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PROFITS AND COST 
 
 OF 
 
 t 
 
 FRUIT-GROWING 
 
 IN 
 
 NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 Cost of an Orchard of 1,000 Apple Trees, and Eei^enue therefrom, in 
 
 Kings County, N. S.: 
 
 25 Acres of Land, at $30 per acre 
 
 1,000 Apple Trees at 20 cents 
 
 Setting out 1,000 Trees at 10 cents each 
 
 fertilizing " " " 
 
 Fencing and Sundries 
 
 8 years Interest on $1,250, at 5 per cent 
 
 Cultivation 8 y^^ars, $100 per year 
 
 Manuring, Mulching, Replacing dead Trees and all other 
 expenses 
 
 750 
 200 
 100 
 100 
 100 
 500 
 800 
 
 450 
 
 Total cost till 8 years old $3,000 
 
 Income. 
 
 Yield the ninth year and previous, say 500 bbls., at $1 jjor bbl., 
 
 clear of all expenses 500 
 
 Yield the 10th to 15th year, overage 1,000 bbls., at $1 per bbl. 
 
 clear 5,000 
 
 Yield the 15th to the 45th year, 2,000 bbls., at $1 clear 60,000 
 
 Qb333 
 .P76 
 
 C.3 
 
 Total income in 45 years $65,500 
 
 h orchard will give same annual income for 100 years. All expenses 
 ight years are paid by value of other crops and value of apples 
 
 t sales. 
 
 EDITED BY 
 TARY OF THE NoVA SCdTlA FRUIT-GR')WrRS' ASSOOIATION. 
 
t-<. 
 
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 tn 
 
 FRUIT-GROWING IN NOYA SCOTIA. 
 
 ^ 
 
 Nova Scotia is a peninsula attached on its northern extremity to the 
 Province of New Brunswick, and ahnost surrounded l)y the Atlantic 
 ocean and the Bay of Fundy, on the North the Straits of Northumberland 
 separate it from Prince Edward's Island, North- West the Bay of Fundy 
 lies between it and the mainland, and on the North-East the Strait of 
 Canso separates it from the Island of Cape Breton, which, politically 
 forms a part of the Province of Nova Scotia. Nova Scotia extends from 
 43 1 to 47 degrees in North Latitude, and from GO to 66 degrees in West 
 Longitude, and is three hundred and fifty miles long, and about eighty 
 in extreme width. 
 
 In soil and climate Nova Scotia seems by nature adapted to the grow- 
 ing of fruit ; projecting out into the sea with no part of its surface more 
 than thirty miles from salt water, the cold of winter and the heat of sum- 
 mer is modified to an equable temperature. The coldest winter's day 
 seldom sees the thermometer below zero, and the heat of summer is 
 but sufficient to make life extremely pleasant. A hundred varieties 
 of small fruits and berries flourish wild in great abundance, — 
 strawberries, raspberries, cranberries, blueberries, abound where they 
 can find a chance to grow, and wherever the apple tree can find a foot 
 hold it will giow and flourish. Fhe early history ^ of the cultivation of 
 the apple and other fruits in the Province of Nova Scotia, is onveloped 
 in much obscurity. Until within a comparatively short time, no organi- 
 zation of a horticultural nature existed, and consequently no record was 
 kept of the efforts of individuals or societies, in the propagation and 
 dissemination of the various fruits now and heretofore cultivated among 
 us. It is known that as early as the middle of the last century, the 
 Acadian French, who then peopled the Annapolis valley, cultivated the 
 apple. On the occupation of these lands by emigrants from Connecticut 
 in the year 1760, apple and pear trees were found, some of which still 
 exist and bear fruit. These new comers at once began to plant apple 
 trees, and to day manv orchards of this olden time are in existence, 
 
 3-^6W3V 
 
grafted and re-topped with our popular and useful varieties, and bearing 
 a yearly profit to their owners. Thus at an age when in some countries 
 an apple tree is by age and decay rendered worthless, trees in this 
 country are healthy and bearing abundant fruit. 
 
 The favorite fruit region of 2sova Scotia is the Annapolis valley. 
 This " garden of the Continent " is protected from the cold north and 
 west winds which blow fnnn Maine and New Brunswick, by the North 
 Mountain, a range composed of trap rock resting on a sand-stone forma- 
 tion. The valley is about 100 miles long, and the soil consists of sand, 
 sandy and clayey loam, based on the sand-stone formation, sandy loam 
 predominating throughout. At its eastern extremity the rise and fall of 
 tides from time immemorial have worn away soil and rocks and have 
 produced thos6 rich and extensive marshes and dyke lands ; these pro- 
 duce from year to year, liay, grain, and pasture, Avithout any renovating 
 substance or manure of any kind, and still continue i)roductive even 
 after the lapse of one hundred and fifty years ; the (h-and Pre, as in 
 the days of Longfellow's poem, is still covered with abundant crops, and 
 in the autumn months with numerous herds as in the days of Gabriel 
 and Evangeline. On the south side of the valley, and distant six or 
 eight miles from the North Range, is the South Mountain ; the valley 
 l)etween is comparatively level, and throughout its whole extent of one 
 lumdred miles, is of good soil, easily cultivated, well watered by streams 
 and rivers, and is one of the most fertile and productive belts of land in 
 the world. Here the apple, pear, plum, cherry, grape and peach, grow 
 and attain perfection. In other parts of the Province, in Lunenburg, 
 Yarmouth, Queens, Pictou, in fact in every county in the Province, 
 apples and other fruit are produced in favoured localities in great abund- 
 ance. Near the coast as a rule, apples are not a great success, but plums 
 and cherries and other small fruit grow and produce large crops near the 
 sea coast where the salt breeze is daily felt. 
 
 The apple attains a large size in Nova Scotia, and is of fine flavour, 
 well ripened and colored. This is owing largely to the beautiful autmun 
 months of Septendx-r and October— the heat of the sun and the warm 
 dry weather being a pecidiarity of our climate at this season of the year. 
 In the Annapolis valley there are about 250,000 acres of land adapted 
 to the cultivation of fruit, probably not more than five per cent of this 
 area is already set with trees, while tens of thousands of acres of choice 
 orchard land, wait the incoming of capital and labour. 
 
 Orcharding in Nova Scotia is yet in its infancy. Trim we have trees 
 
 i 
 
1 
 I 
 
 3 
 
 hearing an animal cro]» of apples, that are over one hundred years old, 
 and thouHantls of troon are annually planUnl, but it is only within a few 
 yearn that the peoj)h! evon of this favoured district have become alive to 
 the innncnse possibilities of apple culture. During the past five years 
 the acrerage of young orchards has doubled and in five years to come will 
 quadrujile in »,'xt(uit. There, is no investment o))en to capitalists that will 
 yield sucb abundant returns, for a period of fifty or one hundred years, 
 and tliere is nothing to liinder any industrious man from having an 
 orchard of ten acres that will yield a fair income in ten years, while for 
 capital a iiundred acre orchard means uncoiuited wealth. 
 
 To prove the truth of theses assertions we will place before you a few 
 figurcfs based ii])on actual experience to show the possibilities in orchard- 
 ing. AVe will present an estimate i)rep{ired l)y Mr. J. W. Bigelow, of 
 Wolfville, I'resitU'nt of the N. S. Fruit Growers' Association : 
 
 Cost OK AN Orchauu of 1000 Ar'PLE Trees and Revenue therefrom 
 
 IN KiNGH Co., X. S. 
 
 25 acres of land (« 830 per acre 750 
 
 1000 apple trees (a 20c. each 200 
 
 Settiuic out 1000 trees (ti 10c. each 100 
 
 Fertilizing 100 
 
 Fencing and Sundries 100 
 
 8 years' interest on $1 250 at 5 per eent 500 
 
 Cultivating 8 years at $100 a year 800 
 
 Manuring, mulching, replacing dead trees, etc ... . 450 
 
 Total cost till 8 years old $3000 
 
 All expenses after 8 years are paid by other crojjs and value of Apples 
 over net sales. 
 
 REVENUE. 
 
 Yield 9tli and i)revious years, say 500 bbls. (n $1 net 500 
 
 " 10th to 15th years average 1000 " («• 1 net 5,000 
 " 15th to 45th " " 2000 " fe 1 net 60,000 
 
 Total income in 45 years $65,500 
 
 This orchard will produce same results for 100 years. 
 This estimate was presented to the Association in 1888, published in 
 the annual Report and in the live years past has never been contradicted. 
 
The ostimaU- of production is >.;enemlly udinittctl to l»c a low one, and tho 
 estimated return of .f 1 per barrel is much below any average returns ; as 
 for the ten past years prol)ably $2 p6r barrel would come well within the 
 mark as the average return of Nova Scotia api)leH. Mr. Higclow i,> pre- 
 paring to prove by practice what ho advocates in theory, and at the 
 annual meeting of the Association for 189.'}, read the following cost of an 
 orchard hve years old based on his ac'tual experience, viz. : .'1.5 acres of 
 new land, on which were i)lanted 1400 trets in 1888. Value of land 
 then $700 ; cost of trees and all expens(!S for Hve years !$.')00 ; value at 
 present So,000. Thus we .sw; an investment of .$1200 in five years being 
 valued at )$5,000, and live years more will see Mr. B. receiving an income 
 of $1,000 to .$2,000 per annum from a piece of land that ten years before 
 was unproductive. This is no exceptional instance, hundreds of fruit 
 growers in the valley are working on this line and there is room in the 
 Annapolis Valley for thousands more. 
 
 -Judge Weatherbe of Halifax, who has found time amid his profes- 
 sional duties to phmt and superintend one of the largest orchards in the 
 Valley, says of our possibilities in the line of apjile cidture : " We 
 have a belt containing about 400 square uules, capa!)le of produf;ing an 
 annual revenue of $.'}0,000,000. There is no land in the world that 
 will yield like this valley and we should plant the wliole area. There is 
 110 fear of raising more apples than are required. We can raise them 
 more profitably than in any other part of the world." 
 
 Prof. Saunders, director of the iJominion Exporin;.'ntal Farm at 
 Ottawa, says : " In Nova Scotia you have some of the linest api)le 
 orchards in the Dominion ; indeed I know of no locality where trees 
 bear so abundantly and continuously as in your own favoured Annapolis 
 
 Valley." 
 
 Prof. Hind of Kings College, Windsor, an eminent authority on fruit 
 crowing, says : " This valley, with its soil and climate, peculiarly 
 adapted to the development of this great and increasing industry, meets 
 with no successful competition on the American Continent." 
 
 While the Annapolis Valley beats the world as an apple district, it is 
 equally adapted by nature to the production of other fruits. Here plums 
 grow to perfection. They come into bearing very young, usually the third 
 year from planting, and produce abundantly. But very little has yet been 
 done throughout the valley in plum growing— only enough to show the 
 "rand possibilities that lie in that direction. Our most enterprising fruit 
 orowers are now turning their attention more largely to the planting of 
 
plum i>rclinrfl«. I^iHt yvnr pro^alily not 1««h tliim 10,000 pltim treeii 
 wciM' itlantod tlirou^'hout tlu* valloy, which iimnhpr will ho more than 
 ilouhlcd next year. 
 
 Following is ii Himihir estimate, hiisetl upon the actual experience of a, 
 ntimher of fruit ^,'rower8 of the vnlloy, to show the cost of n plum orchard 
 and the prohahlo reveruie : , 
 
 COHT OF A J'lUM UHCHAUI) OF 10 ACHES AM) KeVBNUE THEREFHOM. 
 
 10 acres of Land C« S30 per acre 300.00 
 
 4,350 Plum Trees (a 35e each 1522.50 
 
 Cultivating land 3 yrs. (« !?50 a year 150.00 
 
 Manuring,' 3 yr.s. Qi .^125 a year 375.00 
 
 Replacing,' dead trees, etc 152.50 
 
 Total coat without interest in three years .... $2500.00 
 
 ilEVENUE. 
 
 Yield 4th and previous yrs. .say 1000 hus. (a $2. 2000 
 " 5th to 10th yrs. say 3000 bus., 
 
 annual average 30,000 
 
 Total Revenue in 10 years 
 
 $32,000 
 
 This estimate, too, is well within the mark. Tlie estimated average 
 yield of less than | of a bushel per tree annually, from the 5th year 
 onward is a low one, the actual product often running as high as 3 or 4 
 bushels, while !$4.00, and sometimes $6.00 a busliel, instead of the esti- 
 inated $2.00 is frequently obtained. 
 
 The foregoing estiina*;es do not take into account the raising of crops 
 from the land other tnan apples or plums, but by a slight addition to the 
 cost of cultivation and fertilizing, crops of various kinds, such as small 
 fruits, vegetables, clover, etc., coidd be raised, from the apple areas at 
 least, without detriment to the growth of the trees and yield a handsome 
 income from tlie first. 
 
 To give the rtiade.' an idea of the magnitiide orcharding is already 
 assuming in the Annapolis valley, we will quote the words of a close 
 observer, and careful student of the possibilities in the business, Dr. H, 
 Chipman, of Grand Pre, Kings Co. Dr. C, in an address to the Fruit 
 
6 
 
 Oi-owfi-K' AsHocintion at tho twonty-Hccoiul iiiimml in^ctiiiK Ih loporU-.l m 
 
 follows: 
 
 "TluTO iw snirccly a li<imi'Htcii<l iK'W without its applo trct-.s ^Towiiij,' 
 
 arouiul it, ami tlicy K»nw and Ix-ai fine fruit wlu'tliei i-lant.-.l on 
 the sandy plains (»f Aylcsford, tin- light sandy loam of West Cornwallis, 
 tho richor, docpor loam of Kast Cornwallis and Morton, or the daycy soil 
 of Lower Horton ; anti they nmw and yit'ld c.iually w.-ll in tin' Western 
 l)art of the ('ounty, where the sun heats up the samly soil, and there is 
 not a l.reath from the salt water, or idong the hanks (.F the Cornwallis 
 and Avon Rivers, and on the shores of the Basin of Minas, exposed t<» 
 the cool salty wind from the water. I hclieve, however, tins fr\iit ripiMis 
 and colors up earlier in the season in the Western part of the County. 
 The locality seenu'd to make no ditterence in the yield, wiiieh was im- 
 mense, exceeding' the most extravajrunt estimates ; every tree that eouhl 
 hear was laden with fruit, and that of the tin.'st (pmlity. 1 eannot recall 
 a year when so, many limbs in the orchards were propped up or l.roken 
 down by the sheer weight of the fruit on them. In West Cornwallis, 
 within an area of one mile from Somerset corntir, MO orchards produced 
 4,180 barrels, the number for eacli orchard ranging,' from oO to :i20 
 barrels. From Berwick Station there will have been shipped by the 
 close of the season, 20,000 barrels, exceeiUng by 8,000 the shipment of 
 any previous year. These apples were gathered within a radius of three 
 miles, including Somerset. Coming East, it is more tUthcult to obtain 
 figures as shipments are made at ditt'erent stations and from tlie jiorts of 
 Canning, r«>rt Williams and Wolfville. 1 have figures sutticiently 
 accurate, however, to warrant the statement that fully 80,000 barrels 
 were shipped from the Stations (jast of IJerwictk and the three Ports 
 mentioned The largest orchards in the valley are in Cornwallis and 
 Horton. The D. H. Katon f>rchard produced 1,000 barrels ; the .ludson 
 Harris orchard 700 or 800, the old Starr orchard 5 or 600. R. W. 
 Starr's about as many more, tlie Dwight DeWoif orchard, 800 barrels 
 and 3 or 400 bushels of i)lums and pears and these are only a few 
 selected at random. In my own locality within a radius of little more 
 than a mile from Grand Pre, 30 orchards produced 4,000 barrels, the 
 number for each running from 50 to 400 barrels, at my place there is a 
 quarter acre garden, and on half of this there are 15 trees and 
 from these I picked .50 barrels. A. M.N. Patterson picked 50 
 barrels of Gravensteins from trees on a quarter of an acre. In 
 many different orchards Gravensteui and Baldwin trees produced 
 
 "/ 
 
 X 
 
J; 
 
 f) 
 
 14 Iniiifh of imirkt'taljK'. iipplen ciicli. Over in ('unartl 1 wiw 
 told that ton (ImvenHtoiu troes in Lmindcr RiukI'm ordluirtl imwlucod 120 
 batrelH, and twolvo trees of the Hnmo kind in H. M. Uiin<rH onihanl, the 
 sttinci nuiiiln'r. The fdrcj^oing is mdHciont to illustrate thft onorniourt 
 ,vicld and to show liow thic^kly the (Jounty is studd<'d with orchartls ; Init 
 oidy a part appoars hero aftor all, for Hwvc arc. almost as many more 
 young orchards that have not yet comw into hearing. It is woiuhnful 
 how many treoH have been planted during the past five years. Our peo- 
 ple Heeni to have heceme fully alive t(» the magnitieent prortpects that 
 await till- horticulturist in this valh^y, and are ln!giiining to tak«! advant- 
 age of these privileges in real earnewt. Tn uiy neighborhood, ».< I drive 
 around, 1 ean see thrifty young on-hards growing on every side. Judge 
 W(!atherl)e's orchard (tovers a whole farm, with rows of trees half a mile 
 in length, and twenty years hence ite yield will be from 5,000 to 10,000 
 barrels, dust across the Gaspereau River, opposite this farm, the Mit- 
 chell and Vaughau brotiiers have acres of young trees growing, and we 
 find more on either hand as we drive up tlie mountain to its very .summit, 
 and the simu^ through the valley East or West, and every one of thesi; 
 men is a practical horticulturi.st, who does his own pruning and grafting, 
 and gives those trees most careful and intelligent culture." 
 
 While this represents what i.s Ijeing done in orcharding near I)r. Chi[i- 
 mau's (iwn home it is but an example of what is going on throvighout the 
 valley. 
 
 We will now present the attentive readers in a coucist^ form the pro- 
 <luce and cost of ten representative orchards in the Annapolis Valley for 
 ten years past, and will again qu<tte from an address of d. W. Bigelow, 
 Es(p, as follows : 
 
 " When wo consider that tlie fruit belt of the three counties, 
 Annapolis, Kings and Hants, contains over 400 square; miles of the best 
 orchard land in the world, and that of this area not 20 per cent, has been 
 <!ultivated and not .5 per cent, has been set in orchards, and as is slmwn 
 by the following statistics tliat no other investment will give such profits 
 Avhen reckoned over a term of one hundred years, it is to be wondered at 
 that labor and capital have not long since secured this rich inheritance, 
 and it will be a greater Avonder if in this age of largo combines and the 
 enquiry for profitable investment this vast territory is not inmiediately 
 acquired, and on business methods be made to yield as it can, an income 
 of from twenty to thirty millions of dollars per year. No other country 
 
8 
 
 in the world can offer iiioro favorablo inducemonts to the settlers with 
 moderate ireans. With lands af. from live to one hundred dollars per 
 acre, intersected \vith railway and Mavi^'able rivers, affording the cheapest 
 outlet to the markets of the world, the healthiest and most invigorating 
 climate, the soil best adapted to fruit cidture^ with an inexhaustible 
 supply of fertiliser brought to our doors by every rise of the Bay of 
 Fundy tides, and the most desirable social and religious conditi(jns, the 
 seeker for a home finds the most de;drable conditions for a happy and 
 jtrosperous development of human life. 
 
 '•To prove the profitable reoults of apple culture alone in this lielt I 
 have secured the actual results from the following nam-d orchards for the 
 last ten years, the truth of Avhich I am prepared to prove, and they are 
 known to be a fail sample of all the orchards in the valley :— 
 
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10 
 
 As a result of these facts \vc have a jtrolit of $52,06") from 77 acres 
 of orchard in ten years from an investment of $7,320 ; ami permanent 
 value remaining in orchard worth $42,400. Any man of small moans or 
 moderate income can jiroduce the same residt, while to tlii' promoter and 
 investor it proves that with a capital of say $1,000,000, one hundred 
 thousand acres of new land can be acquired, capable of giving an income 
 of $5,200,000 per year for one hundred years, after tlni first ten years, 
 with $1,000,000 of additional outlay. 
 
 A very important factor in estimating the profits of apph; orcharding 
 in Nova Scotia, is the proved longevity of the apple-tree here, iis good 
 crops are now being raised on apple trees planted by the French one 
 hundred and fifty years ago. 
 
 But intending investors may say we cannot atl'ord tu wait ten years for 
 returns from our investments. We reply that from the day trees are set 
 your property is daily increasing in value and in five years, or at any time, 
 the property will sell and yield a fine return on capital invested. -lust 
 here we will give you some actual instances of cost and value of four 
 voung orchards set as follows : 
 
 Cost ok Land, Trees .\xd ali, Kxpenses on an Ai'im.k Orcuakd Fihst 
 
 Five Ye.\ks. 
 
 Owner of Orchards. 
 
 IB 
 
 
 ,' ^ 
 
 
 I **-• 
 
 
 o 
 
 o . • 
 
 . 
 
 — "O i 
 
 p 
 
 > V 
 
 1 » 
 
 ? 
 
 e 
 
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 1 i>j:£ 
 
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 o rt n 
 o - X « 
 
 1 ^M 
 
 
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 •21 
 
 
 es g 
 
 •- s 
 
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 ■Sii 
 
 «s 
 
 i° 
 
 .= .£ 
 
 0. 
 
 .^ = 
 
 Remarks, 
 
 Johnson Bros, C. Pre. 26 1086 
 
 F. VV. Boidon, M. P., I 
 
 Canning 25jl(XX) 
 
 Ralph Eaton, Corn- \ 
 
 wallis 50 2400 
 
 J. W. Bigelow, VVolf- 
 
 ville 3.5,1400 
 
 3l(i5486 
 
 18871 1560| 1200 1100 4000.(Jood cult. land 
 
 1888: 7r>: 7<X) none. 8200|\Vilrl Land. 
 
 I I I 
 
 1888' 500 1000 300j lOOOOiNew Land. 
 
 1888; 700| 900 none.; 5009: 
 
 . . . . $2835 «3850 ijiUOO' $2200' 
 
 From the table it is proved that from an outlay of $5,285 in five years 
 the orchard is made worth worth $15,951, and the whole c^osts of raising 
 an orchard can not exceed three dollars per tree average, whi(;h tree will 
 give an average income of two dollars a year for one hundred years. 
 
 Apples, it is estimated, can be profitably raided at a cost of 50 cents a 
 barrel, and with rapidly widening Kurojiean markets and the increasing 
 appreciation of and demand for Annapolis Valley fruit in those foreign 
 
11 
 
 maikots, we tun be as reasonably sure as we can of anything in the shape 
 of a business investment that, under i)roper management, orchards will 
 yield ])rofits closely approximating, if not exceeding, those in the esti- 
 mates given before, estimates which every practical horticulturist in the 
 Annapolis Valley will endorse and admit to be far within the results of 
 <?xperience. A revenue can be safely counted on from plum orchards in 
 four years. The revenue must steadily increase year by year and when 
 the apple trees come into profitable bearing, between the 10th and loth 
 year the average annual returns should be not less than one hundred j'er 
 
 I'ent. 
 
 This is (certainly u brilliant picture, and must naturally awaken the 
 ..suspicion that it is overdrawn or too highly colored. But we invite a care 
 ful comparison of these statements w^ith the general experience of leading 
 ■orchardists in this valley. All of whom are year by year increasing their 
 •orchards as fast as their capital will admit. 
 
 But sonu" may ask why it is that if orcharding in tlie Annapolis Valley 
 
 is so enormously profitable, more and larger (jrchards have not been 
 
 planted, or why indeed the whole Annapolis Valley is not one continuous 
 
 orchard. The reply is as stated before, that this industry is yet in its infancy 
 
 here. It is only within a very few years that even our most progressive 
 
 farmers have come to realize the great importance of this industry, and 
 
 it is only within a comparatively few years that the supreme adaptability 
 
 of the Annapolis N'alley to the raising of apples and other fruits has 
 
 become thoroughly recognized even by the more progressive fruit growers. 
 
 Now, indeed, our more advanced and enterprising farnun-s are devoting 
 
 .all the attention possible to this liranch of their business, and it may be 
 
 ■confidently asserted that before the end cf the first quarter of the next 
 
 •century every available acre of this remarkal)le fruit belt will l)e clothed 
 
 with orchard. 
 
 " Will not the increased production lower the price?" 
 Our most experienced friit growers think not. Prices are better now 
 •ou the average than when our product was only one-tenth of what it now 
 is, and with the increasing demand for our fruit in the English and Con- 
 tinental markets, and with the enlarging demand for (canned and evapor- 
 ated fruit, it is not pro])able that with the fulfilment of our largest 
 possibilities in the way of production in this valley, present jirices will be 
 ]iermanently lowered. 
 
 As we have idready stated there are thousands of acres of land in 
 Nova Scotia as well adapted to fruit growing as the liest of this whicli 
 
12 
 
 yields such abundant returns ; and the fruit growers of Nova Scotia wil! 
 gladly welcome tens of thousands of intelligent inhabitants to utilize 
 the vacant lands. 
 
 We have a magnificent climate, beautiful scenery, and a most charm- 
 ing country, and no where in the world do men and women live more 
 comfortably and liappily than among the orchards of Nova .Sootia. 
 
 Any information Avill be gladly supplied on a))plication to J. W. Bige- 
 low, President of the X. 8. F. G. Association, Wolfville, X. S., or S. C. 
 I'arker, Secretary, Berwick, N. S. 
 
13 
 
 ill 
 
 ize 
 
 111- 
 )re 
 
 C. 
 
 CASH VALUE OP ORCHARD, WITH INCOME 
 FOR PERIOD OP FIRST TEN YEARS. 
 
 ISTYKAe-l Acre, Virgin Soil KK) (K) 
 
 Removing Shrubbery, Stone, etc 3 00 
 
 Fencing 10 00 
 
 Fertilizing 20 00 
 
 Breakint; up land, - Ploughing— Spring and Autumn— to be 
 
 paid for by Grain crop 
 
 1 nterest 25 
 
 SI 39 Of) 
 
 2nd Year— 50 Apple Trees, 20 10 00 
 
 401) Plum " 40 160 00 
 
 100 Pear " 40 40 00 
 
 50 Quinces " 40 20 00 
 
 Setting Orchard, 05 30 dO 
 
 Fertilizer '-'0 00 
 
 Cultivating 1 year, 1 Ploughing, 10 Cleanings with Cultiva- 
 tor and Hoe 12 00 
 
 Interest 21 5S 
 
 S453 23 
 
 3rd Year — Cultivating I vsar and applying Fertilizer 12 00 
 
 Fertilizer ...."■ 20 00 
 
 Pruning and Spraying with Insectides and Fungisides 7 00 
 
 Picking 10 bushels of Plums l20) 2 00 
 
 Packages and Shipping 3 50 
 
 interest 24 88 
 
 Investment 
 Income $25-Nett Earnings, 4''^ p. c. 
 
 $522 61 
 
 4th Year — Cultivating, etc 
 
 Fertilizer 
 
 Pruning, Spraying, etc . . 
 Picking L'O bushels Plums 
 Packages and Shipping . . 
 
 12 CO 
 
 20 00 
 
 8 00 
 
 4 00 
 
 7 00 
 
 Income, $50— Nett Earnings, 8^ p. c 
 
 5th Year— Cultivating, etc 
 
 Fertilizer 
 
 Spraying, Pruning, etc 
 
 Picking 30 bushels Plums 
 
 " Kt " I'ears (10) 
 
 " 1 " Quinces (10) 
 
 Packages and Shipjiing of Plums, in baskets (35) : bush 
 
 Pears and Quinces )20) ; a bush, in half bbl 
 
 Income, «88— Nett Earnings, 13^ p. c. 
 
 ^573 61 
 
 15 00 
 
 20 (10 
 
 8 00 
 
 00 
 
 1 00 
 
 10 
 
 12 70 
 
 $(i36 41 
 
 I 
 
14 
 
 6th Veak— ( 'ultivatiiig, etc 16 ••t)' 
 
 Fertilizer 20 «K> 
 
 Spraying, Pruning, et<; 1000 
 
 Picking GO bushel Plums 12 00' 
 
 15 " Pears 160 
 
 3 " Quinces 30 
 
 Packages an<l Shipping 24 80 
 
 Income, §181.50— Nett Karnings, 26 p. c. 
 
 $719 81 
 
 7th YEAR--Cultivating, etc 15 OO 
 
 Fertilizer 25 00 
 
 Spraying, Pruning, etc 15 OO 
 
 Picking 100 bushels Plums 20 OO 
 
 " 2n " Pears m 2 50 
 
 8 " Quinces 80 
 
 I'nckages and Shipping 41 60 
 
 Income, S311.50— Nett Earnings, 37 p. c 8?9 71 
 
 8th Veak— Cultivating, etc l/) OO' 
 
 Fertilizer :«> OCK 
 
 Spraying, Pruning, etc 15 OO 
 
 Picking 120 bushels Plums 24 00 
 
 40 " Pears 4 00 
 
 " 12 " Quinces 1 20 
 
 Packages and Shipping 2(5 OO 
 
 Income, !?396.(M)— Xett Earnings. 41 p. c. 
 
 .$954 91 
 
 9th Year— Cultivating, etc 20 OO 
 
 Spraying, Pruning, etc 20 00 
 
 Fertilizing 30 00 
 
 Picking 130 bushels Plums 26 00 
 
 50 " Pears 5 00 
 
 " 20 " Quinces 2 OO 
 
 10 bbls. Apples 2 OO 
 
 Packages and Shipping Apples, 25c. per bbl G2 (X> 
 
 Income, .«I470.00— Nett Earnings, 42 p. c. 
 
 *1121 91 
 
 10th year— Cultivating, &c 20 OO 
 
 Spraying, Pruning, etc 20 00 
 
 Fertilizing 30 00 
 
 Picking 160 bushels Plums 30 00 
 
 " (JO " Pears 6 00 
 
 " 25 " Quincies 2 50 
 
 " 25 bbls. Apples „^ ^^ 
 
 Packages and Shipping 75 75 
 
 Income, !?5f)5.00— Xett Earnings, 43 p. c. 
 
 $1311 16 
 
15 
 
 INCOMK. 
 
 s riums— 82.60 2r> 00 
 
 " /iO 00 
 
 " 75 00 
 
 Pears— $1.50 15 00 
 
 Quinces 13.00 3 00 
 
 Plums 150 00 
 
 Pears '22 M 
 
 Quincies 9 00 
 
 Plums 250 00 
 
 Pears «'/> 50 
 
 Quinces 24 00 
 
 Plums 30<> 00 
 
 Pears- 60 (X) 
 
 Quinces 3G 00 
 
 Plums 325 00 
 
 Pears 75 00 
 
 Quinces 60 00 
 
 Apples 10 00 
 
 150 bushels Plums 375 fK) 
 
 " " _ (jO " Pears 90 0<> 
 
 " " _ 2ft " Quinces 75 00 
 
 " " — 25 bbls. Apples 25 00 
 
 $2117 00 
 INVENTORY OF ORCHARD. 
 
 llTH Ykar— 50 Apple Trees -:f8.00 400 00 
 
 400 Plum " 2.00 800 00 
 
 100 Pear " 2.00 .• 200 00 
 
 50 Quince •' 2.00 100 00 
 
 3Rn 
 
 YEAR — lU b 
 
 U8l\ 
 
 4th 
 
 
 - 20 
 
 (1 
 
 5th 
 
 
 - 30 
 
 ti 
 
 •i 
 
 
 — 10 
 
 It 
 
 tt 
 
 
 - 1 
 
 (C 
 
 6tii 
 
 
 — 60 
 
 (t 
 
 ii 
 
 
 - 15 
 
 ti 
 
 «( 
 
 
 — 3 
 
 t( 
 
 7th 
 
 
 — lOO 
 
 (4 
 
 ii 
 
 
 — 25 
 
 t4 
 
 (( 
 
 
 - 8 
 
 t( 
 
 8th 
 
 
 — 120 
 
 t. 
 
 (( 
 
 ({ 
 
 - 40 
 
 tt 
 
 41 
 
 
 — 12 
 
 (t 
 
 9th 
 
 
 —130 
 
 tt 
 
 i( 
 
 t 4 
 
 - 50 
 
 tt 
 
 (( 
 
 
 — 20 
 
 tt 
 
 (( 
 
 
 - 10 bbls 
 
 lOTH 
 
 Cost of replacing and replanting all failing trees for 10 years, say HX) 00 
 Machinery I'W 00 
 
 .fl500 00 
 
 200 00 
 
 Income. 
 
 Net Value 1300 (K) 
 
 2117 00 
 
 3417 <»0 
 1311 16 
 
 Capital and Expenditure 
 
 Profits S2105 84 
 
 YP:ARLY INCOiME 
 
 3r.l 
 4 th 
 5th 
 0th 
 7th 
 8th 
 Oth 
 10th 
 
 Year 
 
 AND NETT EARNING. 
 25 00 . 
 
 50 
 88 
 181 
 311 
 39(5 
 470 
 565 
 
 00 
 (10 
 50 
 50 
 00 
 W) 
 00 
 
 4^ p. c. 
 8f " 
 
 m " 
 
 25 " 
 
 37 " 
 
 41 '• 
 
 42 " 
 
 43 " 
 
 216 
 
 Average annual nett earnings for 10 years, 21 3-5 p. c. 
 
 Nursery stock and small fruits may be grown in connection with the al)ove 
 orchard, insuring like profits. 
 
16 
 
 ^rIDl)LETON, N. S., 20tli Fol)., 1892. 
 W. C. AucHiBALD, Esq., Wolfvillo. 
 
 Dear Sir, — I have examinod with a ffrcat deal of interest your estimate 
 of tiie coat of an acre of i»hiin, apple and pear orchard, at nine years of 
 af,'e, or 10 from the breaking oi the f^'rornid. It is a subject in which 1 
 am intensely interested, and one which 1 have investigated for my own 
 benefit quite extensively. I find that much of the prejudice against 
 plum culture arises from pure ignorance as to the proper mode of culti- 
 vating and caring for the fruit. With proper care and liberal fertilaz- 
 ation, I know of nothing that will exceed the best varieties of plums in 
 productiveness, and even in neglect, when starvation, black knot and 
 curculio have done their worst it still makes a brave effort to return its 
 owner good for evil. Of the possil)ilities of a 10 acre plot of well 
 selected, carfuUy attended plum trees, I hardly dare express an ojiinion, 
 lest I be taken by people with less experience than myself for an horti- 
 ruUnral cranh : but that your estimate is a very conservative one I am 
 free to confess. I say so because I have had some experience in this 
 matter. At present I have a plum orchard of 1,000 trees filled in 
 to its fidl capacity with currants and gooseberries. The first planting of 
 this orchard is just coming fully into bearing. From the first 75 trees, 
 5 seasons from setting, I gathered $200 w^orth of fruit, or well on to $3 
 per tree. A good many of the trees have none at all, while others went 
 as high as 8 peck boxes. In .'5 consecutive years a tree little older than 
 one of my first planting, has given me 16 pecks. That one ordinary tree 
 did this might not be a safe criterion on which to base a calculation ; but 
 that 75 of the same variety did, as I have stated, I think is conclusive 
 evidence that hundreds and thousands can be made to do as well. 
 
 In conclusion 1 would say I have unbounded faith in the future of our 
 lovely valley as a place for successful fruit culture. Cultivate freely ; 
 fertilize generously ; work plenty of brains into the business, and he who 
 is not satisfied with the result must be hard indeed to please. 
 
 Yours sincerely, 
 
 G. C. MILLER.