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Un des symboles suivants apparaitra sur la dtn't-«i(i^re image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symboie — ► signif ie "A SUIVRE", le symbols V signifie "FIN". re Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams Illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent Atre film6s d des taux de reduction diffdrents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour Atre reproduit en un seul cliche, 11 est film6 A partir de I'angle sup6rieur gauche, de gauche A droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images n6cessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mdthode. y errata td to nt le pelure, pon d :n 1 2 3 32X 1 2 3 4 S • ■x' n :e3 AMERICAN NATURALIST. Vol. v.- MAY, 1871. -No. 3. =^-^-^>'^~-^ BRAZILIAN ROCK INSCRIPTIONS. BY PROF. Cn. FUED. HARTT. It is a great shame that the antiquities of Brazil have so far re- ceived little or no attention, yet the countrj' is one whose eth- nology is extreraeh' interesting, and it is very desirable that the history of its niony tribes should be traced out. The neglect of Brazilian antiquities has arisen, no doubt, from the comparative rarity of the relics and the difliculty of exploring the country. Stone implements arc found all over the empire, ancient pot- tery occurs in many localities, especially in burial stations, and Kjokkenmoddings exist on the coast as at Santa Cruz in the Province of Espiritu Santo, on the Bay of Rio de Janeiro, at Santos and elsewhere. But they have attracted verj' little atten- tion, though they are occasionally mentioned by travellers. During my expedition last summer to the Amazonas, I lost no opportunity of studying the antiquities of the country, and I was successful in collecting a few facts of importance. On the Rio Tocantins near the lower falls, I found figures engraved on rocks, and from the cliffs of the Serra do Erere I copied a great number of rude figures and signs drawn in red paint. My good friend, Senhor Ferreira Penna, at Parti, was kind enough to give me a series of drawings from the Serra of Obidos, which locality I did not visit, together with the original MS. and drawings of a Gov- ernment report on certain Indian drawings on the Rio Oyapock. Entered nccurilluK to Act of Cohkicss, in the your 1S71, by the Pkabody Academy ok 801KNCE, In tlio Ofllco or the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. AMER. NATUHAIJ8T, VOL. V. 9* 140 BRAZILIAN ROCK INSCRIPTIONS. I \ I sent one of my assistants, Mr. Barnard, to examine a burial station on the Island of Marajo, and he brought me a small C')llec- tion of pottery presenting some interesting features. In this arti- cle I shall confine myself to a description of the inscriptions I have collected, hoping in another article to describe the pottery and other relics. The Tocantins inscriptions occur at Alcobafja, a poin*^ on the left bank of the river, near the first falls, and about one hundred miles from the mouth of the river. Here are exposed on the banks during the dry season beds of a fine-grained, very hrird, dark red or brown quartzite, the strata having only a slight dip. Joints divide the beds into large blocks which often lie in place, but along a part of the shore they are piled up in confusion. Dur- ing several months of the year, when the river is high, the locality is under water, as is the case with similar incised rocks at Serpa on the Amazonas. My guide told me that here were letreiros, or Indian inscriptions, and I was fortunate enough, not only to find several, but to be able to bring away with me two small incised blocks. The figures are pecked into the rock by means of some blunt pointed instrument. They are so rude and irregular, that I see no reason why a pointed stone may not have answered the pur- pose. The grooves are usually wide and not verj' deep. Occa- sionally the unskilful hand missed its mark and marred the figure. These figures are usually cut on the sides of the blocks of rock and show mtich wear ; many are hard to trace, and the majority are more or less covered by a shining black film of manganese deposited by the water. The surface of one of my specimens, PI. 2, fig. 5, has a metallic lustre, like that of a well blackened stove. Of these inscriptions, PI. 2, fig. 1, which is about sixteen inches in length and is somewhat badly pres rved, appears to represent a human figure, but it has a decapitated look. It may perhaps be intended to represent some lower animal. The position of the arms and legs conforms to the type of ordinary Indian representa- tions of the human form, as we shall see further on. The other figures are, for the most part, more or less complicated spirals. PI. 2, figures 2, 4, 5, 7, and 11. One of these, PI. 2, fig. 4, may represent the human face, the upper diverging lines being the eyebrows, the medial descending loop the nose, and the spiral the eyes. Equally rude representations of the face occur elsewhere. BRAZILIAN ROCK INSCRIPTIONS. 141 me a burial small C')llec- In this arti- scriptions I the potteiy oin*^ on the ane hundred )sed on the very hard, I slight dip. lie in place, ision. Dur- tlie locality ;ks at Serpa letreiros, or only to find mall incised ans of some ^ular, that I ired the pur- leep. Occa- [1 the figure. e bloelis of ce, and tlie ack film of one of mj- it of a well steen inches represent a r perhaps be ition of the I representa- complicateu PI. 2, fig. 4, PS being the e spiral the ilsewhere. About half a mile above the locality where the figures occur, I found on the. upper surfaces of several masses of sandstone, places worn by grinding. Some of these were circular, about a foot in diameter, quite shallow, and with a convex prominence in the mid- dle showing that a tool, probably a stone axe, had been ground with a circular motion. One of these hollows is represented in PI. 2, fig. G. Others were shallow, oval hollows, a foot or more in length, made by rubbing the tool backward and forward. I saw also a long, narrow, and rather deep groove worn in the same way, perhaps in the grinding of arrowheads. These grinding sm'faces looked to me totally unlike those made in sharpening metal tools. It is important to note that on the Tocantins, this is almost the only place where sandstones occur. There is a great want of sharp sandstones suitable for whetstones or grindstones, not only on the Amazonas, but in Brazil generally, as I have already else- where remarked. This locality would be likely to be frequented by savages for the purpose of grinding and manufacturing stone implements. I saw no chips on the spot. It will be borne in mind that the locality is swept unnually by floods. At Jecpierapua, u few miles farther down on the same side of the river, I found on the rocks the spiral represented on PI. 2, fig. 3, near Avhich was a conical hole. Engraved figures occur elsewhere in Brazil, on the lower part of the Rio de Sao Francisco (Williams and Burton), in the Province Parahyba (Koster), on the Rio Negro, etc. The Serra do Erere is situated on the northern side of the valley of the Amazonas at a distance of fifteen or more miles from the main river, but a short distance from the Rio Gurupatuba, a few miles west of the Villa de Monte Alegre. It is a narrow, very ir- regular ridge, about 800 feet high, running approximately east west, and about four to five miles long. The rock is sandstone in very heavy beds inclined to the southeastward. These sandstones form a broken line of ditt's running along the Avestern side near the top, below which is a veiy irregular rocky slope. On these walls of rock, at and near the western end of the Serra, sometimes near their base, sometimes high up in conspicuous situations diflrtcult of access, are great numbers of rude characters and figures, for the most part in red paint, some isolated, others in groups. Some rock surfaces are thickly covered with them, many being so washed by rains and defaced by fires as not to be traced out, others being f '' J5u> .- • 142 BRAZILIAN ROCK INSCRIPTIONS. I bright and fresh, suggesting tliat they were not all executed at tlie same time. Standing just in adva^ice of the line of cliffs at some distance east of the western end of the Serra is a tall, tower-like mass of sandstone painted not onl}' on the base but high up on the sides, while the cliffs behind and on both sides are covered with figures. All these localities are very conspicuous and some of them are so large as to be visible at the distance of more than a mile. Not far from the eastern end of the Serra there is on top an enormous isolated mass of sandstone, the remains of a bed almost entirely removed, which mass is distinctly visible from the plain ))elow on the northern side. The irregular western wall of this mass is covered with figures. The drawings of Erere comprise several classes of objects. The most important among these appear to lie representations of the sun, moon and stars. At the western end of Erero, on the dift' near tlie top, is a rude circular figure PI. 4, fig. 17, nearly two feet in diameter. The general color is a browni.^li yellow. In the centre is a large ochre red spot, while arouivl the circumference runs a broad border of the same color. Some of the civilized Indians at Erere called this the sun, others the moon. On a very prominent cliff' some dista ice east of the tower-like mass of sandstone above described, is a lother similar figure about three feet in diameter. In this there is a central spot of brick red, then a broad zone of a dirty yellow, followed by a zone of brick red, outside which is another of a dirty cichre yellow. To the right of this are two smaller circular figures, in the upper of which the lines and centre are red, the innermost zone being of a dirty yellow tint. These figures are situated some ten feet from the foot of the cliff. Similar drawings, composed of two or more con- centric circles with or without the central si)ot, occur in great numbers at Erere. I am disposed to think that they are intended to represent the moon, since they are not furnished with rays.* One figure, PI. 4, fig. 2, on the cliff' at the western end of the Sen-a, undoubtedly represents this heavenly bod/'.f Besides the above forms there are rayed figures in abnndance. Sometimes they con- * I found a report afloat in Vara that some of these flgures had been mutilated Ijy Mnjor Continho, Prof. Agassiz's companion ou the Araazonaa. The report is false, as tlie flgures are not mutilated. t Similar figures occur elsewhere. ,Sf eman, Memoirs Anthrop. Soc., London, Vol. ii, p. U7!), gives two examples, one from Voraguas, New Grenada, another ft'om England. BKAZILIAN KOCK INSCRIPTIONS. 143 itod at the is at some tower-like igh up on re cohered and some more than on top an jed almost the plain all of this ects. The ons of the in the C'lift" nearly two w. In the nnnference e civilized tower-like gure about ' l)rick red, le of brick o the right which the of a dirty )m the foot more con- r in great ■e intended ays.* One the Serra, the above 3 they con- mutilntorl by ort is false, as ondon, Vol, ii, )m England. sist of a single circle, or several concentric circles, the outer one, only, being rayed, but on the side of the great rock on the top of tlie Serra is a figure a foot in diameter (PI. 5, fig. 10), and verj- distinct, formed of two concentric circles, each with a few large, tooth-shaped rays. Part of this figure is obliterated. At the same locality is another figure consisting of a circle with seiTated raj's with only a spot in the centre. Not infrequently', on the painted rock at the western end of the Serra, occur circles, single or double, sometimes nucleated, which bear raj-s only on the upper side, PI. 5, fig. 12, PI. 6, fig. 1. There are rayed spirals as well, PI. 4, fig. 3. Some of these appear to represent stars. Thej^ ai-e either drawn or impressed. Tn some cases the palm and fingers were covered with wet paint and then pressed upon the rock. Whether these figures always reprcent stars is doubtful. At the western end of the Serra is a curious rayed head, ornamented on top with what looks like a queue, suggesting a comet. At the same locality is the remarkable tigure. PI. 4, fig. ^ three aiifl one-half feet high, which looks as though it might rresent the impersonation of the sun. Just west of the tower-like mass is a rock face covered with a large group of what are apparently figures of the heavenly bodies. They are represented in PI. 5, fig. 1, and are large and distinctly "vr.wn. The whole group is some six or seven feet long. Of animate objects the human form and human face are ver}'' fre- (juently delineated. They are all exceedingly rude and are just such figures as children are fond of drawing. Sometimes the body and limbs are represented each by a single line, as in PI. 3, figures 3 and 8. It is noticeable that luiman figures are never drawn in profile, which is the rule with similar drawings by North America Indians (C{itlin). The eyes and mouth are usually alone represented, one ej'e b^ing often smaller than the other. There is often no nose, or a heavy V-shaped curve is drawn over the eyes, the apex pro- jecting down more or less between them, representing the nose, as in PI. 3, fig. 1, PI. 4, figures 12 and 15. In some ancient pottery to be described in a future paper the same peculiarity is observable in the representation of the human head, the eyebrows and nose forming a prominent T-shaped ridge. As the most of the busts in terra cotta show the head flattened from before backward, I would suggest that the Indians who made 'i • INK J. -«I«WP' :ii 144 BRAZILIAN KOCK INSCUIPTIONS. J \I/ Fig. 42. the drawings at Erere, and the pottery in Marajo ina\ have- flat- tened the head as the Omaguas and Flatheads do to-day, which would give a greater prominence to the brows than in the normally shaped skull. The stiff angular position of the arms and legs of the figures is interesting, the upper arms being held at right angles to the bodj-, the forearm bent at a similar angle and usually upwards. Tlie legs are wide apart, the thigh extending often straight out from the body. The figures are usually erect, but there is one on the west end of the Serra represented as lying on the side, PI. 7, fig. 2. Below it is a figure of a snake, the whole appearing to commemorate tlie death of some one from snake-bite. Some of the heads are rayed as in the case of PI. 3, fig. 1 . These may per- haps represent the sun or moon. Some rough drawings of the human face are made on angular projections of the rock, as is the case with that figured in PI. 4, fig. 10, wliere the sharj' edge represented the nose. Another face is made by drawing lines around two contiguous, circular depressions, con- verting them into eyes, and drawing a straight line below for a nose. It is interesting to ob- Group Of Rock Paintings ^ Erere. ^^^.^^ ^j^^^ ^j^^ j^^^^^^ ^^^^^ feet are always represented by radiating lines, usually only three digits being drawn for each hand and foot. The number of digits represented rarely reaches four, and never five, so far as I have ob- served. An explanation of this may perhaps lie in the fact that many tribes of Brazil are unable to count beyond three or four. Of the lower animals, several kinds are represented, but so rudely that it is, in most cases, difficult to determine the species. The largo figure, PI. 5, fig. 6, my Indian guide pronounced a viucura, a spe- cies of opossum, and he called the four-legged and long-tailed ani- mals, PI. 9, alligators. Birds appear to be rarely represented. On PI. 9, are two figures, b and cf. that may be intended for these ani- sPtti liavf flat- •daj-, which le normally e figures is the bod}', ards. The it out from is one on side, PI. 7, :)pearing to Some of the id may per- ings of the re made on jections of is the case ured in PI. where the represented nother face rawing lines contiguous, jssions, con- 1 into eyes, : a straight r ii nose, sting to ob- B hands and Y only three >er of digits 9 I hiive ob- he fact that or four. Of > rudelj' that The large cura, a spe- ^-tailed ani- iented. On •r these ani- BKAZILIAN ROCK INSCRIPTIONS. 145 mals. There are several drawings of the ytiaraud, or sea cow, PI. 4, fig. 3 (?), PI. 0, fig. 3, PI. 7, fig. 7. Of fishes, there are two at least, PI. 5, fig. 8, and PI. 6, fig. 4. It is worthy of remark that there are no drawings of the dog, ox, or horse, and I have seen no figures of plants. Senhor Penna, in a M.S., says that trees are sometimes represented, together with " canoes, oars, benches, and other objects of common use," but I have seen no such figures at Erere, though they may occur elsewhere. In the accompanying plates, I have g.ven many examples of drawings of doul)tful significance. The scroll, PI. 4, figures 5 and 7, PI. o, fig. 4, PI. 7, fig. 5, occurs frequently, and also the design PI. 7, fig. 8, which varies somewhat in different drawings. The complicated rectilinear figure, PI. G, fig. 2, is paiii*'Hl on the side of the isolated rock mass on the top of the Serra aii (is about sixteen inches in height.* The Greek fret occurs once o < e at Erere and quite frequently on the Marajo pottery. The red paint used in the inscriptions, is, I believe, aiiuui per- liaps also clay. It is very rudely smeared on the rough surface of the sandstone, sometimes when quite dry. There are some draw- ings in which the paint was laid on as a thin wash which dripped over the rock. I think the painting Avas largely done with the fingers. In some places the rock is soiled where the Indian as- sisted himself by the hand in climbing. The yellow color was prepared from clay. The drawings of the Tocantins and of Erer6 were carefully copied. The figures on the plates were transferred directly to the wood from my original sketches. I do not claim for them photo- graphic accuracy, but I am sure they give faithfully the Indian idea. The original inscriptions are even more rude in finish than might be inferred from the plates. Precisely similar figures to those of the Tocantins and Erere occur on the Rio Uaupes (Wal- lace) scraped on hard granitic (gneissic?) rock. I have given on PI. 9, accurate reductions of the copies of the figures on the Serra da Escama, kindly placed in my hands by Senhor Penna. A note, accompanying the sketches, says that the drawings were found on seven stones on the top of the Serra da Escama, about 400 bracas distant from the city of Obidos. The most of these are wholly unintelligible to me. One, fig. 2, appears to represent the sun, and another the moon or sun. * In the plate the right is the loteer Bide of this figure. j^M ^^tBffw V 146 BRAZILIAN ROCK INSCRIPTIONS. According to traditions, Bento Maciel, tlie first donatory of the ancient Capitania do Cabo do Norte, set up marks fixing tlie lim- its between his Captaincy and French Guayana, but tliese marks, when the boundary question alterward arose, could not be found. In 1727 the Captain, Joan Paes do Amaral, who had been on service in the nortli, reported having discovered tliem on the Rio Oyapock. So important was tliis announcement tiiat tlie Governor of Para immediately sent the Alferes Palheta with a party to report on the discovery. This expedition proved unsuccessful, and in 1728 another expedition under Captain Pinto da Gaya was sent (jut. This officer discovered the supposed marks on the top of a hill called Mont d' Argent and was ilisappointed to find them nothing but Indian drawings. These he had all carefully copied in ink, his drawings being sulnnitted to the government, with his report. The original papers and sketches Senhor Penna has been so kind as to place in my hands. Of one of the sets of drawings I have made an accurate reduction on PI. 10, by the aid of photography. Fig- ures 2, 3, and 4, on the same plate, are from another set of sketches accompanying the above report. These figures resemble in many points Indian drawings from Brazil, but the square spiral recalls some Mexican ornaments. The antiquity of the rock paintings and sculptures of Eastern South America is undoubted, and thej' are mentioned by many of the ancient writcis, as well as by Humboldt and others in more recent times. It is well known that the drawings of Erere, and those of Obidos, about to be described, existed more than two hundred years ago. There can be no doubt that they antedate the civilization of the Amazonas, and there is a strong probabilitj' that some of them, at least, were drawn before the discovery of America.* I hold it most probable that the rock paintings and sculpturings were made by tribes which inhabited the Amazonas previous to the Tupi invasion. The sculpturings are supposed to be older than the paintings. This is also, I belie i'e, the opinion of Senhor Penna. I think the Erere figures have a deep significance. A people that would go to so much trouble as to draw figures of the sun and moon high uyi on cliff's on the tops of mountains must ♦At Erert occur the half obliterated sign, I. H. S., and tlie date 1704 (PI. 4), evi- dently tlie viork of tlie Jesuits. These last inscriptions are very fresh and are drawn in a lighter red on the liclien-blaclcened or wliitencd surface that obscures the older UBcriptions. iprifsi^mmm Id!. KI) of il hill leni nothinji' 1 in ink, his cport. The kind as to have made iphy. Fig- of sketches le in many )iral recalls hiive attaclu'd n great iinportaiicc to thi'sc natiirnl objects, and I think that these ligiires i>oiiit to ii worship of the sun by the tribes which executed them. The clustering of the inscriptions in prom- inent pliiccs, and ('speciidly on and in tiic vicinity of tiie rock tower iit Krere. seems to me to indicnte tliat tiiese places had something of a sacred cliaracter and weri' often resorted to. Many of the ligurcs seem to be the capricious daultiugs of visitors, as, for instance, the humnii faces dniwn on aiigiihir rock i)r<)jections. Some of the animal forms may have had a sacred character. I know of no trace of sun worship among the uncivili/A'd Indians of I'ani to-day. iior ilo they make rock paintings or inscriptions. The greater })art of the IJrazilian Imliiius, such as the Tiipis, Hotocudos. etc., appear to have Jiad no idea of a (!od, and no form of worship. We have no historical iiecount of the practice of sun worship iimong the ancient Indians of the Amazonas. In the burial stations of ^larajn small clay figures occur which ap- pear to l)e idols. The probabilities are, that the tribes anciently inhabiting the Ainazonas were more advanced in religious ideas than those Brazilian Indians of which history gives us an account. of J^astern by many of >i's in more lirere, and e than two ntedate the probabilit3' iscovery of ntings and Amazonas iipposed to opinion of gniflcance. ^ figures of tains must t (PI. 4), evi- id are drawn res the older Auierictin Niitimilist. Vol. V, ri. 2. KNUKAVKI) KKiUllKS LOWE TOCANTINS. Ai '■ f I American Naturalist. Vol. V, n. a. ■« '; JMX'Iv 1»A1NTIN(!S AT KRKRft All ff American Naturalist. Vol. V, PI. 4. i \ i 1 I 1 '^^H'' KOCK PAINTINGS AT ERERfi, I) \ t American Naturalist. Vol. V, PI. 5. ] i EOCK PAINTINGS AT ERERfi. Aincr wWBBpippM ifsittmm KOCK IXSCniPTI0Nf5 AT KRERE. J WWfWWfllPBlirwBW^ jimm!mfm sastammopMimmmi Aincriciiii Natiinilist. Vol. V, I'l. 7. 1 i ■' j ^^H^^v 1' ' 1 i^Di. 1 ' .^ 1 ^ it R0( K PAINTINGS AT EKEK^ 'II •" '- ■ ■ ■ "■■ ■< " i\ A I ■1 ■ KOCK PAINTINGS AT KKKRfc. fummea i r 't '1 if f 1 ;. L ' u\ i -^M. ^ 'i Aiuericiin mmoKitmmmK Aniericun Nutumlbt. Vol. V, I'l. 'J. a m i) A KSCAMA OUriMIS. ixmimm mmmmmmem^ Amjriciin Naturalist. Vol. V, PI. 10. IIOCK INSCniPTlONS. MONT U'ABtiKNT, UIO OVAl'OCK.