groundwork of the tale, the incideiiU of which are developed with much skill and eOict.—Phitad. Oatette. Harpe's Head is one of the most interesting stories with which we are ac- '"'udie iiall ?8 amongThe'most popular of American writers, and in the present produStion, has giveS another proof of the felicity of his genius. It abounds with narratives and sketches of deep interest, relating to the early periods of the settlement of Kentucky.— A". Y. C3m. Adv. Mr. Jahks Hali,, a native of Philadelphia, and favorably known as the author of Legends of the West, has just published a new work, entitled ' HAira s HaAD. j» Ltrend rf Kentueky." It is well calculated to add to his fame, and though it bears evidences of being a hasty composition, reflecU great credit upon the author. It is the story of Micajah Harpe, a Kentuckian Freebooter, and the scene changes from Viriinir, in the olden tune, to Ohio and Kentucky. The account of a nrri»ia Barhcue is so well and naturally executed, that it must become a favorite. It is here inserted as a favorable specimen of the work. Miss Pendleton is altogether lovely.— Poulton't natly Me. With the ordinary characters which must b< found in such a composition, wo have one quite original being, in the person ' I " Hark Short, the snake-killer; and the production, as a whole, forma one i,r the most engaging volumes that we have met with. To its other merits we should not omit to add that, like other writings from the same pen, it is distinguished by an unobtrusive tone of purest moral seniimeni.— /-«»». j»vi«"r. ... , w^e cheerfully cnmniend this work to the attention of our readers, assuring them that they will be amused, entertained, and instructed by its perusal— they will find Indian warfbre,— savage modes of life— the difflculties and dangers experienced by the early pioneers in the "Ar, far wesf'-delineated with a master hand, in language glowiug, vivid, and natural — MiUienal Banner. WACOUSTA, OR THE PROPHECY; A Talb jf thk Canadas. 8 vols. This work Is of a deeply interesting character, and justly lays claim to te of the hishcst cast. We think it decidedly superior to any production of the kind which has re« ..'b manated ftom the press. It abounds with thrilling scenes, and the author iiaf. i'lsplayed a power of delineation r rely surpassed.- i>«« f^ v ' ith are laid principally at Detroit and Mackina —and soiua of t; ■ ' n i-^ fiventt , -hich those places Witnessed in the early settle- ment of the cr. 1(7. -i J gi> r ui'.h historic accuracy— particularly the mas- sacre of M«' k II 1 — The ailt^ r i> .Wdently conversant with Indian stratagem and with ' .nif n "loqiience ; '..I U;\.: presented us with specimens of both, truly characteiA m o; the unlutoi. i 'a.age. We would gladly present our readers with an onfrnct tmm this inter, ^ting work, did our limits permit, n liou of an exlrnc ' ev«r. wo commend it f vork itself to them.— Oommn-eioJ HeraU. Tht ■,■)■(•.».>!»; 1 i:' . loiago of thin novel "^ a savage chief, and the story of !"• retreat liearin,: rT iptive .he daughlcf of the Governor, is told with thrilling eIRct, It » wril ritten throughout, and abounds with interesting scenes.— Ona. Adv. THE YOUNG LADY'S SUNDAY BOOK; A Practical Manual of the Christian Duties of Piety, Benevo- lence, and Self-government. Prepared with particular reference — g Hiwj^jui* Mmi.iiffipjii, •W09MB MBOWamiMV PVBXiIBHIlD to the Fonnation of the Female Character. Youngf Man's Own Book." Philadelphia. 32ina pp. 312. By the author of " The Key &. Biddle, 1833. We have read many nf Vie selRCtinni in this little volume, and have met with nothing objectionable— Te-ierally, the style is pure, easy, and pleasing, and the matter good, well calculumd for the purpose for which the work is intended) and we cheerfully recommend it to the persons for whom it is principally design- ed, aa profitable for instruction.— l)>ti»:(>;iaj Recorder. A most attractive little volume in its appearance— and in this age of sweeping (Hvolity in literature, of far superior excellence in its contents. Certainly some such manual was required for the closet— when novels and light reading of e^-ery deaeription have so ruled paranmunt in the drawing-room. We can give it no higher praiae than to s.iy that tho extracts are of a character to accomplish all that the title-page holds out.— A*. ¥. Com. .adv. A collection of excr.llent scntimcn'.s from approved authors, and adapted par- ticularly to the formation of the female character. The chapters are tihort, and embnir« a great variety of subjects of religious tendency, and altogether the book is replete with instruction. It is illustrated by two pretty engravinga.— Pret- oytonaa. Aa the public feeling now runs, the publishers of this little work have done well by their eflbrt to keep it in a proper channel. The Young Lady's Sunday Book ia altogether practical in its character, and consisting, as it does, of short pieces, takes a wide range in its subjects. It ia calculated to do good, and we should be happy to see the principles incul- cated in the portions we have read become the ruling principles of tXU—Jownal and Teltgraph. Messrs. Key k Biddle have Just issued a volume of the most heautiflil kind, entitled The Young Lady's Sunday Book. It is fiill of pure, didactic matter, the fruits of a pious and gifted mind ; and while the clearness and light of its pages commend them to the eye, the truth of the precepts finds its way to the heart. The work can be unhesitatingly praised, aa worthy in all respects. Tlie embel- lishments are finished and tasteful. " Meditation," the fVontispiece, from the burin of Ellis, would add a grace to any annual. We trust Messrs. Key It. Biddle receive a liberal patronage from the religious community, for we know jf no booksellers in this country who issue more good volumes calculated toaubcerve the immotta' interests of mtin.—Philad. Oaz. TRANSATLANTIC SKETCHES, Comprising visits to the most interesting scenes in North America, and the West Indies, with Notes on Negro Slavery and Canadian Emigration. By Capt J. K Alexander, 42d Royal Highlanders, F. R. G. S. M. R. A. S. &c. author of Travels in Ava, Persia, cfcc. We are happy to have the opportunity afforded us of noticing such a boDk of travels aa that called TrnnsaMantic Sketches.- ^mert'ran SentiTiei. One of the most interesting and instructive works that has appeared for some time, haa just been issued frotn the press of Key & Biddle, entitled Tranaat- lantio Sketches.— Penn. Inquirer. We wish we had room to speak of this volume ^.. ^ ling to our high opinion of its merit, and to make the reader acquainted '■ '• the style and spirit of the writer, by uresenting some extracts. Captain Alexander, as a narrator of what he sees and hears, has hit our taste exactly. We do not fee! like a reader, but a fellow-traveller— not in company with a dull, prosing fellow, hut with a gen- tleman of life and spir'.t, of wit and learning. IJ|ion the whole, we commend the hook to the public, as one of the very best of the numerous recent publicatioaa of travels that have been sent forth.— Cimt. Herald. THE REUGIOUS SOUVENIR; A Christmas, New- Year's, and Birth-Day Present for 1834. Edited by G. T. Bedell, D.D., illustrated with eight splendid steel engravings. BXiI8Hin> By the author of " The Key &. Biddle, 1833. volume, and hnve met with ^asy, and pleasing, and the hicii the work is intended) lom it is principally design- and in this age of sweeping U contents. Certainly some 8 and light reading of e^-ery i-room. We can give it no character to accomplish all ] authors, and adapted par- rhe chapters are Hhnrt, and idency, and altogether the '0 pretty engravings.— Pre*- this little work have done The Young Lady's Sunday isisting, as it does, of short ' to see the principles incul- r principles of tU.—JoHmal if the most heautifUl kind, )f pure, didactic matter, the irness and light of its pages finds its way to the heart. in all respects. The embel- ' the fVontispiece, from the I trust Messrs. Key tc Biddle lunity, for we know uf no umes calculated to subcerve PCHES, enesin North America, ) Slavery and Canadian 2d Royal Higrhlanders, els in Ava, Persia, 8e the volume are serious, tasteful, alluring, imbued with the spirit of the gospel, in a word, such as we should have expected from one so zealous for the cause of Christ, and so inventive of happy thoughts as the Rev. Editor. This annual may bo safely recommended to the Christian public. — The Preabyterian. To all, therefore, who desire intellectual improvement, and, at the same tim«, the gratification of a true taste— and to nil who would make a really valuable present to their friends, we would say, in conclusion, go and procure the Reli- gtmii Souvenir. It is not merely a brilliant little ornament for the parlor centre- table, but a book worthy of a place in every sensible man's library.— Cincin- nati Inquirer. The typography, embellishments, and genera) appearance of the work, render it hilly equal in these respects to any of the kiiiu ;. iblished in our country, while its subjects are far more suitable for the contemplation of Christians, than the light reading with which most of thum are 6\\ct\.— Episcopal Reeortkr. The articles are not only interesting, but calculated to produce a beneficial effect upon the minds of those who rev\ it, tlierefore, a very proper work for the purpose fur which it is designed, and hope it may meet with an extensive sale. — Baitimttre Reptibliean. ' In the general character of those fashionable, and as to appearance, attractive volumes, the annuals, there is so much that is trashy and unpmfllable, that it was with no little misgivini; we looked into the pages of one which is now be- fore us, entitled " The Religious Souvenir." The matter is altogether of a reli- gious and moral tendency, not chargerJite with sectarian bias, and such as the most scrupulous need not'hcuitate to admit into family reading.— 77te Friend. This little work is intended to furnish what was heretofore wanted— a Christ- mas and New- Year's offering, which may be bestowed and accepted by the most scrupulous.— PiUjiar^ Oaieite. We ate happy to announce the tastefiil appearance and valuable matte of the Religious Souvenir for 1834. Dr. Bedell is as mud. distinguished for hia belles- Irttrcs attainment, as for the profoundness of his scholarship and the pirity of his motives. He has found himself at home in this tasteful enterprist;, and in ^"^iA company with the associated talent of the contributors to his beautifUl >mgo8 — A". Y. Weekly Mttmger. Kfecirs. Key k Biddle have published a handsome little volume, entitled Rsli- giooii i^nuvinir. and edited by the Rev. Dr. Bedell. It is cnilnllished with beau- tiful eni>raviti^3, and printed with elegance. The literary contents are very cood. mi'UMlly pious, and free of all invidious remark or allusion. True Chris- tinnity is that which purifies the heart, liberalizes the feelings, and amends tbo coniiuct. — Mutionul Qaielte. We are free, to confess our admiration of this lovely volume. It is decidadljr the gem of the year. Not only unqueiitionably superior in elegance and execu- tion to all others of its class published in this country, but worthy in the fine and careful finish of the admirable engravines, to rank along with the best of thi'se annudl'y produced by the finished artists and abounding capital of Eng- land. We hope an unprecedented patronage will remunerate the spirited pub- lishers fur pro■ an important volume, and is an indispenaablc auxiliary to a proper con- templation of the rooit important of all aubjeclB. 7'he woric contain* a very iudicioiia Tntroductory Enay, frnni the pen of the Rev. O. T. Bedell, Rector of it. Andrew's Church, in this city.— Sol. Evt. Pa.il, In a revival of religion among hii own people. Dr. Bedell found Ihii work UM- ful, and wai led to seek ita republication in a cheap and neat form, for the advan- tage of thoie who cannot amird to purchase costly volumes. We hope the work may prove a blcmin^ to nil who abaP read ii.— The PhiladtlpkUn. These tetters have been for many ycara highly valued for the practical and appropriate instruction for which they are principally designed. — Prtshj/UH**. THE SOLDIER'S BRIDE, AND OTHER TALES. By Jahm Haix, Esq. author of " legends of the West, Ace CoNTGirra. — 1. The Soldier's Bride ; — 2. Cousin Lucy and the Village Teacher; — 3. Empty Pockets; — 4. The Captain's Lady; — 5. The Philadelphia Dun;— 6. The Bearer of Dispatches;— 7. The Village Musician; — 8. Fashionable Watering-Places ; — 9. The Useful Man ;— 10. The Dentist;— 11. The Bachelor's Elysium ;— 12. PeteFeatherton;— 13. The Billiard Table. We have Just risen fi-om the perusal of the Soldier's Bride. The impremion it leaves upon the mind is like that which we receive from the sight of a landscape of ri'ral beauty and repose — or IVnm the sound of rich and sweet nieMy, Every part of this delightftil tale is redolent of moral and natural lovelinesii. The writer belongs to the same class with Irving and Paulding; and as in his de- scriptions, charncters, and incidents, he never loses sight of the true and legiti- mate purpose of fiction, the elevation of the taste and moral character of his readers, be will contribute his (Ull share to the creation of sound and healthful literature.— l^. & ChuHtt. Key & Biddle have recently published another series of Tales— the Soldier's Bride, kx. by James Hall. I'he approbation everywhere elicited by Judge Hall's Legends of the West, hss secured a favorable reception for the present volume; and its varied and highly npirited contents, consisting of thirteen tales, will be fbnnd no less meritorious than his prcvioui ialmis.— JVad'ona/ Qateltt. We have found much to admire in the perusal of this interesting work. It abounds in correct delineation of character, and although in some of bis tales, the author's style is familiar, yet he has not sacrificed to levity the dignity of his pen, nor tarnished his character k% a chaste and classical writer. At the present day, when the literary world is flooded with fUstian and insipidity, and the public lastc attempted to ba vitiated by the weak and i-JTeminate productions of tfaose whose minds are as incapable of imagining the lofty and generous feel- ings they would pourlray, as their hearts are of exercising them, it is peculiarly gratifying to receive a work, from the paireti of which the eye may cater with satisfaction, and the mind feast with avidity and benefit.— />t°((«lnr^ Mtnury. TALES OF ROMANCE, FIRST SERIES. This is not only an uncommonly neat edition, but a very entertaining book ; how eould it be otherwise, when such an array of authors as the fUlowing is presented — The work contains All's Bride, a tale from the Persian, by Thomas Moore, in- 6 ' wi irl[irllirirr1l|i|lW|lir«i'" INQUIRER, (.rider Seriout Impre»tion», , D. D. irch.Charleaton, S.C. ia presented Dr. Henry's iend.) By G. T. Bedell, ladelphia. Ii! auxiliary to a proper eon- The woric containi a very Rev. O. T. Bedell, Rector of r. Bedell found thii work UK- and neat form, for the advan- volumet. We hope the work Pkiladelpkian. ralued for the practical and lly designed.— IVMtyMriaa. OTHER TALES. laoflheWeit.&o. 2. Cousin Lucy and the . The Captain's Lady ; — ■ of Dispatches; — 7. The tering-Places; — 9. The c Bachelor's Elysium ; — rable. Br'i Bride. The impreniion it from the eight of a landacape ioh and aweet nieludy. Every ind natural lovelinem. The Pauldinc; and aa in hia de- I aiglit of the true and liwiii. B and moral character of his ition of aound and healthful wriea of Tales— the Soldier's vhere elicited by Judge Hall'a plion for the preaent Tolume ; ling of thirteen tales, will be —M'athnal aaielti. of this intercBting work. It though in aome of his tales, nfired to levity the dignity of and classical writer. At the h fbetisn and insipidity, and k and elRsminate productions g the lofty and generousfeel- f!rcising them, it is peculiarly hich the eye mav cater with enefit. —Piutbtirf JVercwry. 1ST SERIES. It a very entertaining book ; ' authors as the IMlowing is >rsian, by Thomas Moore, In- ^'$^;if^mm. 3W^ IZ99XiB. lerspersed with poetry. The Last of the Line, by Mrs. B. C. Hall, an author who sustains a reputation which every succeeding production greatly enhances. The Wire Merchant's Btory, by the author of thii King|a Own. The Proerastinator, by T. Crofton (broker. The Spanish Heailsman. The Legend of Rose Rocke, by the author of Stories of Waterloo. Harliura 8 , by Charles Lamb. A Story of the Heart. The Vacant Chair, by i. M. Wilson ; and the Queeu of the Meadows, by Miss Mitford. This volume has no pretensions to the inculcation of mawkish sonsihUily. We have read every word of it, and can confidently recommend it to our friends. —Journal qf Bellei Lttlru. ZOE, OR THE SICILIAN SAYDA. As an historical romance, embellished with the creations of a lively imagina- tion, and adorned with the beauties of a claasie mind, this production will take a high rank, and although not so much lauded as a Cooper or an Irving, he may be assured that by a continuance of his elTorts, be will secure the approbation of his countrymen, and the reward of a wido.spread fame.— />a art! convinced that if they read it faithfully, they will find tbemielyei both wiicr and better.— 7'A< youmg Ma*'$ Advccalt. In the Young Man'a Own Book, much aound advice upon a varielr of im- portant •ubjeetii it odininiitert'd, anil a large number of rulei are laid down for the regulation of conduct, the practice of whieli cannot fail to iniura rnpaeta- billty.— Soliir^g Cnriir. JOURNAL OF A NOBLEMAN; Being a Narrative of hit residence at Vienna, during Congre$$. The author ia quite apirited in hie remarka on oceurrencea, and hia aketchea of character are pietureique and amuaing. We commend thia volume to our read- era aa a very entertaining production.— 2>ai{y /»(*/. We preauiaa no one enuld take up thia little volnme and dip into it, without feeling regret at being obliged by any cauae ti> put it down before It waa read. The atyla la fine, aa are the deacriptinna. the peraona introduced, together with the kneoiotaa, and in general, the entire aketchiiig ia by the hand of a maater. Everything appeara natural— there ia no alltetation of learning — no overatrain- Ing— no departure from what one would eipect to oee and bear— all ia eaay— all groeeftil.— am. Hir*U. YOUNG LADY'S OWN BOOK, A Manual of Intellectual Improvement and Moral Deportment Bjr the author of the Young Man's Own Book. Meaara. Key k. Biddle, of thia city, have publiabed a very neat little volnme, entitled The Young Lady'a Own Book. Ita contents are well adapted to ita uae- flii purpoae.— Akti'eaaJ QaitUt. The Young Lady'a Own Book aeema to ua to have been earelUlly prepared, to comprehend much and varioua inatruction of a practical eharaelar, and to corre- apond in ita conttata with Ha title.— rraaf JKan'a MfcaU. The Young Lady'a Own Book, embelliahed with beautilUI engravinp, aliould be in the handa of every young female.— /afainr. AH the artidea in the Young Lady'a Own Book an of a uaeAil and interesting eharaeter.— A*. T. dm. Mt. AN ADDRESS TO THb'yOUNG, ON THE IMPORT- ANCE OF RELIGION. By John Foster, author of Essays on Decision of Character, &c. We are not going to hold a niah light op to a book of John Foater'r hut only laean to tell what ia ita intent. It ia an awakening appeal to yout{ nf the re- fined and edueated aon, uro:: tlie aubject of their peraonal religion. There can Im no doubt aa to it* <"j:.rency.-'I!l< Prukfttrian. A MOTHER'S FIRST THOUGHTS. By the author of "Faith's Telescope." TMa ia a brief miniature, flrom an Edinburgh edition. Ita aim ia to forniah Rdigioua Maditationa, Prayero, and Devotional Poetry fbr pioua raolbera. It ia moat iUgbly oomoaended in the Edinburgh Preabyterian Review, and in tlie Cbriatian Advocate. The author, wlmia a lady of Scniland.unitee a deep know- ledge nf aound theology, with nn ordinary talent for anrred poetry.— I>r<*fty«riaii, 800K. prnvcment, and Moral ■er on a solid basis, aud I eu;yi upon lubjecti very •riiable work to ihiwe who >uw hinli wbich tb« ■uttior Muni Own Bnok to all our ■I fnithfUlly, they will And •aaiiotal: ico upon a variety of Im- or rulea are laid down for not fail to Iniure reepeeta- MAN; no, during Congreu. *?"£?•■ •"'' ■■'• 'ksfiiM of 10 tiua volume to our read- ne and dip into ii, witbont t down baAm it waa read. introduced, lotetber witb I by the hand of a maiter. r learning— no orentraln- and bear— all ia vaay— all JOOK, nd Moral Oeportineiit ik. a very neat little volDnw. ire well adapted to iu use- MNin eareftilly prepared, to »l character, and to cone- lUtiAil engravinga, abould of a utaflii and intereating >N THE IMPORT, author of Essays on f John PoKter'r hut oaly ippsal to youU nf thu re- inal religion. There can the author of ** Euth's on. lu aim ia to Airniah > lor pioua niolhera. It ia ian Review, and in the land, unites a d«ep know- red poetry.— J>rMfty«nm. BT XBT * BZSDIJa. EXAMPLE; OR, FAMILY SCENES. Thii ia one of those useful and truly moral publlcniiona whicl^ can not fliil to be read with delight by the youth of both seies, who, an their hearts expand, ami they advance in years, have need of some inrtructor to (Hiint out the path they should ftillow for their future happiness. Tiio aiiihur Imn been triumphantly succ(>ssftil in attaining these laudable objects in this iutercating publication. — irfUf Timei. Borne of the ' Brenea' are sweetly touching, and, in our view, the author haa succeeded remarkably well in presenting the sublime and yet simple IriitlM of Evangelical Religion to the mind in a way of deep and abiding impressions.— JV. r. Om. Mo. True religion ia dillUslve in its character, and when it is fhirly exemntilled in the life of an individual, it will excite attention, command respect, ana perhapa .ead to still happier results. ■ Let your liiht so shine before men thnt they may i«e your good works, and glorify your Patner which is in heaven,' is a command (if nigh authority, and one which presup|«>ses the force of example. Tliese ' Family Scones,' which belong to tlie same class with Mrs. Sherwood's writinga, i re intended to illustrate the Influence of example. Tlie' book is pleasingly writ- t!n, and ia characterised by a vein of pious and evangelical sentiment.— ^rsstf- (sriaa. A HARMONY OP THE FOUR GOSPELS, Founded on the Arrangement of the Harmonia Evangelica, by the Rev. Edward Greswell. With the Practical Reflections of Dr. Ooddridse. Designed for the use of Families and Sch9ols, and for Private Edification. By the Rev. E. Bickersteth, Rector of Wolton, Herts. A beautiful duodecimo of about four hundred pages; and one nf tlie beat books which has appeared for many years, witb respect to personal and domestic edifleation. It is next to impossible to read the ordinary Harmonies. The cur- rent of the narrative is broken by constant interruptions. In thit, we have in convenient sections, the fourGospel histories, made up Into one, in proper order, in the words of tlie common EnKlish translation. The devotional notes of Doddridge are better than any we have seen for reading in the closet, or at fbniily worship. The name of BielursUtA, preflxenhera to better the heart; to teach it contentment here '.telow.—PonUon'* Daily Adv 1 9 ■woBXf maoaim.T vmiauumo THE HAPPINESS OP THE BLESSED, Considered aa to the porticulara of their state ; their rfcogrnition of each oUier in tliat state ; and its difTerence of (ipgrees. Tu which tr« added, Musings on the Church and her Services. By Richard Mint, D. D. M. R. I. A. liord Bishop of Down and Connor. Tlw deiifn of tlw Rev. author In Ibi* pmluelion, ii to aiMuea flrom Mrlptural authority, thn moil aatiiftictnry evidence of the hnrP'i")** ""I M "f *■><>«> who by flilth follow L'hrid, and who, In the ax«rclw of ttiote virtuoi reqiilrwl hy the (oapal, are emphatically denominated the children o( 0l>a/ Rteoritr. In many.reapeeta it la one of the ricbeat piece* of bioraphy with which we •re acquainted.— l»r«f»|fMri««. TALES OF ROMANCE, SECOND SERIES. The Tale* of Romance, which Me*«r*. Key * Biddle have Ju*t piibliahed, are altoaethor above the ordinary collection* of the day. Every author included ammg the eonlributota to the volume, haa acquired previoualy a dl*llnct reputa- tion in other work*. Such name* aa Malcolm, Hoacoe, and othera, will be aolB- eient to give an idea of the meriu of theae Talea. The atorv of Faalo, fVom whence ia derived tlie tragedy of that name, la well and conclwtiy told. We Bhall preaeni the beat part of it aoon, tu the reader* of the Intelligencer.— Daily /mkI. 10 .p* BUIK»» BLESSED, itate ; their rfcog^nition e of degree*. To which Services. By Richard vn and Connor, ii lo aibluea nrom Mriplural lint'M and Jny nf Uhmd who hoM virluci reqiilrwl hy Ihe n of Gild. TiM aulh orfanlHlInn, ii •tats of hit Mart and the cd iipnn every pan, and (he m inaiKlry which ne hai die. int and valuable ar|um«X.a. GENERAL VIEW OF THE GEOLOGY OP aCRIl>TURE, Id which the unerring truth ot' the Iiiapircd Narrative of the early eventa in the worlifiii exhibited, and distinctly proved, bv the corroborative tCDtimony of physical tactii, on every part ot the earth's surface. By George Fairhulmc, Esq. The work b«rnre uii in admirably calcuUlwl In enlighten thii mind upon the rubjoct of Crvatioii, mid wn have rarely pvruaed a work which has adilod in much to our stock of iiliaa. or whirh haa given ao luurhsratincaliiiii. If the liiiiila uf our paper perniilteil, wo aluiuld tnku |il«B'iiru in laying ttufnre uiir rxailcra an anilyais of tho cuuttrnta uf tliia I'xcullnnt priHluclinn, but as that ia out n( th* quealion, wo must rvfer theiu to Ihu work ilaelf, where we can aaaura litem Ibry will find an abundance of iufonnatlon on the iinportaul subject of Creutiur.— PkiL Uax. The <]<">logy of Scripture, hy George Fairholme, Eaq. Is an admirable v, .>rk. Tho on 'i'ln of it atinuld be extnnsive', aud, Judging from its lutrinsic oieril, such is my.— C'JknXi'an OauUt. LIFE OP WILLIAM COWPER, ESQ. Compiled from his correspondence and other authentic sources of information, containing remarks on his writings, and on the peculiarities of his interesting character, never before published. By Thomaa Taylor. Taylor's Life of Cowper has several private letters of the poet not finind In other works, which serve to correct many fhlse Impressinns relative to hia men- tal aberration. It is due the cause of liumaiiity, and uf Justice genornlly, tliat tlie truth should be received ; especially when, by affecting tliu character of so great a man as Cowper, it in a great measure touches tlie uiiule of the human kind.— 17. & Oai. A eomprehansive and perspicuous memoir of Cowper has been much wanted, and will be read with gratification by the admirers uf ibis amiable and pious man, whoae aecomplishmenta, excellencies, and jweuliarity of character, have renderad him an object of interest to the world. We are indebted to Mr. Taylor for his ezeellent work, and for the happy manner in which it haa bsoo aecom- plished.— Jb«(«n Trmv. Thirty years nearly have passed since we first read with great delight Hoyley's Life of Cowper, and we have never cast our eyes on the volunfes since, without wishing to unravel a few things in the poet's history which were then left in mystery. Taylor profosse* to deal openly, and remove all concealment. In one beautiful volume, he haa given ua the substance of all which is known concern, log the BHMt sensible and pious of all the English poets ; whose writings will be refolded as (he best of their kind wherever the English language shall be read. In all his numerous works, he has no line of measured Jingle withoul sense. Can this be said of scarcely any other child of the muses T Those who have Hayley's two volumes, will be thankfol for the labors of Taylor; and those who liava neither, should purchase this new compilation without delay. It is a work wliieh will be found interesting lo all classes, especially to the lovers of literature and genuine piety, and to piaee within the reach of general readers, many of wliom have neither the means nor the leisure to consult larger werlis, all that IS really interesting respecting that singularly afflicted individual, whose pro- ductions, bothpoeticand prose, can never be read but witlidelight.— PMte^J^Jh'an. Mesara Key tt Biddle deserve credit for placing within the reach of all. In so cheap and convenient a form, what must be salutary in tvety instsnca in its general eflbet. The charaster, pursuits, performances, and sullbVings of Cowper, combine more interest than belongs to the lifo of any of the great English au- tbora who spent any considerable part of their days in retirement.— JVhi. On. A benntiftil Amoriean edition, fh>m (he press of Key It Biddle, has lust been puhHslMd, and cannot foil to meet with a welcome reception ftom all who ad- ■lie that best of men and most agreeable of poet*. It is the most complete and vahiaMe edition of the Life of Cowper exuni, and eonlaina a well-executed por- traH.— i^aiten's Dailf Mv. 11 'ffm'-frm^mvv'm- WosKs 9vmiamKMD bt IT h BIBSIiB. LEGENDS OF THE WEST. . By JamM Hall, Mcnnd edition, coitaining the following beauti- fliltoid tal^a:— The Backwoodiirrnn ;— The Divining Rod;— The Sevwuth Son ;— The Mianonarie* . Thu Leg^-nl of Carondolet ; — The IntetUte ; — Michael De Lanc< i , ''^Im hu i:.'rnnta; — The In* diM Hater;— The IhIo of the Yelil ' ^ r.da;— fV^; Barrackma*- tar'aOaui^ter;— The Indian Wifo'a JUiiwit Wa ara lUd in we a new adttlon of ihaia wall-loli'. ; ilaa of iudfa Hall baa raeanlly bean publlshMl.— !)«(. Set. Oai. Tha d«Mrved popularity oniMia tale* of Jurtga Hall, hava arcored 10 then Iba puMicaUon of a aveand adllinn. HU ikalchea are admliably drawn, and Ma panonal nimiliarity witli Kenery and life in the Wait, have nirniihod him with InaiilaoM of peoullai iularoat, (really lueraaaad by felieituua daaeripcion.— A*, ir. The rftfid lale of ihe drai. i't., eroaUNi a daaaad for • aeeoad adllloa of tha work, whoea title heada tlii* nr .nl«. Vha " I/afeoda" comiiriaa iivm/a arllelaa, one of wbicta la poalle. The icenoa of tbaaa talaa are all looalad in :iw " t»t, tkt Weal," and Ihe enaraeiera are taken flroiM tka abori(inea and early ei.iif rimtii. The dilHcullioa and danfera wWch tlia liai aatilera bad to uader|n ere iuhj' >.'< /•' mablitbed in aaeurliy, are deplelad In flowing eolaiB, and wiln » mailer b<.r 1 Tha ruda and aavage warfhre of ibe ImIIiiuh. tba aacrel amhaaaada, tha nM- nlfbt ilaughler, the eonflafration of tLi i-^ iiil in the prairie and foreet, tba ahrkeka of eonaumii'f women and children .ir prcienled to our mlndi by tba author in vivid and iiiipreHivc- lanauaaa. 'I',i> « lain* imacfa much inlereal, aa they are founded In fkct, and mii flluilrativii of the babIM of lb* Indian, and the life of Uie hunter. Ai a writer, Jwtee Hall ia more American than any other wa anaania ; hie aeanea are American ; aii ebaraetera are American, and Ma Ian- gmn la American Ilia peraonaiea are irfvaeted with an individuality which cannot be miataknn, and hia conceptiona and illuilraliooa are drawn ftom ibe great atorabouaa of Natara.— Dally Mai. THE CHURCH OP GOD, In a Series of Diaaertations, by the Rev. Robert WilacHt Evana, d Trinity Ctdlege, Cambridge. nlV «l4eet of tbo writer la to ahnw thnt tha Aindamenlal dnctrfnei of the (Jbrlttlan Ketlglon have l>«en lau|ht In the varlooa dlapenaationi, fKim the in- ' ailUitlon «f Ibe Church In the (bmlly of Adam, to tho more clear and perfect eifMllton of Ita prineipleB by Ihe Savior and Mi apiwtlci. He is thu« led to deal wholly with general prineiple»-thaie In which Ihe |reBt hody nf Chriiliaiii agree. Thia flraoa bla work from all aavor of ■cctnriuniam. snd the ingenuity and talent exMhited in Ita execution, commend it to tbo rvliitioua of every name. It woald nerhapt be well tn sey, that the above work in by the author of "Bee- lory of Vmebead."— £piiico}iai Rectrder. THE PROGRESSIVE EXPERIENCE OF THE HEART, UNDER THE DISCIPLINE OP THE HOLY GHOST, FilOM REGENERATION TO MATURITY. By Mrs. Stevens. TUa ia • work wMah may be recommended to religious rraderi and to aerloui InqolreM, with great aafety. It ii written in an Imprenive atyle, and ia evi- deMtar tba pnductton of a mind and heart thoroughly imbued with Chrialian hnowMge Rad aiperlenee. The operationa of the Ifoly Obnel upon the loui of man, are ttaeat with a dtaerimination which nothing bat a peraOBRi experience nf hia in4uan«aa eouW bove (brniahed. Doddridge'* Kiae and Progreaa af Sell ■ gic4fi in the Snaliia an admiraUa book on tMa lulOeal, but Mra. Stavana'a traatlaa deaervaa an honorable plaee at ita aide, Mlniilem nf the Gomel abonM conaalt the apiritual welfare of lh«ir peoide, by recommending and promoting the eir* eUalJon of audi worki.— Pre»ftyl«rian. Loft the 13 ■■'0 WEST. nf^ the following beauti* lio Divininff Rod; — The Log'nl ufCarondoIet; — K^ Ki. ii.TKiiUj; — The In- :(!■;— r? Ikmckmu- tol>' tlv* or JlMlf* Htll bH lall, have veurcd lo tlwn Um n admliably drawn, and Ma Vnt, have furnltbod him with fttlleiiuiM daaerlptloB.— /r. r. Id Aw • aicoBd adiiloa of tha r which la DMlie. Tha icanat " and tha enaiaetera ara talian teuUioa and dangara wWch tha ■had in aaeaiily, ara daptcMd ba aa«r«l ambaaaad a , tha mid- ; in tha flrairia and fcraal, tha wcaanted lo our minda by tha talna (naacfa much interaal, aa tha hablM of th« Indian, and more American titan any other era ara American, and hia Ian- I with an individualily which lilralloDi are drawn IVom the GOD, cv. Robert Wilson Evuia^ Aiadamenlal doctrine* of tha ua diapenntlon*, fVum the in- to tlw more ch-ni and perfect • npoatlcii. He i> thua led to r.h the ^rcat hoily of Chrlillani ciariiinmin. niid the infcnnlly . to the rcliKioua of every name, rork In by the author of " Bee- CE OP THE HEART, HOLY GHOST, PROM By Mrs. Stevens. relicloui! rrndeni nnil to Mrioua n Impreaaive atyle, and la evi- iroiiahly imbued with Chriitian be lloly Ghnal upon the aoul of ihina but a peiaoaal ex|ierienen le'a Biaa and Pro g ra aa af KaU- Oeot, bat Mra. Stavaoa'a iraattaa n nf tha Ooanel ahoald eonaall lending and prooiotlBg the eir> m y