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 (/■'/■()/;/ Ihr Canrttlki)) Xatnrali-<t, isro) 
 
 OS 
 
 FORAMINIFERA 
 
 FItOM TIIK 
 
 (UJI-F AND inVER ST. LAWKENCI'!. 
 
 By 'ivny of introductio!] to these notes, I may state tliat tlii> 
 veailer will liiid somio account of tlio ciuious ami iiiterestiiiu' 
 animals to which the iiapor relates, wifli figures ol" characteristic 
 cxaiiiples, in ^'ol. IV, i.^w series, of this Journal, pa-o 41:] ; aii.l 
 that several species found in the Gulf of St. Lawrence liavc been 
 catalo-ued ];y Trincipiil Pawson, in the same Journal, W.]. A', 
 page ]SS (f s.q. The fallowing tables give, however, the only 
 approach to a complete view of the species and their disfribution 
 liitlicrto attempted. 
 
 Many of the deeper samples were small quantities of mud 
 brought up iu sounding, bj Capt. Orlebar, I{.X., „f the Coast 
 .Survey, and by him kindly presented to ])i-. Dawson. 
 
 The specimens iVom Labrador were obtained from material 
 dredged^ by the oillcers of the Geological Survey; those from 
 Prince Edward Ishmd, were from a specimen sccur(!d by ('. llc.bb, 
 Esq.; and those from the P>ank of Newfoundland, were obtained 
 I'rom the late Sheriff Dickson, of Kingston. 
 
 The somewhat extensive series from Gaspe Bay was obtained 
 during a dredging expedition iu tiie summer of LSCD, The mud 
 Avas sampled when brought up by the dredgv, and reserved f.ir 
 • ■xamination, the depth being uscertaincd as carefully as ]>ossible. 
 Several wvy rich and interc-Jing samples are also from the 
 <l_redgings of Mr. J. F. Whiteaves, F.G.S., in Gaspe and its 
 vicinity. :\rr. Whiteaves has also gone over this material with 
 care, and has detected f-ome additional species. 
 
 The means were unfortunately not at hand for areertainiug the 
 temperature at the bottom. JJut, though there is reason to 
 
lielicvc tliat the water at Gaspe Bay is somewliat wanner than 
 tlie (Jiilf of St. Lawrence in ireneral, the nmd as it came over the 
 boat's side felt i.'y cold to the hand, sliowipg even here wliat a 
 t:,Teat effect the iceberg-laden Arctic current has on the bottom 
 temperature. The nujnbcr of species tabulated must not in eveiy 
 instance be taken as a criterion of the relative richness of the 
 localities, as much often depends on the amount of material at 
 disposal. This is especially the case when comparing dredgings 
 witli soundings. 
 
 The general aspect of the GuH' of St. Lawrence Foraminifera 
 is northern, and in many places closely resembles the fauna of the 
 (ii'cenland coast and the Ilunde Islands, as given in I'arker 
 & Jones' Memoir/''= The Gulf, at least so far as its Foraminifera 
 areeoucerned, evidently belongs to the Arctic province, the limits 
 of which skirt the Banks of Newlbundland and pas^s from thence 
 southward to Cape Bn •^^on. 
 
 The refrigeration of its waters depends on the Arctic current, 
 wliich, entering the Straits of Belle Isle, floods the whole bottom 
 of the Gulf with water almost at the temperature of the Arctic 
 seas. To these conditions the series of collections from Gaspe 
 oilers somewhat an exception, and is of a slightly more southern 
 character, both as regards the species represented and the deve- 
 lopement which they attain. This difference depends on purely 
 local causes, which, wliile slightly clianging the cliaracter, give 
 opportunities for a very abundant developement of Foraminifera, 
 more esi)ecially of the arenaceous forms. Gaspe Bay in no part 
 exceeds 50 fathoms in depth ; is about 20 miles in extreme 
 length, well land-locked, and disturbed by no other current than 
 that caused by the ebb and flow of the tide. The depth is not 
 so great as to allow of the incursion of the cold and deep layer to 
 any great extent, and the proximity of land and the shelter tlius 
 afforded tend still further to modify its temperature. 
 
 The bottom, in most of the deeper parts, is composed of fine 
 sand and mud, and this it is which favors the very large deve- 
 lopment of arenaceous forms. 
 
 Past the mouth of Gaspu Bay sweeps the very strong tidal 
 current of the St. Lawrence, and immediately we pass tlie shelter 
 of Ship Head and come within its influence, the changes in the 
 Foraminifera become strikingly apparent. The bottom consisting 
 
 * PhiIa.sophical Trausaetlous, 1865. 
 
fur the most part ol' oleun gravel or coarse saiul, most ol' the 
 arenaceous forms dis:ippcar at once, and instead of the abundiincc 
 of Nonioninas and Miliclas previously found, a very large proportion 
 consist of Planorbulina lobatula, which can hold its own, attached 
 to seaweeds and polyzoons. Polystomella Arctica also becomes 
 somewhat prominent, while the I<agenida3 and Kntosolcnidtc 
 appear in abundance. 
 
 What few sandy forms do occur are depauperated and com- 
 posed of very coarse particles. The Foraminifera as a whole 
 however are very abundant, and in some samples dredged by JMr. 
 Whiteaves almost equal in quantity those in the deeper Atlantic 
 soundings. 
 
 In the estuary of the St. Lawrence itself, Jiulimina pyrula be- 
 comes a somewhat common form. Among forms which in the 
 (lulf of St. Lawrence maybe mentioned as specially characteristic 
 of deep water, arc Nodosaria (Glandulina) hievigata, Globigerina 
 bulloides, very .small ; Bulimina, principally JJ. squamosa, also 
 small; I'vigcrina pygmoea, Cassidulina. 
 
 From depths greater than lOO fathoms all the Foraminifera arc 
 very small and delicate ; and Lagenidm, JJuliminida;, (Jlobigcrina 
 bulloides, together with a few depaup^ ited Nonioninsc, constitute 
 Mie greater part of the fauna. From these depths also come many 
 Diatoms, mostly Coscinodiscus, and Sponge spicules. I'oiysto- 
 mella striatopunctata is almost everywhere prevalent, though it 
 nowhere attains to any very great size, and below about .']() 
 fathoms, becomes small and generally rare, and continues increas- 
 ing in rarity till it almost disappears at I5U0 fathoms. Tn some 
 localities, at about 30 fathoms, P. Arctica is abundant, and greatly 
 surpasses in size the ordinary Polystomella; occurring along with 
 it. The remaining P. striatopunctata; also at this depth often 
 show a remarkable proneness to run into modifications resembling 
 one or other of the numerous species and varieties into which the 
 genus is subdivided, but as the transition series are complete, it 
 is very dillicult to place the bulk of the specimens satisfactorily 
 under th<!m. It has been thought better in the tabic to include 
 as many as ave easily seen to be modified striatopunctat;v) under 
 that name. Nonionina Labradorica, though not so universally 
 distributed as the above, is a very characteristic species in the 
 Gulf. It seems to lie best developed and in largest numbers at 
 about ;>(► fathoms. It thins oft' both in numbers and size as we 
 go into sh.Jlowcr water, and decreases much in size, though not 
 
>ll 
 
 M» peiveptibly in nuiiiljcrs as tlie water tKr]'ciis lo liH) failidins 
 and ln'Iow. There is ii reiiKirkablo iibsciiec ol' .Miliiiis in ilio 
 cstuarino parts ol' (lie Gull", wliicli .strongly contracts willi tlicir 
 alniudaiice in Caspr Uay, and also on the Atlantic (-(^ast of Ndva 
 Scotia, and south. 
 
 One specimen of a curious sandy form ol' Ciirnu,-[ilra li.iiacea 
 was ol)taineJ at a depth of 18 fathoms at (laspc. 
 
 IJiloculina riiigans scarcely occurs above 30 fathoms. 
 At [Murray Bay, which is only about GO miles below the ])oint 
 where, at least, tlic surface of the St. Lawrence becomes perma- 
 nently I'rcsh, the roraminifera become very scarce and poor. 
 Polystomella striatopunctata is the most coiumkhi, but it has 
 become very small. Nonionina Labradurica, Lituula CanaiiLUsis 
 and Trochammina inflata also occur, but all natch reihicod in si/e 
 and scarce relatively to tlic amount ol' material examined. () 
 passing from the Gulf to the cast of Newlbundland. or to th( 
 south of Cape Breton, a change from the Gulf Fauna is imme- 
 diately detected. Polystomelhi striatopunctata, tliere so cnm- 
 mon, becomes rare. Xonionina Labradorica to a great extent 
 ceases to appear, and Uvigerina pygnuca and Ca.-sidulini(l:o 
 become more frequent. 
 
 The arenaceous Ilippocropina, (Fig. 2,)- and ].ituoI;c (Fi-s. 1 
 and 3) are most plentiful at depths less than 20 fathoms. Lituola 
 scorpiurus (Fig. 4) goes down to the greatest depths in Gaspd 
 JJuy, and is yet abundant at 10 fathoms, while the immense 
 Bhabdoplcura abyssorum (Fig. G) only appears at about 20 
 i'athoms, and continues from that point increasing in nuuibers and 
 size to the depth of 50 fathoms, which is the greatest de])th in 
 Gaspe Bay, where alone it lias been found. 
 
 The distribution of these Foraminiicri would tend, with other 
 ficts, to show that these organisms, together with most other 
 marine animals of low organization, do not depend, to any -^reat 
 extent, on the depth or intensity of daylight, ])ut ahnost entirely 
 on the hmprnitnvc of the water, as Dr. Carpenter maintains in liis 
 account of his recent deep-sea dredging, so that they would not 
 give very satisfactory evidence of the conditions of deposit ol' 
 I'ostj.lioccnc or other beds, unless other facts were at di.-posal to 
 show the depth, when the Forauunil'era would give valuable -a 
 
 assistance with regard to the climatic conditions at that depth. V 
 
 * The (iirurcs refer to the numbers of the wood-cut^. 
 
 
The (jiialily of iMjttnm Ims however, imich to do witli (ho 
 -ciienil j'iid,^ ol' thi; FornniiiiiU'ni, :i.s witli other aniiii.ils. For, 
 ...^ shown nhove. eahu w;;lcr, widi a boUoiu oomiio.scd oi' lino sand 
 and .scdiiueiit, is particularly iavorahlo to tins arenaceous forms, 
 1houL,di, (>\vu uiuL'r tlRve conditions, they do nut thrive in the 
 very cold, deep water ( such as that below KM) lathonis) in the 
 open (III!!'. A strong- current at once causes all saudy forms to 
 tiisa[)pear, uio:-tly, uo doubt, trom want of the line materials 
 necessary ilu' their sliells, and brings in a ]arii,'o preponderance: o 
 Trnneatulinas, Lagenidie, &c. 
 
 The arenaceous ibrms, with th(; exception of tr.o.-c which are 
 tubular, const itute a m ries parallel to the calcareous forms, and 
 the mendjcrs of which graduate into one another. It seems nnt 
 improbable that the individuals of tho same species may assunn; 
 cither appearance. It does nut appear, liowever, that the same 
 individual can present both ibrms at successive periods. On the 
 I'lher hand, the samly ibrms may really constitute a distinct 
 iirouj> paralkd to llu' others, irketches of some interesting forms ' 
 arepiven which do not appear to )jo precisely similar to descri))cd 
 species. TJicse liavc been kindly examined by ])r. i'arkcr, oi" 
 J.ondon, who re-ards the Lituoho represented in iigs. 1 and ?> a.s 
 new species, to whicli lie as.'^igns the names />. /iitdms and L. 
 (■■i:<st's. The Ibriu represented in ii-'. 2 lie regards as the type of 
 a lU'w K'-'ii"-, to which, from the horse-shoe .•shaped form of the 
 aperture, lie gives tho name J !ipp'>cr( ])!/(■', naming the species 
 
 'J'.Vi;i,i; i.—,Siq>p-'Liniii'<irj/ Li.-:.' nf Pinilntr Anu'icrinis lornis. 
 
 (Soc ri:-;s. I to 4, ,iiul I'lg, 7,) 
 
 'ORAMINIIKRA. 
 
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 l.itiuila scoriniini'i — Fi-. .^ 
 
 Var. — I'ii;. 4 
 
 Rliabiloplfiira — I'ig. 7 
 
 
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 i, :!, 4 and 7 aro drawn to a scale half that oC the oUm- iicnn'.'