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The following diagrams illutitrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre filmis d des taux de reduction diff§rents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul cliche, il est filmd d partir de Tangle sup^rieur gauche, de gauche i droite. et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images nicessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la m^thode. by errata ned to tent une pelure, fapon d 1 2 3 32X 1 2 3 4 5 6 CANADA ONDER THI ADMINISTEATIOH OF THB EARL OF DUFFERIN. BT GEOEGE STEWART, JR., AUTHOB 0» "lYCNINOB IN THB LIBHART," THB STOBT OF THB OBfiAT WIMM,' ETC., ETC., ETC. ■r' (SECOND EDITION.) TORONTO, CANADA: ROSE-BELFORD PUBLISHING COMPANY. MIJCCCLXXIX. (Olf Bntcnd according to tba Aot of the Par- liament of Canada, m the year one ttaonaand eight himdnd and iieTODty-eislit,by the BoflR- BlLTOKD PijBuaBiMa CoHr AllT.Ui tita Offl4W o{ tbu Mloirter «( AgncoltniA nuHTiD Am Boum n HUNTER. ROSE A 00. tOMMWK TO FBAKOIS PARKMAN, or BOSTON, llCASS., WiA0 Wolvim 18 AFFBOTIONATELY INSOBIBED BY THE AUTHOR. T) REFAOE. •^,'^,^^■.Vv^'^.^.■L^^•>.•>.■^.^^^• ' &^VD^ REMARK or fvu on tno general plan and scope of my work may not be out of place here. \ have endeavoured to present, in a thoroughly impartial way, the various political and social events which have from time to time arisen during the brilliant adminis- tration of the Earl of DulFerin in Canada. Political topics, I am aware, require quite delicate handling, and if I have succeeded in keeping out of very hot water, I shall not be unsatisfied with my laboui's. Lord Dufterin has very kindly and (jourteously revised his speeches for me, but beyond this he has had no connection whatever with the composi- tion of my book, nor has he in the slightest way inspired a .single line of its contents. I, alone, am responsible for the opinions it contains. Tn order to afford a convenient vehicle for the beautiful and eloquent .specimens of Lord Dufferin's oratory, which this book contains, I have described the different journeys he has taken throughout the Dominion, and presented cer- tain a.spects of the country as they appeared at the time, and which called forth many of the utterances of His Excel- lency. In doing thi.s, 1 have sought to exhibit the natural :iiT PREFACE. cluiracteristics and resources of each province, city, town, and village through which the Viceroy passed. Lord Dufll-rin has been careful to familiarize himself with the geography and history of the land over whose destinies he has so success- fully and gracefully presided, and his delightful and ornate speeches show the deep interest he has always taken in our affairs. These elocjuont speeches, many of them delivered on the spur of the moment during the huny of continued jour- neys from place to place, and under conditions which rendered their serious preparation a physical impossibility, have done much to make Canada known abroad, and have materially helped forward the various schemes of emigration to this country. He has presented in an attractive Avay the unri- valled resources of Canada as a grazing, an agricultural and a mineral country, and his words have borne good results. It is not necessary to speak of the incisive, sparkling and epigrammatic character of His Excellency's addresses and speeches. They are given here in all their freshness, spon- taneity and brilliancy, that eveiyone may read and enjoy them for himself. I have allowed the cheers, applause and other indications of the feeling of the audience to stand, as they give life to the performance and exhibit the manner in which His Lordship's remarks were received at the time of their delivery. THE AUTHOR. ToiiONTO, Oct. 24, 1878. CONTENTS. CHAPTER L The New Governor-General Lord Dufiferiu — His Previous Career— Ap Quebeo rage pointment to Canada— The Countess of Dufferin— Arrival at Quebe — IJi) the Ottawa— In the Capital— The Pro^'ress through Ontario- Arrival at Toronto — The Exhibition at Hamilton- At Niagara— TL Trip to London -Amon; College— The Uuiveraity- of Learuing. • li lagara- The the Colleges and Schools —Upper Canada -Trinity College — The llomau Catholic Halls CHAPTER II. 17 Return to Ottawa— Lord Dufferin in Montreal— The Ball at .Quebec— In Montreal again— McGill University— St. Mary's College— Couv eat of Villa Maria— Montreal College— St. Patrick's Asylum. • • • 83 CHAPTER III. The Second Parliament — The Pacific Railway—Mr. Huntington and His Resolution— Mr. McMullen— Sir Hugh AUan'e AfEdavit — At Halifax —Return to Ottawa— Angry Politicians— Resignation ot the Itlinistry — Triumph of Mr. Mackenzie and His Party. ..... 116 CHAPTER IV. Embarking on Board the " Druid " — The Maritime Province Tour— Lady I)uflEenn Kill'? h, Salmon— Gaspd — At Dalhousie— In Chatham— New- castle — Prince Edward laland- Arrival in Pictou — Cape Breton — Halifax— AiTlval in 3 ;. John, N-B.-Eredericton— Woodstock, N.B. —Return by Riviae du Loup— (Quebec — Ottawa again. • - -247 CHAPTER V. Third ParMament of Canada— Louis Riel— In the Villages of Canada- Prince Arthur's Laiuling— Arrival in Chicago — Speech before the Board of Trade— In Windsor— Detroit— Sarnia—Guelph—Brantford Woodstock — Ingersoll — London — St. Thomas — St. Catharines — Niagara — Toronto— Whitby— Cobourg— Belleville- Napanee— Kingi- ton — Brockville— Arrival at Ottawa. 277 CHAPTER Yl, The British Columbia Diffioulty— Mr, Etkar De=ipntched to British Columbia- The "Carnarvon Terms"— Their Acceptance— Mr. Mac- kanzie's Bill thrown out in the Senate. - . 354 XVI CONTENTS. CHAPTLll VII. r»i,'e The Amnoflty Qui stion Bill in tlio I3iiti«li Purliamrnt The North Went-- H(j.;iiiiiiiiK of the Trouble— ILon. William MacddUgall LouiH Kiel— Arinlii)p Tiuht5— Mr. IIowo'h Letter- l^ord iJutferiu's iiiaaterly DuHpatuh Settlement '>f the Case, -•••.•. -361 CHATTEIt Vtll. Their Rxccllenclefl leave Caiittfla— Arrival in EnKlaml- Grand hanrpirt by tht,' Canada Club— Lord Dufferiu's liemarkable Speech— In llflfast— Clandeboye— Uetum to Ottawa- The Banquet to the Supreme Court Judjjea. 417 CHAPTER iX. Gaieties at Ottawa— The Quebec Banquet- The Female Normal School- Departure for Britinh Columbia— Arrival at San Franiisco— In Vic- toria— Nanaiwio— Bute Inlet- Metlakatlah — New WcKtmiubter— In Ottawa ai'ain. 432 CHAPTER X. lie '.'iait to Toronto The Rinks Dinner at the Notional Club—Th.i To- 1 juto Club— Return to Ottawa -Parlour 'i'heatricals at liideau liali. 501 CHAPTER XI. F.i Route to Manitoba— At Emerson — Arrival at Winnipeg— The Mennon- ites— At Gindi — The Icelanders— Oak Point— Portpge la Piairie — liideau HaU. - - 518 CHAPTER XII. In New York— The American Geographical Society— A Greek Speech at Montreal— At the Windsor — A 'J oaet — The President of the United States— The Fiab Question. 561 CHAPTER XIII. The De Boucherville OiamisHal — The Lieutenant-Governor and his Minis- try—A Coup D'Etat— The Wiuistiy IMsmissed — Mr. Joly forms a Government— Principal Acts Passed in Parliament. - - - . 687 CHAPTER XIV. Address in the Senate Chamber — At the Ontario Artists' Association Rooms — The Queen's Birthday in Montreal- Harvard College— Speech at the Alumni Dinner— In the Eastern Townships — Lady Dufferin Leaves for En„'laud. 597 CHAPTER XV. Vi'^it of The Municipal Delegates— The one drawback to the Picture — The Marquis of Lome and the Princess Louise — Laval University- St. Jean Baptiste Society— In Toronto— Speech at Exhibition — Other ad- dresses- Return to Quebec — Farewell to Canada— Departure of the Earl of Duflferin. 636 APPENDIX. A. Lord Duffei in's Speech in the House of Lords. B. List of Medals given by Ilis Excellency. Index ..-..*- 681 685 693 CANADA ONDEH THE ADMINISTRATIO!* 0? THE EARL OF DUFFERIN. CHAPTER I. The Announcemrnt -The New Oovernor-Gknerai.— Lord Duf- FERiN— Hi8 Previous Oak eer— Appointment to Canada — The Banquet at Belfast— An Eloquent Aftkr-Dinner Speech — The Toast— The Countess of Duffekin — Lord Dufferin at Deruy— The Ladies op Irdland — Departure for Canada — Arrival at Quebec— The Reception — Addresses- Up the Ot- tawa— Lv the Capital— Visit to the Camps — Return to Quebec — Gaieties in the Ancient City — The Proorkss through Ontario — Arrival at tiik "Queen City of the West" — The Exhibi- tion at Hamilton -Back to Toronto— Tremendous Enthusi- asm of the People — At Niagara — The Trip to London — Third Visit to Toronto — A Month in the Western Capital — Among the Colleges and Schools— His Excellency's Speeches— Upper Canada College — The University —Trinity College — The Ro- man Catholic Halls of Learning — The Loretto — With the Presbyterians — Termination of the Festivities— The Grand Bail. [HEN it was announced officially, in 1872, that the Earl of DufFerin was to be the new Governor- General of Canada, a marked feeling of sur- prise was manifested in many quarters. His name was new to the great body of Canadians, and except in cer- 18 A SPELL'll iiV THE UUUSE OF LORDS. tain literary circles few had over eveu heard of the elo- quent peer. He was known among cultivated readers as the author of B very entertaining book of Uavel, and as the son of a lady who had written " The Irish EiDigrant," and several other delightful Irish ballads, and a jeu d'ea- jfyrit, consisting of pen and ink sketches, iJlustrative of the supposed adventures of an old maid on her travels in Egypt. The illustrations, executed by herself, were ex- ceedingly good, and the humour of the letter-press was very gentle and delicate. The rich blood of the Sheridans flowed in his veins, and the Honourable Mrs. Caroline Nor- ton was his aunt. Mrs. Norton was the lady who sat at the head of that distinguished circle of sweet singers f oi ty years ago, and whose poetry the quaint Maginn once said was " as fluent, as clear, as lucid, and as warm as the liquid distilling from the urn." It was remembered by some that Lord Dufferin had deliveied in the House of Lords one eloquent speed],*' — a speech full of scholarly grace and beauty — on the occasion of his moving the address to Her Majesty in answer to the Speech from the Throne. All England rang wi th prais- es of this masterly utterance, and the touching allusions to the loss which the nation ht*d sustained in the death of the Frince Consort, awakened many a responsive throb in the hearts of the people. Scotsmen, too, recollected that Lord Dufferin had delivered a stirring address at the Centenary Celebration of Sir Walter Scott's biith-day, in Belfast, and • This speech wafs delivered Thuredrty, 6th February, 1862. A lonjj extract from it will b» found in Aiipcndix A. A LORD IN WAITINO ON THE QUEEN. 19 his eloquent words in praise of the " Ariosto of the North," won for him a fresh host of admirers. But beyond what was known of the new Governor-General in a literary way, he was looked upon by the mass of Canadians as an untried man ind information about him was eagerly sought after. Information, however, was scant, for though Lord Dufferin had filled, with a large measure of success, many important trusts in his native land, and had served his sovereign in foreign countries, his labours were of so unostentatious a character that they gained for him little publicity He was born in 1826, and succeeded to the Peerage in 1841. In 1862 he married Harriot Hamilton, daughter of the late Archibald Hamilton, Esq., of Killyleagh Castle, County Down, Ireland. He was educated at Eton and * Christ-Church College, Oxford, and in 1846-47, after taking his degree, he devoted himself to the amelioration of Ireland, then enduring the horrors of famine. He was a Lord in Waiting on the Queen from 1849 to 1852, and again from 1854 to 1858, and subsequently served as Under Secretary of State for War, and in the same capacity at the India Office. In 1860 he went on his first important mis- sion, and accomplished a work which earned for him at the time much renown, and for which he received the order of a Knight Commander of the Bath. He was sent to Syria as Commissioner of the Grown,* and entrusted with the set- tlement of the difficulties between the natives and Chris- A Ions oxtrnct * A full account of the Syrian massacres and the psul; taken by Lord Dufferin will be found in " The Eastern Question : its Facts and Fallacies," by Malcolm MacCoil, M.A. 20 LORD DUFFEBIN AND MB. MILL. tians. He succeeded in mastering the details of this deli- cate mission, and not only satisfactorily arranged the Turk- ish troubles, but he also compromised matters between the French and the warlike Druses. He gave a Constitution to Lebanon, and we have here the first evidence of his ability as a statesman and a diplomatist. Soon afterwards he was ofibred the Governorship of Bombay, but declined it on account of his mother's health. In 1868 he was made Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster — a position which was once offered to the Earl of Elgin on his retirement from the Governor-Generalship of Canada. In 1866 Lord Duf- ferin published an able work, entitled " Contributions to an Enquiry into the State of Ireland," and two years later there appeared his keen pamphlet on " Mr. Mill's Plan for the Pa- cification of Ireland," which displayed not only a thorough knowledge and practical experience of the subject, but a sin- gular power of satire and much argumentative skill. Every point he made was indisputable, and while the essay bristled with facts which no one could gainsay, its humour was subtle and penetrating. In politics Lord Dufferin is a Liberal. His party was in power in 1872, and it is to the Ministry of Mr. Gladstone that he owed his appointment as Governor-General of the Dominion. His success in Syria and the adaptability he exhibited in dealing with Oriental peoples has frequently caused his name to be mentioned in connection with the Vice-Royalty of the Indiar Empire. Lord Dufferin is one of the few Peers whose' privilege it is to hold three orders of knighthood. THE BELFAST BANQUET 21 He received his appointment in the early part of the year 1872, and as soon as it became known, the people of Belfast determined, irrespective of politics, to tender him a public banquet. It was held in the Ulster Hall on the evening of the 12th of June, and no more distinguished gathering had ever assembled in that place before. It was a representa- tive meeting, and people of every creed and class united in doing honour to a countryman of their own, and one who had so well deserved that honour. The rooms were superbly decorated. The statuary, paintings and bronzes, the softened lights, the rare plants and flowers, the rich drapery, the orna- ments on the walls, and the skilful grouping of the flags, pre- sented a scene regal in its magnificence. The guests began to arrive at an early hour, and when all had assembled the company sat down to a dinner of the most recherche charac- ter, the mayor of the City presiding. After dinner a num- ber of lettera of regret were read, including a tender note from Mrs. Norton, who contributed eight lines ot a tuneful song she had once heard Tom Moore recite at the country seat of the Marquis of Lansdowno. After which the usual loyal and patriotic toasts were proposed, when the senti- ment of the evening was given from the chair. The toast was honoured with enthusiastic applause, when His Excel- lency arose and made the following response : — Mr. Mayor, my Lords, Ladies and Gentlemen, — 1 am sure it will be easily understood that to any one in my situation to-night it must be very difficult to find woi-ds, either simple enough or strong enough, to express his thanks. Those whom I see around me aro rcproscntativos of all that '|: iii ■; ': \\i \b I J .'; fl ; 22 A DEMONSTRATION OF PERSONAL KINDNESS. is most distinguished in the social, mercantile, political, and professional world of Ulster and the North. They are, there- fore, the very men whose good opinion it has always been my chief ambition to acquire. Amongst them are included not only my personal friends and pclitical associates, but numbers to whom it has been my misfortune to find myself opposed on many momentous public questions, and on whose indulgence and sympathy, therefore, I could have no claim beyond what their native generosity of feeling might sup- ply. (Cheers.) Yet all have been pleased to join together to-night in a demonstration of personal kindness and good- will towards Lady Duflferin and myself, so cordial and so unanimous, so diverse in the quarters whence it proceeds, and so magnificent in its outward characteristics, as may well render the object of it speechless from surprise and grati- tude. (Loud cheers.) Yet, ladies and gentlemen, however unequal I may be to making you understand all that I feel at this moment, there is one assurance I "must hasten to give you, and that is that I fully comprehend that it is not to anything I have done, or been, or am, that T owe this su- preme honour, but that I am indebted for it to that instinc- tive feeling of sympathy which all Irish hearts show towards those who, in the discharge of anxious public duties, are called upon to leave their home and native land. (Applause.) You, Mr. Mayor, have indeed been good enough to lay some stress on my humble efforts to promote the advantage of this town and neighbourhood. (Hear, hear.) But, although I am conscious that the desire to serve my country has never ceased to be the great passion of my life — (hear, hear) RESPECT FOR POLJTWAL OPPONENTS. 23 — a sense of how little I have been able to do towards sc great an end has not failed to supply me with a store of humiliating reflections. In one respect alone is my con- science at ease, and that is in the knowledge that, from my earliest entry into public life, neither from fear nor favour, neither from a love of applause nor from a dread of running counter to any dominant tide of popular sentiment, have I ever been turned aside from advocating what I believed to be fair, and just, and right. (Great cheering.) As a conse- quence, I have found myself opposed in turn to many of the phases of political thought and feeling which may have pre- vailed in this country. Probably there are many gentle- men in this room — I trust no lady — (hear, hear) — to whom at one time or another my words and conduct may have been displeasing — (hear, hear, and cheering) — but I hope I may regard their presence here to-night as an assurance tliat, in the wannest moments of controverey, no matter how strong my personal convictions, I have never failed to pay to my temporary opponents that respect and deference which was due to their high character, their conscientious motives, and their intellectual eminence. (Applause.) On the other hand, I trust I may take this opportunity of as- suring those of my entertainer-} with whom I have been po- litically allied, that I retain a no less grateful appreciation of the confidence with which they have Iionoured me, of the encouragement with which they have greeted iny humble efforts on their belialf, and of the gfenial and affectionate cordiality which has in^^ested our political intercourse with the attributes of personal friendship. (Cheers.) Ladies and |!(: m I U PARTY ALLEGIANOE. gentlemen, Constitutional Government must necessarily bo carried on by party. (Hear, hoar.) Allegiance to one's party is the first obligation on every honourable man. (Hear, hear.) Party warfare is as necessary to our poJi'^ical existence as those conflicting forces which hold the world in equilibrium and refresh and purify the face of nature. But if there is one respect in which public life in this country has the ad- vantage over public life amongst other nations, it is that ou" statesmen, in respecting themselves, have learred to re- spect each other — (hear, hear) — it is that each section of the community, in advocating its own opinions or interests, is content to do so with sobrietj'^ and moderation, and that a mutual spirit of forbearance leads to the. settlement of the most burning questions, under conditions in which both sides can eventually acquiesce — it is that political con- troversy seldom degenerates into personal rancour — it is that, when once Her Majesty has been pleased to invest one of her subjects with representative authority — whether as a judge, an ambassador, or a viceroy — (cheers) — no matter what may have been the vehc^nence of his political ante- cedents — his countrymen, of all classes and parties, are con- tent to regard him henceforth as their common servant, champion, and representative — (hear, hear)— as emancipated from all taint of political partisanship — (hear, hear) — and as actuated by a simple desire to serve the nation at large. (Cheers.) It is this generosity of sentiment on the part of the British people which seems to have acted like an in- spiration on the minds of those great men whose services abroad have added so many glorious pages to our history 1 I ..EAVINf} THE FAMILIAR SHORE. 26 It has purified tlieir natures, elevated their aspirations, in- vigorated their intellects, until, as in the case of Lord Can- ning — (cheers) — Lord Elgin — (cheers) — and our late lament- ed countryman, Lord Maj o — (loud applause) — their reputa- ti' ns have expanded beyond the anticipations of their warmest friends, and in le in its fullest sense had been reserved for the Earl and Countess of DufTerin. Tlie reception took the form of an overwhelming ovation, and the joyous populace formed themselves into a pageant, and vied with one another in doing fitting honour to the Peer, who had crossed the ocean to preside over their destinies. The prediction which AT SPENCERWOOD. 33 had been made of the cliaracter of the welcome which His Excellency would receive was not in the least over-estimated. The people felt a pride in their new Vice-roy, and they de- termined to convince him that he arrived among them as a friend and not as a stranger. After the landingr was over Their Excellencies were driven to Spencerwood — a charm- ing retreat, nestling in a perfect bower of beautiful trees, now clad in their tenderesfc verdure, and for many years the residence of the Governors of the Province. The drive was one of great attraction to Lord Dutferin. On every hand strange sights met hi^ view, monuraonts greeted his eye, and historic battle-grounds appeared before him. The old Martello towers, the menacing: walls of the older Citadel, and those wonderful buildings erected by the Jesuit Fathers centuries ago, and whose walls still stand defying alike the attacks of man, the elements and time, passed like a panorama as the swift carriages glided along the load. Stately churches, representing ahnost every order of archi- tecture, monasteries and convents, seminaries and colleges, in turn surprised the visitors as they came in view. But the attractions of old Quebec, her libraries, her relics, her paintings, her tapestries, and her rich stores of ancient and historic emblems were reserved for another and a more minute inspection. The travellers contented themselves now by merely glancing at the fleeting spectacle which they saw from their carriage windows. As soon as luncheon was over and a brief rest had been taken, the Governor-General repaired to the Executive Council Chamber. Ho arrived at " o'clock, and shortly ;.4 It- — -"■■ "■ -"- I n i! m 34 DEPAUTUliE FROM QUEBEC. afterwards the ceremony of administering the oaths of office and the presentation of addresses took place. An address was then presented by the Mayor on behalf of the Corpora- tion and citizens, and His Excellency replied in these words : , "It is with feelings of no ordinaiy pleasure that I ' a.ve received your address of congratulation on my arrival at the ancient City of Quebec. I trust that I shall fulfil the antici- pations which you have expressed in terms that I cannot but feel as only too flattering. I can assure you that my bust endeavours will be directed towards forwarding your views and interests. I thank you in behalf of Lady DufFerin for your kind expressions of welcome, and hope that many opportunities may offer for a further acquaintance with a city which unites in itself many historical recollections, much natural beauty, and the promises of great material prosperity." Addresses were also read from the Board of Trade and the St. Patrick's Society, which were duly replied to, when the * proceedings terminated. An official dinner at Spencerwood closed Their Excellencies' first day in Canada. The next day, after paying a visit to the Volunteers' Camp at Ldvis, His Excellency left for the Dominion Capital,* which was reached by steamer up the Ottawa, whose tide celebrated in song and story, w^as thus the first tributary of the " father of rivers " to gieet the representative of a great • The Literary and Historical Society presented an addrew to Iliu E.xcellcncy flt the boat, before she left Quebec. UP THE OTTA WA lilVEli. 35 I to Kiu Excellency Queen. The legendary waters of the Ott iwa, famous ahke in history, romance, and literature, now shining m repose like a huge sheet of burnished silver, now dashing along at a headlong pace, awakened many memories in the suscepti- ble mind of His Excellency. It did not need the bright spire i)i the little church at Ste. Anne's, which stands out against the sky, embowered in a leafy grove, to remind the visitor of a witching song of Moore's; nor did he require to see the four noble elms near Como to remind him of the wood-pecker tapping the holloAv tree. The spot which the melodious Irish poet immortalized in his sunny verse, is still pointed out to the traveller, and a. portion of the house where he passed a night, is yet to be seen. Softly one goes over the hallowed ground, but in vain the eye peers through the " lone little wood " to catch a glimpse of Moore's blushing maid. The rapids, the island-home of the Oka Indians, Como, and other attractive featuj-es of the trip, in turn presented themselves, and the variegate d scenery on every side at once charmed the poetic nature and aesthetic taste of the new Ruler. His fine artistic sense and his love of the beautiful were rewarded by the sights he saw. And when night came, and that moon which looks upon many night-flowers — though the night- tlower sees but one moon* — shone out bright and clear in the azure sky, the water and the landscape appeared more gorgeous still, and the softened light glorified every changoful, every passing scene. The evening had g ""wn old before the steamer touched the shore of old Bytown, but her arrival had been long expected. The wharf was crowded with f'! %■ ' 'hit. i > I': " Sir William Jones. II;* i ri f i P K :ii P3 ARRIVAL AT OTTAWA. people, and on the brow of the hill above the wharf and in the streets near at hand, the eager populace walked in great throngs. Men, women, and children, crowded every space, and the members of the City and County Councils, and the members of the different societies with their insignia and badges filled every avenue. A guard of honour, under com- mand of Major White, formed on either side of the passage leading from the boat, and the Civil Service Band took up a position on the hill. The fire companies in their neat uni- forms turned out and \; e jnted an efiective front. Four splendid greys, richly caparisoned, awaited the Earl and Countess, and a carpeted platform extended from the wharf to the carriage. His Excellency accompanied by Lady Duf- ferin, Lady Macdonald, Sir John Macdonald, Sir George Cartier, and Col. Bernard, soon appeared, and the address of welcome was presented by the Mayor on behalf of the Cor- poration of the City of Ottawa. Addresses were also read from the County of Carleton, the Board of Trade, St. George's, St. Andrew's, St. Patrick's Literar}'- Association, and St. Jean Baptiste Societies j the Canadian Institute, the Irish Catholic Temperance Association, the Irish Protestant Benevolent Society, and the Metropolitan Canadian Society. These were all received singly and replies thereto deferred. The jmrty then proceeded to Rideau Hall. His Excellency's arrival w^s peculiarly well-timed, and the annual military camps which had been formed in differ- ent sections of the country afforded him a fine opportunity of witnessing a certain phase of Canadian national life. He paid vi.^its of inspection to the camps at Ldvis, Laprairie, EFFICIENCY OF TEE CANADIAN MILITIA. 37 Prescott, and Kingston, during the early days of the month of July. At Kingston, on July 1st, and at Prcscott, on July 2nd, His Excellency attended bj' a numerous and brilliant staff, after the usual "marching past," witnessed pliam-fights by the troops, and, at the close, the men being formed into a hollow square, he distributed the [)rizes earned by the differ- ent marksmen at ball practice; after which, His Excellency on both occasions addressed the troops in glowing terms, ex- pressing his surprise at the " magnificent physique " and general appearance of the men, their steadiness and pro- ficiency, and stating that he should report to Her Majesty's Government the efficiency of the lililitia of Canada. On the 3rd, His Excellency, accompanied by Lady Dufferin and suite, left Prescott for Montreal. At Montreal, Their Excellencies remained during their stay at the St. Lawrence Hall, whence the day following their arrival, which was una ttejided by any public reception, Lord Dufferin proceeded to Liprairie to inspect the volunteers, then in Camp. On his return, in the afternoon, he was waited on by a deputation from the City Council, headed by the Mayor, C. J. Coursol, Esq., by whom an address of welcome was presented, to which a reply was forwarded from Quebec, to which city Their Excellencies proceeded inamedi- atel}'-, en route for Rivii^re du Loup, where their children were spending the summer season. About the middle of August, the Governor-General and Lady Dufferin returned with their family to Quebec, and took up their residence at the Citadel. Here Their Excel- lencies began that series of brilliant entertainment ^, which ,ft Mil I: It i f j i j 1 j \ 1 88 A SECOND DUBLIN. has made their residence in Canada so marked. A constant succession of dinner ]jaities, receptions, dances, and balls, brought back to old Quebec the long forgotten memories of the ancient rSgime, when the proud and courtly chivalry of France liold sway within its confines. 'I'he days of the old French Governors had come again, and for a time, at least, Quebec assumed the cliaracter of another Versailles, and of a second Dublin, and the Vice-regal hospitalities at the Citadel, vied in splendour with those of the famous Court at the Castle. Mor did the intercourse between the G( vemor and his people stop here. Visits of inspection were paid to the leading educational and other institutions of the city. The Lava] Noimal School, withm whose walls so many accomplished French Canadian Litterateurs re- ceived their education, the sf^hools oi Ihe Christian Brothers, the High School, the Convent of St. Rochs, the Ursulines and the Beauport Lunatic Asylum, were in turn visited. Athletics received a fresh impulse through the influence of His Excellency, "vvho long regarded sports of this character as important factois in the education of youth. He attended the annual laces and games, and Lady Dufferin presented some of the i)iizes to the winners, « mid the cheers of fully five thousand spectators. But His Excellency could no longer delay his visit to On- tario. It was necessary that he should see the great western portion of the Dominion before the incoming of winter, and accordingly preparations were made for an early departure from Quebec. The 23rd of September was the day fixed upon, and such was tho popularity of Lord and Lady Duf- LEAVING QUEBEC. 39 ferin that it was detennined by the people to signalize their departure by a public demonstration. Preparations on a grand scale were begun, and when the day arrived, the city presented even a finer appearance than it did three months before. Flags and banners were hung across the streets, and part of the way was decorated witli evergreens. The shipping in the harbour was gaily dressed with bunting, and the public buildings and the offices of the foreign consulates and many private dwellings displayed flags and streamers. Bands of music played, bells rang, students and pupils sang songs, and guns from the Citadel and from the wharves thundered out salute after salute. The streets again were filled with people, and the mighty concourse moved slowly along towards the wharf A guard of honour awaited Their Excellencies at the pier, and the band played the National Anthem as they appeared m sight. The Mayor and Cor- poration, and a deputation fiom the citizens presented an address, and His Excellency r^ plied briefly in these words : Mr. Mayor, Ladies and Gentlemen . I can assure you I find it difliculfc, adequately, to express either on LadyDufferin's behalf, or on my own, our deep sense of the kindness of yourself and our other friends in thus coming to bid us good-bye. The delicacy of feeling which has suggested so graceful a compliment doubles its value in our estimation. V7hen we first arrived here we were un- known to you all, and strangers in the land. When we next come to Quebec we feel that we shall be returning to a circle of warm friends, to a most charming and agreeable 40 COURTESY OF THE CITIZENS OF QUEBEC. :i\ society, and to the sight of kind, familiar faces. Our only regret is that circumstances have not permitted us during our brief stay amongst you to make greater exertions on your behalf, for I am well aware that the social duties of my station are as imperative as my political functions. Encamped, however, as we have been upon the rock above us, and confined w ithin the narrow casemates of the Citadel, it was imnossible for us to oy en our doors as widely as we could have wished ; but though in one sense the space at our disposal for your acconimcdation has been restricted, in another way, at all events, v/e can make ample provision for you all. In the chambers of our hearts there is room and verge enough for many friends. Their avenues are guaided by no state, nor ceremonial ; — no introduction is needed to gain admission there, and those who once enter need never take their leave. (Cheers.) In conclusion, Mr. Mayor, I would desire especially to expiess to you and through you to the citizens of Quebec at large, my sense of the courtesy and consideration which I have met on every side in the streets of your town. Whether alone or attended by my staff, whether in the pub- lic thoroughfares, or in the lanes and alleys of St. Rochs's or Champlain street, all classes I have encountered have never failed to show me the greatest courtesy and politeness, evincing by the respect they paid to my person their deep- seated loyalt^y to the Throne and Sovereign I represent. Both on my own behalf and on Lady Dufierin's, Mr. Mayor, I accept with gratitude youi" kind invitation to a ball later in the year. riJE ''MONTREAL' AND HER ESCORT. 41 No one could wish for anything bettor thaa such an opportunity of paying his devoirs to those fair ladies whom I see around me, and whose grace and beauty so ap- propriately adorn ^he homes of the most beautiful city on the American continent. (C'lecrs.) l\ Their Excellencies and suite then embarked on board the steamer, and the Montreal shortly afterwards steamed away amid salutes from a hundred cannons, and the cheers from thousands of people who lined the wharves, the streets, the walls, the Lovver Park Garden, the Terrace, the Grand Bat- tery, the Citadel, and indeed every point overlooking the scene, and the music from the bands. An escort of steamers accompanied the party, and the whole spectacle presented a sight seldom witnessed in the walled capital, or indeed in any Colonial city. The fleet passed up the river, and at every village and cove the people gathered near Ihe shore and cheered. The children of the Sillery School turned out near the Church, and with flags and banners, and their voices, expressed the joy they felt. At Cap Rouge the escort took leave of the Montreal, and after hearty cheers and a salute from the steamer Napoleon III. the Vice-regal party pur- sued their way onward. The hearty recognition of the Governor's amiable quali- ties of head ai a heart, on the part of the Ancient capital of the Dominion, found a ready echo in the West. To To- ronto, the " Queen City," must be conceded the honour of having made the most magnificent public demonstration which ever greeted any Governor-General of Canada, and ■:■ I ill ;!i ::i.1l i 1 lil :.i ii it i il ii - i ^ 4a ENTHUSiASM OF THE WEST though the formal reception by the city was defeiTed till His Excellency's return from Hamilton, yet the night of September 24tli, saw the new ruloi- received in a most enthu- siastic manner. Ami)le preparations had been maile. The Ontario Government had erected a triumphal arch of wel- come, brilliantly illuminated, while Government House itseli was covered with tasteful designs in gas and colomed glass. The following day His Excellency received the members of the Ontario Government, and in the evening Lieuten- ant-Governor Rowland entertained a large party at dinner and afterwards at a ball which he gave in honour of the dis- tinguished visitors. In the forenoon of the next day, September 26th, the Governor-General left Toronto for Hamilton, in order to visit the Provincial Exhibition then being held in that city. He was accompanied by the meml)ers of the Ontario Govern- ment, and on arriving at Hamilton he was received by a guard of honour furnished by the 13th Battalion under command of Colonel Skinner. A battery of Artillery sta- tioned on the heights, commanded by Captain Smith, fired a salute and an address of welcome was read by the Mayor, D. B. Chisholm, Esq., to which a reply was returned. An address was also presented by the Board of Trade. Some gentlemen were presented to the Governor, and a pnrty of about thirty sat down to a luncheon in the dining-room oi the Great Western Railway. After lunch His Excellency repaired to the Exhibition grounds, where an address from the Agricultural Association was read and t'cplied to, and Lord and Lady DufFerin then walked round the ring, cheered RECEPTION fN TOllONTO. lustily by upwards of ten thousand people. The horses, cat- tle and live stock were inspected, but as the palace and grounds were too much crowded to admit of an exnmination of the other exhibits, the visitors left the grounds and drove through the principal streets of the city, tlience to the house of the Honourable Isaac Buchanan, where the remainder of the nfternoon was passed. Their Excellencies were subse- quently entertained at dinner at the residence of Mr. D. Mc- Innes. After a second visit early the following morning to the Exhibition, Lord Dufferin held a levee in the City Hall, and returned to Toronto soon after mid-day. Here a magnificent reception awaited the visitors. The wharves and principal streets were occupied by people anxious to catch a glimpse of the new Governor-General, whose fame had preceded him. The York cavalry were drawn up in an imposing line at the foot of Yonge Street, and a perfect canopy of scarlet, white and blue cloth, hung from side to side of the thoroughfaie. The train whirled into the station amid the deafening cheers of the multitude. The detachment of the Grand Trunk Artillery presented arms, the band of the brigade played " The Lass of Kildare," and His Excellency stepped lightly from the car. He was received by the Mayor, and Lady Dufferin, followed by Sir Charles Hastings Doyle, Governor Howland, Colonel Flet- cher and the Staff, next alighted The Governor inspected the volunteers, and complimented the guard of honour and the Grand Trunk Brigade on their soldierly appearance. The procession, which was to introduce the new viceroy to th& \\ I 41 TIIi'J UKCOIIATIOMH. Ill ii inhabitants of tlio Queen City, waa then set in motion. It consisted of a detachment of the Hrenien of the city, followed by their four engines and eight hose-carts; tliirty-live cnr- ringcs canio next, preceded and followed by the cavalry. In this concourse the Ontario Oovcrnnjcnt, the City Council, the Board of Trade, St. (Jeorge's, St. Andrew's, the Caledo- nian and Irisli Protectant Benevolent Societies were repre- sented. As the procession moved along the streets, the wiMest enthusiasm prevailed. Apart from the lavish display made by private citizens, the liberality of the city was marked by one of the largest and handsomest groups of arches, probably, ever erected in Canada. No less than eight of these, covered with (n^ergreens, were erected at the junc- tion of Yonge and King Streets. On King Street west, there were three arches, one across the carriage way, and one over each of the foot-walks. Above the central arch were the Royal Arms and the words "God Save the Queen" in red letters on a white ground, the whole being sur- mounted by the Britisli Ensign, Union Jack, and Canadian Ensign. Shields, bunting, mottoes and evergreens were profusely shown, and exhibited admirably the taste of the people. From the central arch to the City Hall — the desti- nation of the procession, — there was one continuous dis[)lay of flags, and banners, and bannerets. At half-past three o'clock, the cavalcade halted in front of the City Hall, and Their Excellencies entered the build- ing and were conducted to a dais prepared for their recep- tion. The Mayor read an address, and His Excellency made a brief extem^jore reply, after promising to send, shortly, a i ,!l HEi'El VINO DEPUTATIONS. 45 3 in motion. It city, t'oll(JNvefl thirty- live car- lo cavalry. In City Council, v'a, tho Caledo- ies were repre- 10 streets, the lavish display the city was lest groups of less than eight ,ed at the junc- g Street west, ^riage way, and e central arch ive the Queen" [)le being sur- and Canadian .^ergreens were he taste of the [all — the desti- inuous display halted in front srcd the build - or their recep- :cellency made end, shortly, a formal and written answer. An address from tho Board uf Trade, read by Mr. McMastcr, was also briefly rospoirled to. The procession then re-formed, and the Governor-Cenoral was conveyed to tho Queen's Hotel, as tlie guest of the city. The gaieties of the day were cariied on far into the night and the streets were crowded with siglit-seers. In the course of the evening Their Excellencies drove through the city and witnessed the elaborate illuminations which had been pi epared in their honour, the throngs of people heartily cheering them on their way. The next morning was spent in receiving deputations from the various Religious and Cliaritable Societies of Toronto, and in a drive round the city with the Mayor and Corporation. His Woi-ship entertained his guests at lunch at the Queen's Hotel, after which His Excellency held a Levee at the Legislative Assembly, which was largely at- tended by leading citizens, and then returned to Government House, the guest of the Lieutenant-Governor of Ontario until the following Monday. On Monday, the 1st of October, the progress was resumed, and the visitors went over to Niagara to see the Falls and hear the giant roar of tho avalanche of water. The mighty cataract was in its grandest mood, and was thorough Ij" enjoyed from its different points of interest. On Saturday the ]^arty left the Clifton House for Toronto, especially to witness tho Regatta got up in their honour by the Toronto Rowing Club. A grand Drawing-room and Reception at Parliament u M 46 ARRIVAL AT THE FOREST CITY. Buildings, and the presentation of addresses to His Excel- lency at Holland House, which had been temporarily en- gaged as his residence during his stay in Toronto, employed the earlier portion of the following week. On the 10th of Octobei, another stage of the journey was begun, and Lord and Lady Dutferin left the Queen City by special train for London, arriving there shortly after one o'clock. They were met at the station by a vast gather- ing and greeted with ringing cheers. The usual address of welcome was read by the Mayor, John Campbell, Esq., followed by the neat and genial reply of His Excellency, who expressed his extreme regret that, owing to an unfortu- nate accident, he had not received the copy of the address which had been forwarded to him, and it was therefore entirely out of his power to pre[)are a suitable reply to the kind expressions contained therein ; he said, however, that a man must indeed be destitute of all power of feeling if he failed to thank the kind friends assembled for the hospitable welcome accorded him, which he would remember all the days of his life. It was with the very greatest pleasure that he found himself in London, the Forest City. He had been well aware that the Province of Ontario was rich in agricultural and manufacturing industries, arid that a dis- tinctive prosperity culminated, if he might say so without disparagement to other places, around the city of London. He naturally regarded the career of this city with some share of egotistical interest. They (His Excellency and London) both came into the world in the same year. (Laughter and applause.) The progress it had made was great, but what \ III COHN AND OIL. 47 it may make in the future is very difficult to tell. He lioj^ed that during his short stay he would find it possible to make a visit to at least one of the educational establish- ments whose proper home seems to be in Ontario. He also hoped to visit the oil district of Petrolia, and make himself acquainted with the oil manufacturing of this country. He noticed that Ontario had two gifts which reminded him of Biblical times. It was endowed with bles- sings to an unlimited extent in corn and oil. (Laughter and applause.) He fully ai>preciated the feelings of loyalty to the person of Her Most Gracious Majesty. It was im- possible that one of such unblemished virtues, both public and private, could fail to remain as dear to the hearts of her subjects in Canada as in Britain; and it was a source of i,a'eat satisfaction to His Excellency to be able to assure them, from Her Majesty's own lips, that there was no section of her subjects, whose prosperity and future she regarded with greater solicitude than the loyal inhabitants of the Dominion .f Canada. He M'as afraid he could not congratulate them upon their town being as large as the city from which it takes its name. Possibly, in time it miglit come to tread on its heels. In the meantime, they could safely congratulate themselves upon the absence of certain characteristics for which that other city is remarkable. There is no poverty here. No strikes. No classes unable to find a livelihood. No "gutter children." On the contrary, Canada affords a home for this most pitiable class, more deserving of aid and sympathy than any other. He concluded by briefly returning not only his own, but Lady Dufferin's grateful ' I! : I 'I ' " I I ;! i if 43 THE JOYOUa BELLH Oh ST. FAUVt. thanks for the kind way in which they had associated her name with his. (Clicors.) Several citizens were tlien introduced to His Excellency by the Mayor, and Mr. Joseph Atkinson, the President of the Board of Trade then read, on behalf of that body, a cordial address of welcome, which was as cordially responded to. The party immediately thereafter drove to the Exhibition gronnds, followed by a brilliant cavalry escort, under com- mand of Lieutenant -Colonel Cole, of St Thomas. The o-uard of honour wfs furnished by the 7th Battalion, commanded by Captain Gorman. All along the route salutes were fired, cheers resounded on every side, the joyous bells of St; Paul's Cathedral pealed melodiously, and the various bands made the air lively with sweet music. Thousands of peoi)le crow- ded the sidewalks, and the enthusiasm everywhere was boundless and sincere. On arriving at the Exhibition gi'ounds, His Excellency v/as escorted to the Judges' stand, and Mr. William Saunders, the President of the Western Fair Association read an ad- dress, to which the Governor returned a verbal answer, and humorously related some experiences of his own in farming and stock-raising. His farm had not been over profitable. He had taken considerable interest in the breeding of stock, and among liis herd was a somewhat famous bull, which had secured a number of silver medals, of the value, perhaps, of £5, representing about £1,000 which had disa])peared in his efforts to secure them. A number of presentations were then made when the Earl and Countess entered their caninge and proceeded to examine AT STRATH ROY. 49 the principal features of the Exhibition Afterwards Hel muth College was visited. The decoration of the streets by the Corporation ot Lon- don was on a most liberal scale, and the illuminations in the evening were of a tasteful and brilliant character. The arches were lit up with gas, and the Chinese lanterns im- parted to the whole a veiy pretty effect. In the evening a Levee was held in the Council Cliamber and a grand ball was given in the City Hall The next morning Their Excellencies paid a short visit to the oil regions of Canada, where an opportunity was had of observing the manner in which the wells are worked and the supply of petroleum obtained. At Strathroy a large crowd was assembled at the station. On alighting. Lord and Lady Dufferin were met by the Mayor, Mr. J. D Dewan, and escorted to the dais, where an address was read. The mem- bers of the Town Council were presented, and after a brief inspection of the guard of honour, furnished by the 2Gih Middlesex Battalion, Lord Dufferin, and the party accom- panj'ing him, re-entered the train and at one o'clock arrived at Petrolia. A triumphal arch had been erected bearing the inscriptions " God Save the Qu^en," and " Welcome to Pe- trolia." Adjoining the arch a gallery had been built, and from this eminence two hundred school children sang a couple of verses of the National Anthem. The Petrolia band played some spirited airs, the people cheered, addresses were read, and His Excellency spoke somo pleasant words of advice to the little ones who had come out to do him honour. A proces- sion then formed, and headed by the village band and the 11 ■ ill I 1 I !' ) , i ■l! 50 THE OIL-WELLS OF PETEOLIA. Petrolia Fire-Brigade, tiie company moved olF to inspect the oil-bearing territory The i)rocession passed under a large arch which bore the words, "Welcome to the Earl of Dufferin," and decorations and mottoes expressive of the people's loyalty, devotion and hospitality, were to be seen on all sides. Some of the wells were inspected and the interesting character of the process examined, the ma- chinery, engines, &c., proving especially interesting to the visitors. The party next proceeded to tlie railvvay track and entering the special train which had come on to meet them left immediately for Toronto. Prominent amongst the features of Lord DufTerin's resi- dence in the Capital of Ontario was the sedulous care with which he sought an intimate personal acquaintance with the various Canadian scholastic and educational systems which obtained there. The practical working of these awakened mucn interest in his mind, and he spared no pains to acquire the fullest information on the points which occupied his attention. He visited a number of public and private schools as well as the more distinguished academies and colleges, and was thus enabled to carry away an exceptionally com- plete view of the state of educational matters in the Province. Nor were these visits paid in a merely formal way. His Excellency did not content himself with looking on only, but on several occasions he examined the students and pupils in certain branches of their studies. At an early day he paid a visit to the Education Department and was 'V lerin's resi- EDUCATIONAL MATTERS IN TORONTO. 61 ivcoived at tlie principal entrance by the agud Chief Super- intendent, Rev. Dr. Ryerson, and hi.s deputy Dr. Hodgius. Al'ter the usual formal presentations were made, the dis- tinguished visitors were conducted into the handsomely de- corated theatre, where the pupils of the Model and Normal Schools were assembled. On then- entrance they were received by the pupils who sang with excellent effect some verses of the National Anthem. The members of the Council tlien descended to the foot of the dais, and the Dean of Toronto read an address which was responded to by His Excellency in the following words :— ' Gentlemen, — " In the first place, I must express to you my very great regret that I have not been as punctual in meeting you here as I could have wished, but unfortunately we missed our way, and have been consequently delayed. The ad- dress with which you have been good enough to present me contains not only most kind expressions of welcome to rayseU' and Lady Dufferin, on our arrival in this locality, but it also resumes in a few pregnant sentences the general nature of your labours, and the satisfactory results which have flowed from them. In the first place, therefore, I have to thank you, both on Lady Dufferin's part and on my own, for those kind expressions with which you have greeted us, I can assure you that it is indeed a very great satisfac- tion to us to feel that, in coming to this place, we have been welcomed by those who represent one of the most useful and one of the most successful institutions in Toronto. On the other hand T have to congratulate you upon those refer :;• ( ■* riff (I 1 ! !! m ■1^1 m ADVANTAGES Of A SOUND EDUCATION fii; ; t ! * i< i .1 ■ (iS ences which you have been able to make with justifiable pride to the fruit of your endeavours. I can well under- stand that, to those who have watched the gradual growth and extension of such an establishment as this, it must be delightful to reflect that from hence there have been year by year poured forth in every direction, and to every dis- tant part of the Province, pupils who in their turn have become teachers in their several departments, and have spread abroad that sound education and well-directed system of instruction which they have acquired within your walls. I am well aware that, until a very recent period, your efibrts have been a good deal hindered by the want of proper class- books. That defect, thanks to the efforts, I understand, of f"T.e of your members, has been amply supplied, and I beixeve that the class-books of Toronto are now equal to any which can be found in any part of the world. I am also happy to think that I see before me a gentleman through whose strenuous efforts here and energetic exertions in visiting the various countries in Europe, as well as examin- ing the diflferent systems which have been pursued on the continent of America, a method of instruction has been introduced into Canada which probably resumes in itself all that is good in the various systems to be found else- where. But to myself especially, who, in Ireland, have been accustomed to live in the midst of religious contention, and where education is itself the battle-field upon which the conflicting denominations encounter each other with the greatest acrimony, it is the greatest pleasure to have mot here to-day the distinguished representatives of so many PROMOTING MATERIAL. y^ different religious communions, and I must say it apeaks very favourably for the liberality of sentiment and for the general enlightenment of the ecclesiastical bodies in this country that this should be the case. In this respect also gentlemen, you have my hearty sympathy. It has always seemed to me a disgraceful thing that, in the great conten- tion which we are waging with ignorance, and consequeatly with crime, the various religious denominations of Europe should not have yet learnt to put aside their jealousies and combine in so catholic a cause. I can only say, in addition to the few observations with which I have ventured to trouble you, that since my arrival in Canada I do not think I have ever found myself in a building which seems to com- bine in so favourable a degree all the necessary mechanical appliances for the dissemination of knowledge ; nor, indeed, to judge by the intelligent and smiling faces of the nume- rous pupils before me, have I ever seen more promising materials on which, indeed, gentlemen, it must be a satisfac- tion to you to expend your energies and time Again thanking you for the kind reception you have been good enough to. give to Lady Duff*erin and myself, I would con- clude by wishing you, from the very bottom of my heart, the utmost success and prosperity in the time to come, and I trust that each succeeding year may enable you to <: xtend the sphere of your beneficent labours." After the performance of some excellent vocal music by the pupils of the Normal School, hearty cheers were given for the Queen and Their Excellencies. The party then pro- ceeded to inspect tlie literary treasures of the library, and m ! ! i;li:| l| 1:1 f^i If If! 64 VISIT TO UPPER CANADA COLLEGE. the curiosities of the museuiu. Two hours were passed profitably here, wlien after expressing the great pleasure he had experienced in the inspection of an institution equalled by few of its kind in Europe, the Governor-General entered his carriage and drove off. On a further occasion, His Excellency visited the Normal School during school hours, and listened attentively for three hours to the recitation of the classes. On the fifteenth of October, Lord Dufferin visited and in- spected Upper Canada College. He proceeded immediately to the boarding-house and the class-rooms, and with great interest he familiarized himself with the mode of instruc- tion pursued at the College. After spending some time in the inspection of this hall of learning, the Governor repaired to the lecture-room, the body of which waa filled by boys, and listened to an address which was read to him by the Principal, Mr. Cockburn. Lord Dufferin replied immediately in these words : — " Mr. Principal, Ladies, and Gentlemen, — " I can assure you that it is with very great pleasure I find myself within these walls. Any institution which contains within it such a spacimfjn of the youth of a country must be one of the most interesting s'.ghts which could be presented to the eyes of those who are in any way connected with its administration, and I am sure that both to the Lieute- nant-Governor and to myself the aspect of so many bright and intelligent faces is a matter of the greatest satisfac- tion. I have had the pleasure already of passing through A DMIllABLE FlilAOIFLES. 65 the various class-rooms, of informing myself of the course of instruction communicated at this college, and of making the acquaintance of those gentlemen who superintend the studies of the pupils ; and, from first to last, 1 have .seen nothing but what appears to me to be based upon the most admirable principles for the instruction of youth. As I understand, it is the ambition of those who direct the internal affairs of this establishment, to assimilate, as far as possible, the principles of its moral government to those which have proved so suc- cessful in the administration of the great public schools in England. Well, then, sir, I ask myself what are the leading features of an English public school ; and here I would lay aside for the moment any reference to the particular course of study which may be pursued at those establishments, because they vary in dilFerent localities and are influenced by different considerations, but there is one feature which is common to them all, and that is, that the authorities who are charged with the responsibilities of the education of those young lads have laid down for themselvesi:. this golden rule, that they will not treat the boys placed under their care as mere children, as incapable of themselves discerning between what is right and what is wrong, between what is honour- able and what is dishonourable; but they endeavour to create among their pupils a healthy public opinion, and through its instrumentality to maintain the proper discipline of the school. I am certain that there is no more fruitful principle, no more certain mode of gaining at the same time the confidence of the pupils and enlisting them on the side of order, regularity and good conduct, then by thus making ! ^1 ki 56 SCHOOL-DA Y I'EMINISCENVES. ill :i i I , j I, m an appeal to their honourable feelings. Educated myself at a public school whore, perhaps, this principle of trustfulness towards the hoys has been carried out to the greatest extent, I know how it acts upon the minds of the individuals who are thus honoured by the confidence of their msisters. Al- though, of course, like other boys, we were very '»ften idle, and occasionally disobedient, although we committed many things for which we deserved punishment, and for which, I must say, we received it, yet we each of us had this feeling, that, placed upon our honours, as it were, we disdained to commit a base, a dishonourable, or an unworthy action. (Loud applause.) Perhaps the distinction between what was strictly right and wrong was somewhat confused, though we gave rather a liberal interpretation to the code which we thus set ourselves, yet notwithstanding any imperfections of this kind, there was not one of us who, if discovered in a fault, or accused of any act of disobedience, would have hesitated to avow this fault, or would have sought refuge in any- thing so dastardly as a lie. There was ako another principle to which an appeal was made with success, and which worked wath great benefit among the boys — the princi[)le of endeavouring to impose upon the elder lads a certain degree of responsibility, not only in regard to the example they set, but, in reference to the active inHuence they exercised among their junior companions This was a very healthy principle. 1 do not think that the authority thus delegated was ever abused, or that the boys who were the most conscientious in its exercise were at all un})opular upon that account with their younger colleagues , and 1 am sure a. kindly word of U.. A HEALTHY flllNClPLB. 57 warning from a boy whom we folfc to be superior to ourselves, not only in his moral character, his age, or ioaining, but also in his skill in manly sports, exercised a most healthful, and pleasant influence u[)on our own conduct. (Applause ) We knew, of course, we were school boys, and willingly and gladly submitted to the discipline we were called upon to obey ; but our masters were always careli 1 to inculcate upon our minds that because we were school boys, we had not ceased to be English gentlemen. I will not dwell further upon this point because I Lnow that to a youthiul audience, brevity is the soul of eloquence ; but before concluding, I wish to say with what satis..xtion I have perceived the catholic character of this establishment, not only in the technical acceptation of that term in respect of its freedom from any religious restrictions or controversial impediments to its utility, but in the sense that its healthful influence seems to extend throughout the whole Dominion of Canada, and even into distant parts of America. I have already had the pleasure of speaking to two or three boys who have come from the Southern States, one from Georgia and another I think from New Oilcans; and it speaks well for the reputation of this college that such distant students should have been attracted to its walls. There is also another very favourable regulation which I have observed, and which had not been thought of when I was a boy, and which, in a country like this, cannot fail to be of the greatest convenience. I mean the principle of allowing the streamsof education, after the}' have flowed together for some time, to bifurcate in diflerent directions, so as to allov/ the boys to follow the course which i li I4\l 1 i ; i , 1 i ■■', • ! J i ' 1 ■ I : i' 1 I . i ' '1 1 11 n UIHTING UIHUED STUDEA'TS. their taste or talents point out, or their |iiuvnt,s in their dis- cretion may select for them. By this means you are able to furnish stud(>iits to all those varieties of occupation which are so multiform in a new country. It must be a source of pride to you that this college should have furnished to tiie annals of the State the names of so many distinguished per- sons. You already count among those who have gone before you the Prime Minister of the Province, and perhaps some day you may also be able to point out, as amongst the num- bers of your predecessors, the Prime Minister of the Domin- ion. (Applause.) We have present here to-day one of the most distinguished gentlemen of this Province, a person eminent in the legal profession, who was also a pupil of this establishment, and it must be a mutual satisfaction to him, as well as to the pupils assembled in his presence, that they should have this opportunity of meeting. (Applause.) I thank you, Mr. Principal, I thank you, ladies and gentlemen, and I thank you, boys, for the kind and hearty welcome you have given to the representative of Her Majesty ; and I am quite certain that, wherever a Canadian boy is to be found, there, also. Her Majesty will find a loyal subject." (Loud cheers.) The Annual Convocation of University College took place on the 18th October. Lord Dufferin had promised to take a prominent part in the proceedings, by presenting the prizes to the successful candidates. An address was prepared by the Senate of the University, conjointly with the Council of University College. At three o'clock the procession entered the hall, in the following order : — A.Bs., M.Bs., LL.Bs., M. CONVOCATION OF UNlVEliiHTY COLLtXJE. 59 Ds., M.As., and T.L.Ds., officers ami inenibera of the Uni- versity, Senate and CoUe'-o Council ; Esc^uire and Yeomen bedels with maces; Vice-Chancellor of the University, and President of University College. The graduates and under- graduates took their seats on benches running down each side of the hall, and the members of the Senate and College Council occupied positions on the dais. In the centre of the dais His Excellency sat, supported on his right by the Rev. Dr. McCaul, and on his left by the Hon. Adam Crooks. Lady Dufferin sat on the President's right, and other dis- tinguished ladies and gentlemen occupied equally prominent places. The joint address was then read. The several prize- men were called up, and presented to His Excellency, who distributed the prizes with a kindly word to each student The ordinary exercises of Convocation being over, ^^ord Di^fferin 1 »; ft" li i'i 7H A FLOURISIHNO CHURCH. been my opinion that in no part of the world is there to bo found a more industrious and energetic population than that whicli inhabits the western counties of Ulster ; nor, as the statistics of the Province show, is there any population so remarkable} for a paucity of crime. I have also had, in con- sequence of being closely connected by friendship with many persons in Scotland, the advantage of becoming acquainted with the Divines of the various Presbyterian churches in that country, and of making myself familiar with the pulpit ora- tory, for which, for so many centuries, these churches have been famous. It affords me great delight and satisfaction to know and see that the Presbyterian communities, which are there established, should also have branches in this country, and that they are carrying on in this great Dominion the beneficent work, which they are prosecuting with so much vigour at home. I am glad to learn, from the observations with which the convener has prefaced the presentation of the address, of the flourishing condition of your church, and I am still more pleased to be told that there may be a pros- pect of uniting in a single body all the Presbyterian commu- nities inhabiting the Dominion. I am well aware that there are two qualities by which the Presbyterian church is emi- nently distinguished — by its unswerving loyalty to the Throne, and the noble way in which on all occasions, through a long history, it has vindicated the freedom of religious thought. I trust that in this new territory your church will flourish in a congenial atmosphere, where the prejudices and illiberality of sentiment, which so unhaj)pily have prevailed — though they are now gradually disappearing — in the Old LOYALTY OF THE VRESBYTEHIAN8. 79 Country will not obstruct your endeavours to disseminate the truths of the Gospel. I thank you for the loyal expres- sion which you have addressed to me as the representative of Her Majesty. As you are doubtless aware, the Queen, while residing in the northern portion of her Kingdom, attends the service of the Presbyterian Church, and considers herself a member of the Presbyterian congi'ogation. It can- not fail to express her satisfaction at the knowledge that her Presbyterian subjects on this side of the Atlantic are ani- mated by the same feelings of loyalty as inspire her subjects of the same persuasion on the other side. I have also to thank you lor the kind manner in which you have expressed yourselves with regard to Lady Duffcrin and myself, and in return I can assure you that as long as I live, I shall never cease to remember with gratitude the friendly reception I have met with at your hands." And in the brief speech with which ho received the dele- gation from the Church of Scotland, Lord Dufl'erin observed: " It gives me great pleasure to receive an nddress from the Synod of the Church of Canada, in connection with the Church of Scotland. Myself, descended on one side of the house from Presbyterian ancestors, and the landlord of a Presbyterian tenantry, I have had good opportunities of observing the character and work of the Presbyterian Church. The Church of Scotland has in all times been distinguished for loyalty to the Crown, and love of intellectual liberty. Wherever a Presbyterian congregation is established there you are sure to find energy, industry, sobriety of life, and all ;'*i' 1 i h I- :'|! 80 A BALL IN TORONTO. the noblest virtues to which the race can attain ; and wliere- ever the Church of Scotland has planted her standard this result has invariably been secured. I thank you heartily on behalf of Lady DuffVrin and mynclf, for the good wishes you have so kindly ex})rcssed. I can assure you that from the time we set our feet on the shores of Canada nothiny; has given us greater pleasure than to observe the harmony which characterizes the relations of the various rtdigious commu- nities to one another." Lady Dufferin's interest in the several charitable institu- tions which abound in Toronto began to shew itself early. She i)aid numerous visits to the General Hospital, the Boys' Home, and its sister refuge the Girls' Home. At the Hospi- tal her kindly hand soothed many a fevered brow, and her generous words of symj)athy went far to comfort the minds of the afflicted. Like a second Florence Nightingale, she moved among the wards, and many an hushed " God bless you " fell from murmuring lips as she passed from one worn patient to another. The close of the memorable visit to Toronto was signalized by a grand ball, which Their Excellencies gave on the even- ing of the 24th of October, at the Parliament Buildings. The Council Chamber was elegantly decorated with gar- lands, wreaths and festoons of fir, dotted with roses and briirht-hued flowers. Crimson cloth lined the sides of both chambers. In the larger room, in addition to the usual decorations, there were two handsome trophies of bayonets and ramrods, su]>plied from the armoury of the Queen's Own. These attracted considerable attention. Ii I LEA VING THE CITY. 81 here- tliis ly on s you m the .1- lias which iinmu- nstitu- early. i Boys' Hospi- mcl her minds lie, she d bless le worn rnalized ;e even- lildings. th gar- ses and of both usual ayonets 'sOwn e At nine o'clock the guests began to arrive in rapid fiucoes- sion, and by ten o'clock, wben Their Excellencies reached the ball-room, the Council Chamber presented a most brilliant appearance. Dancing commenced shortly after ten, and at three o'clock in the morning one of the finest and grandest balls ever given in Canada terminated, Lord and Lady Dufferin remaining to the end. On the 28th of October, Their Excellencies took leave of the city, their departure being marked by the pres- ence at the Railway Station of an immense concourse of people, and compiising the principal citizens of Toronto. In acknowledgment of the magnificent reception, a letter was subsequently forwarded to the Mayor, expressive of His Excellency's appreciation of the .sentiments which bis pre- sence had evoked I iiii *ti •1 1 CHAPTER II. Rbtttrn to Ottawa The Rival Ciiies— Another Round of Plea- sure—The "Season" — Lord Dufkerin in Montreal — [nauou- RATION OF THE QuEBn's StATUE IN VICTORIA SQUARE— IIlS EXCEL- L-iNov's English Speech — A Few Remarks in French -The Ball AT Quebec — A Visit to Montmorenci — In IMon^real Again— A Snow-Shoe Tramp— McGill Univkrsity— The Arts Students •t -D Their Excellencies— Lord Duffkrin's Speech in Molson L.tLL— St. Mary's College — A Canadian Sxow-stoum — Convent OF Villa Maria — Lady Duffkrin's Speech— ISiONTREAL College — St. Patrick's Asylum — The Carnival and Tournament at the Rink — Home Again. ^J^^ROM Toronto, Lord DuIFcrin pivceeded to Ottawa to begin the more onerous duties of his position, in earnest. Wherever he had been, ho had left behind him a reputation such as no previous Governor- General of Canada had ever gained. The splendid style of the Earl of Elgin had been eclipsed ; the magnificence of Lord Sydenham's entertainments had been more than surpassed. Lord DufFerin won all hearts from the very first. Former rulers, with few exceptions, had g(jverned Canada as India had been ruled, and no allowances had been made for the differences of race and caste. Lord Dufferin had been in the East, and his quick, discerning mind had not been slow to comprehend the cliaracter of the people, and the wide dill'ercnce which existed between them THE RIVAL CITIES. 83 m The natives of the Orient had been held in eheck by tlie rod of iron ; the people of the " true Nortli " brooked no other law than thatf of kindness. Lord Dutieiin's tour through Ontario partook of the nature of a triumphal march rather than that of a mere pleasure trip from c" ^ city to another. He studied the pleasure of his hosts mort than he did the ease and comfort of himself. With every successive step his popularity increased, and when he reached Ottawa in the declining days of a delightful Indian Summer, the whole city rose to meet and welcome him once more to his retreat in New Edinburgh. Here, as in other [)laces, his desire seemed to be to und- itand the people with whom he was brought in contact, and to ^arn their several peculifui- ties. And here, as in Quebec, he inaugurated a series of princely entertainments, su h as Ottawa had never seen be- fore. The dull capit became even gayer than Halifax, which, up to this time, enjoyed the reputation of being the most fashionable and aristocratic city on the continent. People had long regarded Halifax as a gigantic Vmil-room, and the scene of constant " kettle drums " and never-ending dinner-parties. The Nova Scotia capital hu,a seldom been without an Admiral, two or three Generals, an Archbishop, (who entertained regally) a whole army of soldiers "and a per- fect Heet of British and French war ships. The hospitality of Halifax was as well known as her Citadel, and not a day passed away without its accompanying festivity. For years, the old town of Chebucto held indisputably its position, and other cities, by common consent, yielded the palm to her. The advent of the new Governor-General at Ottawa, how- U I'" w 84 A STATUE TO THE QUEEN. ever, placed a rival in the tiekl, and Halifax no longer en- joyed its supremacy. The InncheonH, diuncr-pnrties, receiftions, and " at homes" began, and Ottawa became the scene of the most exceptional gaieties. The long carriage drive to Rideau Ha.U resounded with the clattering wheels of coaches and landaus, and the " season " was only broken into when Their Excellencies left the capital for a bi ief visit to Montreal and Quel)ec. In 1861, the late Bishop Fulford of Montreal conceived the idea of a statue to the Queen. He had already done much to beautify the city in various ways, and he regai'ded a statue as the culmination of his labours. He took an active part in the matter, and he felt that the little square which bore Her Majesty's name was inoom[>lete without a sculptured likeness of his Queen to adorn it. Accordingly he made several attempts to secure the co-operation of influen- tial citizens ; but, for several reasons, the scheme failed. The visit of Prince Arthur, however, provoked enthusiasm in the project. A subscription was opened, and a large sum of money subscribed ; and finally Mr. Marshall Woo honoured and loved Queen Victoria shall have passed away, this breathing representation of that grace and dignity, that frank and open countenance, that Imperial majesty of aspect which, in her lifetime, rendered the presence of the Queen of England more august thau that of any contem- porary Sox ereign. (Hear hear, and loud applause.) It is I'ATIENCE, PATRIOTISM AND DE^WTION. 87 to you then, citizens of Montreal that I now turn ; it is to you I confide this sacred deposit; it is on you I lay the charge of preserving for yoursolves and the thousands who come after you this fair image of your Queen, this gracious impersonation of the Majesty of Britain, this stately type and pl«dge of our Imperial unity, this crowned and scep- tred symbol of those glorious institutions which we have found so conducive to the maintenance of individual liberty and of constitutional frerdom. (Applause.) Gentlemen, it was my good fortune, in er.rly life, to be allowed to serve near the pei'son of our Sovereign. At that lime no domestic calamity had thrown its ineffaceable shadow across the threshold of Her home. It was then, as a spectator of Her daily life, its pure joys, its refined and noble occupations, its duties never neglected, but their burdens shared by the tendercst of huebands and most sagacious of friends, it was then that I learned the secret of that hold which Her Majesty possesses over the hearts of Her subjects in every part of Her extensive empire. (Loud ai)plau8e.) And in later days, when death had forever shattered the visions of Her early hap[)iness, and left Her to discharge, alone and tmaided, during the lougyeai-s of widow-hood, in the isola- tion of an empty palace, the weiglity and oppressive func- tions of Her Royal station, renewed opportunities were aftorded rae of observing with what patience, patriotism, and devotion to the public service, Her brave and noble nature bore each burden and discharged each daily task. (Applause.) From dissipation, gaieties, the distraction of society, the widowed Sovereign may have shrunk, but from i! ' 1 ■ 1 i t 1 1 \ li 4 88 BLAMELES8NESS OF EXISTENCE. duty never. (Loud and i)rolonged cheering.) When, there- fore, you cast your eyes up to this work of art, let the image of the woman as well as of the Queen be enshrined in your recollections, and let each citizen remember that in Her whose sculjitured lineaments he now regards he has an example of prosi)enty borne with meekness, of adversity with patience, of the path of duty unfalteringly followed, and of a blamelessness of existence which lias been a source of pride to every English heait, and has shed its holy light upon a thousand thousand British homes. (Loud applause.) Above all, let each Canadian patriot remember as he con- templates with pride the ever-brightening destinies of his native country, let your children and your childrens' chil- dren rejnember, as generation after generation this great Dominion gathers strength and power, that it was under the auspices and government of Her whose statue I now confide into vour keeping, that these miglity Provinces were confederated into a still mightier State, and that the foun- dations of that broad Dominion were laid, which, 1 trust, is destined to prove the bi ightest ornnment, and, I trust, the most powerful adjunct cf the Enipire of Great Britain. (Loud applause.) Gentlemen, I again thank you for the ojiportunity you have given me of taking part in these pro- ceedings, and for those kind expressions you have addressed to me persoiially. I feel I can make no better return than l)y saying that in the discharge of my office in this country it is my desire, and hope, to follow, at however humble a distance, the example of our beloved Sovereign, who, has faithfully trod in the patli of the British Con.ititution, and A BRAVE AND HAttUY RACE. 89 who, during a long reign, has never once failed in Her duty to Her Crown, Her Ministers, Her Parliament, or Her People." (Loud cheering.) U Messieurs, — " Je le feral, sans donte d nne niaiiiere bien impavfaite, niais je ne saurais voir cette cdrdmonie solennelle se terminer, sans essayer de vous expiimerdans votrepropre langue com- bien j'ai 6i6 heureux d'assister k cette belle fSte, et de pou- voir appr^cier I'empressemeut que vous avez mis a y pren- dre part de votre c6i6. " Je n'ignore pas, messieurs, que dans nuUo partio ae son vaste empire, notre Souveraiiie saurait compter sur un d^- vouemont plus complet que oelui des Canadions-Fransais. " Brave et noble race qui, la premiere, tournit a 1 Europe los moyens d'importer la civilisation sur le continent d'Amdrique. Rice valeureuse et bardie, dont les explora- tions, dans rint(;neur de ce continent ont permis a I'indus- trie europdenne de s'iinplanter non-seulement sur les bords du Saint-Laurent, mais encore dans les riches vallees de rOhio et du Mississippi ; les premiers foils qu'elle drigea et les premiers dtablissements qu'elle forma sont devenus aujuurd'hui, grdce au jngcmont droit et a Tespcicc d'instinct qui la caractdrisent, le noyau de grandes villes et de puis- santes populations ; et c'est a leur coojidration actuelle et a leur intelligence naturelle, que nous devons une bonne partie de la condition prosp^re de cette Province. " Le .spectacle de deux pou))les composds de nationalitds si diverses s'elloroant k I'envi I'un de I'autre, de prouver leur ; II 90 RETURN TO QUEBEC. loyautd a Icnr Reine et au Gouvernement, ct travaillant de concert et dans uno harmoniu parfaite au bien de lour com- mune patrie, rcstera Tun des faits les plus remarquables et les plus heureux de I'histoire du mondo, en mcnic temps qu'il tdiuoignera de la sagesse politique et des sentiments nia^^nanimcs dont sent p^ndtr(5s tous les membres de la grande famille Canadienne " To tins latter speech, His Worship the Mayor made a reply. The cannon then boomed forth a salute, and the band performed the National Anthem. The chiMien pre- sent sang "God Save the Queen," and "God Bless the Prince of Wales," when His Excellency drove away to Ravenscraig, where a ball was given in the evening by Sir Hu^-h Allan. Lord Duflerin returned to Ottawa, and .spent the month o! December in the capital, during whicli he availed him.self of the opportunity presented, and visited the schools and other in.stitutions of the city. In January Their Excellencies left Ottawa, for the purpose of attending the grand ball which the people of Quebec contemplated giving in their honour. On the 8th inst, this entertainment, which was conducted on a scale of great magnificence, took place. It was held in the Masonic Hall, and the decorai,ions wore amphi, elaborate, and exceedingly tasteful. Upwards of eight hundred per- sons were present, and dancing began at ten o'clock, and continued uninterruptedly until four the next morning. The next day His Excellency accepted an invitation from the Stadacona limit and Driving Club, to join an excursion to Montmovcnci. At twelve o'clock the members of the P' J SITING THE CONE. 91 . m club met, with their taiuk'nis and teams, on the Place d'Armes. Half an hour aftor.the ''assembly "sounded, the line was formed — Lord Duflerin and Major Montizambert leading — and the sixty sleighs flew over th i crisp snow at a rattling pace. On, on they went, now over the feathery hills, anon through the deep ravine, again they darted along the nar- row and bleak I'cauport road, and entered the old woods. The sharp and nipping air rang with the shoutw of the hunters, and peal after poal f*f langhter awoke the echoes of the place. For two long hours they hurried along, when the party arrived at the seigneurial residence of Mr. Ge( rge Benson Hall, where luncheon was .served, and the guests spent some little time in looking through the quaint manorial house. A visit to the Cone was determined on, and the party entering a number of country wood-sleighs, made the descent of the " corkscrew," — the zig-zag and toiiuous road which cariies its follower to the base of the Falls. Here I sleighs and toboggans were drawn up, awaiting such of the visitois as desired to make the descent of the Cone. Lord J)uf!erin was the first to attempt this feat. He pro- ceeded to the top with a guide. The spray from the Falls was quite heavy, and both the Earl and the other gentKiiieu who joined him were very soon drenched with tlu; chil- ling water. The ladies remained below, amused specta- tors of the scene which followed. After some time had been soent at the Cone, the ascent of the long hill was next in order, and the party proceeded homewards again. The picturesque character of the place, the wild sul)limity of the Falls, the huge boulders of ice and snow which speedily formed here m \ ! i f Ill 93 GRAND HNOU SHOE Tit \Mi'. and there, the Hun shiniiK' in fi.ll 'jloiy on the she: -^ sparkling water, and the cliecrinp diivo vack tiirough the white forest, surprised and deli 'lite. i iha visitors, to whom ceitain features in the scene, at leant, were new and strange. The city was reached before six o'clock, and at eight o'clock that evening, Their Excellencies attended the hall which the fetadacona Skating Clul) gave at their rink. Dancing wa.s coinmence(l at an early hour, and His !xcellency took an active pait in the })r()ceedings on skates. On the tenth of January the visitors left Quebec for Mon- treal, where the balance of the month was spent. Their first Drawing-Rcom in that city was attended by over eight hun- dred persons, and what with balls, parties, snow-shoe tramps, skating tournament.s, and visits to the various educational, religious, and chaiitable institutioiirf of the city, the time pas.sed ploa.santly and profitably enough. On the fifteenth inst., Their Excellencies had j. »p|)ortunity of taking part in a novel entertainment. A graad snow-shoo tramp, by torchlight, given under the ansjiiceb of the Alexandra Club, a.ssisted by f'Mr sistei associations, set out on their march over the cf • V". snow. U|>\vards of two hundred gentlemen, clad in their picturesque co.stunies, and all armed with flick- ering torches, were soon in line and eager for the order to advance. The start was made at eight o'clock from Sher- brooke Street, between McfJill College and Mc(Jill Avenue. The Governor-General and Lady Dufferin accompanied the party in a sleigh, and witnessed the tramp as it proceeded. After driving round the mountain — that drive so dear to every Montrealer -lii:-« Excellen('y turned and put off for the SCENE AT McOJLL UNIVERSITY. m residence of Alexander McGibI on.Esq., on the St. Outherine road, arriving thero ? i'ew lairt.ites bofoio the .in',ii>f;t -^'^ annouiicod the near approach of the foremost an of ^n'w shoers. The host kindl- received bis guests, and no ai;.per Lord Dufferin made a si)eech to hi.s " brother snow-sii iisr.^"' and eulo<^ized the manliness of the sport he had witnv. •s'iis, and commended snow-shoeing and skating, and kindred pas- times to the favourable consideration of the ladies. After a few pleasantly spent hours, the party took leave of their host, and the raembei'sof the Montreal Club escorted Their Excel- lencies home. A tour of inspection, similar to that wldch was pur3ueo impossible for any one to add anything to the combined treatment by those gentle- men of this subject. Of course, we are all aware that in England and elsewhere a very violent contest is raging be- tween those who regard the Art courses as amply sufficient for all the real purposes for which educational establish- ments are founded, while upon the other hand, a school etjually res])ect!ible, and supported by equal authority, is in- clined to denounce a system of classical education as a pre- judice or superstition of the itast, and to set up the material and applied sciences as their only curriculum. Mr. Glad- stone on the one hand, with a very natural affection for his own Alma Mater, went so far as to sav that he considered even the unimproved course which prevailed at Oxford when \-\ I'.:. iU ! ihj I IHW ■. . t'i'^liTiiili.miii 06 THE BACK Buy E OF A LIJJEIiAL EDUCATION. he hiiuseir was a stud ,nt, was 4uito suliiciuiit to furnish us well educated a sot of young men as the necessities of the age ic. rr^' M! i 100 AN EXUBERANT SPIRIT OF SELF-CONFIDENCE. and every means has been furnished, which man's ingenuity can contrive, to fit you for the successful performance of your important task. It is a delightful thing to know that a number of young men and women, whose intelligence is printed on every lineament of their countenances, should year after year be sent forth from each of these parent establishments, to spread abroad in all directions sound teaching and whatever is necessary to develop the intellectual vigour and activity of the country. I do not know that there is any practical suggestion I have to make to you, and yet there is one thing of which I would venture to re- mind you, viz : that in your future relations with your young pupils you should lemember that your functions must not be confined merely to the development of their intelligence and the imparting of information, but that there is also another duty as important as either of these, and that is, that you should endeavour to refine, discipline and elevate their general behaviour, rendering them polite, well-bred, deferential, respectful to their parents, to their elders and their superiors. Perhaps in a new country, where on every side we are surrounded by the evidei^ces of prosperity, where a spirit of independence is an essential element of success, where at a very early age young persons are called upon to fightthtir own battle and to undertake their own responsibil- ities, it is very natural that there should be developed an ex- uberant spirit of self-confidence. Now, what I would ven- ture to ask you from time to time to impress upon your pupils is this, that although upon the one hand there is no quality more creditable than self-respect, yet on the other IIUDM. CONDUVf. 101 hand, the very idea of self-respect excludes self-assertion, and I say this the more readily, because I confess if there is any criticism which I have to pass upon the youth of this new country — I do not say of Canada especially, but of the continent of America — it is that I have been struck by the absence of that deference and respect for those who are older than themselves, to which we still cling in Europe, Now, to use a casual illustration : I have observed, in travelling on board the steamboats on the St. Lawrence, children running about from one end of the vessel to the other, whom more than once I have been tempted to take up and give a good whipping to. I have seen them thrust aside gentlemen in conversation, trample on ladies' dresses, shoul- der their way about, without a thought of the inconvenience they were occasioning, and what was more remarkable, such thoughtless indiscretions did ii-^t seem to attract the atten- tion of their parents ; whan I ventured to make an obser- vation on this to the people with whom I have been tra- velling, I was always told that these peccant individuals came from the other side of the line. Well, I only hope that this may be so; at all events, without enquiring too strictly how that may be, I trust that the teachers of the schools of Canada will do their very best to inculcate into their pupils, the duties of politeness, of refined behaviour, of respect for the old, and of reverence for their parents, that they will remem- ber that a great deal maybe done by kindly and wholesome advice in this particular, and that if they only take a little trouble they will contribute greatly to render Canada not only one of the best educated most prosperous most success- -if i ' ■ i. Ill 'PI ■I Ida SPEECH AT ST. MARTS COLLEGE. fill and richest, but one of the most polite, best bred, and well Tnannered countries of the American continent." St. Mary's Oollege, which is one of the largest and most important educational establishments in the city, was visited by Lord Duffeiin and Lieutenant Hamilton, A.D.C., and after a brief inspection of the library, His Excellency listened to an address which was read in behalf of the Professors by Father l^opinto. In his reply, after briefly referring to the regret which Her Excellency felt at not being able to accom- paiiy him to Sb. Mary's College, Lord Dufi'erin said . ' 1 am well aware how very much every one who do.siroH to see spread abroad amongst all sections of our population, a feeling of patriotism— of devotion to the Throne, and to the constitutional institutions of their native country, is indebt- ed to the admirable education, and to those loyal and sound principles of conduct which are here inculcated. The reputa- tion of the Fatheis who superintend your studies, had already reached my ears before I had even set my foot in Montreal; and as I look around upon this vast assembly of intelli- gent youths to eacli of whom is being extended every possi- ble advantage which the most earnest solicitude can contrive, to tit them for those struggles and responsibilities, which within a very few years they will be called upon to under- take, — I cannot help entertaining a personal feeling of grati- tude to those by whoso self-sacrifice and self-devotion those safeguards and advantages are secured. Again, I am well aware that within the walls of this establishment are large numbers of my own immediate countrymen — a great quan- REWARDS OF INDUSTRY. 103 tity of Irish students yearly receiving their education — (loud applause) ; and, although of course, my sympathies are equal- ly shared by every section and by every class among the people of Canada, I may be very well excused if I take an especial interest in those who come from the same country as myself (Renewed applause.) Ladies and Gentlemen, I am proud to think that in all probability the Fathers them- celves will bear me out in saying that the youths who come from Ireland, or who have the honour of claiming an Irish descent, will not be found the least intelligent of their {)upils. (Applause.) In conclusion, ladies and gentlemen, I would say to the young students, and in now addressing them I am addressing the united body, no matter what their birth- place or descent, that the path of distinction lies free and fair before them without reference cither to their nationality or their religion, that within the ample and liberal bounds of our Imperial constitution all the rewards of industry are open to them,that each and every one of them has an equal chance of distinction, of enrolling himself amongst the bene- factors of his country, and of attaining those various prizes in life, whether in the law, profession of medicine or other civil career, which are won by those who bring to their pur- suit that industry, application and single-minded desire to excel which commands success. I would end these few observations by thanking you,gentlemen of the professoriate, by thanking you students, for the kindly welcome w^ith which you havt received me and by assuring you that, inasmuch as there are few things which I more highly ap[)re- ciato than a good phtj", it will give me the very greatest I ; -';i i .'i M i; ; I |i' pleasure if, on some future opportunity, I am able to be present at one of those scenic representations in which, I understand, the students of this establishment so much excel." (Loud applause.) The performance of a little music by the choir and band brought the proceedings to a close, when His Excellenc}' took his leave of the college, and then drove to the school of the Christian Brothers, where he received a cordial recep- tion from a large number of the clergy and several promin- ent laymen. After the presentations had been made, the party repaired to the large Exhibition Hall. Here an ad- dress was read, and an extemporaneous reply was made by His Excellency, who spoke in both languages. On the 24th inst. Lord Dufferin accepted a kindly mes- sage of welcome from the Canada Presbytery, and then set out in a blinding snow-storm to visit the young ladies of Villa Maria. There was a keen north-west wind blowing at the time, and the snow dashed round the slopes of the mountain in savage gusts, and completely filled the level reaches The wind blew and roared like a hurricane, and the great mountains of snow drifted into the roadways and byways. In some parts the roads were impassable, and al- most witiiin sight of the Convent gates, one of the horses of His Excellency's sleigh floundered and plunged madly in the drift. The weather was bitter cold and the piercing wind, eager as a knife, swept through the stoutest garment. For the first time Lord Dufferin experienced, in its fullest sense> the rigorous severity of a Canadian winter and when the A BOWER OF FLOWERS AND GREENERY. 106 Academy was reached, the Convent portals were as welcome a sight to him as ever oasis was to the traveller crossing the desert. The great doors were thrown open and the visitors has- tened in. They were conducted to the hall, and a scene niet their eyes which well repaid them for the trouble and fatigue of the journey which they had taken through the storm. On a high platform, shaped like an Amphitheatre, the young ladies of the institution, all dressed in white and gi-ouped according to size, were assembled. The strains of a triumphant march from harp, guitar, and piano, burst upon His Excellency's ears as he crossed the threshold of the doorway. The decora- tions were elegant and rich. The stage was transposed into a perfect bower of flowers and greenery, and all around the walls festoons of drapery and nosegays hung in graceful folds, and streamers of puffed pink and green shot out from the ceiling and waved towards the four corners of the room. Their Excellencies ascended the lofty fauteull, when the music ceased, and a young lady advanced and read a few original verses of welcome. An exquisite bouquet was next presented to Her Excellency, and the second part of the ex- ercises began. This consisted r f an allegorical representation in which Anglia, Caledonia, Erin, and Canada, in national colours, celebrated the praises of the guests. The history of the house of Dufferin and Clandeboye was delicately inter- woven in the polylogue, when anotli or floral gift was hfiiided to the Countess, and an address in French presented. The over popular " Meeting of the Waters," of which Irish ears never seem to tire, was then performed on two great golden liarps, and a musical medley entitled " Messagers Ailds," in ■ '■ ! 1 liii i M H ill ] \ P 106 OliATIFYING ANNOUNVEMblJSr, wliieli were solids, duetts, choruses, and echo songs and chirps trorn invisildo canaries, was given with signal success and spirit. This charming performance over, His Excellency rose and adse eternal truths which, amid the changes r.nd chances of earthly existence, remain as the only safe guides and liindniarks by which we can direct our course in the vicis- situdes of life." Lady Dufierin, on this occasion, made r. speech, to the great delight of all present. She said :— i|- 108 LADY DUFFERI]^'ii UPEECU. « " My young friends, — '1 find it difficult to thank you sufficiently for the warm and flattering welcome you have given mo to-day. In every part of Canada where I have been, I have heard this convent spoken of with respect and admiration, jind 1 have, therefore, looked forward to my visit to Villa Maria with the greatest impatience. I can well believe with what affection you, who have come forward with such warm expressions of loyalty to your Queen, and of kindness to ourselves, must regard your Convent Home, and those kind Sisters who sacrifice themselves to your welfare ; and I trust that you are able to repay them in some measure for nil their care and for their goodness to you, by your atten- tion to their instructions, and your love for themselves. I hope, also, the day is far distant when you will cease to think a holiday one of the greatest pleasures in the world. I can assure you, that if I can persuade these good ladies. to-day, to allow me to present you with one, you will not enjoy it more than I, myself." The storm still raged without, and the great drifts of snow piled themselves against the doorway. His Excellency, however, had promised to spend some hours at Montreal College, rmd accordingly the horses' heads were turned in that direction, and after a long and pitiless drive the college door was reached. Her Excellency, much fatigued, con- tinued on her way home, and Lord Dufferin entered the building alone. He passed through the recitation rooms to the large hall or theatre, and received the welcoming cheers A CLASSICAL EDUCATION. ]09' of the students, ami heard the band of the college jierfoi m a march. His Excellency seated himself in the cliair of honour, and, after listening to an address, he proceeded to make a lew remarks in both languages. In the course of his observations in English he saiil that " it was almost im- possible, after replying to so many addresses in txlucational establishments, to submit anything new for their considera- tion. It was only proper, however, that he should impress upon his young hearers the obligations they were under to their devoted professors for the solid education which they received at their hands. He had heard with pleasure that the ground- work of instruction in that college was the classi- cal. Certainly there was no better safeguard against the materialism of t^e day and the bare utilitarian spirit engen- dered by the wants of a new country and a great commer- cial centre, than tha beautiful poetry, the lofty oratory and the broad philosophy of ancient Greece and Rome. There was another point worthy of attention. In a large estab- lishment like this, where so many youths were gathered under one roof, living in continuous contact b}' day and by night, the strictest care should be taken to preserve the purity of their moral character. In one of the addresses just read to him, the idea was suggested of a difference ex- isting between life within the college walls and the greater life outside of them. He believed this difference to be illu- sory. He had shared that prejudice when at school, but the experiences of his manhood had convinced him that the school or the college was in reality a microcosm, tilled with trials, difficulties and temptations, diverse not in kind but ('•I ^''i i 110 MENTAL AND MORAL FACULTIES. ^ only in dogreo IVotn those otoutor lifo, and requiring to sur- jnount them the name self-denial, the same energy, the same perseverance, and, in some cases, the same heroism which the great events of a virile age called into play. On a for- mer occasion he had made some remarks on what he consid- ered the tendency to forwardness and premature self-asser- tion, which had struck him as a salient characteristic of the youth, not only of Canada, but of the whole Continent. He understood there was a reason, if not a palliation, for this in the fact that in a ne'v country like Canada young men were thrown early on the r own resources, and had to force out, iis it were, their mental and moral laculties. However that might be, he wruld venture once more to inculcate the necessity of respect for superiority wherever found in those older, wiser, and more experienced than ourselves. No mat- ter what gifts we possess it would be strange if in any circle in which we may find ourselves, we did not meet some one to whom deference is due for gifts superior to our own." His Lordship concluded by exhorting the pupils to close application to their studies and grateful attachment to their venerable Superiors. During his stay in Montreal Lord Duffcrin visited the Ladies' Benevolent Institution, the Protestant Orphans' Home, the Protestant Institution for the Deaf and Dumb, St. Bridget's Refuge, the Asile Nazareth and Asylum for the blind, the St. Patrick's School, the Convent at Hoche- laga, where elaborate preparations were made to receive the distinguished visitors, and the St. Patrick's Orphan Asylum, where His Excellency made the following speech : — SPEtii'll AT ST. PATIUUK'S OIU'HAN ASYLUM 111 *' Mr. Secretary, Ladka and Gentlemen, — " So far from it having been a aaeiiticu on my pa.'t to come here, 1 can assure you that it lias been to me an uinnixt'd grat- ification. No one can find himsell under this roof, in the pre- sence of such a scene as tliis, without esteeming tlie invitation which lie has had the pleasure of receiving a very great privi- lege. The allusion which has been made in your address to that devastating famine, by which Ireland was depopulated in 184Gand 1847, has recalled to my recollection very bitter and affecting memories. It so happened that it was in that year I was first called upon to undertake the responsibilities attaching to the ownership of land in Ireland, and my first initiation into my duties as an Irish landlord consisted in an endeavour to confront the exigencies of that terrible dis- aster. Although in my own neighbourhood, owing to pecu- liar circumstances, the distress never reached a point which did not admit of alleviation, circumstances led me to the Southern portion of t'ae Kingdom, where famine had seized upon the people, and with my own eyes I was forced to see all its terrible consequences. Since coming to this country I have had occasion to make myself acquainted with a fact, of which I confess until then I was but very imperfectly in- formed, and that is the noble way in which the inhabitants of Canada assisted the unfortunate emigrants who, forced to fly under the stroke of famine from tleir own country, ar- rived upon the shores of North America not only destitute, but many of them struck down and perishing by disease. I am now aware of how many of the clergy of Canada, both Catholic and Protestant as well of the members of the medi- 112 THANKS TO THE LADIES. cal profession, fel' xictims to their noble and courageous en- deavours to assist those unfortunate pei"sons ; and I confess that when I read the record of the mortality which then took place amongst those classes to whom I have referred, I was perfectly horror-struck with the facts that were revealed ; and so as an Irishman, if on no other account, 1 shall ever bear in my heart the deep sense of the debt which we all owe to this countiy, and especially to those classes to whom I have referred, for the assistance which they then rendered to us. The existence of this school only shows that in the chastise- ments with which we are afflicted, a merciful Providence very frequently sews the seeds of innumerable benefits ; for, as has been stated by your secretary, it is owing to the emergency which then arose, and which you endeavoured to meet, that this admirable establishment continues to dispense those benefits to the unfortunate orphans of the locality, even although the immediate occasion to which it owes its existence has happily ceased to endure. (Applause.) I am very glad to think that the establishment is being conduct- ed under such satisfactory auspijes, and I am sure it will not be considered inappropriate if, on behalf of those who are interested in all such good and noble works as these, i should venture to tender to those ladies who are presentand who, I understand, are good enough to devote their time and their energies to the education and to the interests of these little fatherless children, my best thanks, accompanied by an assurance that in common with every one who is acquainted with their good deeds, I am deeply sensible of all that the society owes to them." (Applause.) SKATING TOURNAMENT. 113 The Citizens' ball came off on the evening of January 28th, and a grander entertainment had never been given be fore in that city. It took place in the Queen's Hall and the rooms were lavishl}" and gorgeously dressed. Festoons of evergreens, flags, ai .v^rial shields, and natural flowers, formed the materials, and willing hands and good taste did the re?'. Between six and seven hundred persons took part in the ball, and the dresses worn by the ladies were characterized by that becoming taste which so largely obtains among the fair daughters of Montreal. The occasion was marked by the appearance ol much womanly beauty. On the 30th inst another social event occupied the attention of the leaders of Canadian society. A Fancy Dress party was given at the Victoria Skating Rink, and at an early hour the grand entry was made. The ladies and gentlemen filed in, and on the arrival of Their Excellencies eight couples advanced in front 01 the dais and danced a quadrille ; a series of waltzes followed. Lord Dufferin took an active part in the masquer- ade, and was dressed in a pink satin domino. Fully three thousand persons were present. Lord DufFerin's interest in the pastimes peculiar to Cana- dian life, led him to attend the Skating tournament which was held at the Rink a few days later. The skating on this occasion was exceedingly skilful, and the Vice-regal party exhibited great interest in the proceedings. After the prizes* had been presented to the successful competitors, an address was read, to which the Governor-General felicitously re- plied. * Three prizes were given by Lord Dufferin, and two by Lady Dufferin. II .:■ i^y i! ! P 114 CLOSE OF THE VISIT : li ill The following day brought the very enjoyable visit to the hospitable city to a close, and Their Excellencies returned to Ottawa, and resumed the hospitalities which had made their former presence in the capital so enjoyable. Balls, parties, skating carnivals, concerts, and dramatic entertainments succeeded each other in rapid succession, and the winter days passed quickly away. CHAPTER III. The Second Pasliament — A Condition -The Pacific Railway — Alfred Waddinoton — An Interview -The Rival Companies — Negotiations— A Scene in the House — Mr. Huntington and HIS Resolutions — The Vote —A Government Motion — The Oaths Bill — Mr. Todd's Opinion — An Announcement in the HoL'SE — The Earl of Kimbeeley's Despatch — The Oaths Bill Disallowed — A Royal Commission decided upon— The Iourth of July— a Disclosure — Me MoMullbn — Sir Hugh Allan's Affidavit— A Narrative — Change of Sentiment — Counter Statements— Ths GovBRNOK-GaNBiuL in Halifax -A Speech at THE Club — The Return to Ottawa — Remonstrant Members— The Memorial — Reply — The House Prorogued — Tremendous Excitement — The Indignation Meeting — Angry Politicians — Resolutions — All Night in the Sieeets of Ottawa — Lord Dl fferin's Conduct Reviewed— Severe Criticism — Parallels — Theories — His Excellency's Position — Appointment of the Royal Commission — Its Function?; —Hostility towards it — The Enquiry — Examination of Witnesses —Conclusion of the Com- missioners' Labours — The Report — Meeting of Parliament — The Rival Chieftains — A Sharp Conflict -The Debate — Char- acter OF the SPSiAKBES — DEFECTION FROM THE GOVERNMENT Ranks — The Suerender — Resignation of the Ministry — Triumph op Mr Mackenzie and his Party— The New Govben- MENT— The New Beunswick School Bill— Sir Geoege E. Cae- tier — Hon. Joseph Howe. -^l [N the fifth of March, 1873, the Second Parliament of Canada met for the despatch of business.* The elections of 1872 gave the Government of Sir John A. Macdonald renewed strength. His party had tri- * Lord Dufferin took his seat on the Throne for the first time on the 6th - 'i i -I M 116 THE GOVERNMENT OF CANADA. n m umphed at the polls, and though a few prominent seats had been lost, the Premier found himself at the head of a majority of from thirty-seven to forty members. The Coalition Government which was strong in 1867 was still stronger in 1872, and decidedly more conservative in tone. In speaking talent, the two great political bod- ies were about even, while in executive ability the Gov- ernment party were largely in the majority. The Minis- ters were men of experience, tact and good judgment. They had acceptably administered the affairs of office. They had succeeded in bringing to bear upon their respective port- folios the prestige which long political life is sure to bestow. Some had heM office for twenty years, others for over a quarter of a century, and all had been actively engaged in politics for even a longer period. In 1867, when the Confed- eration was formed, the Government of Canada was made up of men who had led distinguished political lives in their own respective provinces, men who had fought for the liberties of the people and had snatched from the old family compact party, the precious boon of responsible government. There were men who sat in that Cabinet of 1867 who remembered well the lessons of the hour, who had passed through trying vicissitudes in the past, and who saw opening before them, in tangible reality, the bright breams which had haunted the March. It was not until the next day, however, that the grand opening of Par- liament occurred — the most brilliant, perhaps, which had ever taken place in Canada — and His Excellency delivered his speech. Five thousand persons col- lected on the grounds of the Parliament Buildings, and though twenty-four hundred tickets had been issued to guests, eight hundred only could be accom- modated with seats. ■? k: A GREAT VIGTOBY 117 hours of their boyhood. The parish politics of British North America were united in one grand federation, and the members of the first Ministry had been the active promo- ters of that enterprise, and had carried it to a successful issue. In the Cabinet of 1873 many of the same men held office. The electoral fight had been a hard one. With tre- mendous odds against them, the Government party had been successful. They had won at the polls. And accordingly when Parliament assembled in March, it was with some de- gree ot pride that the Conservative Chieftain marshalled his hosts, and contemplated the lease of power which had been extended to him for another term. He had lost some tried and trusty followers, it is true ; but the expression of the country, as a whole, had been in his favour. Manitoba had entered the Union in July 1870, British Columbia a year later, and at the beginning of the Session strong hopes were held out that the little colony of Prince E Iward Island would link her fortunes with Canada before the close of the year had been reached. These hopes were realised in July, and Prince Edward Island became a part of the Dominion. When British Columbia joined the Confederacy, she did so under certain conditions, the principal one of which was, that d railway should be built extending from the Atlantic to the Pacific; and furthermore, that this railway should be constructed within ten years from 1871, — the date of Britisl. Columbia's entrance ir to the Union. It was now 1873 and though some preliminary surveys had been made, and a charter granted to a company which repiesented large wealth and influence, nothing further had been done in the m 'i > !i .HI i, 118 CANADA PACIFIC RAILWAY COMPANY. matter. It was clearly the intention of the Govenment to proceed at once with this important and necessaiy public work Indeed, shortly before Parliament assenibled an i.r- rangement had been completed by which two rival Pacific railway corporations had been disbanded, and a third and highly desirable company had been formed. To this body the charter was granted. The principal concessions were a grant under certain conditions of fifty millions of acres of land, in alternate blocks along the line, and of a subsidy of thirty millions of dollars Of this sum, the interest of £2,250,000. which, by the transference of the fortification loan to the same account, became eventually .£3,800,000, was guaranteed by the Imperial Government. Sir H. A.llan was President of this company, the Board of Directors was selected from the various provinces of the Dominion, and embraced the names of men of the highest respectability, enterprise and wealth. The capital was fixed at ten millions of dollars. Ontario held stock to the extent of five-thirteenths of the whole ; Quebec, four-thirteenths j and one-thirteenth was al- lotted to each of the other provinces. Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Manitoba and British Columbia, respectively. The Canada Pacific Railway company accordingly became a fixed fac*,. It was composed of Canadians, or rather of men whose interests were largely Canadian, and one of its express provisions was, that no foreign capital should be employed in the construction of the railway. This was an imperative condition, and it was on that basis that the company was organized. It may be necessary to give here a brief account of this MB WADDINOTON 119 this railway scheme — a scheme which was destined to play so prominent a part in the political and moral history of Canada. Mr. Alfred Waddington, since deceased, an English gentle- man of caaracter and enterprise, and for some years a resi- dent of British Columbia, petitioned Parliament for a char- ter to construct a Canadian line of railway from ocean to ocean. He had made some extensive surveys at his own expense, and it is believed, that he contemplated raising funds for his enterprise in Canada, England and the United States. He had a Bill introduced and printed, but did not proceed with it during the Parliamentaiy Session of 1871, the date at which the Pacific Railway scheme first began to acquiie a practi al character. At the close ot the Session Mr. Waddington went to Toronto, broached his proposals to a number of capitalists there, but failing to secure their co- operation he next proceeded to the United States, carrying with him printed copies of his own Bill, and the resolutions which had been adopted by Parliament for the admission of British Columbia into the Union. These resolutions showed clearly that the construction of the Pacific Railway was an imperative condition imposed upon the Government of Ca- nada. Mr.Waddington had little difficulty, therefore, in en list- ing the hearty assistance of a number of wealthy capitalists in Chicago and New York. Several of these men were interested in the " Northern Pacific Railway," — a United States line, — while others again were entirely unconnected with it. Mr. Waddington returned to Canada, and on arriving at Toronto he engaged the services of a legal firm of some note, whom he appointed solicitors to a railway company, which '» ;' IT i:'!i mn 120 MB. WADDINQTON PROCEEDH TO OTTA WA. in ill ) ' \ i! 1 S] a"* yet, existed, merely upon paper. They were in fact the Molicitors to the promoters of the railway. He next secured a document, regularly drawn, and signed by a iiumber of M^ealtby gentlemen. This paper stated, at length, the terms on which the signers would undertake the construction of the railway for the Government. Armed with this docu- ment and accompanied by Mr. George W. McMullen — a name ' which unenviably figured in Canadian history shortly after- wards — Mr. C. M. Smith of Chicago, James Beaty jr. of To- ronto, and Mr, Kersteman, who was designated as a man of straw, Mr. Waddington proceeded to Ottawa. His first move was to interview such members of the Government as were in town. These were Sir John A. Macdonaid and Sir Francis Hincks. An interview was arranged, and the railway pro- moters met the two members of the Government named, and unfolded their plans. This Interview took place in .' ' j early part of July. Sir John an J Sir Francis received the delegation courteously, examined the document presented, which also bore the names of General Cass of New York, Mr. Scott of Phil- adelphia, Mr. Ogden of New York, and some other equally well-known American names, and hearv the oral proposals which were advanced. The Government, however, did no more than listen to Mr. Waddington and his friends. Indeed they assured them that nothing at that time could be done, and that the Government were not then in a position to enter into negotiations. They were distinctly told this both by Sir John and Sir Francis. A subsequent interview with Sir Francis Hincks, in that Ministers private room, elicited nothing beyond what was developed at the first meeting. SIM FRAN'JJS ni^CKS CALLS ON SIR HUGH ALLAN. 121 The delegation returned to Toronto, and Sir Francis Hincks had bome correspondence with Mr. Beaty, who, at that time was the recognised soHcitor to the promoters of the com- pany. Mr Beaty and his friends were very persistent, and one of the letters which Sir Francis Hincks received stated that it was the intention of the solicitor f;0 api>ly to Sir Hugh Allan, whose name ay>pears now for the first time in this mem.»rable affair, to join in the scheme. Mr. Beaty received a discouraging reply, and Sir Francis assured him that it was impossible to consider the project then, as it was not in a sufficiently far advanced stage for discussion. Up to this time Sir Hugh Allan had not been spoken to about the matter at all. In the meantime, the members of the Government did what they could to induce Canadian capitalists to embark in the enterprise, and they endeavoured to find out on what terms Canr.dians would be willing to undertake the work. Their overtures, however, were but coldly received. Several months passed away and beyond the proposals which Mr. Waddington had made no further proposition came before the Government. Sir Francis Hincks on a casual visit to Montreal, called on Sir Hugh Allan — the largest capitalist ir». the carrying trade in the Dominion, a man of extensive means and great influence abroad, and to him the Pacific Railway was broached. Sir Francis, in a published ]et^,er, states that he furnished Sir Hugh Allan with a list of the American names he had seen on the puper in Mr. Wadding- ton's hands, and expressed some regret that an enterprise of so much imp<^rfcanco f>\i< 'uld fall into the bands of foreigners, i\\l hi 122 Tllil RIIAL COMP ANIENS. ' I on account of tlio apathy of Canadians. Sir Hugh Allan turned the matter over in his mind, accepted partly Sir Francis' auggestions and eventually formed a company for the carrying on of the rail"- Lliis company was composed of Sir Hugh Allan, the American gentlemen who had been so active, and some Quebec friends of his own. The Session of 1872 was now approaching Rumours of a vague kind were heard that an American company with Sir Hugh Allan at its head, was to receive the charter and build the Canadian Pacitic Railway. I'hc movement at once became most unpopular. 1 1 Parliament and out of Parliament the cry was raised, Canada for the Canadians, no foreign intervention, Canadian enteiprise for the Cana- dian capitalist. Even in the Government the feeling was no lees strong, and Sir Hugh Allan was very soon informed that no proposals emanating from an American company could be entertained for a moment. Through the instru- mentality of Sir John Macdonald and some other members of the Government, a second Pacific Railway company was formed. This was the Inter-Oceanic comj)aiiy, with >oenator D. L. Macpherson, a man of means and high standing, at its head. Sir Hugh Allan next busied himself about organizing a purely Canadian company'-, and he assured the Government most positively that he had entirely dissociated himself from his American friends. Parliament met. Eoth companies became incorporated and an Act of Parliament was passed enabling the Government to enter into a contract with tie or the other of the above- named companiefj or witli an amalgamation of the two, or CLO.sE OF THE SJHHISKLW 138- if they .should see fit, to grant a Royal Charter ton new and altogether (liHtinet company, in case an agreement could not be made with either or both the companies already in exist- ence. On the 14th of June the Session closed. Parlia- ment was dissolved on the 8th July, and from the fifteenth of that month to the 12th of October, the elections were being held. The result was as wo have seen. The Govern- ment was su.s(;ained, and a powerful majority was at its back. The Pacific Railway was a source of much conversa- tion and thought. The rival companies showed no di.spo.si- tion to yield Both represented large and influential inter- ests. The Inter-Oceanic canied tremendous weight in On- tario, while the Canada Pacific was an equal power in the sister Province of Quebec, Eftbrt after effort was made to secure an amalgamation of the two forces The enterprise was a noble one. It was full of lofty and patriotic purpose. It was one of immense national importance. It was a move • ment calculated to tax the utmost resources of Canada, and it behooved every Canadian to as ist in the construction of the road as far as he could. The rival presidents were as difficult to manipulate as the companies themselves. Indeed, it was more than hinted that if arrangements could be made with the respective presidents, the work of amalgamating the compaDiss was a comparatively easy task. It was a delicate piece of work to approach the chairmen. On the one hand, it was argued by Sir Hugh that he had broken off his American connection, that he had large interests at stake, and that he should be president of the company. On the other hand Senator Macpherson averred with fully as much ! ''i !'* \f I 194 TRYING TO EFFECT A COMPROMISE. 1 strength, that tho board of vQro inexorable. It is but just to Senator Macpherson to state that ho had no ambition towards the presidency himself. He felt, however, that the Directors should exercise the power of appointing and electing their own head ollicer, and he insisted on that right being ceiled to the Board. The Government seemed after a time to look mere favourably on the proposals ol Sir Hugh Allan, his in- fluential position in C^uebec and the fact of his being the first Canatlian in the tield to associate himself in the scheme, materially influencing them, it is thought, in this view. His influence in the English money market, moreover, was an addit" nal point that was raised in his behalf. He was known better, perhaps, in Great Britain than any other Canadian. The gigantic fleet of powerf al steamships which bore his name, his many successiul speculations and enter- prises, his career in commerce and his reputation as a large banker, gave fresh prominence to his name, and an impetus to his demands. He was regarded as the representative Canadian capitalist, and few men in the Dominion were •disposed to dispute his claim. No amalgamation could be formed it was clear, by the Government, with tho material at command, and accordingly, Sir John Macdonald gave it out as his intention that advantage would be taken at once of the Act of Parliament passed at the last Session, and a new and independent company would be formed. To this THE STOCK- UOLUEHS. 1» new organization tlie dmrter was issued, and Sir Tlu^di Allan was declared president of the road. In the eyes of the people the company was essentially a Canadian one. It embraced a number of men who, for many years, had identi- fied themselves with ('olonial interests and ontciprises. There were Walter Shanly, a railwny manager of vast ex- perience, E. R. lUnpee, an engineer of note, D. Mflnnes, a Hamilton merchant of high character, Frederick \V. Cumber- land, a resident for years of Toronto, a man of capacity and an engineer of skill, and well known as the Managing Director of the Northern Railwny, Hon. Adams G. Archibald, the present Lieutenant-Governor of NovaScotia,nnd a states- man of unimpeachable character, Sandford Fleming, an engineer of the highest attainments, J. O. Beaiibien, J. IJ. Bcaudry, M. T. Johnson, Geo. James Findlay, Thos. Lett Staplscomidt, Andrew McDermott, John Walkei,R. N. Hall, and J. B. Ilelmcken. These Canadian capitalists held the stock and they were bound by agreement not to sell out their interest without permission of the Government, until six years at the very least should elapse. This was emin- entlj' a wise provision, and was adopted for two reasons : First, it would take the company fully one year to get in good working order and raise the necessary funds ; Second, it was thought that after five years of active prosecution of the work there would be no likelihood of the road getting into foreign hands. Indeed every provision appears to have been made to prevent the charter falling into the possession of speculators from the adjoining states. Sir John Macdonald was clear and explicit on this point. Sir George E. Cartier was m li ■h I ti.. m I.' ! i .,-1 i ■'•! If! I i I i !■:! 126 ENERGETIC WORDS. Gven more so, for he backed his " energetic words "* with an oath Sir Francis Hincks at the outset offered no hostility to American capital, but he changed his mind afterwards and the whole Government were unanimous on the subject When, therefore, Sir Hugh Allan stated that he had thrown his American friends overboard and that they were un- connected with him in the enterprise, the Government nc longer hesitated. The charter was awarded. Parliament a.s.sembled in due course, and the Government was in a position to inform the country, that all arrangements had been com- pleted and a strong and powerful company was ready to undertake the most important pulSlic work ever constructed in British North America The policy of the Ministers met the approval of the House. No one doubted the ability of the comj)any to successfully prosecute the work. It was a vast undertaking all admitted. It was a question, perhaps, whether or not, Canada was just in a position at that time to encourage and carry on a work of such gigantic magni- tude. Bui it was too late now to interpose objection. Brit- ish Columbia had entered into the Confederacy. Faith must be kept with the new possession, and a railway which would unite the eastern and western provinces must become an established fact. Parliament ratified the policy of the Gov- ernment, and there is not the slightest doubt that the Minis- tiy apprehended any trouble on that score, in the House Parliament certainly, as was its prerogative and wont, care- • Sir George Caiiiier said on several occasions, " Aussilongtemps queje vivrai tt quejeserai din» le Miniature, jamais une sacrie Compagnie Amiricaine aura le control du Pacifique, et je risigmrai ma place de Ministre plutot que d'y con- sentir." A SUCCESSFUL STROKE OF POLICY. 127 fully examined the various provisions of the Roj'al Charter, and considered the personnel of the goveming body. The House appeared to have every confidence in the movement and not a signer of the document was greeted with the merest objection. Indeed the Railway Charter which was laid before the H(mse was looked upon as a liiuniphant and successful stroke of policy on the part of the Gov- ernment, by both the great political parties in the Com- mons and in the Senate. Members on the Government side felt that they were stronger than ever, and the Opposi- tion felt that they had indeed good cause to feel exultant. But a crisis was near at hand The political horizon was darkening and a storm such as Canada had never felt before even in the darkest days, in her rebellious epochs, in her times of bloodshed and revolt, was gathering in the troubled sky. The trials of 1837 and 1838, the feverish anxieties of 184<9, were hitherto marked dates in the political and social history of Canada, but the outside world had learned to look upon such experiences as mere internal disorders, such as na- tions pass through every day. It is, ha})pily, seldom that a powerful Minister — the leader of a great political party — has been brought to the bar of public opinion on a charge of the venial sin of corruption. There is something terrible in the very name of Corruption, and no lexicographer has ever succeeded in presenting the word in its awful and true significance. It has been defined time and again by John- son, Bacon, Addison, Pope, South, Sydney Smith, Burke, Taylor, the judicious Hooker, Spenser, the Holy Scriptures, and a hundred les.^er authorities, but these have all been un- •m 1 I' m i; m 128 THE CHARGE OF GOHBUFTION. equal to the task. The word itself is its own best defini- tion. It stands alone, without synonym. Definitions only weaken it. It is a word from which the purest-minded will turn, for to be char^sced with it, even innocently, is in itself a taint. Once raise the cry of corruption against a man no matter how high his position or how humble his sphere in the affairs of State, or in the business of his own immediate circle, and that man is doomed to endure the contumely for life. The public is a great mon- ster, and the popular favourite of to-day may become to-morrow the most insignificant being in the world. Pop- ularity is a treacherous lever, and the higher one lises through its influence, the greater will be the fall, when the tide changes. For days the storm-cloud hovered over the political capital of Canada. A month of the Session had passed l)y, and the Government had regularly and in order carried successfully its measures. A full house was assembled on the second of April. The Speaker sat in his robes of office. The Treasury benches were full. The Opposition seats were all occupied. Few men in that august assemblage knew of the tremenl- ous thunderbolt which should presently startle not only the Commons of Canada, and the members of the Canadian Senate, but the people at large, also, in every town and hamlet in the Dominion, and in those older lands across the ocean. Members sat at their desks writing letters, exam- ining the newspapers of the day and sending notes across the floor of the chamber to each other. The House v/as never so silent or mgre disposed to listen to the utterances MR. HUNTINGTON READS UIH RESOLUTIONS. 129 ot ces of one of its members, as it was when Mr. Lucius Setli Hun- tington — a prominent and distinguished Opposition asso- ciate — arose in his place in the Commons and proceeded to address the House. He held in his hand a paper, and this paper he read. It wa^ the following motion : — " That he, the said Lucius Seth Huntington, is credibly informed and believes that he can establish by satisfactory evidence, that in an- ticipation of the Legislation of last Session, as to the Pacific Railway, an agreement was made between Sir Ilugli Allan, acting for himself, and certain other Canadian Promoters, and Gr. W. McMuUen, acting for certain United States capitalists, whereby the latter agreed to fur- nish all the funds necessary for the construction of the contemplated railway, and to give the former a certain percentage of interest, in consideration of their interest and position, the scheme agreed upon being ostensibly that of a Canadian company with Sir Hugh Allan at its head, — "That the Government were aware that these negotiati ns were pending between the said parties, — "That subsequently, an understanding was come to between the Government, Sir Hugh Allan and Mr. Abbott, one of the members of the Honourable House of Commons of Canada, that Sir Hugh Allan, and his friends should advance a large sura of money for the purpose of aiding the elections of Ministers and their supporters at the ensuing general election, and that he and his friends should receive the con- tract for the construction of the railway, — " That accordingly Sir Hugh Allan, did advance a large sum of money for the purpose mentioned, and at the solicitation and under the pressing instances of Ministers, — ' ' That part of the moneys expended by Sir Hugh Allan in connec- tion with the obtaining of the Act of Incorporation and Charter, were paid to him by the United States capitalists under the agj'eement with him, — " That a Committee of seven members be appointed to eno^ire into all the circumstances connected with the negotiations for the <.,. nstruc- tion of the Pacific Railway, with the legislation of last session on the subject, and with the granting of the Charter to Sir Hugh Allan and others, with power to send for persons, papers and records, and with instructions to report in full the evidence taken before, and all pro- ceedings of said Committee." I I'll! Mill M K'. 130 BASED ON A MERE RUMOUR. I h i 1 ;!] Mr. Huntington read his resolutions with the joint air of ex- ultation and timidity. His tones were exultant but not de- fiant. At times he paused in his reading and glanced un- easily towards his auditory. On the faces of some men his searching eye detected a look of sympathy, on others aston- ishment, but by far the greater number met his anxious gaze with a stolid, indifferent and almost contemptuous glance. It was clear that the majority were not in accord with him, and he was himself to blame for this. He had preferred grave charges against a popular Ministry, against a popular chieftain of a popular party, backed by an overwhelming majority of the electors, and beyond reading his resolutions not a tittle of evidence had been produced. He had made no speech in support of his premises. He had exhibited no justification of his conduct. It was evident that he based his charges on a mere rumour, an unaccredited slander which had grown fat while in his possession. He spoke with some feeling, but it was with the feeling of fear. It was as if he had chalked up " No Popei y " on the wall, and had then fled. Men fancied they detected some trembling accents in his tones, and he spoke so low at times, that those honest and inde- pendent members who occupy the remote seats in the House were seen to bend forward that they might ca*ch some tot- tering word as it fell from his lips. Even to this day mem- bers who sat in 'hat House on that f?^Inous second of Apjil, sokmnly believe that when Mr. Huntington preferred his chai ges against the Government, he was not really in posses- sion of the letters, telegrams and other documents which 61 H JUHM'H TACT. 131 afterwards came to light, and that he had nothing save idle report ou which he might base his authority for the accusa- tions he made. It was said, and said quite openly too, that the charges were mere feelers. It was thought tliat there might, possibly, be some truth in the stories of corru})tion against men in high places, which had been whispered, and Mr. Huntington and his associates determined to take ad- vantap-e of those unauthenticated rumours. It was supposed that I he resolutions would provoke discussion and that some Government member, in the heat of debate, might divulge something that would give colour to the accusations which had been made. If Mr. Huntington ever made cal- culations on this head, his speculations shot widely o- the mark. He read his resolutions and sat down. Everyone was on the tiptoe of expectation. Every eye was turned first to the Prime Minister who sat unmoved at his desk, and then to Mr. Huntington who sat full of su[)t)ressed emo- tion on the o[)posite side of the house. Not a sound disturbed the silence of the place. With a tact, which was all the more wonderful on account of the circumstances of the case, Sir John A. Macdonald never moved a finger or uttered a word. The charges had been read. The motion had been made. The motion had been seconded, and there was no debate. A painful silence ensued. Two or three members who had been away now crept back to their places. No more impressive scene had ever been witnessed in that Council Chamber. A feeling of dread seemed to reign in the place. The motion was put to the House, relief came, and Mr. Huntington's resolutions were negatived. The ordeal m 'i1 ! ;! i ■ H ■ A i ».' 1! 132 aiE JOHN MOVES A RESOLUTION. was over. One hundred and eighty-three members were in their places. The vote revealed a Government majority of thirty-one. The move ipse dixit of Mr. Huntington received a severe rebuke. The Government, however, were not disposed to shirk the issue which had been raised. Charges of great magnitude had been preferred against them, and though Parliament had decided in their favour, it was necessary that a Court of Enquiry, fully empowered to investigate the charges, should be formed. Accordingly, on the very next day, Sir John Macdonald gave notice in the House, of a motion which he would bring forward before Parliament at once. On the 8th of April, the following resolution was carried: — "On motion of the Right Honourable Sir John A. Macdonald, that a Select Committee of Sve members (of which Committee the mover shall not be one) be appointed by this House to enquire into and report upon the several matters contained and stated in a reso- lution moved on Wednesday, the 2nd of April, instant, by the Hon. Mr. Huntington, member for the County of Shefi'ord, relating to the Canadian Pacific Railway, with power to send for persons, papers and records: to report from time to time, and to report the evidence from time to time, and, if need be, to sit after the prorogation of Parliament." The House named as the Committee, Hon. Mr. Blanchet, Hon. Edward Blake, and Hon. Messrs. Dorion (Napierville), Macdonald (Pictou), and Cameron (Cardwell). Mr. Blake and Mr. Dorion were leading members of the Opposition, and Messrs. Blanchet, Macdonald and Cameron were recognized supporters of the Government. After this Committee had been struck, a very important question was raised. It was easily seen that unless witnesses were examined on oath all rASSING THE OATHS BILL. 133 sorts of evidence would be brought forward, and information of a generally untrustworthy cliaracter would be produced. It would be found that the Committee would very soon bo unable to prosecute their cnquiiy unless a Bill empowering them to compel witnesses to testify on oath, was passed at the present Session of the House. The object of this Bill will be apparent. Witnesses giving evidence under oath at the tribunal appointed by the Commons were liable to pro- secution for perjury, should any false swearing be discovered, as the proceedings advanced. Hon. Mr. Mackenzie, the member for Lambton, and the leader of the Opposition, as well as the Hon. Messrs. Blake, Dorion and Joly (now Premier of the Local Government of Quebec), and all members of the same party, expressed themselves strongly in favour of having witnesses examined on oath, and it was suggested that a Bill be brought forward allowing the Committee to accept sworn testimony. On the 18th of April an Oaths Bill was thereupon introduced into the House of Commons by the Hon. John Hillyard Cameron, an eminent Ontario lawyer, the Oliairman of the proposed Committee, and a warm sup- porter of the Administration. On the 29th April, this mea- sure passed through the Senate, and on the 3rd of May it received the Royal Assent. Some members of the Opposition seemed to think that the time occupied in getting the Bill passed was unnecessarily long, but the delay could not well be avoided. Before the Governor-General gave his assent to the measure, it was necessary that the highest legal and con- stitutional opinion should be had. It was just a question whether the Commons had a right to pass such a Bill. The m 134 DIFFERENCE OF OPINION. i ')!• ■ :ii Hon. Mr. Campbell introduced the measure in the Senate and in that Chamber the legality of the movement was dis- cussed with some little warmth. While Sir John Macdon- ald was very desirous of having the Bill carried, he felt that constitutionally, Parliament had not the power to enact the contemplated measure. He gave it as his opinion that the Bill was ultra vires. Here it may be well, without proceed- ing further, to discuss this question. It was a very nice and dolicate one to decide. The very highest authorities differed. On the one hand, we find the Minister of .lustice pronoun- cing the measure an illegal one, and though not giving his opinion in an official form, yet stating it broadly over hi:! own signature, in a letter to Lord Dufterin who had asked for the advice merely for his own information and guidance. Sir John Macdonald said, moreover, that he would be glad if the Governor-General saw his way to give his assent, and in the meantime recommended that the attention of the Home Government should be called to the provisions of the Bill. On the other hand, His Excellency's opinion was greatly fortified by the advice which the highest constitu- tional authority in the land, Mr. Alpheus Todd, Parlia- mentary Librarian, and author of Parliamentary Govern- ment in England, tendered. Other men of note had given it as their opinion that the Governor-General would be jus- tified in giving his Assent to the Bill. Mr. Todd was very clear in his premises. He said that the Dominion Parlia- ment were clearly competent to confer this power upoi Committees of the Senate, and the House of Commons. Now let us examine the question : When the union of PIUVILEQES, IMMUNITIES AND POWERS. 13:. the Provinces took place in 18G7, it was decided that the House of Commons and the Senate of C.inada should be governed by the same rules, regulations and usages which obtained in the British House of Commons. Indeed, in every way the Canadian Parliamentary Bodies were regulated by the same Constitution which guided the destinies of the British Lower House. It was found to be practicable, ad- mirably suited to Canada, and there was no hesitancy in adopting a Constitution of so much pveatige anl power. The privileges, immunities and powers enjoyed by the British Commons were translerred to Canada. The reader will ob- serve that the privileges, innnunitiijs and powers of the British House of Lords, were not similarly so transferred. Canada simply framed both her Commons and her Senate on the model which the British House of Commons exhibited. The Constitution which the Canadian Lower House accepted was the same Constitution which regulated the proceedings of the Ciindian Upper House. The 18th clause of the British North America Act, 1867, provides : — " 1. The privileges, immnnities and powers to be held, enjoyed and " exercised by the P(>nate and House of Commons, and by the niem- " bers thcroof respectively, shall bo such as are from time to time " defined by Act of the Parliament of Canada, but so that the same "shall never exceo. h')se at the passin^r of this Act, held, en- *• joyed an I exorcised b^ G.ie Commons House of Parliament of the " United Kingdom of Great Biitain and Ireland, and by the meuJjers "thereof." " 2. That subsoqnontly on the 22nd May, lb08, the Canadian Par- " liament by the Act 31st Victoria, chap. 23, in pursuance of the "authority so given by the Union Act, defined the privileges of the " Senate and House of Commons respectively. "The Senate and the [fouse of Commons respectively, shall hold "enjoy and exercise such and the like privileges, immunities and i'! \\\ I ^ I ^ ' 1 ^•;il J36 Mli. ALFHEUIS TODD'S OFUSLON, " powors as at the passing of 'The Biitinh North Amoiica Act. 1867,' " were held, enjoyed unci exercised by tht,; Commons House of Parlia- " ment of the Urittd Kingdom of Grout Jjrituin and Ireland, and \>y •' ' the members thereof, so far as tho aamo are consistent with, and not " repugnant to the svld Aui.'* In 1SG7 neither the British ITousc of Commons nor any Conmnttee thereof liatl the power to examine witnesses on oath, except in certain special cases, such as Private Bills. The question now resolves itself merely to one point : was the Parliament of Canada, in view of the provisions spe- cially laid down in the British North America Act, 1807, competent to confer a power on a Committee of the Senate or House of Commons which was not possessed by the British House of Commons at the time of the passing of the Act under consideration ? Sir John Macdcnald tiiought not. Mr. Alpheus Todd thought otherwise, and placed his defini- tions of the clause on record.* The settlement of the ques- • " In my opinion, that clause was intended to restrain the claims of either House to indefinite privileges and immunities, by providing that such privi- leges shall never exceed those enjoyed hy the Imperial Houae of Commons, at a given date. The privileges and immunities herein referred to aie those that might reasonably or unreasonably be claimed aa inherent in, or necessarily attaching to the Houses of the Canadian Pailiament, pursuant to the maxim that ' all things necessary pass as incident.' By limiting such privileges and powers to those possessed by the Imperial House of Commons, in 1867, it prevents, on the one hand, an undue encroachment or extension of piivilege, and on the other hand secures to the two Houses and the Members thereof, respectively, the privileges, immunities and powers appropriate to them as component parts of the Canadian Parliament. " It has been laged that the Act to authorize the examination of witnesses on ca' h by Committees of the Senate and House of Commons of Canada, is an extension of their privileges, beyond those sanctioned by the British North America Act, inasiuuch as Select Committees of the Imperial House of Com- mons (not being Piivate Bill Committees) did not possess such power in 1867, or until, by the Imperial 'Parliamentary Witness Oaths Act of 1871,' such power was for the first time conferred upon them. "It is to be observed, '..owever, that t'.ic po-.ver so conferred upon Committees A PRECLDEM IN VOGUE. 131 fion iurnt'd, therefore, upon the proper deli'ution of this clause ill the Act — a clause which seems certainly elastic enough t - afford comfort to the supporters of either view. It was clearly manifest on the one side that the Dominion Parliament was precluded by the terms of this clause, whieh appeared to read both ways, from investing the Canadian House oi Commons with the powers in question. On the other hand, a j)rccedent was in vogue, and great weight sometimes attaches to a precedent. One of tho very first acts of the Canadian Legislature was to pass a Bill empower- ing tho Canadian Senate to examine witnesses on oath at its Car. This Act was assented to by Lord Monck, May 22nd, 18G8,* and, having beenay the whole Parliament, provided that tho same are exercised within appro- priate Constitutional limits. "—il/r. Afphcus Todd's opinion in reference to the meaning of the ISth clause of the British North America Act, 18G7. * Whereas it is expedient that the Senate should have power to examine wit- nesses at the Bar on oath ; and whereas it is also expedient thi\t evidence taken before any Select (Committee of either House of Parliament on a Private Bill should be available, if desired, before the Committee of the other House to which the same Bill is referred, and that for this purpose the Select Coniuiitteea of the Senate and of the House of Commons on Private Bills should bo enabled to administer an oath to the witnesses examined before them : ;.':! 188 AN ALMOST UNANIMOUS VOTE. Government, there was good ground to believe that Parlia- ment had exerciscil a ri^dit whieh was undoubtedly hers. It might be that, through ina *i till 150 BLAKE AND DOlilOA liEFVi^K TO HKhVE. sion. Tlie Commission would confer on tliom all the powers given to the Committee, including the examination of wit- nesses under oatli, and tlic power to send for ])erson.s, papers and records, &c. The acceptance of this Commission would hasten the work in hand, and no delay would occur. A postscript to Sir John's letter added, that a clause enjoining the Commissioners to report to the Speaker of the House of Commons, would be inserted in the Commission. On the 2nd of July the Committee met in Montreal. The majority of its members favour'^d the acceptance of the pro- posal, but Messrs. Blake and Dor ion would not hear of it. Both gentlemen wrote letters to the Preiaier declining to serve on the Commission, and stating their reasons at length.* * Mr, Dorion, after a resume of the ccntiiits of Sir Johii's letter, said, " Now 1 would beg to call to ycmr attention that the Committee was originally named on your own motion, as an ordinary Pailiam'.ntary Committee, without refer- ence to any authority to examine witnesaes under oath, and that it was only on the suggestion of the Coniiuittee subsequently made, that the House and Senate unanimously passed the Oaths ]>ill, although on more than one occasion you yourself made the suggestii>n, uidiei ded by the House, that a Commission might be issued instead of passing an Act to authorize the administering of oaths to the witnesses, 'i'his alone seems to me to be conclusive that the House of Commons, whose nominee I am on the Committee, did not intend that the enquiry chould be carried on by a Commission appointed by the Executive, and responsible as such only to that Executive, It seems to me, moreover, that the authority which is sought to he conferred on the Committee, to examine witnesses under oath cannot be attained bj' the issue of a Royal Commissiiin, for, although the Comiuissioners aiipointed might examine witnesses under oath, it would not be as Mendjers of the Committee appointed by the House that they would do so, but as Commissioners, whose decisions and proceediui-s would be subject to the supervision and control of the Executive, under whom they would liold their appointment, and not of Uie House, , . . . if the Government had proposed to name me on a Commission for the purpose of this enquiry, T would tlien cer- tainly have declined the proposed Commission. I caumit see why I should now accept it, when it seems to me tl at the effect of issuing .siich a Comioission w.mld be to supersede the C'omniilUc, and more especially in view of tht de- claration you made immediately befoe the adjoiunment of the Session in re- '■i A NHir PHASE. 151 Sworn testitnon}'^ being iiiidmissible, M-. Ditrion made a motion supported by Mr. Blake, that the Coinunttec should content themselves with unsworn testimony. Thi ? motion was considered by the majority to bo impracticable, all sorts of unreliable evidence would bo brought in, and besides the House had expressly instructed the Committee to receive testimony upon oath only. Accordingly, on the 3rd of July an adjournment took place and the date fixed upon for the re-assembly of the Committee was the day of prorogation, the coming 1.3th of August. On the 4th of July, the tactics of the Opposition first assumed a tangible form. The vvhi^ x^red stories of corrup- tion were repeated in a bolder key. The phantom became a reality. The mysterious resolutions which Mr. Hunting- ton had, with some misgivings, introduced on the floor of the Hou.se of Commons, three months before, now divested of their superfluous ti'appings and sustained by some sem- blance of proof, became very formidable instruments indeed. The storm which darkened the sky of Ottawa in April, now made black the horizon of Montreal. A powerful Govern - fL-reiice to Mr. 151;ike and my.-elf, th.at we shi)ul-\ not have can-rented to serve on the Committee, that ni'3u iu our positions in Kii-lanA wouM not hiive chme so, and that j'ou couUl not expect any fair play at our hands. Thi-i alone should be a sufflcient reason wliy I humbly believe I should not be ca'led upon tii ac- cept a Commission from the (xovernme'.it of wliich you arc tlio hea 1, after your jmblic deck .-ation, mad 3 in my ahseuc:?, of my unfitness to perform what the Commission would impose on me." Mr. Blake's letter was i'l a .similar strain. He made, however, this further point, and gave it out as his belief, "that it would be of evil consequence to create the precedent of a Government issuincj a Commission of enquiry into ipatters of a charge npf.'-'ns'i, itself, the Commissioners bein;'. as they are, Bubject to the direction and cont' ol of the accused." 'I J ill I i ; f r 1; isa THE GENIUS OF ROBEUT W'ALVOLE. ■\ ment, the most powerful, pcrlmiis, wliich hiul ever held ofllco in Canada, wa.s in danger of lieing en^^ulplied in the ruin which threatened on every side. The Ministry was strong. Eveiytliing tended to rr.ake it so. The largo amount of patronage at its command gave it a following of a certain class of men who deemed it their bounden duty to keep their friends in power. The Ministry was a popular one. It hud been foimed with this end in view. The leader was a man of tremendous energy and will. No one understood men better than he. Indeed, in this respect, he possessed the genius of Robert Walpole. With great good humour and an easy manner which he never neglected to cultivate, he had kept his Cabinet together. His Ministers loved him. His friends idolized him. His enemies only hated his power. It was no easy task to hurl such a man from the chief place in the Council Chamber of the country, and thus far the tactics of the Opposition had proved unavailing. Indeed Mr. Huntirigton and his friends had bungled most sadly, and people had already begun to look upon them with grave suspicion, not unmingled with scorn and contempt. It was clear, then, that the Op]iosition had begun to perceive that they had not yet gained the sympathy of the public, and a bold stroke was required. Novel and formidable weapons of warfare were determined on, and it was resolved to test public feeling at once. No sooner had the resolutions of the Committee of En- quiry become known on the third of July, than the Hunt- ington party resolved on a show of their hand. They had evidence in their possession which they believed was mo«t A ST ART Lisa tUULUWTloS, li»i) criinlnatinjg', ami tliey decideil to usl* it. Tlicy considered, or aHoctcd to consider, that isueh an enquiry as the Coniniis- sion iiropo.sed to j)ro.socute would become merely a farce. Mr. Blake and Mr. Dorion would not sit as mendiois of the Commission, and no members of the Opposition could bo found willing to take their jdaces at the boaid. Neither was it desiiable to have them rk «'-th you nn the 18th, and we could then put the affair in shape. Plea^? advis ■ me if this suits you. " Yours truly, (Signed) "HUGH ALLVN. " To C. M. Smith, Esq., Ohicag.>." " Dkar Sir, " Muidrcal, Doc. 29, 1871. " 1 have your note iroui Picton^ but I have not heard from New York since I left there. A good many rumours arc afloat regarding rail- road matters, and I have good reason to believe that Mr. Brydgcs is using all the influence he can witli Cartier to thwart our views, not that he has any proposal to make, but ho wants to stcjp the Pacitio Railroad altoge+lier. A party in the interest of the Hudson's Bay Company, consisting of Donald A. Smith, D. Mclnnes, G. Laidlaw, G. Stephen, Daniel Torrance (of New York), and one or two others, have given notice in the 'Ollioial Gazette' tiiat they will apply for a Charter to make a tailroa 1 from Pembina to Fort G;i,iTy. That is the only one il- tu 10 I EFFOBTS TO SECT) HE MIL BliYLUES. 165 that affects us. I go to Ottawa on Wednesday, aiul will return here on Saturday. I will find out there what is going on, Lut I tl.inl. we are sure of Oartier's opposition . " Yours truly, (Signed) "IJIGII ALLAN. «'To G. W. McMiiUen, Esq., T'icton, Out." *' Deab Mil. Mc'Mui.LiiiN, " Montreal, January 1, 1872. " 1 saw Mr. Brydges yestordAy, and found out pretty nearly what he will require to join our railway project. IJis terms are verj- high ; hut as they possibly include more tha.' himself, wo may have to concede thero. He thiulis, however, that the (Jovernment will not have the courage to go into the schenie at all, and will shirk it till after the elections. I go to Ottawa on Wednesday, and will see what they propose to do. 1 will write you as soon as I find out. 1 intend tore- turn back to here on Saturday night. Wishing you the compliments o£ the season '• I am, yours truly, (Signed) "HUGH ALLAN. "P.S. — 1 have a telegram from yon this moment, advising me that you are going to No>v York ; I therefore send this letter to the St. Nicholas Hotel there." "Gentlemen, " Montreal, January 24, 1872. "My subscription of $1,450,000 to the stock of the proposed Canada Pacific Railway Company includes the sum of ^200,000, fur- nished jointly by you and myself, to be transferred, in whole or in l)art, to Mr. C. J. Drydges, on condition of his joining the organization, and giving it the benefit of his a.psistance r.nd influence. In case he refuses or neglects to join before the 15th day of A;)ril next, I will transfer at once thereafter to you jointly ^iOO,000 of the before-named subscription, and in case Mr. B.'s iiifiuence and co-operalion can bo .secured for a los.s interest in the Railvviy Company than the before- mentioned amount, then 1 v, ill transfer to you one-half of any rofddue that remains of the said §200,000 after Mr. Biydges' accession to tho Company has been secured. It is, however, undi rstood that any resi- due, or portion of the §2( (•(OOO named, may be useil to secure any other influence deemed by myself and you desirable or impoi'tant, on the same terms as is proposed in regard to Mr. Crydges, and may ap- ply to others in additioii to hiui. " V.'ou\8 truly. (Signed) "HUGH .ALLAN. "To Charles M. Smith r.nd Geov[;o W. JIcMuUcu." Hv 1! n ;•■( » hi 1- 1 ti 150 EXCITING NATIONAL FEELING. " Deak Mr. MoMullkn, " Montreal, Fob. 5, 1872. " I returned yesterday from Ottawa. Everything looks well up till the present time, but I may tell you in strict confidence that thero are symptoms of coolness between Sir .John A. and Carticr, arising from the coquetting of the latter with Blake and Mackenzie to form an alliance and carry the elections next summer, with a view to leave Sir John A. out in the cold. This would not be quite so well for us ; but I am going to Toronto on the 7th instant to lo'>k after our interest. We are all right with the ' Globe.' You have not yet sent me the articles of agreement signed by the parties. Send it immediately, as I need it in my negotiations. I will require you to come down here, by and by, to arrange the construction of the Company, and consult about othor matters. In the printed Bill is there not a mistake about the land and taxation 1 Look at it. ** Yours truly (Signed) " HUGH ALLAN. " To G. W. McMuUen, Chicago. " P. S. — I wrote you, but have not received any answer." -" Dear Sir, "Toronto, Feb. 23, 1872. ** I find that Mr. Bridges is making a strong attempt by ex- citing national feeling to get up an opposition to us in our Pacific schemes. He is endeavouring to get up what he calls a purely Cana- dian Company, on the representation that we are going to make enor- mous profits out of it, the most of which will go to parties in the United States, He has written to inflrential men here, and in other parts of the country, urging them to subscribe stock merf ly as security, for they never will be called on to pay anytliing, and ho saya the Gov- ernment must give a preference to a Canadian Company. I do not know to what extent he has been su<;cessf ul . '* Yours truly (Signed) " HUQFI ALLAN. "To CM. Smith, Cldcago." " Dear Sir, "Toronto, February 24, 1872. " Since writing to you yesterday, I have aoen Mr. I). L. Mac- pherson, of Toronto, who is a Member of the Dominion Senate, and rather an important person to gain over to our side. He has been ap- plied to by our opponents, and uses that as a lever by which to obtain better terwa from us. He insists on getting $250,000 of stock, and threatens opposition if he does not get it. You will remember, he is Dl ST It IB UTW. OF STOCK . 15T Ml one of those 1 pr iposed as Directors. T will do the best 1 can. but 1 think that McMullen, yon, and myself will have to give up Bume of our stock to conciliate these parties. ' ' Yours truly,, (Siiyned) " HUGH ALLAN. "CM. Smith, Es^i-, Chicago. " " DEAa Sir, " M .iiti-aal, February 28, 1872. "It seems pretty certain that in adilition to money payments, the following stock will have to be distributed : — D. L. Maopheraon, $100,000 ; A. B. Foster, §100,000 ; Donald A. Smith, C' 1 00,000 ; C. J. Brydges, ^100,000 ; J. J. C. Abbott, $50,OCO ; D. McIiines,$.')0,000 ; John Shedden, $50,000 ; A. Allan, $r)0,000 ; C. S. Gzowski, $60,000 ; George Brown, ^50,000 ; A. S. Hincks, .^50,000 ; H. Nathan, $50,000 ; T. McGreevy, $50,000— total, $850,000. To meet this I propose that we give up of our stock as follows :— C. M. Smith, .^.'oO.OOO ; G. W McMullen, $250,000 ; Hugh Allan, $350,000— total, $8o0,000. Please say if this is agreeable to you. I do not think we can do with less, and may have to give more. I do not think we will recpiire more than $100,000 in cash, but I am not sure as yet. Who am I to draw on for money when it is wanted, and what proof of payment will be re- quired ? You are aware I cannot get receipts. Our Legislature meets on the 11th of April, and I am already deep in preparation for the game. Every day brings up some new difficulty to be encountered, but I hope to meet them all successfully Writ 3 to mo immediately. " Yours truly, (Signea) " HUGH ALLAN. "0. M. Smith, Esq., Chicago. " P. S. — I think you will have to go io blind in fhe matter of money — cash iiaymcnts. I have already paid $8,500, and hacanota voucher, a)id carmot qet ouc.'^ ''M *• My dear Mr. McMullex, " Montreal, March 4, 1872. " Mr. Macpherson, of Toronto, and Mr. Brydgea here, have both notilied me to-day that they decline to join us in the Canadian Rail- way scheme. Their reasons are that the Company is too largely American, and that they want to see it in the hands of Canadians. They tried to detach me from, the Company we have formed and get me to join theirs, which of course 1 decliuijd. I doii't know what they can do against us. but I intend going to Ottawa, on Monday, the 11th ■'»r, 11.5 Id. hi 158 ALL ARRANGED. inst., and will try and find out something about it. I will be in Ot- tawa most of the week. " Yours truly (Signed^ " HUGH ALLAN. " Dear Mr. MoMuli.bn, " Montreal, April 16, 1872. " 1 must remain here to-night to write my letters for the English mail, which I have been rather neglecting of late. You might make U3e of your time in seeing such of the Ministers as you can reach, but 1 wish especially that you would arrange that you and I together should see Sir John A. at 11 o'clock on Thursday. Telegraph me to Prescott Jun;'^Ton to-morrow if you en do this. 1 enclose a letter which came enclosed to me from New Y., k this day. What can be the mattar there i 1 ought to arrive nt Ottawa at 4.30 to-morrow p.m. (Wednesday). " Yours truly, (Signed) "HUGH ALLAN." *' Dear Sir, " Montreal, June 12, 1872. " 1 have this day received a telegram from you, dated New York, asking me to meet you in Ottawa to-morrow on important business. I am unable to go, and if the important business refers to the Pacific Railway scheme, I do not think it necessary I should go. I believe I have got the whole arranged through my French friends, by means you are aware of, and we have now a pledge of Sir G. that we will liav3 a majority, and other things satisfactory. I have told ycu all along that this was the true basis of operations, and anything else was ; owder and shot thrown aw*y, and I think so stili. You should come here and see me before you carry out any important transaction or pay any nioney. 1 want you to get a correct copy of the Government Bill imd our own Bill, because we have first to consider how far they will suit our friends, and we may have to go to New York to consult them. I will be in town to-morrow and Friday. I will be absent on Satur- day, but will return hero on Monday and bo here till Friday. " Yours truly, ' G. W. McMullen, Esq., (Signed) " HUGH ALLAN. " Russell Hotel, Ottawa." ''My Dear Mr. MoMcli-en, "Montreal, July IG, 1872. " I feared you had got entirely lost in the depths oi matrimony, but I am glad to notice by your letter dated 11th instant that you have got safely back. Since I saw you the Pacific Railway ' Canada' jicheme had 'nne tliron'.^h many phages and its present position is diffi- 1 ) A MATTER OF AMUSEMEXT, 159 cult to be describoJ. Sir Geo. Caitier has been in town for some days, and I have had several interviews with hiui. He now tells me that he does not now, and never did, intend to deal with either Macpherson's Company or ours, and that he only allowed them to get incorporated as a matter of anmsemod, but he says he always intended that the Government would form its own Company, would carry on the work under the orders of the Government, according to the views of the Government engineers, and with money furnished by the Government. He says that he and Sir John A. made up their minds to this long ago, but did not tell any of their colleagues. A kind of negotiation is going on with Macpherson and myself, relative to the composition of this Government Company, but it has not coiue to .luything as yet ; mean- time, the period of the elections is drawing near, and unless the matter is arranged satisfactorily to Lower Canada, Sir George Cartier's prospect of being returned is very slim indeed. I cannot foresee with any cer- tainty the ultimate result, but the decision cannot be long put oflF. I will advise you as soon as anything is positively known. " Yours truly, (£ignerl) " HUGH ALLAN." ** The follov^ing is addressed to an American gentleman in a very hiyh position in New York, whose name has been given to us, but which is for the present withheld : — "My dekr Sir, " Motitreal, July 1, 1872. 'The negotiations regarding the Canadian Pacific Railway are now approaching a tei'niination, and I have no reason to doubt they will be favourable to us. I have been given to understand by Mr. McMullf^n that he has regularly kept you informed of the progress and position of aflfairs, hence I havo not communicated with you as often as I otherwise would have dono. No doubt he has informed you that, thinking as I had taken up the project therp must be sometliing very good in it, a very formidable opposition was organized in Toronto, which, for want of a better, took us their crj', " no foreign influence ;" " no Yankee dictation ;" " no Northern Pacific to clmko off our Canadian Pacific," and others equally sensible. So much effect, however, was produced both in and out of Paj.-liament by these cries, that, after con- sultation with Mr. McMulleu, 1 was forced unwillingly to drop ot -in- sibly from our organization every American name, and t > put in re- liable people on this side ivi |;lace of them. It will have been apparent to you that at this point Mr. McMuUen and I ditForcd a little as to the means to bo adopted t^ influence the Government itself. Two opposing nil < :l| 11 i'! 'I': > 'rti t 100 VA li Tl tUVS I NFL UENiJB. C()m;i;inio8 desiring to build Oie railroad wore formed, tlie ono from Ontario havinj,' tho crciitost nuinLcr of names, wliilo tluit from Quubcc had tlie greattjst political jiower ]\Ir. MoMulIrn was desirous of se- curin.; tlie inferior members of the (Jovernmeiu, and entered into en- gagements of whicli I did not apia-ove, as I .liouglit it was only a waste of i)Owder and sli )t On a calm view of the situation, I sutislied :joy3 'If tliaf the decisivernmont oat of oflioe. It was thei-efore evident tiiat some means mnst L-? adopted to bring the influence of this compact body of members to bear in onr favour, and as soon as I made up my mind what was the best course to pursue, I did not lose a moment in following it up. A railroad from Mi:;itieal to Ottawa, through the French countiy, north of t?it) Ottawa river, lias long been desired by the French inhabitants ; but Cartier, who is the salaried solicitor of the (irand Trunk road, to which this wers. 1 subscribed a controlling influence in the stock, and proceeded to subsidize the iiewsiiapers themselves, both editors and proprietors. I went to the country through which the road would pass, and called on many of tlie inhabitants. I visited the priests and made friends of them, and I employed agents to go among the principal iieople and talk it up. I then began to hold pubhc meetings, and attended to them myself, WILLING TO BUILD THE RAILWAY. ICI making frequent Hpecchea in French to them, allowing them where tlieir tnio interest lay. The scheme at once became popular, and I formed a Committee to influence the membora of the Legialaturo. This succeecied ao well that, in a short time, it had twenty aoven out of forty -five on whom I could rely, and the electors of the ward ii» this city, wliich Curtier liiniaelf represents, notifled him that unless tho contract for the I'acilic Railway was given in the interests of Lower Canada, he need not present himself for re-election. He did not be- lieve this, but when he came here and met his constituents, he found, lo his surprise, that their determination was unchanged. He then agreed to yive the contract, as required, in a way that there would be seventeen Provisional Directors, of which (Ontario would have eight and we nine, thereby o'^'iHo ii3 t^^ control. We at once proceeded to organize the Company, and they named me President, D. Mcfuiiei*, of Hamilton, Vice-president, E. L. De Uellefeuille, Secretary, and Hon. J. J. C. Abbott, Legal Adviser. We have advertised that the books for subscription of stock will bo opened on the 15th July, at the different places named in the Act, and wehave notified the Government we ai'e wil- ling to take the contract for building the Canada l*acific Railway on the terms and conditions prescribed in the Act. The next thing to bo done is to subscribe stock, which must be done by British subjects only, and ten per cent, of the subscription must be paid in cash at the time of subscrib- ing. We have the right of subscribing nine-seventeenths at present, and of taking up whatever the other party may not subscribe at the end of the month. I have arranged in the meantime that if you will send a certi ficate of the equivalent of ^1,000,000 gold, having been placed by Jay Cooke & Co. to the credit of the Merchants* I3ank of Canada, Montreal, in their own bank, i i New York, it will accept the checks for the subscription, but no money will pass till the contract is entered into, and then ten per cent, on the whole amount of stock awarded us will have to be paid into the Receiver-General. Be pleased, thereford, to send me as early as possible powers of attorney to subscribe stock, and Jay Cook .": Co.'e certificate above mentioned. I have had several letters from England, offering to take the whole thing up if we deaire to part with it, but it looks to me to be too good to pare with readily. If you wish any further information, I will go to New York next week, if you de- sire it, and communicate with you personally. Please telegraph if you wish to see mo, and the day. As you may suppose, the matter has not reached this point without great expeiuw,— a large portion of K .111 ' tl r , t •/I 1'^ \ 102 J ^UCOEHtiFUL POLICY. it only puyrtblu ivlion tlio contract is obtained, but I think it will reach Jiot much aliorl of $300,000. " • Youfa faitlifully, (Signed) " ' IinGlI ALLAN. " 'P.vS.— 1 i)ro8umo y /U desiro that unless we can obtain and secure a majority of 'he stock, you would not take any. But on this point I wish to be instructor'.. (Signed) "-U.A."' " The following is to tho yon'leinnn before alluded to : — " ' Deak Sir, " • Montreal, August 7, 1873. " ' 1 wrote you on 1st July, giving you a detailed account up till that date of the events and my movements in connection with the Canadian Pacific liailway. I have not had any acknowledgment of the receipt by you of that letter, but I suppose it reached you in due course. The question I asked you, however, remains unanswered, and I now proceed to inform you of the progress of the negotiations since the date of my letter. The policy adopted has been quite successful ; the strong French influence I aucseeded in obtaining has proved sufficient to con- trol the elections, and as soon as the Government realized this fact, which they were unwilling to admit and slow to see, they opened nego- tiations with me. It is unnecessary tc detail the various phases through which it passed, but the result is that we yesterday signed an agree- ment by which, on certain monetary conditions, they agree to form a Company, of which I am to be President, to suit my views, to give me and my friends a majority of the stock, and to give the Company so formed the contract to build the road on the terms of the Act of Parlia- ment, which are $30,000,000 in cash, and 50,000,000 acres of land, with all other advantages and privileges which can be given to us un- der he Act, and they agree to do everything in their power to encour- age and assist the Company during the whole course of construction. The final contract is to bo executed within six weeks froiu this date, probably sooner. Our opponents are to get a minority of the stock, and they regard us with great ji-alousy and dialike, in consequence of tlioir defeat, and on that account the Government is obliged to stipu- li.to that no foreigner is to appear as a shareholder, so as to avoid the ic'-'uier cry of selling ourselves to the Northern Pacific, and succumb- ing to foreign influence. The shares taken by you and our other American friends, will therefore have to stand in my name for some time. We shall get six million dollars of the stock out of the whole capital of ten million of dollars. I again ask you if the parties 1 li HINGING THE MATTEii TO A GlilSlH. ig;; 1 aro willing to tako thu reduced amount (jf stock in tho samo pro[)or- tions, siyiicd for provionaly. As it is my duty, I offer it to you, but there are plenty desirous uf getting it ;— ten per cent on the amount will have to bo paid up and deposited in the hands of the Government as security, but will be returned, I think, as soon as the work is fully begun. The expenses incurred in bringing tiie matter to this point have been very great. I have already paid away about ^250,000, and will have to pay at least $50,00U before the end of this month. I don t know as even that will finish it, but 1 hope so. Of course this will all liave to Come from the subscribers to the six million stock. If you elect to go on with the subscription, I will visit New York about the end of this month, to settle the details with you. Please reply as early as convenient. " ' I am, yours faithfully, (Signed) '"HUGH ALLAN.'" •' ' Deaii Me. McMullen, " 'Montreal, August 6, 1672. " ' I have been hoping from day to 1 ly that some conc^.tsion, which I could communicate to you, would be »r.ived at, respecting the Pacific Railway negotiation, but some obstacle to cause delay always inter- vened. Tho near approach of the elections, however, and the stand taken by my French friends, that they would lend us help till I pro- nounced mysoli satisfied, has at length brought tho matter to a crisis, and I think the game I have been playing is now likely to be ationded with succe^iS. Yesterday we entered into an agreement, by which the Governmeut bound itself to iovxa. a Company of CanaiUana only, ac- cording to my wishes. That this Coraijany will make me President, and that I and my friends Avill get a majority of the stock, and that the contract for building the railroad will be given to this Company, in terms of the Act of Parliament. Americans are to be carefully ex- cluded in the fear that they will sell it to the Union Pacific, but I fancy wo can get over that some way or other. This position has not been attained without large payments of money. I have already paid over $200,000, and will have at least $100,000 more to pay. I must now soon know what our New York friends are going to do. They did not answer my last letter. *' ' Yours truly, (Signed) " 'HUGH ALLA2^.' " * ' Deae Sir, " * Montreal, Sop. 16, 1872. " ' I wanted at this time to have a meeting in Now York, to see 'I M i '<: \ Ij xA I r M 164 EXCITEMENT IN CANADA. what onr friends then were disposed to do, but to-day I have a letter from stating that he is leaving Now York for Chicago, there to join , and the two are going to Pugot Sound. They say, no meeting can bo held till the IBth of November, which will not do at all. I hope in ten days or so to have the contract signed, and would like immediately after to go to England to raise the money to build the line. I have disbursed f343,(100 in gohl, whi^li I want to get repaid. I have still to pay 013,500, which will close everything off. I will go to New York as soon as the contract is signed, say about the l7th of October, and would be glad to meet you there. " ' Yours truly, '"Geo. W. McMullen.'" (Signed) «" HUGH ALLAN. Of courae this correspondence created a tremendous excite- ment, not only in Government circles, but throughout the whole of Canada. The character of McMullen was un- favourably commented on, and there was a natural hesitancy about accepting his mere statement. It was clear also that the correspondence, if it ever existed, had been surreptitious- ly obtained, and grave doubts were entertained of its being genuine at all. Accordingly, the affidavit of Sir Hugh Allan which appeared in the issue of the Montreal Gazette, which followed that of the Herald, placed matters in a more favourable light for the Government. We give Sir Hugh Allan's statement here . — " In reply to the letters which appeared in Saturday's paper, Sir Hugh Allan has made the following affidavit ; — " I. Sir Hugh Allan, of Ravenscraig, in the Province of Quebec, Knight, being duly sworn, depose and say ; " That I have for some years past taken a strong interest in the dc- veloj jaent of railway communication throughout the Dominion of Canada, and particularly through the district of country lying to the westward of Montreal, with a view to increasing the facilities of cora- munioation between the seaboard and Western America. And that amongst other projects, my attention was eaily directed to the scheme \^\ AGIiEEMIiNT niTIl AMUIUCAX ('AriTALISTlS. \(\o for coiistructiiii^ a riiilwuy between Mo'itreal, as the most Wobtorly At- lantic seaboard, and the Pacitic Ocean. "That in the autumn of 1871 I kirneu, in conversation with Sir Francis Hincks, that cortiiin Aiuorican vnpitalists had proposed to the Government, through Mr. VVaddini^ton, to organize a Company for the purpose of building the Canada I'acitic UaiUvay, but that no action had been taken upon tliuir proposition. That, thereupon, ina.smuch as no movement appeared t^ t' conteini)lated in Canada for the purpose in question, and 1 doubted if Canadiiui capitalists could be induced to subscribe to it to any large extent, I obtained from Sir Francis Hincka the names of the persons who had been communicating with Govern- ment, and immediately placed myself in correspondence with them, for the purpose of endeavouring to form a Pacitic Comp my, in advance of the measures which wei'e expected to be taken by the (Jovernment at the tlien ensuing Session of Parliament. "That, accordingly, after a certain amount of negotiation, 1 entered into an agreement with Mr. Smith, of Chicago, and Mr. McMuUen, who was understood to represent a certain number of American capi- talists — in which I reserved for Canadians as much stock as I thought I could procure to be subscribed in Canada, the remainder to be taken up by the Americans interested and their friends. This agreement contemplated a vigorous prosecution of the work of construction, in coiiformity with the design of the Canadian Government so soon as it should be ascertained, provided the means to be placed at the disposal of the Company were such as in the opinion of the associates would justify them in undertaking the contract. And with regard to this agieemont, I most distinctly and explicitly declare that neither in the .igreement itself, nor in any conversation or negotiation connected with it, was there any stipulation, statement, or expressed plan, which had for its object any retardation of the work, or any other purpose than its completion throughout at as early a day as would be consistent with reasonable economy in buikling it. And more particularly, I declare that there was no intention expi-essed or implied, either in the agree- ment or in the negotiations which accompanied it, of placing it in the power of the Northern Pacific Railway or any other Company or body of men to obstruct the enterprise in any manner or way whatever. " That no further steps of importance were taken by myself or asso- ciates up to the time of the opening of the Session of Parliament at Ottawa, in respect of the projected Company, except that I placed my- self in communication with the Government, offering to organize a Company which would undertake the construction of the road, and m It ! V ICG Sin iiuon APPLIES to mu. aubott. dUcussin;^ the question of tho facilities and nid wlueh tho Covcmmont wo\ild prohfthly recommend to be furnished l)y tho country, find in tho cojirseof these disctiSKioiiH and negotiations, I endeavoured as far as popsible, to secure for nij'solf the position of President of tho projected Company, wliich was Hm position my associates wore willing to allow mo, and to which I thotight myself entitled fmrn the active part which I took in tho groat national enterprise to which the agreement and negotiations in question had reference. And as to this point I had reason to believe, from the first, that tlie Oovernment was prei>areil to admit my claim. " That when tlio time for tho 8pssi(.n of the Canadian Parliament ap- proached, I applied to Mr. AI)bott to prepare the requisiio legislation ; and shortly after Parliament had opened I proceeded to Ottawa for tho purpose of ascertaining how matters were progressing, and what pros- pect there was (jf a successful prosecution of the undertaking by myself and the persons who were then associated with me. That, previous to this time, however, 1 had communicated with a large number of per- sons in Canada on the subject of the proposed Company, requesting their co-operation and assistance, and endeavouring to induce them to subscribe for stock to such extent as I thought fair, considering their position and means. And though I did not meet with any great mea- sure of success in procuring subscriptions of stock, yet it was quite as great as 1 had anticipated when making my arrangements with tho American capitalists. In my negotiations with them, therefore, I pro- vided for the distribution of tho stock which those gentlemen were willing to subscribe, or which I believed they would eventually be willing to subscnbe, upon the formation of the Company. " That, when I visited Ottawa, as stated in the last paragraph, I ascertained, by personal observation and connnunication with the Members of the House, that a strong prejudice had arisen against any connection with American cajdtalists in the formation of the proposed Company, the fear expressed with regard to that sulijeofc being that such capitalists would find it for their interest rather to obstruct the Canadian Pacific, and further the construction of tho Northern Pacific, than to act in the interests of Canada by pressing forward the Cana- dian Road. And though I did not share this fear, and always believed, and still believe, that the persons who proposed to be associated wiih me would have gone on with the enterprise in good faith to the best of their ability, yet I found the feeling for tho moment so strong that I judged it expedient and proper to yield to it, and therefore consented that the legislation to be presented to the House should exclude for JNATTESTION rO ACi'UUMn OF EXPnESSIOX V7 eigiiors fruni tlio Company , and that th j Diroctora ; lu»uUl be cxclusivi ly Canadian. "That a Hitl incorporating the Canadian Pacific Company was thun introduced into the Hoiiso by Dr. Grant, who had been a prominent advocate of the Canadian Pacific achemo, and had introduced in tlio last previous Sosuon a aimihir inoasuro at tlio instance of the hite Mr. Wudilinf^ton and othor.i who wore tlion iiitere.iling tlicmsolvi-s in tlio project. " That notvvitlistiindiiig tliat tlio Uill which was so introduced con- templated by its terms the exclusion of foreigners, I did not feel by any means convinct'il that the Qovernment would insist upon any such con- dition, believin f as I did, and do, that such a proposition was impolitic and unnecessary. I did not, therefore, feel justitied in entirely break- ing olF my connfH:tion with the American associates, althoui^h I ac- ({uainted them with blij ressed hinisi-lf as being favourable to my election as President, and that any influence the Government might possess among the membora of the amalgamated Company would be exercised for the purpose of aiding in my election to that office, and that probably the difficulty as to the nomination of members to the new Company, between myself and Mr. IVfacplierson, might bo obviated in some way In other respects, ho rejiorted that he could find no di- vergence of opinion as to the amalgamation of the two Companies between myself and Mr. Macphcrson. " After receiving Mr. Abbott's Report of < he negotiation at Toronto, I felt satisfied that no difficulty would occur in bringing them to a .suc- cessful termination. And as the lute Sir (jeorge Cartier happened to be in Montreal shortly afterwards, and I was talving considerable in- terest in his re-election, I met him and had xinofficial conversation with him on the subject of the Charter on several occasions, urging that the influence of the Government should be used to procui'e the amalgama- tion uiKiu such terms as I considered would be just to myself and the Coinpanj' <.)ver which 1 presided. " That Sir George Cartier was, as I was aware, communicating v.ilh the Premier on the subj(;ct of the Pacilic Railway amongst othen ; and that at one of the interviews I had with him he showed me a tomniu- nication from the Premier, of which the following is a copy : — ■ : I 't " Muly 2(;, 1872. " ' Have seen Maephorson. He has no p^jrsonal ambitian, but can- not, in justice to Ontario, concede any preference to Quebec in the matter of tlie J'residency or in any other particular. He s: ys the questirop()sal from parties of the hii^liest respectability for undertaking the work. The only members of the Government whom we met were Sir John A. Macdonald and Sir Francis liihcks ; and it speedily became apparent to myself and associates that Mr. Waddington had been over Hanguino rn his ideas that the formation of a C!oni[)any would bo entrusted to his liands. After some conversation which tended to make this clear, and which intimated that the Government would wish to incorporate prominent Canadian names in any Company tnidertaking the work, we left our address witli the two Ministers, with the understamling that if occasion for it arore wo were to luar from them. Some few weeks afterward Mr. Clias. M. Smith, ics woro disciinsed ■•it iiitorviowsaiid by curruspDndonco, during' tho winter, and tho delays of tho (jroveniinoiit uxplaiiietl l>y tho i;\ig»moii.'3 ot tho political Hitua tion. While at ti'.rtt Sir llu^'h had anno\iucoil that no money would bo required for such inirpoaos, yot ho soon professed to discover that it Would be necessary to provide some, to aid ui procuriuij tho closing of tho arran^cniL'nts. lie at one time announced to Mr Smith and myself that the 88,-')00, ot which ho speaks ni one letter, had been lent to Sir John A. Macdonnld and Sir Fraucis ilmcks in suni.s ot ;ij»4,0(K) and .'Jl.SOO rcsi»Lclively, ' with very i^oud kuowlod^^v that it wao never to bo repaid. ' lie also oxjilained that the Finance Minister was taking' n i^reat deal of interest in the matter, and tli.it he had sounded iiiiu on the extent of his personal exiiectations, when it reached an assured concluBion lie said Sir Franoi.s had replied that at his time of liic an absolute payment would be proferable to a per-centago of ultimate pro- tits, and thought he should have §50,000, and in addition the position of Secretary to the Company for his son, at a salary of not less than 02,000. My rei>ly was, that I supposed, as we were into tho matter, \/o would have to meet, in some way, such demands, if we expected to proceed, but that large ain<)uuts could not bo disbursed on uncertain- ties. As the Session approached, however. Sir Hugh made appLciition for money, and on March 28, 1872, a supplementary contract was en tered into by which a committee of five were a[ipoiiited. Sir Hugh being chairman, who were authorized to provide funds. This contract also covered a change in terms to meet tho views, as Sir Hugh repre- sented, of the Government, and empowered this CommUtoo to agree to tho acceptance of $30,000,001) and 50,001), 000 acres ot I'aiid, exactly the amount tho Cloverninont recommended, and exactly tho amount he then told uh they would recommend if wo would accept. A levy of $50,000 was male on the Araoriciin parties, April Ist, 1872, and tho amount placed to the credit of Sir Hugh, lie drew .^40,000 as follows . $15,000 by check, dated May 2nd, 1872, and paid May 4th, 1872 , and $25,000 by check, dated May 3rd, 1872, and paid June Gth, 1872. The only explanations which ho made to me oi the expenditure of this sum were the payment of $4,000 to ' La Minorve' revvspaper, and $3,000 each to three other French papers, whoso names 1 cannot positively remember; $G,00') to Attorney-General Ouimot for aid rendered at GliAVh' I'tJAliS OF THE UESVLT tdl Oti»\v,', and an imloHniteloftn of (*10, ('()() to Sir F. Illmki!. I iilUiif' «! d»iiiii« the KesHion of 1872, nntl asHistcd in the pa«! to aid in elections about Quebec, on condition of las friendly assist.vnco, and Mr. .\bbott reported that he had done an. " Notwithstanding the repeated pledges we had received, and the apparently sfronj; po.sition we occupied, both Sir liuj^di and my.self lu. I grave fears of the; result, in coiiFeqnenco of the position tnkenby Mr. Macphors" n and his friends, and thv animosity of the (iiand Trunk Railway people to Sir Iluyh himself. I met Sir John A. MacdonaM in Montreal, after the close of the Session, while on his way to nuet Lord Dufl'erin at Quebec, and he sugijested that, as Allan had made so many enemies, I should go to Mr. Macpherson and try to bring about nn amalgaiuation, pron.ising to write a personal letter to Mr. Macpher.':on, to aid in the desired object. Sir Hugh and Mr. Abb< tt, however, both dissuaded nie from dointf so, as it would all'ord a pre- text for the Inter-(^ceaiiic Company to raise the American bugbear, which they had been tryiiiy to allay, i.nd they promised to lake the rcRpoiisiliility with Sir John of my failure to do asagre;^d. "I then went to Chicago to await developments, and in July, under date of the IGth, I got a letter from Allan, which seemed quite di.")- Couraging in tone, as ho said Sir G. F). Cartier told him they never ii tended dealing with cither <.ur Cnmpany or Mr. Macphorson's, but would form a new one entirely, under the control (jf the (jJovernment. But Sir Hugh added that the elections were approaching, ai.d then his French friends would make their power felt, and Cartier must cither yield to Lower Canada wishes, or else he stood a poor chance to be elected. On August 6th he wrote again, stating that he had brought about what he wished, as the (.iovernmcnt had been forced to come to him, and he had secured an agreeraeiit for a majority interest in the Com pany about to be formed to build the road, but that to do this he had to advance a large amount of money, .some ?200,OC(> already, and over 8100,000 more still to be paid, and wanting to know what the New York friends would do. On the ICth September he wrote again, stat- ing that he had learned of the absence of Fcveral of our friends from New York, and that therefore a meeting could not, be held until November loth, which was very unsatisfactory, as ho was have the lit ' 'Ii t I i;i L :\ \v/\ 182 THE CONrnOLLlNG FliENCII INFLUENCE m m f: contract si-iied witliin siiy ten clays, and wnnttd at once tlieroaftor to go to England to raise money. He stated his expenditure to that time as ^443,000 gold, with ^13,500 more to pay, and he urged speedy arrangement for refunding this. I visited Montreal shortly after the xeccipt of this letter, to ask him further particulars for the guidance of our friends, who were somewhat startled at the magnitude of the ligwred, and who proposed to have some reasonable explanation of how >'' e money had been expended before thoy returned it to Sir Hugh. I readied Montreal about October 1st, and at the interview which fol- lowed, {^ir Hugh reiterated, and explained the statements in hia later letters. He said Sir George Cartiev had been very loath to realize the fact that he held the controlling French influence, subject to a satisfac- tory disposition of the Pacific Charter, but that after a while Sir George did come to believe it, and, much against his will, consented to yield his prejudices, and give Allan the control, with, however, certain provisions about Americans, which would be more of an apparent than real objection, and on the understanding that Sir Hugh should advance money to aid the election of Govennnent supporters. After having Sir George sign an agreement, as stated in letter of Aug. 8th, he com- menced paying money, but, as ho told me, having Cartier's order in each case, and taking a receipt therefor. When making the agreement he had no idea that the amount of money would be excessively large, and when it had run up to between 311)0,000 and $200,000, he became alarmed, and told Caitier that he must stop paying the drafts which were coming in so rapidly unless the whole Government woidd sanc- tion the bargain. He then stated that Sir George sent to Ottawa find received a telegram from Sir John A. Macdonald confirming his action. After this Allan said he proceeded paying until he had advanced $358,- 000 in addition to 8-10,001), drawn from New York. I promised to sub- mit his statement to my friends, in Now Yurk, .and leave the matter for them to decide. " The next word I liail was that ho thouglit Iio must dissolve all connection with Americans, in a letter dated October 24th. I replied in a few days after, protesting sti'h, requesting me to meet him at Toronto or Montreal, but not slating the object. I went to Montreal and had an interview on Decenibor 24th, when he announced a iiiwil clo.io of any iuiangemonts with Americnns, with an 'FIFO l[i)UltS If ITU srii J()IL\. 183 "' II ^ i > 1: iittor ropuiliiition of any (ibligatiouH lio was tiiidor to tliem, ami stiitoil that ho had written to New Yoik, to the ettVut that he couhl imt contimiu liiHarranguiiioi»t3,anil must break tlieiu entirely olF. I prote.ited strongly against such conduct, and referred to the contracts we had entered into, and the long association existing, tvs well as the nniforin good faith evinced by our party, stating that I deemed it only honour able in him to insist on the uriguial agreement, or else to retire himself from the pniposr-d Company. When this was refused, F announci'd my intention of going to Ottawa to lay the matter before Sir John A. .\rac- donald. On the 3lst December, I had an interview of some two hours duration with Sir John, and iting to get refunded nearly 8t'^'l>,WI ), which he had never hud out. I then requested him to do one of two things — either to allow our original ar- rangements to bo carried out, or else to leave Sir Hugh ont of the Government Company, since wo did not propose to be a stepping-stone for his personal advancement. Sir John saul the Guvernnient arrange- ments had gone so far that he feared they could do noither, and said that from Allan's meniorial in answer to the Inter ()c;anic Company, and from his assertions since the Ses-iiim, they had 8upi)o.sed he had entirely broken off with us I shovveil the most conclusive evidtuico — Allan's own letters — that such was not the case, and said if the Guvorn- ment were not in his power, a.s ho stated, they could better afford to take all the risk of his omission from the Compai y than to face the public when they l-.new all the facts, as thoy certiiinly would, if Alliin was put in and allowed to break his .sacred obligations with his asso- ciates—associates to whom the Govcrnineiit had directed him, and who dealt unreservedly with him in the exprens l)elief that he was thochoH(!n representative of the Governniont, and who had the best of rcasoiiB for such belief. He requested a delay of a few days or more t.- enable him to communicate with Sir Hugh and Mr. Abbott. On the 23rd of January last, I again saw Sir John, at which time two of my frien^.s iiccom[)anie(l mo. Wo then went over "le ground again, and added the letters which .i]'pcared as uddre'sed to Mr. Smith and after iho M 'I 181 A mm ARK ABLE PAHS ACE. intorviow I giivo Sir John, at his request, copies of all tlieee docu- ments, Kr II ngh Allan's checks for the 040,000, ai:d the receijils of Mr. Todd for the Tjivate Bill expenses of tlie Canada Iniproveraent and Canada Pacific Railroad Companies paid by me, which inuet have been strange reading to him when compared with the memorial of tl e Exe- cutive Committee of tlie said C. 1*. Railroad Con)p;iny, signed by Hugh Allan, J. J. Abbott, and Louis Heaubien, then in his possession, in which the following remarkable passage occurs, under date October 12th, 1872, which memorial was presented to Parliament during the present Session : — " ' With regard to Ihe assertion that a belief " exists everywhere" tliat the Canaila Company still intend to caiTy out the design of the combination with American capitalists, it is only necessary that the gentlemen who say so, no doubt speak truly as to some limited circle with which they ate in inunediato communication. But the Canada Company euipnatically deny that beyond such a limited circle any such belief, or even any idea, of such a state of things is entertained. "'The Canada Company are aware that » net,otiation was com- menced during the summer of eigliteen hundred and seventy one, be- tween Sir Hugli Allan and certain American capital!; (a for the forma- tion of a Company to construct and run the Canada Pacitic Railway ; but they are informed by Sir Hugh Allan, and have satisfiod them- selves by a full eiKjuiry into tlie circumstances and details of the nego- tiation, that it was not initiated by Sir Hugh, and that it was com- menced and supported by influential persons in Canada, as being the only combination that offered itself at that time for the construciion and running of the road ; but they are aatlstiod that that ntgoiiation never possessed the character attributed io it by the Intor-Oceanio Com- pany ; and they know that Sir Hugh Allan would never have consented to embark with foreign capitalists in a Canadian enterprise in which he takes so great an interest, without the most i)erfect seeuriiies and guar- antees for its cdntrol and ccmduct in the interest of Canadft. But the discussion of the negotiation is entirely foreign to the proposition now being considered. That negotiation toiminated when Sir Hugh Allav' ony.'igod with others in the formation of the Canada Company, and it has never been renewed. " ' The Canada Company never [larticipated in that negotiation, and never con»idereil or entertained any proposition, snggestion, or inten- tion of askiny aid fmm American C'pitalists or of combining with them for the prosecution of the Railway, orfor any other puipcso. The only negotiations they Imvo carried o}i are tlu)se already alluded to witli If.*! TUE LEADING FACTS. 185 Eritiah capitalist , and they have never even coiumimicatctl en tho snlject of ihe railway with ary one outsiile of ('."iiixdaor CJivat Britiiin.' " Sir Jihn rcqiicHted us to meet All ott jind Allan in Mun'rcal, aiul arrange some! liing Batisfactory. f^Jr Iliigli had gone to New York, and while there had called on our friends ard itocured tl.om that ho woidd still hct'p good faith wiih thim. ^^ liilo 1 liad tl e strongest reasons for doubting such assurrnccs, and tliongh sul sequent ocrurrencos liava ouiifirmed tliLPc douV)t8, yot at their request I dcsistid from jmshin:; matters against him, further than to |)rucin'e a settUiucnt of penonal outlay and h)8B, and thit if my friends who were with mo, a loss di rectly entailed by his duplicity. " This nai'rative embrr.ccs sill iho loinling facts relating t( my con- nection with Sir Hugh Allan, anil niai.dy of n)y efforts and oinratioiis concerning the racifio Dailway , but .-.s a maittr of couisc, there v.oio ntimerous negotiations of a nature relating to it, which .seem uiuincs- sary to detail, unless furhir ocra'^ioii sin uld arise. But thcBC facts all tend to confirm the <.oneral points herein stated, and they arc such as would occur inevital>ly in tho midst of .'^;iKh i>rolongcd and im- portant negotiations. " Vcur?, I " ' {hnmedutte, Pncate.) *' ' Toronto, August 20th, 1872. " ' I must havo another ten thousauu ; ,.^\ ' . (lib last time ■/. calling ; Jo not full me , answer to-day. '"JOIfN A. :*iAv'i;ONALD. To the Hon. J. J. 0. Abbott St. Arno'a.' " " Montreal, August 2(1, 1872. " ' Draw on mo for ten thousand dollars. " ' J. J. C. ABBOTT. " ' Sir John A. Mucdunald, Toront .. ' '' " ' Toronto, August 20, 1872. '" At sijfht, pay to my order, at the Morchania' Bank, the sum of ton thousand dollars for value received. '"JOUN. A. MACDONALD.' '* This draft was endorsed thus : " ' Pay to the order of the Merchants' B.ank of Canada. "JOHN A. iMACDONALD. '"To Hon. J. J. C. Abbott.'" "My Dear Sir, " Rlontn^iu, July 15, 1873. " I subujit for your perusal a statement opoae publisliing to the people of Canada as to my connection witii the Pacific R. \\. My reason for doing so is, tliat I have been subje^-led to the vilest slanders at the hands of tlio iMinisterial press, of whicli you arc aware. The abundance of such abusy makes it imperative that I should show what the roal facts were, and as you and I have had a tri-jndly association in the matter, and you ar<> uersonally cognizant of many facts, I ask you to give mo a letter r.;; itin^ thereto, and containing whatever may be within yoiu' rccolloctii.ii us to the circumstances of the case. " I think I am justified in asking you to do this, when my character lias been so vici uisly assailed. "Your reply will be gratefully I'eceivod by mo, and put rao under lasting obligations. *' Very truly yours, " Hon. A. B. Foster." " G. W. McMULLEN. " Dear Sir, " Waterloo, July 10, 1873. " I iiave had an opportunity to look over the statement you make in rcfrard to youi' connection wit'.i tne Canada Pacific Pailroad, sub- ''% AIR. FOUTER WRITES. 187 mitted to rae for tlic i>urpose mciitioiu'l in your letter of tlic loth, ai rl 1 have thia much to say in regard to i«. With the ''.rst pnrt o*" yo'ir hist iiy of the rnattpr T urn pcrsf-nally unarqnr'ntcd, as nur ir ..rcf-iirsfi did not boL,in laitil the oponiny of the tSessum of 1872, 'hen we wco introduced by Mr. Abbott. My neijotiationa on the snbjoct «ii Mie Pacific Railway previous to that time, had been with Sir II. Allii,ii . id Mr. Abbott, though from the conimcnccmont 1 had been awaro V the arrangements made with American parties whom you representc I was associated during the Session of 1872 witli Allan, Abbott, :\iid yourself, in all the stages cfprocurinf; rhe Charter of the Canada Pacific Railroad Comp.any, and in all tlio elloits made to secure to that Com- pany the contract to budd the road, and as a consequence was fauiili.ar with many points naturally arising therefrom. I di.scussed with you ray persimal position under the proposed an-angements ami with your- self, Allan, and Abbott, all the main features uf the legislition pro- posed, and such as were deemed necessary for the object. As you state, there were dillicultios in the way «)f closing matters, and I was aware of the agreement with Mr. Langevin U) which yon refer, as it was frequently discuaaed between us and Mr. Abbott. I was also aware from the first of Sir George Carticr's opposition to Sir Ilugli Allan, and of the means l>y whicli Sir George was forced to forego his oi)position. "In regard to the payment of money for election purposes, I was informed of the arrangement with Sir George Cartier, and vvjis also shown a confirmatory telegram from Sir John. \. MacdonaM. un- derstand the afl'air to be substantially as you have related, and t have reason to believe that largo sums of money wore actual " expcndfl for election purposes ui.der the arrangement. " Yoniv) truly. &o (Signed) "A. •:. FOSTER. " G.W. McMullen, E bought th^ir Avay to power, and the money of a contractor for the Pacific Railway Charter had enabled them to carry seats which might otherwise have gone against thera. But while this document rather impugned the veracity of Sir Hugh Allan's affidavit, and brought home with some colour of truth the charges against the Ministry, it at the same time [U'oved its author to be a blackmailer of the deepest hue, and a man totally devoid of honour. lie coquetted with Sir Hugh, got him in his pcjwer and threat- ened to publish his confidential letters. He blackmailed the contractor, for which he should have been sent to the peni- tentiary, and sold him back Ins letters for a large price. Honour, it is said, exists among thieves, but there is no honour among blackmailers. This person, after disposing of these letters straightway rei)aired to Sir Hugh Allan's enemies and [ilaced into their hands, also for a good round sum, copies of the sarvie letters and telegrams which he had sold to Allan. Every line oi the narrative proves his own nefaiious part m tlie scoundrelly transaction. It shows clearly and in unmistakable language, that either for money, Cx for the purjioses of revenge or for both money and revenge, this Chicago broker wormed himself into the graces of Sir Hugh Allan, bocame confidentially related to him, possessed himself of private information, and for a higher price uftorwarda meanly betrayed him. The narrative is exceedingly circumstantial, and the events •.v]\)nh follow seem to challenge contradiction. It is explicit, and the letter of Senator Foster confirms some very irapor- iant particulars. Though McMullen may be looked upon as MESSRS. TILLEY AND TUPPEB. ISfV a reckless character, and as a man who would shrink from nothing to carry his point, tlie nariative wliich he furnished and the extreme boldness with which the assertions were made created an impression exceedingly hostile to the Crov- ernment. The active and alert leaders of the Opposition saw their opportunity and they made the most of it. In the meantime Lord Dufterin had begun his progress through the Maritime Provinces. It was deemed advisable that as Prince Edward Island had just entered the Union, the Governor-General should visit the little colony at the iiist opportunity. Some details consequent on the recent confed- eration remained to be settled and the Hon. Messrs Tilley and Tupper were already in the Island engaged in settling these details. Until Lord Duhenu had reached Prince Edward Island he had not seen the McMullen correspondence. He was therefore considerably startled on looking over the newspapers which had been sent to him, to see what com- plexion the aftairs had already assumed. He immediately sent for Messrs Tiiley and Tupper, his Ministers ot Finance and Customs, and discussed the matter with them. Both of these gentlemen assured His Excellency that satisfactoi}- explanations would be made, and Lord Dutierin accejited these confirmations of his hopes. He felt, however, that tl o original programme for the indefinite proroo-ation ot Par- liament could be no longer adhe' ^ 1 to, and that his presence in Ottawa on the 13th of August was an imperative neces- sity. He at once communicated with the Premier and stated that inasmuch as the aspect of affairs had changed some- what since he had parted with him a recess for the usual . it! ' 'A * , tl' 1 \ ' n 100 /I YOKE. I jiciiotl was no lon^f«>r possihU', and that it was necessary tliat raiTuinient slioiild iiavo an early o]>i)oitunity of pro- nouncing ujtoii the points at issue hetwecn himself and Ids assailants. Trej arations for the public reception of the Vice- regal party at Halifax had been made, and His ICxcellcncy felt that he should visit that city and keep his appointment with hei citizens. It will be remembered that |>olitical mat- ters in Nova Scotia at this time were in a somewhat unsatis- factory condition, 'i'he Province had entered the Confeder- acy against the wishes ol the majority of the people, and fc.iough six years had elapsed since then, the Nova Hcotians still smarted under what some of them openly declared to be a yoke and a curtailment ot popular liberty. A strong anti-Confederate party had been formed, and a repeal of the Union was seriously discussed. It was felt on all sides that the visit of the (Jovernor-Cjeneral might do nnuh to assuajjjc that uncomfortable feciling. On the 29th ol July His Ivxcellency arrived at Halifax, and he found that the Pacilic Railway charges and tlie Mc- Mullen corresj'Ondence had produced intense excitement all over the city. The subject had been discussed in the rival newspapers with a degree of warmth seldom exhibited in other hiiuls. His supposed view.s, sentiments, and sympathies were freely given and animadverted upon. Although he had not as yet fully made up his mind as to the ct)urse he should pui*suo, he found the Government press .stating, in n seemingly authoritative M'ay, his views and probable line of action. These were in turn sharply criticised by the Ui)po- eition papers. The new.spapers did not content themselves THE II A Lit A A CLUWa M^M:li. 101 vitli more coiijirture. The ln)l«lc'.st nsseitioiis wen- i'lvoly indul^'cd in, and every ellbrt wuh made to stanip the vaiioiis editorials in the first colninn uith an air of authority. These coninieiits and niliiles were partieuhirly annoyinj^. Lord IhifiVriii felt that until he had seen his Ministers no di'cision was possiMc. In the meant iuie, tlie Ooveruor- Grneral's name was dra^'ged into tlie very heart of the contioversy, whieli was sustnined on loth si others. Sir William Young proposed His Excellency's health in some well-chosen words, and Lord Dufierin replied as followt;; — 1 '\ II II 1 ; 1 ' , . .i 1 ' I 1 ! a. ; » II i 193 LuIiU DUFFElilN\i Sl'libUJll AT UAH If AX CLUB. " Mr. Glui'u'iuan, Ch'uj-Ja.dice and QeniUhien, — "II ariyl'ii>»«; woro wanliii;^ to cnliuii i; the lioii )ur(lon'3 ino, it would bu lo'iufl in tho clo(jiont and inosb kiiil auJ con.jitl- orato tonns in \vlu;Ii tliulicj.Utli of ih 5 ( ' )!intoss of DuIIciin and myself has hvum proposod l»y tin Chief-JiHtico. Wlion I first ariivod amongst yon 1 was, of course, a stranger to all but a very few, and altliough, with hor tra»litional loyalty, your city was prepared to pay ovory proper mark of respect to tho Rcprosotitalivj of Tier M ij osty, you h ivj uia lo us feel that as our ac(piai:itauee improved, a aontiment of persomd kindness and good-will has begun to m uglo in daily increas- ing proportions with the official luy.pitT-lities with which wo have boon overwhehncd. TGreat choorin:^.) Of course, tliese indications of your friendliiioss and iuduljenco are very gratifying to my feeli'.igs, nor can you bo surprised that I should reciprocate your good- will in oven a still waimer manner, (Ohcors.) 1 a'u suro I shall overlook back to my visit here as a most pleasurable reminiscence. Independ- ent of the advanta.:>'s 1 have enjoyed of'becoming acquainted with the material aspects and charactnistics of the chief city of one of the most important Provinces of tho Dominion, 1 have been able to make the persoiil a'lpiaintanceof almost all your eminent citizens, your politicians, your clergy, your judges, and th.o heads of tho3e various interests and profes- sions which maintain tho int dlectual vitality and minister to tho commercial prosperity of this, tho capital of Eastern North America. As a consecpience I feel that henceforth I bhall be able to examine with a warm n' sympathy and a far I'LUt'l'A'T I Ml' A UTIA LITY. 198 tnoro ititolli;^oiit appreciation than liorctoforo, such proUoins aflectin<^ yonr welfare as may fVotn tiinu to time l»e 8ul>- niittod to the considiMation of luy (iovorumijnt at Ottawa. And liuio, gentli'tnon, I sliouM be disposod to conohulo this iniperf'cet oxprcssion of uiy thwik^, wore 1 not dcairous (jf convoying to uiy fiit?nd the C'liiof-Justico the <^roat j,natiHea- tion J have derived from the remarks wliich have dropped from him in rej^ard to my ollieial position as (Joveruor- (Jeaeral of this great Dominion. Gentlemen, I am well aware that tliis is, as it were, a domestic festival, and that nothin;^ conid be more inopportune than the sliglitest allu- sion to any political topic, hut I may be permitted to say this much in reference to what has fallen from the Chief- Justice, that if there is one obligation whoso importance I appieciate more than another, as attaching to the functions of my odice, it is th(! absolute and paramount duty of main- taining not merely an outward attitude of perfect imparti- ality towards the varioin |»aiLieH into wliich the political world of Canada, as of the mother country, is divided, but still more of preserving that subtle and inward balance of sympathy, judgment, and opinion, that shotdd elevate the Re[)ieHe'»tative of yom Sovereign above the faintest suspi- cion of having any other desire, aim or aml)ition, than to follow the example of his Royal Mistress in the relations which she has constantly n;aintained oowards her ministers, her parliament, and her people, (tremendous applause; to remond)er every hour of the day that he has but one duty and but one otiice — to a)oth for the pror.Yifation and the reception of tlio report from the Oomniitteo of Encjuiry. In tlie interval V)etwcen the 2nd of July and the present datts nothing had boon accomplished, and no report was forthcoming. Lo/d Dufierin had been in Ottawa but a few hours when, by appointment, he was waited on l»y the Premier. Sir Jo m Macdonald formally tendered the unanimous advice of the Ministry, that Parliamont should be p'or^gued according to the announcement made, by His Excellency's authority, in both Hou.ses, previous to adjournment. After some conver- sation, during which the p;round was carelully gone over and the case examined in all its bearings, Lord Dufierin an- nounced his intention of acting on the advice of his Minis- ters. Prorogation seemed to be, to him, an inevitable cir- cumstance. He saw no justifiable reason why he should withdraw his confidence in his advisers, or in concludini; that Parliament had done so. He was prepared to be guided hf the counsels of Sir John and his colleagues, but he for- mally insisted on one thing, and that was that the Premiei must promise that Parliament should be again convoked within as .-shoifc a period as was consistent with the reason- able convenience of members, and suggested that the inter- val should not be longer than six or eight weeks. Upon these terms His Excellency assented to a prorogation. Sir John Macdonald offered no objection to this proposition. Indeed, he seemed disposed to meet Parliament at any time after prorogation, and was willing to have the House con- vened earlier than six weeks, if required. He had made a ■i: «' ! i I *! ! '« ; I i t i:'' i I"! : 1 ii ' i *■■•■* 1 202 THE " fArty of punishment." i similar suggestion himself to Lord Duflbrin, and the inter- view closed with the agreement that the Governor should meet his Council at two o'clock, in order that the (juestion might be ratiHed in the presence of all the monihers of the Government. But all this time the " Party of Punishment," as the op- ponents of the Government were styled in some of the news- papers and in political circles, were not idle. They had mustered in full strength and numbered within ten of one- half the House. They had resolved upon a bold stroke, and had decided upon the execution of a movement which, in their opinion, could have but one result. In this party were to be found the names of almost every member of the Opposition, while half a dozen or so, who had hitherto voted with tho Ministerialists,* and some who called them- selves Indepenioii which Lord Dufferin had recrived of tli»>' movement, ani though he considered the propriety ot the step was questionable, he resolved to meet the delegation and receive the memorial. At two o'clock His Excollency repaired to the Council Chamber and met his Ministry, who jointly re-snbmitted the advice which Sir John Maclonald had tendered in their behalf, in the morning. Lord Duflerin made pretty much the same reply to his Council as he had done to th* Premier. The Ministry a^ ^eed to an early session of Parliancnt, and as it appeared practicable t > have the Es^miates so far al. 1 ' 1 1 i 1:1 I : I I 1 ! ti <■• ' r H X . h ^ n ;? -It -■ tie. ?04 THE MLMOItlAL prossion of his wishes to that eficct would be promptly acted upon without coniirient or discussion. Upon settling these detjxils Lord Duffcrin returned to where the remonstrant members were waiting for him. The Chairman, Mr. "Cartwright, introduced the delegation, and after stating that the Memorial was signed by ninety- two members,* and that another gentleman had signified his willingness to add his name also, the Chairman proceeded to read the document, which is here given in full : — " Tub undersigned, iombers of the House of Commons of Canada, desire rosrjctfully to approach Your Excellency and humbly to represent that more than four months havo already elapsed since the Honourable ]\Ir. Hunting- ton made, from his place in the House grave charges of cor- ruption against Your Excellency's Constitutional Advisers, in reference to the Pacific Railway contract ; that although the House has appointed a Committee to enquire into the said cjiarges, the proceedings of this Committee havo, on various grounds, been postponed, and the enquiry has not yet taken place ; that the honour of the country iinpera- tively requires that no further delay should take place in the investigation of charges of &o grave a character, and which it is the duty and undoubted right and privilege of the Commons to prosecute. " The undersigned are deeply impressed with the convic- tion that any attempt to postpone this enquiry, or to re- move it from the jurisdiction of the Commons, would * Tliree of the ninety-two signatiims had been affixed by deputy, THE REMONSTRANTS. ao» i ,- create the most intense disHntisfaction ; and they, there- fore, pray Your Excellency not to prorogue Parliament until the House of Conunons shall have an opportunity of taking such steps as it may deem necessary and expe- dient with reference to this important matter." The number of names signed to this document is ninety, within ten of one-half of the House. They are as follows : — Opposition. — AngHn, Archibald, Bain, Bechard, Lergin, Blain, Blake, Bodwell, Bourassa, Bowman, Boyer, Brouae, Buell, Burpee (Sunbury), Cameron (Huron), Cartwright, Casey, Casgrain, Cauchon, Charlton, Church, Cockburn (Muskoka), Cook, Cutler, Delorme, St. George, Dorion, Dorion, Edgar, Ferris, Findlay, Fiset, Fleming, Fournier, Galbraith, GeofTrion, Gibson, Gillies, Goudge, Hagar, Har- vey, Higginbotham, Helton, Horton, Huntington, Jett6, Laflamme, Landerkin, McDonald (Glengarry), Mackenzie, Mercier, Metcalfe, Mills, Oliver, Pdquet, Paterson, Pear- son, Pelletier, Pickard, Poser, Pr<^vost, liichard, Richards, Ross, Ptoss, Ross, Ross, Rymal, Smith (Peel), Snyder, Stir- ton, Taschereau, Thompson, Thomson, Tremblay, Trow, White (Halton), Wilkes, Wood, Young, Yjung. Ministerialists. — Burpee (St. John), Coffin, Cunning- ham, Forbes, Glass, Macdonnell, (Inverness), Ray, Schultz, Scriver, Shibley, D. A. Smith (Selkirk), A. J. Smith (Westmoreland). To this Remonstrance His Excellency made an extempore reply. The interview with his Council having occupied some 'il ' I I t i ! -It 206 REPLY TO THE MEMORIAL If '1 4 p^' m i r f f . h minutes and the hour of prorogation being near at hand, there was not sufficient time to study or write a response. The answer, however, was shortly afterwards reduced to writing, and was couched in the following language : — " Gentlemen^ — " It is quite unr.ecessary for me to assure you that any representations emanating irora persons possessing the right to speak on public uffdirs with such authority as your- selves, will always be considered by me with the great- est respect, even had not circumstances already compelled me to give the most anxious study to the matters to which you are now desirous of calling my attention. "You >|>ini()ii yoii have ciioiiikmmI. " Af^niii, lo what hIkiuM I liavo to a])|>(wtl in jiistiiicatiuti of my conduct ( " It is tiucf^ravc cliiii^«'s liuvu licun pitd'cdnnl a;j;HinMt tlicso j^'cntltMiHMi ; cliiir^cs which I athnit n'tinin; the most. Htmich- iu^f iiiVt»stiL!;alioii ; Imt as you, yt>ul•H(^lvl'K, iiunai-lc ii» your iiicuiotaiithiui, the (ruth of these accu.satioiiH still roiuiiiiis unt(\s(etl. '■ Oiu> of the au(hors()f (his corre.spouthMiee which has u»a(h' so painful an iiupiwssion upon (he pul)li(*, has admitttHl that many of his .s(a(eni(^nt.s were hasty and inaccurate ; and ha^^ diMiied on oath (he correctness of (luMleductions drawn IVon» (hem. " \'arions asserdons contained in tlie narrative of the othei havi^ Ikhmi p(Mi(ively contradicted. '■ Is (he (Joverni>r-(ileneral, npoti (ho stron«;th of such evi- ilence as (his, todriv(> from his |)resonco <>;en(lernen who foi yt>}us luivt> (illed (ho hii>host olHcos of S(.ato, and in whonj durinuf the recent Si>ssion, rarliament has repeat'Hlly do- chue»l it.s continued c(Mitidonco (' Jtis true certain documouLs i^f e;rave sio-uiticam e liave la(ely boon [>ublishod in the news- papers in connexion with these matters, in voj^ard to which the fullest exj>lanation must bo g-ivon, but no proof has yet boon adduced which necessarily connects thorn with the .'ulpablo transactions of which it is assorted thoy formed a part, however questionable they may app<^ar, as placed in i ixtapo^ition with the eorrospondence to Avhich they have A l-llYliiaAL JMI'OMIlilJJTY. 209 been app(m(ly tlic perfton who lias [mHSObsed liiinsclf of tliCIM. " Uridor thcHC cireurnslancoM, what, i iglit has Un- Oovernor- (ionoral, on liis personal ro8pon.sil)ility, to proclaim to Can- a(hi — nay, not only to Canada, hut to Ainerica and Europe, IIS such a proc(5cdin;^ on his part must necessarily do, tliat ho believes his niinistois guilty of" the crimes alhiged against them ? Were it possible; at the present tim(! to make a call ttf tlie llonso and place; myself in direct communication with the Parliament of the Dominion, my present embar- rassment wouK! disappear.but this is a physical impossibility. 1 am assured by my Prime Minister, and the report of tlie proceedings at thf time bears out his statements, that when Parliament adjouriic.d it was announced l:)y liirri, as tlie Leader of tlie House, that the meicting on the 13th of August would lie inmunliately followed by prorogation ; that no sub- stantive objection was takch to this annoimcemcnt; and that, as a consequence, a considerable portion of your fellow-mem- bers are dispersed in various directions. I should therefore only deceive myself wore i to regard the i)resent Assembly as a full Parliament " Since the adjournment indeed circumstances have oc- cui-red which render your proximate re-assembly highly desirable, but in this country there are physical circum- stances which necessarily interpose a considerable lapse of time before the representatives of the various Provinces comprising the confederated Parliament of Canada can as- semble, separated as some of them are by thousands of n.iles from the capital of the Dominion. N m i ? 1 ( ! I 1 M M t" • ,"!^ ,, 210 AN A UTUMNAL SESSION. \i " In regulating tlie times and seasons when Parliament is to be called together, the Executive is bound not only to consider the reasonable convenience of these gentlemen, but also to protect the federal rights of the Provinces which they represent, and under these circumstances, I have con- cluded, on the advice of my ministers (and even if I differed from them as to the policy of such a course, which I do not, it is a point upon which I should not hesitate to accept their recommendation), to issue a Royal Commission of enquiry to three gentlemen of such legal standing, character and authority as will command the confidence of the public, by virtue of the powers conferred upon me by the Act, Vio. 31, cap. 38. On 0.\e other hand, I have determined in Prorogu- ing Parliament to announce to the members of both Houses my intention of assembling them immediately after the Commission in question shall have concluded its labours. By tliese means, an opportunity will be afforded for the pre- liminary expurgation of these unhappy matters before a tribunal competent to take evidence on oath ; ample oppor- tunities will be given to the members of the more distant Provinces to make their preparations, in view of an Autum- nal Session ; and within two months or ten weeks from this date, a full Parliament of Canada will take supreme and final cognizance of the case now pending between my min- isters and their accusers. " Gentlemen, the situation we have been discussing is one of great anxiety and embarrassment, but I cannot but hope that on a calm retrospect of the various considerations to be kept in view, you v.ill coi;ie to the conclusion that in deter- CONOLUaiON OF LORD DUFFERIN'S REMARKS. 211 mining to be guided by the advice ot my ministers, on the present occasion ; in other words, in declining to act as though the charges which have been advanced against them were akeady proven, anc in adhering to arrangements upon the faith of which manj of your colleagues are absent fiom their places, I have adopted the course most in accordance with the maxims of constitutional government, and with what is due to those whom the Parliament of Canada has recommended to my confidence." After Lord Dufterin had concluded hia remarks, the mem- bers retired, and His Excellency proceeded to the Senate Chamber. At half -past three o'clock the Speaker appeared at the Bar, and Parliament was prorogued. Thii-ty-fivc members of the Commons, all of them Ministerialists, accom- panied the Speaker to the Senate. In the House of Commons a good deal of excitement pre- vailed, and when the Usher of the Black Rod appeared, cries of " Privilege " were frequently uttered. The Ministerialists only, followed the Speaker ; the signers of the memorial remained in their places. But this latest phase in the movement was not to pass by entirely unheeded. The Opposition had played their leading cards, but the Government had secured all the tricks The Opposition had wasted their ammunition, they were out- generaled by their oppo-ients, and the power of the Ministry was still unbroken. A great deal had been staked on the result of the Memoi ial to the Governor-General, and nob a man who had signed that document was prepared for the answer which had been returned to it. It seemed as if Mr. Blake Mr. '.I '2li A REVENGEFUL MAN. i flr is Mackenzie, and Mr. Dorion had lost their cunning. It se omed as if every movement which they made was destined to be overthrown. It was as if their interpretation of the Consti- tution was at fault, and that the Privy Council of England, the law officers of the British Empire and the Governor- General of Cajiada were in league against them. They seemed to forget that it required something more than mere rumour and unsubstantiated charges to oust a set of po^^'^erf ul Min- isters from office. The statements which Mr. Huntington had brought forward were not statements of facts. He had simply drawn his own conclusions, as other men had done, and it was on these inferences that he charged the party in power with corruption. He based his information on the narrative, which McMullen bad prepared ; he relied on the truth of the statements which ihis person had made. He accepted literally the diction of the letters which fortified the McMullen story, despite Sir Hugh Allan's affidavit, which pronounced this language largely " inaccurate." Surely the oath of Sir Hugh Allan was more worthy of belief than the bald statement of a disappointed and revengeful man, whose attitude in the affiiir from the \ery first appearance he made on the scene, was open to dark suspicion ? Mr. Huntington's strongest statement was, that the Government had betrayed their country to a party of American speculators, and that corruption had been practised in Canadian constituencies, by means of money wrung from these same American contractors. This was clearly untrue. Lord Dufierin, himself, was a wit- ness of the pains which the Ministry took to debar American capitalists from taking pai't in the contract. The terms of A BETTER REFUTATION. 213 the cliaitcr had not been modified to suit the "advantage of Sir Hiigli Allan and his American confederates." We have Sir Hugh's affidavit to prove that he broke off all connection with his Chicago and New York friends, as soon as he found that he could not carry them with him. His letters to McMullen prove this beyond aP doubt. But McMullen's future action is even a better refutation than the affidavit of Allan. He betrayed Sir Hugh into the hands of his ene- mies, only, when he discovered he could no longer use hir^i for his own purposes, and when he found that Allan's influence with the Government was not as potent as he bad been led to suppose. This proves, beyond all question, that the part- nership had been dissolved some time befoi-e the charter had been granted. Indeed, it is clear that no honest partnership had ever existed between Allan and McMullen. The latter had been playing a deep game all the while, and his crafty manipulation of tl.e correspondence led the erstwhile shrewd Canadian capitalist to write a number of committal letters. These letters McMullen carefully copied for future use, and then as if to show how utterly insincere he was, he openly boasted that he had Sir Hugh Allan in his power. And, again, what evidence was there to show that the large sums of money which Allan had advanced, were furnished in consideration of his receiving the Pacific Railway charter ? His aflidavit is clear on this point.* When the charter was granted no * "In these and similar ways [ expended suras of money approaching in amount those mentioned in those letifers, as I conceive I had a parfect right to do J 'mt I did not state in those letters, nor is it the fact, that any portion of those 9um$ oj 'iwney were paid to the MemhersoJ Ihc Government, or were received by them I "1 ,i 1 ■ , i i 1 ^ ill hi i r-r 214 ACTUAL EVIDENCE. special privileges were bestowed on Allan, save the presi- dency, and his influence in the English markets, his enormous wealth and his being the first Canadian in the field, gave him some ri jdit to the position. Indeed the Government were par- ticularly careful not to give Allan too much ,iower, and the whole arrangement entered into was made to vsecure that jnd. Sir John Macdonald was especially careful to so arrange matters that Sir Hugh should not have a commanding influ- ence in the Direction. Another point raised by the Oppo- sition was that Sir George Cartier's letter and Sir John Macdonald's telegram were convincing proofs of their guilty connection with Allan. And yet these same documents, sus- picious as they may appear, are not worth much as actual evidence. Transactions are alluded to, but until we know the nature of the ti ansacti" -ns mentioned, and with what they were connected, too much faith should not be ;; voed on them. We may surmise and draw conclusions, but surmises and conclusions are not evidence. In the general criticism which followed the act of proro- gation, public writers accepted every rumour which had gained currency as an actual fact, an». fi-om such premises they argued. In the wholesale condemnation of the Gov- ernment which took place, it must not be supposed, in the excited state of party feeling which always runs high in Canada, that the Governor-General escaped scathless. He was a frequent object of attack, and his line of duty was or on their behalf, direrthj or indiredfif as a consideration in any form for any ad- vant-cg'to me in connection with, the Pacilic Railway Contract.'^ — Sir Hugh Allan's Affidavit. ADVISING THE GOVERNOR. 215 clearly sketched out for him in several series of articles which possessed both novelty and variety, if nothing «^lse. These instructions were gravely issued to His Excellency promptly every morning and regularly every evening. Men whose political training and education perhaps fitted them to discuss constitutional and other questions equally pertinent, were not slow to take advantage of the exigencies of the hour, and sclbes who knew nothing about the constitution and scarcely anything about politics at all, were pronq^t with their contributions to the increasing literature of the subject. The pages of history were searched by learned and anxious men, and parallel cases were eagerly looked for. Every deed of corruption, little as well as great, which had figured in history for the last one thousand years, was resurrected and its influence brought to bear on the subject of the day. The Premier was called the most noted public criminal who had ever existed. He was a traitor to his country, and no history lurnished a similar parallel of treachery, corruption and villany. Lord Dufierin too was violently assailed by irrespon- sible writers in the public prints. He was in turn com- pared to King John, and to James H., and on one occasion at a political gathering, he was likened to Charles the First * It was hinted, too, that the Imperial Government was disposed to keep Sir John in power as a reward for his services at Washington, and that the Governor-General was simply carrying out the instructions of the Home authorities. Lord *" Lord Dufferin upon the advice of Ministers, has done what Charles I. did upon the advice of Buckingham,— he has interfered with the freedom and priv- ilege of debate." hon. Duvid Mills' address at Aylmer, Ontario. ■:•■*■ I i I,, iii k ti i' 1 j • ' ..jf . >^t 'M ■ i t Ljtt n li ; ' ' ' 1 :«n ' ' » i ■" ! j! iil U lua 5? 216 A FULLY CONdTlTUTED AHHEMBLY. Dufferin was advised to dismiss his Ministers by some, while others afjain insLsted that if the circumstances did not justify instant dismissal His Excellency should at least cease to take their advice, lie should consider his Ministry under a ban, and yet allow them to retain cilices and draw their salaries ! Prorogation was declared to be wrong, but the alternative ■iuggested would not have helped matters nor hastened the investigation. An adjournment was advised by those who should have remembered that an adjournment was an act of the House, and could not be compelled by the Executive. Sir John had already rejected the suggestion, but it is a question if even this expedient would have satisfied the Opposition. It was not even asked for by any of the Me- morialists who waited on the Governor-General. Indeed the Remonstrant members desired above all things to meet and proceed to business as though tbey were a "fully constituted assembly, reproeenting the collective will of the people." Indeed that was the great aim of the Opposition, the thing most desired of all. Mr. Mackenzie thundered against pro- rogation, and Mr. Blake f ulmined for the despatch of busi- ness. Seventy members of the House of Commons were absent, — seventy firm supporters of the Government were not in their places. Thirty-five Ministerialists stood to their guns lit the capital. On the other hand the Opposition was massed in great force. If they once got possession of Parliament they could easily carry everything their own way. They were an eager, expectant and exultant throng. Their faces showed determination but no mercy ; their actions convinced the Ministry that they, would give no quarter. MB. BLAKE'a FliorOi 1 '«' ill l\ ;1 Pi I ■ !{ n 1.! *v 234 JUSTICE AND FAIR PLAY. ■! I Opposition weakened their cause on the one hand, and ex- hibited a spirit of persecution rather than one of prosecution on the other, in witlidrawing from the present inquisitorial examination and in refusing such aid as they could furnish. The presence of such material witnesses as Mr. Huntington, the master-spirit in the whole affair, Senator Foster, whose absence is wholly unaccountable, Mr. McMuUen, who, with his hand on the Word of God, might, perhaps, be made to tell all he knew ; Mr, C. M. Smith, another important and speculative " capitalist," and such other men as Mr. Hunting- ton could bring into the witness box, would certainly have rendered the inquiry thorough and complete. The absence of these persons curtailed an investigation which could have been made exhaustive and searching. It seemed a pity that mere quibbles should intervene, and that men like Messrs. Blake, Huntington, Mackenzie and Dorion should have ac- cepted advice which recommended them to stay away. As it was, however, and though the inquisition partook of a Government inquiry into an affair in which the Government itself was solely concerned, the proceedings were marked by a spirit of justice and fair-play throughout. The evidence elicited proved a negative, it is true, but it also proved that the leaders of the Government had accepted large sums of money from Sir Hugh Allan, either as a loan or as a gift, and that these funds were used in bribing the electors. The sin was not that the charter had been disposed of to Sir Hugh Allan for a monetary consideration, not that Sir John Macdonuld had sold his country to American speculators, not that he and others had bartered away certain Canadian TEE GOVERNMENT'^ SIN. 235 trusts whicli he held, for the gold of foreign adventurers, but that he had accepted money from a Government contrac- tor. There was no doubt upon one point, Sir Hugh had spent money, and this money had gone a great distance in influencing the elections on the Government side. There was no doubt, either, upon another point. Sir Hugh was not in the habit of spending money for political purposes. He was a man who had no politics. He seldom even voted. His politics, as Mr, Goldwin Smith once observed, were the politics of steamboats and railways. Sir Hugh Allan was not a man likely to spend vast sums of money without ex- pecting some prospective return. He v/as a man of strict business habits, so strict indeed that he never acted on a question which involved the expenditure of money, without first having the transaction reduced to writing. There was nothing brought out in the evidence to show an actual sale of the charter of the Pacific Railway ; there was not even a hint of such an act being done. A great railway wa^^ to be built. Canada had undertaken the enterprise. Sir Hugh Allan was a capitalist of influence and wealth. An ambi- tious and powerful man, and thirsting for more power still, he strove to identify himself with the great national work pro- jected. The elections were coming on, and the party in power were friendly to him. A casual expression dropped from Sir George Cartier's lips, — an expression so character- istic of the man and so blint withal — decided Sir Hugh Allan's future action. But even here his commercial train- ing prompted him to ask the Minister of Militia to put his request in writin^f The elections, as we have said, were ! f . .4 >■ ii' .if" V » ' I i.i M ' "-9 i ; k- «! *t R ? 5' 236 GRAVAMEN OF THE CHARGE. ifil I t -M ■,l ■I I liii ' r i 1' I near at hand, and if Sir Hugh could only keep his friends in power, there was little doubt but that he would get the charter. To that end he contributed largely towards the election funds in Ontario, and more largely still, to those of the Province of Quebec. The elections took place, and Sir Hugh subsequently secured the charter Tlie wholesale bribery of the electors which transpired during the progress of the elections, is much to be deplored, but it must be remembered that at that time no very strict law against bribery existed. Both sides felt the influence of money, and both sides used it unsparingly. It was con- sidered no very heinous crime to accept money to aid in the election of a candidate, from any individual friendly to his party; and had Sir Hugh Allan, in his personal capacity, ad- vanced funds to carry his friends triumphant at the polls, his act would have gone unquestioned. But Sir Hugh was an applicant for a Government contract, and the Ministry had accepted money from him, and by the assistance of this money continued themselves in office. This laid them open to grave suspicion, and though the gravamen of Mr. Hunt- ington's charge that tlie contract for the Pacific Railway was given to Sir Hugh Allan, with wliom were associated certain American capitalists, in consideration of a large sum of money advanced to leading members of the Government to enable them to sustain themselves at the head of affairs, was not proved, public condemnation was awakened and the Ministry fell. The head and front of their offending was their acceptance of money from the hands of a man who was a Government contractor. FICKLE MEMBERS 237 By the time the Royal Commission had concluded its la- hours, and the evidence which had been taken, was before the people, the day on which Parliament was to meet for the con- sideration of the i-eport and the transaction of such business as might properly come before it, was near at hand. The result of the enquiry was on the whole satisfactory. Sir Hugh Allan had resigned the charter, and the taiuous short Session began its labours on the 23rd of October. In the meantime both parties had girded on their political armour. The leaders were active ; then relative supporters were no less eager and anxious. A trial of strength was im- minent, atrial such as had seldom taken place in the Legislative halls of Canada, even in the days of the great contests, or in the times of the dead-locks, when business halted and Par- liament stood still. The Opposition had been wary and had profited by every turn of the nolitical weather-cock. They had secured the signatures of some Ministerialists on their memorial, and later in the day they learned that though these parties had signed the paper asking the Governor- General to delay prorogation, they would still vote with the Government on any question involving a want of confidence. To retain these fickle members with them, it was arranged, so report ran, that the main issue should be shirked and a side-issue instead should be raised — a question merely pro- nouncing the late prorogation a breach of Parliamentary privilege. But if hopes such as these rose in the breasts of the Opposition, the action of the Governor-General rendered them delusive and abortive. Ft seemed as if their intention had been understood, and their line of action fathomed. The • 1 ■ ■ IJ i ' s m til I .] fr m k li If ■n - ff 233 THi: MAIN ISSUE. n Report of the Comniission was laid on the desks of the mem- bers and accompanying it were the despatches of His Excel- lency to the Earl of Kimberley, referring to the prorogation on the 13th of August, and to the issue of the Royal Com- mission, together with the reply to these Ivlemoranda, in which the Imperial authorities signified their approval of the Governor-General's conduct. The object of this was patent to all. It expressed, in that silent language which is sometimes more potent than words, that side-issues were no longer available, and that the great and essential question alone should be raised. Of course some complained at this, and in some quarters His Excellency was charged with seek- ing to unduly influence Parliament in favour of his Ministry by the presentation of these documents ; but this impression, generatea in the heat and confusion of the moment, soon died away. Tlie main issue was resolved upon by the Opposition, They accepted the evidence before them un- challenged, and it is satisfaciory to note that all through the long debate which followed, scarcely a word was uttered about the invasion of Parliamentary rights, the action of the Governo -General in proroguing the House, or the illegality of the Royal Commission. On Thursday, the 23rd of October, Parliament met. His Excellency delivered his Speech, and the Commons repaired to their Chamber. At the instance of Sir John Macdonald, the House adjourned imtil Monday, the 27th October. On that day the memorable debate began. The House at once went into the consideration of the Speech from the Throne. Mr. Mackenzie, in a speech of great moderation and power, !li THE GREAi' DEBATE 239 beaan his acMrcss before the Ho\ise, and moved the sub- joined amendment as an addition to the second paragraph : And we have to acquaint his Excellency that by their course in reference to the investigation of the charges preferred by Mr. Hunt- ington, in his place in this House, and under the facts disclosed in the evidence laid before us, His Excellency's Advisors have merited the severe censure of this House. " The argument that followed was singularly able, vigorous and manly, but it was not until the evening of the second day, when Mr. James Macdonald, of Pictou, a supporter of the Government, and one of the foremost speakers in the House, moved a second amendment, tnat the fullest interest was awakened. Mr. Macdonald's amendment was : " And we desire to assure His Excellency that after consideration of the statements made in the evidence before us, and while we regret the outlay of money by all political parties at Parliamentary elections, and desire the most stringent measures to put an end to the practice, we at the same time beg leave to express our continued confidence in His Excellency's Advisers, and in their Administration of Public Affairs.'' The discussion on the foregoing amendments went on. The political gladiators on either side were pitted against each other. The question was a grave ;ind momentous one. The honour of Canada was involved. The honour of her statesmen was at stake. The honour of Parliament was in the scale. The character and integrity of the nation were in danger. Few Parliaments in the world could present such an array of brilliant names. Few could show "^uch a list of able, eloquent, and keen debaters. On the one side was the spirited chieftain, who for more than, c score of years had led his party from victory to victory at the polls and on the floors of the House, a man who had held his tenure of office so ■i li '! i 1 ■ f i i i '! iiii. i: ''■ »;, ill: i I I'i ur 240 MACDONALD, LANGEVIN AND MITGUELL. long that he had begun to look upon his seat more in the light of an impregnable fortiesa than as a mere evanescent posi- tion that a hostile wind might blow away. A man who combined force of churacter with great administrative ability. A man of wonderful popularity, whose very frailties were deemed virtues. This man was Sir John Macdonald, who sat at his desk with a jaunty air of indifference and seem- ingly conscious of a majority when the important division would be called for. At times his eager eye scanned the anxious faces of hi ; opponents, and as some bitter word fell from unfriendly lips, he met the phrase with a contemptuous toss of his head. On the same side was the new leader of the French Party, Mr. Hector L. Langevin — a name which figured prominently i the McMullen narrative. Mr. Lan- gevin had none of the stubboin will of his old leader, none of his brusque air, none of his perseverance. He was more approachable, more affable and less domineering. A pleasant speaker, shrewd and always gentlemanly, possessing the gentler characteristics of Sir George Cartier, his influence ;nth his party and his posititm in the House gave him much strength. Mr. Peter Mitchell was another Government sup- porter of prominence. In popularity he almost rivalled Sir John himself. He was a hard worker, a redoubtable foe, and an unforgiving enemy. He was keen in debate, quick to per- ceive weakness in an opponent, and ready on the instant to strike him down. He always spoke eloquently and well. He was bold, but did not always sliow the more subtle element of tact, which he undoubtedly possessed. He was vindictive and never neglected to pursue an enemy with relentless mi: til ley. 24t fury. In executive [)Ower he had few equals. With groat skill he rnasterey Di'kfkkix kims a Sai-mon —OaSPB — A fillANt) ViKW — TlIK NoKTIt t^IIoRR OF NkW niUNSWIi K — At Dalhousie — In CuAxirAM — Nk\v»;astlk— I'uin(;k Edvvakd IstAXD — Chaiilottet.wn — A Speech- FKsiivrriE.s in tue Island —The Duparttke— Akrivat, in Pictou— Down ix a Coai, Mine — A DRIKF STAY IN CaPE BrETON — FoO — TllE 'DbUID" REACHES Halifax — Dklav in Landing — The Address— Enteutainments— roucuLrcHT Prcckssion- Loud Duffi'.imn Sails for Queuec— The Prooress Resumed — Arrival in St. John, N.H.— Reoei'tion of Lady Lufferin — The IIsoatta- -Three Thousand School Chil- dren— An Address to the Children — A Torchlioht Proces.si<»n — The Ball in thk Academy ok Music— On the way to Frederic- ton — The L'jNcn — A Speech from the Governor— Visit to the NaSHWAAK — WoODSTOiK. N.B. -RETURN BY RiVIERE DC LoUP — QuLBEc — In Ottaava again Opening of Dufferin Bridge — Meeting of Pai.liament. [N the tenth of June, Their Excellencies left Ot- tawa for Quebec, and made preparations for their tour through 'he Maritime Provinces. On the twenty-first instant, they embarked on board the Govern- ment steamer Druid, which had been specially fitted up for their accomniodation, and immediately steamed away in the direction of the salmon grounds in the various tributaries of the St. Lawrence. After staying a few days at Tadousac, at the mouth of the Saguenay, in the house built there as a rcsiclcucc for their children, Lord and Lady i 1 i •I, I \l ■' I ; s t ! *! \\ i ■ 1 -' i lii :'i li (i 11 f I!! 248 CATCHING SALMON Dufferin sailed again on the 25th of June, bound for the Lower St. Lawrence and anchored the same evening at the mouth of the Goodbout river. Two days were spent here in fihihrng, when the Druid weighed anchor and coasted along the north shore till Sunday the 29th mst when Mingan Harbour was reached. Most of the coming week was passed in fishing. The salmon were plentiful, but the heavy rains which had recently fallen, and the swollen state of the river, rendered them somewhat difficult to catch. The sportsmen pitched their tents above the falls, and frequent visits were paid to the camping ground during the daytime by Lady Duiferin and Lady Ilairiet Fletchei', who returned in the cvonings to the steamer. Leaving Mingan Harbour on the 7th of July, th?, Druid arrived at Gabp»5 early on the morning of the next day. The Mayor and several citizens received the visitors, and the whole par^y drove round the [)lace and inspected the chief points ->£ iuter?st. At night there was a display of fireworks f *om the jhore and from the several vessels then ridino- in the ^larbo-n-. The next day a canoe voyage was taken up the Dart- mouth river, and in the evening the voyageurs encamped at a place ten or eleven miles fi-om the mouth of the stream. Here two days more were passed in angling, and at Mr. Cortis' request a couple of days were pleasantly spent at the St. John river. On the 13th inst., the pleasure-seekers returned to Gaspd. The ten days' llshing netted a total of seventeen salmon killed ; total weight 295 pounds. While the gentlenien of the party devoted their skill to the cap- A 1 THE SCENERY OB PERCE id49 ture of the king of fish, the ladies waged war on the speckled and delicious trout. Lady Dufferin with a deftness which would have delighted the gentle Izaac himself, proved her- self a thorough mistress of the art, and after killing se^'eial dozens of trout averaging half a pound to four and a half pounds each in weight, she succeeded in landing from one of the upper pools a thirteen pound salmon. Early on the morning of the 14th July, the ZJ^-wirf sailed from Gaspe and headed for Perec rock. Ou reaching the town the High Sheriff and (he leading citizens boarded the steamer, and after some words of welcon e, the party took to the small boats and rowed ash.ore. The Maj or Mr. Harper, and other gentlemen, received Their Excellen- cies on their arrival, when an address was read and the populace thronging the shore cheered heartily. Lord Duf- ferin briefly thanked the people of Gasp(; for the way in which they received him, and then proceeded to examine the store-houses and the rneth(jd emplo^'cd in the curing of Hsh, &c. He appeared to be njuch interested in what he saw, and after he had finished his inspection of this indus- try, he ex[)ressed a desire to see the rare and beautiful natu- ral scenery for which the town of Perce is famed. Carriages were at once provided, and preparations made to ascend the mountain which overlooks the town. In a little while the higher and steeper cone was reached, and His Excellency climbing to the summit, looked down and around him, and beheld one of the most gorgeous views to be found in all Canada. The party then returned to Perco and took refreshments with the Ma} or. At six a.m., the Tt t >' H ^;: ■ I \ ■ i 250 f ' r, J < , I } i' THE VALLEY OF THE RESTIGOUCIIE Druid left for Paspebiac. After landing here and looking through the chief industrial establishments anJ visiting the farm and winter storehouses, the visitors re-embarked, and ascending the Bay of Chaleur, reached Dalhousie in the evening. A g lard of honour under command of Captain Barbaric was drawn up on the wharf, and a salute was fired, and the principal inhabitants conducted the viceroy and his suite to the Court House, where an address wap read and replied to by His Excellency. A fine drive up the valley of the Restigouche gave the party a splendid oppor- tunity of seeing the rugged scenery oi the northern part of New Brunswick — a species of scenery which recalls certain portions of Scotland. In tlw evening, Dalhousie was bade adieu, find after a boisterous pas.sage, the little steamer entered the silver waters of the Miramichi, on the afternoon of the 16th and anchored off Chatham. A guard of honour awaited the approach of the Governor, and a landing was soon ( ilected, when Lord Dufterin and his suite accompanied by the Hon. William Muirhead, Hon. Wm. Keliy, the Bishop oi Chatham, the High Sherilf and others proceeded to the Ma- sonic Hall where an address was i)resented. HisExc illency's reply contained references to the li^yalty and industrious chan^^ter of the [)eople, the rich advantages possessed by Miramichi, and the pleasure which his first visit to New Brunswick gave him. Lunch was served at Mr. Muirhead's residence, and later in the evening the party attended a concert at the Convent schoal. At half-past eight the following morning, the Druid steamed up the river to Newcastle and upon arriving there IN CHAIiLOTTETOWN, P. K. 1. 25t His Excellency was greeted by a salute from Cai»tain Call's battery, and the cheers of the whole population of Newcastle, largely augmented by contingents from Chat- ham, Douglastown and the adjacent villages. An address was read at the Court House and a characteristic reply to the same was returned, when the visitors proceeded in car riages to inspect the bridges and other public works then in course of construction. Rc^turning soon after to the steamer the vice-regal tour was resumed. After a very pleasant passage Clmrlottetown, P.E.I., was reached at 10 a.m. on the 18th July. At noon Their Excel- lencies landed at the wharf, where they were received by Lieutenant-Governor Robinson, the Mayor, Hon. IMossrs. Pope, Laird and llaviland, and severiil other gentlemen of noto. The city vv^as handsomely decorated, and elaborate arches with many tasteful devices and mottoes crossed the road- ways. The display of flags was also very fine. Deputj'-- Rocorder Shaw read an address from thi^ Common Council, and His Excellency replied in these terms : — " Genilemcn, — " Although from time to time it has been tne good for- tune of many of my predecessors to set foot upon your hospitable shores, none of them have ever arrived amongst you under such happy auspices as myself; and it is with un- speakable pleasure that I return yon my warmest thanks for the cordial welcome you have extended to mo. Until the present moment, each successive Governor- i I : ,! i i i 1 1 1 I i !>; i'l i 4 i 'I J .11 >ii 1 1 ¥ •■t i: llr Ht 252 MATERIAL WEALTH AND liESOUUCES. General of Canada, thouy^h nominally invested with vice- regal authority over your Island, was necessarily j)recludcd by the separate systems of go vernnunts hitherto in existence, from taking that immediate and personal interest in 3 our affairs which your recent incorpoiation with iho Dominion will henceforth enable me to do. But it is upon other grounds than these that I desire to take tliis, the earliest opportunity afforded :.ie, of otl'cring you i^y warmest con- gratulations on the grout change in your poi-ticalcondition, which has so recently taken place. Hitherto, thanks to the native ability of your public men, and the intelligence of your local Legislature, your affairs have been administe) d witli so much success oS to have secured the utmost peace and prospf^rity to your citizens ; and these advantages, as far as all matters of domestic interest are concerned, you will still retain — but to these there will be superadded the in- numerable benefits which cannot fail to How from j^our com- plete and perfect union with the Dominion, a great and powerful community, whose political importance and whose material wealth and resources are yearly on the inci'ease. A larger and more important field will be affordeil to the tal- ents and abilities of your public men, all of whom have so patriotically united in promoting the confederation of the Island, and wlio, I feel assured, will be perfectly competent to hold their own, and to make their mark, and worthily to represent your sentiments and interests in the Central Legis- lature at Ottawa, while all the other arrangements which have becouio necessary to consummate >;' I ^1 \- >il I It ( ii • 260 LOYALTY OF JSOVA SCOTIA. you Hhould be proud of it, and of the great Province of which it is the worthy centre and capital Having on my voyage along the coa«t touched at several points, 1 have become partially acquainted with the great mineral resources of your Province. At Pictou I descended into one of the coal mines and was shown a seam of coal foi'ty feet in thickness, the largest, I believe, known to geo- logical discovery. At Sydney I saw seven or eight large steamers receiving cargoes of coal from mines almost at the water's edge. At other places also I saw evidences of Nova Scotia's vast mineral wealth. I can well believe that you have all the elements required to make a prosperous and contented people ; and I sympathize heartily in the aspirations you all have of your country's future. I am glad to learn that every year the advantages you de- rive from your incorporation with the Dominion are being more appreciated, and though my personal opinion may not be worth much, I may say that I think the gentlemen cho- sen to represent Nova Scotia in the Central Parliament have shown themselves competent to perform that duty well. The loyalty of the people of Nova Scotia, in common with the citizens of other parts of the Dominion, has long been noted, and has been exemplified by the cordial reception you have given to the Queen's representative. For the personal expressions of regard tor Lady Dufferin and myself, I return you our sincere thanks. I have antici- pated with pleasure my visit to your city, and I look for- ward to as long a stay as my public duties will allow." m m 1'i AMUSEMENTS. 961 At tho conclusion of His Excelk'ncy's puech, a fow moments were spent in presentations and conversation, when the party entered carriages and drove to Government House for luncheon. At half-past three thoy returned on board the Druid. The amusements provided for the entertainment of their Vice-regal guests by the people of Halifax, were on a grand scale, and consisted of a public pic-nic at McNabb's Island, a Government ball, a promenade concert at the Hoi-ticultural Gardens, a regatta, sham fight and review, dinners, thea- tricals, &c., &c. The regatta was a most successful affair, and afforded great pleasure to His Excellency, who an- nounced that while he remained Governor of the Dominion, he would give yearly a gold and silver medal to be competed for at the annual sailing match of the Halifax Yacht Club. The great race of the year took place in the morning, and it was witnessed by a very large number of spectators. In the evening, Lord Dufforin was entertained by the Halifax Club at a banquet. It was at this dinner that he made the remarkable speech,* in which he defined the posi- tion of the Governor-General. The ball given by the Provincial Government was quite a brilliar c affair — over two hundred and fifty ladies and gentlej.ien being present. The Province building was ele- gantly decorated, and a marked feature in the decorations was the enormous quantity of beautiful natural flowere which came from the Horticultural Gardens. A few pieces t < M ^^! t I n ' > n . , 1 \ * dee page 192. ii; 262 nOSPITALTTY OF HALIFAX. of statuary artistically arranged, and plenty of light, added wonderfully to the appearance of the ball-room. A banquet held in the reception-room, to which the guests sat down at 1 o'clock, was a novel and highly-satisfactory feature of the ball. Their Excellencies resumed dancing after supper, and remained till three o'clock. The pic-nic on McNabb's Island — a beautiful spot at the mouth of Halifax harbour — was attended by three thousand persons, and the games and other amusements were con- dutied with great spirit. If there was any apathy evinced by the people at the out- set of His Excellency's visit, it was more than counterbal- anced by the tremendous enthusiasm which set in long before his biief stay was brought to a close. The hospitable character of the citizens of Hnlifax was exhibited to its fullest extent, and the heartiness with which persons ot every shade of politics entered into the festivities of the hour, soon convinced Lord and Lady Dufierin that they were indeed welcome guests in the capital city. The few mis- takes which had been made at the beginning were soon for- gotten in the overwhelming character of the ovations which followed. The pic-nic had been held on the 9th of August, and it was Lord DufFerin's intention to leave Halifax for Ottawa in the evening of that day. He intenued going by 8|)ecial train uia St John and Portland, but the Allan steamer Ne8torian,hound for Quebec, from England, having reached Ilalifax on Friday, he arranged to go direct to Que- bec in her. A GREA T PROCESSION. 208 At eight o'clock the firemen belonging to Union Engine Company, with their engines, hose-carts, and other para- phernalia, assembled on the Parade Ground. The steam and hand engines were handsomely decorated and illumin- ated, and the firemen, some in red shirts and others in white ones, ([uickly formed in procession, and, carrying torches, proceeded south, through Ban-ington ansant streets to Government House. Here a halt was made, when pre- sently His Excellency, accompanied by Lady Dufferin and Lieut. Hamilton, A.D.C., entered a carriage, and took his place in the procession, escorted on either side by the torch- bearers. The firemen marched through several of the [)rin- cipal streets to the Queen's Wharf, when the gates of the wharf were thrown open, and the whole party proceeded to the water-side. Several transparencies were seen as the pro- cession moved along, and nearly all of the prominent build- ings were illuminated, and Chinese lanterns hung in gieat profusion from the windows of the Halifax Hotel, and seve- ral private houses. The scene at the wharf was exceedingly picturesque, and when the Earl and Countess were rowed to the Z)ridrf, ring- iniT cheers resounded on all sides. Lord Dufferin left the Druid a few moments after, and, with Col. Fletcher, wt'ut on board the Nestor'ian, which at ten o'clock, moved away for Quebec. The Countess and her brother, Lieut. Hamil- ton, remained at Halifax, and participated in the further en- tertainments which were included in the programme. The Garrison theatricals were most successful. The different parts were assumed by amateurs entire!}', and the cast embraced iii • 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 m ^' •1 i! P i^: 1 264 JBRIVAL AT ST. JOHN, N. B. m\ i; . a number of Halifax ladies and gentlemen, and some of the officers belonging to the 60th Rifles. This performance was held in the Spring Garden Theatre, and the room was decor- ated with flags, bayonets, flowers, tSsc, Her Ladyship's Coat of Arms occupying a conspicuous place beneath the Royal Arms. Returning from Ottawa after the prorogation, Lord Duf- ferin resumed his progress through the Maritime Provinces thus interrupted, and met the Countess, who had arrived the night before from Halifax, at St. John, N. B. Her Excel- lency had been greeted with great enthusiasm by the warm- hearted people of the Commercial capital of New Bruns- wick. She came by way of Annapolis, Nova Scotia, at which town she received a passing welcome from the crowds of people who lined the wharf, and embarking in the steamer " Empress," she reached St. John after a pleasant passage at eight o'clock in the evening. The steamer was brilliantly illuminated with Chinese lanterns, and as she sailed into port, rockets went up from various points in the city, and salute after salute roared from the throats of the great guns at Carleton Heights, and the barrack square. As soon as the " Empress " was made fast, the Reception Committee, headed by Sheriff Harding, Mayor Thomas M. Reed, Hon. Geo. E. King, Hon. Edw. Willis, A. L. Palmer, Esq., M.P., and others hastened on board and welcomed Lady DufFerin to the city. A few moments afterwards the whole party crossed the landing-board, and escorted by other members of the Committee, entered the carriages in waiting, and drove to the Victoria Hotel. The city was gay with bunting and A WARM WELCOME. 265 thouiMinde of delighted people thronged the streets and the wharves. All wore anxious to catch a glimpse of the lad\' whose kindly manner and courteous demeanour had endearo 'if!' i68 GLOFY AND SECURITY OF A CITY. m ujii I i in procession to the number of three thousand, and accom- panied by seven young ladies representing the different pro- vinces of the Dominion, marched to the " Victoria," and as- sembling in front of the building, sang "God Save the Queen.' A bouquet of flowers was presented to Her Excellency. Lord Dufferin received the children very cordially and ex- pressed the satisfaction he felt in these words : — " It was once observed by a hero of antiquity that it was not the walls around it which constituted the glory and se- curity of a city, but the strong arms and the brave hearts within. If, gentlemen, the elders of St. John had desired to impress me with a consciousness of its title to take a high place among the towns of the Dominion, they could not have resorted to a better plan than that of allowing me to contem- plate the beautiful spectacle which is i)resented to our eyes upon this occasion. When I look before me, I see collected hundreds and hundreds of the children of the city ; when I remember that each one of these is receiving hour by hour and day by day the best education which the ingenuity and best consideration of those who are engaged in the task oi teaching have been capable of affording them, then it is, gen- tlemen, that I am made to know that the future prosperity, the material wealth, and the moral superiority of the City of St. John is secure. Gentlemen, education is a subject to which I have devoted a great deal of my time, and in which I am greatly interest- ed. During my tour through the various paiis of the Do- minion I have felt it my duty to pay especial attention to a subject 80 vital to the interests of Canada, and wherever I CITIZENS Oi A FREE STATE. 2G0 have gone I have had the satisfaction of observing that the education of the children is amongst the foremost siiVtjccts which pre-occupy the attention of your fellow-citizens. Edu- cation is not only the foundation of that material wealth which is yearly being accumulated, and for whose acquisition this country affords such magnificent opportunities, but it is also the chief means through which a nation engenders those virtues and qualities and maintains that high tone of thourdit and feeling which far better thar any material prosperity, or any accumulation of wealth, can guarantee the greatness and power of a community. But if these observations are true elsewhere, they may be urged with teniold force in Canada; for, gentlemen, we have the satisfaction of remem- bering that all these children whom we now see before us are the citizens of a free state, that they breathe an atmos- phere where no one is permitted to assume superiority over another, unless that superiority is justitied and can be main- tained by the virtues and the qualities in him who asserts it. (Hear, hear.) Further, gentlemen, under the happy consti- tution within which these children have been born, it ought to be a subject ol pride to them and to their parents, to re- member that it only they take advantage of the opjwrtu- nities which are thus aflbrded to them, if only they will do their best, to io justice to those talents which such oppor- tunities have been afforded to cultivate them, to every one of them there will be open a prospect oi attaining a position in the social scale higher than that from which he started , Not only so, but it will be in the power of each one of them to aspire to the highest grades in their country's service, and !' i i. ,1 ii ' 1 i •', \ i 1 ' ; i i ■ i 1 it. ii ■■: * ( mm Si ^1 ■270 SISTERLY UNION. that there is no prize open to human ambition which is not permitted them to pursue. Gentlemen, I feel that this is not an occasion upon which to detain you with any very lengthy observations, I will, there- fore, conclude by saying that among the many glorious sights which it has been my good fortune to witness since I reached your city, there is none which has been so gratifying to the feelings of myself and the Countess of Dufferin as that which is here exhibited. Gentlemen, I see before me,standing in the brightness ■ thv !.• youth and beauty, the smiling representa- tives of the be veil j'i-inces which constitute this Dominion. If I may be permitted to close my observations with a prayer, it is that, as their prototypes now stand side by side in sis- terly union and in the brightness of their youthful loveli- ness, so may those glorious provinces over remain united by the ties of domestic aflfection and the bond of a common loy- alty, and boast themselves to future ages the mothers of a race as energetic, brave and lo}'al as that to which their fair representatives before me belong." After the cheering had subsided the children dispersed. In the evening the fire companies got up a torch -light procession, in which the Vice-regal party joined, and were escorted through the city. Tht- spectacle was a very bril- liant one. A Reception was held during Their Excellencies' visit to St. John, and bi'twoen two and three hundred persons re- ceived the honour of presentation. Before the Earl and bis consort left for Fredericton they FliEDEIiJCTON N. B. 271 were entortained at a giand ball, given in the Academy of Music, which was quite elaborately fitted up. The band of the GOth Rifles, which arrived fiom Halifax the evening be- fore, furnished the mr^sic, and over two hundred persons were present. Dancing was kept up until a late hour, when one of the finest balls ever given in St. Johr. was brought to an end. On Saturday morning, August 23rd, Lord and Lady Duf- ferin took leave of St. John, and taking i)assage in the steamer David Weston, proceeded on their way to the capi- tal of the Province. Some members of the Keception Com- mittee accompanied them a short distai e ^^ the beautiful St. John River, whose scenery successf 'ly rivals that of the Hudson, and certain portions of the Lower St. Lawijnce. As the steamer neared Fredericton, she was met by other steamers and boats bedecked with . .^gs, from the city, and salutes were fired all along the way. At Fredericton a guard of honour received the visitors, and a battery of artillery fired off a salute. Lieutenant-Governor Wilmot, Brigade Majors Otty and Inches, Colonel Saunders, Mayor Greg ■>ry, and Sheriff Temple received Their Excellencies at the wharf After dinner at Government House, the party took car- riages for the Exhibition building, where the formal wel- come to the city took place. Mayor Gregory read an address in the presence of nearly four thou.sand persons, and His Excellency's response was exceedingly happy and pertinent. In the evening a torch light procession conducted the part}' through the streets of the city, which was brilliantly illu- minated. *n )' ■'i, I ' ' 'i 1 1 ' h ! i 1 1 ' ! J X 1 ■f I 1 1 272 TUE PONY RAILHOAD. On the morning of the 25th inst. Their Excellencies ac- cepted an invitation to travel a short distance on the " pony railroad," and after running on this line for some thirty miles they returned to a spot about fifteen miles from Fred- jricton, where in a bower of spruce and fir an excellent lun- cheon had been prepared. After discussing the liquids and solids, a few speeches were made, and in reply to the toast of his health, Lord DulFerin said : — " When T started on this expedition I was assured that it was to be a party of pleasure, and so it has been, up to the present moment, but, as Providence sometimes mingles the bitter in our sweetest cups, so in this instance I am called on for a speech. (Laughter.) I shall, however, respond to the best of my ability. Whatever under such circumstances as these, may be my feelings, I never fail to draw inspira- tion from the evidences of kindness and good will, such as have characterized my experiences since coming amongst you. I know that what I have been the recipi- ent of is not intended for me personally, but it proceeds from that loyalty and devotion which is felt in every Cana- dian heart for its Royal Mistress, and it is in that spirit I accept it. When in my official capacity, I am called on to communicate with Her Majesty's Ministers, I never fail to make known to them, in such a wa}' as will ensure its being brought to Her notice, that loyalty and devotion which is displayed everywhere in Canada for Hor Throne and Person. Although, Mr. Chairman, I am aware that in this respect the individual is nothing, I feel that, side by side with your ex- J LEX A NDEli 1 BSON. 873 pressions of loyalty, there arc dcmcnbtrationa of personal kiiulriess for myself and Lady Dufferin, and that i.s, no doubt, because you feel that I have but one aim, to so administer your aflairs as to promote the welfare • f those with whose destinies 1 am entrusted, and that I will at all events, what- ever may come, not be wanting in zeal and devotion to the interests of Canada. (Cheers.) It is most gratifying to me to observe the enterjirise which characterizes the people of New Brunswick in opening up and develo[)ing its lesources This line has, as 1 am informed, been constructed as no other railway that I am aware of has been — by the energy of a few individuals who have accomplished so much work with- out the aid of borrowing money — a phenomenon, I must say, to a person coming from Europe. (Cheers.) I have also seen how one individual,* by persevering industry jind enterprise, has converted the wilderness into a smiling set- tlement and surrounded himself with a village of his own making. Hlled with happy peofde, with a church wherein they may worship — a man, who has turned the sources of in- dustry to account not for his own good alone, but also for the good of those around hira. My pleasure at seeing him and hearing of what he has done was enhanced by my learn- ing that in his veins is the blood of Ireland, and that he is remotely connected with the home of my own ancestry, and 1 may say, and it is something for so impailial a person as a Covernor -General to say, tliat wherever I have seen marks of determined eiiLTgy and enterprise in the country, I liave Alexander Gibson, Esii-.of Naahwaak. R i ! I i:l. (ii ;!H s; u 274 AT WOODSTOCK, N.B. generally found that tliuie wu4» a little Irish blood at the liottom of it. (Laughter and applause.) You must excuse me for having occupied ; our attention so long, but ia order to make you sensible of my obligations to you, I have in- truded longer than I intended. " (Great applause.) Lieutenant-Governor Wilniot and General D. B. Warner, U. S. Consul, also made plea-sant speeches, when the pic- nicers returned to Government House, where a dinner was given in the evening by the Lieutenant-Governor, and an " At Home ' by Mis Wilmot. at a latei- hour. Before leaving the little capital. Their Excellencies visited Nashwaak, and Mr. Gibson and his family were presented to the visitors On the 9Sih inst., the party started for Woodstock, in light carriages. At Canterbury flags were suspended across the road, and Her Excellency was present- ed with a bouquet. On arriving at Woodstock, the visitors were received by the Hon. C. Perley, Mr. Connell, Col. Inches, and Col. Baird. A guard of honour was drawn up ill front of the Blanchard House, and the artillery fired a salute. In the evening an address was read by Mayor Fisher, and after a reply from His Excellency, the party returned to the hotel, accompanied by a torchlight procesoion. The tour througli the Lower Provinces was now drawing to a close, and on the thirtieth of August, Lord and Lady Duflerin arrived at Riviere du Loup, and crossed over to Tadousac, where their children were still residing. After a brief stay of a few days hevC; they returned to Quebec. Dinner parties, receptions, theatricala, dances, and other social gatherings, OPENING OF tAHUAMENT. 276 bt'caine again the urdur of the day, and Hoino Hvc or ^\x weeks were spent in this way, until the evening of the 15th ol Octoher, when the festivities were brought to an end by a grand farewell ball, which was largely attended. The next day the Earl and Countess, with their family, removed to Ottawa. On the 23rd of October, His Excellency opened Parlia- ment, in State, pausing on his way to the Parliament build- ings, to 0[)en the new britlge which bore his name. The scene in the Senate Chamber during the delivery of the Speech from the throne, was one of the most brilliant in the history of Canada. The short Session of 187S opened under peculiar auspices ; with what result, we have shown in the previous chapter ,i ! I ! •1 " 1 1 il! \ ' I i," >\\ V - 9 CHAPTER V. riiiEr> Pailiama^ni' of Canada— The OrrosnioKr- An iMPORrANr rK5Ci.r>KNT Established — Louis Riel— The Mkmiieh kor Proven- CHjt;R's ExriLsioN fkom Paklument— Parlour Tueatricals— A Ii.^TIN SPEiJCH — PrEMENTATION OF REGIMENTAL CoiOUUH TO THE Foot Guards— The Tour anaouoH the Nouth and North- West — In the V'llages of Canada — TiiE Pleasant Waters op Ontario -Alpine Scenery — Prince Arthur's Landino— A Voyage in Canoes— Arrival in Chicago — Reply to the Address from the Corporation— Speech before the Board of Trade — In Windsor — Detuoit— Saknia — G'uELPH— Brantford— The Presbyteuian Youru Ladies' College — The Old Mohawk Church — Visit to OsHEWEKEN — The Six Nations -Speech to the Indians— At Woodstock— Inoehsoll and her Cheese Factory — London — Pt. Thomas— St. Catharines — Niagara — Toronto — The Great •IPEECH AT -rUE TORONTQ ClUB— V/hITBY — CoBOURG— BbLLEVILLE —Napanee— Kingston— Brockvh.lb — Departure -SVituin the V7all8 of Rideau Hall again. Fj Roi est moi't, Vive Le Roi," criod the Captain of Louis XIV. s bo(Iy-guai