CIHM
Microfiche
Series
(iMonographis)
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ICMH
Collection de
microfiches _
(monographies)
Canadian Instituta for Hiatorical Microraf^roductiont / Institut Canadian da microraproductiona hiatoriquaa
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TiM Intlttutc hM atttmptvd to olttam th* bnt ort«in«l
copy avatlabl* fof ftlnHnf. Fmimim of ihit copy whtch
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of lh« imafit )n ih« f«production. or wbtcfi may
(ifntftcantly chart«a tba utual matbod of fHmtrtf. art
cbackad balow.
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Colotirad covtrt/
Couvtrtura da aoulaMr
Covar* damafad/
Couvartura andommafta
Covari rattorad and/or laminatad/
Couvartura ratteurta at/ou pallkulAa
□ Cpvar titia mitiinfl/ •'
La titra da couvartura manqua
□ Colourad map*/
Caita* 9*o«raphiqua« an OHilaur
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Encra da coulaur \\.: autra qua blaua ou noira)
D Colourad platas and/or illuttrationt/
Planchat at/ou illuitratiortt an coulaur
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Bound with othar matarial/
Rali4 avac d'autrai documants
Tiflht binding may cauta ihadowt or distortion
along intarior margin/
La ralibra larria paut causar da I'ombra ou da.la
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Blank laavas addad during rattoration may appaar
within thf taxt. Whanavar possibia, thasa hava
baan omitlad from filming/
II sa peut qua cartainas pagas blanchas aiQUt^
lort d'una.restauration appafaissant dans la taxta,
mais, lorsqua eala itait possibia. cas pagas n'ont
pas k%k f ilmias.
L'Inttitut a microfilmA la mailiaur sMamplaira qtf'tl
lu« « at* potitbia da m procurar Las d4lailt da cat,
aiiampUira qui tont paut 4tra umquat <fu po*nt da «ua
btbliogr^iqua. qui pauvant modifiar una tm^fa
raproduita, ou qui pauvant aaigar una moKlificatlon
dans la m^thoda normala dafiknaga sont indiqu4t
ci^sious.
□ Colourad paftt/
Pagas da coulaur
El
Pagts damagad/
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Q Pagas rastorad and/or laminatad/
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n
Showthrough/
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Comprand un (das) indax
TitIa on ha<
La tiUa da
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I'antlta proviant:
I I Title paga of iSsua/
Page da titre da la livraison
□ Caption of issue/
Titre da depart da la
D
livraison
Masthead/
Generiqua (piriodiques) de la livraison
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Additional comments:/*'
Commentaires supplementaires:
Page
etc
s whol ly or par
. , have been re
tially obscured by errata
filmed to ensure the best |
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possible image.
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This item is filmed at tha reduction ratio checked below/
Ce document est f ilmi au taux de rMuction indiqui ci-dassous
■ . ■ ** ■■■■"'. ,"■.■.';-.
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10X 14X 18X
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28 X
32X
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Th« copy film«d h«r« Hm bMO reproduced thanlit
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Motropolltan Toronto Mforonco Library .
Baldwin lloom
*
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The last recorded frame on each microfiche
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method:
%.
1
2
•
3
^'V^
L'eKemplaIre fHm4 fut reprodult grico i la
g4n4roslt« da: ^
' Hetropol I tan Toronto ^fmfncm Library
Baldwin Room
Lee Images suh/antee ont 4n4 reprodultae avec la
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fBonformitA evec lee oond(|iona du oomrat da
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Lee exemplalfea originaux dont la oouverture en
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par le premier plat et en termlnant aolt par la
davnlAre page qui comporte une emprelnte
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d'impresslon ou d'illuetratlon et an termlnant par
la darnlAra page qui oomporta una talla
empralnta.
•'•■if. ■■■ ,„'
Kin dee symboles sulvants apparattra aur la
derniire Image de chaclie microfiche, seloo^a
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Las cartas, planchea. tableaux, ato., pauvent Atra
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Lorsquo le document est trop grand pour Atra
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et de haut an bas. an pranant la nombra
d'images nAcessaira. Lea diagrammaa auivanta
lllustrant la mAthoda.
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PIPES AND TOBACCO;
AN KTIIN()(iHAl>IIIO HKKTCII,
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DANIBL WILSON, tL.D.
rBti mm t »» MMTOSf A»i» ••MjfiH i.tt«Mr«Mi, ? vivrnwir* rwi.i,to«a. iiHM*it>,
" lbntlunr|af HMfliiu, htat bnrti.
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TO
© JOHN FEN WICK, Esq., F.S.A.
»Hi Of tn cooicii. or tub wotsiwtr or amtiquabim ot niwCAirti.
trroii>Tnil, AMD ooBUiroxpivo iiaitia* or Tni ■ooinv
t . or AiyiQCABim or ICaTtAKDl
THIS BAGATKLLE
In inMrtbod In meinorUl ofplcaMuk Itoun aiMi^ wllh hira unon*
THR ANOIMT AID ko;>f>9i IU>1fAI(l
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HPES AND TOBACCO;
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0», VOTU OV, TBI
NARCOTIC USAGES AND SUPERSTITIONS
, Of TIt»
OLD AND NEW WOELD.
In •ttetoptiDg to det«nnia« the •lements on wbioh to bMe • fjr*-
teni of otaMifleation of the divert typet or varietiet of man, thero
nra frequently one or two profnineat cbaraeteriatioa which, alike
aBMNHf aiieient and modem races, appear to iupply at leaat eon-
T^H^ttt lestt of olaaaifieatidn, while lumeare deserving of speoial oon-
/sideration as indicators of more comprsheiisiTe and far«reachinf
prineiplea. The aneieat «piihet " barbarian," had iu origin in the*
reeognition of this idea ; and we still l^ppljr that of " woiid>died" to*
thf old Briton as the Attest which our knowledge of him supplieai'
With the Jew and hia Semitic congeners, the. rite of chroumoision is at
peeuHarlj dUtinctive element of isolation, though carried by
lalamism, with the Arabic tungue, far bejond their ethnic pale,
iflmbminism, Bnddhian, Barseeism, Bahaism, Fettsiun, and ei>(m
Thuggiam, each anffioatqaappljr some elemenla of olassifioation. Tk$
y Wttibnl New Zealander, the lais* footed Patagonian, the big lipped '
. B«beMi, the Ant-headed Obtnook, the wooUj>h|ured Negro, the oluck-
fpjg llottentoft, «ii4 $he b<wmeraug-anae4 Auitndiui, has each hif
fff «P> fBatuM, or pwmlipr qrabol, mere or ley Atlj astigned to him s
|||(^lj|;ks^ hn^ ;9qf« diaiiinct)^ «haraoteriitio thfkQ an; of tifi^
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I tl)4 tndp vsr-trophy, md tti« p«M«-p<|M of tha Ain#r{«M Indltn,
— th« otiiiniflt«ria(i<M nol of • trtb«, or • luiliou. but uf » whul*
eoatioMife. Of th« indigenoui uuiqurawM of .tb« fiWiner of thflM
tb«ri in no quMtiqn. .11 mfi nol b^ »ljtoc«ther uaproHtfb^ to rt>
(!oiiai(i«r Ui« puHly /A|t4«>H<}ft'> ori|!| g/ lie iiMffM «om»<t^ with
tb« latter, on which duubti ,htve been r«i»Mt«(iljr c«at, and mor«
Mpccially by rMMl writon, wK«ti cousidcriog th« iu^uiry from rwy
diverM pdint* of VMW. ., i .. .,f,.,^,,
Among th« nntire product* of th« Ain«>ri(«n eontinent, there it
none which ao itrikingly diatingiii«hf>a itM the tobacco plAnt, and th«
parpoM* lo which Hi I«|J it »ppU«d i f«»« «#«■ Wfra it pr«vf d that
th« uae of it na a nareotio, anijitlhe praotiao of smoking ita burning
leaf, had originated independent!/ in the old world, the aaored
inatttutinn of the peaet'-pipe meat atill remain aa the pt^cuiiar
characteriatio of the lied Imiinii of America. Profcaeor John-
ston, in his " Chemiatry of Common Life," remarks with reftfrvnce
to this and others of the narcotiea pMulUrto the new world:—" The
Aboriginea of Central America rolled up the tobacco leaf, and
dreamed away their livea in amoky revtriea, ages before Columbus
was bom, or the colonists of Bir Walter Raleigh brought it within the
precincts of the Elizabethean Court. The cocoa leaf, now the comfort
and atrenfj^h of the Peruvian miiletero, waa ch^'wed aa he doea it, in
far remote times, and among the same mountains, by the Indian
nftthres wbbae blood he inherits." The former of these nareotiea*
howerer, it is scarcely neeessary to say, was iMA confined, within any
period known to us, to central Amerieia, tho«igh its name of tubaeeo,
-^derived by some from the Haitian tambaku, and by other* from
Tahaco, a pronhco of Yucatan, where the Bpauiards are affirmed to
have first met with {t,^appears to hate been the native teny for the
pipe, and not for the pHmt, which was called ktlUbm' ' ' < • H».>>n ,
So far as we 'can now infbr from the evidence ftirnf^hed trr
fiative aria and relics connected with the nse of the tobacco plant, ft
seems to have been as (kmiliar to most of the aAcient tribes of th»
horth west, and the Aborigines of onr Canadian fbretts, a* to thMi^
^f the American tropics, of which the IftdotioM TtAtnum in b«lli4v^
ib be a native. No such remarkable dtp^itoriea indeed batebeeh
fbund to the north of the great cliabi dt lakea, aa those diadosM ttt
itie ^ipIbMrs ofthe tumiiH of ** Hound City,** in th^ 8doV6 <ra1%i
Ohio, from a lihgte one of which,nearly tiro hundred pipiM WtktUkmt
most of thein eoinpoaed of a bard red |K>rphyrItio atone, irfth «lMb
botria di^rafely annrad in miasskaM flg«rn of anittab^
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ntpUlmi^ A*., MMt^ad with ((tm* ckill and AileUlf U aaliir*.* Bui
Ikounk noi found in suflk iiuinb«r<i, lufBcitMii MamplM of thia oUaa
, of rttiea oeour witJiin Iha CanrMliMi froaiiar to abow th« ounl«mp<irm-
iMooa pradio* of IIm Muna arta and ouatonu in tbia Moriharn rrgioo,
or to prova auob an intaroounw with Iha ^pa>aemlptoni of toiom
auutkarn latittidaa, aa ia aaaunied in th« caaa of tha " Mound kluild*
ara," by writera to whom any ramola and undnAaiHl aiiureo aver
aaaoia more prwbabla than tha one undt'r conaidoratiou. Among
varioui etanplaa of aucb Cantdifto ralica in uy own poaaaMiuu ar«
two atone pipo-haada found on tha ahoraa of Lako Uimouo. Ona of
tka««, fornad ol a dark staatita, though imparfoot, axhibita to ita
flarTiog— a liaard climbing up the bolvl of the pipe, with tha
uudaraida of ita lowar-jaw ingeniously out into a human cuuntan-
anea p4MriBg over tha pipe bowl at the face of the amokar — the aam*
ottiioua initatire art of the native Mulptor, aa tboao engravfd by
Masara. Squire and Pavia, from the ancient mouuda of tha
Miaaiaaippt valley. Tha other i« deeojrated with a human head^^ mark-
ed by broad oheek-bonea, ana large oilra, and wearing a flat and
alightly projeoting head-dre*'- The material in which the latter ia
carved ia worthy of ootioe, as suggestive uf ita pertaining to tF>«
locality where it was found. It is a highly silioioua Umfistone, such
aa abounds on the shores of the neighbouring Lake Coucbiching, aitd
which from its great hardueas was little likely to ba ehoseu by tha
pipe sculptor aa the material on whioh to exercise his artiatio skill,
unless in each a locality as this, where his ohoica lay between tha
hard, bttl cbMa grained limestona, and the still mora intractable
oryatallioe rooks of the same region. Canadian examples uf pipe.
aflttlpture, in a greiit variety of forma, executed in the favorite and
eaaily wroiigbt red pipenitone of tha CoUau det I\-aiH*s, also occur ;
Iwt theaa ara geosndljr supposed to belong to a more recent period,
and diA»r aasentiallj ia their style of art from the pipes of the mound
buildera, workad Itt granite, porphyry, and limestone, a« well as iu the
4iaatitea, and otbar varietiaa of the more eaaily wrought atonei
Hhieb admit, like the nd pipe atone, of the elaborate carving and
high degree of floiah moat frequently aimed at by them. In additioa
to thoae, another class of pipes, of ruder workmanship in clay, and
ornamented for the moat part, only with incised oherron and dther
«oaTenti«nal patterns, exhibiting no traces of imitative art, are -of
flpeqwat oecoReinee within the Canadian frontiers ; and to these I
imfm^ ider mot« mjnutelj before dosing this paper, as objects
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poMtMing WMM taIim Ib mtfllion tn Ik* hUtorf of iIm yinffttW
lUtiva ouatam for whi«l) auoh iniplomcnU w«r« oonHnt«W^. aimI (u il«
•arty praelie* In Kurop«. M«w»whil« it may b« im)I«<I that lli« Uniia
•lining in IIm widdf divoraiiird natira nicabuUriM M* Irraonnoii^abU
with tb« ifkw of th« intnMiiirtion of Uibaccv aafionK th« ttorth«trn
trib«a of tb« AmMlnui ountiiiant aa a rtiwnUf borrnwail n«iv*ity.
W« l«am from ik« nantira of Kath«r Franotaro <>'r«uiUi, that th«
Jeauit niiaaionariiM of tb* 17th iwnturjr. tbuiid tobaroo in abuiwianl
ut« among tha Indiana of Canada. So aarlj aa 1620 k« deacribas
th« liuruna aa /Mnoking immod«rat«ly th« driad laavaa and atalka of
,th« nicotian plant commonly called iohaeco or p0h$mt ; and au«ii was
thair addiction to the pr««tio« that ona of khair Iribti ip Upptr
Canada, rraaived th« daaigtiation of the /Wmmimm, or MBokan,
from the latter name for the favourite weed.* Thia term appeara to
lie of Floridiau origin, and waa prrhapa introduced by tb# miaaiooariM
tbemael?ea from the aouthem vocabulary. But |h« tba Cbippewajr
Dam* for tobaeeo ia lummak, aeemingly, aa Dr. 0'M««r»—now, and for
many yeara reaidant miaaionary among the Indiana of the Manitouanin
lalanda, — aaaurea me, a native radical having no other aigniflcanoe or
appUoation. So alao the Ohippewaya have the word iirttm tu aipreao
■moka, aa tbo amoko of^ a fire ; but for tobaeeo fumea they
employ a diatinot term : ^Imeitataif, literally i *t it amokoa," tho
puekwanm of Longfellow 'a " Hiawatha." I'wmkfwm i% a ** tobacco
pfpe;" and with the peeuliar power of compound words and infleo*
tion, ao remarkable in the languagra of tribea so nido aa thoao of tb«
Amerioan foreata, we have from thia root : nipwakfmtukm i '* I mako
pil)ea," kipwakpuukm : " thou makeat pipea," ftomkfumm : ** k«
makea pipea, lie.,'* ao alao, nituggatw : " 1 amoke^a pipe," ki$mf»
giuuM : "thou amokest," tuggamm: **he amokea." While tkera*
fore, Europe haa borrowed the name of the ladian weed finom thad
portion of the new world Qnt viaited by Ua Genoeae diaooverar, tli«
language of the great Algonquin nation exhibita ao ancient and
entirety independent northern vocabulary aaaociated with th« uae of
tobaeeo, betrayiag none of the tracea of compounded deaoripttr*
terma ao diacemihle in all thoae applied to objeeta of Earope«i|
*"A4 Inwrtiw a mi a ai aaaawat rumum ei sicmtla (Ulta lUryla M^artof* mohIo ia
I' t>UI>m Utrtwi (tb <<■■ %vi IntwHt nomlw nieotiam placwH apyrtlarn mmn tmhaemm mm
'i\\ . fttmnwm valao vvoaati al^a* iaa* nomm apvd Qalln ftiVMill, «Mi tntar QiBataHM
popHloa VaMa FMai^tMfaaa dtritw) m>, qnud Mnbri iiiilniMail vtat m\nm tatiit. ali 9m
tuHgaUoMS ■ofvpMi «aa«MvmHitpHinuin, nam wl ab •<• «ai a CaaaiMrfbwr
aderipnlai HI miii» w» yaw »ifcl«ai pmmOSanfmtlm taba luaglawlt, <po <
fumo* haailant. ae lH« ai taiMtonUaai 1 pertantant enlnii otrabmai. cMctalm^iN <
tndueaat. vlai laatar." ^iRtitoH* O»nad0m»i$, am IToMt Prmmttm." IMt 1 MH^ B^ H.
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•^»»^ wma «c» am mm wo«.«. |
«
•rifls. TIm iw a rt w of •moliinf nnraotitw, ia inl»nr«T«n wUh «)l
iMr hiibitt, M thai lh«y •*•« Mrko« lini* by p4|HM, HdnK auAh won-«l
mmUmtma m H/nfo/iiMAf na, " I Wm on« pl[M» fof lim« ) •b«iut it".
tn %U« Old W (trill m<Mt of th« id«M eonneetrd «ith th<« tobaoeo pip«
•M Iximoiy mhI proMio •nougli i tad Ihoufti w tMooiaU th#
eMbntik with th« po«ti««l r»iri>Hi»t of tiM oriental d«jr*iirniint<»r, atul
lh« hookah with th« pU«Mtit funeJAa of th« AngUvrndiaii rvpoaing
in thn hhad^ of hia hiingHlooar : n«T«rlh«lca«, th« tnbaoro pi))^
conatitut«« lh« ptwuliar and ntuat chnract«triiti« aymhol ot Am«rirA,
inlimateiy inl#nrov«n with th« rit«a and auporatitiona. and with
thtt ntlica of «nd«nt cuatoma aitd hintoHoal tniditiona of the
Aboriginm nflhia New World. If Europ« borrowed from it the flrat
, knowlMlK«of ita prtMd narcotie, the gift wm raoelved uiiaoooitipanied
bj tny of ill* Morod or peculiar virtum which th« Hed Indian atlll
attachea to tt m th« aymbo! of huapltality and amicable intercour»e j
and Longfullow. acoonlingly, «itli no Icaa pootio vigor, than fltneaa,
qivna kit " Bong of Hiawa*h»" with th« inatitution of " the peac«.
plpa," by the Or^nt HpiHt, the mnatcr of life. With all the un-
pwtlcal aaaticintiona which are iiiacpamble from the modem iiaea of
the nicotian weed, it required the iiiapiration of true |Ki«try to re«
de«m it fVom ita boae ideal. But thia, the American poet haa
aooompliahed fully, and with the boldeat flgurea. The Maater of Life
deacHiida on the mountaina of the Pmi<ie, breaka a fragment from
the red atone of the quarry, and faahioning it with eurioua art into a
figured pipe-head. he Alia it with the bark of the red willow, ohafct
the foTNt into flame with the tempeat ot hia breath, and kindling it i
ErMt npon th« mounulna
OiUha Mnnito, th« mi|^iiy,
8iikik«d ihe ca>l|pt. (b« p«aM-pipt,
At a tigiiiil to the aatiout.
And tlio ■imike roco vlowly, tlowly,
Through th« traoquil air of mamio^,
Wr^ta •infU line of «|«ikiiMi,
,Tlito a dMiMr. bluer vNpor,
Than a •i«nw-whit« aloud iinfoUinji;,
Lik« iha tr«« tup* of tita fore«t,
llNr«r rikiiig, rUiug, riaiiig,
Till it touched tha top of h*aT«a,
. ' ' nil it broke atraimt th« beaviii
And rollad onwaid all around it.
And th« tribea of the ancient Abortginea gathering from riter,
lake, and prairie, feaaemble at the divine aummona, Katen to the warn-
irtgaand promiaea witk which fhe Great Spirit aeeka to guide them j
^«^
"^Brfi
VKil
-.t
I
•ad Itih 4oa«, Mid IIm wairior* Iwivinii huriad ihmu wr aiulM, tiMjr
■moll* thiMr Unit p«a w p>p«. mimI (k>p«r« i
WMU Ih. Mmmur of IJf*. Mrmdinff.
Tkrm^ llta <>p<Ht<iHI «•! •Ii>«mI ««rMlit^
Vm«4mhI Arotu bafvM ili«lr ft iiiii,
!■ Um mnuM ilMt rullvU minjii«1 bint,
II b DO nrtn tnuiii|)b of tho pout thua tu rrd««in fmw aMook^
tioiw, uot uiilj pruMio, but •v«n uRWu«i««, a cuaium which m
p«viiii«rily pcrUiiM tu th« umik«« aud th« rit«t uf Uii* cuuliiu»nl
fr«iMi kb« rvtuuUat (iin«« of wbUsh it« hi«l«>ric niviiiuruUa fUrniah anj
tract) and which ««■ nu iMM>iMir practioally iiitruduevd to tl^
ktiowUKlg* of tb« (lid world, than that royal (Nrdant, king Jam**,
diraotcd agaioat it hia wurld-famoua " CouuterbUat tu 'I'ubaocot"
daMuribtug ita ium M " • ouatuui loath«auin« to th« a^e, hateful to
tha Doaa, harmftil to th« brain, dang erotia to tha luuga, and in th«
black atinking fume thrn^uf, iicnrrat r«Htimbling tb« borriblo atygian
auiuko of th« pit that ia bottouiluaa !"
The hiatorjr ol tha ouatom/tbua dignified bjr the aaaaulta of
rpjaltjr, and agatnat certain uaea of which the aupreme pontiff,
Urban. Vlll., fulminated the thundery of the churok, haa attracted
conaidei^bhi attention in modem time* on varioua grounda. In
their relatione lo phyaiology the uae and rffeeta of narrotica daim an
important oonaideration ; and the almoat unireraal diffUaioii of tobacco
in modem timea, accompanied with ita peculiar mod* of enjojrment,
ao generally adopted by the mo»t diverae tribca and nntiona in every
quarter of the globe, give ita hiatory a preeminence in any auch
inquiry. The queationa aa to whether the practice of amoking
narcottoa, or aven the uae and peculiar propertiea of tobacco,
were known to the old world prior to the diacoTery of America, hate
accordingly repeatedly excited diacuaaaion i though it baa not been
alwaya remembered that the inquiry aa to tha indigenoua character
of eartwin Torietiea of the tobacco plant in the old world, and even
•a to the uae of auch a narcotic, involfe queationa quite diatind
from that of the origin of the very peculiar mode of partaking of the
•xb^erating or intoxicating effecta of Tdjrioua oarootiea by inhaliof
>tlieir biiming fumea through a pipe. ■ \ • -^ ^ . - /
Tha graen toUooo, nieotiana nuHem, cultivated in Thibet, weatera
China, nortbem India, and Syria, ia a difTerent apeciea from the
American plant} and «bi]e it ii affirmed by aoma to have been
\
^t£tt *" ■*"(
T "^^f^ -sr^mf^, "^ '
"ff^ T» "",
• *«ft»'
#
for il« imi^MTtelMMi ui«o HrlMils. ki^ib •uUMttlUM in IkHaay Mr* atiJl
AmmmA tu niMiilMa IIm imdkg*tutu» shArMlwr of lh« «•««><«<•■• rutitm^
im mmm |MrU W iW aU «<»rUi, m m nuHiMivn la«li». «h«N il U
•laud ki gnMT wild. l>«iW«M«, (1 lUa.) v/mk» of UibftMO m o«m tf
Um iMiiunil pnKi«4-tion« of Fotsmmm wh«u«« it wm Urgaly iiti|Mirt«Kl
kjr Uk« CkiuuM I and Haviiry, <)i««rl<M. i.'kardut, and otti«r »rtt«ra,
•Mali qiioUd* lo •!>«>«) Uiab Uia nimttuutm I'traum, ahitih furotahM
Ika AiiiMnM aliiffMi tobaoaOf ia nut unljr iudi$mniiu» Ui Farak, (aa
•l^iniim favuurad hy hifh auihorttiaa iii boiauy,) but tbal il waa naad
for •moking IVom *nj eariy limaa. Thai all tha vari«ti«a of iha
Ht^oitmrnm am not ettiiAoad %o llw n«tw aurld i« uiMiueHtMoabla. i)f
•oma Mfty-aiubt adinittad apwda^, Hm graal nnyurtlj U» t p d«td
AiiMTi««n, but a faw btdonn to tba oawar world of A-uafenlia. baaida*
thoaa b«liat-«d to b« indiK«iiiiu« to Aaia. It ia not aurpriaiuK tbara-
for*, that altar all ih« attaiitiun «liivh thia auL{i««t liaa Utlarl/i
on Tari«Hia actmuala, attraolad, vritera abeuid b« f^od to nMiutata
Um opinion that th« luM «f IoInmoo mi • umvoImi w«a known and
practiard bjr tha Aaiatitia. prior to the dla<^.ov«ry of Ani«ii«-a. Tb«
orivot(il ua* uf tobaooo ma/ iudtwd b« varricd ba«;k to an vra ul4
••ougb to aatiafjr tba ktanaal aticklor for tba autM|uit/ of tba practlM^
if k« ia Dol loo nioa aa lo hU authoriiiaa. Dr. .¥alaa in bu Trmdi^
dm Sgifpt, dcHMiribaa a painting wbiob b« aow on oua of tha toiuba ai
Th*tb«*a, contuiniii|( tba raprcaonlatioa of a amokiug partjr. iiut tbi|
ta nwidtira compared »itb a record aaid to ajiiat in iba worka of UM)
carljr fatbam, and, at anjr rate, prvavrvad aa ftu old tradituiu of Ib^
Orerk Cburob, wbiob aacriboa Iha iuebriation of tha patriaiub Noab
to tha temptation of Iba Devil by meaua of tobaooo ; ao tbat King
JM^«a waa uot, after all, without authority fur tb* black atygiao
pnrentaga be aaeigna to ita fumeal Vrofea^ir Joiiiiatou— wha
marahalla varioua autboritiea on the Aaiatia iiae of tobaocu fur atnok-
ing, prior to tlia diaeovery of Amarioa, without venturing on auy very
deflntte opinion of -biaowut-'-quotee Pallaa aa nrguiog lu favour of
Iha antiquity of Iha praeliea Irom iia akieaaire prevalenoo iu Aaia,
Mid aapacially ia Cbinn. . " Ainongal the Cbiuaae," mI||b thia writer,
" and among the If ongoltribea w ho bad tba moat intercourae with
ibam, the cuatom of amokiug m ao geuenJ, ao frequent, and baa
beoome ao indiapenaable a luxuijr i Um tobaooo-pune alKjuid to tlioir
balfeao neoeaaary an aHMIi^ii^iNaa; tba form of th^ pip«it. from
«bia^ li^e Dul||p^n to hairo Uktm the modal of tkeira, ao original {
*A0;«.
f at IL » ta^-.
^i^&f.s
tk99 MVCMIffllHIl
^*" MOTiy, twi ^vpSMmBII Or HM fwlmlm MMMt, WIhm (mi
»«bbMl Id ^4m-«^ aN.! iKm |iuI »««« tU p4||«.. M pwrni'M. »li«t Hl^
•e<atf mH (MiMikiy 4»H«« til ll»i« fV^iM A wt it wtf Wtf aC MbM^
•ir|Mx>te% M liNlia, »Imv» iIm |>f««iUw it MM ■• g trnm A , Iwliiii—
b«««MMt lNw«i« M«l Chinm " Hul IIm AfiiiiUma itf Dr M*r«n, llfw
Bwly I'mhmvr nT \Ut9mnj m IH« UnivrrMlj of Harttu, mw wofiliy
of tlfil ffwNar ««i|lM, Ml hHk mtktfwm, aMk* m An«i«>1«c4«I
mnd ll<Hiinl<«i groiiiMlt. In liia •• OrmmJrim 4rr I'f^mmtmfmfrupkit^**
or"OttthiiM of lh« 0«i,fni|ittr of n«nU," r*<-««iUv IrMaUlMl tm
Ik* May HtK-kHy, h« ahwrv*^ " It h«« timg tMsn lii««i(itiiiim. lUl iIm
■M tf l<ikMm, M wvll M ila «wll«iff«. wm ptciiUMr lo Ih* fMrnfO* of
AiiMruM^bullMsknow pi«o»»4 to b» t»w trw > by wr ftr m t al »ii»
' vnTt •mjiMtiiUncw wiUi (*hin« inil IikIm Th* eunsumption of
tobatfMi m Mt« ChuivM tmpini l« ot iniin^iuM ritant, «na th« pv««-
Ml* MMM lo IM af fVMl •lll^Nit7, % tin «««7 old MulpturM I lmv«
obMrrtd lU tmf mm IoImmnm plpt* wlilth ar* MtU iM«<i. Il«ai4«
w« ni>w know iK* pUnI wKi< h rnrnialir* Ik* CkiiMM) UitMo«o, il it
«T»ti Mid to grow «tld In lh« Km! In<li<^. It i« cwrtaiii thai tki«
tobncoo plant of Mslffm Aaui ia 9iiil«> iiiff«in>nt rrom tlui AinvrMaa
■p««i«i. Tk« gwnua Ni<MiitMi«, gmMnilJjr apMking. b«ii>ng« to |ki
w«nn.«r wmaa. yvi n Aiw afMMina of il k«* • • r«ry •ilvnaiv* ATM, m4 •
gn»«t pownr of rMMling Iho itiHuono* of rliinst*. for th«f enn h« grown
nndor tho winnlor. Mid in Iho i«inp«r«t«i sou*, avmi far ottov* 54" nurik
l«litad», wh*r» Iho miMn aummor hiti ia m[\i»\ lo MMt^ C«l».
Tko aonlkorn pt>l«r limit for tho oullara of I liini b nol osMlIf
known, but il ao«>aia lo •itoiid to tk« 40th dcgnnt of Utitudo, (W in
aoulb Ainorton loboooo lamiltivatnd at Coiicoptwo, and lu New Z«t>
land onowgh ia grown for Iho eooaumption lkof«."* '
To ludia, Ihoo, Ht. U*yn inolioM. wUh oCkors, to rofor Iha
imKva habitat of an AaUtic t<iba«<oo, which ho thua aiHrma to havt
boon in nao bj th« (y'hinoao aa a narcotic, and oonauiuod bj iohalHig
ila amoke tbrough a pipo. i^ltogathor iodopoodool of tho introdno-
lk>o of Ikia loinrj lo Kuropo by tko diaeovorora of Amortra in tko
flfWntk eratury. Wkilo tho Turk atUl akowa tho opium in whiok
ho ao freoljr indulgoa, tho Chii»«ao, and alao lh«* Malaya amoko jt,
noal froqiMntly uaing aa a pipo a bamboo, wbioh mmrm alao for a
walking aliok, and roquiraa awry al^iht opatation to oonvert il into
on opium pipo. Tho ('hinoae opium aaM>k*r aocviaa Iho utmoateflkt^
pf that powerful nareotie by awalktwing tho amoke ; and notwith*
ataodiof thta modo of uaing tho naroutic dorirod from tha poppv ig
* Matraa*! OatllRM ar Mm Oaicnolv ar 1
ryf-.
•>l«tl
Mili III f»wmh»<»#»i lK«l Ik** •livnfa |i«>tfii« |)r»0««<l«4 Kunif* In
wocmI Migravtiig, ^inliiif, %hm •tiin^«««, ttMl «illi«r« «f lk« Moal
lni|^aHUin« of iw < i >f w «liM«i««rlMS IllVfV «ottUl b« n« ju«l muM* oC
MffirtM alMMtM II b« |K««*<1 t^ to t^nt •'•o «« •«•»<•« aMrillM mmH
nifiril M piiH«ln« lu tK« UiitWiliv« in lt<« u«r« lo «hkh l<>lMtf«w i« •!»•
^t94> Huoil »«M(««ir«. hf»<»««rr. immI m»t b« I«m» lt«attljr •n«pi»'i\
9m • proftHindljr mH««iIiII« b«i««nl«l. lh«iMgH m nlU^tlMrr IrualwiiHlgr
•rlMviijr im nkikm to IIm Im^im of llM |M«wl. NMijr Iw *«m^ lUib
qiMilll«<i to prunouiM* an npliiKin an lh# f«lu« »f ■urh C.hinvM
ninuuniAntal rvidcuOT m Ur M«jrt»«t t«j«««l/ r«f«rt to ttit4»r IIm
iwiffnAlioii if ■* fii7 iH Mfit|pliiiii.**
Til* Kofmn Imm Imnmi t^p»*M to, mihI il« nunivni vnrti'MM tvrtri f«*r-
•Mk IIni AiiMPri«*n niim*. K Irndiltonal (>f<>f h«ry iif Mnlwimri im •twt
qanto*! bf H«l«, «hi<<h wHil« it tuHitnMiu'U th« iw«h<«««1 ••awtontNi
of ti>lMr«ii in hit tint*, furvtoll* tlml i *' in iIm Uttwr dftya lh«r«
•HaII b« nirn btHtring th« num** nf m(Nil«mi. but nut ivitlly lurh, ancl
lh«]r tlMiH tmoiit « ««rtoiii wtril whieh ■hall b« calUd t».b««*«»t"«
irth« (irtt|th«Hfy did i ot bmir uii tlui fiw>n of it ■luh unini«t«limibki
•tidrnor «»• lK»uig tin* invtmlion of •iim* mo«l#tn (M««itifl 'i>f Ut«r linuHi,
II wnald Airniak no bud pmofof MahomM'a right to iIm till* of " lh« -
Mm itrnpHH," tof Hal* ^uotM in th« mom pr^iiwlniirf {Hmimitm to
hU wdition of th« Korau. Ih« l*«rtl«n |irtivi>rb " tntirtNi without
tobacco ia mr^t without aalt " An ap|NMil to thegra|ihio pa'iurvagf
eaatom aocial kabito in ihw " Arabian Nighia' Kttlrrtoinmanta." fVir»
niahaa atrong avidmiav againcl tba aneianl knowtvdga of a outtom
now BO univrnal i and in ao far aa aiu<h nrgativa itvidt-nrw may b«
«at4Mni«d uf any ralua, th« pagaa of our own Hhaki*t>|)rar« arain
tquaily coneluaiva, though, aa will ba arao, th« praotioa had nut only
baan inlnnlnerd into Kugland, but waa baooaaiug fainiliarily known
befbra bia danth.
Thit " drinking tohatym,** aa amokin^ waa at (Irat t«rm#«t. fWtm ttia
moda of partaking of ita fUmra th«n practicrd, fliida apt illuatrntion
ia Iha langtufa of our grmt dramattal. TW poat, in ** Ttmon,**
apaaka of th« ayeophantiah (uHowara of tha noble Albanian " through
bim drinking frv« air t" in tha * Tamp««l" Art««l, ft%n^r in bar
maater'a aervicr, axalaimat * I drink th« air baftire ma," and in
** Antony and Cloopatm," tha RgypCian Quaan Ihua wmthfutljr pic-
tarea th« indignitifa of a Boman triumph :— -
■'■ " " . V I I I'll " ■' ' ' ' ' . ' '
• Mir» Earaa am Land. tail. MM
?•
I ^■FfV-
^
Ij
^'
ftmk ti ffiM ill«4. tikAti ••]
fWlly lhr«>u«». all KU «lrwi«i|«n.Ui||ii*ilQkr^ifc# «„«! h^.M^iy m4
AlHiilMr •lliiHraM'tti*. kul f UImP aiMitta r«f«r«itr« lni|i<Hiil«« of
In iHiMi^ rtf )rimti(«r ftMi(«>m|t«irari#« •H.i atirvivv^l him. In " Mueh
A4(i Ab<Mi Nmhing," Oonwiiiii |«|J« f^ Juhn i " leiaf ffiii«rlii(n-
•4 fer • iwrfuKHrr. nt I «ti ImI^ • llMl^ r*mm. 0nm»9 i« IJm
FHam tna amMti^ iMind is Wl. i« m4 Mnffvniw." (Ati I.
ivvn* III ) Again in ** MdHHm «fi<l /uIImI,** ULuwq ikvm t^kcff
brtnling Iwvtt —
" f yitll . •# mit»Umt »»H » »w li 4 1 •
Att<l agAin ia iha aatua mmim Ii« vtaUiaM u»»
' Um t» > witii ■ill wm u>« ftwM <rf itgti^*
If, M M*lno« inAin ^a«i .» Mt^ra of (lir John DavU. tad olliar
•arly niMicM. t>haf«o au raioikixi by tho «it« and ipillanla on lh«
l«ffliali alaff*. Mon tha nloaa of lh« •ittMnlh mm%ury. it la dim«iill
taavado th« mnrtiMiim thai anoh aimilaa may hava (Urtvod iMr fbiM
tHm ihm UihatMi luin«a «hidh roaa vMbly tai aighl of Iha «vdiaMtk
'I'baaa "l'"«4Mi^>y*''«*'- h«>««»WrHawi np^ap* morw i-Membtanaa
!■ wrhd 'ijfl|UHHkl'«^>*l*''^M||P*r- t^'in* i<i«i«« now auggaatad i
•^ "••y NHBI^^^ •", millrUntly ludafxindttnt of tho aaMhar^f
**doiMi" In invulva no o«raaaaary aaMMialkm wtih ll, a««Q iMd avdk
bof n familiar to th« (Mirt ; but it a«wma to mi* aturnolf ^MMbla lh*l
fMiakM|M<«ni «ouUl hava niUinad unino^hAad th« lauguat|« o| Lmdj
ilacboth. in »h« oonciuaioa of Iha flrat aol of ** Maobwtli/^— «»• of tha
piodurtiona of bu tater yaan,— had th« fumm of U*ha«»o b«e« aa
aaauoiatiMi with wuim and waaaaii. aa thry ««ra within » v«fy (|«
jraara altor thn data of thai wondarfut draaia. iCnutMirairiaf kf^
hiMbaud t4> " acraw hia«a«tfifa to Ihf alickiu|| pla«a," aha aajatr*
,'" '*' ' ■' ■ «i .» "Miaf^ioahaaihafiataa,;'! .\. , <■■'*-■■■
Win I wftk vfaM and waia«il>«u «u«TMia4^^ . - __ ^^
^ TlnU niamurj, tli«i warilar of III* li Mia, 7 "t '^
Khali b« a fuma, and tb« rM<lp( uf raaaoa
A Uiahaak aaij.'*
.^y^w^ SLi ^
f^i^yK^^P.
«»
m4 II. /W«M«^ l» Kiw«^ tmfUm i it fr^Mt lk« |NM« i||v»4uiili
•.i«ii Ml iitiMhf laiiM trnki mmm ¥ ••»••« ttifllMb tt^y ll««^
iMflM^ • liyyww»»l>il<4 hn i Mi i •• mAMlllllil |i«iprMAt«« w>««r
Intoflbfw «MJl IK« ff*plii« l«i«»>iM •Vbii gl*« lilW to giifi «#*« «f
IK« Hlt4l««pMrMn 4r«in« . •n4 tUl lh« in«fa MMMii«llM^«wMlif Mtl
»( Hm\t h«<« ii»tvrr«4 M|.4k««|>*4ir« (lum tit tlNntw ♦» l^fjiHiK 0|fa
•i^Maili«f Mvtlt/ 4t4 M« fMi^tr M MtiM»iUl>U) % kK tW"*** "^f
UtU ta mtmy • tttbd ti^lic Til* mliimt't ^iiill* i«i i^^
llMkMllMi4 iMiVMkli*'i%*M ■ M ii t ii p i vtA imiilt
or Hw»fii} HT Norway, tft«l»ui|i>iii Km !«« llwmMinil 4M
ColniM Inch 1 (A«l I-, ^t^m HI.,) or M«n«tilu«, in '*Ci
(Act v., lk«o« I..) »llh hi. ^
•mft IrllMWN M»l Itef* »Mk'4 Aw «*•«»•
To wih« mm/* thtaflH''
or handnNl aliiitor Inotoncr*, liwiUior l«i IIm tftddrn ot our
dromolbft. wouki oil mum r«|u«lly moilmiMibU ««tw th«y mA oli
tliorv. It Mrrma to oi«. h-wruir. thwl th« «M«ici«tion at tol
"funiff«" »iih " minm •ml miimaI^" • vwrjr f«w jffon Ui»r thou li
production of " lloclMtb," «u«il(i |ito t>rtvt»lH iho um of thv
BMrr lomi, in tiMth on nMMiciotioa l^lo kto poputor ttttM. ■• \» <li
in lh«t itm^iii. Tho olluaiuf* thi»i» i« t<> tho rising nf yWm of
vopour, in iliatillotion i but Umron, «hi), in kia thirty 4 hint mMjr t
*' Of rtontotiono, " op^oko of tko iibevo of Virginb M on« of iKt
" Mmnidditira ohioll IIm inil wlwrt iko pttntotion l«, duth nulunillf
jiold," nlMiirhtfni nwnmnirnd* " thitiit won* good to try li« Imktmf
9/ J)tmti'h]f piit*t,M th0y do in I ml § m9 , of othrr thinK* 10 dry and
eomfort.'* Hero thoroforv, w« |>M^'«iPo tk« Adoption of HhakraorAr*!
twrm '*/km0t,'* for th« amoke of tobaeco witkift • forjj^^Cvw yotrt
aflrr th« prwiuctiun of " M«vb«th," • «<irk M4ign«d by nrorly «11
kia beat rditora to the r«ign of Jainaa fL
It is eurioua iodmid to iiut«< bow naitly wo ean »pproiimat« to »
pr«c««o dato for tk« litorttry rrcog uition of th« * Indian wt«d," irkivb
h«« b««n auch ofiirourito of thi* aludont in l«i«r timra. Wiirnor, «ko
wruts bia nno« popular** Albiou'y Kngland," io lObtf, added to it
tkroo additiuiul booka in IfUM, in tha Urat of «bi«h (Rook XIV.
chap. Qt.), a tritioal imp iuroigha againal tko daolino of th« naniiora
of tha good old tiiaaa { and unoog othor aymptoma of d«c*y, aiiaaaa
the amoka of tho aid manor-obiainoy. wbicb oaco gavo avidoniM of
i^
c
gm
/
fy
-f
^^..£lBS..^i
f ^ ^ ^ *'
/
^ - ja ^"^""^ ^ f -
j^Sf^?- 'Tpfv
/ n
■ ^
;
perplexing MiMk* wliieli «• proM«MU 60m MMfUa and Awm Ihriwte of
MUw, lonU, md silly groom;" Mid OTeUlMa ■■lBiri>li»d i*«. ;
■*OrMt Makhabl «m M tpll lr«M ««U m thbMr ' ''**''
But his fsllof^lMubua^ali^f hi* fMrajQ^ .fr^iof hint t^ ttu
novelty :—
" WM M IndlM WMtl,
. Vmt tarn4 •wny mm WMftb Ubm iravU ■ kuay tli«u<M(h hwl* "
Tobsoco, thcreforo, wm not only in u*, butaliTMiy indulged In to
an eitravagnut ekceae, in Khakvapeara's Inter yearn. Though ui).
named in hie worke, it repeatedly occurs tn those of Decker, Middl*.
ton, and others of the early minor dnunutista ; and itill motp
ff filiarily ifthose of Ben .loiison. Deaumont and Fletcher, and oiben
oflaterdiae. In MiddUou's " Roaring Girl," produced In l«l I,
live years before the death of Sbakespeaer, and peculiarly valuable
fVoni the livwly. though sufficiently ommi picture it furnishes of
London manners in his day, we Icam that "a pipe of smook" waa to
'bo purchased for siipence. In Ben Jonson's •• Alchemist,*' of the
■eme date, " Drugger, the tobacco man," pfaiyi a part ; tnd a aimilAr
character figures among the dramatis pmrtomm of Beaumont anli"
Fletther's " Hcomful Lady." Moreover, the earliest of thi'so notices
not only refers to the costliness of the luxurious weed, with a pipe of
which. Drugger bribes the A Ichemiit; but the allusions are nolem
distinct 'to the adultemtioiis practised eren at to early a date, and
which arew no douht hinted at by Jonson 'A the name of hia tobac-
conist. ." Doctor"^ exclaims Fdce. the servitor, to Subtle the Al-
chemist, when introducing Abel Drugger ta his favourable notice,
^ (Act. }., Scene L ):--
** Doetor, do yna hsar I
This is my friMid AbcL SB litNiMt Mlow;
Hs Uls HM hsTs futi4 tobsoeu. snd hs doss not
8<iphi»lJ«st«UwithMck-lM«oro{l. , /^
Nor waabwitiniuuMsilslaiKl grsiaii^. *
Nor burie* itingrsTsI lUMforgmuail^"
' Wrnpp'dup In grvasy leather, or |.I«i'«f«lnats, • ^
But liMp* U in flas lily pou, tWt opsa'd -*^ i i
"V. SoMll UkeeisMcrvnor nsss. or Tnodi bsans.*.: . «
It is obrious here that, even thua c«Hy, Bmi Jonson's atiusions td
the bvourite •« weed" are not to an unfamiliar novelty ; though both
with him, and in the later worka of Bennnionit and Pietcber, it it r*.
lerred tq invariably •• a coatly hiiurf. •• Tia' goed tobacco^ tbia I"
tadaims Subtle, « jvhat is't «n oun«e7'' and Stvil, Um atewnrd, JA
■ i ^|t>i V . ^/
I«#T»
cluMli^ «M Ml mfwiUkmammmmmati iftrnk Ibr ilMfMl" ll muMt
inilM^, with fMaUiaf, iriakim^, amd •tbcr trkca, b Mpiof «i iW
jouag «fNmiltliriAa of th* linuiM ta •pccdj rwla. la " llaHlMtiMiicw
Vtir," (Act ir;, b«»a« VI,) tb* puritan Jastio*. Orardo, warn*
•gatasl " iiMtlaf after thai Uway w««d tobaeeo, whoae ooaiplaiiau i«
likm th« ladiaa'i that vimta it !" •nd aftar bcnting it iu t«mit ■
Marwiy quotable, ha raakona tha novica's outlajr at '* thirty pouada
a wt«k in bottla^lr. f«irty in tobacco I" So, tois in Baaumoat and
Flatebar't '• Wit witboat Monay," Vaientina " a gdlant that wil| not
ba p«rtuad«d to kcapbit •atate/'^picturing to bia fbitblcaa Hva|4. faii
bia lova auit. the brgfary that awaita them, ifuaia up a liat of tli«'
aligbta of toKuna with t " Kiigliab tubac-eo, with balf>pipaa. dot ia-
balf t jraaronea burnt." Mora quaint ia tha alluaion with wbiab'
Robin GoodfWIlow, in "tha Hhaphtrrd'a Draam." (1(112.) ixca ih«
introduction of the novel luxury, where raluetanily adnitting tha i
beneftta of the Bafonaatiop, he bewaila the nit oi' PQptfj aaid Iba
introduction of tohaooo aa concurrent areata I
From thia date the alluaiona to tha uae and abuaa of tha In4iMl
weed abound, and leave no room to queation the wide diflVuion of tha
practice of amoking in the afrenteenth centuij. Burton, in bi|<
*' Anatomf of Melaooholj," (1621), preaaribea tobaooo na "n^
■orereign reraady to all. diaeaaea. but one e«>mmonly abuaed by ni<»4 »
men ;" while in Zacharie Boyd'a - Laat Ratteli of the Soule in Death/'*
pHnted at Edinburgh in 1629, the quaint old divine ape^ka of t))a
baekalider aa one with whom ** the wyne pint and tobaoca pypa
with aneeaiog ponder, provoking anenela, ware hia beaiiaa deligbt 1"
The term emploj^ed by Zacharie Boyd for anuff, ia atill m th»
abreHated form of ** cimmAm," the popular Heottiah name fur thia
preparation of tobacco. There are noc wanting, however, abundant
proofa of the ancient naa of aromatic powdera a* anuff, bng beforti
the lntrodaet{<*n of tobacco to Europe. Ona familiar paaaaga from
ShakMpeare will occur to all; where Hotapnr describing tha fop*
bVf lord "iiarfUmed like a nrilUnar," adda :«-
"And Hwht MtiRg«r and bit ttnaabha hdd
A poo n ai t b a a , wMeh avar and waaa
Ha gMva Ml ROM. aad tookfaway a(aia i
Who, thcrawith angiy, whcp it naitaaHM tharf .
;•■-... Tbok it in waftl '. .••■.■ r- ,: ^. - ^.^-.. • «-•;
Tba iHnrtntion whicft tftla i^i>i»'lib^ anoiimtoie of
pnBfnit 10^ annnitie powderl hi one manaer in wMeh tobtoeo ftat
been ao aztanaively empk^ad finoa ito btrodaetion into HuNpfk
H
it«>'
■m
.M.-
(.y — =7 %"^f r«r"' "-"'
VAaoovM
I
■■lifc af Mirooliw in th« i*af •# iaMinf *kmf Hptm hmuk oa Ito ,
tkmnm of M rHw n o ^ i t M o# «> rMnarlMbI* • o— tow. Ttia Vuw iiw
dM<lo(; tarioua nalcotiM, tutk m o|ri«m, bvig i th« kaf of Ih^ lM«p
p(Ml, vid th« b«t«|.D««, Um fhut o# th* Aivw palm, ^ th* ^nitlk>i
Btato rn AaiiUiM aiipwn to k« tnusMbU to a tMsoto MMi^tiiljr. Nto«k-
•ftt Borup* Hm, m like muincr, had itoladumMMl hop, and ia BihliM,
ito mmmmiHt mmmniha, or Mrootio ftingiu. But tba avidanoa faila at
which should f rove that in tha oaaa of tha pipa, aa in that of Mm
pounoaVboi, tha tobacco only «a«ie aa a aobt^tnto for alder aroma*
tiaa, or nMeetios aimilarily ra^ilaorod. Nor whan tha «ridc*nea ia
looked into mora flarafViUj. »« (i|kiliraet proof* wanting, aa ouggcat
»aoaipM«iiTaly racsant oti|ii|^|a^fiur a* both Europe and A«ia nr«
ooneemed, to, tha peouliai>N^|i^'^f enjoying attoh naroottoa by in-
haling their funea through k pij^ attaehed to the bowl in whioh they
ara aubjeoted to a slow proeeaa of oombuation.
When engaged, aenie years ■inoe, in the preparatbn ot a warii on
Soottinh Archeology, my attention wa« directed, among variout minor
•ntiqiritiaa of the Britiah Ishuida, to a curioua claas of relics popularly
known in Scotland by Aha name of (kUie or Ef/im pip*», in the north
of EngUnd aa Ibirfptpm, and in Ireland where tbay are more abun*
dant, a«. Ikmrnf fiipm. Theae are finraied ^ whito oky , with aoma W-
MmblaiiMi^ to the (brm of the modem eUy pipe, but variously oma-
mantad, and inTariably nit a Tery small slsa eomtiared with any
tobaooo-pipe in modem use. Similar relioa have since been obaert ed
in Bnglatid, fonnd under droumstonoea oaleulated, like those attaatd-
ing the diseorery of aome tH tha Seottiah eisaiplea to suggest as
ntiqnity for them long anterior to tha introduotioa of Ameriea'a
(kvourito nuvotie, with what King Jamea, on finding ka taaabiliiy,
iMTMd to designate its " precious stink I * Tba most remarkabla
of anoh diseoraries are thoae ia whieh pipea of ihia primitiTa form
Irnvn bean fonnd on Roman sites along side of genuine Soman nunains.
Bodk was tha ansa, an the eipoenrs, in 186S, of part of tba anoieni
Boman wsll of London, at tho Tower poatorn i tnd. along with niaso»>
tj and tiles, of undoubted Boman workmanship. % awtihited sepuU
diral inscripti<m was fouad poaseased of peenhar interest from sup-
plying tlie only exampl«,fo Cur aa I nm ftwan^ ill Btitain, of » Chria-
tiudnteofthaMOonaeentufy;-. - 1««^ *•'<.< i ^
In tibn aiimnsr of 1858^ oqly a f«w months af^v thii ][^^ di^
•XAIMtarJ.W.
l4»io«,Ayt0.1M|.
;'j»'-hiI;!;T'-.
> fi<« ,f?«;*«5,4
I; f
i)r Mur.^ m fky-
Ttievw in*
iMfof fth^lMBp
1% kjr Mm ^nitl».
ividMM* f»ik 1MI
• in llwt of Dm
ror«lder •roma*
th« critlone* it
tling, m »ugg«t«
•p* mid Ahm An)
iiAroottoa bj in-
rl in whioh felwjr
m of • work ou
ig variout minor
relioa popularly
M», io tlio north
aro mora abun*
f, with aome M-
rariouirfjr oma-
ored with an/
B been obaert ed
to those atiMd-
» to auggeat \mk
D of Amerioa'a
g iia taaabilityy
toat reDiarkabW
primttiTo fona
EUHoaan nunaina.
of the anoieni
tng with maaoiv-
DMtilated aepul-
west from aup-
ain, of a Chria-
.?,'T''. ' * » fi'?
!?•
,«,4 ■ ■ .
■. • ■ ■
l-rV
^i^iiiK»^
mmtmas&i-'
'I^^BB&'
■ 4jp!'
ircms. <tw
IP
ol « Vaigf npari" alMg «ilii A«gl(vB«iMD ramaiaa of «M
aatond aanlurf « aiMttardiaeofwifla<w«M madaoai the aMaof the MooMnif
l^n ol llreaMMM%aada«o<M ef the forte on the wall of Hadria%i
ia JNeathnmberlanav The Warnad author of " The BooMn WaU,'^!
thae raiMrato the diMorary In the aaooiid edition of that work.*
|^lkall<w*«nuaMrate ainukiag pipea, auoh aa thoae ahewn in ths
ewt« fwkieh preoiaaljr eorreepond to many Minllar oiampka of th«
Mnalleat siM of the ao eallad Fmir^ or Amm' Jf**f^>\ among the
Mtiolea helongtag to (he Bo«Mn penod f Home of them indeed, hare
• nwdieiri|ji Mptct } buttha (hot of their being frequently found in
Homan atatfona, along with the pottery and other remaliie, undoubt*
edly Bomtti, ought not to be overkioked." After <iome further re-
marks in detail. Dr. Uruoe prpo o ed a to quote ths following paMam
from the «' Prehistorie Annala of Seotlaud i"— • ,..
* Afiotti^r etlMS of r«N<M firand in eanw(l«nibU nombsrs In North Bcrwioft, m
well M In vnrtona oUmv dJttricU, srs wiall tobsmo-plpM, popakriy know* Id
H stle n d by the ommm oI CWtte or A'^n pipm, sad in Iraiand, wltsrs iliov sro ovon
^m* abuiidaat, sri />•«<«' fif—. To what ptrlod th«M curious rolios b«loug I mn
staloM to d«t«roilu«. Th« |)opular murtua sUsckad to iham, maaifeatl^ point to
•o arn long prior to that of Sir Walter tUlcIgh and tha nialdao quaan, or of tha-
royal Sdtbor of ' A Oonittcrblaat io Tobaaeo/ and tba objeola along «tth which
thay hava bean (Hacovcrad, wonid alas aeaafi oMMiuuslly^ load to fimilar eon*
olsaiooa.in which oua wa afaall bs foroadto saauaa that tha Amariaaa waad vaa
a«lj iniroduoad sa • aupariur aubatitata for oldur uarooUoa. Uanip may, in $11
probaUiit;, bars .fernwd on« of thsss { it in atUl Inigtly ui«d in tha asat fo^
thia purpuaa."
When preparing the notioea of miscellaneous minor Scoitiah
antiquitieai from which the abore passage is abstracted, my attention
bad been directed, lor the flrst time, to theae relica of the old smoker**
niootian indulgeno«a. The discovery of miniature pipes, under pecup
liar cirouuutanoes, had been notedio the 9tetiatical Accounts and else*
wbeie, from tine to time i but lo far aa I am aware, they bad not
b#en subjeetod to spocial notice or investigatioa by any previoi^a
9cottiah antiquary ; .and finding evidence, then. guotedf— of the dia-
ooTory of the iniiii i i ^*i i JEJ^ii J^, in " iiniish enoAmpmenta;" in
the vioiftity of a pnniitiTe monoUthio ro(miuiu«i;it, ^i(h flint arrow
baad^i stone celte,&«y( inanjtncient oemote^, aloogsido of medieval
pQtteqr, at J^^orth B<»rwick ) and at oonaiderable depths in varioua
localities ; as for example, six feet in a moaa betv^en ^o^llowi^ and
>*
**Tha ttHSaa.^'Ul, aa MMetfcal and tijimaiail^ iiaiilHtel or'the Barrtw «v tiw
i*^ ^"^ trtaodlnf ftaai tea Xfm ^ U»a «olarv » bj tba Bav. f, C. Brnaa, M. A w^
VABCflVie tffMM A19 HrHtllMW
IiMrwiflk, in th« Oiknitf i I remaHmd in raferacc* lo lueh nolicM
that •omm qf |Im« «-«r« Mruinly •ugfMtiv* of th* Utll* Blla ptpM
b»longin|( to « i^mole ani. Wben, lii>w«ir«r, my w lti u i ml frt«n<l lAr.
BriMM, quoted m* in Mcming oonflrnuktion of, nt Uu4 iIm poMibilit/
thai the old ltom»n I<«ginnwrjr of IlMlrwn or 8iiv«r«a ooeaaiooaUjr
■olaced himwll' with • pipe, m h« kept watch and ward on tho -
•ncienk barriAr whioh in (ho llrat eonturiaa of our «ra marliod tha
otitar vcrgu vf tKa lluman world, h« tu4»k fponi tlia pago juat «a laiMb
M MuiBoad to giva a d«lieat« flnvur of pOMibility to th« fanoy , mi plaaMuk
to tha mind of a gtniiioa dtfvoCM of tho luiurioaa w»ad, that Iha
tohaooo-pj|>e it a dawiie imititution t
1 doubt n«H but tho l«ttni«Nl iii>man Antiquary of Pona ililia. in hia
ml to provide the Tungrian Ijcgionariea of old Uorouvietta, or Ih*
Hpaiiiah N'arduli of Itrrmatiium, with the otinaolatidne of a pipe, |0
beguile th> ir draary outlo«)tr IVum that bleak Northumbriau out|MMt
of Imperial civiliation, most honestly and unwittingly overlooked
whatever fiiiled to aquart with the manifeat Ntnraa of ao pleaaaat a
conceit I npr did it ever occUr to me to think of putting the tAdT
Tungrinns* pipe out, by continuing the quotation, until now when,
in tht5 tardy accvaa to Uritiah periodicnls, I Hnd myaelf quoted aa aii
Authority for the antiqfuity of the loliacco-pipe,— not ooJy by thoaa
WllO, favouring auch an opiuiun, are willing td oounfe even the iqoafe
lukewann ndherent on their aide, but by othera whp treat me aa Oliver
Proudfoot, tho bonnet maker, did hia wooden aoldan, which he aet up
merely for the pleaaure of knocking it down ; or aa the gallant
Bailie and bonnot maker of tSaiut Johnatouna aay^i *' Marry, and
•ometimea 1 will place you a bonnet (in old one moat likely,) on*
my aoldan'a head, and <ile.tve it with,Bueh a downright blow, tha^
in troth, the infldel has but little of his akull remaining to hit alt"
Far be it from me to interfere with the praetioe of thoae who, lika
the valiant bonnet maker, wish to make themoelves familiar with the
osHof their wiapon on such easy terms, even though, perforce, made
the wood«'n soldan on which it is applied; but I most oonfeaa to a
decided objection to being h«ld responsible for opinions quoted only
for the purpose of refutation, when as it would aeem, theae are read
through such a refracting medium as the Soman speotaclea of
in antiquary, who may be auumed without any di^paragemeat to
be a little wall-*yti.
r Quotationa at second hand ar* never very trustworthy, and it seams
diAsult to eredit with more direct knowledge than sueh as may be
derived from the partial quotation in the " Jioman Wall,** luoh
*••
Mieh
ilU> mAu pipM
omH flh«n«l Ur.
iIm poMibilitjr
•■ OMWMonaUjr
1 WM<d on thw
ra msriiad th*
[0 juat ■• niiieh
My, lO plMMBl
WMd, that lb«
>aa iVlw, in hia
mviMM, tiff 111*
• of a |»ip«, Id
nbricu uut|NMt
gly ov«riovktNi
' to pleMaata
utting the Old"
itil nuw when,
it' quoted m »n
ooJy by thoee
even the iqoet
It me a« Olirer
rbicih he aet up
If the gallaat
*' Marry, and
lost likely,) on*
ght blow, tha*
ing to hit at r
;hose who, like
miliar with the
perforee, made
it confeea to a
na quoted only
theae are read
ipeotaelea of
Mnragemaat to
jr, and it leemi
oehaanay be
I Wall,** tuoli
l^tuJ.^d^-^l_&j>l>^L^ ft^j^
-S^rr |:!553^ST'^|!'i^*^-^f!OT'jp^S^ -'■^T^f -?rr v~fi -Y'^' ^ ^ ^ ^ ^^„^^^ _^.^jj„^„^5j^„-^^y,-^ , ^j,„
■I
Wt9. 1. Mm* Mptk ll«mla«M<
J.
tM. ft Ov ^. >«* BMrwiek.
M-
'mtk
■•./ .
ANTIQUE 800TTI8H TOBACCO PIPES.
MilTIBlll Jill S ' ^- '«'»!r.*i^~->-t-»-.g=-i^''-4^.'a'-i'''.'*i^Jig-,y
HP WBi m» iiN mm ,i^¥imk,
lK
if*'
,M f , • "
It <fi fr i>'-'iy»%.p^ii 't»iXUf f<. 'imI»»» ■».^<ti^lk* t.f .}0fu-4 V'»^,-v .114'%
''■' -1^% if.N* *'i *♦ *')*' tft. .'»» •»■ " •» way, »«»! irfiifht if-i f.
U'l
Pr-
■fc.#
■f,,ij'i. ^ .
,1 •. • m!*-^i« V -.^^ ,%^ • ,. , Jtt»}*V>C .•'•; .' ♦. • i* ('hf-r}.:^- '.' .'k,' •>.-. -.i,'
'%' ''^'*H#b«Mb-'? <w, 4St^i>>V «f 'Vii^y -»^>**».j ..i;j^'
%*H -I sak, *,i)iV'*^.i;i»M(!(|i^jf^. .4Jb«»i»»^ iri-jiij^fif J»«^•*w^■WA^>•*.■^.V^.■-
•>■
.? ?.
• ^1
J l''l
'.:4i
- 1: -
-,'rf ^w. -■ *jii'-
s-"ttesi.= Ae." " 'yt. >i
Tf r)k" , i"
5™™Bi»^-'r- r»
y .
"•f%S'
/
/
»1. *■-- '^
*■'. ft,* f ' i -).♦'•**
/
I
V- ■
f
4««.n^\^, t^^**-.*-"!i-. 'f'"i^«(d«:-'^ p !«♦''§
^'#?^-^
Vt4t«ri m eM tn tki J trt ^ mi ti f tHtt Ta mri ut t* wlU, iflir MfWHng If
Mr. Cniflun Crvksr't atgiuU nrfuUlivii uf " thifl •bauril txiltun,'*
couplM in« with Dr Brtto* m " iii«liii«4l k> Maign tiMb pioM iw Mt af«
lone pHor t^ that uf RliMMk mi<1 IMr Walter BaUigk.** Il mighl
Im iirirwawiiiahi* to blani* ■ ntiilHbutor of rdiUtrial nolwi |4> th«
Arckaoloifteml Jommal (or ovrrlcHiking • pamgraph in th« ProwMtiuft
^ tAs BM«ti»k AmUqmritt, ol date 4 yaar mtUm Ihaii hit nute.f
wbieli nwortU thai * t)r«,, Wila^ communiflaUid a nuliaa of (b« ilia*
corary of vsnoua of th« amall fcibartvHpijH'* popularly l«mi«(l ' (7«i|tio'
or ' Klfln pip**,' in digging lh« fouiulatiuii uf a n«w acbuol bona* at
Uonnitigton, in tba intniediata vioinity of Edinburgh. Along with
Mmw vara firand a quantity of bodlaa or plaelia of Jamaa VI., which
h« ftKhibit«d with th« pip«a,and at tha aamatima eiprmiard hia bfliiaf
that thay pr^lfwbly auppliad a|, vary truatwortby dua to tho data uf
thia aomawhat curioua claaa if minor antiquitiaa." Tliia mora
maturad opinion of 1803 lay lout of tha way, and might nut b«
notiead by tha ArrlicKilogical Juurnaliat, aa it would aaaunxll; Flara
baan orerlookad by tha aaaloua Roman, quita aa much aa tho loUuw«
ing continuation of tha tirigitud quotation «o aptly abridgmi to tha
proportiona of hia olaaaio tunio. . But any writer who looketl in ito
own pagaa, for tha opiniona aat forth on thia aubjaot, in the '* Pra»
hiatorio Annala of tScotlanll." would hara found that tha abbraviat«Nl
quotationa in tha " Roman Wall" and elaewhora, only giva uno aida
ol^tfaa atatamant, and that, aftar refarring to an artiola in Iba Dublin
Panny Magaaii^a, tha inquiry ia thua aammad up i— • r* -^^
" Th* ooboIimIoo arrivail »t by tha writar ia that macaaiaa i», that th«M Daoaa'
pipaa ar« naithar mora nor Um tlian Mmm pipm, tba ioallaat uf (tMm |Mrtainlaf
ta tha aarliaat jaara of Qu««a BUmUiUi'4 ralgo, when U>« rarity and valun «f
tobaooo rMi4l«r«<l lh« muat dimiauUv* h<>4l «uA!eieatlj ampla (»r the •i\j(7maat
of ao tMMtly ■ luxury. Prom thia ha tracea tlum down to tba r«ifn of Ch trie* II.
by tha iaeraaaiac diaMoaiona of tljl bawl. /!<««•< imfrohmbU tUt tkn$ eitnttu-
•4aa« aiajr 6« «orrmii, notmitkMmmdUtf (Aa mppartnl tndleniioiu of a mimiA mtiUr
*ri0i*K wA^A tinmutmtm mmtkml aa lArir oeeatittiai duttmrg km* Hmmtd «a
Tba fallowing daaerlptloa of a aoriaua fkiotUah mamorlal of tba loxury would,
bowavar, aama at laaat to prova that wa miut traoa tba intradootioo of loltaooo
lata tbiaaouatryto adata mnab naarar tba diacoraryof tba naw world by Colum-
bna than tba ara of Ralaigb'a wloaiaatioa of VirgiaU. Tba grim old luep of
Oiwdor Oaatla, aaaodatad in daAanea of obrmology with King Dmaao and Maobath.
ia aqgmaatad lika tba oagority of anab SeotUab brtalioaa, by addiUona of tba
■lltaaolb flantary. Ia oaa of tha apartmaaU of thia lattar araotioo. la a atooa
aA iab w ii l rnlu al Joaraal, ToL XI . p. ^ ~ ~~ • ■■ . ' '""
tPKoaadlaait.A.Saal. VoLLp-iai
f
■ili
i.: 1^ j^'l^«-4* jmj.:!-^
i^.
V4MVIM «Mk*M UIB •VfflMSillBat
■NIBIMy, f^MtJ WW^ Wl^ aflMmBI Wpilipi MM hM |rWI9i|V> WrMM
'tiMr* «M IM Mi atolffe* M l« lk« w m m liH l «lllN Im« H*«I/ r*ft«M<M«lMi. m4
> tiumd h Iks 4ttm lllu. ika jmm I« wkMi tiM wtMf •# ika tmtkt h
U,U*m \mm WK"* Mi to «M«ll H W^ ht OdkO. J«Mk« MM
Htviitff IbtM tfM •! Mm tfj (kn/kt-^yk " M • Ihm ki a«4«rmin«
lo »hal iNinuii ib« ffuriMtiA r«li<*a (wlhrd t>in«'« or KIAn pip** klonff*
ffd," Mid rona«<|u«iiiry 4p||rt>Mlmg • <i<>||m»tiii Marrttun un 11 ■ubjMil
"(•fl for furthfir >mf *> j i% KiUo«," --furiifh»4 • i«>|«.r«blx ■igniflvAiil
indiMlion of mjr iM«lili«|ii^ to uM$u %o Miab iitti<ilUii rdiM • ptMi*
ColumbHin intraduotton'to Uritatn { and hsTtng, nopi^ir, it • brtir
|crlo4 §iv*n uii«N)ui*o«ail •i|)r«Miui| of • «iuiriii«d opinbn of
thi>ir modarn origin: I wm ■unttiwh*! turpriMd lo And myt»\f, no4
fwy lo'ig aiiirn. Agvrinn ftluugaid* uf ■alnguUrijr endttW>l« arrwjr of
"ohivtl^totit. MoiiMoUiguila, all knight* of lb« tntiioal U>b««ao pip** Mut
iMidy lo.%y^«r • UuMO wilb •nj puny uiodtrn baratio «Im> tontttPtd
natiJribAt Jul
In i|uciati«i]ribAt JuHua Caaar amoked hia ni«trek*um al th« p«aa«g«
of 'the UhiiHi, or thai llrnidotua pnrtook o( m HojrtbMn p«ac« pipo
wbota gtlboring tba naUriAla fur ih« Ur«b of lllalorjr I livrt b tkM
tmf of kMnifl<i •uUuMritioo.^lippod o«t of • nravnt Kngliah poriodioal,
produord M it wHT M a««iii', to anawar ia tba aflirnialiv*, that lA«
tmcitnt* Jidimok* : tkjtiiuwr'and UoioaQ, t'«U. Frank, and Nurmaal
Dl» m A aw a w •■oaal— Tka i{iiMttua aa to whatkar MooklMg waa kaawa
to UtaaoeltoU haajaal baan aiaritd la ((•rman) lij Ua |iiii>li«all<Ni «l a tkawlat
aonlatiMKt in tha H**m*U ^m Antiqmi(4* Hui—tt uf ilarim ila lloMtoltan, vhirb r^
prvMoU two ohjaala In alajr, whiih Iba author •■praaaljr dvaUraa lo Im anioklag
flpaa. Tb« autlMira ol tba ' lllat<iry «f tba Canton of lh« (IriMNia" ha<l mitvtAf
i|>ekaa uf tbaaa obiacta, but obuailtad Uiam ammig (ha luairumanta ma<i« uaa uf by
Ika auotkaayara, Tha AbM Co«b«t, In bia work uo Bubtarrauvan Nurmaixl/. uim-
tioii* having fuun<{ ■iniilar arlicUa cliKar wboU or In fia^Miantii, in (ha Itiimaa
aacropolia oaar Dl«pp«, « Mcb ba at flrat cunaidararf aa baltingli% to tba a«v*uta«nlh
•antary. or parhapa to tha tlnna of BaaH Ilf . an<l n»nri IV. Tha AhH bowarar,
•f()>nrarHa 4<hanir«-<l bla opinion on raaiHng th* work of Dr. <7<>llinK«niMl DruM,
aotlllad "Itia Hunuut Wall," in arhich tlia aiilhor aaka Iba quaalluo wliathur tk«
plpaa 4iaaaT>r< d at llaraa Brtdga, In MortkumbarhMid. aad ia Laedar, at plMtc
whara Roman aUliona wara kntnra lo bava aai*t«<l, Iwlonfad to tha Romauat Dr.
Wilaoo. in bia Ar«kaM>loKjr of Haollaad, alalaa thai l4>ba«co waa only inli-<M}«i«r«| at
• •apafinr kind of naraotio, and that bamp waa alrvady knonn to tha anaienta ti r
• Mdaliva. Tba pipaa feaad In Hcotllind by Dr. Wilaon npight haTa**i*<Hi Ibr
■■leg tbia laltar aubatanaa. M. WcMbtar, la bia " CalUo MununiaoU of llanuvar,**
•Mys that alay pIpaa flroa • «• • laahaa la laagth kad baaa fowMl la tonba at
• Ar«hMoloc7 and Prahbtorlo AniuUi of Hontlaaii. p. «■!. TIm Cawaor anUptw* Mid 4iia
■ra daaartbad on Mm aulharltr af Mr OMiitliara,» vaqr Iruatwortajr
^&:^^^^Sk^±ii:
J ^i^ i^^%ai. i^-^ A -(w.
L-i^ A.-(W.JUk.' , -Ue
vm OS*
dM tkfltkm md kMmm Im| hatm* llk« ! ■! > i fcm i n «l MhMW IM* liwtf*.
tUrn^MiU^ tn (fWlltnf *t 1^ 44f tlttM«w 4m« )im4 (It f|«iU M te>. lMi( iitiilliBi
llMi Ik* |M»|tl« (|trMMi l»«tN|» MmI •<« ra<l hnt «<n«MM Mel inlMkHl lti« *«|N>«|« «M|t
iwik II li i ln wlUw dkMiftil hjr naMM «l« ■•MmtoMM lli*t Um ^(m »« «lkt«ll|i
TliU U by no hmniim lh« 8r«( tl>n<i lliat vUumim mtihtmUm li«v«
iMWti <|U(H«d tn proof nl th« Mituiuity of anttikiKg In ^h« Amtk«t»mim
ilikmmitm,f for •g«inpH* l«*rnMl IrMlfaM aims l4 prow, on Ibn muIIi^i
tiiy at IJ«nlutM (Mb L Mm. 94.1.) H|r«bo. (lib. tU. 'JIM), l'uiii|iuiuiu
M«l«,('i-)««4 tkiliniM (a. 1$,) th*4 lh« aorth«m iMltona (»f l«un»{>« w«ff«
•fi)UMiil««l with ttitNMiaa, or ••* Imrb of ■(miUr prw^rliM, lonn IxiCora
Im duwuvArjr of A wwrio a, miiI ltt«t tluif ani'ilUNl il thi^iunh amiUi
ti^b««- IMiny bM dao bMM prmtiMwd to ahov lb«l C'tiltoAiol
(fitfM/Mf* fufftra, • inuoilaKwnotM Mut bittsr k«rb«««(NM pUui, lb*
!•■*«*« of whiah wrr« onuo in (nal fitvor for th<iir tupiKHMMl nimlidnd
quiUifeiaiK) fumialuHl ■ •ubatilitio fur tbo Am«ri«mn pUol whiab
■apcnwdrd this And oth#r fuioird auppliaa of Iho MMionls' pipctt
RpwakLngof lh*l pUiitM • rcmadj for « cough, (Nal. Iliat. iivi. 10.)-
Plinjr aaya :— " llujiia undai rum nidtco fumua p«r •rundiuriii, hnu^
lua •% dcvoratua, vrl«r«iu annar* dMlttr IumIm | ■M in airiKulM
balMtua pMauiit guaUndum wl>" Tbis, boirtrw, U nolhiug mora
thtoi * proof of thn Antiquity «f A pro<'M« of applying th«
fUnifa or atrAin of crrtAtn plaaia, for ni«diviuAl purposoa, which is
iioominimdad in a ttvAliM uo *' th* VartuM of i^olafooi" in Um
Hittnri0 of flmHlt, by Mambarl Dodoana. tranalAiad and puhluhrd
in KngUnd in 137lf. " Th« pArfuma of thtf dryed Itwvra" aAya ha,
" layde upon qiiioka flolaa, tak«n into tba mouth through iha pip« of
• ftinnall, or tunnvll, haipeth auoha aa ara troubtad with th« ahort-
aaaa of winda, and fatcha thair brcaih thiokn or oft«n." Ho far, bow-
•(bwM ta tha Nortii Hrtiiak ikuk, lUmU, Jitljr »Mkt UMbal vttkaat Malftt lka»
orlgliMl armrm. II Wm didImI Into Ih* tlltutrattJ TImM, of July Wlh. fend hy otW
■Mrtwlkwte, iMl Umtb •ho Wlthotit mtkrwnim In Iha orlRtiMl antAorMy. In tMa «Ma I
Munot diiubt thai tha w«(tor who thiia kioaal> [jiiiilM. or HlfcuniTtaa. IfeA "AralMWlnV tf
acotlaad" doaa It at Mron^kand, flraiii Ih. Hrtiea-
t Vol. I., p. IM <itu>t«d In /Mat m»4 Qmrnrita, X. 4a Tba Ml^aat Imb kam kaiMllnl In all
MaM^ and tmch *4a« of iIm a^Ntlana l« lN*«l«ta taa AMina lU Aataiikra In Ihia uaaM
awkidlcal. - aottbly uaaftal lo thoaa who ara cu4 off trma tha gntt ptibllo llbrarira In IT.
■ad Q., *oL ll„ p. IB4, miioh mirinua Inftwniallon la (<oneiimlj 0rmt ralatlte to th« amumaa
aHaflatMMiKanalaiitljr.aiidlathalUat. IbMp. ia*> Ita ■ aa>ari i aMIquHy llnJaa Bow«i».
ak&tan on iha aulhorHx o( Una, ami attll nor* oT I>r. M«]rar of K«iil«.lmrK. who dla.
aovar. 4 |n tha work* of an old lllndoalanaa phjrtlcUui, a pMMga In which tol)ac<» la dlatlnaUy
MaMlo ham hNBlnamdoead lata ladK kjUMFraa aaMaM. tat Um yaw iml
•-•i.
bj^y^.
/
■«,-,-~^-TiTjir jp-- ^j" ■jei^^sjTO^W!?*?' fl^^™ '
r^'Bjr^r' "' wwt»'"»''^fra|^ j^iu^Mt-^^^j^B^
hM9 tVfSMVUMIM
«^^
1
••«, frMI llM y W M t b t tf tMiMl fcHMlte llvftelbto Ml4
li«<ti«iiMM% whmm I lk«t« littivii rttmmmmttd lh« UiK«l«lii)n u# t^
hil ilmwfli itM •fKHii of • iMpnll
ViMit li IM) <|tMwticMt. ll«>«««flr, IImI mmnf pUnMi hAV« bmm Mil*
■|»jl«4 M Mbttaul*)* f(>r Im^mwm. sit^ Ih* ltilriMlti«U*m «>f III* yr —
Mm of amolling Th« •imill Mlriitfwtuiy Mad iliurwilo qti«Jllt«i ol
fti^ftrkkmm mad 9%kn Uq f im m, M %a tW«r m«« ^wm 1/ ta iM««lM4aM^
4d«, Dti^ otk«v twr<ibr dialriel* •# lo tti iJ. u»A b Ml •§•• MMI
vkollf olMttM*. of amalilny tiM &ri»d tpk^fmrnm Uu%f»timm, nr th«
9kimt\^*mm «n4 oil)#n of ib« mxmmm mhmh aUmn*! in lh« mantij
Itfi. •» •!•• llM mtUl^mtm m jnwMMf, ••• «f Mm ftfiiKM t p iibi
•f IM |MMM dtMUth •nd ••v«f«l •! Ik« iMfbt wM«h frMi iMf
gluip« tiut th« falv«l aurftuMi of tK« Imvm, wr* iJMtpuUrtjr knoKit bf IIm
apnia of «««««« MV. h«v« long aupplMtl to lh« Kngiifh malia an
Monuniic aulMtilttto ftir lo b aoo 1 jiMl m Um ilo*, iMi«rtlMni,Mfi^iiil
•Mmt I— ?■■ ka*^ fiimlaWd * luUiv* tiftolagj for Dm Um pl«nl. Bol
Mm " (iitM) immdinorial" U* whiah auch pnnttitw aitOTMla (irohabtj ftllla
hr liiort of wall Mcariaiiwd (Ut«>a wheu tubacoo and the tub«ctiu pl|M
W* b«tb rvQugnlMd M gilla of tb« new aroHd lo th» oU. BttI
il to eurioua lo nota^ tltal om of Ui« moal inetwnllj •mffwlilad
nbatitiitas for IoImukh) : th« e<iilafoot, >pp«pni lo bav» Immii aniptoyad
lo adulttmiU it aUnoat aaaoon aa it oamo into ua* in Bnglaud. Dana
Urala, in Han Jonami'a •' llartbolomaw ITair," (iOU.) Ihua ad4|Maaa
ktr dull lapalar 1-^ I oao bul hold Ufa and aotil toftlbar with ibia, Mli4
A wUff of tobae<M al moat, wbara'a mj pipa now P not flUad,
MKra arrmnt itunibatil Look too'l sirrab. you war*
baal I IhnwpmuM a pipa fUU, I will ha' niada, of all my whola hall-
paund of tobacoo, and a quartar of ••pound of e^itfooi mii'l wIMt
to too, to iieh [aka] iloul. I that havadadk lo kwg in tha Ufa
win not h« to Miak in amoka now."
Tha librarioa of Canada furniah rary alandar maana for dallying with
Mm Dibliof raphy of tha niootian art. Bot aoma of tha rafatanoaa
Mula aboTa may ba thought to baar on tha aubjaet, and tha rny
torma in which tha royal author of tha ** Coontarblaato" aaaaila it aa
• noTcltj of auch raoant origin " aa thia pr aaent ag« can rary wall
ftmambar both the flrat author and (bnna of ita introduction,''
J.
t..^ .A.
T .
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9
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&^^.-i3*^\-t"-rtffe
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m^iAtnm iftalMHiMlit WW wmkm09m It
jiaf*4 Mm imivwI I»bm»7 t ^iMblf - •! iIm lalMl . m*A kmg *(Uf UM
MMMMMMMMll li IIM •Itlwralik MNlllirf, TW fim» ISOU »• «iM«glMMl
(hr Ha IiiImh(«mMimi lai* FrMM*. mi4 nmmI «|ttwai<mljr IImI of lljj^w*
tn vkkiil Aitmtmi t)r«k«'i (§<«« nHi«im«il tf»m lH« tllAiik on III* «Mi
ladUm l»Uut^ iu0^H» rmm>shit%g KiigUiw< Hut lk<Hi«H In Ait pt^i
kaMNljr imlf Ufinnltif •! IImm* lUUa Ui Altrart tifMcMl aIUmD^^
Ilk* ffiMtiMii of MiM4laf t n b>« w ii «mi mm ntif hm aui^paoaNi !•• iMt* |«»
■•tnad wnlittttwn Iti th« Mpontania Ipiifom tho «Ui«« ot tli« flfl«i«Nill|
•Mltttr^, «tr 1*1 h«m fuM lo !»•♦• crttam tmAwr th* ttnttr* bntli nt ^rmtuk
s IB4 Riifiuihimm at en mtIjt |>«ri«Hl lliorwiftcr Wbcn •! Ifiiglli IwH/
btPMlMMl lal<i IIn«Un<l, II IMI «Mb • fmif wUmmm. tU» vArty m
1410, »• ftiHi IIm pupul«r po»«, JtnblMl HylfMlor ftiiltmiiig in iW
»«k« of lh«i ni]t«J eiiuiit#rblM^ witli hit i " IoImwwi Imttorrtl. «ii4
Um pi|iM thAlUnNl kIniuI th«ir Mir* th*l Ml/ Miuiito wA Imm aai
hftHMriHta t wmmI. or «l looalwiM ovvtiov* «• IsiIImom* • vwtUf ,
^ • fotkif of lloljr tbol Ihumlorvd fnim Mount "'"rm."- tfllTlNt
pfuof of Iho ffrnwitiff favour far thn " w«<i«l " TH« |»iant ilMlf mm
•pM«iiljf4l>ruughl «»•? Mid <iuUivat«><l in vartuiii «lwlrlct»» tilt |iruhibil«d
Igr M atl of PkriiMMitt i mA i'«pjra» ia bk Dkrjrr- wAMting to
Winntioomlw, in (>4ou«!»*t«nihirv, wh»m lobniMM la aOlrmtHl to Imv«
boeti flrat niMtl in Krinlaiiil, uii(l«r ibti dato, N«pt«nib«r lUtli. I«M7.
motiltona |b« lufgrniation cHMnmunic*t«<l t«i btm b/ bta cuaon, Kalo
JqrMi **a«w Um U(b-itt«rU, wbiab w« tbottgbl • lUtU wbtio aino*
WM MttI down inio lb* tountry About aomo iaturr»o(iuu, WM (MMl
to WinchtHimbo, t4) apoil lh« tobafXHi th«r«, whiflK tt Mtoinatlm |i«N}pb
Ibfra do plant contrary to law, and liava aJwaya dun«, and uliU boon
under fonrw and danger of baving it apoUod, la it batb baan oftontiwaa,
and yrt tb«y will contiuuo to pUtil il.'t -
Anolh«r f>otry of Iha aam« inderatigabto diaHai, fVimiah«a avidaiUM
not only, of ib« aarly faitb in Iha antt-contagioua virtuna of toliacoo,
bat abw of tba no iaaa aarly mod« of uatng it in Kniflaud aocording
to a faabion wbiob ia notr mora frm]u«ni|y rrgardiNl aa a a|>»cial pronjga*
tire of young 4nioriva. On the 7tb of Juna, 1(300. Pepya uut«a tbat
tba flrat light of the plagua-eruaa, with ita accompanying aolomu
formula of prayer, nnovod him, not to m davoiiunaJ rjaculatiun, aa
J might parbapa aa«m moat fitting, but on\y to cbaw tobao«o f " TW
botteat day," b« writaa, "tbat arer I felt in my life. Thia d..y, niucb
•gainat my wUl. I did ia Dniry Laoa.aaa two or tbraa boua«a marka4
. __^__ «■
t
■"K" A,-^'^*"
mw*'^f^im^^ii ^Pii^i
•■ 1;
■ I
ft VABOtyru) viASM asd •vriBartttont -
•wHh » red cro«« upon th« door*, and * Lord have merey upon at T
writ th«w J whioh w«» a wd tight to mr, being the flr«t «>« the klad
that, Ui my r«iii«mbr«ne« I trer wiw. It put cut iu kii ill comjeptUm
of my»elf and my inn-H, no that I waa forcad to buy wnu. roll-
tobaocH) to mnell to and chaw, whioh took oway the appn-h^naion."*
The coftly natira of tha luxury haa been aMumi-d a« funiiahlng
ample explanation alike of tKe minute >iie of the original Jobaoco
plpo,— which in all probability necured for it in lat^-r tliiii«* itn dtHigim-
tion of " Klfln" or "Fairy Pipe "—and of the early aubntitution of
native pungent and fragrant hcrbi for the high priced foreign weed.--
The cirouinitancea, however, which render the rarer Kngli-h liiomtur*
. of thft •Ixtecnth and aeventeimth centurien inncceHiiiblolirrv, HnTe
ftirniiihed reiouhjea of another kind which may perhapa be thought
to account for this on other, and no leiia probable gw.unda. During
• Tlnit to part of the Minneanta Territory ,at tli* head of Lnke Superior,
in 1865, it waa my good fortune to fkll in with a party of the 8ault-
auz Indiana.—aa the Ctiippeways of the for weat am most frequently
deaignated,— and to see them eflgngc iu their Vatire dances, in foot-
n^ea, and other nporta, and among the rert : in the luxury of the
pipe. It ia*acarc«Iy neceaaary to remark that the Indian cairiea hia
pipe-item in hia hand, along with hi» bow.tomahawk, or other weapon,
while the pipe lt«elf is kept in the tobacco pouch, generally formed
of the skin of aome small animal, dreased with the fur, and hung at
bia belt. But what •truck me aa moat noticeable was that the
Indians in amoking. did not exhale the smoke from the mouth, but
from the nostrils } and this, Mr. Paul Kane assures me is the unWeraal '
custom of the Indians of the north west, among whom he has travelt-
ed from the Hed Biver settlement to the shorea of the Pacific. "By
this meana the narcotic effects of the tobacco are grcatljj increa«ed,
in so much 80 that a single pjpe of strong tobacco smoktd by an
Indian in t^i$ manner, will frequently produce complete giddineaa
iuid intoxication. The Indiana accordingly make use of various
- herbs to mix with and dilute the tobacco, such aa the leaf of the
cranberry, and the inner bark of the red willow, to both of which
the Indian word kinikinik is generally arplied, and the leaves of the
winterberry , which receives the name of pahgnejunX The cranberry
..-_ ^ — . . - : — ■ ".- ■ V ' . , — — ^
•JPkpy'tDiwjr. MbSditloB. VotU, ikMS. 1
1 1 Ml infbrtiiad l«y the iUv. tit.QfUmn, the t«ii«l»tor of the BlbVo in the Ohipprngr
tongue, th»t the Ut««lilgiiW«n<»(rfHi.<*to<*l«'- he mil**" JW»<*««v«i» to " • mlitur^
•■dtbew0r«kM«*p|»Had hy «i«Im»tai«i»o4lothe dUweiit alone, but to the totacrb Md
dUMiiUwhen mlMdMHl pif^ftA tor ok*. Bo >l»o j >e V f" »• " MjrtWii« »lMd,- aai
r be rcnd«red : ■pmetbing to mix with totaooo^ ' '
*1iilNri oii» Aim CTir wottij^ »
ind winterbrrry Imvm sm pr«p«red by pMiing thtfm throii|{h tM ,
top of th« flftinfl, or more Idturely drying them over the Are, without
Allowing them to hum. Among the Oreeki, the Chofiktnwi, end
other Indi«nt in the •outh. the iesvet of the sumMh, prepared in •
•imiler manner, «n»wer the like purpoae. The leaf of the wintet«
berry, or tea btrry. {eoHkerin proeui^fUf) han a pleasant aroma,
whioh may hare had aome influence oh ita aeleottun- The Indiana
of the north went aiicribe to it the further property of; giving them
wind, and enabling them to hold out longer in running ; but the
main object of all «uch addltionm iippenri* tu bo to dilute the tobacco.and
thereby admit of ita prolonged enjoyment. Having botfl) chewed an4<^
Mmok^d the winterberry leaf prepared by tho lu'liano. T am abj[» to
■peak positively as to tlio abaciico of any nnrt^'otiu ((Ualitics, and I
presume that with it and all the other ndditioni to the tobacco, th«
main object in to proride adilMent. ao as to niudi-rato the ofTccts, and
prolonpf the enjoymimt of tho luxury. The samo iiu)do 1« employed
with ardent spirits. Mr. Kane rom.irks of the Chin'ook Indinua :
it la a matter of astoninhment huw rory smill a quantity of whiaky
mificea to intoxicate them, although they always dilute it largely in
order to prolong tho pleasure they derive from drinkiug.
The custom of increasing the action of the tobacco fumes on the
nervous Hystcm, by expelling them through 'tho nostrils, thou;jh now
chiefly conflned to the Indiana of this continent, appears to havu been
univeivally pmctiscd when the smoking of tobacco wos introduced
into the old world. It has been per])etuatcd iu Europe by those who
had the earliest opportunities of acquiring the native euatoni. The
Spaniard atill expels the smoke through bis nostrils, though iising •
light tobacco, and in such modcratlDn as to render the influence of tbt
narcotic Bufficiently.innocuous. The Greek sailorii in the Levant very
frequently retain the same prnctice.and with leas moderation in its use.
Melville also describes the Sandwich Islanders, among whom tebacoo
is of such retent introduction, as having adopted the Indian custom,
whether from imitation or by a natural savage instinct towards excess }
'and evidence is not wanting to prove that such was the original practice
of tfae English smoker. Paul Hentzner. in his " Journey into Eng«
land." in 1Q98,* among other novelties describes witnessing at the
playhouse, the practice, as then newly borrowed fk-om the Indians of
Virginia. ** Here," he says, "and everywhere else, the English are
*lla)oM qiiotM from epifnrMna sAd MtirM of the muiw d»t».— «iKhtcon jrMn before th*
daiith of ahakwpeMr.->to prava thM flMjntiften, eren kt m Murljr a <Ute, ware atteiidod hy
pagM^wlth plpea Mid tobaocok which tbry KDokedon Um •*■■•» whan th«idta wemthea
wont to lit. Vide Half and QmrUt, vol. X., p. «.
*>
JWiJgjgj^^gWg
aijtoono viAtii utn mtnmawg^
OotuUiotly Mnokinff of tobMOo, Mid in this nauiMr : they 1uit« piped
M purpoM mad* of 0U7. into lh« further end of wbtob they put th«
kerb, w) dry tb«t it may bo rubbed into powder, «nd putting fire to
it, thoy drew tho emoke into their moutbe, which they puiT out ageia
through their noetrik like funneU, along with it plenty of phlegm,
•od defluiion of the heed." 1
To thie it ia, that Justice Overdoo refen in Ben Jonaon'i " Bar-
tholomew Fair," (Act II , Scene V^.) " Nay, the hole in the
noae here, of aome tobaooo^takors, or the third noatril, if 1 may ao
Mil it, which makea that they can Tent the tobacco out, like the ao«
of oluba, or rather the fl<>wcr-de-lice, ii cauaed from the tobacco, the
mere tobacco !" and ao aliio, in a paaaagc already referred to, iu
Wamcr'a " Albion'a England," the " Indian weed fumee away from
noatrila and from throats" of ladiea, m well aa lord* and grooma.
The. minute aise of the moat ancient of the British tobacco pipes
which hna led to their deaignation aa thoae of tho Elves or ^'^if^
may therefore be much more certainly ascribed to the mode of usin|(
the tobacco, which rendered the coritenta of the smallest of theip ft
•uiDoiont dose, than to viy economic habits in those who indulged iu
the novel luiury. In this opinion I um further confirmed by observ-
ing the same miniature charaoteristioa mark various apeoimens of
antique native pipes of a peculiar oUbs to which I have already referred
as found in Canada, and which appear to be such as. in all probability
were in use, and furnished the models of the English clay pipes of
the sixteenth century. But if the date thus assigfied for thr earlieafc
English clay pipes be the true one, it has an important bearing on ft
much wider question { «nd m * test of the value to be attached to
popular traditions, may suggest the revision of more thm ono
•robaeological theory based on the trustworthiness of such evidence.
A contributor to " Notes and Queriee,''* quotes some dugrel lines
printed in the "Harlelan Miscelbmy'* in 1024. where speaking of
the good old times of King Harry the' Eighth, smoking is thus
ludicrously describad ss a recent novelty : —
^H '•Nor did that tins know
^ To puff and to Mow,
In a pif e« of white olsy ,,
As you do at this day,
•^:-'-'- . -• -^•■■'. With fler and eoale •'-■■,-'..;■■■■.''".'
. - Andaleale teaholer '
- These lines ore tacribed in the origins!' to Skelton, who died in
1529, and by s couree of reasoning whieh see ms to ron somewhat in
•NotetandQnariaa. ToLTIL.p.tao. >*
!P^!R«?^:5i?ss^:^5; -
<M**
'..-.' .k^itp nv oiA A«»
• oirel*. ik it awnuMd thak Umjt OMDOi b« hk, »mm*m tobMNM WM
not iniroduoml into BagUusd " till 16M or thmmboato.'^ Brand hi
his •• Fopulw Antiguiti**," M«ribM ito inteoduotion to Drake in
1686 ; whil* th« old k*«p at Cawdor, slrMtdy nhntd to, with lt«
■cuipturad raynwrd and hit pip*, would carry it back to 1010, and by
inpUoation atUl nearer the fifteenth century. 80 peculiar a custom
aa irooking, would no doubt, at firat be chiefly oonflnttd to euch at
bad acquired a ta«te for it in the oountriea from whenoe it waa bor-
rowed, and uqtil its mora general difl^uion had created a demand for
tobacco* aa wall aa for the pipe required for its use, the smoker who
bad not acquired an Indian pipe along with the " Indian weed,"
would hafo to depend on chance, or his own ingenuity, for tha
materials requisite for its eigoyment. Henoe an old diarist writing
ibout 1080, tells us of the tobacco smokera *.— " They first bad silver
pipes, but the ordinary sort made use of a walnut shell and a straw,
I have heard my grandfather say that one pipe was handed from mao
to man rbimd the tablcHi Within these thirty-five years 'twM
scandalous for a divina to .take tobacco. It waa then sold for ita
weight in silver. I have heilrd some of our old yeomen neighbours
say. that when they went td market they culled out their biggest
shillings to lay in the scales against the tobacco ; now the customi
of it are the greatest bis roajestie hath." In the interval between
the primitive walnut-shell pipe, or the single clay pipe for a whole
company to partake of the costly luxury, snd this later era of ita
abundant use, the supply of pipes had, no doubt, kept pace with
that of the tobacco, and they had undergone such alterations in form
as were requisite to adapt them to its lat^r mode of use. Their
nuaterial also had become su uniform, and so well reoognixed, that m
day pipe appears to have been regarded, in the seventeenth century
aa the sole implement applicable to the smokerV wt* -An old soring
of rhymed int«Y)gatories, printed in WU't Reertatioiu, a rare miscel-
lany of 19^,^ thus quaintly sets forth this idea;—
•« If all the w«rld were isnd,
Oh, tbsD what thonld w« ktckVi
If M they nj th«r« were 00 clay,
How ahouid w« taks tobaecof
Towards the latter end of the sixteenth, and in the early years of
the seventeenth century, under any view of the case, small clay pipea,
Bttchas Teniera and Ostadeput into the mouths of their Boors, must
have been in common u|b throughout the British Islands. They ham
been dredged in nomben from tiie bed of the Thoniea, fbiind in
*«i7'l
W-
f-gfff^-^^i^mwwm^--
*
i.
f . .«
' f T *i V -jm-"!^^ -^"w^r"' appfn^" s-wu»,A^*-*, » . * •
» '■' ' '''.■■•.■'' . '" '. " •' .
VAiioono OTAMN avo won
•btind«ii«« an vavlmui dltc in iSnglsnd uid Irf>Urd. wh«rfl Mm.mK
4kn «i(r thr p«rlwin«nt and ravolution <>ii««mp«d : und in fhmtlMid
in divcni Inonlitirai fVnm tk** border, northwArd. «vmn to the Orkripya.
Thry have bwn r«»prRt«'dljr Bift with in old (Churchyards, and tumiNl
ip in plaiMw of public raaort. Oceaniovaity too, to th« b«#ild«nn^
' of tlie«ntii)uairy,th«yar«diioor<trMiin atranfto propin«|nity t«i primi'
live, Romnn, and mfdieral rullfla.— but in aanffieiont niirnWr of cane*
with Kuoh putt<^ra' atampa on them aa aufflco to aaaif n th<*Mr alao to
the aiiteenth and aertrntennth centurie*. M a dat^ ao comparatively
NcenI aa that of the revnlutionr of 1088, they mu»t have been nearly
, aa familiar throughout Hritnin and Ireland, aa the larger clay pipe of
the prefecnt day : and yet toMard^ tbu end of the eigh^enth century
«if find them deaeribed in Hoottiah atatntical reporta aa " Rifln
pipM t" and when at a later date, they attract a wider attention, it
ii found that, in total independence of each other, the pcannntry of
England', Hcotland, and Ireland, have concarred in aacribing'^hcae
modern antiquea to the Danea, the Kivea and the Fniriea ! I muat
oonfeaa that the full conaideration of all the bearinga of thia dia-
ehMure of the Mlircea uf modem pbpular belief lina greatly modifl*fd
the faith I onee attached to luch forma of tradition aa memorihla of
tfce' paat. The* aame peop'e who, by meane of Welah triaJt.
gmealogicftl poema, like the Duan Albfnnaak and Kireannach, and
hiatorioal traditiona, like the memot^ of the e(d«r home of ' the
Haxonn in the OUutmaiC$ tony, could tran^mrt, l(y oral tradition alone,
tbj^ chfoniclea of many generationa, dqw depend ao entirely on <the
•hroniolinga of the printing preaa, that they cannot be tnieted wjth
the moat familiar tnulitjona of ii aingle century. Thia no doubt only
appliea to very modern centuriea ; but the trencheroiiMneaa of the
biatorical memory of a md^ (lavage people ia anifioiently illustrated
Iw the /net that we search v^ .vain amofif the- Indiana of this continent
fbr any traditibn of the first intruaion of the whit^ man. '
, A few general remaiikt on the varying chnraeteristiea of the pipes
anciently constructed, or now in we among the Indian tribes of
North America will not.be out of pjace here, as a. means of
illustrating the customs and ideas associated nt ^rious times, and
.iiinong ({(^erent tribes, with the peculiar rites and usagek of the pipe,
as the special characteristic oT the new wovld. For »ome of the
faqts relating to tiie Indians of the north weat^ I am indebted to the
Bev. jkr. O'Meun. miaeionary among tl^e Chippeways ; to Dr. Qeorge
Beattie, formerly .United S^tes Indian Agent of the Winncbagos,
•*»*who have sinoib been driven to d'esenrt their old huating grounds Ui
:v
M*(fim »■ o«* *»• *■•
WUconain for ihm (kt w«i», wd from their rapidly (Kmit lAIng im«i>
bvra, o«ioot loiif ••nri»« «• » dUiinot trib#,— wd aI^m. iii •|>.ci«> r»»
fen nr« to ihotm of tha rtn,oU north mn%, mwk on th« ahoraa uf ah«
Pariflc, to Mr I'aul Kana. along »ith th« inforaatiou drrivad from
iM|M(>tin« » ttna oolleotion of Indian relioa amnirvd by him duriaff
thrM yean tra»«l io iha Hu'daon Hay Company'* I rrritory, and
■ntouK th« nei^hbourinR tribca within the Urrritoriea of the ITuiUd
ataiea. A- ooinpariaon gf tlw facU Uiua obtained with auine of lh«
eoncluaiona arrived at by other* from tha axaminatiou of thw older
tfett of the ouatom and uaaffea of arotiking. appoar caJivilated to
thn)w aome additional light on the latter, and eapfcially to niodiry
the opinion derived from th« inveatigatio" of eiamplea of the aueianl
•rta of the Mound BuildOTa, and other aboriginal trao. a of thie oon» -
tinent/ •' • , . •
Inaigniflcant, and even puerile, ai the aubjeot of the tobacco pip«
appear*, it aaaumca an imp<>rt«nv« in many reapccta only aeooud to
that of tho oateological remaiuaof the ancient rac«a o( this continent
when Viewed aa part of the materiaU of iU uuwritten Ulatory. In
Aleaara. Bquier and Davie* valuable " Contribution (o Knowledge"*
the tobai-co pipea found in tho an<:ient aepulchral mound* of ib«
Miaaiiiaippi Valley ar« apeoiaUy noted a* oonetiiuting not only «
numeroua, but a highly Intereating claaa of remaina, on the coiv»
etructiou of w hich the artiatic akill of their maker* wt-ma to ha»a
been laviahed with a degree of care and ingenuity beatowed on no .
other wotjia. ** Thiy are sculptured into lingular device*,: figure*
of the human head, and of various beiata, bird|i» aud reptilea. Tbe*«
figure* are allexeciiti'd in miniature, but with great fidelity to uatore.**
Thua, for example, the author* remark in rfeferenee to ouo pipe-head
(yig. 188, p. 268.) carved iii the ahKjpe of a toad: the knotted,
corrugated akin ia well repre*«nted, aiid the aculpture ia so very,
truthful that if placed in the graaa before an unauapecting obaervcr,
it would probably be miatakcn for the natural object ; and ihcy further
i^d ': " those w ho deem expression in sculpture the grand essential,
will find something to amuse aa well as to admire, in the lugubrious
expression of the mouths of these Specimens of the toad.'* The same
writers again remark,-in defcribing the immenae deposit of pipes
found on the " idtar** of one of the great mound* in the Scioto
"Valley, some of them oilcined, and all more or UtM afiectbd by the
fircBQf the ancient ceremonial t>f cremation or sacrifice: — ." Tite
bowl* of ra<Mt of the pipea are carved in miniature fi'gure* of animala,
."■ , , .„ . «_ 1 : . __ ;
: •AndeiiiMoniuMntoortheHlMiMlppiyanry.paistmi MS. >
^
m
'*
•*!
•|»
;'■ ' I • ■«'*f4fti%M%viiiifirii'aill'
?msm.''-i^im'ss»j^)>i'',w!^w'w^^^
M^ .
I
'1
y-:
■ * VAuatmd vtAMt ivo fimuvmovi
bMs, fvptilM, A«. Not onlj MW tit* fiMtum of th« rarioua obj«cls
wp Nw ii fed fkilHfblly, but t)Mtr |immliaWtiM and hibita M* in torn*
d«gr^ eibibiiwd. Th« otter {■ ■hawn in • charMtfiristio attitud*,
boldifliy ft flali in bia mouth ; th* hmttin al^ holda a (iah ; Mtd th«
bawk graapa a amall bird in ita talotia, whieh-^t tMra with it|i beak.
Tbf pantber, th* bear, the wolf, the bearer, the otter, the M|uirrel,
the racoon, the hawk, t^tt heron, crow, awaih>w,buiBai'd,the paroquet,
toucan, and other indigmoua and aouthvn^ birda; the turtle, th«
frog, toad, rattleanake, etc., are recogniaed at flrft glaae«.*^* To
thia oomprehenaive liatMr. Bquier makea Aii|;ther addittona in a work
of later dute. Contraatinjp^ the truthfuhieaa of the earring* from
the mounda with the monatroaitiea or car^caturea of nature uauaitf
produced by the aavage aculptor, he remarka : " they diaplay nol
only the general form and featurea of the objecta aought to be r«*
pr«aented, but to^.a aurpriaing degree their characteriatic eipreaaion
and attitude. In aomo inatancea their rery hobita at« indicated.
Hardly a benat, bird, or reptile, indigenouA to the country ia omitted
fk-om the lipt;" and in addition to thoae nam«d abore, heapedflet
tha elk, the opoaauin,.the owl, rulture, raren, do^k, and gooae, aad
alao the alligator.f Of no leaa intereat are the uuraeroua examplea
of aculptured human heada, ao'me of them preaenting atriking trait*
of individual portraiture, and which are aaaumed, from the minutt
aoouraoy of many of the accompanying aculpturea 6t animala, to Ans
nifb faithful repreaentaiiona of the predominant phyaical featujrea of
the ancient people bf whom they were made. '
Ooqupared with the monuraenta of Oentral and Southern America, the
aoulplured faf adea of the templea and ptflaoea of Mexico and Pern,
the frietea adorned with Hieroglyphica, the katendara, and coloaaal
atatuea of goda and' heroes, of Yucatan: the art which found ita
bigheat object in the- decoration of a pipe<bowl is apt to appear
inngni6cant enough. NerertbeleM, the ainiplioity, rariety, an(^ex«
preaiion of tfa^eae miniature worka of art, their eridence of great
imitatire akill, aa well aa of delicacy of execution, all render them juat
objecta of intereat and careftil atudy. But high aaia the ralue which
attaohea to them as examples of the primitire Bathetic arts of thia
^(nitinent, they bate a still higher signifleance in relation to etbnolo-
gieal inquiries. By the fidelitj of their repreaentationa of ao great a
variety of objeeta derired from the animal kingdom, they ' fumiah
evidence of d' knowledge, possessed by these ancient artists of tha
•AitcieDtllonaiiMnUorilwMlMMpptValtagr* VtfsW. .
inttqidttMQrtlwStattanrawTMt. FUffetM, ■
^7
-._• ., ^Sii,
. . .,'.#* tn du iw «i« wotts. . . ii
MiMiMippi VaJkj, of Mm fiiiuw pMolkr tut% oaij to loulhcm, but lo
tropioal latitudM. rag|{Miiv« cilh^r of «rt« <l«rir«d fnim a furaiga
■ourcA, Mid of an iatinii«l« interoourao maiuUiofHl with the cwitrml
rcgiona wheni tha oirilitatioa of anotant Amarica attained Ita higbati
darellopmaiit, or ala« IndioatiTt of a migralion (wm tba aouth, and
an intniaion into tha nortbanv area of tha contineni, of th«*aoa at
ihm ancient gravaa of Central Amorica, bringing with thi^ into
thflir nf # area tha art* of tha tropica, and' modela darived from tb«
animala familiar to tbair fathara in tha parent-land of tha raoa.
That auoh a migration,- rather than a eontamporaneoua aiiatane*
of the iame race over the whole art a thiia indicated, and maintaining
intimate interoomniunication and commen-iel intereoume, ta tba
more probable inferenoe, ia auggeated oh Tarioua grounda. If tb«
Mound Buildera had aome of the arta and modela, liot only of Cantral
Amorica, but of Peru, they had alao the natife cop|>er of Ijaka
'Superior, and mica bclievfdto be traceable to the Aiieghaniea, wbila
th» gigantic tropical aheHa of ttie Oulf of Mexico have been found
alike in tbeae ancient mounda and \n the gravea along tha ahorea of
Lake Huron and Georgian Hay. The fact indeed that among tb«
apeoimcna of their moat elaborate carving, lome of the objecta re-
preaent birda and qu^drupeda belonging to latitudea ao far to tb«
•outh, naturally tenda to auggeit the idea of a central region wher*
the arta were cultivated to an extent unknown in the Miaaiaa^>pi
-region!, and that thoae objecta manufactured in the localitiea where
Buch modela are furnished by the native fauna, remain only aa the
eTideAoea of anoient commercial relatione maintained between theae
latitude! and the 16calitiea wbere now alone auch are knowii to
abound. Buti in opposition to thia, full value must be given to the
fact that neither the relica, nor the cuatoms which they indicate,
appear to pertain exclusively to southern latitudea, nor are such found
to predominate among the singular evideAcea of imeient and more ^
matured civilisation either in Central or Southern America, while the
varied nature of the materials employed in the arta of the Mound
Builders, indicate a very wide range of relatione ; though it cannot
be assumed that these were maintained in every caae by direct intei^
course*
The earlidf atudenta of Amerioaa ArehKol<i)j|y, like the older Celtic
Antiquariea .^f Britain ; gave ftiU scope to a system of theorising
which built up comprehensive ethnological echemea on the very
, nnallest premises ; but in the more judicioiis caution of later writen
U|i«re ii a tendency to mn to the * opposite extreme. Pr. Schoolorafl
\
{.J'-*.JitC!fcX
"lS-^t4"''iJt. *■■ '
j--y.
jftfet 4-'
L%it-f 'v^dut£o*'i\-«!^ W «:
• 1
^
cc^inly m«ntf««(W • 4kp<>«iH«ti ^o undwrmki Ih* «rtMie •kill tinwb.
wh(l« Mr. It**!** •i»l»M Ui« «li(lc»Uy by r*f«r«im|| luoh «vid«iiMN
of urt to in m»iUm«nniiiwl fortpinn iour**. A/>«»,«l»»«^h"'« t^
tn»P«n», iwttrry. «nd pmrtMiMl omaiiMmta 0bfliin«d fWim iIm
tnoundt. th0 l*»l« »»*»•» •<"•. "•»^' *^»*' **^ ^•^ '""^
M«|u(^r«>d Hgnre* of •nimiil* •!"! th« human h««d. in ih« form
nf p<p«'«. «"»"(?*»' *'*'' «'■•'•' ^•••i<'««; ""^ •P'"' '^^>*" "**"• "'^
tho h«rd.'.t -Ume*. Th« Uat-nam^d ara r»li«« ih»i imply » »»ry •«•.
gidOT»bl« d»Kr»* of Wft, awl if iM'lUveU to l>« th« »Ofk of thu i>«»pl«
^llHl wtwM* rvnmiiw th«y «r« found, would t«iid (roally to inofW»4i
tM wondar tM th«»rt of •culpmrej»mongth«ui wm iiol m«iiife»t*Mi
in oth-r objmsU mid pbi»«. Th« faol lh»t nwrly alt thi flu«f
,^c}„,e„iof worliuiiMiihiprf«priii«»»lblrdii or Uudwid m«riim iniiuali
lilonaloir to • diir«r«iit lalitu.l*. « hilo th« p'rtrU, the k«i»«« of obsld-
Imi, the marine •helU. iu.d thi copper. ia|u»liy tontify to n diataalf
though not eitnwjoutinenUl origin, may howoter otrludo th«a«
(Vom being received as proof* of lyoal induntry and ikiU."* A fctn-
sideration of the li*t already given of auimaU iculpturud by the ancient
nipft-makem of the mouud«, a» quoted from the narrftliv* of
MeMra Hquior and I)avi«, along with thu Ui«r additiouB of tho for-
mcr sel fprth iu a form ttill low in aicor-lance with aueh deduotiona,
trill I conceive, aatisfy th» inquirer that it ii quito an over ^latoment
of th* tame to aay that nearly all r«pre««nt auimaU belougiug lo %
diflerent latitude. The real iotere•^ und dilHculty of the ^uonliott
Uea in the fact of diwjoveriug, aloug with to mony »pirlt.d eculpturei
of animal- perUining to the locality, othera reproaented wiih equal
uririt and Hdelity, though belonging to different Jatitu-lo*. On
tUs •ubicct. familiarity with early Uritiah autiquitioe mdu<e» me to
-e«rd auch an a*»iguinent of all tho aculiituroa of the mound* to a
foreign origin, on account of their model, beiug iu part derived from
distant latitudea, aa a ueedle*a iui«umption which only ehifte without
iMsening the dilficulty. On tho sculptured sUnding stones of Scot-
Und— belonging apparently to tho closing era of paganism, and the
ftret introduction of Christianity there,— may bo seen the elephant, the
camel the tiger or leopard, the ape, the serpent, and other representa-
tiona or symbols, borrowed, not like the models of the Mound Builders,
fgoai a localUy so near as readily to admit of the theory of direct
oommeroial interoourse, but aome of them from the remote extreme
of Asia. The only difference between the imitations o f the foreign
•Bwwi'tAKiliwIoByof theUnli«d«»a«i. FMalU •
•ur A
nS I "'
•t
of IIm ^ImIImIi M>d Um ■ ■ ■iwi l A nn r i tsa MuannKulM. ia i^M
til« furm*v (MMWMiituiily iHiinif. m Mifkibit aipM^Ml, IN* riHiv>^itinnd
aliMnMirnalMia of i^ tradilKMMti l]rp«,* wlill* lh« imt%»t. it %it»y dtrniak
•viiiMiiM itf migratMMi, prov* il In linv* M«n ranvnl, antl l« • kwslilj^
uol ftQ dtalMit M lu prMltidn all iwimwaI of intorMwrM wHil iMff
Ml(W*tral birth'Uiid t MotwithaUnding i\tm gr«Nit tpirii diaplayrd
lit matijr of thfl mmiatunt aculptiima of th» Moand lluild««ni, huwnrar,
' |b« diSk'nai-tt ill |>oiut of ildalitj uf iinitaiioii b«tw««n th«Ri a»d lb*
(MUrvlnga of furvign auli^MU on lb* >Seu4iiah atandtng alomra thoMgk
unmiatakaiibU, ia not m\ great aa lh« deaori|)tt«ina uf Amwio»a
ArchsologiaN wutUd auggaal \ whila bulb Itra aJiiia a<u!u(iip«ni«Hl by
tba r««pr«at»(itatiODa of monatroailiaa or idaai onMliona of tbu fmitej,
vbioh abundantly pt^)*« tbat th« aociMtt aciul|it«ira could work witli*
out a nimlel. Homa of thn human liaad^ of tliM Aniaru-an aculpturM
fortiampl*. if ragiird«<d ui portrait*, miiat b«) aupp<M«d to b« dmign>
ad in tiia atjla of PuHah I; mid arvpml of thu niiimala Agur«d in
'* Tb« Ancient Monamrnta uf lh« Miaaiaaiiipi Vall«y," «. g. th« wild
oat, Ki{(. 16H i tb« " vnr/ apiritsd, thou|i[h not nninuti'lj aijourata head
of tha Klk," Kig. 101, and tho auppoard *'oh«rry birda," Kiga. 174,
170, of ona of wbich it ia rnmarkad i " nothing can (uo««ed tha lif»r
like oxpraaaiua uf ihe original;" (kll far abort of the fldalit/ of imitft*
tion aaoribod them in the aooompanying tttsl. ■
It haa boon noted by mom than onn AninriAaa A rohtrolngint aa a
aingular fact that no relioa obviouily deaigocd aa idola, orobjncta of
worahip, havo boan dug up in tha nii^arid*, or /bund in auoh circum'
atancea aa to ounnoct them with the religious pradtioea of the Mound
BuiMcH. But the very r«>marknb]o oharnoteriatioa of their etaburatelj
ieulpturvd pipea, and the obrioualy important part they ap|)ear to
hare played in tha aervicoa accompanying the rit«a of aacriflce or
orcmation, and the final ooialruction of the gigantic oarth-pyramida
* U la worthgr or note thai tha ol4««to ImmU irutaniUf Mpfaaantwt aaMw ika Mwlptane
of tb« Mound Kiilldort, •Im, la m>iii« caam at IrMt, appear to ba thcian of aiilmaU rorrlyn to . -f
tiM roaion. 8. R. tha Tbiican (r) " Anrl«nl Monuinaata of the Mlaaiaalppi Vallayi" '%■ lav,
pata tto I ttlileh itilirlil ba*« bMin btttar dworttod M a Aavan I Mia Fig. IMk aiaa a I^MMMti
liut iniieh iDoru of a traaitloiial than truthful portraitura.
tVkta Arehaoloiqrand Prahlatorlo Annalaof HnHland. Paiia Ml, atid Dr. Wlan'a Notaa
MBuddhlatOplnlonaandllonumenta. Traiuaetlona of K.I.I. Vol. XXI. I>l«a 180.
ITtda Da«<a and a«|«lar^ Aneiaal ManuaMala. VI*. IW, ataiiHhaa m tha aiaal
haMtUVil ar ih» Mrlai. aad a head, tha workiaaBahip of whtoh la unaurpaaaad hy aiu agnetf
man af anolaiit Amarlcan Art, not aimptina tha haat prodaatlona of Meiico and Pom,—
(ally (Man out theaaramarka. Bat Inoontraat vtlhllnacrbaplaaadrifi. 14i,l4«aiid lai, _
aad aa a aUU atrongar iUuatrailaa of how IW Iha aatbMiaaai of Iha laoal oaralkil ohawvaa*
0iar l««l them ooapare riit. 70. paca isa, with tha daaoriptlon whioh aara of III " (ha alU-
Ittda il aUka oaturat and apiritad r
4^ __:
afWB^
wbbb lMv«cif«« liM MM l» Ik* MM Iha* t>unkkmA Um aHiata bf
whom itwif w«ff« wfoMifHl. *li lMe«l b> aufiiMt v»ry dtlbrwnl Mwxtl*.
liMM Willi Um pt|>« »f th4MM Mi0uml mm%wtm frvin •uoli m n<>«
pMUkin u> iM bmilMr dMcmuUnl. Il Ui ii MrH a ft y Imm npiHMMrf
UmI Um «bb«v»l« •toploynMil of iIm Mitlif* •■«• m 11m p4|M>
tMftda found <l«p<Mii«Nl in lh« moiiniU, in<ll««t«i thair h««tnf pUf «m1 Mi
imporUnl part m th« ralif luua MlmnniliM of the MMMnt rtm, Mnoaf
whom tb« nuMb«r of MMh n\um pravM tkuU Um p >— U w «#
■mokioK WM DO Um unUfm*! ihma Mnong Um M<Kl«rn IiuliMM.
TW« fltN^MtO'* that thia pnuilbM wm m<m« or l««« inUrwovan Willi
tli« primilir* oivtl mkI rwlitftutu obtMrratMM (if AoMnoft M UuM UIm*
(r»t^ by th* •uthura alrMwly quol«4* inm MW mtm BtilMi MH^
torn* Aod UbM ounnwitMl wilb it : " (h« um t)t IoInumo wm koovA
to BMfly All tlM Amoritmn natum*. inH th« pi|Mi wm Jli#ir gr«n4
dlplomatMt. In making war and in concluding pMoa it pSmormad an
important part. Thnir d«lib«r«tiona, domMtio a* wall M publio,
w«r« aonduotwl uodar ita inlluanoM , and no traaty waa avar bumW
unaignatiMd by tba pMaaga of tba oalumot. Tha tranafar of th«
uipa from tha lipa of on« individual to thoaa of anothnr waa th«
tokan of amity and friaudabtp. • g»g« of bonor witk tha obiralry of .
tba forftt wbieb wm wldom violalad. In tbwir raligioua oaramoniaa,
Il WM abo tntroduoad irith varioua dagraaa af aolaminty. Thn oua-
tom aitandod to Hoiioo, wh«ra, howvvar. it doaa not Mnm t4> haiM
baan Invested with any of thuao singular oonvantionalitiaa obaarvad
in tbP bighar latitudM. It praraUod in Houtb Amflrioa and tb«
Caribbaan Islanda."
Amid tha andlau rariaty wUoli ebanotariaaa tha AmB of th«
ancirnt Mound Buildan' pipfta, one ganarml typa ia traceable through
th« wbol* " Tbay m* alwayi oarvad from a aingla piaoa, and ooa*
ibt <tf a flat ounrad biaa, of Toriabb langtb and width, wilb tbo
bowl rising from the centre of the convex aide. From one of tha
anda, and ooramunioatiug with the koUowoftba bowl, is drilleda
■mall bole, which anawar tba purpoaa of « tuba i Um oorrMpooding
oppoaita diviaitm bMiig laft for tba manifwt purpoaa of holding th»
imptament to the mouth." Tba authora of tbo " Anoieot If ono*
menu of the MiMiMippi Vallay," azproM Uieir oonfiotioo, darivad
from the inspection of bundreda of apeounana whiob bare ooma undav
ibair liottoo, during thatr oiplorationa of tbo ancient moanda, thai
the iMtnunont is oomplete as found, and was itssd wiUumt any suoh
tvbo as is almost inrariably employed by Um modsra Indian, and
■ —^^1 I
• AMisat MoawsMta of Um MlwtelM Tsllif . Has Ml
-/
iiM^.
«j.,v tv wn Mm
«Uh ili« (Mi«»fi)aa aKirM nt N»il4 Ultllia TIm miNinni pi|M»-k««Hl ot ^
vmK lua • larxA •pvriur* Utr th« inMrttiin of Itui lubw, «ii«r«M In
lh« ■iit»«iit «iAinpiMi rmhrrmd %o, lb* pwrftmlkm ta alMul cnm tlilli
•f M bMk hi 4>«m«««r, nod lh«« m<iull».|»k«Mi fl*llrn(.«|. mnd afU|il4Mi
|o til* Uf4, m tliAt «r« ran arArrpljr ilouht th« ni<Hilh wm •nplM
(UrMtij tu th« impkiaMQl, wtlliuut ttt* MiaiiHin 0I any tub* of «im<1
or HMrtal. It i* iiihwrytiM with •lamtihM of |ti|i#-liMiU .-iirTwl mil ttt
tliM brttulifut rwt pi{Mi •l«Mi«, iIm miMi flivintril* ni«l«riiil fnr tk« |»ip«
Mul|itur« o» %\m nwMldnti IiKtinii. tl would Mrm, lh«r«fi>r«, that lh«
pIlHituba w on«» of tlia akanii^UHattct of th# modern raca j if m4
diaUttfltiv* of lb* iu>Hh.«rti triboa, tnm lh« TolU>o«n mi<| o(h«r
•MMilUli/ diftrtt Mi«i«itt |MN>pU of Ctntral and HoiiUMm
Amnrira. *
Tk« uan of toboccH). fnim tli<* rarliinrt nraa of whirh ir« aui r«>
oorvr a flim|>a#, p«rtain#d to both ■, but lb« pip^.btHid *Muid-a[i|>«ar
lo bt liM ainbloiii of tho «ni», wbila tha pi|w.at«m g Ivra oharaot«r to
tha aiiigulttr riUw and au|wratilioMa of tb« olh»r. Tha incramatMl
pipa-beada of tha anownt niouiid buildara illuatj^t« tha aiwn<i\ u«flgi»a
of tha one j whila the akill with which tha iiictimi iiwilnuna-man
d«HXintiM tha atom of hia itia<licitii^f ipo, and tha awa aud rrvri^rno*
wUh which—aa will ba proaaotljr ahown.— th« whola tnbo rrgard it,
abandantlj prota iha »irtu«a aacrih«^d to thnt implrmfnt of tho
Indian mrdicine niAii'a aaured nrt. Mar »t nui lie, that in tho aaorad
MiMciationa «.mnrot»d with tha pip« bjr tho IJound Uuildera of th«
Miaaiaaippi Vallwjr, wa hava tha iodieatinna of contact bftwn^n th«
raigratinjc rac« of houthern and C«fitri%l America, am.mg whom no.
■ap«nititioua |A|M« uangca are traocabl«< and tho tribra ot thn iioHh>
vhaM aiioh aupcratitiona are moat iutimataly intarwown with all'
their aaorad tnjrat«ri«c ^
in onr, though only in on* nm[mt, a aingnlar elaaa of clay pipct^
which bava comn und.>r mjr notice, aoraa with the anniitrit I'Vamplna,
and would awm thcrebjr atill further to narrow the an^a, or tho era'
of the pi|»e.atein. During the aummer of 1858, I made an eiouraion
in company with the Rev. George Ihill, to aome paria of Uoimty
Norfolk, Caimda Weat, within a few milna of liake Krie, fo* the pur-
poae of exploring certain traoea of the former natirea of the locality.
We found ot rorioaa placea along the margina of the amaller atreama,
and on the aloping banka of the creeka, apota whera our •kotriticnia /
wtM f^arded by diacovenng relica of the rude arte of the Atoriglnea.
-l'
iftt? "^
I
^r
mtftnl ■lano ImpUnivnl*, •n'l • ««NMi(l«mkhl« qtMitltlf i*f pMtory. TW
Ml MMMl of Km tlMt r«MmhlMiM tlMf frM|iMtitJ; tMf% Ml Mtf
ia maUiftoi, b«l la «Nr««iii«ntolum. to llw anrtw l iKHtofy o# %h»
BHtl«h harrwwa.
TImi pitton' Art appMr* I0 ha*« (nmh pf«if«iMd lo • §tm% Mtasi,
•tfil Willi eo«i*id«r»bt« tklll. by l)i« Mi<ri«til rMMW <*r lbt« rtMilliiMll 1
Mifim MunlliHHrti lo Um Kadi IndiMM •! IIm |Mrio4 «h«ii tlii^
lH« ai^ «<Mlom« «t>f« Ami br«iuf tit unil<»r tK« nntUw of RumpMiM.
A4«tf My« of tb« L'luiotawa Miii ^«lrb«•« lh«l " i\%my Rt«<J« »
^rodtt^nu numim ot ^mmU of p<iltM7, <rf tiMib varioljr dT ^mm «
wmiUI b« iMliotM Id ilMMVib«, »n<i lin[MMMibU lo nMiM )'* Mi4 t)«tol«
i|«uK«rtbM thu An* fNirth««r« of tK« ktUir iHIm, In Iha MvwnUMfitb
tmaturj, M of amai4«r»bUi ««H«tj of cuni|MMtlu>o uitl muuh «lrgMi««
of tbapo, lo M lo m^^imr lo bim lillio Infufior lo lb*l of I'oHo^.
Tbo apMiaMPtit found by mo io County Norfolk, and nWwIiwrt ta
CmuuIn, WW hMvy Mill iwMirwi, both in in»l»rial Mid worliniuiahi|i, Mid
B«itb«r th»m nor thu objiwta now to b** dMcribcd. admit of aujr <wm-
paritMO, ^ raUtion to artia*lo daaif n ot werkmanabtp, will IbOM
rvlioa of lh<i Mound Huildor't tfll, Of llbt ■•*» fMant prtidiiMiunadfi
ladlMI Aill wbiob auggwot a rMMinibtanm to tMoi.
iUMMl^Miytng tha rud* fl'tila warf , a)M>bm of, w«t« «lno diacovwai
MffWii p«|)«-h4«da, mad* of burnt elsjT, and in aoma otamplM orna*
montwd, lib* tb« pottmrjr. wHb rodo «b«tron p*tt«ma. and lia«a <^
dbfc>^worb, inpraaaad on th« ni*t«ri«i whilo aoft. Hut wh«t pwt*cular>
K atruek in« in thaaa. and nlao in oth«ra of tha aamn typ*. in<'luding
aeraral oprciinane found uudar Iha nnit of a larga lrw», at th« Mohawk
nmtf on lb« Grand Hi? «r, and pr«a«iit«d lo ma bjr the IimIimi Ohiof
and Mifaionary, Iha Ut« P«tor Joom, (Kahkaw^quouaby,) WM
tha ffilroRM aaiiMnoit of lb« bowta. int«mally, and tha obvinua oom-
p|«H«ncaa of moat of auoh eianiplra aa were p«rf«ot, without any
aoparata atom or moath pioeo ; whila U othort netiTadaoy addilioiif
il Biiat havo boon a amall quiU, or atraw. Tboy ak onm rwallod
to mj niind tb« diaiiuutiTa fioottiah " Fafla PIpoa," and on
comparing tbem with aoma of thoao in my poaaoaion, I ftud that in
tbo iMiUoal of tha Indian pipaa tho eapaotty ol tha bowl ia erUii 1«m
» iif llMab aff aa«ir«4 aoa
Ita
»y Ummn. •nmtm mM lla*K (a«aa im,> mmimm IH* dl iw l M W i H «t Ww aiifl*mt "awia. tl*
ImptoMMita. h » w «ar. Im«« pwaUmrt to tlM ntd* aria af prfairiUva iwwit a atap ^ial
•hi*»ft»u<»4«tUi«4h»«MBpta«of Hf tam«pn«twytaHfca W a H a.lMifa»amaiaMidtafca
tiM UaptooMola tar «a*h(nf tiM onMaamlai pattoma •« tiM a«A elar-
h
HI
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m
mJI^~^
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P .
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-
^B^ ^^^t ^^1
i
|i'^'^^'^-'
'•>t'" jk.--.
, i
Ok^^l
■Oil iiiirti
Mb^
^jlM^
!MijWMr'M"iW* |.lr;til-i.f ., ■■^-
, ^ ut..Xi^j3BlH
'^ ^ '- .
•^^
# tm m» kirn wm
Wm !.«!< p»r»l*'»7 t-^iiwl !• Ml* MM df iii« llfl«i«iuii «vm Ikiili
th« pIpM •ii4 ilm •tmmfnfing p*AUrj Mt^\f 4i9m, m Mr Kmm
«M«irM iii«, thm mi; o#I|mi manuf»rtiir«>a »HW<h H«t« mmdo untUr Ma
mtiim AMMWff ik« iHbM «»r lh« North WmJ, »ilh »h«tai, Ui«Ui4, lU
IMHtor^ M appwra to b« wlioUjr ttnlmowa.
TV pntt0fj iHu. fbttoa dmif vim %kmm dimin^tifw Iit4i.n •!••
|ii|iM, i« ob«t.iu«l; th«r»f.ir* • r«li« of A>rm«^ crnturiw. HumiHi
^Hihiting no ■iK'li •vi.l.nr* m w.iuia Mrmn^ulj ■u«i|«»t • roitiol.
Mliquily. mmihr mmm^Im fimnd l«> lh« muIIi oI |),« OrsH Ldu.^
•f« IhH. d<i«<*f(h«a by Hr Mt,«i0r. In hit AboWgintl M.,nMw«Ml. of
th« NUUI of Nfw York : - Up-m th« ■U» of irrtry IndiMi Itttta, m
•Im within »ll llM •n«i«nl vncloturM. fnigmfnU of potitirx <h>mt ta
irr»«l abundimfw. ll b rar*. lk«Hrffirtr. thm .ay «.nilr« trM«.|. .« r«%
iwr«ml. Tho«i whleh h««« b.>«ii found, m fer th« mmt ptH f«mr4.
•h«pMl. with ivund hottom*. «n«l h«viiig little |irMtub«niur#a nrar th«
rim. Of ofUnrr « drop groovn, whcrtbjr 4h«.j could b« •mji^nd.-.f A.
few «M*« Ufa bf«n known in whi^ this f„rn. wm in«.I.Hrd. .ud th*
bottoRM m««l« •uflld«nll; D»t to atMtaia the wtml in an uuHcbl
potltlon. ¥r*gtn^,iiM found in T^flWiim County mm to indiJnto
thit oceMion«lly thn vr««.|« wfir« inouldfd in form, nearly MUAm
b«l With round«il .ngUi.. The u.u.l .i«« wm from ou« I., four
quarto I but MMoa »uat Urt wmtoinvd not Iraa Uuin twair* or fuur^
taan qu.rU In rn«r.l tb^ra wm no ait«iDpt »t om.ni»nti but
•omctimrii the Pitirrior«of the ptita «nd vm<«« Wfr« «l«bonit«ly if noi
to.t«Ailly oro»nM.iit«d with dot. and iine.. which »tmm to h«»o bo^n
rorin«d In a Tery ru^ m.nn#r with a p<«nted alicli or .h«r,«aad
bona. IkiMw whit<b smnMr to har« b««n adapted to tbta purpoM ara
oflan found. AfW the oommencciurnt of European inten-ourM
kettle, and veaa«|«^ inm, coppor. br.M. and tin, quickly .up..r«,ded
the pr^ucHoM of iba pHmiti* a pottar, who., art at otm ieUinto
di.uaa. • » ~
In an able anmmary of iba " Arcb»otogy of tbe United Bute.."
emNKlying a re.um6 of all that hM been pre*ioa.ly doM«. Mr.
«a»uel P. Haten reoiarkt: -In order tu climate- correotly the
d«|rie ot akill in handicraft. poue.s»d by the people who were found
m (^pation of the mII. we inu.t go buck to a tinie antecedent to the
decline in all domcflfo art. which rwulted immediately from inter-
OOUTM witb the white.. So aooa a. more effectiTC implement, mom
•wviceabla and durable utenrf|a. and finer ornament., could be ob-
is
nta of llM RtaU or Haw York, hmt 7>>
i
■M
— V
ft
I. hi ^ •.M^m^M^h-^-^Si^JUaLa, ^^
^^^w^^^^'^ww^mn^i^^
M
Wktcorui uiAois AMD wnMt/mtow§
'^•f.-
Utned in exchange for the products of the ohMo, their own Uborious
and imperfect numufaeturea were abandoned.*" ' Bat Juat aa thia
rescuing muat unquoationably prove in manj oaaea, it fnila of applica-
tion in relation to the abaenco of the potter's art among the Indiana
of tliB North West, for the substitutos found for it are of natire
mauufaoture, and present a much greater dissimilarity to the pro-
ducts of European art; Among the Chinooks, for example, inhabit-
ing the tnict of country at the mouth of the Colunibia Biver, th«
only .domestic utensils roiiiarkuJ by Mr. Paul Kane, as creditably to
their decorative skill were oarred bowls and apoons of horn, and
baskets and cooking ressels made of roots and grosa, woven ao oloaely
an to servo all purposes of a pitcher in holding and carrying water.
In these thoy even boil the salmon which constitutu their principal
food. This is done by plaoiig the fish in one of thebaaketa filled
with water, into which they throw^red hot stones until the flah ia cook-
ed* Mr. Kane observes that he has seen iiah dressed aa expeditions-
ly by thia means, aa if boiled in tho ordinary way ht a kettl* ot«c a
■ fire. , ■ ■ .•■■^^ •■'» ■ ■*"-
Keeping in view the evidence thus obtained, it will probably bo
accepted aa a conjecture not without much probability in its favori
that the rude clay pipes rcferre(| to, found alqng with other Canadian
relics, and especially with specimens of ftutile ware no longer known
to the modem Indian,furniHh examples df the tobacco pipe in uae in the
region of the Great Lak<^s when the northern parts of thiii continent
first ^^became known to BuropeanA. The, application of the old Inditti
potter'a art to the manufacture of tobacoo-pipos Is a well establwhed
fact Ancient clay pipes of various types and fortns have been discover-
ed and ^eiicribed; and in a "Natural History of Tobacco'* in the
Harleian Misoellany.t it is stated that : " the Virginians were
observed to have pipes of clay before even the English came there ;
and Arom those barbarians wo Europeans have borrowed our mode and
fashion of smoking."
Bpeoimetj^ of another elasa of olay pipes of a largely sfae, and
with a tube^of such length aa obviously to be designed for uae
without ihe addition of .a pipe-stem, have also been repeatedly met
with, land several firom Canadian localities are in my own poaaeaaion.
In the Edinburgh Philoeopbical Journal, February, 1848, Dr. B. W.
Bfiwtree desoribea a adrios of discoveries of sepulchral remaini^ ac-
compuiied with numerous Indian relica, made in the diatrict to the
"\
* andthMmlan OoBtr|buUom. V«LTIII. FSgtlU.
t Vol. I.. Bwe SS5- Qttotod in Note* mA <Siierifl*, toL .VII.^
Hmssft.
^
^i J , i*H tuJI« ..
.T
I 'It^'t
OV m OLD AlTD new WORLO.
»cco" in the
Muth of the Riven Hevera, hetween Lake Himooe uid OeorgUn Daj.
TIMm included ■peoimene of the large pt/ruUt, or tropiciil ehelU of the
Florid* Oulfi copper ketUee, arrow heads, hraceleta and other peraoual
omamentM, of copper, beade of aholt and red pip«-itono, and alau
varioui eiamplee of the larf^er clay pipe« : which no doubt belong tn
an era ■ubeoquent to iuten<oum(< with Huropeana,ae thu Mmu din-
oorvriea inoluiied axe-heaiU and other rfiioa of iron. Another ex«
ample of this larger form of clay pipe flgured in Dr. Hchooloraft's
*' Uistory of thu Indian Tribes ("* mus uIho found within the Caua*
dian frontier in the peninsula lying between Ijakos. Huron and
Erie. It was discorered in nn extensive'' aepuluhral ossuary
in the township of Beverly, which contained numerous Indian
relics, and among others, specimens both of the pyrula pereeria and
pyrula $jjirata. Hr. Paul Kano posiK^sieit another pipe of thu same
class, trumpet shaped at the bowl, and ununually well bnked, which wnt:
dug up in the vicinily of the Sault St. \f afiv, at the entrance to Lake
Superior ; so that this clasv of relics of the nicotian art, appears to bo
peoularily characteristic of the Canadian frontier. Some, at least,
of these Canadian pipes are of no very remote antiquity, but it iti
cnrious to note that in form they bear a nearer resemblance Ijiau
any flgured or described among American untiquilies, to such as aw
introduced in ancient Mexican paintings ;t nor are examples wanting
of a more antique style of art. One specimen figured by Mr.
Squieriii hia "Aboriginal Monuments of the State of New York/'*
is thus described : " It was fuund within aq euolosuro in Jetterson
County. . It is of flue red clay, smoothly moulded, and two serpents
rudely imitated, are represented coiling round the bowl. Bushels ot
frapnents of pipes have been found within the same enclosure.
Some appear to hove been worked in the f orm of the .human head,
others in representations of animals, andothers still 4n a variety of;
regular fbrms. .4.1 Some pipes of precisely the some
'material and of identical workmanHhip with those found in the
ancient enclosures, have been discovered in modern Indian graves in
Cayuga County. One of these - in the form of a bird, and having
eyes made of silver inserted iit the head, is now in tho possession oi
the author.^^' ■:; ■ >'/;.■- ■ ■»
Fipea of baked clay of a character more nearly appfiottmuting to
tlie ...actilpture of the mounds, ore figured in Messrs. Squier and
I'
*
4
■ t
4
1 ' ■ ■ ■ ^
I ■
-5^^
Jjydjl. Plate VIII. nga.aand6.
tlord itlDgHborough'i Ucxican Aiitiquitiu.
tVtiinlK. tit. 9.
Vol IV. PlatMlf, 57
i
^9
Mzy:^'w>?^.
I
11
Dlvrii^s worik. In tljp|« of irt, Imi wbiw , Ww y uw gvMiify {dbiori
Of two of thoM (Flg«. 70, 77, ]»g» IW,) ifc b ramArked . " Th<7
WM« ploughed up in Tirgiab at a point mmtI/ oppocite tho mouftli
^ of th* Hooking rivar, where there are Abundant traoee of ao •OoIhiI
people, in the form of mounde,' embanknionta, Ao. One rapreeente a
human head, with a singular head-dreH, oloaeljr reiembUng eome of
those worn bj the idola and Mulpturea of Mexioo. The other iw-
preeente ■ome animal coiled together, aitd it »s0eui«dteiih agooJtUal
qf •pirit.^* The latter remark, howerer, ia ecaroely bom« out bj th*
aooomponjring iUuatration, and it seema by no ineana improbable that
theae object* furnish apecimeus of the Indian arts of Virginia in tht
L. tiroe-of Baleigh. Thejr certainly present no such marked oharfotMw-
istioa as to justify their classifioation with the ingenious aonlpturat of
the Mcniad Builders. The same remarks apply to eiamples paooured
by Scheolorafl, Squier, and other writers ; and among avii^HH be
included two day pipes, one of them found in a mound
add the other in South Carolina, and both described in tbe^
Monument* of the Mississippi Valley."* Most of the uioient daj
pipes that have been discovered are stated to have the same form ; and
thia, it may be noted, bears so near a resemblance to that of the rad
clay pipe uaad in modem TudKey, with the cherry-tree pipe-stem,
that it might be supposed tO have furnished the model.- Tb«
bowls of this claaa of ancient day pipes mc^ not of the nuniatuie
proportions which induce a comparisou between those of Canada and
the early examples found In Britain ; neither do the atone pipe-heads
of the Mound Builders, suggest by the size of thA bowl, eitker the
self denying economy of the ancient smoker, oc his practise of the
modern Indian mode of exhaling the fumes of tho'tobaoco, by which
.so small a quantity suffices to produce the full narcotic effeota
pf the favorite weed. Thoy would rather seem to confirm
the indications derived from other sourced, of an esaential difference
between the ancient smoking usages of Central Americf and of the
Mound-Bbilders, and those which are still maintained in their <
primeval integrity among the Indians of the Nortb Weat.
Great variety of form and material distinguiahes the pipes bf the^
modem Indians ; arming in part from the local facilities thej.posseas
for a surtable material Yrom which to \)nstruot them ; uid in part
also from the special style of art and decoration which has become
the, traditional usage of the tribe. The favourite red pipe-stone of
the Cauteau d e$ Frairiet, hM been generally sought after, both from <.
• 8aitlv<oaiaaOaiitrttmtiai».. ToLt Ptifem. rif.M.
' 'i
' 4 - . ^■r.^a.yf
L*S*prt|^i*^ '" ***• • «T^(j
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'lir- ■ ■'■^■xt^^^'L^^
'"^mmma^
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Of t«B ou» MW9 vvm miUMit
iiMM of working ftnd lb« bcAuly of ito appMinuifc. Th^"
Ngkm of its o«l«brato<i qu«rri«i is eoonsofted with curious Indisn
Inditioos, snd tho looslifcjr sppssrs to hsr« bsetai oonsserstsd for msnj
gtnsratioos, m • ssor^d nsutrsl ground whersoo pSrtiss of rirsl .
tribss might ff«eljr sssembls Co supply thsmsslvss with tbe mstsriaU
nqoisit* for their pip« msoufiMture, 4M seour^ from diuiger as when \
ths pssoo-pipo hsB boon smoksd,rjsntl the tomshswk buried bjr the
Obiflls of tbe ludisii nations. A. pipe of this favourite and beautiful,
jMterial, found on the shores of Lake dimooe, and now ioi my pos* ,
•Msion, measures five snd three quarter inches in length, and nearly
f»ur inches in greatest breadth, yet the capacity of the bowl hollowed . * .
in it for the reception of tobacco is even less than in the smallest of . 7 '^^^
tb« " Elfln Pipes.'* In contrast to tbis^/^ modern Winnebago pip«
Mcently acquired by me, made of the same red pipe stone, inlaid
with lead and «xecuted with ingenious skill, has a bowl of large '^
dimensions illustrative of Indian smoking usages modified by tbe in-
fluenoe of the white man. *
From the red pipe stone, as well as from limestone and other
harder rocks, the Cbippeways, the Winnebagos, and the Siouis, fre-
'qtiently make a peculiar class of pipes, inlaid with lead Mr Kane
has in his possession an ingeniously carved red stone Bioux pipe, in
form of a human figure, lying on the back, with the knees bent up
towards the bresst, and head thrown forward. The hollowed head
^ forms the bpi^l of the pipe, while the tube is perforated through thr
annus; as is the case with another, but much ruder example df
pipe sculpture, earved from a light colored sandstone found on the
NiamiBiver, Ohio,*' j^
The Chinook and Puget Sound Indians, who erinoe little taste in
comparison with the tribes surrounding them, in omamentiag their
persons or their warlike and domestic implements, commonly use
wooden pipes. Sometimes these are elaborately carted, but most
frequently they are rudely and hastily made for immediate use; and
' eten ampng these remote tribes of the flathead Indians, the common
oUy pipe of the fur trader begins to supersede such native wts.
Among tlie Assinaboin Indians a material is used in pipe-manu-
fiujtnie i^together peculiar to them> It is a fine marble, much too
hard to admit of minute carving, but taking a high polish. This is
QiXb into pipes of graceful form, and made so exjipemely thin, as to be
sMtrij transparent, so that when lighted the glowing tobacco shinaa
tiurough, and presents a singyibfr appearance when in use at night or
•MoBUBMntaof fheMiniMtpi^ydkT. PSB«M7. Fic.lM. ;^
i.,,/?:^
J5^t _, 'ilE.:^^ -ra-j tipmik:. j^v«in)H *
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VAaoono vpaom ,Ain> iirmatmoiii
"s/
• in « dftHf|»^g«.< AnotliM- fifourite matoml etnplnjrod by tb« Aitiaifk
boin Iii(]i»r)a ia a omrae •peoimi of JMp«r aIm too hard to ndmit of •!>>»#
r«t« ornamentation. Thi» alao J|i mil into »arlou« aimiilu but taatliiMI
- • dmitgna, oiAouted ohic^jr by the alow and labofloua pruoeaa of rubbing
it down'with other ttOM*^ Tly ohoic* of th« matorial for fk^hiififilnf ,
tha 'flivourite pipa, it by no maana invariable gnidt'd by th« AioiHtiat
frbich »hn l«)OAtion of tho trilw aifordi, A avTtablH atoiin for auoh '
a purpoaa ^nriil bo,,pickad ,up and oarri«)d h>vn<irHda of milm.'^Mr*
K«n^ infonn* ni« that, in oominK down the Athabimka Biver,;wlMM
drawing near it* aouroe in thn Kocky Mountaina,*he obaer.rdd hii
. . Aiainaboiii guidea luAwt fhe farourite blueiiih janper fwm among tlU
watei* worn atouea in tho bod of the river, to' carry Homir for the pu»»
|>oae of ptpa manufacture, although tbey were th«>n r«illy flvu hundrit^
inilua from their lodges. Such n trnditiontil adhurciico to a. choice of
material peculiar to a remote aourc^, may frequently prove of eon-
atderable ..value aa a due to former migra^ionn of the tribe.
\ B»«||h the Croo nnd the Winnebngo^ndiani carve pipes in atone, of
'^A form now more frequently metVith in the Indian, ourioajity atorei
q{ Canada and the Hiatea than any other apeoiraena< of qatlve curving.
' :Tbe tub9, cut«t a sharp right anglo with the oyliiidriciU'howl of th«
pipe, ia ornamented with a thin vandyked ridge, generally perforated
with • row of holes, and atanding up somewhat like the dorsal fin <jf
a flsh. Tho Winnebagos alad manufi^ture pipes of the same £^rnv
but of a smnller aire, in lead, with considonibie Aill. ' ' - *
Among the Cree Indians a double pipe ia occasiouftlly in use, ooilr
. aifting of • bowl oarred out of atone without much Attempt at oms-.
medt, but with perforations on |wo sides, so that ^twoymokara oaf!
insert their pipe-stems at once, and enjoy the same supply or tobacco.
It doofl not appear, howev«r,,that any apociul 'significance ia attacheiil
t9 tbia singular Ikacy. The Saultaux IndiAns, abrnnoh of the great '
Algonquin n)iii<ni,alao oarve their pipes oat of a bliiok sten«||bund
in their country, and e\-inoe considerable skill in tbe execution of
their elaborate details. In the curious ool lection* of pipes now"
in-th* poasesstonof G. W. Allan, Esq., and including those obtained
.. hy Mr. Kane among the Indiana of the north<w«>st, are l^o Chippe-
■ way jiipes carved by the Indians bordering pn Lake Superior, out of
a dark clo8e>graincd stone, easily wrought 8i)d admitting of coqw ,
•iderable minuteneas of detail. One of thesrf, (Plato II. ,Fig. 2,)
TffieasatiDg'aiz and a half inches long, conaisti of,a quadraiigular
tube, from which risM- the bowl in- the ehape of a humitr|[ head, <rf
rery sphynx-like aspect ; and with white beads .inserted for the eyea ;
« '^P
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^•'fw^fwwt fwn
■!*'*■;■•
, Of tf« obD A«i> mm ««M>t. '
^
W^intt thl« an liuHim ••••teii on the ground hold* liii h«nd« to «ich
gidn of the head, («)lo•«»^^n prupOftiou to htin.) in front ia •nother
Inrlmn ai-ftted on « eh»ir, and bef«»rehim vtMids ■ third 'flR«<* nc»tly
H'oarvfd out^f the r«d ptjw "tooo, while between thein4i A miniatai*
bam) eut fVom n %hlte iton* found chiefly en Ht. Joteph'a Uland.
Ati the flRUTM ••«' well proportionf«*i «it>«l otrr^ with nonai lorft1)le
miniitenoen of ■d«>i«ift Homo orthe dotttiU in thia ex»inpii*— the
clwir «nd thwhwrrel,— aiV obyiously h«yn)wed from fcufwpeen mmleU.
but the geiieml deiilgn ia ^re^ ludlun ; the flgurea are litifther com-
pleted with native head 4re8«»a of .fnathi^ra. aqd the whole conception
jujd cxfcution well illustrate tbt yfttM ttyNiy^ K ^'T*'!!*^ *** tUbora te
Chipp«)WBjr pipe •oulptuioa. • j ,. , jy. . •
. One of the moat celebrated of thefe Indwn 0|» eculpton U
fabahmetad, or th«,FHcr, nn old Chipi^wny tfiM Hvfeg ou tho Oren^
Maaitotianin Thiand In.Lnko lVv»'»n,;- but more generally known «•
FiMAyiiwfAa:. the. Pip.». Maker,- Hkrally « he makoe pipea." Though ,
brou^ht in dontact 'H^ tfite ChriatUn Indiaiw of the MahininwahHi»if,
or. ^Iimitoulin laliinda.Dif, O'^fcani informa m'e that he rtfaolutely Bil-
herea to the* pagan ereed and ritea of hi* fathera, aiid i-eaiata all tlio
jfciicronchrp'enta of oiviliaition.. Uia nwtoriala aro the mmhkuhdaT
pt^b!/UH^hhe0^,,o/ black pipe-wtorii of linke Huron, the «•«»**-
;MAiA^«»«ii^ftwJb,;or wllite'pjpe-atdne.'prociiri'd on St. Joaeph'a Inlaiid,
and tho* miMkoj^pahg^ndhiiicJli, or red Vip*-**-®"" «' *^« Coutenu de
; f ralrica. His aaw. with which, the atone ia first roughl.^ bUickcd out,
'0i» i^nde by himself qui of a bit of iron- hoop, and \(\* other tools are
<»rre8p"ondingly rude4- neVort]|»ei*i»B.the.workmftnBf>ip of Pabahmttad
.»b<>W8 hiip to be. o piittie* o^ hia art. Ohe:of the sBOcimena orhis
•kill flap 6eeri, deposited by Br O'Menra In tho museum of Trinity
Co|Iego, Dublip/which,, from the description I have rtJceived, appears
. ^. correspond, vpry ^los^jly to tjje example figured on plate II.
• Another of the Cbippeway blacV-atone "pipe* in Mr. Allan's coUcC*
tlon is ajsquare tube terminating in ft horae'ehead, turned back, so as
to be attached by its noseio th6 bowl of tho pipe, and on the longer
: aide of the tube two figured are. seated, one behind the other, 6n the
grouAdt with tlieir knees Wn* «Pi andlooking towatda the i)ipe bowl.
» jl^ dMTerent spetiime'd of the Chieppeway pipe, brought from the
ndrtb-west by Mr., Kane, is made from the foot of- a red deer's horn,'
inlaid with lead, aa iia tho red pipe-stone and limestone pipe« al-
r ready '«)fetr«d"to at mada by the Chippewaya, the Wiqn^bagos, and^
■-'the^Siotixfc. ■■;%'-: '.-w'' .' ■ ' ■ : . . ■•■■
Bulj tKe moat remarkable -ef all the ■j>eotmeiii of pipe aculpture
«<^
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VAWWtW VtAAM k9» •bMMtlTIOat
.'*•
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I
- WMolU bj kk« IndiaM oT Hi* aerth-WMH •»• tboM Mr? «! by lh«
BabMtt. or Mf-lif lmikn»i m «aU«d Aom Ite •ioftikr <l«ff»raitl/
' iUf prodiMM bjr ioMrliaf • pMo* of wood into • dtl ouwl* in fth«
loV*r lip. Th« B«b«M ladiMM ar* found nloof tb« i'*oiflo ComI,
•bo^t lAlitttd* ft4« 4(r, Mid •tlMid Arom Um botdara of th« BitMiM
domiitiuoa «Mk-wnrd amtly to IVawr Biv*r. Bo»« of tb« oimIoim
of th« IkbMn Indiana mw acarMly law tiof uUr than thai froai
whfluoa thfiir nana ia darireJ i aud'ihi daaarving of miuuta oontpart-
■on witb 4b« oldar pmoileoa whiob parlain«d to th« mora oivilis«d
tvgiuna of tba eomtinant. Thia ia aapMiaUj tba oaao iu ^atioq lo,
—Ihair ritaa-of aapttlt«tn^ wbairaia thay maka • nrj marliad diatme* '
tion batwaen the aeXaa. Thair fenulaa ara wrapped iu nwU. and
placed on on alavatad plttfomi. or in • oaooa raiawi on poleif, biik
Ibayiiivariably bum ibeir male dMul. tf^ v«'v k!. f^'
The pipea of the Babaen. and al«<> of tbe Ctalara Indiani oocUp7*
iOK the noigMbouring Vancouver'a lalandi areoanred with the utmoat
•labonteneiNi, and in the moat atu|{uUr »i^d grotea^ue devieei^ron
■ •-Boft blue olajatoDO or alate. • •'' ".;;.>'■ 'fV;V '■■■••:••/'' .•■•- ••',:a' -y.' :;
Their form ia jn part determined by the material, #hioh ie oni/
proourable in thin elaba ;» ao that the aculpturea, wrought on both '
aidea, preaent a aort of double baa-relief. From thia^ aingular and
froteaque groupa are carved». without any apporent referenoe ^ the
final destinatinn of the whole M a pipe. The lower aide ia gen^Hlly a
atraight line, and iu tbe apeuim^na I bare examined they meaauru from
two or three, to fifuwu iiiobea loag ; ao that in Iheae tbe pttie-atem
la included. A anull hollow ia carved out of aoiae protrudinpierna-
ment to aerve aa the bo#l of the pjpe. and from the AllffiF end a
perforation ia dfiUed tooonneot with thia. The only addition made
to it when iu uae ia the inaertion of a quill or atraw'ae • mouth piece. .
pneof theae abewn on Plate II., Fig. I., ia from a drawing made
by Mr. Kane, during hia reaidenoe aolang tbe Babeen Indinna; Tbe
original meaaured aeven inohea long. Plate lit, ia espied from one
of the largeat and moat elaborate of the apeoimena brought, baqk
y/rith him; it meaaiurea nearly fifkeeu inohee Iqiqgi and aiippUiM. « .
highly ohanicteriatto ezaaplo of Babeen art. * i: w„. *
Meaan. Squier and Davie oonclude their remarka on the aoulp*
torea of the mounda, by obaenring : "It ia unneceaaM/ to aay moi«
than that, oa worka of wt, they are imdieaanrsbly beyond anirtbiiig
jirbiob the North Amerioan Indiana are kiiown to produee, eren at
thia dftyi with all the euggeationa of European art, and the ndran-
tagea afforded by ateel tnatmmenta. The Ohinqnka, and the Tn.^fl^,^,
1
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g# 1^ Mf^^VVilMV ••••It ••'*• P'y*** p**""^* *** ^^^
MMMIMIb* I . . . TM ulm«rt linn ••« U «i4 ul •^'•'JJJ
|k«7 •»• •t«W«l«, unm#«»»nf •W*iM». «i'-P'«l">f ••^ "v**!!
U.«.n«"r A »««». l.»il»»r r...^ «« ^ «»»"«*f ^,,J^* "°*"^'
--fliniiijfiifir iMipwiMMi w«i tiw ifit •! »fc» M^^ *^ ^
11 ui4 III )«i»Am to .h«*.'«i tMu^-txHi- d««« <■'««» »»»• •«•"»«"••
ti(itt of .ptctmrn. .try il.ff.mil fr«m lb.- -Hah li««« bi^ii bcugM
fVoB, lU .-..• UH«lilu». or iil.tlii»UKi l« »b. b.od. ol Ik. Milff
Mttlplor., mA ob»tou«l, w«.Miul« th« lr«« Ulu«lr«tum. of l..a-^»
.kill .nd »rti.l.« a«l|tn. I» .d.l'*i"» l^" »»»«-. h.mr«r. amoug U«
varied «>olli«tio« uf l..di.n r*l.o« brtjugbl by Mr. lUii. froti. Ul«
„.KtH-wM»t c««t. U.«n. i-uw uf lb. ingltiDtt* .i.»ipi«« jf MniUUti*
•kUt r«f«rml .« by Mr. Ssuiw. •hioh w« pmcur** «» ^•"'^"'•;' ,
Itiaiid. Bui wliUe titw •iliibita •*ia*m'« of lh» itm* iiiuirm
4«ttiiritT M lh« oth«r cwniig. lo ilw blue pipii-«l«t« of ih« CUbm
«nd U«b«*.i In«l«««. »t !»'•-*•»»• »»»• ""«* '*'»'""« *"•*'"' *" '75
.Itk. In d^iigii M.d .tyU .f art. It Km . fHf^ bowl. im.tM^
from th*t of • oomwoti cUy pip#. •«•« i-d,.con»M with twl.l«d rop«.
IMTt of « •l.ip'« bulkhod, .nd other object*- mclud.ii|| «•« tb«
Lid of . «rew.»llil. •» ^M'**''^ ^"»'''*' *• '^^ **"* •'"'*! "*• ^T^
,ttm«t«d th# ey« of »h. iittiv. »rti.t from tbeir uoirelly. Very
dUr«rent from tbU ar. tb* g«nuin. u»ti»e p.|>«.. They -n. comp.««d
tfviriedand eUboml* de»icee. iucludiuR human fl||ur«.. •«»• «t
iliem wUk bifdi' and bewt.' h.-«de, wd f.«q.«nUy pr»-t«tittr_MI'
•idertble .ccttnM.y of ImitOire .kUl. The frog It • f.rour*!. .ubj«rt.
l.p(«Mnt.d i«.«rdly of th. -me .lie m th« ^compwiyiaf hum-.
Jure, but llith • ».ry .pirited ..id bfe-lik. vri.i«.ktud.. In -»«...
of the Urgw pipe*, the «uUre group preeenU much of the grote^juo
e«uk.r.m5« of f««»cj. "'"»«»«*l •i^^' •'"'^'^'^"* borrowed d«i«
fn>m nmtuw. which .uiiMitute the c'...rm of the Gothic tccle.«.t.c«
^ulptttfM of the thirteeuth century. The ftfure. we grouped
Jigjkber in the od«Ut T.rie^. of poe tun., and inge«iou »l;jnterUicad^
• MonttWMH oTllH MkMlMlpet V»»^. p. m
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||^«ir«ftMl. aa M to g<«n grti*l Ufhln*«« of «|p(»miriin<w ll ibt
Art! «t*mttiinf %h*m, m ••II M •|»e*»i«M ta buna •mi i»<«rir ^«»i»
tH« MiM loriittti.-Mililil ««)«• ••, IMM \*my #«rtlnf» »i«Mldl
by Hw IMnntai l»liaiii«itMii4f ttivtiv^-l ww ilnit k«»H s-mln
|M»ml>lilN«iNi toi tH«i p«e«IW atrf* .if •♦H»i»nl M»ii«>*ii Arl. !lu«4i
„, , . „ ^- ffitliftl^ ff MiSliMl • „
i^viitflifirtWiAa i« inollMir (iirr«<« inn H«v« ilMHMd m* lo ««l(»|>l t<l»««
•V«fi l««i >t j f fwt >»» i»f "ttnh tKan lfco«» f«nrr»Hy ••! f"rtH b»
Ain<«H*«n i>lhtlf)t"eUta. n<il whtfn tll« •c<ttl(ittir««l Itellrixi nm( ('!*•
tfim p<p«a rnnmit bf otMntMimt in •<irnt(»ltlMiM«r«liiithrut iuitlrtlbn*
gfAhj<MrN of n«lnr»rr<im tiM numnrfm Mm^ t^MtH wry notk<ttbl»
|feo<k«f|li|it«lfv* iliin, ■ml (W# wtlt northjr »f fiMwi.li.niRcm m
•fiiiflim«na of inmiArfi n«»iv» «rt, wbi«h, if ft>«ntl In th« •iml^Mi
moim4», WiHiW hn\f tt«(M ik> k'«« wailAw »n4 ■dtuirfttum Umw
7-9lt/^*0Htm' <• Mnothfr e«)n«lu «{•>», of morn gfiivnil •pptti'X)^.
•iiirffMt«4 to m* hf th^«# H«h.>#n (i««l|)turi». Tlwy »r« d«'»«rviiw|
©f ■pwidl QonaictvhUion, from illii>itfili«((, in •omw rt«{»M}t4, lli« ]«•!
metKnrf of iiidnetivv hl«l«ry, m •l»ri¥«l fiwiw wnownl Mtc*. Strwck
with ih« diicrrpinnjr whloh rwry ctftfiJ InvwIlgtUor of the $u\i^ct
muat m.tlc b«»tww.n tlm ••UtirtfiUi art of ii« fln#f wtilpturen,
nd Mppcialiy thf pljHS hritia . f the inoundi, «nd miy oihur trtwn
«f th« ■kill nnd civlH««ti..tt of tMr bttttdM*. Mf. lUvi'n •wmn»t,A
fordgn origin ^>r «ll •urh •cul|»tur»*, whtt« oth^r* Hnw iiiferfd from
«1miii • nmtvrt clyillMtion it thw \fl«*lMl|>|)l'»ii»d Ohio V*ll«yii. c-.Jire*.
ponding Iti ftll re«p««t« to thrw iiulatttl ei«ini»l«5« of art ; jtMt M^
from • rudo but Kf«<«*ftil tJrti-k r«**, w« cin Infer the tint« of a
CiiUI«r«t#« or A Phldiiw. But It !■ Important io n»U', that while ih«
Bsbctn aculptor puriiti^ a pifr# of pipfl-carviriR •«» f.|«bor«t« and
Ingi'nIoaB a* Jn^tly to *»ielto our wonder and admiratioii. it fiiriiiiib««
no tMt «f hia gwneml progreaa In irta or oitlHiiitlon, for, on the con.
^mf, h» b ruder and mor* lifdlfforpnt to the refln^mpnta (»f dre#i
ill ii alii III tbin mnny Indian tribei who produce noauch HjK»«iill
ffMipfca of Ingenloua akill. J*ome of the conclualona whi«h auch
fccta tUHKat will, I au*pect, be found applicable to not a few of the
.»!••«■
myiiiinwi
k
'«fl
«| »u» i mpj% - ^ ;._^; ._^ . "^
wL wrlpiHHl up i« it. «--iug. IH, pip..*.« « «.»«HJ .-^rU^
tiJlT -^-"^ J@&«»t»> »» hi* h«-*'i->h«> '^'^^"^ >*«*'' °"^ °^
•biA M Ukm hi. fS But though th« «i.r»a pip««-l«w « .l-oH
2Lw.d i b. ^'^^ i« th* pr«..uct of . wom.«. "a .hould on. .^
^o..ij bn rMiofirSy . t.ai.«. "renumy a.,M;-«i J" r*^
«ti« .til •llircU and to prop.t.«t« ih« m.alf d .plril. " «- "TJ ^
Zwed l« f.U to th* gronad. wh«th«r d...g«.aiy or from ««. J«t.U
;lonU« b.va io b« gono through bofor. it «* --^f^^ '-*•
former f.vouf mid brneH.«nt u,rtu..K.«. Mr. k.0. •-^'•*»' * J***"!
C«i h.lf.b«,*d who coolVM-d to hi« thi. 4tt • ■pini of d,rmg
-rtnn'--- h» had on** .^Jf^tlf thrown down the mcAictM P>l>«*iK
IIdk«k«l it .bout, but .<H.n afUr iU official carn.r*.%.lWBtW
.ucb mi.fortuoi. f.4lowtd m l«a no doubt on h.i m.ud of th« awfViP
^-^
ii«
T M
-:ii
/
'- Sffit-i ^--
4
VAMMme vtA«M A»s ftrvMtrmon
\"
Wlk
fwldiiiiit to IM« goiiliB ma avwiw of «te Iww wtjl^
TiM MersdiMM wbMi tttortiw lo th* nedieiM pIp^NlMr .
|MiWm te partabQ to Mi htm&r. Uanj ipMid bonon ira di|« io
hhn. Mid it to HfU'piifc 0^ aiwmpgot. iuid tmlucky, to ftm b^ 4«
MTMaMniMidttrak ..^'''"^''
At fbrt PHK on Mm aMontobewan Bivwr. Hr. Kmm inftMroirliP
thai W Mft Willi KM-Kck«-(keowiiw, tb« h«M) ehi«f of lb* Or#
luilioii, tbM mgagad in nii*ing • war party to n«k« war on tk#,
BtookfMl. Ho li«d Meordinglj «l«v«n piodioioo pipo-itoBM wMr
hiitt, gnlborod firom the difforent biuidR of th« iribo who had alroodj
enltotod m tbo mum. add raoh oomqiittrd to him by tho modicinlNi •
■ipfl tko band. Anned with thMC Morod ersdoAtialt, hoprocooda
tbwi^ tho onoampmrattf of hia nation, attended bjr a few of hia
own ininMdiato followera, but without the pipe>atoin beareni, whoM
rlfbta and privilegM pM* for the time being io the chief. WhMi't'
ev«r be oonM to an euMmpment he oal'a on the braTM to aaMmbl%
telle them be ia getting up a war pftrty, recount* to them th«
unavenged wrong* uf the tribe, recalla the namM ot thoM alain in ~~~
fomier fenda with the Blaokfee^ and appMla to them to join him in
rwreagiaf tbeir dentlv Tbroaghout ■nob an oration tbaleara itreaW
down ftlMobM'kf of the eioited orator, and thia ia styled ** crying fbr
war>" On Miob ocouiona the medicine pipe-itoma are not tincoTered»
bal Mr. Kaat having pomaded the Cree Chief to ait for bia por»'
trait, be iritaeosed the eentinony of "opening the medidno ptp<N
■torn," M it is called, and daring its progreM bad to smoke Mcb of ^
the eleven pipM before ne could be allowed to commence bis work*
His apiriled portrait repreMnls the grim old chief, decorated with >i
hto war-paint, and 'holding in bia band the medicida pipe-steai^"
.elaboMlely adorned wdth the bead and plumM of an Mgle.
Ia tbo grave ceremony of opening the medicina pipO'iftenl, fbii
GraM make uM of a novel addition to the tobacco. It ia pirocur^
firom Iba Imtm or f&nm of a apeciM of cedar or spruM, which, when -
dried and burnt, yidds a very pleasing firagranM. A baadftil of
tliia WM thrown on the Are in the middle of the room, and flUed it
wttdi tba fragrant smoke, and some of the same wm sprinkled on Iba
top of tba tobacco each time one of the medicine pipe-ateinl Ifii
. uaad. iiMm-W':----*^l'''--'' ■■:'■'"'■ ..;«""'■ ^^'■^•^;;*^r---i^•■^^-.•v-;^;''■f^^
AU tliii Mftwmia}, a»Nbe fMenltoF MUe^ alia^beA «s Uti t#i-
stanvapaft from the pipe, are iiycial obaraetoriatim iCthe Be^
India* of tha Kotth WmI, of which no traM ia apnarnit In the
stngolar ■aiaoriala of the anoiirot Mound Builders, or |iii tba sculp-
i:
-:%;.
^1
- *W!B(***-
'(Vf.- ' ■ ■■
r*
%
( .
iv tarn «b» A«» wwH
ZiX-rfTSi Ei«r»««^*» im* work it ta d««tott ^
rrUi^qM«aldi««*«yAiHwhW» WW^**"*-!"^ .
' l.„rtiiii In ^^^ IV, -pUt. 17. of • iirt.. oopkKl fto- • ^^
•• • W-aTiffio* to hi- hM»4 • pWn wWto pipo, tlto^ roftwo* *•
M ooiMWIml of th« form of tho Urg«r oUy pipM found in CviMk
and in tho Stale of N«M York, aid Irom the bowl ri.ee yellow
iunee. On plete 67 of ibe Mune Tobme, copied from • II«xiomi ,
* pnintinit in the Borgiui Mateum. in the College of the Prop.g«nd»
iT Borne mey be «M>n enother figure, holding whet teems ■ imell
oler tobilcoo pipe. fW)m whence imoke proeeede. One or two othet
pkiuiee epiKjer to repreeent figure, putting the green tob«»o leeV
or MB« oth«r leef. into the pipe, if indeed the m.trum«i.t held u^
the h.nd be not rether « Ule or peter.- But wy iuch Ulu.tr.tion.
M« rue. end wmewhit unoertmn i end it .ppeer. to be undoubted
thai the tobiMsco pipe wm not inreeted in Centrd Americ with .ny
of thoee .InguUr «d liMsred .fctribut«i. which we mart belier. to
have .ttaohed to it wnong the .noient Mound Builder, of tbf
lli.eiMippiV.Uey; end which under other, .nd no Iom peculiar *»
forme. Je reverently m.iotmned mnong the n^tire tnbe. of th«
North- Weet, oonrti^jiting one of the moet chw.cteri.tio peoulwntiee
of the Americmi rfxiriginee, ud onf weU deeerring of thf owefW
(tody of the EthnoSogirt. , , / v' , * - '
Aieumiogite.ftfeot,demon.tr.tedby • rwiety of independent
vvidenoe tb»t thy»ing»i«* P'*"*"* "^ ■'°"*'^'°* nwcotic originated
Mnong the niJtite tribe, of America, and wm communicated for the
ftrafc^imeto the Old World, efter it. diwsovery by Columbue, it
Sl^ea • eubjeot well worthy of conmderetion how rapid and
uBiTereel wa. the diflHieion of thi. cu.tom throughout the world.
Not only bare Bui^ end Aria, in Uter time.. di.puted with
America the origi« tbi. luxurioua iMrcotio ert ; b«t teaTeltorj
who return from tbemyrteriou. tropw.1 centre pf old AlHc find
tb«^ in Kke mmmer. th* nee of the tob«>oo Jripe, among tribe, to
wkom the right of the flret white man i. .trange and reptilrire.
Suoh facta era worthy of tery cawftil oonrideration by the Bthnologwt.
They prorehow fallaciou. i.th»t mode of reiK^iing. which, m treat-
lig of the MAural hiitory of mw. take, no account of the predomi-
natiDg ininence. of i«Mon, intellect, and experience, m maniferted
•tea emonf tkorudert Mtaget » end leekt to epply thd wnt liw to
»•
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^P^ % «ki«^ IW ilOMBfll* of • MflMlt fit illMliM Mf k«
with «hi«ft Ui» A w lMio l o g wl M tm0m w tlMlPMi- ^^^ ^<M^
^UTiImmI ptnUiivt •rt» t r^
TW lUriag t(»T«U«r CImwIm John Antiwano, kh« flnt npUiMr M
IhflMiitvj of ftiM Dmmtm, in ki* "Uka NgMni," ftitnUkl44|l
following iofeMMting aMount of th« AfrioMi um uf the wwmI t "^t^
••TiM UlU-0*muM ■■btlM «litotU upoa Iba (aw wiM rooU wMoh ttivlr ttadto
iMlgblwwIlov*! praducM. MimI of thtm, h«'««»tr, inMiAg* t« mIm • ttlll*
toUcM. for which lh«jr h»?« a p«rf»ct oiaui«^ J|p|t Vbbib ikfy ; fflp |pi|||
much •• Ui« ncociMu-iM of lift.
" They liao cuTUvsta 'daeka,' or homp, not u with w, for lU flbra, but fur Iha
Mka of tho yooag laa»et ami •••J*. wliioh lliuy uaa at a aubaUtuU for toh*oro,
awl whieh W of tha nwal inlottoatlnR and injurloaa oharaattr, \t boI nnfr.>qiitotljr
(Mppana, Indaad, thai thoaa who lodalga loo IWmI/ in Mi «■» of ihto platit Mi
alfoatad by d i a ^a aa af tfca t»r*ia. ■■-%.,-.;• ■•.
_,"Tka ««inar In whlah th« Hlir-D««M«»i«*»lt*Wlaly diffanat from HInMi
MttWMliaw. or Uhrtaliaa. loolffarl ol aimply liibaling ttia awoka, imi tliaa imaiP^
diataly IttUng It aacape, olthar Uy tho iivMiih or nortill, »hay awallow it d«liba?'
atoly. Tho proeoaa la too tiagular to bo pa^aod o»ar without notloo. A amall
qaaniity of wator hi put Into » larga horp.— uaually of a Ki<odoo,— thrao or four
hat kMig ▲ ihort olay tita|(fiiikd aithar with tobaoeo or daeka, la than tatradnotd,
aad Hiad Tortiaally inltf th#.«l», »*•» tha aitramlty of tha narrow ami, eom-
mtmlaat V g with tba lataHor by ■aaol of « amall apartura. Thla balng dona, tkt
ipty prcaaat ptaaa tbtnMlvaa is a airoU, obaarving drap all«n«a; aad with opaa.
Boutha, and .yea gliaUning with delight, thay at.KioiMly abida tkelr turn. Tha
ohiaf man uauaily ha* tha honor of anjoylng tha flrtt pull at the pip*. From tha
f Bom<Dt that the orifce of tha horn la applied to hit lipa h« aeema to loaa all ,
MMMloaaaaaaofaTarythlng around him, and baoomaa antlrely abtorbad in tha,
i^oymant Aa Mtlla «r no anoka aaoapaa firom hia moMtb, tha tSral la aoaa
Mflkiantiy apparaot. Hia ISiatnraa bacoma abotortad, hia eye ^aaay and vaoaal,
bi* mouth aovarad witk froth, hi« whole body eoovutaad, niid ia a few aaeoada ha
Itpfoatrata op tba ground, A Uule water ia than thrown ovarbia body, procaediitg
-:^ net anfraquently from the month of a (rland-, hta hair li Violently pulled, or hia
IpMd uncaremoAipualy thumped with the hand , Tbaaa-iomewhat diaagraeabia
-appHaatioBa uanatty ha«« the i^fllMt of reatjurfag him to himaclf in a few minotea^
Ofeaea, bawevar^ have been known where the peopU have diad on the 9po^ turn
overebargiag tbair atemaaha with the poiaonona litmeai Tba Ovahararo aao
id^aoeoln a aimiUr maunar. with thia ditferanee only, tba^they lafaaie tb| aaaokt
■luplT through abort day pipe*, wijthout iMoff JVHf I9 ««4 ||f ,wt4^^,«^irM
rnakua U all tha more dangerona.* ^ ^ r? ' '-.: ^' Z^'^7^^^:iKT'W^v^^r'^'^^
,li would a|Min,«liki from tho Americaa ud tb« AfHoan modo* of
«^g.tibe |o%oqQ or o^b«ii4|Nrcotios in smoking, and no lea* ao firom .
«Im» CkioMB tai Malay enplojiMnt of opiiua p^j,.fif^i|i|.pNM||A >
M
\
■ »?F?fpr^
fc<^^^fc4ifei *
Of <nii OLD hjn WW tMMttA. ,
llMitlnylinitiTi] iiM of Mich ■moog dl nw*f lito Wo" «»t*»^
vMTgfOM ia»rmp«ri^na«. The iiifiTBiicr, therefor**, is proUbljr fcol .
Ml nirgitimate otw. whwii aaenbrt th# aiiMai ■!*• of »h« old««l **
Bvititb IoImmo pipM, not to the •conomy or modarttiun of Bli«»-
UUuMi and Jaoobito .inokiTi. but r«ib«r to their prw^i-inu tb«
Bi«o(Mii mi in ««o*o imitation of itn wild fonwit «rigin»ior«. Thb
k nowb*t« more enrioiuly and diacriminatiiigly indicate*! than In ill
praaeriptioQ forth* c.ir« of tija mental diiprder treated of bjr tb«
quunt alltbor of " Th« Vnatoiny of Melancholy ." himaelf evidontljr :
• loTM- of the wOfd . ' Toba«;co, divine. rar«,'«uprn'xceUent tob««MO,
wblob goes far beyo»d all ih« pnnacMWu, iwtabl*? gold, and philo.
toribtr'a atonoa, a novoroigu remedy to all diaeaara. A good voiull,
ilplli t • virtuoiw herb, if it bo well qualified, opportunely tak«n,
Md toedieinally uaed ; but aa it ia commonly abiuwd by moat men,
which UdKe it aa tinkera do ale, 'tia a plague, a ^iaohief, a violent
purger of gttoda, landa, health ; helliah, deviliah, and d«nin*d tobacco,
the rain and OTerthrow of body and aoul I" -Such A daacription of
tho extent ifi which 4obaoo<> wua " commonly abu^d,", in the early
p«rt of the aerentcenth centurj' <1021) in only explicable by auoh
modea of partdking of it aa atill prcvoil among aavage tribea, for
MMuraely eren tho groaaent exceaaea of the modern •ntokernnd oh«w«r
woffld admit of auoh terma of donuQcintion. ' i
-The growing aiie of the tobaeco pipe, oa it approachen the em of
tlb« BeTolution, indicatea tho introduction of a -oontemporaneoua
nicotian revolution alao, which adapted the pipe of the luaiW I
^medicfiie-num to the philoaophical reyerioa of an ^gU«b Newton)
nnd within a century from Zacharie Boyd's aaaocia^|^f tobwsoo
. with the diaripation of " The wine pint," enabled tUmff^ »ithor
' of the " Goapel Sonnet*," to superadd to these hil *♦ Smoking
Spiritualiied : inserted ai a proper subject of meditation to amokera
of TobMOO ; the ftrat part being an Old Meditation upon smoking
Tobaoflp ; fnd the aecond a new addition to it. or Improremont of
it."* In lb " improvement " of his text tho grave divine indulges in
nicotian aimilee, such as, IVom leaa reverent hiAds, would seem
p>obn«4 compviog the " nttighty foreign weed •* to " the pbnt of
gMit nnown," to •• Jesieli flower "and *• Shwxnf a Rose !" and
.•■"
.it
^ «r IplritiMa Botyi In ri« yta, iw n w nilm C w a it oi i w>A B <di iw p« »n;i .
r MdSsB^ jMllAaatimi an* laiietiaeathm, Mth sod Imm, HtetMi and HaU. B7
tka late BMWMd Mr. Batph Ir^iaa. WaMar of tlw Oaapal at DaaMradiiM.'' My
nmiUttslMkl«Mini Bdliibai|li.infri'«aaflM«ii« avtAanoaoT tha popalariHy whleh
<*
^nH!Iil^
rw
>
I
VAWI0M9 WM«n AN» ■VfMStlVluM*
^ TIm wnok*. like Iramfait
;' lo davoul pray«r » ul<Dtutt <m)i
i«%
tnJ •wok« TvtaMiM.*
M<niaatMtik,
™Tli ihU th« hiKsiful mordllt " improv.'a *' on nn uld i*)!!! . whl^
hM b«*n IfMwl t4. Ihe etrly (Miri of lh« ••tetitornth centur/. ^ Ui
■ini prwtrfed on mow than one BroiwUiae of datei m wrljr ijW
M 1670 Md 1072. In tho former of £ho«« it b«»iir« tljc initiaU " <*4|yt
W." •uppo«Ki to b« tho*' of (J«org« Wrth«r, who 1. wptttid \Mf^
\my fouod tolace in the luxory it celobr»ti». This unlucky puritp^
po«i, who di««rin 1667, i« wiid by hi. unloring Wogr«|»her, AnthonjJ^ ;
A' Wood, to have owed hi/ lifis on one occwion, to r bon-mot of »V .
witty pootio rival, Sir John Dcnham. The roynUtt -m t^ authOl
of tho Atkma OxowiMMt reUt««"Owed ■ grudge to tke o^tirf . v
po«l, •omo of hi. family ctote. having got into WitheP* clrtohJ| .
Nevertbelees. he mode.tly prayed hi. Majcty not to hang him. foi-
•o bng aa Wither Hvod, ho (Sir John Donham) would not be ««-
counted the wor.t poet iu^Ehgland! iJotwithatanding thta^rfnr
OB WItbw'i poetic repute, the wng ha. evidently vujajr»d gre^
Md enduring popularity, a. !• proved by nunierou. variatioua. / ;
and the grjidual modernising proce.. it ha. gone through. The y^
TenioQ of it which fumi.he. a text for the EeT.BalphRr.kin0, ^
betvaya the touche. of a modem band 5 but in it. general form it moat "
ncariy reaemble. the Broadaide of 1072, with the antique flavour i)f
which theee "tobacco fume." mfcy ||ly exhale their ooncludin| -
<Wi."
' itslii
. vM,
m
9
4
Th« ludian wtfeii, t^lUivraU quiui,
arMitaMHIPQi cut down .1 night,
8Mwt thy (looaj -,
All flesh i* hay, '
Thut tUlDk, thuu drliik tubiuo^ '
Th. pip. that U M Uly whit«.
Shows thoo to be tlnurUl wlgh\ ;
Even u each,
Ooo. at a tottuh,
Thna think, tliea drink tob*ooa
And when the smok. ascend, on high.
Think thon behold'st the vanity
ofworidiyMiip; :rj ^
Oonaatapvffi ' ,.*^- \„ f
., 'Tluuthii^, and drink tobaoon.
Ki>\
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4
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w.
*
u
It'
of
«
-
«v ^ oiA Aa> m
4a< wkM IM pip* |n«« «Ml «4iU%
▲U tf Om art
I llwt w* WrfltMliM.
. • Iby l^a M f«» UiM Mill h> mind, ^
Thai anm dvat ^^
I <&tlttrn (ho* mul t ^^
>• , Th«* think. Ilwn dHnk toUM^
'K^'
,'.j^-
,^
j^orilM fowgol«»g p«j|M *•"» dfit^y tfc«wr« <*i»^ Hi*
Qiitkmi Qfcwixr, of June «th. IW7, r«Mdli«d me, with th* toWow
l«f i^M of proewdiiigt tt a mortlni; of tho Society of Antiqu«rl«;
of NewflMtle-on-T/ne. It may rery fitly be appeuded m • oot«
to thk tlwtoh, M lOfflciqg t«i eliojr the Uteet riewe of my friend. Dr.
Brttoi, on kh» •utiquUy of pipoe and tobacco. It will be aeen thai
IM etiU ipeake of the miniature Elfin pipee aa m*ii«tal ; but suba^)
~i|Mit renarkt aecm to indicate that by thia tens he mcana th|» era
If QoMii Bliiabeth, If not indeed that of tho Be»olution, though
' itlthA-of them ^wouldbo generally reoogniH •• |»«»U^nf to tbt
profinio of thi medwrai buiiorian. 'V • , '
• •^'Dr Braee laW. wImu the olrwUr ooiiT«nlo| tkn iu««thig wm \m»*A, tli«ffe,
«M no pap« In proip*)t, nod h. had therafore writtan a ahort ooa, not >" 'Wp«» g :
the maay lalereatiac commuoloaUona which ha<l llll«<l up the BMalinff ao agrMiMy.
Bla paMT waa oa the aal^aot of tha ohiy pipaa .Hjcaaiooally fouml in .lloatlooa
Slifliwe ahoold ooly a«p«>t to flud rauialua of • tliiw. long aiitarior to th« of
ffir W»lUf Balaiah. To tbia auWaot hU attanUoo bad baan turned. witWn tbo laat
Si da,.. hT^^-r raaalrad yihaTraMurar (Mr. Paawlok) from a-«tqjd
. mUdt D«.W Wilson, of mto. Tha Doctor wn>U .-' What «y. Dr.
^>!I«no thaRoMM. tobaeao-pl'p«i now! TalH.im !»"'• 8^ * ^^'^ «» P»"J "
•Ilk hiM far thai.* iMtqootad from hla ppgea, and baM raaponalbia lor maaa
ilttllal at-r tbaogbi -Od. of maaut lo .ay. Lat hknlook^t fcr» «l«^,
fromAalandof tobaooo.' Tha Waago referred |o. In hla (Dr. Bruaa a) aaoond
-ditiSwTrba RomM. Wail.' h«l. eurloualy endugb. and taaaUoualy rfnoogh, been
-Eraqaot^l aad tnmal«atoarbapa. than auy oth ar Jt aakad if amoklng plpa.
JS Si n,inb«^ ^^JK^ romalna-^l^b Plift'llltiri^
, ,«hmof plta.y^dl««.rfoo.. wllh '"'•""••''•'••»»t^'***'lJiS^; !^^
•IMioaaiadoaa aaaoaiaiioh with ramaina of undoaU«f^uu«i ojtoln.'^r. Wllaon
;«M^ whara. in U. Arahmokgr ^ ai«fd. «- -P-k- of
,.yit the aoppoiittoo that toba«« wap ooiy latred«»d a. a auperior aohaJitoU
p foTadara^feoliaa Dr.BfW»p^n^m»ralapaaMa«»»r^«.»»^J»«Hdaf
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'f-nti * No U'kMi of
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•t.- ■UB.MDr.
„ ^ -.^, - K«-»«n »*M«p f»»« "^ '
. Pfjt OMOMaWMI fai d«i*«
^ry l»wl to uUjlS ^f^ l*^» ^•-* *•» ?»»•: T ^
, I bMtW^oM of Boy** •» l^""**^ ; •"«> •« "th.rp.rtt of IflMd whor* WUUani
' ^ r ':!' £SiiS^g5C»pM»^'tN ft"* *•»•». '- »»»• ""^ "^ **'*^ mi-«b-i*
,mH .r * 55^ ;;j^.| ^^l^i Iut«Sii»»ho ««.«», .nJ U«a.lo«ft.rtlin-. lh««M*l»
V' '^ hdul*»d in th. ..iHttaM j„.tt,^\i| •nioUng tob««.s wer. .i-wrtiiiMd. U bujtaf
Sm. th.! Ik. waa ptp..-tb. f#Vp~-t»" *>«»«' p4^-5"»* >«,»fe','"
*
j ^ MUM wUforjr Willi-
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^ I *1 ]\\ « Al tht ooodu Jon ol A« pfP*«3r. B- Bpo-r .UU.! thtt h« had .Mi. tarMJ «p.
.V .' *fc M'^ op«r«Uoot. huttdr«li of pip.. t«|jhliw, HmUw IhM M^ oC »M« ««
M ^ ftomthii U»pp«« th^ Wio lo«m«d nuthor of "MiloMMi
■ WaiW* no Jongrt •atof4fi*0 hi. mur«I Legioowy tlw luxury of •
ptp^i and the d»Moe of tilt Venerable olMtic iuititiition muft be
rwigned to th« mere chi? tlrow »rch»obgi*U of the Continent, Md
••peeiaUy to the Autiqu^ of Antwerp, where BWln tobeoeo^Jpj*
.•restiU exhiblt«»d •■ BiamWa relloe; and Mnoug whom, i*t *N|»,
■tUl turrivee tome eoUatwal descendant of the venerable and peali?-
worthy AMobrand OlBenbuck, the happy progenitor of thf Uird of
Ifonkbaros !
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