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An attempt li;is bct.-n niade in this voluinc to ])rcscnl llio ftiit'tics (if Wi'stL'iii History in a Ibrin easy of rcrcrt'iice, and drawn iVoni the l)C'st authorities: those authorities are in ahnost every ease referred to, and a list of the worlds consulted niav be found on pai^es x^■iii, xix, and \v. \VheiU'Ver it eouhl hv, done, witli a l)roper re^:ard to eoiiciscness, tiie words of eye-witnesses have been v.svd in the accounts ^iveii of iuipf)rlant events. The liniils of this voiuiae have luaile it necessary to state most matters with ^i-eat brevity, and, with th(! exception of the Indian wars in ITDO-D;"), no subject has received a full developement ; upon that ixirtion of our history the Compiler dwelt lon. La Salic ^rocs from Cliica<„'o westward. Fell. returns to l-'rance. liiciiville sounds Mississijijii and meets English. DTherville returns from Franco. DTherville goes up th(! Mississipjii. DTherville sends Le Sueur for cojijier. Do 1,1 Motto Cadillac founds Detroit. DTherville founds colony on Mohile river. Iro(]nois again jilaco theins(;lves under England. First gr.ints of land at Df-troit. D'Artaguetto in Louisiana. 1710. 1712. 1714. 1717. Scptc 171S. 1710. 17iO. Jannri Ajiril,| May, 1722. 1720. 172f). Nov. 17J0. Jan.&l 1731. 17J2. 17J5. July 1- 17;.6. May, May 2( Ma'y May 31 173!». 1710. March, 1742. 1744. 1746. 17 IH. 1749. 17,50. 17.51. 17.52. Noveml Juno, 1753. May, June, August Septciu Octobci Nov. 1.' Nov. 2, Dec. 4, Dec. 11 niRONOLOtJICAL TABLK. Vll [Illinois. to k'iivc llio f Mis:iissiji|)l. among the [Illinois. i7in. 1712. 1711. 1717. 1718. 1710. 1720. 1722. 172G. 1729. 1730. 1731. 17J2. 1735. I7J6. fiovcrnor Spotnwood of Virjjinia csjilorc* Uio Allcghanic*. Louisiana granted to Crozat. Fort Uonalic cominenc 1. Croz;it r('si(.'ni Louisiana. September, Louisiana Iraili; (granted to Company of West. Culonistii Hcnt to Louiaiana and Now Orleans laid uiU. January, April, May, Nov. 2S, Jan. & Feb., Company of the West made Company of the Indies. Law made minister of finance. .Stock orCoiiipiiiiy of the Iiiilu;8 worth SO^O per ceut. Company of Indies bankru{>t. (!liarlevoix visits West. Irocpiois a third time place themselves under England. French aiiioii)^ the Natchez murdered. July 11, May, May 20, INlay 27, May 31, 17:?!). 1710. 1712. 1744. 1746. 1718. 1749. 17.50. 17.51. 17.52. i7.53. March, Natchez c(mi|uered and destroyed. AUof^cd travels of Sallinj? in liie West. Previous to this (iovernor Keilii wishes West secured to Kiigliiid. Company of Indies resign Louisiana to lung. Daiiiid Itoonc Ixirn. Vincciiiics settled according to some, (see [)p. 40 and 11.) Kx[ic(liti(in of French ii;;aiiist Cliickahaws. D'Artagiirtte eonipiercd. liicnville fails in assault on Chickasaws. Uicnville retreats. French collect to attack Cbickasaws. Peace between French and Chickasaws. John Howard goes down Ohio. Tri'aty of F.nglish and Iroi iiimma vM'siwaril. April 17, l''urt at ilir Turk urilir ( lino lakni !iy Fri'iidi Ma)', \Va:.|lili;;lou < lO'-^i m AIIi ijliaiiirH. Mny »M, Wasliiiinloi; attacltH ami kills .fiiiiKinvillij. June, New \nrk ncniln i.'iOOiilo \'ir|{iiiia. July 1| WaHliiii^jtnn al Kurt .Nt'conxity. July U, Wasliin;»tiin caiiitulalcH. (lcti)lM'r, Waslmi^toii rrtircs tn Mount V'oriion. Frciitili hold llic whole West. 17.55. January, Fraiu-c [irnpo'^cH a <'(>ui|irc(iiiisc, Fi'l). «••, llraildiick hiiiiN in Viritiiiia. April, Fr.iiiir ami F.n^jlaiid si'iid llccts to Arncricn. April 20, Hraddnck niarrlicH x\c iluan'.. May M, l',\|ii'diti(in aj^'aitiNt Nova Scotia itiuvev Ito^t'iii. July S, llraildo( k rfaidirs Monoiijj'clit la. July !t, liraddock di rfalcd. .hily i:), liraildock died. n:G. mi. I7CS. Oct. 2 1709. Man: May June Dec. ; 1770. Octoli I.cwiM roniniandM an rxpcdiiion .I'^'aiiist tlu' Oliio Indiannj and liiil> Indians I'lll tlu' N'aliry ol" Vir;,Miiia. War drilarcd lirtvvciii France and F.n^land. Septrmlifr, Ariiistnin;,' attacks Indiiins at Kittaning. FirHt treaty ol Kastoii, 175G. January, April, Mav, 17')7. Massarro of Fort William Ilcnry. June -9, I'itt roturns to ollice. 17,58. July 1."), Au^'ust 2lj Sept. il, ()ctol)t!r, Nov. ■"), Nov. 25, 1759. 1760. Sept. S, I.ouiHliur;^ and I''ort Frontcnac tak^'U. INjst l('a\es tor the Ohio riverto conciliate tlic Indians. Post colliers with Indians at Fort I'ltt. (Irani defeated. Washin;,'ton openina ^ road over the mountains. WasiiinL,'lon at Loyallnnna. Washinj^'ton it Fort l)u (im siie^ which the French left on tlie 21th Second treaty of F.aston. Post's Kccond mission to Ohio Indiana. Ticondcroga, Crown Point, Niagara, and Quebec yicUl to English. 1771. March )772. May ;}, April, 1773. Sept. Oct. K 177-1. The Freiicii yield Canada. Cherokee War. Ciriier.d Monktoii treats with the Indians at Fort Pitt for land. Settlers (,'o over the mountains. Uoj,'ers ^oes t>) Detroit. Uogers reaelu »; Detroit. Ko;,'ers returns across Ohio to Fort I'itt. Alex.uider Henry visits northwest. Christian Post i,roes to settle on the Muskinrruni. lioinpiet warns settlers ofT of Indian lands. Post and Ileckeweldf^r f,'o to Muskin:jiiin. Preliminaries to ])eace of Paris settled, Louisiana transferred to Spain. Treaty of Paris concluded. Detroit attacked by Pontiac. Mackinac taken by Indians. Pres(pi'ile (Krie) taken by Indians. Fort I'itt besie;:ed and relii^ved by Domjuet. Proclamation to |)rotect Indian lands. .M. Laclede arrives in St. (Icnevicve. M. Laclede selects site of St. Louis. , Hradstreet makes peace witli northern Indiann. I!oiiipiet makes j)eace with Ohio Indians. Fia.iich ollicers ordered to give up Louisiana to Spain. 1705. April, Sir William Johnson makes treaty at Ocrnian Flats. May, June, Oeorge Crouhan troes westward. Captain Stirling for England takes possession of Illinois. Sept. K), Nov. l!t. December, 1761 1762. Nov. 3. 1763. Feb, 10, May 9, June 4, June, June to Aug October, Nov. 3, December, 1764. June to Aii^' November, April 21, 1775. July, January Jan. 25 March ! Ai)ril U Ajiril 2] June, June 1(1 July, Se[)t.6& Oct. 6, Oct. 10, Novcmb March 1 April 1, April 2(i May 23, May 27, April, May, Juno 28, June, July, Aufiust, October, October, niRONOLOfHrAL TABLI'.. IX I KO. 17G7. I7GS, Oct. 2 J, 17C9. M.ircli, M.iy 1, .Iiiiic 7, Dec. 22, 1770. Octolu;r, mi liiiN 1771. )772, 1773. March, Ma) :), Ajiril, S(>|)t. 2'), Oct. 10, llicQlth, BngliHii. ml. 1771. !il to Spnin. 1775. July, .January, Jan. i.'), March 28, April 10, Ajiril 21, June, June 10, Julv, Sr[;t.6S:12 Oct. 6, Oct. 10, November, Marcli 17, April 1, April 2(,, May 23, May 27, April, May, Juno 2S, June, July, August, October, October, ,\l|c;»Iiany. the titii' (if tiie IrDcpioU to all south .^I'tlicrs rrnsH ninuntaitii^. \V.il|iiil<' {'iiiupiiriy propdKril. C'dluucl JaMHK Smith viNitM Kentucky. WiMtiTM IniliaiiH (»rnw iinpntictit. rraiilJin 1. ir Walpole Ciniip.iny Finif'y viHit". .y, ZciHbi'rger liimiil mi-.-.i(in on iIk* Tri'nfy (if ('"orl .'^taiiwix by whicli ul the Ohio i.s purchaHi'il. MissisHippi rom|i.iny propoHod. llooii(> ami otlicr.s start fur Kentucky. Itdoiii ami others reach Ueil river. lluoiie tak( n by Indiuuti. Treaty of Loehaber. Ohio ("oiiipi'iy iiicrgeil in Walpole Company. \V'ashill(;toil vi-'ils iIm' West. The I.'iiij,' Hunters e.xjilore the West. The Zaiies liiiiml Wheeliritf. Moravians iii\iieil to Hi;^' Ueaver. Captain Pittinau in Illinois. Spain ubtaiUH pu^seHMion of St. Louis. The Hoones return to North Carolina. Indians killed by whitcH (ui Lower Krnawha. Moravi ins invited by I)elaw,ires, t'oiiml Siioeiibriin on the Muskinguui. OeiHiral Uage'n jiroclaniatioii ai,'iinst settlers on Wubasii. lioone and others start to settle Keiitiirky. liocjiie and others are attacked by Indians and turn back. lliillilt, McAfee, &r., deseemi tlie Ohio. Itiitlitt, McAfee, iLc., Rurv(!y at I'alls, and on Kentucky river. Oeneral Thmnpscui surveys in the valley of the Lickini;. (Jeneral Lyman (jocs to Natchez. I'lirehase by Illinois C()in[)any in Illinois. James Ifarrod in Kentucky. [within Virginia. Duiimore semis Connolly to take possession of Pittsbiirj,'h as being Connolly calls out llii^ militia; lie is arrested by St. Clair; his folluW- ers an' riotouH, and lire on the Indians. ^ Connolly, released on parole, comes to ['ittsburgh with an anncd force, lie ridiuilds the fort and calls it Fort Dunmure. Ch(!rokees attack a boat on the Ohio. Connol'y writes to the settlers to Ijnware of the Indians, Cresap, h.iviiij^ Connolly's letter, attacks Indians. Oreathoi'se murders several Indians. Preparations for war. Logan reveng(;s his family. Hoone sent for surveyors in Kentucky. Friendly Siiawanese attacked by Connolly. Traders murdered. McDomdd attacks \Vaii[)at(imica. ,Troo|is under Lewis march down Krrdiawa. Tro()])s under Lewis reach I'oiiit Pleasant, iiattle of Point Pleasant. Dunmore makes peace. Treaty '' Wataga ; purchase by Transylvania, Company. Hoonc goes lo Kentucky ami liuimls Hoonesboro'. Henderson reaches Hooneslioro". Henderson calls representatives together. Legislature adjourns. Massachusetts Council try *n prevent hostility by Ir()(iuois. Guy Johnson intliicnees Iroiiuois against Aiiu:ricans. Oneidas and Tiiscaroras adhere to America. Boone and several families move to Kentucky. Congress forms three Indian Departments. Meeting of Commissioners and Indians at Albany. Meeting of Commissioners and Imlian.s at Pittsbro'. Connolly arrested in Maryland. Purchase by Wabash Company on Wabash. X CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 177G. April 2?, An nttack on Detroit pro|)oRC(l in Conf;rpss. April I!), Washington advises tlio employment of tiic Indians. May, Indians incline to Itritish. Jiinn 3, Congress authorises the cin|)loyment ot' Indians. July 7 to 21, Indians attack Kentuckians ; settlers leave. (Jeorgc Rogers Clark moves to Kentucky. Juno (], Kentuckians petition Virginia for admisKion as citizens, and choose Clark and Jones memhers of Virginia Assembly, August 23, Clark procures j)Owder from Council of Virginia. Df Dec 2.'), Virginia adni'ts Kentucky among her counties. Clark and Jones return hy Pitts!)ro' with powder. Jones killed while going for powder to Limestone. Clark reaches Ilarrodsburg. 1777. Summer, Spring, April, May, Cornstalk murdered at Point Pleasant. Congress of Indians and British at Oswego. Kentucky infested with savages. Kentucky chooses Burgesses. Logan's station attacked. April 20 to June 22 — Clark's spies in Illinois. August, Logan crosses the mountains for powder. Colonel Bowman and 100 men come from Virginia. Sep.26&27,Fort Henry (Wheeling) attacked. .September, First Court at Ilarrodsburg, Oct. 1, Clark leaves for Virginia. Nov. 20, The attack on Detroit urged in Congress. Dec. 10, Clark opens his plan for conciucring Illinois to Governor of Virginia. 1773. January 2, February 7, March 10, June 24, June 16, May, Juno 25, July 4, July 6, Aug. 1, Aug. 1, Aug. S, September, Sept. 17, October, December, 1779. Jan. 29, January, Feb. 7, Feb. 24, April I, May, May 21, .July, July, August, September, October, Oct. 13, Oct. 30, 17S0. Feb. 19, Spring, Spring, May, May, June, Orders issued to Clark to attack Illinois. Boone taken prisoii(;r at Blue Lick. Boone carried to Detroit. Clark passes Falls of Ohio. Boone «!scapes. Mcintosh conimands at Fort Pitt. Fort Mcintosh built. New Jersey objects to land claims of Virginia. Clark takes Kaskaskia. Clark takes Cahokia. St. Vincents joins the American cause. Boone goes to attack Paint creek town. Booncsboro' besieged. Fort'L.aurens built. Clark holds council with the Indians. Treaty with Delawarcs at Pittsbro'. Virginia grants Henderson and Company 200,000 acres on Green river. Governor Hamilton takes Vinccnnes. Clark hears of capture of Vincennes. Delaware objects to land claims of Virginia. Clark starts against Hamilton. Hamilton surrenders. Hamilton is sent to Virginia. Americans suspect and attack Iroquois. Lexington Kentucky settled. Virginia passes land laws. Maryland objects to land claims of Virginia. General Sullivan devastates Iro, Oct. 17, Oct. IS, Oct. 19, Oct. 22, Decembe Decenibe Decembe 1791. Jan. 2, Feb. 4, M^irch 3, March 9, March 12 April 27, May o, May 15, May 21, May 23, July 27, August 1, S('pt. fi, Sei)t. 7. Sejit. 17, Oct. 12, October, Nov. 4, Nov. S, December 1792. January 7 January 9 h'cb. Feb. 1, March, April 3, A|iril 3, May S, ]\tay S. May 22, May 22, June June 20, July 7, Aug. 21, S(pt. 1.'), Sept.'27, Nov. (i, Nov. i>. Dicenibci 1793. CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. Xlll nt. rliami.) invasions. f- orm of years. iipany. 17S!). July, Tuly 20, f^('|itcinl)cr, Sept. 20, Oct. 6, Dec. 29, 1790. .T;iii. 1 or 2, Spring, Ai)ril, INlay, Jiilv 15, July 2(i, Sept. 15, Sept. 30, Oct. 15, Oct. 17, Oct. IS, Oct. 10, Oct. 22, Dccoinhor, Dcccnilicr, DcccnilxM', 1701. Jan. 2, Feb. 4, IVlarch 3, March 0, Marcli 12, April 27, .May - I\Iay May May July ate nations. purcliasc. 'ashington. •J, 15, 21, 23, 27, Aut,'iist 1, S(!pt. G, Sej>t. 7. Sei)t. 17. Oct. 12, ()ctol)er, Nov. 4, Nov. 8, December, 1792. January 7, January '.', h'eb. I'eb. 1, March, April :?, A|)ril 3, May S, IMay 8. Mav 22, May 22, June June 20, July 7, Aut;. 21, Sept. 1.'), Scpt.-27, Nov. (i, Nov. (I. December, 17'.t3. March 1st, April, April .'^, May 17, May 18, .May 30, We.stern scouts withdrawn by Virpinia. Ki;,'hth Kentucky Convention meets. Ooveriior .Miro f)f' New Orb-ans writes Sebastian. Conj^'ress eiii|)o\vers President tn call out western militia. President autliorises (lovernor St. Clair to cull out militia. Cicneral Harmar reaches Cincinnati with 300 troops. Ciovernor St. Clair at Ciiicinnt.ti, which name is then given it. St. Clair goes west to Kaskaskia. Ciaiiiclin sent to Wabasli Indians. Jndiaii hostilities take ])lacc. St. Clair calls out western militia. Ninth Kentucky Convention meets. Troops rrnthcr at Fort Wa dimjjton. Harmar leuves Fort Wasliin^'ton. Colonel Hardin with the advance reaches Miami villages. Main army reaches Mi;imi villages. Trotter ;;oes after Indians. Hardin's first defeat. Hardin's second defeat. Kentuckians petition Congress to fight Indians in their own way. Admission of Kentucky to l"iiitrd States brought before Congress. IMassic and others contract to settle Manchester. liig liottom settlement destroyed by Indians, Congress agree to admit Kentucky. F.xcise laid on si)irits. Scott of Kentucky authorised to march against Indians, Procter starts on his western mission. Procter reaches Butfalo creek, Procter is rel'iised a vessel to cross Lake Eric. St. Clair at Fort Washington prcji'iring his e.viiodition. Procter abandons liis mission. Scott marches up Wabash. Meeting at Brownsville ;itr,iin.st ex'cise. Wilkinson marches ;i(;uinsl Kel river Indians. Collector of Alleghany and W:islungton counties (Pcnn.) attacked. Meeting at Pittsburt'li against excise, St. Clair commfuici's his march. l''ort Jetferson commenced. Wilson maltreated in west of Pennsylvania, St. Clair's defeat. The remainder of the army at Fort Washington. Convention elected to Ibrni Constitution for Kentucky, Peace ofiered by the V. Slates to the Indians, through the ?enecas. I'ond and Stcdinan sent west. Urant invited to l'hiladel|iliin. Wilkinson sends to iield of St. Clair'a defeat. Gallipolis settled. Iroquois chii fs visit Philadelphia. Instructions issued to Trucmtin. Kentucky Constitution prepared. I'lxcise laws anieiuic'd. Cajitain Hendrick sent west. Instructions issued to Rutus I'litnaiii. Triienian haves Fort Wa.^hiogton--IIardin also. General Wayne niovis westward. Brant visits Philadelphia. V\rv lands given to sulllrirs, b}- Connecticut. Indians seize (). M. Spencer, ..S^e (ireat anti-excise meeting at PiitsburLdi. Washington issues proclamation iMi Excise law. R. Putinini tnakes a treaty at \'incennes. Adair attacked near Fort St. (!lair. (Vposiiion to c.\ci.=e law diminishes. I'nited States troops at Legionvillc, on the Ohio. Lincoln, Rnndolj)!! and Pickering, appointed to treat with Indians. Fnited States leuioii goes down to Cincinnati. (JeiU't reaches I'nited States. Comniissioners reach Niagara. Cionet is presented;tn Washington. First Democratic society in I'hiladtlphia. XIV CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 17'Xl. .Iiinp, July If), July 21, July ;(1, Aut;. Hi, Oct. 7, Oct. in, Oct. 24, Oct. 17, Nov. Dec. 2J, Dec. 2'), 17''1. Jaiiunry, Fcbruiiry, February, i^prini;, April, April, May, May, Summer, June UO, June, July k;, July 17, July e:!, July 2ti, July --.'(i, Aug. 1, Auy. 7, Aug. 8, Aug. V.\, Aug. 18, Aug. 20, Aug. 21, Sept. Sept. 11, Sepl. 2.1, Sei)t&.()ct Dec. 28, 179'). Jan. 21, Spring, May, June ir>, July, July, Aug. :!, Aug. 10, Augu.st, Sept .") or y, Oct. 27, Nov. 4, Comm'ssioners correspond with (lovcrnor Simcoc. Commissioners meet I'lrant and hold a council. (.'ommissionersnt Elliott's house, mouth of Detroit river. Commissionery mee' Indian delegates. Final'aetion of the commis.sioners and Indians. Wayne leaves Cincinnati with iiis legion. Wayne encamps at (Greenville. Wnyne ia joined by Kentuckiuns under Scott. liOwryancI i5oyd attacked. I'Vench emissaries sent west. Field of St. Clair's defeat taken possession of by Wayne's troops. Dissatisfaction in the West. Opposition to excise feebler. Whiskey riots recommence. Lord Dorchester's s^peech to Indiins. The Mingo Creek Association i'ormed. Wayne pre|)ares for hit' cami)aign. General Simcoe builds a fort on the Mauniee. Democratic society formed at Fittsburgh. Spaniards offer help to Indians. Frencli emissaries forced to leave west. Contest respecting Presiiu'isle. Indians auackcd Fort Recovery, Suits commenced against whiskey rioters. First gathering about Neville's liouse. Neville's house burnt. Meeting at Mintjo Creek. Mail robbed by fJradford. Scott, with KiOt) men, joins Wayne. Oreat gathering at liraddock's field. Washington issues proclamation against whiskey rioters Wayne near .Maumee. Wayne sends his last peace message to Indians. W^ayne builds Foil Deposit. Wayne meets and roncjuers Indians. Commissioners of government meet committee of rioters. British try to prevent Indians making peace. Vote taken upon obedience to the law in Pennsylvania. Washington calls out militia. Fort Wayne built. Indians ask for peace of Colonel Hamtramck. Indians sign preliminaries of a treaty. Prisoners are interchangetl. Connecticut prepares to sell her reserve. Council of ( Jreenville opens. The Baron de Carondelet writes Sebastian. jay's treaty formed. Treaty of (ireenville'signed. Coimcil ot Oreenville closed. Grant by Con"ress to Gallipolis settlers. Connecticut sells Western Reserve to Land company. 179t'.. 1797 179S. Pinckney concludes treaty with Spain. Dayton laid out. Chillicothe founded. M. Adet, French Minister, sends emissaries to disafTect the west to the union. Sebastian visits the southwest. Sept. Cleveland laid out and named. July, British give lip posts in northwest. August, Ditiiculiies with Spain begin. August, (ieneral Wayne died. August, First paper mill in the west. Power visits Kentucky, and writes to Sebastian. Oct. Daniel Boone moves west of Mississipjii. Oct. Occupying claimant law of Kentucky passed, W. II. Harrison appointed secretaryjof Northwest territory. Alien and sedition laws passed, ^'ullifying resolutions in Kentucky. Death abolished in Kentucky, except for murder. Dec. Representatives for Northwest territory first chosen. nii'.i; Feb. 4, February I'ebruary Sept. 24, Oct. (I, IKH). May 7, May 30, Oct. 1, Nov. ;i, Nov. :!, I'^Ol. Dec. 1"*02. January, January, April ;fO, Oct. It;, Nov. 1, Nov. 29, 1803. April, April, April, April, Oct. 21, Dec. 20, 1804. March 26, May 14, 1305. Jan. 11, June 11, June, June, June, June, 180G. July 29, Aug. Aug. 21, Sept. Nov. Dec. (), Dec. 10, Dec. 14. 26, 1307 Jan. 17, Jan. May May, 1808. June, 1809. Feb. 17, 1810. August, 1811. July, August, Oct. Nov. 7, Dec. 16, 1812. June 1, June 28, CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. XY 17',ni; Feb. 4, Rcprespntativcs of Northwest territory mccl to noiuinate caiidiJatca tor Council. February, Kentucky eonstitiition nnirntled. February Inierniil irnpruvtiniiits talked nt in Kentucky. Sept. 21, Ass*eniiilv of Noriliwe^i territory <>r|,'anizt;i at Cincinnati. Oct. (i, W. H. llarrison appointed delegate in Congress lor JN. West territory. s troops. the wc3t to K'H). May 7, May ;!0, Oct. 1, Nov. :t, Nov. 3, ISOl. Dec. lSO-2. January, January, April ;fO, Oct. 16, Nov. 1, Nov. 2'J, 1S03. Ai)ril, April, April, April, Oct. 21, Dec. 20, 1(;04. March 2f), May 14, 1805. Jan. 11, June 11, June, June, June, June, ISOG. July 29, Aug. Au-. 21, Sept. Nov. Dec. (), Dec. 10, Dec. 14. 26, 1807. Jan. 17, Jan. May May, 1308. June, 1S09. Feb. 17, 1810. August, 1811. July, August, Oct. Nov. 7, Dec. 16, 1812. June 1, June 28, Indiana territory formed. Conni'Cticiit yields jurisdiction;of her reserve to the U. States, and U. States Kivef' her paleiitd lor the soil. Treaty of St. Ildefonso. Assembly of Northwest territory meets at Cliillicothe. First missionary in Connecticut Reserve. VV. H, Harri.-on appointed Governor of Indiana territory. St Clair re-appuinted Oovernor of Northwest territory. Cincinnati, in place of Cliillicothe, a<;aiii made seat of government for Northwest territory. Thomas Worthiiiijton goes to Washington, to procure the erection of Ohio into a stale. University at Athena, Ohio, established. First Hank in Kentucky. Congress agree that Ohio may become a state. The Spanish Iiueudant forbids the use of X.Orleans by the Americans Convention meets to form a constitution for Ohio. Constitution formed. New Orleans opened to Americans again. Livingston and Munroe in France — purcliase Louisiana. Lands lociited for .Miami Fniversily. Miami F.xporting Company chartered. The Senate ratify the purchase of Louisiana. Louisiana given up to the Americans. Louisiana orcanised. Lewis and Clarke start on their expedition. Michigan territory formed. Detroit burned to the ground. IJurr visits the west. General Assembly meet in Indiana territory. Tecuinthe and the Pn^ihet begin to influence the Indians. Steps taken to make National road. Iji'.rr's letter to Wilkinson. Spaniards cross the Sabine. 15urr goes west ; is at I'lttsburg. Lewis and Clarke ri'turn from Oregon. Davies tries to arrest Burr. Sebastian found guilty by Kentucky House of Representatives Hurr's men go down the Ohio. Burr's boats and stores arrested. Burr meets his men at the mouth of the Cumberland. Burr yields to civil authority of Mississippi. Burr escapes and is seized. Burr's trial at J{ichinond. Slavery finally forbidden in Indiana. Bank of Marietta chartered. Bank of Cliillicothe chartered. Teeumtheand the Prophet remove to Tippecanoe. Illinois territory formed. Miami University chartered. Meeting of Tecunithe and Harrison at Vincennes. Tecumthegocs to the south. Harrison proposes to visit Indians. Harrison marclu^s toward Tippecanoe. First steamer (New Orleans) leaves Pittsburg. Battle of Tippecanoe. Great earthquakes begin. General Hull marches from Dayton. British at .Maiden liear of the declaration of war. XVI CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 1812, July 1, Hull sends men and goods l)y wiitcr to Detroit. July 2, Ilullliiiirs of the dcdariiliun ol' war. July 1'2, Aiucricaiis at Saiidwieli. July 17, Mackinac taken hy the Hritisii. Aug. 7, Hull retires to Deiroii. Aug. K), ISroek reaelie.s .Maiden. Auij. 11, IJrockat Saiidwicli. Auy. l(i, liroek belorc^ Detroit. Aufi. ](), Hull surrenders. Aug, l.'», Massacre ot troops near Chicago. Sept. H, Fort Harrison attacked. S |)i. 17, W. H. Harrison api)uiui, ami builds Fort Meigs. A[)ril '28, Fort Meigs besieged. May .'■), (Jeiieral Clay reaches Fort ".Vleigs ; Dudley's party lost. May y, British retmai to .Maiden. July IB, Hritish fleet prepare to attack Eric. JlllylU, Fort Stejjhenson besieged. Aug. 2, Sieiic of Fort Stcpluii-on raised. Aug. 1, I'erry'j vessels leave Krie. Sept. 10, Victory by I'erry, fin lake Eric. Sept. 27, American army at Maiden. Sept. 2'.>, American army at Sandwich. Oct. b, Battle oi the Thames. IHll. Feb. Holmes's e.xjiedition into Canada, l^'eb. J. C. Symmes died. July, Fi.\]i(;dition undt^r Croglian against Mackinac, July, Fort Shelby, at Prairie du Chieii. taken by the liritish. July 22, Treat/ with Indians at (Jreenville. Oct. i\ov. Me.Vrthur's expedition into Canada. Dec. 21, Treaty of Ghent. A'arious treaties with Indians. Ohio ta.xes the Banks. 1S,12. Frliruar' May II,' May 21, July 21, Aug. 2, Aug 27 Julj , Sept. Oct. 1S3.5. May, H36. Sept. Dec. 1S37. Sept. 1S38. 1S39. 1840. Spring, 1S42. May, 1S43. Nov. 1S44. June 27, 184.5. April, IPl.^i. 1816. 1S17. 1S18. 1S19. 1820. 1822. 1823. 182.5. 1826. 1830 1S.}1. 1S32. Pittsburgh incorporated. Colinnbus madecajiital of Ohio. Bank ot Shawneetown charteren. IHJT lo 1P44. AiiiPricaii I'iimecr, Cinriiiimti. IH)'-'. 18411. AlwaU'rV lllslury lit < iliir). (;irii'ii.nall. No ilatp. AccDiiiil (if the First I )ijr(ivcry of Florida, I.otkIoii. 17G;t. Arroiiiit of llK! Frc'iicli Scitli'iiK'nls 111 Nortli Aiiicncii. llo:Jlon. ITIO. ArcouMl to 17g-4, Loniloii. riililirfhrd from year to yi'ur : with an intro diii'lory viiliiiiii'.yiviiii! inailcr previuiis to 177,). ^\iniriraii Kcmciiiliraiiccr, iiWiiit" matlor in rclalion lo JayV trraly, 17'.»j. 3 Vols, riiiladclplii.^ 17'.).). ArniMlroiis's Notirri" of llie War of 1^12. 2 vols. N'cw York. J8il). AIIch'h Anieriiaii Ilio^raptiiral Dirlioiiary. llottoii. Iri:i2. IJaiirroflV IlHory Uiilled SlalM Itodtoii, lP:t4 tn 181(1. Ituller's Kfiiitiirky. Second edilioii. Ciiiciiiiiali, Iti'M. lirown'ri History of llliiioifl. Ni'w York. 1811. ltuiler'8 History of Kciiliicky. t'iiiriiiiiali. ld3G. JJiirk's History ol Virginia. Homiuet's Kx(irdilioii, 17lil. London, 1700. liarlie Marhois' llisiory of Louisiana. Translation. riiil«ilol|iliia. 1330 IlrarkonridKo's Indilenls of ilio Wliiskfy Insiirrcrliciii. I'hiladelpliia. voliiine in three parts, nafh paLied asi, and railed, a siparale volume. from July to Septeiiili(!r, 1791. Vol. II.lliosu which followed. Vol. There is also an appendix. Urief Stale of the Province of Pennsylvania : in which the conduct of the .\sscinhly is cxaminal London, 17.")5. Answer to the aliovc. Ijondon. 17.')."). Uriel View of the conduct of I'i'iinsylvania in 17.").'). I,ondon. 175C. Hrown's Views of the t.'ainpaiL'n of ilie Northwest Army. Troy, .\. Y. 1814. Rrown's History ol the Second War of Independence, liuone's Advenlnrea. N. Y. 1H44. llecrher's Account of Alton Hints. Alton. 1838. IJIackhawk's Account of HiinijClf. (^iiirinnali. 1833 liutler'H West(!rn t'hronoloL'V. Frankfort, Ky. 1837. liurtjesb'yVccuunt of Perry's Viclory, with strictures on tiie conduct of Captain Elliott. Uoslon. 18M n'r).— N. It. This is on. Vol. I. fives the incideni- III. those which preceded 1780— \cw York. 1P38. (Said to he hy Dr. Miichell.) [\. U.. London This yives his secret Instructions. 1757. Charlevoix's New France. Paris. 1744. 1774. '■ Journal. " " <' (.arvcr's Travels. London. I7H0. — Philadelphia. Contest in America lictween Eiijiland and France. Colden's History of the Iroquois. London. 17.55. Correspnndence of (leiict, &c. Philadelphia. 17'.)3, Coxe's Description of Carolaiia. London. I72J. (Carey's American Museum, &e. Philadelphia. 1789, &c. ('incinnati Directory. 1819. <^ist's (;:iiiciiinatl. Cinciiinaii. 1P41. Cist's Cincinnati Miscellany. 2 Vols. 1844. 184.^. Chase's Law.s. 3 Vols. Cincinnati. 183.>. " Pkelch of History of Ohio. Cincinnati. 1833. Campbell's Remains. Columhun. 1638. Drake's Indian Captivities. lioston. 1839. Iloddridpe's Notes. Wellshurch, Va. 18J4. Dillon's History of Indiana. Vol.1. Indianapolis. 1843. Drake's Picture of Cincinnati. Cincinnati. 1815. Drake's Life of Tecumseh. Cincinnati. 18)1. Drake's Life of lilackhawk. (^'incinnati. 184ii. Dallilia's Narrative of the Hatile of lirownslown, Auinst 9, 1812. New York. ISIO. Davis's Memoirs of liurr. 2 Vols. New York. 1837. Dawson's Life of Harrison. Cincinnati. 1824. Expedition of liraddork; lieins extracts of letters from an officer. London. 17,'i.'). Enipiiry into causes of the .Vlienaiion of the Delaware and SliawaUvSC Indians t'rom the British in terest. Taken from Puhlic Documciiis. London. 17J9. r.lllcott's Journa Kxcriilive Journ Filson's Accoiin I'liidley's HiMlorv Kilson's Accoiiij Letters of a PI riiiil's llecollccti j-'liiit'i* Ceoi,'rapli (Jililn' Memoirs ( (ireeiie's Fuels n Hennepin's Loiii " New Hall's .'^ketches oi Holmes Annals. MhII'ij Htalisticri o lliitoirc (H-nernI llarri.«on'H Aihlre lleckewelder's .\; lluM's Trial. 11, lliiH's Memoirs. liiiH's Defence. Historical He^risli History of Louisi Historical Collecij Uiitchins' (;eoi;ra|i ' llisloric, History of the coi Mall's Meiiiiijr of | Hunt's llisiorv of Hesperian. ('|'eri( Hall's Wilderness Independent Chro linlay's Topoi>raii viiliinie iu Lond craphy ; Filson's llslied in v> vols, i Indian 'J'reatics fro Jeirerson's Memoir " Notes 01 J'lurnal of the Fedu KerchevnI's Valley i\«nliicky Resohitio Killioiirn's Ca/.eltet La Salle, P[iark«' L Land Laws oi'L'nii Leitres Edifiantes.* I anman's His'ory c Letter to a Friend, Letters from an An French. 3 Vols, do. of lliij Heaver eyes. A I'ourth v I.oskiel'.s History of Land LawsaHelliii) Latrohe's Ramhler i Laws of .Missouri. " Indiana, rei " Ohio, Law's Historical At Marquette's Journal .Mar(iiielte, Life of h Marshall's History o McClunij's Western Morehead's Address, .Mcmoires Historiijne .Massachiisetis Hislo ■Mante's History oft .''linutes of Hie Treat •Vac Afee's History o * Since this work NVw York, in a coii| William Inuraliam h t .«iiice this work v li«< reached lis, in wl Tlie atleiiijit is, liowe I'J-7, after La Salle' Mississippi. Mr. lin LIST OF BOOKS. \1X r.llli'otl'B Jmirnal. kf. riiiladclpliift, IPOn. Eicriillvu JuuriialH of tlic Seiiftlo. 'J Vols. VVaxhinijton, 1828 Kilwm'H Arrount of Kmliirky. London. 17!)n. riiiillpy'H IliHiory of llic WhiHkPV liiKurrerliini. t'liilndeliil Fjlu'iii's Acroiiiit (if Kchlufky In Froiich. I'lirm. I'n.'!. I f.llpru t\f A IMniitnr 1 ihl«. l''X< Li'tlern of A I'laiilfir.] '^ Ucrdllcclioiis ol Lasl 'IVii Voars in MiBHissi|i;ii Valley. IJoaloti. 18JC [V. It.— TliU l8 a P.S. to UrcvccQiur'* 2 void. N. V. i?ii;. ai Fort Jolmso i>r : witli an iniro lis. l'biladelplii.i II. This is nm ires the incideni' which preccdti! intily irf ciaminc. Holmes Aniialn. 'J Vols. Carnliriili;a'.'e, whoreas it appeared in 1081. the year licfore La Salle reached thn Mis.si.ssippi. Mr. Bradford had never seen tlic orij/inal edition of Thevenot. See his " Notes," p. G8 Im the Brltieh m XX LIST OF DODKS. Mrm<)lrn(in ili( l.axt Wnr 111 Niirili Anicrlrn. :i VuIk. Yvcnlon. 1791. [V. II.— ThU work U In I'kmicIi. The Scidhi ii* Ihto wnllMi H()iiliiiiic).| MliiiiKH ottln; I'roviiiclftl Council (if I'fiiiisylvuiiln. I'liMl^icil by llic Piatr. .1 voIh. FlnrrlnMUf Ih;ih mill iHiii. Mnr-li,iMV l.jd' nrWa-lilimton. .1 VoIh. riilln(lcl|ilila. IPdl ami 1H07. MnrliiiV IIMiirv ol l.uiil^iaiia. U Vol". Now t./rli'uns. |h'."J. ftlclioiMlilH Ski If III':", t'liiiliiiiali. |i-;iH. Mrollft'H Ui'iiorl to lli(> HHiintc WiikIiIiirIoii. Ifl3. Norlli AiiiiTiran Kt'vlcw. Ilosliin. Nrw \ iirk IliHtiirlraK'ollcrllon^. ;i VoIh. Nuw York. Nilos' VVirlJy Ui'i^iaicr. Ilaliliiiuro. IHll. 18H. l&i\. Olwrrvniloiis on llic Norlli .AiiiPrican I. anil (,'< ■. ..,,„. rroiiil'!< IJIslorv of l'>UiUis. i\cw Haven. if-Jrt. VVOBll Revised PiftluicB of Virijinia. Ilirliiiiond. 1H19. Ufporiof ilii' (.oiiiiiiillct; lo iiuiuiif iiiio ilic conduit of Ocncral Williinnon, Fcliniary, 1811. Ington, IHll. ^ , , , . Ut-vifw of iliu Military Opcraiioiis in Nurili Aiiiuriia, from 1713 to 1.00. By fiovernor LlviiiBSton of New Jersey. Loud ii. 17,'i7. Uaiiit^ay's History of llie War from 17,">,') 10 1703. IMIiiliiir(;li. 177!l, Relations du la Lonisiaiie, &c. •-' Volf>. Amstprdam. 172", N. ll.-A'ol. second contains tlif dociiineiils relative to Law's .MiSfissippi Cumpuiiy. Rou'ers' JiinriialH. London. ITIi.i. Ueiiwiclion tlie Ste.'in Kiiyinc. New York. 1839. Silliinnn's Journal. Vol.31. New Haven. I8;)7. Bpuika' VVa!(liiiii;ton. ]-i VjIs. Itoston. 1837. " Franklin. 10 Vol, lloston, IHIO. " Lite of Morris. Ilosliin. l»3iJ. Ftuart's Memoirs ol Indian Wars. Htoiie's Life liraiiilt, 'J Vols. New York. 1838. Pmolletl's History of KnijUiiid. tiloddard's .'^keti-iies of Louisiana. I'liiladelplila. 1812. Set of I'iaiis and I'orts in Noilli Anieriia, rediired from actual survey. 1703. Proliably pulilislied a; l^ondon. _., Ptale of lliitisli and I'reicli Colonies in \ortli America. In two lellers to a friend. London, lu.) St. Clair's Narrative of (lis cain|ia'!.'n. I'liiladelpliia. IHI'2. Suiyth's 'i'ravels ill Aimrica. ;t Vols. London. I7.-'I. See p. 13,j of this volume. [N. B.— T-y man C. Hraper, of lialiimore, wlio has tested l)r, Smj IIi'h work liy original doiunieiits in his p()KSC:=- gioii, pioMiiiiiH'es ii lull of 1,'iitire lalsehoods ; not mere e-\uyeratiuiis, but sliam' !e;.s lies, — Main: script letter to Ciiiciiinali Historiial ."Society. J Secret Joiiriuils of Congress. I Vols, lloston. 1820. Stipp's Miscellany. Xenia.Oliio, 1827. Stale of the case relative to rmled .^late.s Hank in Olilo. Cincinnati. 1823. Ttiutclii'r's Lives of llie Indians. 2 vols. \. V. 18;'2. Transactions of .American .\iitiipiari,An Society. Worcester, Mass. 1820. Tonti's Account of La Salle's II scoveries, I'aris I0~7, [."^jiurious.] Todd ii Diake's Lil'i! of Harrisuii. ('iiiiiiinati. 1810. 'I'ravels in North America in 17il", '110 anil 'i)7, hy Isaac Weld. 2 Vols, London. 1799. Travels in Louisiana, liy lio.ssn. Translated hy J. R. I'orster. London. 1771. Transactions of Oliiu Historical Society, containing liurnet's J^etttrs. Cincinnati. 1839. Universal Modern History. London. 1763. United Stales na/etle, edited hy John Toiino. Pulilished at Xew York from April 15, 1769 to Nov cmlier, 3, IT'JU ; then transferred to I'liiladelpliia. It was Federal. Voliiey's View of the Climate and Soil of tlie United States. London. 1804. View of the Title lo Indiana, a tract of country on Hie river Oliio. IMiiladelpliia. 1770. [N. B.- See pa^e Ui7 of lliis volume. This contains ttic treaty of Fort Stanwi-x of 1708.] Voyages, &c. relative lo tlie l)iscovi;ry of America. I'aris. 18'11. Whittlesey's Discourse on Lord Duiiinore's Kxpedition. Cleveland. 1842. " Life of Filch. (In American Biography, New Series, vi.) lloston Withers' Cliioniclis of liorJcr Warfare. Clarkshiirgh, Va. 1821. Western Moiilhly Magazine. Cincinnali. I8;i2, &.c. Periodical. WashingUin's Journal. I'uliiislied at Williamsluirgii, Va. Kepulilislied London, K.'S-I, with a map [N. I!.— Oil this map tlie Srio'o is called " Sikoder," and lake Krie ■' l>ri or Ukswego," This la^ name is also given l.ike Frie o;i llie iii.ip to Culdcu's history of llie Iroipiois. London, ]7,')j. U: the Cuiiilierlaiid is marked " Walker's Settlement, 1730.'' Sec page 111 and nolu of tliis volume ] VVelniore's Missouri Gazetteer. St. Louis. li^'.\~. Wilkinson's Memoirs. 3 Vols. I'liiladelpliia. 18IC. Western Messenger. Periodical. Ciucinnati. Western Garland. Periodical. Cincinnati. sr I.v the which is rado of C tincnt, nc'u a.s because shore, naiii ltd to uiidi hope, com oiuUess stoi that was su which poss drank of, oj he was mac circumstanc lie went onl In the 1] Diego Aliru Leon, and .siderable qi spread abrc Ten ycai undertook t( Gulf of Me years, had excited to a of Montezui constantly \ those living: o ' I'asctia, the day of Flowers,' 1 TliU work U In IH. Ilnrtlnlxirt' n. 1S'J3. SPANISH AND FRENCH DISCOVERIES. ■09. li. Hy Ucnjniiiir. London. H'O ry, 1811. Wosli Grnor I.lviniiston, Dtiil containH t!if lalily piililislipJ a; London. n,')J [S. B.-T.y lis ill liiH p(is^se>- (■:,s lies.— .Main; 1799. 1^1. 16;>9. 15, 1769 to Nov 177C. [\. B.- ''>-t, with a mar veKD." This lu; jiulon, 1733. u: of lliia volume j In the year 1512, on Eix.stcr Sunday, llie Spani.sh name for which i.s Pascua Florichi;* Juan Ponce de Leon, an old com- rade of Cohimbu.s, discovered the coast of the Anu-ricaji con- tinent, near St. Augustine; and, in honor of the day, as Nvell as because of the bh)ssoms which covered the trees along the .shore, named the new-found country Fk)rida. Juan liad been led to undertake the discovery of strange lands, partly by the hope, common to all his countrymen at that time, of finding endless stores of gold, and partly by the wish to reach a fountain that was said to exist, deep within the forests of North America, which possessed the power of renovating the life of Ihose who drank of, or bathed in, its waters. In return for his discovery he was made Governor of the region he had visited, but various circumstances prevented his return thither until 1521, and then he went only to meet with death at the hands of the Indians. In the mean time, in 1516, a roving Spanish sea captain, Diego Miruelo, had visited the coast first reached by Ponce de Leon, and in his barters with the natives had received con- siderable quantities of gold, with which he returned home, and spread abroad new stories of the wealth hidden in tiie interior. Ten years, however, passed before Pamphilo de Narvaez iuidcrtook to prosecute the examination of the lands north of the Gulf of Mexico ; the shores of which, during the intervening years, had been visited and roughly surveyed. Narvaez was excited to action by the late astonishing success of the conqueror of Montezuma, but he found the gold lor which he sought, ily constantly before him ; each tribe of Indians referred him to those living still farther in the interior, and from tribe to tribe ' I'ascua, the old English " Pasch" or Passover j "Pascua Florida" is the •'•IIoJ^- day of Flowers." i Dc Soto in Florida. 1510. he niul his cotupatiions waiidcicd, wt-ary ntul disappointed, during six iiioiiths; then, having reached the shore afraiii, naked and I'aniishj'd, they tried to refrain the Spanish r()h)nies; hut ol three hiuuhed only lour or five at h'ngth reaehed Mexico. And still these disappointed wanderers persisted in their orif^inal I'ancy tiiat l''lori(hi* was as wealliiy as Mexico or Pecii ; and alter all their wanderings and simerin^s so told the world. f Auionj; those to whoui this report came, was Ferdinand de Soto, who had heen wiUi Pizarro in the conquest of Peru, and who longed lor an opportunity to make hinisellas rich and notetl as the other great Captains ol' the day. lie asked leave of the Kini; of Spain to concjuer Florida at ids own cost. It was given in 1538; with a brilliant and noble band of followers, he left Europe; and in May 1531), after a stay in Cuba, anchored his vessels near the coast of llie Peninsula of Florida, in the bay of S[)iritu Santo, or 'I'ampa bay.| Do Soto entered upon his march into the interior with a deter- mination to succetid. lie had brought with him all things that it was supposed could be neeilful, and that none might be tempted to turn back, he sent away his vessels. From June till November, of 153'J, the Spaniards toiled along until they reached the neighborhood of Appalachee bay, finding no gold, no foun- tain of youth. During the next season, 1540, they followed tiie course suggested I " the Florida Indians, who wished them out of their country, and going to the north east, crossed the rivers and climbed the mountains of Georgia. De Soto was a stern, severe man, and none dared to murmur. Still finding no cities of boundless wealth, they turned westward, towards the waters • Hy Florida the Spaniards of early times meant at least all of North America south of the fircat Lakes. t For facta in relation to Florida sec Baiicrofl's Hist. U. S., Vol. I. ] The ()rigiii;d luithorities in rthition to Dc Sdto, ar? an anonymous Portuguese writer, a gentleman of F.lvas, wlio claims to have been an eye-witness of what he relates ; and Luis Hernandez de Biednia, who was also with the expedition, and presented his account to the Spanish king in lull. W'e have also a letter lioni De Soto, to the authorities of the city of Santiago, in Cuba, dated July 9, 1539. These authorities in the main agree, though the ]'ortuguese account is much the fullest, and the Governor's letter of course relates but few events. The I'ortugucse narrative was published in 1557 ; llakluyt gave it in English in 1G09, and it was again published in London in 16S6; a French transl.iiinn ajipeared in Paris in 1GS5. Its erediliility is questioned. See Sparks in Hutlcr's Kentucky, 2d Ed. 498; also, liancrofl's U. S.I ; 66. note. The account by Uiedma and De Soto's letter are in a work published in Paris, called " Voy- Qf^cs, Ixihtlii'its, li Jftmoiira origittau.r pour nrrvir a I'liixtoiri' dc la dtronvcrtc ih: PAmeriqite." One volume of this collection relates to Florida, and appeared in 1S41. We have epitomised the account as given by Bancroft in his first volume. 154-2. of the I\ catne to of the Terward, Inucz, in lite men orthwest. id James in 1670, !, note : see s Cincinnati 1673. Marquette leaves Green Buy. Nicholas Perrot, as agent for Talon, the intcndant of Cinada, explored lake Michigan as far as Chicago; in 1671 formal pos- session was taken of the Northwest by French officers in the presence of Indians assembled from every part of the surround- ing region, and in the same year Marquette gathered a little flock of listeners, at Point St. Ignatius, on the main land north of the island of Mackinac* During the three years which this most excellent man had now spent in that country, the idea of explor- ing the lands yet farther towards the setting sun, had been grow- ing more and more definite in his mind. He had heard, as all had, of the great river of the West, and fancied upon its fertile banks, — not mighty cities, mines of gold, or fountains of youth — but whole tribes of God's children to whom the sound of the Gosjjul had never come. Filled with the wish to go and preach to them he obeyed with joy the orders of Talon, the wise inten- dant of Canada, to lead a party into the unknown distance ; and having received, as companions on behalf of the government, a Monsieur Joliet, of Quebec, together with five boatmen, in the spring of 1673, he prepared to go forth in search of the much talked of stream. t Upon the 13th of May, 1673, this little band of seven left Michillimacinac in two bark canoes, with a small store of Indian corn and jerked meat, bound they knew not whither. The first nation they visited, one with which our reverend Father had been long acquainted, being told of their venturous plan, begged them to desist. There were Indians, they said, on that great river, who would cut off their heads without the least cause ; warriors who would seize them ; monsters who would swallow them, canoes and all ; even a demon, who shut the way, and buried in the waters that boiled about him, all who dared draw nigh; and, if these dangers were passed, there were heats there that would infiillibly kill them. "I thanked them for the?, good advice," says Marquette, "but I told them that I could not follow it ; since the salvation of souls w^as at stake, for which I should be overjoyed to give my life." Passing through Green Bay, from the mud of which, says our voyager, rise " mischievous vapors, that cause the most grand • This was the first town of Michillimacinac. The post and station north of the Strait were afterward destroyed, and others with the same name, St. Ignatius, l)uilt on the southern shore, at the extremity of the peninsula of Michigan — Charhvoix^s Journal. I For the above dates, &c., see Hancroft's U. S., Vol. III. 6 Marquette reaches the Mississippi. 1613. 1673. and perpetual thunders that I have ever heard," they entered Fox river, and toilhig over stones which cut tlieir feet, as tliey dragged their canoes through its strong rapids, reached a village where lived in union the Miamis, Mascoutens,| and " Kikabeux" (Kickapoos.) Here Allouez had preached, and behold! in the midst of the town, a cross, (unc hdle croix,) on which hung skins, and belts, and bows, and arrows, which "these good people had offered to tlie great Manitou, to thank him because he had taken pity on them durijig the winter, and had given them an abundant chase." Beyond this point no Frenchman had gone ; here was the bound of discovery; and much did the savages wonder at the hardihood of these seven men, who, alone, in two bark canoes, were thus fearlessly passing into unknown dangers. On the 10th of June, they left this wondering and well-wish- ing crowd, and, with two guides to lead them through the lakes and marshes of that region, started for the river, which, .as they heard, rose but about three leagues distant, and fell into the Mississip])i. Without ill-luck these guides conducted them to the portage, and helped diem carry their canoes across it; then, returning, left them " alone amid that unknown country, in the hand of God." With prayers to the mother of Jesus they strengthened their souls, and committed themselves, in all hope, to the current of the westward-dowing river, the " jMescousin " (Wisconsin;) a sand-barred stream, hard to navigate, but full of islands covered with vines, and bordered by meadows, and groves, and pleasant slopes. Down this they floated until, upon the 17th of June, they entered the Mississippi, " with a joy," says Marquette, "that I cannot express." Quietly floadng down the great river, they remarked the deer, the buffaloes, the swans, — "wingless, for they lose their feathers in that country," — the great fish, one of which had nearly knocked their canoe into atoms, and other creatures of a'r, earth, and water, but no men. At last, however, upon the 21st of June, they discovered, upon the western bank of the river, the foot-prints of some fellow mortals, and a little path leading into a pleasant meadow. Leaving the canoes in charge of their followers, Joliet and Father Marquette boldly advanced upon J In Cliarlevoix's time these occupied the country from the lihnois to the Fox river, and from Lake Micliigan to the Mississippi. — See his Map. this path wore th( which, nigh as ence kno embassy and told voyagers them as much coi given to was of h( the Frenc hufTalo. with gren spent the returned The Illino remarkabh what efTen Leavinc which wer heard on mouth of t of which "Through California, upon certa Pekitanoni from its m stream run Sea. "If despair of Missouri, 1 them, whic came to tl * A (log fcas Expeditions of the meat is sor Historical Soci Txatiiral Histor + The grand 1C73. 1673. Marquette renchea Jirkansas. :y entered it, as they i a village akabuux" ehokl! in on which h "these hank him , and had was the ler at the k canoes, ,vell-\vish- the lakes 1, Ji.s they into the i them to it; then, ry, in the ned their urrent of 3nsin ; ) a i covered pleasant of June, arquette, the deer, feathers d nearly V, earth, 21st of ■iver, the ling into of their ed upon l'"ox river, tliis ])ath toward, as thoy supjioscd, an Indian village. Nor wore they mistaken; for they soon came to x little town, to which, recommending themselves to God's care, they went so nigh ns to hear the savages talking. Having made their pres- ence known by a loud cry, they were graciously received by an embassy of four old men, who presented them the pipe of peace, and told them, that this was a village of the "Illinois," The voyagers were then conducted into the town, where all received them as friends, and treated them to a great smoking. After much complimenting and present-making, a grand feast was given to the Europeans, consisting of four courses. The first was of hominy, the second of fish, the third of a dog,* which the Frenchmen declined, and the whole concluded with roast bufl^alo. After the feast they were marched through the town with great ceremony and much speech-making; and, having spent the night, pleasantly and quietly, amid the Indians, they returned to their canoes with an escort of six hundred people. The Illinois, Marquette, like all the early travellers, describes as remarkably handsome, well-maimered, and kindly, even some- what effeminate. Leaving the Illinois, the adventurers passed the rocks upon which were painted those monsters of whose existence they had heard on Lake Michigan, and soon found themselves at the mouth of the Pekitanoni, or Missouri of our day; the character of which is w^ell described; muddy, rushing, and noisv — "Through this," says Marquette, "I hope to reach the Gulf of California, and thence the East Indies." This hope was based upon certain rumors among the natives, which represented the Pekitanoni as passing by a meadow, five or six days' journey from its mouth, on the opposite side of which meadow was a stream running westward, which led, beyond doubt, to the South Sea. "If God give me health," says our Jesuit, "I do not despair of one day making the diseovery." Leaving the Missouri, they passed the demon, that had been portrayed to them, which was indeed a dangerous rock in the river,f and came to the Ouabouskigou, or Ohio, a stream which makes but * A dog feast is still a feast of honor among the savages. Sec Fremont's Report of Expoditions of 1S42, '43, and "li, printed at Washington, 1S4.5; p. 42. Fremont says the meat is somewhat like mutton. See, also, Dr. Jarvis's discourse before the N. York Historical Society in 1819, note R.j Lewis and Clark's Journal, II. 165; Godman's Natural History, I. 254. t The grand Tower. 8 Marquette returns. 1675. 1674. a small figure in Father Marquette's map, being but a trifling water-course compared to the Illinois. From the Ohio, our voyagers passed with safety, except from the niusquitoes, into the neighborhood of the "Akamscas," or Arkansas. Here they were attacked by a crowd of warriors, and had nearly lost their lives; but Marquette resolutely presented the peace-pipe, and some of the old men of the attacking party were softened, and saved them from harm. " God touched their hearts," says the pious narrator. The next day the Frenchmen went on to "Akamsca," where they were received most kindly, and feasted on corn and dog till they could eat no more. These Indians cooked in and eat from earthen ware, and were amiable and unceremonious, each man helping himself from the dish and passing it to his neighbor. From this point Joliet and our writer determined to return to the North, as dangers increased towards the sea, and no doubt could exist as to the point where the Mississippi emptied, to ascertain which point was the great object of their expedition. Accordingly, on the ^ .'th of July, our voyagers left Akamsca ; retraced their path with much labor, to the Illinois, through which they soon reached the Lake; and "nowhere," says Marquette, "did we see such grounds, meadows, woods, stags, bufTaloes, deer, wildcats, bustards, swans, ducks, parroquets, and even beavers," as on the Illinois river. In Sept(-mber the party, without loss or injury, reached Green Bay, and reported their discovery ; one of the most important of that age, but of which we have now no record left except the brief narrative of Marquette, Joliet, (as we learn from an abstract of his account, given in Hennepin's second volume, London, 1698,) having lost all his papers while returning to Quebec, by the upsetting of his canoe. Marquette's unpretending account, we have in a collection of voyages by Thevenot, printed in Paris in 1681.* Its general correctness is unquestionable; and, as no European had claimed to have made any such discovery at the time this volume was published, but the persons therein named, we may consider the account as genuine. Afterwards Marquette returned to the Illinois, by their request, * This work is now very rare, but Marquette's Journal has been republished l)y Mr. Sparks, at least in substance, in Butler's Kentucky, '2d Ed. -192; and in the American Biography, 1st series, Vol. X. A copy of the map by Manjuette, is also given by Mr. Bancroft, Vol. III. We have followed the original in Thevcnot, a copy of wliich is ia Harvard Library. and minisi J ear, as h proj)ose(i insula, an[ went a liltl time passel had said si went to se| praying, In mouth of body was have been grave in j years after' the most t cross the Marquette. While tl labors of k and each c perfect the Joliet. Th La Salle we learn J lost, by SO! stirring ant tune among about the y of those ag his daily b expedition Pacific, wh the hot mir * Charlevoix' spells the nanu chasipi ; " oth( all the Indian " Outtoauets," nations. Our which is writt isi'awa," and always called I t Charlevoix 1675. 1674. La Salle rebuilds Fort Fronfenac. litOO! IIli a trifling Ohio, our , into ^^jre they Y hjst their -pipe, and lened, and " says the a," where nd dog till d eat from , each man ghbor. ) return to no doubt imptied, to .'xpedition. Akamsca ; s, through .n-e," says ods, stags, )arroquets, led Green lortant of xcept the n abstract London, uebec, by account, inted in and, discovery s therein A request. ihcd by Mr. le American ivcn by Mr. ' wluch is ia and ministered to them until 1675. On the i3th of May, in that jear, as he was passing with his boatmen up Lake Michigan, he pro])osed to land at the mouth of a strwira running from the pen- insula, and perform mass. Leaving his nu'U with the canoe, he went a little way apart to pray, they waiting for him. As much time passed; and he did not return, they cidled lo mind that he had said something of his death being at hand, and anxiously went to seek him. 'I'hey found him dead ; where he had been praying, he had died. The canoe-men dug a grave near the mouth of the stream, and buried him in the sand. Here his body was liable to be exposed by a rise of water; and would have been so, had not the river retired, and left the missionary's grave in peace. Charlevoix, who visited the spot some fitly years afterward, found that the waters had forced a passage at the most difficult point, had cut through a bluff, ratlier than cross the lowland where that gi-ave was. The river is called Marcjuette.* While the simple-hearted and true Marquette was pursuing his labors of love in the West, two men, differing widely from him, and each other, were preparing to follow^ in his footsteps, and perfect the discoveries so well begun by him and the Sieur Joliet. These were Robert de la Salle and Louis Hennepin. La Salle was a native of Normandy, and was brought up, as we learn from Charlevoix,! among the Jesuits ; but, having lost, by some unknown cause, his patrimony, and being of a stirring and energetic disposition, he left his home to seek for- tune among the cold and dark regions of Canada. This was about the year 1670. Here he mused long upon the pet project of those ages, a short-cut to China and the East; and, gaining his daily bread, we know not how, — was busily planning an expedition up the great lakes, and so across the continent to the Pacific, when Marquette returned from the Mississippi. At once the hot mind of La Salle received from his and his companion's •Charlevoix's Letters, Vol. II, p. 96. Niw Franco, Vol. VI. p. 20. Marquette spells the name of the great western river, •' Mississipy ; " HiMinepin made it "Mcs- chasipi;" others have written " Meschasabc." &c. &c. There is great confusion in all the Indian oral names; we have " Kikabeaux," " Kikapous," " Quicapous ; " " Outtoauets," "Outnovas;" " Miamis," "Oumamis;" and so of nearly all the nations. Our "Sioux," Charlevoix tells us, is the last syllable of " Nadouessioux," which is written, by Hennepin, " Nadoussion" and "Nadouessious," in his ''Lou- isiana,^' and " Nadouessans," in his " Nouvtlle Decouverte-" The Shawanesc are always called the "Chouanons." t Charlevoix's New France, Paris edition of 1744, Vol. II. p. 2G3. 10 La Sulla goes to France. 1678. 1678. narrations, the idea, that, hy followinc; the Great River north- ward, or by turninf^ up souie of the streams which joined it from tlie westward, liis aim might be certainly and easily gained. Instantly he went towards his object. lie applied to Frontenac, tlien governor-general of Canada, laid before him an outline of his views, dim but gigantic, and, as a first step, proposed to rebuild of stone, and with improved fortifications. Fort Frontenac upon Lake Ontario, a post to which he knew the governor felt all the affection due to a namesake. Frontenac entered warmly into his views. He saw, lliat, in La Salle's suggestion, which was to connect Canada with the Gulf of Mexico by a chain of forts upon the vast navigable lakes and rivers which bind that country so wonderfully together, lay the germ of a plan, which might give unmeasured power to France, and unequalled glory to himself, under whose administnition he fondly hoped all would be realized. He advised La Salle, therefore, to go to the King of France, to make known his project, and ask for the royal patronage and protection; and, to forward his suit, gave him letters to the great Colbert, minister of finance and marine. With a breast full of hope and bright dreams, in 1675, the penniless adventurer sought his monarch ; his plan was approved by the minister, to whom he presented Frontenac's letter ; La Salle was made a Chevalier; was invested with the seignory of Fort Catarocouy or Frontenac, upon condition he would rebuild it; and received from all the first noblemen and princes, assu- rances of their good-will and aid. Returning to Canada he labored diligently at his fort till the close of 1677, when he again sailed for France with news of his progress. Colbert and his son, Seignelay, now minister of marine, once more received him with favor, and, at their instance, the King granted new letters patent with new privileges. His mission having sped so well, on the 14th of July, 1678, La Salle, with his lieutenant, Tonti, an Italian, and thirty men, sailed again from Rochelle for Quebec, wheie they arrived on the 15th of September; and, after a few days' stay, proceeded to Fort Frontenac* Here was quietly working, though in no quiet spirit, the rival and co-laborer of La Salle, Louis Hennepin, a Franciscan friar, of the Recollet variety; a man fidl of ambition to be a great discoverer; daring, hardy, energetic, vain, and self-exaggerating, * Charlevoix's iVtu> France, 1744, Vol. II. p. 264, 266, Sparks' life of La Salic. American Biography, new series, 1. 10 to 15. almost to his own h jurkcd bei their yarn seem, by t returned extent, pn bolder tra\ his religio about to st was in re; probably. The Ch( the minds i soften their pick up pe the 18th ol vessel of tc chroniclers, sea. The were passes and Niagar: Falls as wr zines Avith ( that they c( •Ilcnnopiii'.s France, Vol. II in the early tra\ Lake Ontario Lake Erie, w; they lived whcf it was also Lak( Lake Huron, Orleans. L;ike Michiga or Illinouacks : It ' ' Lake Supcrio: Lake of Conde. Green Bay, w Illinois river, and the Mississi River St. Louis. Giiio river wa: Missouri rive is called Yellow 1678. 1678. La Salle at JViagnra. 11 vcr north- led it from ly gjilnctl. Frontonac, I outline of roposed to Frontcnac vcrnor felt ed warmly ion, which a chain of I bind that Ian, which illcd f^lory I all would ) the King [• the royal gave him u'ine. 1675, the s approved letter; La eignory of dd rebuild nces, assu- anada he he again and his eived him ew letters so well, int, Tonti, )r Quebec, iler a few the rival scan friar, 3e a great ■rgerating, of La Sajlc. almost to madn(;ss; and, it is ft-arcd, more anxious to advance his own holy and uniioly ends than the tr\ith. He had in Europe lurked behind doors, he telN us, that he might hear sailors si)in tlu'ir yarns touching foreign lands; and he profited, it would seem, by their instructions. lie came to Canada when La Salle returned from his first visit to the court, and had, to a certain extent, prepared himself, ijy journeying among the Iroquois, for bolder travels into tlu; wilderness. Having been appointed by his religious superiors to accompany the expedition which was about to start for the extreme West, under La Salle, Hennepin was in readiness for liim at Fort Frontenac, where he arrived, probably, some time in October, 1678.* The Chevalier's first step was to send forward men to prepare the minds of the Indians along the lakes for his coming, and to soften their hearts by well-chosen gifts and words; and also, to pick up peltries, beaver skins, and other valuables; and, upon tlu! 18lh of November, 1678, he himself embarked in a little vessel of ten tons, to cross Lake Ontario. This, says one of his chroniclers, was the first ship that sailed upon that fresh water sea. The wind was strong and contrary, and four weeks nearly were passed in beating up the little distance between Kingston and Niagara. Having forced their brigantine as far towards the Falls as was possible, our travellers landed ; built some maga- zines with difficulty, for at times the ground was frozen so hard that they could drive their stakes, or posts, into it only by first * Ileiinppiii's iVf JO Discover;/, Utrecht edition of 1697, p. 70. — Charlevoix's New France, Vol. II. pp. 266. We give the names of the lakes and rivers as they appear in the early travels. Lake Ontario was also Lake Frontenac. Lake Erie, was Erike, Erige, or Erie, from a nation of Erics destroyed by the Iroquois ; thoy lived where the State of Ohio now is (Charlevoix's Nno France, Vol. II. p. 62 ;) it was also Lake of Conti. Lake Huron, was Karegnondi in early times {3/f2;) of 1G5G ;) and also, Lake of Orleans. Lake Michigan, was Lake of Puans {ISL-p of 16r)6 ;) also, of the Illinois, or lUinese, or Illinouacks ; also Lake Mischigonong, and Lake of the Dauphin. Lake Superior was Lake Supcrieur, meaning the Upper, not the Larger Lake — also. Lake of Conde. Green Bay, was Baic des Puans. Illinois river, in Hennepin's Louisia/ia, am\ Joutol's Journal, is River Seignclay ; and the jMississippi river, in those works is River Colbert; and was by La Sullc, called River St. Louis. Ohio river was Ouahouskigou, Ouabachi, Ouabache, Oyn, Ouye, Bello Riviere. Missouri river, was Pekitanoni, Riviere des Osages et Massourites ; and by Coxe is called Yellow River. 12 La Sdlk in Lake. Michigan. 1679. pouring upon it boiling water; and then made aequuintance will the Iroquois of the villag.'' of Niagara, upon Lake Erie. Not far from this vilhige, La SaUe founded a scicond fort, upon whicl. he set his men to work; but, finding the Iroquois jealous, ht gave it up for a time, and merely erected temporary fortifieations for his magazines; and tlu-n, hiaving orders for a new ship to b(. built, he returned to Fort Frontenae, to forward stores, cables, and anchors for his forthcoming vessel. Through the hard and cold winter ■) done with all promptness; and, upon the 18th of September, she was (iesp tched under the charge of a pilot, supposed to be com- petent and trustworthy, while the Norman liimself, with fourteen men, proceeded up Lake Michigan, paddling along its shores in the most leisurely manner; Tonti, meanwhile, having been sent to find stragglers, with whom he was to join the main body at the head of the lake. J F'rom the 19th of September till the 1st of November, the time was consumed by La Salle in his voyage up the sea in question. On the day last named, he arrived at the mouth of the river of the Miamis, or St. Josephs, as it is now called.* Here he built a fort and remained for nearly a month, when hearing nothing from his GriJ/in, lie determined to push on before it was too late. On the 3d of December, therefore, having mustered all his men, thirty working men and three monks, he started again upon his "great voyage and glorious undertaking."! By a short portage they passed to the Illinois, or Kankakee, and "falling down the said river by easy journeys, the better \o observe that country," about the last xJ December, reached a village of the Illinois Indians, containing some five hundred cabins, but, at that moment, no inhabitants. The Sieur La Salle, being in great want of bread-stuffs, took advantage of this absence of the Indians to help himself to a sufficiency of maize, of which large quantities were found hidden in holes under the huts or wigwams. This village was, as near as we can judge, not far from the spot marked on our maps as Rock Fort, in La Salle county, Illinois. The corn being got aboard, the voyagers betook themselves to the stream again, and toward evening on the 4th of January, 1680, fell into a lake, which must have been the lake of Peoria. Here the natives were met with in large numbers, but they were gentle and kind, and having spent some lime with them. La Salic determined in that neighborhood to build another fort, for he found that already some of the adjoin- I ing tribes were trying to disturb the good feeling which existed ; and, moreover, some of his own men were disposed to complain. A spot upon rising ground, near the river, was accordingly * See on this point, Nortli American Review, January 1S39, No. CII. p. 71. t Charlevoix, New France, (Vol. 11. p. 269,) tells us, that La Salle returned from the litrt of the Miamis to Fort Frontenac ; but Hennepin, and the journal published as Tonti's, agree that ho went on, and tell a more consistent story than the historian. Sec, also, Sparks' life. i 14 Ln Salle returns to Canada. 1080. 1681. rhnson nLoiit Ihc middle of January, and the fort of Crevecmir (lirokiti Heart,) eonnnenced ; a name expressive of the very natural anxiety antl sorrow, which the pretty certain loss of his (Irilfin^ and liis consequent impoverishment (for ihere were no insurance offices then,) the danger of hostility on the part of the Indians, and of mutiny on the part of his own men, miglit well cause him. Nor were his fears by any means groundless. In the first place, his discontented followers, and afterwards emissari'."; from the Mascoutens, tried to persuade the Illinois that he was a friend of the Iroquois, their most deadly enemies; and that he was among them for the purpose of enslaving them. But La Salle was an honest and fearless man, and, as soon as coldness and jealousy appeared on the part of his I.osts, lie went to them boldly and asked the cause, and by his frank statements pre- served their good feeling and good will. His disappointed ene- mies, then, or at some other time, for it is not very clear when,* tried poison ; and, but for " a dose of good treacle," La Salle might hav(! ended his days in his Fort Crevecceur. Meanwhile the v/inter wore away, and the prairies were getting to look green again ; but our discoverer lieard no good news, received no reinforcement ; his property was gone, his men were fast deserting him, and he had little left but his own strong heart. The second year of liis hopes, and toils, and failures, was half gone, and he further from his object than ever; but still he had that sl.ong heart, and it was more than men and money. He saw that he must go back to Canada, raise new means, and enlist new men; but he did not dream, therefore, of relinquishing his projects. On the cont -ary, he determined that, while he was on his return, a small party sliould go down to the Mississippi and explore that stream towards its sources ; and that Tonti, with the few men that remained, should strengthen and extend his rela- tions among the Indians. For the leader of the Mississippi exploring pfirty, he chose Father Lewis Hennepin; and, having furnished him with all the necessary articles, started him upon his voyage on the last day of February, 1680. Having thus provided against the entire stagnation of discovery * Cliarlevoix says it was at the close of 1G79 ; Hennepin, that they did not reach the Illinois, till Januiiry 4th, 1G80. We have no means of deciding, but follow Hennepin, wiio is particular as to dates, and was present. during his his journej was to he (enac, a di; trying seas full of float of winter, not to be carious a st; his plans w and water, Michigan, lie found, was lost; hi his goods, gelie, he wo Salle knew n him once mo the Illinois, from the jea bands of Iro in New York Their sulFerii to 'abandon 1 which with i Salle, who ha posts upon th found them u dreams again however, to t more means: meet his coir spoke, as we courage whicl And here i notice the adA left Fort Cre days he reach^ as he best cou Wisconsin. ] Indians, who IfiSO. Creveccciir the very OSS of his wore no lart of the night well I the first ari'.'S from ho was a d that he IJiit La s coldness it to them (lents pre- inted ene- ■ar when,* ' La Salle ere getting )od news, men were ong heart. , was half ill he had ncy. Ho and enlist tshing his le was on lisippi and < I, with the j his rela- Ihe chose [th all the last day Lliscovery jt reach the Hennepin, 1G81. Hennepin on Mississippi. 16 duriii.^ liis forced ahsenco, La Salle at once betook himself to iiis jdurney eastward : a journey scarce conceivable now, for it was to 1)0 made by land from Fort Crovoca*ur round to Fort Fron- tenac, a distance of at least twelve hundred miles, at tho most trying season of the year, when the rivers of tho lakes would be full of floating ice, and olFor to the traveller neitiior the security of winter, nor the comfort of summer. Hut the chevalier was not to bo daunted by any obstacles; iiis affairs wore in so pro- carious a state that he felt he must make a desperate elTort, or all his plans would be for ever broken uj) ; so through snow, ice and water, lie won his way along the southern borders of Lakes Michigan, Erie and Ontario, and at last reached his destination. lie found, as he expected, every thing in confusion: his Grifliu was lost; his agents had cheated him ; his creditors had sei/od his goods. Had his spirit been one atom less elastic and ener- getic, he would have abandoned tho whole undertaking; but La Salle know neither fear nor despair, and by midsummer we behold him once more on his way to rejoin his little band of oxplori'rs on tho Illinois. This pioneer body, meanwhile, had suflorod greatly from the jealousy of the neighboring Indians, and the attacks of bands of Iroquois, who wandered all tho way from their homes in Now York, to annoy tho less warlike savages of tho prairies. Their sulTerings, at length, in September, 1680, induced Tonti to 'abandon his position, and seek the Lakes again, a point which with much difficulty he effected. When, therefore. La Salle, who had hoard nothing of all those troubles, reached tho posts upon the Illinois in December 1680, or January 1681, ho found thorn utterly deserted ; his hopes again crushed, and all his dreams again disappointed. There was but one thing to be done, however, to turn back to Canada, enlist more men, and secure more means: this he did, and in June, 1681, had tho pleasure to meet his comrade, Lieutenant Tonti, at Mackinac, to whom ho spoke, as we learn from an eye-witness, with the same hope and courage which he had exhibited at the outset of his ontorprise. And here for a time we must leave La Salle and Tonti, and notice the adventures of Hennepin, who, it will be remembered, left Fort Crevecceur on the last of February, 1680. In seven days he reached the Mississippi, and, paddling up its icy stream as he best could, by the 11th of April had got no higher than the Wisconsin. Here he was taken prisoner by a band of northern Indians, who treated him and his comrades with considerable 16 La Stille gnex dawn Missisxippi. 1682. kiniltn'ss, and took thcin up the rivor until about the first nf May, when tlicy rrar-licd ihr Kails of St. Anthony, which wore then so chrisfcnrd liy Ili-nncpiti in honor of liis ])atron saint. Tli'rc thoy took to the land, and Inivi'Hin}^ nearly two hundred inilos toward the north-west, hroiii^dit him to their villaji;es: these Indians were the Sioux. Here Ilennt pin and his comiianioiis remained ahouf three months, treated kindly and trusted by their captors: at the end of that time, he met with a band of Frenchmen, headed by one Sieur du Luth, who, in pursuit of trade and game, had pene- trated thus far by the route of Lake Superior; and, with these fellow countrymen the Franciscian returned to tlie borders of rivili/^ed life, in November, IfiSO, just after La Salle had gone back to the wilderness as we have related. Hennepin soon after went to France, where, in 1684, he published a work narrating Ills adventures.* To return again to th(! Chevalier himself, he met Tonti, as wo have said, at Mackinac, in June, 1681 ; thence he went down the lakes to Fort Frontenac, to make the needful preparations for prosecuting his western discoveries; these being made, we find him, in August, 1681, on his way up the lakes again, and on the 3(1 of November at the St. Josephs, as full of confidence as ever. The middle of December had come, however, before all were ready to go fi)rward, and then, with twenty-three Frenchmen, eighteen eastern Indians, ten Indian women to wait upon their lazy mates, and three children, he started, not as before by the way of the Kankakee, but by the Chicago river, travelling on foot and with the baggage on sledges. It was upon the 5th or 6th of January, 1682, that the band of e.'plorers left the borders of Lake Michigan ; they crossed the po. ' j;e, passed down to Fort Crevecoeur, which they found in good condition, and still * This volume, called "A Description of Louisiana," he, thirteen years afterwards, cnliirgi^d iuid altered, and published with the title, »' New Discovery of a Vast Country situ;ilud in Aiiicrica, hetweoii \t'w Mcvico ;ind the Fro/.vn Ocean." In tliis new pub- lication, he claimed to have violated La Salle's instructions, and in the first place to have gone down the Mississipjii to its mouth, belbre amending it, His claim was very naturally duubtcd ; and examination has proved it to be a complete fable, the niatcriaU havinj;; been taken from an account published by Le Clercq in 1691, of La Salle's suc- cessful voyage down the great river of the West, a voyage of which we have presently to speak. This account of Lc Clercq's was drawn from the letters of J-'ather Zcnobc Meinbre, a priest who was with La Salle, and is the most valuable published work in relation to the final expedition from Canada, made by that much-tried and dauntless commander. The whole su!)jrct of Hennepin's credibility, is presented by Mr. Sparks, in his life of La Salle, with great fairness and precision, and to that we refer all curious readers. 1C82. going forwa the .Mississi| ward passaj. of the mont Priidliomme circumstanct named from or nine days upon the 6l vliicli the ^ here we shall the " Proco original in tli " We land three leagues reconnoitre tl likewise e.xani two outlets be the river, a li place, beyond North Pole wi j)are(l a colum the arms of Fr LOULS LE ( The whole pai dial, the Bomi firearms and cr tie la Salle, w French ; — " 'In the nai rious Prince, .1 France and of of April, one tl the commissioi vlilch may be i do now take, ii the crown, posj tors, ports, ba provinces, citi 2 1682. of May, then so ere thoy n toward ins \V(TO [•(1 about } : at tho •adcd hy ad pcnc- ith these irdcrs of lad ff^nv loon after narrating iti, as wc L'ut down •ations for :», wc find nd on tlic e as ever, all were cnrlimen, pon their re hy the 'clling on le 5th or (> borders down to and still afterwards, I'list Country lis new pub- Srst place to jim was very llie muterials I Salle's suc- k'e presently thcr Zenobc [leil work in Id dauntless led by Mr. tat wc refer 1GS2. La Salle at mouth of Mississippi, 17 jToin;; forward, on llir fitii of Kt-bruary, wor»' upon the banks of tlu' Mississippi. On llic lliirtt-rnth they coinnR'ncfd their ilown- ward passa^i;r, hut nothini; of interest ()('(;urred until, on the 2()\h of the month, at the Chickasaw Hlufls, a Frenchman, nameil Priidhomme, wlio had gom- out with others to hunt, was lost, a circumstance which led to the erection of a tort upon the spot, named from the missing man, who was tbund, however, eight or nine days afterwards. Pursuing their course, tliey at length, upon th(! ()th of March, 1G82, discovered the three passages by which the Mississippi dis(;harges its waters into tiie Gulf; and here wo shall let La Salle himself tell his story, as it is given in the " Proces-verbal" which Mr. Sparks has translated from the original in the French archives. It thus proceeds : "We landed on the bank of the most western channel, about three leagues from its mouth, On the 7th, M. de la Salle went to ri'connoitre tlie shores of the neighboring sea, and M. de Tonty likewise examined the great middle channel. They found these two outlets beautiful, large and deep. On the 8th, we reascended the river, a little above its confluence with the sea, to find a dry place, beyond the reach of inundations. The elevation of the North Pole was here about twenty-seven degrees. Here we pre- pared a column and a cross, and to the said column were alhxed the arms of France, with this inscription ; LOUIS LE GRAND, ROI DE FRANCE ET DE NAVARRE, REGNE ; LE NVUVIEME AVRIL, 1682. The whole party, under arms, chaunted the Te Deum, the Exau- dial, the Domine salvum fac Regem; and then, after a salute ot firearms and cries of Vive le TJot, the column was erected by M. (le la Salle, who, standing near it, said, with a loud voice in French ; — " ' In the name of the most high, mighty, invincible, and victo- rious Prince, Louis the Great, by the Grace of God, King of France and of Navarre, Fourteenth, of that name, this ninth day of April, one thousand six hundred and eighty-two, I, in virtue of the commission of his Majesty which I hold in my hand, and which may be seen by all whom it may concern, have taken, and do now take, in the name of his Majesty and of his successors to tlie crown, possession of this country of Louisiana, the seas, har- bors, ports, bays, adjacent straits; and all the nations, people, provinces, cities, towns, villages, mines, minerals, fisheries, 2 18 La Salle at mouth of Mississippi. 168-2. 1GS3. streams, and rivers, comprised in llie extent of the said Louisian;i, .^^d that its s from the mouth of the great river St. Louis, on the eastern side. .Jone at ance otherwise called Ohio, Alighin, Sipore, or Chukagona, and thi' ' J)omine salvu with the (Consent of the Chaounons, Chichachaws, and other pcC' -\ya.s conclude pie dwelling therein, with whom we have made alliance; as als << Qf all ai along the River Colbert or Mississippi, and rivers which discharg Jiavinailt'd for his nat LVDOVICVS MAGNVS REGNAT. NONO APRILIS CIO IOC LXXXII. ROBERTVS CAVELIER, CVM DOMINO DK TONTY, LEGATO, R. P. ZEXi BIO MEMBRE, RECOLLECTO, ET VIGINTI GALLIS PRIMVS HOC FLVMEJ INDE AB ILINEORVM PAGO, ENAVIGAVIT, EJVSQVE OSTIVM FECIT PEI > VIVVM, NONO APRILIS ANNI CIO IOC LXXXII. design of the Sieur de la Salle to take possession of the whole territory watered by t: Mississippi from its mouth to its source, and by the streams flowing into it on both sidf Spark! At one time hi a colony on the J 168-2, 1C83. Ln Salle sails for France. 19 ^niiisiana, .^nd that its symbol must now be planted ; which was accordingly item side .donf at ance by erecting a cross, before which the Vexilla and the , and thi ])oiiiine salvumfac Regem were sung. Whereupon the ceremony )ther pco -was concluded with cries of Vive le Roi. c ; as als " Of all and every of the above, the said Sieur de la Salle discharg Jiaving required of us an instrument, we have delivered to him the "the Kiou ..same, signed by us, and by the undersigned witnesses, this ninth [le conser. ^ good understanding with tlie Lulians, and also to keep up which mi * good trade with them, in the autumn of 1683, the Chevalier feins to bet sailed for his native land, which he reached, December 13th. Watered by t ^|- ^j.^^, ^jj^^^, ^^^, jjj^j thought probably of attempting to establish Dn both sillf iiif'-'i r ^• 1 Sparh' * '^'olof'y on the Mississippi, by means ot supplies and persons sent lO hear mt ts of Vix d Sieur d which til svbich we: nscription p. ZE>( )C FLVMEJ .' FECIT PE! ■-, as eldc 20 La Salk "'/i France. 168; 1685, from Canada ; but farther reflection led him to believe his ti humanity, course to be to go direct from France to tlie mouth of the Missi in those tin sippi, with abundant means for settHng and securing the countr; still sometin and to obtain the necessary ships, stores, and emigrants, was ti flail(»rs of L; main purpose of his visit to Europe. But he found his fair fame and much p danger, in the court of his king. His success, his wide plans, a: by those \vh his overbearing character were all calculated to make him en "Were stop])e mies; and among the foremost was La Barre, who had succeed- emphatic st; Frontenac as governor of Canada. "*s commanc But La Salle had a most able advocate in France, so soon "^^'^ ^^'''is fon he was there in person ; and the whole nation being stirred by t: *'' ^^h sue story of the new discoveries, of which Hennepin had widely p: -Atlantic wa? mulgated his first account some months before La Salle's retur "*"^' ^^^^nd of our hero found ears open to drink in his words, and' imaginatic JP^'its were t warmed to make the most of them. The minisler, Seigneh "^^rv. away, i desired to see the adventurer, and he soon won his way to wli: *^*' ^"^^' ^t ^ ever heart that man had ; for it could not have required much t;; '"^^re crowde with La Salle to have been sati:;fied of his sincerity, enthusiav "^^^S^ f>f the energy, and bravery. The tales of the new governor fell da: gri'^'^^'d him, therefore, and the king listened to the prayer of his subject, tha enibark. a his fleet might be sent to take possession of the mouth of the Mis> Wrds. Ihe s sippi, and so that great country of which he told them be seen: *^^^' ^"Ppbes, to France. The king listened ; and soon the town of Roclu bestirring the was busy with the stir of artisans, ship-riggers, adventurers, ! ^'^" death am diers, sailors, and all that varied crowd which in those days lool ¥^ ''^^^- "^'^ into the dim West for a land where wealth was to be had for ' *^ "'"^^ ^^ ^^ seeking. hK'' sailed On the 24th of July, 1684, twenty-four vessels sailed fr ^'-^ ^^^ ^istori Rochelle U. America, four of which were for the discovery s I ^ "'" ^ whole settlement of the famed Louisiana. These four carried two hui Sounding, and red and eighty persons, including the crews ; there were soldit t"^'"o ^^ ^^^te artificers, and volunteers, and also "some young women." Tli l&^"dand was is no doubt that this brave fleet started full of light hearts, i W^^^ '^^ "^'"^ vast, vague hopes; but, alas! it had scarce started when disc ^ ^here bein, began; for La Salle and the commander of the fleet, M. de Bt f westwar jeu, were well fitted to quarrel one with the other, but nevtr l^^'^^'f^' the Mi; work together. In truth Lp Salle seems to have been nov F ^"^^ "^^^ ^'^'^ amiable, for he was overbearing, harsh, and probably selfis! ^^■^- At las the full extent to be looked for in a man of worldly ambiti f""^' "' "'^ 'i^* However, in one of the causes of quarrel which arose during f^ 'believed ti passage, he acted, if not with policy, certainly with boldness a*VP"inted one I6S. 1685, La Salle in Gulf of Mexico. 21 eve his tr fthe Missi the countr mts, was t! i fair fame le plans, a; ke him en ad succeed' ;e, so soon stirred by \. d widely p: Jalle's retur ' imaginatio ;r, Seignelt way to wli: red much t y, euthusiav nor fell dc: subject, tha of the Mis- em be seen: n of Roclu k^eiiturers, ; se days loot je had for ' sailed fi discovery e ied two hui were solclit ■men." Tlv it hearts, i when disc , M. dc Be but never been nov ably selfisl Idly ambiti se during boldness : humanity. It was when they came to the Tropic of Cancer, where, in those times, it was customary to baptize all green hands, as is still sometimes done under the Equator. On this occasion, the 8ail('rs of La Salle's little squadron promised themselves rare sport and much plunder, grog, and other good things, the forfeit paid by those who do not wish a seasoning; but all these exi>ectatiop,s ■were stopped, and hope turned into hate, by the express and emphatic statement on the part of La Salle, that no man under ihis command should be ducked, whereupon the commander of the fleet was forced to forbid the ceremony. With such beginnings of bickering and dissatisfaction the Atlantic was slowly crossed, and, upon the 20th of September, ■flie island of St. Domingo was reached. Here certain arrange- ipents were to be made with the colonial authorities ; but, as they Were away, it became necessary to stop there for a time. And a sad time it was. The fever seized the new-comers; the ships were crowded with sick; La Salle himself was brought to the verge of the grave ; and, when he recovered, the first news that greeted him, was that of his four vessels, the one wherein he had embark, a his stores and implements, had been taken by the Span- iards. The sick man had to bestir himself thereupon to procure new supplies ; and while he was doing so, his enemies were also bestirring themselves to seduce his men from him, so that what with death and desertion, he was likely to have a small crew at 1|ie last. But energy did much ; and, on the 25th of November, ^e first of the remaining vessels, she that was "to carry the Hght," sailed for the coast of America. In her w^nt La Salle, 8pd the historian of the voyage, Joutel. A For a whole month were the disconsolate sailors sailing, and (|)unding, and stopping to take in water and shoot alligators, and gifting in utter uncertainty, until, on the 2Sth of December, the B»ainland was fairly discovered. But "there being" as Joutel jiiys, "no man among them who had any knowledge of that Bay," d there being also an impression that they must steer very much the westward to avoid the currents, it was no wonder they issed the Mississippi, and waadtied far beyond it, not knowing #here they went; and so wore away the whole month of January, |6S5. At last. La Salle, out of patience, determined to land ||)me of his men, and go along tlie shore toward the point where |p believed the mouth of the Mississippi to be, and Joutel was Ifpointed one of the commanders of this exploring party. They 1 22 La Salle in Matagorda Bay, 1685, 1685. started on the 4th of Fehnmry, and travelled eastward, (for it wav clear that they had j)as,sed the river) durii.n; three days, when thov came to a ^reat stream wliirh they eotdd not cross, having n^ boats. Here they made fire sif^nals, and, on the 13th, two of th( vessels came in sijrht ; the mouth of the river, or entrance of the bay, for such it proved to be, was forthwith sounded, and the barks sent in to be under shelter. Btit^ sad to say. La Sailer's old fortune was at work here ar^ain ; for the vessel which bore hi* provisions and most valuable stores, was run upon a shoal by the grossest neglect, or, as Joutel thinks, with malice prepense ; and, soon after, the wind coming in strong from the sea, she fell t( pieces in the night, and the bay was full of cnsks and packages, which could not be saved, or were worthless when drawn ^ron. the salt water. From this untimely fate our poor adventurer res- cued but a small half of his second stock of indispensables. And here, fur a moment, let us pause to look at the Chevalier'- condition in the miadie of March, 1685. Beaujeu, with his ship, is gone, leaving his comrades in the marshy wilderness, ^vith no much of joy to look forward to. They had gtms, and powder and shot; eight cannon, too, "but not one bullet," that is, can- non-ball, the naval gentlemen having refused to give them any And here are our lonely settlers, building a fcrt upon the shores c: the Bay of St. Louis, as they called it, known to us as the Bay o: St. Bernard, or Matagorda Bay, in Texas. They build from \h wreck of their ship, we cannot think with light hearts; even plank and timber tells of past ill luck, and, as they look forward, there is vi,sion of irritated savages (for there had been warriri: already,) of long search for the Hidden River * of toils and dan- gers in its ascent when reached. No wonder, that " during tha' time several men deserted." So strong was the fever for deser- tion, that, of some who stole away and were retaken, it was founc necessary to execute one. And now La Salle prepares to issue from his nearly completel fort, to look round and see where he is. He has still a good forco so ie hundred and fifty people; and, by prompt and determincij action, much may be done between this last of March and nexi aatumn. In the first place, the river falling into the Bay of St Louis is examined, and a new fort commenced in that neighbor- hood, where seed is planted also; for the men begin to tire o: meat and fish, with spare allowance of bread, and no vegetables * So the Spaniards called the Mississipjii. But the old desert; the months and are still hew brin ith his ship, 5S, Avith no' tid powder, hat is, can- I them any le shores 'i ; the Bay c: from th^ arts; even forward, en warriir: s and d all- uring tha' for descr- was fount' complete' good force, determine'^ and net Bay of St neighbor- n to tire c: t^egetablos But the old luck is at work still. The seed will not sprout; men desert ; the fort goes forward miserably slow ; and at last, three months and more gone to no purpose, Joutel and liis men, who are still hewing timl)er at the first fort, are sent for, and told to bring their timber with them in a float. The float or raft was begun "with immense labor," says tlu; wearied historian, but all ito no purpose, for the weather was so adverse, that it had to be all taken apart again and buried in the sand. Empty-handed, therefore, Joutel sought his superior, the effects being left at a post by the way. And he came to a scene of desolation ; men sick, and no houses to put them in ; all the looked-for crop blasted ; and not a ray of comfort from any quarter. "Well," said La Salle, "we must now muster all hands, and build ourselves 'a large lodgment.'" But there was no timber within a league; and not a cart nor a bullock to be had, for the buffaloes, though abundant, were ill broken to such labor. If done, this dragging must be done by men ; so, over the long grass and weeds of the prairie-plain, they dragged some sticks, with vast suffering. Afterwards the carriage of a gun was tried ; but it would not do ; "the ablest men were quite spent." Indeed, heaving and hauling over that damp plain, and under that July sun, might have tried the constitution of the best of Africans ; and of the poor Frenchmen thirty died, worn out. The carpenter was lost; and, worse still. La Salle, wearied, worried, disappointed, lost his temper and insulted his men. So closed July ; the Che- valier turned carpenter, marking out the tenons and mortises of what timber he could get, and growing daily more cross. In March he thought much might be done before autumn, and now autumn stands but one month removed from liim, and not even a house built yet. And August soon passed too, not without results, however ; for the timber that had been buried below was got up, and a second house built, " all covered with planks and bullock's hides over them." And now once more was La Salle ready to seek the Mississippi. First, he thought he would try with the last of the four barks with which he left France; the bark La Belle, "a little frigate carrying six guns," which the King had given our Chevalier to be ais U'dvy. But, after having put all his clothes and valuables on board of her, he determined to try with twenty men to reach his object by land. This was in December, 1685. From this 1 24 La Salle in Texas. 1686. 1687. expedition he did not return until March, IfiSG, when he came to his fort again, ragged, liatless, and worn down, with six or seven followers at his heels, his travels having heen all in vain. It was not very encouraging ; hut, says Joutcl, "we thought only of mak- ing ourselves as merry as we could." The next day came the rest of the party, who had heen sent to fmd the little frigate, which should have heen in the bay. They came mournfully, for the little frigate could not be found, and she had all La Salle's best effects on board. The bark was gone; but our hero's heart was still beating in his bosom, a little cracked and shaken, out strong and iron-bound still. So, borrowing some changes of linen from Joutcl, toward the latter end of April, he again set forth, he and twenty men, each with his pack, " to look for his river," as our writer aptly terms it. Some days after his departure, the bark Tm Belle came to light again ; for she was not lost, but only ashore. Deserted by her forlorn and diminished crew, however, she seems to have been suffered to break up and go to pieces in her own way, for w^e hear no more of the little frigate. And now, for a time, tilings went on pretty smoothly. There was even a marriage at the fort ; and " Monsieur le Marquis la Sabloniere" wished to act as groom in h second, but Joutel abso- lutely refused. By and by, however, the men, seeing that La Salle did not return, "began to mutter." There were even pro- posals afloat to make away with Joutel, and start upon a new enterprise ; the leader in which half-formed plan was one Sieur Duhaut, an unsafe man, and inimical to La Salle, who had, proba- bly, maltreated him somewdiat. Joutel, however, learned the state of matters, id put a stop to all such proceedings. Know- ing idleness to be a root of countless evils, he made his men work and dance as long as there was vigor enough In them to keep their limbs in motion ; and in such manner the summer passed away, until in August La Salle returned. He had been as far as the sources of the Sabine, probably, but had suffered greatly; of the twenty men he had taken with him, only eight came back, some having fallen sick, some having died, and others deserted to the Indians. He had not found " his river," though he had been so far in that direction ; but he came back full of spirits, "which," says our writer, " revived the lowest ebb of hope." He was all ready, too, to start again at once, to seek the Missis- Dippi, and go onward to Canada, and thence to France, to get new recruits and heats pass IJ heats passed! posed journJ January, 16^ On that dj Among themj all took theirl they had all Tlu'y went fort stood, ur the coast w^ 12th of Janii across that so which ran " s which, with a line, "affoi Indians too, and friendshi ticularly of tu ferings" ; and hide, which, c tracks of the I had come to a and were well On the 15t they then wer journey, and i wheat, orderei some others, t the food was While coming were killed I: So they sent t and that, if he to carry it *o t the bullocks, i for their own heard of the i chief confidar footman, givii F 1 1686. 1687. e came to : or seven I. It was y of mak- came the ite, which y, for the cille's best seating in ron-bound [}1, toward enty men, riter aptly hlle came Deserted IS to have n way, for y. There ^larquis la )utel abso- that La even pro- in a new lone Sieur d, proba- rned the Know- his men them to summer d been as |1 greatly; |me back, deserted 11 he had if spirits, hope." Missis- get new La Salle starts for the Mississippi. 25 recruits and supplies ; but, " it was determined to let the great heats pass before that enterprise was taken in hand." And the lieats passed, b\it nith them our hero's health, so that the pro- posed journey was delayed from time to time until the 12th of January, 1687. On that day started the last company of La Salle's adventurers. Among them went Joutel, and also the discontented Duhaut ; and all took their " leaves with so much tenderness and sorrow as if they had all presaged that they should never see each other more.'* They went northwest along the bank of the river on which their fort stood, until they came to where the streams running toward the coast were fordable, and then turned eastward. From the 12th of January until the 15th of March did they thus joiirney across that southern country, crossing " curious meadows," through which ran " several little brooks, of very clear and good water," which, with the tall trees, all of a size, and planted as if by aline, " afforded a most delightful landskip." They met many Indians too, with whom La Salle established relations of peace and friendship. Game was abundant, " plenty of fowl and par- ticularly of turkeys," was there, which was " an ease to their suf- ferings" ; and so they still toiled on in shoes of green bullocks' hide, which, dried by the sun, pinched cruelly, until, following the tracks of the buffaloes, who choose by instinct the best ways, they had come to a pleasanter country than they had yet passed through, and were well on toward the long-sought Father of Waters. On the 15th of March, La Salle, recognising the spot where they then were as one through which he had passed in his former journey, and near which he had hidden some beans and Indian wheat, ordered the Sieurs Duhaut, Hiens, Liotot the Surgeon, and some otliers, to go and seek them. This they did, but found that the food was all spoiled, so they turned toward the camp again. While coming campward they chanced upon two bullocks, which were killed by one of La Salle's hunters, who was with them. So they sent the commander word th. . they had killed some meat, and that, if he would have the flesh dried, he might send horses to carry it ^o the place where he lay ; and, meanwhile, they cut up the bullocks, and took out the marrow-bones, and laid them aside for their own choice eating, as was usual to do. When La Salle heard of the meat that had been taken, he sent his nephew and chief confidant, M. Moranget, with one De Male and his own footman, giving them orders to send all that was fit to the camp at 26 Death of La Salle. 1G87. onco. M. M()riui<^t'l, when he caino to where Diiliaut and tlie rest were, and loiiiid that they had hiid by for themselves the marrow- bones, became aii<^ry, took from tliem their choice pii'ces, threat- ened ihem, and spoke harsh words. This treatment touched these men, aheady not well pleased, to the (piick ; and, when it was night, they took counsel toj^etluM- how they might best have their rcvenr with an indefiitii^ablc body, which made him surmount all dilliculties, would have procured a glorious issue to his imrlertaking, had not all those excellent (piali- ties been counterbalanced by too haui^hty a behavior, which some- times made him insupportable, and by a rigidness toward those that were under his command, which at last dn'W on him aa implaca- ble hatred, and was the occasion of his dep.ih." La Salle died, as far as can be judged, upon a branch of the Brazos.* And now, the leader being killed, his followers toiled on mourn- fidly, and in fear, each of the others, — Duhaut assunung the command, — until May. Then there arose a difFerence among them as to their future course; and, by and by, things coming to extremities, some of La Salle's murderers turned upon the others, and Duhaut and Liotot w^'re killed by their comrades. 'I'his done, the now dominant party determined to remain among the Indians, with whom they then were, and where they found some who had been with La Salle in his former expedition, and had deserted. These were living among the savages, painted, and shaved, and naked, with great store of squaws and scalps. But Joutcl was not of this way of thinking; he and some others still wished to find the Great River and get to Canada. At last, all consenting, he did, with six others, leave the main body, and take up his march for the Illinois, where he hoped to find Tonti, who should have been all this while at Fort St. Louis. This was in May, 1687. "With great labor this little band forced their heavy-laden horses over the fat soil, in which they often stuck fast; and, daring^ countless dangers, at length, upon the 24th of July, reached the Arkansas, where they found a post containing a few Frenclnnen who had been placed there by Tonti. Here they stayed a little while, and then went forward again, and on the 14th of ^.^cptem- ber, reached Fort St. Louis, upon the Illinois, At this post,, Joutel remained until the following March, — that of 168S, — lan had ♦ Sparks, 158. 1 98 Tonfi in Illinois. 1687. when he set ofT for Quebec, which city he reached mi the hist of Jul), just four years haviri}^ passed since he saiU'd from Rochelle. Thus ended La SaMe's tliird and last voyage, pro(hicing no perniajient settlement ; for the Spaniards rarne, dismantled the fort upon the Hay of St. Louis, and carried away its {garrison, and the Frenchmen who had been left elsewhere in the southwest intermingled witii tlu; Indians, until all traiM; of them was lost. And so closed his endeavors, in defeat. Yet he had not worked and sufTered in vain. He had thrown open to France and the •world an immense and most valuable country; had established several permanent forts, and laid tlie foundation of more than one settlement there. Peoria, Kaskaskia, Cahokia, to this day, are monuments of La Salle's labors ; for, though he founded neither of them, (unless Peoria, which was built nearly upon the site of Fort CrevcccDur,) it was by those whom he led into the West, that these places were peopled and civilized. He was, if not the discoverer, the first settler of the Mississippi Valley, and as such deserves to be known and honored.* Tonti, left by La Salle when he sailed for France after reach- ing the Gulf Mexico in 1682, remained as commander of that Rock Fort of St. Louis, which he had begun in 1680, Here he stayed, swaying absolutely the Indian tribes, and acting as viceroy over the unknown and uncounted Frenchmen who were beginning to wander through that beautiful country, making discoveries of which we have no records left. In 1686, looking to meet La Salle, he went down to the mouth of the Mississippi ; but discov- ering no signs of his old comrade, turned northward again, and reaching his fort on the Illinois, found work to do ; for the Iro- quois, long threatening, were now in the battle-field, backed by the English, and Tonti, with his western wild allies, was forced to march and fight. Engaged in this business, he appears to us at intervals in the pages of Charlevoix ; in the fall of 1687 we have him with Joutel, at Fort St. Louis; in April, 1689, he sud- denly appears to us at Crevecoeur, revealed by the Baron La Hontan ; and again, early in 1700, D'Iberville is visited by him at the mouth of the Mississippi. After that we see him no more, and the Biographic Universelle tells us, that, though he remained • The authorities in relation to La Salle arc Hennepin ; a narrative pulilished in the name of Tonti in 1697, but disclaimed by him ; (Charlevoix iii. 365. — Leitris edifiantci letter of Marest, xi. 308, original edition. Introduction to Sparks' Life of La Salle :) the work of Le Clcrcq, already' mentioned ; Joutcl's Journal j and Sparks' Life : the last ia esjjcjcially valuable. 1687. many yeai death, or Next in ron La Ho very seem volumes, warred aga so far west tribute his ficient esco the Wiscoi sailed thert River, com pears by hi: Upon this s and odd d nations of \ his eighty a head of thi; thousand m drew him a lake, whenc the great p China and t this was of of some stal it may be th the back \\ of the conne the commun son River, e Bay into the After La '. recording in Salle's deat French who speaks of T * Voyages ile t See map in Also, Nicollet's he calls " Rivet 1687. lie lust of Rocl.cllf. uciiif^ no iitled the ison, and ;outhwest i lost, •t worked and the tablished than one day, are d neither le site of le West, f not the d as such ter reach- er of that Here he s viceroy )eginning )veries of meet La t discov- ^ain, and • the Iro- icked by s forced lars to us ll687 we he sud- ron La by him o more, mained phcd in the edifianlet ftalle:) the 1 the last is lf)87. Mpcnturcs of La Ilontan. 20 many years in Louisiana, he finall'y was not there; but of his death, or departure tiience, no one knows. Next in se(juence, we have a gliin[)se of the above-named Ba- ron La Ilontan, discoverer of the Long River, and, as that disco- very seems to prove, drawer of a somewhat long bow. By his volumes, ])ublished a Id Ilayi', in 17()G, we learn, that he too warred against the Iroquois in 1687 and 1688; and, having gone so far westward as the Lake of the Illinois, thought he would con- tribute his mite to the discoveries of those times. So, with a suf- ficient escort, he crossed, by Manpiette's old route Fox River and the Wisconsin, to the Mississippi; and, turning np that stream, sailed thereon till he came to tlu' mouth of a river, called Lon^:; River, coming from the West. This river emptied itself (as ap- pears by his map) nearly where the St. Peter's does in our day. Upon this stream, one of immense size, our Baron sailed for eighty and odd d.iys, meeting the most extensive and civilized Indian nations of which we have any account in those regions ; and, after his eighty and odd days* sailing, he got less than half-way to the head of this great river, which was, indeed, not less than two thousand miles long, and, as he learned from the red men, who drew him a map of its course above his stopping-point, led to a lake, whence another river led to the South Sea ; so that at last the great problem of those days was solved, and the wealth of China and the East thrown open by the Baron de la Ilontan.* All this was of course false ; and, even in his own day, though a man of some station, he was thought to be a mere romancer; and yet it may be that the isaron entered the St. Peter's when fdled with the back waters of the Mississippi, and heard from the Indians of the connection by it and the Red River with Lake Winnipeg, and the communication between that lake and Hudson's Bay, by Nel- son River, and, looking westward all the while, turned Hudson's Bay into the South Sea.f After La Hontan's alleged discoveries we have few events worth recording in the annals of the north-west previous to 1750. " La Salle's death," says Charlevoix, in one plav^e, '' dispersed the French who had gathered upon the Illinois ;" but in another, he speaks of Tonti and twenty Canadians, as established among the * Voyages de La Honlan, vol. i. p. 194. tSee map in Long's Second Expedition up the St. Peter^s, i^nd La Hontan's maps. Also, Nicollet's Report to Congress, in 1843. Nicollet thinks the Cannon River, which he calls " River La Hontan," was the one entered by the IJaron. i 30 hiishdsK'id Foil n;e, Ic 9 Novend)re 1712." In this letter the writer after tell- ing' us that (Jravier must be ref>;arded as the founder of the Illinois Missions, he havin