IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)

fei

1.0

I.I

12.0

1.8

1.25 1.4 1.6

^ 6"

►

<P7

e^h

Photographic

Sciences

Corporation

•17

y
^

^ ^
^^'-

«>'-:'*

23 WEST MAIN STREET

WEBSTER, N.Y. I4S80

(716) 872-4503

'<*)

,<ii

CIHM/ICMH

Microfiche

Series.

CIHM/ICMH
Collection de
microfiches.

Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiquet

Technical and Bibliographic Notea/Notaa tochniquat at bibliographiquaa

Tha Inati^uta haa attamptad to obtain tha baat
original copy availabia for filming. Faaturaa of thia
copy which may ba bibliographically uniqua,
which may altar any of tha imagaa in tha
raproduction, or which may aignificantly changa
tha uaual mathod of filming, ara chackad balow.

QColourad covara/
Couvartura da couiaur

I I Covara damagad/

D
D

Couvartura andommagia

Covara raatorad and/or iaminatad/
Couvartura raataurAa at/ou palliculAa

rn Covar titia miaaing/

titra da couvartura manqua

lourad mapa/
Cartaa gAographiquaa an couiaur

I I Colourad mapa/

□ Colourad ink (i.a. oth^r than blua or black)/
Encra da couiaur (i.a. autra qua blaua ou noira)

r~1 Colourad plataa and/or illustrationa/

Planchaa at/ou illuatrations Bn couiaur

Bound with othar material/
RaliA avac d'autras documanta

Tight binding may cauaa shadowa or diatortion
along interior margin/

La raliure serrAe peut causer de I'ombre ou de la
distortion la long de la marge intArieure

BlanI? leaves added during restoration may
appeer within the text. Whenever possible, these
have been omitted from filming/
II se peut que certaines pages blenches ajouttas
lors d'une restauration apparaissent dans la texte.
mais. lorsque cela Atait possible, ces pagea n'ont
pas AtA flimAas.

Additional comments:/
Commentaires supplAmantairas:

L'Institut a microfilm* la meilleur exemplaire
qu'il lui a 4tA poaaible de aa procurer. Lea details
da cat exemplaire qui aont paut-Atre uniquea du
point de vue bibliographique. qui peuvent modifier
une image reproduite, ou qui peuvent exiger une
modification dana la mAthode norinale de fiimage
aont indiquAa ci-dessous.

□ Coloured pages/
Pages de couleur

D
D
D
D

Pages damaged/
Pages endommagtea

Pages restored and/or laminated/
Pages restaurtes at/ou pellicul6es

Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/
Pages d6color6es, tachettes ou piquAes

Pages detached/
Pages ditachtes

Tl
tc

P'
o
fi

O
bi
tt

fi
si

I I Shnwthrough/

Transparence

r~n Quality of print varies/

Quality inigaia de I'lmpression

Includes supplementary material/
Comprend du materiel supplAmentaire

I — I Only edition available/

Seule Mition disponible

Pages wholly or partially obacurad by erreta
slips, tissues, etc., have been refilmed to
enaure the best possible image/
Lea pages totalement ou partiellement
obscurcies par un feuiilet d'errata, une pelure,
etc.. ont AtA film6es A nouveau de fapon i
obtenir la meilieure image possible.

Tl
si
Tl
w

di
ei
bi

ril
rfl
m

This item is filmed et the reduction ratio checked below/

Ce document est film* au taux de reduction indiqu* ci-dessous

10X 14X 18X 22X

26X

30X

12X 16X aOX 24X 28X 32X

Th« copy filmad hara has baan raproducad thanka
to tha ganarotity of:

Library Division

Provincial Archives of British Columbia

L'axamplaira filmA ffut raproduit grica A la
gAnArotit* da:

Library Division

Provincial Archives of British Columbia

Tha Imagas appaaring hara ara tha bast quality
poasib^a considaring tha condition and lagibility
of tha original copy and in Icaaping with tha
filming contract apacificationa.

Original copias in printad papar covart ara filmad
baginning with tha front covar and anding on
tha laat paga with a printad or iilustratad impraa-
sion, or tha back covar whan appropriata. Ail
othar original copiaa ara filmad baginning on tha
first paga with a printad or iilustratad impras-
sion, and anding on tha last paga with a printad
or iilustratad imprassion.

Tha last racordad frama on each microfiche
shall contain the symbol — ^ (meaning "CON-
TINUED"), or the symbol V (meaning "END"),
whichever applies.

Maps, plates, charts, etc.. may be filmed at
different reduction ratios. Those too large to be
entirely included in one exposure are filmed
beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to
right and top to bottom, as many frames as
required. The following diagrams illustrate the
method:

Lea imagaa auivantaa ont AtA raproduitas avac la
plua grand aoin. compta tanu da la condition at
da la nattat* da l'axamplaira film*, at en
conformit* avac las conditions du contrat da
filmaga.

Las exemplairas originaux dont la couvartura en
papier est imprimAa sont filmAs •!% commandant
par la premier plat at en terminant soit par la
darniire paga qui comporta una amprainte
d'imprassion ou d'illustration. aoit par la second
plat, salon le cas. Tous lea autras exemplairas
originaux sont filmAs an commen^ant par la
premiere pafia qui comporta una emprainta
d'imprassion ou d'illustration at an terminant par
la darniire paga qui comporta una telle
empreinte.

Un des symboles suivants apparaitra sur la
darniire image de cheque microfiche, selon le
cas: le symbols -^ signifie "A SUIVRE". le
symbols V sigttifie "FIN ".

Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc.. peuvent Atre
film*s A des taux da reduction diffirants.
Lorsque le document est trop grand pour Atra
reproduit en un seul clich*. il est film* A partir
de Tangle supArieur gauche, de gauche A droite.
et de haut en bas, an prenant le nombre
d'images nAcessaire. Les diagrammas suivants
illustrent la mAthode.

■■

BP""'"

^^^^^^^f

■ V'l' ■■■ ' ■ '.'

■:■''• ■ '.-:i

Tny;

V '.

'^gg^^SSSSm

'■-''■■ ■ ;..■-■: :_:.

BF-

i.ii

'H'

:•';■,'-

'AB A Fi|p> WP

EMIG

Ktm

INVESTMINT.

•31
1 1

BRITISH COLUMBIA

«•'

AS A FIELD FOR

EMIGRATION

AND

INVESTMENT.

VICTORIA, B. C, :

PRurriD BT Richard Wolfendbn, Printbr to tub QuHur*!

Most Excellrnt Majkhtt.

1891.

CVi".'

not
geiK
but
and
of 1
exhi

Bbitish Columbia.

INTRODUCTION.

The following pages are offered to the emigrating public,
not because they are thought to be adequate to supply the
general want of information about this important Province,
but in order to arouse in the right class an interest in it,
and to indicate in brief those avenues for the employment
of labour and capital which it is purposed to treat more
exhaustively in future pamphlets.

S2683

Information fob EMiaiuNT&

Cp'wtbb I.

What an Emigrant may expect, and what
expected of him-

may be

When a man determines upon the grave step of leaving
his native land, breaking many of those ties, and surren-
dering many of those comforts which make life enjoyable,
it is only reasonable that he should do so in the expectation
of some recompense.

It is true that there are individuals who emigrate out of
sheer caprice, or from a desire to escape the responsibilities
of their home life, or because they " have made the place
too hot to hold them," or for some other motive equally
unworthy. But it must be understood that information is
not provided for such as these, and that they are net
invited to repeat their social experiments in this Province.

The welcome emigrant has a right to expect three things
— a Livelihood, a Home, and a Fortune. Probably there
is hardly a man who leaves his old home without expecting
these. It may be worth while then to define more closely
than perhaps he is accustomed to do for himself these
objects of his desire, especially in their relation to British
Columbia, that he may know from the outset how far he
may be justified in his hopes, and beyond what limits they
become unreasonable and visionary. For it is a matter of
common experience that, whereas reasonable hopes are a
valuable and salutary stimulus to exertion, exorbitant
expectations paralyze industry and end in despair.

Every emigrant expects at least the necessaries of life
— ^food, clothes and lodging. Now, it may be stated
as a fact that for an honest, industrious man to be
in a condition in which he is not able to make a decent
living is inconceivable in British Columbia. For the most
part, those who live in Canada read with horror and dismay
of the congestion of population in the cities of the old
world. Of course, in the great centres of life in the Eastern

6 British Columbia.

States of America a stratum of absolute prverty exists.
In the new towns of the Far West it is quite unknown.
There are no *' poor people " in the sense in which that term
is used in the United Kingdom. And it may be safely
stated that many thousands may come into British Colum-
bia before the wages point sinks to anything which
approaches " sweating."

But this statement must not be misunderstood. The
capital at present existing in the country could not employ
any feuch numbers, were they to flood the labour market at
once. Even as it is, men frequently have to wait some time
before they find employment, and unsuitable men have
always difiCculty in finding work. But the fact remains
that there is no permanent poverty, and that it will pay
employers in every branch of labow^^ for many years to
comCf to hire men at wages which n England would be
regarded as very liberal indeed.

Every man who voluntarily leaves a home, however
lowly, has a right to expect to find another. A home im-
plies all facilities for domestic life ; i. e., a sufliciency to
support a wife and family, education for children, agreeable
social intercourse, avenues of occupation for children when
they grow up, and the means of supplying every need
which a prudent man may anticipate before he will under-
take the risk of marriage. Now the industrious marry-
ing man is a most welcome addition to a new coun-
try, and the writer firmly believes that there is no country
in which facilities for domestic life are more amply provided
than in this Province. Indeed, it may be said that married
life is cheaper than single life. Wages in every occupation
are sufficient to maintain a family, education is free, the
climate is a singularly favourable one for children, young
married people predominate in the population, and there is
not a healthy boy bom whose future career need cause a
moment's anxiety to his father. This applies to all classes
of society. One cannot live for long in the country without
remarking with surprise the readiness, one might be
inclined to say hardihood, with which young people assume
.the responsibilities of married life. Yet this is not from

Infobmatioh fob Emioramts. 7

improvidence, for it is generally the more provident and
thrifty man who marries, but because young people need
not assume a position beyond their means, they do not
sa'^rifice the friendship of their own class by economical
behaviour, and the wife, no matter what her former train-
ing, boldly accepts the natural duty of being a help-meet
to her husband.

It is the desire of the Govern ment of this Province th t
all emigrants should be settlers indeed ; that they should
seek to permanenoi^ ^..^tablish themselves in the country of
their adop * n, to link their fortunes with it, and to regard
it as their home. Although some license is to be allowed
to sentiment in speaking of the Mother Country, it is
greatly to be deplored when the new-comer does not wish
to take root, when he wants to " make his pile " and then
go " home " to spend it. A good Government is not to be
blamed if it discourages by every means in its power such a
class of emigrants from whatever country, while it under-
takes, in all possible ways, to render the bond fide settler
prosperous, happy and contented.

Few men are contented with the necessities of life : they
must, at least, have a prospect of something more. And it
will be generally found that the desire of reasonable men
is towards the acquisition of a sufficiency to enable them to
pass the later years of their lives without the need of ex"
rtion. Their opinion as to the sum requisite for such a
future may vary, and does vaiy very considerably accord-
ing to circumstances, but whatever that sum n 'y be it is to
them a fortune.

It may be assumed, then, that those conditions wiiivh
can assure to any industrious man such a competency after,
say, twenty years of steady work, will fulfil the third of
the before mentioned expectations.

Now the faciKtiep which exist, and which can be shown
will continue to exist for many years to come, for the
profitable investment of savings in British Columbia would
greatly astonish the inhabitants of an older country. The
rise in land values alone, and this not at speculative but at
legitimate rates, as population comes in to a new country,

British Columbia.

is unparalleled. It may be safely said that there is not a
labouring man who has bought himself a plot of land near
any of the towns of this Province whose property has not
doubled, trebled or quadrupled in the past four years.

But it is not in land alone that such an avenue for in-
vestment exists. An undeveloped country is thirsty for
capital. It can repay with liberal interest all money which
is expended in almost any industry. So that whether a
man may chose to invest his savings in real property, or in
the extension of his own trade or industry, he will, with
ordinary prudence, be certain to reap a large increase.
That such a statement is borne out by facts will be seen
when the wide-spread prosperity of the people resident in
the Province is regarded ; when it is realized that 60 per
cent, of the houses in such a city as Victoria are owned by
their occupants ; that, though there are few rich men, and
those chiefly rich in real estate, yet the personal property is
taxed at over $1 1,000,000, probably not more than two-thirds
of its actual value; and that a quite insignificant proportion
brought any money with them at all into the Colony beyond
a sufficiency for the needs of the moment. The case of
Victoria is not exceptional, but is paralleled in every city
throughout the Province, and there is no reason whatever
to doubt its continuance, as the country becomes better
known and its resources more thoroughly developed.

Of course, phenomenal instances, and those not a few,
of sudden prosperity might also be cited. But with prudent
men the ordinary well assured prospects of a competency
will have more weight than those of possible speculative
success.

From the foregoing remarks, the intending emigrant can
judge whether British Columbia is likely to fulfil his ex-
pectations in regard to the three essential hopes of the new
settler. He will find more particular information as regards
the relative prospects of different occupations in subsequent
chapters.

Buti it will only he fair to expect him in return to con-
sider the other side of the question, and to ask himself what

h(
fo

Information for Emigrants.

he, for his part, is prepared to give the country in return
for what it can offer him.

Now there are three things which may reasonably be
expected of him — Health, Industry, and Loyalty.

The man broken in health should not emigrate. It is
unfair to himself and to the country he is going to make
his home.

There cannot be provided, in these new places, such
means for battling with chronic disease as exist in long
established countries. He throws himself upon the charity
of strangers, and the most they tan do is to send him back
to his friends. The writer of this pamphlet has had ex-
ceptional opportunities of observing the very wide-spread
and unostentatious benevolence of British Columbians; but
there are always sufficient opportunities for its exercise in
the misfortunes inherent in life without burdening it with
the support ot strangers who imagine no personal disquali-
fications will hinder them from succeeding in a new country.
The reverse is the truth, for wliere there is an unusual
demand for personal vigour and energy, the sickly, physi-
cally incapable man must assuredly go to the wall.

A still more insuperable bar to success is to be found in
a certain class of emigrant. The boy who has never been
brought up to exert himself, who despises manual labour,
and who has not the brains for professional work, is one of
the saddest phases of colonial life. He becomes the pariah
of the streets, despisec i by honest labourers and shunned by
his own class. He drags on a useless existence upon remit-
tances from home, and, if he does not return, sinks into
that residuum of civilized life which is the spawning ground
of criminality.

But there is yet another qualification for the colonist.
It is not sufixcient that he be healthy and industrious to
make him a really welcome addition to the country. He
must be loyal. That is to say, he must recognize his duties
to the country ; he must feel the same interest, or a kin-
dred one, to that he feels in his native land ; he must not
harbour the thought that he has come to get what he can
and go away again. For the attitude he adopts towards

British Columbia.

his new home will greatly affect both his conduct as a
citizen and his behaviour in social life.

While colonists, as a rule, are most sympathetic and well
disposed towards newcomers, suffering from the first shock
of transplantation, they cannot but dislike the chronic
grumbler or alien-hearted individual; and for such an one
their compassion soon changes into scorn.

It is a matter of experience that the exhibition of this
discontented spirit is very disproportionate to the value of
the sacrifice that has been made ; that whereas those who
have been subject to much greater privations and much
more humiliating conditions than they are ever likely to
meet with in a colony, are often the first to assume airs of
departed greatness and to repine at their lot; others, who
have sacrificed happy homes and many little luxuries to
their desire for honest independence, endure with cheer-
fulness such hardships as fall to their share.

Chapter II.

Farming and Clearing.

Where circumstances differ so widely as those which
attend farming in the Old Country from those in a colony,
it is difficult to arrive at a just estimate of the relative
profits without a systematic comparison.

It is owing to the lack of such a comparison that very
erroneous impressions prevail among would-be emigrants,
and that while some form expectations which are destined
never to be realized, others are discouraged at the outset
from undertaking an enterprise which would almost cer-
tainly be attended with profitable results.

The farm labourer who has been accustomed to regard
the possession of land as the sign of affluence and comfort,
cannot imagine there is any dark side to a condition of
things where land is to be obtained for practically nothing .
On the other hand, the farmer who has been accustomed to

Information for Emigrants.

employ labour to the extent and at the low rate current in
the Old Country, cannot believe any profit possible where
it commands the high rates which rule in the colonial
markets.

It will be seen that both are wrong. In the first case,
the man who pre-empts land must understand that he
acquires the right to a certain tract hitherto untouched by
cultivation of any sort. In many instances dense forests
await his attack, before he can grow even the amount pro-
duced upon the quarter acre of garden ground he left at
home. The choicest piece of his property is probably an
alder bottom, upon which a rich deposit of alluvial soil and
vegetable mould will reward the successful cultivator with
phenomenal crops. But he has to clear, and to some extent
drain this land before he can hope for reward. The skilful
pioneer from the Eastern Provinces is familiar with the
aspect of "Nature unadorned," but the British labourer,
who has been accustomed to look upon nothing but the
plough lands of his own district, becomes terribly disheart-
ened when he is brought face to face with the realities of
the backwoods. Not that he need despair. His prospectg
of a free and happy life were never greater ; but he must
be prepared for the effort of becoming his own master by
gaining the mastery over Nature.

On the other hand, there is no such insuperable ob-
stacle in the rate of wages as an emigrant farmer
imagines. It is true that he must be content with em-
ploying a much smaller number of hands upon his farm;
he must also be content with at first cultivating a smaller
area of land; but against these drawbacks he Tiust set the
fact that he is rid of many serious responsibilities attending
the presence of a large and poor agricultural population,
and that the land he occupies is his own, which, without
the use of expensive manures, he is gradually bringing
under cultivation, tV-ua ever increasing the area of his farm
lands and the value of his estate till it is ready to compare
with the property of his former landlord, for which he was
paving a high rent. More than this, he will find that all
the land of the country in which he has made his home,

British Columbia.

instead of decreasing in value, or at best remaining station-
ary, is rising, and that in many localities in a ratio beyond
his most sanguine expectations.

It must be clearly understood by intending emigrants
that they have the choice of two distinct kinds of agricul-
tural employment — farming ar clearing. If they wish to
prosecute the former they must purchase land upon which
sufficient improvements have been already put to enable
them to get to work at once, and they must take into con.
sideration such questions as the vicinity of a good market
and facilities for handling their crops at least expense. In
this case, it will be found generally that the best policy is
to be content with a moderate sized farm, in a good neigh-
borhood, at a relatively high price, rather than a much
larger property at a lower figure without the same advan.
tages of market.

If, however, their circumstances or inclination should
induce them to prefer the alternative of clearing rather
than cultivating, with a view to greatly enhancing the
value of Crown lands for future sale, they must be prepan^d
to face a life of isolation and hard labour for some years,
and they should take into consideration prospective govern,
ment or corporation improvements which may have the
effect of greatly bettering their position as regards market
facilities and correspondingly enhancing the value of their
holding at an early date.

The prospects for successful farming depend, like those
of every other trade, upon supply and demand. The
demand must be shown to be a good one, and the capacity
for supplying that demand must be proved to be sufficient
to insure a good profit.

While in the remote districts of this Province, which it
must be borne in n\md is one-third larger in area than the
whole German Empire, the demand for farm produce is
naturally at present very limited, wherever there has been
any tendency towards town population it greatly exceeds
the supply. In all the cities of the coast farm produce is
extraordinarily high in price, and large quantities of eggs,
butter, vegetables and breadstutfs are imported. There are

Information for Emigrants.

two principal reasons why this should have been the case in
the past. British Columbia made its first reputation as a
fur trading and gold mining country. This fact naturally
caused a determination of import traders to its cities, and
people became accustomed to the idja of subsisting for the
most part upon imported goods. The country, too, was
very vast in area ; communication was exceedingly difficult,
and the means of existence had to be conveyed to the
interior in the most concentrated forms. With the ex^
ception, then, of a few cattle ranches, the beasts from
which could be driven long distances, farming to any extent
was hardly thought of. Again, even in the neighborhood
of the towns, the land was so densely wooded as to dis-
courage individual attempts at clearing. The lighter
growths were upon a dry and gravelly soil, so that though
they were speedily occupied, and after a sort cultivated,
they did not return very encouraging results. With com-
paratively few exceptions,, their cultivators were not
farmers, but men of various occupations, who availed
themselves of the cheapness of the land to engage in agri-
cultui-al pursuits with little or no knowledge of the subject.
Even under these adverse circumstances industrious men
have done remarkably well ; but hampered as they have
been at the start by lack of capital and ignorance of the
right way set out, many have become mere squatters,
cultivating a few acres of the land they have occupied and
allowing the rest to remain, year after year, untouched and
unimproved.

The aspect of things is now entirely changed. Railway
communication has brought large areas of excellent land
within reach of a market. The good roads, which it has
been the pride of the Government to make and maintain in
a condition which excites the surprise and admiration of our
neighbours, provide every facility for the suburban farmer
to bring his produce to market. But still there is as great
a demand as ever for foreign produce, and a correspondingly
large importation. For the cities have increased at a rate
far in excess of the acreage brought under cultivation, and
there is every reason to believe they will continue for many

British Oolumbia.

years to increase in the same, or nearly the same, ratio.
There may be said, then, to be in British Columbia a prac-
tically unlimited demand for all sorts of agricultural produce.

Vancouver Island.

A few words may be necessary to conrey a just impres-
sion of the nature of the supply. Speaking in general
terras, there are three areas of cultivated farming lands :
the Vancouver Island districts, the Fraser districts, and the
interior district of Okanagan.

The first of these include all lands lying within what
may be called possible range of the Victoria and Nanaimo
markets. The south-east coast of Vancouver Island, and
the islands adjacent to it, contain a very considerable
extent of good land for mixed farming. To convey some
idea of this it may be stated that over 70,000 acres
have been occupied in the immediate neighbourhood of
Victoria alone. That is to say, 70,000 have been con-
sidered worth purchase for agricultural purposes, and
allowing 10,000 of this to be unfit for cultivation, there
would still be 60,000 capable of producing crops. But of
tha 60,000 acres probably not more than 8,000 or 10,000
are cultivated, and of these a very small proportion can be
considered to be highly cultivated.

The land, which is of fair average quality, may be readily
classified according to the timber grown upon it. Upon the
wettest ground of the valleys willows prevail ; upon the flat
bottom lands, when not too swampy, alders and black
poplar. This land is generally considered the most fertile.
The subsoil is a stiff grey bolder clay, with a varying depth
of black mould of great richness. The land is cold, and
would be much improved by sub-draining, which, however
is not much practised. The higher lands, which are chiefly
of sandy loam, grow the great forest trees, and these present
the chief obstacle to clearing. With patience, however,
much may be done, and the land amply repays trouble
expended upon it. In the neighbourhood of Victoria there
is another class of land which, as has been stated above,
was the first to invite agricultural operations. This was

'I.

Information for Emigrants.

once covered with stunted oak trees — "oak scrub," with a
few larger spejimens here and there where some local
condition favoured their increased growth. Most of this
land, which is not of very great extent, has been cleared,
but from the very dry, gravelly nature of the soil, conveys
a poor impression of Vancouver Island property, of which
it is probably the worst specimen. Although, however, as
grain producing land, it is not to be recommended, it has
been proved of considerable value for fruit trees, having for
the most part a southerly exposure, and the soil when
irrigated exhibiting much greater powers of productiveness
than would be supposed. Indeed, the generally high average
of fertility of these virgin soils under proper treatment is
very remarkable. Circumstances here greatly favour the
prosecution of small farming. The quality of the farms is
so mixed, the bush is so dense, and there are so many inter-
vening valleys and ridges that the extensive operations of
the large farmer would demand an outlay of capital which
the area of his cultivated land would hardly justify. On
the other hand, the demand for every kind of dairy produce
and vegetables makes the labour of the small cultivator very
remunerative, and the comparatively limited extent of suit-
able land will always render high cultivation profitable.
When a man can, besid<;s making a good living, bring the
value of his land up from £4 or £5 per acre to £30 or £40
— which latter would certainly not be an excessive price for
really highly worked farms — there is every inducement to
careful cultivation.

It is a mistake which has been frequently made, and the
fallacy of which has been repeatedly exposed, that in a
rough country rough methods pay best. A rough method
is always an expensive method. The most profitable farm
is that in which the stock or crop producing capacity of the
land is forced to the uttermost, and where all refuse is
returned to the soil.

The policy of farmers in such conditions as those which
are presented above, is undoubtedly towards the high culti-
vation of small farms, say of 30 to 60 acres, the profits
from which, as their children grow up, will amply provide
them with means to gradually bring more of their waste

British Columbia.

land under the plough. It ha.s been frequently proved that
farms of the above size, where there is a good market, pay
well, and the writer of this pamphlet would earnestly invite
the attention of Old Country farmers with a little capital
to the advantages offered th-^m in these distriita. Such
men are very much needed, and would certainly find that
the position of the farmer hero contrasts favoural)ly in
every respect with that at home; indeed, that it fulfils every
demand that the most extreme advocate of small farming
could insist upon.

Lower Fraser.

The circumstances which attend farming on the Fraser
are similar in many respects to those of the Island, but it
may be said that on the average the land is better and less
mixed in (jaality. The lands of the Delta have long been
known as unexcelled for fertility of soil. Enormous crops
of hay can be raised upon dyked lands with very littlft cul'
tivation, and roots of all sorts grow to a size which is almost
beyond belief. It was many years before any systematic
attempt at dyking on a large scale was attempted, conse-
quently the only land capable of cultivation was that nearest
the sea, which could be reclaimed by individual effort. Of
this many thousand acres have been now reclaimed by
private owners, and the various Municipalities are doing
much to help, by making dykes of considerable extent.

These lands admit, no doubt, of treatment on a larger
scale than the more heavily timbered farms of the Island,
but it is highly probable that the small holding system will
be productive of much better results both to the country
and the farmer. To the former the presence of a compara-
tively dense and prosperous community of agricultuists
cannot but be beneficial in every way, and to the farmer
himself the association of neighbours, healthy competition,
and the power of numbers in achieving any object of mutual
benefit are most essential aids to prosperity and comfort.
There are in New Westminster district alone about 200,000
acres of land upon which improvements have been put, and
a very large proportion of these is capable of a high degree
of cultivation. Another 500,000 acres may be added to the

Information for Emigrants.

larger

above for land situated within what are called the Munici.
palities, which are adjacent districts, each possessing its
own local authorities and controlling its own affairs. The
chief markets are Vancouver and New Westminster, both
cities growing at a rate which precludes the likelihood of
any possible over supply of farm produce.

Okanagan.

A comparatively new district, of great beauty, fertility
and almost unlimited possibilities, is being placed within
reach of a market by the new Shuswap and Okanagan rail-
way and lake navigation. This district may be described
as a belt of land extending from the shores of the great
Shuswap lake, in a southerly direction, to the boundary line
between British Columbia and the United States. For
many years the value of the land has been recognized, and
some large cattle ranches and grain farms have been carried
on successfully by their enterprising owners. But the
inaccessibility of the country and the absence of any avail-
able market discouraged settlers, and it is only quite recently
that the capabilities of the district for mixed and fruit
farming have been fully realized.

The railway, which joins the Canadian Pacific at Sica-
mouse, will render accessible some 400,000 acres of most
excellent land in a country of peculiar beauty and health-
fulness of climate. As regards this latter point, it may be
well to remind the emigrant that there is no part of the
American continent which so nearly compares with the best
climate of Motherland as British Columbia. It is fre-
quently a matter of surprise with visitors from Eastern
Canada and the United States how great a resemblance
exists, and how coming into the temperate regions of this
favoured province seems almost like going home to the Old
Country. The balance is indeed much in favour of the new
one, the seasons being very much more certain. It is rarely
that a crop cannot be harvested in good condition, such a
contingency having arisen only once in the last fifteen years.

Gentlemen Farmers.

Since this pamplet is intended to supply information to
every class of suitable emigrant, it will not be amiss here to

British Columbia.

refer to the prospects of that ever increasing section of the
emigrating public, which may be described under the above
title. Although, to a certain extent, an erroneous classifi.
cation, the writer intends it to comprise those who, nob
having been brought up to the profession of agriculture, are
impelled by circumstances or their inclinations to seek a
home in the agricultural distri lo of this province, and to
whom, though not absolutely dependent upon the proceeds
of their farming, the profitable management of a small
property is of the utmost importance Fathers of families
who wish to settle their boys, and who have no occupation
at home which prevents their taking the very best steps
under the circumstances, going tvith them ; retired officers
of both services ; Anglo-Indians, who do not care to settle
down in the United Kingdom, and men of small incomes
and large families, who find the obligations of Old Country
life in their own station more than they can afibrd ; these
form a large class of desirable emigrants if they succeed in
establishing themselves under favourable conditions. They
are desirable because their tone and culture are of the
greatest value in a new world where personal influence is
more felt by far than in the old one. They are of value,
too, because they convey a more just impression of Old
Country life and manners than those unfortunate waifs of
the better class whose outrageous behaviour so often pre-
judices sensible Canadians and Americans against the class
they represent. British Columbia is particularly well
adapted to the requirements of such as these. Of all places
outside the Old Country it is perhaps the most homelike in
general character, and the temperate climate, good sport,
and accessibility make it well suited as a place of residence.
There are already several localities in which the predomi-
nating element of the settlers is drawn from this class, and
where life resembles closely country life at home. It has
often been a subject of discussion among the writer and his
friends whether a poor gentleman can live more cheaply in
this country than at home. Against this view the high
price of clothing, and many other articles, has been cited;
but in favour of it has been urged the greater freedom from

Information for Emiqrants.

unnecessary expenses incidental to the maintenance of a
certain rank, the cheapness of land, free education, low
taxes, and, above all, the possibility of settling children in
an independent position so impossible in the overcrowded
state of Old Country trades and professions.

It has always appeared to the writer that the balance is
largely in favour of this province, and that though life may
in some respects seem harder, it is in many respects happier.
Of course, there might be reason for hesitation before
adopting such a life, were there necessity of isolation
from all congenial society and from all current literature;
but when it is realized that the latter is as easy to obtain
as at home, and that almost every new book worth reading
can be purchased in reprint at a quarter of its original
price, while well educated and agreeable companions may be
met with in almost any locality, it will be seen that no
very great sacrifice beyond that of leaving home is
demanded.

Clearing.

Su£5cient has been said to show that there is a first-rate
opening in t^is province for the bona fide farmer. It
remains that ^ jme reference be made to the more hardy and
adventurous pursuit of the pioneer.

For this an entirely diflerent temperament is requisite, as,
indeed, it is an entirely different occupation. Sufficient
attention has not perhaps hitherto been drawn to this fact,
and consequently men have come from cultivated countries
to the backwoods with altogether wrong impressions of the
kind of work they were about to undertake, and have
become hopelessly disheartened at circumstances with which,
had they been prepared for them, they would have been
able to cope.

The work of the pioneer may be described briefly as con-
sisting in pre-empting, occupying and improving Crown
lands. Government land may be taken up by settlers in
blocks of 160 acres per man, if west of the Cascade moun-
tains, and 320 if east. It must be resided upon and
improved ; then, in four years, a title to it may be obtained

British Columbia.

on payment of $1 (4s. 2d.) per acre. After a certain
amount of improvement in the way of clearing, fencing,
draining, etc., has been made, and should the property be
well situated, the pre-emption ranks as an improved farm
and becomes a more or less valuable freehold, by the sale of
which, should he be desire to part with it, the fortunate
owner will be amply recouped for the outlay of his time
and labour.

It will bo seen that the work of the most successful
pioneer is always to a certain extent speculative. He goes
in advance of a market, and trusts that in a few years time
it will follow him. Those years have to be spent in a very
rough and isolated life, so it requires a man of some deter,
mination and energy, of an adventurous spirit and sound
judgment, and, above all, of good robust health, to make a
successful backwoodsman. Hitherto such have been found
chiefly among immigrants from Eastern Canada. Brought
up among the woods from their youth, skilled in every
rough and ready method for overcoming the difficulties
which the situation presents, expert at picking up a living
by the chase and by rough farming they make the right
sort of men to encourage to this undertakin;?. The writer
has met individuals of this class who have prosecuted such
work as a regular proi ssion, never staying permanently on
their various pre-emp ns, never wishing to make a home
except for a few years, ind becoming steadily enriched by
the prices they obtain I for their farms as the edge of
civilization reached the- .

There are great opportunities in the country for such
men. The enormous extent of little known territory will
undoubtedly gradually become settled, wherever the quality
of the land justifies cultivation. Railways will be pushed
in every direction where there is good land for settlement
or valuable minerals to be extracted, and these railway's
will increase the value of all property in their neighbourhood
a hundred fold.

The present Government is anxious that the resources of
the country should be thoroughly examined and developed.
To this end survey parties have been sent into various

rel
anj
an|

set

th<|
no|
to I
of

COl

doi
cor

Information for Emigrants.

a certain
[, fencing,
'operty be
)ved farm
the sale of

fortunate
' his time

successful

He goes
ears time
in a very
ine deter,
nd sound
> make a
)en found

Brought
in every
ifficultics
) a living
;ho right
e writer
ted such
ently on

&. home
ched by

edge of

or such
5ry will
quality
pushed
tlement
ailwa^'s
}urhood

irces of
eloped,
various

remote districts in order to ascertain the extent of good
and, to lay off townships, locate centres of distributioni
and to aid by reliable information those who may wish to
settle.

As an instance of the success of this plan may be cited
the exploration this summer — 1890 — of a region to the
north of the Chilcotin country, hitherto little known except
to a few fur traders and prospectors. Hundreds of thousands
of acres of valuable land have been located in a beautiful
country with an excellent climate, and there can be little
doubt that at no very distant d .^e a large and prosperous
community will be established there.

It would appear to the writer that good work might be
done in such a case as the above by combined effort ; that
an emigration society might establish an entire settlement
under conditions which would repay all outlay and return
a good profit on the undertaking.

Such schemes have been already attempted in the North-
West, whore the rigours of the climate, the extreme uncer-
tainty of the harvest, and the prevalence of devastating
fires and storms have rendered the venture a far more
hazardous one than it could possibly be in British Columbia.

Cattle Grazing.

There is one branch of farming peculiar to tha grass
ranges of the Interior, where excellent facilities aie afforded
for its prosecution. The rolling hill-sides of the tastern
slope of Coast range, and the many similar tab-ls lands
found throughout this elevated region, are clothed with a
natural grass of the most nutritious qualities. 'Chis, the
famous '* bunch grass " of the stock-raiser, provides, a better
feed than any pasture known. Unfortunately, in those
districts which have been longest occupied, this i avaluable
grass has been in many places destroyed— -eaten ou.t by over-
stocking. Where this has taken place it has been generally
superseded by the sage bush, which although a tolerably
good food, does not compare with the grass. Bi inch grass
is not found much to the north of latitude 53", where it
yields to red top, blue joint and other natur 9I grasses.
There are, however, excellent facilities for st oek-raising

British Columbia.

even so far north, for these grasses make good fodder, and
grow to a height which makes it profitable to cut them for
winter feed.

Stock-raising is pre-eminently the farming of the rich
man. It cannot be engaged in successfully without con-
siderable capital, and though the profits are large the risks
are usually greater than those undertaken by the small
farmer. Yet in none of its forms can farming be regarded
as a risky occupation in this province. There are, of
course, the vicissitudes of the seasons to expect, as else-
where, but 10 is questionable whether any other country
could be pointed out having greater immunity from the
terrors of the farmer — drought, storm, and destructive
pests.

Chapter III.

Mining

Thore is no field in which enterprise may be more profit-
ably employed than in the mining regions of British
Columbia ; there is none in which rash and imprudent
attempts are more likely to be productive of disastrous
results.

Past experience has made the residents of this province
exceedingly cautious of embarking in such operations, and
with reason, for some of them have paid dearly for their
experience.

The comparative facility with which placer mining was
carried on in the early days of the gold disccvpries, and the
success which attended these undertakings, induced many
to turn their attention to the more serious and expensive
work '»f quartz mining, buoyed up by the undoubtedly
promising assays which on all sifles rewai'ded the prospector
Ditnculties of transport and cost of development were not
realized, and shares were readily taken in companies which,
being formed in good faith, were yet of necessity subject to
aU the vicissitudes of mining enterprise in its infancy.

Shareholders who had expected speedy c'ividends soon
became disheartened, and failure was the inevitable result.

>dder, and
I them for

E the rich
ihout con-
! the risks

the small
3 regarded
e are, of
t, as else-
■T country

from the
estructive

)re profit-
f British
n prudent
lisastrous

province
ons, and
for their

ling was
, and the
ed many
xpensive
oubtedly
ospector
vere not
s which,
ibject to
icy.

ids soon
i result.

Information for Emigrants.

A brighter period has dawned since railway construction.
Men thoroughly competent to administer mining properties
are coming into the country, and there is every reason to
believe that the era of successful quartz operations has
begun.

Mining for the precious metals should not be regarded
otherwise than as a perfectly legitimate undertaking.
Where proper prudence is exercised good returns may be
confidently anticipated ; nor should the preliminary expen-
diture necessary to establish the value of a claim be so
excessive as to preclude the attempts of men of moderate
capital. It is only when the fever of expectation carries
the public beyond all bounds that opportunity is afforded
unscrupulous men of floating wild-cat schemes upon easily
gulled speculators.

Such a point has never yet been reached in this province.
There is a great absence of speculation in mining properties,
and those who undertake this form of enterprise do it with
the honest determination of making the property, not sharxj-
holders, pay for their expenditure. No " wild-cat" has ever
yet defaced the record of British Columbia mining men.

British Columbia has been proved to be exceedingly rich
in metalliferous deposits. This is only wha^ might have
been expected from its geographical position.

The great metalliferous belts, which are found to corre-
spond roughly with the axes of the Western mountain sys-
tems of the United States and Mexico, might be supposed to
persist with the course of those upheavals through the
province. This is undoubteiUy the case, for wherever ex-
ploration has been made through the 1,200 miles of mountain
ranges which traverse Br'*-ish Columbia, metal-bearing
ledges have been discovered accompanying geological for-
mations which correspond with those of like discoveries
farther south.

There are some notable exceptions to this niJe due to
local modifications in the mountain systems, but such
variations, so far as has been ascertained, are, if anything,
in favour of a wider distribution of the precious metals in
the province.

British Columbia.

I! '<

The principal metalliferous regions of British Columbia,
which extend laterally from the western slopes of the
Rocky Mountains to the coast, and include the Selkirk,
Purcell, Gold, and Cariboo mountains, the interior plateau,
and the Coast ranges, correspond roughly with the regions
of the Cceur d'Alene and Bitter Root Mountains of Idaho
and Montana, the Great Basin of Utah and Nevada, and
the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada.

Through these regions belts, more or less defined, occur
containing valuable deposits of the base and precious metals,
of which those in Cariboo — ^gold gravel and quartz ; in the
Selkirks — argentiferous galena, copper and associated ores ;
in the Nicola — gold and silver sulphurets ; and in the
caflon of the Fraser, gold gravels — have been so far the
most prospected.

" Everything which has been ascertained of tho geological
" character of the province, as a whole, tends to the belief
" that so soon as similar means of travel and transport shall
" be extended to what are still the more inaccessible
" districts, these also will be discovered to be equally rich
" in minerals, particularly in the precious metals, gold and
" silver." (DaxmovUs '■'■Mineral Wealth" p. 15, R.)

Gold.

Gold was first discovered in any considerable quantity in
British Columbia in 1848 upon Queen Charlotte Island.

Although large nuggets were at first obtained from a
reef close to the waters' edge, this was soon found to dip
into the sea, and after various disasters the enterprise was
abandoned, some $20,000 of gold having been extracted.

In 1858 the great gold discovery of the Fraser was made,
and in the first two years several million dollars' worth of
the precious metal was obtained.

A few years later, as the stream of mining prospectors
penetrated further into the country, the Cariboo, Omineca,
and Cassiar regions were respectively opened out.

Subsequently small local discoveries have been made in
various districts, and almost every year fresh sources of
the gold supply come to light. Altogether about $55,000,000

Information for Emigrants.

have baen taken out of the province, the present annual
output amounting to from $-500,003 to $600,000.

The discovery and working of the rich placers of tlie
Fraser are now mxttf^rs of history. In the years ISoS,'
1859, a very large amount of gold was extracted, and some-
thing like thece million dollars' worth is considered a
moderate estimate of the amount derived from this source
since 1860. Although little is heard outside the province
of this industry now-a-days, there is still an annual output
of between $100,000 and $200,000 (£20,000 to .£40,000).
The rich benches which were abandoned when no longer
remunerative, oft'iir a promising field of enterprise to
hydraulicing companies. In their hands gravel which
could not possibly pay the individual miner to wash will,
no doubt, eventually return large profits, as has be(!n the
case in California, where by the aid of modern appliances
the abindoned placers have been made to yield far larger
and more constant supplies of the precious metal than ever
they did in the days of their first discovery.

The gold discoveries of Cariborj, of Omineca, and Cassiar
were a repetition of those on the Fraser, with even greater
results.

Eaormous sums wive taken out on Williams Creek in
Cariboo, as much as fifty-two pounds weight per day having
been secured in one claim alone for several days in 1862,
and the average of that claim's earnings amounting to
$2,000 per day through the entire season. In 1863 three
claims on this creek yielded $300,000, and twenty claims
produced steadily from 70 to 400 ounces per day. A more
astonishing haul even than any of the above was made in
one day's work on another claim upon the same ground,
when 200 pounds weight of gold worth $38,400 (£7,680)
was taken out. At the present day, although placer mining
is still carried on in a limited way, Cariboo is looked to as
the coming gold quartz district. Strong ledges have been
prospected, and a good deal of work put upon them. An
experimental reduction mill has been erected by the Gov-
ernment, which is anxious in every way to assist in the
establishment of this industry. A railway will certainly

British Columbia.

III

be introduced into the district shortly, means of cheap
transport at present being the greatest bar to development.

Silver and Base Metal Discoveries in Eootenay.

During the process of railway construction through the
Selkirks valuable deposits of argentiferous galena and tetrahe-
drite were discovered not far from the track. Several claims
were taken up in the neighbourhood of the lUecillewaet, a
mountain torrent which discharges into the Columbia near
Revelstoke. Steady work has been done upon these proper-
ties, and there is every reason to expect a large production
of ore from this source.

The ores of the Tllecillewaet District are chiefly argen-
tiferous galena, running from 40 to 120 oz. silver per ton
of 2,000 lbs., and from 50 to 70 per cent. lead. There
are also veins of tetrahedrite, or grey copper, which runs
very high in silver, from 200 to 1,000 oz. Where this
latter is found associated with the galena the average of
silver in the ore is raised proportionately.

The veins occur with a general north-west strike and
south-east dip so far as has been ascertained, though there
are some strong cross courses, in a country rock of black
slates and bedded limestones, probably of Carabro-Siluriau
age. The gangue is chiefly quartz, calc-spar and decomposed
earthy matter impregnated with oxides of lead. The slates
abound in iron pyrites, and zinc is also found associated
with the other ores.

About $25,000 of ore was shipped to San Francisco in
1887-8, averaging 60 oz. silver and 70 per cent. lead.

Further discoveries were made to the south, among the
mountains bordering on the great lakes through which the
Columbia flows. Of these the Toad Mountain camp is,
perhaps, the most famous, very valuable deposits of high
grade ore having been discovered there. The Hot Springs
camp is also the centre point of rich discoveries, and there
are many of er claims, probably of equal value, in the
neighbouring districts. Indeed, this region appears likely
to become one of the most famous lead and silver producing
districts on the American continent, to judge by the size

Information for Emigrants.

and number of the veins and the high average grade of the
ores.

To indicate the high opinion formed in well qualified
circles of the probable value of these discoveries, it may be
mentioned that no less than four railway companies are
seeking to provide them with facilities for shipment.

A large smelter has been already erected at Revelstoke,
and another is nearly completed at Golden, the two crossing
points of the Canadian Pacific Railway over the Columbia.

The ores of the Kootenay may be roughly classified as :

1. Low grade galena, strong veins occurring lowest down

the mountains, running 5 to 30 oz. silver per 2,000
lbs. (as at Hendryx's camp.)

2. High grade galena, with oxides and carbonates of lead

and wire silver ; from 30 to 300 oz. silver (as at the
Hot Springs' camp.)

3. Pyriteous copper ores, averaging from 200 to 700 oz.

silver (as at the Toad Mountain camp.)
When sufficient is known of this region it is probable
that these classes of ores will be found, as in other mining
districts, to range in well defined zones parallel to the axes
of the mountains in which they occur.

Interior Plateau.

The Highland District, between the Gold range on the
East and the Coast range on the west, has been found to
contain many indications of mineral riches. In the Nicola,
considerable development l»as been made upon veins bearing
iron and copper pyrites witli galena, tetrahedrite and asso-
ciated gold and silver sulphurets. At Rock Creek good
hydraulicing claims are being worked. At Cherry Creek a
valuable lead of very high grade argentiferous tetrahedrite
was discovered some years ago, and a company is at present
employed in exploratory work upon it.

Many other prospects have been made in this extensive
district, but with the exception of those mentioned not
much development has been undertaken.

Coal.

Coal constitutes the most important mineral export of
the province at the present day.

British Columbia.

It was discovered upon Vancouver Island as early as
1837, and before 1850 some 10,000 tons had been mined
by the Hudson Bay Company, Since that date about Hve
million tons have been extracted from the Vancouver Island
coal measures, the output of the various mines during the
past year totalling a value of no less than two and a half
million dollars.

The two principal sources of this coal are the Nanaimo
mines, owned by the Vancouver Coal Company, and the
Wellington mines, owned by Mf ssrs. J. and A. Dunsmuir.
The latter company have also recently opened the extensive
coal field of Comox, their new mine, the " Unici.,'' being
s'tuated in that district. These mines together employ
about 3,000 men.

The Vancouver Island coal measures are of cretaceous
formation, and produce a very excellent bituminous coal,
the best at present known upon the Pacilic coast. The
seams are from 6 to 10 feet in thickness.

The chief point of export is San Francisco, where they
hold the market against all other coals imported.

The Nanaimo coal district embraces an area of some two
hundred square miles, that of Comox about three hundred
square miles. The quantity of workable coal in the latter
district has been computed at 16,000,000 tons per square
mile.

Excellent coal has also been discovered on the Queen
Charlotte Islands, and successful borings have been made
in other parts of Vancouver and on some of the adjacent
islands, so that there is every reason to believe that many
new collieries will be established at no very distant date.

Upon the Mainland considerable deposits of lignite have
been found in the districts of the Lower Fraser, also a good
bituminous coal in the Nicola. These occur in the tertiary
formations.

Farther east, there has been an astonishing discovery of
line bituminous coal seams in the Crow's Nest pass of the
Rockies (in the Kootenay District). Here fifteen seams
have been found, two of which are respectively Jourteen
and thirty feet in thickness. This valuable property awaits
railway construction to bring it within reach of a market.

early as
■en mined
ibout Hve
'er Island
luring tho
md a half

Nan aim o
, and the
)unsmuir.
extensive
;i.,'' being
r employ

cretaceous
nous coal,
ast. The

here they

some two
3 hundred
the latter
)er square

he Queen
)een made
5 adjacent
hat many
nt date,
jnite have
Iso a good
le tertiary

scovery of
ass of the
3en seams
Jourteen
rty awaits
a market.

Infokmatign for Emigrants.

2»

Iron.

Magnetic iron ores of a good quality have been found in
several localities, but not much development has so far
been done in this class of mining.

The ores of Texada Island, a large island lying between
the north-east shores of Vancouver Island and the Main-
land, have been worked to a limited extent, present ship-
ments aggregating about 10,000 tons per annum.

The ore is of good quality, containing about 69 per cent,
of iron and only .003 of phosphorus. It is found in len-
ticular masses about 25 feet thick, and is apparently very
abundant. The country rock is a contact of limestone and
granite. Other localities of its occurrence are Sooke, a
district to the extreme south of Vancouver Island ; Harriet
Harbour, Queen Charlotte Island ; Rivers Inlet, Hope,
Nicola and Kamlopps on the Mainland.

Copper.

Copper ore, in considerable quantity, in the form of
pyrites, tetrahedrite, and native copper have, from time to
time, been found in various parts of the province, but
hitherto hardly any mining for that metal has been
attempted.

" In connexion with the mining of the precious metals,
" the output of copper from British Columbia is likely
" before long to become considerable, and it is only a ques-
" tion of time till copper ores shall be worked as such."

Platinum.
Platinum has frequently been met with in the gold
placers. The most remarkable discovery was at Granite
Creek, in the Similkameen District of the Interior. Here
some 3,000 oz. of the metal, in combination with osm-
iridium, were secured during the years 1887, 1888.

It would be beyond the scope of this work to enter more
exhaustively into so technical a subject as that of mining.
Very careful and complete data of explorations and devel-
opment up to the present time have been supplied in a
pamphlet issued by the Dominion Government, entitled
" The Mineral Wealtl. of British Columbia," by Dr.

British Columbia.

Dawson, of the Geological Survey Department of Canada.*
This gentleman, to whom the thanks of all interested in
mining matters in the province are due, has done more than
anyone else to investigate scientifically the mineral deposits
of the country, and the writer would advise those who seek
further information upon the subject to oboain this work.
It remains only to add a few remarks which may prove of
use to any who are desirous of undertaking or investing in
such enterprises.

There are generally three classes of operators in quartz
mining. There is the prospector, who is a man of
local experience, acquired by continuous exploration, but
who has no suflBcient capital for systematic development.
He hunts for good surface croppings, and when he has
found one which, from the quantity of ore in sight, would
appear to justify souie labour being expended on it, he
stakes out a claim 1,500 feet by 600 feet in that direction
which he thinks will include most of the lode. This he
registers in the office of the Recorder of the district in
which it occurs, and holds from the Government until he
can secure a title, by doing $100 worth of development
work upon it per annum. In this way he can obtain a
title in five years. Then there is the small capitalist, who
by obtaining an interest at the outset in some promising
claim is induced to find the funds necessary for its develop-
ment into something like a mine. And, lastly, there if- the
wealthy or influential mining man, who is able to command
sufficient means to purchase and thoroughly work a devel-
oped claim. It is necessary to warn the prospector that
men of this last class will rarely touch such properties as
he may have to oflfer. Their operations are too extensive
to be hampered by preliminary work, and their credit in
the American and European centres of capital is too valuable
to be hazarded on the possible failure that might attend
these early efforts.

It is to the small capitalists that he must turn; they are
his best friends, and he should give them no reason to
doubt his good faith, nor should he readily suspect those

• Montreal, Dawson Bros., 1888. 25c. (Is.)

Information for Emigrants.

whose interests are identical with his own of wishing to
take advantage of him. Any one of practical experience
in elementary mining will know how necessary are these
cautions, for the amicable relations of the two classes are
easily disturbed, on the one hand by the prospector con-
ceiving that his partners are seeking to defraud him of his
rights, or on the other by those who, at considerable pecu-
niary risk have attempted the development of a prospect,
discovering that the original owner values them only so
long as they can be plundered with impunity.

It must be remembered also that the hazard of developing
a claim absolutely precludes the expenditure of any large
sum on its first purchase. Though the assays obtained
from surface specimens of the ore run into the hundreds of
dollars per ton, and though the ledge appears wide and well
defined and rich in mineral, yet until a sufficiently large
body of ore has been exploited to justify the outlay of
capital upon outside works the property is practically of no
value. It is, therefore, to the interests of all parties that
every dollar of the purchase money should be expended in
judicious work upon the claim. Then, if success rewards
the efTorts of the miners, it is fair that the prospector should
receive a good premium on his fortunate discovery.

Chapter IV.

Lumbering.

The growth of the forest trees upon the north-west shores
of the Pacific has always excited the surprise of travellers.

The enormous dimensions attained to by the Douglas Fir
(Abies Douglasii) and the Cedar (Thuja gigantea) are
unequalled by any tree occupying corresponding latitudes
in other countries

It is not, however, the excessive size of individual trees,
but the very high average of the growth and quality of the
timber, which has placed British Columbia in the first rank
as a timber producing country.

British Columria.

Wlifrcas in tlie rastcjii lurnleriii,i,' districts of Canada and
the United States, the timber limits averug(! from 9,000 to
IT), 000 feet per acre, on the Island of Vancouver and the
Mainland coast they run frcni 20,000 to r)00,000 fcet.t and
a very moderate average estimate would lo 30,000 feet per
acre.

Under 20,000 per acre, a timber limit would scarcely bo
considered worth acquiring.

Douglas Fir.

The principal timber cut is that of the Douglas Fir,
which is justly celebrated as the host ship-building timber
in the world, and is also largely used for all building pur-
poses. It is exported to Australia, South America, and
China. The latter trade, which has only of late j^ears
been initiated, bids fair to become of much importance in
the future.

There is great scarcity of lumber in China, and when
once the possibility of obtaining supplies from this province
becomes fully known the demand for it will undoubtedly bo
very considerable. At present there is a ceitain amount of
prejudice against the use of a foreign article to be over-
come, and an import duty, which is regulated per piece of
lumber imported, has confined the trade to large baulks of
timber, which are subsequently cut up on reaching their
destination.

The completing of the Nicaragua canal will greatly
facilitate eastern transport, and will, no doubt, increase
the volume of Atlantic trade in proportion. There
is also a large and rapidly increasing trade with the
province of Manitoba and the North-West Territories,
which are becoming verv considerable consumers of British
Columbia lumber.

The Douglas Fir attains to a height of over 300 feet.
The circumference of the largest specimens, six feet above

+ Messrs. King & Casey, proniiiKiit loggers in the province,
have actually cut and measured 508,CC0 feet of tinibir on an acre in
the Comox district, and this ctae lias been paralleled upon other
occasions. When it is considerid that, contrary to the custom in
the Eastern Provinces, where every tree down to 4 inches in
diameter is cut, those under 2 leet or over 7 feet in diameter are
rarely felled, the much greater average growth on this Coast will at
once be apparent.

Information for Emigrants.

the ground, has been found to range from 30 to 50 feet.
These, as has been previously stated, are not of much com-
mercial importance at present, since they cannot be moved
and sawn economically when of so great a size.

The best trees average about 160 feet to the first limb,
and are in the neighbourhood of 70 inches in diameter at
the butt, which is now cut about four feet above the
ground. Formerly eight or ten feet was the height at
which trees were cut, but since the saw has superseded the
axe this height has been reduced and a corresponding
saving in each log has been eft'ected. These splendid sticks
are found perfectly free from shakes and flaws, straight and
sound all through.

The lumber cut from the Douglas Fir is admirably
adapted, as has been stated, for all purposes in which
strength, elasticity, and even quality are desiderated. It
constitutes about 85 per cent, of all which passes through
the mills, and the sup]:)ly is practically unlimited.

The fine British Columbia spars familiar to yachtsmen
are of this wood, and it would astonish those who pay from
£40 to £60 a piece for them if they could see the abundance
in which they grow in their native woods.

Cedar.

The Cedar, which exceeds in picturesque grandeur every
other tree in the province, attains to a girth greater even
than that of the Douglas fir. Specimens have been measured
from 60 to 80 feet in circumference several feet above the
ground, their wide-spreading roots greatly increasing the
area which they occupy. All cedars of any considerable
size and age decay at the heart, and this decay gradually
spreads until a mere shell is left supporting an apparently
vigorous tree.

The wood of the cedar is employed chiefly for fine dressed
lumber, doors, frames, sashes, etc. The veining is very
beautiful, which renders it well adapted for all interior
work, and it is now being extensively used in Eastern Canada
and the United States for that purpose. Cedar posts and
rails are also in great request, as they are of all woods the
most durable and least affected by weather, requiring no

British Columdia.

paint and remaining for years, even in damp ground, with-
out, rotting.

The Hemlock (Tsurja Mertensiana) is a liandsomo tree,
which grows in some localities in great abundance.
Altliougli inferior to the two former, it makes useful
lumber for building purposes, and its bark is of great value
for tanning.

The Oak (Quercus Garriiana), which grows plentifully
upon the gravelly soils of the southern extniuiity of Van-
couver Island, attains under favourable circumstances to a
considerable size, is a very striking feature of the landscape,
but is not of much value commercially, as it is brittle and
frequently flawed,

The Spruce (Picea Sitch^enaia) grows in swampy places,
inhabiting delta lands and similar situations. It enjoys
the monopoly of the salmon cases and fruit boxes, for
which purposes it is in good d<;mand. Its high quality a>s
a boat building wood is also well known.

Of the other trees the most useful are the cyprus, the
maple, and the alder, all of which are employed extensively
in the manufacture of furnituie, The second of these is
the most beautiful of the deoiduous trees, and grows in
some localities in great abunoanc ?, resembling the sycamore,
but with more massive foliage.

It must be understood that though there are dense forests
throughout the interior, the valuable timber areas to which
reference has been made are chiefly confined to the humid
regions of the coast. Climate appears to have more influence
on the growth of trees than soil, large trees f.-equently
growing in situations which make it a matter of surprise
whence they can derive suflScient nutriment, while others,
apparently living under much more favourable circum-
stances, attain to only moderate dimensions.

But granted the peculiar adaptability for forest growth
of these shores, there can be little doubt that the law of the
survival of the fittest has much to do with the result
attained. When tree has struggled against tree for count-
less generations in dense forests where only those which
attain to a superior height secure the best advantages of

Infoumation for Emiorants.

nd, with-

onin trre,
)undance.
on useful
eat value

►lentifully
of Van-
iices to a
andscapo,
rittle and

py places,
It enjoys
)oxes, for
quality as

i^prus, the
xtensively
i these is
grows in
sycamore,

nse forests
i to which
he humid
J influence
Frequently
F surprise
le others.
B circum-

st growth
law of the
he result
'or count-
>se which
ntages of

sun and oir, it stands to reason that a race of giants will
bo fostered, the most lusty and rapid of growth in each
generation surviving, and producing the most healthy and
numerous offspring.

Timber limits, or forest areas suited to the requirements
of the lumberman, are leased from the Government at a low
price per acre, under conditions of actively working them.

Ten cents per acre per annum rent is charged. Fifty
cents per thousand feet cut, with a rebate of 25 cents per
M exported out of the province is the royalty.

Each mill is allov/ed to lease limits up to 400 acres per
M. per diem, producing capacity. Thus a mill sawing
20,000 feet a day might lease 8,000 acres, at a rent of $800
(£160), paying $10 a day royalty, or $5 if the gross output
were exported.

There is a steady demand for labour in the lumber trade.
All strong men who can handle an axe may find employ-
ment at high wages. Messrs. King and Casey pay their
hands from $50 to $100 (£10 to £20) per month and board.
These have to be first rate men, average wages at the mills
running from |'45 per month. Old country hands are not
in as good demand as men from Eastern Canada and the
States, for these latter understand far better how to use an
axe, and are more at home in the woods. Many backwoods-
men take up land, having excellent facilities for locating
good claims, and improve them during their spare time
when they are not working in the woods. Thus they get a
good homestead almost for nothing, where their families
can live and increase their income by farming while the
father is earning good wages at another occupation.

Chapter V.
The Fisheries.

Attention has repeat<'dly been drawn of recent years to
the abundance and excellent quality of tho food fishes in
the seas of the North Pacific, and especially in the Archi-
pelago of British Columbia. Notwithstanding this, even

British Columbia.

1) r:

the local market is but indifferently supplied by a few Scotch,
Greek and Italian fishermen, and iu one branch only of the
industry has any considerable progress been made. A
fishing population is perhaps the most difficult to trans-
plant. Peculiarly inured to hardship, they are the last to
yield to the force of adverse circumstances ; and skilled in
the local navigation of their own coasts, they are not easily
persuaded to exchange the known for the unknown, to
forfeit their experience and to begin life over again in a
new country.

Yet probably to no class of labour does this province
offer so tempting a field and so certain a remuneration as to
the fisherman. Here he will find a steady and increasing
market at paying prices. He will find a great plenty of
salable and easily caught fish ; and he will find facilities
unequalled elsewhere for establishing a home in which his
family may thrive and be happy.

The Salmon.

The exception to which reference has been made in
speaking of this neglected industry is that of salmon

canning.

The salmon of British Columbia has acquired perhaps
the widest reputation of any product of the province.

Canned salmon, indeed, may be considered at present the
best advertising medium of the country, for it penetrates
into regions where the source of its origin is otherwise
wholly unknown. Unfortunately, mankind in general are
so little curious as to the source of their food supplies, that
probably not one in every hundred of those who consume
canned salmon, troubles to enquire whence or how that
delicacy is obtained.

It is difficult to persuade those who have never witnessed
the sight, of the existence of a river swarming at certain
periods with large fish, which may be plainly watched
excitedly jostling their way past every obstruction until
the last survivors of the struggle are found in remote
streams five or six hundred miles from the sea, haggard and
worn, bright scarlet in colour, their scales scraped off
against rock and gravel, but still in sufficient numbers to

Information for Emigrants.

almost fill the waters, and to become the parents of other
counties? myriads which iu their turn will one day repeat
the scene.

Year by year, at stated seasons, this sight presents itself
to travellers on the Canadian Pacific Railway. It is the
great salmon run of the Fraser river, and is duplicated
upon every river and stream of the coa&t of British
Columbia.

There are three principal migrations each year of these
remarkable fish, — the winter and spring run of "tyhee"
salmon, the summer run of the "sockeye," and the autumn
run of the *' cohoe " varieties.

The Tyhee, or spring salmon (Oncorhynchua Chouicha,)
is the finest, of a flavour and delicacy equal to the best
Scotch fish.

The tyhee runs in all the larger rivers of the province
from between November and March. It varies in size from
a two-pound grilse to an eighty-pound salmon. Twenty or
thirty pounds is a fair ordinary size.

The Sockeye (0. Kerka)^ which, as has been stated, is
not quite so choice a fish as the former, is nevertheless the
commercial salmon of the vodni. It is a tine, dark -fleshed
fish, averaging from five to fo'itfen pounds, of gocd flavour,
though rather dryer and ^ess rich in curd than the tyhee.

It runs through July and August, upon the Fraser, the
Skeena, and many other streams, but is much more local in
its distribution than the first named fish, and is said
never to bo found in a river which does not issue from a
lake, ""le prodigious numbers cf the sockeye in a good
run on the Fraser cannot be estimated.

The mouth and lower reaches of the river dunjig the run
present an appearance of great activity. Early in tho
morning hundreds of beats moy Le sttn diawjiig in the
nets, and bringing loads of bright silver fish to ihe cannery
wharves. There they are tossed up, caught -iiid counted,
and rapidly passed into the factoiy, wh<re, in an inciedibly
short time, their heads and tails are cut oft', they are opened,
cleaned, tinned and steamed by a large staff, chiefly com-
posed of Indian women and Chinese.

British Columbia.

i '

This third variety (0. Kimtch) is found in all streams
in September, and is in no way inferior to the sockeye.

It is followed in turn by the hooknose, and in some
localities the humpback, but these have no commercial
value, and are rarely eaten except by the Indians.

The salmon pack from all the canneries has this year
amounted to about 400,000 cases, a slij'jht decrease from
the previous season,, when about 435,000 were put up. The
price per case has fallen considerably, a circumstance which,
however much it may be regretted so far as it affects the
year's profits, cannot but produce an increase in the demand
for the fish, and a subsequent corresponding development
of the trade.

The most valuable commercial fish, next to salmon, is
undoubtedly at present the dog fish, of which there are
two ; one (Squcdus Acanthus), about three feet in length,
and one locally known as the Tope shark, which averages
about six feet.

Their value consists in the excellent lubricating oil which
they yield, and which is extensively used throughout the
province and the interior of Canada. The liigh tariff prac-
tically excludes it from the States, where a mineral oil is
chiefly employed for the same purpose.

Of the food fishes of British Columbia the variety is so
great as to exclude particular mention.

Among them may be mentioned the Skil, commonly
called the black cod (Queen Charlotte Islands), a very tine
large deep-water fish, which weighs up to twenty or thirty
pounds, and is beginning to come into favour as a salt fish
of delicate flavour.

The Rock Cod, a first rate table fish, found on all the
coast.

Th(* Red Cod, which is capital stuffed and bake:?.

The Ilcdihut, very plentiful up to 600 pounds weight;
identical with the British variety.

The Sturgeon, only made use of as a fresh fish ; weighs
up to 1,000 pounds, and is good eating.

The Oolachan, a particularly rich little fish of fine flavour,
from uhich an oil is extracted

Information for Emigrants.

3t>

Anchovy.

Capelin.

Smelt.

Herring. All first rate pan fishes

And of Shellfish, the Crab, Prawn, Shrimp, Clam,
Cockle, Muscle, and Oyster.

This last, of which there is great abundance, is small,
but in the writer's and many of his friends' opinions, one
of the best oysters in the market, and more choice and
delicate than any Eastern variety. In good situations they
attain to a plumpness and flavour which is unrivalled except
by the best natives.

The peculiar advantages of this province for the pursuit
of fishing industries are not confined to the abundance of fish
which may be caught, nor to the excellence of the average
quality. The fact which ought, perhaps more than any
other to commend itself to fishermen, is the safety and
comfort of the occupation upon these inland waters in so
temperate a climate, contpared with the danger and hardship
whif '> ha has to face elsewhere.

1.:'; islands off the coast of Vancouver Island have
i^'iiiK rora little landlocked bays and coves where a boat
may rir * '^'fely in all weather, and where a fisherman's
family, within reach of Victoria or Nanaimo, can live with
comfort, cultivating a little farm, the produce from which
may be taken off to market with the fish whenever required.
The sea will provide as much fishing as can possibly be
wantod, and no disastrous storms need be dreaded to break
\-:. 'ipon the happiness of the homcf

' -:uld his circumstances be such as to preclude the
purcliase of boats and nets, the writer would advise the
intending emigrant to time his arrival with the opening of
the salmon season, when he will be pretty certain to obtain
employment, and will earn enough money over and above his
keep to go someway towards the purchase of an outfit,

t The nttnosphere of this province will be fonnd to be peculiarly
favourable for prosecuting fiah curing operations. Huftnon and
halibut can Iw dried in slices in the open air without any other
preparation, which, indt-ed, ia the coiiiuion method pursued by the
uatives, and ia entirely buccesaful in the reault.

British Columbia.

when the run is over. A family of brothers succeeded, in
this way, in establishing themselves with hardly any capital,
and although inclined upon their first arrival to be dis-
heartened at life so far from their old home in Scotland,
now consider British Columbia a tisherman's paradise.

In reference to this temporary discouragement of the
emigrant, the writer may suy that he has never yet met
with one in any :'>'^dition of life who has not at first
endured a period of rent disappointment. Whether it

be that proper inforroanon is not sought, that false hopes
are foolishly aroused by the reckless language of friends,
or that — as the writer suspects in most cases — homesickness
is as certain to attack the emigrant as a new boy in a
boarding school, there is nearly always a time when regret
is felt and expressed for ever having left the " old home."

But for the benefit of those who may anticipate this
disagreeable malady, the writer would say that he has
hardly ever met with a case which was not followed by a
pleasant reaction, when the patient, in the r- joyment of
health, steady occupation, and every reasonable comfort,
has learnt to regard in their true light the benefits he
enjoys in comparison with the sacrifice he has made,

It is also a point well worthy of the consideriition of
emigrants that the abundance of fish and the ease with
which they may be caught in the creeks, streams and lakes
secures a certain and wholesome food supply to the settler,
be he professional fisherman or not.

Chapter VI.

Sealing and Fur Trading.

No reference has as yet been made to the above important
industries, for they lie somewhat outside the track of the
emigrant,

There are already some thirty schooners engaged in the
seal fisheries, employing about five hundred men, and
returning an annual jield of from $200,000 to |300,000.

Information fob Emigrants.

It is a matter much disputed, as is well known, whether
or no the fur seal is being threatened with extinction.
Opinions are freely advanced on both sides, since many
conflicting interests are at stake, but the point cannot be
said to have been scientifically determined.

It is otherwise, however, with the fur-bearing animals of
the forest and plain. There can be very little reason to
doubt that the more valu ble ones are becoming scarcer
year by year, and that thost w.i0 are already employed in
the pursuit are probably quite sufficient to secure the annual
harvest of skins, without danger of extinguishing the
supply.

The avenues of trade and manufacture, other than may
be immediately connected with the great staples of the
province— Farming, Mining, Lumbering and the Fisheries
— are such as may be found in any growing community.
Wholesale and retail tr^de is well represented, though with
a rapidly increasing population there is necessarily a corre-
sponding extension of business and opportunity afforded
for the establishment of new houses.

It is clear, however, that no advice can be given on this
point, and that success will be due to the particular quali-
fications of the individual. In home manufactures a great
development has been made of recent years, and iron works,
furniture factories, soap works, brick yards; woollen, rice
and flour mills, breweries, tobacco factories, and potteries
are successfully in operation.

Yet one cannot fail to be struck by the fact, on examining
the returns of the Minister of Customs, that heavy duties
are annually being paid for many articles which might
profitably be produced in the country. The inauguration
of such industries must, however, be left to the enterprise
of individuals, who will be able best to decide for them-
selves what prospects of remuneration are afforded in their
especial occupations.

British Columbia.

Chapter VII.

] I
i

General Considerations as to the Introduction of
Capital and Labour into a New Country.

In the preceding pages it has been shown that the natural
resources of British Columbia are to a great extent unde-
veloped, and that the province could support a population
in comfort and prosperity vastly greater than the present
one.

"When this condition exists in a country it is manifestly
to the interest of the Government to force its capabilities
by increasing the number of its producers and consumers,
even if it were for no higher motive than that which leads
a farmer to increase the number of cattle upon an under-
stocked farm.

But when, as in *he present day, the deplorable spectacle
is exhibited of the older world, in which the avenues of
capital are blocked by over-production, and in which the
labourer is starved by over population, it becomes no longer
a matter of interest only, but of duty, to draw the surplus
in a direction where it may be profitably employed.

The chief difficulty which presents itself to those who
are anxious to assist in emigration is to secure a just pro-
portion between the labour and the capital which they are
seeking to introduce. For if the labour should exceed the
capital ready to employ it, the labourer will suffer ; or if
the capital be in excess, it will be no longer capable of
profitable employment and can return no increment, and this
condition, though temporary, would prove of considerable
embarrassment to many. Great caution has, therefore,
necessarily to be exercised in inviting the right class of
emigrants in just proportion. Nor is much help afforded
by the emigrants themselves. The labouring man who
hears that he can obtain ten shillings a day for his services,
does not stop to enquire who is to pay him, and often does
not trouble to write for any information, but presents him-
self destitute at th(! immigration office under the impression
that work must immediately be forthcoming.

Information for Emigrants.

iction of
try.

he natural
ent unde-
)opulation
le present

Manifestly
apabilities
onsumers,
lich leads
an under-

I spectacle
venues of
which the
no longer
he surplus
1.

;hose who
just pro-
they are
ixoeed the
fer; or if
japable of
i, and this
nsiderable
therefore,
t class of
3 afforded
man who
s services,
)ften does
ents him-
mpression

Among a more educated class there is generally found to
be extreme reluctance to leave the beaten paths of life until
driven by actual force of circumstances. When every
resource has failed and ruin stares him in the face, then,
and not till then, will a man talk of emigrating, as if a
mere change of habitat would reverse every misfortune,
and as if none but AduUamites were welcome in a new
country.

If, on the other hand, he had ouly had the courage to
transfer his interests to a profitable field while he had any-
thing left to transfer, he would have been spared a great
deal of suffering and loss, and he would have found that
the little capital he was able to bring with him would at
once have placed him in a position which it would be years
before he could hope to occupy without its assistance.

Again, in seeking to influence capital, it is found that
there is nothing more absolutely the sport of fashion and
caprice than the investment of money in foreign securities.
Millions of pounds of English capital are annually plunged
into the investment of the moment, whether it be African
colonization schemes, American syndicates, or Argentine
bonds. And for no other reason than that it is the craze
of the moment.

No doubt, the same thing will happen with reference to
this province. The mines, or the fisheries, or some land
venture, will catch the public favour, then nothing will be
talked of but British Columbia investments, and every
facility will be afforded adventurers of impairing the
reputation of the country by floating bubble companies.

But, until that time comes, must the British investor
remain in ignorance of the possibilities of profitable invest-
ment within the boundaries of the Empire, and must
the development of the country be retarded by lack of the
necessary capital 1 Of course, if time be given it, a country
will, no doubt, gradually develope its own resources up to
their extreme limit, and it is plain that the inhabitants can
far better afford to wait for that time than their more
crowded neighbours. But there is no reason why, consid-
ering the congestion of capital and labour in one part of

British Columbia.

the Empire, those conditions should ba allowed slowly to
evolve themsolves in oth'^r parts, which it would be to the
beiieKt of all to hasten by every legitimate means.

Capital, under the same law and government, should find
its level like water, and it is plainly detrimental to the best
interests of any nation that its available wealth should be
squandered in millions upon th(! development of alien
countries, while the resourcfs lyin^ within the limits of its
own territory remain unemployed.

What, it may be gravely asked, is the practical use of
the so-called dependencies of Great Britain, if they are not
to provide a natural field for the expansion of the surplus
energies of the Mother Country ?

But although there is occasionally manifested a keen
desire to avail themselves of this field, when impecunious
relations, scapegrace sons, or homeless waifs need elimin-
ating from their immediate neighbourhood, it must bo
acknowledged that there is little disposition among British
capitalists to select a sphere for their investments under
their own flag. On the contrary, they rush headlong, like
a flock of sheep, into every venture outside the empire that
presents itself, never pausing to enquire whether more solid
inducements may not bo found nearer home.

But can it for one moment be imagined that a sentimental
attachment will be forever exhibited by those on the cir-
cumference of the Empire while those who are at the centre
seldom allow their feelings to confine their interests within
its circle ?

It is surely idle to ^alk of Imperial Federation as a
scheme of government, as if by adding to the machinery
of legislation ties would bind more closely, and the con-
flicting forces of commercial life would thereby be lulled to
rest. Federation, to b(^ anything more th.xn a name, must
bo a union of interests. While every obstacle is put in the
way of the profitable interchange of commodities between
the integral parts of the Empire, there will be a conti' il
tendency towards dissolution, no matt(;r how specious an
appearance of unity may be outwardly preserved. Interests

Information for Emigrants.

are divergent, and so soon as a sufficient accumulation of
interests compels it the cord of sentiment will be sundered.

But if it were possible — and there is no reason why it
should not bo possible — for men throughout the Empire to
regard their interests as identical, for those who have tho
capital, as well as the labour, to strive together with those
whoso wealth is potential and whoso fellow labourers aro
few, towards the development of the ample resources of
their common heritage, then a new era of prosperity, more
sound because more national, would arise, there would bo a
continual drawing together of the ties which bind the old
and the new portions of Greater Britain, there would be
a continual and discriminatinc: interchange of social and
commercial relations, and the dream of the federationist
would be realized,

Tho American Republic has already set the world an
example of how to foster national sentiment over vast areas
of territory by creating common sympathies of trade and
commerce. It is for the mother and her younger daughters
to learn the lesson from their elder sister. Let them prac-
tice a real federation of interests ; let them seek in every
way to know and respect eaoh other better ; let tho rich and
poor unite in building a more lofty commonwealth, and
Britannia shall yet rule over distant seas, nor sink into
slavery, dependent upon tho wage of starving labourers
and upon the increment of other nations' wealth.

The tables in the Appendix will afford the emigrant
information as to the trade, climate and resources of the
province, from recent trustworthy sources. Attention is
especially drawn to those on Mineral Assays and Strength
of Timber.

., s

■i

ce g

CO
00

■*

Appendix.

(Xi

00 §
00

l~"

' ^

"(t

•»

•,

1(5

ffi

■*

o "

■d

t-i

00 0(MinC5«01:~tOOOOO«

00 ^ I-H IC t>-
O to lA ^ CO

(» 00 no ED

0) 0) a» V

u o o c;

c c c =

Appendix.

00
00

c
•3

•3

I-

-H 5

-3
1>

3
-3
«

•3
S
<9

3
2

2*1

-< r- o o <■• m

O0»p-01»IO

'T (M 1 iO O C O •-< O 1 1- f3 cfc 1 •

1 M O r-i O Ol O

S «f »- CO S O ir. o> oo 1- ju

si i«-

^ 1 Sci

1- .r © o QO W 1 ■? S ^
tc! d d -» 3 00 ; « © 1- i-i

WM ©

sj ©OS pJp4-*od3s-^?5f-<od I
1 < 50 ?i o ., * -r w >r. 1 ^ r^ .

_ _ ^ 1 Jl a •>! M O ©

0-1 =0

1 ^

S S 1 q O! q c -r » 1 S 3 5
c 03 1 - ^3 c M X .fs' 1 d — 11 d
M ?i o ^ 5 m 1- o 1 g,

1 (N r-i 00

00 1-1 •>»• © (N ©

o i~ q q i< I-

-ri CO i» :p '>! p^

o ., * ^ i^ lo

:^ Cs o-i
q Tfi -f

iH ©OS d

QOm t~

S £ S: ° * =;

>•

1 <« rH m © <4< ©

? d OS p^ d r-' .rj •-< •5-i 1 (ri cJ (N c3

^ OT5-1 lO.,l-rf«C>i».| (grH

;

OOO IM

OOJCOC 'NO
(M M V ^ *<

?i;2

oq 00 q q 00 »

^ r-I CD i-i

;

C COCO
r-( p-i

©IN r.< —O ©
50 M ■* •
^ ^^ It

• .:_.—• _:_Jai i-**iu3 osu^co ^

•<

S^! osi-csosr-ISo n oo iga>T(<iococ
dd lr:■^l-■*o■^i irii-iaOrH eoiNiN S'**^ 53"^ i-i

u
<u

2 ;
2

.s s

CJ.S

::::::
:;::::

::::::

2 S s .§5

s.|^ II

s? •< s — . s s

. . . .

: • : :

■ fi • •
• d • •

■ OS,*

^ e-
ft

•/3c:

1
1

•>

. . .

•3-3 ^

• • • • '5

: ; 1 : : S
: : : : :a
■.■■:■ ■■'Z

M i Ml

. : : : :S

, . , . .

1 ; :2

■^^■'^' "2!

■ ctf ^ 3*

Remarks. — Mean lenip. for year, :M.l ; beinjj 3.2 above yearly muan. liainiall,
46.10 inuhes; beini^ 12.37 below mean of 16 years. Days rain fell, IM; above
mean, 8. Snowfall, 16.5 inches. Days snow fell, 14. Cloudy days, 134. Fair
days, 127. Clear days, 104. January, moist and mild, snow and sleet. February,
very mild. March :Mi, swallows and frojcs. April 11th and 19th, white frost; 21st,
lightning; and thunder. May 1st, Ii>fhtnin<f and thunder; 31st, mock suns. June
Ist ond 2nd, mock suns; 14th, highest freshet, 9 ft. 1 in.; very low. July, smoke
and fojf ; fires ; 21st, heavy run of salmon. Auifust 1st, smoke and fear ; flsh con-
tinue ; 15th, rain of! and on until end of month ; heaviest run of fish for yearn.
September 9th, hail and rain ; new snow on mountains ; 11th, frost on sidew.Jks ;
12th, small tidal wave ; 2.%h, lieavy S.E. gale. October 6th, robins, geese, ducks ;
20th, slight earthquake at Port Moody ; i7th, worms in rain gauge. November
2nd to 6th, fogs ; 17th, tremendous circular gale from S. E. , trees down by hundreds ;
22nd, first general frost. December Sth, snow ; 19th, lightning ; 29th, ice on river ;
sleighing ; 31st, river fast ; total snow on ground, 11 inches.

A. PEELE, Captain.

1-1

|25

<tl

1— (

m
Eh

i-s

•1-^

1— t

a*
H
1^

O ^

Appendix.

!-<''' .''2;A*'*3'="'-T;SP .;q» — ^Li-Ci-
o^^^i* ci^o w_^^ 00 ^ tc^ob ffi ^ CO 00 eb o ?? P-*

>2 ^ «5 1 . S if a C; 'X M t! ^ ■= 1^ a r; S 55 '"

S&S '222 ■ «>• o <N to « :<; ao -" -J !0 3>
ift r-. Tji . lo . pH ID ■*•.». A -JO ei X ?J

(NiooTm'n <Neo to'i-Tei r-Tc't-'V

1-1*) rH

I- 'M_^!C oo_6^» e:^ ■o~''W*«i^Mi?iS"S
-I- c5 o — < oTc'i'TfyrorQ cTt^*-*" Vcs' -'x* i^

Oi(NM-«.eO(N(NlM.-OMC<3(NriT(lMOTW«

{-. Jl — . (6 « ■>* g :o — ■* W (M -j; f, 30 — lO S

■^ fH O 2J '^'3 ^- 1^ CO :0 'N'

^ ' ' >— ' ' ■■ W I^ l~ w-» ^,, .-, .

rH rt to O; I - 00 S'l 1^ lO 1^ CO - ir-
CI (?) (M <N (N G^l CO *>! CN r-t 55 ^ ^

'— ^ ^ '3P iQ "r* c^

<?1 *?' -^ai

I^^^CO -i^W CO to 00 ^ 'J' O! O! CO « to c 1- \Z to

te 2" Sf 2?" r*' S tS S2 lT o ®' "J^" ©* I - m' =>" •* 'o"
f-ii-i i-i«ton'<t<a>co3ot~coo>rioi

>n ^ CT^ 00 «-< (M CD Ci fM to *>! (M ir^ t^ to <>»

■^ ?. ^ r? *^ — 'M 1^ w ^ lo ^ CO -M o 10

— (N r^OO rH 00 t0__0_!3 CO = iO CO 33 00 CJ

'^ ?: 2J 05 cTcT'iriCtCca _; rj> o cTctTw
- .WOvO^l- I- .r;__to_mTli CO T l-t- X> OOCiJ

iH r-c iH 1-1 s4 r-Ti-Ti-ri-i'i-ri-ri-rr-' iH i-Ti-Ti-rej

00 to
in_co

00 IM
CO Tl

<n -.D

t-«

Tt*

C")

Appendix.

■i

00 >n

CO '«<

MtH

00 irt

0>»)

(^■*

^'H

CO'M

CO r^

« pH

Ol . .

c •*

■M.O

i^in

•=r-

OC4

CO i-i

■r. CD

03 r-

l^ >-

i-ll^

■* a

rH C

CDl-<

■s

ggJ

CO ^

iSS

^i:

|§

J::?;

in o

»~

■* ri

r-t p^

Ci 1-4

COlH

•*<N

e.1

C-l

c»

•»

S'lfT I t-"lO IHCP

,H B eo

Sir

^ CD
COf-i

CD -^

CO r-1

CI >n

« 05

rH<N
1 1-

■W CO

iM 65

S.I

•*

<n"

s :

I 3
5

CI ta

fH ^

o ■*

C4 «

t- >n

on (N

M ^

»-< f H

■'f CI

iT. —

•"•P

S?3

c: m

<Si r-<

O ^

00^

eo<N

tr. CO

lO t-

.--. r-

r- a

!C !

s?a

St2

ooS

?,^.

55:

^^:

?!^ i

G^ r^

0-1 1-1

5 rH

CO 5^

l-H

•»

■* 1-.
«l-^

?§8

Cl"

3 I

«^ a
Kg

"Or

■-s

Pig

o^ S

rHWM

IIIIIMIIIIHIIIIHMIIB

Appendix.

•*

i i § s

CO f

fM i-H

COiH

'^ I- j 00 (N

00 '(it

in 1^.

•N *

iNO

i—

nt-

r-t

c a>

.-1

]

■*

i i ^ i SS

r-4

i), I -W -JO

M TO I CV

CO i-l
OS ^^

■*95

IN CO

1':-. I

O Td

O I)

1^ t>»

i i^

;">

r-t

in"

w '

w .

■♦ .

Si •

0? '

9J •

•

T-t

Tff

KM eo»-i
1} t~ f 1-1

coo I os'i^^

2 o 00 CO

•T oj"

00 ■*

in"

S? J ■* -

§^

f;?

CSl

Stv

•*

,,«r

to'

©a
|£

•5

s
p

(U
CO

§
(3

« 3
■3.2

OS 43

Oh 3

o S

O (]>

Appendix.

FARM PRODUCE,

Which is imported, from the Utiited States chiefly, and which nii|;ht re^lily be
U'rown within the Province.

Grains and
Meal.

«181,7-22

Fruit and
Vegetables.

$57,496

Meat.
«8S,218

Dairy

and Poultry

Yard.

«125,n0.5

Total.
94r)2,g41

Duty.

$74,f,68

This docs not include the importation from Canada, which in some lines is
very heavy; nor canned goods, which are also largely consumed.

Average Price obtained by the Farmer on the
Coast of B, C. for Grains, ^c.

Hay (Timothy), per ton of 2,000 lbs |18 00 to .«;22 00

Wheat, ,, „ 30 00 to 35 00

Oats, per cwt 1 35 to 1 SO

Barlev, „ 1 35 to 1 75

Peas.' 175 to 2 00

Roots, per ton . 8 Od to 10 00

Potatoes, ., 2;) 00 to 30 00

Hops, per lb 08 to 12

WAGES IN BEITISH COLUMBIA.

stonecutters, stonemosons, and bricklayers

Their lai)ourers

Plasterers

Carpuiitci'd and joiners

Ship taipetjters and caulkers

Cabinet-nialiers and upholsterers

Painters

Shoenialiers

Tailors

Tailon sses

liakeis (with board and lodging)

lUitchcrs (cutters)

Slaughterers

(Mgarmukers

Boys, as strippers, etc

Printers

Wavgon-niakers

Tinsmiths, plumbers, and gasflttcrs

Machiti!«t> , I'loulders, pattern and boiler-makers,

and blacksmiths

Longshoremen

Female domestic servants

§5 00 per day.

2 CO to 2 50 per day.
4 00 to 4 50 ,,

3 00 t') ;i 50 „

4 00 to 5 00 ,,
3 on ,,
3 50 to 4 00

2 0) to 3 00 „
2 50 to 3 (10 „

1 (0 to 1 50 ,,

05 00 per month.

75 00 to 100 00 ,,
75 00

2 50 to 4 00 per day.

2 00 to 5 00 pel week.
45 k 50 cts. a 1000 ems.

3 5u to 4 00 per day.

3 50 to 4 00

4 00 to 4 50 ,,
50 cents an hour.

12 00 to 26 03 per month.

Coats

Trolls

Vcsr^

Shi,

Shi Its

Shirts

Dnnvt

HiUs.

Sni'Us,

Socks,

Blankt

Buys

Flaiinc

Cotton

Sheetif

Canadi

Shoes,

Boots,

Rubber

Appendix.

03^^

LIST OF EETAIL PEIOES

Of ordinary articlea of Food and Raitnent,

PROVISIONS.

of?22 00
o 3£) 00
1 50

1 76

2 00
10 00
30 00

(lay.

• month.

■ (lay.
week.
1000 ema.
•day.

)ur.

sr month.

18 per lb.

08 „

10 per (|uart.

20 per lb.

20 „

25 „

00 per 100 lbs.

2h per dozen.

Bacon

Bread, white and brown

Butter, salt 30

Butter, fresh 40

Beef, mutton, and veal 12^ to 16

PorU I2i to 16

Beer

Candles

Cheese

Coffee

Corn meal

Kifgs

Flour, 1st quality 5 50 per bbl.

Flour, 2ud quality 4 75 „

Flour, buckwheat 5 00 per 100 lbs.

Fish , dry cod 8 OO per (;wt.

Firewood . .

Ham

Ham, shoulders

Mustard

Milk -.

Oatnie-al

Pepper

Potatoes

Rice

Soap, yellow

Sugar, brown

Salt

Tea, black

Tea, green

Tobacco

Coal

4 (K)

per cord.

per tt).

12J

»»

per quart.

4 50

per 100 lbs

V tb.

9!)

\ bushel

])• 1 tl>.

0»

0-J

»i

S 00

per ton.

OIiOTHINQ.

Coats, under, tweed

Coats, over, ,,

Trousers, ,

Vests, ,,

Shirts, flannel

Sliiits, cotton

Shirts, under, " wove "

I>rawcrs, woollen, "wove" ,

Huts, telt

Socks, worsted

Socks, cotton

Blankets, i)er pair

Runs

Flannel per yard,

Cotton shirting ,,

Sheetinur

Canadian cloth

Shoes, men's

Shoes, women's

Boots, men's

Blots, women's

Rubber overshoes, men's . . .
Rubber overshoes, women's

6 00

10 00

;; 50

•J. -ib

1 50

1 00

2 00

4 00

3 00

1 50

3 50

3 00

1 00

Appendix.

o in ?

'§®8S"S'"as

S31 1-1 -N in t- - ^
rH t- <>» h- T: on rH
— h- ^ el (N >1

iC'O^i-ist-gceco^ioo
2'^

OiHOOO'lC g'MOOOQO

-'J

• • * la fa •

■•a +j *a " ^-^ ♦*

I i
s t

a I

S 3

•3
o

o
o

a
o

5
I

3
9

•O

■3'=

',3 .-j S o

©•a B
S« 3

6 6'S

OOl

S -5

t or : J 3 -i ;

o :

. -o

^ 3

3 S

I 'S

B
3
o

;2;

rH ei m '« to «o t> 00 a> o i-H

- d

4 ii iH '1 f) e«

3 '3 i
« fl c

•3§§-

•3«!«

B V 0)
■•a -*3

^&*.:

H B B «
•g O O S

R«S3^i

Appendix.

kO CO ^ i-( CO CO 40

82 8
2^8

; S S ' ■ S S ■ <u oi oi 4> ;

;|| '■ ill illll ;

■ • • • '«5'H

; • N o- « «

So* • .S "O '^

* S C*- rt ti 2 OJ .'

: S s "A 4> 2 g;

r?-?!?'/^ Ij 3 CJ e 3 ~

:: . CD

(«

■c

-.i

. :"S JS

2. i

g -w

d s

- ' 1- H

= ; = :a

-. : --isa

■«-» ^

.sr

*»".

t^4

«>z

... o

— T— :

<0W WOSO

*> t) ti

« a c o
B V oj a,

8 09 09 ^

•s**a :

■q-3'3 3 a
" = c «

5 I : E2

• • .73 4) . S

• • • *a" ^

jou:'"' a « „

gg;2 =

SI"

■a.«8 5*<

Rssjsfisgjgass

.'8SS8 •' •■

■iiU ■: :

■ •CT 8

■5 8.£

■ 4) i3> 0} .' '.

•".112 •■ ••
; «« <« <4 • •"
:|55 :' :

^ <u a> S V V 3
.« «3*3'3'3'a

a
«

I sK

!5^99:S$$9

=^1

' f*

• ^

•S5

H** '

-:§'

3 S

9S!3SSS3

Appendix.

t-a

■a

Si
o

'«*

E'-'

■«!

*!<

•<

■J

a
s
o

r-lr-l i-H W <N i-l iHeOCO«i-t

3
O

o
o
«

N
U

. ='"•?

■St.

■S C «
a? =» -

09 n V)

o; a> 0)
u o o

282

■3 o aj

ici rt d g
r; u *-

- J3 C CXI

2.^ ..

iH 1.': Q u) lO

5r» »o r^ !>.
^ i-aoo

;;;■" cj S o)
"-I » Cj cj o
OrH 2 2 g

V « i< p.^ ^ a a. P. ^ b <ij

l3-J333S00ca3ci

to ;ii cya. O'o'o o o ;s O'o

a
o

01 c

« bo N
S (uti
,^ C <«

5 to J

N a) §
ti S §

3 O s3

0*0

C5
05

^ a

5
. « . 3

Oi'-s s.-S
O e 55 3

rn "^ •-* ^

O o

« 1-

U C8 0)

3.2

«a-J£ ;

^t^'^.a

2 «
:»

:;-

et*H CD . 3

c3 03 cj en n^

3 3 3 = e

a-g

J2 ;

tS'

o a

&•-

* o
o o

.St3
d C

^ «
.SS bo

be-5

50.;

- 4) M!a ;s

So^S:'

_2 C
= 55 S

B5:

J7r- -

CO 8

a ■3.2'Q bo
850I.S

; i a^ j:

SSi

<M'3

« i<

C:0

■a 3
3 e

0*2)

i c

j3
^5

V ■
2 =

s o-

1 ]

■i

fti

xi a

§1

4; e

I 'a

bo '

p
SI

Appendix.

•*

SS??5?^<'^'"'

jH a o i-i «^ ■

^ .^- -w: S « ?i 'o S5?5<SS5SS

• 12 lO fM 5 5 7^ '

~ ri ^ . . o o o £ as d g d

•^ CO

•r CO

•c

s a

s
e

6 t

^=-

0*0
m C

•r cf
;s 13

• ci ^
«8 u 2 ;

P o-S
o . r^

cs 3 N*
o a h

o g 3 .

• X!

• a • .
-.3 8

. s a ■' 0)

1 ea m c3 9
I 3 3 3-^

:t3
. c
■ v

:■»
: a

. p<
: c

. O u.

•.ij '"

■w • ..a

6) . U

»rtiS - «
a -3 ««

? 2 ^ 5

■ **» ^ ""^

h O V «

a (a— e>

o .S .tS .tJ
" it !t it

js '5 2 n" ►f N*

*s n ;;; 43 -^ i3

J rt V ^ ^ ^

" ''•g rt es cS
'8333

•c
.a

e
o

S-.3
3 O

i^
^r

«H -
- . <u

h; 3,Ji(

S 3 O

: : -M

. . V ca

5 -.a-i

■Ji

3 s

= -;; =

•^^ .3 CG
"•I ^ 3

<" V .S

£■£ =2

S538SSSSSS SSS;SS

Appendix.

a
a
o

h- pH ir CO C -^ ^- VO iTj fH
PH r-i CO ^ r-< » C-l C-l (M <7t

to C4

isss?<

Sec 00

CJ t- J. M

M03 a

o
O

a
a
O

ii££2|«gSllig?i|

.^ 4^ 4^ .M

^ -M -(J

o
Q

s
•2

1/2
CO

e9"0

« 5

^ C3

a cr
o .

U CO

s > «

■ c N* §

C"- C-5

« c.2-a
cj ci c3 c

•^•^ E-'5

(A C3 (A C3 tC

>> 'is is i£ s!

Ci- , . .. -

A N N N N to

C ;> h b b O k.

t- « cJ r ea *r (S
3 3 p 3 " 3

m V U

u 5 ^J CI

esds

o
c
o

-*-» p. - — .
CO - " ;* •

8 :§

I- Q, tS

^|:|

■3 s S s 8 >. X >. >.*5 >» - - k. -e

S B 3 Ci

.C CA « « in c3 CO

8 3 3 3 3 3 3

C"! o: oJ as pd o'as

g a

3 0) -3
C 'F- '/)

■s

o
"3

. H i»

f^ .,

" QJ 5 P.

iJ
-«!
O
O

■&

S'/i

B q 5 2i = !»c

o
o

04
. a> o

o c.g

gr-oM^iocoi-goaci-ica^'v into
Oi- — O C o 00 O — — ^ i-l.-4 rH »-«

r-ooo> c i-i'N w

r^ .- IH IM <N C4 CI

r^ r^ r^ 1^ r-* r^ r^

Appendix.

69'

IN ^ O CO I--

' d rt rt —

k< i« Im '^

■g

s .

•o

■c

B
o

c C
? *?-

US' aT fel

O S 3

•c f=

Eh"

-; I- >-
oT c >

or: o

'a.-sS

s • in

1
a

I
i

Appendix.

M
Hi

Eh
QQ

c S p.

beg "
S c 2

ei ^ p,
tc«< ■" .

-St Sa

.St? "u.^
o£ S «

M OJ "^ iJ
« c «-.■>

0) O •« „
S rt 0/ 3

»fe-G a.

Sis

p - 0)

5 o a

»f5 S O ifS • :.i O O C n; uj O CO w

t^ i. . 1^ ITS ■ u-:. i - u; t- to ic u J o .. J

il8

•ptoi

1- -SCO -MOOSOOOTr- • .
(O . uj 10 ■ 0> :<; u (ij ._ i^ci • •
10 ■ 'w "tr :£ ^ i.T ^ -^ • •

•pT!0[ flui . Q :-o -oocoooo :

•ptioi i-;u!

S ■S3 ■ 5 fe; 71 - in c * • •
S •«■«< •l-o-rOiOi.;'* • •

•S'U 090

'''.''. .'"^ ''.'.'.'. . '.

m 009

■ '-xa '■ tr. in ■ ■ '■ '• . ■
• • 'N • r. 1 IM • 1 • • • • ■

■gqj 099

: ill : ifl :::::: :

•RMI 0C9

a :«>, : .^.S :S^ : : ': :

'm 09fr

1 i ! . in i . i S • • • •

•sqi oof

00 . (M • ■ C. • f

It; • ^ in • • ^H . ^r in

I-l • ^ 'M • ■ •-* ■ !M CO (M CO • •

•sqi (98

•sqi cog

»H in • 'i^ c. '^ ^ (?i in in '• •

1-1 •i-i-l •OC1- — iMi-lr-i . •

■sm 09S

• ■ 1.. .'J • ■ i-J • iii • •
■ -'/JS^ • l- .COIJl . ■ •

■S4I 00s

S : in : 1-. : 3 to : •

00 1^ in 1-1 o-i m CO r« c; CO h- m in
•jC;iAtu;« ngioods ;2 i^ - ^ '^ ^- "^ ^ ^ ^ ""= "" '^ ^

•eqj ui 100;

fcfm

C 1..

o s

-S3

2iJ

< <) CO H =^0 0, H <1 cya- c

■50:3
55

hi-- si •« a s " s ■- -

01 «

a
o

^wfif^^mmmmm

WmmL mFORMTATION.

*^™y*y- '^^"•Wm^U.fK^^ny^^^^

« « iiMrt II w»Bi«d. to ««rti^rrii^

•"W«Wi«l to Vktorii^ Kw^w^

f.i^jii'i&ttit^i