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AND JU)MliAY /I // r /(/ /W J /•»-.(( /■ ltd )i ^- -' A \^ \ i ■ . ,'S ■ 1 ! ■ I i > f-IJi.KUIS NOSTIUS ];K( ORDA'lIO TATIMS I)I;s11)1:i;ATISSKMI MKM'ililA .IL'.-'JI (IM I.AL-liIliLS I i '\ In wvitii it \\;is scicnlirK thai II J y for part- most inl to S('\('r, of dis'l gfe.'it an be said : Scieitee devotion. I hiiv( hav(,' put rrvKFAci'] In ^\•l it iiii; my liusljand's life I Ici^c tried, so f;ti' ;is ifc \v;is i)(>ssii>I('. to let hiiii, especially in iiiatteis ScitMitilie, s[!eak for liiinseU'. l''or tli(> [)Ui'[)nse of his l)ioL;Ta[)itef it is iiiifort tuiatc thjit ii}\- liusiiaia.l li\«'(l iti almost (lail\' iiit ers()[>liic, and Lli('olo_L;i( al quest ions. The letters I'elatinij; to his work will, 1 hope, interest any '>ii(> who cares fur hiolo^^ical science. Wliatex'er may he the exact [)lae" which siiall he assiuiM'd to him, hy those who come after, in the great army of workers for Science, this much inav be said: that no one cwr serveil in the cause of Scien<'e with more passionate and whole-hearted devotion, more entire disinterestedn<'ss — All far Tjiirc, and luilJiing fi>r Uva-md. 1 have to acknowled^L,^e the kindness oi man\- who lmv(.' put letters at my disposal. 1 cainnot suilicit ntiv a VIII ('.]]()]{('.]■: .lOilX KDMANJIS rxpH'ss ii)y ilitinks to Mr. I''r?incis I);n'\viii f(, .L,n'i)ci'()iisly jillowiiiu,' IMC to print [jortioiis of tl. (•(>rn'.^poii(lt'ii('(' wliicli for scvcd or «'i;^'lit }"(';irs wr, one of t}i(^ cliicf plcjisiircs jind pri\il(';4('S of in }iiisl);ii)(rs life. I must ;ilso tli;iiik uiy brother ;iii' sistcr-iii-hiw, tlic I)c;iii of Christ Church, l^rofcs-M I'oultoii, l^i'ofcssor SchiLfcr, Professor I.c (joiit' Mr. 'I'hiscltoii-I )ycr, ;iii(l otlicrs for hke [)criiiissioii. And I must cxpi'ess my most sincere ^fratitiK! to tlie Kev. W N. Wii^^.'^ett, to I'rofessor C. IJoy Mo)';^^;in, ;in(l to my cousin Mrs. St. Oeor^^^e iJc; (l;ite of Ne\\iih;im Colie^^fc, (';iml)ri(l;4e), for tin constant lielp mikI nflvice. To Mrs. lieid I owe more tlian lean well (^X})r('- Her scientific know le(i;^'e and ability li!iv(! l)(H;n siuipj invahiable, and Inac bei-n used witii ever-ready ni im,L(rud,Lfin>^^ ,i{enerosit\' and kindness. There are other aspects of my husband's li: which are interesting^, but a;.,oiin I think lu; has to! his own story, und it is needhjss lor me here to spc;; of what, to some (ixtent, he has laid ba.re — of ?neiit perplexit)- and of steadfast (Uidurjince and loyaJty: > Truth, it niay be that others, wand(U'in;^f in ti. twih.i^ht of this 'dind}- li.'^hteil world,' may Ix; stim lated and cnicoura^^ed and helped to ^H) on in patici; until on them also dawns that Li'dit. If this be- it will not be alto'^ether in \ain tluit he. bore In. ' }ears of very \\\\\\ and very heavy sorrow. :li|f I-:. 11 ()XK01ll>: lHl)r>. L lioVU II. I.DNI) III. M)M> IV. OXFOI INI)i;> Darwin f. '>ns of f.).. '. years \\;i >{<'.S of III jroihcr \\.\v. 1, I^rofcssi !.<' (yoiit' 'rmission. '(' ^'ratitiui' r C. JJ.A »'(rr;{<; lici I, for illC CHAnru CONTENTS L JiOVIlOOl) y(HTf[-i;Arj,V >fANn00I). 184«..187h ■('II oxprc- II. LoNIfON'. l-t7!t Ih:»0 rj(M;n sji))|)i r-rcjidy lit, ^^ London- (jkaniks, imhi hko .haiKrs li ll(! llflS 1(1 H! to S))c;] —of iMCllI I loyalty ; iii;{ ill ti, ^' l)(; still) ill pfiticii this l)c ■ ! bore in:. IV. OXI'OHI), H'.IO IS!)} FNDKX IM.I IHO •J'JH :».->H **= Iv li ii G3:o n.LCSTL'ATlONS i'ortTIiAlT (i|. .\[|;. ilnMAVi;^ (iiiANiKs, K<<>s ^iirm IM St. Am.atk's I''r<<)i/ i>./. In f'(cr 11. IK. Caii;i(l;i, Ue\ . (m'oi in the Cm TIh- 1' pre\iniisly com I try j)j the (I I mil 11 Dr. Ko family set be(Mi <'(liic; Bdiiihiir^-li theolo^^n";!!! From liiri sWcctticss chjiriictcnV which ciiri 80bi-i(|ii('t ( *^ Dr. I((, Miss ls;il)(' Sniilli, for Mrs. Uoiriji GKOlUiE .I0J1^' IIOMANES (•iiAi>'ri:K I llOYIlooh V')l"I'!f KACLV MANHOOD H()\II()()I>. IH.IH IHC)? i',;,„iisi,.' (li'.oiun: .l(»iiN Ko.MAM'.s was l)(»ni at Kingston, Canada, on May '1^), 1S|S, the tliii'd son of llic T<' />tr, !• !. l{e\ . ( M'or,L;"c Iloiiianrs, I).!)., then I'rotVssoi' of (1 reck in the riii\('rsit,y of that placr. Tlic Professor had conic ont to Canada some yea is previously, and, after a shoi't expecience of work in count.ry parish<'s, liad settled down to teach (ii'eek to the iiliiiinti of the httle ( 'nixcrsity. Dr. Romanes was descended from an old Scottish family setth-d since h'isC) in PxTwicksln're : he had been ('(hicated at the lli^h School and ( in'vei'sity of Bdinl)ur^di, and was an excellent classic and h'arned theologian, with \iews of a strictly ' Moderate ' type. From hijn his distin;^iiishe(l son inherited the il^eetiiess of temper and calmness of mann< i- which diaracterised (ieor;.(e .loiin iiomanes thi'ou^di life, and which earned foi' him amon^jst his friends the playful 80bri(piet of 'The Philosopher." Dr. Komaiies married, after his jirrival in Canada, Miss jsahella ( lair Smith, dau^htei' of the Rev. liolxM't litli, for many years ))arish minister of Cromarty. irs. ivoJtiaiies was eonniH'ted with several old lli'di- I i ■2 (JKORdK .101 IN K()MANi:S ,., land families, and was a tliorou^li Ili^dilaiuL-r. I In; sonic, N'ivacious, unconventional, and clever, she v in all I'csjx'cis a ^n'cat contrast to her hiishand, \\i as years went on, seems to haxc lived mainly the ', of a student, and to have left the care of mmid; things to his wife. 'I'hre<' sons and two dau.^iit' wei'c horn. Of these. (»nly two, the eh'est son ; youn;.;'est daughter, nowsiii'vixc in ISJS, the iidieritaiice of a coiisidei'ahle fort relieved Di'. Itonianes from any necessity to contii the (hities of his chair, and the family returned hoi waiidei"in.n" ahout for ,i few yeai's and finally settl, in Is Coiiiwall 'reri'ace. He.^'ent's Pai'k. Thd'e wi! H'ood dejtl of continental IraNcl dui'in^" these lirst vt aftei' their return, and as he urew into hoyhood (Icd:. J{()inaiies spent se\<'i'al months at \arious tiiiic- Jleidelhei;^' and ot hei' (leiiiian towns, and the fan j)erformed a joui'ney from Nice to l''loi'ence ii deli^^htful and now l)y,L:oiie fashion, travellin.L;' wil: vetturino. Pi'ohahly the heanty of the scenery, the fasciiiiit of ti'axcl. and the charm of theheautiful sin'i'omidi! exercised an unconscious inlluence o\'er the hoy, ; did sonu'thin;^' to I'onse the poetic sense which v to he so ,L;reat an element in Ins life. Othei'w isc th' seems to ha\(' heen little or no sense of jjleasiiiv the ai't treasures or the histoj'ic associations of It;: and at no tiiue of his life did h(> e\'ercare foi" ))icti! in anything" like the same de;.,n'ee as he loNcd poi' or nnisic. .\fterthe familysettled in London, (leor^ciioiiia! was sent to a |)reparatoi"y school neai* his own Ikh: Two of his schoolfellows hecame in after life intiiiii; friends. These wei'c l^'iancis Pa^^^et, tlie ))i-esent Di of Christ Chui'cli, and his hrother, IhMiry l^uke Tii'. now \'icar of St. l*ancras. London. An attack of measles put a stop once and for IMO to his pilhlic : lie at liona in;^^ dim ber;^-. ai few Ics^ soinctli ahxays a litt'lc boy miL!' llcK to the \ Thc\ roini(l<(l his you II tent, m; l)orn ual l)ut mai-^ alone ■ s; of them ment. wt or cai'i-y A Ioii.l;' ii onl\ twd siBter W( aitei' t he Til.. ' Pre shy te pari ia lit) ferr.'d tir Religion early yea takiii,-- II COura,L;'eu If of Is kfteo KAP.LV Lll'r :{ \vr. ilii; •(T, she V shiiiid, w inly tlic , )f JllUll(l;i () (lau.^iit. est soil ;: m])1(' fort U) coiitii iinicd lid! ;illy sctti, TllCfC W;:- ■^C fil'st, Vt lood (!('(- Ills lillH- 1 the liiii )r('iic(' ii iii.^' wit: fjisciiiii! irroiiiidi: lo l)o\', ; wliicli '. rwisc til' |)l('asiiii lis of It," 'or picti! o\('d |)(m' ^;<' iioiii:i! own lioi: ifo intiin;; csoiil l)t iiikc I'liL mid l"i>r to Ill's preparatory s( liool career, and the idea of a public scliddl was iie\cr eiilertained. I jc \\;is educated ill a desult.on and aimless fashion at inane, and was regarded hy his fiiiiiily as a sho(d<- in«4 dunce. Parts of two years wen' sjient in lleidel- ber-^. Mild iiere he picked up some (lerman, and had a few lessons on the violin, and saw as he ^-rew up soinetliinu- of student life in (lermaiiw Music was al\va\s;i perfect p;issioii with (leor;^*' L'omaiies, and it a litt le wholesome (hxapliiie laid i)eeii exercised, the boy mi.uiit lia\e hecdine a veiy ,L(ood nnisiciaii. lieidelhei'L; and t he d;i vs ;it, 1 leidelher.L;- represented to the younuvr iJomaiies the yi^^oldeii a^^c' 'riie\- li\cd in an old house outside the town, sur- rounded l)\ woods, and here the (diiidreii, (leor^^^e and his \diiii,L:'er sister, roamed iihoiit to their hearts' con- tent. makin.L;' collections and keeping' pets, like the l)orn naturalists they were. Shockin.ul)' idle (diildreii l)Ut ni;ii'\('lloiisly happy ones, and in the peculiar " lei alone " sNsteiii of their household, they .irrew uj), neither of them remeiiiherin.L;" any reproof, far less any j)iiiiish- llient. nor ;iiiy attempt to make them learn lessons or carr\' on studies for which they were not iindined. A Ioiil; inter\al of yeai's sepai'ated the hrotluirs, now oni\ two in iiiiniher;' and the yoiin.Ljcr hrother and aister were looked on and treated as eliildreii loii;^- after they had emerged from (diildhood. The father and mother seem to have attended Pre^li> teriiin and .\ii;^"liciiii churches with entire im- part iaiity, hut t he \()un,L^^er iiieiiil)ers of the family pre- feried the I'hiulish chiircdi, and were conlirmed in it. Reliuii'ii was a potent inllueiice with the hoy in (jiiite early years, and there ^^I'ew up in him a purpose of takiiiu' Holy Orders, a pm'jiose which met with no eii- Cpui'iiLicmcnt from either of his |);ireiits. If (if intellectual a(diievement he ^^ii\(.' as yet no liolji.rt, tlio second son, died in childhood. Jl L' (iEOHGK .lUlIN K(JMANJ:s Iff,: promise, at least there wci'e tlie si,L;"iis of a siii.^iihn; pure and unseltisli natiii'e which seemed to .uiv and develope with the L^i'owin,^- years. All tln'ou. his hfe he was ])ecidiai'ly tender, , gentle, and nnselfi-: and his youn^^'ei" sister (h'sei'ihes a little scene of \hi\ while a. children's pai'ty was ,u'oin;j[ on downstiiii (leor.^e found hei' npstaiis alone and jnisei'ahle, sufti in,L,f from some odd childish miseiy of nerves, mini to ,!4'o down, and yet hatin.^' to he alone; how lie once soothed and petted hei', sat hy her the win evenin;^^ tellin,^' her stoiies and snccessfvdly diivii away her unha))j)iness. The most chai'acteristic i ap})ears at the end. This sort of unselfish conduct u so iisvial, that his little sister really for^^ot to tli.i him, nor did it occur to hei" till lon^' after that thei'e u anythin.i;' unusual in his w illin^'ness to saciificc whole evenin^^'s anmsement to what most hoys won have re,L(arded as mere faiicifulness, only (lesei'\iiiL due amount of sexci'e teasin,^'. l)ui'in,L;' inese yeai's the Homanes family spt theii' sunnners at Dunskaith, on the shores of t: ("romai'ty Firth. Here (leor.i^c K'omanes had his lii lessons in sport at the hands of Dr. Jirydon, the wi known survivor of the fatal I'etreat fi'om Cahul, Isi. lie soon hecame an ai'dent si)ortsman and excellt shot, and not until his hital illness he^an did he (■\ fail to keep Au^^ust !'_! and Septemher 1 in the |)r(i)- way. When (ieor^'e Ivomanes was ahout si'venteen, ; was sent to a tutor to I'ead in ])reparation for ti l'ni\-e»'sity, his niother haxin.i;' suddenly awakened' the fact that he was neai'ly ,^rown up and not at I'eady for coUe^'e. One of his fellow [)U[)ils was M ' Dr. ])rv(lon I'csidod on a snuill l)ut Ijciuuiful piopcrty ovorlnolv the Croiiiiirty Firth, iuhI. utter liis di'utli. l)r. Itoiiiaiu's rented tliej! from its owners, who were ihstHiit cousins of .Mrs. Itoniiines, in orJi i : ■(ieor;4[e might have some shootinj,'.' 1870 Charles of Shih a fl'ieiid premat i taut If tend«d Brax'iK briduv. him. Ill ( Oonvill Mos the mo those w presii.ue fellowsl toms of more ai Oxfoi-d hi theii' choice, ; will inlli And Soiiiewh time int Uiider s( hlto col €ut raiici ^litil'eU ll(-( trnilied, left it, t .and can Work wl ih: 1870 CAMlJKIlKii: sill,L;lll;il (1 to ,i;ri i\\ throii.. d unscltiN; MIC ot lid [lownsliii!- ll)l(', sutl. \'('s, mini liow he tile \\ii( :11_V (lri\r ■tcristic i oiidiict w t to thill it thci'c w siicritici l)oys \\(ii [lesci'N ill;. inily spi jl'cs of t: ad his 111 1, the \vt hul, hSI. 1 CXCcllr id he (v the pi'dj' ■rntccii. : )li fof t: AakciU'd ' not at Is was y {y ovct'liMiK •ntcd the p! s, ill oi'di'i't Charh-. I'ldiimiid Lister, hmthcr of the present owner of Shihdeii Ilalh ilah'fax. With Mr. Lister he formed a friendship destined to l)e only broken l)y Mr. Lister's premature death in Isso. This friendship had impor- tant i-e>iih> for (ieoi;L;-e 1 1( »ii la I les. He had heeii in- tended for Oxford, and his name Jiad heen entered at Bra^eiiose Cone-c. hut Mv. Lislei" was to ,l;-o to ("am- brid,L;e, and he easily peisuadefl his friend to follow him. Ill ()(to])er IS()7 ( leoi'Ljc 'h'hn IJoiiianes entered Goii\iIle and Cains ('(.lle-e. ("auihi-id.^e. CAMniMlx.!'.. 1S(,7 IST;; Mo>t men feel that their l'iii\crsity life is one of the nio-^t marked phases of their career. I\\'en to those who come Up from a puhlic school, with all the prestige and with all the friendships, the sense oi fellowship, the hundred and one iiithiences, the cus- toms of a .ureat school ' lyiiii^- 1 liic]^ " upon them, realise more and nioi'e, as time .uot'S on, how ,^reat a part Oxford or ("amhrid.u'e plays in their lives; how it is ill their rni\-eisity life t hey make their int(dlectual clioice, and recei\(' the hias which, foiy^dod oi- for evil, will inlluence their w hole life. And to this raw hoy, fivsh from a secduded and somewhat nai'i'ow atmospht re, plun.L^cd foi' tlic lii'st, time into a ^j^reat soc iety, hroii.Ljht^ for the fii'st time under some of the inllneiices of the then ' /(dt^^eist,' Uito contact with some of the leadt'i's of thou^dit, entrance into the I'liiN-ei'sity was the he^dnindi^' of an «ntir(dy new life. lie entered Camhi'id.u'e. half-educated, iitt.erK' un- trained, with no knowled,L;(' of men or (d hooks. He Icd't it, to all intents and purposes, a trained worker jBiud earnest thinkci', with his life work l)e^-un — that ^'ork whi(di was an unwearied sear( h after truth, a w (iK()i{(;i: .loiix iu)m.\m;s \»:u i«78 ork ch}ii'{U't«'iis('(l 1)\- an cvcr-iiicicasiiiLr i'cvmcik said t foi" ;^^()()(lii('ss, and, as years went on, hy a disi'CLiJir of iii in the reli^ie^ world of the I'niNcrsit.y he knew nothing. I''. I' Maiii"ice was Ntill in ( 'amhrid^^c, hut he seems to h;r repelled I'athei" than to haxc attracted (leor.^c Vv manes, nor did he e\i'i' come under the inlhieiice i W'est.cott, or of Li^ht foot,, or of llort. And, when the int.ellectiial strii,L;,L;lcs he^an. !■ .-.eenis in early years to ha\(' owed Ncry little to nii Cliristian writer, IJishop I >utler alone excepted. ilis sinmners were spent in lloss-shire, and tlici' is no douht these months were of ^reat, use to liii' lie was perfectly unhai'assed so far as pecuniai'y . At, lln' ti:: (if licr l)r{)t!i(i''s iicciilciil she was trfi\ clliii;^' in Spain with lii'i- fatlicr ;r sister, uml diks diiv was taken siidih-nly ill. iiecaim sliLditl> delirious, it; expressed jfi'ciit aiixietv on (ieorj^e's account. Al'teiuai'ds, on cnnipiui;. notes, il was foiiiid tliat the time of his uccideiit coincided with that of 1. illness. not h( t i| absolute gretted of ejirlv 'Y ro cherishe Mr. Cmu boll I intt vaciil ion theolo;4'\ Hooker" r- ' Analo.u; Romane- boyish c yet full I led;4'e ot lles( teinpei'e( minded name ; a of !>ll\ p tiiict ion. his att.ei W<'re re; Geor;_;'e be^iiii t winuiii'4 l':i.^'l for his t Mr. ( ()\()catio leariiii' . 187'. 1878 ( • \ M 1 ; It 1 1 )( . I : I'CVClTlK \c ;ill. L'nliiaiios, ciiltiNiitc t he li;il)it of lin'(lit;it ioii.' :iii(l Mr. I loiiuiM'-^ alwfiys (piotcd this as ;i iiin>t \;dii;il)lc i)it i)f ;id\ ice. llis iiit('ll('ctii;i I devclopiiioiit \\;is rjipid ill I h<'Nt' (';iml)ri(l;4(' yojirs, mid it is not iiiiprohnhic t h;it his slowly ^^Towiii^^ mind had not hccii ill noiacmI liy hciiiu' ;ill"v\('d to mature in absolute frcrddiii, altlioii;..:h ho himself hitterly vc- gretted and. tliroiiL;h his uhdle life, deplored the lack of early t raiiiin,L'\ and i»f mental dis('ij)line. 'rhron^h these early ( 'aiiihrid.L;e yeai's he still cherished the idea of 1 loly ( )rders, and uit h his friend, Mr. ('ant ley. he had many talks ahoiit the career they both intended to elioDse. They sp<'nt a part of one loii;^ vacation to^'ether, and occupied themseKcs in reading;" theojduy nUcIi hook^ a-^ " Pearson on the ('reed,' Hookers • I'icclcNiastical Polity, ' liishop Hutler's ' Allah iLiy,' and in writing" sermons. Some of .Mr. UoJiiaiies are still extant, and are cm-ions hits of boyish cniiiposition — crude. uiif(trined in st\le. and yet full i)f thoiiLiiit, and >lio\\in;_;' ;i lemarkahle know- ledge of the Hihle. 1 le seems t o ha \c heeii, foi' t he rest , a hri^lit . ^j'ood- teinpered. popular lad, always iiiiich c ha tied for ahseiit - minded mistakes, tor his lonu' le.^s, for his peculiar name; and he certainly ,'_;a\c no (»iie the faintest idea of any part icula r ahilil_\ . any likelihood of future dis- tinction.' Some sliL'lit (liaiice, as it, seemed, turned his attention to natural science; one oi- two friends W<'ie leadiii;.;- for the .Natural Science Tripos, and Gcor;^e Poniaiies ce;ised to read mathematics and be.L^aii to work at natural science, competin.L; for and winniii,L;a scholarship in that siihject. Mi.i^iiteei) months only remained lor him t.o work for his Tripos, and it is not siirprisin;^- that, he onlv Mr. Ciuiilcy \sriti-^: ' \ lun,. never seen IJoiii.'inos. iiiidcr the j,'i<'iit(-t JroMKMtion. (lilt, (.f tciiiii.r. .Mujivs <;i,ut\v, iilwiiys kind, iirvir over, bearing' . . . never fur;,'etl'iil of tiiiiidK.' b CVAmci] .101 IX PvOMANIlS ')l)tMiii('(l ;i Second Cliiss. hi the Tripos of" IHTO. llic sjiiiic list ainon;^' the l''irst,-( "l;iss men, Mr. I'Vjmk I );ir\s ins nnnie !i))j)ears. Mr. IkOiniines Inid Ljone l)ui ;i little distance idm. the road on which he was destined to traxcl \"ery t lie had lip to this time read none of Mr. I)ar\\ii h(M)k.-, and to a iii'ien.' Ahout the sprin.L;' of IST'J ^\v. liomanes b(\^aii t show si,L;ns of ill-liealth. lie was harassed b}' faint 187 ! ness aiK up to shoot, exerci'-r be suftc had a \ deal \' COli^taiil shire d( ceiicc. 'Chi-i-t,, assi Lined Miic! his >i>tc and \\\> Both we bodil\ w hood he work, t h more tli;i The . than oiK stren.L^th It is; to some written impress Hltellccti in ^tylc. his faiin'l left (MS si My (1 reioiciuu "I IS.- )f liSTo. , Ir. FmiK aiicc iildi. 'I Ncrv t;i . l)Hl'\\il: tioii \\lii(, IK) ;ill;,\\t a of 11^ osit.ioii ii,!-;'s of t; ildcriixi; a lifcldi own (';il: iioiiiaii> lil'St \)l)l>: it Jic al- i(.ii of h \siolo<_i\ iiii<^-s. "st plllll. life, Liii'. Now 1. Ic 1,0 0\r! ic yoiiL. icil Kent- lapiiiaii- 1871 i',ri:Ni:v imm/i: '.) ness and incessant lassifiidc liut st m.^.i^icd (.11, .i^oin^' up to Scotland in tlir siiiiinM'i- and l)c,L;iniiiii,L': to 8ho(»t. iind* r 1I1C Ix'Iicf that all lie wanted was Ininl excrciNC. At la^t lie lirokrdown and was ({('(dared to be siifffrin- from a l>ad attack of tvplioid fever. lie had a \cr\ \\;\V(\ st niu'jle for life, and owed a ,;.;reat deal 1'> I)|-. i.atliaiii. who from ('amhi-id,L;-e k('j)t up a constant tele,L:ra|)liic coiiimnnicalioii with the Koss- shire doctnrs. it was a Ioiil;- and weary con\ales- ceiice. hc'jiiiled in part hy writin.L;' an essay on 'Christiiiii l*r;iyef and (leiieial Laws," the snhject assi.uiied tortile ]>iifiiey l*ri/.i' Mssay of IsT-"). Much (»f this essa\' was dictated to one or (itlier of lUH sisters, and it is a cnridus fact that his (ii'st hook and his last should ha\c Ix-eii on t heolo'jicMl snhjects. Both were wi-itteiiwheii he was st iaiL;-L:liii,i;' with.ureat bodily weakness, and in tliesc months of early man- hood he sliowed the same almost pathet ic desire to woi'k. t he >amc act i\ ity of t lioii,L;ht w hi(di he disj)Iayed more than t wciity years later in the last days of his life. The essay was successful, ;ind it s ant hor w as more than once claimed as a (diampion of hiith on the sti'cn.ut h of it. it is a \cry hard hit. of readin.L;', and of course has to some extent the drawhack of a prize essay, a work written not simply to c()ii\ince the piihlic, hut to impress examiners. It is full of knowledge and of intellectual a,L;ility, l)iit is perhaps needlessly diHiciilt in style. I lis success was ahsohiteU' iniexpected l)\' his family, and made him \ cry happy, as t he followin,'4 letters show, written in the lirst red ' pa^^'es ' (l)ut now wit. I'ri/e I. written across them) ; and histly, to tlu> thir Hdjudiciitoi', the niastei' of Christ's. They all salt; nioi'e in praise of the essay than 1 would cure t' repeat, hut, to tell you the sim])le truth, I was perfectl .istonished. h'or example, ' In the history of tli Hurney Vv'i/.v there have only heen two e(pials aii no su[)ei'iors.' The \'ice-( 'ha ncellor told me that th(4-e was aiiutht essay well deservin,!;- of a prize which was writte 1878 by a ma said 1 \ him \ci- three \( ill Plnl. up ei.Liht' the .M'.r; to luc t h he the h( hav( wi should h My(l( pleased V I remciul cha)ices ( Had I k COm])cte. His essa good. an( the foui intel'est rathei' h the Divi money. ( The « tl()\ so 1 Adiudica b: 1878 I'.rKXKY PKl/K 11 Nliich ;ir. lied \iii; ]ii fol" 111 M\(' syii iil)iii('(l u- .^•('t th. (•()li;^r('n;|. . I s;r. 1 (l('li,L;ir W COllljIi kiiowii;. 'aius (loi,- is the lir^' )11(> of It- S Kt'lTcl- ; ;i Sciiii li';4"(> lii;i bi-cakfa^' princili; it illdt'ti; oil) wlldl low wit the tliir all s;ti(. care t' perfccti >■ of th' iials ail s auothi writtt; by a mail cf ulinm I dan- say you will I'ciiiciiihcr i said I wa-. iiio^t afraid, vi/.., Mr. . I kii<'\\ him vcrv well wlifn \\'' ^vcic iindrr^radiiatcs, and thrcf ycais auo lu' <»l)taiiicd the Trinity Scholarslni) in l'liilosopli\. open to all coiiiiH'titors. and cndtMl up ci.Lilitcfii iii-aitlis au'o l.y .uraduatin^- us S(>nior ot the Moral Scifiict' Tripos, it is a ,ur»'at satisfaction tome that the man who was universally admitted to be the Ix'Nt of the ('aml)iid'4-e metaphysicians should have wi'itteii. and that, not w it list andin.u', t he decision should lia\e heeii ;_:i\en uiianimoUNly in my faxour. 7" ■fdlitis L'nDiii lirs, J'jSt/. IS Coiiiwall 'l"('rr;KT : .\i)iil :t\. M\- (leare->t •lames. — I a In sure you w ill he as mii<-h pleased with the result of my hihours as 1 am niyselt. I rciiieiidxT NO Well our sjX'ciilat iii.n' upon the |)rol)ahle chances of >ne(ess, and how low we set them down. Had I known for certain that was .n'oin.i;' to COnij)ete. I think I should ha\e ^•i\'<'n up alto;^'ether. His essay does seem to ha\'e heen extraordinai'ily good, and yet he cannot ,u'et a second |)ri/,e, hecaiise the foundation re(piires that every penny of the interest shall .l;o to the lirst man. .\s this seems rather hard lines foi' , I liaNC to-day written to the nixinity I'rofessor offeriiiL;' to share the pri/.e money, on condition that the l'ni\-ersity recognise — — as a prizeman. The extraordinary thiiii;- ahout the whole alTair is, ^ot so much the award, as the o))ini()n which the adjudicators tuitertain of the work. I do not know how 12 (-i:o]i(.i-: .KjjiN iujM.\Ni:s 1^: I87r. it is tliiit,, stranded on a saiidhfiiik and in a half di and-ali\(' state, witlioiit, thinkin;^; I \\a^ doin^j ;ii. tliin/j" unusual, I slioidd lia.\<' wi'it.tcn l.hc prize e^^;l ]>nt, I don't, care how it, is so lon;^- as it, is so. as — . Wfiles, ' \()\\ eertaiidy haxc achieved a ,L;')'eat. sueci . lianfh'eapped as yon were in so many ways." Ti, of eoiirse, I'chitcs to the a \\ a I'd ; l)ilt. as I said h('fi. what, sni'prised me most, is that. I should not, onl\ first,, hut such a .u'ood first. The praise L'ixcn hy e;h of th(; adjudicators separately, in as stron;^" terni^ it is possihie in donnish phraseoloLiy to c(»n\<'y it. w Ncry .Lirat ifyin.L;" to me, especially as pronounced in i. studiously diunihed manner of the \ ice-( 'hancelhi: 1 hope soon to see you and tell _\ou more ah' the whole tljin/j'; for one of the hest parts of it that, 'if one mend)ei' he honoured, all the Uieml)' rejoice with it .' \\\('V your lo\ in.u jirothei'. ( ii;o. .) . I ei.M.VNKS, |)urin;_: his con\ alescen •(• Mr. K'omanes fiuii: al)andoned the idea ot a profession and I'esohcd' dcNote himself to scieiititic research. It, was ahout this time that, a lettel' of lii^ 'Natui'e" (see 'Natin'e,' xol. \iii. p. lOl) attract' .Mr. i)ai'win"s attcnt ion. and ->; so, ;is — ('lit, siir( ( i\s/ Ti. ■>;ii(l hcf'. not oiil\ i;^' term- iNcy it. v, iiiccd ill ! Ii;ilifc||'i: 'liorc ;il)i i1.s of it (' IIIC||]l)t to.\lA.\l.>. IK'S tillli. resolved " of 1 1 is JlUl'McI- to send tlic ('He WHS tll( will slioi;. licvc. sciciiti: )ccii wu; infr. whfii ;it ('.■iiiil)ri(l,'jv. in \>v. Micliacl |-'o.-.tcr"s labonitorv, mikI w;i> ;i nifiiilxn- of that. l)aii(l who foriiic'l the iniclrii^ of what wa^ destined to he the fanmus phN^iulo'jical ^(•hool of ( 'aiiil)ri(l^^e. Side hy side with Mr. Ildinaiies were working- .Mr. ( oiskell, .M r. Dew Smith, and others now well known foi- their work Hlld aehie\eliient,s. Ill some wa\s .Mr. Romanes ^iifTered from not reiiiainin.L'- atCamhrid.u'e and heeomin.L;- a permanent liieinlx'r I if the i)an(h It i-^ impo-,-.ihie not to fed that had he ^ta_\ed on at the ('iii\crsity he would ha\e (h-Noted hiins(df moi'e and ninrc to ^t rietly experimental work' and less to what ma\ he ealled philosophical natiii'al histoiW'. Some will regard his removal as a misfortmie, and othei-sasa liapp)' accident, hut the mij^ht-haN-e-hecns of life ;irc iicMf \ery protitahle siihjects for specula- tion. Ill older to he with his now widowed mother, he retiniicd to London, and made his home with lieiand his si:^ters. 'rhe\- spent their summers at Diinskaith, find .Mr. ll()inaiie-> emharked on researcdies on the ner\ oii-^ ^\ stem of t he Medusa'. lie he^an also to work in the phy>iolo,L;ical lahoratory of I'liiNei'sit)' Colle^'c under 1 )r. Sliarpe\- and Dr. Hiirdoii Sanderson. IJotli he re^^aided as masters and friends, aiifl perhaps, next to Mr. harwiii, I)r. Siinderson was the scieiitilie friend (leor;^e Koiiiaiies most valued and lo\ed. alth'iiiL^h it is iiiipossihle to overrate what he owed t) ( 'amhi'id.'je, and to those early loii,L;iii;^s for hio- »;^Mcal study whi,1' I t i 14 GEORGI-: JOHN KOMANF.S i.v iH'ss and a wonderful interest in tlie N()un: wclciwne the n(^w recruit was welcomed to the scici. titic army hy such men as Professoi- Huxley, Sii* .hiJ! Lu])h()ck, SirJoseph Hooker, Mr. Husk. Mr. b\(lalt(ii. and Mr. S])ottiswoode, then Pi'i^sident of the i\(iy;, Society. .lust at that time there was a set of risiuij' nouh. 1875 biolo.^i" and it il real epoch in Mr. liomanes' life. Mr. Darwin n that him, as he often used to tell, with outsti-etched hain taken Balfoiii RonianI At »( II mi ad Mr nifvin.u « home a' on anil Intelli,- perhaps Mathal various in ' Mel It was attempt did not His conunu entitled System 'rhi> it the ( best hi( Mr. two -^un the M( Avhctlie <»Xlstcd ■ I'mf ■ Hut #Tli.' Intl |)iilii r I'l'i) ^vi^h j,'ri'ii 1)\ l;it( r t IS- is::! i:.\HLV SCIKNTIKIC WOllK li^'cr in;! 'til 1,1,^ W;^ )!ir\viii ii :-li<'(l JiMiii, - \(»u an (' uiisclli^ 1. Asti: trail it \\i stci- \\;i^ ictcr as ; ever, in t th the I<, as an ()\i •inancs li [r. Darw; \(>rshi|) ■ ■> of sini| sci'ics lie fofin liar ' |)( and ini adc in;ii. ProfcsN >■(' Si nit i >r. Laud. < l)('caii> idiicss i: he scici;- Sii' .loh' \ ( laltdi. (' l\ny;;. '■ \()iii!: biolc-i^t^ who all srcnicd dcstiiM-d tn do .i^-ood work, and it, is inclancholy to look hack and to see ' how of that not loo numerous hand a ininihcr have Jh'cii takni from us in the prime of life, (larrod, I'^rank Balfour, Moseley, 11. Carpenter, Millies Marshall, Romanes. At l)nn-kaitha lit tie lahorator.x was lifted up \\\ an ;i(ljoiniii,u- eotta.ue. and here (lurinu- the snnnner Mr. leiinaiies worked constantly for xiine years, dixcr- Hifvinu his lahours i)y shootin.L;-. it was in his eounfr_\ home also that he he^aii those series of ohservatioiis on aninnds which he woi'ked up into the ' .Animal Intelli,L;ence ■ of the International Scientific Series, perhaps tlie most popular of his hoolt' hijiiry (111 the j'xcitaliilit y of Atotor Nerves." Of this pniicr I'nifessdr Uiinloii Siiii(l(M"S(tn says that th(^ observations were maiie Avith ^rcut curt', ami that the new facts recnrded liavo hoen fully conliriiietl ;fl)\ lat( r ohservers. 'i'his work was done at C'anibrid^'e. u; (iiioiu;!-: .joiix i{O.M.\Ni:s I 1875 '! ■ did, oIIkts considered his deductions |)i'eniature, m lliixlev, ill liis ' Clfissiticatioii of Animals, ' siiiiiin, up the niiicli-dehated r|uestioii hy sayin;^ that 'none \()us system iiad yet Ix'cn discoNcred ii; Medusa." .Microsco])ically, it liad already heeii shown tli: in some forms of Medusa' there are present ceitii: tine tihres rmimii.i^' aloii;^' the mai';^in of the swimiiiii.. hell, from theii' appeai'ance said to he nerves, \\\: in no case had it heen shown that they fuiictioiu as such, 'i'hus it was tosohc this (piestion, whetli- or not a nersous system, known to he [)resent in n. animals hi;^her in the /oolo.n'ical scale, inakes it' first appearance in the Me(hisa', that Mi', liomain entered upon a lon;^' sei'ies of physiolo^^ical e.\])n; meiits, tirst on the ;^i'oup of small 'naked-eyed Medusa', and then on the lar,^('i' ' coNcred-eyed ' forii the latter division containin,^" the common jelly-liM These names, ' naked-ey^'d ' ;ind 'covered-eyed,' ;ip ,ni\en to the two ,L;r()Ui)s on ;iccount of a difference i theii" sense or<^ans, which are situated on the mar^i of the uml)i'ella o!" swimming" hell, and are pi'otectj hy ii liood of .L^clatinous matter in the ' coxci'ed-eyeil foi'ms, so called in contradistinction to the ' naked- eyed ' ,L>roup, whei'e the hood is ahsent. ilomanes fii'st cai'efuUy ohser\'ed the moNomeii:- of the Me(hisa', which, it will he rememi)ere(l, ai' effected hy the dilatation and conti'Jiction of tli' entii'e swinnnin.^' hell, and he found that if, in tli' 'naked-eyed' ^n'oup, the (»xtreme margin of llii- swiiinin'nif hell he excised, immediate, total, and pel niaiient paralysis of the whole oi'^^^an took |)lace. Tlib result was ohtained with every species of this ^roiii whicli lie examined ; he therefore concluded that ii the ]iiju',L;in of all these forms there is situated localised system of centres of spontaiu'ity, ha\iii- foi' t»ne of its functions the ori,L;ination of inipulse>! which the contraction of tlie swiiiunin^' hell is, undi ordinary tion wa> thread-li its rhytl severanc ing per forms of the Ul or inar,L;i the par; grea t n i after a \ ; ments h eyed " Mt the I'ir/ii locomoto contract! Ha\ ii nervous Komane>. tisHUe of general : it was al> latiou hy As re,! prove col *liake(l-e\ bodies rc! Ittininous of li^dlt ( Aey w<'r( lirnoved, regard t( itlfli'-ient |i)8sessed Wise or^'i The e 1 iitiirc, ;ii, SUllllll. t ' no lie: '(lus;i'." lOWll til: lit (•crlai ■^w iimiiii . ■rvcs, l)i; iiiictioih 1, wlictli' sent ill ;i. iiakcs it- IioiiiaiK- ill ('X])('r kcd-cycd ■('(I ' forii, j('lly-fi>i eyed,' II!' Tci'cnct' 1 IC Illrll';:! pl'otcctt I'cd-cycil iiakc(i- ()\('iii('ii: Tt'd, ill' 1 of th- ', ill til' of thh iiiid ])('i- •('. Till- lis ^Tdlll tllilt i: jUiitcd hii\iii. )Uls('S t is, uiidi ii75 i:\ri:i:iMi:NTs on Mi-:i)rs.E 17 ordiiiiirv (ircuiiiMiinccs. cxdiisiwly due. 'Uns deduc- tion wiis con liniird l)y the behiiviour of the severed threiid-like portion o"f the iiiiir-in, \vliich_ eontinued its rhythiniciil contnietions (piite unini])iiin>d l)y its severitnce from the iiiiiin orL^Miiisiii, the hitter reiiiiiin- ing p.-rfectly motioidess. In the ' eovered-eyed ' forms IJonmiies found tliiit excision of tlie niiii-.Ljin of tlio unihrcllii, or r;itlier excision of the sense ()r.^-iins or iiiiir.i^iniii liodies, pi'ixhiced piirjilysis ; in tliis ciise, the i)iir;il\sis \v;iN of ii tenipor;iry cliiiriicter, iis in tlie great niiijorit\- of c;l^es contnietions were resinned after ii vnriiihle period, i-'roin this serio of expei'i- ment^ he U.i-^ led to helie\-e thilt ill the •(•oNel'ed- eyed " MedilNie the liiiir,L,dn i^ the >>r/i/r//ni/, hilt not the crc/iisin', se;it of spoilt ;i licit V, there hcill.L^ other locomotor centres scattered t h.roiiudiout the ^^eiieiiil contnictile tissue of the swimmin.L; hell. H;i\ iiiL;- deiiionstriit'Ml the existence of ;i central nervous s\stem c;ipiihle of oriuimitin,^- impulses. Koiniiiies iiad yet to prove the ideiit it y of this iM'rxous tissue of the Mcdiisic with thilt of nt!rvou> tissues in generiil : therefore, he next j)roceeded to test whether it \v;is also capahle of responding' to extermil stimu- lation hy h\^'ht, heiit, electricity, (Vc. As reij^iirds appriM-iiition of li^^'ht, he wiis tihle to prONc coii(dusively for iit Iciist two species of the *naked-eyed' forms tlnit iis loii;^" iis tlieir miir^iiiiil bodies rcmiiinc'd intact they would iilwiiys res[)()iid to luminous stimulittion, iiiid would crowd iiloii^^ ii hciim oi h^dit ciist throu^^h ;i diirktMied hell jjir in which they were swimmin;^^ ; if their niiiri^dmil bodies were lirnoved, they reimiined indifferent to li^dit. With regiird to the ' cov(M'ed-eyed ' forms, he ohtiiined rtltlifieiit evidenta; to induce him to believe the) ssessed a visual sense lotailised in their niiir'dnal " Use or^'aiis. The elleets of eleetriciil stiinuhition agreed in all (J 18 GKOJicn-: JOHN i{()M.\ni:s 1875 I'cspccts witli tliosc prfxlnccd <»n the <\(itH])le tissll^ of other iiiiiiiiMls. lie next cxjX'i'iiiiciitjilly iiiv(-- ;^ait('(l ill the jelly-fish the paths aloii^' which t; iier\'oiis iiii|)ulses must pass in their ])assa;^'e from t; loconiotor centres, where they ori^qnate, to the ^eini coiitnictile tissues of tiie animal. The I'esults of these ex})eriments led him to in: the existence of ;i vei'v fine plexus of nerxc tihrcs. which the constituent threads cross and i"e-cross n another without iictuallycoalescinf(. Tiiis conclusii which he arrived at from ))in-ely ex])erimental ^^ronii'! was some yeai's afterwards confirmt.'d hy minute 1,. tolo^n'cal researcli. j^'inally, the effect of \ai'ious poisons, chlorofori alcohol, (^-c., was ti'ied, and the strikin,L( i-esembhii: of their action on tlie ner\'ous system of tlu^ ^redii- with that which they exert on that of higher aniin;: supports the helief that nerve tissue when it fi: appears in the scene of life has the siime fundamcii projx'rties as it Inis in hi^^duM" jinimals. This piece of work was important, as the iiv thi'(!W li,L;ht, as Professor Simdei'son has sjiid, on i! mentary (juestions of ])hysiol()^v relating' to exci; hility and conduction, and it was a characteristic Mv. Iionnines that in all his work', of whatever kii h(^ was always searchin*^" for principles. The nn'nuth detail never escaped his attention if it ap|)eared;it ; likely in any way to throw li,nht on some biolo^n' or psycholo^dcal problem. Only a trained scienti' W()i"k(M" can appnjciate the amount of labour tlit> Royal S()ci(?ty papers represented. In l; pp. 2, 9, will possibly explain the thcorj' of Paiii/oneHiK, which assiiiiiP- 1. That, all the component cells of a multicclhilar organiam threw Daru in readci's. Deal see t!'c would hopeful in the c; worth w kinds ol inoonccivul) throii^'liout 2. 'I'iiiit 1 nutriiiK lit. I capabli' lit' (I were ()riL,'iii! 8. That. for onf ill Kit! from all piirt and that, wli the sexual el of geiiiiiiulcs the or;,',aiiisiii 4. That t fliieh packets of some of til r». 'I hilt a hi)iil go gitwtli. ,7. 'i'liat gi ditiiig tho ad ntnt. Or, ill t^n the adii fibular orgai lly iiivc>' wliicli t; fv from t: the ^a'lui ill) to in: /c! tihrcs. ('-cross (I COlK'lusii ;{il ^.a'ouii', iiiiiiutc L. clilorofor; ('S('lIll)lill, lie ^^('(lll• licr aiiiiii: hen it ti: nidiMiiciK s tlie f;i' id, oil t! to cxci: teristic ever kii. ' iiiiiiutf arediit ; biol()j,M' sciciiti' )()ur thf 1875 PANCiHNHSlS 19 li( ' <';i jitiitioii ' he Kiibjf rs to M- 'eispnianni-; cli assuiiie- niain thm^ Darwin Mild to Professor Schiifcr may interest some readers. IS ("(innvall Teinici'. Ht«,'Piifs I'lirk, N'.W.: .l;iiiiMiV 1 I. iHl'), l)c;ir Mr. Darwin,— I should \cry niueh like to see tl'c papers to which you alhidc. .1 j/n'orl one woidd have thought the hi>ectiii-- phiii the inore hop<'fuL l)Ut if the other has yiehled positives results, in the case of an eye and tuhcrs, I think it would be worth while to try the effect of transplanting^ various kinds ot pips into the i)iilps of kindred varieties of inOOnc(iv,il)l\ iniiiutc j,'('riiis, or ■ ^'cniinnlfs.' wliicli iiri; then dispersed throiij,'li""t t'x- wliolc system. 2. 'I'li.it llifse ^'(■iiiinillcs. when sm (lisprrscd jiiid supplied with i^-ojier nutriiueiit, multiply l)y self-division, imd, under --uitiible conditions, ure capabli' of d(Vtl()piM<,' into physiolo^'iciil cell-; like those from winch tliev were (iri'^'iii!ill,\ and severidly derived. 8. Tlmt. while still in this ^'cunnuliir condition, these (•(dl-sceds havo for one iinotlier fi nnitual iitlinity, which leads to their being collected from ali parts of the system by the reproductise j^dands of the ()r;,'anism ; Jind that, when so collected, they {,'0 to constitute the essential material of the sexual eh nieiits ova and sporniato/oa heing thus aj,'grej,'ated jjacketa of gemimjles, whitdi have emanated from all the et lis of all the tissues of the nr^'anism. 4. That the development of ;i new ()ri,'anism out of the fusion of two saeh packets of t,'ennnule's is due to a sunnnation of all the ilovcdopmetits of some of the (,'enmiules which these two pjudiets contain. T). That a lari^'e proportional mnuljer of the ;,'ennnules in each packet, howoNcr. fail to develop, and are then transmitted in a dormant state; to flltnre L'eiierations, in any of whicdi they may he. devtdoped subsoquently, thus ^'i\in^' rise to the phenomena of H'Version or atavism. (■». That in all cases the development of ^'cmmules into the form of th(|ir jiarent cells depends on their suitable union with other partially d«Velopt(l j^'emmulea wdiich pr(!ced(! them in tin; rej,'ular course of gWvlh. 7. Tiiat f,'emmules are thrown off by all physioloj,'ical cells, not only d^Uriti'4 the adtdt state (d' the organism, but during all stages of its develop- nitnt. Or, in other words, that the production of these cell-seeds depends tqpon the adidt condition of parent cells, not upon that of the niulti- M&ular orgainsm as a whole. 20 GEORGI-: JOHN ROMANES 18:: fiiiit ; for the honiolo^^iccil rchitions in tliis cmsc woii; 1)(' pretty inucli the s.-inic as in the other, with i; (•\cei)tion of th(; l)U(l hein^' an inipre«^nate(l one. positive I'esults ensned, howcscr, this hist-inentioi;^ fact would he all the hettei' foi' ' J^an,i(enesis.' \t)\\ have (louhtless ohserN'ed the vei'y remarkal' east> ^;iven in tlu; 'dardeiier's ( 'hroniele ' for Janii;i ■J — I mean tin; viiu; in which t\w. scion ap[)ears to lia notahly affected the sloci:. Alto^ethei' vines scf \ery i)i"oinisin,L;' ; and as their hiids admit of her. planted in the .^I'onnd, it would he much more cih to try t\u) his(H-tin^" |)lan in their case than in other where on(> half-hud, hesides retpiirin^' to he fitted • the other half, has also to have its shield fitted ii the hark. All on<''s ener^"ies mi.^ht then he <'.\peii(|. in coaxin;4 adliesion, and if once this were ohtaiin I thiid\ there would here he the hest (diaiicc ohtainin.u; a hyhi'id ; for then all, or neai"l\' all, t' cells of the future hi'anch woidd he in the state ,L;emnuil(;s. I am very san^^niine ahout the hn ,i;ro\vinj4" under tliese cii'cumstances, for the vi'ii with which hisected seeds ;^-ei-mimite is peiicc*; astonishing. Very sincerely and most respectfully yours, (xEO. ^. Iaomanks, P.S. — I have heen to see Dr. Hooker, and foui. his kindness and courtesy (juite wh.at you led mo " ex[)ect. Such men are rare. April 21. IHT') in returnin^if you 's pa|)ers, I should like to s:: that the one on 'Inheritance ' appears to me(]uit('(!r 1«76 stitutc same ( compla the w(i which the wli assume sis.' 1 that in doctrint upon thei'e is germ ilia forc(-( II miits, (• Law of the (1 after tin aC('('/>fri/ Dai'w ill' show ing' ampl", I 'Paii.^ci force as ever I heredity out the thiuL,^ 1) .jgenei'ali tliat Cii j|)ecanse -ultiniat( 18::- lt76 i'AN(ii:M:sis 21 CHSC won. , W'tb tl. (I one. •lIK'lltiol:' IS. rciiiJii'kar or JjlllU;i 'tirs to li;i (^'ilit'S set it of l)cl:. more e;i- 1 ill other e fitted • fitted ii e expend' ' ohtaiiit (difiiicc y all, t' le state tlie l)!i le vi.L;i pei'fccti tl rs, lOMAN'KS. and foui. led me : nil 21, iHT'i like to s;i e (juiteiir- stitiite of iiit(dli,<,dl)le llleallill,L^ It is a juinble of the same confused ideas upoii heredity ahout which I complained when you ueiv at this house. How in the woi-ld can ' foive " act without any material on whi(di to act? ^■«■t. iniless we assume that it can, the wliole discussion is eithei' nieanin,L;iess, or (d^e assumes the trutli <>\ some ^u< h theory as ' Pan,L(ene- sis.' Ill othei- words, as it nnist he ' mithiiikahle ' that force should act inch'pendeiitly of matter, the doctrine of its pei'sistcnce can only he made to hear upon the (piestion of liei'c(hly, liy supposin.^- that thei'e is ;i material connection iietwei-n corporeal and germin;il c(dls — /.r. hy ^ii'aiit iii.u' the existence ot forcc-( 'ii'i/ri-s, c;dl theui ,L;emnniles, or physiolo.uical units, or what, we please. Lnwsoii 'I'ait says (p. (')()) — 'The process of ,L;i'owth of the o\inn after impi'e.i^nat ion can he followed only after the assumption either expressed or // iicoiisc/d/i.s/// accci'li'il of su(di a hypothesis ;is is contained in Ml'. Darwin's '' l'aii,L;-eiiesis ; " ' and it is interesting^, as ghowin.i;' the trutli of the remark, to compare, for ex- anij)!", p. •-:!'.) of the other pamphlet — for, of course, * Paii,L;'enesis ' assumes the truth of the persistence of force as the prime condition of its possibility, if 6vei' 1 have occasion to prepare a ])aper about heredity, I think it would he worth while; to point out the absurdity of thinking" that we explain any- thiu.Li; by va^aic allusions to the most ultimate generalisation of science. We nii,L;"ht just aswcdl say tliat Canadian institutions resemble British ones Ibrcanse force is persistent. This doubtless is the ^iltiiiiate reason, but our explanation would be scien- 22 GEOKCiH .KJfIN ROMANES 18:: I: :i tifically v.iliu'lcss if we iit'^^lectcd to ()l)s('rv(' thut tl. Canadian colony was foundcKl by Britisli individimi. The leaf from ' Nature ' arrived last ni<^ht. 1 li;i previously intended to tiy nian<,'old-\vur/el, as I Ik it has well-marked \arieties. 'Die I'eferenee, thciv fore, will be valual)ie to me. Before closin;^", I should like to take this oppd tunity of thankin.L;' you a^^ain for the very pleasai. time I spent at Down. The plaee was one whicli had lon cases, i) then, tb theory. Ill ; Medusa Ti(iri>j polypite injured, stroycd which ai been in between ing fun( rfidial. and the one to I in the ( a spiral the otbe causes t trying t iniportai of the r; irritatioi spouse <; tion of this l)e iSei'ms t has its 4the com ilni; nervc-pl 18:; I87r> MllDCS.K 2;{ (' that tl, ulividiiiii- it. I h, , as I h(.; ic-e, then lis ()j)|)ii ■ })ii'asiii. V wliich 'e seen r ost neeiiis favourable to the iieive-[)le.\us theory. In iinotlier (hse-sh;i|)e(l species of uake(l-eye(l Medusa' witli a Idh.l' i)olypite, \vbicli I liave called Ti(irnj,sis in'/ic'ins^ from its habit of apjilyiii^;' this lon,i; polypite to any part of the bell which is i)ein.i; injured, the locfiii.siftf/ function of the polypite is de- stro\-ed as re'jrards any area of bell-tissue between ft '' • which and the polypite a circunifert>ntial section has been introduced. In other words, tlu' connections between the bell and the poly[)ite, on which localis- inf,' function of the latter depends, are exclusixely mdial. But not so tin* connections between the bell and the polypite, which render it possible for the one to be aware that something" is wron^" >>(nii('ii-lu'.rc in the other. Vov if the whole animal be cut into a spiral with the ))oly))ite at one end, irritation of the other end of the spiral, or any })art of its length, causes the polypite to sway ai)out from side to side tryin^^ to find tiie ofTendin^^ body. And here it is important to observe that wliei-ever a portion of one of the radial tubes occurs in the course of the spiral, irritation of that ])orti()ii causes a much stronger re- sponse on the part of the ])olypite than does irrita- tion of any of the <^-eneral bell-tissue, even thou^di this be situated much neaicr to the polypite. This .Bei'ius to show that the nei'vous plexus, if present, has its constitiKUit fibres a,n-^n-e<^^ated into trunks in the course of the nutriment tubes. Thus far, tlieii, I should be inclined to adopt the nerve-plexus theory. ]hit lastly, we come to another 24 CiEOKGK JOHN ROMANES ii*:.v 1876 F species with a very hir^^^e boll and a very small polypitt. In-itatinii of iiiari^nn or radial tubes causes the animal h, ,l;o into a violent spasm, but irritation of the <,'eneral muscular layer only causes an ordinary locomotor contraction. On cuttini^ the whole animal into a spiral. and irritatin;^ the extreme end of several mar^niuil sti'ips, the entire nniscular })art of the spiral ^oo into spasm. On inter[)()sin^f a ,L,n-eat nund)er di interdi^itatin^^ cuts in the course of the s])inil, there is no difference in these results. Now tlie (piestion is, What is the nature of the tissue that conducts impressioib from the <^^anglioiiic tissue to the muscular. makin.L,^ the latter ,i;;i. into a sj)asm? A spasm is as different as })()s- sible f ^'ni an ordinan contraction, and will Fio. 1. . ' contnnie to pass loii.i,' after the ordinary contractions have been blocked In severity of section. It is scarce!}' possible to suppose a nerve-plexus here — the toleranc-e towards section bein,^ so ^reat, althouf^di it varies in different cases, ]3esides, suppose this to be a segment of animal cut as represented. On irritatinf,^ nuiri'-in at (i all the hell goes into a spasm, and it is evident that whatever the nature of the conductile tissue, all the connections nuist pass through the tract of tissue at h. Yet on irritating that tract no spasm is given. T cannot understand this on any view^ as to the nature of the conductile tissue. .: Alt^ perplc.xi poisons, are in (< . I hii as \et. various arrive ii to be ex in spirit few prel qii Sarsi another decided beaker a hy mean ohserval 1 am many in to see t plants I to do an The and occi far have and imp principa' All I innnedia [)( >lypite^ the cove i":,'. lerc MEDUSiE 25 ;)()Iypitt. niiiial to general coniotor a spiral iiar^Miial ral ^ocs liber 01 spiral. lOW the iue that ressioii.s ngli()iii( luscular, -tter ^0 A spasm as pos- jrdinar\ id will ss Iohl; eked by suppose seetioii t eases. 1 cut as ihe bell 'ver the cetions Yet oil eannot of the .: Alto.Ketlur. then, this part of the iiuiuiry is veiy perplex ill--. Other parts are (h'finite eiiou.i^h. All the poisons, h.r iiiNtaiico, yield very deiinite results, whieh are in (•(.nformity with their aetions elsewhere. I have had no t iiee to do anythin.<,Mit the histolo,i,7 as vet. Would it he worth while for nie to send you various species in a little sea water? They would arrive' in a tnlcrahly fresh condition, but would require to h{! examined iit once, i iui.i,dit try sendin.Lj some in spirit and others in ehroniie acid. 1 have niiide a few preliminary experiments with the galvanometer qn Sarsia, })lacin,i; one electrode on the mar<^in and another on the muscular sheet, but without any decided results. I also tried placing a Sarsia in one beaker and simple sea water in another, connecting by means of the electrodes, but no disturbance was observablt\ .Tunc 4. 1 am working very hard just now, as tbere are so many irons to keep hot at once. It is too soon yet to see the results of s])ring grafting on the many plants I have operated on, and I ha^o not had time to do anything with animals since I left London. The Medusa' have now come on in their legion, and occupy my undivided attention. The results so far have |)i'()ved as deiinite as they an^ interesting and important. The following is a summary of the principal. All genera of naked-eyed yet examincnl become I'immediately and permanently paralysed (except p(tlypite) upon excision of margin, but not so with the covered-eyed. 2G GEOWiK JOHN liOMAXP:S 1875 t876 !J:\ w The or^^Hiiis!)) thus mutiliitcd r('s])f)ii(ls with siri^dc contraction to a nip with the forccj)s, also t various chemical stiniuh". Tlie chain of ^aii^iia d tl le sfiine, and furtl ler reseni l)h'tl le nil itihited oi'iJiainNi: in contractin;^^ once to hotli make and l)reak of dirti or of induced shock. They differ, however, in ci. important ])articuhii- : the severed margin retains ]i sensi])ihty to the in(hiced shock nnich lon^^er thjiii t the direct, while witli the necto-calyx the conveiN. is th(; case — the hitter res])ondin;^" vi^a)i-()usly to luak- and ]>reak of direct cnri'ent after it has ceased to 1). affected hy even interrupted current with secondan coil pusli(>d U[) to zero (one cell). A strange and, so far as I am aware, an nn))arallek'(; phenomenon h sometimes manifested hy Sarsiji afte; removal of <^'anglia. It only ha])pens in ahout oiit case out of ten, and jicrrr (>xce))t in response to either chemical or electrical stinndation. A Ixdl i\\\\l paralysed, and which ma}' ha^"e n^sponded nonnally enough to stimulation for a nund)er of tilings, sud- deidy hegins an acti\'e shivei'ing motion, which may last from a minute to half an hour. ^I'his inoti()n i- totally diffei'ent from anything exhihited hy tli- animal when alive, and after ceasing nevei' I'ecoii:- niences without fi'esh stinndation. '^J'he shiveriiiL apjiearance, I think, is due to the various systems i:' nniscles contracting without co-ordination, hut wli} it should take place in some cases and not in otliciN I am (piite unahle to determine. Irritahility of hell to shocks increases progiv>- sivelv from centi'e to circumference, and is greato>; when electrod(>s ai-(^ placed on marginal canal. v\h" a sum h oa< hi pi whei ohscr it won 1 f \ r an( ll I cth a nn'ch points ted )0l therefor get the field, ill time ui canal, move t(i Sars astonish section nervous For ins organisi into a tl and on yet a Ji: mode of animal which i"( the dott thi> cut; ^ the who lost, l)ot , lesponst 1875 1876 MEDL'S.i: 27 s with ^, also t fin^liu (i of clirc( r, ill oil. :^taiiis ii^ I" than t cojiveiv to malv ed to Ih ccoiulan >arall('l((; "sia aftc )out on. to eithf-r >11 (|iiit' iionnalh es, Slid- ich may lotion i- by fh. ■ rccoiii- hivoriii: items o; but \vli\ OtllCt'N pr()^•re^• ^^•('atov I. Alsn a similar pr(),i;i'('ssiv(' incivasi' is observable on ap- proachiii,!; one of the rtn/ial canals, and is ^^reatest when electrodes are placed on one of these. (1 may obser\t' that howcxtT neat a person's tin^^ers may bo it would b'.' simply impossible to conduct these and other oitscrxations of the same nature witliout a mechanic 111 slnu'e. 'Iho electrodes must be needle- points passed through cords, the latter bein^' suj)- ported by a co[)j)er wire fixed to the sta^^e, and therefore mo\ cable with it; and I defy anybody to get the electrodes into the field, and at the same time U[)on the marL,dnal canal, unless they all movi' to^^ether.) Sjirsia stands an astonishiii,^' amount of section without losin;^^ nervous eoiiductibilit}'. For instance, the whole or^^anism may be cut into a three-turned spiral, and on irritatin.n- the (Mid, the whole contracts; yet a Jiiomeiit's thought will show how trying' this mode of section is to nervous coniKU'tions. As tlie animal may be cut, as in the followin*;- dia^^ram, which repri'sents the wliole or<;-aiiisni in projection — the dotted lines bein.L^ the canals, and the thick on(»s tlu> cuts — on now irritating- any jiart of the animal, the whole contracts, i)ut the co-ordination power is lost, ])otli in spontane(Mis contraction and for those in res[)onse to stimuli. Fm. '2. 28 GKOKGK JOJIN ROMANES Wi- 187 ••■ I If till' entire inaru^iu l)o cut out in a continiiou- piecc save a small portion to um'te it with the bcl and if Ihe distal end he now irritated, a, main r contraction I'uns alon.i;- the entire sexcred part till ;• ari'ives at the small united part, when the whole \n'\. contracts. [ slionld like to try whether und(U' suci circumstances the niai',L;in would he thrown into , state of electrotonus, hut only havin,^^ one cell 1 ;ii: not ahle to make out this point satisfactorily. The se\'ei'ed mar^^in continues its rhythmical cdi;. tractions for two or three days. 1 am now ti'vin. the efTect of diffei'ent chemical stimuli, and if you ciii su,i4";^"est any fui'thei' line of ex])ei'im(Uitation, of c()iirs, T shall he veiy [)leased. Oidy, if you can think n: anythin,^ which mi.i^ht he tt'ied and which is im: mentioned in this letter, please write soon, as tlh Sarsia will not last, nnu-h lon.^'er, and they are tlit hest adapted for my pui'poses. 1 remain, very sincerely yours, (ii:o. .). 1 1 OMAN KS. i\S. — I should have said that neither gold iim silver hrin^^^s out any nei'Nous tissiu'. IMedusa muscle is not douhly I'efracting, hut tliii. none that I have hei'c se(Mi is striated, and uustriatHi muscle is not douhly I'efracting anywhere, is it? JJiinskaith : Juno 24, Many thanks for your l()n,i( and suggestive letter. The poisons also are most acceptable. I havt waited before writing to try effect of the latter, b'li the we; could h(| The since wil Sarsi;i i| into the as do ml cut out, I I ha Me(hlMi' these th( with el( intra-po poles. Ther nature o Medusa' coarser, centric bundle, the s;im tiated p neously altered on eacl; doubly way of ])ro[)i'rt_\ not due that th lish Lrf . wishi'd. if' lers 187 f. MEDUS.l-: 29 itimiou. tlie 1)..], main i; irt till i: liolc ])(! tier sue; into ;; L'll I 111: leal cdi.- V ti'viii. you cm )f coiirM 1 link (i: is IKi! as 1 1- ai'c the rANi';s. ;'() 1(1 mr lit tlu'i; striated Juiip 21. ! letter. 1 huvi or, bill the weather lias been so stormy tliat no jelly-tish could l)e ,L;'ot. The most interestin.u observations I have made since wiitin.u; before are the followin.u'. I'nmutilated Sarsia in a dark room seek a beam of li.i^-ht thrown intc the bell-jar eontainin,^' them, and this as keenly as (In moths. l)ut wlien the so-called eye-s[)e(dvS are cut out, tile animal no lon,L;'er cares for li.i^'ht. I ha\(' oiil\' come across two spt'cies of himinoiis Medusii — both, I Ix'lieve, as yet undeseribed — and in these tlie li;;ht is emitted fi'om tiie mai>;iii alone, and, with electrical stimuhis, is strictly contined to the intra-pohir regions, bein;^" stroii.u'cst at the two poles. 'I'lieri' is no doubt at all about the muscular natui'e of the tibres we saw. In the larger kinds of Medusic (the covered-eyed) these tibres are mu(di coarser, and are (dearly seen to be ai"ran,L;"ed in eon- centric bundles, lia\in,L,^ four oi' tisc libi'es in each bundle. Alternating' with the>e bundles, and about the same width as these, are sti'aiids of undilTereii- tiated pi'otoplasm. 'J'hese sti'ands ai'e not sponta- neously contractile, althou^^'li tlieir dimensions are altered by the contraction of the muscular branch on each of their sides. Xo ])art of the tissue is doubly refractin;^^ in the fresh state. Is there an\ way of treatin^^ it with a \iew of brin^in.L; out this property if latent, so to speak'.' The peculiarity is not due to the trdiisjKn'Oirji of the tissue, for I lind that the muscular fibre of the ti-aiisparent osseous tish ljr/if(ici'/)hiiliis is as d()ui)ly-refi'act in,^- as could b(> wished. 'I'here are no signs of stria', but A.^assi/ •AO GEORGK JOHN ROMAN HS IS7o- El I snys tliat in soiiio of tlie Mediterranean species stii;- are well marked. But if l)oth striated ;iiid unstriatci": fii)res are elsewhere doubly-refraetin,^, it does not, I suppose, nnieli si^Miify whether or not the museles dj Medusa' an; sti'iated — so far, I mean, as the pecu- liarity in rpu^stion is conceriKMl. 1 wisli you would say what you tl-.ink ahout this [X'culiarity in I'elation to a suhjeet that 1 liavc hcci. workin^^ up. You no doul)t rememher that in \ pajX'r that we heard I'ead, he said that the snail's heart had no nerves or ^an^dia, hut nevertheless behaNcii like nervous tissue in res])ondin;j^ to electrical stimuhi- tion. II(.' hene(; conclu(h'd that in unditTerentiatcd tissue of this kind, nei've and muscle were, so to speak, auuil^amated. Now it was principally with the view of testing" this idea ahout ' pliysiolo,L,nV;il continuity' that I tried the mode of spiral and other sections mentioned in my last letter. The result ni theses sections, it seems to me, is to ])reclude, on the one hand, the sui)position that the muscular tissue of Medusa' is merely muscular (for no nniscle would respond to local stinudus throughout its suhstancc when so severely cut), and, on tlie other hand, the suppos" ion of a nervous plexus (for this would re(pnre to h(> so very inti'icate, and the liy|)oth('sis (if scattered cells is without nn'croscopical evidences here or elsewhere). I think, therefore, that we are driven to conclude that the jnuscular tissue of Medusif. thou^di more differentiated into Jihrcs than is the contractih^ tissue of the snail's heai't, is, as much as t,]i(! latter, an instance of ' physiological continuity." (Whether or not the interfascicular ))rotoi)lasjnic M 1870 Huhstai lo.LMeal fully a,L periiiK iiff(ii-(li I want Buhstai (and I and h( are uni posin^^ ohserve <-onside do with 1 ki to fact, seat of inarnin throu^^d structu: to this positi\( tlie inn I s(»met should tainly s of the 1 be sure see ma; to })ers< OHUlic { Tcr l>-7.j- )8:c Mi:i)i's.i': 31 OS Stl-i;i striutcf: ; not, I sclcs (i; (' Df'CU- L )ui thiv ^■<' been "s hctirt itiniul;i- 'iitiatcil ,', so tc ly witli oIo^m'chI (1 otlicr lilt ot U the SSUC (if would stance (1, the would (•sis (if licrc driven '(lusic, is the U'li as miity." hisniic o :■( sulistalic.' licforc spoken of i> the seat of tliis pliysio- U)'/i(;\\ continuity is here inniuiterial.) \)v. l''ost(M- fullv a^n-ees witli nie in this dediietion from niy ex- periments, and is vei-y pleased ahout the latter, thus iitiordin.i: additional sup|)oi1 to his views. Hut what I want to a>k you is. supposin.u' the interfascieuljir 8uhstaiu'e to have no share in conduetin^' stimulus (and i have no e\idenee of its presence in Sarsia), and hence that the propeities of nei've and niuscde are muted in the ( out I'act ile tihres of Medusa'— su[)- posin;_r this, do you think that the peculiarity you ol)s<'r\'ed in the midecidar coidoi'nuit ion of this tissu(\ considered as muscular, i^ likely to have anythin,!^' to do with this peculiai-ity in it> function? I know you do not like theory, so I shall i-eturn to fact. There can he no douht whatexcr that the ficfit of spontaneity is as much localised in the margin as the sensibility to stimulus is dilfused throu^diout the hell. Thei'e iiiiisf, thei'efore, he some structural difference in the tissue here to correspond to this ^n-eat functiotial difference. A^^MSsi/ is very positive in descrihin.L,^ a (diain of cells runnin^^ round the iinier jiai't of the mar'^inal canal. Xow. althou.^h I sometimes see a thin coi'ddike appearance Inu'e, I should not dare to say it was nervous. (Jold eer- taiidy stains it, but it also staijis many other parts of tlui tissue, and until I can see rrl/s hei'c 1 eamn)t be sure, about a risihir ner\(»us cord. 'I'he cord I do SCO may bo the wall of the mar^n'nal eamil. i int(Mnl to })ersovere, however, tryin;^^ your su^'^^^estions, also oHmic acid. I can «'et no indications of electrical disturbance 32 (il'^OKGK JOHN ROMANES 18:5 187f. I f during' (*()iitr;ict inii in llu' wfiy yon sn^^^M'st — rl \(-a^- iK)t with Sarsi;i ; l)iil I iiitciid to try with some r the hir,L(('r .Mcchisir. Sonic aj)|);ir;itus is coniin.L^ from Cunihrid^fc t ('nal)l(' iiic to test foi' clcctrotonus and l^lhi^^-cr's luv, r sliall appl.N' it to the hiiiiinous Medusa' also, wIiom h<,dit, I t'or^'ot to say, is seen under the mien scope in the dark to proceed not only from {]■, imn.L^'in alone, hut from that particular part of tli. m<()'/rin to (1. J. linuiniics. l)()\vii, Ik'c'Uciiliaiii. K«'nt : .Fiilv IH, IHTi"). r. have hccii much interested hy your lettei', aiii'; am truly dcli'ditcd at the pros))ect of succ(>ss. Surli ener experi- ments on animals than on plants. J^ut in any cjist I think a lar^c nunihei" of successful results will h nec(>ssary to con\ince ])hysi()lo^nsts. It is rash i" he san^niiiie, hut it will \h' splendid if you succeed, My ohject in writing.;" has heen to say that it hie only just occun'ed to nu^ thfit \ have not sent you a COP}' of my •Insectivorous Plants;' if you woiiM cire to have a copy, and do not |)ossess oiu', semi me a postcard, and oiu* shall he sent. If \ do not hear, I shidl undei'stand. Yours very sincei'ely, Ch. Darwin. na time t( sell el- f( needles yourse more ti week's This . very an in a pa) I have of relic in«jf tin afferent have he njena ol system, audac-io such a structui h;i\e foi course I (jiiote. ^M'tieral te he pi' sulliciel ner\('s. 1 an •,0'ess sc r- 1875 some i; n'id^^' t cr's liiv, (), whdM ' mien- I'oin tl. •t of ll:. iicrvoih MANF'.S. 1876 IIFJ'LKX ACI'ION IX Mi:i)rs.K ;}3 IH, 187,1. tci-, am; Such vie ton. -■'X pen- ny fast ; will 1)' rash I' iiccccd, it li;i^ you II would (', S(Mlil do udt ^^ l)iiii-,k;iitli. Nil,'.,' I '.<)., Uo^s-shiro. N.l'.. : .Tulv 'iO, iH?.".. .M\ dear Mi'. Darwin, — Your letter arrived just in time to prcNfiit my seiidiu^^ au order to my book- seller foi' * I u^cctivoi'oUN IMaiits,' for, of course, it is needless to say that 1 shall hi,L,ddy value it copy fron. youi-self. At first I iutendeil to wait until I should haxc liioi-e time to enjoy the work, hut a p;issa,L;-e in this week's ' Nature' detrrmined me to ^'et a copy at once. ^J'his passa^'e was one about rellex action, and I am ver\' anxious to see what you say about this, because in a paper 1 have pH'pared foi- the 'J). A.' on Medusa' I have had occiision to insist u[)on the occin'rence of reflex action in tlic c;ise of these, notw ithstand- in^f the absence of any distin;^uish;il)le system (;f affeicnt and efh'rent ner\('s. But as physiologists have been so lon;^' accustomed to associate the [)licno- niena of I'cflex action with some su(di distiu'.^uishable system, I was afraid that they nn^dit think me i-athei' nudacious in propounding^ the doctrine, that there is such a thin^^ as rellex a<'tion without well-defined structui'al channels for it to occur in. I>ut if you ha\(' found somethin;.^ of the same sort in i>l(iiifs, of course I shall be Ncry ^lad to ha\'e your authority to (|uote. .\nd 1 think it follows deductively from the ^^■ueral theory of e\-oluti(»n, that n-flex action ou^ht te he piTsent before the lilies in which it flows arc suHicieiitly differentiated to become distinguishable as nel'\(>s. I am Ncry ;^dad that you are [)leased with m_\ pro- •M'ess so far. aviN. I) 34 GEORGE JOHN ROMANES 18:- V' li' \t ( I!, From C. Darwin to G. J. Ihnuanes. Down, Beckenhain, Kent : Sept. 24. I shall 1)0 very glud to propose you for Liuncar. Soc, as I have just done for my son Francis. Thciv is no doiiht ahout your election. T have written fn: blank form. Please let me have your title, l^.A. c M.A.,and title of any hook or papers, to which I coul: add ' various contributions to " Nature." ' Also slm;; I say ' attached to Physiolo^^y and Z()ol()<(y ' ? AVhci. I havr' si^nied whole, shall I send a pa])er to Hookc and others at Kew ; or do you wish it sent to some oi^ (dse for si^niature ? Three? si^niatures are rcMjuircil 'J'he j)aper will have to be I'ead twice or thrice whti. Soc. meets in Xovemher. 15ut you could ^^et book- out of library oi" out of that of lioyal Soc. by iir si^niature or that of any other nu'inber. I am terribly sori'y about the onions, asJ expectK great thin;j^s from them, the seeds comin*.'', I belicvt always true. As tubers of potatoes <^raft so well would it not be good to try othei* tubei's as of dalili;i> and other plants ? I have Ikhmi re-writing a larj:. portion of the chapter on Pangenesis, and it has bee. awfully hard work. 1 will, of course, send you a coii; when the; work is printed. How 1 do hoj)e that yoi:: fowls will survive ! V. (lalton was', >•" for a few lioui^ yesterday ; I see that he is much k-ss sceptical aboir Piingenesis than he was. Dnnskiiitli, Nif,% Hoss-sliirc, X.IJ.. Sept. 20. iHT.'i. ^ly dear ]\Ir. J)arwin, — Many thanks for your kirn: letter. 1 \\m an M.A. and a fellow of the J^hilosopln- cal Society of Cambridge, but otherwise^ I am nothiiiL', 187G nor liav pose, h( bv vour: « ■ Would b and /()( next X( I think in ad\aii ^ oil! success of the pr Some of this I sh you ii b thinking A and J being tin woi'th wi planted, bac-k to 11 too j)artij of this <«T ' Ihc (\| matirul lor plants anil v ftn.A. c 1 I COuL; .Iso sha! Whc: ) Hooki: ^OIIIC OllH ice whti. (ct ])()()!{- . by in; expects: bclicvi so well. (lalili;i- M lari:< las !)('»: u a ('(111' hat yoii nv liour^ al alxiir •29. Ls7:>. our kiiiii ilosoplu- iiotliiii;-'. nor liave I any pul)licati()ii worth alluding' to. I sup- pose, however, tliis will not matter if I uin proposed by yourself. J)r. Hooker, and Mr. Dyer. 1 think there would he no harm in sayin*,' ' attiiched to rhysiol()<,^y and /oolo;^'y.' I '.'.'ay read a ))aper before the Linneim next November (m some new species of Medusas hut I think it is better not to allude to any contributions in ad\ance. ^ oui- letter about Pan^'enesis made me Ion*,' for success more even than does the biolo^^ical importance of the problem.' Yesterday 1 du'enesis a yt'ar eai!it! when perhaps by this tinu' the ,^'raft-hybrid (juesti/ nii^ht have bec^n settled. Pei'haps, however, it is ;;> well to have this (piestion once more ])resented in it> A jiriori form, for if it can soon afterwards be provtr that a ^n'aft hybrid is [)ossil)le, the theoretical impm: ance of the fact may be more ,^'enerall}' appreciated. A day or two a,t,n) I saw on ;i farm near thi> beautiful specimcMi of stripin^i;' (ju a horse. Tlk animal is a dark dun cob, with a \'ery divided shoiil stripi' coming off from the spinal one on either sit Kacii and ea ai'e l»l;i above foui" 1 can .L a di'fiw alread\ Vc. (It: Mv left yo has I'e worth I ,^- about I wait a paper.' well Wi not, suf 1 ha\(' '^: the mo tural n ni(iditi( Uesich'i - lllici'OS( \ie\\, i i tainlv ill s'l/.v I.; )rni('itL. tlic cy.. t clcarh.. one ("In . It U;,. (cncsis t :tt>iisivt'l bct'ts iiiii, :)t iiitd omul. I III surfin shall nl )()t of ti.- ady (loi ^ a litl'' he crow: St to tl- itioii.' 1 V caiiir! (jiU'stiu. •, it is ;i^ jcd in it< )v provfi. 1 iiiiixii:- eclated. ar thi> 'sc. Th- shoiildf: ;licr sidi. IN76 Tin; \V()i:k on mi:i)1's.k :{7 Kacli ".JKMildcr strii'-c then divides into tlircc proii-s. and each pron.u' ends in a sharj) jutint. All the le-s are l)la(k as tar as the knees (r^n/// and fur.si), and above the l)lack part for a coiisiderahlc distance all four le.us are deeply marked with numerous stripes. 1 can ,^et no history of pareiita^^c. If you would like a drawin.i; I can >>end one. hut perhaps you have alreadvas many casc.j, as ynu want in the 'Variation.' \'erv sincerelv and mo->t resp( ctfullv vours, (Iko. .1. liOMANKS. '/'(* i I iif tssi>i' h . ^ihd I (' I'. 1 tiiiiskiiilh : Sept. IHT-"). M\- dear Schafer. — 1 iia\e to ;ij)olo<4isc for ha\in.n' left vour last letter so lon,^' unanswered, hut there has realh l)een nothin.L;' .uoin.n" on here to make it worth while writin.L;-. I ,L;a\e mv careful consideration to all you said about puhlishin.L;-. and at one t ime nearly decided t») wait another year. Hut eventually 1 sent in the paper.' It seems to me that the histology can very well wait for future treatment — that its absence is not sutlicient justification foi' withJioh^'n^- the results I ha\t' already observed. I'hese results, after all, ai'e the most important ; for they jirosc that some struc- tural modification there iiuisf he; whether or not this iiioditicat ion is cisihlr is of suljordinate interest. Ijc^ides, I do not, of course, intend to ahandon the niicrosco))ical [)ai1 of the subject alto^^ctlier. In mv \iew, intpiii'y into function in this case must cer- tainly always precedi' incpiiry into structure; for ' To ihf li(>\;il Sociotv. 3» CiEOIUiK .lOflX ROMAN HS Ik:.; ',!, althoii^'h, when all tlicwork shall have been collcctci; into one iiiono^^M'a))!!, tlit; histolo^^y must occupy tW first place in order of presentation, very little wa; could have been made by fcjllowing this order of ii;. vesti^^tion. I also liad to reflect, that if I postponed publi(;i. tion, it would be impossible to e.\})ect the li.S. t- publish the results /// r.rh'fi.so, — i.r., 1 should have {. brin^^ out the work throu^di some other medium. And in addition to all this, there came a lettt from Foster i)r<'achin;^' hi^h morality about it bein. the duty of all scientific workers to ^nve their result> to others as soon as possi])le. As I said l)efore, 1 thank you very much for tin consideration and advice you have ^dven, but I kiidv. that you would not like me to feel that the expressim of your opinion in a matter with which you are not m' fully acquainted as myself shoukl lay me under any ol)ligation to be led by it, after mature consideratidi s(»eiried to show that the best course for me to folldv, was the one which 1 took. Hoi)in^^ soon to see you, 1 remain, very sincercli yours, Geo. J. lioMANES. P.S. — I forgot to say that I acted upon your sii^- ^estion about the Linnean, and have been propostMi by Darwin, Hooker, and Huxley. From ('. Dane in to G . J. RoiudiieH. Down, lieckeuham, Kent : July 1-, 1S7'). I am correctin<( a second edition of ' Yar. undti I )om.,' and find that I nmst do it pretty fully. Theiv- 18T. fore 1 aiul I referei you te heart ex peri I the sul thou<.,d lo^qsts the ^'ci ^rh then belic\( The (• Bent y due to I 1 with 11 Hall fc I saw 1 for ^a-a 1 \N previoi know verital In \k: 18-r. (;i:aftin(; 39 eupy til. ittlc \V;r ItT of ii;. pul)li(;;. lia\t' I. Ulll. ' a Ictt. I it hciii. ir rcsult^ 1 for tlh- t I kiiov, 'cpressin: re not n' uler aiiv ideratio! ]() folldv. sinrci'ch MANF'S. [)ur siii:- propost'i! 12, 187:.. r. undtr Theiv- fore I ,i,MV(' a short !il)stra(t of potato ,i;raft hyl)ri(ls, aiul I uaiit t<» know whether I did not send you a reference 5il)out heet. Did you look to this, and can you tell me anything- alK)Ut it '/ L hope with all my heart that you are ,L,^ettin,i; on pretty well with your experiments; I have heen led to think a <;ood deal on the suhject, and am convinced of its hi^^h importance, thou<,di it will take years of hannnerin^^ hefore physio- lo^n'sts will admit that the sexual organs only collect the generative ch'ments. ^rhe edition will he puhlished in Novend)er, and then vou will see all that I lave collected, hut 1 believe that you saw all the more important cases. The case of vine in ' (iardeners' Chronicle ' which I Bent you I think may only he a bud- variation, not due to grafting. I have heard indirectly of your splendid success with nerves of Medusa'. We have been at Abinger Hall for a month for rest which 1 nuich required, and I saw there the cut-leaved vine, which seems splendid for graft liybrMisation. ^'ours very sincerely, Ch. Dakwin. To C. ]J(inrifi, Esq. Dunskaith : July 14, I87r>. I was vt!T glad to receive your letter, having been previously undecided whether to write and let you know how 1 am getting on, or to wait until 1 got a veritable hybrid. in one of your letters you advised me to look up 40 GEORGE JOHN ROMANES 18:;, ItsTo I the Mx'ct " ciisc, but Ic-ould nowlicre iind uiiy rcforciiccs to it. Or. Hooker told inc that filtliou,^h he could not tlieii reineinher the inairs name, he i'einein])('r('(i that the experimenter did not savci the seed, hut du^ up liis roots for exhibition. \ fort^'et whether it wn- Dr. Masters, J^entliain, or Mi'. Dyer who told iiu that tlie experiment had be(M) performed in Ireland, althoimh thev (-(mid not I'emember by whom. Buti: the experiiiicntt.'r did not save the seed, the mere fac of liis stiekin;^^ two I'oots to<4'ether would liave iii bearing' on l^an,i{enesis, and so J did not take; an. ti'onble to find out who the experinunitei' was. As you have heard about the Medusa-, I fear you will infer that they must have divc^rted m\- attention from Pangenesis ; but althou,L;h it is true that thev have consumed a ,nreat deal of i'nwr and ener,L;y, i base done my best to keep Pan«4-cnesis in the ion- ground. 'J'he proximafi' success of my grafting is all that I can desire, although, of course, it is as yet too call' in the }'ear to know what th<' /i/f/Niafc success wil! be. I mean that, although I cannot yet tell whetlui the tissue of one variety is alfeeting that of tlie other. I have obtained intimate adhesion in the gi'cal majority of ex})eriments. Potatoes, howcNcr, are an exception, for at first I Ix^gan with !i method which I thought, vei'y cumiing, and \\hi( .1 I still think would liave been succ(*ssful l)ut for one little oNci'siijht. Tin method was to ])unch out the ey(>s witli an eh'cim- plated coi'k-borer, and I'eplace t hem in a llat-bottoiiicd hole of a slightly smaller si/e made with anotlur instrument in the other tuber. The tit, of course. ^vas alw haviiiL after I found thei'cfoi sharp the sui pressure guide, i year 1 s as this graft-h\ a great that sol desiral)] with po indepen everyboi as now, people. Witl shoots, I always ( a succes Witl \'arietie> of getti to gl'OW therefor i roots on } The ! tlowcrs 3 i(«:;, i»:ti GKAFTJNC 41 't'orciiccv be coiili; {,'iii])('iv(; but (111: T it Wib told 111, Ireliiiid, ■ Buti: mre fiic luiVC 111 !iki! any fear yon tteiitioii int tlicv ici^v, 1 he t'oiv II that I )() cui'lv ess will A'hetht'i' e other, ' i^'i'cat are an .\hich I < would it. Til. I'h'ctni- ittoiiicd iiiotht'i course, was always pcrffct ; hut what I went wi'oii.l;' in was not ha\iii,L;' the cork-horeis made of tlie l)est steel ; for after 1 .i^ot ahout one hundred potatoes planted out, I found that the inscited plu.L^s did not adhere. I thei'ehtrc tried some sections with an cxecM'din^dy sharp I ever turn into white ones — which, 1 suppose, is absiinl — the specimen I send is a graft-hybrid so far as tin parts ii import? case lik ?.^'. to suppose youn^^ haps, tl and ke* char^'e somewl pot, for of the 1 cut off half m; perhaps the sul when \ droopin leaves good pli I In t i carrot. ; the san ■ same ti I looking % here an • other \ ' about ti I speciiiK "^ carrots, 18:5- 187f. GRAFTING 43 ar, but I em, th;r O' extra- ihaii 01!" gniftiii;, nnot lit as I ai: deal I.; ):ie iiiiti; eiuf^ ai!\ iiid eve: eoiitiiuii I iieedtV. lot wori. he most atise ti )niiHtiiii. ember 7. ccessfui bisected joined. ite, ami it wliicl; HI'S \'en C'iii'r()t> 1 al)sunl r as tlif parts iji contact arc concerned. It will be of «,'reat importance, as you observed in your last letter, in a case like this, to see if the other parts are affected — iji. to ^^et the plant to seed if possible. This, I suppose, can only be done at this late season with so youn^ a plant by ))uttin«; it in a ^n'eenhouse. Per- haps, therefore, you mi^ht })ot it, as soon as it arrives, and keep it till I ;^-o up. If you do not care, to take char^'e of it alt()<:: ihTt; •11 ir s thi>; UH'thod by th(^ persistent way in whii h Ix-ets n,; ni!in;^^()l(Is i-efusc to blend when •^'nifted l()n.L;itudiiiall\ 'I'herv liuve thus \)ovn no ffnhurs with carrots ^I'Mftd; in this way. If it is not too hit(% I may su^<^"est that tli- |)assa,L;(' in the 'A'ariation ' about the deformity of th. sternum in poultry had better be modified. J h thou.uh; a })lii(T, us th ai ■llllClltv at sudi rs loiii. () iiiaiiv maps II rii'iVs 111 1 find that a (iorinaii, Dr. Kiiiier, is on the scent of tlu' jelly-fish, hnt he does not seem to liave done niucli work as yet. It is arran^^ed that I am to have a P'riday evenin.L,^ at the Institution soon after Easier, to tell the i)eoi)le about my own work. Front ('. Danv'ni to (i. J. lionidfics. {'} Queen Anne Street : April 29. lH7t». I must have the ph'asure of saying' that I have just heard that your lecture was a splendid success in all wa>s. I fiu'ther hear that you were as cool as the Ai'ctic regions. It is evident that there is no occasion for you to feel your pulse undcM' the circum- stances which we discussed. Yours very sincerely, Cn. 1)ai!Win. To C. ])(tnrui, A'.sv/. I write to thank you for the slip about ^^raft hyi)i'ids, and to say tliat as yet 1 have obtained no results myself. 'I'his place is too far north to admit of the seeds I'ipenin^^ properly after the plants have heeii thrown back several weeks by the operation. This applies especially to onions, so next yeai" — the neck of Medusa' havin^Miow been broken — I intend to wait in London till all the i^raftin;^' and planting" out is finished. I do not think you will i-e<;ret m\- not ha\in,u followed such a course this year when you come to read the paper I am now wiitiiin'. I never did such a successful four months' work, and if as many years sufhce to answer jill the burnin«j[ (piestions !!• 1^1' Mi , 'I 46 GEORGE JOHIS ROMANES 18:; that are raised by it, I think they will require to b^ years well spent. And this makes me remember that T have tn apol()<,'ise for the inordinate time I have kept your copy of Professor Hiickel's essay on Peri<^enesis. Since you sent it I have scarcely had any time for readin*^^ and as you said there was no hurry about returnin^^ it, I have let it stand over till this paper is off my hands. Lankester seems to have doubled up Slade in fine style. I suppose the latter has always trusted to his customers not likin^^ to resort to violent method;. His defence in the 'Times' about tlie locked slat(> was unusually weak. ' Once a thief always a thief applies, I suppose, to his case ; but it is hard to under- stand how Wallace coidd not have seen him invertiiii,' the table on his head. In this we have another oi those perplexing- contradictions with which the whole subject appears to be teemin^^ 1 do ho})e next winter to settle for myself the simple issue between Ghost rersus (loose. Very sincerely and most respectfully yours, (lEO. J. HoMANES. V'o (\ J)(iririn, J'Jsq. IH Cornwall Terrace. Professor Hilckers paper on the Medusa' is called ' Beitrag /ur Nutur^^eschichte der Hydromeduseii (Leij)zi^f, 18()5). Professor Huxley Inis lent me his copy, but says Im wants it retuined in a week or two. I ou^dit certainly to have the work by me next sununer, so I thou^dit that if you happen to have it ! and r-an to Gerni I last sa other pr Medusa' ] ha^ Pau'^'ent assure > f^ave m inquiry ; portiona line of w ever, T re(|uire 1 am (juit work ha for persi ^.^•enesis i year. ^1 which is ihTe PANGI':NESIS v. MEDUSyE 47 and Clin s])aro it till next autuinn, I need not send to Germany for it, remenibcrin^^ what you said when I last saw you. I should also niuch like to see the other paper of Hiiekers about cutting up the ova of Medusa'. I have an idea that you arc afraid I am negliK-tin^^ Pangenesis for ^fedusa'. If so, I should like to assure you that such is not the case. Ijast year J • ••ave more time to the foi'incr than to the hitter incjuiry ; and although the results proved very dispro- portionate, this was only due to the fact that the oiu^ line of work was more ditlicult than the other. How- ever, 1 always expected that the first yejir would recpiire to be spent in breaking up the giound, and I am quite satisfied with the experience which this work has brought me. J confess, liowever, that but for })ers()nal reasons I should have post})oned l?an- genesis and worked the Medusa- right through in one year. There is a glitter about immediate! results which is very alluring. Fniin C. Danri/i to (I. J. Uoniaiics. 1 will send the books off by railway on Monday or Tuesday, ^'ou may keej) that on Medusa' until I ask for it, which will probably be lu'ver. 'J'hat on Siphono- phora I should like to have l)ack at some future time. So far from thinking tiiat you have neglected Pangeiu'sis, I have been astoin'shed and pleased that your splendid work on the jelly-fishes did not make \(»u tlu'ow every other subject to the dogs. Kven if vour expt.'ilments turn out a failure, I believe that 48 (;i:orc;k .lofix Romanes i!«:,v then* will Ix- some conipcnsation in the skill you will have M('(|uir('(l. 1\S. — 1 ha\(' been liaviii';" more coiTcspondciK. with (ialtoii about Palingenesis, and my confusion j. more confounded with respect to the points in which he differs from me. About this time Mr. Ivomaiies made tlie actpuiim- aiice of Mr. Herbert Spencer find also that of Mr. (1. n. Lewes, and of the wonderful woman known ti the outer W(»rl(l as (leor^^'e Kliot, and to a small cinlr of friends as Mrs. Lewes. Mr, i^omanes was one of the favoured few who wtiv allowed to join the charmed circle at the Priory m Sunday afternoons. He enjoyed th(i few talks he hai; with (leor^c I^liot, and, amongst other reminisceiici^, he told a characteristic story of Lewes, One after noon, wluMi there were very few people at the Prion, the conversation drifted on to the Bible, and (rcoiiir l^iliot and Mr. i^omanes be,i,'an a (hscr..-.sion on tlu merits of the two translations of the Psalms bts known to Ln,i;lisii ])e()])le — the J)il)le and the Prawr Pook version, 'i'liey ' (pioted ' at each other for ;i short time, and then Tjcwes, who had not his l^ible a; his lin,i;-er (>nds to the extent the other two had, ex claimed impatiently, 'Come, we've had enou'.;h ii this; we mi,L;ht as well be in ji Sunday school,' l^otii (ieor^e Lliot and Mr. Homanes, by the way, prefernii the J^ible version. In one of the letters to Mr. Darwin, Mr. Koiiiaiic^^ aUudes to the (piestion of spiritualism, and his owi determination to investigate the (pu^stion so far as ii. him lay for himself. He worked a ,n'ood deal at spiritualism for a year or two aiul he never could assure himstdf that tli(Mv was absolutely nothin^^ in spirituahsm, no unknown 1876 plieiiom and vu manifes He ' as hypii wrote ' X in etc and un article v thieriscl 'i'he throu^di ])arwin Fr Dear genesis, notliiu^' by this ^,and subs fstand hi^ fwliich st ■;protoplaH vand its i and that ^the wholi *ion to a |inisundei IW'ith soiii ^Jbem^f a f( is part of iCHis views e iiiv fai i(«:,v 1876 VAXCiKNESIS 49 roil will )1h1('ii(, isioii is ,1 whici: -•(|iiaiiii- of Mr, iiown t' ill cin l ,h() Welt riorv rt'tVrrt'(i lOUf^ll <• oiiiaiit'^ lis OWl: :ai' as ii. t tlieiv n known phciioiiicii;! iindciix ill*;- the mass of fraud, and trickery, and vulgarity which liave surrouiuU'd the so-called manifestations. He was always willing' to investi<,'ate such subjects as hypnotism, thou^lit readings c^'c., and in IHHi) he wrote an article for the September number of the ' Nineteenth Century,' in which he pleads for a candid and unpn'judiced iiivesti^oition of the facts. The article was a review of Heidenbain's ' Der s()<^-enanute thierische ^^a;^'netismus.' The work on Pan,L(enesis and on ^[edllsa' went on throu'.di IHTC), and some letters to and from Mr. ])arwin ai'c here inserted. Fi'iDii ('. J)iinrifi, Ef>q.^ to G. J. lioiiKtucx. Dear Romanes, — As you are interested in Pan- genesis, and will some day, I hope, convert an 'airy nothing' ' into a substantial theory, therefore 1 send by this i)ost an essay by Hiickel, attacking' ' Pan.,' and substituting' a molecular hypothesis. If I under- stand his views ri^ditly, he would say that with a bird ^vhich stren^^theiied its win«nely, an 1876- i [i*r HIV 187' TFIE PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY 51 from your epitome of the hitter, that if Pangene- sis is ' airy,' Perigenesis must he ahnost vacuous. However, I anticipate imich pk^asure in readin^^ th(^ work, for arything hy Hiickel on such a suhject cannot fail to be interestin<(. I am sorry to hear that vou ' nnich needed rest,' and also ahout Frank. I had hoped, too, that you would have mentioned ^Nlrs. Litchfield. Having been away from London for several v^eks, 1 cannot say anything about the feeling with regard to the Bill. Sanderson and Foster think it ' stringent,' and so I suppose wil! all the Physiologists. 'J'he for'ner wants me to write articles in the ' Fortnightly,' 'to make people take more sensible views on vivisec- tion : ' but I cannot see that it would he of any use. 'i'he heat of battle is not the time for us to expect fanatics to listen to ' sense.' Do you not think so ? [ am sure the Physiological Society will be very pleased that you like being an hon. member, for it was on your account that honorary membership was instituted. At the connnittee meeting which was called to frame the constitution of the Society, the chainiian (Dr. Foster) ejaculated w^ith reference to you — ' Fict us pile on him all the honour we possibly can,' a sentiment which was heartily enough responded to i)y all form tl that nou con side rniiT w hat present ; but when it came le expression of it was to take, it was found lascent ! a i ciety could do nothing fu.rther than make honorary members. Accordingly you were made an hon. member all by yourself ; but later on it was thought, on the one hand, that you might feel lonely, and on the other that in a Physiological K 2 r,-i GH0RG1-: JOHN KUMANES 1876 Society the most suitcible coiiipHiiion for you was D''. Slijirpcy. l\'rhH[)s M. 'secretary ' ()ii,L,4it not to be ^nvin^- all the details al)oiit coiiiiiiittee meeting's, but if not, J know you will take it in confidence. It seems to iiic that vou n(^ver fully realise the hei^^ht of your pedestal, so that I am ,i;lad of any little opportuuitv of this kind to show you the an«^v» at which tlu- upturned faces are inclined. I am ^dad, too, to see fi'oui the inscription in Hiickers essay, that he is still doin^' his best to show that in Germany this an^le i> fast bein^' lost in hori/ontality. As the sprin^^ was so backward, the plants at Ivew were too small to ^raft l)efore I had to leave for the Medusie. ]>ut this do(>s not nmch matter, as I' had a lot of ve.i>etables planted down here also, which are doin^' well. Panj^^enesis 1 always expected would recjuire a ^ood deal of patience, and one year's work on such a subject only counts for apprenticeship. If. by the time I am a skilled workman, I am not al)lt' to send anytliin<^^ to the international exhibitions, I siiall not envy any one else who may resolve to enter tl>o same trade. I am workinf*- hai-d at tlu' jelly-fish just now, and have succeeded in extractin,^" several new confessions. The nerve-plexus theory, in particular, is coming out \\ ith <^reater clearness. Tlu; new poisons, too, ar»' giving very interesting results. I suppose you do not happen to know^ where 1 could get any s i • poison. The ' Phil. Trans.' seem very long in coming' out. I have not yet got the proofs of my paper. \k:7 I ai l.airiarc lip seve iiientioi wrote. Win* iiiter-crc think th notes, jotted d( — I)Ut \u Do not t r bar lia|)pen t plants in to know stinging widely d rightly <1() not c rabl/its \, W()i;ld n( >ai'ie on a nnmb( the nett tremend few nibbl After til times, th and tL.nl some mo o I87r; \>*:: (iriXK\-l'l(.S AND NK'ITLKS .O.'i i* .liine IJ. 1877. 1 aiii very ^Mad you snit me the cxtriict fnnii Lamarck, for I had just Ix'cu to the K.S., huutiui;- up several of tlie oldeJ' authors to see wliether any iiieiition liad heeii made of the tlieory hefore Sjieiiccr wrote. While at Down 1 fori^ot my speculations al)out inter-crossin,^", and, thei'efore, althou^di I do not think they are nnich woith. 1 send you a copy of ?ny notes. 'J'he ideas are not clearly ])nt — ha\in^- heen jotted down a h'W yeai's a,L;() merely to prestM've them — but no (loul)t you will Ix' ahle to understand theuj. Do not trouble to ri'tui'n the MS. 1 had intended to ask you while at Down if you happen to know whether stin.i;in,i;' nettles are endenjie pbnits in South America. The reason 1 should like to know is, that last year it occurred to me that the; stin^^in;^" projierty ])i"obahly has reference to some widely distributed class of animals, and hein^" told — lightly or wron<^;ly, 1 do not know — that ruminants do not ohject to them, I tried whether my tamt? labl-its \, '^dd eat freshly plucked ni'ttles. I found they w(»i;ld not do so c'ven when very hun.u^ry, hut in the siM'ie out-house with the rahhits tliere were confin<'d a nnnd)er of ^niinea-pi.n's, and these always set upon the ni'ttles with threat a\idity. Their noses were tremendously stun^^•, however, so that between e\ery few nibbles they had to sto[) and scratch vi^^orously. After this process had been ^M)ne throu^di several times, the ;^uin(>a-pi,i^' would ^•enerally become furious, and tL.nkin.L,' apparently that its pain must have had some more obvious cause than the nettles, would 54 GEOHGE JOHN KOMANES 1876 fall upon its nearest neighbour at the feast, when a guinea-pig fight would ensue. I have seldom soci: a more anuising spectacle than twenty or thirty of tliese animals closely packed round a hunch nf nettles, a third part or so eating with apparent relish, another third scratching their noses, and the re- maining third lighting with one anotlK'i-. Hut what [ want to ask 3'ou is this. Does it not seem that the marked difference in the behaviour of the rabbits and the guinea-pigs points to inherited experi- ence on the part of the fornu^r which is absent in the case of the latter? If nettles are not endemic in South America, tliis inference would seem almost irresistible. Dr. Hooker tells me nettles grow tlieiv now, but he does not know w hether the}' did so befoiv America was visited by Europeans. Possibly there might be some way of ascertaining. I have now made a number of grafts at Kew. hi about a month, T sliould tliink, one could see wiiicli jire coming up as singh^ and which as double sprouts, If, therefore, Frank is going to work in tbe laboratorv in July, he might perhaps look over the bed (which is just outside tlu^ door), and reject the double-stalked specimens. I could trust him to do this better than any one at Kew, and if the useless specinu'us were rejected, there would afterwards hv much less trouhh' in protecting the valuable ones. But do not sug;^('M it unless you think it would be ({uite agreeabk' te him. If he is in town within tht» next fortnight, ] wish he would look me up. I i •s- 18: I ha^ had a ta He thin organ i^ selectioi; become this dov remains beh)W' tb of reduci I thi natural so far as whi'ch II sonietim from sii this poii rcfcrenci on organ possibih all clear, sation. I do points, i cil'ort in his func • in it, \v/ an effect Very ^t ■(fftrfa 187' RUDrMRNTARY ORGANS 55 June 16. 1 have deferred iinsweriiig your letter until haviu^^ had a talk with Mr. (lalton about rudimentary or^mns. He thinks with me that if the normal size of a useful ()r;^'an is maintained in a species, when natural selection is removed, the avera^^e size will tend to become pro.i^n-essively reduced by inter-crossin^-, and this down to whatever extent economy of •growth remains operative in placin^^ a premium on variations below the avera<^e at any ^aven sta^^e in the history of reduction; I think I thorou.i^ddy well know your views about natural selection. In. writin^^ the manuscri[)t not<^ so far as 1 remend)er, I had in view the possibility wlnth Huxley somewhere advocates, that luiture may sometimes make a considerable leap by selecting' from siii-^de variations, liut it was not because of this point that I sent you the note ; it was with reference to the [)ossil)ility of natuHil selection acting" on or^^anic tjipcs as distinguished from individuals — a possibility which you once told me did not seem at all clear, although Wallace maintained it in conver- sation. 1 do not myself think that Allen ' made out his points, althou«(h i do think that he has made an etl'ort in the ri^ht direction. It seems to me that his fundamental principle has probably much truth in it, viz. that lesthetic pleasure in its last analysis is an effect of nonnal or not excessive stinuilation. Very sincerely and most respectfully yours, Geo. J. lloMANKS. * ' Mr. Grant Allen. rA> flEORC- . JOHN ROMANES i(<:o U' From C. Danvin, Esq. Down, Bec'kenliani, Kent : Angxist 9. My dear lioiiifines, — I have read your two article^ ill ' Nature ' and nothinfi: can be clearer or more inte- n still'^ thou'di I had feathered vour conclu SlOlb clearly from your other papers. It seems to me that unless you can show that your muslin (in your simile) is rather coarse, the transmission may be con- sidered as ])jissin^' in any direction from cell or unit of structun* to cell or unit ; and in this case the transmission would be as in Dioiuca, but iiioic easily effected in certain lines or directions than in othcn's. It is splendid work, and T hope you mv ^■('ttin,!'' on well in all respects, 'i'lic Mr. Lawless iu whom you refer is the Hon. ]\Iiss Lawless, as I know. for she sent me a very ^^ood manuscript about thf fertilisation of plants, which I have recommeiHled her to send to ' Nature.' As for myself, Frank and T have been workin:,' like sla\'es on the bloom on plants, with very poor success; as usual, ahnost everythin<^" <^()es differently from what I had anticipjited. But I have been absd- lutely deli.^hted at two thing's: Cohn, of Breslau, ha>> seen all tbe phenomena descrii)ed by I-'rank in Dipsacus, and thinks it a verv remarkable discoverv, and is ^oiii;.;" to work with all rea^^eiits on tbe tila- meiits as l^'rank did, but no doubt hv will know nuicli better how to do it. Ife will not pronounce whethi'i the filaments are some colloid sulistance or liviiiL; protoplasm ; 1 think he ratlu^r leans to latter, and he 1877 Ml^ 1\ DARWIN ON ])R0S1:HA 57 (juite sees that Frank does not pronounco do^niiati- cally on the (juestion. The second point which delighted nie, seeing that half of the hotanists throughout Europe have ])ub- lislied that the digestion of meat by plants is of no use to them — (a mere pathological phenonienon as one man says !) —is that Frank has been feeding under exactly similar conditions a large number of plants of Drosera, and the effect is wonderful. On the fed side the leaves are nuich larger, differently coloured, and more numerous — flower stalks taller d more numerous, and, I believe, far more seed- an u capsules, but these nqt yet counted. It is partic iarly intei'esting that the leaves fed on meat contain vvvf many more starch granules (no doubt owing to more protoplasm being first formed), so that sections stained with iodine of fed and unfed leaves are to the naked eye of very different colour. There, T have boasted to my heart's content ; and do you do the same, and tell me what you have been doi U! ours very snicert 'ly Ch. J)akwin. Dunskiiitli, lIosH-Hliirc : Auf,Mist 11, 1877. I was very pleased to get your long and genial letter, which I will answer scriafiui. The ' muslin ' in the hypothetical plexus seems to be very coarse in some spcn-imens and finer in others — the young and active individuals enduring severer forms of section than the old. And in exploring by 58 Gi:OUGK JOHN ROMANES ik:c 4 If f^raduated stimuli, areas of diffcrdit dt'^'rees of excita- bility may he mapjX'd out, and tlu'se areas are pretty large, averaging about the si/e of one's tinger-nails. 1 am rather inclined to think that these areas arc determined by the course of well-differentiated nervi- tracts, while the less-differentiated ones are probably more lik(.' nnislin in their mesh. But the only reason why I resort to the supposition of nerve-tracts at all is because of the sudden blocking of contractile wavc^ by section, and the fact that stinndus (tentacular! waves very often continue to pass after the contractile ones have been thus blocked. I am sori'y I made tht; nngallant mistake about Miss Lawless, but 1 had no means of knowing. Ff 1 had known 1 should not have written the letter, be- cause I am almost sure the movements of the Medusa were accid(Mital, and my pointing out this source ot error may be discouraging to a lady observer. I remtmd)er thinking you wei'e too diflident about the bloom, but I suppose; that is the advantage of experience; it keeps one from forming too high hopo at the iirst. The rest of your letter contains glorious news. Cohn, 1 suppose, is about the best man in l^urope U< take up the subject, and although 1 cannot conceive what else he can do than Frank has done already, it || is no doubt most desirable that his opinion should be formed by working at the problems himself. The other item about the effects of feeding Droseni is really most important, and in particular about the starch. I have heard the doubts you allude to expressed in several quarters, but this will set them 1S77 ;dl at ref the work Frank is 1 h^d^ off agair jclly-tish to work i 111 portal 1 ^ 1^ a Suppi form of ganglion, I'sually, II course l)a(kwarc that eve place — V course t ^singlion — thus s started : started t ^^anglia from thi forms of evidence i^: WORK ON MEDUSyE 59 all at rest. It was just the one thin;^' required to cap the work on insectivorous plants. What capital work Frank is doin^' ! I have n()thinf( in the way of ' hoastin^,' ' to set off a^'ainst it. 'J'he year has been a very bad one for jclly-Hsh, so that sometimes T have not been able to work at them for sevei-al days at a time. 'J'he most important new observation is perhaps tLu foll()win^^ > a b rmTf//)"/////////////////////////////////////////////, Fi. Suppose a portion of Aurelia to b(^ cut into the form of a pair of trousers, in such a way that a i^^aii.i^lion, r/, occupies the bottom of onc^ of the le^^s. I'sually, of course, contractiU; waves startin;^' from a course alon^' to />, and thence round to r and backwards to d. i>ut in one specimen I observed that every now and then the exact converse took place — viz. the contractile wave startin;^^ at d to course to < h aiK 1 (\ . Oi 1 now excisniij: th( ^,';nati()n on the subject, takes an opposite line, and perha[)s he is ri,-;ht ; anyhow he had the best of an ar^uiiieiit with me on the subject. By the way, I think Frank has made a fine discovery, but J won't say what, for fear it should break down. It seems to iiu; the Physiolo«.(ists are now in the position of a persecuted ndi^dous sect, and they must ^'rin and bear the [x^rscnution, however ciuel iind unjust, as well as they can. 1 shall be very f(lad to hear what you think about lliickel; perhaps I have shamefully misrenreseiited him. About the other subject (never mentioned to a human bein^) I shall be ;^lad to hear, i)ut I fear that I am a wretched bi^'ot t)n the subject.' Yours very sincercdy, Chahlks Darwin. The rest has done me much "^ood. We return on the 10th. My dau^diter is certainly better a ^^ood (leal, l)ut not up to her former poor standard. From G. J. lloinfuux to ('. Dunriii, A.V/. Duiisluiith, Ni','^,', Iioss. shire : .Iiiiic 11. \\\) had a f^ood lau^di over some parts of your letter. I have not, as yet, had time to icad any of Hiickel's book. ' Spirltuiilisin. 02 GEORGE JOHN ROMANES '.876- 1877 I Hill (leli^'hted to hear about the discovery, mid hope, if it turns out well, to have my stiniulutofi curiosity satisfied with re«^^ard to it. If it is h- interestin<,^ as the observations about the seeds, peoplt will think Fran '\ v, • lucky fellow to hook so iuai!\ good iish in suci; > ^h< "t time. Not having hek;' ills 'v-iTunients about the articli- writing, I am still strongly of your opinion, and, l)ciiiL besides ill able to affoid any time just now, T shall not bother with it. When I think that in this ont county (Koss, and still more in Cromarty) there -aw more rabbits expressly bred every year for trappiii- than could be vivisected in all the physiologicnl laboratories in Europe during the next thousand years, it seems hopeless to reason with people who. knowing such facts, expend all their energies ii straining at a wonderfully small gnat, while swallow- ing, as an article of daily food, such an enormous!) large camel. From C. Darwin, E.sq. Down : Aufjust 10. Dear Romanes, — When I wrote yesterday, I liad not received to-day's ' Nature,' and I thought that your lecture was finished. This final part is one of the grandest essays which T ever read. It was ver^ foolish of me to demur to your liiu'> of conveyance like the threads in nnislin, knowing how you have considered the subject, but still T nnist confess T camiot feel (piite easy. EveiT one, I suppose, thinly on wliat he has himself seen, and with Drosera, a bit i s •of meal the sur here th ance. bend to them, V (Mjual e But wh Fori I th in your less pk in the people } Pra; mind al I work become Anrelia view, ai spiral s suffered the fact 1877 NERVES OF AURELIA G3 •of mejit put on Jiiiv one ^Mand on the disc causes all the surroundin;^^ tentacles to bend to this point ; and here there can hardly be differentiated lines of convey- ance. It seems to me that the tentacles probably bend to that j)oint wlience a molecular wave strikes them, which passes throu<^di the cellular tissue with e(iual ease in all directions in this particular case. But what a tine case that of the Aure'lia is I For^MV(^ me for botherin^i,' you v,ith another note. Yours very sincerely, (\ Darwin. Front G. J. llonunics to (\ Danriii, I'Js(/. Dnnskaith, Koss-shire. N.H. : Auf,'UKt 13, 1877. I thou«^dit you had ^nven me quite enou^di praise in your first letter, l)ut am not on that account tiie less pleased at the hi<(h compliment you pay me in the second one. The endin*; u]) was what the people at the Institution ' seemed to lik(; best. Pray do not think that I have yet imide up my mind about the ' nuishn.' On the contrary, the more I work at the tissues of Aurelia the more puzzled I Ix'come, so that I am thankful for all criticisms, if Aurelia stood alone, I should be inclin(>d to take your view, and attribute blocking" of conti-actile waves in spiral strips, cV'c., to some accidental strain previously suffered by the tissue at the area of blockin^^ l^ut the fact that iiiTiaropsis the p()ly])ite is so (juick and l)recis(» in localisin.i^^ a needh; prick, seeiris to show that here there must be somethin<^' more definite ' IIo had just lectured at the Royal Institution. CA fii:()HGK JOHN ROMANES ISTfi 1877 ill the way of eonductin^" tissue than in Drosera. althou^di I confess it is most astonishing" how precise the localisin<;- function, jis descrihed hy you, is in the latter. In ' Nature ' I did not express my douhts. but it was Innause I feared there may yet turn out to be ji skeleton in the cupboard that I kept all these more or less tisiiy deductions out of the U.S. papers. Further work may perhaps make the matter more certain one way or another. Possibly the microscope may show somethinj^', and so I ha\'e asked Schiifer to come down, who, as I know from experience, is what spiritualists call ' a sensitive ' — I mean he can see ^diosts of things where other people can't. But still, if he can make out anythin*,^ in the jelly of Aurelia, I shall confess it to be the best case of clairvoyance I ever knew. I am very ;;lad you have drawn my attention prominently to the localisin^^ function in Drosera, as it is very likely I have been too keen in my scent after nerves ; and I believe it is chiefly by comparing lines of work that in such novel phenomena truth is to be ^^ot at. And this reminds me of an observation which I think ou^dit to be made on some of the excitable pl.ants. It is a fact not <^^enerally known, even to pi'ofessed physiolofijists, that if you pass a constant current throu^di an excised muscle two or three times successively in the same direction, the responses to make and break become much more feeble than at first, so that unless you be<(an with a strong current for the first of the series, you have to stren;(then it for the third or fourth of the series in order to i)rocure a contraction. But on now reversing the dirt (loiisly t >aB t le seco effect of (lirectioi point, r W^ the coih » " Itientary t le jelly- M he very n '•ontracti 1 thin<,'s to B yoa,' and H have to h PI Aurel 1 : 1 wish you Ver The 1( M co-operati Physiolo^' Romanes ■ honorary III ISl fit the Bri ill the foil My di letters, an 187' BRITISH ASSOCIATIOX IN (iLASdOW b) ariiiK the (liivctioH of tlic current, the iimsclc is trciucii- doush' (.'\('ital)l(' tor tlie first stimulation, less so foi- the second, and so on. Now this rapidly exhausting' effect of passin,"^' the current successively in the same direction, and tlie wonderful effect of ivversin^' it, point, I l)elieve, to somethinf,' very fundamental in the constitution of nniscular tissue. The comple- mentary effects in (|uestion are quite as decided in the jelly-tish as in frog's muscle; so I think it would he very interesting' to try the experiment on the contractile tissues of plants. But there are so many thin;.,'s to write ahout that I am afraid of ' l)otlierin,i;' yoa,' and this witli nnicli more reason that you can have to he afraid of ' hotherin^^ ' me. Aurelia is, as you say, 'a fine case,' and 1 often w ish you could see the experiments. Very sincerely and most respectfully yours, (tEO. J. HoMANKS. The leading- Physiologists felt the impoi'tance of co-operation and of alliance, and a society entitled tlie Physiol()f.(ical Society was formed of wliir-h Mr. Romanes and Professor Gerald Yeo were the first honorary secretaries. In LSTO Mr. Komanes made his first aj)peaiance ;it the British Association ; he recounts his expei'iences ill the following' letter. 'I'SUIU To Miss G. Fj. Jiotnancs. I British Association, Glas;,'(i\\ : Mniiduv. lH7r>. Mv dearest Puflin, — 1 have received all your letters, and had a ,L,'()od lau^di over them ; it is <'vident V 0\ (lEORci: JOHN ROMAN i:s 1876- ! ■• that r must *^et back soon to pilot ihv way. Wf. shall indeed have a jolly tini(\ r hav(^ just *^'()t out from the section room, and niv work is over. 1 had a splendid audience both as to mnnher and ([uality. When I had finished, all the ^n-eat ,uuns had their say. Professor Hiickel leadin<4 otf with a tremendous eulo<^num on th(» work, laying- special stress on the .L,M'eat dirticulty of conducting' an inquiry of the kind, and complimentin^Mue highly on the success ()})taiiu'(l. Sanderson then made a lon^^ s])eech, and then Stirlin*,Mind Balfour, cV:c. The latter stated it as his opinion that my investi<,^ation is the most important that has as yet been conducted in any dejiartment of invertebrate physiolo^j^y. 'Vhe discussion was th(MJ cut short by the president to leave time for the other papers, my own exposition having taken so long. 1 replied briefly. Shortly after this, Mr. liomanes delivered a lecture on the Evidences of Organic Evolution, which he re- printed in the ' Fortnightly,' and afterwards worked up into a little book called ' The Scientific Eviden(e> of Organic Evolution.' About this lecture Mr. Darwin wrote : — Down. My dear Homanes, — I have just finished your lecture. It is an admirable scientific argument and most powerfid. I wish that it could be sown broad- cast throughout the land. Your courage is marvellous, and I wonder that you were not stoned on the spot. And in Scotland I Do please tell me how it was received in the Lecture Hall. About inan bein.L' \t<" EVIDENCES OF ORGANIC EVOLUTION ti7 iiijidc like a iiionkoy (p. 87) is (|uit(' new to iiic ; aiul the ar;^Miin('!it in an carlitM" place on the law of parsimony adniirably ])nt. Y'es, p. '21 is new to inc. All strikes me as very clear, and considerinf;- small space \ whole, as I ha\-e said, I was sur[)rist'd li well it was takeMi. And still more so in Yoi'kshii last week — where 1 was hu'tuiiiiLi" at Leeds an liW lalif; l)OUt IX on Med d usa', and look occasion to wind ii| yon and youj* de.n'i'et 1( was [)( rfectl tonished at the reception you ,L;'ot anion^"such [)()[)ul; What a chanij'e \'ou ha\'e li\-ed to sec ud ienc(*s. It evei' lunnan oenm- had !i riuht to ci'\- I 7r/ — 1 )ii: o. yon know it all better than 1 d .\l)()ut the .ij^rafts, I thought it most natural that yon should not like the l)()ther of ha\in^- them doiu at Down, when there ai'c such a multitude of other .i^"ardens helon^n'n.L,^ to do-nothin,L;' people. J5ut as you have mentioned it, T may su.^;i^-est that in the case cf onions there is a dilhculty in all the .gardens I know — \\y.., that thev are more oi' less infested with onion worms. If, tlKM'cfore, you should know any part your garden where onions haxc not <^i'own for sui nv is:8 years, J the pro] Seed coi .Ml the '. dens, an That Wliat d( same nu liave s(^)i thiidv wi With 1878 j)i:.\TH OF HIS sisti:k m mi 1(1 111' 1 y !h- )[)ul;i'' , ) scr ! •— bu: I: 1 that (loin otlU'l' as yiiu case <*' kiuiw 1 onion )art I'f • suiiic years, J ini^'lit do the ^a'al'ls here in pots, and brin^ the promising' ones to plant out at Down in May. Seed could then l)e saved in the following' aiitunin. All the other [)lants could he ,141 own in the other ,L;ai- dens, and well attended to. That is a very interestin.L,' letter in ' Xatuiv.' What do you think of Dr. Sanderson's paper in tlu' same nund)er, as to its philoso[)]iy and expression ".* 1 have sent a letter about aniiiuil psychoh)gy whicli I think will interest you. With kind i-e^ards to all, I remain, very sincerely and most respectfully (this is a bow which I specially I'eserve for you, and \\»)uld make it h)wer, but for the fear of makin.'j; myself ridiculous), (iKO. .1. KOMANES. I'.S. — I fear Mi". Morle\ would think my lecture too lon^^ and not original enou.L;ii for the ' Fortni'ditly.' ' l^arly in the year 1S7S, a .i^reat sorrow fell on the Honianes family. The elder of the two sisters, (it'()r,rAXHS IS" sin*j[ to him. And also there was Dr. Joaehiiii who with chant cteristic kindness came in the last days of Geor^ina's life and played, as only he can play, to lit r. '!^ From G. J. lionuntcs to ('. Dfinrin, Kh(]. 18 ConnviiU Torraro : April 10, iHTs. Many thanks for your kind expression^ of sym- pathy. When the sad event occurred I had soim thoughts of sendin^^ you an announcement ; hut ;i- you had scarcely ever seen my sister, I afterwards felt that you mi/^ht thinly it superfluous in nu; to let yon know. The hlow is indeed felt ])V us to he one of diiv se\'erit}', tlie more so hecause we only had ahout ;i fortnight's warnin.L;' of its advent. My sistei' did iioi pass throu^di nnich sutferin^L;', hut there was soiiiethiii'j paiidully pathetic ahout he)- death, not onl)- ki'cuuse sIk was so youn<^' and had always heeii so stron.L;', hut al>n hecause the tu's of affection hy which she was IxjiukI to us, and we to hei', \\(>fe iiioi'e than ordinaril\ tender. And when in hei' (hdiriuni she I'cNciled tc the time when our positions were I'cnersed, and when hy weeks and months of ai'duous heroism she saxcil my life hy constant nursini^- — upon my word it \v;i> unhearahle.' The hlaidv which hei" death has created in our small famil\- is \v\'\ distressin*!". She alwav> used to he so proud of my work that I feel that halt till* pleasure of working- will now he ^ont^ — hut I <1<' no t ki low W liy I am runnnuj- on like tl US. Of conn it Avill .L;ive nu^ evei'v ph^isure to ;^'o to I)o\\n heforc leavin,^' for Scotland. If you have no pi'efei-eiKr ' Ho refers to tlie attack of typhoid fcvor in l87-"5. INN 1m7j< Li'XrruHi: on animal inthllighnck 71 about tiinc, I suppose it would be best to ^^o when vou returji home iu May, as the onions lui^dit possil)ly l)r then ready for ,i,^•ilt■tin^^ I'nh'ss, therefore, I hciir from you to the contrary, 1 shall write a^^ain some time between the middle and end of May. f diiv , out ;i d iin; 'thiiiL, seslir I t nKti J iiai'il) ted t. whci! ^ sa\'('il ; t \v;i^ i Then came a ^econd appearaiuc* at the l^ritish Association. Mr. iJonianes was asked to deliver one (if the eNenini;' lectures at the meeting;- of hSTiS, which took phice at l)nl)lin. ■• The subject was animal intelli^^ence, and seems 1(1 have excited a ^ood deal of attention. 4'he follow- iuu letters relate to the lecture and to his book on Aiiiinal Intelli'-t'nce : To ( '. J)ti nr'ni. I'lx(i. ' is ConnvMll 'Pornic.', i;<.i,'(iif> Talk. N.W. : .Imic IS. \'ery many tl)aid>:s for your pei'inission to use your observations, as well as for t he additional information which you lia\(* supplied. I f all the manuscript chaptei" on instinct is of the same (juality as the enclosed poi'- tion, it nnist l)t> very valuable. Time will prevent me from treatin,n" \erv fidly of instinct in my lecture, but when r come to wi'ite the book for tlu' Jntei'national Science Sei'ies on Comparative Psycholo^^y, f shall try to say all that 1 can on instinct. Vour letter, therefore, induces me to say that I hope your notes will be pul)lishe(l somewhere before my book comes out (ij'. within a yvnv or so), or, if you have no int(>ntion of ))ul)lishin^' the notes, that you would, as you say, let, nie I'ead the manuscri))!, as the references, t^'c, would lie much more important for the purposes of the book r2 GKORGE JOHN ROMANES is:- than for those of the lecture. But, of course, I sliould jiot ask to puhhsh your work in uiy hook, unless you have no intention oi puhlishin^- it yourself. T do not know why you have kept it so lon^- unpuhlished, and your liavin;^' offei'cd me the manuscript for preparing,' my lecturt^ makes me think that you mi^ht not ol)ject to lendin^^ it me for preparin^^ my hook. But please nndei'stand that 1 only think this on the sup- position that, from its unsuitahle len^'th, isolated charact(M', or other reason, you do not see your way to })nhlis]nn<^^ the cliapter yourself. From (.'. JJ((riiHHy H.s(i. Down : Jiinc! V). My dear Romanes, — You are (piite we^lc'^i*''. t'l have my longer chapter on instinct. It \\asi,hstracted foi' the Oi'i^in. T liave nevtr htd time to work it Uj^ in a state fit for i)nl)hcation, aiui U, is so nmch movv; interesting- to ohserve tlian to write. It is very un likely that 1 should ever find time to prepare my several lon^- chapters for jnihlication, as the materia! collcH'ted since the p(d)licfition of tiie ()ri<^in has been so enoi'mous. ]3ut 1 luive sometimes tliou^ht that when incapacitated for observing', 1 would lonk !;ver my nnnniscripts, and see whether any deserved [)ul)li- '.ation. You are, therefore, heartily welcome to use it, ai '' NhoiiKl you desire to do so at any time, inform 'tn- a.d it shall he s(Mit. Vour s ver\- sincerely Chakt.es Dahwin. % I87f* I am objection your U()t( Most their wor seems to ()U'_,dit to make it want to \ vou my when out would rat 1 shal jelly-fish or ()ctoh(^ iead n\) a With sincerely Your ] the day af h(M-e, whi( 1 only arr 1 am s i|Uote the to a work( iiothiii'% f larf- MK. DAKWIXS NOTES ON INSTINCT 73 From O. J. Ronidiu's to C. Ddiwiu, J'jS(j. w> IH Cornwall Terrace : June -^l. 1878. I iiiri of course very ^'lad tt) lii>;ir that }oii have no objcH'tioH to lettiu;^^ nio have tlie l)eneiit of consulting" vour uotes. .Afost observers are in a frantic hurry to puhhsli their worl^, but what you say about your own feelin^^s seems to ;ne very cliaracteristic. J j'ke the l)ees, you eiidit to have some one to take th(! honey, when you make it to ^ive to the workl — not, however, that I ~Wk ^^'i"^ ^^* P^'^V the part of a thievin;^^ wasp. I will send you my manuscript about instinct (or the proofs wlien out), and you can strike out anythin;^' that you would rather publish yourself. 1 shall not be able to be^dn my hook till after the jelly-fish season is over. This will be in September (>r October ; but 1 will let you know when 1 want to uiad u}) about instinct. With \('ry many tbanks, 1 remain, yoms very sincerely and most ri'spectfully, C4i:o. .1. h'o.MANKS. over ubli- IN. The ralaco, Dublin: Au<,'nst 17. 1H7H. Your letter and encdosure about the ^eese ari'ived the day after I left J )unskaith, but have been forwarded here, whi(di accounts for my dcday in answering', for 1 only arrived in Dublin a few days a^'o. I am sorry to hear about the onions, and can only quote the beatitude which is ))articulai-ly a|)[)licable to a worker in science, Blessed is he that e\j)ecteth nothing', for he shall not be disappointed. 74 (iKOKCJH .10 UN ROMAxXES But r Mill still iiiDR' soi'ry to hear of yoin' fcclin- knocked up. I iiicct your sou licrc, who tells in, iibout you. Yesterday was the cNCuiu;^" of luy hi^^ lecture, and L send you a copy as well as ;i newspaper account. ('I'he latter was in tyj)e before delivery, and so ni- ' apphiuses,' iVc. are put in.) The thin*^" was a iiio.si enormous success, far sui'passin;^" my utmost expecta- tions. I had a numhei- of jokes which do not appear In the printed lettui'c, and 1 never saw an audiem c iau^di .•>(> niu( li. The applause also was really extni- ordinary, esjx'ci.tlly at some places, nd most of all at the ment' )n of your name at the ;^n'and fiiinl. In fact, it v^as here tremendous, a"d a most impro- sive si«.jht to scf such a nndtitudeof p(H)ple so enthu- siastic. I e\pe(tet successful lectuie he had e\er heard. So 1 am (piitf cone I ited. I'A'cr your devoted worship))er, (iKo. J. Roman lis. ritiii ( . Ih inrni. S( .\uf,'ust 20. ISTH. i\[y dear Homani^s, — I am most heartily «;lad that vour lecture (just iX'ceived and read) has hec n !■<" i8:.-< LECTUHH ON AN I MA I. INTKLIJGENCI": ft eiiiinpiitly siucessfiil. You huvf iiulcH'd passed a most iiia.^niticeiit riilo^ium on iir>, and I wonder that you were not alraid of hearin.i,^ ' Oh I oh I ' or some other sii^n of disa[)prohation. Many persons think that wli.it I liave done in sc-ienee has heen much overrated, and I \ii\ often think so myself; l)Ut my comfort is that I iuive neNcr consciously done ;in\thin;^" to ;^ain a[)pk-iuse. Mnou^h and too nnich ai)()ut ni)' dear self. The sole fault that 1 find with youi' lecturi' is that it is too short, and this is a rare tank. It strikes me as admiraldy cl(>ar and interest- iuL;. I meant to have remonstrated that you had iKt discussed sufficiently the necessity of si^i" for the formation of ahstract ideas of any comph-xdy. and then I came on to the discussion on dciif unites. This latter seems to me oiu' of the ri(diest of all the iiniies, and is worth woi'kin^' carefully for years and very dei»ply. 1 should like to read whole chapters (111 tliis one head, and others on the minds of the hi,L;her idiots. Nothin*^" can hv hetter, as it seems to inc. than \-our several lines or sources of e\'i(lence. aiK I tl le manner m w hi(d 1 \'ou have arran fl I'll Imrdly know ; it is riithtr like Herbert Spencer ; if you do not know it, und would care to see it, scud lue M post-card. Thiink Heaven we return home on Thursday, ;iiid 1 shall be able to <^'o on with my humdrum work. and ^jhat makes me for^^et my daily discomfort. Have you ever thou;.,dit of keeping' a youiiL' monkey,' so as to observe its mind ? At a liousc where we have been staying there were Sir A. and Jiady Hobhouse, not long ago returned from India. and she find he kept three young monkc^ys, and l(»ld me some curious particidars. One v. as that tht nionkey was very fond of looking through her eye- glass at objects, and moved the glass nearer and further so as to vary the focus. This struck me, a^ J'^rank's son, nearly two yeai's old (and wc think much of 'lis intellect!), is very fond of looking' througli my jxxket lens, and 1 have (juite in vain endeavoured to teach liim not to put the glass close down on tlu^ object, l)ut lie will always do so. ^rbcre- fore I conclude that a ciiild just under two years i^ inferior in intellect to a monk(^y. Once again 1 heartily congratulate you on your well-earned present and I feel assured grand futuiv success. Yours \ery truly, Ch. Daiiwin. P.S. 28th. — Can you spare time to come down here any day this week, except Saturday, to dine and ' Mr. Romanes carried out this sugfjestion, or riither his sister, Mi;'*^ C. E. Koiuanes, did ; she kept a luoi cy for observation for several inontliN aB is recorded at p. 484 of' Animal intelligence.' :&:-. i'l is: THE LFX'TURH AT DUBLIN 77 y', and work. > sleep here? We should he very ^dad indeed if you (•[111 come. If so, T would suf^',^(\st your leaving- Cliariu \()U have sucli ii ^ood opinion of the line of work, 1 think 1 shall adopt your plan of working- u[) the >ul)ject well before 1 publish the book. The ,L;i'eatest dilliculty I had in writin^^ the lecture nas to makt? it sliorf cnoiif/li, but it will ])e si)len(hd to be able to spread oneself ov(>r the whole subject in a book. I was at on(> time ui doubt whether it would be i)etti'i- to s|)end time ovvy this subject oi' o\-ei' somethin;.; more purely ])hysiolo,L,ncal, but of late ! had be^un to incline towards the former, and your opinion has now settled mine. 1 have not previously Inard of the book by the Px'l^ian physicist, and should niucli like to read it. 1 have idready such a numbei' of your books that 1 fear you must sometimes miss them : but 1 can returii anv of them at a minute's notice. 78 (iKORCii: .lOIIX ROMANES 1J•^^ I li;i(l tlioii^^ht (»f kct'pin*;- m iiioiikcy iind tcachiiii.' its youii;^" ideas how to shoot, iind wrote to l-'iauk J^uekhind for liis advice as to the l)est kijid to ^^ct. hut he lias iievei* answered my letter. 'J'he cmh' uhout tlie h'lis is a capital one. I have such a host of lettei's to answer, whi( h have accumulated durin;^^ my ahsence, that I imist make this a short one. Your ' con,ij;i-atulations " an of more value to me than any of the othcM's, and I thank you for them much. Ever your devoted disciple, (rKo. .]. Ko^r.\xKs. P.S. — Science is not a woi-ld wluM*e a man ntfd trouhle himself ahout ,Ljettin^' more credit than is due. ynnii ('. J)(ir/i'iii. l>()wr; : Sept. % 1K7S. Mv dear llomanes, — Many thanks for your letter. I am deli^dited to hear that you mean to work the comparative psychology well. 1 thought your letter to the ' Times ' very good inde(>d. l^artlett, at the Zoological Gardens, I feel sure, would advise you infinitely hetter about hardiness, intellect, price, cVc, of monkeys than F. Buckland, hut with him it must be rlvd race. Frank says you ought to keep an idiot, a deaf unite, a monkey, and a baby in your house ! Ever yours sincerely, Ch. J)aiiwin. r My (■ week's d received voii very j'1-^pinas of the lei t(» make Franl ()phical IS> Tin: ixursi: or iwith 7:1 IM IM.skiUtll, II .liii-c. N.r,. : Sept. 10. 187S. lt'(('lV('( von vt Mv (Iciir Ml". I );ir\viii,-- Hax in^" Ix'cii away tor a week's (Iccr-stalkin^^ in the hills, I liavc only to-day 1 \()iir letter to^ctliei' with the hook, 'riuink r\' much for hoth, and also for the hints ahoiit ^spinas and I)artlett. 1 am i^lad you thoui^dit well (if the letter to the 'Times.' ilia hook 1 shall i)e ahle t(( make more evident what 1 mean. 1-' rank's idea of 'a ha))i)y family' is a V(M*y ^^ood (iiie : hut I t'nink my mothei- ^voul{l he^in to wish that my scientific in(|uiries had taken some other direction. The hahy too, I fear, would stand a poor chance (.f showing itself the fittest in the stru^';4le for exist- <'iice. 1 am now .L;oin^- to wiite my concdiidin;^' paper on Medusa-, also to tr)' some experiments on luminosity of marine animals. Mver sincerely and most respectfully yours. *# (rKO. .1. Ho^rANKS. >( In addition to other scientific and pui'ely philo- iphical work, ^Nfr. Homanes had, even while writin^^ his Burney Pri/e, entert'd on that ptM'iod of conflict between faith and scepticism which ^rew more and more strenuous, more painful, as the years went on, which never really ceased until within a few weeks of his death, and which was destined to end in a chastened, a ])nrified, and a \ictorious faith. • His was a relif^ious nature, keenly alive to reli^dous emotion, profoundly influenced hy Christian ideals, Iw Christian modes of thou^dit. As time went on he felt, like all i)liilos()phically minded men, the impossi- hility of a purely materialistic position, and as he A^ .^. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) A €.0 V ^ fe <.^' <(? # ^^ f/. f/. 1.0 I.I 2.2 1.8 1.25 1.4 1.6 ^ 6" — ► v^ vQ c^ cf^l /'. /A w^^ '/ Photographic Sciences Corporation '^ « V s V N> '^ ^. f/. ^ ^ I F 80 (iKOROE JOIIX PvOMANKS l87^ IS7S ))f)ii(lov('(l Oil tlic tiiuil, ultimate iiiysteries, on' 'God, hiiiiiortality, Duty,' he arrived very slowly, vciv painfully, l)ut very surel}', at the Christian ])ositioii. ]jut these years were, to him and to many, yeaiv of peciihar and of extraordinary ditlieulty. liou,i,^lih speakiii;^, the tiiiu." het\V(K'n LSOO and LSSO was a tunc of .i^reat perplexity to those who wished to adhere to the hiith of Christendom. It is im])ossil)le to exat^^^erate the infhuMice which Mr. Darwin's ^^reat work has had on e\'ery depait- irient of science, of literature, and also of art. Thii'ty-six years have passed away since the puhlica- tion of the 'Oi'i.L^dn of Species,' and we have lived to s(!e that a.i^ain tcmiiora niufantiir, uox ct innftnmir in illis. Now we see that a man can fully acee])t the doctrine of evolution, and yet can also helieve in a personal (lod and in tlu> doctrines which lo<^ically follow on such a helief. But it was not so at first. To many on hoth sid(!S the new teaching- seemed to threaten destruction to Theism, at least to ^riieisni a> undtn-stood either hy Xev.nian or hy Mai'tineaii. A^^ain, in i)hil()sophy Herhert Spencer seemed to many to have constructed a lasting syst(>m of ])hiIo- sophy, a system suflicient to account for all things in heaven, in (>ai'th, and under the earth. And (leruian ci-iticism seemed to many to he i'ai)idly destroyiii.u th.e c)-e(iil)ility of the earl}' documents of (Christianity. Many a iiohle soul niade shi))wreck of its faith, nor is this disaster wonderful. Foi- popular th(M)l(),uy had made many unwise, many untemihle claims, and the ground had to he cleared hefoi'e the i)attle conhl he fought out on its real issues. There were soiiif who, amidst all the strife of tonguivs, kept their heads, rcMuemhered hygone storms, and did not lose their courag(\ their whole-h(>!n'te(lness, hut they were fvw. J and wci most p; line tal> Mr. Da licview, the Ih'it Cert than it It h whom IK ' It is r| hccii, in through learning '•r,ihl(- I has hee appareiil nature i forces, c excr, or a l)i\iiie was des iiiiiieiice ct : ' * It is (pn't(> certain that this scientific ohstacle has ])ceii. in the main, renioxcd. In [)art, it has l)een throiiu'h the theolo'^ians ai)andonin,^" false claims, and h'aniiii^', if somewhat unwillingly, that they have no '• l)ihle re^■elatioll " in iiiattei's of science; in part, it has heen through its hecomin^- continually more apparent, that the limits of scientitic "explanation " of nature ar(i soon reached; that the ultimate causes, loiccs, conditions of nature are as unexplained as ever, or rather ])ostulate as e\'er for tlu>ii" explanation a Dixinemind. Thus, if one '■ ar,i;ument from desimi" was destroyed, anotlier was only hroii^ht into pro- iiiiiieiice, Xo account which science can ^"ive, \)y (hscoNcry or conjecture, of the method of creation, can cNcr weaken the ari^'ument which lies from the iiiii\-ersality of law, oi'der, and heauty in the uni\'ers(» to the universality of mind. The mind of man looks forth into nature, and tinds nowhere unintelli;^il)le chance, hut everywliere an order, a system, a hiw, a heauty, which corr(>s))onds. as 'greater to less, to his own rational and spiritual intuitions, methods, and expectations. Tnivei'sal or(h'r, intelh.nihility, heauty, Ileal! that somethin,!^' akin to the human s])irit soiiiethin,!^' of which thi^ hiinian spirit is an offshoot ' CI'. ' Life iiiid Letters of Deim Clmrcli," p. l.TI. '^ ' lliiyiiii,' up till' Oppoi'tiniity,' .• -^ii'inon liy tlio I{cv. ('. (idrc, ivriicliiil hct'i.ri' the (■iiivorsif y of Oxlni il. mid pulilislicd hy tlio S.l'.C.K. ^ U 82 (',]■]()]{(',]] .lOi'IX IIOMAXKS if>:K und ii reflection, is in tlie universe hefoi'e it is in man. ' Oi', a^aiii, H prolonged jx-riod of conti'oNcisy and I'elleetioii iias )-esulted in inakin<^- it faii'lv appaiviil that no scientific docti'iiie or eonjeeture aljout the dim oi'i,L;ins of the spiritual life of man can atfecl the ar;4ument from its develo])ment and ])ersisten{c. It lias (h'velojx'd and ])ersisted, as one of the nl^^t, proiriinent features of liuman life, solely on llic ])ostulate of (lod. And is it not out of amilo^^y wilh all that science teaches us to ima<^ine that so impor- tant, contimious, and universal Till-: 1:1 i.ii'si-: 01- iwiTii s;j m in <4i'(';it.('r (lc.L;f('(' tliMli (lid ( i('()f'j(. ixoiiiancs. Stc)] 1)V st<'j) he Ml)aii(l()n('(l the ])()siti()ii lie had iiiaiiit;iiii<'(l ill Ins liiinicy I rizo, with no ;^rcat pauses, rather, as it s<'ems, witli startliii^^ rapifhty, and with sad and \s itli rehietant l)aek\sai'd ;^lanees he took up a position of ;i,L;iiosti('isiii, foi- a time ahnost of inateriahsiri. He wrote a hook, pul)lished in IHTC), which was eiitith'd ' A Candid Ivxaniination of 'I'heisni.' It is iihnost needless to discuss the work, as it lias heen dealt with hy its authoi' in his j)osthninous ' 'I'hou^dits on !.'e]i,!^nOn.' it is an ahle piece of work, and is iiiaiked thi'ou^diout hy a lofty spii'it, a profound sad- ness, and a helief (which years after lie criticised sluirply) in the exclusive li^^htof the scientific method in the Court of lieason. His education had l)een on strictly scientific lines, and the linn'tations of thou;^iit produced hy such education are ch>arly seen in that essay; 'limitations' wliicli the philosophical and the iiietiiphysical tendencies of his mind soon led him to overstep. ^'1 le reaction a. ^'et anyone who reads carefully the conclusion of the ' Candid Ivxamination' -' will see the note of ' lon;^-- iiiLi' and tliirstiiii: f(jr God.' ' Now I'epiihlisliftd in ii liook called ' Mind nnd Motion.' " And f'onisnincli iis I ain far i'rotii Indni,' al)l(' to u^,'rc<' with iIkjhc who :ttllini tliat the twili^dit doctrine of tlni 'new fiiith' is a deHira,ble siibstitulo for th.' and who find llif world of sense (|uite enouj^h tn occupy them. And then; are souls who seem to he con- stantly crying out in theii'dai'kiu'ss for li^dit, thehiii- (h'Uof whose cry seems to he : ' Fcrisli i/osad tc, homim , f;f iiKjii ivf u III f'.sf cor imstniiii iloiicc n', thecapacity for a real and tremendous j)owei' to witnc^^ for th(! truth, to do and to suifer y>/-o cfin.sfi Dei. 'W, this class (Jreoi'^^c lioinaiies helon^M'd. 13y naturehe \v;l^ d(3eply;ind truly reli;.;ious, and interested and ahsorhed as h(! was in science, it is no exa;.;>(era,tion to say he w;i> just as keenly int<'rested in the(do^^y, that is to s;i\, in th(; dee[)est and ultimate prohlems of theology. By the (piestions which di\ide ('hristians he w;is not i-'rcatU' attracted, and he never c(Hdd see an\' rea for the hitterness which exists lictwcen r.r/, Koi and .Xiii'lican. Sdl ii;il This is anti( i[)atin^'. fn ISTH he had touched tlif vei'y depths (»f sc<'pticisin, and he would have re)<'ct('(l the idea of a possil)ility of return, and would ha\i' ngected it in terms of innn(.'asured I'c^^ret. A lett<'r from Mr. J)arwin is intt'i'estinij'. nnco Wiis iiiiiif, find tlio lonely iiiystcr.v of cxistciicc us now I (iml it. su(;li times 1 sluiU evftr feel it impossible to luoid the sliaipe^t |i;ui;,' wh icli my iiittiire is HUsceptiid r wlietluT it he duo to m\ intelli''in(i.' not boiii^' siitricieiitl.\ ;idviiiic(:d to meet the re(iiiireiiieiits of tiie iij,'e, ei whc'tlier it l>e due to the memory of those Kiicred MssociiitioiiH wiiicli I'l nie at hiiist. were the sw.'etest tluit life has •,d\eii, I oiiiiiot but feel that for me. nnd for others who think as I do, there is a(h(iidful truth in tli' -■ wonls ol' liiimilton, philosophy having,' become a metlitatioii notnien • of de.uli but of annihilation, tiie precept knoiv Uiijurlf \\\\s become tniii- formed into the terrific oracIc! to UldipUH— ' Mas est thou n(,''er know the trutli of what thoii art.' Ih> •rin: i:('Mi'si; ok iaith 80 l)o\Mi : Dfccinlni- r,. 1H78. MydcMi" lfi)iii;iiit's, — I iiin imimIi plcfiscd to sriid iii\- plioto^^THpli to tli<' future Mrs. liom;iii<'S. 1 liavc r<':-i(l yoiu' ;iiioii vinous hook — sojmc pjirts t\\ i((.' over — with \('i"y ;^r<'Ht interest; it seems ndniii'- ;il)l\. ;ind lici'e and tliere nci'V <'lo<|Uently written, hut frdUi not understriiidin.L;' metaphysical terms I could not always follow you. l''or the sake of outsiders, if there is anothei' edition, could you make it ch.'nr what i^ the difference hetwcen trcutiii^^' a suhject under a ' scientilic/ Mo;^ical.' ' syird)olicaI,' and ' f(jrmal " point of\iews oi' manner? With reuard to youi" lireat leaflin;^ idea, i shoidd like sometimes to heai' from you xei'hally (foi* to answer woidd he too loii;^' for lettei's) what \()U would sa\" if a theolon'iaii 'Idi f( ;i(|(lresse(! you as tollows : ' 1 .irrant you the attraction of ;^ra\ity, j)ersistence of foi'ce (or conserxation of enei";^''y), and one kind of Jiiatlei", t liou^ii the latter is all inonense admission; l)iit 1 maintain that (lod nmst have ;^i\-en su(di iittrihutcs to this force, ind<'pendently of its p(irsist- ciice, that under certain conditions it (h'vcdops or ciia h nu'es into li^^ht, heat, electricity, ;.;Hlvunisrri, per- ips even life. ' Vou caimot pi'o\(' that force iwhicdi physicists (leline as that which causes motion) wduld in(;vitahly llni^ chan.u'e its (diaracter undei'the ahove conditions. A,L;ain I jnaintaiii that matter, though it may in the future he eiei'iial, was created hy (lod with the most iii;ii'\('llous affinities, leadin;^" to complex dctim'te f'liiipouiids and with polarities leadin.L;" to henutiful HC OKOiu.i: .loHx iiOM \m:s crvstMls, (Vc. Ac. \ oil cjiiiiiot. |j)V)\c t,li;it. iiifit.t.ci' would iic(«'ss;iril\ |)()Ss('>-> 1,)i»->r' Mttriljiit.cs. 'I'lio'ciorf' \(hi li.ivc ii(> v\jj\\\. to >;iy tlijit, yon li?i\r "• dciiionst r;itt(i t,li;it. ;ill DJit.iirMl \',\\\> iiffc^^iifily follow froin ;^n';i\i!\. tlx- |H'r.->ist.(ii(c of force, hihI cxistcix-c of UKitt.cr. It you s;iy tJi;it, ucIjuIoiin m;it.t.<-r existed jibori^ni ri fi'odi et.eriiit \ w it.li nW its Dreseiit eoiii|)l( i;ili\ jiiifl fi'om eternity with rtll its jireseiit eoniplex |)ower> ill ;i Jjoteiitiiil stjite, \(tii seem to me to Ix-lt the wliojt (|iiestif)n.' l-'lcMse ohser\'e it is not I. hut ;i tlir-fjloj/ifui who li;is thus jiddressed you, hut I could not rinswcr hiin. In yoii)- ))r<-sent ' idiotic ' stnte of mind, you will wi-^li me ;it tfu; de\il foj- hotiieriii'^ \(>ii, V oui's very siii(:ei'(;l) ('\i. D.MtWIN, Is (Oinuall 'I'mtju'c, Iti-^^'cut's l';iik : Siiiiil;iy, !):•(•. 1H7H. My de;ii' Mr. I)!irwin, — Many thanks for yoiir portrait — not only from myself hut also from tlic ' future Mrs. Komaiies." I am ^^lad that you tliiiik well of the litci'ai'y style of the hook' on 'I'heism. As re;^ards th<- remai'K-> of the supi)ost'd tin ol >;^n'aii, I lia\(* no doiiht that lie is entitled to them. I'lie only fjuestion is whether I lia\(' heeii siiccess'ii! in makin<.( out that n// natiiiiil cases must r('}is(jiuihly he supposed to follow from tln' conservation of eiieiyv If so, a.-^ the transmutatioii^ of ener^^y from heat Lo elect ricity (Vc. all take place in accordance with law, and as the pIx-noiiK'na of polfirity in crystals (Vc. do the same, it lollows tlmt Jieitiier these nor any other class of piieiiomeii!! .He \Mi-i cii^'iit^cd to l)c iiiiuiir.'il. ih:;> THi: i:i: cji' i Arm tt7 liiiii. nlToi-rl fiiiy Ix'U.cr «'\i(Iciir(' of I )cit y lli.'iii <1') ;iiiy oUkt (111-- of |)l)('iionicii;i. 'Difrcforc, if all hiws follow froiii tl)c |)cisist(iifc of fo)'c(\ the rjiH'-.tioii of I)city oi' no |)fif\- woiiM dimply iH-comc t.lic i|iic->t ion ;is to wlii'{li('i- foi'cc i-('(jiiirc^ to 1)(' ric;it.c(l or i-> >clf-c.\ist cut . Aiifl if \\<' s;iy it is crcMtcH, tin- fact of sclf-cxihtciicj; still i<'(|iiir('S to \u' met in tlif ('tcator. Of coinsc it may he (Iciiifd that all lau.-. do follow from the jH'isistciifc oi fotvc. And tlii^ i-> uliat I iiicaii hy tlic distinction between a scientitic and. ;l l();jical |)i'(M»f. |-'or in the la^t I'c.-.-^ort all .sc/t/if /jic proof ;j-o('.-, upon th<' assujiiption that (-ner^^y is pcr- iiiaiient, so that if from thi> as>,ini]pt ion all natni'al l;iu> and i)roce>,ses adnnt of heiiiLf defliicerl, it follows that for a scientific c(jsniolo;jy no further a.-^suinptio" i^ required ; all the phenonieiia of Nature i'ecei\e their last or ultimate sclciif ific explanation in this the most ultim;.t<' of scientitic hypotheses. Hut now l(i(jic may come in and say, ' 'I'his hypothesis (»f the persist- ence (»f force is no douht vei'iticfl and found constantly true within the raii;j;e of science (/.r. experience), so that thus far it is not only an hyjjotlie,-,is hut !i. fact. I5ut hefor<' loeic r-ui consent to allow this ultimate ffict of science to he mafic the ultimate hasis of fill c()~-molo;_fy. f imist he shown that it is ultimjite, not meiely in relation t,o Innnaii nio(h'S of resejircli, hut Jtlso in a sense ahsoliite to all <'U<'.' liut the more I thinh ahout the whole thin;^^ tin? more am I c(»n\inced that you |)ut it into a, nutshell when you were here, and tluit, there is aljoutas much use in ti'yin;^^ to illunn'nate the sutiject with the h\dit of intellect as there would he in tr\in;j to illuminate m (.i;oI(m; .mjiin iujMam;s I'*:*! the luiHiii^ilit -l;y with ;i rjiiidh'. I intciKl. 1 li .M;ilc(»|iii. of I ',;i|l)cr|ic ;i ii(| ( i r;iii;jc, I'lN'-liil-c. l-'rnm IsTO to isiif) Ml-. Ifonuiiics resided in Is 11 'I iini\\;ill I cri'Jicc. w n If li lii> mot lier <^u \c iij ) I.O 111); I. iiiid t licsc elc\(-ii \ ejirs were pcrliM p^ t lie l»ri;jl!t est, jiiid iM'.^t fniit fill of lii> life. it is dirticiilt. t.o ij'wc Miiy jiisf idc?i of the cxfreine liiippilics-i ;ilid |)l(jis;ilit ti('S>. of the lioiiif life jilid (»f eiit.Vviird eirciitiisfiiiiec^ : l);i j)|)iii('ss wliicdi only >ccni('d til iii'TCHse us y*';irs wcnl on. lie 'jrew more l)o_\isli, liioic |)l;iyfiil. ;ind -,c('Mi('d to li;i\(' ;in (■udN'-.s rjipneily t'M- ciijov nieiit . Uiv friciidsliij), for JKippiiicss of tin' l/t'-it ;iiid purest, kind. lie .LMVMlly enjoyed soriely. ;i]id li;id full oppf^r- t:iintie> foi' seein;j- tlie kind lie liked Ije-^f. the o-ejiiii "Mlie intelleet ii;il world of London .• ;i lid perlwips one .'ii;i\- ke ;illo\\(-d to -;i\' tli;it no oiU' w s e\cr ni(»re li^poilt liy sneee^-,. |,y p()pl| j;i rit y . lie seemed to fl t !J\t)\\ iiKire simpH- more sin^le-lienrted eiieli yeiir. 'I lie Mliioiint of Udik lie did \\;is \er\ efMisidelvible. Hi^ kooks, • Anim;il Intelli;jenee.' ' .Ment;il I'Aolilt.iojj !ii AniiMJils,' ' Ment;d |-i\-oliifi(;ii in Mnii.' ' .ielly-l-'i-^li ■ii.'d St;ir-I*'isli,' ' l);ii\\iii Mild ;ifter I );i.r\\ ill.' • An l'].\;i- [)0 (.i:o,"/,i: .\{)i{\ ic()M\.\i:s • SilO i9 i \ MM iiiiiiiit ion (if \\ ci-^iiKiiiiiisni/ rcpi'c^cnt an mon ;( mount, ot itNidin;^' ;iikI tli'tii;_;iit : jiUfi l)t'^i'e\ iew ^. ;ilid ' N;it ni'e It would !)(• (juite ;ih>.in'd to deny tlnit Mi l{om;mes liked ;i t';iir ;ind free tii^ht,, Jind there \\;e Lffjod deni of ^(■ientili(• controverss l)nt 1 le \\;is ;ib«<(' Christ Cliiircli, ( (slonl. I)e;ir I'fofosoi' .\r('ldohi, — I t.ni-^t thjit oin' diftfi- cnces — Mild '//sfit/rrciitrnfs — as pi'esent.ed in ' Natjn'c. will not dist.in'h our relations in ))ii\ate. Anyhow, I send the inelosed circular, \vhi(di I am addressin^^ t'* Mn;^lisli hiolo;4ists, and hope you will testify to y desire foi' ■ facts" l)\- si.^Mn'n;^' tin- meniorial. (Jill \ ours trill ( : I ( ». J. I (o.mam; He lectured a ^ood deal in pi'o\incial towns, iiik j^'dxc se\eral l''riday CNciiin^' discourses at the h'o>;i Institution. LectiiriiiL:', <'\cii in da\^ of failint;trtled (lifiice hi the hri;^! u;iriiily ; swaiii al( inc. whi l)^•^tow• u lit the e iiwfully s ;i cruel f' f(iriii;illC( The M.dxend pliUlse ; ' The ji) '•.4r> Li:( ri 111; in (.l\-(;()\v m (il,l>L I'^sn. Now f(»i' my ii('\v>. I\\ci'yt liiiiL; u;i-^ nj)Icim1i(I, iiHicli tlif Ix'st. tliiiiLf ill the u;)\ of IcctuniiL^ tliiit, I !i;i\r doiif >iiic<- I)iil)liii.' ;iimI I uh-. so sorry tli;it. _\oii were not, t ll^'IT. |-'ir>t. of all Wf liarl a (liiiiicr L;i\cii hy my |io>,t, in iii\ honour, the ^"lU'sts hciii.L:' all tlio cliiff iiifii in the I iii\t'r>it,y. incliKliii;^' I *i'o feasor ( aird - aiid t he l)i;^';4t'st (if all l)i^' swells, Sir W. 'i'liom^oii.' The (liinirr \\a;; to me hi,'_;lil\ intrirst iiiu;, as 1 talked iicai'ly all llir t.imc to Sir William, who is ji WMiidci'fid j)sy(diolo;^ical study. We IIk'H went, to the Icctin'f, \Ui('it! Sir \\ illiain t'Hik the chair, and introduced me to the andifncc with such a 'downiL!' oration that it, won Id h a \ c \if^ ^';n1,l('d yon. (It <|uit(' a^toni-^hcd mo.) 'I'hc au- dience hein;^^ thus led to suppose that, I was one of the hri^^htcst of all hi"i;^lit li;jlit.>, iccci\('d mc \('iy uai'nily; I ut I said ' Tlie I'.rit. \.<^ih-. r,ccti;rf, IhTH. TliL' presoiit Muster of Jiiillinj. .\()\\ r.oiil Kelvin. (,\.()\i<;\: .JOHN KOMANKS ;i few woi'fU with ;ill Ix-coiiiiii;/ liniiiilify, JiiiH 1 Sic Willinm ^nmnK-'l up. II(-fc is :iii Jilt»-cr.i(t)i;it.<' oiit.hfic^t. t.u his U\'i\\ Mv ln;illliv iiriii Hliiill 1)1- tliv '•t.jiv, M \ iii'ilinr. \\'/i('ii. liiit, you ;iic not, yet, cither so U-c\)U\ -.M. oi ;/rc\ ;is t,o iii;ikc iim- iiji;i;iiii(' t.)i;it. _\oii hii'vc ]<)^t. : iiccfifiil prop ill t.hr- jihscncc ()f your • peerless -^dn ! .\\\(\ I iiiij ^iirc you lire not. more pi'ouH ot him tli;i.. lie i-^ of y(. of seienec. 'I'hey eont.rihufed ;i joint p;i|»t;' to the |jnne;in Soeiet\ on indie;it ion-, of -.hmII i:. Aet iM;i . ;i nd it is •rreiitK to he fe;irerh sUeh i-^ t] fri\oht\ of ht,ei-;iry men. tli;it .\Ir. Polloel'; rev;n'di'! the whole ;iff;iir ;is ;i \ciy ;_^ood J"k('. 'I'he following.' letter^ fleserihe the work of tk' ye;irs |s,s() ;ind hs.sl. 'I'iie -.ummer of J'^sT') ;iii'i ISSO li;id heeil ^pent ;it Wotfield. ' lli,^ lj(>()l< entitled ' .lelly-l'iHli, Sliu'-I'iih. iiml Sea 1,/cliliin,' l.'iv<- full accniint nl' Mr. iioiiiiiries' rjjKciin.'liesoii llii'He jiriiiiit.ive' iirr\oilH M_\itoiii ml l\\.\^j:N'KSrS AM) I'lJlIMiNK.^IS U:i f'')filli (i. •/. I !< iiini ii(.< III ( . h'<-,t, I Jctlirii you I |;i'l-;cl\ ^'-^^''.V ''" l'riiu''*-ii«">i^- Alt,li()ii;jli I l];i\f l;([)f it, ^o Ion;/. I li;i\(; , nl\ jii-t. Yc;\(\ it., H-^ yon >\\\<\ t.ljfrt- uas no nct-rl \m ;rf,!ini it. ;it. ;ii)\ p;irt,irii];i)- t.imc To iiic it. scf'iii-, t,}i;it. \>. li;it.c\(-)' iin-rit. I iMckfTs \('\\> ni;i V li;i\c in tlii-. iii;it.t(r. t,lic\ r(-rt;ii)il\- 1 i;t \ <; (■l;iii/i to ho rcj/H rnc'l ;i-i hikjiii II I : for I rjinnot, -^tf r.liat, lli-^ • I'hi-it idulc-. " dif'foi' in ;inyt,}iin;_'- hut, in nnnio fj-'.ui S[)cno(-r'.-> • Piiy-^iolo;.^' ;il I int-,.' Why lie rioos jiMt ;ickno\\ loflj/c t.lii-^. it i> flitlioiilt to unfl('ist;inf|. .\ii\liou, the tlioorio^ Ix'in;: tin- -,;nno, tlio >;inic tion-i ;ij)|jl\'; ;in'l to ni<- it li;i^ ;il'A;iys si-.-nx-'i t tlii^ tli('Or\' is un^Jit i>f;totor\- hcr;iii>c -.(, ;.<-cno|;i|. M|)i(-( ii;t .\- V'lU (;i)-CC\»- in \oMr Ift.tff. O'.cIA one hflioM-- 111 !;.ol' ■(•iil;ir niovomcnt -. ol '( I nif l:in'l : hnt, to rtftcr t In :!■> ;i full f.vphiiwit ion of licrcflit.y ^of-m-, t.o me likf -ivili;/ t.liiit t.lio o;iu^(\ -^Jiy, of ;in (»l)-^cMi'f (li>c;i-o lil.o 'luiljctf^. i-1 tlx- por-.i>lonof of toj^'c. .\(, fjriiihf. flii- is till' iiltiniMfc fnn.-io. I^nt. the p;iflio|f);_o\f ro(jnir(vs .-^oinc mole proxiirifilc ohhc-, if hi-, .-oioioo i^ \<> he of ;iii\' iliif. Siinihirlv. I flo not, -.cc th;tl. hiolo'^v- -jjiins iinyfhin;/ hy ;i tht-oi-y uhioh \-, foully hut. littlo hct.t.or tiwm ;i ri'-.t;it(Miicnf of the tny-.fory of hr-fofjitv in tffln> of the hi^/ho-t. ;i h-it,i-;iot,ion. I';i n;/<'no-,i.-, ;it. i'-ii^t. h;is t.ho n)orit of ^^upplyinv' ll-^ uith .^omr- oon- '••i\;ih|c oiirciors. so t.o ,-,pc;ik. otothc niofjificfl prr»- ''»|)l.i-in from t.ho snriou-, or;4;in-. or piirt-. rJ t.ho p;iront '» tlic fo)Tosponflin;j; or;.''nns ot p;irt-, ol tho off-piin'j^ :i!ifl tin- nmltiplioiit ion of ;.''oninMil<'S ^f-r'm-. to nx' to •''•''i'! ;i ditlioiilt \' \\ it h \'. hioh i'ori.'jonf'-^i-^ (;i-, >t iitcil h\' ;m (ii:oi((.i: .j()ii.\ !U)M.\Ni:s !'•'■ ll;if]j-l) i--, hcsf't,. \']/.. t.lint Jitasisin soiiictinics occin <)\cr loo l;i r'.^r- ji ;/ji|) to he n-iisoiiably Jittrihiitcd t^ \\ hat. j-cniiiins of IIk; ori'Miial ' st(')ii-\ihratio)is ' aft !•!' llifir characicrs luiNc hccii successively modified <'ac}i ' bifurcation.' I>ut it would be tedious to cut (■r intr> d(;tjiils. I*<'ri^feiiesis, in my ojjiuion, is ' jiKjn sim[>l(i ' tliJin l'an;^'e)iesis, only bf-caiise its terms an so mucli more c\('r;il coii- vc'Natioiis with liiii) upon the ^llhj(•( t of Spcnco's uritiiiL-'s. ;ind srj know exactly wluit he thinks of ihciii. I5iit in none of these; (•on\(Ms;itions eoidd I L'tt ;it ;in\thin;^f more definite tlnin is e()u\('yed hy the rclui'ned letters. In no point of ;iny import ;i nee did 1m' tiiiike it ele;ir to me tlnit Spe-neei" w;i^ wr(jn^', ;ind ll)c oidy I'e-iult of our eon\-ers;it ion w;is trj show me flint ill opinion it w;is oidy my i;:noraiiee of iiKitlicniiities tlnit ])i'(;vented me from s«-ein;^Mdi}it Mr. Sjicneer ir, merely ;i 'word philosopher.' I '|)on w }ii(di ion I retleetcd. and still relleet , that t he nuitliema- n^ nniNt he a sin;iidarly happy laee. >e(;ino- that ;licy alone of men ai'e competent to thinf; ahout the >.n lOS. .\nd this retleetion heeon jes >till more sta.rtlin^ when --upplemeiitod hy antjther, \i/. that aIthou;.(h one may not know any njiithcmji- lics, ('Veryhody knows what mathematies fire: they urc the seii'iiees of nuinher and mea->in'ement, and (is ^Ufli. one is at a loss to pereei\c why they slif)uld be; -0 e»,entially necessary to enahle a man to think liiiiiy and well upon otlx-r ^ul)jects. I>ut it is, as you "ii'c said, that when a nnin is to he killed l)y the VAoi'd inutheiniitical, he mu-^t not ha\ e t he- sutisfuc- OG ('.V.OliCi: .lOIfX ItOMANKS 18^0 tioii fjf even kiiowiii;^^ liow lie is killed. Of (-(^nr^f-. ii! a .L^enenil way I quite iiiidl)li'j<(l to you foi' \oui' sujj;;^('stion^. '{'he ' j)esceiit of Mnii,' w ith all it-^ I'elereiiees upon the suhjcrt, and your paper on the ' I'ahy." were lead, and the r rnihodied in tlie dia'j' (•>iil n, so I am \ ('i'\' IS lad \'ou di'l not take the needless t.i'ouhle of (-(Misultin;^' tla-i work'^. I>y 'Lose' I intend to denote the eompli •; emotion (dependent on the repi'esentative faridtit-i whifdi, ha\in^' heen so hitely snn"tt<'ii myself, 1 ;ii:: pei-li;ips inelined to place in too exalterl a posit liul you did not, ol)serv<' that I plac(;d ' i'ai'ental At tioii " and ' Social l''eelin,L; ' \-ery imich lower down. In my essay 1 carefully explain the two cn-c ()\ I )rosera and l)ionaa as hein"! tlie hf.-st hitli III. (•( - ei'io )h rl f tahli th ()hsei'\ea tor my ))in'pose m estahlisnm,L( tUe pl'iii- eiple of discrimination anions stimidi, as a princijil*- displaced hy non-nervou^ tissues. April 22, iHHd. As soon as I )'ec<'i\-efl yiwr fitst intiimition aiieiit Schneidei'"s hook I wrote onci' for it , and recei\ cI ;■ eop\ some weeks a;^(). I then lent it to Sully, wli" wanted t,o read it, so dn not yet know what it i- worth. I, to;^'ether with m\ \\ife — who reads l'"reiicli much more quickly tliaii I can — ani now en;ja;^((f rKKDCLITV OF (SOMK; SI'IIilTf 'ALISTS 'Jl \)i)]\ ;i >'iii 11 llic I-'rciicli hnnks on ;iiiiiii;il iiitcl]iL''ciif(' \viii'-li \''»ii kindly h'nl nic I ;iiii iilso piw-pwrin;/ for iii\ l,'o\;il Institution Irflun- on llic Till of Mny. f ,-.]ll ;iftfru;n'(Is |)ul)li^^ll it in .^(»ni<' (J llic niiiLOi/incs, :Mi(i. li^t f'f ;ill, in ;in ('XpMiKlofl ;iih1 more dclailcd tMnn. if. \\ill ^^o into my l)ook on .\niin;il I ntclli^/onco. I went to SCO the otlicr d;iy on Spiiitiiiilisni. lie ;nis\\('r('d j)ri\Ht('ly ;i letter tlnit I wrote- to •.\;itnre,' si;ined ' k'.K'.S.," uliieli \\;is fi, feeh'i" for le in;iteri;il to in\CTti;4;itf. I li;id ne\-er spoj^cn to hf'fore, knt ;ilt!ion;/li I p;i>sed ;i \eiT ple;i.s;nit aftern'joii with him, I did not lewi'n ;iny- t.liin; ji;i\-e the fiiculty of (l(!f(hltition too well de\c|oped. TiiiK, for inst;il)e(', he seemed i-;itlier queer on th"- -iihject of ;istfolo;^^_y I ;ind when i ;ir^ked whether he tlioii;^dit it W(;ilhy of ernnmon .^en-^e to ini;i;j;ine tinil, spirits ov no spirits, the eonjiinetions of jJ'ii/rf.s eonld • ■\ereise ;i n \' e;i ii^;i ti \'e iidluenei' oil the destinies (d rjiildi'en horn under them, he jiii^wcred tlnil li;i\in;^f liivjifly •sw;illow('d ^o much," he did not know whert.' ;<» -^top . . .M_\- wife ;ind h;d)y ;ii'e hotli floui'l-^hin;.''. f notir-ed iliiit the hitter, ;it four d;iy^ old, e(;uld ;ilw;iys tell vdiich h;ind I toiifhed, in(diniii,L!' its he;nl towiirds tli;it hiiiid. new ahout Spii'itiiaiism. fie seemed to me to /'Vo/// ('. l>(ifiriii In (1. ./. Ii'iin/n})fs. Si iitciiilur M. iHHi). We sf'iid \r)ii r)ur hest thanks for your ma^Miitieeiit nresf-nt of i.^amfj I lia\(; iK;t tasted hlaek--;.r;ime for If !l 08 ii('< cniORfJK .101 IX I^rnrAXKS 18«I0- //•/// li'ilf II criihiiil^ wlicli f l;i!Ic(] >olii(' fill ii f;itli('r-iii-l;i\\"-^ liiiifl in Si ;i ITorfl^liirc. I liopc lliiit, yon lire well and stron.i:; jmhI flo ]\i,\ '/we II)) all yonr time to slioot iii^'. I^'aytfll \\\~. Jionian<-s, if yon Inrn ifllc I >liall -^ay it. is In-r faiih. and Ix'iii.L;" an old man. shall sf()ld her. J^it y(,: ha vf' done too splcnrlid woil-: to tin'n idle, so I niM(| H [ not fear, and sliall ncxci' lia\(' andafioiisly to >c ^]y>,. iJoniancs. lint I am writinL;- L!i-<-at rnhhi \()\\ ff'fci' to some Zoolo'jical station on yoin* ( '>;i- and I now rcmcmhfi' sc('in;^" sonicthni.ir ahout it, ai tliat more money was \s'iintcd for appai'atns, tlifr fo)-(> I solid ;l (:h(,'qu(' of o/. o.v. just to show ii L^oodwill. \ o in's very siiifcrclv' Cii. D.Miwix. \\f went to the Lak'cs for thi'cc weeks to ( Olil ton, a nd the seeiiery ^"a.\'e me more ])leasin'(; than 1 thoii'jlit my soul, or \\]iate\('r lemains of it. \v;i- enpahle (jf fecdin;^'. We saw Uiiskiii se\-er,i.l tin and he was uneidnmonly pleasant. !(•-. Tn ('. I) II I'ln II SI I- A" IH Coniunll 'I'fiTiifc: XiA( iiil,i r IH, 1880. er\' man\' thanl-;^ for \oiir kind a^-^istaiiec ;ni'i (ixnressions ot aniJivjNa It was stupid of me to kir- ,L((!t _\()iir arti(de in • Nature' ahont, the ,!_!;ee^e. I 11 qiiito Well I'cmemher ivadiiiL'; it when it, came out. l''oc|;e's hnol: is jn-.t the s'cfy tliiiiL'; I wantcL it supplies silrh a eomplctc hi>1or\' of the >ill)jer'1. I do not hear from \on a'jain. I : hall Ij'en it In few day sent to sketeh a I ha tili\ >iolo, The mor iierplioh external to eo-ni"' w'liiderfi; talk in;..: ^ and thin that thi:- liold thei e^tahlish iiiiimal w I was that I ha iind also li;ifl retiir iiiL^ eondi that \\('V ;i|»))reh(-ii( On m lit .\ewc;i ti'fi!. and >-t;i_\-ed w ^'•'ipe, ;iii( '-!> on ni >i.v lor oh Ih'l i{i:si:.\iu:ii ox i:(iii.\(ii)i;iiMs 99 ifW d;i\'s to rcfci" to wlicii i1h' pi'nnf wliidi I Iimnc -flit, to press shall l)c I'ct iiriicd with my hi>t oi'ical ■tc KKlcM I ha\(' now nearly tiiii^licl my paper on the i))i\>ioloL;"\' of t.he h)eomotoi" sy>tcni in I'lehinoderms. The most important re^nh, in it is the proof, hoth MierpholoL'ieal and phy^iolo'jienh (,\ a ne)'\oiis ph-xiis, in Mehinus sei'ves ]n eo-ordinat.e spines, fcf't. and pedie('lhiria- in a. ex tcrnal to e\er\'t hnej'. \\\\\* \\i<]\( lerfiil manner. Wv the w a \ rememi)er onee tnlkni-: u ith \on ahoiit the fmietion of the hiltei" Mil' 1 thiiikinL!' it, m\ sterioii.-^. 'i'her<- is no doidit. ik i\V th;it, t.his fnnet.ion is to sei/e hits of seaweerl, and liold them steady till tlie suekin.'j- feet lia\-e time to (•-t;d)lish their adhesions, so a.ssistin,L;" locomotion of iiiiiiiial when eriiwlinif ahoiit sea\\ce(l-e()\ered ro(d\S. '(Af'lllbrr .), 1 HS( ). I was soi'i'v to heal" on my return from Seotland th;it I had nnssed the pleasure of a, call from you, and also tf) heal" from M r. Teesda le to-day that you ii;i(| returned to l)o\\n, ouiiiL';, he feai's, to tlie aiiirm- iii,i( eonditif)n of Miss Wed, 14 wood. I t rust, however, lliiit her state of health may not, l)e so serious as he, apprehends. On m\' WAV South I stayed for a emiple of da\s at Xewcast le. to ;_:i\c two leitureson Meidal M\o|u- ti'ii!, and henec m\' ah-,enec wIkii \'(»ii called. I ive(| with Mr. N I'W a II, will) lias t lie moii>t e)' t.eje- ^oipc, mid • a:^ L'ood lucf; woiud a\c 1 1 . rro\ ideiiee 1^ ell m\' SK Ic." ill t he mat ter of L'i\im'' us a el eai" for ohseiwiii"', rather a, rare tliiiiL'' at X(;we;i-,tl( 100 (JEOliCi: JOHN I(r;M.\Ni:s 188') ^'oii will ])(■ j^\u(\ t,') lic;ii' 1,l);it our scjisoii's woil: ;it llic ' 7j()()\()^fiil. A really iiitercstiii;^' I'cscarcli lias l)((ii coiHiuclcd 1,, I'iwart, aii'l i!i\ ,>cll joiiil ly on tlic locomotor syslf-m (,; lv-liii)>..(lcriiis. lie l.akiii;/ tlic nioi'pliolo^n'fal and I ijn j)liy.-^iolo;.'ical part,. W liMi next i s<*(- yon I shall t
  • li;i]l iia\(' a nia,L!azinc hattlc sonic day on Mental \\\ tioii, as i think it is hetter to draw him in tlii- Olll- w;r hel'ore rnially diseiissin;^^ the whole sid)jeet in ti l)OOK, |l: IH ('oni\v;ill 'l"i rnifc : Xovrnihi r l:!. 1H80. I Mill ^n'ieved to hear from Mr. Teesdale that hi- h.'avs were only too well founded. .\lthou;jli I li;i'l not myself tlu; privile;^*' of Miss W ('d;^^\vo(Hr (|u;iintane(,', 1 know, fi'om what I have l;een told those who iiad, how ;.;reatly yoiu' household Jiiiist f Ih.t loss. s ;i(' (,'(• I should not, liow(-\-ei', ha \e wfitt('ii only tr> tr Ollljii' you wii.n expressions oi sympatn) itiiv. 1 d esire to ;e you one oi- twr) (piestions with celerenee to an afti'!f on llyhridism whi(di i hasc written foi- the ' Mii'v- eloj)ii'dia, liritaiiniea,' and the eonceted proof of wliirii I send. It is in ehief pai't an ('pitonx- of your oun ehaptei's upon the siihjeet, and therefore yoiine('(| iml troiihle to read the whole, unless you eare to sc^ wlietheT I ha\c heen sulliciently (dea i- and aeeuriitr. I>ut tlicJ'e at'(; two ))oints on whi(di I should lil;c i^' ha\e yoii)- opinion, h(;tli foi' my own henelit and f'l' lH' AC'i'iioKi rii;s OS nvi;iiii>isM 101 <) tliitt, of my rc;irl<'r.s. I-'iist,, I tliiiik it. is d('sii-;il>l<; t ;t])|)(iif| ;i list, of t.lic more ii/]|)ort,;iiit. works hcjiri!!^' iijioji t,ii<' >.ill)j('ct.. iiiirl if I )n;ikf -.iicl) ;i list I slioilM not like t.o trust, to my own informiition, Ic^t I slioiild (|(i imw ittin^j, iiijiist ifc to some ol)>,cr\i)i;/ writers. If, llifrcfrjn', yon ( iiM. n-illion t hil. i ntj a nif sfirrlal f r(iiihlt\ jot down from monif^ry tlic woi'ks yon think most (|c-tT\ ill'-' (»f mention, I tliini'; it wonhl he of l)cn<'tit the reiKJni ,'j; pi 1 1)1 1 J 'mill ('. I) (I I in II , .sr/ My(le;ir ]>om;ines,— Mfiny tluinks for yonr kind syiiipfitliy. My wif(;'s sist('i' w;is, I fnlly ljelie\-e, ;is ^'Mod Mild ;^"(,'iieroiis a wonwin as e\'('r Widkt.'d this fjiiili. The proof-shcM'ts liasc not an'i\('d, hut proh;ihly will to-morrow. I shall like to I'ead them, thoii;_di I iiiJiy not he nhle to do so rn/j (piiekly, as I am Ijoliicred with a he;ip of little johs which must he doin;. I V, ill send l)y to-(hiy's ))ost a lar;.((; hook hy I'^oeke, rccei\-(-d a. week (*r two ii;_'-o, on ll\l)rids, and whieh I liii\'e iH)t li;id time to look at, l)iit whieh I see in Inhle of Contents inelndes full history of snhjeet and iMUcli else hesides. It will ;iid yon fur hetter than I '■'Ml ; f()y I ha\'e now h(,-en so loii^i' !itteiHiin;j; to otlier ^iihjects, and with old a;/e, I fe;ir I eoiild make no -iiu'.restions worth ;i nyt hiii.L'". j-'ormerly I knew tlui Hikjcet well. Ki'jlrenter, ();irtner, and llerhert are (•♦•rtainly far '!if' most trust wortlu' aiithorit ies. 'J'hei'(.' was also a. 102 (jWoiujI: .loiis it(jM.\Ni:s (icnii;i II, \\)in-,<' ii;iinc I iiiciitioii in • Oi'l'-iii,' ui. wrote oil ll\l)ri( Will ()\V .\;iu(l ill, uho is <)\U <|ilot,('(l, I li;i\f inilfli lc-,s coiilidciicc ill. liy llic u;i\. N;i;^('li (uiioiii iiiiiny tliiiik t.lic ;^r<'iit,('r>t, l>otitiiist. ii. CicriiKiiiy) wrolc ;i few ycnrs ;i;j() on I lyhridism ; I cMiiiiot, fcJiH-mhcr title, i)iit I will liiint for it if \ nil W isli. 'i'lie tith- will \h- sure to he in l''oeke I (jiiite ;i;^ree will) wliiit you sny nljoiit Passitlon ilerlxji't ol),-^ei'\('(l ;iii ;i)i;iIol:'oiis CMse in ('rinuiii, Xo\(llll)'l- l."(, 1 --1). I liiive just I'etulyour iiitiele. As fur ;is my jiifl_- iiieiit .L'oes it is excellent jiiid eoiild not l>e ini))ro\((l \()\\ li;i\'e skiniined the ere;iin ol'f the whole siihje(-r It is ;ilso very clenr. One or two sentences iie;ir th- he<;iiiiiiiiL!' seem rather too stronii", as I ha\<' marine /-:■) w ith pencil, without a,tten(lin,L( to style, 1 have mud' one or two small su^^;^"estions. If yon can rnal iii\ account in 'Nature' (last summer I tliinkj ' ahou; the hyhrifl Chinese ;4"eese l)ein,L;' fei-tile ////''/■ -sv, i: would he worth {iddiii;^', juid would icquirc oidy i\\<> or three; lines. I do not suppose you wish to add. hut in my paper on liythrum, and I think rcfpiolc in ' \'ar. under Dom.' vol. ii. i^nd edit, hr^ttoui > pii^^e Hh, 1 lia\<' a ,L:;ood sentence aljoiit a tii;i fiiidin.i;" two \';irs. of Lythriim, and testin;^' them \> fertility, and coinin;^' to e;4re;^iously wi'on,^' c(;ii(:li sion. I think your ideji of reference to Ijcst hooks and short history of siihject .Liood. Ity the way, you h;i\' 111,'ide me (piitc pivmd (jf my cli;q)t('i' c;n I lyhridi^m. 1 ' See Xd/uvf', \ol. x.\i. p. 207. i-M I'LASlIINf; lACllT ON I'l.AM' Ti>,.s(;i:s 10:{ ii;i(l iitt»-rly for^^ottcii how i.>c(l ;i{) ill sdwv ailiclc. \ ours xcry >iii(cr»-ly (■)iAi;i.i.^. 1)ai;\\i.\. I ]i;i\'(' }i;i(l ii liiiiit u]\(] fniinrl my little (irtiM" on (]<■(■>(', which j)lcas(' hcrcHftcr ictiini. I'' 1(1/1/ (i. -J. I ( I1///II //!■ /o r. I) (/ / i/'i /I . I: s< 7- IH fonnvfill Tf-n-aco, It<;.;fiifH I';i.rk, N.W. : I ).,f('iiihfi- lo, ]kmo. [ I'ctiini hy this post tlic hook on lUhriflisin, uitli many thanks. It has h<'('n of ^/i-cat n>c to ni(.' ill ;ii\in;4' an ahstract of the Jiistory. 1 lia\c read yoin* own hook witli an anioiint of jilt-a^nrc that, I cannot ('X))r(,'ss. (Jnc idea occiii'i-cd to nic wit.h reference; t.o hinii- iioiiM stinnilation, w liicli, if it lia-) not alrcadv' occuiTcd to \(ai, would be w('ll wot th t rynij Tl le su!^'''esti(jn hii;j;,^('sts itself. How ahoiit tin; pf-riod of latent stinm- kitioii in llies(- non-neiwous and yet. in'itaide tissues "/ And (-npc-cially with )'efei'enee to hnninoiis stiiiiMlatioii it would he ino^t interesting^ to ascertain wlietiier the li.-^siies ai'e affected hy hi'i('f _//c/.s//r,s (jf li,Lrht. If you ]ia.d all ap|)ai"atus to ;-;i\(' hri^^'ht electrical >j)arks in ;l rk room, and wo'e to ('Xpose one of your plants t*; (l;i liMrihes of tiuicd int(,'rvals hetw<'en ea(di other, you iiii.Llit asc('rtain. lir.-^t, whc.'thei' /////j numlH-i' of sj)a,rks ill '///// len;u^tli of time W(jidd affect tlie plant-, at all ; iiii'l seccjiid, if s(j, what niindx'r in a, ;^d\en time. I >lioiild not w(;nder ( frr^m some of my exp(,'riment^ on Medusa', see ' idiil. 'iVaiis." \ol. clxvii. pt. ii. pj;. (jSo- 1) it it \v(Mild turn (jut that a c(jntiini(jus uninterrupt<'d scries ()[ sparks, JKjwever hri^^ht, would prcjchice ]io 101 (iKOJU.j; .lOlIN liO.MANKS 1880 I8SI - written to Piv^fcssor 'ryudall to see if he would ;dl",', it to 1)C carried tlirou;^d) at the K'oyal institution. Jf f had known you were in town i should li;i'." callcfl to tell you ahout the Ivhinodcnns. .My p;ip( , on them is now written (70 pa;j-('S), so I lia\c he;:ui: to come here (I>in"lin^d.on House) to read up sy^tf- inatically all tin; litci'aturc f can find on ain'tu;:! intclli^'cnce. IIenc(,' it is that, ha sin.L- left your let! at home, and not )"ememh(-rin,Li; the adflr('.~i>, upon it. 1 H i lia\(' to send this answei' to l)o\\n. is a liniatic heneath all contempt — ;in • •!' ohject of pity \\('r<' it not for his \-ein of malice \'ei-y sincerely and most respectfully \'our (;i:o. .1. I io.MANKS. IH (.(a-iiuidl 'I'ciiiicf, Kc;,'(iit,'.^ i'fulv, X.W. : I)(.c|)os;il t.lic ;ij)p;irfit,iis rc'jiiiif-,, as not oiil\ was tln' attcii'hiiKM; iiioiisls' hii'^c aiifi \.\\<- interest. Lrr'<';it,, hut. his ex- pro clinl jxoitioji was a ma.^terpieee of seieiilifie |-easoiiiii;j:, icndtTed with a choice and thieney of laii;j;iia^^e that uei'e really eha niiiii;^'. I knew, of ef^nr-^e, that he is ;i \ery rle\('i' fellow, hut 1 fjid not know that li(;eoiil'l do that s(;rt of tliiji'' s(j well. J 1 iav(; now ;^^ot a, moiikciV. Selater let m'; choose (>ne from the Zoo, and it is a very intelli;.';ent, iiffeetionate little am'mal. 1 wanted to keep it in the innsery ff)r [)ii)'poses of comparison, hut the propo>al i!ift with so nnich opposition that i had to ;.d\c way. 1 inn afraid to sn^^^^'est the idiot, l(;st I .^houM he t(;ld to occupy the nui'sery niy-.* ■If. \'ery sinc(-re]y and mo.-^t re^^])ectfnlly yijnrs, (li;o. .1. K'o.\r.\Ni: ]Jo\vii, lW;(;k(;nli;uii, Krilt,: .I;iiiii)irv 'li. My dear Romanes, — I liav(; heen thinkin;/ ahont I'unipilins and its allies, Please take the tronhle to re: I' 1 on • i/f^rforation of the <''orolla, \)y iJees,' p. kio of my fVfjss k'ei'tilisation to (-iid of chapter. I>ees s1h> w ■>') mnch nitelli;_';ence in their acts, that it seems not iinpiohal>le to me that the pro^^c-nitors of Pompiliiis 'ii;jinally st;;.";.;' caterpillar^ and spiders. tVr-., in any li'irt of their hodies, and then ohserved h\- thf-ir in- tcjjii^once, that if they stnn;^^ them in one particular pkice, as hetween cf-rtaiii sfffmnnts on the hjwer sirle, 10(; (.\J)\'JjI: .JOHN i(0M.\.\i:s i>.>.(i iJicir |»i'<-\' Wiis ;it, oiifc p;i nil \ -.cd. It. docs not, >(-i-\:, to iiic ;it, ;ill iiirrcdihh' t,li;it, this wction r^lioidd tlni- Ijcr-oiiic ill ^t iii(t,i\(', i.r. iii('iiior\' t,riiiisiiiit,1.cd IVoin ( )1H- M'lH'i'iit.ioii t.o nnotdicr It, d ocs not. seem llCCCSSli! to suppose t,|];it, wlicii I 'oiiipilius stun;/ its pf'-y in tlir ;4;iii;j;li"ii tlmt, it, intended or knew t,li;it, t lie prey woiiM loii;^' l;eep ;ilive. 'I lie devfdopineiit, of t,lie l;ir\;e iii;i . li;i\(' l)e('ii siihscfpieiitl y niodilied in rehition t,o iIkii li;ilf-de;id instejid of wholly dejid prey, siippo^in- thatj the pi'oy \\;is ;it, first (piite l;illed, which would li;i,\(' I'cfpiired nmeh st iii;j;iii,L';. 'rinii this notioii (jvej- in your mind, hut, do not, tronhle yonis('lf Ir. answerni'f. oill's \ery sinefl-ely Cm. I)\i;ui: N.Ii. () nee on a t,inie u lool saio to hiiii^c t,liat< at; an aneieiit, period small soft ei'ahs oi' olhir creatures stinds t,o certain fishes ; these ^t,rii;.'.L'l''i oleiitly, and in doiii;^" so, discliar;^cd electricit\. liich annoyed the parasit,es, so that, t,he_y ofl' :: \ I w ■riL'';^led away. The fish was \ery ad 1(1 ^olac of its ehildi'cn ;^radiially profit,ed in a hi;jher de.L'i {■(• Id 111 \ a nous ways l)y :liscli ai'L'.MiL:' more clceliic and liy not strii;^';^iiii;^'. The fool who lliou;jht, tiiii> persuaded another fool t,o try an eel in Scotland, aii'i lo and hehold clcc't, licit, y was discharged when it strii'j;;^ied \ioleii1,l)-. He then placed in contact, witi- the fish, or near it, ii small medusa or ot,her aiiiniiii \\liicli he (dcNcrly knew was seiisiti\e to elcetricil). a.n(l when t,lie e(d stru^'^^led \ioleiitl}-, the lit.tle aiii)i):iN ill contact showed by their iiio\eiMeiits that the}' felt. si:.\si; oy \)\i:i.('nn:; in ca'J'.^ 107 ;i siiijlit, sliock. \\\iy ;i Itci w Jird •, men r^iiid tliiit. the I) i)f Si I f/ii i'ldlll (i. •/. I t'lliiil lir.-. In ('. I) II I' II' I II . ]S (.'ol llUi '!'• rr;i(r, |;.''.iits l';irl., N.W, : Suiidif. . Miucli iHHl, I li!i\<' ''ol ;i lot (if cMf-, wjiiliii''- fdf IMC ;it (lilTcrciit, W houses rniiiKl \\ iiii i)l<'(i' iii i '))iiiiif,ii, ;iii ( fl .-iM/iic (i; i\' nc.\l, week sliiill surprise niir cnnfliin;! ii \)\ inii l.:iii;j ;i idiiiifl of ciill,-^ upon llic oiit-.. flri\c tlicm so\('r;il miles into t lie foiiiifiN , ;i lid 1 lif 11 Id ttir'iu out, of llicir rc- H)i'( t.i\'(: l);ii_r.-.. ! f ;i ii\' rot urn. I ^li;ill \.v\ 1 1 \ \ iK'iii ;i'';i III iiiotliof (jiroclioiis IhIoic liindly iryin;^^ tlio rotation (■>,!)(■ II mo I am also ;.'ct,tiii;4 tlif' (■.■•.porimoiit on Hashing.'; li.'jlit ;i;j(iiii,'j;. 'I'lic first appaiatiis did not answer, ^o now I liii vc in\cstcd in a lar/jf (•i;.dit,-day clofl.. t lie pcii- fliijiim (d' wliitdi I intend to make do tlie tla^liin;/. lHr- | jiaec le o \aiy' mi^lit then he .-(Wf'i'ed from its pai'eiit |)l;iiit, and left, to de\('lop upon the forei,Lj;ii one. If }oii think this a po--.ihle experiment, now '.'Miikl he t he time (»f year to t ry it,. 'I'hei'efore I write I') a.sk w hot her yon do t.liink it po,-^.-,ihle, and if so, w hat I'liiiits \-oii niav think it would he Ijc-^t to 1 r\- it \sith. lO.s GEOKGE J(;HX liOMANES 1881 All tlic cmIs ' I li;i\'(' liitlicii.o let nut of their iv- s|)('cti\(' Iki^^s liaA'c shown themselves exceediii'jiv stupid, iKit one Iniviii,^' fonnd hei' way hack. \'e)'y sineei'ely and most respeetfuliy yours, (li;o. J. liOMANKS. /• I'din ('. I) (I nviiL k s'uish any elTeet from the uinoii of the tw- o\aria. Any o[)ei'ation hefore feiiilisation would. I pi'csume, (juite pi'e\'ent the act, ; for vei'y few flower- can he fertilised if the stem is cut an.] plaet water, (iili'tncr, liowe\ei', says, that some Jj"lia( can he fertilised under these eireumstaiie ( H: e;e es. Jf ilooke!' is eori'eet, he found that eiittin^^ olT (»r Jiiiddii.L;' a hole into the summit, of the o\-arium himI then inseiiin^' pollen caused the fcililisation of llie oN'ulcs. This has always strctcdicd m\' hidief tn the cracKiU' point, thii iK lie Uas n il)h\he(l l|i)t !(•<■ on this e.\[)ei'iineiit, hut foi't;-et wliere, and I tliiiik it ' Mr. INiiimnf'H used to doscriho witli nincli uiim.s(;iii(;iit tint linlicrn ;- iiatnri' 111' till' cxpcriiiiciit us seen ])y pMsscrs-by. He drove in u ciili well into the country, relcMsed the ciits, mid mounted llie I'oof of the riiij in ordor to ;^'et a ^'mid view of the eats speeilinj? fiwa}' in diCt'crent (hnctien-. IS5I J)K. KOUX'S Ji(JOK loa v,;is oil ' l*a|);i\cr.' Ihcv could prohaljly Itll yoii ;ii)(,iit it. l'crli;i|)S your plan is to rctnoxc oiir half of I he ovarium of ;l oii('-s('('(l('(l [)laiit and join it, on to the ovary of aiiollicr of a distinct, \ar., with its o\ulc ivmoNcd ; hut this woidd Ixi a fri^'htfull}' ditlicult operation. I am very sorry to licar ahout youi' ill success with cats, and I wi^li \ou could !j(,'t som<' detailed acco mt of the JU'luiinu trial: \ ours \-er\' snicei-elv ('. i)Ai;\vix, Aiin'l 1(1. ]HS1. AFy mainiscript on W'oi'ins has heeii sent to [)riiitei-s, so I am ^^oin^^ to amiH(; myself hy scrihhliii,L( t(j you on a. few points ; hu; you inu-,t not wastes \(iin" time in tuiswerin,^' at any len^'tli tliis scrii)l)le. j-'irstly, }'our h.'tter on intelligence was \ery useful te iiie, and 1 tore up and rewrote what I sent ye|ise is oft(|i spol^eii of the s;ilid IIS wasp s know led L'c of aii;il Olll\ N (i\\ u ill an\ one sa \ lliat tlie (laiiclios on tlie plains of I .a I'laia lia\e siicli know led;j;e, _\ et. I lia\e often seen tlieln prick a slrii,'_;;Ldiii,'4 and lassoed c(a\ on tlie e|',,iiiif| wijii im- cniii.i^' skill, which no mere anatomist could imitate. Tlie pointed knife was infallihly dri\cii in het.ween the \crtehra' hy a sin;^ie slight ihriist. I presume that, the art, was lirst) disc()\-ered h\- (diance, and that ea( h Noiim-- (laiiclio sees e\act,l\- how tl le ol tiers do it, and tlieii witJi a \-ery little practice lean nil! •t. Now- I SIlODose that t ic sand-wasp^ Mii'jiiially merely killed their prev h\' stiii;j;in;j- them ill many places (see p. I -ji'J of l'"ahrt', ' Soii\ cnirs,' and |)!||j'e "-ill), on the lower and softer side of the hody, iiiid that to stiii;^' a ceilain se^inent. was found h\' hir the most, siicccssfiil method, and was iiilierit,ed, like the tendency of a hiiil-do.'j' to pin the nose of a hull, "I'ltf a ferret, to hite \\\(^ cerehelliiin. It would not Ije ;i \ery ;_;'reat. step in ad \ a nee to pricf; the ;jan;jlioii of it.> prey only sli;_;iit ly, and thii^ to L'i\e its lar\a' fresh iiieat instead of old dry meat, 'rhoiiidi \ >'> stron<''l\' oil the iii!\;!r\in'.'' charact.er rif instinct adre insist Vet it shows that tl ere IS some \ a nal)ilit \ , as oi 1)[». I (d. ( ( 112 GKORGE .JOJ[X liOMANES 1--1 r fojir llint T sliall luivc utterly wctin'cd yoii with 111} s(i-il)l)liii^' and bud liandwritiii^^^ My (Icfir JioiDuiics, Y(Ml rs \cry siiicci'cly (.'n. J)ai;\vix, From CI. J. li'iii/ni/r.s in ('. hanriii, J']srj. l>i CornwfiU TorrjuM,', Itc^'fjnt'.s i'ark, X.W. : April 17, L'lhl. Your loii^^ k.'ttcr has Ijcoi most rcfrcsliin;^^ to me ill every way. I }iiii lookiii*< forward with keen interest to tli. appearance! oi your l)ook on Worms, and am tiiicx- pectcidly ^dad to liear that my lettei' was of any ii>c. I shoidd very much hk(.' to see the hook ymi mentio;i, and from what you >ay aljout seiidiiiL' it I sliall not oi'der it. Jhit there is no need to >cii(l it soon, as I ha\'e already an aecimiidation of hook^ to review for ' Nature.' IlKi- 1 am \-ery ;^iad that you think well of the Kcli dei'in work. Several other experiments ha\'e oeeunvd to iiK! to try, 'iiid I lioj)e to he ahle to do so next autumn, as also the iiiterestiii.L;" experiment suf(<^('stc(l hy l''i"aiik of rotatin^^ hy clockwork (as you did tlif plants) an l^chiuus iiiNcrtcd u|)on its ahoral pole, to sec; whether it would ri^^ht itself when the iiilliiciici' of ;j;-r}ivity is remo\('( 1. No doul)t I must in m\' second hoo]< d eal with instincts of all kinds, complex oi' otherwise. ^ 'iiii ipc cu latioii tl on IJie saiiU-was ]) seem to me mi'v jiitliy— -excuse the pun sii.L^'.u'ested hyihe aiial<)L!y the cattle — and I think there can he httlc doui)! lli .-ccduii/.;',^ l-^^l FI,.\SlfI.\(; I.KifIT ON' I'l.WTS 11 icli is llx' direct i(»ii in wliidi llic cxpliiiiiilinn is 1') he >i 111 ,L:iit.. I ;il.>o 1 liiiik t li;it, t lie (litliciilt.y is iiiiti^^^itcil 1,\ llic cniisidcratioii lli;it. l).)tl! the ,'_:;iii,L;Ii()ii of the >|)i(lc!' ;iih1 ill'' stiii.'j of the \v;is|) jii'c ()r,L;;iiis sitiuitcd (111 llic iii('di;iii line of tlicir rcs|)ccti\'<- possessors, ;iii(! l.iicrcforc t.linl the oi'i;.'iii of t lie iii-t iiict, limy liiivc \)(-('n (Iftfi'iiiiiH'd or assisted hy the inoro iiiiMtomiral form of the ;iiiijii;ils — llic \v;isp not stiiiL^'iii.L;' till securely iiidiiiitcd on the spider's Inick, ;iiid wlieii so inoinited tiic stiii;^' nii;4'lit n;itur;illy strike the ,L!;in.L;lion. Ijiit I li;i\e not \et r<';id l'';ihi'e".s own iiccoinit, so this \iru iii;i\' no t hold. Anvl yliow, ;iiid \\}iiite\('r de- tci'iiiiiiin;^' conditions ;is to oi'i;^in niiiy have heen, it .scfiiis to nie there c;in he litlk- doid)t thiit natural -election would Ijiinc develo])cd it in the way you su^^j^jest. I li;i\(; now ;^r<)wn ;i nuniher of seefls ex])osef| to the tliisliin,^" li;^-ht,hiit am not yet , t.hei'e is ;iii Mfhhlioii.ii jjoiiit of iiitei'est, ;is it scenic to me, in yoiu' re>iih-. Most hotiUiists helie\-e thtit h'^^ht causes it [jiant t^. hend to it in as (hrect a manner as li^ht affi-ct^ nitrate of silxcr. J heh"e\(' that it merely tells the ])]aiit to \\1 lie si(l(! to hend, and I see iinhcatioiis of this helit f j)re\'ainn,^' excn with S;ichs. Now it mij^dit hi expt'cled that Ii,'-;ht would act on a. plant in souk - thin.i;" the same maimei" as on tlie lowei' animals. A- you are at woi'k' on this suhject, I will call yen:' attention to another point. W'iesner, oi X'ieiiiia fwii" has lately |) ihl )ui)iisne(i a ''"ood nook on 1 h Ifel iotropisi 11 1 ICI- finds that an intermittent li;^ht durin;^' 20 m prorji same elTect as a continuous li;^ht of same hrilliaiM) dui'iii;4 (■)() m. So that \'an 'i'ie^iiem, in the lii'st p.ii'l of liis l)ook, wlii'li has just appeai'ed, remarks, lln' li,L;ht diu'in.L;' 40 m. out of tlie (iO m. produced no (Tf('( i. I ohser\('d an analo,'_;ous (•;is(! (jescrihed in my heek. W'iesnei' and TieLjiiem seem to think that thi> i- explained hy calliii.L;' the whole pi'ocess 'induction, hrirrow in,Li; a term used hy some physico-chemists (nt whom I helies'e L'oscoe is one), and implyin.n' ii'i agency which doe-^ not produce any effect foi- seiiir l«Ml ILASIIIXC; LIGHT OS I'l.AXTS 11. time. ;iiid roiit iimcs its cfTcct. fni- sonic time nffci' t.ho (•;ill-.,C llMS fCIISt :1. I l.cl it'Nc (■/) that photographic |);i|)< lie ■ )• is all iiistaiicc. I iiiiist. a-^k I .coiia rd whether Mil iiitcrriiptcd h'.Liht aets on it in the same manner ;t- ell a plant. At present I mn^t still helic\'e in my explanation that it is the contrast hetwcen li.Ljiit and (l;irkiiess w liieli excites a pla nt . 1 lia\(' fopj'otteii my main ohject in wfitin.LT, \i/. to -^ax' that 1 hcliex'e (and ha NC so stated) that seedliii'j-S \;ir\ iimcli in their seiisitiNcness to li.L^ht ; hut I (h'd t proNc tlli^, for there arc many dillicnlties, whether time of incipient ci!i-\atiire oi' amoniit of cur\atiii'0 i-, taken as the criterion. More(»\-cr. they \ary ;K-cerdin,'j; to a.u'c and perhaps from \i,'_;'oiir of ;^;rowth ; and there >eems iiilierent \ a riahility, as St rashiii-'j'er (wlieiii 1 (piotej foinid with spoi'es. if the curious aiioiiialy ol)ser\('d hy you is due to \aryinL;' sciisitixc- iic-s. oiiuht not til/ t he seedlings to l)end if the fki^hcs were at loii'j'er inter\'als of time? .Xccoi'din;^' to my iietieii of contrast hetwcen li.'j'ht and darkness l)einL:' tinnilus, I should expect that if fljishes wei'e (' s made sulliciciit ly slow it would he a ])owerful stimulus, and that you would sinhlciihi ai"i'i\'e at a period when tlif result would sinlilciil if hecome Li'i'eat. On the 'ttlier hand, as far as my experience .Li'oes, wliat one expects r;irely happen.^. 1 hcartil}' wish you success, and remain, youi's ever \cry sincei'cly, Cm. Dauwfn. l)o you I'cad the 'Times'? A^ I had a fail' '•pportunity, I sent a Icttei' to the ' Times ' on \'i\i- UG (ii:()l((ii: .KJIIX liOMAXHS 1>»I section, which is pi'intcd to-day I thoiiLiht, it, f;iii-T , ])car 111 V shiii'c (»1 the ;ihusc poured in so atr()(i()ii> ;i iijiunu.'r on ail pliysiolo^dsts. J'^rniii (i. •/. limiKi Ill's fit ('. I)'iririii, I'J.s//. is Cdrnwiill Tcn-iico : Apiil 22. T liavc left your last letter so loii.^' mianswcrcd ii] orch'T tliat I iiii^lii !)(• able to let you l^iiow the rc.^uli of tlie next expei'iiiicnt I was tryin;..;" on the seeds with flasliiiiL;' h'.n'ht. I tliink in tlie end tlie conclii^inn will ne that shoi't Hashes, such as I am now usiiiu', inllueiicc the scedliii,L;s, hut only to a coni])arati\tly small de^'ree, so that it is only the m(jre sensitive seedlings that pei'ccive them. Your lettei" in the ' Times ' was in every \va'. admirable, and comin;^" fVom you will pi'oduce iiioiv effect than it could from anyl)ody else. 'J'he answer to-day to is also first-rate — just enoii;^h with- out hein.i^ too much. It would ha\'e heen n ,L;iv;ir mistake to iiave descended into !i controversy. 1 tliou^dit had more wit than to adopt such a tack and tone, and am sur(^ that all physiolo^^ists will be for (;ver , 1H8]. .^^v dear lloman(>s, — I was very dad t o read \(nir last notes with much news int<'restin,i^^ to me. I Jut I write now to say liow T, and indeed all of us in tho house, ]ia\'e admired your letter in the ' I'imes.' ' It \v;is so sim])le and direct. I was particularly ^;lad ;ihout Burdon Sanderson, of whom I ha\-e heeii for M'veral years a ;^n'eat admirer. I was, also, cspeci- idl}- ,L;'lHd to read the last sentences. 1 ha\'e heeii hothered with several letters, hut none a.husive. ( iider a selfish point of \i<'W I am \-ery ,L;la(l of the puhlication of your letter, as I was at first incdined to think that I had done miscliief hy stirrin.L;- up the iiiiid. now I feel sure tliat 1 haNc done ii'ood Tile followinn- letters r(date to the portriiit of ' A Icttf-r writton at the ciul of April IHHl. JJb (;i:(jii(ii: .loiix kom.\ni:s I8«l ^Ii'. Diirwiii wliicli \\;is piiiiilcd l)y tlic I Inn. .I\\ ha\(' not already entered into any delinite agreement. 1 write to sn^e-f'st a little delay (sa\()f a nioiith), wlien.ii^ Secretai'y, J mi^lit ascertain the ainonnt of the >uii- scription on wliieh we niieht I'ely, and aiiaii.^c niatt('r> accordin.Liiy. -lolni Collier (JJuxley's son-in-lawj told ni(! some time a^-o that lie wonld dearly like to iiavr yon to pfiint, and ' douht not that he would do it at less than his oi'dinary charu"es if necessai'y. Ih woidd he sure to do the work well, and so I wi'ite tu ascertain whether you would not pr<'fer him, or sonic other ai'tist of l with \(»ii as to plarc and time of hi(di w f.-. It .^ittiii.L;'. lie has just tiiii^hfd a porti-ait of iiir, luV iiiothfi' liad painted as a pi'csciit to my w i i> cxcccchnL^'ly ,L;()od, and as all his I'cccnt port raits a I'c tlif sanu — notal)ly one of lliixicy — I am \cry ;^lad th;it he is to paint yon. l>f>idcs, he is >iich a ;)lc;isant man to talk' to. that the sittin.^s aro not so tedious as thev would he with a less intelliLiciit njuM. -i)[ ) li;tv I shall {-ei'tainly read the '('I'eedof Science' as u as I can. The (o'l'man hool-; on i'lvolntinn I •e not yet looked at, as I lia\c heen ,L;i\in,L!' all my time to my own hook. 'I'his is now finished. But tidkiii.i;' of my time, I do not sec how the two oi'thret; lioui's which I ha\'e spent in arran,L:in;^" to have a portrait, wliicdi will he of so much histoi'ical im- |t(ii-t;ince, taken Ijy a competent art ist, could well Jiave l)celi hettei' employed. \()V\ will see that I have ^"ot into a row with ^'iU'peiiter o\-ei' the tliou.L"ht-i'ea(lin;^". Mveryhocly tliiuks he made? a mistake in lending' hiiusclf to l!i>liop's desi,L;ii of posin.L;" as a scientilic \vond<'r. Hisliop is a N'ei'y sly do;^', and has played his cards p;issiii<,^ well. In an article which he puhlishcd two ;ns a^o in an Aiuerican newspaper, lie explains tho \-( pliilosopliy of advertising^-, and says tlie lij'st thin^' to 120 GP:OK(iK JOHN ROMANES 18(51- attend to is to catcli ij'ood iiaiiH-s. TT<' lias now siu ceedcd \\( ■11, \'ery sinccicly and most res[)('ctfully _\oui's, (ii:(). J. liOMANI. Down : Aiii^ii^i 7. ]\ry dear lioniancs, — \ rccciNcd yesterday the cii- (dosed notice, and I send it to yon. as I liasc tlioiiLilit that if yon notice \h\ iionx's hook in 'Xatuiv'dr elsewhere the re\iew ini^dit |)oss:i})ly he of use to ymi. As fai" ?is I can jnd;.^c the hook oii,L;ht to he l)i'o)i'jlit hcfore Mn^^lish natin'alists. 'S'ou will havehcai'd trnm Collier tliat he lias iinished my pictnre. All iii\ family wlio hasc seen it think it the hcst likc)i<'>- w hi(di has heen taken of me, and, as far as 1 can j'ld.Lj'r, this seenjs ti'ne. Colliei' was the most considenitf. kind, and pleasant [)aintei' a sitter conld desire. M\' deal" iiomaiies, \ oni's Nt'i'v snicei"el\ C\L Dakwi: IH Coinwiill 'I'cniu-c. i;c,i,a'iit's I'iirk, N.W. : Au^'iist H. Is^l. Many thanks for the notice of K'onx's hook. I have not yet looked at tlu^ lattei', hut i'reyer, of •Iciia (w ho has heen onr .^iiest (hn'iiiL;' the Coni^'ress meetiii'j.' and who knows the author), (kx-s not think iiimli ol it. 1 am del i,L;hted that the poi'ti'ait, has pleased tlin-r who ai'e the kest jud,L;'es. 1 saw it the da\' it e.ii U[), and feel no douht at, all that it i,> far and away t I iiir liituniatiMii.il Medical ('(Hi'Tcss. nt. I did not like to write and itiirc this opinion till I knew wlnit you all thoii^dit if it. ;iii; 1 li;i\'o been \'('i'y busy this njist \v('t'l< with tlic f the ('onsjTcss in rchition to \'i\is('ction. It iirs o \\\i> Ix'cii rcsohod hy tlic Physiolonical Section to ^M't :i \utt' of the whole Con.ures^ upon the snl)j(ct, ;ind i !i;i(l to pi'ep;ire the I'esohition ;ind ,L;'et the si.^'natures nf nil the \iee-presideiits of the ( 'on.n'i'ess, presidents :iii(l \ ice-pi"esideiits of sections, ;ind to ;in";in,L;'e foi' its hfiiiL;' j)ilt to the Note of the whole ('onui'ess ;it its Li-^t .L;('iierMl nieetin.t^" to-niori'ow. The only refusal to >i,L^ii cMiiie ;ippropi'i;itely enonL'h from the president (if the section ' Mentiil Discuses.' We leave for Scothind to-niori-ow, when I shiill lio[)e to .L^'et time to read Koiix's hook, thou;^'h i shiill tirst re\iew 'The Student's Darwin.' I remain, scrv siiicereh' and most I'cspectfulh' \(iurs, Cii;o. J. i>oM \Ni:s. if \- TIh' follow ino- lettei's relate to the hurnin,!^- (]Uesti(;n l\ isectioli (iarvoc l'( rtli>liiiT: August. ;!1, IHHI, My dear Mr. Dai'win, — It is not often that 1 write to dim \()\\, and I am sori'y that duty should now impose on me tla; task of doin,L;' so, hut, I liavi; no .'litcrnat i\ (', as you shall innnediately see. The I Miysiolo,L;ical Society was forme(|, as you may ri'iiicinhei', for the purpose of ohtaiiiiu^' cond)ined Mcliou amon^' physiolo,L;"ists on the suhject, of \ i\i- M'clion. The result in the lirsL instance was to 122 (i]:oK(;i-: .loiix iiomanes resolve on a tentative jxilicy of silence, with tlic vicv, of sccin.L;' whether the a.i^itation wonld not hni'ii ilx!: out. It is now thon,^ht that this [)olicy has Ijcch tried sullieiently lon,i;", and that we are losin.u; .lii-ohikI hy eontinnin,^" it. Aftci' nnicli deliheration, t licit - fore, tlie society lias resolved to s])eak ont npon th, suhject, iind the ' Nineteentli Centnry ' has l)een in- volved as the niedinni of pnhlication. Arran.Li'eii lent' ive been made wi d( ith K now les f oi' a syin])osnni series of slioi't essays l)y all the leaders of hi(i](iL!y ;iiiii medicine in this coinitr\' — each to write on a l)ra"'i(ii o f th e snl)ie( t ell osen hvl nms( ■If or a Hotted t o nnii h; the society. In this mattei" of oi\L;"anisin;^' the cdii- trihntions, the society is to l)e represented hy Dr. l\v Smitli, who comhines science, medicine, and litcr;ir\ cnltnre hcitter than any other meinhei' of owv Ixxiy. As secretai'v I am directed to write to all the iiicii whos(^ names ar(^ mentioned in a I'csohition passed liv the society in accordance^ with the report (if a ( mil niittee appointed hy the societ)' to consider the ject. Hence these tears. Of course, your name in this matter is one of t: would hv all that we should want : — 'The limits and safe,L;"uai'ds desii'ahle in carrMii: on scientilic experiments on animals.' 18.- Mi;. DAinVIN ox VIVISIICTION 123 • Mistakt'ii liuiiianity of the i||, simple tiMitli that 1 have iiothiii;^^ worth sayiiiL;-. ^,,ii and men hkc you, whose ideas flow freelv, and w ho ( a: f (if express them easily, cannot nndei'stand the siat mental pai'alysis in whi( h I iind myself. What is iiin.t wanted is a careful and accurate attempt to show what physiolo,L^"y has aln-ady done for man, and e\( n ^till more sti'oniJ'lv wliat there is e\<'r\' reason to hchCxci; \V ill hereaftei' do. Now 1 am ahsoluteK' inca );i hie li doin.L;' this, or of discussin.u;' the other points su,L:';_if>tc l)N' \'OU, rf you wish for my name (and \ should he 'jlad that it should apjx'ai' with that of others in the sninf cause), could you not (piote some sentence irom my letter in the ' Tinu's,' which 1 inclose, hut please I'ctnn: it. rf you th()U,i;ht lit you mi^ht say that you (pi ( I t'l; >SC(1 tIll-1 it with my api)roval, and that, after still fui'thei' flection, I still ahide most sti'on.u'ly in my expi'( conviction. /'Vy ll('(irr)i\s .sy/Zv, do think of thi^ do not ,nrud,L;"e the lahour and thou.^lit, hut I c( write nothin.i^" woi'th anyone's readin.i;". Allow me to demin' to youi* calling" youi" conjoint arti(de a 'symposium,' strictl)' a ' (lrinkin<4'-pai't\': this se(>ms to me \ery had taste, and 1 do hope c\cr\- one of you will ayoid any send)lance of a joke on ll' sid)ject. I know that woi'ds like a joke on thi^ ject ha\(' (juite dis,L;'usted some pei'sons not ;it iinmical to physiolo.^y. One |)ei'son lamented t that Mr. Simon, in his liiil\- admirahjc address ;ii sill'- (( MM Medical ('oii,L;"ress (hy far llie hest tliin^' which ! I'l'ad), spoke of the ' fa lit astic sensuality "' (oi' some ' Sc(; ' l,irc iVc. i)f ('. Diiruiii.' Vol. iii. p. 'JKl. !ia\' ■^ll(•l VIVTSF/TK)X 12.' I,.)'!))) (»f llic niiiiiy mistaken, IhiI, lioiic^t uicii imd UOlllC will) arc half mad on the siihicct. I )(i pi'av try and let me cscajjc, and (piolc my letter, which in some respects is nioi'c \alnal)le, as ,L:i\in,^' ni\ IIH Icpcndeiit jud;^'ment hch)i'ethc Medical ("on;^^re ss. 1 iv;dl\' cannot ima.L^ine w hat I conld say. 1 will now tni'ii to another snhject : my little hook (111 \\'oriiis has l)een lon,n" tim'shed, hut Mnrray was so stiMiiuly opposed to pul)lishin,L;" it at the dead season, that 1 yielded. 1 hasc told the p)-iiiters to send yon a M't of clean sheets, which yon can aftci'wards have stitched to^'ether. 'i'hei'e is hardly aiiythin.L;' in it which can interest you. Two or three ])apers ])y Ilei'mann ?^I I'iller have Just appeared in ' Ivosmos/ which seem to me interestin,L;',as shnwiii^' how soon, /.c. aftei'how many attempts, hees Ifaru how hest to suck a new tlower ; there is also a jood and landatoiT review of Di'. iJoux. J could lend 1 ' K'osmos ' if yon thiid< tit. You will ])erhaps have seen that my poor deaj' the)- I'h'asnnis has just (h'ed. and he was huried tcrdiiy here at Down. vol hl'i) \■(•^ Cliirvdck. J5i'i(lt,'c nf I'.mii, I'l.ilhsliirc : S('j)tc'iulicr l. My dear ^^r. Dai'win, — I hasten to r(die\'e your iiiiud ahout writing" on \ivisection, as 1 am sure that iKiiic of the physiolo^'ists would desii'e you to do so if you feel it a hothei". After all, t Ijcj-c ai'e ph'Uty of ot hci' men to do the writin,!^, and if some of them ipiote the marked sentences in your lett{;r (which I retui'n), with the statement that you still adhci'e to them, the (diief \ir, GKOUGK .101 rx Pv0^r.\xF/s 1U«1_ Uiiii;^" will he (Ioik; — \i/. sii(/,,ini: ii^^ain niifl fiiiphnti- (■;ill\' oil .\lii<-li side yoii ai'(!. It is not iiit('ix«'l('(l to call the aiiiclc a ' Syiii])(i->iiiii;.' I only used this \vo)-(l to show that thcs' ;irf t^ he of the same r-onipositc kind as those which ih* ' Xiiietocnth ("cntury ' prcNiously puhlishcd iiiidtr this designation. ^'olI letter ,L;i\'es nie the fiist news of your hrot hcr\ death. I reinenil)er very well >eein,!_;' him one flay whti: i call"d on you at his house. It must make you v(iv sad, and 1 am soi-i-\- to lia\e written \'ou at such ;i till le 1 ha\-e alr"a,t read t he spleinii'i review of the Worm hook in ' Xatui'e.' 1 !ia\e hi el: l-S:^ Mil, DAIiWIX OX K.MlTIlWOitMS J-^- i;iU(]i pIcMscd l)y it, l)iit ;it tlic smiiic time you so (,Vfi"-f>t iui.'itc 11h' \;iliif of \\li;il. I do. flint you iii;iko i;ic feel ;isliiuii('(l of llly^,(•lf, iiiid ui^li to ])v woilliy of -iicli j)r;iis(-. I cjiiiiiot tliiiil-; liow you cuw cudure to spend ^o uiucli time o\cr ;niotli('i''s work, when you li;i\c yoiu'sidf so Juucli in luind : I feel so worn out, that 1 do not suppose 1 sliiill cxci' ;i,L;;iin '^'wu rc.-- vicwcr.^ ti'ouldc. [ hope tliiit }'oiir oy///.s niininii iii is pi"o,L:;rcssiii,^" well, ;i!i(l whcu we Micct hitci' ii! the iiulunni I sliuU bu ;iii.\i()Us t(j liciir ;il)out it. Ill ;i few days' time we ai'c ,L:;oiii,L:" to \ isit I foi'iicc ('iiMibi'id.uc for ii Week', to sec if that will I'cfi'csli inc. Pra\' ,L;'i\<' uiy kinrl I'oiicnikraiifcs to M r>. KonnUK'S, 111 (11 lUd 1 nope you arc all \V( 11 (iiirvock. Dridj^'i- of I '.;ll•|^ l'i-rtli.-l:ir(; : (Jciol;ef 10, IHHl. My dear Mr. Darwin, ^ — If I did not know ytni so well. 1 ,-liould tliiiik that you ai'c .^■uilty of what our mir>r calls ' iiio(d< modesty." .\t lca^t I know that if 1. cr anyl)ody else, had written the hook whicdi I re- \i('\\ed, your judiiinent would iiiisc heeii the lirst to ciidoise 11 1 lia\'esaid. I iie\'er allow pel .^oUiil frieiid- 111) to lullueliee w hat I sa \ in I'eN'iew s ; aii( 1 if T aiu -I) iiuifoi'iidy stupid as to ' o\(i'-(-stiinate the \;ilu(; of ill you do,' it is at any rate .--oine eonsolation to kuiow li;it my stu[)idity is so uni\er>ally NJiared hy all tl 10 liiiii of my .Li'eiierat ion. Ihit your letters are to liic ;il\v;iys psy(diolouieal studies, and espeeially so when, :^ in this one, you seem without irony inteni ionalK' -Tim to refer to my work in jiixta])o^itioii with your 'iWll. 12H ciKoFJii: .101 IX ptO>r.\XKS 1-xl The ))i'()()f-sh('<'ts ;ii"(' (•(UiiiiiL;- in, uihI I suppose i!i. bonk will he out ill ;i nioiith or two, 1 do not kii(,v, wiiy they jirc so slow in setting- u}) the type Dm. ;i- 1 sjiid once before, tbis book will not be so •^•ood {,,y so little l)Jtd) (IS tbe one tbat is to follow. J*lw;ii't ;ind I bave been workin.L;' at tile l']chiii()- derins a.i^ain, and at last bave found tbe inteiii,il nervous ))lexus. Also tried poisons, and proved ^iiH furtber tbe locomotor function of tbe j)edicellar lit'. I ob tl )sei'ved a cui"ious tbini!' about anemone a ])iece of focjd is placed in ;i pool or tard\ wlieic n nuiid)er are (dosed, in a few min.utes tbey all expand : cleai-ly tbey sihc/I the food. 1 am dee])ly sorry to beartbat you feel ' worn eiit." but cannot ima.i'ine tbat tbe i-eviewers ba^■e done with you yet. Tbe vivisection fi^bt does not promise well, bikr yourself, most of tbe cbampions do not like the idci. G. J. J io.mam;s. Tbere are inai oneof tbe few houses in which readabi. liooks adorned the ^-uest-chambers. It came out on tbis occasion tbat Mr. Darwin 1i;m1 an es])e(Mal love for tbe books written by the author of ' Mademoiselle Mori.' He offered (jiie of his •iuots ihs: VISIT TO mi:. i>.\i;\vin 120 • Dciiisc,' snyin.L,^ it was liis fa-.oiirite talo, c.y woi-ds to that effect. |)()\\ii was indeed one of tlie most delightful f)f hdiises ill wliicli to stay, aiid that snowy .laiiiiary Mindav of I'^^'^^l was a verv real red letter (la\'. To Miss ('. /-;. / ("ii/rfiirs. IS Coniwiill Tcn-iice. INl'cm-'s i'lirk, N.W.: July 24, 1R81. My dearest Chai'Iotte, — 'i'here ha\('l)een no l<3tters from \dn for two days, so 1 ha\e nothinL;' to answer. I (hd not write yestei'day iiecause we were spend- iiiL;' tlie day with Ml'. Teodalf'. in his house at Down, ;iii(l (lid not .i^et back a,L;ain till past the post hour. W'c went over to pay a call upon Darwin, lie and his wife wore at home, and as j%iiid and ,14'lad to see us ;is possible. The servant ,L;a\e our nan.es wi'on,L;ly to them, and they thought we were a very old c(juple whoiutheyknow , called Xoinian. So old 1 )arwin came ill with a hu;4"e canister of ^nufl under his arm — old .Niirman bein.^' very partial to thi^ luxury — and looked Very much astonished at lindin.i;" us. lie was as 'inuid and iiood and briuht as « •.(■r 111 to-day's ' Times" you will ><■»' a letter by ' F.li.S.' diicli is worth reading', as are all the productions of lis able pen. 1 ha\e been applic'^. t O M tlu; Mditor of the I'hicyclop'cdia liritanniea " t ) supply an arti(de on hi>tinct.' This 1 am w I'itiii.L''. \\ I' are all quite^ well, excej)t tliat 1 ha\'e had a 1(1. which Witl (■() IS now li'oiul:" awav 1 uni ted love to th oui'.-^ evei" tlie same (jK(JU or: I'M) {,\'A)\H',V] .lOllX UOMANKS IKM One cNciiiiiu Mr. I »< mi a lies jxTsoiinllv * coiHluctcd ' Mr, l):ii-\\iii totlic liovjil Iiistitiitioii to hcnr ii lr( - tlll'c l)y Dr. S;iii(l<'l'S()li on ' 1 )i()ii;i';i.' A bmst n; Mpplaiisc urcctcd .Mi'. I );tr\\ in's ciitriiiicc, iiiiich to tli;* ^rcat, iiiaiTs sui'prisc. Mai'licr in llic day lie liad Imh timidly asked Mi'. IJoiiiaiics if there would he vnn\:, at tJK' i{o\al institution for him. In JSS-J eaine the ,^reat sori'ow of Mr. harwin'v death. The followiiiL;" letters show soiiiethiiiu >•: what the loss wa> to the ardent disciple, tlu' loval- heai'ted friend. To I' Ih niiicis iJ(ir/rnt ■so IH (' ill oriiu ;ill 1 cri-iicc. licircii It's Piuk. X.W. : April -l-l. ISs-j, My dear harwiii, — 1 did not write hcciiusf I th()U,L;ht it mi;^ht trouhle you, hut I sent some flowii^ yestei'day which did not recpiire acknowled.^iiieiit. M\-en you, I do not think, can know all that llr- death means to me. \ liave lon,^' dreaded the tiiiit. and now that it hiis come it is worse than 1 ((niM anticipate, l^veii tlie dc^ath of my own fatlici'- though I loved liini deeply, and thou.^h it was iikhi sudden, did not leaxc a desolation so terrihle. I!;!li the interest of my life seems to ]ia\e •^'one when i cainiot look forward an\' more to his dear Noicc •': w elcome, or to the letters tliat were \\\y greatest 1 i:i| ( ) ( i|M- piness. \U)V now thei'c is no one to venerate, n to work for, or to thinl< ahout while woi'kiii.Li. I always knew that I was leanin,^' on these feelin.u'.s ti" much, hut I could not try to ])re\'ent them, and m' ii* hist 1 am left with a loneliness that never cmii 1'< tilled. And when 1 think how .urand and .^-eiirVdii- his kindness was to me, urief is no word for m\' k'-^^ Tin: i.iFi': ()V Mi:, dakwin 131 |)iit I know thiit \(iiir ^i-icf i^ Li'f.itcr tlinn mii It' mid tlnit. like iiiiii, I should ti-\ lo tliiid< of others hftorc iiiys(df. And I do h'cl loi- yoii ;ill \rvy niiudi iii(l('('(k i>ut ;ih.hoiiL;h I cannot tMKhne to pict.in'c \n\\v house or yoni" household as the scene of su(di a dcatli. 1 c;in (lei'i\'e >onie consolat ion from 1 he thou.nht tliat he died as h'W men in the history of the woi'hl lia\c died — knowing;' that lie had tini^hed a ,L;i;^"antic Wdi'k, seein,L;' how that woi'k ha> transformed the tlieiiL;hts of mankin(k and foi-eseeinL;' that his iianie ii>t ciuhu'e to the end of tin le anioi tl le very uivatesi of t kie human I'ace. \('i'\ . xory raic is su(di coiisokat ion as this in a house of mourning. 1 k)ok forwai"d to lieai'in.L;' more ahout the end when we meet. I fe(d it is \ery kind of you to ha\t' written to nie so soon, and I hope you will couNcy dur Ncrv sincere sympathy to Mis. |)arwin and the dtlicr meiiihei's of xour familw \ ours ever sincereh (il.o, .1. Ivo.MANKS. After '^h\ Darwin's Life' appeared, Mr. Koiiuiiies writ cs Tn I' J) rniicts jfuncnt, I'.sij L Geaniiv-. llnss-sliin N.l;. : NiAciiilicr -21, is.s'; hear 1 )arw in,- -In this far-awa_\ place 1 liaNConly in ■(la\- seen the " Tin les 1( Aiew. and sent foi' tin liiidK. lint f •oiii what the I'exiew sa\s 1 can see tliat ill the world has to thank you. Thei'eforc I wia'te at iiicc to sa\' how more than .i^iad 1 fei'l that you lia\i' i:!rrie(l so ureal a work to so ^ui'ce-stul a teiinination. 132 (iKOlKii: .lOllN liOMAMiS ii<-i- llow '^\'i\{\ //ii/t iiiiist. !)(' that; the iiiiiiiciist' lalxmr ihk anxiety (»t it all is ()\('r. i)() not troiihlc ti» aiiswci but, I)('li('\(' ill the •icnuiuc coii'ji'atiilations oi Your; \i'i\ trul\ (iKO. .1. I iOM ANKS. Novcnilji r 'Ji'.. ISH'i I write a.^'aiii to thank you — this time for the pn scutatioii copy of tlu' Life and Letters. I had viously ;^()t one, l)iit am vei'y ,niad to haxc thr in duplicate. it is indeed splendidly done. IIIV Woi I send you the enclosed to post or not, as you tliiiil best. On readin,^' "s letter yesterday it occuhim to uie that if any answer were recpiii'ed, it niii^ht Ik better for sonielxxly other than yourself to supply it Hut I do not know how you may think it i)cst t( treat this man, therefore j)ost the letter or not. iic cordin.L;" to your jud^ineiit. \' ours verv since ■rely, (li;o. .1. I ^()^rA^"^•.s. (iennics : DcccuiIk r 1. IssT. Ihavenow nearly tinisluHl tlie ' Life and Letters.' and cannot express my admiration of your woik. AVhat a mercv it is tliat \'ou were so wonderfullv ({Ujiliiied to do it. Yours cN'er indebtedly, (Iko. J. li():\iAM;s. ^Ir. l^)nianes wi'ote one of the memorial iiotiv s in the little volume 'Charles Darwin,' })ublislie(l In jMessrs. ^^acnnllan. Thus closed a very si^'nificant and importinit chapter in his life. The relationship of disci])le to master ceased for l!?- r()i;.M ON Mk. DAKWIX lj;j him. no (iiif else exactly held the pLicc Mi'. Darwin had held, to no one <'ls(' did lie so constantly i"cfcr ; and deaf as were otiici" tVicnds, notal)ly Dr. IJin'don Sanderson, no one stood in the position to Koiniincs of • The .Master.' Thei'e was no exa^^.L^cratioii in his expressions of ;; lief, or in the \('i"ses in which lie poured out his >()iil 1 lie (mI him witli ii strcn;,'tli ot'loxf Wliicli 111,111 to man ciiii (tnly Iteur W'l icii one 111 Htiitidii t;ir abo\(:' The rest of men, ys; >Cs Mcniiwliilc I ^('lul for youi' perns;'! sonic vc wliich J have written at odds and ends ol' time since lie died. This was only done for my own ,L;"i'a1 iticn- tion, and w itliont any \ iew to pnblisliin.i;". Jjnt lia\ in- recently lind them put to.n'i'ther and co]")ied out. I ha\-c sent them to two or three of the l)est i)octi(;il critics for their o})inion ui)on the lit<'i'ary mei'its (»f tin poem as a whole. The I'csnlt of tliis has heen iikiiv satisfcictoiy than 1 anticipated; and as one of tliein su'!'''"ests that 1 should offer tne \crses as ;iii •rin addendum to the 1iio,L;"raphy, I act upon the come del ice ol receiNiiiL;' \our letti er and ins at about the same time It seems to me tliere are two thin,L;s for ;voii li consider: first, whether aiiytiiin.L;" in tin way di poetry, however ;4'ood, is desirahle ; and next, if >n. whether this poi'try is ,L;()od enou.^h foi- the occasion. 'I'he tii'st (juestion would he answered l)y your own feelii iL!"s, an( 1 11 U' secon d, I suppose, \)\ su hmitt ills:' the verses to some ,l;-oo(1 authority for an o])inioii — say one to whom 1 ha\e not sent them. Only, if the matter were to ,;^'o as far as this, I should like you tn explain to the critic that as it stands t he poem is only in the rou.^h. if it were to he resised for puhlicaticn I should spend a ,i^ood deal of trouble o\-er the proco-^ of polishir :, and some of the lines expri'ssi\'e of \m>- sionate .i^'rief would he alto,L;'el her clian,L;'ed. In sendin.L;" y(Ui the MS. I I'ely upon you not ti' let the ant horship he know 11 to anyone without lir^' iiskin.n" me. hecause, althou.nh 1 liaNc ))iil)lished poet already.' it has heen aiionyinons, and I do not wai ' A It \v strav poems in ninpiizinfs. r\ l.-S/ rOEM ox MR. J)AU\V1N 135 t to !)(' kiunvii tli.it I have tin's pnipcii^itv. And on Ins account, if these verses were t(t appear in the lin^raphy, it wouhl re(piire to i)e without my nanu', lieaded in some sncli way a> ' Ahniofial \erses hy friend." In tliis case I should uio(lif\- ;inv of the of lle-^ W Inch mi.n'ht lead to the aulhoi' hein^n' spotte(L Should you (h'cide a.iiainst admittin.^' them, 1 do not think that 1 shoidd puhlish them anvwhei'e else, because wliei'e sn(di a personality is concerned, inde- pendent puhliciition (without the occasion iiu'nished l)\-lhe ap[)earanee ()f a hioi^-raphy) ini.L;"ht seem i)i'e- siunptuous e\('n on the j)art of an anonymous wi'iter. \('ster(biy 1 received a letter from the Frenchman who trjinslated my hook on ' Mental Evolution,' ask- ing nie to let him know whether he Uji.^ht apply foi- the translation of the hio.^raphy. \\\> name is De \ai'i,i^ny, and he does some oi'i.uinal work in \erte- hnite physiolo,ny. I think he has done my hook scry we ^'oUl's e\-er sincerely, (1. .). Ivo.MANHS. Can you su^'^'est a suhjeet for a liede lecture hich I liHve to ^ive in May ? 136 GEORGE JOnX ROMANES 1881- CHAPTEK III lf*>i\ -I'^'JU I,()M/(»\ — (iKANIKS One ma}' now for n shoii; space tui'ii aw a}' fi-om the Bcieiititic side of Mr. Ivoiuaiies' life and speak a little of other as[)ects. No one was ever a more incessant worker and thinker. If he went away foi" a short visit, lii-> writing' went too; and if in Scothmd wet weatlicr interfered with shootin.L;, he would sit down and wn'ft something", perluips ;i poem, })erhaps (as he once said playfully wiien condoled witli on account of li(';i\\ rain and ahsenco of hot)ks, ' I don't care, I'll wi'ite ,iii essay on the freedom (;f tlie will') an ai'ticle for n magazine. A ,i;reat deal of review in.L;', chiefly in ' Nature,' filled U[) some of his time, and he also turned hi^ attention more and nioif to ])oetry. In the [)ostscri])t <■[' a letter written in ISTn 1" ]\lr. I)arwin he sa\ I am hcLiinnnii:" to wi'itc poetry'' and poeti'y intei'eslcd him more and iiiciv as ye;."s went on. Of this, nioi'e later. Jle much enjoyed society; he (cased to miit,L;lf exclusively with scientific and [)hilos(>[)hical people and as time went oi' he hecanie iic(piainted witli nuin\ of the notahilities of the dav- And, as has l)cci: said, it is impossihle perhaps to exa,L;"^'erate the oiit- wai'd pleiisantness of those ycnirs. He was aide to de\ote himself to his work ; In had a.n e\-ei'-increasinn numhtu' of de\oted frieu'l- 1S90 HIS chili)1ii:n 137 lidtli (»f iiicii and women, and he was intensely lia[)i)y in his home hfe. His chihh'en wei'e a '^rvdt and inereasin,^- interest to hill), and he was an i(h'al father, tender, sym- pathetic, es[)eeially as infancy .i^rew into chihlhood. Iff sliared in all his children's interests, and lived it!) them on terms of ahsolute friendship, chatlin,!;' w iiid hem.L;' cna ffed. eiijoyni^' an intei'ciian.n'e ot p )f ))et names and jokes, and yet exaetin^^ ohedience and nciitle maimers, and never [x'l'mittin;; them as small children to make themsehes tronhlesome to visitors ill any way, or to chatter freely at meals when .i^'uests were pi'esent. lie had vei'v strong* feelin.n's a])ont the importance of iiiakiiiL;' children familiar with the JJihle. lie nsed to say that as a mere mattei' of litei'ary education ('\('ryone ou^ht to he familiar with the J^ihle from ht'i^iiiiiiiiij' to end. He himself was exceedinijl'. well \('rsed in Holy Sci'i[)tui'e. He also thou;^ht a ;^oo(l classical trainin.n' \'erv (Ifsirahle foi- hoys (and .n'irls also), and had no ver\' ureat helief in science heiiiij' tauijht to an\' n'reat extent durinj t l)o\"s school career Mel nory considered, ou^ht to he culti\ated in childhood, and he (lid not think that the reasonin.i;' powers oii^-ht to Itc iiiiich taxed in earlv years. Me used to sa\' that ijicjid could he learnt niuch more easily if it wore I'CLjiiii later in hoyhood. lie also much wished that tiiiviuii lan,^'ua,n'es should he taii,L;iit \ory early in life, Mini with little or no attention to ,L;i'a miliar. Terhaps a few words of reminiscence fi'oiii on(> of iii> clhldreii iiia\ not he unwelcoiiie. MK.MOI{IES.~(i. .1. i; 1 remember that when my father was ])art icularly Unused at aiuthiiiij", he used a certain ij'esture, which. J 38 (JKOKdK JOHN ]{ChM.\XES IbM iiccoidin.i;' to tlici ' lAiv of Darwin,"' must liiiNc Im. i precisely similar to that of Darwin, and was |)r()l)a!il^ nneonscioiisly (•o))ie(l l)y Jny fathei'. lie ne\'er u-^i i t he ,L;-estui'e e\cei)t when Ncrymncli fielded at heaiiiu some amusin.i^" story ; when the climax of the stm" was reached lie would hurst into a peal of heaif lan<4hter, at the same tinu' hrin.uin.i^' his hand hea\il' hut noisel(>ssly down upon his knee oi' on tlie tal )if near nnu, When we wow at (leanies, oiu" j^'reatest dcliuln was ' to jj^o out shootin.L;' with father.' We used in tram]) foi" hours to^'ethei' oNcr tui'nip and ,^rass ticli'h h(>hind my father and the ^^amekeeper. We used tn enjoy the (wpeditions so much hetter if our father was the only s})ortsma)i, for then we had him all t^ ourselves. We were vei'y small then ; our a,L;cs wciv ten, nine, and six resj)ecti\('ly, hut we were ,l;(hi(! walkei's and we never hecame tired. What liulc sunhurnt, healthy, ,L;ruhl)y ( hildren we wci-e to he sui'e I When J5an,u"o, the setter, pointed at a covev. we all hail to stand (juite still while our father walkc^! forward towards the do.i;". J)irectly the coM'y i We all ' du(d\ed ' for safety. J sluill never for.^et tin joy and ])ride we felt when a hird fell, and wc ran with shouts of triumph to pi freelv and unrestrainedh as wf liked ahout all kiiul> (i>r of suhjeeti Tl len came some moi'e tram[)in,u' m 1 tunii[)s, and W(^ would journey hom(>wards, a wc but very happy little party. The counting' of t, ir\ As h ;djs()lute ui'cliestr; 111' hear(i hisfrieiK lit' (Uicc Choir,'' 'iird, pr [jifr and Lrttrrti of Chfirlrn hanrin, \>\ I'runi'is |)iir\\iii. m I. p. 11 181»l» A CliKlSTMAS S()NX1:T l;;iiii(' would follow. aii(l oiii" pride was xcry ,L;rcat when the iniinhcr of brace was lii.uli. foi' we felt that we had Ix'cii helpiii.L;' oui' father to slay the paitrid.Li'es. Ill f;ict. we thoiii^ht that Saiidv. the ,L;aliiekeeper, was a \cry useless persoiia.u'e when we went out, for did we not mark as well as. oi' hetter. than he did? And >iu'cly we could carry the ,L;atiie ha,i;'s : they were not very hea\y eNcii wlieii they were full to hui'stin.L;' ! There was souiet liiii.L;' Ncry heaut ifiil in the respect and I'eNiM'eiice which (leoi'Lie Ivoiiiaiies h'lt h)r children and for (dnld-life. and a sonnet 'To my Children' cxpi'esses these fe(din,L;s : — 'Of all till' little oius wlioiii I \ui\v kiiowii Ve arc so unu-li the fairest in my \ icw So iiuieli the sweetest and the dearest few-— That not because _\e arc my \ cry own I)(> I behold a wonder that is siiown Of loveliness diversified in yon : It is because each nature as it Ljrew Surpassed a world of joy alreatl,\' Lrrown. If months bestow such purpose on tin; years. May not the years work out a j^reater plan ? Vast ai'i' the heights which form this ' \ale of tears.' And thou^di what lies bevond we mav not scan. Thence came my little llocU strayed from their spheres, As lambs (if (iod turned children into num." 'i> As lias l)een said, for music Mr. Ivomaiies had an absolute passion. A .i^ood c(nicerl of cliand)er or of urcliesti'al music was absolute ha})i)iness to him, and he heard a ,L!reat deal in these seal's. One or two of his triends were excidleiit musicians. To one of these he once wrote a sonnet, 'To a Meinher of the J3aeh <'li'>ir," ' and sent it to her in the form of a ChristiiuiR 'iird, producin;^' miudi pleasant mystilication and ' Miss :\I. M. I>af,'et. 140 GEOKCIK JOJIX llOMANES lan^'litci' when it was discoNcrcd from wliom the sonnet ciiiiic. T(j yf/.s.s Pfifjcf. IH CoriiWiiU Tfiracf, IJci^'eiit's I'ark : Deci'iubtr 27, HsT. ])ear INFiss Pa^^et, — If my sonnet ^avc half as miicli pleasure as your note, I am silre we have l)otli the best reasons to he ^lad. The letter was as imich ;i sui'prise to me as the former was to you, Ix'causc, far from seeing" the ' un^raeiousness ' of yesterday, even then I thought tluit my reward was jnuch in excc^ of my deservin^^ But your further response of tn- dayhas^iven me a ,i>reater happiness tlian I can tell; let it, thei'efore, he told in some of the ^'reatest woid- of the greatest man I ever knew. These you will find in the first nine lines of a letter on pa.i^e ■\-l-\. vol. ii., of the 'Life of J)arwin,' and in one respect. 3'ou have conferred an additional benefit, "for, unlike him, I did not previously know that my own feeliug> of friendship were so fully reciprocated. If you think that this amounts to a confession of dulness on mv part, my only excuse is tliat I foi'med too just an estimate of my own merits as compared witli tJKiXMil a friend. All that the latter were, or in tliis estiiiial>' must ever continue to he, I shiill not now \(Mitui'i' Ic say ; for, if I did, the peculiar ethics of the l^iuvt fjimily (which you have been ,L;'ood enou,L;h to ex[)iaii!i would certainl}' pound this letter into a pulp. J'H! there are two rcMiiarks which I nuiy hazard. Tin first is, that I make it a [)oint of wliat may he callii! aesthetic conscience never to write anythiii.n' i" \<'i'"'' which is not, perfectly sincere. The next is, that my wa^ hy 1 nut he ( 1990 LOVK FOR Mr SIC 111 (luliicss is hot so l);i(l as to liaNc prcNM-ntcd iiic from (ili^-crvin,!^' the Schastiaii attachiiu'iit. Last Christmas I lost my ,L;'i<'atcst and my dearest triciid.' '.riiis Clii'istmas I liaNe found tliut I had a lu'tte)' friend than I was aware of. For the sc^uson- ;il)lc kin(hiess, thei'efore, of your truly Yule-tido (•()iis(jlation, (jratids fihi (kjo. Ever yours, most sincerely, G. .1. L'oMANKS. l-'or some years a delightful society existed in London, known as the ' Home (^)uartet Ciiion,' the iiu'iiihers of which met at different housc^s and listened td perfect music ])ei-formed hy iii'st-rjite artists under "Vfect con( litioi IS. There were few hfL})|)ier evenings in his life than tlio^e spent in such a way. Of all composers, Jieethoven represented to him tverythiiig. tlnit was hi.L;hest in art or poetry; for Lcetlioven, ^Ir. Iiomanes had much the sanu* rev(.'- rence and admiration which he felt for Dtirwin, and peril a p^ lieeth )tl loven. 111 otner and ver\ I diff ereiit ways. taii.uht him and iiiHiienced him much. lie was very catholic in his musical tastes, exce})t IH'rhajJS that Italian opera iiescr .greatly fascinated him. \Va^"ner's operas, on the other hand, hecanie a urcat delight, particularly after a visit to liaireiith in Iss'J. where he saw Parsifal and ^^eistersin;^•er. Politics interested Mr. Uomanes moderately. Wv. Wii^ hy nature and hy family tradition a Conservative, l)iit he cared very little for [)arties, and admired <^n'eat iiitii on whichever side of the House they s.at. l?erha))s of all liviii,^^ i)oliticians, the one for whom he had the .i^n'eatest enthusiasm ,ind respect was ' Tlic friontl referred to on p. 178. li GEORGK JO FIX liOM\Xi:s 18-'1 y\v. Arthur nalfoiir. Vny liii II, l)()t!i as a i)( .lit polltlci;!!: and as a thinker, Mr. Uoiiiaiics had an nidjoiu d HI.- idiiin'aiion, i:.\'1'i;acts fiio.m .ioi-jinal l''ch. Issl. — Went to Mr. Norman Lockycr. S.w- ral people, includin.L;" William Jilack, the novelist, \vei"e there. Aftei' Mr. Loekyer liad sliowii us se\ci',ii ex))eriments in spectrum analysis, a lady asked liii;; 'Vshat is the use of the speeti'o^eope ? ' Called on Mv. Cotter Moi'ison and saw some heautiful book^. He is a wonderfully ^ood talker. J/iiic If '.Si . — Dimiei- at the Spottiswoodes'. Mr, J^rownin^' was there and talked mu(di about Xwbn- Hu^^o. He mentioned that when Wordsworth \va> told tliat Miss Barrett had married Mr. lirowuin-. lie replied, 'It's a ,L;ood thin,'4 these two understiuid eacdi other, foi' no one else undei'stands tluMu.' Garvock, IVrtlisliiic : Xovciubcr "i. Issl. ^fy dearest Charlotte,— J thought you would like the ])hot()s, and _\'oni' letter to-day more than justiti(> my anticipation. Comin,^- events cast their sliadov> before, and it will not now he lon.i;- before }'ou see th( f ormer Th ese are hotl 1 excei'( hi mi \- W( H, WIS I yon could see httk' Etlud dancin,^'. It is now Ik .L;'reatest amusement, and she does it with all thestiili and ,i;ravity of an ei,L;iiteentli centui'y f/iiii/dc d II iiii ^lany thanks for your prom])t action about tli e \\;i\ ])ro()fs. You did e\'ei'ythin,!4' in the best [tossibl as 1 knew yon would. It is a ,^reat l)l(^ssin,L;' yuu wciv in London at the time, ;is the caretakei' would be siiiv to lia\(' madi' some mistalu', and time is pi'essiii.u. Ii iia 1 slioiiia h(! t'xnlanic hut the wrili'i' dt' this iiu'iiidii' is i'csjkhisiI I'liiU, hut ;is It, w II' for the .iiiii wife ;l lew cxtl'Mcls iil'c L;i\rll. licpt t'nr the hciicllt of l)ot II hiisliainl ;i! 1390 L.KTTKR TO MISS l{(JMANi;s U:i The duke li;is answered iiie in t his week's ' Natui'c, ;iii(l likewise has ( "ai'pentei-. I have written a re liiuler lor next week's issne ill a tone which I ha\t tried to make at once (h,L;iiilied and hlinit. I send \oii a riddle which I ha\'e jnst nia(h'. Sk* if \()ii can answer it in yoin- next. ' ]\ry lirst is found in Scriiiture, .My sccdiitl hiin;^'s in uir. My tliinl ;l lliini,' to all unknown, Y'et niiips ciin tell you wlicrc My wiiok' is ncillioi' tiu-t uoi' liiin^^ A word. \(t not a woi'il, And if you stand niu on my lic;i.d, I'm bi'''a-r 1)V a third. ' ' Mucdi love from botli to l)oth, til "^'ours c\cr tli(> sanif (li;oi'an:. Ill tliib Journal constant nicntion occurs of con- certs and of the })leasurc <.;iveii hy amateur musical friends. Thv late Proi'essor Ivowc's name often occurs, he succeeded Professor Clifford at Iniversity College, ;iud besides liis ^-reat mathematical attainments lu^ \V!is also a most accomplished musician. He played Sciuniiann especially in t\\o most poetic way. ■liiiiriKiKFcl). LSS-J. — Lecture hy Professor Tyndall I'll the action of molecular heal, 'rrimnphaiit \indi- (iition of his own work a;jaiiist Ma.niius and Tait. J //;■// •_!. — Sunday, the -l-'Ah, we spent at Oxfoi'd, met the Warden of Kel)le in Mi'. I*'. Pa.uet's rooms, iis a year a,L;() we liad met \)v. Liddoii. Met Mr. \ t/i'ivm 1 larcourt at ( 'In'ist ( 'hiirch. The annuel i-^ ll.e wmd .s/..". li (}FA)\{(',\: .lolIN l{()M\Ni:s l«-l- }[(!//. — Met Sliortliorsc, niitlior of '.lolm I siiiit; at the l'\ I'ollocI \N II (' S|)() .k<- ..f Ml-. S (■'h\r .Ilolliiiid's if\i('\v of his l)ook, Sii- 'I'. Hran l(K;tui"c(l the other (hi\' at the IJoyal liistitiit ioi tli(; iiiakiiiiJ" of the Chaiiiicl tiiiiiicl, and \\( 1 I'll was ;i- iiii/UsiiiL{ as iisi'.a ./ /I lie liitcivstiii'f talk with Mr. .1. Li. ( ilCcli Vu)t\i ^. U. C. and C -I. I(. a-ivcd tliat llcilntt S[)('ii(('r, I'rofcssoi' lluxlrv, and Leslie Stei)heii mily r(,'j)r(3sented one si(h' of tlie (juestion, /.r. tliat conduct can only he caUed moral when it is henelicial to tin race, and that the ethical (juality of aii action i-> detenniiied solely \)y its effects as henelicial or injurious. 'J'his purely ineclianical \ie\\ of ni(;,ditv deprive* in')i'ality of what hoth speak(-i's considticd the essential elenie^its of morality as siudi, /.r. tht feelin.L;' of i"i,<^ht and wfon^", so that, rj/., ants mid hees, accordin,L;" to this canon, ha\'e a ri,L;lit to he con-) sidered moi'e truly moi'al than men. 'I'he view taken hy.l. K. (i. and(i. .)^. K'. was'tlmt the ('ssential (dement of morality resided in fccliii;' and nir linati 0)1, T(i Miss (\ I'j. Jt(i)flfU/r.s. ]H Corinviill Tcn-iicf' : .Tum 9. My dearest Charlotte. — ^^'eal•eall wcdl and lively. Ascot and an 'at nome ' yesterday; to-day inlists'. studios, diinier at the Pa;^'ets', and Sandersoirs lecture; to-morrow, Colle.^c of Surgeons' reccptinii and dinner party of our (/W n ; ;nid next week, mic. two, or three en.i^'a.L^'ements for e\-ery day. ' Bahyloii' is in full swin<% and 1 heard vestei-da\', from the head iy.t'j l'Ki:SH-\V.\rF:}| MKDCSyK 14. Scdtt- MlllWtll loll (ill \\as as < 'IVCll. Icrhcit Cil ("Illy •oiitliict to t M' .'tioji is ici;il (ir tioiiility isidcrcd i.r. the its ;iii(i he coll-) as'tlmt f('clijl;{ (,f tilt' ('('iiNiis (Icpartinoiit , t hat. tni- ihr ];is( ten ycjirs it li;i>^ ht'cii ;^'i'()\viii;4' at tlio rate of l,()()l) per week. I lia\(' only tiinc to w I'itc a few linos to t Inink yoii and the liiotlicr for tllo very jolly letters recei\e(l this nioriiiii,!.;', and to let you know that we are all \V(dl. haste now i> t his ext ra(»rdiiiary lie I'ea^on ol mv (]i-.cove)"y th;it has ])e<'n made in the l>otaniea] (iaideiis, and wlii(di you liaAc prohal)ly read ahout in the ' i'iines.' Medusa- Inive heeii found in swarms in the fresh-water tank of the N'ictoria Ke^iiia Lily. Such a tiling" ;is a fresh-water Medusa has nevei-ljceii hciird of Ix'foi'e', and 1 want to lose no time in L^cttin^' to work upon his physiolo^^y. You see, when I don't liO to the jelly-tisli the jelly-fish eoiiie to me, and 1 am hound to have jelly-fish whei'ever 1 .i^o. It would have been very odd if 1 had heeii t lie dis- coverer, as I should have been had I known that thei'e '\v;is a li\iiJ,L;" X'ictoria Ue^^is, foi" then I shoidd have ;(oiie to see the j)lant, and would not have failed to s^ the Medusa-. Only in that ease I mi;^ht have he^iui to .L^'row superstitious, and to think that iu >oiiie way my fate was 1)()nnd up in jelly-tisii. 1 must ^et to work soon heeause all the naturalists urc in a \\vA\ state of excitement, and thei'e has het n I regular seramhh! for priority. The worst about this jelly-tish is that it will only live ill a temperature of UO^, so I shall haxc to work it it in the Victoria House, which is kept at a tempera - I'C o f 100 ai this, his summer home ; and as Mi to some extent, all four, (leanies w exceedin,L;' happiness to him. Two of his sonnets are d^ die- ' m1 t( • manes was. • l)Iac(' f my Setters,' ;ind ' To Couni ;s' letter will show him as a sportsi an( a , k altlioll.U'l li;i(l a ,1 one hni rds\\y hi aftcl'lKH) over I (I ten : S. limu's. extraoi'd Sill' is a r.vcii part of t Hie i"('st ( Wry t'Vt'iiin,i^'s vciy am Xothin.L;- was alwj ilrcaiiiy, i (lea rest ai liood ' \\;| "iilv kii('\ N(t oi lit', and, a iiid >() ofl His ()\ !.iii(Iii('ss, ■ 'iiai'U'c ( (;!•: 14' 7'm Mrs. I n'li/diirs. .\cti;ilil)'>lC'r.' C;iitlii ics.- AiiLTUsi It. IMS; 'I'o-dav turned out not at all had after all : and altlioiiu'h there was a ,n'ood deal too niiich lain I had a .i^lorious time. Ua^' twenty hrace of .grouse, one hrace [)lo\'er, one hare, oiu' (hick; 1 could t'a>il\' ha\'e <,^ot more, only l>an,i;() .i^ot so tired in the afternoon that we knocked off ;it H\t' o'clock, more- over I did not he.L>in till elcNcn, as I did not wake till tell I So the twenty hrace was shot in tihout five hdiuN. 'i'he new settei' 'Flora ' is a heaut_\. She' is extraordinarily like J^an^o, hut with a |)i'ettier face. Slic i> a splendid woi'ker. l^ven at (reanies he always ' woi'ked ' foi' some part of the day, and sport, temus, hoatin.i;', filled u[) Mic rest of his time. Wry often there was a house ])arty, and the eveiniii^s were particularly hri;;ht — mei'ry talk, ,^ames, \eiy (imat(;urish theatricals, learned discussions. N(»thin,L;' came annss to the master of the house. H(^ was always a little apt to he ahsent-mind" ' , , ;! hest owed on hnu ilreaiiiy, and his [)et name ili'iii'est and merriest of all the merry ' (leanies hr r was ' i^hilosophei".' it stuck, and many ]h IIIK niih knew him 1)\' that name No (die ever iip))reciate(l a ,l;'oo(1 story more than he. ;nid, as a friend lias said, ' lii^ lau,L;li was so merr> :iii(l so often heard." His own jokes were insariahlN fi'cc from any un- '.iiidiiess, and he did not in the least appreciate !'''|i;irtee or epigram, the point of which lay chiell\, if III !l(lh()(itiiit,' (if (iciuiics. (lEoruii: .lOHx iiOM\xi:s IS'. not wholly, in nnkindnc >iS. M;niv friends cnlivc iit'(| his suiniMcr lioint', and all those who paid a mmmiikI \isit wei'e known as th«^ '(leanies hi'otherliood.' J()iirii((], (iniiiir.s, -f'lhl -^''« — Yt'sterday came tln' terrihle news of Mr. r'rank ]3alfonr"s sndden death. His loss is i)'re[)ai'ahle. It is only a month since wc met him at ("aml)ri(l,i^'e, lookin,L;" so well, (jiute recoNcrcd from his I'ecent illne liis promised visit. ss we were lool f( \\\\\i Torwa rd t( Si'jit. — Ml'. I.ockyer, tlu^ Hi'mitons, and the l^unlon Sand( ersons nave heen Jiei"( M emona 1 P oeni to irwni he'jun. N lihns('Jf\ and talked nnieh of the insolence of John r.uii. ' • V Jan. 1(S(S3. — Dr. Siinderson is elected Professor of Physiology at Oxford. To this election was due the ultiiinite chaii^^c in Mr. Romanes' life in ISDO, when he followed Dr. Sand(M-son to Oxford, attracted mainly hy the facilities for physiolo;;ical research. On .1 m. () f th is \ear (lH8:-3) his mother died. ]\lr. Komanes lectured at the i^oyal Institution in danuai'y, and innnediately aftei-wjirds went ahroatl en one of the oidv two Continental tours he took siiiinlv for ph'asure. He nnich enjoyed this Italian joui'iicy. and the I'hymin*^' instinct woke up in him ui'eatlv. lie wrote a <^'o()d deal ahout this time, and one of lii*- sonnets has referenci! to this join'uey — ' l-'loreiu c. .Ml'. I'". I'mll'our was killi'il dii tlic .M^uillt^ Jlliiiicln' dc rente iit, ISHV IM'" LIKI-: IN IA)NI)()X 19 He also iiiade ac(iu;iiiitaiicc for the Hist tiiiic with ;i i^dod many well-kiiuwii iioncU, read to him Jiiriii.L;' a tt'iii[)oi'ary ilhicss at I'dorciicc -thr pi'cciu-soi', ;ihis, of iiiaiiv such times of iio\t'l-rt'adiiiL;'. He shared Mr. |)ar\viirs tastes for sim[)le, ])iire, U)\v stories, and one of the pai'ty at Florence widl remembers how 'The Heir of Kedcdyffe ' l)roii,L;ht tears to his eyes. Foi' tliis and 'The Ciiaph^t of Pearls,' read to him some years later, he liad a ,L;reat aihniration. JtiiiiiKil , yf death has heeii a tei- rihle blow. Service at the Abbey. We put off our party on June 27th; it seenu'd improper to ha\i' ;l party, mainly composed of scientilie people, tlu' \('i'\- day after the death of the President of the Poyal Society. Vlth. — Dinner at tlie Pa^'ets'. Met Prowninn,' who is entircdy on ('arl\le's side n nrojios of b'roude's I'eceut revelations. 15///. — Went to Professor and Mrs. Allniaii, at PiU'kston. He is a most faseinatinL;' naturalist of the old type, carin;.;" for birds, and beasts, and tlo\\er>. M(>t Mr. I'i. Clodd the othei' ni,nbt, who alluded t ( ) Physicus " -' and the tone of (h'pi'es>ion in tlu' I ' Candid Jvxaminat ion of Tbei>m.') )00| Mr. liiciu iiiuu told tliL' s;uu<' -tiir.\ nt I hi' ( :irl\ |i .s at tlii- ii;irt\ w liii'li MiN, liitcliic iiarrntr-i in Ti'uniffmii. Ii'nsl.in. >niil Urnii'ii imj. pp. I'.IS. ['.lit. 'riic i/om ill' phiiiir ii(ln|itiMl in wriliiiLj ('niiiliil I'.i ini.iiuif ivi: c/' 150 (ii:()K(iE .JOHN i;(}MANi:S 1 "Si- ll This year Mr. lloinancs and Proicssoi- MwaJl mi |) a small laboratory i))) the Cu'aiiies coast, and the fJourual note Professor I'^wart coidd not ^et the fai'inliousc li ho])i'd, and this was nnfortnnatc, as he liad \vritt<' to the British Association and invited one or t foi'eiijners to come ;ind work and live in this far Wo 111 louse I n vam were the f oreir\ is to be painted .^reeii. and tilled with stands ct flowi'rs, and the little mom is to have the window tilled \\ith stained •'lass, the \\;tlls, ccilinu", and door>. :v'«0(i LKCTIKKS irA iicaiitifully pa))fi-<'(l and dccoi-ated I (^xpcct iny biH»k to pay the hills. Is not this a nice idea '^ hittle Ethel's ideas ahoiit wiitin;^', hytlu' way. are iiri^^iual. A few days a<.;() she wanted me to play at uee-^ee. 1 said, ' Xo, Ethel, father is wi'itin,!;.' Sin; asked, ' Writin;^" k'tters oi' wi-itin.i;- l)()ok ? ' J >>aid, ' \\'iitin<4" hook.' \Vhereu[)on she made tlie shrewd iviuark — ' Eathei' not writin.L; to anyh(jdy, father c-an play ,i4"ee-^"ee.' So imu-h for her estimate of my popularity as an author. ■lo/in/d/, Ajir/'I. — Lecture at Manchester; stayed with Professor ]3oyd Dawkins. This yearMr. liomanes attended Canon Curtt^s' • Boyle Lectures ' at Whitehall. J(i/inial, MarcJt ISSo. — '(1. Efctui'ed at . One of the hearers asked whethtM- in the lecturer's iipiiiion man or aninnds had first appeared on the earth! (1. spent a pleasant day at Ihomsurove with the F. Ta-'ets.' ^ To J, (iiiirs liDinaiiea, h .S( /■ IH ('i.rnv.Hll 'rcniicc. lifioii of the ('motions, cNcn though it !)(_' not a Nci'y intelliuiijlc expression of ideas. Slie wants to l p fectly in tune. 'rhe\' are waitiuL;' foi- me now, so with l;e>t l(i\f ■ < from ail (turs e\-ei" the same. Gi:oi;(H-: Jn iSiS.Manie the liist wann"n,^s of ill-healtli. My. IJomanes Jiad a short but \'ery sliar]) iUiiess, and after that yeai" he sufi'ered fuMjuently from ,n"out, wliicli necessitated visits to various forei^'u ' cui'es.' Me \\a> ;i ))erfect ti'a\ cilin.L;' companion, he hked to ha\(' ai'iaii'it - ments made for lud um, and was ncNcr (iiscomi)osc{ anythin.i; went wr(>n<4", iiev(^i' |)nt out hy any (d fin ordinai'N' mischances of tra\el. .\ithou<;h he al\\a\ (iiiiii ])rofessed indifference to architectui<' and art, he w ,i;i'oW(piite hoyishly enthusiastic onci' some cathedral a^ his sonnets to .\nnens, and ( 'hri^t Church, Oxfoi'd. testify, and for sculpture lie had a I'eal l(t\e. In May liii plied ■ NatiU' iii^of t Imw \( liMiids ( Tni: pj;i)i-; i.ik Tl•l{l■ l r,:i li'.', oi:gi:. ft. Mr. 1(1 ;iftci , which ll'l'Mll'it- )()sc(l it • (.f fhr iil\\;i>- (■ Wdllld th('(h';ih :)\t(.r(h' (• iittfi- i\\ ill ;i hi( h Ik' 111 il he 1 Mr (h'li\t'rf(l the Kech' Lcctiir* ;it ( ';iiiil)n"(l,L't', and hf rriticisf^ the m.-itt'iialistic [xisitioii. (It. i.iiii>t •]])( iiil)t'ic(l that his jiiiti'l'hcistic l)()()k \\aN))iih- h>lu'(l aii(tii\ iiiMii>|\-. ;iii (I at that time he liail i ( ) Illtt'lltlDll () f t'Ncr 1 cirn'iiiLJ- to it.) .ritiii'j > t(tl(i. .f til., liuil'lc y. and ly. and U' with h thfv th' dllf. cs prr- <\ hcforc his eyes was always the (pu'stidii, ' 1 >,t l(t\r I (lii'istiaii faith [)()>sil)lt' or intellectually justitiahlc in the face of scieiititic discoxfry "/ " 'rhcsf years between lS7'.) and ISUO wnc yeai- of irr(|rient despondency, of almost despair, hut aUo («'ar he The reaction >et in \ci'\ soon aftei' the ' Candid hxaiiiination ' \\a> piihli>he(l. Me was >e\t're, as 'f >et'nied often to those who Kiu'W him ht'st. unduly Nc\erc with himself, and oft(Mi dt'scrihed hims(df a> utteiiy a,L;iiostic when pos^ihly • hcwildered ' would ha\e bettei' described him. 'I'ln'ou^h tiiese years, undei'iieath all the outward )i;ij)[)iness, the intense love for scieiitilic woi'k. there was the same lon.niuL;' and ci"a\in,L;' for the old Ixdicf, ui'ew ^n'a(hially neai't-r Christian belief. The letters which follow will he interestiiiL:' ii til IS place Tl ie\ aro^e on Nat t of a cori'cspondeiice in ure JO I^Jd^i's.sni' Asfl (lid//. .Miiv iti. imh; hear i^rofessoi' (li'ay, — 'i'he r<'ccipt of vourkind l''ttci" of the 1st instant haN,ui\cii me in full measiii'e lilt' sincerest kind of plca^-iiic ; f.»r in the h'uht sup- plied 1)\ \oui' >econ(l h'tter comniuiiicat ed to Natiiiv' I ciime deeply to rcL^iet my in isuiidersta ud iiiu of thespirit ill whu h _\oii wrote the tiist one, and li'iW yoii enable me liMlids o\ er t lie matte to fetd that We h a\e shaken .,.(_. X.i-f nil', .liuniiiiA \L->, lss;{. 154 flKOPJii: .If)HX ItOMAXHS IVH ;•() (■( Vi>v my '»\vii ));ii1. I mil iilwiiys ,:j1;i(1 wlx-ii dift'tr- CIICCS ill liKittc)' of opillinii ;i(llllit, of Ix'ill;^' llniicvl], (^K|)l•'••^^(•(l without ciiiiiity, and ^lilI more so wlicii. ;is ir. ' u' p'csciit case, tliis discussioii loads to a l)a>i> .t h"i>.';'.-slii|). I tlicrcfort' thank yon most hcailily for y^w h'ticr, and )('iiiain youi's wry tiiily, G, •) . L'om.\m;s. I*.S. — If yon have not iihvady happened to ie;i(| ;i hook called ' A Candid Ivxamination of Theism," I -should t-ss hke to send you a <'<»py. 1 wi'ote it six orsexcii \e;i a.n'o and ))ul)lished it anonynioiisly in 1.S7S, I do n now hold to all the ar;^uments, nor should I expi myself so strongly <»n the ai'.numentativc' force of tli remainde)', hut I should like you to lead tlje hook, i ordei" to sliow you how gladly 1 would enter \ camp if I coidd only see that it is on tlie side i Diir fV Inn J)cc'Ciu1k.'1' ."id, iNbo. Deal' I'rofessor (li'ay, — \ sent you my paper s a>« ;l return for those whicdi vou so kindly sent to me, iiml for \\hi(di I have writtc^n to thank you hefoi'c. I (piiti' a.n'i'ee with your\iew, thrtt the doctrine of tlir human mind ha\in,L;' heeii pro\imat<'ly eNoUcd fruiii lowei' minds is not incompatihlc^ with the doctrine "t its having' heen due to a hi,L;her and supreme iiiiii'l. [ndeed, I do not think the theory of e\olutioii. cmii if fully proNcd, would seriously affect the pre\inii> standin,^' of this more impoi'tant (piestioii. 'I'he soiM'ow is, that this (piestion is so fai" reiiii'\< il fi'oiii the reach of any t )'ust woilhy iniswer. 0\\ ■.i\ least, such is tlie sorrow if that answer when it com. ^ is to p] -IcCp. II ;iic cell \vr (am i|iifst i(»; rli(»ii-li taith. til ran trii illlinUlr.S which 1 !iirrcly 1 iiflicve t IJiit uith iii_\ vuiir lett \\v iisiia \ii\how vnii will The^ tiHtory 'r\iiiL:- t ' The i"\\ii ( inner li i'lfxity. ■ I'.lcni; h'ca !ifh',L:'ioi 'M) COKllKsl'OXDENCi: WITH I)i;. ASA C.H.W loo To ]))'(i\t' ;iii ;iflinii!iti\ ('. II it i> to he an rtcnial slfc|i. iii> (l(»iil)t it is Ix'ttcr to li\<' as we arc tlitiii in tin' cci-tainty of a (lodlcss iiin'\ »')••>(•. IJiit althoii;^h Wf cannot find any sniT ans\\(r to this nionicntons ,|iit'^tion. I camiol hclj) fcflin.L' that it is rra^oiiahh' (al- tlidii'jh it may not he ortliodox) to cherish this much taitli. that if tlici'c is a (hxl. whom, when we sec, wo r;il " ca nnot >'.i III 11 tiiily woi'ship as well as (h'ca(! i' 'IjKiflii'sl l)c a (m)(1 who will thwai't tlic ■foii;^' desire winch Me lias implantcfl ni ns c wuisni)) Mim, :iicivly hecausc we camiot find cvi^. n^-c cnou^^'h fn hclicvc this or that docti'iiic of (]> matic 'riiC(»lo;^y. \\\\\ I do not know why I shonid thus tronhlc yon with tny ti'onhlcs, nnlcss it is that the kindness of yniir letters has hi-oken thron.L'ii the hars hy which wc Usually imprison such feelinus from the world. \iiyh(»w, I thank yon for that ]ti;tii I'';iit li ; he 1 i;i(l ii('\('r (l()iil)t,('(l tli<' l)i';iiity, the iiioi'iil Wdiili, t)„. att.r;i''t.i(iii of tli;it, f;iifli. And with liiiii it. \\;i- wh;,: Duiitc ill liis • P;ir;i(li->n; l)ehef, always ))erfectly fair and canchd, and there wnv not a few who. since \\\> death, liaxc sj)okeii ef \\\r real lielj) whi(di he j^a \ e them He (hd not (hup it - lij.;"i()iis ()l)ser\anees; on Snn(hiy in Loudon he ii>ii;illv Went to ( 'hi'ist Chiircdi, .Mhaiiy Street, of which tii. pi'eseiit liishop of St. .Xhjaus was theu vicai', and \*^\ some yeal's at (ieaines he luid a sliort Eveniu;.^- Scr\i( < for quests and sei'\ants who coukl not dri^'e ten inili- to (diui'(di. This sei\ ice, unless a (der^^yman liai)|)ened t () III- stayin.L;" at (i<'anies, he eoiuhu-ted liiuiself, and eii(ii it l)y reading;- a sermon. Ht> had all his i^reNbytciin ancestors" love for a ^ood di$C(jurse, and serious cffoii had to he made to |)re\'<'nt him from readin,^" too 1 1)1: a sermon Mo/ley V M'ni\ei'sity Sermons' he liked piiit cuhn'ly, and wIkt, thest; were di\ided, the\ we federated hy liis audience, w ho at iii'st considered the much too lon,L;-. I le also re;id many of Dean (IniK I sel'inons. lie tirst, knew the heaii in IS.S:}, and altli(»ii-ii oid\' Went \er\' occasioiiall\ to the i)eaiier\. lie \\;i- c'reatly impressed hy the strikiiiu' peisonality o{ t ^reat di\iiie and s(diolai', whom to know was to |ii\i The Dean's i)eautiful >t\ le. hi> L;reat, leai'niuL;, hi- intc n !!•'.'•• ( oi:ki:sI'OM>j:n('j: \m ih tiii: i;i:v. i". r.\(ii:T i.*;? Itclual >vin|);itli\' with perplex it i(••^;ll id t roil I )lcs of licii rt 1 mind, iiiid t Ik' iiidotiiiiiMr air of dist iii>-> of t lioUj^lit. tlie !i:'||'a 1 liei^^lits implied m l)ean rlmreirs writiii; .rl/J tl r(l on tlH' mni( 1 of one w lio. 1 X'Vond all else lie • reneed personal eharaetci" and personal n'ood- lie really enjoyed n-adiii;^ I )eaii ( "hnreir> sermons, ;illil th ■y <'.\ereised mneh inllueiiee on him, I- or Nrwiiian, on the othei" hand, he had little likin;^', and indeed he never did Xewnian adeipiiite jiist ice. lie had proiinsed a friend just hefore his death to read iiidie of Newman, and diseo\e)' for himself the ^^reat i:ift> of that wonderful man. hut there was not time. Only one hit of Newman's wriiin.L:; Wiis dear to him, • Lead, kindly Li^^ht.' The follow'in*^ letter rose out of a eonversat ion \lr. lloniHiies had with Dr. I'a;:<'t. durin;; one of tin; <),\f(»rd visits : Till' r;tl;.c.', Kfv: .liinc 1 •'.. 18Hf). My dear Komanes, — I have often and anxiously tlii)ii,L;ht over the (piestion whi(di you a^ked me when .'HI wrre at Oxford tihout youi' hoy's education, and llu' part which you should take in his reli,L:ioiis train- in^': and r would venture, with nio-^l true and :iff it yoiii" childicii may iicxt'i", in tlicii' latci' years, feci ti \oii ever taught thciii an}tliiii,L;' wliicli you did i l)L' licv (' : oil t'\t'r\ ''I'ouiK I I 1 oil'!" to a\()i(l ail (laip't I (h sucli a tliou^^dit crossiiin' their minds. Hut at th same time I do loii,_; tliat they may 1h' s[)ared td tii very hist jjossihh- moment the kiio\vled,L;e that in ti: jud^^iiieiit of tlie mind which they, I hope, will ind- revereiKM! and lov( the ii )f tl ){ises ot tlieir I'eli^ioiis ir and hope ai'e uiKM'i'tain. It is only far on in lift, think, that a man comes to realise either the \a->! in portaiice of thing's which are not held with ahMilu* cta'tuinty, or the mysterious and comj)le\ nature of ti: act of faith, and the discipline of ohscurity, and til way in which real s[)iritual [)n)^ress may be ^■oiii'^n where the mind seems only to he holding" on, iin i were, with fear and tremhliii';-. rp I'o a l)o\' of sixteen the mere knowledge of ii ICf taiuty in his father's mind may (h'ain all th.t iii()i;i! (•()<^'ency out of tin* whole conception of religion ; — tli' very suspicion of the uiicertiiint\' ma\' unnei've liii!: more than the full realisation of the douht woiili! (dian^'e his father's aim and ho])e in (h)tn<^' liis dutv. And so, at the risk of [)aiirin^- you — hidiexc mc, i would rather have the pain than give it you — and pVt - suminu \er\ thankfulK on tlie^wish of which vn;; spoke, I would plead that y(»ur (diildreii miglit reiiiiiiii as long as possible in ignorance of your iniceitaiiit} and an\iet\ ; that they should onl\- know in a geiicnil S (' way that the religious inlluences, the pi'inciplt their (iodward Hfe which they recei\-e, are gi\eii ti them 1)> vour \\\>\\ — that \'ou would have them g^ [j:TTi:it TO i)i:. iwcv/i' J.-j!J uj. iiftcr that type, with that hope and aspiration ; ,111(1 I wniiid plt'ad that for Huir suLrs yoii shouhl surter the pain, ,L;"i'cat as it niav hr, (if hcin.n' I'cticriit uhcic y(»ii ion.L;' to \)v vwv (•(innnunicatixt', cvci- uni't*- >fr\r(l. \o\\ may he nn>p('akai)iy thankful sojnc dav tli;ir yoii (hd s(» suffci- : —and, \vhatc\ cr conu's, yoii w ill i„- >inv of yoni- cliilch-cn's dcfpcst Ionc and .gratitude, It ('\t'i' they should Know that this was one of \()ur ;i(t> of s('lf-saci"itic(' foj- tiicin. IMt'asc for.L;i\t' iiic, dear lioniani'^, whci-c I iiavo uritteii hhnid(M'in,L;ly, of .L;i\('n you unnccosai-y [)aiii. I pray (lod to i^uidc and tcacli and uladfh'n hoth you ;il!i 1 \(iins, and 1 am Youi' aflcctionatt' fi'icnd, 1 ' ii.\.\( IS 1 \(;i;t, Giiuiifs, lIoss^-sliii( . N.I;.: .1 111!!' '^4. 1HS»;, My deal" Pa,L;t't, — J shoidd indeed re(|uii-e to be iiiadc of uiuhdy sensiti\-e material, if either the txtifiiie kindness of your thought or the most con- -idcrate delicacy of your expression could ,ni\c me [)ain. I'aiii I have, hut it is of* a kind that is I )e\(>iid the power of fri likel\' to !'rn\c dil'ticiilt of Milutioii ; althoii.-h theor(,'ticall \, or i> a matter (>f ethics, 1 do think it i » a comi)le>, "} 1G(.I Gi:uH(ii: .101 IN i:(>M \ni:s (|U('>ti()ii wIicIIk'T (<»r how t;ir) pMicnt-^ -should ttiici. (lo.U'ltiiis as facts, or liiattcis of laitlt as inattcix of knowlcd.uc Happily. lio\\c\cr, ctliirs ai'c to iiionils Very iiiiicli wliat. shadow is to viinshiiif ; and in ^tt i;- iii.u to follow the ri.Lihl oi' the ,uood. instinct is ofi Ix'ttci' ^nidc than sNJlo^isni. '•11 And now. Ill coii( hisic'ii, let iiic cndoa vour — iiKnl 1( (piatcly as it nmst Ix — to express niy deep st-nsi ^(rat.itiide to you for haviii.L;" so earnestly taken tronhles into yoiir consideration. I assure nou t \oiir letter has tcaudied iiie truly, and that on account I am iiioi-e than evei' happy to siihsciihc 1 se ^dii;- atfecl i(»iiate lii( lid, ( 1 1 (». .). I io\| \M s. oiii'iial sa \ s /ly/y/V I"J, |SS."i.— Went witll the Cluuvll fatinl\ t^ St. Paul's and heard a line sennoii from Dr. Liddm:. lie s|)oke N'ei'y tfiiudiin.^iy of l.ady Selhoriie's dc.itli. and also alluded to Max Midler's new hook. Have heeii to i^tl('i(lerei'*s Hihheil Lectures.' Wi met Plleiderer the other day, and he dcscrilicd ;i Sunday in whi(di he had tried to study lvi.uii>li reli.i^ious life. Spui'i^'eoii, Tarkei', and, I thinl-;. SUiji ford iirooke or Ihiwcis, I for.uet wlii(di, he took ;i-< sanijilesl rileiderer also went to St. {'auks eii tin day the l>ishop of Hiiicolu - was consccrate(k aiid a- he ,n()t w it hill eai'sliot he heard \h\ Liddoii's >il\(r\ \-oice proiiouiicin.L!,' his own name //Urt r's Irciiiic that St, I'l'. sci'iiii'd to bf a v(i\ Imrcl mil Tor llif li'cliiifi' tn ciaclx. ■ 1 'r. Kin:-' !>''.»'» (;iv\Nii:s ir.i i^ iiKc^l .inm^iii.L;'. Mr. I loi'slmi-i^h Mskcd t,\vi) comic riddles: * Why nrc men like ttdcsc(>))cs and women like Iclc.i^l'iims :' * Mci" ai'c like telescopes, hecaiise tliey a I'e made to II,' di'aw n out and shut up ; and WdUU'ii are like lelo -t;uii-^ hccaiise they t'ai" exceed the males (mails) in iiitrlli.^-elico. (i. liddlcd ;it an amateui' conceil at Tain. Mr. l'\(ialton is here, lie tnld u-> an annisin.L;" , iiil(l"s (juestion : ' Now did saii>^a,nes .uet alou.n' when \- wci'e aliv(! Td M is.s ( '. /.'. Hull/ (I I/IS. ( ii .uiic-^. li lure : nox fiiiiici" i I...1-7. ISH." Tile two I'jthels let! t his aft eriKiDii ////'////.s t heii' lu: lie ( W :r Awd luiudieon, \\hi( h ai'ii\ed at the ^tarion with l(i,U-curt just as the ti'ain was lea\in,u. Tathetic as to se(! tlu'ii" liun;^ry eyes lo(d\inL; at the neat ui' lieon hasket tVom the ti'ain window s I We aic all .(ii here. L is Jierc. He has mow lii'ed his lirst iMiidred cai1i'i(l'!('s, and has nothiiiu tu -^how hut* a 'r^' "1 ;irr of cats which he took a pot slmt at in the ti'ees. N'i)\ cmln 1' 12. 1 am now playim;- at the last day in the old hous<', 11(1 (loin,^ so in the lihrai'y all hy mi\n( If. |, — left 'lis iiiorniii,L;, and we all lea\e t (i-mminw . (lei'ald "W leads nu' li'om one I'oom 1 ( > aui't Ih'i'. and a tt er opeii- il: t lie ddoi' and lookin.n' I'nu nd ea( h sa \ s, • AH i^one ! ' I lia\e somewhat i'(die\('d the Mioiioton\ of m\' t;n\ life li\ huNiiiL; a hoi'se Tl lis \ou will no nllll 'I ;i t think is a pui'chasc wtdl t nned and 1 Inis worthy )hilosopher. k'or six months at least I shall IG2 (iiioiuii: .loirx i{OM\Ni:s I'^i have to |);iy foi- liis K'ccj). mid iicxcr h.'ixc ;i cliiincc (,f it single i)it. of Use tor liiiii ;ill tlmt lime. 'S'ct , st i;iii<_n to s;i\, I tliiiik I li;i\(' iiiiidc ii Li'ood h.ir'jjiiii. \n/\, I'lili lllill lijll . |)ilicd 111 |);dllM'll\. W Mr. ;iiid Mi's, (ibidstoiic, ;iiid niso Liciitciiiiiit ( of Ai'ctic faille. .Vm/-., fjoiifldit. — I )iiiiM'r w itii the !•'. (fultoj <■ l!M' I lie 1^. illl'l iiH'i llic Lcckys and other nice people. Mr. (l.ilt says tilie study of statistics fascinates liini pi->t skating' on tliiii ice does some people- it's sopeiiji, I)!. llcturiiiiiL:' for a little while t" the scieiitilic \\(ii ! { of these years, one may saylliat tfiey were clncf' de\-ote(l to the more philosophical side of his worl , a TKitiiralist. ^ 'Animal lllt<'IIi,^•en^e/ 'Mental M\'oliiti(»ii ii Animals," appeiiivd respect ixcly in J.SHI and |ss.; and are works desi,L;n<>d to prove that the law ( ; evolution is universal, and applies to the mind ef iii;ii as well as to his hodil)- organisation. Mr. Iiomanes read widcdy and ol)>er\e(l mia h. ;ii i no one less deserxcd the char,L;"e of writiiii: witliMir (»l)ser\ in,*;", or of hein^- a ' paper philosopher.' Ilntl these hooks ahoiind in t»tories of animals, and aiv ful (»f interest for anyone earing at all for ' l)easts,' (|iiilt apart from the special ohj( ct of the hooks. liectiirin.n' and re\iew in.L;' \Vere, so to speak'. p:i> times to him, and ,L;a\(' Itim little troiiljle. Om- lecture ^d\'eii at the KNtyal I iistitution on ''{'he .Meiit; I )i Cfe re nces hetweeii Men and Women ' drew upon tin head of the unlucky lecturer a ,nreat storm of indi^'- natiion — w hy, t he w riter of tins memoir has iie\ ci' In ■(•! ahle to discoNcr. In May 1SS(), .Mr. IJomaiies read a paper IjcImiv the Linneaii S()ciet\' on * I'll ysiolo-^ical Select inn. ,ii a( Iditional suL:"H"(»st ion on t he orii'iii of species." T IH81- llticc of -.1 l';ilicril(iii-. tic worl. • cliift''. iti'Oi ii; 11(1 Ihh:',. 1S?'J rilVslnl.Oi.K \L ^^i:ij;( Tlo.N If,.! icll. Ill:'; withnii; I'.o!! ;iri' fill . ' diiil' M Cllllll illinll )t llKllU- .\ el' lifi'll ■r hctniv ■1 itiii. all |);i|icr \\;is the (tiitcoiiM' (it iii;iii\ \c;iis" nIikU ot the |)|iil(is()|)liy nf cNoliitioii. (JiiriiiL; wliicli lime lir IkkI 'jr;i(lii;illy IxM'ii coiiiiiiL; to tlir (•(»ll(■lll~^i(lll tli;it ii;itiir;il M Ire t ion (ill I not Ix- I'c.L^iirdi'il ;i^ t lie -^olc L;ni(liii'_' l;ict or ill tlic pi'ndiictioii of Npfcic',, l)iit tli.it, llicrc nnisl hr Millie ot.ln'i" ciinsc lit, work in dncct in,n' the coinsc of cMiliition. The llu'ory of n;itMi;il x'Icctidii lots on two (|;i-,scN of ol)srr\;il)lc f.ict^: 111^1, tlmt ;i|| plii nt > ;i lid ;iliilii;ils ;ii-o cli^^Mj^cd in ;i pclpct ii;i I ^t ni^^'^^lc tor cx- i>trlicc, there heili^ in ('\-ery '_;elier;it ion of e\ery N|)t'ci<'s ;i ^^rciit iiijiny more indi\idii;iK Ixuii timii ciiii |M)ssil)ly siir\i\(' ; and seeondl\ , t li;it t lie olfs|)riji;^>,, al- tlidii.nli closely rcscnihIiiiL; t he parent forni.do present iii(li\ i(hial \ ariatioiis. It toljow >, t lieretore, t hat tlio^e idixidiiais prdseiitin.L; Nariation m ;iii\ \\;i\ heia licial theiii in the strii;^,L;lc for existence will sur\i\eas ih'Iiil: t he titt(^st to (jo so, Nat iMc, m > t o spea k, select in;^^ nit a in indi vidua Is of each .i^eiierat ion, enahlni'j, t licin Mit only to li\-c tlH'iiis(d\ es, hut also to t ra iisiint t heir 1 (if iiiiii. I lr-iiiirai)le (pialitics to their otfsprin.L;. If a special liiir (»f xariation is iii sonic way preser\e(|. there may ii>iilt: a \ai"ict\' so fixed and so distinct from t.lic -r\) |)iiiviit, and collat.cral r<'laled forms as to constitute a iiiat,e species. i"'iiilher, since the en\ironnient (/.r. the slim total the external condition-- of life) is coiitiniially iiii.uin^", it follows t.hat iiatnral selection ina\ slowly k w-^ I ''^'''" " ^NP*' '" Jidapfation to the sjowly chaii,L;iii,L,' lie On. S ■ ii\ ironincnf , sind it in ;iny ( ase fjc alterations dfccted are siitrK'ieiit in a mom it to lead iiat lira li-^t s to till H Inline the result, a distinct species. flr/7i natural selec- I'lii has transmuted one specific t \ pt into unother. Mr. Koinaiies poiiite(| oiil tiiat the t lieor\ of atiiral selection oiil\ a<((iiints lor ^iicli or^^anic liallU'eS as are of //sc to the specie> \)\ Use siellif\"- ii'j life-preser\ iii,L( — that it is. in fact, a theory of tho Til IG4 (;i:oH(.i-: .lonx i;()M\ni:s 1881- y\*^'\]\ and cuiiiulativc (Icvclopiiiciit of adaptat ioiis. hctlici' these ])t' distinctive nf ^peeics, or of iiciiera. faiiiili ies. Classes, o Vc nil The (piestioii then arises, do species (h'lfei' fit s))ecies sulci ij in ])oiiits of a useful chai'acter, as tlicv uudouhtedly sliould do if natui'al selection has \)vc\\ the sole factor in their format ion '.* Iii\est iuation shows that systeinatists reco.uiiise a s[)ecies hy a collection of characters, tlu \alue of ;■ character depending' not on its /////////, hut upon \\<> sldliilifij; in fact, a lai'^^e propoitiona' n.unihe)' of specific clia- rjicters, such as minute details of structure, form, and colour, a;"'' wholly without i!:e min;;' from a utilitarian Doint ol view I nv('sti«'ahon i'lrther shows tliat tin most ixcneral of all t ii of ;l tl'Ue species i (■roHs-iiifcrtilitji, that is. the nfertility of the ortsprin- »f two in(li\ idurds helor, t his, it was uriJ'fK :1 to separate specie 1)1 ()(' lie to th e act Kill dl natural selection, f-istly, apart from the primary disti'Cuion of cross-infertility, and the inutility of so many of iJn secondary specific distinctions, neither *);■ wiiu li CM!, ])e explained i);, the action of natural sel(>ction, M r. llomaiies was stron^dyof tlie opinion that eM'ii if a heneficial \ariation did arise, the swaiiipini; effects of free inteicrossiiiij" \\()u!d reahsoi'h it. and so render cNolution of species in divei'^'ent lines, mn distin;^uished from linear transmutation, impossihle. This last dilliculty can only he met hy assuming' that thesiime heneficial \ariation ai'iscs in a numl)cr (it individuals simultaneously, foi- wlnCh assiiiiiption our present kiu^wled^'e furnishes no warrant. It naturiil selection is hrou^iiht forwai'd as the sole factor in th(^ ,i;"uidaiice of oi'.Lianic evolution, then he cmi- sider(>d that these dilliculties remain insuniiouiit- if, 1 ihle ; if, howmer, it is rei()L(»(.i( \L >i:li;( TioN t;i(t(ir, nr tiictors. rt'-l)i('il (tt this pMpcr to sii,n',L;»'>t iiiMitlicr tuclor iii tlic toriiiatioi! of spi'cics. wliicli, :iltlioiiL;h i iiilri„ mlnit of iiiitiiriil M'lcct ioii, \\;i^ ill no \\;i\ "p/msrd to it, 1111(1 iiii^iit l)t' cillcd s/iiiji/riiinihn // to it, ;;!i(| \\;f> .it the same time ,;ipal)|(' of cxiilaiiiiiiL:' the fa(•t-^. of tlic im/fi/if// nf' nidii'/ ><'(■/ fir (lid incfris, tllr i less-/ n hlf // / f // ( f dllii'il sni'ins, and the iioii-iu-cii rrrmr of //''r i iifn rios.s/ ihi. \\'V\ ])v\i'\\\ indicated, Mr. 'loniancs' line (if •frunniriiu i> as follows I- \{'V\ u'ciKiat K til o f cv • ' \ .-^Ijcih's presents an t'liorinoii^ iiiiinhfr of \ariations, of v.liic'i iiiilv IIk' ones that lia()pt'i! to \h' useful ai'c pr<'>«ir\ cd )\ iiatiii'al selection, Tl ic iix'los variations art ill(i\\c(l to (lie out innnediatelx li\ iiilerctvt^Niiiu;'. { 'onsetpiently, if intercro^-^inu lie pr* NcntcK il IS 11(1 reason \vli\- iiiiii>eful \anatioiis 1 d not < re It • pcrpet iiated by liere(lit\ (piite a.s iimkIi as iixdiii oi when under t lie niiisiii.L; intliieiict of i;,it nral -(''-'ct i;,!i Tliiis, if from aii\ caii-^e. a sc lioi; of •, -lu-ci; s e pr ('\ented from inter(ro>^iiiL; wit!; the t^-st oi it piii'ent form, it is to he expected thai new v;:rielie> — ii'tlie most |)art of a tri\i and uiMisetiii 'li'd — mid arise witliin that m ion, and in time pa' Ml( into new species. I lii> >ii! i->itioii 'Oi'lie o: it hv the nature of the llora am. .anna of ocv'iinic i^lands, ich are particularly ric' in jx'ciiliar spec ics, and where intercrossin.u' wa: (■(MitSe, preNeilled With f the I ( ) the ori.i^'inal parent form^ hy the aetioi ucti,L;raphical houndaries. llowcNcr, closely allied -|)e< ie> are not alwiiy-, or t'\('ii .n'eiierally, se))arated h\ i^eon'raphica I hoiindai'ie^, ;iiiil the cross-infei't ilit \ remain-- to lie explained. (ardinal feature of Mi e ima nes t lieolA is I hat, the initial step in the oi'i.uin of species is the ai'isiii;^ iif tlii^ infertility as an independent variation, hy which, free iut ercros^iiiL: w il li the parent fo.'iii on a ICG (;i:()H(;j-: .iohn uomaniis coiniiioii iirt'H is ])rc\t'iit('(l, and spccilic dirtd'ciit iiitiMn rendered |)(»ssil)le. Innuiiier;d)le varieties ai'e kimwii to oceiu" whicli do not pass into distinct specii >. the I'eason l)ein,n' that this initial vai'iation, thai i-., incipient infei'tihty \vheieh\ t he swampin.u" eriecN(tf intercrossing;- ini^ht he ol)viate(h was hickin,^. and tin \a)'iations l)ecaine i"e-ahsorl)e(L That is, ^iven ;iiiv (h'^ree of sterihty towards the paicntal forni \\lii(li does not extend to tile \arietal ionn, then a luw species mnst take its oi'i^in. Without the l>;ir nt sterility, in Mi'. IJonianes* opinion, Iree intercro>>iiiL, must render the foi-niation of s])ecies inipossiMr. Mutual sterility is thus the cause, not tiie I'esult. nl specitic diffei . ntiation. As re^ai'ds the occui'i'eiici' "t t his initial \ ariation, the i'e|)i'o(luctive system is kiidwn to he hi_<4hl\- \ariahle, its \ariahility takin*^' the tniii' eithei' of iuii'eased h'l'tility. oi' of sterility in all dei^rci -. and ue ; for, as you s;iy, he would only show that he can estahlish an association hetweeii a phi'ase and a tlu'iin' (whether ohiect, ; ;alit\',or action), and ahout this there is no (juestioo. I he (juestion is whethei I'll •th( he (■■AW use verhc il si;4ns, lu^L only as stereotyped ni jilmises (when they are really e(|ui\al«'nt to only one wnrd), hut as movahle ty])es, which he can transpose [iii'tlie pui'pose of ex])ressin,n- (/Iffci-ii/f ideas with the siiiiir words. lie writes conceniin;^' ;' Junior Scieiitilic Society liich had a meetin.u to discuss his theory : 'The meetin.i;' was the best fun ima.uinahle, the aiicr was merel\- a statement of in\ theor\ 1)\- a ,L;ot Up and voiuil: man who mac le it ver\' deal' txpi'cssed disapproval of the theory, hut expressly declined to ar^ue, so I had merely to ,L;i\(' him sona; • ■halt. The youn.u' men hi,L;'hly enjoyed it. tlie\ were enthusiastic in their aiJulause Aft erwards I ha\t' no doubt, if I had not heen present , t he cla >s \\i'iild ha\('hi'da \ ei'y ditfercnl impression hot h of me iiiiil m\- theor\.' 1G8 (.IKMKii: .lolIN K()M,\Xi:s '/■'. /'/-/ rs.sar Mrhh,hi. (jiitiiies : Scjiti iiil'ti Id. l'^>i . |)('iir ridlcNM)!' Mcldola, — IMiysiolo^iciil scKmIi.: scciiis to li;i\(' l)r(iu^lit, ;i I'c^iilar iicst of lioiiicts ulni;;- my liciid. It I liiid known tlicrc was to lia\c l)i i so iiiucli talk al)out it at the l>i"itisli Association I slionld lia\(' ,l;(iii«' up to defend the new-horn. II \i uei'e thei'e, can Non let iiie i^now tile main ohjec tmi . tiiat were ni'.u'ed/ It seems to me there is a lioik; deal of misMiiderstandin.n' ahioad, dtie, no donht. !■ the insiilliciencN with whicli my tiieory !ia> hct : stated. In ' stiidyin,L^" ' tlie papei', thej'efore. piiMM keej) steadily in \ iew that the hackljoiie of the wli'i' eo'.isists in rei^ardin.L; mntnal sterility as the ninsi [^<\ at. least, the chief ( nn : ' N'ariation," ii. pp. 171 IT-").) Now, if this \ iew 1m sound, my theoiA is ohxionsly not I'estl'ict.ed to ;i!i; one (dass of causes that may induce mntnal >lcril Such cases ma\ he eitliei' extrinsic oi' inti'iusn il\ re.L^afds the I'epi'oduct i\ e system ; they ma\' he eit ni: direct in their action on that, system or indirc( t i n.dural scdection, (H" use and disuse, (Vc. pa'odia luoi'pholouical changes elsewhei'e, which in turn I'tM't on that systeiu): therefoi'e tlh'se causes iua\ .i< ' eithei'on a few or on many in(h"\idua!s. ^'et\\Mll;l<^ does not seem to see this, hut argues in thc'l'i'il- ni^htly ' that they can only act on an in(li\i(hi;d hcu ;Mid there. l'llV>l()L(i(.l( \L >I:LI:( TION i»;'.» I ^illCCl'cK l|M|)f \(i|| will 'ji\i' \nlll- ;it lent inli to ;|ir >iil)jc(t. I)('c;i !!>>(• tile L^rcMf (|;ili'_;t'r I liow tnir i -; i,ifjii(lic<' ;i,L:;iiii^t the tlif(ir\ nii Mccdiiiit of pcMplr \\n\ • tkiiiL; t lif t roiihlf f (» iiiidciNl ;mi(| it . I low .-ihsiird :,.r cxjiiiiplt', ,L;i\ iii.L; tli;it (|ii(tt;it idii l'''()tii '()riL;in' in N;itiir('/ ;is ex irjfiicc of M i\ I );ii'\\ in's h;i\iiiL; cmh- .idcivd the tlicory. Kcid uitli it.> cdnt cxt , t 1h' |»iis- > iLjc is ;ir,L;iiiii^' ( iiiU(di ;il:;i iii->t t lie w ritcr's dcsirr) t li;it ,;in;it imis ill the \\a\ ot sterility wit li pniTiit tni'ins !i!ii(it l)c sci/cd upon (or pcrpct ii;itc(l ;is s|)c(ilic dis- •;ii(t idiisi hy iiMtiiral ^(d('(•tioll. lint p!iyNiolo'_:ic;il M Ifclioii s;iys tli;it sindi \ ariiit ioiiN Jo i/af i-c(iiilri li> l>f .■':n/ /1 11(11/ liij mil lira I sihctimi. 'riu'r(d(»r»', >o tar as •'!(' piissa.u'c in (picstioii pfoxc^^ aiiyt liiiiL;, it, tfii(U to ~:in\\ that notllin^' could lia\c hccii t'liii lirr tVoiii the ,111(1 ot the writer than a thcor\ \\lii(d! would liaNc .iidcrtMl his whole ;U";^iiiiieiit Niiperlliioiis, and I can ~ aicely heliexc that, if the theoi'y of physiolo'^icaj MJfctioii had e\ cr oceiiri'ed to him, he W(tiil(l not liaxc iriiti'iiicd it. if only to state his ohjeetioii^ to it. as r Ims done with i"(\n'ai"d to so many idea> of a miudi •■>> fc'oihie (dial'a(d('r. I write at leii.nth hecaii-^e I \aliieyoiir piduineiit ! )iv than that of almost a iiyhody (dse upon a siihjcet ! iliis kind, and tliereforc I should like it, to he '_;i\('n 'itli your eyes open. rrejiidiee at tiist there mii^t, '■. l)iit there need not l)e misimdeista iidiii'_; ; and !i\;ite correspondence shows me that the theory has :liv;i(ly sti'iick root in some of the hest minds who 1" iiiiderst and it. A ii\' ex')lanat ion, theref(tre, w ill he ;i(ll\ LiiNeii NCii i)\ oiiis \ery truly, (li;o. .1. 1 kOM.\NF,.S. 170 (iiioHci: .loiix i:()M \m:s ifc^. Tn /•'. Ih I iiri II , sd K'iinii' '>\ fliltn I .). I »>t'. I)(';ir l);ir\\iii, — I ;iMi iiiiicli interest r(l l)y tlit . closed, Mild tliei'efore iinicli ()l)li;^('d to yon tor l.tn hie see it. liiit^ it, would luive i)eeii iiiiide ;i Ixii, 'answer' it it had ,L;(tiie on to say soiiietliiii;^ ii'ik,, tile relation of such an experiment (siipposiii;^ it n;;, cesst'iil) to tli<' (juestion of orij^inatin;^' a s|i»« ii . Some weeks a^'o 1 was plaiiniii;^' with a friend closely analogous experiment, hut desi^^ned td ;,i (luce a " himily ' which would he sterile toward-, th majority of the parent form, or not only toward-^ n; other 'family.' And it seemed to me that if ;ii, could he done it W(tuld amount to the artiti(i;i creation of a new species hy conscious selection u\ physiological kind. liiit,, as hir as I can .nathei" from the enclosed, ti idea seems to he that of experimenting" on tiirtd [lit (iitions lead in^' to sterility; not that of reL;ai()ii sterility, however conditional, as itself the coiiditi' of specific (li\-er^('nce. fii other words, the pa S^ill.' seems to .l;o upon the supposition that sterility is tin rosult and not the cause of sp( cific divergence. 1)^ if so, I do not see tluit it alfects the (juestion \\lill iiiLJ 1( I ;ili>\\ t r It M|- liiv |i;irt I tliiiik tli;it :ill tlii^liicnl iiit icisin ;it the p-t lit I II net lire IS ;i nil lic(| (ipposit i(»ii- those \iiii Jilt' ill t.ivdur do Hut piililisli (uily Ix'c,! ii--c if iiiii\' , 1(1 to cliokr off co-dpcrnt ion in ( ;ii'i'yin^ out the <'\- MiiiM'iits ; Mild it \\;is iny the s;ik((»f scciiriiiu' jissist- rf ill so l;il)oriolls ;i rt->c;i I'f -li tli;it I pul)ll>licd t.iic .L'fst inn in out line. I wonder ulio ( 'iitrhpole is".' \\\^ iiiiswri' in Nature " to Wallace won't (\\k ^ oiiis \(r\ t iiily, (il.o. .). I o\i WI.S. ice. l>ii> ,soci;itl". e"s olijcc- cill inii^l'. is CorMuall Tii'i-jht. i;ci:> 172 (iiioiifir; JOHN linMAMis l'?M run. Tlicii, wlicthci' the results pi'ovc |) i • free interci'ossin.i;' (which appeal's to nie the t,\\\\- point in which I (h'\iate at all ffoni the M )iiniii ,,f Species"), hut it is nnich too lai';^'e a suhject t dealt, with in a re\iew. My ,L;i'eatest ditlicidt\ Iki, is t(t concei\c the possibility of dilTerent iai (listiiujiiished from t I'ansinutation in lineal' (I li lull l;|. W ithoiit the assistance of isolation in M'lif soMie tdfiii allot Uer. ours \('r\ truh (iKO. J. I kimam: Dear Darwin, — Criticisni of an intelli,L;-eiit kiiifl i- what I feel most in need of, and therefore it i> i.i merit, on my part to like it, when it comes. 'i'lie point ahout the comhilied action of li;itiii;il and physiological selection is, aft.er all, a very ^iil- onliiiate one, and, as I said in ' Nature' some wn!,- a<^"o, is the most lii.uhl)' speculative and least tiih!- w'oi'thy part of the tli"ory. Moreoxcr, it is tlifonly part that is directly opposed t (» an expressed coiicliisji : in the ' Ori^'in,' thou.^h, cncii here, the opp(i>itii i is not real. If natural selection fan do aiiytlii'.i- at all in the wa\' of hrinijiiiij' ahout sterilit\ wii! .— 1 ' ' ' .-1 parent forms, it can only do so hy actin,^' on tlic t\i oi" whole community (for I (piitc a,'4ree with t!. r(\asoiiiiin' in the • ( )ii'_;in,' that it, cannot do s" '' h9'' I'li^ si()i,()(.ir,\i, sj;ij:( Tiox to ddlll'' hod. aiiswcr \: ; ('|■t^(■t^ , • thr .11:1, jccl 1(1 '■'! icilll\ hi>. 1 i;it iiMl i:;- ciir M'lu- lie loi'iii I ■' ]]\li <»1 illK iii(li\ifliials) ; and wlictlicr natural selection 1 ill any case act on a type i> a (juestion which ;ii' father has told nie lie could ne\er (jiiite make I his mind ahout. except in the case of social iiiciieptei'a and moral sense ol man. \\i\\ will see what 1 mean h\- ' ^ecoiidar\' \aria- ii'iii men (IIIK h\- look in: it paj <' '■)(')('> of my paper It IS 1\- a short-hand expression foj- all ot her Npecilic reiicessa\"e the sexual dilTei'eiice of sterility. My that these secondai'y dilTereiices are always lew IS «111V to arise sooner or latei" in some direct ion or a not her \\lifre\('r a portion of a species is separated fi'om the iv^.wlH'ther hy <^'eo,L,n'aphical or physiological isolat ion, wiiicli. iiideful, as re,L;ar(ls the foriiK-r, is no more than , (ill (following' \\'eisinann, (Vc.) a(d\nowle(l;^"e. .Now, to :iic it seems ohvious that Weisinaiiirs ' xai'iations " w'.r. slitjht (dian^'es in the foi'iii of shells) cannot IIISsI l)ly he theinsehcs my ' physiold^ical sports,' iltlKiii.nli they may \'ei'y W(dl he the coiise(pieiices of ilrll ;i) 111 a spoil, leadin;^" to physioloi^ical iscdat ion, and so dependent \ai'iatioii in two or three directions -iiiiiiltaiieously, till afterwards hleiided hy inter- 'nissiu<.f. And my I'eason for thinkin.L;' this is that WCisiiiamrs variations' always arose in crops jit I iMiniioiislv lon;^^ intervals of time. ()n the mere Inctriiie of (dijuices it therefore hecomes impossihle 'I >ilppose that ea(di ol these xariatioiis was due to M'|)!irat(' physiolo,L;ical sport, althoiiLih it is easv to '■<• liow ea(di crop of them nii,Liht ha\e hren so. I-'or, it. w h\- should t he\' alwa\ ave arisen in croj) nil iiieiiiher of wlii(h was (h-nioiist ra hl\' fertile with ither ineiiihers of that crop, while no 1 ess J 71 f;i:oK(iK .loifN uoM.\xi:> 1?S1- 'i d('ii)oiis1,i';il)Iy stci'ilc with flic oi'i^'iiml piD'cnt fMii),' Tlici'i'lorc, what \ sec in thcx' hicts is pi'cciscK wli.it, upoii my theory, I should ('.\])ect to sec, \i/. first. :, ' |)rin)afy \ariatioii," oi' * physiolo^^ical s))ort/ niisiuj jit loii;^' intervals ; seeondh , closely follow iiii; iinni; th IS, a ( ro p of secoiidai'N \ariatioHs ill tl le \\;i\ fr sli^dit ino)'])holo;^i(al ehfiii^'es alfectiiiL;' two oi' tin diffei'eiit 'sti'aiiis' siniuitaiieousl^- ; and thirdK. .n: eventual hIeiidiii.L;" of th<'se sti'ains ])y iiilerciovsii with one another without hein^" ahle to iiitei(r(.>. with the sun-oundiiiL;' and (at Hrst) \-ery iinicl iiuijierous parent form. J3ut I can now 'piite understand why you tl thes(^ facts wei'e 'dead a^oiinst ' me; >()ii tl I iiHin loiu lOllL't that excry sin;^le slight chan^'e of morphology mih' (on my theory) have had a separate ' physi()l(),L(ica! sport " to account for it. This, liowevei", most cii:- phatically is not my theoi-y. J*hysiolo^i( al ixiLi- tion I re;^a)'(l as ha\iii,L; niorphol()<.^ical conscMpiciK r- precisely analogous to tliose of ,i.;e()<.;"raphical isolatidii: and you would not think of ar,L;uiiin' that there inihi be a separate ,L(eo,uraphical isolation for e\-ery sliu'lit ('han;^-e of structure — foi' , e.\ample, that^/a peniliin species of |)lant ^■lowin.L;" on a mountain top iniM t' (II liave had one isolation to explain its chaiiv form, and another isolation to explain its chuii.ue nf colour. Lastly, if you will look up Ffil<^('ndorf's piijifr about th(>s<' snails of Steinheim, I think you will limi it impossible to su|)po->e that all these little (■ll,•lilUl^ (thus arisin,!^' at loiii;' inter\;ds in crops) can li;i\' been useful. Or, if \ou can still doubt, look up tin ■lit tuiiii : ^t•ly wliiit, L' ;iri>iiiL- .ill.U' Updl; lie WAX f' ) or llnvc hii'dly. ;ii iiitcrcn-. iiucli llluiv )U tlion.ulit II tllOll.L'll* )l(),uy lull-* [\'si()lit;jic;i! I lliosi fll:- '(•;il ixihi- |SC(|11C11CC- isolation ; ici'c iiiii-; ■('i"y sli.u'lil |)c>iili;ii top iiiiM •hiilinV (it cliaii.ut' "f 1 will liii'i call lia\<- )tik lip li" riI^SlOLO(iir\I. SIILKCTIOX li) lO- ,](i-(l\ aiialo,L;diis but liiilcli lai''_;t'r caso of tlic aiii!i i.itf- iii\<'st i,L;at('(l l)y Xciiiiiayr and W iirt('i)l)('r,L;cr. What I iiicaiit al)oiit the sexual system l)eiii,L( ,!„.( i;ill\ liahle to \ariatioii is, that it is specially li;,jil( ?o \ai"iatioii in the way of sterility. In other \\()i'(l>. fhaii.ued (•((iiditioiis ot life nioi'e readily effect \;triatioiis in the priiiiaiy Iiinctions of the sexual .v-tciii than they do in ,L;-eneral morphology. Ihit at me time, I (jiiite a.ui'ee with youi' view that in la>i I'esort all chan,L;'es of structure may he I'ded as dwc to valuations of this system. And, ill see hy tui"nin,L;' to pp. .M71-7'-! of my |)aper, portaiit capital is made out of this docti'ine. Now about makiii;^" too miu h of tiie inutility of itic cliaractcrs ; if I do so, it is ei'i'in;^- on the (If (if natural s(d(H-tion ; for it clearly follows frouj theory that, if there are any us(dess striic- at all, the\- ou^ht to occur with (.greater?) !if >a ;!ii' \dll W 1111 n^ ('( iirt's ivi|iieiicy amon^" species, where (as?) vet natin'al ion has not had time to i"emo\(' them. Ihit I ^flCCt r;ilill(i t think 1 ha\(' here unduly favoured natural '!(■( tioii. i''oi'althou,L;h there ai'e not a few instances li;ii I iif appareutl5Miselcss structures running- throu^^h cNcn ill entire class (as the ' ()ri;.;in " remai'ks), these an^ imt (iiily intinitely less numerous than appar<'ntly :imI('ss structures in s[)ecies, hut are also scvy miicii iiidiv rarely trivial. Now the latter fact, coupled with that of tin* jvatly wider raii.^'e of their occurrence, appeals to iiir intensely to strengthen 'the ar;4iimeiit, from i'jioraiice,' /.c. to,n'i\e us much more justification for Itflifx ini;- that the\' are now, or once were, of iis(\ 17G (Ji:oK(ji: juHX i{()M\Ni:s iSsi- I"'()r in the caso of species, the " ( as the scientific public wei'e concerned) and piddi iriuch criticism. There is a scieiititic orthodoxy as well as a the loLiical orthodoxy ' plus lo\al (uie le I'oi,' tiiid h\ tl ) l;ir ultra-Darwinians Mr. 1 (omaiies was re.t^firdcd ;i> heiui;' stron,L;ly tainted with heresy. 'i'he 'Times' dexoted a leader in Au.i^ust lN>i( tlie thi'ory, and the president of Section I) at t Jiritish .Association at liatli in the ^ame mdntli al criticised it. I [() S ( ,\ shai'[) discussion took pdace in the c(duiiiii ' Nature,' and it is charactei'istic of tliose w ho look tli cliief part in this controNcrsy that their fiinidl relations remained undisturbed. .Mr. Wallace ciiti cised the theoi'v in the ' l''ortni^ht Iw' and Mi LIlCTUKESliir AT KDrXBL'ia.II 1 1 )»\\m (iiiaiH's wi'otc Mil iirliclc in tlic ' Xiiictcfiith Ccnturv ' >(i'il)iii,L;" his l)('li('fs on 1 lie suhjcct . 'I'his tli('()ry was rv close to his heart . and perhaps no [)ai't of I lis work > left nnlinished with iiioi'e keen I'CLiTet. Ih' j)laniie(i a course ol expei-inient s on plants in alpine .^'arden wliich, throu.^'h tile kindness of M. n, Pi'ofessor of Uotanv ;it (leiieva, he was ahie •rcvo l)e,Li'iii on ;i |)lot or .Liroiind near r>oiir,L,^ St. rieri'e, on • ij-reat St. Jicniai'd. Other work (Ii\'erted him a i'<)o( I deal from t his, iit Mr. Jionifines liad always lar,L;"e ])lans of work, lokiiiL;' forward throU''h a course of \-ears. L!S There were some experiniciits on th<' power do iiiisscss of trackiiiu' hy scent, in the autumn (/f ISSC). With this year came the appointment to a I.ee- •;ir<'>liip in the ('ni\'ei'sity of Mdinhuruh on ' The I'hilosophy of Natural History."' 'i'his lectureship Mr. lioiiiaiics held foi' i'nc years, and he enjoyed the : i'liiiu'ht's residence in l^dinhui'u'li it involved, and '';r meeting's with Ivlinhuri^di people. Ile,L;"ave to his a course on the IIistoi"\' of i >ioloL;'\', and then rlass ded to take them throu.uh a course of lectin' es •iillie l^vid(>nces of ()r!_5"anic M\'olution. on the tlieo- f Lamarck, of ^^l•. Dai'win himself, and on ))ost :l•^ I) 'arwiiiian theories. These h'ctures he worked u[) :t() the thl^^ years' course he L!a\'eas l-'ulleriaii Pro- r [dj tKe.l\o\al Institution, with maii\- additions ^sOl 1)| [Iterations. 'I'he siihstance of them now appear •\\ ill 11, Atl lire all' aiier i 'arw in. ])ari.s i. and hiiiie was to liaxc heeii dexoted to IMivsiolouical ^'■li'ction, and enou,L;li was prepared in the form of i.iilcs to justify ])ul)licatioii. At the end of ISSC) 1||(M'(> fell on the Romanes :i;iiily a hitter sorrow. Of the (leanies 'i)rother- :'"i'l,' the hri.^iitest and merriest, a remirkahly hand- ■ Hie. jovous L^'il'l, ahsolutch' Ulisellish and sweet, 'riu'dUifli ihi: IdnJiiPss of r die. ifci* death was a teiTihle soitow not only to lirr ov.i, iniiiiediate circle of relations, l)ut to the friends :>, whom she had heen as a vei'y dear sistc.T. On M\-, Jionianes this (h-ath, so sudden and so stall lin.', inad<' a dee)) and lasting' impression. I'^roni llii> time nioi'e and more he tin'iied in the direction df faith, and his feelin<4s fonnd an ontlet in poetry indir frequently and more effectually tlian hefore.^ Tu Mi.s.s ( '. /•;. I iomfii/cs. Kiliiil)iir''h : (.'liristiiiiis J)av. I^m; ]\ry dearest Charlotte,— The time has come \\\v-i\ it is some relief to write, hut how shall 1 he^^dn to td! the sadness of the saddest tra^^^'dy that has ever he* :: put to^^ether ■/ First the hours of fluctuating' hopf. and then the ,L^rowin<^- darkness of despair. She Iim'I previously asked wliether Ethel and G. J.' liad mwir down from I^ondon, and on hein<^ told that we wciv If, in the house was so ^dad. We were admitted at ni^d and only had to watcdi for three hours the peaceful breathing'', slowei-, slower, slower, until the last. (Hi, the unearthly heauty of that face ! Nothiitfc haveevi r seen in flesh oi- in marlde — nothin*^- 1 could ha\c cvii' conc(dved could ap[)r()ach it. But try to j)icturc it as you knew it in life (dian^"ed into sojnethin.i:' so \t i more beautiful that it seemed no lon.^cr human. Ii i' the face of the an,L;'(d that she was. '^Jdiei, in oiiei'eniii her little (dnld, in another her mother, utterly hinki i: by illness. For my own pai't I ha\-e ne\-er had ^ grief so gi'eat as this. I^ven in our sister's casetlinv ' (>iio of ^ti'. Itoiniincs' iimuorous net naiiifs. ls-1 :m A (iKi:AT SOiillOW 171) l t) (lif. Ih'l' (iv.i: On Mr, star! li 111.', roni llii- cctioii ": itry UK Iff 4^ Day. I'^si;. Dine when l^'m to t*-ll 1 She 1i;m1 liad coiiu- we wciv (1 at iii^^lit. c pi'aci'tul last. Oli. have ever have vw.y ])i(;tun' It liiiLi' >!' ^ '■' luiiaii. l>ii' |l one I'l'"'!! irl\- lii'dkri; vv had ;i lease tlai' wi'i'f clcincnts (if mil i;_;at ion ; hut lirrc absolutely noiio. Oil. it is hittef, hitter; so iiiiieh of life's happiness .■mptird out and Ivlitli, our own Ivlith, no loii,L,^'r iifiv : 111 iiieiuory of this friend .Mr. L'oinanes wrote a little poem called 'To ii Ihist," and from this a few lines are ^dven. Thert' is one [)oiiit to uhi( h the wi'iter of this iiieiuoir would like to call attention. Mv. ]{f)manes was incapahle of e.\a,L;"^"ei'ation, of writing' for effect, of insincerity. What h<' /ri'ofr he /■//.and his very simplicity and sweetness of (diameter, his childlike trust in the sympathy of others, made iiiiii um'eserved to his friends, to those whom he Inved. 'Upon Uiiit Christinas live \\(i saw tliee jiass away. • • • • • • We heard the iinisic (;f' tliy partiiii,' bicaih ; "We saw ii Hj,'ht of iiiij.,'clH in thy l'ac<; — -V beauty so iiictrablc. tliat Dcatli Was clianged into a luiaisti.'r oi'dracc : • •••••• Tlio iiiountahis in ilicir autiuini hms. Of inoiiiitaiii reds and mountain hhirs. With licatlier and with hi^'hland lulls. ^il[^vait thy step on hills and fells ; The spon;,'y peat and (low\ moss Keuiendjer where we used to cross - ' ' liemendjer how they loved thy tread, *' ^hdve for thy steps their soft(.'Sl bed: 'The nninnuring streams are callnij^ thee. The woodlands sij,'h m <\vv\ tree; Yet when 1 walk upon the shore, The waves are whis|)erin^' — n(;vernior(,' ! .^^llurnfully, mournfidly wiiisperin^,'. the\, \\ hisperiiij,', wliisperin;^ every day, Thy soul in their waters, thy Itreath in tiieir spra_\, Thy sjiirit still ^peaking in all that they >ay. n2 ,,l 180 GKoiuii: .loiix ii()M.\xi:s 'l'h(\ loH'W tlifc well, tlmsc wimI.v ror■k■^, Ami now tlicy rciir tluir rw^'^id Mucks Wli.n I iiii --1 i)\ , 1 () !isk iiic wliy 'I'luy iKVfi- \'f(] tliy tender hand.-; ; And Jill tlio vcIIdw oftlu! siinds Is KprcJid ti) '_'rcct Tliy tii( li-^^ fict, Which lovcil to \v:tlk tluni ulitii thf tiili- \v;t^ h Now wliiii I walk alone. To hear the ocv.'an nioar,. The sea-hirds eirelini,' round Sweep almost to the ^(roiniil. And ]i(c|) and |)i\' above my h(:ad to ii." The .louriial IKS?, IHHH, and l^^S!) is full of iiifii- lioii of ])l('jisaiit dinners and mcclin^^'s with intcrcstiiii people. \'()nn,L^" as M r. l^onianes was, Ik; attained Iohl' before be died 'that whicli sliould aeeornpany old lejo hononr, love, ohedieitee, troo])s of friends.' and ;i-> niie turns o\-ei- the hrief I'eeords of the Journal one is st with the hriii'litness of his ontwai'd life. He eiiioMd nio stant pleasant intereoui'se with men and women dilTcr- \uj^ \\idely in pursm'ls, in opinions, in social posindi. ; he was full of plans for work', wni'k which, led liiiii in'" many dilTerent ])hases of iniellectnal life, and he li;i'l ('\('vy _year an admixture of country life aiifi coimfiA |)ursin'ts, and tlielo\-e for nnisic and for poetry. wlnVi! increased each year, kept him fi'om ,i;"row iii;_;' n"* ahsorhed in science, from hein.L,^ at all one-sided, 11' used sometimes to say he had too many interc->t'^. hn\ he that as it may, these interests u'aNe him iiiM'i: enjoyment and made him the most deli.i^hll com])am'oiis. A dear friend wrote of him aftei- his deatii tli'it ' In the home few men lia\c heen moi'e suri'ouiMli'M'y U "'I ')'> LKTIIJI TO Till; TI.MIIS IM jiivc, (tr lia\(' Ix'Uci' (Icscrxcd it/.ind few iiicii hri\t' ,,.(•11 llinrc |()\C(1 \)\ t lio.-^c ()ll1 >i(|c lii^ 111 line, lie li;i(l ;ui iiiliiiiilcd (iip.'icit V I'ui- l()y;il. t iiir-lic'iiTcd ITiciidsliip. \> one most truly snid, ' h'oiii.iiics was LluMiiost loyal ni lYiciids.' There was soiiiet iiiii.L'; \voii)atd\' in the teiideiMiess ■vliich he felt for anyone in troiiijje oi nn'nd oi- hody, !!(! he was — what [x'l'liaps is even more rar( — always ,,;i(ly lO j)iit aside his own work to help othei" pe()[)le. ilr iie\-er L!"riidLfe(l time or ti'onhje to write letters or >tiinomai he was always ready to ;^o 'I'M Ml see oo pie who were safl oi" lonely; he w. -. ne\('i' t ! ii->\ to he kind. Ih; was inten,-.ely lo\ed hy those ,.ji() seiwed him, and few liaNc heeii hetter served. There wei'c veiy few ehau.u'es in his hoii>eliolye^q'ove le.;i(|. Mitehain, was charged with stealin;^' two tunii])^, value )V/., ^^'owin;^- in n field helon/^dn*^- to Mr. jl. Bunco, at Morton. Tho prosecutor havin^^ lost a (piaii- tity of produce, Police (.'onstahle W'iiitty was set to watch the |)i'operty, and saw the prisoner pull the tunn'ps and put them in his })ocket. The acciixd said ho had had nothin^^ to (.'at all da}', and heiim mit hun;.(ry, he; took tho turni[)s ! A ])rovious convict as p)'o\-ed a^'ainst him for fcdony, and he was n nl: W committed by Mr. Donman foi- six wooks' h;inl labour.' Ono ^vould like to possoss a ^^ood lar<.,^e field i-f turnips, whoro each turnij) can })o fairly valued ;it ilfJ. J3ut, taking' this as the true value of the par- ticular turnips in question, it appears that a stai'viii: man is now serving' a wc.'ok's hard labour fVti' even half-ponny's worth of the (dioapost possible kind ot food that ho could stoal. It is, of course, very ri.^lit that ho should have received some measure of [)uin>h- ment, if only as a warnin^^ to others in tho neighbour- hood ; but tho measure of punishment which he did receive seems, in tlio face of the; matter, monstn^iis. W(; are not told what was tho ' felony' for whi(di tlii- ' woakly-lookin^^Mad ' was previously convicted ; hni. at any rate, we do know that on the present occasion his theft was not for any purpose of rrain. It iiinst 1 'B .*90 \AVi: IN LONDON 183 ;.;ivc Ix'i'ii, as he said, merely to alle\i;ite tlie pains cf ;iiin;4el", U)V otherwise lie would h;i\e cai'ried some iiiorc eapaeioiis I'eeepta'-Ie than eithel' Ids ))ockets or rjs stomach. ()ii the whole, t herefoi'e, 1 say — and - iv eiii[)hatically — this case demaiuU some explaiia- :;nii. J am, Sir, noui's, iVc, LL.I). He was always reads to listen to what youn'fcr !ii('ii (and women) Inid to say, to talk to them ahont (lis own subjects, his own work, to draw out their ;il)ilities, to discuss their dillieulties. What Mr. Lionel Tollemache has wi'itten of i^i'ofessor Owen is liiit less a[)plicahle to him : ' Ifis innate modesty enahled him, when sj)eakin^^ upon his own subjec^t, so to let himself down to the level of th(^ or(Unary listeners that they not only felt quite at their ease; with him, hut fancied for the iiioment that they were experts like himself.' Jiiiirnnl, Jan. 18(S8. — ]\ret ^Mr. Bnrne-Jones at the Huniphry Wards', and had much interesting^ l;ilk anent liossetti. Jiurne-Jones said iiossetti was like an emperor; his voice was that of a kin.L;' who (ould (iiiell his subjects. Also tliat he had a won- derful iiieuiory for metre, but that Swiid)urne's is iM'tter still, iuasnnich as he can remendjci' prose. On one occasion Swinburne j'ecited to l>urne-. Jones several pag(.'S of ^Milton's pi'ose which he had read once twenty years previously. J3urne-.Jones w<'nt on to say that liossetti worked a ,^"reat deal at his ))oeti'y, iiiul added, ' That's what you can do with woi'ds, 184 fii:oRr;i: .kjiix ];om.\.\i:s "ii worry IIk-iii ;is iniirli ;is yon li!;('. but yon cMirt. fm, ;i pi(.tiir('," Mfirch li. — Ml'. I.c:^lit' Stf'plicii l^-fturcil on (',,!, v'uAun jjjost a(liiiii';iljl\'. 7 o .u/.v.v ( '. /•;. / inii/il llf.^. Is rornw;tll 'IVrnifr; : Mjircli ]. 1-- W My (Icai'c.-,!. ('}i;irIot.t(', — I liii'i 1.1i;it ik-i'iIk'T (/[ rote y('st(')-(i;i}', so 1 lui^i; two of your h'ttcr.^ iiiis\\<'r .,o-(l;i\ -di ^'oii cci-tjiiiih' scc-nj t.o ho }i;iviiiL:' iniicli tl K I,. ~: tiiiic of it ;is )'(','_f;irds \vo;itlH'r. I"l\'crv week ;iii(l (•\ d;iy Ik'I'C! is wor^c thmi tlic I;is1. — tin; iiioiitli \\} li;is just oiidcd ii;i \iii)^' boon tlic most, sh\;i,l''<' I'Vbri ill tlic l)iciiioi-\- of !i\iiiL;- l.oiidoiicrs. ^'oii will 1 fi" lie i;r.i' S('('ii tlifit poor Cotter Mori^rdi li;i.^ not snr\i\<(l it. i lo (licfl I a lit Sniidny, jnst ton soon to sec his son. whn Inid hcoii tclc^^raplicd lionic fmni India, lie li;id ;i ^.M'Crit desire to \\\c loii^^ eiiun,L!"li to h;i\(' li;id tlii- iiH'etin;^^, and it .-^eenis hard that wln-n lie striiL;';,df(i on so Ifjii^'- and painfully at the end, thai he ^liouM just ha\(' missed it. For Mr. Morison Mr. Ilomancshad a irrcat reL'';ii''l. and liis death was ;• rf-al sorn )\\ .Jdii iiKil . — Sir I'\ Bramwell lectured on the ' l''ault> of the l)ccinial System,' calliii;j; it a lecture wit.licnt a iKiiiil. lie was killin^dy amll^in;^^ ])iiiner at Sir II. Tlmmpsoirs, met Mr. .1. I''roude, Ilaninii. and others. 1>'8I -'JD LIFE IN L(J.\I)(jN !-• lilt /rr/.v Ott(-lS I, lllC 1)(~' Hid cM-rv ill wiijVi; l''fl)rii;irv will li;r,f i'\iv((l it. ^nii. wild (■ liiifj ;i i;ifl tlii^ (■ sll(Jillii ■J If \\C iiK't tlic ;iiitlior nl • 'I'Ih' N'fW Aiil iL!''-iic " tin- [li^dit jit t.li<- Lilly-.'. ]!•• ic\ icwcd -McntMl l/,i»liitioii ill .M;ni " in ,1, \Li'. j,;i|jcr 1 lit- ot.lici- (|;iy: MMrdiii;^- to liiiii it's the (lo-pcl nf j)i)-tl I.;i-t -> !ii(l;i.y v.c went to licjir SpurLfi-oii ; of ///.v pfr-^oiwil _ (ifllH'SS there is no doiiht. ]ffi// 1 1. ---Stjiycfl in Clni-t CIhiitIi with the ell 1. l■--^ ^ i',iL''i-ts. ('. liMfl H most iiitcfc^tin^j; t;ilk with Aiihicy ,\(,()Yi'. Mr. l>oin;iiic> hiid jih'ci'iy. ;it tin- Aristotcli;in ^M(■i(■t\■. JiH't Mr. Aiihfc\- .Mooif. i.unclu'd on ■^ :ii( \- with the M;ix Miillci's. He showed 11 s ;i ti-r from Mi'. I);ir\\iii mo>t eli'iriicteii^tie in it imility ;ind sweetness, .1/'/// --^0.— \'er\- lii le selliioii fiom Mr. Seott- .'l.jllllldoil the IVv idr (icnimin'. r 18x1 lyj'l JUJVAI. IXSTITCTIOX IJlC'ITlii: IS' (' rcplyiii., iclc for th. ill wiitiiiL. iJtvillo- |)ii; rrcd to 11). ■ .(' chnptcr^ ('(' to I )ll!:- icy do ll<- •(' cliildiv:, loisy wliii: U'odsoii i- !(■ li;i- t(dics, I.I. ^'('st('l•d;l'> I ;is io til. 1 iiiatchts sec il in s to liavr .S to |'l'()\i' lid Icilln'ii t', ;iiid t Im' tlic dc;it!' • '\\\v\ {) Scliiilt'i' ;iviii^' been taken ill with hroiKdiitis, I a^n'ced to licvc liiiii of soiii(M'ii,!jii,L;('iii('iits Ik; bad entered into ,r i:iviii,^" leetui'es to a I li,L^ii,i:ate Institution, ("on- (jiiciitly I Inid to .lm'vc two lectures on 'J'uesday (in ic afternoon at the Institution, and in tlie eveiiin;^" t lfi,Li;}i,L;atej, ;ind Jinotlier y<'sterd;iy, besides utteiid- i.fCoiiiHil moetiii'Ts, (Ve. The Institution leetures 'o' ? :iv(' HUH b more satisfaction than I antici[)Jited, as I llioii^dit the historical character of this yeai*'s coiii'se would appeal but to ii small number of people. Hut have til' I the audience keeps up to between one hundred and two hundred vei'y stcjadily (usually one hundred and litty), and is in ])art made up of outsiders. I>ut 1 -iiall not be sorry when they are oxer, as it will leave :i;c iiioi'e time for bette. work. 1 am Sony thiit tbei'e still continue to be so many N and downs in your daily reports I U' n le case is, indeed, dreadfidly tedious. How would you lik<' me tunin down to see you after my lectures are o\er ? 1 eiudosi! ;i photo wbi( b has just come from a man who is i)hoto;^'raphin<4" the Koyal S(jciety. Wv are all well Jind (lyiii.i^" about in all directions. ^iK h a time for diiniei's and concerts and all maniiei' 'tthinus; it is ji wonder that we are li\in.LJ' fit ;dl, ;is ' ,-> " ) M( 1.1 can - used to sa} d t( T(l '/. lidllKI IK'S, Sll .Maich l:,. IKS'). am ;^iad you think so w (dl of what I write, foi" il I'l tfii seems to me that, amid so man\' disti'atdJons ' IIIk brother was ill. All f>i(i luirKo. 188 Giioiuji': .loiis iiOM.\Ni:s l^>*l ;nid ill so many (lircrlions, ! work to \<'ry little pur. pose. The '(liiardian ' rcNicwcr ' lias written to h:, a ))ri\at(' lottcr, from wliidi it apjx'firs tliat lie i- man \ know scry well. lie is Aiihcey Moore. ,; Oxford, and is considered one of tlie ablest men tliei^ I en(dos(; liis letter, wliicli I failed to send before. ft is indeed .leliaii^^e foi' yon to like beinu- nin>i!] t (■//fii/f/cf/ coi/f/il /')ii.s of life.' w .\l)oiit tliis lime Mr. Komanes drew up a papi hieli is "liven liere, as it mav interest some reader is Coniwiill 'J"i:i rafc, KcltmiI's I'urk, Loiiil i)!l. • W. J)ear Sii'or Madam, — W'liile enjj'jijied in coll r-^'^n^ ec i;e ICi - nijiterials for ;i work on iluman Psy(diolo,ny, f 1 been snrpi'ised to tind the .L;re Mr. Aulircv Moore rrviowcil Mcvfnl Jivolullnn in Mdii in t: Giiardinn. .fjl' gi;i:>ri()N> o\ ihiatii 1H9 •r^iiiii^i!) I i,;,t iii;i\- (»ccin' tn vdii ;is l)(';i I'iii.L;' upon tlic sul)- ••(•t. Ill oi'dci' to s;i\'(' uiiiK'cc^sary ti'ouMo, I in;iy cxphiiii ^liat, ill tiir cNciii of yoiij- not cMriiiL;' to answer any of ■ji,. (|U('stions, I shall not expect you to aeknowled.i^^c •'(lis letter; and that, if you should re))ly, answers to .;,;iii\ of the (piestioiis may he most l)rietly furnished iii(lerliiiin,L;' the portion of each, uliieh hy its re| )(,'- :i(iii woii Id serve to eonxcs' \'our answer it, is needless to add that, the names of my corre indents will not, he pul)lished. I am yoiii's \cry faitlifiilly, (ji;oi;(u; -1. IIomanks. ,011'lnll. N.W. 1 eoUectJ!! (1) Do you I'e.uard tin; prospect of your own death \i with indilTei'ence. (i;) with dislike, (c) with di-ead, ni- (D) with iiie\pre>sil)le horror ? (•_!) if you entertain iiny fear of dea i !i at, all. is the ctuse of it (A) prospect of hodily sulTerin,u; only, (r.) ;:v;i(l of the unknown, (c) idea of loiielines-. and -iliuration from friends, oi" (n) in addition to all or :i!lV (I f t (I lese, a pe('U liar 1 lori'or ol n(|e.-^( rihahh :ui'e 1) Is the slate of ,your helief with re;_;a rd to ; life that, of (a) virtual con\i( tioii thai there i; 1 future life, (\'>) sli^pended jud^nient incliniiiL;- to- Aanls such Ixdief, (e) sus))ended jiidunii'iit iii(diiiiii,L;' i.MJiist such helief. or (u) virtual conviction that. here IS no siH h lif. (1) Is your I'eli.uious helief. if any, (\) of a \i\id nlcr. or (i;) without much practical iiilhieiice on iMi' life and conduct ? (.■j) Is your temperament naturall\ of (\) a i!ii'a,n'eoiis or (i:) of a timid oi'der a -^ ie;jards tlie pect of hodily pain oi- mental di ^t ress ".' ros liO GKOKGK JOHN KOMAXIIS l^H\ (('>) Afore ;^^('ii('i';illy, do yon rc^'ui'd youi' f)\\ii dj. position ;is (a) st^o)l^^ (Ictcniiiiicd, and sclf-rclunit (lij iicrvons, shriiikin;^^ and dopondcnt. ill lliis respect or (( ) III. '(Ill (() Siionld yon say that in yonr cliaracti 1' t intelleetnal or tlu; eniotional ])redoiniiiates ? ])(„. yoiU' iiitelleet, incline to abstract oi" concrete \v;i\>(: tlion^^dit ? Js it tln^oretical, practical, or hotli :' A), yonr (^motions of the tendei" or heroic order, or iMith. Are yonr tastes in any way artistic, and, if so, in wlm;. way, and with what strength '/ (!Sj What is yonr a;^;e or occupation? ('an \i,\\ trac(; aiiychaii^^e in yonr feeliii<^^s with re^^ardlo dcMti; as ha\in;^^ taken place dnrin;^^ the coin'sc; of vniir life? (()) If ever yon lia\-el)een in dan^'cr of death, wlint were the circnnistaiices, and what yonr feelin.^s ".' (10) llemarks. fSijj'iialnrc.) ' This conininnication well exeniplilies the spirit in whicli Mr. Konianes approachcnl the prohl(iii-> >: animal faculty. Jl<' spent, indeed, innch time iiipi lahonr in collecting" and classifying" the ohser\ati(iii> and aiH'cdotes which he jxihlished in ' Aniinal liitclli- ;^ciice ' ; hilt Ik; lost no o|)portiniities of ohsei"\in,_: ;iii'l experiinentin;4" for himself. In this, as in otiitr departments of iinpiiry, his constant effort was \n lir in direct and immediate touch with facts. Ilh ol)sei"\atioiis on his own do.n's, especially those \\lii. U)S. ■H'-ivliiiiit : < j iiH'tcrioiis innate facuHy oi* sense of (h'l'eetioii, are the work of a seieiititie ohsei'Ncr, and \('ry (hlferent iiMiii the chance tah's of a mere anecdotist. The whoh' sul)ject of coniparatiNC psycholo;.;'y had ;i special and pecnh'ar fascination foi" Mr. Konianes, iiirtly on account of its intiniatc; connection w ith the dicoiy of evolution, and j)artly from its hearing.;' on those deejxT philosoj)hi(; prohlems which were nescr '.•<\\'j: ;ihsent fr'om his thou;^"hts. His treatment of tile phenomena of instinct in ' ^rental I'Aolution in Aiiiiiials,' and elsewhere, was hoth comprehensive ;ai(l exact, and still forms, in th(.' opiiuon of com- tciit authorities, the licst ^^'iieral account of the iihicct that \V(; liave; tliou \u iniflucrd, it. was fatlx-r in niat.t crs of dcfinit ion tlmi ill matters of fact, tJiat. tin- source of tlicir dil'fcnnci. lay. He was soiiiewiiat, disappointed t hat, liis tcnn KlWc] recc|)t, ' and 'recepiiial' for mental products ini mediate l)et;\veeii t,lie ' peicepl, ' and tlie ' conccj)! were not, more ^'cnerally accepted hy psy<'liol<)L'i>t- since, in his ma tii red opinion, t hey and the coiicc|iiii, they represent, were eminently helpful in hiid'jii: the dehatahle space hetwceii the ilit.eliect.iial | of man and t,lie faciilt,ies of the low<'r animals. It, was Mr. iJomaiies' intention to contiiiiic tli mental evolution series and t,o deal, in further iii>t;il meiits of his work, wit, h the intellectual eiiiotidi: Nolition, morals, and reli^'ion. 'I'his iiii.eiitioii. liov. ever, he did not, \\\r to fulfil. His further dcNclf,; meiit of mental e\()liit.ioii in the li^"ht of his Inti coiKdiisions in the re,L;ioii of philosophical and reli: .''loll- thoii.^iit would lia\(' heeii profoundly iiitcrotiir. 1)111, one's re.^ret, that this part of his life WiiTi Dili' remained incomplet,e is tempered hy the recollcctin that what he did complete was so worthily d for, in the words of Mr. Lloyd Moi'^^^nii, which nc (pioted with approsal hy |)r. Uurdon Sanderson his lioyal Society ol)it,uary not,ice : ' hy liis palic collection of d;it,a ; l)\- his careful discussion of tlic (la ta ill t,lie liuiit ol principles (dearly and dcliiiitr formulated ; hy his wide and forcihle advocacy of lii> \iews; and,aho\e all, hy his own ohservations aii'i experiments. Mi. IJomanes hd't a mark in this Held ^t iii\-est i,L;at ion and interpretation wliicdi is not likcl\ to he elTaced.' In ISSI) Mr. Komaiies attended the Hritisli As-n- ciat,ioii wlii(di met, that, year at, Newcastle. Ilci'c li' and Professor Poiilton had a loii.^' discussion on ll;- 'Inheritance of Ac(piired Characters'; he sjinhc >" niU(di, and was so niU(di r// rridciicc, at this Associating I"'! •!)0 Li:'i"'ri:i! 'vo riioiiissoi: i-oci/rox •j:i ;ii;il llic Newcastle papers (Ie.>cfibe(l liitii as a most i.,lli;4ereiit, person. lie \vr(jte alterwiii'ds IVoiii lvliiil)iii-;^di : Thiii;^'s pi'o^Tcss as usual. After my lecture 1 J;i\((| chess with Mi's. iiiitcher aii(i dined with the hn-;iiis. Mar;^''ar('t, in tellin,'^" me ttie pretty thing's >iic liad heard, drew from her hushand the I'ehiikc^ :ii;(t she was not judicious. So I told them yoin* .>tiiiiate of my irierits, ;uid (Jluu'les ' w;is (pn'te satisfied •i;;it I was in ^''ood k('epin^^ Voii hiiNc made a ' philosophical ' mistake a hout tlu.' iiiiiicr pai'ty to the ii.'s which, of coui'se, 1 imitated. liiitcla'r has ;^iven me a .MS. of his to I'ead on tlie • P^\(!iolo;^"y of the lilldici'ous.' Seems \ei'y ;^-ood. To Pi'dfr.ssof T^) III] foil. Xewcasllc ; Monil;iy. Sciilfjinlxi' JSHl). hi( !i vvciv I My dear Poultoii, — I am \ery^dad to receive your lidersdii !! lis ])ali<'!:* In of t In-'' dctiiiiti'lv acy of !ih it ions ;iii'! Iiis ticld lit Inol hkclv ncnt> 1;. tion lli:i: litferciici - his tfl't!: cts iiiici ' coniTii* ■liojo'jj-l . ■011C(']l1 ji. hri(|'jll:_ lal pMWfi als. itiimc ti- ller ill-^l:/ euiot ii'i. 1 ion. li')V, r dc\clnj- I his lllt>:' d rcli'j'inn^ nt crc>liii'_-. life wnri; ■collect im liil\' (Iciic tish A S'-n- IcIV. M' |on nn s|)nl;c iui^ and fricuidly hotter ; heciiusc.', although i hasctlx; I>iiiiiael-lik(; reputation of lindin;^" my hand a;;ainst • Vfiynian, find (ivery man's a^'uinst mine, my hlasto- jiictic endowments are really ol the peaceful order. Midvover, in the present instance the ' I'ow " was not 1011. Ill ISS ociatlii; that ulTeeted \\\v. with any feelin.iis of real opposi- althou^^'h it seem<'(l expedient to point out that iiiewhat hasty iid'ereiice had not heen judiciously ;iti(l. Therefore, 1 take it, we may now cordi;illy, ^ well as formally, shake hands, and prohahly he ■tlci' friends than evei'. In tolxcn of which 1 may ' e. |,();^'aii, J'].S(|., \\ .H., will) liiul iiianicd .Mr. INmhiuics" ronsiii. (J 10! f;EORr;K jorrx Rr)^^\\I•:s (•(•II bfj'^n'n by fiiniishin;^' tho ('X])l;ni!itioii of \vli;it v, , meant by tbc pfissa^^^c in llic ' ('niitcinporaj'v Kevicv, to wbicli yon allinh'd. I (juitc ;ij^M-('(' tliat W'cisjiianii's su^^^^^cstion al)"'; causes of variability is an acbiiii'ablc one. Hut it li; always sconicd to me tbat it is coiiipriscd iiiul. J)ar\vin's ^•cnci'al catc^^^ory of causes iiitei-u;il to t!. orf(aiiisiu (or, in bis terininolo^^y, causes (bie to -t!. iiatui'e of tbe oi'^^ain'sin '), Ijut Ix'sides tliis, be i nised tbe cate^a)ry of causes external to tbe oi''i;Mii>! (or tbe so-called Lainarckian pi'inciples of djivi action of e!i\i)'oinnent, plus iidierited effort > of ih and disuse). Now, anyone wbo accepts tbi> l;it'' cate;^^oi')' as coniprisin.L;' rcra- <-fi/i.s(/\ obviously h; lar^^^er area of causality on wbirdi to draw for theoretical exj)lanations of variability, tbaii in mail wbo ex[)ressly limits tbe j)ossibility of siici: causes to the former cate;^'ory. This is ah that 1 had in my mind when writin;^' the line in tlic •('";- t<'ni))orarv lieview ' wbicdi led you to suppose that I was expouiidin,Lr W. without bavin<( rearl bim: a: ; altboun-li I freely allow tbat the meanin.n' ua^ i K' that re(juired explanation to brin;^" out, }'oii may remember tiiat this moaiiin;^" had notbin.L;' whatcv.r to do with tbe subject which [ was exp ;i> :i- oinidiii ai id therefore it was that 1 iiefiiected to draw it ^'ou will observe that, so far as tlie present mat!'!' is concei'ned, it does not si^^'uify what \ic\\> v.f severally take toucbiii,^- tbe \-alidity of Laiiiar(kiaii| hy])otheses. Th e [)oiiit is, that aiix'one wlio >c(^5 bis way to eutertaiin'ii.i4" them tbere])y fnriii->l himself with a larucr Held of causalit\' for ex|>i.'iiiii t SI Li:r'ri:i; to I'l.'oi-iissoii I'ori/roN wliitt v.- y- llCVifV, ;iri: in- \v;i> I'!:'- ^ you lli:iy n- wliatcV.-: xpoini'lii''- lr;i\\ it. '"'■ ;cll1 mill*' \ic\\> V, ,;iiii;trcki;i!i] who M'lSj fni'iii-li' (.,\l)l;iiuiti '(I r;i itioii>- tliMii rlncs ;i iii;iii who limits that field uses intcnial to oi'L'aiiisiiis — cxcii thoiiLrli, like \V.. lie su,L,%^('sts all cxtciisioii of tlio latfor. And now ahoiit tlic ' At liciia'iiiii." I fcai' yon tliinl< k' I [ li;i\f lifcii takiii,L( an unfair opportnin'ty of ,L,dvin;4- villi ;t hack-liandcr. In point of fact , liowcvci", I never (In >iicli tliin^^s ; and the more reason I haxc for any- rliiiiL^' Hke hittin,^' back (which, however, is entirelv ;ilKfiit on the })resent occ;ision), the more cai'eful >hoiild to avoid any a [)p< 'a ranee of doiii'^- so in an f d. tion 'd\)i'': P>utit sed iindi'r •nal to t!;. ne to -tl;. s, he n'Cf-:- e or'j'iiiii-!:, ^ of diivi' orts (if 11- , tlh> kitt> )\\>\\ \\<\> : •a\v for li> than iiii- ty of siii-h all that 1 H ::iiished from the faculty of hiiKiiniiji'. W'lnit you say the ■ Ci'i - H .liiiii )ose that 1 I misiiy what is said b)' \\. mill : ;i:.. ■ Please let me know whether there is aiuthin; iiisioiied review. I neither wrote, iK^r IniNc I read thr piirticulai' review in (piestion. l;r'_:ardin;^' articulation, read in my 'AFenta! Kvohitioii in Man,' Afr. Hales' afhnii'ahle remarks on (hildreii having' probably been the constructors of all liii^iia^'es, I believe this theory will pro\-e to be the tnu' solution of the ori,L;"iii of /n/i(//ia(/t'.s, as distiii- o lat you s(>e in my 'cessation of selection' different Mill W'.'s ' Panmixia.' The debate to-day failed to iruish any opposition. ours ver\' sincereh" G. .1. 1 iO^^A^•^:s. (jouiiics, lu.^s-shiiT. N.l;. : Octol.cT 21. \HH',K .My dear Poalton, — .\rany thanks for your intei'est- letter. l*'roni it I quite understand your vi<'ws Mit the relation between reproduction and repair; they those of W'eismann or altr),L^ether your own ? JOG (iKOlifii: .lOHN noMANKS Issl- W AihI liJivc tlu'.y, iis yet, hccii |)iil)lisln'(l aii) w licrc ? i, not, I sil[)))()S(! it, is Uli(l<'sif;il)l(' to iillildc t.o tlicin w: public ? 'I'lic theory is iiiLiciiioiis, l)Ut seems to >;iil ratliei' iie;ir Paii^^eiicsis (as do many of the hitt.r amenchiients of ^■ermplasm hy \\ .) ; and I ^liouM ha,ve thon;^dit that tlie hml)s of sahiinanders, tVc. me too hite pro(hiets, both ])hylo,L,('netieally and (»iit(.;^(ii,- tieally, to fall within its terms. I Jilso s(!(; hetter what yon mean ahout Sphcx. But Darwin's letter in ' Mental Involution in Aiiiiii;iU' seems to me to nieet (or i-;ithei' to anticipate) tlif * (h"l]iculty.' Of course, he did not suppose tli;it tl;> insects' knowled'^e of ' success ' ;iil llir liitt.T I ^luiiiM 's, tVc. iiif (illt.o^Clit- )Ut Sj)lic\. II AiiiiiKiU •i]);i1c) til"- ;(' tli;it th'- il'tlici- than 1,() stiii.ir ii: 'lie Mlial'i'jv tli;it tliciv [y coiiipiini- Vi'i^niMiiii - 'lltiolM'd :i' stitutc iilr tiiral self! - he ciK )f ' Mental [\ U< '< " iiiiiiil'ckia! thiii.U' 'liat fts as factr L.inl Tlicif ;ii'<' plt'iity (»f white stoats licrcalxjiits, I ■lir\c. tli()ii;^li I have iic\cr actiiallv >('C1I tlioii. iiccaiisf I <1') not stav late ciioiil;]! in tin; .><'ai'. I !i;iv(' told my kccpci' to tr\ to catch sonic without iii|iiriii;4' tlicni. and, if he .->iiccce(ls, to send them >trai,nlit to the Zoo. The c.Nperimciit would he a very 111 tcrotiiiL!" one ;ut t d le Ix e( pel" says tliat even here ic wiiiteiiess depends as to it^ intensity uj)on the illH' lilt of snow in (hTfereiit seasons. II e is most !Ni>itive jil)out tliis ; lie says it (h-peiids upon snow, iiid not on cold. Howexci'. I do not (juote him as an authority in science, {ilthoiiL^h he certiiinly is an iii- ttlli;^('iit iind ohscjrvin^^ man. l{(',L(ardin;j[ the Royal Jnstitution, an after I^aster rniir^e hy you would he douhly int<'restin;^% heciiusi; iifforc I^aster I hiive to ;^i\'e one on the ' Post- Darwinian Period,' which will he mainly concerned with Weismann. \'our lectures mi;^dit then ser\'e as )iuiter-irritant, therefore 1 will do anythin;;' 1 to hi'iiiL;" them fihout, oiil\', not Ixunij' on tlui :i (■( nil iiiaim,_(in^' hody, J can help mei'cly hy hackin*^^ any ippliciitioii you may mfd\e. And, of course, there 1 (if a H "U^'ht to he no difliculty ahout it. Only let me know ik. liiadH ^lyou should want hackin,; WOuld it not h(i woilh wiiile to '^'et also some 1 hi>H inountain hares iorol)Hervati(jn at the Zoo ? These, 1 ink, 1 could ^^et. Yours very trulv Gko. ']. UoMAXI'.S. Geanics. Iloss-shiro, N.]>. : October 15. Would you mind sendin,^- me the part of your MS. 'It'aliii,^- with Sphex ? I do not know that I (piite 198 L.\'Ajin.\-\ .loiix i;()M.\Ni;s ix-l- cau^^lit your ()l)j('c1 ion to my dilliciilly, mid w.mt ti iiliiidc to it ill lectures wliicli I ;mi now iJi'epMrini^- In MlV iMlillbuT'lll clil ss. Also, did 1 eorrecth' iiiidei'slaiid xou to s;i\ tl i;it you I'efused to nckiiow h'd^e ;iiiy fuiid;iiiieiit;d idt iiljtv between [)rocesses of reproduction ;ind those of r For this identity is to my mind 1 lie most iiii] of all objections to \\'/s tlie(»iy. cl):iir Xil'liilil (1. .). 1 >om.\m:s. IH Corinviill TiTnico, licjrciit's I'arlv, N.W. : Dcccinhcr :i. l>-s'.), ^Iv dear I'oulton, — I I'eturned liere a (hiy or twn a^'o, and now send you my copy of l\'i'rier"s rciii;irl- about the neuters of hymeno[)lerous insects. Hut he said a <4'oo(l deal inoi'e in sul)se(pieiit and pri\;ili' c()ri'es|)on(lence 11 IS p 1 t( i-ef; ice 1 lowcver, w ill scr\f ti show you the ;^'eneral tone of argument. With regard to Panmixia, it occurs to luc tlml very likely you have not seen all that I w I'ote ii|i(iiiit. as the three j)apers were scattered o\'er several iiioiitih in 'Nature.' The f()ll()win.L;' are the references: \'i ix. [)]). ^J()1, 110; \()1. X. J). 1()1. ^'ou will see that 1 took u[) ii decided stand ii] the principle of l^mmixia not bein^^ able altoLictI Kill to supei'sede that of disuse. This was for the i'e:iN(iii> stated in my last letter; and 1 still see no furtlici reason foi' chan^'iir!^" the o))inion thiit was then foriiitd undei- the inlluence of Darwin's jud^'Uient. W'itli reference to the difference that you nlludtd to — and which, !is far as I can see, is the only diH< r enci' between Weismann's pi'csentat ion of the pi in ciple and my own — F enclose an extract from tlir 1 > ^ I - »J'» \Vi:iSMANN'S TilHOKV :j'J I W.llll tn piiriii,^;' i(.r il iflciitilv (»[ i'f|);iir:' iiiipdilaiit loMAMS. lay oi' twi) "s I'd narks 'cts. Hut 11(1 j)i'i\atc ill M'l\i; tu liic thai 1c upon it, ill llKllltll^ ices tniul llllMll Illld.Uflllfl lie i'(':is(ili> lo tui'tliiT Icli tol'liii'd |)il alliKlcu Illy (lit'ttT- llif piiii '■(illl Illr ■turf wliicli I li;i\'(' just hct'ii ,L;i\ iii.L,^ in Kdiiibin'^^^h. dill this t'.\tr;ict, 1 think you will set; that tlu' own iiit of (lilTcrciict' (Iocs not redound to th(^ credit of After rcadinij' the extract in \\Vi>iiiaiin s lo^'ic III iijiiiiclion with the papers in ' Nature/ p(-i']]aps you AJll let inc know whetlier you now understand my ;ifU any hcttei', oi' still believe that the cessation of Mlfctioii ti/oi/r can i'ediicc tile avci'a^c of a useless Miuaii Itelow lifty [)ei- cent, of its original si/e — so .niii^-. that is, as the force of heredity continues iinini- ;ili'('( C. J. 1 ioMANES. Some fui'ther letters to Mr. 'i'hiselton Dyer and Mr. F. Darwin follow. To Professor TliiscUini l\'/<'r. I)('ccini)cr -H), IHHH. Deal' J)ycr, — Would you mind sending' ine on a >t(!ird the name of the ^■eiius of plants the con- \(,1. I ^titiu'iit species of whicli you alluded to in the train 'in,^' mutually fertile, and also se[)arated from uothcr to[)o,^'ra|)liically ? J want to ,i^'et as many as l)( J ihl )tll : >U(li cases as J possiDly can, so, ii any olJiers occur :i\(»ii, i)lease iiieiitiuii them likewise. n\ I'eadin^" pa^'es 401 and 104 of my jjapor, you ill see why su(4i cjises are of (piite as much impor- tance to me as the converse, viz. where (dosely allied licclCS 111 liahiti mu" colli iiuioiis areas ai'i' nioi'e or less utiially sterile (see [). '.V.Vl). If you have hitherto failed to apply these coiivcisi^ M,-> to my theol'}", 1 cannot conceiNC h}' what otliei" 200 GiioHci-: jonx H()M.\Ni:s 1!<^1- priiif'iplo you havo s()ii,i^ht to test it. Pray road tli. passu*^"('s referred to, which ])reseiit the shortcs: surniiiary of what I re,i;"ar(l as the very ])ackl)oiic ,1 my evideiR-e. If your lart^^e knowled^'e of ,i^eo,n[rMphical distrilni- tion should enahle you to supply me with spccitii cases of the ^^eneral principlcMiientioiied hy Darwin iii the quotation ^aven ou pa^-e 89'2 (' Origin of Species/ ()th ed., pp. 18-1 5), I should imich like to try experi- ments on the sterility which I should expect to lind hetween these interlockin-^- species. It seems comical to ask a scientific o])p()neiit fnr assistance, hut the fact of hein<^^ ahle to do mi proves the superiority of science to politics. if ri Dt'ceiubcr '2'>. Isss It is very ^'ood of you to write such a Iodl;' and Bu<^'^'estive letter. f. As a result of attentively readinf>' your letter, it appears to me that you think I suppose sterility in a hi<^'h decree to he much more usual amon^' allied species than I do suppose it. I well know the hwjv amount of natural as well as artificial hybridisation that <>-oes on. But, on the other hand, there are >n many species which either will not cross at all, or produce sterile hybrids, that, taking- a ^"eneral \io\v of all ;'pecies to<^*ether, nmtual sterility does beeoiiic by far the njost <^'enerally distributed single peciiiiarit\ — i.e. is the one peculiarity which, more than anv othcM' that can be named, is conmion to nund)cii(''>^ species. Thus nnu'h for mutuid sterility that is absoliitr. ^50 ON riiYsroLOGrcAi. shlection 201 (-itlior ill iii'st crosses or in their liybrid [)ro,i,'eny. Dut now, the most iiiiportaiit thiii.i,^ for me is mutual sterility that is ;/o/ jihsolute (thou,L(h, on jny theory, perhaps on its way to becoming- so) but relati\'e, i.e. there bein^' a lomer (Jcfjycc of' frrt/Iitf/ between A xB ,ir B X A, than there is ])etween A x A or B x 13. Hitherto very few expei'iments have been made Mil these comparative de.ufrees of fertility, yet it is iv such alone, it seems to me, that physiolo^'ical ^,■leetions can be tested. Thus, cj/., my point about the ' interlockin*^- ' species (p. :V.}-1) is that in such rases I should ex])ect a hi,nher de.i^i'ce of fertility iu A < A and 13 x B than crosswise. Indeed, wiy fear is that when [ shall have proved by (experiment that siich is the f^'eneral rule in such cases, natui'a lists will turn round and say : ' Well, of course, on nu'rely future.' Of course you will laugh at th(> rnhustness of my faith in thus forecasting the line of future op])osition, but I would like to ask you this iiiiieh : Supposing, for the sake of argument, that 'weiity yinirs hence i pul)lish one hundred instances 2U2 (.j:okgJ': .iohn i;o.manes 1881 of allied species wliieli '^vow intermixed in (mumum' ai'eas, proxin.^" by experiment that in all llic c there is .smiii' (•()m))arative de^i'ee of sterility l)('t them (if only (hie to pr(;-[)(jtency of their own (■>(■ Wet Ddllc •dtl ki f; would you re;^ara tins ;ls makm^' m las'our ol pli\>i. . logical seh'ction? Or are you already pi'epared i^ admit tluit such iiiii.sl he the case, since otliciwi-., the species A and ii could not exist without fiNJn: into OHO ? If you say that you are prepared to admit tills, it s(»ems to me that you lia\'e already acc('[)t( ^i tluj tJieory of [)hysiolo^ieal selection on at all of nnitual infertility i-n that A X A aiid 1> x 15 nw not moi'e fertih; tii;iii crosswise), would }()U allow that, taken in conjuin- tion with the pi'esious set of experiments, thcM' linally [)ro\(' the theory of physiological selection tn he tru(! ? If not, I do not see how it is possible !» verify the theory at iill : it is only by means of tlic-c two com[)lementfiry lines of rosea i"ch that, as it scci to me, the theory can be experimentally tested. in the formei' ciise — i.e. w hei'e allied spc( internnx in common ai'eas — sometimes they inter- cross freely (c.l;'. Priiimld /-///(/(ir/.s and /vy/.s, (Iniiii /I r/)(i ii/t III and r/ra/i-^ l\iiim'.i\ I'ljiilohin in, Siv.], \\\\'\\v in other instances they don't (e.<^. Iidiniin/iln'^ ii'/H'iisi and liiilhosiis, Ijijiidin III Siiii/Iiii wwdcii ihihs/ Scrc/i/iiiliirid iioilosd and (K/iiaticct., iV:c.). NDw, I'l'^^ards the latter, I su[)[)ose you would not <|'i(->ti n^ It > I'l' (111 s'JO ON I'llVSlOLOCiK'AL SI'JJXTION ■3X4 iiiit the ' physi()l();4'i('al isolation " lias to do with pre ,viitiiiu' the species tVoiii fusiii^- '; Hilt, if so, 1)\ ,;int\- of reasoning', should we not expect to meet ,.itli sniiir (/rf/rcc of the same thin,L;in tJie otdiei" cases, ,\liicli, altlioii^ii not Jiere siiniciciitly pronounced to l,i(k elf fi'cfpient hyhridisation, is nevertheless iliicient to j)revent the species from hlendiuL;' o\cr ir connnon area And hei"<', I m;iy say, \ should not at all ohject to cliai'L^c of misunderstandin,^' Darwin on any merely oint su(di as the one sou mention. Uut in t his •.ri\i;il |»( instance it so happens that it is ratlier you who hav(> :.,i>iin(lerstood me. I know that 'a hyhi'id is not an ,.h riiicdiate form in his sense,' and this is just what niiistitutes my difliculty a^'ainst his j)ara,L;raphs ijuotcd on p. '-V.yi of my paper. Vov what I say is, tiii'Si' iiitei'inediate forms o/it/lif to he liyhi'ids, unless ,lii'si(il(Kjic(i/s(/icf/()i/^ (i.e. iiiiif iKtl slciil il If) Ims h(( II •I! irnr/,\ 'In his sense' I cannot conceiNc how sucli 'iiitLTiiiodiate forms ' can exist in the ciicumstaiK'i's ihed, seeing" tliat tliey are iiol Jiyhrids, and yet [(■•^c at (in the nbsence of any hypothesis of p]iysiolo;^ical ilation for whicli I am contending) thei'e is no 11 ,^iven wliy the two interlocking' species should f;is() l freely intei'cross. Kc.uardin^" sexual selection I certainly am \ory iicli in earnest about its parallel to p.s.' If you in- :il the meanin iiolhin.n" to do with life-preser\ iii.i;' characters l>li_\>ii)I(i;,'icul srlfc'lioii ; s.H.- sexiiiil >ni-(.(.s (fi'om zero to al)s()lute), Jmd that there (Hijiit to be a coi'i elation between these def,a*ees of sterility and de.i^'rees of non-separation, topo^^n'aphically. Now, you cannot possibly doubt that tlie fii-t expectation is realised in nature ; as betwei II allH" isw ON i'iivsiou)(;i(AL si:i.i:(:ti(jn 20.0 ,i),.(i('s sterility docs occur in ;ill dc^i'ccs, from tlicrc iiiiii^ no such stci'ility at all in xciy many cases, to ♦here hein;^^ absolute sterility in other cases, 'i'liei'e- '.tw. ill statin^' this fact as a fact, I am not playin.i,^ it • heads I win and tails you lose,' noi' ' he;^-^dn^" the whole (|uestion at the outset.' Any '(|uestion ' really ;iis('s only with I'c^ard to the second expectation vi/. '.vhctlier there is a ^^cneral correlation hetweeii de- :iv(s of mutual fertility and decrees of toi)o;.;rapliical >()] iition. Now, this (piestion I ha\'e not l)e;^';^'ed, hut, on the rniitraiy, stated as tlie (juestion hy an experimental nswer Lo which my theory must stand oi' fall. Thus, the cases which you mention obviously ^o tn support the the,'ory, inasmuch as they conform to ::f cxpectcition above mentioned. What I want to do is to find as many ^'enera as possible like l)inchona :iii(l begoniii, wliere the constitu>'ested explanation of them. And this jiiL'stioncan only l)e iinswered by ascertainin,L( whether ::iii'e is in nature any such ^^'eiiei'al correlation be- ivwH'ii isolation and capability of hybrid isiiiL;' (also, of urse bet ween tl le Lb iDsence oi isolalion aii( I th ;ll^t iice of such ca[)abilityj as my theory \\(;iil(l :'niim'e ours \('i'\' sincerely (i. .1. 1 >O.M ANi:s. '201', CV.OWCW .lOlIX PvOM \Ni:s Ixx IH ronnvfill 'rcrruco. Kr-'^fut's I'ark, N.W. : Dfcfinl )i r l!( . I sw* I am most *Cl|Cf )(•( isolation of other kinds as my theory would )\| And, in dealin;^' with this (piestion yon hil iijn-i ))reeisely the two ^n'eatest diflicrdties whieli 1 li;i,. myself eoiifdiuh'd lie against the theory. The tii-' is ahout iireas now disc-ontiinions lia\in,L;' heen oiin eontinuons, and our hein^^ so often unahle to s;iv whetlier or not such has heen the ease. \\\\\ thi> dillieulty is one that lies a^"ainst rcriJicdHon of t!;. theoi'y, not a,L(aiiist the theory itself. ft was in \\v\\ of this didienlty that f mentioned oeeamC islinid> ;i- funn"shin,L;- the hest floi'a for tryin;^^ expei'inieilts iipnn; hilt since J |)uhlished the ))aj)er, I liav<' not heen idilc ti- hear of any hotanists visitin<( islands. Should yoii ('vei' heal' of any yon mi,L;ht let m(^ know. The second dillieulty is one that lies a^ain^t tl tl leoi'N' 1 tself, aiK 1 h las alwa\s seemed to me in 1 ti fornndahle. Hut as nohody els(! has ever incut inncd it, i have not hitherto done so, as I want to work it out tpiietly. I allude to your remark ahout tliccx- traoi'dinary dirferences that ohtain amon;^" dittcivnt i^'enera with re,^'ard to the capahility of iniei'crossiii.' exhihited hy their constituent species. Tlii>. I confess, has from the lirst appeared a tr( iiifii'kiu ohjcction to my theory. On the other liaiak i li:i\' trikeii comfoil from the considcM'at ion that Ix-i'lc l"-. 1^'JII ()IMi:(Tl( )NS TO TIlKOIiV CONSI I )i:ili;i ) 'J()7 Ixi- -11. 1^-- 1" \nii d,,,, 11,^' ;i l;ir.> HT lli.'MV j. ;il)>('iicc 1.; \l\(\ cXpccV hit 11])!.!, I'll.' liiv hct'll ()1M»' !)!(' to >;i\ P>llt Ihi^ //III/ of till ^v;is ill \icv, isl;iii'l> !i- ents iipdi! : X'Cli ;il)lc ti; KHlId Vdll ;';iiii^t l!ic lllC ll|i'-f llCIlt inlicd :() work it lit the cx- dilTi'iviif 'fci'ossiiii.'' Tlii>. [ llicll(l(ili- 1(1. I li;i\'' lic~i'lc> iiciiiu' ;i t rcIiiciHlniis objection, it is ;ilso ;i t I'dnciidf »MS iiiv>t('i"y. \'<>\\ as it, must, iidinit of some cxpluiiat ion, ijiil ;is t his cxplaiifition must almost cci'fainly liavc [n do with the sexual system, it becomes not jiiiprohahic that wlien fomul the explanation may „|H;n'<' with |).s. That the differencf in (piestion is t'iiictioiial and not sti'uctural (or pliysiolo<,ficiil as (ihtiiiu'iiished fi'oni morpholo^icjil ) seems to l)e proved iiv tlic fact that in some cases it obtains as l)et\veen till' most closely Jillied .n'eiiei'a, bein,'_;\ r.//., most >M'oii;jly |)roiioiniced of all Ix'tween (lei'aninm and lv!;ir,Li<)nium. l^\'en (piite a))ai't from my own theory, !t M'Ciiis to me that this is a subject of the hi,L(h('st iii)])ort;iiice to in\-esti,L;"ate. As i'e<^"ards sexual selection I allow, of crnii'se, that :iic 'law of battle' is a foi'in of natural scdection. iliit where the matter is merely a pleasinu' of a'sthetic Ii^tc, and the I'esultin;^" structui'es thei'efoi-e oidy iiicnta.!, I can see notln"n^" ' advanta^^cous " in the of life-preservinij". On the contrar\, in most >nv,{ Si-lIM' oiM'S such structures entail conside)"al)le expenditin'e if physiolo^qc-fil energy in their [)roduction. On this I'coimt Darwin says that nat. sel. must impose a 'icck on sexual selection running- beyond a, cei'tain l")iut of injui'iousness (' I), of M.,' p. i!-J7). Now, iili\Niolo,L(ical selection is ne\"er thus injurious ; and ;'t!iou,L;"h it is a ' foi'in of isolation,' the isolation is :, ithei" so exti'enie nor of such lon,u' cont iniiance as '!if ones \'ou compai'e it with. .More()\ ci'. the eii\irnii - ::iiiit (t herefoi'c all ot liei' oi' <'xtei'nal coiifh't ion-, of life i •!ii;iin the same, win'ch is not the case under the 'lici' foi'uis of isolation. Provided that the pli\sio- 2f)S (iiioiu;!': JOHN komaniis 1-1 lo'TlCii 1 (1 111 litre IS not, /// / fsrif miiirioiis, I (i '» iKit why iiliiisioldtiicnll ji isoliit.cd forms should he !«•>> thjui those from whieli they huve heen se|);ii;ii til • ■' tl lOll! ill I eiiii vei'y \V( II ee why this should lie s VI case witli sueli fjnof/nt/fli/'cfi//// isohited forms a mention, for there the .scIkxiHiki is diUei-eiit. La>flv, physiolo^^dcjil selection, if not in itself injurious. (1(„, not require tluit its children should Ix- ' ])rot('(t( of conversations, to show in a ^cnc-i-al way what I'llic'line ' would have been.' If so, of course 1 should [not have said that my sayin^^s were inspired, but >iioiil(l iriyself have known that I was not ,Ljoin| •^imy. The line I am ^oin*,' to take is: ' Of Mr. Darwin. r i 210 nrxjHCH .101 IX U(>>[.\Ni:s Ix-I lf(l t-rii 1st. V.vcw Jissiunili^', for srikr of aiyiiiiiciit, tli;it hf'i^^litciicd cnloiir is con-clMtcd with iiiciCMM'd vi^diir. W'liII.'icc (Aci'yw licfc f;iils to (listiii;^iiisli l)ct wccii linl. liaiicy aiirl oniaiiicnt. ; yet it is t lie disposition of (oloins ill piittcriis, (Vc, thiit is tlie (diicf tiling' to Ix- cxpliii 'iiid. 1 11 iiMMiy cases (r.ry. pcjicock's tail) tlic putt is only rcxcalcd when uiifol(h'd (hirin,!^' coiirtshin. ]3esides natural selection could not he siu li a fool ;i> •.. develope lar,L;(' (physiolo,L;icallye.\pressi\t') and wcIliIi!; (inipedin,^" lli,L;ht) structures like this — sta^^'s' aiill(i>. &c., merely as cori'ehites of vi^^our, )}rd. There is not iniudi in Wallace's iiifniv npf^fitive dilliculty, ahout our not knowing what l'(..> on in the mind of goon in tluMiiind of a co(d\ — display, antics, sollL^ A< 4th. To sastluit ' ea(di hird finds a mate 1111(1 CI ;ii III. circumstances " is merely to he;^" tlh- whole .qncsti( 5th. 'I'here remains Wallace's jeciiousy of iinturalj selection, lie will not liave any other 'factorial; therefore says natural seloc^Jon must eat up scxuall selection like the lean kine have the fat kiiie. Jinti natural selection alone does not explain al pi lenoniena of sexua il col on run cou rtshij ), (Vc t!i.' and sexual selection is exactly thi' theory that dn( Wallace's jealousy, therefore, is foolish and iiiimical to natural scdection theory itself, hy fcjrciii,^' it iiiMJ <\Kplanations whi(di arc; phiinly false. * ]\Iy own helief is, tliat what Lankester calls tl ' ])ure Darwinians" are doiii^^ the same tliiiii.:' m )tl anoilier direction I )\' eii(lea\()urinL! ai id^SJ eismaiin, to make natural S( ■lect with Wall; ion all ill all 1 >'JI) oiuKCTioNs TO 'riiiioiiv (().\sii)i:i{i:i) i'^s iiiiilcrv ;ii(^ sdlf <;tiisr of ;i(i;i|)ti\r structure, :in(l expressly diManliu;-;' the l);ir\vini;ni recoL^iiitioi! dl use and dis- iNf. I think they ar<' dniii.L;' harm to natural selection thf(ii'\' itself. .Moreo\cr, hecause 1 do not see any ,iitli(it'iit reason as yet It) hud,L;-e from the real parwiiiiaii standpoint (W'eismann has added iiothin;^' •lithe facts which \v< i-(3 known to Charles |)arwin), the |)ust-l)arw inians accuse ine of nio\in,L;' away from llarwiiiian principles. Hut it is t hey w ho are mov- II.. ii ;Vt uid, hecause they see a chan.Lie in our relative ^itions, allirni that it is 1. In point of fact, my >iti()ii has never varied in the least, and my con- >i()ii (»f faith would still follow, in <'\('i-y detail, that n on )). 1-JI of ' Ori.n'in,' (ith e(l.. which, it seems inc. nii,nht also he re^^arded as j)ro[)lietic no h ss ::.aii retrospective. If 1 did not say all this in my paper in pliysio- i jical seUjeti(jn, it is only hecause I never conceived ■Jii' |)(jssil)ility of my hein^" accused of t ryiii^" to undei*- fiiiuc uatui'al selection ; and, therefoi'e, I oidy stated hriedy as possihle what my relations wei'c to it. •t it seems to m(» that this statement was clear Miinli if Wallace had not come down with his pi'e- >t('n»us ' Homanes rcis/is Darwin.' At all events, N not in my [)ower — oi', I helicNC, in that of any- kIv else -to express juoi'e sti'on,L;ly than 1 now lia\<' Xatui'e,' in answer to Dyei', what I do hold ahout iliiral selection in its relation to physiological selec- "ll. s exual selection, and other suhordiiiate principh s. ''I (tiiu'se, if thei'e were a dehate on these lines at the ■'■A,. 1 should ,L;'et my ))art of itpuhlisheil somewhere. IS 1 can honestly see, my ' position is ahso- a ir I' -J. 212 GEORflE JOHN ROMANES IS- 1 l:JJ 1 ■ D lately idciiticjil witli tliat in hist editions of ' Dri^ji ' and 'Descent,' with, pei'liaps, a 'tendency' to lav more stress on levellin,L( influence of Panmixia. ii^' physiolo^'ical selection. I have sent CoiTcve!:, of Geneva, foO to help in founding- a .garden in i];, Alps, which will have the proud distinction of li(.ii._ the hi.L^hest .garden in the world. He is a splcinii,! man for his i\n()\vled,i;*e of Alpine flora, and hoidi ^. ;. strongly l)itten with a desire to test physiological sdi , - tion. Of course 1 shall do the hyhi"idisin,L;'expciiiiM i;n myself, hut he will collect the material fiom i!;, diff(>rent mountains — i.e. nearly allied species. t(i|)n- <>-raphically separated, and therefor(\ I hojje, imitiiallv fertile, '^riie converse experiments of neatly allinl species on common areas may he tried in En,uiaii(l. I am makini^" arran^'ements for repeating;' on aiii extensive scale experiments on huddin.n- pur])le labur- num on yellow, to see if it is possihle to reprodiicel ' Adam's eye ' hyhrid. If so, it would now he of Miniei importance than ever in relation to Weismaiiii. tlu^ \Visil)ly his garden may bo of somo uso to Kn.^lish :i(itaiiists ; if so, you nn",L;ht solid tho hat round, and ,,llf(t any ooppors that fall. )<^"U'al Sfltr- )U iinytliiiij l (111 ;mil " It is cKiiiiMa To Profisfior TJiisrIfon /)//rr. is ConiWiill Terrace, Ref,'C'nt's Park. N.W. : .lamiarv 7. 1SH9. My doar Dyor, — Knowing* wlnit a l)usy man 11 aro, 1 never oxpeotod you to answer my last Ult, and thoroforo it has oomo as an a,ni'o(>ablo sur- :i^('. For no doubt }ou will boliovo mo whon I say all 1 value muoli more comminiioations whioli ai'c ;i|iiisod to physiological selection than those in its iivoiir ; the former show mo hotter what has to be ;!if in the way of v(4*itication, as well as tho ,L;(Mioi'al which may be taken on th(> subjoc-t by other case whon anyone fWS •iuds. And most of all is this the iu yourself ^ivos mo tho bonetit of opinions which ait; iiiifd by a trained experience in botany, seoin.L;" that df 1 am myself such a sorr}' i^^noramus. And I :iliii.L;ly confess that your stron,^ly (iX])rossed opinion ^ seriously shaken my hopes for physiological soloc- .11, iiotwithstandinu' thai some (!erman botanists oihorwiso N ovei •thol ess. 1 still thinly that it Anl th while to devote some years to experinu'iital iiiij", and then, if the results are a'lainst mo — well, 4iall 1 )0 s orry to 1 lave spent so much time o\-cr a :lil llowor chase, and to have kicked up so much itiititic (hist in the jirocoss ; but I will not bo -.allied to acknowledge that Nature has said No. 1 !' 211 GKORdH .JOIIX R0^^AX1•:S 1'5^ t 1^ ill' And now for yoni- last letter. Ixead in the li^j of suhsefpient ('X])('rienct% T have no doubt tlmt ou^ht to have expressed myself with more care wli writing- my paper. ]3nt, to tell the honest tnith. it never once occurred to me that 1 of all nien could Ijc suspected of tryin,!^' to undermine the the()l•i(■^ nf Darwin. I was entirely tilled with the one idea m' ])resentin^' what seemed to me 'a suppleiiiciit fv •OT )tl )otnesis. \\ hich, while ' i n no way opposed t- mitural selection,' would ' release* the latter from tj only dilliculties ' which to luy mind it had ever pi sented. 'Jlierefore I took it for ijranted that ('Vcl'\- SClir i)ody would ,i;'o with me in rec()<>"nisin^- natural tion as the* 'boss' round which evtu-y ' othei' tli('(ir\ ' must revolve, without my havin.ii: to say so on cwrv ])a,^"e. So, of course, by 'other theory ' I did notm.;!! that ph}siolo<;ical selection was in jny opinion th- ohIij theory of the ori,£>'in of species. Everywluiv throu,y"hout the paper, from the title-pa<^e to tlic ci in- clusion,! represented it as an 'additional su^i^'^csti'ii!,' a ' sn])plementary hypothesis,' c^t.,&c. Sexunl scln- tion is in my view (as it is also in Darwin's, W 'all;i< c'-, and doubtless that of all evolutionists) one of tli* 'other tlieoric^s that have been propounded on ihr ori.n'in of s))ecies.' So is Lamarck's tlu^ory. \vlii( ii was considered by Darwin as ntoi'c or /ess 'supplemen- tary' to natural sc lecti on ; an d tl ns is a 11 tl — or, I should say, could possibly be underslnod t mean in \iew of the title-[)a,L;v, iV'c. — by spcMkin'i I'f ( 11 lui plusiolouical s(dection as another theo)•^■ of the of species, it (-{U'tainly is not the sainc tbin.u' ;is ii;itiii';d stdeidion ()!• either of the 'otluM' theories' just men- '90 p]ivsi(,)L()(.iCAi. si:ij:cTiox 21; •iiiiifd : l)ut 11(1 K'ss cci'tiiiiih' it is not c.rrhisiiu- oi any ,,f the three. I 'iKjiit'stioiial)! y it is as yon say, and as 1 !a\s('lf said, an iiuJcjicinlcnl theory — i.i'. not ideii- 1 with, l)ut additional to, that of natural selection. Ilea But this is a widely dit'teivnt tiling- iVoin sayin.L;- that It is ill itself an c.rJmiisUri' theoi'y, which ninst there- turc swallow u[) all oi' iiny ' others. In short, 1 ahide 1)V the closin.n' statement of my introductory para- i:nil)li--vi/. that the theory is an ' attem])t al sn,i(- i,'fstii!,L,^ (iiiot/icr /(ic/ar in the formation of species, which, although (piite iinlcjM'iKh i/f of natural selection, ;> ill no way d/ijioscd to natural selection, and may ilu'refore l)e re.i^'arded as a factor sn jiidcniciihn a to iiatunil selection.' "Statements to the same eiTecL ;iii' indeed scattered through the entire papei* ; hut, nt Course, could J ha\-e foreseen the interpretations which afterwards arose, I should ha\'e I'eiterated such «tat(>liients (1(1 ii(iii.sr((in. Sorry you cannot come to the li.A., or to dine, liut ct'rtainlv do not wonder. Yours very sincerc^ly, (1. J. liOMANKS. Mil all Lastly, abont spindes not being able to exist {is cies withont the physiological isolation of ))hysio- :ical selection (p. ^iO;}), the stiitenient of coui'se only plies to neai'ly allied si)ecies occu))ying common (see \). 10 1). If this statement is wi-ong, no aivas niic has y( 't si lown me wherein it is so. I f; inc\' \'ou il" not (pute appreciate that by 'sterihty' I always iMcMii (unh^ss otherwise (>xpressly stated) sterihty /// nil' (/(■(/rct\ and this not only with regard to the 21G (;i:oHGK jonx i{om.\xi:s issi fertile Ii)l)i'ids. It is ])y no inciiiis ('1H)ii,u1i to point tn uatiirjil and fertile hybrids as cases opposed to plu- siolo;^"ieal selection mdess it has heen shown l,; experiment tlirou^-h a ^^'neration or two that these hybrids are/////// fertile — i.e. as fertile as tbeii- paivi;^ species. Now, experiments of tliis kind ha\c iMivly been carried throu^ii. If you assume that the icsult of carryin,^" them through would be destructi\c nt l)hysiolo.i4ical selection by provin,^- that fertile hyl)l•ili^ are, as a rule, fully fertile, and also (which is vcrv im[)ortant) that in any cases where ex})erimeiit nmv show them to b(> so, further experiment WdiiM fail to show that isolation has not been effected ii; any other way (as by pre-potency, difference insect fertilisation, cVc.) — in short, if you as> that fertility is as com})lete between the tw S (I o CI ated species IS it IS within each speci h les, low Is 11 conceivable tlnit the^' should continue to be distiiK i . Jn this connection it is well to consult (liilick's [)iipei already referred to (especially p. •J.'iU, })ara,^rapli Nt on the theoretical side, and Jordan' P"l )er books on the ])ractical side. I have repeated ih latt er's obserxations on [)()ppies, anv consuieraDie numner o 1)1( unh )f indi and find that v.l il leiv ivKiuals are coiicenied )()\\e natural selection is not nearly so ^^reat a | this respec-t. (Imcmi in cases where it happens tlmt iii-breedin,L;' is lu^cessarily contined to single lierin;i- l)hr()dite iiidi\iduals for numberless .generations, tin handicappin.L;- is not fatal: witness Mowers wliiel! hiibitually fertilise themselves before opeiiiii.u — es- d^ hicdi pecially some species or orclnds, wnicli iicNci' sei to do otherwise, notwithstanding' the elaborate p I'll- 69 I I'liYSlOLOGJCAL SEI.KCTIOX •21 visions f(»r cross-fcrtilisiilion in otluM* s[)('ci('s.) Xow, [hclicNc most of all in what I have called ' collcctiNi' v;iri;itioii ' of the reproductive system in the way mI ])h\siol()^'ical selection, wherehy, owin.i;' to some iiioii influence actiuij" on a larLi'e nnmher < • f indi vidiials similarly and simultaneously, they all hecoiiie Mxually co-adapted iitfer .sc while physiologically >,i|;itcd from the rest. This essential feature of the •:it.(tr\' seems to me entirely to remove the ditlicully iiiiiit in-hreedin,L;", as well as that which Wallace ;i-v(l ahout the chances a,L;ainst a suitahle meetin,^' 1 ■ pliysiolo.i^ical complements.' As foi' my lia\in,L;' atti'ihuted too nnicli to the ^\v;l!llpin,^• eifects of intercrossin.i;' ( Panmixia ), t his, 1 ;iii convinced, is the one and only [)articulai' wherein Iliavc at all departed from the jud.ninents of Darwin ; (iiiLlh, curiouslv enou,i di, it IS tl le nai ■ticul; IV on Aiiicli my critics have laid least stress when accusiiin- Hit' cf Darwinian heresy. J^ut it is too hi,^' a (piestioii tl treat in -c()rres])()ndence. (iulicl<'s i'(>cently puh- !i4u'(l ]jai)er at the Linnean Societ\' seems to n le a iiist important one in this comiection, and I have lai''j'e hodv of other e\ idence. 'J\) 2'\ Diinrin, I'^s(/, IH Coinwiill 'rcrnicf, lic^^'ciit's I'liri-c. N.W ;ini;ir\- s. iSH'.t. Hear Dai'win, — Hjite you, indeed I Why, 1 c;iii- iiia,L;ine any hetter ser\ ice t lian that of stopping' 'I I I it'llow ti'om niaKniL:' a tool ot nise 1 I l( ISl "nlially thank you i'oi' ha\in,L;'done so in thiscjise Mr. l'\ 1 )unvin liiul poiiitid oiil sonu' erroneous coiicliisious in ii pro ;f.| :-( lentihc pa])or. 2IS (;i-:()iuii-: .loiix I{{)^r.\^•l•:s l^Sl 'I'lio l)usin('ss \\;is so coiiiplctcly out of my liii. , :1 f (lid not know wlijit was ';('(juii"<'(l. It scciiic(| nic lliat, it I ;4'ot any evidence of l)e;yliii;^' towar sparks, the only (piestion I wanted t 'U tl o answei' Wd IC-: )Cr 1)(; answcrcfi, and, ilierefoi'e, that it did not ii);it ji straw al)oiit temperatiu'e, moisture, and the Moreover, the I'esults did not seem to m<' to Ijcof importance, as they wei'e just what mi^dit haxc 1 expected, and, tlierefoi'e, I doul)ted whethei' it w, wortli while ])uhlishin,L;' ;i ])aper ahout them, i!, they ,L,^one tlie otliei" way, and [)i'o\-ed that the plai. would not hend to tlashin.i;' h^^'ht, i should lla^•e IIimul'I it much more interesting^'. fjHstly, tlie reseai'( li w so expensive, costin,^^ X'l per da}' at tlie only phh where T could ji^et the retpiisite a))pai'atus, and tl trr CM they shut up at ni,^'ht. Of cou)"se, I will w ithdniw this paper, and if \n'i think the tin ;' is woi'tli woi'kin^' out in all the (lrt;iil-. yon su^'.^'est, will do so. In that case, it would i" worth while to ascertain whether thei'e would i)c ;iii' electrical ap])aratus at (.^ind)rid' controN'crsy whicdi I have rec(Mitly h.nl ^viih Dyer, and out of which the present su^^^'est oh n;i- fe: \m I'LASlIIXCi lAC.WT ON PLANTS '219 ,.i!i;iiifit('(l. I\'i'li!i])N we nii.Liiit arrniiuc to meet soitu'- whcrc soon to have a talk ovi- the expediency of viicli a debate at all, and the lines on whieli. if held, it. Jtiould fUii. Of course, ))hysiolo,L,n'cal selection would iir cni'efully kept out. My ohject would he tjo show ihr prime importance of natural selection as n theory uiiicli cvei'vwhei'c accounts for ada])tations, Y(jurs ^■e)•v sincei'ely, (1. »1. lloMAM.S. :in W(J May '27. lss(». Herewith \ return, with many thanks, a ))amphlet Kci'iier, nundx'i'cd T^^S. Ill my experiments with electi-ic spai'k illunn'na- II en plants, I notice that the seedlin.^s, although so iHl would require modification in the way that you \\k, > su^^'.i^'est. lias it occurred to you as an argument in fa\'()ur of thi> su^'^'estion [i.e. that the 'potentiality' of somatic «;'erm-plasm may in such cases he arrested in it> pin- (■•ess of onto^i^'enetic diffusion), that ])arwin has shown, or at leiist alle^'ed, that all such cases may he tniccd to s))ecial adaptation to special needs, dan,i;"ers. t\^T. — :*90 ON WKISMANXS THKOUV 221 s,i that the arrest may have been ])r()ii;^ht about in these cases by natural selection ? if \()U (IcM'in the 'chief difference ' between Dar- win's and Weismann's theory of heredity to be 'that the (iiie ini])lies N/fifcn'/t/ jm rfic/r.s and the othei' only r/ rh 'I ]iiisii-ni (iiifi clu'iiuc'd v(nistitiitniii, then, it seems to th !llf Ml W'eismann's theory will become identical with ■rhert Spencer's — seein,i^- that this is vii-tually the Iv respect in which SpcMicer's ditl'ers fi'om Darwin's. ISiit 1 think there is another and a nuich more important respect in which W'.'s tbeoi'y differs from iidth these predecessors. Howevei', to proceed to the next point, I a.t^'ree with you, that the sole object of the S[)hex stin^'in,L( the larva' is noii' to caus(> them til 'keep,' and that natural sehn-tion imist have Aorked upon this for perfecting" the instinct. Ihit the point is, what was the origin of the scdective niii^^in^? If merely chance congenital vari;itions, wdiild unity to billions express the chancers a,uainst dii'ir ever arising? Get some mathematician to cal- (iihite — .giving' as data superficial area of caterpillar lithe one hand and that of nine gan«4lia on the other. Hveii neglectin<( the consideration that the variation must occur many times to give unaided natural nlection a chance to fix it as an instinct, the chances aiiiinst its occurring only once would be I'epresentcd : V the following series, where ./• is the superticial ai'ea "t the caterpillar niiiiiis that of eight ganglia, and iiiitv is suDerticial area of one ganiilia : 11.1.1.1.1.1 1 1 - X -X X X \ X If, IS L suppose, j: may here be taken as -100,000, 222 GEORGH JOIIX II()MAM:S I8s;- th(» clianccs ii,L;aiiist tlio variation occuniiiL;' kuc, would !)(' written in ti^iircs expressing" unity to dn, thousand million billion trillions, Ofeoui'se 1 di. iint rely on ealeidations of this kind foi' ,i;"i\in!4' auytliiu. like aeeui'ate results (niatheniiities in l)iolo,L,^y alwnw seems to me like a scalpel in a carpenter's sliopi, luit it makes no difference liow far one cuts dowi I Sllcli iii»ui'es as th(^ so Th le re fore, i f 1. iimarck won t s;iti>t\ III III II.- such facts, neither do I think that Darwin Ijiiniarck can do so. We nnist wait for the next man. I will send you ' Perrier ' on my return to town next month. Lord Morton's experience is so universally tliatnf all hi'eeders of live stock, that 1 never knew jiiivliddv ever doubted it. But, if they do, there is no I'casf why they should not satisfy themselves on the | 111 Xijlil s aiiv For ]ny part I do not feel that the fact re(phr( corroboration as re^^ards mammals, thou.^ii I have some experiments K^'ii^n <*ii with birds. Lastly, tlic itb il plant s are s till apparently analogous cas(»s m for Weismann's theory, and they stand on tli authoriti Wdl'sf DCN es. 1 enclose a letter received by same p^ost tliat hi'ou.^ht yours. It is from a former keeper of who is now more in the moorlands. Other ap[)lici liillic tioll-^ are out, so L hope some oi them will be siic((>>tiil. Very little doubt it will prove to be temperatnic. 1 found ;i dead stoat her<' to-day ; it had not tiinud white at all, but then the season is very mild. The Secretary of the JM. is Sir F. J raiiiwc Bart., LMLS. You had better write to him. Al- his son-in-law. Victor Iforsley, who is more .() Ill . '. \f^' \m ON WKISMANNS TIIi:0UY •2-2:i i.i(ilo<,Mst. 'I'oll l)i';iiii\V('ll, if vdii like, tliat, I think he ,, light to .jump at you. ^'olll•s Nt'i'v ti'iily, (1. .). KOMANKS. (iciinii's. IJoss-shiro, N.]!. : No\(Miil)cr 0, IHH*.). Mv (Iciir l\)iiltou, — Many tlianks foi' your paper, v.hich is the clcart'st exposition I have yet seen of Wcisiiiunn's views. Jjut how ahout your alhision to rxperinients in ^I'aftin^' ? As i-e,L;ar(ls phmts, there Is a 1 (leal of evidence as to the ])ossihihty of a ^I'aft- hvbrid As regards animals, fifteen years ago 1 s|)ent all immensity of time in experimenting, and could not ;lu'U find that there was any literatui'e on the suhject. N'lihody who had grafted animal tissues had done so itli any reference to the heredity (juestion, nor ill 1 know of any puhlications on the sn])ject since ::ifii. Yours very truly, (i. .1. IvOMANHS. Cicanios, Koss-sliirc, X.IJ. : Xoveinl)cr 11, iSHi). My dear Poulton, — Although 1 spent more time m\ trouhle than I like to iicknowledge (even to ]ny- -If) in trying to prove Pangenesis hetween "7^^ and ^ii. r nev(3r ohtained any positive results, and did .'it care to puhlish negative. Therefore there are no iiapers of mine on the sul)ject, altliougli I may fairly -tlicve that no other human ])eing has tried so many ■ \i)i'rinients upon it. No d()ul)t you wdl think that I'liight to regard this fact ;is so much negatixc evi- '>nce in favour of the new theoi'\- ; and, up to a 2-Jl (ii:oH(;i: john homanks 188I certain point, I do, only tlir issue Ix'twccn PaiiLrciusi. and Ciei'ni-plasni is not really oi* nearly so wdl (l(.}i|„,j as Weisinann represents, wh<'re the matter of cxpi'ii- inents is coiiei I'ned r.ij. it is not the case that ;ii Ifl!: '.Vi !'\ crncial test is furnished hy the non-transmissihilit mutilations; Darwin did not set nnieh store l)\ t thou^di J'j'mer and others have done so since. fact all the Germans on hoth sides, and all En;4"lishmen on Weismann's side, seem to me iiiij to Darwin in this respect. lie^ardin,L;" tlie cessation of selection, the mot that prompted my (question to you was not the palt one of chiimin^' priority in the enunciation of an ix- ceedin^dy ohvious idea. My motive was to assuiv mv- self that this idea is exactly th(^ same as Weisniaiin's Panmixia ; for, althou,L>"h I could see no ditTei'eiicf. 1 thou<4ht ]")erhaps he and you did (from ahseiicr nf allusion to my ])aper, whik^ priority is acknowledi^cd as re<4*ards a latei' one) ; and, if this were so, I wanted to know where the difference lay. And the reason 1 wanted to know this was because when my papir was published, and Darwin accepted the idea with enthusiasm, L put it to him in conversation whether this id(^a mi,i;ht not supersede Lamarckian })riii(i])Ies alto^'ether. (l^v carefully readin<>- between the lines o f the paper itself, \o\\ will see how miuli thi> question was occupying- my mind at the time, tlionLjli I did not dar(^ to challen^'e Lamarck's princi])les /// /"/" without much more full inquiry.) Then it was that on ])arwin dissuaded me from goini;' on to this point, the ground that there was abundant evidence of I^amarck's principles apart from use and disuse of 1«'»" ON WHISMAXNS TIIKOIIV >tnictures — r.7. instincts — and also on the .ijround of his tlu'oryof Pan^'cncsis. Thcrrfon' I al)an(l()nt'd the iii:itter, and still rcta'n what may thns hv now a |)r('- iidiff a.ii^ainst cxactl;.' th.c same line of th()n,L;"ht as l);ir\\iii talked wn.' out of in 1.S73. Wcisniann, of , iiursc, has ^M'catly elahorated this line of thoni^'ht ; hut wluit may he called the scientific axis of it (vi/. ;,Mssil)lc non-inheritance of ac(]uired characters) is uleiitical, and all the nioi'e metaphysical part of it ;il)OUt the innnortality, imnnitahility, Xv., of ;i hypo- ':itti( id ^crm-plasm is the weakest part in my esti- :iiiition. Now, the point \ am working; up to is this. If tliei-e .110 difference hetween Panmixia and (Cessation of vlection, from what I have hrielly sketched ahout it. • follows that, had Darwin lived till now, he would jiiost certainly have heen opposed to Weismann. This is not a thhv^ I should like to say in puhlic, hut 'iiiethat I should hke to feel practically assured ahout in !iiy own mind. l{e,L;ardin^- the numerical calculations, I have not .it a copy of the 'Mature ' paper here, but, so far as 1 :''iiieiiiher (and I think 1 am ri<eoins to me evident he must be wron^^ The >tM)iis are obvious, as I am ^^oin^i^" to show this week' 226 GEOliGE JOHN KOMAXKS to my ]^(liiibiir^h class. Six lectures are to be dcviitcd entirely to WeisiiiuiiM, cind when they are puljlishcd (as they will be this time next year), I tliink it will he seen that Weismannism is not such very plain Miilm, as Weismann himself seems to think. Vines Jms anti- cipated some of my points in his paper in 'Naimv ; but I hope this may have the effect of lettin,^- me >,,. what answers can be given before 1 shall liavi' tn publish. Yours very truly, (t. .1. li()M\M>, In the midst of these scientific labours and scici!- tilic controversies, Mr. liomanes found time for utlurj thoughts and for other work. At the beginning of 1889 he delivered an addivssj at Toynbee Hall on the Ethical Teaching of C'liii^tJ of which the following is an extract : ' The services rendered by Christ to the vnmv o| morality have been in two distinct directions. T!i6 first is in an unparalleled change of moral ((imcp- tion, and the other in an unparalleled moral exaiiiplej joined with peculiar powers of moral exposition auc enthusiasm of moral feeling which have never hvion been approached. The originality of Chi'ist's tcachj ing might in some quarters be over-rated, but i\\i achievement it was impossible to overrate. It ij only before the presence of Christ that the dry Ixmej of ethical abstraction have s})rung into life. ThJ very essence of the new religion consists in re establishing more (dostdy tlnin ever the bonds h tween morality and I'eligion. One important et't.< t «:»0 TIIH ADDRESS AT TOYXiJEE HALL •2-27 I'lirist's teacliiii<,^ and intluence has been the carryin.^ into I'ftVct of the doctrine of universah'sni, for pre- viously the idea of human brotherhood can not be ,;n(l to iiave existed. A,L(ain, in the exaltation of •liL' benevolent virtues at the expense of the heroic, :he chant^e effected is fundamental and abrupt. I'hrist may be said to have created the virtues of .elf-!ibue^''ation, universal beneficence, unt1inchin the appreciation of the unicjueness of the person- ality. Men may cease to wonder at the effect of I hrist's teaching; for, given the wonderful person- ,Iity, all the rest must follow. Whatever answers vifteivnt persons may give to the questions, " What ..iiiik ye of Christ ? Whose son is iVv, ? " everyone Liiist agree that " His name shall be called Wonder- This brought on him two charactei'istic letters, iir from an Agnostic lady, blaming him for attach- : so uuich importance to Mini whom she was I.Wsed to call ' The Peasant of Nazareth,' the other 'uiii Dr. Paget : W2 228 GEORGE JOHN ROMANES 18SI- Christ Cluirch, Oxford: Jiuinarv 14. KsQ, My dear Eoiiiaiies, — I hope you will not think me impertinent if I write a few words of <,n-atitii(| for the happiness which I enjoyed in readin.L,^ to-dav even such an account of your address at Toynl)ee Hall as the ' Times ' .i^ave me. There is always a risk (• impertinence in thankin^^a man for what he has said: for of course he has said it hecause he saw it, aim thouf^ht he ought to say it, quite simply. But I ma just thank you for the generous willingness ith whie: you accepted such a task : — and for the liglii in whn' you looked at it : — as an opportunity for sayin.L,' sm ungrudgingly, so open-heartedly, that which is (lr:t to you about our Lord. This nuist he, please God. a real bit of help to others ; and I trust and pray tlia; it may return in help to you. But how dark you were about it ! I should haw been furious if I had been in London, and not thrn Please forgive me this letter ; and do not think needs any answer. Affectionately youi's, P'llANCIS pAfJKT. At the beginning of this year Mr. liomanes coi-i lected his various ])oems and had them priviitclvj ])rinted. He writes to his lister : Febinary IHSH. Three weeks before the 11th I was wondcriiii,'! what T should get as a wedding-day ]iresent to iiijil the tenth anniversary, h'ihel then chanced to say th;i she wisluMJ my [)oems were pul)lis]ied, so that she could hav(* them in type. This suggested to iiic th( !'90 THE rOHMS 229 jitii of putting" tlu'iu into typt' for private circulation, A hell they nii<4lit serve at once as the required .veddin^'-present, and as a prehniinary to puhhcation it any future time eitiier hy myself or, more probahly, iiv her or someone else. So J ^'ot an estimate from iif printer, and with an awful rush he set up the whole ill a week. Proof corrections occupied another Avek. and the bindin,^' of a ^rand presentation copy ;ht' third week. Thus 1 only had my present ready ; tew hours before it had to l)e presented, liinding :iu' other copies occupied the time till I sent you viiiirs. In Ethel's copy (which is awfully swell) I AW written a special sonnet, as I did in yours. These poems, or rather a selection from them, vill be published, in accordance with the author's •:.wh. Of his poetry, his sonnets (which were privately iiiuted) seem the most successful. \'arious friends -w the privately print(^d book, and tlic prescMit I'l'iifessor of Poetry at Oxford gratified Mr. lioinanes vriT much by his own kind words respecting them, iiid also by submitting them to Lord Tennyson, who <|)uke of them in kindly terms, as did mIso Dean 'iiuivh, ^Iv. hidmund (iosse, Mi*, (leorge Merechth, .;.d others. Two letters he received al)out his poems ;.v here gi\'en : From the Dvnii of >S7. Pdiir.s. Kttenlitiiu, Torcumy : FcbiMiarv lid, 1HH9. My dear ^h\ Romanes, — Thank you very much li'iyour kindiu^ss in thinking me worthy of your gift. ' 111) always glad to see science and poetry go togetJier. 230 GEORGE TOTTX RO:\rANES It was the wuy with the carhest efforts of iiatiira! science, as Eiii])edocles and Jjucretiiis ; and \vhciitli> strictest thinking- of science is done, there is slili sonietliin^^- nioi'c of expression and nieaniiiu-, (■: which poetry is the natural and only adecjuatt interpreter. My acquaintance with your volume is as yet onK superficial. But I have heen very nuich impressed liv 'Charles Darwin,' and by the ' Dream of Poetry.' It i^ a very pleasant volume to open, and does not scini one away empty and cold ; which means that it h genuine poetry. We do not get on very fast : lui' we are better here than in London, and th(> ])la(f i- pleasant. Please remember us all to Mrs. Eomanes. Man sends a very special remembrance. Yours faithfully, li. \\\ CmiK II. Fro7H the Bf. Hon. W. E. Glad.sfour. Iltuvardeii. Dear Mr. liomanes, — You have sent me ;iii acceptal)le gift, and a most considerate note; ciiii- siderate as regards me, but not, I fear, as respect^ yourself ; for you have made your appeal to an iiici'in- petent judge. I do not think 1 possess, thou.uh I have always coveted, the gift of song, and I am not :i qualified judge of those who have it. But in your case there can surely be neitlitr ditiiculty nor doubt. I came home on Satiiiday evening and found a book awaiting me with pri")' 1890 [.ETTER FRO^[ ^IR. GLADSTONE 231 personal chiinis, wliich has taken up most of the short time since my arrival. It docs not, however, I think, rc(|uirc nnich time to learn from your hook whether you have or have not the poetic ^ift. Before niaiiv minutes had passed the atlirmation, 1 will not s;iv dawned, hut ,i(lared, upon me. 1 am very ^lad that you have proceeded to its further exercise. I can see no <^^()()d reason why a mail of science should not he a poet. Lord Bacon >urj:'Iy shows in his Essays that he had the poet in him. It all depends upon the way of Koii^K fihout it, ;iiul on the man's keepin;.( himself, as man, ahove his Dursuit, as Emerson well said lon^* a<^(). I do not quite apprehendyour estimate of Darwin. iiDi' of Darwin's works, in p. 1 19. This is no douht due lu my ij^norance. I knew him little, hut my sli*^dit intercourse with him impressed me deeply as well as pi easuv ahly With sincere thanks, I remain, dear Mr. Ixomane iiiithfuUy your: W. E. Ctladstonf- Mr. llomanes was an onniivorous reader of poetry, tiul this taste ^rew hy what it fed on. On a holiday lie read poetry in preference to anythin<^^ else, and he viis very fond of .i-'ood antholo.n'ies, be,L,nnnin,n- first and ioreiiiost with tht^ ' Clolden Treasury.' Shakesp(>are, Milton, and, above all, Tennyson wei"e the ])oets he most loved. For Byron he had had an early boyish t'lithusiasm, but this he seemed to outgrow ; at least Hyron was not an author to whom in latei' years Ik turned. He ;^rew more and more addicted to vtn'si ■ fviii;^' in th(> lat(n' years of his life, and;^ii"l friends who -Tt'W into intimate actpiaintances wei-e sur(> to have 2:j2 GEORGE JOHN ROMANES 1881 •^11 ' I sooner or l.iter a sonnet sent to them on soii.c s])c(ial occHsion. As the years went on he became more intercstfd in work amon^^st the poor, and lon<4e(l to take uii some special hne. For a while he set up a sukiH school in a slum near the Enston l^)a(l, in which he tried to attract the very poorest hoys who hud mana<^ed to elude the vi<^ilance of the School Hdaid. His plan was to have only niornin;^" scIkjoI, and h, <,ave the children their diimer. The School lioaid officer came to his aid, and the school was maiiilaintd for one or tsvo winters. He visited the school re^nUarly, and on (iiic occasion, tindin*,^ that a boy had been ^a'ossly iiulc t" the mistress, he gave the young scamp a sound whi]:)p m (T Of the work of the clergy as a whole l^onia ncs always s})oke most warndy ; of the peculiar dishkc of and sus})ici()n of 'black coats,' so often attributed tti laymen in general and to scientilic men in particular. he had nt) trace, and as years went on he used 1 o lie jently chaffed for his clerical tendencies and the way in which he was consulted as to the beariiii;s ot ScicMice on Kelii fion, Two new correspondents were now added to Mr. Romanes' list, Professor Joseph Le C'onte, ot tiic I'ni versify of California, and the Hev. J. Gulick, who was, and is still, an American missionary in .hipau. Of ^\v. Gulick's scientific attainments, Mr. Ixoniancs entertained a very high opinion. Unfortunatcdy, none of the letters to Mr. Gulick have come to hand. Of Mr. Le Conte's book, ' Evolution andl^digioiis Tlioiiu' ;uU'odl M Mr. Ik" For other people's interests in the way of work he had nuicli sympathy ; he several times went down tn H .\ ^^^ |.|^^ the Christ Church mission at Poplar when the \lv\. H. L. Paget was in charge, and he lectured at 'J\)\ul)cc Hall and at the Oxford House. fSii PKOFESHOli LE CONTE 233 Thought,' Mr. lioiiianes tlum^dit very lii<^hly, and aitioduced it to the notice of various people, especially •j) Mr. Aubrey Moore. He writes to Mr. Le Conte : ^(T Gc-iuiies, lioss-shii'e, X.L. : October 11, 1887, Dear Sir, — 1 am much obliged to you foi' sendii ::it' u copy of your most interesting' paper oji Flora of the Coast Islands, cV:c. If you are acquainted with my new theory of Physiological Selection ' (published in 'Journ. Jiin. Nil." 1880) you will understand why I regard your :;(ts as furnishing first-rate material for testing ;;i;it theory. If you cannot get access to my pa[)er, I vill send you a copy on my return to London in iWeniber. My object in now writing — over and aboxc that of :iiHiikiiig you for your paper — is to ask whether you Vdursclf, or any other American naturalist whom you :ia\ know, would not feel it well woith while to try <)me experiments on the hybridisation of the peculiar ■K'ies. Although 1 agree with you in thinking it irolnible that many of these species may be ' rem- .;;iits,' I also think it abundantly possil)le that some f them may be merely eyolved forms. A botanist nthe spot might be able to determine, by intelligent Miiparison, which of tb.e peculiar species are most ;i'. Mav 7, IHSS, jVIy dear Sir, —Many thanks for sending' me a cop of your book,' which seems to me everywhere adii rable. Of course, I am particularly ^lad thai y( think with me so nnich on physiol()<>ical selectimijmi 11- Evolution and Religions TJioufjJit. I'l'O LETTERS TO TROFESSOR LE C'ONTE 230 rvcii apart from this, tlic work is, to my mind, one of tilt' most clearly tliou^ht out that I have met with in l);ir\vinian literature. I have sent it on to ' Nature ' fur review, understanding^ from the otlice that a copy h;id not then been received. But for your kind iiitiitiou of myself, 1 should have reviewed it. A most remarkable* ])aper has been sent to th{> Liiincan Society by a Mi-. Gulick on ' Divergent Hvdlution,' for the publication of which in the ■Journal ' you mi,i(ht look out. G. J. lioMANES. January 21, IKHW. My dear Sir, — I should like yon to set your lucid wits to work upon the following' (juestions, and let me mow whether you can devise any answers. On pp. 220 220 of your book, you state with ex- tivine felicity, and much better than lu; does, Weis- iiiiuni's theory of the causes of variation. But it does iidt occur to him, and does not seem to have occui'red tu yuu, that there is a curious and unaccountable interruption in the ascending' grades of sexual dift'e- leiitifition, for in the ve<,^etable kingdom these do nof :oll()\v the grades of taxonomic ascent ; but, on the luiitrary, and as a general rule, the loircr the order of evolution, the (jrcatcr is the tendency to l)i-sexualism. IHd'cious species {i.e. male and female organs on dif- fii'ent plants) occur in largest proportion among the I'lWtT Cryptogams, less frecpiently anujng the higher, Hiid more rarely still among Phanerogams. Mono-- tioiis species (/.r. male and female organs on the same pliiiit, but locall}' distinct) occur chieily among the I ■iw GKOKdK .lOHX ROMANES 1J:ull. I hope that .'it some time you will he ahle to <,'et ^ent to me seeds of s])eeies peenliar to oceanic islands, >hnul(l you hea.' of any hotanists who are visitin;^' sUch islands. G. J. Ko.MANES. 1 note that you have heen "^-ood enou^^h to pass niviiuestions on to Mr. Greene, whose .s^n'eat kindness ilreiidy experienced by me) will, I trusL, prevent him from thinkin<^' that the failure of the seeds to :'.(i\vt'r here was due to any ne,^li;^ence on my part. Yes, it Irs the same Kev. Mr. Gulick whom you Jescribethat wrote the ])aperon 'Diver^vnt Evolution' ti which I alhuled, and which is a most remarkable ;;i[)er in every way, thou^ii not at all easy to master. Wallace completely misunderstood it in his letter to Nature.' It was his work in shells that first led ]Mr. (jiilick to study Isolation, and he has been at work iipiiu the subject ever since. To the best of my iudunient, he has demonstrated the necessity of what he calls ' se^Tegate breedin.t,^ ' for ' polytypic evolu- :ion,' and in this connection has worked out the idea f physiolof^ical selection (which he calls se^Tegate kundity) nmch more fully than I have. It is most astonishin,^' to me with what a storm of (tpposition this idea has been met in En,i,dand. and Imw persistent is the niisunderstandin,i>-. In Ger- many and America it is bein^^ nmch more fairly treated, but meanwhile I intend to keep it as quiet as possible, till I shall be in a position to publish a lar^c ; 238 C.KOnc.K JOHN ROMAXEH !>-.«- body of cxpt'riiiKMital observations. As fur ;in tiint- has hitherto allowed, the results are stron^dy cniii.lj,,. rative of the theory. I have now read your admirable book, jukI mv (jnly objec*"jion to it is that it seems in such lar^r,. measure to antieipate the publieation of mv own course of lectures on the theory of Evolution \vhi( li I am now giving' at the Koyal Inrtitution. Hut. dn the other hand, this will relieve nie of the ncccssitv of printing' a ^^ood deal of my matter, as it will lie sullicient to refer to your book in mine when the two cover connnon ^a-ound. It is needless to add that I am very glad to note you think so well of physidld- gical selection. Yours very truly, G. J. liOMANES. The theory of the Non-Inheritance of Ac(jnir('(l (characters, with which Professor Weismann's nnuiel is inseparably connected, was now comintif to the front. Mr. Romanes was, of course, intensely interested! and set himself uot to dispute so much as to examiiit' and to test it. He devoted a lar<^'e part of his last year at the Royal Institution to lecturing on Prof. Weisiuamr^ theory, which lectures he worked U]) into his hook, 'An Examination of Weismannism,' published in 1892. He devised many experiments to test that theory,! experiments which have a pathetic interest foi' those who love him, for they occupied his mind up to the! very day of his death. Of this theory it may safely be said that since tiie ])ronnilgation of Mr. Darwin's great doctrine, no pre-| l)lem has interested the world of science so profoinully.^ .ii<> rHOFHSSOR WKISMAXNS TIIHOKV 239 For the most [)cirt the youn^^T Kni^dish naturalists ;i:ivt' accepted Professor Wcisniamrs theory, which, V the way, had loii;^' n^^o Ix'cii anticipated hy Mr. Francis Galton, and Mr. Uonianes was not nnich supported in his o[)positioii, or. I'ather, his n(^n- ;(lh('n'iice to \\ Cisniannisni. l.iiiiieaii Society, l;urlinf,'t()ii House. J^oiuloii, \\. : Mareii 21, 1Hh the hack ..iiiibers of 'Nature,' with a view to repuhlishin^Mis a Miiall book the various things that I have contributed luring' the past twenty years. Thus it is 1 find that ::u' explanation which I <,'ave to Herhert Spencei' re I'aiiiuixia and his articles on the ' Factors of Organic Evolution,' appeared in August 25, 1SH7, and showed :a:it his whole argument was in the air. I have also read my own article on Panmixia, '.vrittcn ahout two months ago, and published last veek. The result is to satisfy me that your ' intelli- .eiit' friends must have had minds which do not flon;.; to the a jjriori order — i.e. are incapable of leircivnig other than the most familiar rehitions. >uch mnids may do admirable work in other direc- :;ijiis, but not in that of estimating the value of darwinian speculations. A few years ago they ■vmild have tliought the cessation of selection a very iiiiinportant principle, and one which could not ij.issibly sustain any such large question as that of i.t' transmissibility of acquired character. And a 240 GEORGE JOHN ROMANES iHs. few years hence they will wonder why they vnUf^ such an ado over the no less ohvious principle ,, physiolo^dcal selection. Yours very truly, (x. J. KuMANKs. He writes to his brother : 18 Cornw.ill Terrace, Ue,L,'ent's Park, N.W. : S,iiiila\. ^Fy dearest James, — This theory, of the Xmi- Inheritance of Acquired Characters, is that notliin. that can happen in the lifetime of the iiidivi(lu;il exercises any influence on its pro^^eny; effects of un or disuse, for example, cannot be inherited, nor, then - fore, can any adaptation to external conditions whii 1: are brought about in individual orf:^}inisms. Natural selection thus can only operate in spontaneous varia- tions of ,i>-erm -plasm, choosing' those variations which. when ' writ lar^^e' in the resultin<^' organisms, are bc-^t suited to survive and transmit. This is the most important question that lias bcci, raised in hi()l(),i;-y since I can remember, aiid our proof of an inherited niiitildtioii would settle the matter a^'ainst Weismann's theory. I am therefdrc also trying" the mutilation of caterpillars at the /no. in the hope* that a nuitilation during' what is virtiiall} an embryonic period of life will be most likely to Iti transmitted, s(Hun«^' that coitf/cnitdl variations are >^" readily transmissible, and that these arc chaiiL^i^s > ! a, preembryonic kind. All \\v\\ ami with unich love, yours ever, (rEOr.dK. ■ip SALLY 241 neons varia- tions which. Have you K<>t the ' ('onteiiiponiry Review' for iiiiu'with my iirtiele on Dai'wiiiism ? If not, I will seiul it. Another bit of work w.is an investi,^ation into •:if iiitelli.u'cnce of the chinipan/ee 'Sally' at tiie /(.(ijo^ieal (lardens, which the following- letter de- Hi'ilx's : SAWV^il". vi.i:srs lUIL'Tl-:. Tn the Kditor <>/ flic ' Tiillrs ' (Srpf. 11), LS,S.Sj. sir, — In connection with the correspondence on He powers of counting" displayed hy s:iva,i;'es, it may .■ (if interest to narrate the foUowim;' facts with :t::iird to similar powers as displayed by brutes. One often hears a stoi'_\' told which seems to show ::i;it rooks are able to count as far as hve. The V live of this story, howevei', is <^^en{'rally found to ;;:iV(' been f()r<^"otten, and therefore the st(ti'y itself is dvdited. Now, the facts stand on the authority ;i very accurate observcM". and as he adds that they • 'always to hv repeated when the attempt is (!('.' so that the\' ar-,' re.L!arded by him as 'amonu- ■ very connnonest instances of animal sagacity,' cannot lij^htly set them aside. The obserNci' in istion is LeroN', and the facts for whi<-h he mM) nally vouches in his woi'k on animal intelli,L;-ence hrietly as follow^; : Tii(> rooks will notr«'tiii"n to their nests dni'imj' ht shou Id tl lev see 1 1 nit anvone is wail inn' to 't them, if to lull suspicion a hut is made ix'low 'ookei'v and a nnin conceal himself thei'ein, he ii 242 GE' RGE JOHN ROMANES will liave to wait in vain, siiould the l)ir(ls h; bee'u shot at from tlic hut on a previous occ \'c (■\-i ilsKi'i ierov the n •'"oes on to say To(l« tl eceive tlnssiispic itO bird, the plan was hit upon of sendin.^- two men ji the watch-house, one of whom ])assed out while the other remained ; but the rook counted and kept IhtJ distance. The next day three went, and a^aii liel perceived that only two returned. In tine, it wm; found necessary to send five or six men to the watdi- house in order to throw out her calculation.' Findin<^" it on this testimony not incredible that bird could count as far as live, 1 thou<{ht it wnnj while to try \vhat mi<^ht be done with a mo intelligent animal in this connection. Accordini:] about a year a<^^o, I be^om, with the assistance of the keeper, to instruct the chimpanzee at the Zooloificil Gardens in the art of computation. 'Die niethdC ad()])ted was to ask her for one, two, tln'ee, four, di five straws, which she was to pick u]i and hand mij from amon^' the litter in her ca<^"e. Of course, wi constant order was observed in makin<^" tliese i-eijueNts but whenevei" she handed a nund)er not asked for liej offer was refused. In this way the animal learnt t< associate the nund)ei's with their nanu^s. Lastly more than one straw were asked foi" she was taii^hj to iiold the othei's in her mouth until the rcijuiiv muid)er was comjilete, and then to deliver the wholj at once. This method prevented any possible en arisin,i;" from lu'i' interpretation of vocal tones. ;ij error which miiibt wcdl have arisen if ea(di >tra\\ li;il b df( tel )een aslanl tor separately. .\fter }i few weel--s' continuous instruction llif.ip !?•«- |«9(J SALLY 243 rds ha\f ('Vt rj liissus))ici(insj two iiifii iiitij t)Ht while the and kept lit-rj 11(1 a.^aiii she tine, it \v;i< to the wiitcii- joii/ redihlc tli;it ii^dit it wnrii with a iiKtn Accoi'(liii,i:ly| istaiicc (if the he /o(il(),i,n(;i| 'I'lic iiicthii^ h]Vi\ four, (ij and hand oiil ")£ coni'sf, ii(| lest' i'('(|n('>ts asked for iiial learnt H 's. Lastly. V was taii.i:! the reijiiirci cr the whi'lj •|)()ssil)le err al lont's. :ii leh ^traw li:il IH'I ;ill( trctly well understood what was re(iuired of ht>r 1 up to the time when I left town, several nionthh she ran 1.V made a mistake m hand mo- iiK' tl 10 ss or t number of straws that I named. Douhtle ,lic still continues to do so for her keeper. F instance, if she is asked for four straws she succes- Mvclv picks up three and ])uts them in her mouth, :iitii she picks up a fourth and hands over all the :iiir to^'ether. 'J'lius, there can he no douht that the aiiiiiial is clearly able to distin<^uish between tlie iiiuuhers 1, '2, 8, 4, and -5, and that she understands ;iu' name for each. But as this chimpanzee is some- what capricious in her moods, even private visitors :!iiist not be disappointed if they fail to bcMMitertained ■van exhibition of her learniuo", a caution whi(di it wins desirable to add, as this is the first time that ;lit' attainments of my pupil have been made known ;'tlie public, althouoh they have been witnessed by "[iiccrs of the Society and other bi()lo,^ical frieiuls. I have sent these facts to you. Sir, because i think :ii;it they bear out th(^ ])sycholooical distinction >\hich N drawn in your leadin.u^ arti(de of the 17th iiist. I'rit'tly put, this distinction amounts to that between -iisuous estimation and intellectual notation, Any iiild. a year after emeroino' from infancy, and not yet ^nowin.L;" its numerals, could immediately see the iitiVreiice between five pi^s and six pi.i^'s, and tliei'e- '!V, as your writer indicates, it would i)e an extra- nliiiary fact if a sava^-e were imabh,' to do so. The IN. of course, is ditfereiit wliei'e any pi'ocess of iliiilation is conciMMied : r.7. 'each slirep nnist he et Kill t lie al«,j,| |,,,. separately; thus, su|)[)ose two sticks of u 2 244 GEORGE JOHN ROMANES itss- tobacro to be the rate of excbMii<^"(' for one shct]), jt would soi'ely piiz/le a Daiiiani to take two sliccp mu] f^'ive him four sticks.' (F. (lalton, ' Tropicnl Soiuh Africa,' [). "218.) ]3iit if tbe sava,t{e hnd to deal wiili a larger imiiiber of pi^s the iiisntliciency of liis mimi. oils estiitiMtioii would increase with the incrcaM' nf numbers, until a point would be reached at which, if he were to keep count at all, he would be ohli^td tn resort to some system of notation, i.e. to mark dtf each separate unit with a sei)arate fiafa, wlictlicr li tin'>'ers, notches, or words. Similarh vitli the scih o f h earni'^ an d th e so-ca ll(>d muscular sense (iiitl can tell whether a clock strikes 1, "2, 'A, 4, or o with namin,u^ each stroke, and whether we have walked 1, •2, 8, 4, or 5 paces without naminj^' each pace, hut wc cannot in this way be sure whether a (dock liasstnuk 11 or 12, or we ourselves have walked as many \ar(l>. Thus there is countin;^* and counting', distiii.^nish- in^" between low numbers b}- directly ai)pr('(iatiiiL,' the difference between two quantities of sciisiKiiisi perceptions, and distin<.^uishin^- between nuiiihos nf any amount by marking* each sensuous perception] wi th a St pa rate SI an. Of th course, ni tiie aitovc in- stance of animals counting' it nnist be the Idiiiicr method alone that is employed, and, therefort*, I have not sou^'ht to carry the ape beycmd the nuinlici' ■')] lest 1 should s])oil the results already a"?nntu]. Hut a careful research has been niade to lind bow far tins method can be carried in the case of njaii. The! experiments consisted in ascei'tainin.i;" the riiiuilit r I'fl {)i)jects (such as dots on a piece of papei') vJnVh adiiiit] of beinu" simultaneousl\- estimated with accurac\ . Itl IrJit SALLY 24o ,^ fdiiiid that tlic muiilxT admits of l)('in,L,^ lar^^cly .iica^t'd by practice, until, with an cxposui'c to view t Dili' second's (hu'ation, the estimate admits of ciiin- correctly made Uj) to between GO and -M) objects, pivycr. ' Sitzun.i^sber. d. (lesell.f. Med. u. Xaturwiss.,' N^j.i 111 the case of the ape it is astonishin.i;' over . w 1()1i,l;" a time the estimate endures. Supposing", tance, that siie is iXNpiested to tind five coloured ^r lus :r;i\\s. She [)erfectly wtdl understands what is lilted, l)iit as coloured straws are rare in the litter, ,1 hiis to seek about for them, and thus it takes her iiiiii^' time to c()m])lete the iiumhei' ; yet she remi'm- .js how many she has successively found and put ;.i her mouth, so that when the iiuml)ei' is com- Ard she delivers it at once. After havin,^" consigned .(ill to her mouth she never looks at the straws, and ;:jivf()re her estimate of their munber must be formed ritlicr l)v the feelinii" of her mouth, oi" bv retaiuinn" a :uil tal iiiii)ressi()n of the successive movemen tsofl ler nil 111 pickin,!;' uj) the straws and placni«^' them in her niitli. Without beiuL;- able to decide positively in iiich of these ways she estimates the numbei", 1 am cliiit'd to think it is in the latter. 13ut, if so, it is I'lirisin;^", as already remarked, ovei' how Ioii.l;' a time :.:> estimate^ by musculai' sense endures. Should ' trust llou/eau's stateiiu'iit, however (and he is nirally trustworthy), it a|)pears that computation vjiinscular sense may extend in some animals over Vt'lA' 1( oul:' nei'Kx 1. For I le savs that mules used in 1 tramways at Acnv Orl cans have to ma ke ti ve ii'iieys from one end of the route to the other i)efore ^y are released, and that they make four ofth(»se 1246 GEORCIE JOHN ROMANES IS'-g- joiiriioys without sliowu:,*; any expectation of hcinn released, but be^nn to bray towards the end of the fifth.' From this letter it will, I hope, be a])par('iit that so far as ' countin^^ ' by merely sensuous computation is concerned, the sava<^"e cannot be said to show hhkIi advance upon the brute. ' Once, while I Wiitched ;, Damara fiounderin*,^ hopelessly in a calculation on dut side of me, I observed Dinah, my spaniel, ecjually em- barrassed on the other. She was overlooking- half u dozen of her new-born puppies, which had been iv- moved two or three times from her, and her aiixitM was expressive as she tried to find out if they wciv all present, or if any were still missin«^-. Slu- k(|)i pu/zlin<^' and runnin*,' her eyes over them, backwanK and forwards, but could not satisfy herself. She ( \ i- dently had a va^aie notion of counting, but the tiniiiv was too lar* the two as they stood, dog' and ])amara, the comparison retlectcd im great honour on the man.' (Galton, loc. cif.) Hut the case, of course, is quite otherwise when, in viituf of the greatly superior development of the sign-mak- ing faculty in man, the savage is enabled to eiiipldv the intellectual artilice of separate notation, when h\ he attains the conception of number in the abstiact, and so lays the foundation of mathematical science j Now, so far as I am aware, there is no trust\v(irth\ i evidence of any race of savages who are without any idea of separate notation. Whether tlie system ef notation be digital only, or likewise vei'bal, is, psyeho-j logically s))eaking, of comparatively little mdinent. ' l'\tr. M<'))f. (ffs Aniin. toiu ii. p. 207. .'JO SALLY 2-17 For it is historicully certain that notation be<;ins by usiii;;- the iin<^ers, and Ikmv far any particular tribe may have advanced in the direction of naniinij- their iiiiiiibers is a question wliich ou^dit never to be con- fused with that as to whether the tribe can ' count ' „!, Rotate. GkoKGE J. i((»M.\NKS. Gtimies, Koss-sliire. ■18 GEORCii: JOHN ROMANES f'^ AITKli IV OXFORD JjIfe had run very siiiootli'y during' these years Irum 1879 to ISIK), only nnv and then lits of .^out had shaken the belief Mr. Konianes had hitherto fc)i in his own strength, in his possession of perfect health. 13ut about the end of IcScSO other si^^-nsof ill-lu'ahh appeared in the shape of severe headaches ; he lit^^aii to weary of London and the distractions of London lite. By degrees his thoughts and inclinations turned strongly in the direction of Oxford. Oxford seemed to satisfy every wish. The beautiful city gi-atiticdhis poetic sense ; there were old friends alread)' there to welcome him, and there seemed abundance of uppli- ances and of facilities for scientific work. Also the ease with which he could get into the country, the opportunities for constant exercise, tlie freedom he would obtain from councils and com- mittees, w^ere tempting. A beautiful old house t)\)\)n- site Christ Church was to be had, and this finally deter- njined him. He fell absolutely in love with Oxford, and brief as his connection with her \^■as to he, the University has had few more loyal sons, nor has slu' ever exercised more complete intiuence over any who have fallen under her sway. It is sur])rising, as one looks back on the Oxford years, to reaJse how short a time j\lr. liomanes spent there, and yet it is impossible not to realise also for how much that time counted in his life. Many infhumces were working in him, a ripening judgment, a growth of character, a deepening sense .3.1 M K. A U J3HK Y MOO Jii: -'LUX M T M ) I 249 .f the iiifuleqiiacy of scieiitit'R' research, pliilosopliieal Jk'culation, and artistic ple.isures to till ' the vacuuiii II the soul of man which nothin,^- can lill save faith in :(1. And now Oxford, with all the heantv still left L^inn;^' sense [,1 her, with all the associations which haunt her, with ;ill the extraordinary witehin.L;' s[)ell which she knows .1 well how to exercise — Oxford, the home of 'lost liises' and also of forward nioveiiients, Oxfoi'd canio : , he for four hrief years his home. IS'JO opened with the death of ]\Ii'. Auhrey Moore. iliilv a very few weeks hefore his too early death, Mr. M'lore had been present at the Aristotelian Society," and had iieard the joint papers conti-ihuted hy Pro- iVssor Alexander, the J\ev. S. (iildea,and Mr. Komancfc lithe 'Evidences of l)esi.i;n in Nature.' Here, a,i,^ain, ]\Ir. liomanes showed how far he hi\d ivceded from the materialistic point of \iew. In his xiper he quoted passa.i'^es from Aubrey Mooi'e's essay ;:i'J.nx Mundi ' (just pubhshed), and says: Vet once more, it may be argued, as it has been ;!r;^iied by a member of this Society in a recently-pub- lished essay — and this an essay of sucli hin'h ability that in juy opinion it must be ranked amon.i;' the very ifW of the very greatest achie\-eineiits in the depart- iiRiit of literature to which it belongs — it may, [ say, f argued, as it recently has been ar,L;ued by the I'ev. Aiihrey ]\Ioore,that ' the counter[)art of the theological idief in the; unity and onmipresence of Ood is the Mk'utitic bc^liefinthe unity of nature and the I'eign of ' Mr. liomanes had beloujjji'd for iimiiy years to the Aristotelian ■" liity, and liad contri])Uted jjupcrs to the .loiiiiial of the Society. lie iiijui.iicc bt'lonj:;ed to the rsycliulo;,'ical C'lid), whicli used to meet at I'ro- f''ib'j law' ; tliat 'tlic evolution which wasat first .sup))()Mfl ti have destroyed teleolo^^y is found to be more satiU'Mtcii witli teh'olo^^y tliaii the view whieh it superseded"; that ' it is a ^reat ^'aiu to ha\-e eHniinated ehaiuc, ti^ find science dechiriu'^ that there must be a reason fc; ever ythin,!4', even when we cann ot hi izard a con jectiin US to what the reason is ' ; that ' it seems as if in il providence of God tht^ mission of modern science w; to brin^'home to our unmetapliysical ways of think the — that all these deductions are valid only on the pre- formed supposition, oi- belief, ' that God is, and tlmt He is the re warder of such as dili^^ently seek Him.' Grantin^L;", as ]\Ir. Aubrey ]\roore insists, that a pre- cisely an;(lo,^ous supposition, or belief, is re(pn'red for the successful study of nature — viz. ' that it is, and that it is a rational {? orderly) whole which reason can interpret,' still, where the question is as to the existence of God, or the fact of design, it constitutes no final answer to show that all the>e deductions would logically follow if such an answer were yielded in tlie atfirmative. All that these deductions amount to is an ar^'ument that there is nothin.^' in the constitution of nature inimical ic thf hypothesis of desi<^n : beyond this they do not yield any independent verification of that hypothesis, in- numerable, indeed, fire the evidences of design iii ature if ouco a desinner be supposed ; but, a] n lart ,■},! svmposu:m ox • deskin in naturf/ 201 lln •rniii any such antecedent su[)))()siti()n, we are without iiiv means of ^au^in^^ ihv vahdity of such (^vidtmce ;i^ is presented. And the I'eason of this is, tliat we iiv without any means of ascei'tainin*^' what it is tliat behind, and is itself tlie cause cf, the unifonnitv , .filature. In other words, we do not know, and can- :;nt discover, what is the nature of natural causation. Nevertheless, I thiid< it is a distinct ^ain, both to ;he philosophy and the theol()*(y of our a^c, that ^(•iellce has reduced the i^reat and old-standing ijuestiou of J)esi^-n in Nature to this comparatively narrow issue. Therefoie, 1 liave directed the pur[)()se if this paper to showing' that, in view of the issue to .vhich science has reduced this (juestion, it cannot he aiiswt'red on the lower plane of argument which ^h". Alexander has chosen. All that has been eft'eL-ted ;]v our recent discovery of a ])articular case of caus- tlity in the selection priiu-iple is to throw back the fitstion of desi^"n, in all the still outstanding' pro- vinces of Nature, to the (juestion — What is the nature of natural causation ? Oi', a^'ain, to (juote Mr. Aubrey Moore, ' Darwinism has conferi'ed upon philosophy and reli^'ion an inestimable benefit by 4i()\vin^' us that we must choose between two alter- iiiitives : either God is everywhere prestuit in Nature, "1' He is nowhere.' This, T apprehend, puts the issue into as small a number of words as it well can be put. And whether (lod is e\-erywhere or nowhere depends on wliat is the nature of natural causation. Is this intelligent or unintelli^'eiit? Is it the mode in which ;i Divine Bein^' is e\ery where sinndtaru'ously and "tcnially operatin*:?; or is it but the practical expres- <-r 252 GKORGi: JOHN ROMANES l^,» I ii;i\ sion of wlwit we iiiulcrstMiid 1)\- ;i iiicc-haiiicalnecessitv:' In short, is it orii^iiiul or derived — liii.'il, jmd tli( ref.,n. inexplicable, because self-existin.i^' ; or is it tlie etlcci of a higher cause in the existence of a disposin;^- .Mind' Although I cannot wait to ar<^ue this, the iilti- niato (piestion which we have met to considei', I i brielly state my own view with re,L;ard to it. This j. the sanje view that the oi'i,L;inatoi" of the doctiiiif n! natural selection himself used habitually to exprt'>> to me in conversation — viz. to ust^ his own words, • 1 have lon«^; a^o come to the concdusion that it is ;i question far beyond tlie reach of the human luind." Such, of course, is the position of pure a<,ai()sticisiii. At the end of this paper, Mr. Aubrey ^loore re- marked that he a.i^reed with all ^Ii". Alexander's aruii- ments, but disa.^reed with !ill his concdnsions. iind that he disagreed with all Mr. Oildea's aruuiiitiilN but a^Teed with his conclusions; and as for Mi. iiomanes, he could only leave him out, after the kind and Hatterin^" terms in whi(di he had spoken of the essay in 'Lux Mundi.' .\t the end of his littk s])ee(di he said aside to a friend, ' What a fell l\omanes is ! '' Lux Mundi '" has been out about tin weeks, and he knows all about it.' The friends are lying almost side by side in Holy- well,' and it is impossible not to feel that tludr deaths have left places hard to till. About Aubrey ^loore. Mr. i^omanes wrote some tou(diin,i^ words in the'Cniar- dian ' (he was never afraid to express his jidmiration. tn wear his heart upon his sleeve). The little notice ha> now been reprinted with two others as a Preface U> the volume of Mr. ^loore's Essays ' Science and tbf Faith.' (iW ve 1 '' riio beautiful cemetery adjoining Holywell Churoli, OiLfunl. .*i'< I.KTTKR ON WKISMAXN'S THEORY ti03 Td, which I return for you to hand me on I'riday) ' cessation will ((/fiir/,-///) ensure the reduction of an unused organ hcdow fifty per cent. nf its original size, and so on down to zero ; hut this it does hecause it is now assisted l)y another and co- I'pt'rating principle — \iz. the eventual failure^ of ht'ivdity.' Now it is just this co-operating principle that WVismann is deharred froUi recognising hy his dogma about ' stahility of germ-plasm.' And it is a princi])le that imist act the more energetically (i.e. ' (pn'ckly ') the shorter the time siice the now degenerating organ .va> originally acquired. In the 'Nature' articles I vvas speaking of ' rudimentai'y organs' which in 'anvm s sense liiko you reconsi re very old heirloom; All tl ns to ;i!i( der whether there is .'iny disagi-ee 'lit hetween iis upon this point. Ft is, indeed, a terrihle thing ahout Auhi'(>y Moore 1 also a loss to Dai'winism on its popular side. (;. .1. K. •J.04 GEORGE JOHN MOMAXES l*-}u I'obniiuv IC. l>.iii Aftci' rccoiviiiLT your letter this dny :i iiioiitli it occiiiTcd to me that I had i)ettei' wi'ite an art IlLfii clc ' Nature ' on Panmixia, pointing" out the reseuiliLnK . v and t)ie (hf'ferences hetweeii Weismaim's >t;it( iiici; of tlie prineiph' and mine. Sliortly after sending u in, \\ Cismann's answer to \'ines appeared, and tidin this it seems that he has naxhtied his \ iews u)i(iii th,. subject. For while in his essays he says that • th. complete disap])earance of a rudimentai-y oru;iii cm only take place by the operation of njitural selcdidn {i.e. reversal of selection through economy, iVc), m ' Nature ' he says, ' Or^'ans no longer in us( Ix'Cdinf nKhmeiitary, and nnist llually disappear, solely U Panmixia.' '^^Dius, th(> same facts are attrihiitcd at one time ' only ' to the jn t'St'ltci' of selection, iiud at (' as Jinother time ' solely ' to its dhsi'iirc. Now, the latter view seems exactly tlie sun mine, if it means (as 1 sup[)ose it must) tli;it tin cessation of selection ultimately leads to a failure el heredity. (How ahout stability of •^■erm-])lasni litrf'i The time durin.n' which the foi'ce of heredity will \)v\- sist, when thus merely left to itself, will vary witlitlif original stren.i^'tii i)f this force, which, in turn, will presumably vary with the len,L;th of time that tlir or^an has previously been inherited. Thus, dit'fcrciut'< of merely xjiccitic \\\\\\v (to whic h you allude in ynur letter) will (pii(d\ly disappear under cessalidn cf st lecti on, w hil( ves tijiei o f cl ((.ss \n\\w ire lot entlurin^^ The point to be (dear about is that llif cessation of selection (in my \ dew) entails ///" ( (in>(- (jueuci^s, which are (/nitc ilisfiiicf. (^"^irst, a c(»ini)ara- ON WKISMAXXISM •lor) 1\ -mall aiDoinit of reduction duo to proniiscnous iiihilitv round an average win'ch, li o\vo\c)", w 1 II 1 )0 (•( iitiuuouslv sni dt,iii(lai'd was reached hy tlie selection of such an r\tiviiielv minute fraction of a// \ariatioiis which ciiirred.' J3ut can variations in the matter of increase or decrease take place in more than two directions, up or down, smaller and larger, ht'tter or rse :* (iiejid Wallace, ' Darwinism ' pp. I |;{ 1.) I write this in view of the lecture you sa\ \(mi are All iii.i: to ^ive, hecause J d ill bring out my article o not know when Nat ure MtucU '20. 1H«)(). It mi<^dit ])orhaps be well for you to read the tyi)e- .vritteii reply which i have prepared to Wallace's 'fiticism on ' physiological selection.' l)Ut this is :"ir you to consider. Me has fallen into some errors t ureat carelessness, not only with regard to my i'ii|H'r, but also to that of Mr. (lulick, whose theory of '>e,L;i'egate fecundity " is the same as mine. On this Jiccoiiut I am able to upset the whole ci'iticism, and, i^iittoiii u})wards, to show that it really supj)orts the tl;t'(iry. see Xati ure ' of this week contains iii\ letter on niiiiixia, and hope it will deline in \our and other ituls the outs and ins of the matter. 2.0G GKORfiK JOHN liUMANHS rit'M-ic return llii' cncld^tMl. wliich I send ;i> n f; th{it iii;i\ iiitrrc.^t \(»ii, I'd I 'ra/rssiif J , ('. j'lirait. IH ('.iiiiuiill 'I'liTiin . l.'i L/int's I'aik. N.W. : Apiil -JT. Is' As I'ltlicl has ali-ca(l\- told \n\\, I l)('li<'\c. \\c 1 Ml i;:\. taken a three yeais' lea^eot a chariiiin;.;' nid ii,,;].,. and let this i)\\v foi" a cniTc-^poiKhnL' |)eri(i(l. |i is , very old house in ()\for(h lia\in,L;' heen hiiili Cai'diuid W'olsey. It is innnediately oppositf T- Tower of Cln'ist ('hurtdi, and fidl of old oak — wiili-. floors, and eeiliii.ns of the [)rin(i[)al I'ooins hcji,-- nothing' (dse. I d(» wish you could eonie up Ixd'ol'e ()))ei"at ioiiN. t.(i ,ui\e u> the henelit of your ;id\icc linw so splendid an opportuinty in the W"a\ of deciir;itiM;i should he ut ilised. \\ e ha\e to <^vi out of t lii^ Ikiii-m , with all oin- furidture. on or hefore May -J! ). Th^' (diildren and sei'\ants will then u'o to ( ieanies. while in \ w ife and I will .l;'o to ().\lord to heu'in the decor.itii I am pi'epai'in.Li' my leetur<'s on harwinisin tni' j)ress. so that they may he ready for p.ul)Iie;il loii ; \\\v last day of my eouise at l'idinl)Ui',L;"h in No\i'iiil)i r. I su|)pose I lia\(' your pei'inission to I'epi'oriuce \i'iir Ji.S. picture^ of electric or.nans'.* Also, could mt, send me for a day or two Jladdon's hook on hiii hi'yolo.u'y ? I ha\(' just heard that Charles lastei' (wIhuii thiid>; you met at (leaines) has died of fc\ci' l)ra/.il. where he was /oolo,n'isin,L;". ^'()urs ever sincerely, (Iko. .1. lioMANT^ il'C We hfj! r ;i(l\ ice l:ii, • f (lfC(ir;|tl'M w n. V" ! i^( ^\ ■ ■ ::^: " ■ •"'••'■-V ' ' '^ * ■.. 'i ^ 1 " __ _ _ '';*\.ai4p ■ ■-'■<. '#->v 'ii •..> • ^fc ^ ^^va;J| ^^.i %. ^.rs -^:r'^''^m Mim TJu )I;iy ] .^ ■■•iM'ty LIII!. Mr. lio I ca .tlu' ( ':■'•( ik w 1 ..:iV(' do |:!iN ret I :!(' IK) :,;hlii< .:.". I'd I .M lldp .:■'■)' (li :':irty w; ■iii.L;' p; !< ,-■,'11 •y (lii'c .■!!11(1 oi ■ftliiind .Hit ()(■( iinoii ii 'iiiliai' I'r. I.i The Ik (j\' . •!:!) •J-07 The move \V!is iiukL tVoiii London to Oxfoi'd in \iivls*)(). Mr. iJoniancs incoi'poratcd with the I'ni- r>itv;iiid hcciinK- ii incndx'i' of Christ Church. This ^,.llll{'(•t ion with 'the liousr ' w;is a Lii-cal ph'asurc to till! Foia htth' whih' (hn'in^thc early suninuTol' ls')() honiaiR's was alone in Oxford, and he writes : V'o Mrs. I iiiii/tinr.s. I called t(>-day on Mr. l)()d,L;son, to si,L;n niy nain(! tlu' Common KNiom, and si,L;iie(l my name in tlie I: where the si^-natui"es l^o l)ack to tlie fonndatioi; ;!ic llons(>. ft is certainly the host thin.i^- 1 could \f (lone to join Christ (Tiurch, ;nid 1 am enjoyini;- :> icturn to my undei'^'raduate days as somethin.Lf ;t' novel, ^^'ster(hly Jjichlon ' u'l'aced the hi'_;h ta])le ;li his company, lie was particuhirly gracious to •. reniemheriii^' all ahout oui" meetin.^' years a,L,'o, 1 liopiiiL^' to he allowed to have the [)leasure of call- . i;pon us when we wer(> settled in tlie ' almshouse.' - (] (nnnei- ni the C ommon noom, secniLi' tiiat t he ;\ was hoth ehU'rIy and reverend, all the olhei' six i^' parsons, I started what seemed to me a suit- \' Liauie, vi/. who could hest 'i-ard wool ' in oppo- :'■ (lii'ections, or tui'n tlu^ ri.i^ht hand round and nml one way, wliile at the satne timi' turmuL;- the 'tliand round and round the other way. 'riiisiinio- ■nt occupatu)n at once l)ecame very popular — the aiiDU in particular hein^" "greatly interested in the Mli;ii' dilliculty which it pi'esents. For my own '. I nnich enjoyed the speetacle of all these dons I'r. I.iilildii iIIimI in Soptoinher JH!K). ilic liuiisc whirl) Mr. liniiiiuHS liad ttikcii was ori-riiiallv an iiliiis- 258 georgp: JOHN ROMAN i:s l^^n windin^^ their hands about, and this i'iij(i\ iii,.|,t reaohed its cdiniax when Dr. Liddon ended 1)\ tihin. his ^dass of cdaret off the tahle into his lap. But there is a .i^ood deal of fun from heliind Iin serious exterior, and he enjoyed this Httle catastidph.. as nnirh as the rest of us. So you see that the snait- and teinj)tations()f (iniversity hfe do not dan,L,^L'njuslv assail your husband at the hi^h tahle of Christ Chun h. Yesterday we had our physiological picuie, start in^' ill li\-e l)oats, and taking' tea on the river-haul near tlu' old farmhouse. I took suppei" with tin Saudi'rsons, who had a party, 'inv Victor H()rsl(\\ weix' M^ the picnic, and I have arranged that thcv will |tay us M visit in (Xtohcn*. It is \-ery .j<»ll>' livin.i^' in this liouse, but il i> urll we are both i4'()od sleepers, the noise of trailic i- ^i i^reat, even the f()ot-passen*;"ers souua likeburuiais. J^ut this wHl not atfec-t the children in the dtliir win,n-, and as for uie, I could sleop it the carriages wviv driving throui4'}i the rooms, with the burglars toixint.j I ha\'e only time to write a very few lines, a- [[ am now momentarily ex^>ecting to he called en toj give my exposition hefori* the Physii)logical Society which lias mustered in considerable ^.unv, and i-^ iinwl being I'egaled by Plorsley- and (lotclr' while 1 iiiii| watchnig my plants which are coming on next. The dinner at Ch. Ch. yesterday was most eiijuy- able, though there were only four others besiik myself at the high table. We had turtle soup an very good wine ; is that gnod for gout ? ' The I'liysiological Society h;»N a yeixrly incctinR at Oxtoid I'n.le SS9ii OXFOlil) .>')[} C'lljo) lllfiil .ed 1)\- tiltiii- St. AMati .lulv 1. IH'.H). I hiiN'c just (oiijc h.ick fi'oin (liimcr. My next lui^hljoiii" t()-ui,i^iit was Ijiddoii, and wc liad a lon^^ talk oil the ethics of suicide regarded from the [)re- Christian or purely 'seculai ' point of \ie\v. 1 also improved the occasion in the interests of — . Jt was clearly a new li.i;ht to Liddon that should he so In'ijhly thou.i^iit of hy a man of Mience, and he appealed to Inix'e (h'tennined there mid tlipn to I'xert liiiiiscjf in ^-ettin.^' a more suitable berth for ' a man now so;^reatly needed in the Church.' 0x1 I'll Two hits of new Dunsti in as a son ; md Liddon is seriously ill. Dr. Jolin Oij^le came yester- iay afternoon from town to see him, and dined with lb. There is t>-reat pain in t\\v neck. I luiKdied with the Sandersons, or rathei- with Mi's. Sanderson, as the Professor did not leave his room, but he is ^'ettin.^' on very well. Lust in^dit after dinner I looked in at the l\)ul- tons, and found them entertaining' two Natural Scit'iicp young' ladies from Somerville Hall. A very iii,Tt'('ahle party. Huxley is expected here this wcH'k. His arti(de on ' Lux Mundi ' is ^■erv (diaracteristic." It would l)e very enjoya])]e to go with you to Oher ^\minergau,hut I am sure 1 ought not. First, I should not enjoy it half so nnudi as you ; second, it wiiuld douhle the expense* ; third, it would I'un away with all the time I want to give to the hook. So in ' I'rofcssor \V. Dunstan, F.K.S. •' ' Lights of the Church anil of Seioiicc' .s -J i'tl liGO (iKUlUii: .U)l IN Uo.MANES if'jii tliiN ciisc \\li;il is siiiu-f tor till' ,L;()()st' is not saiuc i, ic LruiHlcJ l( i)iit I wish I hud soiin- jnkcs to ti'casurt' up, Oxford is not a jokc-\ icldiii.^ place at pifscnt ; Gcanies must hv jul)ilalioii it;^rll coinparcd with u iford now. I am the sole occupant of the laboratory as of ih,. house. J3ut I rather enjoy the exdusiNc pri\ilfL;((if my own com[)any, save so far as it is relit\t(l ii\ ,L;uinea-pi^"s. I 1 lave wi'itti'M a letter to ' N;itl wiiich will furnish a little joke for you on l"'i iday next. 1 am sorry to lieai" [)o()r old I'arker' In dchl. \()\\ did not know liim, hut he was a real ,l;oo(1 fellow. and he;irtv friend to me. I enjoyed my three days in London \ery n nirl; Went twice to the theatre, and one of the pla;,- was'-luduh.' ^Ir. JI. A. Jones uiinc me a hox. Saw ;i ^reat deal of tlu; Pollocks; met Scott,- who a^kcd iik' to let him put me up foi" lioyal Society Cluh; plawd chess with (1. \l. Turner. I h ia\(' now ^ot to work on my plants and '_iiii VM To Professor I'oiiifo II. (ji'uiiics. llos^ shire. N.i;. : .Iiilv 1(1. ISIKI. .V^ My dear Poulton, — 1 went to the tennis j^rniiiHij sterday week, but, as I expected, on accoiml of tli i-ain, found nobody there 1 now write to ask you if you would li;i\c ai v objection to my horrowin.L;' with acknowKdumt ti«jjures from your boo' for mine, su[)i)osin,L;' the pn M ' Profesirtir Kitchfii rarkcr, I'. U.S. y\v. U. Scott, I'.K t)l sauce Inf ire up. hilt at l»l't">tii! ; iparctl wiiii ory as dt the • privilr.n't- n\ relieved liv to ' Natiiiv ' l-'i'i(lay next. ;er ' i> d< ,\>\. I l:'()()(1 h'lltiw. very 111 lit i;. of tile |)l;i\> I 1)()X, Saw a \ ho asked iiif ul) ; |)la\e : .Inly Hi. l^'-"'. ■ imis i^reiiiKij •eolUiL ef the] ilkl have ai V: iiowK'duiinitl siii.u' the I'H. Seott, l'.K>' ,}.) THK (OLorilS ()!• .\NIM.\I,S 261 ,liris also eoiiseiit. Ill i)artieulai' li.us. 1. -J. (>, K), ill. aiH 1 II iva WllK lhi\iii,L;' now read the l)ook.' I may say liow tl\ it lias (Icli.uhted me. The whole is a woiider- ^t^l^^ ar.d I eoiinratulate you on the lar.Lj'e sliaro h \ou have had in addin.Lj" to this eha|)tei' of arw niisiii. -/.'' There is only one point I am not (piite clear ahout, viz. pp. 'Jl'{ 'Jl-"). It is (huihtless an advaiita.^e to the panisites that the eatei'pillars slionld warn thcni lit! as havin;^" been ali'eady ' occupied.' But would lot this he rather a (//'suf/rtnifnt/i' to the caterpilhu's to their .s/>rr/r.s ? l''or in this way, it seems to If. a i^reater numhei- of caterpillars would hecome iti'sted than would he the case in the id)sence of icli wariiin.i;-. Or is theri' any point ahout it whi(di (1(1 not understand ".' W hen is your next hook comin,^" out ? I should i,.i.- mIh . 1 ■ ''l^*' ^'"'^ ^'^ read m\ re])l\ to Wallace hefoi'e it does. Aho iny re-statement of physiolo^^'ical s dection, with I .jijiij ., H ilisciission on the principles of Se^^re.i^'ation and I'iveru'enci'. I hope the whole will he in ty[)e hefoi'e Nii\('Hil)er. Can vou wait till then, or shall I send ipc-written MSS. 'ours ver\- sincer(d\ (lEORGK J. KOMANKS. P.S. — ^ralkin^- ahout hon. decrees the last time I >;i\v you reminded mt — hut something" a^ain put it ut o' my head — that I had been wondering' why ' Thr Cnhiirs of A>n'iii,i!.s. hy K. P.. Ponltoii, M..\., F.R.S., Int. r- ^t'.dnal Seiontific Sorios, mA. Iwiii. 2t)2 Gi:OI{(Jl': .lOllX ROMANES 1890 Oxford or ('aiiihiid;^!' docs not ot'lrr one to 1*'. (inlton. Could you start a luovciucnt in tliat direction .' . . . I am ^^cttin;^" so convinced al)out pliysiolo-icn] selection, that I do not care what is said at raiidoin. or without understanding' the theory. Later in the autumn he writes : To }frs. I iiilllil lir.s. 1 hope to tind letters from Oher Animer,i;au \\1 fU I return to (leanies, with a dozen hottles of sulphur water and several pounds of heather hones . \\t nt yesterday to see a waterfall, which was wondcrtullv beautiful ; on the way bac-k met a pony with halt a trap, and afterwards came on the other half with \u previous o(;cupants, Lord and Lady , cut ahdut the face, but not seriously hui't. There is an awful row ^;"oin^' on here in the Free Kirl^, which i)ids tairtu end in bloodshed locally, if not disriiption i^ciit rall\. I am so glad you do not repent gohig, and am lon<4in<,' to hear what you third': of the play. I tndk Ethel and Ernest partridge-shootin;^", and had tea out- side The new hound, 'Dart,' has arrived, lie beautiful, and as m ntl e as a land) with the children This threw us off our guard, and at tea there wiis ;i horrible scene, ending in, the murder of ShiU'pt'.' The latter barked at him, and live minutes afterw{ud> was a mangled misery. J lave returned Dait with a civil note, for the sake of Morali and Jack,- the latter having only been saved by heroic measures on the part of Mytsie. ' A beautiful terrier. , ,p \vi) more , 'i <»^ c> v «> 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14580 (716) 872-4503 ^. .^ p 20 1 (',VA)R(\\-: .101 IN RO^rAXKS "^W iK^ts — alt]ioii,!4-h r am sure tlioy arc not sd sweet — aiul remain, with love to Mai'ion, Ever yours most sincerely, Geo. J. lu)M\xi;s. 'J'his autunni Mr. Ivomanes deli\cre(l the lust oi liis ]Mlin])ni74'h course of lectures. (li\ iuf^'tlie lectiiii ^ had heen a real pleasure, and he liked his Scetc!] students, who on their side were keenly time shows for the first time a forebodin,^' of failinii health ; but when the headaches left him the forc- bodin<>- vanished, and there was no I'eal idea of seiious mischief. To Iii.s Wif, Geanies : Novembci' IHOO. I really have three of your dear letters to answer. T did not write yesterday. I have had one eontiiui- ous headache ; it is now nearly away, but the inattei is ^'ettin*^' serious, and I have written to Ivlward' to send the ' honu* trainer ' to Oxford, so that 1 may lose no time in Ki^'ii^,-, l^i^ ^'^^''^ (exei'cise) a trial. Don't get low about me ; T be<>in to doubt if thc^c headaches are due to i^out at all, and somehow or other r shall find a means of preventin, Geanii's : Octobt r ."ll. I will not disappoint you about the sonn(>t, which Villi expect to be in the vein of ' \Vt4tschnierz,' and ;!ifivtore send you the tirstof tlie sei'ies wliich 1 wrote ill the small hours, after readin,^- your favourite Psalm.' There was only on{> v(M'se that remained a])propriato III ]ii('. so r took it as a text. The principal thin,L;- that has happened to-day is my havini^' seen on the shore a sea otter. It was ^viii,!^' oil a rock, and I came upon it {it such close ijUiUters I could have hit it with a stone. 13ut it was so (piick that I had not even time to Mre my m\. 1 may return the compliment as to letters, i did not intend to send the somiet even to you when 1 wrote! it, but afterwards thou,^iit 1 ou. 1 am ,J-;oin<^" to ^ive an additional lectuic tn tin class on the controversy in ' Nature.' ' 1 send you a report of my lecture, that you m.iy see how orthodox 1 was. Sellar - was at the led inc. and told me that I reminded him of sonu' profc ^sur at St. Anch'ews, who had told him as a fact tliat \\v (the St. Andrews professor) always made a point ol alludin<^ to Providence in an inti'oductory lectnic, and aftei'wards " threw him aside I ' The sonnet alluded to in one of the letters (p. 'Jl)-")) is so hcfiutiful that it is inserted here. It shows hetter than any words could do the attitude of (Icori^'e Pomanes' mind. Profoundly sincere, anxious, ahnost unduly anxious, to ,i^ive no indul^-ence to his own ' On ' Physi()lo«j;ical Selection.' See Ktiiuvr, vol. xlii. pp. "i. 7. ami \()1. xliii. pp. 7'.( iuul 127. •' The late i'rofessor SuUiir. l>:- ii.'iJ LIFE AT OXl'oPJ) 2G7 uibfr 2;;. I:>:mi. :1 I t()(,k ;i iniicli ci I ss with .Mr>. sor JJiilcli,.,' llilNC Sllli(l|\ with |-]\\;iri, ibrid.i^f Used students III caiiic ill tii I'ish solids. (•tui'c to tilt lat \()ll )ii;i\ II the Icct inc. lie ))r()f(>S()r fact that lie L' a [loiiit (it ^ k'C'tiii'c, iiikI II. pp. .1. (. am :ters (p. 'lih") shows l)ctt( of (icol'l^C ions, ahiiost to his own * ;i^;i]i,us, to state to himself aiitl to others uiispai'iii,L;"ly, jliiichin^dy, what ai)peai'e(l to him the as yet irre- ::il)l(' arguments a^'aiiist the I-'aith, wlieii he was ;:in' he rehixed and poured out his iniinjst heai't. ' I ask not for Thy lovf, O Loril : tlic days Can iifver come wT.ou an.unish .^liall atone. Knongli for me were but Thy pity sliown. To nie as to tlie stricken ^heep tliat strays, Witli ceaseless cry for unfor^^otten ways- lead me back to pastures I have known, Or liiul me in tiie wilderness ah)ne, And slay me. as the hand of mercy slays. I ask not for Thy love ; nor e'en so nnich As for a hope on Thy dear breast to lie ; But be Thou still my shepherd — still with such Compassion as may melt to such a cry; That so I hear Tiiy feet, and feel Thy touch, And dindy see Tliy face ere yet I die.' In November ]\lr, Hoiuanes camo formally into resi- lience, and at first notiiin^' couhl have been happier ;iiaii his Oxford life. He simply revelled ni the facilities h)r work which ;!U' splendidly equipped laboratories afforded, and he nee said, ' that the laboratory alone liad made the iiinvc from London to Oxford worth while ! ' He set to work on his book ' Darwin, and after .ISSI) iwin," ;ind on many experiments bearin,^- on Pro- r Weisnninn's theories and on some other points. lie much wished to see established in Oxford vliat AI. Giard has called an jN-sftfiif Irdii.sJ'oniii.sU', 1' J 111(1 wrote to many leadin.L^' men of science on the jcct. As yet the id( a has come to nothin^^ but piNsibly it may be revived. January 22. 1891. My dear Poulton, — I am very sorry that, being iviuly engjiged for to-morrow, J camiot attend the II 2G8 (jVA)]{(;K JOHN llOMAXKS lv,,l iiici'iiii.L;-. JJiit I sliould like t(i join the S( cict Only, plciisc, postpone ;iny sii^u^cst ion ;il)oii1 ItctiirJ! as lliis term I shall he (IrcadtiilU l)ns\-, bet WCCII 11 book and the cxpcrinicnts. n has cci'tainK he vi'i'y succcssi'nl oNcr a Ncry dillicidt cxpci-iinciit. I tried it, in an ('laho}'at(> way. \)\\i I lacked assi^t.nK,. for the inecliaiiieal pei'loi'niance, and so in1 I was tryin.L^', in fiitui-e 1 shall adopt; \\'eismann"s inetlidd of silence before pul)lication. Yours ever Gko. ./'. il()^rA^■I:s. About this time Mr. Komanes was much intei'estid ill a s(dieme for pro mot in ;.^" the establishment; of a u.ii- deu or tarm for the piii'pose of stiidyin.u" (piest i(lll^ nt liereditary transmission, or heredity. His object \\;i> to afford hicilities which at pi'esent do not exist for observin,!^" th(> UHxhlications pi'oduced in animals ;iii'l })lants by subject iii.L;' them durin.^' h^w^ periods and in siicc(»ssive ,i;('nerations to suitable extei'ual couditieiis, and for testin.L;" the transunssibility of the moditicatiniis so produced. I le was anxious that siudi an liistit iit inu should be founded in connection with one of the ( iii- versities, and with this view, circulated the foljewiiiu' luemorandum. 1 T riio Oxford Xatural TTistorv Society. II)1;A OI' an IXSTI'l'l"!' 'I'i;\.\^l oUMISTI-: -2^,'.) AN INSITI'II' Tl;.\\s| ol.'MlSTi; III iill I'Ji.nlisli t l';ilisl;it ion (if ;i Iccliirc wiiicli \\;is ,,iitly (l('li\('i'('(l l)y M. (liiird. ;is rrotcNsor of I'Ao- •iniiiii'V niolo^^y ill I'' I'a )!<■('. there occurs the follow ini^- -■ -a.Li'e : ■ If e\()luti()iiists iiiust content t lieinsehcs in most :M•^ with ex|)eriiiiciits cni'ricd on in iiMtiire, oi- lliose • iiivedel's, insteiid of .ipplyiii;^ t hein.^e]\-es to veiMfiea- M> made with all the ri.Li-our of modeim scieiitilie • ■ii>ioii, is it not hecaiise of the deplcrahle insuf- U'licy of (;ui' lahoratories ■/ It is aston'^liin,^' that . 110 country, not, eNcn wiiere science is lield in . catcst honoui', does tliei-e yet exist an fits/ 1/ /if iiisl'i)riiiisf(' (le\()ted to tlu; lon.^' and cosily experi- riils now indispensahle for the pro,L;i'ess of e\-o]ii- ■iiary hiolo.^y.' That an institution of the kind in (piestion would •fiul to promote the solution of pi'ohlems in ' evolu- inimry hiolo.ny,' it seems needless to ar;4ue. .Man\' t the most desii-ahle expei'imeiits in heredity and iriation, for exam[)le, I'ecpn're such prolonged time :i(l such constant ;ittention, that it is pi'actically im- i»il)le for indivifhial workers to undertake them ; ukI, thei'cfoi'e, as M. (iiard ohsei'\-es, tlie\- Iiasc iie\'ei' i't'cii undertaken. l.>ut if there wo'e an liistllnl 'I'liiisfonni.s/c. to \vhi(di matefial mi-lit he sent from IV i)art of the world, witii dii'ect ol IS as to its tre.it -U'Ut, l)i()k)^'ists of ajl countries would he fui'uished ■vitli an oppoi'tuin'ty of expei'lnu'iitall}- t(?stin,L;- any ik'iis which ini,i;'ht occur to them in re-ard to these T kindred iiiatterri. 270 GEOVj;]-: jofix uomaxks on Af^'ain, it sociiis needless to reiiinrk tliiti Mn-]; ^•ht to be re,i;jir(le(l as the natnral teiTJl Mr\ le est;il)li- Ifl'S estal)lishinent of tin's chanicter ; that tl irient itself shonld be situated in tlie \ i(iin"t\ of otl which ai'e already devoted to the stndy of niorphuld vl and ])hysi()lo;^y ; and that snilieient land should hcIniMri to the IiiHiHuf to adnn't of ])lots of ^'I'ound hciiiL -i apart for I'esearehes on plants, as well as l)iiil(|ii|. for the jieeoniniodation of animals. in ordei' to satisfy all these conditions, the ///s/7 if^ ()n<^ht to be established either in Oxford oi- ('ami and at least, one skilled natnralist, oi Jl'KlL'C le cnmnctc (1 he gardener, and one trnstwoi'tliy keej)er on^lil t resident. This wonld invohc an annnal expenditi of between :}()()/. and 400/. J]nt the capital >i which wonld ha^'e to be suid< in tlie purchase of in and tli(^ erection of bnildin^^s wonld not 1 able ; because, in the first instance, at all events, t or thi'ee acres of ^^round would probably be suriicj while the animal houses would be chiell\— if not tx- clusively — I'erpiired for the accommodation of >iii;ill lammalia, bii'ds, insects, and atniatic oryamsi )e con^Klfi'. cut. ij ll^. Nevertheless, seein,L;- that an initial expenditmw of at least 1,000/. would be needed for tlu; pin'posrs just mentioned, as well as an annual income of at least 400/., and seein.L;- that even this inucli money is not lik(4y to be foi'thcomin,^' foi- objc^-ts of a purely Kcientilic nature, the scheme on behalf of which we solicit youi" opinion is the followin*^'. From incjuiries which we have made heiv. \\e^ think it is probable that the Univei'sity would tala^ up the matter, or, at any rate, i"endei' important I OXI'OPvl) LI I'M 271 ,Mstaiir-t' thereto, if the HelxloiiKKhil Comicil were .,ri>ii('(l ;is to the (lesirj|])ihty of the pi-ojeet from }i Miciititic point of view, ft is on tliis aeeouiit tliiit we i.;ive NCiitiired to adchcss yoii npoii the sul)je{'t. 'J'he ijipeiided iiiemorial is l)eiii,L;- sent, to<^'etlier with this iiciil;!)' letter, to all tlie other leadin,L;' hiolo,L;ists in :lii«,((iinitry ; and if \(>n eoiild sec yoni' way to si^^'in'n;^' •jif fomiei'. you woidd rendei' additional wci.^htto th.e fiiidy of autlioritative opinion whieli it will e\'eiitually .i'iive\- to the rni\'ei'sit\'. I'^^'anisiDs. 1 expeiiditi the j)iii'|)()^('S ineoiiic of lit ueli iii(iii('\' idp ;s of ;t |)Ui'cl\] of which wmi One of the expeiiiiieiits ^^r. Ikonianes tried in the liners of hSHl -*.);} was as to w iiiij) letel y is( dated won Id hetl tl lei' animals I'eprocniee tlie /■rai sounds / itni;il to tlieii' kind. In other words, whether these ViiC il sounds were due to imitation, Th roll' :h tl le Kindness of Mr. .\rthur Balfour, Mr. Ivonumes ^'ot the pennission of the Triu'ty 13rethren to try these (^x])eri- iiit'iits on lighthouses situated on lonely islands or neks; he sele(-ted [)U))[)ies, ehickens, etc., hut the !v>>iilts were not de(dsive. The puppies harked and ;li(' youngcoeks erowed, hut ^Ir. llomanes was not ahle entirely to estahlish to his own satisfaction that the i^ilation had heen complete. Experiments ^vere also earided on beaidn.L;' on Ht'li()tr()])ism and on S(H'd (termination. Of these mention will be made later. In the sprin,i>- of ISHI, he paid a \isit to Paris and ^ll\\ M. l^tsteur andhis laboratory, and also '^^. Bi'own- St'ipiard, in whose work hv was specially intei'ested. And, a])art from his work, Oxford and Oxford life wt'ic orcat sources of enjoyment. He made many new friends, and keenly enjoyed the institution, so f'liiM'acteristic of Oxford, of ' walks.' Intimacies seemed to ,l,m'ow up quickly, and he 272 (JEOUGi: JOHN KO.MANKS often spol^c of ilic cxlrciiic kindliiicss, the ■ pi noss ' which iiiarkcd Oxfoi'd society. t'ilMIl Of all the friends made in tliese f our Will ]\Ir. Hoiiianes nndouhtedly was most drawn to tli Kcv. Chai'lcs (ioi'c. It is \('i'y dillicult, very often iiiisleadin,L;' and (Aihj impertinent to sjx'ak of what one man owes to aiinliiir in the way of direct oi' indirect intellectual <»i' >piritii;il liclp. l^iit those few persons who really watclicl aul] could see tlie worKni.n's or eieoi\n-e ivomanes mnin. ^;i that these Oxford ye;n's wei-e, eyen hefoi'e the lii\tj l)(!;4innin;^s of fataf illness, years of rapid ^rowtli iiij what |)erhHps may he termed s))iritual perception. In ISDl Mr. Gore's famous liampton I^ectui-c^ wnej ])i-ea<'hed. Mr. Ivomanes lieard them all, and \\:is| intensely interested l)y tliciri ; lie wrote many nulc on them foi' Jiis own jirivate use, notes hy no nicMiis! always in agreement with them, and in his •'riioiiulitsj oi 1 Ikcli^ion ' he I'efers to them. .Many of his oldi-r friends w<'re cler,L;\nM' nd le was once nnicn amus( h1 hv 1 learni.u' lli;i! ol i-nr Hcientilic friend in Ijondon liad said, ' How will Komanes stand the (dei'ical atnM)s])licr^ Oxford ? ' Anotlier time, a yery enn"nent scientific iii;ni| asked him liis opinion of Lil)eral Hi.i^h ('hin'( lininij 'Do you I'cally think tliese peoi)le h(die\-e what tli say?' to whi(di Mr. Konnines renliedlhat iu' knew seye'ral pretty intimately, and he was sui'e tlicy wouk all ,^() to the stake on Ixdialf of theii' i^'aith. In the s))rin,i4- of ISUI Mr. Ivomanes was elected kj the connnittee a mend)er of the Atheinium ClubJ 'J'he Journal notes : Pleasant dimiei's at ?^Ierton, Kehle, iVc. \ i>it from the (rills,' which we nnu h enjoyed. Lon and Jjady Compton, from the Oth to the lt'il>;iii'- ' tour yc'ii's, lr;t\\ii t(i lli.i iin^aiid (■\.ii cs to iiiiotlicr il "I' s[)iritii;il \N;itclif'l and CS' lllill(i. s;|\V t'oi'c tlic fust id ,u row til in erccptioii. ^('(•tiii'c-. Were iill, ;iii(l Was ' lii;iiiy 1 Kites l)y no iiuMtis lis •TlioiiL''lit3 'i',L;yiii('ii. and I'iii.U' that a ()\v oil cailli iiiosplicrc (if ;ci('iitilic iiiiiii ('Inn'clitiicii, \-(' what they h;it iic knew ■(' lli('\- would ith. as elected by 'iiaiiiii Club. , (Ve. \'i>it )y('(l. Lord Sth of .Iiiii(3. i.^i",^'- ■Aile. Thi^ si iiiiiiier, foi' the first time. Seotland and ,,i)tiii,n' wero .L;i\<'ii up, and Ml'. Iioiiiaiies, accom- (l 1)\- his wife and d;iULihter, tried wliat the [aliU IL'IK line would do for his incessant headache lie enjoyed this tour, especially three weeks at ]na>p, in tlic lower I'ln^'adine, where he met his old :;i,ii(l I'l'ofessor .loacliim and also I'rofessor \'ictor iiius. On the way hack the liomanes stayed with \[!. II. (Irahani, M.I\, at his lovely country home ..;ir IIeidell)er,L;", eiijoyin,^" themselves much, l)ut :;iliii.L;" to see the famous ii'host which is ^;aid to .unit the place, in the autumn, in spite of ofteii- .riin'iii,^' headaches, lie stni^'^ied on with his work ,;i(l lectured in one or two ])ro\incial towns. He says in one of liis lettei's at this time : ' 'I'here > much excitement in Oxford to-chiy over the; ;:iiioiiiicement that I?a^"et is to he the new Dean of hiist Chiu'ch. Of course we are ,i;reatly deli;4hted. |.l^ he said to me to-day, ' We may now look forward lit'iii,^" close nei,^hhours for not a few years to come.' ■JniiriKiI, Nor., lliiDiuKjlKini Festii'd/. — The ' ATes- iir and Dvorak's ' Requiem,' Parry's ' }31est Pair of ^iiviis, w hid 1 one never iiears h too often. \\'ent to iuptoii Wynyates, ;i splendid old house of temp. lEtiiry Ml. Only Lady ('om[)ton at home, hut we :;ue h enjoyed our little visit. Went up to to wn 11(1 saw the I^dmund (losses and \arious other old rrieiids. Saw Miss liehan .ind her company in their m t perfc (ted. jrm.iiK (\ 'A Last Word.' Voov play, hut wcdl It was during' this autumn that Mr. Komanes I'e- 'ived to found a lectureship at Oxford on the lines of |> Jiede Lectures at Cauihridf^a*, and after consultin.i^- '^riuiis friends, chiefly the present Master of Pein- T 271 {ii:()ii(ii: .loiiN i{()M\Ni:s ix'ji Ijrokc,' the idea was siihiiiit led t o 1 lie I iii\ci>il \ ;iii(i llic olTci' was acc<'|)U'(l. 'I'lic j)r('la((', wliiVli is to |„. prefixed to the lirst v) to special claims for (hscussiiiu ai particular subject of hi^Ii interest at the time. (12) I deem it desirable that foreigners, othcrwi eligible, should not be discjualitied f tations to lecture merely because they may not li able to do so in Eu'^lish. And, in order to meet sue cases, I su.^i^est that the translated addresses shoul( be delivei'ed before the University by some c()iii[)('teu| reader (to be selected by the Vice-Chancellorj in tli( presence of their authors. (3) 1 further su.i>-^est that the same method deliveiy should be adopted in cases wIkmx^ a.Ljc < infirmity would render the voice of th<' lectin^ ' The Rev. linrtlioloiiunv IVice, D.D.. IM.'.S. Till': li().M.\Ni;s LHCTIKI': L' i ;j i;i;iii(lil)l»', ()»■ iiidist iiicl , to any poi'tioii of his aiidirncc. And J liope lliiit ncillicr a.i^c nor intirniity, any more i;i;iii iiiahiliiy to speak I lie |ji,L;iisli laii,L;"iia;^'t', will \)v, ijct'iMcd a hindrance lo the issuini;' of insitations to •ill' men of hi,nli distinction in theii' sevei'al depart- iiieiits. i^'or, on tlie one hand, in order to have atliiiiH'd such distinction, it must often liap[)en thiit vidi men will liave attained old a^^e, while, on the ihcr liand, it is of more inipoilance tliat tlu-y shoukl 'I.' ivpresented in these decennial \ohimes thtiii that :;iiii()f less emiiK'iice sliould he chosen in view of their >i|K'riority as lectui'crs. Cr. J. IvOMANES. To the ^reiit satisfaction of the whole University. ilr. (iladstoiie most <,^eiierously consented to f,dve the irst lecture, which consent lie si^^qiified in the follow y: letter : Grand ITotol. I'-iiirrit/. : Deccmbrr IK, 1H91. Dear Mr. ilomanes, — Until I received your kind Iter 1 reposed undtjubtin^ly in the belief that the IWce-Uhaneellor had accepted my answer as th(; iiiswer which best met the case.' I thou^dit and iiiiik it ri^^dit, for no one knows my povei'ty except pyself. But Oxford is Oxford, and 1 think that if she iesired nie to clind) up the spii"e of Salisbury, I should ittt'inpt it, or ])lay the Ortrc/ilns r.s/(rleN.s in any iiiiuiier she desired. Your letter opens to me unex- rwtedly the fact that there is a desii'e, and that the I'jruposal was not simply a courtesy. ' Mr. (lladstono liml doclincd at first, but vic^iled to a second m-gent |Viiest iVoni tlie I'ounder. •I -J ■■l\ 27G GEORGE JOHN ROMANES l^'Ji I therefore thiinkfully and respectfully accept ; secretly relying" a good deal, as T own, on the fact that there is (if I recollect the Y.C.'s letter rightly) a i^ood deal of time hefore me, and that the; chances of intt r- niediate reflection may hring up something to the surface which is not now there, for I own mv perplexity continues as to the chance of making any presentation not wholly worthless. But enon'ih of this : and let me thank you very nmch for the intcivvt you, who have so high a title, have persoiially taken in bringing me to the front. We are nuich delighted with this ])lace ; uiore eminently, I think, a sea place than any other I happeiij to know. I am sure, let me add, that you will make niy] apologies to the Yice-Chancellor ; for I am scnsilih^ that the jdtered reply may seem less than respectful to the resident Head of the University. Believe me, most faithfully yoms, W. E. GLAnsTONK. It had been arranged that the lectures (which l!ie University, rather against the Founder's wish, (iecidrd should be called the ' Romanes Lectures ') were to lio given in the Trinity 'J^erm, but owing to the Uent'ial Election of 1891, My. Gladstone p()st])oned the delivery of his inaugural lecture until October liSU'2. 1 JoNnidl, Mdirli \HSY2. — The Comptons have hei u here for Norman's baptism, which was a strikiii,'.:ly pretty ceremony in cathedral at evem'ng stn'\ ice with the choir. Our Dean and the Pi'esidentof Ma^ckik ii, as well as Lady Com[)ton, stood s[)onsors, so the hey ^ «w A SONNET 277 ;< well provided. I'hc students at St. Huf^h's Hall ;K()i'at('d the font, and as the hoy's second name is Hutiii, he is a special prote.^'e of the little Hall. Ajiri/ 1. — We spent a week at Malvern, in coni- Ipaiivwith the Walter Hohhouses, and then went on 10 Denton Alanor,' where a company of the wise, inclu- liiiii^^liayLankester, l?rofessors Poultonand Shadworth HiKl^:son,and Mr. Sully, were. Also others, includin^jj L;idy Cecil Scott .Monta,L;u, who walked ahroad with hulivinin^' rod, a I'eal act of coura^'e considering wlio hvere amoni^' the party. At Malvern j\Ir. Romanes wrote a sonnet which, I ill the li<4ht of after years, was a, sad prophecy. MAL\FJiN 1892 • To do/0 upon a snimy liill in Juno, And hear the hilhibv that Nature lends ; To drink the cup that sweet contentment blonds With sweetlier love of those whose hearts shall soon liovorborate with joy, as tlusy attune Their praise to ju'aisos that achievement sends : This is to fool that bounteous Nature bends A mother's smile on manhood in its noon. liut when the shadows of the twilight come, And high Ambition needs must fold his wings, While voices both of hearts and hills grow dund), Can she still bring the smile that now she brings ? Yea, by tlie memory of lirightor things, I'll trust her in the night that calls me home.' Joiinuil, Miuj (111(1 June 1S1)"2. — Had a delightfiil isit from the Butchers and Mr. 11. (Iraham, later on the Comptons, and Air. Mdnnind (iosse, full of witty (11(1 wise sayin<^s. Lord Compton san<,' more divinely ' The home of Sir William and the Hon. f.ady Welby-Gregory. i .1 278 GEORGE .JOHN KO^FAXES than ever, and tlie Pi'incipal of Brasenose played the piano. It was a I'cal jiiusical feast. Professoi" Ia; Conte eanie to stay hei'e, we had Mr. Gore and one or two others to meet him. To Miss ('. K. liuuKiiu's. 94 St. Aldatc's, Oxlbril : Juiif 10. Is!i2. IVIy dearest Charlotte, — I received your letter of the ()th inst., to^^ether with the pair of slippers ; the latter are the \ery thing that is required when occasion agani arises. Ever since you left we have been hiiving Itnliaii weather, the only objection to which l)eing, that for my taste the sunshine is too continuous. We have had staying with us Professor Pal.^ravc and his daughter. I am going to take hei* to the Conversazione of the lloyal Society on Weihiesday next, as Ethel is going to stay behind for her political work. \\'e have also had Lord Justice Pit, with his wife and daughter, staying witli us for two or three diiys. I have got a promise from Professor Huxley to ,nive the second liomanes Lecture, provided he is able to do so next year. It will be an interesting occasion if he can, because he has not lectured for the last live or six years. I a.m glad you like my book, which is sellin.n' off very well ; but, as you know, the second vohniic will be nnich more interesting. We are all well, and, with united love to both. T remain yours ever the same, Geo. J. PiOMANF.s. mg, ^ «&2 TERMINAL PHALANGES OF THE ri{nL\TES 279 e played the " *^ ^^^'^^ iuvesti.i^'ation is liere described. f'i"cs N\e had liiii. June 10, ]s',)-j, )ur letter of ilippers ; the | lieiKjceusidii iviuo- Italiiin iii,!^-, that for sor Pal,nrav(' 3 her to the Wednesday ■ her i)()litical •e Fi'v, with s for two ()[' iixley to ,L;ivo le is able to ^" occasion if le last live or 94 St. Aldato's, Oxford: M.-utIi 27, 1802. My dear ScliiLfer, — 1 think I have found a new ciidiiiiil character peculiar to the; Primates — viz. a nude (oiKlition of the terminal phalan^'es. Tliis does not uccui' in any other order of mammals that I have iiMiked at, but in all species of primates from Lennirs to Man, as far, at all events, as 1 have been able to rxaiiiine. Now I want to see whether hair-folli(des, rvesti;4'es thereof, can b(> found in the terminal plia- laiiij^es of any species of the order. So 1 am makin<^'a iminber of sections of the skin of the backs of the terminal phalan,L;es of fiu'^'ers and toes, of man (adult and fcetal) apes, monkeys, baboons, and lemurs. Hith- erto I cannot detect (nor can Kent) any signs or ves- ti.i^es of follicles. But I should much like you to look over some of the specimens (a few would be enough), in order to see whether your trained eyes would be also unable to trace any rudiments of follicles. If you would care to do this, of course I should acknowledge^ ray obligations in a paper which I am preparing on the subject. Yours very truly, Ct. J. JvOMANKS. IS selluig 01 vohiiiie will P ve to both. I pO^fANT.S. ' Darwin, and after J)ai'win ' appeared in the spi'ing of 189-2. It Wits a book which was written, so to s[)eak, with the writer's lite-blood, it was a great bui'den on him fnuii the moment he commenced it, and one of his i^reatest sorrows was his inal)ility to tiiiish it. It is curious to those who know Mi'. Homanes' miiid 280 (ii:oi{c;i-: .joiin ko.m.\ni:s \>^'r: intimately to note the cxcccdiii.n" severity, the ;,] liHi'sh luaiiiier in whicli he treated the iheold- questions involved in the doctrines culled, lor IlKisI, (•III (••lll\f- niencc; sake 1); irwnnsm, As ] nore and iii()r( found himself >ieldin^" on the side of emolidii. ,,f moral convictions, inducement, of spiritual need to the relin(juished faith, so nnich the n'ore did he iv- solv(^ to he utterly ti'iie, to face every dilliciilh, lo push no ohjection aside, to leave notliin;^' uiismd — tu he, in fact, ahsolutely and entirely li(jnest. As ;i fiicud {ifter his death, s])eakin^" of this very hook, s;iid. > It y/z/v was nis rKilitt'onsni -^s \v ■hicl 1 ma( lei nm seem so iird Yet there is a rin;^' of hope of something- which will one day turn to faith in the words \\hi(di end the hook : ' Upon the whole, then, it seems to me tliat such evidence as w(; have is a^'ainst rather than in hiMiur of the inference, that if design ])e operati\c in animate nature it has reference to animal enjoyinciit or well-hein,<4', as distin<^'uished from animal iinprnvc- ment or evolution. And if this result slioiihl he found distasteful to the i'eli^"ious mind — if it he felt that there is no desire to save the evidences of dcsi^ni unless they serve at the same time to testif\ tothc nature of that (h^si^^n as heneficent — I nuisl once more ohserve that the dilliculty thus presented in theism is not a dilliculty of modei'ii creation. On the coutniry, it has always constituted tlic fiiin'.a- mental ditliculty with which natural tlic(»hi,ui;"i" have liad to contend. I'he external woild ;i|)|)(;irs. in this respect, to he at variance witli our iiioial sense ; and when the antagonism is hrou^iit home 1 the reli.L-ious mind, it must ever he with a sh(»( k ' (I •; FIRST SYMPTOMS OF 1FFM:SS 2.S1 rniticd siu"[)ris('. It has hccii iicwly hi'ou.nht home I us hy the ^('iic'riihsatioiis of Dju'wiii, and thci'c- •it', as 1 said at the he^^iiniiii,^", the reh'^^ious thought • oiir ^^eneratioii has heeii more than ever sta,L;>;('red iv the (juestioii — Where is now thy (lod? But 1 i:;iV(' endea\()ured to sliow that the h),L;ieal standin^^ I the ease lias not heen materially ehaii.^cd; and when •iii> ci'V of reason pierces the heaiL of Faith it re- :;iaiiis for Faith to answei' now, as she always answei'ed iit'torc — and answei'ed with that trust which is at iiice lie)- heauty and her life — Verily thou art a God that liidest Thyself.' June 1H1)2 hrou^iit the first warnin«4's of serious illness. One day Mr. Komaiies announced at lunch :ii!it he noticed a hlind spot in one eye. iJ<' con- -ulted his friend Mi'. Doyne, the well-known oculist, who from the first tliou,nht sei'ioiisly of the case. Me went up to town, and saw various doctors, ;i!i(l had some thoughts of takiii,i;" a voyage, lie was, however, well enou<^"li to attend the Conversa- zione at th(! Koyal Society, and showed some ex- Ijeriiiieiits on rahbits and rats wiiich bore on (juestions iif a{'(|uired charactei's. He writes: 7V> .Uy.s'. lioiiKiiics. \ liave been thinkin.i;- of you a .s^reat deal, and, with a somewhat literal a))[)lication of a certain e.\- I'lctive addressed by a fast man to his eyes, am 'iriven to address you thi'ou,^h my ^^on'oles. Xettleship has ap|)ointed to-morrow mornin.n" to ^fc me, so 1 shall not be able to ^et home sooner 'ii;iii i) train. Don't trouble to meet me, as I must 282 CIKORGK JOHN ROMANES |M'):' take {I (-ill) for tlu; ral)l)its and rats. The latter ;nv now at tli(,' Jtoyal Society, wlien; ample space )i;is been pi'ON'ided for their exhihition. The /ool(,;:i(;il Q papei' ' went olT very well, and I^'lower made a \t t\- good remai'k on it, the suhstancc; of which I will i. !! you wlien we me(!t, it had not previously occiin'til to me. Your letter to th(3 Pollocks ne\-er reaclicii tliem, so they had .uiven me up. 'J'hey were ;i> enthusiastically kind as usual, and very symjiathciic about my eyes. He returned to Oxfoid, and was persuaded to rest, find not to g'o to London again to pay a promised visit to Professor Palgrave. To Miss a. E. Jlnmaurs. 94 St. Aldate's, Oxford : June 18, is'.»j. j\Iy dearest Charlotte, — Your little dif'lerei ice> o! Opinion with regard to the rats are very iimusini^ in me, and I (piite s(;e how th(i matter stands. I am very glad to hear of your impi'oveiiieiit iii general health, and also of James' continued vigour. As regards myself I have no very satisfactory lie- count to give. The headaches indeed are not worse — if anything they are better ; but the gout is at work on other parts of tliis vile body, and the latent assault is a very serious one for ji man of my |)ursiiit<. About ten days ago I found myself partially hliiid in the right eye — the upper half of the held of vision being totally obliterated. I have seen an Oxford ' Oil tlio work calliulod to in ji, lottpr to Professor Scliiit'tT. I IS'). 10 hitter ;nv io space li;i, (' Z<)()l(,;:ic;;] iiadc a M-r fli I will t. i! sly occiinv'l 'vcr rcachcii tiey were ;i^ synipatlu'ijr ifided torost. a proiiiised -n ILLXi:SS 283 Juno 18, 1H(H, lili'crciicis ()!' ■ aiiiusiiiL;' 1" :1s. )roveiii«'iit ill nuod vi;{()iir. I sfactory ac- re not WOlSt' I i' <^"()iit is al id the latcM : my piirsiiil^. { ally blind in | dd of vision I I an Oxfdid Schalrr. nd also a London oculist, who Ikinc both cxaniincd :;u' eye and pronounce tlic sudden seizure to be one of -niiis effusion upon th(} I'etina. It seems ])robal)le iiiit the impairniei t of vision will be perniiinent, and -.1 prevent all opcjrative work where any delicacy is vfiired. The blindness is so complete, that if [ ink about an incdi below tlu' electric li,L;ht placed at a stance of a very few yards, T am not able to pei'- dve any luminosity. Meanwhile, 1 have to wear :!ie darkest of possible <(()^*,des, and f^"enerally to live ■\i(' life of a hlind man. Per contra, this may prove? , blessin<^" in dis.^aiise, Jis it compels irie to abstain :!'iiii work for some considera])le time to come, and I had been advised to this course on account of the .eadaches. How I am to spend the six months' ••>t which is prescrihed 1 have not yet determined. ^hootin^^ will he probably out of the question, as I i iiiiiot use the left eye in any foi'm of recreation. 'fy idea is rather to <^^o t(* E^^3'pt and Palestine, to "ike a voyage to the Cape, or in some other such vay to break my usual habits without altogether "listing time. All the rest of the household Jire flourishing, and ■vith love to both, 1 remain yours ever the same, (iKOUGE. In a day or two a second hlind spot appeared, and low the doctors took a wvy sei'ious view of his case. kifc and sight alike were threatened, and instant 'st and qui(>t were ordered. For al)out three weeks lio renuiined in bed, until the extreme pulse tension -Hs I'educed, and then it seemed as if hope might 284 (;koi:(;i-: johx komaxi-.s fit' be oiitcrtaiiiccl of ycurs of life, if oiil\' care w taken about diet, and work, and tbou^dit. Now l)(';^an the two years of ([uiet, steadfast. ( n- dui'ance ; no one could reabse frojn his ((uiet iimmitr and cbeei'ful talk how <^'reat was the incomcuiciK c caused by t!ie affection of his eyes, no one evei' fduiid him anytliin,^- l)ut unseltish and ^"entle. The (.nc dilliculty was to persuade him not to worl\, and this was almost impossible. He was almost feveri>lilv anxious to finish his book, to woi'k out experiincnts he had been planning' ; and as time? went on, iiiid he thou^'ht and pondered as he had ever done on the ultimate mysteries of life and bein^-, othei' hodks were planned, other courses of readin*,^ mapped out. Just then a letter came from Canon Scott- Holland which nnich touched the recipient. Mr. Holland writes: ' I hear sad news of you thr()u<^"h Philip Wa^'.uctt.' You have passed under the sorest trial pei'ha})s that could have been laid on your coura^"e, your hopctul- ness, your peace. I trust, indeed, that there is nmch to look fnr yet of i-ecovered power and renewed Avork, l)nt, iov the moment, there must be anxiety, and the bittii* strain of disappointment, and the rough curb of p;iiii. You are assured of the deep sympathy of many waiiii- hearted friends to whom you have always showu most <^"enerous kindness, and I venture to I'auls my- self {imong them. We shall remember you oftfu and anxiously. It is a tremendous moment when first one i^ called upon to join the ,^reat army of thosc^ who sufhr. • The I!ev. I'liilip Napier Waj^'gett, now of Cowley St. Jolin, \\h<> wn^ one of >h'. IJoniancs' most iiitiinate friends. Mr. Waf,'t,'etfs sciciititic attainments nincle him a vahiable as well as a much loved friend. CJIl'C We)-,. jciidlast. . 1- iiict iiiiiiiiirr [•oincuiciicr Tlic (,ii,. »rl<, 1111(1 tliis ;t ft'Vcri-lil\- expci-iiiiciiK t oil, Miul he lone oil tlif otlicr book-, ippcd out. moil Scott- iit. p Wa.i^-.L^ctt.' jerhiips that Olll' llOjlcful- ILLNESS 2S-, I That vast world of love and pain opens suddenly admit us one by omi within its fortress. We are afraid to enter into the land, yet you ill, I know, feel how hi,^h is tlie call. It is as a iiiipet speaking" to us, that cries aloud — ' Tt is your nil — endure.' Play your ])a fc. As they endured jiffore you, so now, close up the ranks — he ])atient !i(l strong" as they were. Since Christ, this world of tin is no accident untoward or sinister, but a lawful .paitinent of life, with experiences, interests, adveii- ires, hopes, delights, secrets of its own. These iuv all :!o\vn ()\wn to us as we pass within the ,i{ates — iiiii^s that we could never learn or know or see, so iio<(as we were well. God help you to walk tln-ou.i^Ti this world now pened to you as throu.j^'h a kin,n"doni, regal, royal, and wide jind glorious. ^Fy warmest sympathies to your wife.' to look fill' )i'k, hut, tor d the hitttT •ui'h of pain, many wariii- ^vays shown to I'aiik' iiiy- )U often and first one is * who suifer. ,. ,iolm, wliii WHS ,'^a'tfs sc'ioiititic I friend. The first weeks of illness ])assed away, the phy- >ici;uis seemed more satisfied with his condition, luid he was sent to Carlsbad, and after fiv(^ weeks there, came the last bit of pleasant foreign travel. He and his wife travelled in the Tyrol and in the Bavarian Highlands, and Mr. Komanes was able to enjoy the glorious scenery with what seemed keener appreciation thiin ever ; he especially took a fancy to Piirten Kirchen, in Bavaria, and planned a return to it another year with his (Tiildren. He got as far as ]\Ieran, and much enjoyed meet- ing" ^Ir. and ^Frs. Lecky (Mr. Lecky's works were among the very few historical books he read with any real pleasure). And on his return. Sir Andnnv Clark was encouraging, holding out hopes of a return to 2sr, GKOIIC;!-: .101 IX KOMANKS 1 H licalth : ' N'ou'vc itiiule n bid for recovery,' he ^;ii(i m Ill's ^^^eiiiiil way. It was thou;,dit Ix^st tlijit Air. Ijiiiii;iii,.s should spend the winter in a warm cliniate. mid Mh. deira was eliosen. 4'lien caine the iii'st Koniaiies lecture, whi( W; a <^M'eat success in every way. Mr. (Uadstoiic cillcil it ' An Academic Sk(;tch,' and nothinij" could li;i\(i been a ]ia|)i)ier inau^nn^ation of the series. It w.is a memorable scene. 'I'he Prime Minister in his doctor's robes, th(; crowded Sheldonian theatre, the clo(|ii('iit! lectu)"e, the insj)irin,L( words of which came like 1 trum))(!t call to Oxford's sons, ending- with her inottd J)ominus illuminatio mea.' Tli(3 few days of Mr. and Mrs. Gladstone's visit t' Oxford were days of rejil enjoyment to ^Iv. lioiiunics. The Journal notes : ' Wt; had a pleasant hnKdieon ])arty for the Gladstones and Lord Acton, who was also in Oxford; also a breakfast party on tlie mornin,^' after the lecture, to whicb, amon^^ others, came the Pi-iiici[)al of St. l^](binnid's Hall.' I put fiim next Mr. Gladstone, and the conse(|uence was a Dante t.alk, to Lady (>ompt()n's ^'reat satisfaction. Mv. Gladstone's talk was wonderful, and no one would have suspected that he had iiny political cares whatsoever, or that the Election of 181)2 was only jnst over.' On the day of the lecture we had a d(di,L,ditful time before lun(di. iVlary Pa«(et and Lord Comptoii san^,' for an hour, and pnt ns in ^(ood humonr. It was with real reij'ret that ijfood-bve was s.aid t the illustrious ^niests, with hopes of future iiiectiii.us never to b(^ realised. Mr. Huxley accepted the invitation which tho Vice-Chancellor pei-mitted ^Tr. Romanes to ,L;ive him privat(dy. The followdng delightful letter gives his tinal decision : " ' Tlio Rev. E. Moore, D.D. - Siiico this letter has been in type the worUI has had to liiniLnt Mr. Ilnxley's death. ■ IKV. M \i)i:iK,\ 2S7 V, lie NMIfl i;l \Il'- l><»lii;iii,s !itc. ;iii(l M;,. I', which \V;is : Istoiic (mIIcI '' <'<)lll(| h,l\i! >^. It U;i> ;i ii his (l{)ct(»i'"s the clofiiiciit •HIIIC hkc ;i h licr iiiotti., )n(''s visit to r. lioii);iiic>, lehcon piirty ) Wiis ;ils() in ' iiiii( aftortho i lie Pi-iiici]);il r. Gladstone, Ik, to Lady Istoiio's talk spcctod that or that the h',L,ditfnl tiiiK! miptoii saii<( I was sfiid to | I'c 1 licet iiiLTs f 1 which tlio to give him er in the good old days, if he does not treat you roperly. Then came the departure for ?^I;ideira, which was real trial, tor never before had Cin'istnias been spent I'livy Councillor. - The proprietor of an hotel in Madeira. 2SH GEOK(iK JOHN It()M.\Ni:s isrtaj fiway from home. Hut the cliaiiuc scniicd to do hjm iiiiR'h <^()()d. Sa\<' fni* occasioiiiil days of licadachc h,. was very bright and well, and worked at his Ijook and wi'otc several articles for the ' Contemporary Kevjcw ' on Professor Weisnuinn's theory. But poetry lu; could not manu'ie. To Mrs. Hnirii r<>//n>-/-. Madeira: Dccciiihcr Is, is:i-j, Afy dear Mentor, — I fear you iinist have liciii, thinkin,<4- that J am either very ill oi- very heartless iidtj to have wi'itten ere this. Yet neither is the (as.-. Til I assuredly {im, but not so nuich hs to have ]iiv- vented nie fi ^ni sendin^^ you a letter for the iiianiauei day. The fact is I have been ti'yin*>- to write a soinu'tj for that occasion ever since I came out here, and can- not. Since my breakdown in June I have eutiri'lyl lost the power of poetisinf>- ; I suppose it will coiue back if my <^-eneral health should ever return, hiitstilli I did think that such an occasion ou^i^ht to have in- spired me. Nothin^^ further than rhymes, however, would come, so the day passed over without my in- tended contribution to its memorials. So, dear Mentor, do not think hardl}' of me. Fm* indeed both yon and Marion have been nnich in niv thoughts; and for you especially I know this time must be one of many and varied feelings of the kind that sink deepest into the heart.' So not only my old affection, but a new sym])athy, is with yon — a sympathy in the joy as in the grief of it. ' Rliss rollofk's inaiTia.i,'o to ]\Ir. ^'ornon llo.vs, IMt.S.. i'^ how n fenx'd to. Is;i2i ir: FHIJ.OWSIirr AT CATUS COIAAIGK '2S!) tnl to (1(1 hiiii headache h,. his hook n\ul ary Kcview' b poi'tl')- III. ■iiiber Is, lsi)2. t have l)ctii heartless ii(,t|: is the (Ms,.. to have i)iv- the iiian'i;ii:t'| ^■rite a sonnet '{ lere, and can- : iHve entii'ely it will coint' urn, hut st to have lu- es, however, hout WW in- Kthel will have told yon what little has to he told iiout our uneventful life here. As I have said to all V correspondents, it is the island that Teiniyson ..list have had in view when he wrote his ' Lotus- tcrs.' The description is so exact, that / need not lite anything in the way of description, if you will ;;ly read it. My headaches are growing less intense, although ::ty still keep wonderfully persistent. I cannot fore- "V what is likely to happen in the end, as no one -vins to know exactly what is the nuitter with nie. The last mail hrought me a letter from the Master : my College at Cand)ridge, telling me that I had ten unanimously elected to till a vacancy in the list : Honorary Fellows. This seems to me very generous, ting how I have played the prodigal and s(|uandered enemy. !<)• ur Please give my very heartiest love and good wishes hut still: I'tliehride. Take also my Christmas greetings for il three of you, coupled with the congratulations that ;re so meet, and helieve me to remain. Yours ever affectionately, Geo. J. lioMANEs. To Janiea lioniane.s, E.s nif.r, gratifyin,^". To Pi-ofc.s.so)- Eivcirf. This would be a wonderful place for natural histoid if I were well enough to knock about. I f>-et fishermen, however, to brin'^- any mariiir animals which th(\y know to b(^ rare. There is on.' fish which I never heard of before, and which seem,! to me remarkable on account of its curious combi- nations of character, for in all respects it seems to lie a lar<>(^ d(),^"-flsh, exceptin,^- its teeth, which ai'c tin of a shark. 1I--I'. To Profes.soi- Poiilfoii. New Hotel, ]\radcira : December 'J, isDi. My dear Poulton, — I have now rcnid tlie cor IV spo (jui ndei te al ice ni Natu re Ft siH'iiis to me that )sur( dlx- a,^"g'i'essive, evt»n supposni; tliiit proves to be ri.i^'ht. But I send tliis to ask you al)(iiit| th(^ <^rasshopper lett(M' in last wcu'k's ' Natui-e,' jii>t received here. T have noticed the same thinir iiij ,i^n'asshoppers, but do not renu'mber to have seen .'iny account of the chan<>es of colour, oi- uiechniiisnil thereof, in them. \H) you know if it has ev(M' bcHii] worked at ? If not, I might do so here. "^l^he sanu^ (pK^siioii a[)pliest() lizards. It scciiistfj nu' that those b(M'e \ai'y their coloiu's to suit lliosc df] hahifiKil slatioiis. I I'ciiiciiibci' Miiiier read a piipcil 189.' m MADHIl^A 2\)1 ^ so s('\cro(l ji lire Imvi ill tho IIIDIV DO it the liziirds in Capi'i, but for.^'ct (l(*tails. He fteii alludes to it in his Ixx^k translated h\- (,'uiiiiiiiL''- laiii. What are his uiaiu results ? G. J. K. itural histoiy any luarinr There is on.' which s(MMii. ; irions eotii1)i-| b seems to lie | icli are tlio-i'l }cembcr 2, is'.i'i. d the coiTt - 3 that — iv )sin,n' tliiit I:-' isk you about Nature; jn-t inie tiling 'ii| lave se(Mi ioiv; uiech;uii-!i lias ever luu i It seeing li>. ) suit those 1 4 i-(>ad a piip' 1" The (.'anj])rid,L;e Fellowship was a .i^reat pk^asure M Mr. Komanes. \n tlie last months of his life he 'milled ea<4"erly to visit his tirst University and his wu eolle^'e, and planned visits to Cambrid.i^c which, his, were never paid. (vanon Fsaac 'J'ayloi' was in tlie same hotel at Uiideira, and this considerably I'elievedthe wearinc^ss of .xile. Mr. iiomanes was still full of fun and merriment; :!ie headaches diminished ; he played chess intermin- ;l)ly, and even took part in a little play .i^iven one iftcrnoon by a few ])eople who formed themselv(>s !ito an ' Oxford Brotherhood,' most of the members ::;iviu,ii; Kome conncH'tion with the University of 'txioi'd. The niend)ers of the brotherhood weri^ supposed ''} deliver kjctures in turn, but the burden cjiietly it'll on Ml', liomanes. The lecturing, whicdi in this inirticulai- case was simply talkin<;', was never any noiihle to him, and he used to deliver little im- in'oiuptu discourses which apparently pleased his :nVii(lly audience. Canon Taylor kindly g'ave a dis- iiurse on the Aryans, and dis|)leas(Hl one of his iiulience, a yonn.i^' lady, l)y remarkin.n' at the outset, My specimens (alludin.i;" to Komanes' scientitic lec- ;nivs) are before me, and i suppose we are all Aryans.' The young lady had iiuagined she was about to hear I lecture on (Tuu'ch histoiy, and was not pleascnl at vino- dubb(>d an Ariaii. ^Ir. Romanes' lettei's showed n(>aiiy always grcMl lu'i^htness and inci'eascnl feelings of health, although now and then he had 'bad days.' 292 GEOKGE JOHN I-10:\rANKS lf<9.i To Jduie.s lio manes, E.s(j. Madeira: .Taiinury 1. 1m9;!. This is the first letter which I write in iJS'j;], and am writing- it eurly in the niornin*^- l)efo]-e breakfiist. New Year's Day is as glorious in sunshine and azuiv as all — or nearly Jill — the others have been since wv came. I wish you many returns of them and liap[)\ . whether in cloud or sunshine. January 31. ls<);i. Your letter on the 15th has been a great ti'eal Id me ; it rings true and deep, and the next best thini,^ to having dear ones near is to receive expressions of their dearness. Besides, I am all alone here, for but a few days. it is true, still the place seems dreary under present circumstances, therefore all you say is opportunely said. For my own part I have always felt that the two most precious things in life are faith and love, and more and more the older that I grow. Anii)iti()n and achievement are a long way behind in my ex- perience, in fact out of the running altogether. I'lie disappointments are many and the prizes few, andhy the time they are attained seem small. The whole thing is vanity and vexation of spirit without faith and love. Perhaps it is by way of compensation for havini;' lost the former that the latter has been dealt to me in such full measure. J never knew anyone sd well off in this respect. . . . ha \o isg.i unary 1. 189:!. U 1 world I have not a sin<,de enemy, unless it be the , who have entirely dropped out of my life. On the other hand, I do not know anyone who has so many friends, not merely acquaintances, but men and women who are devoted with an ardent iitl'ection. . . . Xow, all this nii,i>ht sound very conceited to any- iiue who would not understand me as I know you will do. But I hav(^ been thinking the matter over ill my solitude, and candidly I am wholly unable to account for it. Still, to be further candid, even love is not capable of becomin"ot about the mesmerism article. You will have seen that the writer rather caved in at the end, M) that one cannot well understand how much he him- self supposes was <^*enuine and how much imposture. But quite apart from (this), there is no question ill my mind that the facts, even as far as hitherto are very perplexin<>-. But on this account )n for havin.i;' dealt to mo lyone so well! there is all the more need for caution. I myself Went over the Paris Salpetriere two years ago, and saw the doctors' exi)eriments on a niiml)ei* of girls, who were trotted out for inv benefit. HI A favourite cousin, wlio dii'il a t't'w months after Mr. Hciiaues, 294 GEOKGE JOHN ROMANES 189.1 But there was such a lot of hocus pociis with itia,i,niets that I was much disappointed, l^vtii if none of the ^"irls were huinhuggin,^, I saw uoihinn that could not be explained by suggestion. For the doctors made suggestions while porfdiin- ing the very experiments which were designed to exclude suggestion. To Mrs. Venioji Jh>//s. New Hotel, MjuL ira: Fol)rnarv 1. iMlIi. My dear Marion, — If I have your husbaucVs permission still to call you so — -your kind letter li;is been a great solace to me, after my ineffectual efforts to supply a sonnet for the great occasion. I'^or it shows me that your Laureate is forgiven, and my friend, what that friend has always been. Besides, I am now lonely — as my brace of Ethels h;is llowii away — and therefore your affectionate words .ire all the more welcome. This, however, is the last day of my solitude, as Charlotte and Mytsie ought to arrive in a few hours. And now, having given you all my little news. let me pile up my congratulations as high as wowU can pile them. I heiird all about the wedding from many different sources, and there was but one ()i)inioii as to the bride. I will not say what it was, but oli. had I been there to see. It is .so so good of you to miss us in the middle of it all. l)ut it may have been telepathy, because I was hard at work on my abortive sonnet nil that day. It is like nortbei'ii bive/es to read \our account 189.) !9.1 MADEIRA 295 pocus witli cl. I'Acii if saw iiothiiiLj 1. ilc pCl'tnl-lii- (l('.^i,L;;iic(l to brnary 1. Is',);', V llUs])illKlV 11(1 letter li;i> lictiiiil cl'forls ;ion. For it /en, (111(1 my Besides, I s has llowii 'oi'ds ;ire all solitude, as few hours. little news. i^'h IIS Nvorch ■eddiii.i;" In Jin I one ()[)iiii()i! was, but oil, 10(1 of you to it nia\' liii\<' work on my OMl" MCCOUllt ,if nil the happy doin,<^s yon have had on yonr weddin^^ aip, and it makes nie happy to feel that yon have made so wise a ehoice in the greatest event of yonr life. Long may yon live together in the cultivation of domestic bliss, although of course only in the luoiiients snatched from the cultivation of science ! Februarv 2. Charlotte and Alytsie arrived last night at ten I'clock — twelve hours late. They had the roughest voyage which the boat has t^ver experienced. Poor Char.' is literally more dead than alive. But the weather here is beautiful, and 1 hope she may s()(m ;et to rights again. With affectionate regards to my mentor, and to iiiiirs, I remain, ever the same, PniLosoi-nER. To J (lines lioniaues, Esq. Madeira : March 8. Charlotte enjoys this place amazingly, she is ;il\vays saying, 'Just a very Paradise for .lames.' 1 ijuite agree with her. You liked Nice very much, ijiit Nice is far from being up to this either in regard III sun, flowers, rocks, or mountains. It has certainly done me a lot of good. My headaches are viilually jHie, and 1 can work a little again, which nuikes all ilk! dii'ference between Heaven and its antipodes. Mar<-li la. I am glad you are pleased about the lecturesliip Inundation. The principal feature of the selieme is ' See p. 289, above. 29G GEORGE JOHN RO:\rANES I89;( the perpetual jiubliciitiou of the lectures in vo!niiie> of ten each tln-ou.i^h all time, or at least as lon;^- a- Oxford lasts. I am better even since I last wrote to you. Even my powers of work have, to a considerable ('Xtcnt. returned. So 1 am answerin<4" H. Spencer's articlf.-, on ' Weismannism.' \\'ith warmest love, yours ever the same. Geokgi;. -/' :;ut St To Mrs. G, J. BoDKdies. Madeini ra. I got your dear note soon after we went dowii to the pier to see you start. Through tlie cliil) telescope I thought 1 saw you and Fritz. Wlieu yoii got far out I came home. The Taylors joined oiii table, which is very agreeable. The Canon told me a good joke which came off to-day. Sir 'Gorgias" told the Canon he had bought a second-hand book which he thought Dr. Taylor might find interest] ni;. The Canon asked what ihe book was, and the Knight replied it was by a man called Locke, and was all about the Human Understanding. FebruiU'v •_'. Char., Mytsie, and maid arrived ; they had ;i per- fectly frightful passage. All passengers shut down for two days, crockery broken, &c. S presented a large wedding cake foi' tlic Sunday tea of the Inner Brotherhood. ^lADEIRA 29( February 11. Thin is the joyful dfiy.' Your tele^a-ani whs iiided to me at lunch, so all the Inner Brotherhood :.;i(l the benefit. The Canon said you ou<,dit to have •>ed the comparative de.i^^'ee, so as to leave me an pportunity of returnin;^' the superlative. What a journey you had, poor dears ! It dnv^ not seem so certain after all that we should be safe for comfort on a lon<>- voya^^e. ^lytsie and Char, had aw'orse passage than you, the wind was dead against them all the way. It is indeed shocking about the Dean.- I heard it before you did. I will write to him by this mail. So glad you had such a good concert. If you only inew how I was longing to enjoy it with you. . . . An adagio movement has now followed the illt'.i^ro, and I am looking forward to a presto home lis a finale. My news is not much. My cold was very bad iroiii Saturday to Monday, but I slept most of the liiiie straight on. If it were not for my eyes I should be almost as well as ever I was. I read Walter Hobhouse's child story, and Mrs. — capped it with another. A little girl she knew asked whether, when she got to heaven, she might have a little devil up to play with.' Mytsie's iiephew, when three years old, had a much prettier idea. On M. telling him thiit something had hap- pened before he was born, he said, ' Then that was ' Tlis we(Iilin"-dnv. '-' Dr. rawt liiul been vorv ill. iiOH GKOIUJE JOHN 1{omanj:s .')! when T was still in liOcivoii.' ' ^'cs,' answered M ' but what WHS heaven like?' ' Oh, there I piir.id with angels, and there was n()thin;L; hut Christ mas trees.' Are not the debates lirst-rate ? Jt seems to moi I never read so many i^^ood speeches as those of Balfour, Bryce, and Chamberlain. But the i]ie;i^ure| itself is absurd. Wc had a party on board the ' Boyal Sovereign on Tuesday last. It was a dance on deck, and \va3 very pretty. Enormous profusion of tia<^s and tlowerg all over the ship. I asked one of the midshipnien to dine with us at the ' round table ; ' he had shown us over one of the ships on a previous day, as I toldl you, and proved an awfully nice little fellow, curi- ously like P. N. W." Suffers always horribly frouil sea-sickness, and gave a dismal account of his life iit| sea. By the way, a propos of the B.A. 1 su[)p()se youl have heard that Lord Salisbury is to I)e Pi-esidcutj next year at Oxford. You had better be thinkini,'] whom to invite as guests, leaving a margin in ( asej should redeem his pronnse. I shall iiicetj him between this and then somewhere and ascer-j tain. March VL There has been a most extraordinary change in the weather. Up to yesterday we had three ol the] calmest days that have been since 1 canie. The sen was without a ripple, and Char, and I were last night :Mr. Wnpp:ctt. •5:i m.\1)i:ii;a 299 Jiopin,!;" it would be like that when we stai't, as it „iiiil(l he sure to last till wt^ .i^'ot home. When, lo ,11(1 behold, this inoniin,^' there is hy far the hi,i;hest vind and sea I have yet seen. The spray is Hying "inht over the rocks, onee up to where J^'ritz ,L;'ot over iu' wall by the l)atliin<^-})laee. iiain in sheets. The Dnnumond Castle ' will have ;in awful time of it. I\'(i hope of a letter to-day. ^farch 16. Letter^,, such jolly .i^ood .i^o^'sip that L feel dis])osed |m follow the example of the ' distin,L;nished man' vho lived apart from his wife because he so much iijoyed her letters. And yet I am like a hound ^training at his leash to get away. T cdiDiof read what it is that York J\)well is going iliave designed foi- us, it looks like ' hooky flash.' ' .... By the time you get this, it will only be Liiuther fortnight before you get me, and I believe jju will get me in a wonderfully restored state of luulth. March 17. The weather is still the same. U'remendous wind iiid perpetual squalls of rain, 'the sea and the waves li'OHriug,' also ' men's hearts faihng them for fear,' for 'he occupants of the rooms we used to ha\e never I'Aent to bed last night. This morning an English man-of-war ran in for h'efu^e, but had to run out again before the veturn halutes had been fired, as her anchors could not hold, and an odd accident happened. At the LS-minute ' It was ' hook-plate.' 300 GEORHK JOHN' KOMAXKS iMt.l ^un from the fort, oiio of the ^•iiiiners soimoIiow <^ut\ in front of the ctmnon and was blown to atoms. [ suppose they were all confused with the wind and thoj spray. The waterproof coat yon sent nie is in i^it-it! requisition. ^Moreover it is a source of ;.,a'eat anni^c- nient to the Inner Brotherhood, as ^Tiss Tayloi' has: discovered in it a close resend^lance to a hassock- no, I mean a cassock. Hhv wants me to ^'et a ioiuhI hat wherewith to 'cap ' it when T return to Oxford. All the same, it is the best thin^' in the way of a waterproof that I have met as yet. ^^urcll 19. I have got Weismann's new book, ' The (umih- P^'ism.' It is a nuich more finished perforinaiict' than the 'Essays.' In fact, he has evidently l)ec'ii| eonsultin<>" botanists, readin<»- up En^^dish literature (hi the subject, so he has anticipated nearly all \\\v points of my lon,i.>' criticisms. This is a nuisance. Pel- contra, since comin*^" here I have heard of no less than three additional cases of cats which have lost their tails afterwards having tailless kitttMis. I wish to goodness I had been more energetic in .i^ct- ting on with my experiments about this, so T h;ive written to John to get me twelve kittens to meet nie on my leturn. It would be a grand thing to knock down W.'s whole edifice with a cat's tail. The monotony of life here is becoming intoleral)le. There is nothing to write about. You will have seen that Taine is dead. 1 wa- just about to write to him, to ask if he would be tht Kornanes lecturer. I. 3i ARTirr.ES ox WEISMAXNISM 301 !>• intolerable. .March 21. Here is an odd thinjiif. 1 lind that Weismann in his new book has discussed all the points raised by ^iiencer. So Spencer and 1 have been hannnerin^' ;\v;iy at thin<,^s which W. has already written upon. I Luckily, he says about what I anticipated he would L;iy (see my article), but how absurd a iiasco I I I live written a postscript to ^o by the mail, hoping* it :!i;iy arrive in time to ])e bound up as a separate slip jjore the issue of April number, explainin*^' that ihsence from En<,dand prevented me from gettin^^ IW.'s new book until now. But S. ought to have •uown. .Marcli 22. I have written to Weismann telling him that I Bunting will send him a copy of the ' Cont. iieview.' ' I have asked W. if he will give the ilomanes I Lecture some year. Love to you and the chicks. \ou will have to tell me which is which of the boys. Unless he has already procured ordinary kittens, vll John - to get them either Angora or Persian. They will cost more, but will be nuich better. I had a long innings with the doctor to-day ; he >;iys I am perfectly sound ; believes my headaches ire all gastric. Your last letter just received is such a relief to !iie. I was just Ernest's age when I nearly died of 'vhooping cough. 3 The home coniing was very bright, and again ^Ir. Komanes set to work with renewed and, alas, too ' Contemj)orarii, April 181)2. - His butler, an old and \ allied servant. 302 ci'.oiic.i': JOHN i;()M.\Ni:s \>sn\ ^n-eat vi.^our. Ijcyond ;il)S()lnt«']y rcfii^iiiL,' invitntious to diiicout at Oxford, niid li\iii,n' ;is (|iijt'tly as possiljlo at homo, there wjis no kccpin.L;" hitii in order. The follo\viii,<;- letters show how ii're])ressihle his spirits wen] whenever a day's health uiade him hopeful a,L,'aiii. To Mrs. a. J. J {(DiifOirs. AtheniL'Uiii Club : Mm\ lo. Isii;;. I was very sorry that I could not ,L;('t Ikiihc [,,. day, and hope you will hiive received my telfi^riim Everybody was at the lioyal Society except Balfour, and I became wearied with con<,a'atulations on mvl improved appearance. I met Moulton,' who u; awfully nice, and wanted me to dine and slee|) at h house some day if I can, in order to talk owi-j * physiolo,^"ical selection. So I asked him to come and hearHu.\le\. iU>l said he would try. . . I SI . . Gallon asked me to join iu an investigation of the French calculatin.^- hoy at Im house to-day, so I did. Oliver Lodge was there, The boy was most marvellous. I am L^oinL!' to the Globe to-nir.\NKs LiuTini- ;i): i.LT mvitati.iii. ly ;is ])(»SNil,l.. order. Tli, is s[)i^it^ \V( iv 't'ul aLfiiiii. •20///. — 'I'lio llnxloys' visit luis boon most dt'li.^ht- : Mii.\ 1(1. Ivt::, LTct lldtlic t--' my tolc;^f;i|i;J X'opt Balinin, . itioiis (III iii\i: 11,' who \\;i> d sloop at lis - to talk (l\rl-: Hiixlo)-. 11 ('-^ no to join 111 n,i^' boy at his ;•(' was tliiMf., and am \-roatly obliged to vou for tbo substantial assistance wbicli your letter ;uis given me. My modus operoiKh' was to give nine different kinds of seeds to Grookes,' to place them in one of bis rodiooo atmosphere vacuums for throe months hist year (viz. February, March, and April). He then ' Professor W. Crookes, F.R.S. V-J-"' :m GF.OIKir. .1011 X ROMAN i:s l->'.<3 left one set undisturbed, whilst the otlKM- ei,L;ht sets were transferred to their respective ^ases (nine ii, number), where tiiey remained sealed up for u ycin'. On bein^^ phmted last month they have fill .^'eniiiiiHtcd even l)etter than those from the control packets of seeds, which have been in air all the time. I should hav(» thought beforehand that at any latc the seeds which have been in so high a vacuum ini- fifteen months would have had any residual air ex- tracted. But I will now try for next year, peeliiiLj [)eas, beans, &c., as you suggest. Do you tin'iik it would be well also to soak the seeds for a few hours before sealing in Crookes' tubes ? ]^o not trouble to answer by letter, as J ;iin going to Cambridge on the '21st inst. for the day, and will then see you if I can find you at hoine. I am not exactly ' at work,' as I am not as yet well enough to attempt it at anything like ordinary pressure, but I am certainly better, and much obliged to you for your kind iiiquiries upon the subject. With our united kind regards to Mrs. Darwin and yourself, I remain, yours sincerely, (r. J. Romanes. P.S. My illness has left me half blind, so I wiitc as nnich as possible by dictation. (VVhjit a bull I) 94 St.Aldrtle's, Oxford: June 1'). My dear Dyer, — Many thanks for your lett;M' with enclosures. The letter shows that 's opinion ha^ not altered since 1 last saw him. As 1 think 1 told I i-jo yjo EVIDKNCE FOR PHYSIOLOGICAL SELECTION -i i'j n' i'i,L;'llt sets >es (iiiiic ill p for ii yc;n\ ; 1 u;(M'iiiiii;itc(l 5 Lt at any rule I vacuuin tni' udual air tx- ^'ear, pccliii;^^ you think it • a few hours ;S I am ,L;'oiiiL;- day, and will von at tho AtlioniPuni, ho nndortoolv some two or throe viais a.L^o on my h(>half to raise discussions in tlie n.ipcrs, to whicdi he alludes. Since that time he lias Mtit me, I h(dieve, copies of all the mimherless lett(M's vliich have heeii pnhlished in consecpience. 'i'he :v^^lt of our in(juir3' has heen to confirm the opinion \lii(li he ,nave me at the first, and also to form my wii in the same diivction. (See my article in aiiswci' to Herhert Speiicei' in the 'Contemporary species T d o not Keview ' for April.') As re.i^ards the isolation of indcrstand why you should suppose that the facts of iiyhridisation to which you allud(> should in any way odify my ' helief.' As fully set forth in ' Fhysio- iil Selection,' what I nniintain is that the oriijin lOLI'lC si)c(4es IS ni (ill cases ( // due t( o isolation of sontr kind. mi that only in the cas{> of dilferential fertility can physo. sel. have Ixhmi the kind of isolation at work. Th('n^for(\ it would he fatal to my views if all spcn-ies \\w\'v cross-sterile, hecausc this would ])rove vastly I) iinudi. Whiit the theory of phy. sel. requires exactly what occui's, vi/. cross-sterility hetween lied species in nearly all cases irlirrc species Imrr ■'I'i'ii i iifferviif idled on couniioii (ircds ov identical viitions, and more or less complete ci'oss-fertility vhcre they hav(^ h(>en dilTcrentiated on dilfei'ent (Vlis- ontiiuious) areas, or else pi'cNcnted fi'om int(>rci'ossin;^ y yet some otluM* means of isolation. 1 have colliH-t(Hl a (juaiitity of esidence in favour i l)()th these othei'wise iiu^xplicahle con-elations. ' Mr. Iloi'bcrt Spencer on ' Xiitunil Sc4eption.' Contfwjinrtir;/ Hrvirir. 30U GE0KG1-: JOHN liOMAXJ'lS 1^9;i 189:5 Jjiit I should like to know the species of wild tnui whieli you lisive found to he liyl)ridisjd)le or dd^s- fertile, so tlnit I iiuiy ascertain whether their n;ttiii;il breedin<4" areas are, or are not, identical. Of cnursc [ should expect them not to be. I have been told to save my eyes as nnich as possible, and therefore conduct most of my corre- spondence by dictation. But not bein<.;- used to this process, I find it even more diilicult than Ix-hirc t express my meanni.n' wi th (d earness, so I will ta(•l^l with my own hand wdiat yon say about A(plileL:•i;i^. I have looked up the ^roup, and find that, with the exception of vul,L>'aris (connnon c()hnid)iiie). all| the European species seem to occupy restricted aicas, or else well-isolated statioi IS. Also, that the saii seems to apply as a very ^i^'eneral rule to other s[)e(ies all over the world, for, wherever mountains are (oii- cerned, stations are apt to be isolated by dilTerciicej of altitude, cV'c. Now if such l)e the case with the .i^'roup iu (pics- tion, the fact of its constituent species beiu^- freely hybridisabk^ when artiHcially brought to.t^'ether is exactly what my theory I'ecjuires. For the specitic- diffei'cntiation has ])resumably been eft'ected hy .L^eo^'raphical (or topo,L;raphical) isolation, without] physiolo,i^"ical havin.L;' had anythin,!^' to do with it, In fact, as stated over and ov"ra])hical isolatioiij and cross-fertility is oiw oi my lines of verilicatimi, the oihcr line bein,^' the cori'elation between ideiiticall stations and cioss-sterility. N ow as above stated, I base found botli tlicso^B with Ix'j: IS'J.) i:vii)HNCi-: FOR I'jrvsroLOdiCAL si-.m-ctiox SOl of wild \n\\\ )le oi' (To^- ;h('ir iiatui'al Of col use 1 fis iniich ;i-> f my con'c- ; used to this f liiii Ixdorc ti) ■; I will tacklr ,: U|iiil('Lri;i>. 1(1 thai, willi i^ liliubiiu'l. ;dl \: Lrictcd arciiN, LHt the saiiii' other species tins arc cdii- by diUcrcncc roup ill (pits- i Ix'iiiL^ ffcclv! to;j;('thcr IS/ tlu' spccilic ; cltccted liv- ion, withdiit, s do willi 11. V 1 my oi'i,ij'iti;d ical isolaticii vcrilicat !('!!, . ciMi idciiliciiU 1 hotli llic-'^ ((iiTclations to obtain in a sur})nsiii,i:,dy i^cnornl niiinner. I wisli that, instead of pei'petually niisiindcrstaiid- iiiL,^ the theory, you iMii^lish l)otanists would iudp nie nv pointin,i^" out r./cc/jf/diis to these two rules, so thiit 1 iiii,L;ht specia.lly investi.^'jite them. It seems to me ;hat the ,L;rou]) you name .i^oes to corroborate tlie iirst of them, while all -lordan's work, for instance, uniformly bears out the second. And whatever may iif lliou.u'lit about him in other respects, I am not aware thiit anyone has ever refuted his observations and experiments so far as J am concerned with tiiem. \'oiirs ever sincercdy, (i. '] . liOMANKS. U4 St. Aldatc's. Oxfonl : .lutic 2'2. Dear Dyer, — I received a letter from - - by the Niiiie post that brou,L;ht yours of the lUtli inst. I^'rom ;t I gather that his opinion on the subject of tcdi'.nony :i;is not (dian,L;"ed in any material respect since our :ii(|uiry be,L;'an. His opinion has always been siicdi as von now (piote (' atavism ' on the one hand, with a Mnall minority of ' dormant fertilisation " cases on llie ithcr). His has likewise always been my own \ iew wilh the ad(htion of coincidence), and has been cor- nliorated by the I'esult of these iiupiii'ies. So 1 think vc are all three prett}' w(dl in a<^reement, because both and mysidf share in your doubts as to llie iiiiiority of the cases bein^" really due to dormant i'ltilisation — i.e. not to lie ascrihed 1o coincidence* or ind-ohservation. Also, as 1 said before, 1 (piite a,L;ree nth you that 'neither \iew is an_\- Iudp to Herbert 30S GHORGE JOnX ROMANES 1 8;);; Spencer/ In fact, T htive somewhat olabor.it, 1^ sou^'lit to prove tin's in my ' ('oiitemponiry luvicw article for A])ril, and have heeii in private corro] dence with him ever since, hut without ^ettiiiL; * forerdei'/ But in this connection 1 should like to k Mll- ll\ IKIW W ■heth( aualo.i^'ous class of phenomena, in er you ha\'e any opmion upon tlie a])pai('iitl\ plant s which Oar will i>"ives in the eleventh chapter of his ' Variation." A( Here, it scmmiis to me, the evidence is nni( li llioiv ^sllf co^^ent and of far more importjince to the i AVeismann /•. Lamarck. Focke and Dr. \'i-is, howcNci. seem to douht the facts or theii' interpretation. althou.uh, as it seems to me, without presentin- ;iii\ ade([uate re;isons foi' doin^- so. You need not holli( r with Dr. \'i'is, as he mei'ely follows Focke, hut I \\i>li you would read h'ocke ('Die Ptlanzen-MiscliHiiuv." p. 510, cf -sv/.), and compai'e what he says willi the evidence which Darwin presents. As 1 do not know in what respects you liavc found oiu' part of my previous letter not to ' tally " with anothei', I cannot fully explain it ; hut 1 laiu) that you will find they do, if, in readin.n' the letter. you cari'y in your mind the sim|)le proposition tlint. from the nature of the case, thei'e can he no pli\>i(i- l(),ii,"ical selection except where dilferentiatin.ii' varieties ('incipient species') occur upon common areas and identical stations. 1 do not see any dillieiilty ahout willows, I'oscs, l)rand)les, iVc, since NandinV researches on Ihif /ini ha\'e shown how nnah \ai ahility, due to the hyhridisation of any two species. may .i^'ive rise t(» the djijH'drdi/cc of there hcin.L: many iK'i: i:vji)i:n('j-: for I'Jivsioi.ociU ai, si:j.i:{tion .ioi) clabni'iit.h V COlTCSpOli .U't'ttillu' ;ili\ ike to kiKiw V ;i])|);il't'iitl\ hicli Piii'wii i.riatioii." Ai iimcl) iiidii () the issiK 'nV,, li()\\c\(i itcrprcliiliiH I'sont iiiu 111! ?d not l)()tli(- i{\ bill 1 \\i>li -MischliiiL^v.' ays with iln' ts you have ot to ' tally" l)iit I fancy <^ the It'ttfr. )()sitioii thiit. )(' no ))liy>iii- \\\y; varit'lit'^ )n al•('a^ and ly difliciilty ICC Naiidiii^ iiiucli \;iri- 1 wo sjK'cio. heiim' iiiaiiN |)r;i:s. P.S. — J^'roni your first letter it would almost seem ihat you had supposed me to doubt the fact (or. at any rate, the fre(|uenc;y) of cross-fertility in •.•eneral. And this after 1 had written the article on ' ilybridi- siition ' in the ' Kncy. lirit.' I .'^10 georc;e joitn tio^ianes 1*"'.'.T In June Mr. Koiiiancs took n siijall lionsc tmllic siinniici' months outside Oxford at JJoai-'s Hill, a district well known to Oxiord people, and it\\;i> hoped country air and (juiet nii^lit do liim nnicli t^odd. He was ratlier hea(kicliy, and liki'd to lie on the •^rass in tlie i^arden and lidve novels read to him. hut he was able to j^o u]) to T^ondon onv day. and r\( n ])lanned to take a journey to ^\'iesl)aden in oi'dcr to consult an eminent oculist. But on July 11 he was stri(d\en down hy licmi- ple^ia. And now be<^an the last year of pati( nt endui'ance, for froiii thjit time the Shadow of Dcntli was ever on him, and he knew it ; from that July d;iy he r(^<^arded himself as doomed. Sometimes tlu.' thought of l(Ml^in£^• those \vhoni he loved with such intense devotion, such wonderful tenderness. o\(r- whelmed him ; sometimes the lon^^in,^' to finish his work was too ixreixt to be borne, bnt <>enerall\ he was calm, an d al ways, e^'en w hen he was most sad. h was ^i '^tle and patient, and willin,*^" to be [imuscd. On July 11) Dr. Pa<^et g{ive him the Holy Coin- miniion. H(^ slowly recovered from this attack, and ihciv were ho])es — not of perfect health, bnt of life, mid of power to work. Now, more resolutely than c\ci', he set himself to face the nltimate problems of Life and ]3eini^-, to face the question of the possibility ef a retui'n to Faith. It is impossible here to tell of the inner workiu.i^s of that pure and unselfish soul, of those loni^inus and searchin«>s after God, of the gradual growth in stead- i fast endurance in faith. To one or two thesc^ are known, and the exaniplo of lofty pati(mce and of single-heartedness is not oiio they are likely to forget. Of this more later. It was almost pathetic to see how keen and vigorous his intellect was. In fact, the givat 1893 RETURN TO OXFORD 311 AH l)y lifiiii- of patient :)\v of l)c;itli lat .July (liiy IK'tilllfS tlu,' 'd with such 'I'lU'ss. ()\cr- to tiiiisli liis 4'ally lit' was iiost sad. lit' amused. ' Hoh CeJU- diHieulty was to kcop th(^ busy ])rain from thiiikinu". Novels helped to some 'le^ree, and occasional visits {roiu frieiuU as he ;re\\ better. \)v. and Mrs. Burdon Sanderson, the President of Trinity and Mrs. Woods, tlie De in. Ml', (iore, the l^resident of Mai^dalen and Mrs. Warren, and Mr. Wa,u-,L^-ett, all helped, comin.L;" and paying' brief visits, which did him ,L;()od, for if he was not listeiiin.u; to reading" or conversation, he would be planiiinu- exjieriments or ponderin.n' ])roblems of theolo^^y, and ask by-and-by that his thoughts should be taken down from (Uctation, (tr that d l)a])er and pencil should De ,L;iven him, oi 1(1 1] h rorse than all, de\isinij- arraimcMuents for tiiiishiiiLi Darwin, and after Dai'win. Me dictated some 'Thou,i^hts on Thin.^s ' in the very first days of his illness, and sent for Professor Lloyd Mor.^an, who came and received instructions about the nntinished books, instructions whi(di he has carried out with iinllaj^'ii'iiu ililiu'cnce and never-failiiiij- kindness. nn' Bnt still he «^rew l)etter, and early in Au<^"iist he went back to Oxford, and by the first of Se])tember he was able to be present in the cathedral at the baptism by Dr. Talbot of his youn.^cst son. The fact that the \'icar of Leeds' and Mrs. Talbot t pi were in Oxford dnriiiL!' that Aimnst was a :\Vc\ easnre to hi m, '11 1(1 h( sioiial talks with Dr. Tcilbot. e much enjoyed occa- To Professor I'.irart. 1 do not know what account Iv .^'a'/e yon of iii) illness, but it is much too serious an affair to admit of oui' .i^oin,!^" to the l^ritish Association, hideed, i hardly anticipate bein,n' able to make any enj.,^age- Xow ])i>liop 111' llo('liost( r. in -2 (iKUKGE JOHN K()M.\Ni;s \y.>] MitMits or do iiiucli woi'k (liiriii.i;' tlu' rest of iii\ lit\., wliich is not liki'iy to Ix' ;i Ioiil;- one. It is jusi such an attack as I cxix'ctcd when walking with you over Ma.L;(lalt'ii Jjiid.i^c' ^'ou^s ever, (i. J. iio.MAM.S. Jjy St'[)teiid)er lie was al)k' to listen to, and dis- cuss, \)y. Sanderson's Presidential Address, wliicli was delivered in Xottin.i^ham at the J3i-itisli Associatinii of 1S08. It Avas one of the .u;reat disap])ointinents of that illness that he could not ,l,^o to Nottin.nhani. 'lH h(> at the Association when his dear friend and master was president was a ^a'eat wish of his, and eaily in the sunnner a kind invitation from Lady Lama Hiddin,L>', to stay with the Bishoj) of Southwell and hers(df for it, had heen accepted. Xottin,^'hain and a visit to Denton, to which. j\lr. liouiaiies had heen looking forward, had to he given up. Tlu'se things were real trials. It was not llio giving up particular hits of pleasure, hut the icalisa- tion that he was too inu(di of an in\alid to do aii\- thing of the sort, which hv found so hard to heai', and which he did hear with ever-increasing ])atience. His lett(^rs sonietimes show how hard he felt his trial. 7'r> -hinic.s lt(i/lli< i/C.S, Es(j. Oxt'oi'tl : Sept( nilior 4, My dearest James, — I ha\'e had two reasons hn' not writing to Dunskaith since my lettei- aixnit lno birth of Ednnnid. ' About ci^diti'on uiontliK before, when ii \cry tcinporiii'x nit.irk ut aphasia liad come on. WPs ! ;,,3 KN(J\V LEDGE Ol' I XCKllASlNG ILLNESS ;{i;j I of lli\ life, It is ju^t iilkiii'-', with ^as not tlio tlu' I'calisa- to do iiiiy- to hear, and iticiicc. lit' f(dt his Sei)t( iiilior 4. I'casoiis tor 1' ahoiil till' I a,L,n'('t' V itli all yoii say about P'rit/ and her iiiiiierous brothers, the last two of whom yuii have ;tvt'r seen. But, althoii.i^di 1 ba\e been so Nl^^nally [olest in my family . . .lam not disposed to fall in with vdiir optimism in other respects, father am I dis- iiiiscd to a^jree with the Scot(di minister, that '.Man mi-st r-abh e worrm, craalin'j' in)()ii tlie an th •th )tl )()tJi as rejjai ds tl le nnsei'v and tJie craalnu 1 th ill ;tiii now a type. And this brings me to my two reasons for not iviitin^' before. The first is, that I am ahnost unable ;n write ; and the second is, that I did not want to ri \()U and (Tiarlotte know all the facts sooner than I (duld helj). The lon^- and the short of it is tliat ! believe I iiii dyin<^". J have been ,^radually ,L;ettin,L;" worse and .voi'se, . . . nor shall 1 be sorry when it comes. :5ucli bein*'' the case, I should like to consult \( )U lo- my ho use ni order I about settii The photos which the childi'en brou^^iit with them iif Dunskaith make me realise what splendid work :lu' l)uildings are, and even althon^i^h it is now im- probable that 1 shall ever see them, .1 am ,^•lad to diiid^ that they will he in the tamily.' I camiot write moi'e now. Jn fact 1 have not written so much since my atta(d\. Ihit I send you tile best love of a life-time's growth and that of your iiily brother, (■iKOliGT':. porarv attack v\ His brother was xnakiiiR (ulilitions to the house at Dunskaith. Or 31 GHOUGE .lOFIN I{OM.\Xi:s I i 18'.; V'c 11'. v. TI/i.srli(>H-J)j/rr, J-J>f/. 94 St. .Mdiitc's. Oxford: Scplcml,< i' l:,. Is'.c;. Deal' |)y('i'. — ^^!llly thanks foi- y(»m' letter wii eiiclosiii'es. As ynii s;iy, there does not seem to aiiythiii.L;- reiiKirkahle alxjiit the hyhi'id ; l)iit I lui f(la(l to see that hoth its parent species nre wdl marked and pi'esuniahly hoth of inountain ni'i'jji!. 'J'he case thus well accords with my views. ;is ex-! plained in my previous lettei's. I met with such (i.e. hyhrids hetween oi'i.^inally isolated ^| ill Madeira and the Canaries. IIKII 'J'lierc arc none so hlind as those who will not >(•(' (V Where can your ])owei's of ' ohservation ' liave hcciij wlien you can still nMuark thjit I i.^nore tlie f;ict> nrj hyhridisation ? I can only repeat that from tin?] hrst I have re,L;arded them as evidence of the utlll()^t| ijuportance as estahlishin,^' a hi.^hly •^cMieral c()iicl;i- tion l)etween i^cfxirdfr (»ri,nin of allied species ;iii(l| (ih.sci/cc of cross-stei"ility. En fact, for the last li\(? years 1 have had expiM'iments .^'oin.i^' on in my Alpine iird(Mi, which 1 helped in founding- for th(> vei'y piir-| pose of inquiring' into this matter. And h'ocke. with whom I have heen in correspondence from th(* liisi, and wlio fJoefi understand the theory, wi'ites that in his opinion it will 'solve the wliole mysteiy " nf| natural hyhridisation in I'elation to artificial. Since my last letter to you 1 have heen at death'- door. On July II, I was sti'uck down hy ])araly>i- of the left side, and am now a wreck. Not the l(\ist of my sorrow is that I fear I shall have to leave thei \-eritication of phys. sel.to other hands in larger ino;i-! |)< l*- •'3 LETTERS ON HIS ILLNl-lSS a 1 'I- •lillic)' 1.',. Is:);; ■ letter uitli seem to Iv ; l)ilt I ;iiii ics ;iiv ucHi iitain oi'i'l:!!! 'icws. ;is cx-j '■ with 1 1 1 ; 1 1 1 \- 1 itt'd sptcif^)! » will liol M-c.l h;i\(' Iti'ciij the i';i(t> (if it from tlie F the utiiKist icral cori'cl;!- s])('cii's ;in(l :lie last li\(?| 1 my Alpine he N'ci'v |)iir- Fockc, with '111. the iirst, •ites that in luyslcry " (it'| •ia'l. ni at death's! by pai'alysis ot the l(\'ist| ;n loavo tlipj lavLfe)' mo;i-i • ire than T liad hoped. I have little d()ul)t that it u ill t'litually [)revail; hut more time will pi'ohal)ly he .Li'ded hefoi'e it (l(»es. \Oiirs \ery sincerely, (t. .1. IxOMAXI'.S. Oxtonl : ScptcnitxT is. \m:',. |)eai' ])yei', — I am not a little toucdied hy the Ifiiid sym|)athy expi'essed in your letter of the Kith. iVhcn one is descending iido the dark \alley, scien- |,itic s(|uahhles seem to f;ide away in those elementaiy iriiiciples of i^ood will \\hi(di l)ind niaidxind to,L;'ethei'. i-Aud 1 am ^lad to think that in all the lar^^e cii'cle of ::V friends and coiTespondents there is no vesti.n'e of J will in any (piailer, nnh^ss it he with and — . who hoth seem to nie half-crazy in their |diinity, and therefore not of ninch count. As for 'fortitude,' sooner or later the ni.i^ht nnist Icoiue for all of us ; ;ind if my dayli,!4ht is hein,^- sud- [Jeiily eclipsed, there is only the more need to work ile it lasts. But, to tell the truth, I do not on tliis lutcount feel less keenly the pity of it. With five ioovs — the eldest not yet in his teent- and the y()un,L;est nill in his weeks ; with piles of note-books which j:;obody else can utilise, and heaps of experimental researches in project which nobody else is likely to jniKlertake, I do bitterly feel that my lot is a hard on(\ J.ookin,^- all the facts in the face. I do not ex])ect fever to see another birthda),' and therefore, like -lob, am disposed to curse my first one. For 1 know that [iill luy best work was to have been published in the ' He (lid see one more. :nv, (;i:()K(ii-: .101 in iio.manks next ten ni- fifteen years; ainl it is wretched li- thin of liow niiieli hihoiir in the past will thus l)f \\ii>i, d. However, 1 do not write to eonstitute \(iii in eonfessor, hut to thank vou h)r your letter, im als(j to say that I am sendin.L;' you a (■n\>\ ot m ' Examination of W'eismannism,' just |)ul)h.>lied h] Lon^^niaiis. With our united kind re.i^ards to Mrs, l)\er .-hk youi'self, I remain, yours veiT sincerely, (jKO. J. lloMVNKs. •.»4 St. Aldiito's. Oxl'onl: Scptt'iulicr -Ji;. Isu:! ^fy dear Dyer, — This is one of my had diiy^. aiu 1 ha\(' just exhausted my little store of eiieruy 1)] answenn.n" a kind hotter from Huxley. So pie; exeuse hrevity, as I cannot leave your lii.^hly appie] ciated henevolence without an immediate response 1 am nmeh concerned to hear what you s;i} iilioiij yourself, and it makes jne douhly desirous of seeing 3"ou. On Monday next I am to try to ^o to town fo^ the purpose of consulting doctors. But any da] before that we should be truly glad if you could couk as you so kindly propose. .Po.s.sihI/j 1 might l)e ;il)le to drive out to Kew on Tuesday or \\'ednesday oj next week, should you find it impracticable to ruij down here before then. But 1 fluctuate so mnc from day to day that I cannot make any engagenientsj Most fully do I agree with all that you say re garding criticism. And, especially from yourself, have never met with any but the fairest. Even tin spice of it was never bitter, or such as could injuii the gustatory nerves of the most thin-skiinicd oi <-li«'(l t.' Iliinlq Lute \(iu ii,\4 (•()|)y ot iiivl |)tll)lislic(l ii\4 •■1 liETTEHS ON HIS ILIAMSS ;n7 iDMAM.s. k k'liilici' •2('i. i>u:;, )a(l (l;i\>,. ;ili( Ol ClICl'LlA 1)1 i. So j)lf;is< ]ii,L;lilv ;ij)|)i'e] tc r('s[)(»iisf you say alioii^ (JUS of seeing o to town toi iut any da] )U could coiiK ji,L;'lit i)(' al)I( A't'diu'sday oi (•al)l(^ to niq :ate so iiir.c .'ii^^'a^i'ii.Tiits^ t you say rej u youi'sclf, ). Even til could iujui'i ii-skiniicd ol !i. 1 have, in(l('(>(l. ()ft(^ii wondorod li;)\v you and . — and can have so persistently iiiisunder- • (1(1 my ideas, seein<,^ that neither on the Continent r ill America has there heen any ditlicully in ikiiiL; myself intelli,L;ihle. Jjut this, of course, is ;itc anothei- niattei-. As r(>L;aj"ds WCismannism, I do not in( hide under h tei'in the ([uestioii of the inheritance of ac(|uired :i;uacters. That has i)een a (|uestion for me since ..t' puhlication of (lalton's ' theoiy of heredity' in >7"). Indeed, even hef(Ji'e that, evei'yhody knew the (lutnist between con.^enital • iid ac(juire(l characters :i respect of heritahility ; and you may I'ememher, ;!ie first time we nu't yon ^^ave m(> a lot of ,i;<)od nlvice i'e<^"ardin^' my expei'inients on this suhject. Please reniemher hotii of us xci-y kindly to your life when you write to her, and with our united best >hes t () vours( ■If. 13elie\e me, vwv yours sincerely G. J. 1 vOMANKS. To ]' Ih I'mic/s jMtrirni ■sv/ St. AUlatc's. Oxl'oril: Uctol.er H. 1S98. M)' dear Darwin, — A'our very kind letter has been one ray of li.^'ht to nie in my .i^loom. "\'et you must not think it is the only one. It is c(j.nparati\ely easy to set our teeth and fac(^ llic inevitaide with ' a .i^rin ; ' but the ' hi,L;iiest imivery ' is to hide our an,i;uisli with a smile. I do think I mak-e a decently .n'ood Stoic, but confess that 318 GEORGE .lOHX liOMANES in times like this (,'hristi;ins have the pull. \ theless, 1 liiive often thoiiLiht of the words, ' I even III not in tlie least afraid to die/ ' and wondered, when time sliould come, 1 would he ai)le to say tliciii] But now [ know that i can, and this even in ih hitterness of feelin,^' that one's work is prcnialuivk cut short. . . Somewhat too nnich of this,' I; (|\V. ever. What 1 want to tell you is that 1 inann^vd t( <^et to Loiidon on Friday foi- the purpose of consult^ in,i^ my d(/etors as to my prospects. They I'kc more hopeful view than 1 expected, i.e. notwithJ standing' that 1 have had tln'ee attacks in one vcaj (in both eyes and now in the hi-ain), it is not mrrit] ahla that I should have anothci" for y(>ars to cnuie) provided th.at I become a strict teetotaUer, vi'L;eJ tarian, hermit, and al)stainer from work. In sbor: 'that my rule of hfe,' 'the exemplar' for my ' iniitaj tion,' is to l)e tliat of a tortoise. Hence it docs noj appear that tbere is an\- innnediate necessity foj sayin<^- farew(dl to my friends, and hence also I wil not bother you by fallin.i;' in with your kind piopos; to come ovei' from ('ambrid.i^'e to see me, much as 'should like to see you in any case. But if you Wdiik cai'e to pay a visit to Oxford any time between this and to-morrow wec^k (Kith), when I shall start fort vicinity of Nice, we should botli be awfully uhid ti |)ut you up. r think 1); ^'r will ])robal)ly Ix* with us from Saturday to Monday (11 to 1()). With our united \'ery kind r(\L;ai'(ls to all, Yours e\C'i' sincerely, (1. .1. l{(iM.\Ni;s. ' Set' Life and Lctlrva "/ (', liiinnn. \o\. iii. p. ;i.")S. iJi»3 CObTEBi:LLE ind Then caine the jonnicy to C'ostebello, which lie hesci'ihes as follows : T,> -L (I nil's .i(()}niniis. 7- OlU lliitL'l rJj'iaitaLjc. Costcljc'lic : Novonibcr 4. Is'.i;?. My doiirest -lames, — I ou.^ht to have answered au"() the kind letter which J received from vou bt as I was drivin.i^' to tiie Oxford station, and read lithe train. But 1 am still such a wretched invalid :h;it I shrink from the smallest exertion, whether of lody oi" mind. 1 cau.^ht a violent cold in crossing" jie Channel, which kept me in hed for three days at lAiiiiens, and left me so weak tliat I hatl to further wak the journey at Paris, J^yons, and Marseilles — ■jiiiily arriN'in^' here with a still fevi'rish tempi'rature. I'^ut this has now subsided. We found not only Pai'is hut(|uite as much Lyons lid Marseilles in a state of delirium ovi^r tlu' IkUssian. |k't ofiicers, wdth whom we were muddled up all the .viiy, «;Teatly to our inconvenience, 'i'his was es))e- ially the case on leaviui;" Lyons, wlu re the I'ailway dicials, after havin,^- put our lu.L;',L;a.^-e (containin,^' our lircular n(jtes) in the railway sttition, locked tlu^ [loors of the hitter in our faces, when the police and iiilitary ollicials hurried us down the hilla^ain in the 'iwii (in the I'udest of ways) till the arrival of the iJussians nearly an hour afti'i' our train was timed to k'pai't. We had nodouht thatoin* hand l)a,L^',L;a,n'e had 11 been cari'i(Ml olT in our railway cai"i'ia;-;(' without us •lid without, labels; but on at last, .n'ettini;' into the nation found that oui- train had not started. :120 CIEORGK .lOIIX PvOMAXES IN93 This is one of tho most cliHriiiin^- i)laces T IimvJ; ever seen. Tlie hotel is situ;ited on the to]i of ji hilt which slopes for a mile to the sea, and which is thicklyft clothed with pine and olive woods in all directionsf 'J'he climate admits of our sittin.^'ont of doois without overcoats or shawls till sunset, amid the most woi derful profusion of ai'omas I have e\-er met with. 'ii> Uiv Drdii i>f (lirist Chn -til. Costeljolk ."ovcinljcr 'ix. Isi My dear Dean, — In the firmament of my tricnd. ships there is no such star as youi-self, and I tiud if helon^'s to them all that the darkei" and the coldi the ni.i^ht hecomes, the more l)ri,i;htly do they shine It is (pu'te certain that ' the South has not \( rendered its full service,' inasnnich as it h;is i rendered me any service at all. Tf anythini;- I ; worse than when I left Oxford. My nnisculiir powvr, indeed, has somewhat imi)i'ov(Hl, hut my \\v\'\ ml (•us exhaustion seems to h e <^T()wni^' u])on me, wee week ; so that I am now ahle to walk hut vcr littk — to hope, not much, to thiidc, not at all. 'J'he ti'uth is that my ailment, whatever it is, not to he reached hy climatic influences : it heloii; to those mysterious internal chan,^es, which h.irwiii asci'ihes to what he calls ' the nature of the oi;i;aiiisiii — 'variations which to oui' i,^iiorance apju-ar to ;ii'ise: sp()ntan(M)Usly.' Hence, I am out of hiirmoiiy with] my environment, whatcNer the environment iii;iy 1) And, as this Spencerianism applies to my spii-itn, «j3 COSTEBELLE 321 .) K'ss than to my bodily ori^^auisation, it would seem :i;it somehow or other 1 have been born into a wron.ij^ vorld — like those pooi" Forto Santo )-;il)bits, which [ took home with me last year, and tiie history of vhich T think 1 told you. However, 1 do not intend I grumble at the visible universe until I shall have .;i(l an opportunity of lookin.i4' round the ed,L;e and tvin.i;' what is behind. Most of our time is spent in sheer idleness, or iither, I should say, <(U of my time, and th;it propor- imi of my wife's which is spent in readin.t^' to me — liictly novels, poetry, and history. Yesterday, we ;hl Coppee's play ' Le Pater,' which 1 l" to his accidiMit, Helm- ..'Itz h;is blocked the way for the last two months, It now promises a Hnal reply in the course of a few ,i\s. If he does come, I hope the Tiu'versity will iw him the D.C.L. With our united kindest re.i^ards to Mrs. Pa^'et, vliose messa^'es to me art* of more benefit than all ly doc-tor's dru.^'s (now that is a thin.L;- I ' would ithcr liave (^pressed oth(M'wise ' !) and youis(*]f. I I'emain, ever your affectionate fi'ieiid, (;. .1. I kOMANKS. I'^or a while* all went well, he liked the place, and ^as able to work a little, and to have many books I'ead 'him. He had taken out Dr. INrartiiieau's 'Study 322 GEORGE JOHN ROMANES 18'J.3 of Roligioii,' iiiid othvA- philosophical hooks, and he also phm.i^i'd into poetry, rofidiiiL;- Wordsworth chictlx . Ill Dccoiiihoi- came what seemed to he a se\(.i(! ♦gastric attack, with other alarming' symptoms, aiid for a few hours he seemed to he dyiii,^-. But this passed i off, and althou.^h he was kept in hed for thi'ee weel's maid, of whom he was very loud, wasl terril)ly ill in January, and he writes : Give Jane my love, and tell her T nevei- fori^v how .n'ood she was to me when I tliou,i>ht T was (Kinn in her arms at Boar's Plill. And a.i-'ain he wrote : So ,i>"lad to heal' the operation has heen successful Congratulate lier from me. Tell her T heartily wisljj I were in her place as to this, hut that ne\'ei'the less I have not 'lost heart.' I am now certain!; stron.i^'er, and if T could only suhmit my cranial cavity to Tom's ' hands for removal of anything disa.greo- able, 1 should he comparatively joyful. The weiither is f,dorious. ^larian is at uiiissj'' havin,t>' rcnid me one of Church's sermons. Please tell John to send me a couple of liuiidrcdj ci,i][arettes (to ])revent influenza ! ). When you come out you will not find me ii ki joy ; the dan,i;er will rather he that of my scaudahMnd you all hy riotous conduct on. Sunday. ' Ml'. G. U. Tm-ncr, F.R.C.S., ono'of Mr. Koniaiics's dearest f'litiMi was iilso his hn.thcn-. Afr. i:. 15. Tunior, F.H.C.S. w* ',•3 ('osTj:iii:ijj-: 323 clcr the cmivi I liis Icttcrsl u succcsstulj iieartily wi^lij it ncvei'thc- o\v (-(M'tiiinli •jiiiiiil cavil; n^' disii,L;rr(V is at iiKi^^j of luiiulivdj 1 iiic a kill-] sciiiidali>iii,Lj| And cci'tainly he was Rstonishiii^'ly bri.i^ht wlicii iiis wife rcturiu'd to him. It was on a Sunday after- noon, and his tirst proposition was, ' The (diurcdi l)ell is niikhn,L;", h't's ,14-0 to church.' It was the twenty-ei^dith iif January, and the l)ri,i4'htn(*ss and .i^iadness of two of tlie I'iVenin,^' i^sahns were oddly ap])ropriate, and chimed in with feehn,^s of a^i'eatei' gladness dawnin,!^' mi him, for he was leavinu,' the stran,i>"e hind in which Mr years he had not hi'en able to sing ' The Lord's Sonu'.' ^^ And then began a time, often saddtMied l)y hours ry tond. w.i^jm ^f intense ])liysical exhaustion and physical depres- sion, hut also of what can only be called growth in holiness, in all that comes from nearness to Ood. In the early autunni and winter tliei'e had been <[(\ moments when still the (douds of darkness, of .liability to grasp the Hand of (iod stretcdied out to meet him, hunn' over him, ])ut in these months there 1(11] th tb had l)een the same growtn. One to whom he often s))()k(> of the deepest things if life and of death will never forget his saying one ilay just aftei" the attack of illness in December : ' I |li!ive come to see that (deverness, success, attainment, ciiunt for little ; that goodness, oi', as V. (naming a \rdv friend) would say, "■ clidrdcfcr,'' is tbe important tiictoi' in life.' l''or in i>arly days Mr. Romanes had attached, so it -iriiied to some of those who knew liim best, an undue iiupoi'tance to inttdlect, to (devei'iu'ss, to intelligence, iiid the same jierson to whom he said the few words i'list quoted had often discussed with him tbe relative Value of goodness and of intellect. I)\' goodness is meant p(>rfect and complete good- iit'ss, not su(di as that of whi(di it has been said, Vit the business of the wise to rectify the mistakes of ;lu ;'oo( And as weeks passed on lu.' would often plan a 324 GKORdi-: .101 IN ll().M.\Ni:s 18'.t;i country lioiisf and 11 life in wliit-li ' ^uotl woil >;s Were to 1 ijive were sealed uj) iiij tubes whi(di had previously been exhausted of aii and kept exposed to the vacuum for a pei'iotl ( fifteen months. At the end of that time they \\cro| removed from the tubes and sown in tlowei'-put* buri(>d in moist soil. Jn some cases, after the seeds had been in the vacuum tubes for thi'ee iiionth^ they were transferred to other tubes cJiai'.^'ed with pure ,^ases, such as oxygen, nitrogen, hydro.^cn, <:"'-U bon monoxide, oi' with acjueous or chloroform vapour, and there kept for a further period of twelve luoiitlis, wlien they were sown as bef( )re. Tn all cases the same nmnber of seeds, of >iiii lar wei.n'hts to those sealed up in the tubes, weio taken from ea(di packet, kept in ordinary air fnrj the fifteen months, and then sown as control exiu'ii- ments. \()fks If-l.;: f: Were '.n expekimi:nts ox iikijothoi'Ism [virj i1 1 .()\'(' Mild It ontlisof hi^ I I, ' i):i!iii!-, I why should | rcsi^iKitinii I lonj^in^ tor | he did not | lis sciciititic I oval Society § ('X})criiiit'iils §■ ry i)l)j('ct ofF' c-li had hem J iriodof time I The iiK'thddfis bei' of seeds] ^•ress, beans,! having" heciil ;ealed up iiil isted of aii',1 a pei'iod le they wciel ilowei'-potsj er the see(l ree iiionths,j iai',^'ed with (h"o,L;'eii, ciii'- onii vai)our,l d\-e iiioiiths,! ds, of >iii tubes, weiol lary air tni] ntrol eX[H'ii- The results clearly showed that the ,n'ei'Uiinatiu,L; Dower of the seeds v.as hai'dly, if at all, affected either i)y bein<^" exposed to the vacuum or to the atiuo- ^[)lleres of the various .i^'ases and vapours, l^'urther, in IK) sin.^le case, in the hundi\'ds of setnls so ti'eated, (lid the })laiits pi'oduced fi'oin them differ from the standard types ^I'own from the control seeds even in the smallest de.nree. The second paper described ex])eriments in helio- tiopism, \vhi(di liad been undertaken by Mr. Uomanes with the object of ascertainin.^- whether plants would iu'ud towards a li.i^ht that is not continuous, but intermittent. Mustard seedlin^i^s, ^I'own in the dark until they were about one or two inches hi,i;li, were used in all die experiments ; they wcmv either placed in a dark oom and exposed to flashes of li,^ht in the form of t'lectr ic sparks passi 'd at re.i^ular nitervals, or tlie> h th were put in a camera obscura, before which was placed a Swan burnei' or arc lamp, the li^dit from which was rend(M*ed intermittent by the re<^nlar openin<^' and shuttin.L;' of the photographic shutter. The heli()tro])ic effect on the seedling's was found in to be very marked, the most vigorous ones hv cases nnni a to bend towards the liyhtten minutes aft(M" the flashin<^' be^'an, hendin*.;- throu.t^h 4o' in as many minutes, and often throu^'h another 45^ in as many minutes more. By protecting' half of the s(HMllin< rs from the interrupted li.i^ht, by means of a cardboard cap, then after the experiment uncovei'in;^' them and e\posin<;' that half for the same dui'ation of time to constant sunlight, ]\Ir. Komanes found that the bend- iii,^- was less in this latter case, that is, when the li,^h', was continuous. This result was confirmed by placin<^' two sets of jilaiits under exactly similar con- ditions before a Swan burner, the light from whi'.» 3 intcnnitteiit for the other set hy working; the tliiNh shutter; in all cases the interrupted li<^ht caused tli(> plants to stfirt hending more (piickly, and tlnou^ii h ^n'cater an^^le in a ^iven time. As regards the rate the flashes must siiccccd on(; another to produce this heliotro[)ic ettcct. Mr, Jiomanes found that si)arks passed at the laleol titty in an hour would cause considerahle hendin.i;- in Jiaif an hour. It is of interest to note that in no siiiLil^ case was there any ^reen colourin«^" matter produced, the seedlings remainin;^" c(jlourless e\en when the sparks wei'e passed at the rate of 100 ])er secoiul continuously dnrini^' forty-ei^ht houi's. Dr. Sanderson writes : I'ridiiy, XovenilHr IT. My dear Konianes, — There was a rather intercst-| in^' discussion at the li.S. on your paper about tlio fresh experiments with seedlings. It was o])jecte(lj that there was no evidence that the effects wero not due to one-sided drying" of the stenis of tlio seedlings, and wanted to know whether sntli-| cient precautions were taken to ^nard a<4ainst tJiis. I suppose that he meant heat effects. J said that, under the conditions of this experiment, 1 couldl not see how any ' drying' effect ' conld possibly tak(^ pli ice. My sus '•estion is that it would he worth wjiil to add a note, if you think of the impossibihty ef any effect, excepting' a li,i;ht elfect, bein^' concenieth I asked l'\)ster just now, and he a<4'i-eed with me that it would be useful. I ou.^Iit to add thai it was admitted that the obsei'vation w.is a new one which promised to have very im[)ortant bearin,^s. «33 ENVIRONMENT UN PLANT STiaCTlUES 3-27 t cmiNcd th,. ■, d tlllV)llL;]l ;i list succeed f; «'ilt'cl. Mr. I I'alc (if tiity f ^(Vim ill iiaif I ill IK) sill;.^l(^ I IT produced, I 11 when tlic I per second # I;' Xuvemhor 17. luT interest-! .4' ;il)()ut thoi as ()bjeete(l| 'ffeets weroi ems of tlud lether sufli- ;;aiHst this.! 1 said that, lit, I eouldj )ssihly tiikol voi'tli wJn'le )ssihility of concerned. d with nie dd that it ;i new one la ring's. 1 am wi'itin.L;' this in ,L,a-eut liaste. I trust that III are enjoying Costel)elle. Very truly yours, 1\ J3UKD0N SaNDKHSON. ( >■ At this time Mr. iionnmes had a very interestin iiirespondeiiee with the liev. G. Heiislow, on the -uhject of the direct action of the environment on uliiiit structures. i:alin« : October 19, 1893. Dear Mr. Uomanes, — If you are in town on November !(>, 1 should he very glad indeed if you .., Kiiild come to the Linnean Society, and criticise my I paper whi(di 1 am going to read: 'On the t)i"igin of plant structures by self-adaptation to the environ- iiieiit, exeinplitied by desert and xerophyllous phints.' in this and in subsequent letters Mi-. Henslow explained the subject-matter of his paper, and as it formed the basis of the correspondence, a briid' 'analysis, furnished by ]\Ir. Henslow in a later letter, is here inserted. The object of the ])aper is to show that the origin I of varieties and species — as far as the vegetative organs are concerned — is solely due to (dimatic; causes. For the acquired (somatic) (diaracters be- come more or less hereditary if the same environ- ment be maintained. But plants possess every de- L^ree in their ca])acities either of rcri'riiii(j, (JKaif/iiir/, ni' of .stahilifi/. The result is that I do not see any necessity for ; I 328 OKOIICIE JOIIX KOMAXKS lv3 ■m ii'iturtil selection at all In Xature, foi the foil 1 1 W 1 1 1 L! reasons. Vi iriations are )ft oitcn uu IcfiiiHf It ni cultujilKi 1 especially after several _\x'''i'^- ^i'hercfore to sccmv^pdic >vh forces. Darwin knew of this fact, {ind you li;i\ abundantly described it. But J)ar?rtn fni/c/I fa y, that til in definite rdviation in Ndture is the nilr. fn/'l\ not the e.reej)tinii Hence, as he admits, naturalBiThev selection is not wanted at all i.e. if all variation? are definite in Nature . Moreover, it is contended that climatic \ariatioii? are of no .threat, even of any useful importniK c This may be so, for all I know, with animals; hiii it| \s jnrei.'iel/j tJie I'ererse ivith 'ptaiits. I took my illu^ trations from desert plants, and showed that tliciri remarkable characteristics, which <^ive the fdvics U)\ desert plants, are on the one hand the direct results of the excessive drought, heat, light, d'c. On the other, they are just those features which enable tliej plants to li^■e under their extremely inhospitablo environment. ^J'hese characters are the iniuuto leaves, hardening of woody tissues, thick' cuticle, dense clothing of hair, wax, storage of water tissues, itc. ; so that the whole economy of the plant, iu-j eluding its specific characters, is all climatically acquired. Althou^n some may vary when the plants are grown in ordinary gardens, such is no more than one would ex])ect on a priori grounds to be the case. :lu'V the ir hi'owd' ■ a r if ft 'Usee r •2. iiiiii-re It I isolate by na iwrer sive g now o 4ii(/Ir decree iis th( whole hecan Tl wild 1 :.5r • K* \ ariiitioiisi iinj)()i-t;iii(c iimIs; 1)111 it| ok iii\- illiis- OX SMLI'-ADAI'TATION 3-29 I would limit natural soloctioii, as far as plants IV (■()iic( rued, to fJirrc thin^^s : 1. Mortality aiiioun" sccdlin.ns with the survival of ;hc sfi-oiif/rst. 1 do not say ' titti'st,' hecause it is ordinarily Hidcrstood to mean that the survi\()i's have some i;(ii[i]iol()i fhu'tdi/s in a garden. They ail ^q-ow up as aerial plants, i.e. they vary as icy ^row precisely m tne same wa> th( It is only :hc /rcaJicst (from badly nourished seeds) which ^^vt rowded out of existence. Here, then, is dcJinUe ij/ifffioii ivithoaf tlic aid of natural ■select iau. E.r una //.srr am lies. '1. Deliinitatioii of varieties and species by the '111)1- re nrodi/ction of intermediate forms. Jt is <4'enerally said that if ' ^ood species ' are >()l!ited, the intermediate forms have been killed off I by natural selection. I maintain that they were r reproduced. Thus if a has passed by succes- l/f'/V A an( )ein sive j^-enerations, a, a , a , i^'c, to a' now only in existence, then a', a", c\^'c., represented a Mmjle f/e lie rat ion apiece, each offspring" bein^i-' onc^ de,L;ree nearer to a", but could never be reproduced, lis the environment was continually acting" upon the whole series, ur'>inf>* each •'eneratlon forwards till it :be came s tabk ' U\ A This is precisely what takes place in cultivatin,^ a wild plant like the jiarsnip. Each year th(^ ,i>-ro\\cr •S.iO CiKOKGK .JOHN UOMAXKS «'j:»f st'k'C'ts a slightly imi)r()V('(l form, till the iciiniivdt type is fixed. The 'Student' is now \", n moiv ,,r^ less perniaiientl}' Hxed fcjnii, each of the intenii(.(li;it,J for!iis, lasting one year, havin;^; ceased to be rcpiodnccdj H. The geographical (hstril)ution of varieties andf species hy scJf-dda ptafion. That is, if a lunnber of plants migrate to ;t ik w. locality with new environmental conditions. Imlj ,,f; them may die; because the\ camiot ada[)t llicin selves; the other lialf may live — chan.^'e, and bccdm fixed forms, by their ])ower of a(la})tation. The tina conchision of the whole is that plants reipiirc uotliinf; more than climatic influences, to which their proio plasm jnay respond. The result is new vai'ictal o specific characters. Then, if the same en\ iionincu lasts, these become ^I'adually more and more \\\( and hereditary, but one can never tell beforeliand 1)U that the oldest plant in c-reation may not cliaii^' a^fiin as soon as it finds a new environment. . . This is what a lon,i^" study of plants ;ind (\\])ei'iiiifiit has led me to; and it is not a conclusion ai'i'ivcd a solely by 'thinking- out' or evolvi]!,*;' from my ow: consciousness — like tlie Ch-rnian camel ! II opin<4" you are pro<^ressin 05 13eh eve me, yours snicerc Iv thr ..1 s. : I 1 rive( rwai It iictll ,)ii ai Gkorge Hensi,(/\v Hotel rEniiitaf,'e, Costebelle, Hyeres, FraiiCf : OctoV?r 29, iSltii. ])ear Mr. Henslow, — You will coi'rectly ink i" frouij this address that I shall not be able to attend thej Linnean Society meeting" on the lOtli prox. hor two ON si:lf-.\I).\itati(jn :m 'o]ii iii\- ()\v: :o'-:'r 'il*. IS'.I;!. tliiTc yt'iirs [)ast, my licakli has hccii hri-akiii^- u[), (I st'Veral uiouths a^^o I had a stroke of [)anilysis. I I have liad to knock off all work, and have just P ; lived hu re to spend the winter — tincUn.i;' }<)ur h'tter, I rwarded from Oxford, awaitin.L;" me. It has interested me Ncry nnicli, and some tim(» |l should like to see the [)a|)er to wliich it refers, vhether in ^^S. oi* ])rint. As far as I can ;^atlier, j.MU are s[)ontaneously foljowin.i^" in the footsteps of lAsii Gray, Xii^'eli, and some other hotanists. J3ut, it Ltvius to me, this self-a(hiptation doctrine is e(|ui- viilent to an <( jniori ahand()nin<4' of all hope to ohtain iiiy naturalistic explanation of the [)henomena in iiu'stion. It simply refers the hicts of adaptation iiiiuediately to some th(>ory of desi^^n, and so hrin^^s IS hack a.i^ain to Paley, Bell, and Chalmers. As hen a child asks why a Mower closes at ni;4ht, |did we answer him: Because (lod has made it ), iiiy dear, d'cst iNdfjii/Jiq/ic, iiuiis pei XATUKAL SELECTION r. SELE-ADAITATION ;i;j;j bniarv 10. is'.ll.j [Icbted to y and also f( dthou.i^ii loi think alxii nics, pi'iulii j^ my ,l;'('1ic1'i 1 \-()iii' coirj tly cloar up to a certain point, but tluMi suddenly coiiK's a jx'titio j)r/ii(:tji//. In otner words, so )th« d^ tar as 111' view is critical of natural selection considered .. hijjioflu'ticdl cfifi.sc of adaptive iwolution, I can ■11 believe you ha\'e adduced a formidable array of its. But I fail to follow, when you pass on to tho JAiiistructive part of your ccise — or your suggested • ihstitute for natural selection in sidf-adaptation. ror self-adaptation, 1 understand, consists in results I iiiiiiic'fUdte irsjxn/.sc to st'nniiU .-i/ijiji/icd bij rjiriroH- .'iit. ]3ut, if so, surely the statement that all the (laptive machinery of plant-or.nanisation is due to ■If-adaptat ion IS a mere he nn: o f th( (piestion jiiiii.st natural selection /iii/cs.s if c/m lie sin, ten Inun lf-(i(/((pt((fi()ft ivor/ts in each rr/.vr. Now I do not find iiy su.i^",n"estion as to this. And yet this is obviously |:iu' essential point ; since, intlcss it c((i/ ha .sho/rii Imin 'if-(i(l(ij)t(ifi())i iv()r/i.s—-i.('. that it is a rciyt ccnisa^ lud not a mere word serving" to re-state the hicts of idiiptive evolution. We have ^ot no further in the Viiy of e.rplfntdfioii than the physiciiin, who said. •!l:it tl le why morphia j)rodu ■anse it ?as()ii possesses a s()i)()rilic (juality ces sleep is in Observer I purposely abstain fi'om considering- vour criticism of natural selection, which, althou^ii Iperfectly lucid and possibly justiliablc, yet certaiidy Joes admit of the answer that incipient sariations of .1 fortiiitoii.s kind under nature; ///^/// often be incon- ^[)i(•uous (while Wallace shows that in animals they ar(\ as a matter of hict, usually considerable). Ihit AC need not ,l;"o into this. The intei'estin.L;' point 1o all of IIS nnist be the constructive [)art of your woii; ; 334 GK()I{fJK JOHN ]U)MAXES 18S ///. and r have tried to ('X])ii \>>J l)ublish mine on the Post-Darwinian Theories. With vei-y many thanks, I I'enniin yours very truly, G. J. IkOMANi; IloU'l Cosltibcllc, Ilyoi'fs: Fcltruiirv '24. ISIM. Dear ^^r. irenslow,--i\()thin<;' can be more clc;!] than iire all yoni' letters, and thc^ last one, I take itJ sets at rest the only (piestion which T had to ask. I'drl it expressly answers that, in youi' own view, hypothesisl of ' self-a(lai)tation ' is a stdtciiieiit rather than ;iii crjitd/Kition of the facts. Nevertheless, it is also loj some certain extent advanced as an explanation oil Ijamarckian lines, for in your booliii tlowers to tlinists. strains c^'c. caused \)\ insects lit h( ere, it i may say so, it does not seem to m(? :li;it yon sutlicieiitly deal witli an obvious criticism, viz. How is it so much as conceivable that [)i-oto- iliism sliould always respond to insect irritation :ida[)tively, when we look to the endl(>ss \ariety and ifti'U ^reat elaboi'ation of the mechanism ".* Similai'ly ^^ re,L;ards the inor,L;anic (Mnironment, Lamarck's iiypothesis of //.sr-inheritance {i.e. mere increase and decrease of ])ai"ts as due to iidierited efforts of <>-reater T less development by altered flow of luiti'ition) was it least theoretically valid. I^ut how can you extend :his to structures which, though iisrf/iJ, are ne^•el• Iff ire, so as to modify How of nutrition, cj/. hard 4iclls of nuts, soft pul]) of fruits, \'c. ? FTere it is ;hat natural selection thc^ory has the pull. And so 'f adaptive (■ohiiir.s^ ofloiir.s, and srrrcfioiis? I con- that, (>\-en accepting' inheritance of acquired characters, I could conceive of ' self-adaptation ' alone producing' all such innumerable a ad diversified I adjustments only by schmu.l;- with Newman (in his Ap()lof>"ia ') an anj^cl in every flowei'. Besides, I do not see why you are shut up to For sui-el>-, be it'sS thi s, even on youj' own princi[)les, there as much self-!ida))tation in Nature as e\'ei' yon please, it would still be those indivi(hials (or /iici/iicn/ uijii-s) irjiich hcsf ri'siKiiid to stimulation (i.e. jiiost id'ipti\-ely do so) that, oth(>r thin,ns (Mpial, NNonld Mirvive in the stru<.;',tj[le for existence, and so be iiMtnrally selected. In other words, 1 do not see hy yon should accept natm'al selection jis re;^"ai'ds w viu'our ol seedimn's, and nownere (us( Hiii] GEOKGE JOHN ItOMAXKS \^M I quite accept the validity of your critic ism of m^ |)liysiolo<>ic{il selection in your book, suppdsin- \nin 'self-adaptation' true to the extent you suppose] But otherwise what you say tells in favour of [)livsi(). lo^ncal selection, at least, exceptin*,^ the statement ;ia to new allied species originating- as a rule on (li>t;iiit areas from parent types. This, however, is cciiainli an erroneous statt^nent, though 1 should like t( know how you came to make it. I nuich wish I could write more or meet you, i*\)r, notwithstanding apparent bluntness (for 1)i-evity'd sake), J see you are one of the few evolutionists w Ik think for yourself. With many thanks, yours very truly, (j. J. J(()M.\M>. I am not against your criticism of natuiM seh^ction, for I have always thought tlie^e mus be some other additional principle of adaptation at work. Grand Hotel, Costebelle, Hj'eres (Vai'i : .Marcli 12. Dear Mr. Hens^low, — My husb<:nd has mud enjoyed your long and clear letter which 1 liav just read to him. He is too ill to reply himself, hut he will dictate a few notes to nie to scud to you. Yours very truly, EtHKI, iiOMANES. (a) I cry ' Peccavi ' (t.s itydids ihttiu'dl .sr,'rr//"/i| o-ojjcratiiKj witJi seJf-addphitioii. Since \ou showl I8M 1S1»4 THK KACTOKS OF ADAPTIVE HVOI.L'TION 337 IClSllI; ot im [)()sillL;- \()m P ir of pHysio^ tatciiu'iit ;iap (' on (li^taiitft is ccilaiiiP uld likf i{M ■ nu't't you. for brevity's^ tioiiists \\li( y truly, liOMANK^. of natui'ii]| ]liL'4't' niusd aptatioH a^ : Miinli 12. has uiucl ell I lia\ )ly hinisclfj :o si'iid lol lOMANKS. \-ou show :hHt, evcMi if it does, you jire not concerned with :his fact — i.e. of the development of the (((IdptatioUj lilt only with its ori.^'in. (n) All the same, however, we nnist remember diat where high elal)orati(jn of mechanism is con- lerned, the (piestion as to the eause.s of its dere/op- mnit become of more importance than those of its ri(/in ; e.f/. even if self-adaptation be concei\'ed apable of makin,^- a first step towards producin<^ :tie exquisite mechanism of a bivalve shell, by liscriminate variation, hoir is it couceirahle that it 4u)uld (]o OH through the odd milt ions of siteeessive ^U'ps of improvement needed to produce the perfect neehanism in which the great wonder of adaptation vidly occurs ? I can conceive of no n(ftnrnt proeess to aeeomptisli ■'lis derelopment even in one such case of mechanism llicr tJion ndturat sefeetion. Let alone the 'endless rariety ' of elaborate mechanism elsewhere. (c) Of course, if you could ^>/ort' that indisciimi- late variations have not occurred in wild plants, but iiily under cultivation, //on leon/d destro// Danvinism -ill toto. But is the proposition credible a priori ; '1' sustainable |siinilar nieos/irements with regard to n-itd ptoiit.s, yon W(Mdd obtain analogous results. r remember as a boy having a gaine of who could liiid most specimens of fern-leaved clover in a gi\en lime, or even two leaves of clover which would be ixactly alike in all icspects. But I have alread\- 33S GKOKCiK .lOIIX l{(jMAXi:s 1>*'J4 (lisc-ussed the i.;:'tt(M' of (Idinitc and iiidcfinite VHi'itibility in ' Dtirwiii and after Darwin." (I)) 1 will let the (juestion of I'sc-lnheritancc in relation to seemin^'ly Passive Oruans, lio 1)\- dcfjiult against me, as it is rather a side issne and would need nnudi writing to discuss. The same applies to your remarks on Teleology. As regards both points I agree with your observations. (e) Touching varieties as found in different areas from parent types, 1 suppose you heard how carefuHyj Xilgeli has gone into the subject, with the result tliatj after making allowances for defects of isohilion,! change of environment, (fee, only about ///v jjir cmf.l of Hpecies of plants ncein to huce orujuiatcd an (liHt(uit\ areas^ while Wallace has shown that some such pro-j portion applies to animals. (f) As regards plants having been brought uiiderj cultivation, and yielding variations that provej heredity, I knew there were inmnneralde cusesl where artilicial selection had been brought into play.l But of course they are all out of court until the] (juestion on which you are engaged has l)een de cided in your favoui'. I.e. until you have succeededj in flispron'/tf/ ndtural selection as analogous nrl parallel to artificial. It was for this reason I men tioned the case of parsnips, where the heriub'taryi variations seem to have taken place in tlu> ih-st\ ije Herat ion after transplanting, ;ind therefore withoutj leaving time for selection of any kind to ha\e ( oini into play. IS94 '.14 ON PHVsi()LO(ii('.\L si:ij:( riox :r.i\) iiuli'tiiiito I cntaiicc 111 f 1)\- (lcf;iult find would i ' applies to | )()th points n'ent {ircas \v caivfidly result that isolal ion, re jirr cciif. / OH -ro\vn from them in J^jU^land will or i\\ not prove fully fertile. This is in relation to my 11 the(;ry of physiological selection, according to wluc ISO lati on pr o du ces sei're'iation o f tyi )e m th e r I'i) ;tiiie waA as it does that of a lamjuage — vi/. bv irevention of intercv)urse with the pare.it type and usequently with an inde})endent history of varia- ion. Where the isolation is due to physical barriers :is at Malta) there is no need for any sexual ditferen- :iation to originate a species. But on common areas. cxiial dilfereiitiation is the only means of securing lie isolation. ^J'herefore (I say) we can see why nrdan's 1^'rench varieties all prove steiile with their larent forms, and I should expect your Malta varie- ics to ])rove feitile with flicirs elsewlicre. (i. .). 1^ ("osicbellc : .\|)iil 1,"), ls;i-|. Dear Mr. llenslow, — Yes, please write when you -cl back, suggesting any time you may iind con- vcrient for spending a day or two with us at 340 GEOlUiE JOilN ROMANES IS'.U 04 St. Aldiitc's, Oxford (iiiinicdijitely opijositc ('liii>t, (yhiirch). r cHiiiiot talk loni^- at a time, but I think the iiieetiii.n' will be of use to both. Of coui'se ' lsolati;)ii inodiici'H se^reoatioii of t)pe/ IS only a sh.. ;-h i<.l expression, nieanin,i;- — 'nidis- criuiiiuitc rfiria! ^ •-; />• 'in/ Hiipposcd — isolation supplies }L necessary coiuiiiion t > se^"re^^ation of ty]ie bv up- setting* the previous stability that was due to five inter-crossin^'. I (piite a'^'ree that Darwin /v/v/ r/redfJ// over- estimated the benefit of inter-crossin*^', as J am showing- in my f()rthe()min<4- book on ' Physiologic!! 1 Selection.' But this is quite a different thin,*;- from his having Diade too much of iiiter-cros.siiu/ as a con- dition to stability of type; I do not think that this (■'11/ be made too much of. Indeed, how is it con- ceivable that there ever can be (livergence of type without iHolafion of some kind havin<>* first occunvd at the origin, and throughout the growth of every l)ranch? Moreover, 1 agree with you about self- fertilisation, but see in it a form of physiologicall selection ; it is one kind of sexual isolation, or! prevention of inter-crossing with neighbouring in- dividuals. So that the more perfectly it obtains in any given type, the better chance there is for that type to beconu' a new species by independent vari- ability — and this whether or not the hulepeiuli iif\ variabilitA is likewise i/tfJiserimiiKife (or in //our terminology ' indehnitt> '). In my last letter I referred to the works of Joidanl and Niigeli for any number of \f(ieh in Nat/iri oi\ varieties ar/s'/i/(i /in/o/if/ the type forms.' 1 will show 1^ iii94 i:xi'i:immi:nts on iii.iiiiditv :}4i vol! the passii^t's whcii we meet. But even in cases of 'local varieties,' where a variety lias a habitat of its own .s/irro/u/dt'd h/j flic tijjic-foiin^ 1 should ex})ect experiment would often (though l)y no means always) show s(jme de^ri'e of cn^is-infi'rtiliijj between the two, ])()intin<^" to pi'epotency {i.e. early sta<^'es of physiological selection) bein^* the ori^dn of the diver- gence. Before we meet I wish you would try to think o.' my plants which can be propa<^ated by cutting's (<'■' otherwise asexually) which are known to be moditi- ahle by clian.^ed conditions of life in the first gene ' ■ tion. I understand you that in some cases the seed of such a plant iviJl Not rcrcrf — when sown in its natural environment, though, of course, the rule is that it does. Well, in either case, I should liiu* h like to try whether a cuttin<^- S:v. from the trans- planted (and therefore modified) tubers c\:c. would revert to its ancestral character. When retrans- planted to its natural environment, much would follow from result of such an experiment as regards Weismannism. Yours very and always truly, G. ']. Romanes. P.S. — Of course in saving 'on connnon areas, sexual differentiation is the only means of securing tile isolation,' J did not include self-fertilising plants —any more, rj/. than insect fertilising where changes ill the instincts of insects mav cause sexual isola- liM I leave for Oxford to-morrow. :u2 c.Koiu^v: .101 IX ROMAN i:s IN u :s'H "^riK'sc iiioiitlis wci'c iiKidc very lin])|)y to him hv the fact that three fn"(MHls, Mrs. and Miss ( 'hmcii and the l{e\'. I(. ('. M()l)ei-lyJ were stM>in,L; in the same hotel. He often jiUndes in his letters to tlic intense ])leasm'e tJiese friends _L;ave him, and speaks of liow nineli lie owed to their tenderness and sympathx, and to their ))er('eption when to come and wiicn to stay away. Many l)ooks wert^ heard ,'ind read l)> Gore's J)ani[)t()n Lectures were read ah and he hked them even better than wh( them preached. Several other th(M)l().i;ica read, and of all these the one which be most carefnl study is Pascal's ' Pensees Mr. C Ke,^an Paul's translation. ^Fhe at Costehelle, which used to lie hy his marked and annotated. It is the 1; I'ead to himself in his own careful a like fashion. He also wrot(^ some not( to his hoys. At this time he he<^"an to make notes which he intended to he a supplement or to the 'Candid Examination of Theism.' on, his notes !L>Tew — so it seemed to one them — increasin.nly nearer Faith, but ( world can now judj^'c. He said one day, while scribbling' dow anything- hapjiens to me before I can wor into a hook, liive them to Gore, erroneon Noth ini>' can be more He will thi s that the chan.i^e in point of view was su to any fe;ir of death, oi' that it caused me in^^ to the author of ' Thou^dits on Heli; he was influenced by anyone, priest or la} There will always he unconscious intluc probably was not alto<^"ether in vain that ' licuius rriitVssdi- ol' I'jistoral 'rhe'oli)ij;v iit Ox I8'J4 lAVi: AT COSTiniKI.Ll-: 'sr.i if Ml". lioiiiMiU's' .urcatcst and most intiiiiatt' friends iverc Christian as well as inti'llcctual men. J3ut of itluiMK (■(' and ar^nincnt and pci'snasion, as most people imagine them, there was nothin.L^'. Disens- ^i()lls many, (hn'iiiu' the past years, hnt to these he iiwed litth it is wi'itteii, that those who seek tind, and to no one do these words moi'e titly a])ply. During' these montlis Mr. Homanes read many hooks of a I'ehu'ious natui'e ; particnhirly and pre- I'lninently he hked to have Dean Clmreh read aloud, and he also liked Mr. Holland's 'City of Cod' and .Mr. Ilhn^^'woi-tirs sei'mons, ])arti('ularly one on ' In- iioeence,' which he asked for nioi'e than onee. fie also read nnich poetry, Miss Kossetti and Arehhishop Treneh l)ein^" es])ecial favourites at this time. To himself he I'cad or had read to him the J>ihle and Thomas a Kem])is, and he liked I))-. J>ri,i;iit's Ancient Collects, and in ])art Hishoj) Andrewes' Devotion s. II V ne\"er won Id read or ha\'e anv •thi U! read to him which did not rin^" true to him and which he could not api)reciate ; for instance, the Pleadin,i^"s of Our Lord's Physical Suil'erin,^s in Andrewes' Devotions for f'riday were very distasteful to hii n. He often went to the Kn<4lish Church for short services, and on Kaster Monday Dr. Moherly ,L;iive him Holy Communion, for which he had asked and for which he wished. In the week hefore Eastei- he felt very ill, and sciid, ' I wish Mol)erly (who had .^one away for a few (lavs) were h(>re, and we could have that Celehration ; 1 "don't think I shall live till Kaster.' l^ut this passed away, and on Ivister Day he was peculiai'ly bright, and in the e\-enin,i4' said, ' I have written this l)()eni to-da^'.' It hen IS nni)oss ihle to resi ;t th le wish to insert it :j44 (IKOllGE JOHN KOM.\NJ:s I8C If !•: an i:\vs \i. lo (or w. loi. * Amen, imw lettest 'I'liou Thy s(;r\iiiii, l.urd, hcparf in pcsicp, .'icconlinj,' t 'I'liy NVoid : Altli()ii;,'li mine eves may not liave fully sc-en Thy fjreat salvation, snrely there have heen Kn(>n<,'h of sorrow and enon{,'h of si^'ht To show th(! way from darkness into li<,'ht ; And Thou hast hron^'ht me, through a wilderness of pain. To hue tlie sorest paths if soonest they attain. • ilnough of sorrow for the heart to erv — " Not for myself, nor for my kind, am I : " EnouKh of sight for Reason to diseh)se, " Tlie more I learn the less my knowledge grows." Ah I not as citizens of this our sphere, Ihit aliens militant we sojourn here, Invested by the hosts of Evil and of Wrong. Till Thou shalt come again with all Thine angel throng. ' As Thou hast found me ready to Thy call, Which stationed me to watch the outer wall, And, quitting joys and hopes that once were mine, To pace with patient steps this narrow line, Oh ! may it be that, coming soon or late. Thou still shalt lind Thy soldier at the gate, Who tlien may follow Thee till siglit needs not to prove, And faith will be dissolved in knowledge of Thy love.' From tht* luaiiusciipt it is difiicult to d('teniiiiio| what was the motto of tlie poem, Hehrews xi. or] Hehrews ii.; thi' hitter is more })rohahh», at h^ast so it] seems to the present writer. On the 'JHth Mr. iiomanes wi'ote a letter to the! Dean of Christ Chnrch, which, hesides some items of] personal interest, and of expressions of affection too intimate to he ^iven, contains the following »^ ("ostebelle : March 2H. 1H'J4. My dear Pa^^et, — I have had to ahandon lettei- \\ritin^' for several weeks past, as the least effort, »1>4 DAYS AT COSTEUHLIJ: 345 veil ill the \V!iy of convcrsiitioii, product's exhaustion ill ,1 [)}iiiifui (Ic^a'eo. So, as usual, F liad to ask my vifc to answer your kind letter yesterday. 13ut this iiornin,!;' I feel a little Ivit l)etter, so I should like to iiiive a try. She has ^^one to church, and therefore, !s r could not even hear her read the letter which -he posted to you yesterday, thei'e is likely to he Diiie re])( ■tition. Oddly enough for my time of life, I ha\(' he<;un to ilisct)ver the truth of what you once wrote ahout logical processes not heiii^' the only means of research 111 I'e^ions transcendental. It is too lar;^"e a matter ?i) deal witli in a letter, hut I hope to have a con- versation with you some day, and ascertain liow far you will a^ree with a certain 'new and short way \nth the Aiiiiostics." Yours ever sincerely and aifectionately, (Iko. J. KoMANKS. t'ws XI. or] least so it He had all his old interest in psychical research, land a friend, Airs. Crawfurd, of Auchinames, who -iiared this interest, used to hej^uile many weary hours with <^host stories, and he and she used to 'cap' each other's narratives. There were pleasant people in the hotels aiound, and the hri^iit sunshine and halmy aii' were meat sources of enjoyment to him. J)r. liidon, of I llyeres, was unfailing' in constant kindness, and it |W()uM be un«^ratefnl not to say how much was owed o the kind landlord, M. Peyron,, and to Madame *('Vron. 3 in ClHOHdi: .lOKN 1{()M \Xi:s Is9| The journey to lMi,i;iaii(l was appaivnl 1\ Imrn* witlioul, inidiio fati.L^uc, and tlic home ((uiiinL: uai \{'\'\ hri.^lit. with joyous nicctin.L;' with \\\-. chiMivJ and witli \ai'ious tVicnds. The only (hllicuhN \\;i> ti keep hijH (piict cnouL^'h. It was said one daw ' \\\\ \()U u"o home \()U iinist not sec loo Miaii\' pcnplc an( ' Oh, no,' Jio I'cph'od, ' 1 only want to sec PaLict J)i*. Sanderson, and (lore, and Philip ( W a, L;;_;('tt ). j\Irs. Woods, and IJay Laid^cstci', and ' InU stopped, lau,L!iiin,L;', the list was already so Ioul; ; oi' a lew (|;i\ would soon l)a\(' heeii douhled wife was away, and durin.i;" this hi'ief ahseiicc ;i \c deal' Irieiid, Miss liose Price, the (lau;;htei' o| t jNlaster of Pend)i-oke, died. II 11 e writes Tn Mrs. I loiinnirs. (»W ad am \()U ai'e s til innie I liavi jur^t returned from Pose's funeral, which was all luij too much for \\h\ As nou know, 1 haxc seei 1 nt iiel such thin.u's on a .urandei' scale, hut ne\ei' ;mi approach to this one in point of heauty and p;d li ^riie Colle^'e Cliapel was completely filled wit' memhersof tlie l'in\"ersity, with wives and dau.uhtcn yet all personal fi'iends of hers, inchidin,^' all lueiiilx'ri of the family, the poor Master s(^))arated fi'oiii tli^ Vest in his official seat. All the under^riiduates u J*eml)r()k(> were present, each })rovidcd with a IoncI] w I'eath, i-ai'vied in proci^ssioii to the ,L;i'a\( T\ e W lln of the east end was oiu' mass of white llowei's. \\\i coilin with its own llowers l)ein.i;' placed in the niiddl^ of the aisl(\ Tlie pi'ocession walked fii'sf all r( the (piad, and then throu.^li Christ Chui-ch Mend heiuL!' met at ilol\ W(dl h\' the choir.' iiW This !!<] th( rcrptS I'lrpnse. ilnval S l''oUl ,1^ als( lid to i> frieii It w: iiuld h ikeu ii !iil(lin,ij!' i!iifi'r\- i\\ lie 1 ■t to W ^.!i the i; .ad aire; Darwin -iiould fi |;i;tpers, ;i ]i:i(ist ki iieathec Itlie title On :\ [; 'WIS _^'ive \^ ' iccesso Mr. \\('isiuai .is disti he lectr Oil \ .B'niisult Ills two ( Of St. (iili's's Parish ("Inuvli 1^9* iitl\ liuriiil • iiiii)'^ Wilt 'I'liis is tlic hist letter 1 sluill write. All well liciv Mil tlic liitcrlopci's ' know nic now. W'risiiiaiin 1^ cliihiicai (■(•(■|)ts iii\ itiit ion to lecture, iind is on his wmnoii ■ \\''.^ '^ "irpnse. 1 h;i\c ohtiiincd ;in in\it:ition from the ;m\;i1 Soeietx' loi' him to the 'soiree.' ;iy. ' W'htri iV people. y I'ji.ut't . ,ni(| .U'.LJt'tt ), ill id — ' hill he » loii.u' Mild 'W (l;i\-> his Mice ;i \r]y iter ot 1 lie l""oill' Weeks more, !ili(l the Wl'itel' ol this letter ,i> ;ilso home tliroiiL;ii ('lirist ('hiii'ch Meiidow , iiiid lid lo rest iie;ii' the \oiiii.l;' ,Liirl whom he h;i(l iiiadi' !■> friend, ;ind whose denlli he deeply inoiii'iied. It w;is thoii.uht ;it t his t ime t hilt ;i eoiint I'v home niild he possihiy hetter foi' him. M;iny drixcs wci'e ken in se;ii'( h of houses or of possihie sites for uildin.L;", iind he wits often ])()sit i\(d_\ hoyish mid ii'iy durin.ij;' these expeditions. lie l)e,L;iiii to de\ise experiments ii.i^iiiti, tiiid ;i lso ■1 to woi'k to iirriin.u'e his |)a[)('i's and nianiisei'ipls I the niosf methodical way. As has heeii said he iid already a i'i'an,L;('d that if he died hefore (•( niiplet inu seen "I I 't3M| Darwin, and aftei' i)iirwin,' I'rofessoi- Lloxd Moi'min ne\er ait»i>ii()uld finish it and piihlish it, and any other scieiiti lie md p:il liii«r:ip<'rs, an arranu'eiiient to whi(di Mr. Idoyd Mor.uan filled witB^ '"^^ kindly coiisenlcd. 'I'o Mr. (loi'e wei'e he- I 1 . M :iU'athcd the fi'aL!'mentar\' notes now piihlished iindei" daimiitei'Mr ■, , .. , ,.,, r, ..•,•• , ' e: 1 !iav was all hii; 11 meiiiheii I' :lu' title 'Thouuiifs on ludiL'ion.' On ^lay ^} cannMhe third liomanes I.eetMre. It roiii ' h#' v^,,^ n'iven hy Professor W'eismann, and was a woi'thy t'aduates of - iccessor to the two wlii( h had pi'eceded it. th a l<'\cl_'^' Ml'. liomanes was uiad to meet I'rofessoi" 'riiewlinle *\<'ismann, and enjoyed the pleasant, talk he and s distin.n'uished op])onenl had in his house after lowers. 1 the iiii(l( 1. Mic lecture On the seventh of May he went to London to ^ "'^ roima , insult doctors, and foi' the last time he stayed with Meadows, js two dear fi'iends, Sii' .lames and \.\\(\\ i'auet. ' A \H \ iKiluc tol' tile two huiiiis. :hs (;i:ok(;h .lonx ijomani'.s He saw one or two pt'ople and was. us mic tVicii said, ' just liis dear merry old self, chjiilin^- iind Ixin* chatfed.' ' , He enjoyed music as imieli as I'vcr, ;iii(l on tli^ nineteenth of May he went: to a concert ^i\eii 1)\ tlij:; I^adies' Orchestral Society. |v He was often at the Museum, and he wi'ote h'e^( (juently of the ex})erijnents he was (h'visinn-, all Ijcar in^' on Professor Weismaim's theory; in tlu'sehe wai assisted i)y Dr. Leonard Hill. He wi'ote several times to i^'ofessor Schiifer, an on May 11), four days hefore his death, in themiiUt i a lonm" letter too technical to he ,L;iveii, he sa\s, • All cjin do iio\\' for science is to pay." He still took much intei'est in Oxford life, and ou of the hist thin,^s he did was to vote auaiiisl th introduction of the JMi^Jisli Lan^ua.u'e and Liteiitiin School. (yatiietlral was more than excr a [)leasiu'e Id hnu rlni^' ( IS arra •en me ivsical ..nil, hu [I 1 md lie u sed often to slip in foi' hits of the ser\ particularly if some |)articular service o)- antlieil w as ^(»in^ to he .L;i\'en. Ks])ecially he loNcd ;pe cia 1 ith intnems Brah ms H ow lovely are (lwellin;;s fair' hein.n" a ,L;reat hivourite. He used to ,nc) down to the ' J'ii,nlits ' when tli he'^an, and on almost the vei'y last day of his lite li] was with ilitiiculty dissuaded from writin,i;- a lettei' tj the ' 'I'imes,' strongly supportin*.;" the Ohi'ist ChiMc authoi'ities whose ]))'oceedinjL;'s in some (listurl)aiice| in the 0\)lle,L;'e had heen criticised. On Whit Sunda; for the last tinu', he went to the Iniversity Sei'iiiou which ha|)])ened to he ])reaclied hy the JJishop Lincoln, and which <4reatly impressed Air. Iioniaue hrou.Ljht as he was fo)' the first time inider the spell o one who has inllueiictHl more than one ^•eiieration o Oxford men. And as the days went on, there was a ( inieuj 185 TflK LAST DAYS :i\\) •MIC tliclK iiiid liciii^ 11(1 (111 the veil l)_v tli6f wrote ire- 4, all heir- H'SC he \\;i8 yi lin^" of pi"('[)r and fuller a^n'ee- :ii(>nt than either could at one time ha\'e heliexcd .Dossihle. Sin.uhiy, the twentieth of Ma\-, was his hirthday and :hat of his eldest son. and had alwaxs heen a family |. festa. He was hri^'ht and merry, went to Ma.^dalen to J>)ee Mrs. Warren, saw foi- the last time Dr. Pa;^'et, and F':i;id a little talk ahoiit his ' Tliou^^hts on Keli^don ' I with Mr. (lore, whom he went to hoar |)reach in one of the Oxford churches. .\nd on Monday lie keeidy en- Mvedasmall luncheon party, consistin;^' of the Master if r^alliol, Mr. Core, and Miss Wordsworth, sayin.^' that> Poetry, Science, Theology, Philosophy were all re[)i"e- s a I iiiieiiBr M'uted.and that he would iiave such-like little pai'ties chiifcr. ;i h^ :lie iiiidsi >£ says, -All I iff, and oil i.u'aiiist t h^ 1 Literatiii U'e to hill die ser\ ic( or aiitlirj] oved a tc ' are Thi when tlu^l his life h] a letter t^ ist Churc isturhaiicej hit Sinida; ty Sermon Mishop oj . UolllMllrsT t he s[)ell '>i iieratioii oj :i')U (jKOKCrH .lUlIX ROMAN i:s ft* ■ 1 .i.t t'\('i'y now iiiul Llit'ii, they were so i't'frr>.liiiiL; and di not tire him. | One or t.wo speciul friends eanie in to ser him oi^ these hist days, and he had phinned to ,l;() and Nta\ a# acounti'v liouse hidon.nin^" to the Fresi(h'nt of IViiiitvi which had l)een with (diaraeteristie kiiuhiess juit iM' his (Usposah p On \Vednes(hiy, M;iy '2'], he seemed pari icidarlvl. wcdl ; he wrote a k'tter to the Ivhtor of tlie ' ( 'diitcii! | porary Kesiew" and did some hits of woi'k. It waJj Sir .lames and Lady Facet's (lohlen \\'e(hliiiL; d*yJ and he (h'spat(died a telegram of (•on;L(i'atuhil ion ♦'^rf them. (The very hist hit of sii(ij)pin;4' he ever (iid w ij^- to hny a present for that (lolden W'echhn;.:', \\hi( i^( r<'a(died tliose for wliom it was intended afier !;•■ v a^ dead) I He came into his stndy ai)oiit t\\( inc. an'l ; ,4 tliat tlie hook in wiiieli he wastixMi inter(^>!. d, ' '"')•..* Aspects of Theism,' ' mi<'!it})e read aloud: but h-for^ the readin.n" l)e,i;'an lie cha;i,'.:.ed l>is mind, and said \\M wouhl lii' down in his hedrooin au«' he reatl to '!'l On lyinn" down he coniplairted f i '\H'li]i<^" veiy ilk mo* a few loving woi'ds to one who was with him, loidl His cdiildren and the Dean )ecame unconscious. came to him, hut he ilid not I'ec-ovei" enou,L;h to kiiov^ them, and jiassed away in less than an hour: /:-' tniihris rt inKnjiiiihti.s in rcrt'tdfcni. Vwv days later lie was laid to I'est m Ilolywe Cemetery, after an early Oelehration in Christ Church] the tirst i)art of the service hein^" said in the cat he dral w)ri(di he had loved so nnich, and whi(h lia( hi()n,L;ht him so much comfort in tlie last weeks of hfi i!)s favourite liymii, 'Lead, kindly Li,i.;ht/ wai ail Aid I In Lie service was said in ))art h} the fri( m ..111 his iiohad (l in 1 him : .ii'in<; tl liked a i)lU' otli !iicss fl' Look ipossih kIc wit > has h( • disapi .nil to ;. .iitullilh lint 1 iriticat Mon ii-,e of led UK .cr h(-e ith his \^]io nad heen wa ith 1 nm on ins wecldni'i' dav, uivei [h ]>y Troibssdr iMiidit of St. And lews. '••♦. THE MOUNT OF IT i;i I'lC ATION :{:.l ii.u' and (licl ^rc liiiii ()i]| 111(1 >tay af • >f Triiiily, CSS put ;ttf ' 111 liis first Coiinnuniou after ilic illness l)e,L;;ni, and IK) had l)eeii bound up with many j»)_\ s and sori'ows ; ' .(I in pai't by Mi'. IMiilip \\'a,L;-,L;et t , who had been I him as a youiiL;' biolhei", more and more loscd, ii'in^' tbe seven years in whieb they had walked and iked as ti'iends, the friend known as ' ( 'arissime.' )iic other special friend, M i\ (iore, was preNciited by ,;,,■! i,.,,i;|,.i^ iiiess from cominL^.) ■ 'Conteiiil Looking" back oscr these two yeai's ot illness, it is |^_ |j ,^^.,^ ipossibk' not to be struck b\ the calmness and iorti- Idiuu d 'V'^ ''■' ^^i^^i wbicb that illness was met. There wei'e. jnl;,tj,,i, w;; ^ has been said, luonients of terrible depression and \t'i'(iid v\ 11^ ' (lisap])ointment and of ;L^rief. It w.is not easy foi- inu' whu lA; "" ^" ^''^*' "P Jiiubition, to lea.ve so uiiiny [)rojects ler !;•• N aa' aii'l ; u' d, ' '•> )iu< but bi^fon pid said h( 1 to t!'.'i-o 'ry ill, ->ai( 1 him, am the Deal fh to kilo) hour : 1:!j 1 llolywel) ist Church] the callie which lia( H'ks of lifej j',L;"ht,' was the frieii daw uix'' ifullilled, so much work undone lint to him thi> dliiess ,nrew to be ;i mount of urilication. Ov (' r iininiio spuito si purj^'a, ]•] (li siilirc 111 rid ilivciita doirno More and mort' tbei'e ,^rew on him a deepening riise of the .goodness of (bxb No one had e\er siif- yred more fi'om the Mclipse of i"'aith. no one had 'Ver been more honest in dealin,u,- with himself and itb his dillieulties. Tlu' cbau.^'e that came over bis mental attitude :iiiy seem almost incredible to those who knew him iilv as a scientitic man ; it does not seem so to tl ' w w ho k ■th -echo St. .\u.i>ustine's words, ' Fccisti //o.s ac T(\ rf I iKjiiiri n i.> rsl cor iiosfnn/l, (hiiicc I'nin/r.scfim ill I c. It is (KHicnit for anyone who has lived in cIoncs intimacy with him to speak of him in words \\lii( wHl not to those who did not know him seem ex a,n,i;eiMted, nay, extrava^aiit : to those who kucv and loN'ed him. cold, inadecpiate, lih'less ; for lie i)()i ' the white Hvtwer of a blameless life" from i)oyho()c| onwards, and in heart and life ho was unstained, |)iuh, unseltisli, unworldly in the truest sense. When the Shadow of Death lay >■ i him, and lb dread messenger was drawin.i;' near, and he look* back on his short life, he could reproach himsel only for what he called sins of the intellect, meut;i arrogance, nndue i'e,i;ard for intellectual supremacy. No one better und(>i"sto<)d him than the friend who wrote : Wh'Mi a man has lived with broad and sti-oiig interest in life, neither discarding" n(»i' sli^htin^' an true pai't of it in homt\ or society, or work, tli( various aspcM-ts of liis character and cai'eer are likel' to be many and suggesti\e. .Vnil so there iiia\ bt » Tlic 1 Villi of Cltrist rhm-c'Ii. Millie W; i(lvanc{ (Miiceiit :iti'baps moment advance !i.';iy he wholly "he sin] ■.vhich }i i truth ■liibits ( ;riider i venture iiiseen. :iiind wl ( safe^ni :he <^rov nrrcdati .u'ss ; t, lact hec mined 1 further md fail ■•hows s :;iith an 111(1 uni' ittainm Dut for like the which Mispect; I !<'i^ <;(4 HIS LOYALTY TO TKCTIi :{.■■.;} 111(1 'I'lii-e^,. 'ry, whiclfe: ur])()s(', ncF I li, For th# Isc ill th^,. |)\ lie \\;ir itli ;i soil) (lid liKisj isfi n deter- mined hope that wluitsoevei' things are true hare turther truth to teach, if only they are held fast ;iiid fairly dealt with. The sincei'idy scientific mind allows such tenacity as that under every trial of its ■;iith and patieuce, howsoever long and impromising iiid unrelieved ; for it knows itself responsible not lor tttainment, but for perseverance ; not for coiapiest, )ut for loyalty. It resists even the t(-'niptation to dis- like the untidy scraps of observation oi' experience which will match nothing and go nowhere ; for it Mispects and reveres in all the possibility of new light. A A im GKOKGE JOHN ROMAN HS I4S ..i4 And surely there is a like exct'ilciicc of thoimhiK rare, jiiid hi;^h, Jind exeinphiry, in re^^ard to tli('tliiiit« unseen, tlie Uiiii^s that are si)irituallv disccnicft Scattered up ;ind down the world, coining one way oj; another within the ken of all men, thei'e are facts •lain experience which will not really tit, nnniiiti lated, undisH^ured, into any scheme or \ icw of lifl that leaves (lod out of si<^ht. They are facts, it mam he, of which a full account can hardly, if at all. 1)§ ^•i\en. They are fragmentary, isolated, impondc ahle ; chnirer at one time than at anothei' ; lar^cl^ (l(>pendent, for anythin,i;" like due rec-o^^iiitioii, iij)oi the indi\i(lual mind, and heart, and will. Yet Ihei they are, tlashin«^" out at times with an intensitjl; which makes all else seem ])ale and cold ; disclosing or ready to disclose, to any (piietness of thouuiilj: ,L;reat I'ints of worlds unrealised and })ossihilities overwhelmin.n" ^lory. And it is on loyalty, on justice to such fra,L;ni('ii of truth, unaccounted for and unarran^^^'d, that f( many men the trial of faith may turn. All is lu lost, and everythin,L;- is possible, so lon*^- as the iiiiuj refuses to doubt the reality of the li<^lit that lia come, perhaps, as yet only in broken rays. Of sue justice and loyalt}' CTeor<^-e liomanes set a very lii.i;- example. The stren^'th and simplicity and patieiic of his character appeared in- nothin,^" else more i'e( markahly, more happily, than in his undiscoura,L;-e .i-rasp of those unseen realities which invade this woil^ in the name and power of the world to come. Tli^ love of precision andeompleteness never dulled hisc an for the tliin'>s that he could neither define, nor lalx' or arn iit'iu, ii :iilly to hey die M try t( irom sU' •he clea •111, hop lave sa -attern "his <^'re :iave th niideth :i)\vards if Almi« A le iiid see Dea ;ire not cation, was so present words f nil the turther my mi] lapacit 194 'H MR. (ii.ADSToxMs li:tt]:r 350 1 lie thiii^l (lisccnicc 'iH' wny (itii !•(' facts K iiiiiiiiitif^ icw of lifJp cts, it iiiay at all. i)e iiii|)(iii(l('r»» t'l-; lar^^t'ly tion. iipoii ^'('t llicr^ 1 intensity (lisclosiii* »f thou.Ljiit^ sil)ilitiL's of tVa,L;"iii('iitS hI, that toy All is iio| > the niiii4 t that hill . Of siic| : very lii.^II id pati('ii('0 more ro« liscoura.L^cd e this world oiiie. 'J'hj ih^dhisciire , nor lal)( 1, • ir arrange ; in their fra^nieiitariiiess he treasured iit'iii, ill their reserve he trusted them, waiting' faitli- :iilly to see what they mi^ht have to show him. And :liey did not fail him. This is not the place iu which :(t try to s])eak of the ^n-aces and the ^dadness which :iom such loyal sincerity passed into his life, nor of •he clearer li^ht that ^n'ew and s))read hefore his wist- ■'il, hopeful ^a/e. J)Ut it hardly can he wronj^^ to iiive said thus much of so nohle and so timely a attern of alle;n'ance to all truth discerned ; and of his «^reat lesson in a life which seemed even here to uive the earnest of that promise — ' He that seeketh, iiideth ' — a life which seemed to he movin*^' steadily Mwards the Idessin^" of the pure in heart, the vision f Alijii'-hty Clod.' F. r. A letter from ^Ir. (Jladstone cannot he omitted, iiid seems to come in tittin«,dy at this ])lace : 1 Carlton (ianlcns: June. J)ear Mrs. liomanes, — My present circumstances ire not very favourahle to direct })ersonal conmunii- ■iition, and my personal intercourse with },\v. liomanes was so scanty in its (juantity as hardly to wjirrant my present intrusion, hut I cannot hel]) writin*.? a few words foi- the purpose of conveying" my dee}) sym])athy I'll the heavy bereavement you liave sustained, and lurther of saying' how deej) an impression he left upon my mind in tlie point of character not less thiin of (iipacity. He was one of the men whom the a^"e ' licprinteel fioni the Guardian ot'.luiu' <». :ir,(\ (;i:oK(ii: joji.n J{omanks 18S specially i-('(|iiir('s foi- the inNcsli^ation mid s()liiti( of its ('Special (litlicultics, and foi" the concilialiou an hariuoiiy of intci'csts between which a tactitiousj rivalrv has been created. N'our hea\y private loss is then coupled in m^ view with a pid)lic calamity; hut while I can leidicol in your I'etrospect of his labour, I also ti'ust it ma' please (lod in His wisdom to raise up others to till up his [)lace and carry forward his woi'k. M;i\ \(,u enjoy the abundance of the Divine consolations in pro[)orti()n to your "^'reat need. lU'lieve me, most truly yours, W . \]. (Iladstonk. Not much remains to l)e said. The life her described would seem to have been cut short, but, a was said by a friend, ' in a short time he fulfilled ; lon^' time,' ' and few have won for themselves moiel love in the home and beyond it. He left no enemy and those who loved him and to whom his loss has left a blank and desolation of which it is not well to speak can only be thaid\ful for what he was and for what lief is. Not indeed that one wonld forget those words oi Dean Church (pioted in the beautiful preface to his] Life : - ' I often have a kind of waking dream : up one road, the image of a man decked -and adorned as if| for a trium})h, carried np by rejoicing and exultin,^ friends, who praise his goodness and achievements; and, on the other road, tnrned hack to back to it, there is the very man himself, in sordid and s(pialid| apparel, surrounded not by friends but by ministers of j ' Wisdom, iv. ];>. -' Profiice to Life a)i(I Lff(crf< of ])c(ni Church, p. \xiv. m Tin: i:m) •Sot istirc, and .uciii.u; on, while Jiis liieiids aw cxultin.u', M his certain and perliaps awful jud.Liinent. 'I'hat vision rises when I liear, not just and conscientious .'iideavours to make out a man's ( liaractei", l)ut when [ hear the loose thiiiLis that ai'e said — often in kind- ;ii dl CSS and Ionc — ot tliose he\()n( f th dtl le u't'aNc l)Ut there have heeii men and women who hav(j lifted the nnnds and the hearts of those who knew iiid loved them to incicasin^' love for goodness, to in- TcasinLT loftiness of ideal, and for these, wliom now pr aise can hurt, no hlame can wound, one can l)ut :ift one's lieart in e\ er :rowin 4 /. t/j 1.0 I.I 1.25 1.8 1^ ^ -^ ■ 14 IIIIII.6 V] >.^' >m / # y /^ Photographic Sciences Corporation V V c?>^ :\ \ <* o^ '«^ 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14580 (716) 873-4303 ^'^ 1^ 1\ INDEX •il!, Mr. ill! •J/.), •JSC. lOH'. H<'v • "lOjsi". Mr. i I'linod, till ■ aliiim, M ,iay, riofc accii. Mr. nilick. Kuv. Acton, Lord, H(i Agassi/,, l"j, ;{1, H2 Allon. Grant, '>') Allniaii, I'rofcsHor, 149, 150 ArnuKI, M., H'2 I5.U Fotu, lU. Hon. A. J., 142 Mr. Francis, l."», 14S Uisliop of Oxford (Willjorforco), si J5oys, Mrs. Vernon, letter to, 2',(4 Brainwell, Sir I-'., 222, 22H Britisli .Xssociation. d."), 71 drowning, Kol)ert, 142, 14;» lUunton, Dr. Jjauder, 01, 14S lirydon, Dr.. 14 liurnev prize, won by G. •). Romanes, !», H3 Butclier, Professor, 14K, 10;{, 2(;(;, 277 Caiiu), Professor (now Master of Halliol). 40, M4M Cats, sense of direction in, 107 Cauticy, Rev. Proby, i'>, 7 Cliildren, poem to, I'Mi Church, Dean, l.')*), ir)7, 22!), ;U:!, ;;.")(1 Cliurcliill, Mr., 204, 200 ciodd, ]•;. ^[.. 1411 Conipton, Karl and Countess, 272, 27.'*, 27t», 277, 280 Corre\on, Professor, 177, 212, 2l;{ Crookes, Professor, Md.'!, :504 Croonian Lectures, 1"), 02 Curteis, Canon, ITil D.\i!\viN, (^uirles, first introdiution to, 12 -' first meeting with, 14 Darwin, Charles, le'ttc is from, ;i2, 34, ■'{."), 4."), 47, 40, ',(•), (U), c-j, (;.■,, (i(;, 7f, 74, 7."., 70, 7H, M.-,, '.17, 1(11. 102, 1C«, lOS, 101), 114, 115, 117, 120, 12:5, 1J8 — letters to, 10, 20, :',:\. :m, :5S, 42, 46, ."lO, ;"):{, ,•)."), r,7, 01, t;;;, cm, 70, 71, 75^ 77, 70, MO, o:{. US. 1)11, 100, lo'i, loi^ 100, 112, 110, US, lilt, 120, laL 12.-i T -- (luoted, 100, 200, 20:5, 211, 22(|l 221, 224, H07, :<20, ■.V.V.) T dealii of, l;iO I — - nu'inorial volume, l'.V.\ | — Mr. F., H, 'jU, -)1, ,vi, .',<». 7s. 7^ lor,, i;io, i:{], 1:J2, r.\r,, 170, 17^ Iht), 200, MOH, ;u7 Ihini'lii and nftir Daiudt, 177, 2/1) | Dawkins, I'rofessor Boyd, lAl t Delhd'Uf. La Psi/cliulixjic, son I'n'^erU I't si))i A nnii, 74 Dyer, Mr. Thiseiton-, 00. lOS. 200. 2lj^ '21:5, 2:50, :504. ;i07, :ii4. :nr,, :\n; %. KiMKU, Dr., 45, 224, 200 § Kliot, George, 48 f- I'iVidences of Organic Kvulutiou, le^ tures on, 00 Kwurl, I'rofessor Cossar, II. 02, 10(|i 128, ir.o, 2"»o, 200, ;{ii ; I'AliKK. M.. ill, li:{, 1110 I'lowor, Sir W., 74, H02 I'oster. Dr. Michael. 8, Pi. ;{l, ;;m, 51 | I- ■V' (iAl.TON, Mr. FiUnriri, ."i."), 101, l''»% 2;{0, 202, ;i02, .(17 ( lermination, e\pt linieuts on. ItOii. •i'JP :i 1. Ki;i., 41 Hrlidtropisi iltlniholtz, iitiislow, R fiom, ;{27 Inliliouse, f Kev. W.. Holland-Scf Hooker, Sir i|or>iey, Mr :luxley, I'ro •J78,' 280, ' Iviiridisni, NSTiNCT, ar lACHIM, Dr, !.\mm;ck, 22 ..;iiik ester, I !.atham, Dr Lawless, Ho l.reky, Mr.. l.c Conte, P I.iddon.Rev, Lincoln, Ri>- Liimean Soi Lister. C. K l.ockyer. Mi Lo^an, Mr. Litr Mniuli M( Kkxiiuk I Medusa', wo 2:5, 24, 2.5 :i;<, :»7, 47 Mcldola, Pr Mivart, Pro: Mobcrlv, Rt m iNi)i:x :]01) ■^ froii!. :\'2, 34t ». •''•-'. i''.">, (id, 72, 7. 1(11. lO'J, 1C«, 17, 1'JU, I'j;}, 1J8 <. :m. ;ih. 4-2, 4«, !. C'^^. 7(t. 71. 78, •- Kto, lo:}, lOi, ll'.>. 120, 1!^ 'iOii, 211, 224 lii'.t T i:i:i ^■1, ^11. 7s. 7% . 1 :{•"•, 17(1, 17^ ■TWf. 177. 2/!) i jyd. i:.l >(ii<% sDii I'll' eM to. l'.'s,20(l, 2lj^ 04. ;{i/i. ;ii(; ?; Kvoliitioii. le^ ill-. II. '.12, lodi ill '., t r m; i;). ;n. :is, :,i# Ills on. ;((i;i, A'i ill. Mr. aii.l Mr^., 272 ,;a(lstonc. lU. ilcii. \V. K.. lt;2. 2:51. •j7.'», 2Ht;, :V).', ,01V. Upv. C. >*1, 272, 27s. :{():!. Mil. ;U2, H4'.». H:>1 ;n?s<', Mr. !•;. \V., 22'.>. 277 r lUlldd, (ill .aiiJini, Mr. H. M . M.l'.. 27;i 277 .rav, I'rotVsHiii- Asm, 1.";5, l")t iwii, Mr. J. K.. U4 ,iilick,Kov. .1.. 21i;, 217, 2:52. 'I'M), 2.",.-. iiMKci., 47. 4'.i, ."1, r-y. c.l. <)(;. •»:{ :l ■lii'ti'opi.sni. exjicrinniits on. ;i'2i^i il.iinlioltz, I'rofi'ssor. :{20 Hiiislow, IJev. (ie()i-;,'e. letters to and from, ;}27 Ml ilniiiiouse, Sir A.. 7(> Kcv. W.. 277. 2*»7 •lolliind-Sfott, Kev. H.. lit, IH.',, 2H4 rlrokcr, Sir Joscpli, 2(1. "it. 71. 17<) !loi>U'y, Mr. Victor, 222, 2.V,», 20.') Huxley, Professor, K). -'").",. 74, 144,2;V.l. 27H,'2.s(), 2:i7. :to:$. ;Ut; Ivliridisni, 101, 102, lo:; NSTiNCT, article on, 12'.l rnnr. Dr. .losepli, 70, 27:5 :amu!(k-. 222, 224. :iOH i.ankester, I'rofessor, 4(), t)0, 277 i.atham, Dr., \) '.awless, Hon. 1']., oO, ■")7 i.ceky, Mr.. 1«')2, 2H,') l.c Conto, Professor, 2;iH. 27S i.iddon. Rev. Dr.. 14;i. 100. 2r)7, 2."„M,2.V.t Lincoln, liislioi) of. ii4H l.innean Society. :{><, 110 Lister, C. K., ')."'2.")0 l.ofkyer, Mr. Norman, 120, 142, 14H Lci-iin, Mr. C. lUH Lu.r Miindi, 24',), 2.-)0. 2.V,) !^I( Kknuhick, Professor, \)l Medusie, work on, IT), 10, 17, IH. 22. 2:5, 24, '2r>, 20, 27. 2M, 2',t, 'AO, :il, ;i2. :t;{, M7, 47 M.ldola. I'rofessor, '.10, 101 Miviut, I'rofessor St. (ii'oi|;e, 100 Moberlv, liev. Dr., :U2, M.i Mor^'an, I'rofessor Llovd C, .'511 Myers, .Mr. F. W., ,S0 ' NKWAi.r., Mr., •)'.» I'.u.i.T. liev. H. L.. 2, 2152 Miss M. .M , l;v.l. 110, 2H0 Very Kev. Francis, 2. 14H. HO. l.")l, l.-)7, I.V.), 22S, 2'.I7, :510, :}20, ;54H, :54(;. ;{:)i — Sir .James, ;544, .StO Fal^rave, I'rofessor. 22!). 27H Pangenesis, letters on, 18, 10, 21. :5."). 47, 4'.), 107. lOS. li).'), 22:5, 22'). 2.>4 Panmixia. 1!)S, 212, 221, 231), 2')4 Pascal, ;542 Pembroke, Master of, .'540 Perrier, M., l'.)0, los. 222 PHeiderer, Professor 100 Piivsioloc^'ica! selection, 102-170, 201- 20H. 20'.)-217, 2:5.") Physiolo^'ical Society, .")1, 0") Pollock, Mr. W. H.,';)2 Mrs. H., letters to, 20:5, 2M8 Poulton, Professor K. 15., 102, 10:5, l'.)-"), i;)7, 220 Psychology, work t)n, 18H, I'.IO Kkpk Lectukk, l.'):5 Ivomanes, IJcv. Dr., 1, 2 — Mr., 1. 0. 1)2 — Miss C. F.. letter.s to, 0;'. 121), 1 12. 144, 101, 100, 17H, 1H4, l.S;') — Mi.ss (ieor^ina, 01) — Mrs. G. J., letters to, 1)1, 202, 200. 2!)0-;5()l.:^40 — Mr. .Fames, letters to, 11, 151, ls7, 240, 2H1), 21)2. 21)."), ;512, Jill) lioseberv Leetiireshij), 177 Koux, l)r., 101), 110 12.> lluskin, .Folin, 1)8 St. Ami.ws, Bishop of, l.")0 ' Sally,' letter on, 241 Sanderson, Professor P)unlon,l;5, 18,.")1. 0)>, 01), 117, 1:50, 148, l<»2, 251). .511. :!20 Scliiifer, Professor, letters to, 22, 2."). 28, 37, 271), ;548 Sharpey, Professor, 115 Shorthonse, Mr., 144 Smith. Rev. Robert, I 300 GEORrii: .101 IX noMANi:s Spencer, TIci-lKTt. H, '.»:{. '.if.. 1 U, -Jlil. 2;{'i. aoi, ;'.o.'., :i()7 Spottiswoodc, Mr. Williiuii, 11. 112. 14'.t Hiilly, Mr., W, 277 T.\iT, L.wvsdN. 21 Tall)(>t, Dr., Ml Tavlor, Canon Isaac, 2'.)1, 2'.ir. T.'osdalc. Mr. J. M.. it',). Kid. 12',) 'I'ltcisvi, (I C.nidid J'j.rKmiiuitiiiii "f. ^■>. ii'», I5;j, ir>i, :U2 Tlu)iiipson, Sir W. (Lord Kdvin), '.H 'I'hnll'lhts (»l Itdilllnll, .'U2 Tynd.'iU, Professor, 101, 1 t:'. VivisKCTioN. ('(1, t;2, 117. !■>] I')-, ij^ 124, 12r), 12(i • -- -^ W\.;oi;iT. Kcv. 1'. \V., :;] I, :;is. :;.-.) WiLllarc. Mr., ."i.'j. '.Ml, 17(1 viki .,i| 21'.», 2.")."., 2r,l, :;;;7 ' " ' \Vcd}^-\vooi|, Mis<, '.1.1. IDI), iDl Wiisiiiaini, Proti-M)r. l.il. I'.i.',, i:i(_ l".t7, 211. 2211, 22:!. 221. 22.-.! -'28, 2:!."'., 2:{f,. 2;i7, 2:;'.). 2iu, 2.'.:{. _':.|! 2i;il, 2SS. :!(I0. ;;tii. :ii7 ^'|■.'), I'rofc-sov (iei-.ild, V,r, I'ltlNTKI) r.Y sroi'i'ihUi.i.Dic AMI 11... Ni.\VM]a:r.r sgiAi; l.uM.oN 17. 121,lL>j i-il, . -II, :;h, :i.v» '. ITii. 'jiu, _'H, litn, |ii| •• 1.1 1, I'.i.-.. l:l|, !. ■-'■J J. -J--'.-,, l'-jS, •• •-'»(', •_'.-,:{. j.-,|, :il7 1, (',.-,