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JOURNAL

OF AN

EXCURSION

TC THE

UNITED STATES

NORTH AMERICA.

SIX SHULWGS,

■^f/

JSc:

}

.t:(at.J9 -

THE

JOURNAL

OF AN

EXCURSION

TO THE

United States

NORTH AMERICA,

INTHESUMMEROF

1794. ,

KMBZtLISHED WITH

The Profile of General JFashingtonj

AND AN

Jqua-tlnta View of the State House, at Philadelphia*

EZ23

By henry WANSEY, F.A.S.

j4 friLTSHIRE CLOTHIER.

" Nothing extenuate, or set down aught in malice."

Shaktspeare.

»R1NTID AND SOLD BY J. EASTQNJ

SOLD ALSO BY O. AND T. WILKIK, No. 57, FATER-
NOSTER ROW, LONDON.

1796.

-\ ^ M ^

-7

H*-

'''T

-f- fl.

i i s

t r»f|.

34^//f

PREFACE.

.te

■ ^f*.

I Jlt may, perhaps, appear extraordinary to
fome of my Readers, how I could colledt
fo many materials in fo fliort a time. To
this I anfwer, that, in contemplation
of this Journey, I furniihed myfelf with
much preparatory knowledge refpeding
the traft through which I intended to
pafs — both by converfing with American
gentlemen, and reading Morfe's Geogra-
phy, BrifTot, Jefferfon, Mather, and other
authors.

■^

At the fame time, I entered in a fmall
paper book, queries and memorandums
of fuch things as I intended to enquire
after; and, by the knowledge of fhort-
hand, I was enabled to make minutes

a 3 0$

PREFACE.

as T travelled along, In another little
waftc book, even while I was in the
jflage, which I copied out every night.
—This has, however, in fomc mealure,
by Hating fads juft as they occurred at the
time, occafioiied irregularity, and fome
differences in fentiment.-In thefc cafes,
the laft ftatement is, probably, the trueft,
as it mufl be the rclult of more ex-
perience.

If it gives my Friends, at whofe requefl
I publifli my Journal, the pleafure and
information they expeft, I am fatisfied;
and I hope criticifm will fpare me after
this explanation.

'4:

INTRO-

j.^

INTRODUCTION.

A DESIRE of knowing fomctliing of the
United States, of which we hear fo much, and
know fo little, together with fomc occurrences
in bufinefs, induced mc to make a trip thither
during the laR Summer. I have been highly
gratified; and as my account is chiefly founded
on my own aBual experience and obfervation,
and different in many refpeBs from any other
account, I am induced by thefe motives, as well
as by the rcqueft of many friends, to fend my
Journal, forth into the world. It is publilhed
in the fame order in which it was written on the
fpot, which I hope will be an excufe for the
want of method, or occalional repetition to be
found in fomc places.

VlU

INTR01>VC,TIQK.

i'i:

In Narratives of this kind» the world is gene-
Tally bett.-r pleafed with plain matter of faa, i
tljan abliraa difquiritions, or the Author's own .>
ientiments obtruded too much on the Reader. . .v .:

Moil of the mcdcrn accounts of the United
States have been publiflied under the influence t
of prejudice. While fome have rated them too :^.
highly in the clafs of nations, others have de-
preciated them too much, even to contempt- :
Imlay's is the puif direEi, and Cooper's the
^uff oblique. On the other hand, the Author
of Letters on Emigration, lately pubhflied by
Kearfley, has viewed every thing with a jaun-
diced eye. I took Briffot's Travels in my
hand, and paffed over the fame ground as he
did, from Boaon through Conncaicut to New .
York, and afterv:ards to Philadelphia, and fre-
quently Tiopt at the fame inns. His account is
tolerably accurate; however, in a period of
five years, fome confiderable alterations and
improvements have taken place. His book .
gives much real information. His account
of Mr. Hamilton, Mr. Wadfworth, aud of the
Prefident, agrees with my own obfervations,
as I was in company, and at the tabl^ of each
of them.

BrifTot

INTRODUCTION,

5nef-

faa, \

own .)

^r ■ '

BniTot juftly obferves of the Northern States,
(particularly Conne6iicut) that eafe and abun-
dance univerfally reign there ; for induftry is
fure to receive the reward of independency.

.s^

But he has exceeded the truth refpefting the
fuccefs of a vineyard, at Spring Mill, twenty
miles from Philadelphia, which, he fays, (page
252) fucceeds well, and produces much good
wine. The fa£l is, it does not fucceed at all. j
The Frenchman who began it, does not make it
anfwer, nor can any vineyards fucceed, while -^
there remain fuch immenfe flights of birds and
infe6ls. ^ ^

Hi'' meteorological account for PenfyUania, '^ '
is far lefs in the extreme than the faa, (page '

25^0

Mjnt>/m

The prefent, appears to me, a good point cf
time to take a fketch of America, and to mark
its progrefs fmce it began to rank among the
nations of the earth. This government is raif-
ing itfelf on a new fyftem, — without Kings —
without Nobles — without a Hierarchy. Reli-
gion is left to its own intrinfic worth and evi-
dence, and we now fhall fee whether it can
fupport its- due influence among men, without

Aas

^ INTRODUCTION.

ABs of Parliament to inforce it ; and whether
it is effcntial to Religion, that its eminent men
"/Jiould rear their mitred fronts in Courts and
Parliaments :" if it will not, it will then, indeed,
appear to be a necelfary engine of State, to keep
rational beings in awe and fubjeaion.

It will be grateful to pofterity to mark the
beginnings of an Empire, not founded on con-
queft, but on the fober progrefs and diBates of
reafon, and totally difencumbcred of the feudal
fyftem; which has cramped the genius of man-
kind for more than feven hundred years paft.

In thefe States, you behold a certain plain-
nefs and fimplicity of manners, which befpeak
temperance, equality of condition, and a fober
ufe of the faculties of the mind— the mens [ana
in corporefano. It is feldom you hear of a mad
man, or a blind man, in any of the States ; feldom
of a felo de fe, or a man p.lflicled with the gout
and palfy. There is, indeed, at Philadelphia, an
hofpilal for lunatics. 1 went over it, but found
there very few, if any, who were natives; they
were chiefly Irifh, and moftly women. The
diforders in j1 e United States, arife chiefly
from external caufes. A bilious remittent f.vjr
i§ common in the South and middle States,

about

..-3

'*9ls

INTRODUCTION.

irlietber
nt men
rts and
indeed,
to keep

ark the
on con-
Etates of
e feudal
of man-
; pad.

n plain-
befpeak
I a fober
lens [ana
3f a mad
; fcldom
the gout
:lphia, an
»ut found
esj they
1. The
i chiefly
ent f. \ ^r
e States,
about

1
I

about the clofe of every hot fammer. owing to
the increafed exhalations, at tha feafon, of the
fta^nant waters, which abound. But this evil is
leflbning in proportion to the cultivation of
their foil, which tends to render the climate
itfelf more temperate.

The Author of Letters on Emigration, a-
mongit other objeaions, obferves, « That there
does not exift a more fordid, penurious race, than
the Captains of paffage and merchant veflels."
I returned from America with one of them, and
found it quite otherwife—plenty of all kinds of
provifions, frefh as well as falted; a cow on
board, which afforded us milk every day for
our coffee and tea ; we had good Port, flierry.
porter, and beer, daily with our dinner ; as well
as oranges, nuts, almonds, and raifins, very fre-
quendy, by way of defert. Many of the native
American Captains being ufed to live with ex-
treme frugality themfelves, do not think much
about the provifions nccefHiry for the paffen-
gers ; in fuch cafes, they mull look into it them-
felves, and fee that every thing proper is pro-«
vided, before they go on board. 'I he Author
alfo remarks on the uncomplying temper of the
landlords of the country inns, in America; they

will not, indeed, bear the treatment we, too often,

give

i -n

Xii INTRODUCTION.

give ours at home. They feel themfelves, in
fonie degree, independent of travellers, as all
of them have other occupations to follow ; nor
will they put themfelves into a buftle on your
account, but, with good language, they are very
civil, and will accommodate you as well as they
can. The general cullom of having two or
three beds in a room, to be iure, in very difa-
greeable : it arifes from the great increafc of
travelling within the laft fix years, and the fmalU
nefs of their houfes, which were not built for
houfes of entertainment. This book appears to
be written purpofely to check emigration, as
much as Cooper's and Imlay's are to encourage
it ; and perhaps both in the extremes.

With regard to the queftions fo frequently
afked me — Are you going again to America to
live there ? Which country do you prefer ? I
anfwer, the country is one thing — the fociety
another. The facrifice of pleafant and well-
eftablifhed connexions, is undoubtedly great;
fuch a facrifice muft be peculiarly diftrefTrng to
a mind whofe habits of attachment have been
long formed, and feels not that uneafinefs which
refuks from ftraitened circumftances. If, how-
ever, troubles fhould arife in this country on
political accounts, or perfecutions for mere

matters

I \

■^

INTRODUCTION.

XIU

matters of opinion, I know of no country that
would afford the fufferer a more happy afylum,
if he is not a man of luxury. ^*"'<''*

w-t

■■'.l\t ., -

The arts and improvements proceed very flow
in America, from the want of that patronage {o
prevalent in England. The Americans being,
many of them, defendants of the Englifh, are
partial to their manners and cuftoms; yet, it
muft be acknowledged, that in the interior of
ihe country, things appear, at leaft, half a cen*
tury behind them in point of comfort. ^^

Saliftury, 1795.

•t \ ■i -—n • -^i V

0* , .tJ':.

'-i-

1 ■: \M—c^ '

■{••J

'■7

■if

^ 1|:

5^a^

VOYAGE, &c. O^

VOYAGE

FROM

FALMOUTH

T O

HALIFAX IN NOVA SCOTIA.

At Falmouth.

Friday, March 7, 1794, agreed with Captain
Rogers for my paflage on board the Portland Packet,
to Halifax, (and New- York if he fhould proceed
thither) for forty guineas, to be found in every ex-
pence except bedding, which I the fame day bought
at Mr. Boulderfon's, the draper, and alfo a pair of
trowfers. 1 at the fame time provided myfelf with
napkins, none being ever found for the pailengers.

Sunday morning, March q. The wind changing
from S. S. W. to South Eaft, fignal guns were fired
from all the packets under failing orders, for the paf-
fengers to go on board. At twelve our packet got
under weigh, with the Hanove d Expedition pac-
kets bound to Lifbon. The Duke and the Princefs
Royal for the Weft Indies. The Janvrien, the Prince

B William

I il

"all

I Hi

2 A VOVAGE TO THK

Willinm Henry, two Spnnifli packets, nnd a brig.
The Rafhlngh merchant ihip tor Halifax, and an
American trader alfo failed with us. At two o clock
p M. we paired Pendcnnis Cadle and St. Maws and
g^t almolt as far as the Manacle, when the wind fl. t-
L to the South Wca, we all, except the Rafh-
Ici.h, to our great mortification, tacked about and
ret'Lrned into harbour. It was howr :r fortunate
for us, not only as very rough weather fullowc.1
for the next ten days, with contrary winds; but alfo
ns the Radileigh, which llaid out and purfucd her
voyage, was foon after met by a Trench fl.ip ol force,
and carried into Brcll.

mchrfday the igth. The wind getting to the north-
ward, we had notice to prepare ourfelves for la. Img
the next mornir.g. As a confolation for our long Itay
at Falmouth, the Inhabitants gave us a ball, orcotcne
at Williams's, at the King's Arms, which was^graced
by the appearance of a great many of the Cornilli
beauties,

Wc danced about tweaty couple at a time, for the

1 I ^ foi-P mrrc- there were fcveral parties
room would not take more, mti^ w '^

bclidcs in the card room. 1. v -'S a very ioc.ab.c and
„„r=cable dance-many ver^ pretty women there, fome
ere..ant-lixtcen of the r-.<icmax dancing were palkn-
gers.

I could not help temarklnj, that though ^vc xvere
now dan. -isht and left, and treading tne nmy

Si. l:'!ll'

UNITED STATES. 3

round to the found of muftc, convcrfing with the moft
nmiabic part of the creation, yet ere the fun had thrice
revolved his diurnal race, wc fliould be widely fcparated
from each other, fcattercd over the extenfive ocean, to
the noifc of the roaring tcmpcft, and to the mufic of
the founding main.

At eight o'clock next morning I was awoke by a
fifrnal gun fired from one of the packets, and foon after
all the reft repeated the fignal — at ten we fet fail, hav-
ing taken leave of our acquaintance?, with the hope
of not feeing each other again, the IcfTcr motive giving
way to the greater;— yet it may be truly faid much re-
ludtance was felt by many of us at parting. Some had
been detained here above five weeks, waiting for a wind.
We were all fufferers, more or lefs, and nothing pro-
duces friendfhip fo much as being companions in trou-
bles and difappointments. From Mr. Shand, of Gre-
nada, and the Mr. Ottleys, of St. Vincents, I received
niany civilities. The former had travelled through many
parts of North America, and gave me much ufeful in-
formation, as well as a letter of introduction to Mr.
Forfythc, of Halifax, to enfure me civilities there. This
I afterwards found of much fervicc, and for which am
much obliged. Mr. Jopp, of the houfe of Bogle and
Jopp, of Jamaica; Mr. Lutterel, of the fame place;
Mr. Thompfon, ofBarbadocs; Mr. VVilfon, of St. Vin-
cent's; cum mu/tis aliis qua nunc prefo there longuni ejl.

We had very plcafant weather, and a fair wind
yet the current being againft us, we could only

B 2 make

A VOYAGE 1 O THE

^ \i

make four knots and a half an hour. At two o'clock,
bcin- ofF the Lizard, a u'halc appeared and played its
gambols about the fliip ; it fometimcs fhevvcd its whch;
length on the furfacc of the waves, then it would roll
over on its back, and pafs under the (hip ; it was but a
young monfter, about twelve or fourteen feet long, its

belly very white, its back the colour of an elm tree

when barked, the fms were very large and prominent;

its head was alfo greatly beyond the proportion of its

body.

The Princcfs Roynl at this time pafTing near us, wc
had an opportunity of hailing her, and with the fpeak-
ing trumpet enquired mutually after our friends; much
diverfionenfucd about Mr. Hobe, a Danifh Gentleman
on board our fhip, who had been fick in bed ever llnce
we came out of the harbour. Hearing his friends en-
quired for him, he came on deck, and through the
fpeaking trumpet toUl them in broken Englifli 'i- was
« tamt feck," &c. kc. Mr. Hobe is going as :•- fttMor
to America to an eftate of 10,000 acres on tne Ohio,
in the county of Montgomery, given him by his rcla-
tionsj he had a place under the Danifli Government,
is of H -o.:-d family, but he fpcaks with very little cftecm
of -nriaa VII. He has (we underftand) imbibed
democratic principles, though he has been fo much in
his bed, that wc know as yet but little of his politics.

We now fat down to dinner (all but Mr. Hobe),
viz. Mr. James, the Mafterj Mr. Dagge, the Surgeon j
Mr. Lee, of Dartmouth, going to-St. John's, Nova

Scotia,

■M''

UNITED STATES.

, Nova
Scotia,

'^Irotia, ^ the fi.r tnJc •, and myfclfj n^c bad foup.
roafi beef, boiled mutton, potatoes, and brocal. ; I
,^adc a good dinner, bat the vend heeling very much
,, this time, 1 became fomewhat giddy, but .t fooa
went off, and this is the only Tea lickoels 1 have yet
experienced. Word was now brought down Irom the
deck into our mefs room, that two rtrangc Ud were
iccn or. our lee bow, and a man was ordered to maft
head to look at them ; they proved to be a bng anu
a merchantman crofling us towards Ireland. We
now loft light of England; the Dcadman high point
of land had fome time appeared like a cloud, attcr that
the I.i/ard, and now Mount's Bay was loil in a haze.

At four o'clock wc threw the log, and found wc
failed about five knots and a half an hour.

Wc were all much inclined to go to bed early, many
of us having been dancing late the night before, and
our Maftcr having alfo taken a parting bottle or two
that evening with his old friends ; wc fupped therefore
at eight, and at nine I took pollcffion of a very
Umir little birth at the foot of the companion flairs, in
an airy fituation, and was rocked to fiecp very foon,
thoii'>h fiequently interrupted by the rolling of the
flilp,^a motion to which (though then new to me) I
was fcon reconciled.

F, icby 2 ly?. The Steward called me at eight o'clock,
(eight bells) that being the time we agreed to breakfaft.
TIk Duke having ncarcd us in the night, made us a

B 3 fig'^al

i.>^^

''I !!

- is-

\ m

I, !'

A VOYAGE TO THE

fignal at day-light, which we anfwered to fhew wc
were not a ftrange fliip in diCguifc; and the Ilrincefs
Royal, in our lee quarter, anfwered oursj wc had
over-night agreed to keep near together, for fear of an
enemy; and from the mart-head we defcried the Hano-
ver, the Expedition, and Jan Vricn, five or fix leagues
ofFto the fouthward, Iteering for Lifbon, with a fair
wind and full fail, which we fuppofe they will reach
about Monday.

We threw the log every two hours, and we now find
we fail ji knots an hour, having a good wind at N. E.

At twelve we took an obfervation by the quadrant of
the Sun's altitude 42 degrees 7 milci, and deduding
this from 90, it leaves 47 deg. 38 miles, to which add-
ing the Sun's northern declination from the Equator
23 miles, we found we were in north latitude 48 deg.
1 mile.

By carting up the log-book account, wc found we
had run fiom Falmouth 137 miles in 24 hours, were
due weft from Brert at about 30 leagues diftance, the
Lizard bearing about N. E. 44 leagues. The Princefs
Royal only a mile dirtant on our left, who wc foon
after fpoke with; the Spanifli brig to the S. W. three
leat^ues; the Duke two leagues a head, and no other
velicl in fight except fome fmall veflcls at a dirtanceon
our Ice bow, which by our glafs appear to be crowding
fail to o-ct from us. ,

i; r

\\>

"SI.

UNITED STATES. 7

At l,alf after two, while at dinner, word is brought
d„w to the n,cf, room that .he Duke is along Me
vZ this we left our dinners to hail her, and eno,,n e
"r er our friends, and were informed they were all wel .
M Ledie, brother to Lord Newark, ben,g on board,
fa ,d hisL dy) with whom I had formed fome aec,uam-
= t Falmouth, the Maftcrs of each converled
bout the beft courfe to fleer. The Duke, however
fl after drop, allern, and fleered .nore foutherly .o
n hiseompanion the Princefs Royal, wh.le we fteer-
' more wellerly, loft fight of .hem by n.ght. I
Uyed a few hitsof baekgammon with Mr. James, our
Mailer, the reft of our party being aOeep in the.r births.
At e,ght I had water gruel for my fupper, and went to
bed ioon after nlr-c.

This night many ftrange veffels hove in fight, and
our Mafter was up on deck feveral times on that
account. At eight, A. M. a large veffe! =PP;"«' >"
,he offin-, and at half after nine gained confiderably
upon us°, nor can we make out what (Ite .s. In an
hour afterwards ihc Jifappeared.

I could not help remarking the different appearance
of the fea at times. The day we fet fail it appeared a
beautiful .reen, in fmall waves; ne.t mornn^g the
waves appeared of a ftate colour ; in the afternoon l,ke
veined marble, of black, deep blue, and white.

The motion of the fhip makes the fea by the fide of
i, appear to ruih by with a force greater than a..y mil

15+ W

A VOYAGE TO THE

:i|n

'i^i

Vr.r

I. ■"'

X- '\«W

, . . I'

tail when the flocks are going. To day the waves dafh
high, wild, and beautiful ; one moment fwclling up
into mountains, with a curling edge, tipt with white j
the next moment dalhing againft each other, and "
breaking into a fmooth fhcct of foam, refcmbling a
fhower of fnow ; the wake of the (hip forms a vein of
a fine light blue.

One o'clock Saturday, we had jufi: fot more fail, antj
going N. W. at the rate of eight miles an hour, when
we faw a large (hip on our ftarboard quarter — all hands
on deck to fhift the fails, and change our courfe more
fouthward to avoid her, as file was crouding fail towards
us ; we did not know what to make of her ; fhe was a
large veflel. Now with picafure we faw her alter hci
courfe, and drop aftern ; the Mafter thinks (he was
probably fome neutral vcfTel, as (lie fliewed no guns,
bound to Lifbon or the Streights. By obfcrvation
taken at noon, found we were N. L. 45*^ 47 » we
went thus far fouth to avoid the track where the French
fhips were moft likely to cruifej we now (leer N. W.
in a ilrait line for Halifax.

Sunday 2'^d March. The wind failed us, and we
hardly make any progrefs, fcarce two miles an hour—
the fea is now as calm as a fi(h pond, of a (hining fur-
face, a(li or dove colour; the fun glimmering through
■ a hazy fky, with that warm kind of heat which begins
the month of May. Nothing to be fccn but the fea
and the fKy. The fun [now at twelve o'clock) (hines
as warm as in the fummer. ^ To day we have been

covcrinii

'\ ::

UNITED STATES.

covering the fides of ourveffe) with a high netting, to
prevent any Frenchmen boarding us eafily, in cafe we
fhould be attacked in the night. Our Maftcr, from
fomc appearances, thinks we fhall have a wind from
ihe fouthward. At three, word was brought down to
our mefs room, that a new wind was jufl fprung up from
the S. S. W. — The weather was fo warm that my nofe
bled ; we are in fail nearer the fun by fix degrees than
at Salifbury. The fea appears of a deep fky blue. A
fliark is feen about thirty yards diftance north of our
fhip. Monday, a briflc wind from the S. S. W. with
a head fea; colour of the fea filver pearl, interfperfcd
with white — have run io8 miles lince yefterday noon,

luefday 25//^. Moderate breezes, with fmall fhowers.
Two fail feen — foon difappeared. Lat. 45. 57. Two
hundred and forty miles from the Lizard, from fix to
feven knots an hour. Wind S. S. W. Cleared up at
noon, funftiiny and pleafant.

Wednefday itth. Clear funfhine. Wind S. S. W.
our courfe N. W. by W. Four o'clock the wind
fhifted to N. W. in our very teeth, and we could only
fteer N. E. which is towards England.

Thtirfday 2']th. Sunfhine, high wind, S. S. W. a
great head of fea wafhing over the forecaftlej the fhip
rolls fo much, I can fcarce write thefe few words — can
neither ftand nor fit without holding. Friday and
Saturday the fame ; 29th found our latitude to be
46^ 2" and 22. 58. Well longitude. At four o'clock

a fail

( !"■

f-i' '

*,1,-

: ,ii'

I 1

'I ,;!

'•

: ':

A VOYAGE TO THE

, foil was fccn m the ftarboarJ quarter, appeared a large
vdlcl, firft goins t;a.Hvard, and aitcrwarJs tack.ng
towu ds us-before bed .in,c dilpolitions ,nade as tor
,he approach of an cncny. Mr. U., one of the paf-
s, undertakes to be Captai,, of the firll gun and
°Uct is delivered bin, of the „a..es of four of t,.

Lmen to attend hhr>. 1 told Capt. Jan.es he m.ght
pto nre wherever he. housht Uould be of nroiUer-

vice to him.

Sun,l«y XOth. Awoke by the continual pumping-
i. wa a'very rough windy night, and erouding as ,r,uch
Mas we could venture to get away from that (h,p.
::s«rainedoursfoastoadnntagreatdea,ofwa«r.

we then fteered S. by W. the w,nd ben.g W. The

fl,ip not appearing this morning we have tacked and

„„in»N bvAV. The waves run very high,

:r;fi::i.^Uucntf...aUs, and great probabihty

we (hall have ifiH worfe weather. N. L. 44- ^%-
fleering S.W. by W.

Monday, March 3,. Very rainy and cloudy all
nightlong-, moon changed th.s morning at feven, the
wLd N.by E. favourable, but very little of ,t ; we
make only ^\ knots per hour; too wet to go on the
deck, the flrip rolled exceedingly. A tolerable library
of books on board, furniihcd by the Captam.

r«/%, JJprll I. Wind got back to the W. much
rain in the night, we make very little way, and tne
aip rolling fo much in the night, 1 could get but little

UNITED STATES.

d a large
tacking
je as for
the pnf-
run, '.md
r of tlic
ic mi;/ht
moit fcr-

imping—
r as much
that fhip,
of water ;

,V. The
eked, and
verv hi?h,
probability

^. 44- 25-

cloudy all
fcven, the
of it i we
oo on the

able library

; W. much

ly, and the

;et but little

fieep.

fleep. Mr. Hobe, who has hitherto been moftly in bed,
bco-ins to fit to dinner, and gives us many French fongs;
Marfcillois hymn, the Carmagnol, and other civic
fongs, which he karnt whilll: at Paris; fome good Ger-
man ones, of which he afterwards repeats the Englifh

all in favour of liberty, peace, and benevolence; and

we have a good deal of finging every evening. Mr.
Hobe was at Paris oi> the loth of Augult, and enter-
tained us with an account of what he then witnelled^
He was alfo at the taking of Antwerp (Anvers) in
Flanders, and fpcaks with rapture of the fenfations he
experienced, when 5000 PVenchmen, under arms,
marched into the place finging the Marfeillois hymn in
full chorus. Lat. 44. 35. The Captain fays we are
now in the fame parallel of longitude with St. Mary,
one of the Azores, and about feven degrees to the north
of it. Our houfehold bread is all expended, and we
take to bifcuit.

WcdnefcUy^ April 2. A fine wind fprung up this
morning at fix o'clock to t.iC North. Our courfe is
W. N. W. and we go at the rate of feven knots an
hour.

Thrtrfday^ Jpr'il 3. Rainy, with calms, wind vari-
able; a fail in fight at four o'clock on the lee bow, an-
other aftern of us ; our guns are all got out, and the men
cxercifcd. Wind N. by W. We are four degrees N.
of Corbo, one of the Azores, about 220 miles diftant.
N. Lat. 43, 53. The men employed in making nettles,
fplicing ropes, &c,

Friday,

.iJljAT

1!'1

.1,

» '

" , . :

^ '

•':■,

A.'.

A VOYAGE TO THE

Friday, April 4- Mr. James called at my cabbm at
fix o'clock in the morning, to fay a large (hip was very
near us on our ftern, and an aaion m>ght poffib y
commence in an hour. The boatfu-ain piped all h.nds
and idlers, and the guns were got in order ; at the amc
time we carried all fail we could to avoid her, ( re-
cuent fqualls of wind with ftorms of rain) we now loft
Iht of her. but another appears a-head of us, ftandmg
in our direaion-lhe foon takes a more northern courfe.
■ The Lizard now bears 17 deg. E. by N. d.ftant .124
n.iks; and Sambro' head, in Nova Scotia, or Hahfax,
W. 1-^05 miles (Mr. James's iuformation), fo that m
the courfe of a fortnight we have run above 11 co
miles.

Saturday, April 5. Very high wind, the waves run
.mountain, high, and it is with difficulty I ca„ walk
the deck; the (hip ."Uingcxcccdinsly, wuid S. W. io
that we could make but very little way; found our
latitude to be 4+" S"- Shipped a vaft deal of water
from fuch hi<;h feas, twenty or thirty hoglheads at
once.

Smday, Apnlb. The wind not fo violent, but
. northerly ftill, and we can only ftcer S. \V and W.
A brig paft us this morninn, in the dircftion for Eng-
land, but wc were not neat enough to hail her. My
forehead much bruifed by knocks I received aga.nll the
l,des of the cabin and gang ways, from my not hems
able to keep on my feet, when the fhip rolled fo much
. efterdav. Fine clear and fundiiny weather to day,
^ ' though

'%'

UNITED STATES.

Din at
5 very
)mbly
h^nds
i fame
(fic-
iwloft
Hiding
lourfe.
t U24
alifax,
that in

: UCO

ires run
1 walk
W. fo
ind our
f water
leads at

nt, but
and W.
"or Eng-
?r. My
ainil the
ot being
fo much
■ to day,
though

though we can go only about three knots an hour.
Our courfe S. W. and by S.

Monday, J^pril']. A pleafant mild funfhiny day.
Wind W. by N. We ftcer N. by W. which is fix
points diltance, (the ncareft that we can fteer to the
wind) and Mr. James hopes as we have but little head
fea, we fhall get up what we have loft the four
laft days. N. L. 44. 19- W- Long. 30. /. e. about five
degrees due north of Fayal, one of the Azores. At
four o'clock a fail appeared on the ftarboard quarter, we
failing S. W. by S. being hazy did not fee it till with-
in two leagues. Mr. James, upon obferving its hull
and fails with a glafs, conceived it might be an Alge-
rine; its courfe N. E. it never, however, came any
nearer to us.

Tucfday, April S. A fine mild fun(hiny morning.
Wind N. E. though very little of it, fo that the Ihip
makes very little way.

JVednefday and Thwfday mild and pleafant, a good
wind N. and N. by E. but on Friday the nth came
on a very heavy gale from the S. W. and the fea ran
mountains high J we were obliged to lie to, under bare
poles, and let the fhip drift in the fafeft manner pofTible,
fo that for that day we went backwards towards Eng-
land, at the rate of two miles an hour. A fea fowl
was feen, the fiift bird we have feen for fome weeks.
At night the fea appeared full of fpark^ of fire, like the
fparksfrom an ekaric machine; produced, I fuppofe,

A VOYAGE TO TIIR

|).,

1' 'm

by the aaion of the particles of fait ngainil each other ;
it v/as a beautiful appearance, and is to be fccn more or
lefs whenever the fca Is in any degree agitated.

SaUrth'!^ cold and wet, and unpleafant wind from
S. S. W. to N. W. we could not get on, and again
lay to, the fhip rolling very much.

Sunday, Jpril 17^. Weather more mild. Wind
N. N. E. Our latitude this day at twelve o'clock was
42. 38. and our weltcrn longitude 40. 30. We are
going in a direa courfe, very pleafant and eafy, about
fix miles an hour, with ftudding fail, fore and mam
topfails.

Monday, Jpril 14. A very tine mild day, with fun-
fiiine, (WindN.N. E.jand we fteer nearly weft. At
the break of day difcovered two fail a head of us, ap-
pearing conforts, atthcdillance of about three leagues,
and we again hauled out our guns, got oui cartridges
ready, the men put to exercifc, and every preparation
made as for an enemy ; they continued in fight all day,
we approached near enough to difcovcr with our glailcs
they were two brigs, but whether armed or not we
could not make out; however, by their putting up
more fail, we obferved they were defirous of gcttmg
away from us. iMr. James thinks they are vefiels
bound to Newfoundland, as they incline their courfe
more northward. At noon to day we found wc were
Eaft Long. 4:' i degrees, and North Lat. 42. 10. within
289 leagues of Halifax, which bears almolt due W. of
us. Tu^fday^

i vi

jil*!^

UNITED STATES.

»s

1 other:
more or

iid from
id agaiu

Wind
ock was
We are
^, about
id main

vith fun-
eft. At
■ us, ap-

Icagues,
artridges
iparation
t all day,
ur glail'es

not we
tting up
f getting
•e veflcls
ir courfe

wc were
D. within
ueW, of

Tucjday, y^pt'il \S' A fine mild funfhiny day. The
two fhips arc ftiP in fight, but far to our ftern, and
three leagues to the north of us. About one o'clock
a fquall came on from the fouth, and the wind veered
all points, from S. W . to N. W. fo that we rather loft
ground than gained it, and Wednefday the fame.

Thurfday iph. Mild weather and pleafant, with a
gentle wind from the N. E. and we have continued all
this day making about 4| knots an hour. At noon
found our north latitude to be 40. 56, and our weft
longitude 46. 8.

Friday i'5ih. Olfervcd fea weeds and birds for the
lirft ur.ic; a pleafure very great, being an indication of
l-nd; and it wives me fomc idea what Columbus and
f^, uft have felt on the like occalion, and nearly

in t'; ^ loi.gitude, about 300 years ago. A very

plcafa. .iiild funfliiny day. Wind moderate, N.
by E.

Sunday 10th. (Eapr) A good wind N. E. (our
courfe N. N. W.) the horizon mifty, which is gene-
rally the coj'e on the banks of Newfoundland, over which
wc are now beginning to fail. N. Lat. 41. 57. A
vaft number of fea birds round us, fuch as Ice Birds,
Murrs, Noddys, or Sea Swallows, Tropic Birds, and
Ticklays.

Monday and Tucfday very little wind ; tried in vaiiv
for foundings. IVcdncfday, Wind N. our courfe N. W.

and

tj!

?":,;*

>iiP

Itl

r«!i h,

A VOYAGE To THE

and by VV. abo.it fix knots an hour. The wea-
ther picafant and funfhiny. We have paftecl the Banks
of Newfoundland, about 55 degrees eaft longitude,
and 42° 42- north latitude. S.ible Ifland lies r.ght a
head of us, about five degrees dilhnce. Sinee we came
near the American coaft, the weather is much colder.

In the two or three full weeks of our voyage we
amufed ourfelves with reading and converfation, wh.ch
having then nearly e.xhaufted, with an occafionalh.t or
two of backgammon, we began to make a rubber at
whift, every day after dinner, and our wme Th,s
CTeninj about fix, as we were in the m.dftofa very
interefting game, came down the Captain to fay we
muft leave off immediately, and all hands to quarters,
and water to be thrown upon the fire, for there was
afhip bearing down fail direaiy upon us; the gunner
was called to take charge of the powder-room, and the
cartridges to be given out only by himfelf. We came
on deck, and faw the vefibl within two miles, and
direaiy a he..d of us, in our courfe. The colojars
of England were brought on the deck, and the mads
got ready for finking in cafe we (hould be boarded_a
charge 1 undertook to fee performed. Soon we dif-
covered it was a brig, but of what ";''°" ^^"^ """[T
tain-when near us we fired a gun (a l.x-pounder) nd
hoifled our colours; upoa which «>= "'ew^d an Lng ,&
iack at her ftern ; we then hailed her with thr, fpeakms
Uumpet, " in."" com, ye, '.Mther are ,e bound, and
.< ^hat areycr-^^ The Oporto, from L,(bon, bound
.. -o Qi.ebec."-" What do you mean bj; bearmg
^- down

M-ii:

UNI'^KD STATKS.

rhc wea-
the Banks
longitude,
cs right a
e we came
h colder.

voyage we
on, which
ionalhitor
I rubber at
inc. This
[I of a very

to fay wc
to quarters,
r there was
the gunner
im, and the
We came
miles, and
rhe coloiirs
id the mails
: boarded— a
lOon we dif-
\ was uncer-
ounder) and
d an Engliib
thr. fpeaking
e bound-, and
ifbon, bound

by bearing
down

»•'< down In that manner In time of war, when ihrrc^
arc French cruizcrsin thrfe fcas." " I knew (fays ihc)
you were Englifh, by the manner of your fails; 1 do
not know my longitude; I Ibinulcd on what I thought
the Banks of Newfoundland, but could find no bottom.
Pray what longitude arc wc in?" Our Captain told
him 55 ; l)c thaiikcd us. *' What is the Captain's
name, and where Jo you bclcnj to?" " Of Southamp-
ton ; the Oporto, Robert Shcppard, Alaftcr !" " Do you
want provifions or water?" " 1 thank you, we want no-
t\\\n[\ !" She then dropped aftcrn and llecred from us in a
northern dircdion, and by night wc had lolt fight of her.

TlmrfdiJ^^ 2^th. Wind brifk from the S. E. cold
dry air; wc go about fix knots and a half an hour,
and expc6t to reach the l(lc of Sables by night. The
fca being fomcwhat rough, our fhip rolls more to-day
than ufual ; we fleer N. W. by W. 43. 52. N. L.
274 miles W. of Chebucto Head, io8 miles E. of
Sable Iflc this day at noon. At eight o'clock at night
our Captain fays, we arc 43. 48. N. L. 58. 41. W.
L. At twelve at night founded, found 54 fathom,
the firft foundincTS we have had.

Friday. A mild morning without wind, foggy and
no fun appears ; we fuppofe we are at this time a
little fouth of Sable Ifle. Sambro' Head bears <^roni
the Ifle of Sables W. by N. 31132 miles dillance ;
vaft flights of birds of the kinds already mentioned,
alfo Gannets or Ibis, and Sea Gulls; founded and
had no bottom. While we were at dinner, the Mate

C cams

.:il,

4ii:

1( .

VOYAGE TO THE

ca.. ana informed n, that land appeared on cur fta^
hoard quarter, and a great many breaker,, (breakers
're waves daQ.ing over roeks and high fan hdls, very
Tnl tous for flrfps to come near.) We all qu.tted our
d nners and ran up on deck, founded and foun w
tere only in 30 fathom water; wc now cal ed all

Zdsondeck fnd wore O^ip. "'•-''^ ^ f ; X
W S W. to N. by W. to get away from the break
„;• in half an hour founded again, and found 40 fa-
om water, founded again and foun no bottorn.
We now found it was Sable Wand wh.ch wc fup-
pofedwehad palfcd in the night, we ""'J P'- ^
L the frightful breakers about two leagues from us to
the S. W. In two hours, however, wc got out of
fight of them, and toour great pleafure made found-
■,L in 85 fathom water, luckily for us ,t was not
night, and we were going only two knots an hour,
with a good aft wind. »

S.tur<lay, Jpril 26. A good wind from S. E. and
we went with ftudding fails up. and dr.ver fet, and
n,ade from five to nine knots an hour; but about three
o'clock came on a thick fog, fo that we could not
fee a (hip's length. If this had not come on, wc
Could probably have feen the coaft of Nova Scot.a
before night, but now, for fear of being driven on a
lee-ftiore. we were obliged to (horten fail .mmed.ate-
)y, and lie by till the fog was over, to our great d,l-
appointment. Juft before the fog came on, a ia.l
pafi-ed about eight miles fouth of us, going to the

caftward. ,-,.•_

Captain

■i

-if:

\ '1

I'll'i:!!'

UNITED STATES.

>ur flaf-
Brcakers
lis, very
itfcd our
bund wc
lallcd all
jrfe from
le break-
id 40 fa-

bottom.

wc fup-
d plainly
rom us to
ot out of
do found -
: was not

an hour.

S. E. and

;r fet, and
ibout three
could not
no on, we
Jova Scotia
driven on a
immcdiate-

ir great dif-

on, a fail

)ijTg to the

Captain

Captain James fccurcd an obfcrvation of our
latitude in time, before the fog came on, by taking
a double altitude, and working it. Wc fourid we
were 44. 16. N. L. which is jull fourteen (geogra-
phic miles fouth of Sambro' Ifland. The fog was
very thick when wc went to bed, and it is impofli-
ble to venture onwards.

Sunday, 2ph. The fog began to clear away at
break of day, and orders were given to fpread fail
and pufli for fight of land. At fix o'clock, land
was difcovcred from the mafl-head, north of us, and at
(even 1 could fee the fhorcs of Nova Scotia from the
deck without the glafsj a very plcafing fight, after a
run of more than two thoufand four hundred miles,
(or including our travcrfes, three thoufand miles,)
acrofs the great wide weftern ocean. Now we faw
feveral fmall c '* (landing along fhore, one of them
made towards us, 4nd anfwcred our fignal that (he
was Englifh, She was the St. Andrew fcliooncr
(rom Halifax thatmorninq;, going ealt to Cape Canfo.
We a(ked " If any (hips of war were at Halifax,
and how far it bore from usj" the anfwer was,
** Sambro' Head bears from you about three leagues
and a half to the W. N. W. that no vefTel of
force lay there but the Huffar, of 28 guns, Captain
George i that they have had no (hips from England
thefe two months, nor any packet," (of courfe we
(hall be very welcome there, as well as raife the
curiofity of the people refpeding news from Europe;)
the laft information they received was the evacuation

C 2 of

.;:#

:j,:i,|.(:

1 .1

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ii''

A VOYAGE TO Tllf

f To , Ion A fd.ooncr arrived ycHcrJay ftom the
of lo.uon. u. ,1,,. news of the furrendct

Wed Indies -hat Uought jws .^

(.- i\,Tnrt"Mi"iro- this news cannot yet u
F„Sd we then afl<cd," have you heard o. any

t.ngiana. ^v nirts ?" No, none for

^•-'^^"XXVr^tr^arefonrraUof
„„n.,.on.hs but ^,,^,.„ ,. We were

'"" ."'a to dm. our courfe, being too mucn

""7 ::• "rd n our endeavour to fall in n. foon

'° It- i ' at' Kble, todilcoverour real l.t^r.tion )

"t ,; ar he n,e„ ftood a. the.r «ations, the

f , o"l ..dcr. were i.laed forth hy Captain Ja,.es

:' ; tve-e indandy obeyed, fnft J-cln.g the

r ro -eenher in full Hay?, alter a paufc of

belmlinan to i»ec,i iiei j

five nnuutes he thus begins : ,

..„,,, W,v Ar.; ... ,«A W A./r, <.« '*

.„,./„ w,« //-/"■/. *"«■"*"■"• »'""'/"';;;

.w«4« /«a.; A-t.' o««y ,A. ^^^'O'O'f ri'#.
, , /,-■ hra- up abaft there', ^ajt ojf

(

U X 1 r E D s r A T E s ,

cm tHe
irrendct
own in
I ol^^ any
none for
■ fail of
Ve were
lo muca
,1 as foon
lumiion,)
ions, ihe
n James,
^ing the
a paufc of

Is, all ioic
I ivith the
cl. (Luf,
haivl there ;
7 the zvajle ;
it'r^s. Haw I
)c jnain tock
cp boivling^
belay there-,
)ere j cajl off
cr i h(nvl tote
brails there,
't aft; let go
;C the driver
^^Jet,

<"<; ^/, ami that iviil /rep her t:/'—'So much for the
word of command at lea.

With a fine moderate bicezc we now approached
the (horis ; loo'<Lig out Hilt for '1 hrum Cap,
next for the opening of the b,.y which leads up to
Halifax, and then for the red buoy which marks the
fhallow parts of the confh VVc foon faw the cita-
del or hill wlicre the aitillcry is placed, and two
flagltaifs, which on our approaching within feven miles
of, hoiftcd two flags and wc anfvvercd WMth a gun,
hoifting the Kngliih cniign, at.d the lignal flag,
which inltantly informed the forts and town that we
were the Porthind packet from England j and we
foon law all the heights and open places about the
town, as well as the wharfs, crouded with people.
The Commiflioncr of the Stores in a King's Cutter,
now came on board, and foon after the Mailer of
the Port Office. We regaled them in our cabin with
cold ham, chicken, tongue, flieny and Port, and on
our arrival in the harbour, tr.cy took their leave of us,
and Captain James went on ihore with the mails. It
was now two o'clock, the reft of us dined on board,
?.nd at three o'clock wich inexprelTible plcafurc, did I
place my foot on firm land. It was a very pleafant,
mild, funfhiny day. The firlt news we heard wa?.,
a decree ol Congrel's had juit pafTcd, to lay an embargo
on all foreign vellels, in their feveral ports, for
thirty days, which from time to time is to be renewed
by the Prelidcnt, till they haye full fatisfaclion
from Great Britain for the capture of fo many of

C 2 their

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A VOYAGE TO THE

their vclTcls, of which «e find feveral hundreds have
t: llL in .he Weft Indies alone. Tlj.s en, a.g.
w s a ferious circumiiance to us, as it total y dettroyed
:: hopes of going on toNew York (at leaft by the
Po tland packet.) Every pcrfon in th,s town feemed
eacer for news. In tvvo h.u.rs, hundred, of newf-
papers (l n.ight fay a thoufand) were crcu ated and
'J great f' rprife they read Dundas and Gardner s
Tc unt of the fecurity of Halifax, wh.ch ,n fafl
t„ a more defencelefs «ate, than even Sher.dan had
dech d it in the Houfe, and for whofe enqu.ry the
t, pi e feen,ed fo very thankful, that .hough ,t .s
Ivery n,inifterial place, Sheridan's health now b.-

came the favourite toaft.

The Toft Mailer, Peters, doubts whether he ihall

fend anv American mails forward; more than mne

houf-I letters have we brought, and he fays three

davs at leaft will be employed in fo.ting and arrangmg

them.

;^W.v, Apri! 2S. We delivered our letters of in-
troduaion, and were very -vHy rece.ve . Mr.
Forfythe accompanied Mr. Hobe and myfelf to he
Gov rnor's houfe. The Governor is a very worthy
^o:d man, his private charaaer is well fpokeno and

his appearance commands our efteem. 1 fa.a we
tere travelling through curiofity to fee the country
and particularly the different parts of the Un.ted S a.es,
that we were not willing, however, to leave Hahfax.
Without doing ourfelves the honor of waitmg on h,s

Excellency J

■'ill i|

UNITED STATES.

ds have
nbargo,
sitroyed
t by the
feemed
if newf-
ted, and
ardiner's
in fad is
idan had
quiry the
DUgh it is
now be-

r he Ihall
than nine
fays three
arranging

tcrs of in-
vcd. Mr.
felf to the
ery worthy
:en of, and
1 faid we
he country,
lited States,
vc HalifaK,
iting on his
Excellency j

Excellency; but our anxiety was very great, how wc
iliould get on to New York or Bofton, as no Ihip
would now venture thither Indeed I began to enter-
tain fome thoughts of returning again to England by
the fame packet that brought us out, which was to
fail back the next week.

The Governor, in reply to what we faid, told us
he hoped we Ihould in a few days be accommodated
with a paflage either to Bofton or to Martha's Vine-
yard, on the way to New York. For, as the Major
of his own (the 4th) regiment had refigned, (Major
Byird) and was going to his friends at New York, he
had rcfolved to charter a vefTcl thither, on board which
the mails would be forwarded; but my friend Mr.
Hobe has fo great an avcrfion to all adepts in the art of
killino; mankind, that he abhors even fitting in
their company.

It is now but three days to the month of May,
yet there is fcarce any vegetation to be feen. No leaves
on any of the trees, nor even a bud vifible. A h.-2
fpring is here, the refult of a mild winter ; whereas, a
fevere winter produces a quick growth, and a plenti-
ful year. All the bread feemed four to us the firft day,
but this we find is owing to ur having lived fo long
on unleavened bread, commonly called bifcuit. Beef
is feven pence and eight pence a pound, and expciTted
foon to be a Ihilling, in confequence of the Ameri-
can ports being Ihut; cheefe fourteen pence a pound,
coarfe lump fugar eighteen pence, frcfli milk four

C 4 pence

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A VOYAGE TO TIIK

pence a pint; . guinea P^"'^ *'"' ""= ^"''"^^ '^'''
ihilli.."S ...J fuur pence, anJ i.. dunging n dolbr you
ic-eivehve nulling, worih rf coin, in Wvcr and haU-
pence, lev. IhiUing. a,c fan ; U,c Wver co.ns arc
nftecn pence, ten pence halfpen..y, and lix pence half-
penny.

Halifax, though built as long ago as the year 1 74H,
h.s no brick buildings, nor any tile, their houles arc
all of wood, with weather boards for the Iidcs, and
the roofs arc of fl^ingles. It ftands on the hdc of a
hill the ftreets nre wide; no quays for fliipping, only
Whurfs. It much refembles feme of the fmall vniages
near London, on the borders of the Tharnes ; the poor
are verv poor, ragged, and without flocku.gs and
fhoes; many negroes; the poor arc emigrating lai to
America, by hu.ulreds, for want of employment. 1 tie
military ftores are efteemed worth a million of money,
and the pr.va.e property in Itorcs, debts and bu.ld
i„.S two milHon more, yet fo ill prot^dled that t.o
vefielsof war, and one thoufand men, as wascu.rently
faid, might deltroy it all;, a groat many cannon
here lying about on the wharf, as they have done tor
a ereat w°hile, in a Itate to be of no ufe. The dear-
nefsof all kinds of provifions, and the reftrichons oa
the trade of Nova Scotia, to take almoit all their
articles from EngUnd, is a great check to the growth
of this colony.

Here is a fine harbour, wlih a large inner bafon,
called Bedford iJafon, or Uulhey Cove, capable of

^ ■ ■ holdinrr

UNITKD STATES.

ind three
ollar you
and h.ilf-
colns are
nice half-

rear 174^1
tiouCcs arc
fiJcs, and
; lide of a
ping, only
all villages
; the poor
ikings and
Ling iail to
icnt. The
of money,
and build-
-d that two
iscunently
ly cannon
\\c done for
The dear-
tiiclions on
oft all their
1 the growth

Inner bafon,

, capable of

holding

holdIn<v forty fail of t]i3 line. An engagement was
,,nee fought there between an Englifti and French
fleet. Halifax is eflccmcd a very healthy place,
although it much abounds with fogs.

7yfduy, Jprll ?-9. This morning an Indian family
came in along fliore in their canoe from a diHant part
of the coaft. 'Jwo young men and the wife and mo-
ther of one of them were thofe I faw. Their ibture
about five feet four inches, appeared like the loweft
and worll of our gipfies, with long lank dark hair,
fmall eyes, high cheek bones, very yellow complexions,
and ftupid countenances. They were of the Mick-mack
tribe, whofe general character is, a diflike to all kinds of
labour or exertion, except when hunting the moofe deer,
on which they chiefly live. Yet fo indolent, that when
they have killed one, they fix themfelves on the ipot till
they have eaten him up entirely. After which, till they
kill another, they often fufFer a great deal of hunger.
In this cafe, they fifh, or fearch on the fca Ihore for
eggs, which are often found there in great plenty.
The drefs of the young woman was remarkable; a cap
made of rufhes, in the form of a fugar loaf; a blue ferge
petticoat, very (hort; a flannel doke of a yellow
ground, embollbd with red flowers ; her hair plaited
into a long pig tail down her back, almoft to the
ground. I endeavoured to hold fome converfation with
the woman, but I could not make her underftand me •,
llie could only fiiy, " No Engliih, Sir," which Ihe
fpoke with great modefty. It is Certain, however,
that genius is to be found even ainongft thefe poor

Indians,

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A VOYAGE TO THE

Indians, for I faw, two days after this at Liverpool,
(a fifli:ng town on this coa:: '-i exceeding pretty
work bafkets, made of porcu^v quills, formed into'a
variety of fancied figures, of ciifFerent colours, red,
yellow, black, white and brown. The quills were
ftained of thefe colours by themfelves, and had a
great refemtlance to the workmanfhip of the Wam-
pum-belts,

Our friend Mr. Forfythe, having at length informed
us of a fmall boat, juft difcharged of a cargo of
lumber, and returning immediately fo Liverpool, we
determined to embrace this opportunity of getting on
part of the way, although only fevcnty miles, depend-
jno- on chance to carry us on afterwards. At five
o'clock in the afternoon, {IVednefday^ Jpril ^oth,) we
got on board, with a good frefli win 1 from the north,
having flowed in fuch provifions 33 we thought we
might want, confiding of cold tongue, and a piece of
boiled beef, bottled porter, and Port wine, tea and
fugar, bread, bifcuit, &c. §£c.

We foon pafled St. George's Ifland, then Jebucto
Head, and by night we were off Sambro' Ifland, the
light-houfe Seing in full view. The wind now funk
and we lay becalmed. After a light fuppcr, and a
draught of excellent bottled cyder, we took to our
beds, and flept very found till the morning.

Thurfday, May i. A fine ferene morning; when
we arofe wc found ourfelves out in the wide ocean,

hardly

at Liverpool,
:eeding pretty
formed into'a
colours, red,
ic quills were
if and had a
of the Wam-

ri2;th informed
of a cargo of
-(iverpool, we
of getting on
niles, depend-
irds. At five
pril yith,) we
rom the north,
£ thought we
and a piece of
wine, tea and

then Jebucto
ro' Ifland, the
i^ind now funk

fuppcr, and a
I took to our
ng.

orning ; when

he wide ocean,

hardly

UNITED STATES,

hardly in fight of any land, thirty miles fouth of Ha-
lifax. Our boat was very fmall, fcarcely twenty tons
burden, and the waves, although very moderate, wafhed
the whole deck. We had only two feamen on board,
younr men of about twenty years of age, very modeft,
civil,' well fpoken youths. The wind now fprung up
frefli, and fliook pur little boat exceedingly : the name
of the veirel was The Harlequin ; Mr. Hobe on hearing
this, Ihook his head, and hoped this Harlcquir^
would play ui no tricks. At feven in the even;ng,
the wind fet diredly againfl us; luckily we were
clofe in with land, and therefore put back to Port
Lchave, where we caft anchor. This is as large
a harbour as Portfmouth. In failing up the har-
bour, I obferved a large building at a diflance, to
my great joy, being the only houfe I had feen the whole
day t we foon found it was a barn. Adjoining to it was
a fmall houfe of one ftory, with one chimney, not
promifmg much comfort to us. We, however, deter-
mined to land, and carrying an empty porter bottle or
two with us, we got on Ihore, not without fome diffi-
culty, a large maftifF dog keeping us at bay, for fome
time. Our feamen led the way, and entering the houfe,
we found a man and voman fitting near a large fire,
with a maid behind rocking a very uncouth cradle, in
which lay a fqualling infant. We folicited fome
milk, and fhewedour empty bottles, but we could not
make them underfhnd us, till Mr. Hobe, judging by
their appearance, they might be Germans, hddrelTed
them in High Dutch. This procured us at once a
hearty welcome > we fat half an hour with them on a

bench

! ' P

A VOYAGE TO THE

|i:-.

bench before the lire, for there was no cliair in th^-
houfc. Another man of the family now joined u^i our
bottles were filled with milk, they would take no con-
fideration for it: enquired much how things went on
in Europe, of which they fcemed to know very little.
There was a great appearance of thrift and happy
cafe around them: a bad watch of the largclt and oldclt
fafliion was hungup by the window, and was the only
regulator of their time; he co.icacd it every morning,
by" means of a IJofton almanack, watchin- ihc time of
the fun's rifmg, and fctting it accordingly. We now
took our leave of th:m, and taking a lighted (lick from
their fire, to make one on board for ourfclvcs, we
warmed our milk, and had a very comfortable fuppcr,
and turned in, as they call it, about ten o'clock.

Friday mornings May 2. At five o'clock we weighed

anchor, with a favourable wind, and were foon out at

fca; palled feveral Murlegafh filhing vciU'ls, (a very

thriving place, about twenty leagues weft of Halitax.)

We now failed along a very pleafant even coaft, whicli,

thoufrh much uncultivated, was here and there inter--

fperfed with decent fingle houfcs, till we came, about

eleven o'clock, to Liverpool, or Lunemburgh, as it

was once called. It is a very plcaOmt little town,

ftanding round a deep bay, the houfes we'l built, though

of wood. After we had refrcfhed ourfelvcs at the

White Horfe, (the only inn in the place,) we went

with a letter of introduction to Mr, licnajah Collin^,

who received us very hofpiubly.

UNITED STATES.

) cliair ill tli'^
joined u>i our
J take no con-
liiii's went oil
low very little,
rift and happy
rgclt and olded
id was the only
every morning,
iin!j: the time of
rly. Wc now
l.U'd flick from
: oiirfi-lvcs, wc
fortahlc fuppcr,
1 o'clock.

Dck we weighed
^•erc foon out at
vclU'ls (a very
eft of Halifax.)
:n coaft, whicli,
and there inter--
we came, about
icmburgh, as it
mt little town,
;U built, though
Durfelvcs at the
■)lacc,) we went
icnajah Coliin^a

At the entrance of the harbour of Liverpool, is .1
jiockadc fort, nu.unlinir four guns, to d .fend the en-
t-aticc. Wc wall^ed tl/ithcr with Mr. Collins, and
fio.n this eminence we faw a velill at anchor at the
mouth of the harbour, about two miles diftance ; wc
h lilcd a boat and went on board, and found it was a
muvr fchooner from Plymouth, in Maflachufets,
bound to the P,anks of Newfoundland. Wc had feme
cV.liiculty to perfuadc them to alter thlir courfe, and
take us towards the place of our deftination, either to
Shclburne or Barington, near Cape Sable, a» we found
there was a good chance from one of thefe places, oi
getting by fomc boat or other, over to Bolton. At laft,
for hve guineas, they agreed to take us to the Cape;
.ot our luggage on board, and by eight in the evening
were under weigh : it foon falling calm, we made very
little progrcfs, we therefore got our lines out and began
liniin-. We had eight feamen on board, all Ameri-
cans, die moft inoflxnfive, civil, friendly men I ever met
with, full of Itudioufnefs to plcafc us, and to make us
welcome to every thing in the fliip. They were very
inquihtive for news from the old country, for iuch
they ftill call England ; hoped there would be no war
with us : they faid their country had fuffered much by
having their vcfiels taken. Mr. Grey of Salem, a
very worthy merchant, had lolt thirty of his vcifels,
:md was almoft ruined by it. They did not fuppofc
the King knew any thing of it, or he would not fufFer
it. Wc then talked of the late American war ; they
had all fought in it ; one had been a prifoncr twice; a
fecond (hcw^d the fears he had received in the war ;

another

A VOYAGE TO THE

another had fought under Gates and Arnold, at thd
battle of Saratoga i a fourth had not only fcrvcd there,
but was alfo with the army at York town, where Lord
Cornwallis laid down his arms. They fpoke with the
hi-'hcft praifes of General Wafhington, for his affa-
bility, humanity, and care of his men.

In a word, I muft fay, I was never engaged in a
converfation in which I faw fo much of the honeO:
feelings of nature. They offered us to partake of their
grog, for that they thought was a liquor every body
mult love bell. By this time they had drawn up ten
or twelve fine cod, which were flapping about the
deck. We made a moft excellent dinner from
them i fo white, fo flakey and delicious, that we
wanted no fauce, hunger fupplying the bed of the
kind, and thus did we eat it in high perfeaion.

Although the weather has hitherto been funfhiny,
with now and then a fog of fhort continuance, yet
now we begin to feel them more frequent and lafting,
with frequent blafts of hot and cold air. The coafts,
when vifible, appear very barren — bare rocks, and
blafted fir-trees and pines, make a very chearlcfs prof-
pea. Yet here and there we fee a folitary houfe along
the coaft, like thofe of Europe. We have landed to-
day at a Scotchman's from Fifefhire ; a very
pretty woman for his wif*-;, who was afhamed to
be caught nurfmg the youngeft of four children, fitting
by the fire without any cap on, and her hair un-
combed j (he was from New England. Scott his nzme.

*'»• J

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UNITED STATES.

3«

/\rnold, at tlid
ly fcrvtd there,
n, where Lord
fpoke with tho
n, for his affa-

engagcd in a

of the honeft

partake of their

uor every body

drawn up ten

:^ing about the

dinner from

cious, that we

:he beft of the

•fedlion.

been funfhiny,

)ntinuance, yet

snt and lafting,

r. The coafts,

arc rocks, and

chearlcfs prof-

iry houfe along

have landed to-

(hire ; a very

ras afhamed to

hildren, fitting

her hair un-

Scott his nrme.

We paid them for milk fix pence a quart, eggs nin«
pence a dozen. The fcamen coi plain how exceed-
ingly dear fait is, it is now fix dollars a hogfhcad. It
comes from Turk's Idand, in the Well Indies, very
brown and coarfc, ufed to be fold for three. A dollar
is 4i. td. flerling, or 6s. currency. They make
little or no fait in America, though ncceflity obliged
them during their war, for indepcndance, to make it
in Virginia. Labour is too dear j bcfides they do
not know how to granulate it.

The fcamen complain, that though they are almoft
always at fea, they are obliged to pay an annual tax
to their minifter or clergyman, of feven or eight
Ihillings; and that by law every man arriving at fixteen
years of age, muft pay four fhillings per annum. This
is at Plymouth. — Memorandum, to enquire whether
this compulfive tax is general throughout Majfachu>'
fets.

The wind Is continually contrary for us, W. and
N. W. We have been froir F- iday evening till Sundaf
night going live leagues, fro • ^ ^^-pool to Port
Muttoon. The wind this n;orning, (Mond.^y) is fprung
up from the caft, and we go on .ive knots an hour ;
involved however, i.i a thirk fog, and obliged every
,now and then tr found the conch, to prevent any
other vcflel frt -. running foul o*" us. 1 have flepC
very comfortably fince on board th^- Polly of Plymouth,
in u fmall cabin ten fcec fquare, with a conftant fire
Bight and day j fix of us, (two on watch), Wcgo to

r-\

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A VOVACK TO THE

bed at eight o'clock, and get up at eight. The bug-
arc the worlt of it; thcfc have pcftcrcd mc fadly, ever
fuKc 1 came to Halifax, for they abouiul in thcfc parts.
Our cold tongue, our cold beef, our bread, and our
fugar arc all expended ; wc eat our falmon and cod
without butter or bread, but wc have potatoes ; our
bottled porter is cut, and wc have no wine ; the
water wc drink is of a pale yellow colour, yet of no
bad tafte. We make ourfclvcs very happy. Mr. Mobc
and myfelfarc fin-ing fongs every day, and Yankcy
fongs wc get them to fing ; we now pallid Bear Port,
and'' the rugged IHcs, and Port Jolly, aifo the two
rocks called^he KuU and tlic Whale. We had an ex-
cellent breakfall to-day on chocolate, and fome bilcuits
made of miJlings and Indian wheat mixed, very
coarfc and dark coloured, not half ground, fo bad
that when 1 firlt came on board, I thought it would
be impomble to eat it, and even wondered how they
could cat it; but now it does very v/ell, and 1 find it
agree-, with me, and is very wholcfomc. Wc do not
know how time goes, my watch the only one on board,
met with an accident and does not go, and the fog
prevents our fccin^r the fun; when we arc hungry
we eat; when thirfty wc go to the water cafl< ; and
when we find nothing to do, we go to our beds.
What a contraft to the bufy fccnes 1 have been ufed to
at home ! yet if it plcafc C9od that I once more get home
to my native country, and the fociety of my friends,
the remembrance of all thefc circuities parted over,
will, I am confident, aftbrd much t leafurc in the re-
collecL'on. ,. ,.

'!'!'||1

:. The bug"
nc fadly, ever
in thefc parts.
read, and our
ilnioM and cod
potatoes ; our
no wine ; the
)ur, yet of no
)y. Mr. Hobe
, and Yankcy
lid Bear Tort,

alfo the two
Vc had an cx-
d fome bile II its

mixed, very
round, fo bad
jugln it would
Icrcd how they
, and 1 find it
. Wc do not
y one on board,
o, and the fog
wc arc hungry
ater cafk ; and

to our beds,
ivcbcen ufed to
: more get home
of my friends,
ics paflcd over,
,furc in the rc-

tNlTED STATES.

At twoo'clock, (May 5. P. M.) faw the light-houft
3t the entrance into Port Rofcway, or Shclburne. This
town is now almolt defcrted; the royalifb of America
were encouraged to feitlc here, by the Britifh govern-
ment, at the conclulion of the war, and carried a great
deal of property with them. A town with good hand-
fome llrects was planned; but when the encourage-
ment held out, for two years, by government, tcafed,
they could not maintain thcmfelvcs j all their articles,
fifh and lumber, came to market fo dear, that their
trade fell ofF, and people who fet out with a capi-
tal of 2000/. could fcarcely raife money to pay their
paflagc back again ; and you may now buy there a
good houfe for lifty dollars, hat coft the owner 500/.

At five, we had a view of Cape Sable, bearing
wellward, and entering Sandy Bay at about fix, came
to anchor in Barrington, a fine large harbour, formerly
called Port la Tour. It is the pleafanteft village wc
have yet feen on the coaft, which in general is very wild
and defolate; here were fome neat houlesi'cattered about,
to the number of fifty or fixty ; no two houfcs joining
together, or any thing like a Itreetj a chcarful appear-
ance of fpring. Here I faw fome paflure and arable land.
On one ifland, 1 counted ten or twelve cows. A river
runs into the fea here, over a rockey bed, where we
faw near twenty men and boys, catching herrings
with dip-nets ; the herrings run up this river in large
ftioals, and on their return, the people (land acrofs the
ftrcam, which is very fliallow, and keep dipping as

D faft

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A VOYAGE TO THE

m^^ they can, taking one or two every clip. The
people were all Americans, chiefly from iMaflachufets.

The coaft of Halifax, particularly between Liver-
pool and Barrlngton, is the moft barren and dreary
that can be conceived. Nothing but pines grow there,
and whenever there was an opening between them, it
was only to prcCent a barren roek, againft which the
fea was da{hing its waves. Add to this the noife of the
feafowl, and the cries of the loon bird, which juft
thrulls its long neck above the water, and halloos
like a man Ihouting at a great difiance, made
us at times, almoft melancholy. Whr.t cmx
induce any man to forfake fociety, and bu.ld
thofe houfes we fee every now and then on this
uoly horrid coaft, is difficult to conceive. They muft
cfthcr have been ufed very ill by the world, or ufcd
the world very ill.

Had Tq/fo been on this dreary roaft, before he had
written his Jcrufalm, he would have confidcrably
heightened his dtfcription of the Enchanted Forcjl.

We went to Mr. Serjeant, the principal man there,
(a merchant artd ftore-keepcr,) to find out a vefiel to
take us to Boflon. But to our mortification, found
there was no veflel had put in there all the fpring,exccpt
one; and that the two that ufuuHy traded from thence
to Bofton, for flour, &c. were both detained at this
time in that port, in confequcncc of the embargo.

Mr.

.41

iiji i

i'
' I,

i;!

UNITED STATES.

' dip. The
ilachufets.

reen Livcr-

and dreary
grow there,
en them, it
I which the
; noifeof the
, which ju(t
and halloos
ance, nude
Whr.t can
, and build
len on this

They niuft
)rld, or ufcd

lefore he had
conridcrably
ud Forcjl.

al man there,
3Ut a vcfi'el to
cation, found
fpring, except
d from thence
ained at this
e embargo.

Mr.

Mr. Serjeant informed us, that the French fleet of
viauallersin the Chcfeapeak, confiding of 240 fliips,
had failed for France thefc twelve days, {April 22(1.)
according to his letters juft received, (guarded by four
74 gun fhips, and five or fix frigates,) that being the
chief objca of the French men of war, which failed
from Breft a little before Admiral Jarvis.

We at lafl prevailed on the Skipper to continue
his voyage to Boflon, upon promifing him ten gui-
neas, and next morning at five o'clock, weighed an-
chor, and flood round Cape Sable, with a fine N. E.
wind. It is fevcnty-five leagues thither.

TuefJay, May 6. At one o'clock, being about ten
leagues wefl of the Cape, we defcricd two fail going
eaftward towards Halifax, and the men of our vefTels
judge they mufl be French fhips, by their fails. One is
a fhip of war, the other a floop ; they however do not
regard us, as we are only a fifhing vefiel, and American
built. By twelve, they were almofl out of fight, and
we arc now ftanding acrofs the Bay of Fundy, at the
rate of five knots an hour. The fea in this bay ebbs
and flows fixty or fevcnty feet in a tide; a vatt fall
twice in twenty-four hours, which makes a prodigious
current, and occafions our vefTel to roll exceedingly.

Wednefclay, May 7. Wc have had a fine run acrofs
the Bay of Fundy, and are now, at eight o'clock in the
morning, within twenty leagues of Bofton, but it being
rather foggy, wc have flackcncd fail and reefed. Our

D 2 little

■ti

•k

■;"i

'' 'l i

w 'p

!'iii'

'' Ih ?! .

■ 111

1 1 " ■

i. '■ 1,

A VOYAGE TO THE

little fifhing veffel of forty tons, has only three fa.ls,
a i.b, forefail, and mainfa.h rolls exceedingly. Pro-
vifions and every other accommodation, we are very
fcanty of.

Yeftcrdav, being on St. George's Bank, with
ninety fathom water, we put down a line and caught
a very fine cod, which fupplies us with a dinner to-
day, with a few potatoes, and for our drink we have
the yellow water before mentioned.

Mr. Hobc, mv companion, has travelled through
Germany and Switzerland, where he has often found
bad accommodations, fo he is feafoned in fome mea-
fure, to it; but yet he longs to get to Boiton, as
- well as myfelf, to get the light of meat and w.ne,
and talte bread once more. Towards evening, the
wind unfortunately (hifted to the N. W. in our very
teeth, fo that we are driven from all hopes of making
land to night.

Thur/M', May 8. A clear fine morning, dry and
cold. (windN.W.) At nine o'clock, faw land at
ten or twelve leagues dilhnce, but fo obfcurely,
that our Skipper cannot pronounce abfolutcly what
land it is, whether Cape Ann or Cape Cod. Saw
fcveral whales fpouting; one within half a mile of
the fhip, whofe body I could diftinaiy fee ; the
fpouting rcfembles the fhower thrown from a fire en-
gine. At ten o'clock faw a fleet of fiiips, near thirty,
Ochooners goin^ to fifti for cod, on Nantucket fhoals) ;
^ " it

i I

hree fails,
rly. Pro-
^e are very

ank, with
and caught
dinner to-
nic we have

id through
often found
fome mea-
Boiton, as
t and wine,
;vening, the
in our very
s of making

ng, dry and
[\i\v land at
obfcurely,
alutcly what
; Cod. Saw
If a mi'e of
ly fee ; the
om a fire en-
, near thirty,
ickctftioals)i
it

UNITED STATES.

it was a very fine fight, with all their fails bent. Two
of them pafled and hailed us. At three o'clock,
came in clofe under land, at Cape Cod, and could
diftinguiOi houfes, wind-mills, kc. up the country;
the fea (liorc, a flat fand, for miles. Had for dinner,
three eggs and three potatoes, and a glafs of water
between us ; no hopes of reaching Bolton to night,
the wind growing more a-head of us; it is very
cloudy, and blows cold, more like March than
Mcjy. We now had a view of Plymouth, the firft
Englifli fettlement on this coaft.

Friday, May 9. The wind fliU contrary, and the
weather cold; were obliged to ftecr northward, faw
Cape Ann and Marble Head. In the dufk of the
evening, however, had a diftant view of Boftoii
light-houfe ; we had now confumed all our provifions,
except the hard bifcuit and water ; but about noon
this day, putting out our fifhing lines near Cape Cod,
we caught two cod, on which we all dined.

Saturday, May 10. The wind S. W— we, by fre-
quent tacks, and after many difappointmen^^, got
within the light-houfe bank, and made the outer
harbour, to our great joy; we then hailed a fifhing
vefl'el, which agreed for two dollars and a half, to take
us and our luggage up to the town. At ten o'clock
in the morning we reached the wharf, and fo eager
10 land, that we hardly waited the vefrd's anchoring.

ACCOUNT

!' It

ACCOUNT

OF THE

CITY OF BOSTON,

■4

liii.'l

;IS. •■'

l^'t

On our arrival, wc enquired for the beft houfe
of entertainment., .nd were direaed .0 the Bun^h
of Grapes, in State-«reet, kept by Colonel Cole-
n,an. It is nothing unufual in America for army
leers to keep taverns. A man with .he t.tle of
Major fometimcs hcWs your horfc, and Capta.ns are
iJin.bythero=dlideiitisave%eoftherevo-

luUon: During the Ameriean war, a mans pro-
motion was not mcafured fo much by h>s rank or
fortune, as by his zeal and afl.duity in the ferv.ce
of his country, and it was a cheap way of reward.
ing him for his fervlccs.

In the vear 1740, Bofton was efteemed the largeft
town in America, now Philadelphia and New York
tank before it; neverthelefs, it is a very flounfhmg

place,

UNITED STATES.

ON.

bcft houfe
he Bunch
and Colc-
1 for army
he title of
;aptains are
if the revo-
inan's pro-
ns rank or
the fervice
of reward-

1 the largeft

New York

f flourifhing

place,

place, full of bufincfs and adivity. The merchants
and tradcfmcn meet every day, from twelve to two
o'clock, in State-ftreet, as on an exchange. Wc
enquired for a porter, to fetch our luggage from the
(hip to the tavern, and a free negroe oflered himfelf,
for which fervice he required half a dollar. Th«
ncrocs in this Itate are all free, and are a rclpcaable
body of people. They have a free-mafons club, into
which they admit no white perfon. However, 1 be-
lieve they arc not yet admitted to hold offices or Itate,
though they vote for them. This town, or city,
contains about eighteen thoufand inhabitants. State-
ftreet is the principal one, about twenty yards wide,
is near the center of the town, and leads down to the
long wharf. CornhiU is another confiderable flreet ;
it put mc in mind of Balingftoke. Their foot ways
are not yet paved with flat (tones, the horfe and foot
way being alike pitched with pebbles, and pofts and
a gutter to divide them, like the old fafliioned towns
ii^England. The buildings likewife, are but IndifFe-
renti^'many of them, as well as their churches, are
weather boarded at the fide, and all of them roofed
with fliinglcs. A very aukward looking railed en-
clofure on the top of the houfes, for drying clothes,
which gives them a very odd appearance. The part
of the town called New or Weft Bofton, is an ex-
ception to this, for the houfes there are all neat and
elegant, (of brick) with handfome entrances and door
cafes, and a flight of fteps up to the entrance.

D 4

A VOYAGE TO THE

i-1

^flf ,'

'III

i , ■

i
1 ',

■ ■ Ivii

At Colonel Coleman's, which is more properly a
lodging houfe than a tavern, we were but very indif-
ferently accommodated as to beds; generally two in a
room, and not very cleanly, for we were much pcftered
with bugs. At two oVioclc dinner was announced,
and we were fhewn into a room where we found a
long table covered with didies, and plates for twenty
perfons. We were fcrvcd with falmon, veal, beef,
mutton, fowl, ham, roots, puddings, &c. &c. each
man had his pint of Madeira before him, and for
this and our breakfaft, tea, fupper and bed, we paid
ftve fliillings currency, for they make no feparate
charges, nor do they abate of their charges, were you
to dine out every day. There is no Ihynefs in con-
verfation, as at an Englifh table. People of different
countries and languages mix together, and convcrfe
as familiarly as old acquaintances. Three or four of
our company were French emigrants. On one fide
of me fata Mr. WaOiington from Virginia, (no re-
lation to the PrcfiJcnt, or very diftant,) and on the
other fide a young man from Philadelphia, next to him
a perfon from Newbury Port, three hundred and iifty
miles north of Philadelphia. I found myfelf well
entertained with their converfation, on many fubjeds
new to me. In half an hour after the cloth was
removed every perfon had quitted table, to go to
tlv/ir feveral occupations and employments, except the
Frenchmen and ourfclves ; for the Americans know
the value of time too well to waltc it at the table.
Here I met a Mr. Armftrong, once a clothier at
Cyrfham, in Wilts, near my native place. When

\vc

■ H

■u

. .! i 11

^^^B ^^8 '; 1

,1 "1 1

'it

^^^■< ^^B '<• '

■ i

1 . ;

: 1

^^^H ^H 1^.^11

i.. '

UNITED STATES.

properly a
: very indif-
ly two in a
uch pcftered

announced,
we found a
; tor twenty
, veal, beef,
c. &c. each
im, and for
)ed, we paid

no feparate
es, were you
nefs in con-
: of different
and converfe
se or four of
On one fide
nia, (no re-
) and on the

next to him
jred and lifty

myl'elf well
nany fubjedls
le cloth was
le, to go to
s, except the
^ricans know
at the table,
a clothier at
lace. When
\vc

we meet a countryman in a remote part of the world,
wefpeak to him as an intimate acquaintance, though
perhaps we have never fecn each other before. This
was the cafe at prefcnt. I took a walk with him to
Bunker Hill and Brede's Hill, the ground where the
Americans, (June iph^ 17750 ^^^ reiifted the attack
of the Britifh. A Captain Greatan accompanied us,
who was an officer on the fpot at the very time. He
defcribed the whole a(5lion, and fliewed us the place
where Dr. Warren fell ; the point where the attack
began, and the road by which the Americans retreated.
The adion was not fought on Bunker Hill, as is on
record, but on Brede's Hill. It was but a detach-
ment of the main army which were in adion. We
followed the fame route the armies went, for two miles;
we then filed ofF to the left, and came to the town
of Cambridge, where the principal Univerfity in the
flate is eftabliflied. It is called Havard College, is an
excellent inftitution, was founded about the year 1650,
is well endowed, and fupports three hundred fludents ;
two large handfome brick buildings feparate from each
other i a third has been taken down lately, to be re-
built. We returned to Bofton over the new bridge,
a mod prodigious work for fo infant a countryj a work,
as Mr. Hobe obferved, worthy the Roman Empire,
It is a bridge over an arm of the fea, above one thou-
fand eight hundred feet long, and about thirty four
wide, well lighted all the way into Bofton, about a
mile in length. This bridge is built entirely of wood,
»nd coft about twenty-four thoufand pounds, and
marks the genius and fpirit of the tov^^n of Bofton,

, t'

1 '■

■

■ l<

. . !■

>l'

;

; I :!'''

1 ;■

i;
t

'■" 'j ii

1 '.

'|i hi|';i

*■; I I

.!l

'! I

:f If

I;m

A VOYAGE TO THK

It had been opened but about five months, when wc
pad'ed it. About half way over the bridge, we ob-
Icrved two iron rings i Captain Grcatan, by one of
them, lifted up a trap door, and difcovercd a largo
room below, capable of holding two hundred men,
to which wedefcendcd by flairs, and faw the machinery
by which the draw bridge is lifted up for large vcllcls
to pafs. In hot weather, this mud be a molt delight-
ful cool retreat, as well as an excellent place for
baihing.

There arc tv/o other long wooden bridge? leading
from Bolton, Afyjiic and Dorchcjler. The latter is
built on the fcite of an antient Indian bridge, part of
thccaufeway of which ttiU remains pcrfedi but thcfc
arc not to compare with the new bridge. A very ele-
gant theatre was opened at Bolton about three months
ago, far fuperior in talte, elegance and convenience,
to the Bath, or any other country theatre that 1 have
ever yet fcen in England. I was there lalt night,
with Mr. and Mrs. Vaughan. The play and farce w«re
Inkle and Yarico, and Bon Ton ; 1 paid a dollar
for a ticket. It held about twelve hundred perfons.
One of the dramatis perfons, was a negro, and he
filled his charaacr vith great propriety. The drefs of
the company being perfeaiy Englifh, and fome of
the aaors, (Jones and his wife,) being thofe I had
feen perform the laft winter at Saliltury, in Shatford's
company, made me feel myfelf at home. Between
the play and farce, the orchellra having played
Ca Ira, .the gallery called aloud for Yankee- doodle,

which

i! ?■■<

h \

UNITED STATES.

_ 1

ths, when we
riJge, we ob-
n, by one ot
)vercd a largo
lunJrcd men,
the niiichincry
r large vcllcls
moltilelight-
Liit place tor

ridgCi leading
The latter is
jridgc, part of
etSli but thefc
, A very clc-
t three months
J convenience,
tre that 1 have
ere lart night,

and farce w«re

paid a dollar
mdrcd perfons.

negro, and he
The drefs of
, and fome of
12: thofe I had
', in Shatford's
amc. Between

having played

Yankee- doodle,

which

which after feme fliort oppofition was complied with.
A Mr. Powell is the manager of the play-houfe.
Mr. Goldfinch, the ingenious architea of this theatre,
has' alfo lately built an elegant crefccnt, called the
Tontine, about fourteen or fixtcen elegant houfcs,
which let for near two hundred pounds Iterling, a
year.

In Bofton, they have forty hackney coaches, and
for a quarter dollar you are carried to any part of the
town.

Sunday, May 11. My Danifh friend, Mr. Hobc,
and myfelf, dined with Mr, Charles Vaughan, a
confiderable merchant, to whom we had letters of in-
troduaion. Three days before this we were croffing
the Bay of Fundy, and found the weather fo cold
that we were obliged to put on our great coats, and
keep them clofe buttoned. To-day it is fo hot and
clofc, that we can fcarcely bear the preffurc of any
clothes at all, or venture to walk out in the fun-
fhine, I went twice with Mr. Vaughan's family to
the Unitarian chapel, the only one yet opened in
America, and is a proof of the increafed liberality of
fentiment of the Boftonians. They have in ^ great
I meafure loft that rigidity of manners, and vigilant
* way of keeping the Sunday, as to put people into the
flocks, who were fecn walking the ftreets during
fervice. They no longer hang old women for witch-
craft, as they did in the laft century; yet at the fame
time, they maintain a general fobriety of manners,

and

A VOYAGE TO THE

and the places of public worfhip, of which 1 think
they have eighteen, arc all well attended. Mr.
Freeman is the minifter of the Unitarians, who
meet in what was called the King's Chapel, before
the revolution. It is one of the handfomcft buildings
in the town. He has a falary of about one hundred
and fifty pounds a year, and the fociety is increafing.
The clergy however rcfufcd to give him ordination on
account of his opinions; upon which, the principals
of the congregation, met and ordained him thcmfclves.
Theirform°of prayer is Dr. Clarke's reformed Liturgy,
with no addition whatever ; fomc part was left out,
and a few alterations made. No creed p.cftrved but
that called the Apoftle's Creed; they have a baptifmal
confeffion for adult perfons, and another for children.

There are many beautiful fcenes around the town, and
many views of the fea, and the green mountains in the
diftant horizon form a beautiful ground to the whole.

• On the fouth weft fide of the town, there is a pleafant
promenade, called the Mall, adjoining to Bofton
Common, confifting of a long walk fhaded by trees,
about half the length of the Mall in St. James's
Park. At one end you have a fine view of the fea.
The Common itfelf is a pleafant green field, with a
gradual afcent from the fea Ihore, till it ends in
Beacon Hill, a high point of land, commanding a
very fine view of the country. On the top of it
there ftands a lofty Pillar. The pcdeftal is fquare,
was ereded about three years ago by the voluntary

fubfcrip-

UNITED STATES*

which I think
ttended. Mr.
nitarians, who
Chapel, before
omcft buildings
ut one hundred
:y is increafing.
m ordination on
1, the principals
him thcmfclves.
Formed Liturgy,
•t was left out,
d prcftrved but
have a baptifmal
icr for children.

nd the town, and
nountains in the
id to the whole.

:here is a pleafant

ning to Bofton

fhadcd by trees,

in St. James's

view of the fca.

een field, with a

till it ends in

, commanding a

)n the top of it

cdeftal is fquare,

by the voluntary

fubfcrip-

(ubfcriptions of the inhabitants of Bofton, and has
the following infcriptions on the four fides:

ON THE FIRST SIDE.

Americans ! While from this eminence ^ fanes of luxuriant
fertility^ of flour ijhing commerce, and the abodes of facial
happincjs meet your 'vieiv, forget not tbofe, 'who, by their
exertions, have fccured to you thefe blej/ings.

ON THE SECOND SIDE.

To commemorate that train of events which led to the Ame-
rican revolution, and finally fecured liberty and independence
to the United States, this column is ereiled by the voluntary
contributions of the citizens of Boflon, 1790.

ON THE THIRD SIDE.

Stamp aa paffed 1765, repealed 1766.

Board of cufloms eft abliped, 1 767.

Britijh troops fired on the inhabitants of Bojlon, March 5,

1770.
Taxaiipafed, I773.
Tea deftroyed in Bofton, December \6,
Port of Bofton ft}ut and guarded, June \, 1774*
General Congrefs at Philadelphiat September 4.
Provincial Congrefs at Concord, OSlober 1 1 .
Battle of Lexington , April \g, 1775.
Battle of Bunker Hill, June 17.
WaftAngion took cotnmand of the army, July 1.
Bofton evacuated, March 17, 1776.
Independince declared by Congrefs, July 4, 1 776.

HANCOCK, President.

',. ■■

•11'

I ; i:

" 1.4, ' ^

ill

■.11 j-iii I)

.5 A VOYAGE TO THB

ON THE FOURTH SIDE.

CaMure of the lljJJans at trcntcn. December 26 1776.

c!pt.re If the Britijh anny at Saratoga O.ioher I,.

Co,f deration of the ihnted States formed, July 9.
Ccptution of Mafachuji'^ formed. 1 7 «0.
Bo^vdom, Prefidcnt of Con'vention,
C^ureoftheBritifi armyatVork. (to...) Oaoler 19,

1781- e

TrcUminarm of peaee. ^o-vemhcr 30,1782.
Defnitivetneaty of peace, September 10, 1783-
Federal conjlitution formed, September 17, 1787?
Jndratifedh the United States, M%7 Jo y<)0.
Neav Cougrefs afembled at AV.a York, April 1 6, 17 89.
Wajhlngtonlnauguratedrrcfidcnt, April lo.
Pdllc debts funded, Augujl A,, \-]()0.

This Pillar ftandin- on fo high a fituation, is fccn
in almoft every part of Bo(ton.

The harbour is a noble capacious one. The long
wharf is a moft convenient pcninfula, improved by art,
projcainginto the fca, four or live hundred yards j is
about eighty feet wide. In the middle of it fhnds a
long row of ibrc houfes, from end to end, forms a
very convenient arrangement for fhips, on both iidcs
the wharf, to load and unload at oppofite fides of the
fame warchoufc at the fame tin e. In thefe llorcs
were calks of fugar and rice, bags of cotton and wool,

pipe

1
%

■ 1

{. '■

ber 26, 1776.
ruj} 16, 1777.
Oiioher 17.

July 9.

\n) OSioLer 19,

82.
1783.

1787;
1790.
7/ 16, 1789.

30-

lation, is fccn

c. The long

iprovcd by art,

dred yards j is

of it ftands a

end, forms a

on both iidcs

ite fides of the

n thefe llorcs

tton and wool,

pipe

UNITED STATES.

pipe ftavcs, lumber, iron bars, bags of nails, and, in
Ihort, every article of commerce. 1 never faw any
thin'T before equal to it in convenience.

On Sundays all the flags are hoifted on board the
{lilps ; and the harbour being pretty full of fhipping,
on account of the embargo, made, laft Sunday, a very
fine appearance. There were only three foreign flags
in the port, and they were tri-coloured flags of France.

I went with Mr. Freeman to that pleafant fuburb,
Charlcfton, called the mother of Bofton. It is now
entirely rebuilt, fince it was burnt in the war, and
is a very neat, clean, well-built town. Here lives Mr.
Jcdcdiah Morfe, the famous editor of the firft Ame-
rican Geographical Grammar, which has run through
fix editions in about three years. It is r.ow univerfally
taught in all the fchools and feminaries throughout Ame-
rica, in this town, Mr. Freeman tookmc to fee a curious
wool-card manufadory, worked by an horizontal air
mill, like that at Batterfea, though not fo large. Of this
mechanical application they claim the invention. The
manufaiftory itfclf is curious and well worth attention.
It is a trade well encouraged here, for every houfe-
wife keeps a quantity of thefe cards by her, to employ
her family in the evenings, when they have nothing
to do out of doors. The glafs-houfe, and the duck
or fail cloth manufactory, I did not fee.

In Bofton they have five or fix printing offices, and
they publifh three new fpapers, twice and three times a

week.

K, . '' ■fi

U) /|!:ij:i

A VOYAGE TO THE

week, viz. The Columbian Centinel, TJje Mercury,
and The Bojion Gazette or Republican Journal, A good
market here for all kinds of provifions, which are
brou2;ht every day in great plenty, and are fold much
cheaper than at New York or Philadelphia.

In the year 1790, there were enumerated in Bofton
2,376 houfls, which were computed to contain 18,038
inhabitants.

Near Bofton are the following manufaclories cfta-
blifhed, according to the accounts given me by a
confiderable merchant there : A cotton and carpet ma-
nufactory at JVorceJler^ carried on by Peter Stowell and
Co. with a good capital ; and one of woollen, by
Thomas Stowell; at Newbury Port, Jofcph Brown, a
clothier, makes a variety of woollen goods of the coarfe
kinds ; at Ipfwich, the woollen manufactory, by Meflrs.
Warner and a Dodlor Manning. There isalfo in this
town, which is an inland fituation, a large bonc-lace
manufactory, employing near an hundred cufhions.
But all thefe I judge rather the feeds of manufadlories,
than any large or permanent eftablilliments. — That
energy which is created in our country by neceffity and
difficulty of living, cannot take place there for many
years ; nor need England fear a rivalfhip there, or in
any other country. France, when difburthened of
her prefent military government, will be many years
in recovering her manufactories.

When

UNITED STATES.

When we confidcr that the United States, with
Icarcely four millions of inhabitants, import annually
of our manufaftures more than twelve millions of dol-
lars in value, it follows, that when her inhabitants are
encrcafed to eight millions, (he will want manufadures
to the annual amount of twenty-four millions of dol-
lars. From hence I conclude, that her population
and profpcrity are an advantage to Great Britain.
I am convinced that the ability of the United States
to manufaaure, cannot keep pace, by any means,
with her encrcafing population ; at leaft for a century.
It therefore follows, that (he muft encreafe in her de-
mand for foreign manufadlures ; and the Americans
generally acknowledge that no country can fupply
them fo well as Great Britain.

m-y

ROAD FROM BOSTON TO NEW YORK.

Miles.

To Cambridge

- 2

Wilbraham - y

Watertown

Springfield Plains - 5

Waltham

- 3

Springfield - 6

Wefton

- 5

Suffield - 7

Sudbury

- 3

Wind for - 8

Marlborough

Hartford - 8

Northborough

- 10

Wethersficld - 6

Shrewsbury

Middleton - 8

Worcefter

Durham - - 6

l.ciceftcr

NorthforJ - - 7

Spencer

Newhaven - - 8"

Brookfield

1 Nf-w York - 91

Weftern

Pilmer

i 250

>!.'

"if ^1

1 n

JOUR-

■' ,1 ■

JOURNEY

FROM

BOSTON

T O

NEW YORK,

EDNESDAY, May 14, 1794, at three in the
morning, I left Bofton by the New York Mail Coach ;
I paid fourpence per mile currency, (i.e. threepence
flcrling) and was allowed fourteen pounds luggage. It
<Toes every Monday, Wcdncfday, and Friday ; a light
eafy carriage for fix j no turnpikes in America, nor
any fee to the drivers. Eight miles brought us, through
Cambridge, where the Univerfity is, on to Watertown,
an eafy, pleafant, and good road. Here is cftabliftied a
woollen manufactory, but I did not fee it. The
country houfes are framed with timber, weather board-
ed, fafhed, and neatly painted. I remarked that all the
country-women, on the approach of the carriage, re-
tired to their houfes, and fecmed cither to have no
curiofity, or were afliamed to be fccn idle. Three
miles more brought us to Waltham, a ftraggling vil-

lage.

tJNITED STATES.

hgc. Here I was (hewn, at the houfe where we flopped,
fome home-fpun American cloth ; it was Kerfey wove,
made very flout, and large fpun, but ferviceable i
jhey could fix no price to it per yard. The road now
became unpleafant for fome miles ; the fences were
only rude ftones piled up loofely as if only removed out
of the way. We nov/ came to Wefton, which is five
miles from Waltham, and had brought in for our
brcalcfafts, beef-fteaks, coffee, bacon and eggs, and
veal-cutlets, v/ith toaft and butter; the very fight cf
thcfe things took away my appetite, the weather being;
intcnfcly hot. Captain Flagg charged us two fhillings
a head for our dejeune, which we thought dear.
We paid the dearer, 1 fuppofe, becaufe Genera?
Wafhington had been entertained, and flept at his
houfe. It is juft: fuch another as the half-way
houfe between Salifbury and Wilton. About fe-
ven miles further, we came to a fine lake called
Marlborough Pond j the country appeared now to me
very much like Hampfnire. We foon pafled North-
borough and ShrewfDury. Worccfter Pond, three
miles long, beautifully furrounded with wood growing
to the water's edge, in all its variety of greens; the pine,
however, feems to prevail moll in this province. The
coun.ry for ten miles in fine culture ; the land for-
merly much covered with large loofe floncs, which are
gathered up and made into fences. Mr. Mower, the
landlord of the inn we were to dine at in Worcefter,
was a paflbnger with us, and gave us fome information.
He faid you might buy in this neighbourhood a hun-
dred acres of land in good culture, with a tolerable farm-

E 2 houfq

/*v,:^

'i' -'^'i

I: :

A VOYAGE TO THE

i'lM

houfc on It, for four hundred pounds (i.e. three hun-
dred pounds ftcrling). Worccfter, a neat, plcafant,
clean town ; one long ftreet, with two large meetings
or churches ; it ftruclc mc as much refembling Lynd-
hurft in the New Foreit ; here wc dined well on beet
and veal, with plenty of greens, potatoes, and cucum-
bers, for one fhilling and fixpence currency per head
(i.e. one fhilling and twopence fterling) j and had as
much good cyder as we could drink, into the bargain.
I obfervcd the women in the country towns wore no
caps ; many had their hair plaited at full length down
their backs, like a queue; this very unbecoming fafliion
could only have been adopted from ceconomy. This
is but a modern town ; the firft male child born here is
ftill living. I wcntoutof curiofity, to thefhop of Ifaiah
Thomas, the famous bookfeller, whom Br'iJJot celebrates
as the Didot oi \.\iQ United State?, and I bought a pro-
* vincial almanac, and fome newfpapers of him. He
has a well furnifhed fliop and a good printing office.
His newfpaper is as well conducted as any European
paper whatever i — a great encouragcr of the liberal arts.
A paper mill has lately been eredled by him about a
mile from the town. Moll of the houfes have a large
court before them, full of laylocks and other fhrubs,
with a feat under them, and a paved walk up the
middle. In this ftate the negroes are free and happy,
are eledlors, but not elei^ed to offices of ftate ; their
education, however, is the fame as tlic whites. There
is a tax in this itate, for keeping a chaife, of about
fix (hillings fterling per annum, and there is alfo
a fmall poll tax, Mr, Mower faid a man might keep

i» houit'

UNITED STATES.

» ,1-

a houfe, and live handfomely and comfortably for
eighty pounds a year currency, or fixty pounds fterling,
and keep a horfe. There arc two ftages pafs through
this town every day, the one to Bofton, about forty-
fix miles diftant, the other to New York, about two
hundred and four miles. No negro child is fufFered
to be indentured beyond twenty-four years of age, and
muft have the fame advantage of education as other
children. We now mounted our vehicle, and drove
away to Leicefter, fix miles in three quarters of an
hour. — A wide handfome flreet j no two houfes join;
a very handfome prcfbyterian church, with a lofty
ileeple. We were almoft melted with the intenfe heat
of the weather, and not a breath of air to relieve us ;—
the thermometer was at ninety-one on this day at New
York. I remarked over the doors of moft houfes in
this country, boxes with pigeonholes, as I fuppofed,
but 1 foon found they were for fwallovvs to build in.
This bird is much larger in America than in England,
and of the colour of n pigeon. The roMn is a bird as
lar^^e as an En<^li{h blackbird, and much of the fliape
of one, prcferving no appearance like our robin, ex-
cept in its colours. We now drove on fix miles fur-
ther, and came to Spencer, which Eriflbt calls " a new
village in the midft of the v\ jod." It might have been
fo in Augufl:, 1788, when he travelled this fame road i
but now it is all cultivated fo much round it, that
there is very little appearance of its having been in the
midft of a wood. I obfervcd a neat houfe, with a wa-
ter-mill adjoining, and upon enquiry, found it was in-
habited by a c](?thier, that is, one who mills and drefles

E 3 home-

,4m

A VOYAGE TO THE

Fill .1; .|

5- If ■ . (■

i*'.,i)i ' ' 1

It-

home-fpun woollen cloth for the houfewivcs of th«
neighbourhood. It was now fun- fct, twelve minutes
after fcven, which is thirty-four minutes earlier than
it fets on this clay at Salifbury ; and the twilight fo
fliort, that before we got to Brockfield it was almoft
dark. Here we found a good inn, at the end of a
green lawn or common, which thirty years before, was
covered with a foreft of trees ;— now, not a veltige of a
Hump remaining. The landlord, Mr. Hitchcock, an
intelligent, civil, and curious man; very inquifitive to
know what he could about the palTengcrs, as almoil all
the landlords arc in this country. BrifTot miftakcs, in
calling the diftancc from Spencer to Brockfield fifteen
miles, it is but ten. The fit&ation, as he obfcrvcs,
is very piclurefque ^ it ftands on the termination of a
hill, from whence you look over a very extenfive
country, and fee fomc very djftant hills, almofl loft in
a blue haze j— it feemed to refcmblc fome parts of De-
vonfhirc. At bed time I was fadly tormented with
bugs, which abound very much in all this country,
and are fuppofed to come from the woods. The
Americans fay they fcldom or never bite them*

We were called at four o'clock next morning, to
purfue our journey. We now got into anothtr coach ;
it was hung light and pleafant— not futh a one as
BriUbtt foand, without fprings, and with only two
horfcs— for we had four horfes all the w'y to Kewha-
ven, and very good ones, going from (even to nine
jniles an hour. Four miles brought us to Vellern, a
few fcattcred houfesj and ten miles furthei v.c came to

PalmwT;,

UNITED STATES.

Palmer, another townftiip i no two houfes hatdly in
l^crht of each other ; the itreet a green lane. Here is fome
woollen goods made, as I was told, and they had fpinning
jennies at work there. We got our brcakfaft, and a very
bad one it was; our bread was very heavy, feemcd to be
made of rye j the better rank, the cofFce ill made j— the
belt article was the fried fifli. We paid a quarter dollar
each. Wilbraham, the next town, is fix miles j we faw
nothing remarkable there, but the country, in general,
well cultivated. The wood, however, was chiefly pine in
this neighbourhood. Springhc'.u Plains, a plcafant open
country'', much like the neighbourhood of Alresford, in
Hamplhirej from fine plains, we dcfcend gradually to
a beautiful vale, watered by Connecticut River, which
we now had the firit view of. It is a charming river,
winding, like the Thames, through a very fruitful val-
ley. We now pafled the Arfenal, and foon after the
Powder Magazines ;— both handfome new brick build-
ings. They were built, 1 believe, during the late war.
Springfield is a very plcafant country town, the houfes
neat, clean, and well painted, chiefly of weather boards
the (treets were regular, and the houfes join each other;
it put me much in mind of Wimbourn in Dorfetlhire.
Two ncwfpapers printed here, three times a week. I
went into one of the piinting offices, and bought a pro-
vincial almanac ; I colleaed fome old newfpapers there,
of various parts of America ; they afforded me much
information as well as entertainment. Here I heard,
that a Member of Congrefs had juft paffcd through the
town, and reported that the embargo on vefTcls would
be ta^.cn off the 25th inlknt , this I was glad to hear,

E4 ■•''■

w^^M

W:m

1 4' . •.'

■Ut .ill''

r.:i

11-

)if;

'J ■■;■■ I

A VOYAGE TO THE

as it would give mc an opportunity of writing to Eng-
land. There is a paper mill adjoining to this town,
which is very thriving. There arc eleven other paper-
mills in this ftate of Mairachufets, yot paper is a good
article to import. Almoft every town prints a newf-
paper, for they are great politicians, and intercft them-
felves very much in the News of Europe. While our
coachee, and all its paflengers were paffing this fine ri-
ver in a fcowl, fome fifhermen, in other boats, near us,
were drawing the Seine for falmon, of which they
caught many in our fight. Here was I ftruck with
the fimilarity of the fcene to one near Lymington.
The country profpedls now begin to be beautiful
and chearful, not fa much flony ground as in the
former part of our journey. We obfcrve a fchool,
by the road- fide, in almoft every parifh ; — one is juft
over as we pafs it, and out of it run negro boys and
girls, as well as white children, without any diftinc-
tion. Five miles from Springfield, we enter Sufficld,
a pleafant little village. Here I heard there was a pot-
afh manufacSlory pftablifhcd, but I did not fee it.
Next we came to Windfor, eight miles, a pleafant
country town, refembling Frenchay, near Briftol. At
this place we took up a clergyman, who was going to
New York, where I afterwards met with him again.
He was a very fenfible well educated man, very diffident
and modeft in his deportment. A road branched off
here to our right hand, leading to Albany, about fixty
miles diftant. 1 now obferve fix or eight negroes
working together in a field, well dreffed as other peo-
ple.

v'ir > ' .f

UNITED STATES.

pie. Notwithftanding they arc here free, and admitted
to equal privileges with the white people, yet they love
to aflbciate with each other. It is obferved, that they
are naturally lazier, and will not work fo hard as a
white fervant. — Perhaps, the remembrance of former
compulfive fervice, may make them place a luxury in
jdlencfs. Nor do they yet feem to feel their im-
portance in fociety ; — this is a portion of inheritance
referved to the next generation of them. I now favv
a log-houfe, for the firft time ; it was about thirty
feet long, and fix feet toihe roof; and confided of logs
or poles, with the bark on, laid upon each other ; aC
the four corners, where the logs croficd, they were
notched together, and nailed ; and the intciflices
were plaftcrcd up with loam. I foon favv ten
or twelve little heads peeping out at the window
and door. The families, from hard labour and whol-
fome food, become very prolific. A palTcnger in our
coachee, a flout hearty young man, faid he was the
youngeft of fourteen children. We faw the wooden
frame of many houfcs building ; this, and clearing the
woods go on very faft. Their firft crops are Indian
corn and rye. Fine diftant profpecSls. Came on to
Hartford to dinner ; to a very pleafant large inn, kept by
Frederick Bull. Here I flaid two davs, that 1 might
have time to infped the woollen manufadory of this
place, and attend the debates of the Houfe of Repre-
fentatives of this Hate, at that fitting ; I dined this day
at the ordinary, with near thirty of the members •, I
found them very friendly and affable, and pleafed to

converfo

'J'-

If I

■t ■ I

Pi:

rS A VOYAGE TO THE

converfe with one from the old country \^-ytry carneft
to know whether, in general, we verc well inclined
towards thsm. They were very temperate, not fitting
long after dinner — we fat down to dinner at one, and
by a quarter after two, they adjoined to the houfc. I
requelted a feat in the gallery, to hear their debates,
which was readily granted ; and Dr. Porter requcftcd
a perfon to fhew the Englifh gentleman into a proper
feat. Out of two hundred and feventy members, there
were but three abfcnt. Their debates were condufled
with great decorum j a Speaker in the chair ; every
man was heard patiently, without any interruption.
There were fome good orators among them j — Mr.
Granger, member for Suffield ; Mr. Stanley j Mr.
Phelps; General Hart, inember for Saybrook ; made
as good fpecches as many I have heard in our own
Houfe of Commons; plain in their drcfs, plain in their
manners ; with no other qualifications than good com-
mon fenfe, a£tuatcd by the love of their country. Two
very interefting fuhje6ls were in debate : — a bill,
brought in to repeal a law, palfcd in Odlober laft to
order " That the money arifing from the fale of their
« lands, between the Ohio and Lake Erie, fhould be
<* appropriated to encreafe the falaries of -the minifters
*' of the gofpel and the mailers of fchools ;" * and ano-
ther bill (for its fecond reading) " To provide for thofe
** poor and fick negroes, who having been freed from
« flavery, might be left unprovided for; and that till the
** mailer was exculpated, by receiving a certificate from

• Sec Note .1.

" the

UNITED STATES.

«t the Ibtc, that the negro was difcharged in pcrfeft
«< health, it fhould be incumbent on the mailer tocon-
«» tinue to take care of him during fickncfs, or, ,ulcalt,
«* pay the expcnccs of his curc."~I was much plcakd
to fee alcgillaturc extend its humanity and care fo far.

The government of this ftate is allowed to lurpafs
noft of the others ; it was formed on a [Ian given by
the famous John Locke, as General Gates afterwards
informed me. It is about thrice as large as Wiltfhirc,
is better cultivated and more fully inhabited than any
other, as they reckon forty-five perfons to every fquarc
mile. The clergy are chofcn by the people who pay
them. Their fabrics arc in general one hundred
pounds a yearj they afTociatc much with their people,
aflVblc and unreferved in converfation, and very friendly
to ftrangcrs ; by this and other means, knowledge is
more generally diffufcd among the common people than
in any other llatc, and they are thrifty and induflrrious.

There • > no religious cftablifhment here, nor is any
perfon more favored by the government for worfliipping
God one way than another. Yet religion flourilhcs
amongft all ranks and degrees from the Icnator to the
wood-^cuttcr J they entertain no party-fpirit againft
each other i and their places of worlhip are well at-
tended. They wonder that any government Ihould in-
terfere in a concern of which they can be no judges, as
it is of a fpiritual nature, and can only be properly
influenced by the hope of preferment in a future world,

and not in this,

I called

", *■

■Ml

)

■•><«

'•■",]

A VOYAGE TO THE

1* ' •

m ■

i^il

n
1.

I called at Col. Wadi'worth's, to whom 1 had z
letter of introdu6lion, but found he was at Philadel-
phia, being a Member of Congrefs; Mrs.Wadfworth,
however, received me very politely, and defired her fon
to attend me, to fliew me what was moft worth my
notice. In the courfe of convcrfatiun, I learned that
BrlJottCu/iitie,'<^nd Kofciu/koj had all been at their houfe.

Our firft vifit was to the woollen manufa61:ory, efta-
blifhed there about fix years ago, of which Morfe, in
his Geography, fpcalcs in high terms; I found it much
on the decay, and hardly able to maintain itfelf ; I
faw two carding engines, working by water, of a very
inferior conftrudion.* On walking down to Con-
necticut River, 1 obferved a large pile of iron ore,
which, Mr. Wadfworth told me, was dug a kw miles
up the river. We next went on the roof of a new built
houfe, to enjoy the charming profpcdl j it was a fine
clear day; wc traced the meanders of this noble river
to a vaft diftance; fhips, freighted with merchandize,
paffing up and down, in full fail ; a beautiful diftant
country, aboundingwith wood and with hills; the towns
of Middleton, Wethersfield, Glaftonbury, Eaft Hart-
ford, and Windfor, were within view, and thecountry
finely cultivated; — very fimilar, indeed, to many fccncs
in England; being, in fa6l, planned and cultivated by
men who came originally from England.

At Frederick Bull's tavern, where I lodged, we had
excellent provilions : beef, mutton, and veal, as good

•# See Note 11,

lljpi

UNITED STATES,

as in England ; tea and cofFee of the bcft kin ' j three
forts of fugar brought always to the tabic ;- the muf-
covado, the fine lump fugar, and the maple; from the
novelty of it, I preferred the Jaft, though I could not
find much difference in the tafle of it. At breakfaft
with us the fiifl morning, was an American ofHcer, in
his uniform, the fir(l: I had feen ; — It was a blue coat of
fuperfine cloth, withfcarlct facings andcufFs; abuffcaf-
fmiere waillcoat and breeches, and looked very becom-
ing on him, being a very handfome well-built man, of
full fix feet in height. I obferved the people here were all
very great politicians, and ready to afk me more quef-
tions than I was inclined to anfwcr, though I am far
from being rcfcrved. They afked me for Englifh newf-
papcrs, which 1 let them have; alio Jordan's Debates
in Parliament, and Margarot's Trial; the latter was
read with great avidity, and borrowed by feveral ; and
next morning, Dr. Potter and another gentleman came
and rcqueftcd 1 would lend it, that they might have it
rc-printed at Hartford, at their own cxpence.

:, «

This town was founded anno 1636, by Mr. Hooker,
Therightsof primogeniture are unknown in this ftate: all

the children of a parent are deemed equal objects of his
care as well as love ; and he muft leave them an equal
ftiare of his property. This is a great public advantage,
as it prevents any overgrown fortunes continuing long
together, and keeps fociety nearly on a level. I never
obferved a fingle perfon in rags, or with any appear-
ance of diftrefs or poverty; yet I looked into all the
poor habitations I cguld find, which were very few in-
deed.

y t

t*"'.

-.1

■;:

r.i';f

A VOYAGE TO THE

deed. I could have bought good land, within tv/e>
miles of this town for fifteen pounds an acre.

The ftate-houfe ftands in the center of the town,
where the three principal roads meet. It lately fuf-
fcred by fire, and is now rebuilding in a very handfomc
Ilyle.

Hartford contains about four thoufand inhabitants,
the ftrects wide, ftrait, and well built; it ftands at the
head of the navigable part of Connedticut River ; it is
eikcmed fo very healthy a place, that, by the bills of
mortality for thirteen years part, it exhibits only one
death for fixty five perfons, in the courfe of each year,
ilrangers and new fettlers included. This is not the
cafe at Newhaven, the other principal town of this
ftate, to which I am next travelling.

Saturday, May 17, at four In the morning, I left
Hartford in one of the coaches which travel three timci
a week from Bofton to New York ; — it takes eight
perfons. When we left Hartford, a very rcvcrencJ
looking old gentleman accompanied us, with a tre-
mendous full-bottomed wig of the cut of the laft cen-
tury. A young gentleman who fat next me> told mc
it was Deacon Bifliop, an elder of the prcfbyterian
church at Newhaven, where Dr. Edwards is minifter.
He fpoke very fcldom, yet when he did, he appeared
amiable and intelligent, not at all correfponding with
his primitive drefs and appearance. \Vc had now,
near Middlcton, a fine view of Conncditut River, very

fimi-

^I'J

UNITED STATES.

Similar to the view between Bcmcrton and Wilton^
looking towards Lord Pembroke's park. After paffing
Middleton, I Caw the firft maple fugar tree ; — many
afterwards thn had been tapped. There are many other
kinds of maple trees; the black, thevvhitc,and the red do
not produce the faccharine liquor. Twenty three pounds
were procured in twcrity-four hours, by Arthur Nobic,
from two trees, which produced him four pounds,
thirteen ounces of good grained fugar ; but this is an
extraordinary inflance. Peas not yet in bloom. The
rye, I obfervc, is more cultivated here than wheat ;
next to that, is Indian corn. They have of late de-
clined raifing wheat on the maritime ihtes, on account
of the Heflian fly ; moreover, the hinds for want of
manure, do not make fuch profitable crops in wheat as
in rye. I obferve in the hedges and fields, a great many
<louble blofibm peach trees — This fruit is fo plenty in
Lon<i- Ifland, as frequently to feed their pigs with them.
We had four excellent horfes, and they took us on
at the rate of eight miles an hour i— one of them, a
JJanifli horfc wh'ch coft an hundred dollars. We came
hrft to Wethersficld, five miles from Hartford, on thff
banks of Connedlcut River. It is famous for onions.
Glaftonbury is on the oppofitc fide. Middleton was the
next place, eight miles. From the hill, entering the
town, you look back on a beautiful profped towards
Hartford. Here we quitted the banks of this noble river,
and proceeded to the townftiip of Durham \ the houfcs fo
fcattered as hardly to be in fight of each other, extend-
ing thus four miles. It was a very mean hcuie at which
WQ breakfafted, the wotft I have feen , the accomoda-
tions

,^4

■-I

-A

' . '}'.

V :;.

Iiii- i

r^'^

fi:,

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VOYAGE TO THE

tions equally bad, and far which, as is generally the
'confequence, we paid very dear. Our bread was cake
made of rye, and only half baked ; becf-iteaks fned in
lard ; vcal-cutlets very grcafy and black; the tea and
cofFe'c fmoky. Our fugar was from the maple tree, of
which we obfcrved many growing by the road fide, for
ieveral miles back.— At breakfaftl was offered by one of
the paflengers five hundred weight of it, for fourpence
halfpenny fterling per pound, but it is contrary to the
laws of Kngland to import it.

Under many of the maple trees, I obferved the
wooden troughs remaining, and the taps ftill in the
trunk, although the fap feafon had been over about fix
weeks, being only while the fap is rifing. A frofty
night always makes a plentiful diftillation next morn-
ina;. A paffenger told mc that a barrel of juice made
lix quarts of molaffes, which produces ten or eleven
pounds of fugar.* It is a very handfome tree, and eafily
dirtinguiflied from all others, by its larger fize, thick
verdure, and beautiful conic form. Thefejnduftrious
Conneaicut men alfo cxtrad a liquor from the birch
tree, (or the beach, I forget which) whereof they make
a drink much refembling beer. The foil of the coun-
try, as we approach Wallingford, begins to appear
red, like that about Briftol. At Northford, twenty
miles from Hartford, I obferved a great many planta-
tions of'mulbcrry trees, and on enquiry, found it was
tor the purpofe of breeding filk worms, of which fome
families breed two hundred thoufand, as I was inform-
ed. At one houfe where I Itopped, a young woman

# Sec Not! Ill,

told

UNITED STATES.

told me that herfclf and fiflcr had laft year raifcd filk:
cnous^h to make eighteen yards of florentine, and that
the townfhip font to market in one year as much filk as
made three hundred yard*;. She told me that the check
window curtains were her own ir -king, of flax, raifed,
drefled, and fpun by herlclf and lulc,, .-z well as the
bed-furniture of the houfe. A gcntlemi.i; mi the
coachee with us, told me that he had a p.;i;- of breeches
of it, and that it was iloutcr and bcttc- ^un any he got
from Europe. Mr. JjYtmvaU "f Nc,.s,ha--jen, is the
public-fpiritcd man who brought it forward about ten
years fince ; I faw his houfe on the right hand, abiut
three miles before we came to Nevvhaven. In this dii-
tridt they alfo raife a great deal of flax, and fpin and
weave it into Ihecting, curtains, bed furniture, Sec. Sec.
of which I faw a great deal nianufadluring.

"■ml

■I

Morfe, in his Geography mentions a difcovery, made
in this neighbourhood, of extracting oil from fun-
flower feeds, of which he fays large quantities are made.
I enquired at Hartford, Middleton, and many othec
places, and no perfon could give mc the leaft informa-
tion about it. In the neighbourhood of Newhaven,
there is an infect that pitches on the wet linen as it hangs
out to dry, which leaves an orange-red (tain behind,
that cannot be got out ; — it is fuppofcd to be the real
Cijchineal fly.

As we approached Newhaven, I obferved three re-
markable high mountains, like the cliffs of a fea-coatt,
or the back of the Iflc of Wight, againft which it was

^ evident

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A VOYAGE TO THE

evident the Tea mult formcily have beat, althuugh at
prcfent it is two or three miles within hx.ul, Ncwhaven
Lnding below it. The fea h^s retired from this coaft
v^ry coniuicrably, within memory of many of the inha-
bitants ; and i(r has been gradually retiring ever fmce,
ail alon'cr the conf^, as hr as New York ; fo that in a
courfe o^time, it is probable Long Ifland may become
a part of the continent. This is caiiiy to be accounted
for, when wc cunlidcr that, befidcs Connecticut, the
New Thames, and Stratford Rivers, there aie thirty-
eight other (Ircims empty tU^mfdvcs into the Sound.
• Add to this, that when a current fcts in homLhc
North-Eaft, the mud and flime broui^ht in hy it mud
continually be depofited"vhcre, as the other end of the
Sound, tovvatds New York, is clofcd up ncarjy by
lai-ae beds of ftone, which occafions thofc dangerous
eddies Called IJell Gates.

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Satiouhiy, M^ych 17. I arrived at Ncwhaven to
dinner, it is a \x\y neat ple.if.iiit town, was founded
in 16'^-. It has a l.irge area or marketplace in the
center,' one hundred yards tquarc. Three wide ftrcets
parallel to each other, lead from it on each of the four
Tides. There are four churches of the Pren^yteriaii
perfuaiicn, one Knifcopalian chapel, and a Meihodilt
meeting. Many handf«me well looking houfes,
thou-h chiefly built of wood, and feparated by a
court or garden from its neighbour ; a very fandy foil i
the fituation low and flat. The fociety of the town
is particularly agrcc.-'.ble and plcafantj many men of

liberal

UNITED STATES.

liberal education rcfiding there; to Tome of whom I
was introduced while at Hartford ; Dr. Potter, Dr.
Beach, Pierpoint Edwards, Mr, Fiilhoufe, Sec. &c.
There are feveral members of the Cong^refs who occa-
lionally come and refide here, befides its being the con-
ftant rchdence of the Provofl and gentlemen belonp^insr
to Yale College.

I went over the college, which (lands in the market
place, It confifts of two brick edifices, one hundred
feet long, and three ftory high. It was foujided in
the year 1700 : it was but in bad condition when I
faw it ; very dirty, particularly the library. The
books were numerous, but very old and in bad condi-
tion; two large globes of Penex's, a large clc6lrical
apparatus, a good reflcfling telefcopc, -"nd a cabinet
of curiofities, with which I was much entertained;
viz. Indian helmets, curioufly woven with feathers ;
warlike drefTes and belts of Wampum. Two lar^e
teeth of the Mammoth, found on the banks of the
Ohio, in the fhape of human cheek teeth ; I mea-
furcd them with my handkerchief, and applied it to a
foot rule, and found their dimenfions to be twenty-two
inchss round horizontally, and twenty inches Jong
when I meafurCii i'/iigitudinally, over the top and
between the rcrs,, The fkins of two beautifully
fpotted makes, eighteen feet long, from South America;
an Indian calumet or pipe of peace; a young alligator,
preferved in fpirits; inftruments of war and of fiihing,
from Nootka Sound. Cloth made at Otaheite. A curi-
ous frog,with a long tail like a lizard. Several pieces

F 2 Qi

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A VOYAGE TO THE

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A afbcftos found in

that neli^hbouihood. But what

11 particularly (Iruck me

was a fnake with two
dill.na heads : I aH^ed the librarian, whether this was
nut conhdercd as a monftcr, a iufits natura? He
;^iiuicd me nor> and, that in that neighbourhood they
had often been found alive. This one was prefcrvcd
in fpiiits, in fizc colour and fhape, like onx pw ^uonn,
about eight or nine inches long ; the two heads were
of the l^mo fixe, and every way perfca, branching
oB" equally from the trunk, in oppofite dircaions,
one inch and a quarter in length. 1 afterwards faw
at Philadelphia, in Peak's mufeum, two others of
this fort, only that one of them had three heads :
neither of them in a Itraight diredtion with the body.
J did not fee Dr. Styles, the prefidrnt of the college,
as be was gone to New York that day. The ftudents
had all been difmifl<d to their rwfpeaive homes, three
months before, on account of the epidemic or putrid
fever, whi.-h then raged in the town.

Wc dined at a very good tavern there. Wc had on
our tabic, mutton, veal, plenty ot garden ftuff, with
cucumbers, a good fallad, with cyder and brandy,
for all which wc paid only half a dollar, or two and
three pence lleiling. One of my companions in the
cuach, v/as a Mr. AMntofti, originally from Docking,
in Eilcx. He took me in a onc-horfe chair to fee his
large manufactory, which he had lately eftabliflied at
a head of water, about three miles from Newhaven.
It is patronifcd by the St'.te, which has already ad-
vanced hini tea thoufaiid dollars, and engaged to go

UNITED STATE:

as far as lixty tboufanci ; they being very nnxious to
clJablifli the woollen ;ind cotton manuladory in that
iliftria. Kut from what 1 faw of the undertaking,
I am convinced, a great deal of money will be funk
to very little purpolc. The building is one hundred
feet long, th-rty-eight feet v/idc, and four Itory high.
There is not a finj^lc window placed on the noith
iidr, which is the belt of all lights for a uianufacSloiv.
There were two carding enginesTmiflicd and at work,
hut both very much warped and cracked, by the heat
and dryncfs of the rooms, as well as from being made
cf unfeafoned wood. Two flubbing and two fpinning
machines of gdod and complete workmanlhip, bur
the cotton yarn, which was then fpinning, was not
better than candlewick yarn. lie has a \\ heel of
thirty feet diameter, and eight feci wide, but I think
they will often be in want of water to drive it : the
cards were very badly made, lie Iras ^rctSkd forces
there, and is making the heavy wrought and calt iron
wheels, brailcs, fcrews, fpindlcs, Sic. on the fpot,
at a vaft expejicc. The coal for working and fmclting
is brought from Virginia. A vaft number of work-
men are employed in this department at a very heavy
expence. He has many Englifh wotkmen engaged
at great wages, particularly one from Sir Cieorge
Young's manufactory at Ottery, in Devonfiure, who
engages to undertake the fpinning worflcd by watery
a piomifc I do not think he will ever perform.

Erti

i^i-

Newhaven feems a neat pleafant town, but lies low,
and has fevcral ilagnant waters near it, whicii account?;

F 3 for

villi

A VOYAGE TO THE

for the contagious fevers and difordcrs fo common
there. There is a long wharf projcas forty yards into
the fea, againlt which vcficls moor to receive their
cargoes. I counted about twenty in the harbour, but
there were none more than two hundred tons burden ;
the water being too ihallow for large veflels. Thicc
or four packets fail every week from hence to New
York, which is ninety-four miles diltancc, for
which you p^y two dollars and a half, and arc found
in diet and bedding, and every thing necellary. The
remainder of the road by land to New York, being
no ways pleafant, and fome part very rough and
ftony, 1 dcttrniincd to go by water.

General Obfervatlons on the Country through which I have

already paJJ'cd,

. The bcft houfcs in Conncdicut arc Inhabited by law-
yers. The fpring fcafon about three weeks later than
in England. They raife pine apples here ; Mr. Alton
Harvey, of Sakm, and Mr. Barrel), of Kofton,- have
excellent hot houfcs: 1 bought very good ones at
New York for twenty pence a piece ftcrling, but thefe
were brought from the Bahama lHands. Moil country
families make a foft foap for conmion ufe, out of afhcs,
and kitchen fluff or fat. I found it lathered like any
other foap, and fcoured as clean ; no tax on foap or
candles.

The bread in mofl country places is very bad, rather
jindifierent at Boflon, (at the lodging houfcs at leaft)

II Nil ED STATt S

but very goo

1 at New York. I have kcn fcarce one

Jitld of turnips, and very icw of wheat. rvl»;lt of the
<rood hoiifcs liavr a conductor on tlic top, hy which
means, though they have Irccjucnt and heavy dorms of
thunder and lij^htning, it lelJom does much mifchief.

A great variety of birds, very uifTercnt from ours;
wood peckers of many dillercnt kinds, feme of very
beautiful plumage •, fly catchers and king birds. This
laft, though a fniall bird, is a great tyrant and will
attack ahnoft any bird. If it meets a hawk you may
ice them both mount inftantly almoft perpendicular,
but the kin'>- bird has the advantage, and will fix him-
felf on the back of the hawk till he has torn off his
feathers and vanquilhcd him.

The houfes which we paflcd in the woods arc
n-cnerally builc after the following mode: a framed
work of timber, weathei boarded and roofed with
Ihlngles, two ftory high, beiides the attick ; a good
cellar beneath with three fteps up into the houfe, two
windows on each fide the door, five in the next ftory,
all fafhed, and the whole neatly painted ; fome of a
fr£C {tone colour, others white v.ith green doors and
\\indow iliutters. The women and children in moll
of the country pkccs, go without caps, fliocs, or
llockin<!,s.

Eight years ago, the road from Bufton to Newhaveii
a diftance of one hundred and feventy miles, could
karccly maintain two Itagcs and twelve hoifcsj now

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A VOYAGi: TO THE

it mnintains twenty ft.i;rcs weekly, with upwards ot an
huiulrai horfcs ; fo much is travelling cncreafj In
this difliidt.

Saturday. At four o'clock in the evening, I went
on bo.iril the Catharine Packet, Captain Clark,
juft then opportiMicly fttting fail, as I returned
from Mr. M'intofli s manufadory. I found good
and cc.nveuitnt accommodation aloard this pac-
ket, which was kept very neat and clean, accord-
ing?; to the account BiiJlbt gave of them. Wc
weighed anchor immediately, with a very fine north
wind. At eight o'clock, we palfengers, twelve in
number, fit down to regale curfelves on tea, coffee,
bifcuit, bread and butter, clams, radifhes, cyder,
brandy and water, ^c. c\'c. Two of our company
were ladies, for whom, two beds in the inner cabin
were provided, perfedly decent and well contrived.
In the outer cabin, there were only eight beds for
ten of us. Upon drawing lots, 1 was fortunate
enough to get number one, which entitled me to the
flrft choicv-. I chofe the upper birth, on the larboard
fidr, where I had a little Aide to open in the fide of
the vclicl for air, whenever 1 found it grow too warm,
which I found very convenient. The veflel failed fo
fteady, that I could hardly conceive I was on fhip-
board J yet, to my great aftonifhmcnt, we reached
New York in kfs than eight hours, failing twellte
knots an hour. When I heard the Captain call out
that we were paffing Moll Gates, I flatted from my
^■cd, and went on deck to fee this tremendous eddy.

Avaft

' Jl

UNITED STATES.

A vad number of rocks fccm to lie in the bed of the
channel, which ( raflons the tide at every cl,b and
l]ovv to roll over them with a mondious furgc; and
yet to thofc who arc acquainted with the pufli^j^e,
there "is very little danger; it refembled Ihooting
London bridge. Long Iflon which was clofe on
our left hand, appeared very plcafant j neat country
houfes difperfcd all along the fca fliorc, with pLafant
gardens and flirubbcrics adjoining. I particularly ob-
fcrvcd Mr. Dclaficld's, who is fiiid to have made a con-
liderable fortune at once, by buying up the American
bonds, which the government paid ofF at par. We
alfo i'aw on the Kcvv York fide, the large cotton ma-
nufaiStory belonging to Dickfon, Livingfton and Co.
which 1 purpofe viiiting. We moored our vefTel at
Bulling flip at tour in the morning, and after a little
rt'frcfhment 1 landed, and enquired out the Tontine
coiTee-houfe. New York is much more like a city
than Boilon, having broad footways paved, with a
curb to feparatc them from the road. The ftrects
are wider, and the houfcf in a better %lc. Bofton
is the Briftol, New York the Liverpool, and
Philadelphia the London of America. The Ton-
tine tavern and coffcc-houfe is a handfome large
brick building ; you afcend fix or eight iteps under
a portico, into a large public room, which is the
Stock Exchange of New York, where all bargains
are made. Here are two books kept, as at Lloyd's,
of every (hip's arrival and clearing out. This houfe was
built for the accommodation of the merchants, by
Tontine fliares of tvyo hundred pounds each. It is

kept

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kept by Mr. Hy4o, formerly a woollen draper in
London. You can lodge and board there at a com-
mon table, and you pay ten fhillings currency a day,
whether you dine out or not. No appearance of (hop
windows as in London j only ftores, which make no
IhewtiJl you enter the houfes. Houfc rent is very dearj
a hundred pounds fterling a year is a very ufual price
for a common ftore keeper.

Dined the firft day with Mr. Comfort Sands, a con-
fiderablfi merchant, to whom I brought a letter from
his fon in London, In the evening called on Mr. Jay,
brother to the EmbafTador, and took a walk with him
and Mr. Armftrong, to the Belvidere, about two miles
out of New York towards the Sound — an elegant tea
drinking houfe, encircled with a gallery, at one Itory
high, where company can walk round the building
and enjoy the fine profpe6l of New York harbour
and Ihipping. You have a delightful fea view from
thence, commanding Statcn, Long Ifland and Go-
vernor's Ifland, Paulus Hbok, Brooklyn and the
Sound, names very familiar to us during the American
war. There were alfo formerly fine orchards on the
land fide, but thefc were entirely cut down by the
troops for winter firing.

From hence wc crofled the Bofton road, to another
tea drinking houfe and garden, the Indian Queen.
This place was filled by Frenchmen with their families.
Here they all wear the tricoloured cockade, I obfcrved,
whether ariftocrats or democrats.

Monday,

UNITED STATES.

Monday^ May 19. Dined with Mr. Jay, and in
the evening went to the theatre with Mrs. Sands and
her two daughters. Mrs. Cowley's phiy, A Bold
Stroke for a Kufband, with the farce of Hob in the
Well i the adors moftly from^ England : price of ad-
mittance to the boxes, one dollar. A very bad theatre ;
a new one is going to be built by fubfcription, under
the dire(5lioa of Hodgkinfon, the prefcnt manager.
Mrs. W.righten, who ufcd to fmg at Vauxhall twenty
years ago, and was afterwards an adrefs at Briftol, is
one of their.principal female performers; her voice is
as clear and Ihrill as ever. I think them altogether
far inferior to the Bofton company. .

In 1740, there was but one printing prefs in
New York; now there are near twenty, andfomc
map engravers. The following newfpapers are pub-
liflied at New York : the Daily AdvcrUfer, American
Minerva, Daily Gazette, Diary, Evening Pojl, Green-
leafs New Tork Journal, and one other that I do not
know the name of.

At firft my lodgings were at the Tontine coffee
houfe, but afterwards I moved to more private lod-
gings, at Mrs. Loring's, near the battery. This is
the pleafantell htuation imaginable. Our common fit-
ting room was fifty feet by thirty, and twenty in height,
with windows on two fides of it. As .we fat at dinner,
we could fee the vellels, on one fide the room, failing
out of the harbour ; and on the other, the fame turn-
ing up Hudfon's River, apparently failing round the

houfe.

1.:

■I

A VOYAGE TO THE

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hoijfo, within fifty yards of us. We could alfo
fee Lonir Ifland, Governor's and Statea Iflands, as
well as the narrows beyond them all, where every fhip
muil firft appear, before it can make the harbourj and
with our glaffcs we could defcry them, oftentimes a
day before they came in. It was fo much of fea,
that we could fee the porpoifes roll and tumble about
at no great diftancc from us. At this houfc lodged
Mr. Genet, the late French KmbafTador ; Mr. Joleph
Prieftly, waiting the arrival of his father ; Mr. Henry
of Manchcfiierj Captain Lindzey, formerly of his
majelty's fhip, the Pearl frigate, and two or three gen-
tlemen from Conncdicut.

Mr. Genet is on the eve of marriage with General
Clinton's daughter. Being a Girondift, he muft not
return to France again : he has now bought an cftate
near Jamaica, in Long Ifland, where he intends
wholly to refide. Mr. Prieftly came out in Oeioher
laf^, with a view of engaging in the cotton manufac-
ture, but he has now no great opinion of that
line. He has been to infpedt fcveral of the moft con-
fiderable manufadures, particularly that large under-
taking at Patcifon, near Newark, in which Colonel
Hamilton fo much intcrefts himfelf. He fays, " it has
*' been brought forward at a very heavy expcnce, is
»» badly condudtcd, and will become a heavy lofs to the
*< firfl undertakers^ and thatfuch undertakings will con-
« tinue to decline, till the country is fo full of inhabi-
«« tants, as not to employ themfclves on the land, which
« at prfefent commands a great preference."

Under

\M\

UNITED STATES.

Under this convi£lion, he, with Mr. Cooper, Mr.
Vauo^han, the Mr. Humphties', Mr. Henry, Mr.
Fitzfimmons, a member of Congrefs, and many others,
had contraiSted for three hundred thoufand acres, on the
Sufquehanah, about forty miles above Northumberland^
near the Loyal Soc Creek, intending there to form an
Englifh fettlement ; but owing to the abfence of Mr.
Cooper, who went to England to fetch his family, and
Ibme difagreements among the parties, the fchemc is
Jince given up.

Mr. Priam, at dinner one day, was telling us, that
in the neighbourhood of Worcefter, in Conne^licut,
when their apple trees grew oW and decayed, it was
cultomary to ftrip oft' the bark, from fuch trees, and
then it would have a new fmooth bark, and bear
with frefh vigour. This diverted Mr. Genet extremely;
he WIS too polite to fay diredly, that he doubted
the fa<a J but declared that he thought the receipt for
rcftoring youth, had been loft ever fmce the days of
Medea : that it was a moft happy difcovery, and if it
could be removed from trees to men, he would him-
felf, when he was old, undergo the operation, and
publifh the receipt for the good of mankind. We all
rallied the gentleman a good deal upon it, as it is
generally underftx)od, when you ftrip a tree of its
bark, you kill it. Mr. Priam, however, the next
day brought Mr. White, another gentleman of Con-
iiedlicut, to us atbreakfaft, whoconhrmed the alFertion
as a fad within his own knowledge, with this additional
circumftance; that great care is taken, not to injure

the

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the inner bark, from whence a gummy fiibftaiice
oozed, which formcdthe outer rhinc, as perfca and
fmooth as on a young tree, and that the trees were ac-
tually thereby renovated,

Laft Tueffiay evening, I went with Mr. Pricftly
and Mr. Armftrong, in a boat, over to Long Ifland.
We walked over the lines and trenches at Brooklyn,
occupied in the late wars, jirft by General Wa{hiii;j;toa
and the Americans, and afterwards by General Howe
and the Britifh troops. It docs not appear to have
Icen a very flrong poft.

JVcdnefday^ I went with Mr. Hyde and Mr. Arm-
fl:ron<5- in a chaifc, to a country houfe and garden,
belonging to the former. Here 1 obferved the peas
and beans were entirely burnt up by the fun for want
of rain. He faid, iC foil here was fo fandy, that
they required r.iin every other day, and there had none
fallen now for the laft two months. He afkcd mc if
I could fend him a gardener from England j if un-
married, he would give him forty pounds a year cur-
rency, befidcs his board, and would pay his pafTage in
the ftccrage ; if married, he would alfo board his
wife, and employ her in wafliing, ironing, and any
other work fhc was fit for, at the ufual wages.

Thurfday^ May 22. After a very hot and fultry
day, (thermometer at 86) at four in the afternoon,
came on a very heavy thunder Itorm, with lightning,
which lalted twelve hours. The wind was fouth-
weft at its commencement, but foon after changed to

north-

n '

UNITED STATES,

north-weft. A friend of mine in England, who kept
a daily account of the weather, ftates it at this time, in
Wiltftiire, to he uncommonly cold j the wind chang-
ino- vice ver fa, from North by Weft, to South by Weft,
dull and cloudy, but no rain. By comparing his ac-
count with mine, I find the weather very often the rc-
verfe of each other: for inftancc, the feventeenth of May
was clofc, hot, thundery weather in Enghnd ; at New
York it was fuch a hard froft, as entirely to deftroy their
crop of French beans. The laft winter, which has been
altogether fo intcnfely cold with us, has been uncom-
monly mild with them. A clofe comparifon of fuch me-
teorological diaries, might, perhaps, lead to fome ufeful
difcovcrics refpedling the weather and its variations.

. \ .

\: i A

Friday^' fix hi the morulrv. Though the rain has
ceafed, it is ftill very hot and clofe, and the night
was infupportable, 1 went this morning. With Mr.
Prieftly and Mr. Henry, to breakfaft with General
Gates, the hero of Saratoga. He ha? a very pleafant
country fituation, about three miles from New
York, on the borders of the Sound ; from whence
you have a good view of Long Ifland, and of the
{hipping. He received us very hofpitably. His wife
is a pleafant, chatty, fat little woman, of fixty ;
and dcfcribcd to us a vifit paid to them by an Indian
warrior, whofe dignity of manners, aad ferious beha-
viour, were both engaging and refpedlable. — Seeing a
fervant holding a filver waiter, and carrying the cups
thereon, he obferved that the fervant was putting it to
a wrong ufe j a hole fliould have been drilled in it, and

•M

12?

A VOYAGE 10* THE

U'' ifi

ft fhould be hung round the neck, for then it would
make an excellent brc:;(l-platc. He alfo remarked on
the want of good judgment among the white people,
in having their bed-rooms piled on the .top of the
others : walking upwards is fo unnatural ; efpecially
when there was I'o much room on the ground. Bcfides
you were in that fituation fo eafily furprizcd by the
enemy, who could put a fire under you, an* burn
you, while you were afleep. Many other obfcrvations,
equally odd, healfomadcj all of which I make no doubt
he was convinced were according to the true dictates of
nature and common fcnfe, and the fitnefs and reafon of
things.

.;'j.ti|l'

!| !»!

■mi\<4

41 a

-.■i'

":'f-,A'i, ■ jijil.

.,;i.-

"f 'I
'!^ I III

The old general, upon finding I came from Wilt-
fhirc, called me countryman, and faid he was horn not
far from me, near Totnefs, in Devonfhire. He is quite
the uncle Toby j all his ideas and cxprcffions are ftill
military ; at the fame time fo modeft, as not to men-
tion any thing relati "2' ^^ Saratoga, or any of his own
military atchievements. We were fpeaking of the ad-
vance of land, and he informed us of a large tra61:
within his own knowledge, bought five years ago, for
three-pence an a'^re, and lately fold again at four
{hillings. Chancellor Livinglton, who called on us
at Mrs. Loring's to day, fays that, on an average, in
the laft twelvemonth, they have doubled in value ;
that eighteen months ago, he was offered one hundred
and twenty thoufand acres for two Ihillings an acre ;
that a week after, when inclined to accept it, he found
it had been fold at two fhillings and fixpcnce j but that

lately,

UNITED STATES.

lately It had been clifpofcd of at fixteen fhlllings
an acre.

Saturday, May 24, 1 794. As I was getting up
in the morning, I heard drums beating and fifes play-
ing. I ran to the window, and faw a large body of
people on the other fide of the Governor's Houfe, with
flags flying, and marching two and two towards the
water-fide. What, thought I, can the meaning of
this be ? The peaceful Americans with the enfigns of
war? What! have the Americans a ftanding army too-
in time of peace? The found of the drum is what I
have not heard fince I left England. I haflened down
flairs, and the myflery was foon explained : it was a
proceflion of young tradefmcn going in boats to Go-
vernor's Ifland, to give the flate a day's work. Forti-
fications are there eredting for ftrengthening the on-
trancc to New York Harbour ; it is a patriotic and
general refolution of the inhabitants of this city, to
work a day gratis, without any diftindtion of rank or
condition, for the public advantage, on thefe fortifica-
tions. To-day, the whole tratle of carpenters and
joiners ; yefterday, the body of mafons; before this, the
grocers, fchool-mafters, coopers, and barbers ; next
Monday, all the attorneys and men concerned in the
law, handle the mattock and fhovel, the whole day,
and carry their provifions with them. How noble is
this ! How it cherifhes unanimity and love for their
country ! How much does it tend to unite all ranks of
people, and render the fecial compad firm and united !

N '

..f-

i ■

♦

< ^

'\,..

Young

A VOYAGE TO THE

f.:
I ■

■i •■

h m'i

Young Priertly and Dr. Henry's fon. of Manchcfkr,
who hav.. juft enrolled thcmfclvcs citizens of the
United States, tell mc, that they worked with Ipadc,
pick-axe, and wheel-barrow, a whole day there, amidlt
the molt chearful fociety imaginable.

M^rjday, May 26, Great cxpeaations by fome,
and apprehenfions by others, are entertained of a war
with England, on account of Simcoe's having entered
the territory of the United States at the falls of Miami,
and built a fort there. Mr. Randolph, the fecrctary,
has written to Mr. Hammond, our envoy at Philadel-
phia, upon it, and his anfwer is by no means con-,
ciliatory.

May 27. Mr. J. Prieftly, Mr. Henry, and myfclf,
dined with Mr. Ofgood, formerly a confiderable mer-
chant, but now retired from bufuiefs. He is a leading
man in the anti- federal intercft. He married a widow
of the name of Franklin, with whom he had a fortune
of thirty thoufand pounds.

May 28. We three went over to Governor's Ifland,
to fee the new fortifications. General Clinton was
there to iufped the trying of fome cannon jult planted
on the new battery, and we faw the firft difcharge, and
afterwards returned with his Excellency, in his eight-
oared barge. I fent letters this day to England, by tho
Sally.

I went with Mr. Lewis to the federal hall, to
fee the entry in the flate books of fome ftoclc

bought

l^r:

UNITED STATES.

«3

bought for a friend of mine in England ; there I was
fliewn a handfome library, with a large colledioa of
books i fomc good paintings alio by Trumbull (ati
American artilt, Itudcnt under Well) of General
Wafhinf^ton, Governor Clinton, and 1 Ir. Hamilton,
the fccretary of the trcafury.

May 30. This is the eighth day of fucccffivc rain,
all the cellars and underground kitchens in the neigh-
bourhood arc afloat j at Mrs. Loring's we walked on
boards to the garden.

It is obfcrved at New York and Philadelphia, that
the rains which have fallen fo heavily from the twenty-
fecond of May to the middle of June are very uncom-
mon. At Philadelphia, the river Delawar has rifen
three inches higher than was ever known before.
Thefe are generally very dry monihs.

May 31. Went with a party to fee Dickfon's cotton
manufadtory at Hell Gates, about five miles from New
York. It is worked by a breaft water wheel, twenty
feet diameter. There are two large buildings four
ftory high, and eighty feet long. In one fhop I faw
twenty-fix looms at work, weaving fuftians, calicoes,
nankeens, nankinets, dimities, &c. and there are ten
other looms in the neighbourhood. They have the
new-invented fpring fhuttle. They alfo fpin by wa-
ter, ufing all the new improvements of Arkwright and
others. Twelve or fourteen workmen from J\Ian-
chefter. All the machinery in wood, Iteel, and brals,
were made on the fpot from models brought from

G 2 England

'.■»4f-

M»-

Eng

A VOYAGE TO TTIIc

land juid Scotland. They arc training up women
the bufinL-fs, of whom 1 (aw twenty or

, lildrcn to the bulinels,

thirty at work ; they give the wc^mcn two .lolhirs a
week, and find them in board and lodginc; j the chil-
dren arc bound apprentice till twenty-one >eais of age,
with an engagement to board, clothe and educate them.
They have the machine c.illcd the mule, at which
they have fpun cotton yarn (o fine as twenty-one hun-
dred fcains to the pound, and they purpofe making
muflins. My obfcrvationson the undertaking arc ; — the
fituation is not well chofcn ; they have funk a vaft deal
of money in buildings and machinery unncccllarily,
which is a heavy tax on the undertaking, fo that the
intereft of the money will eat up almoft all the profit ;
they are fo deficient in water in fummcr time to keep
the wheel going, that to remedy this, a thoufand
pounds more is to be laid out, to eredl in the fea ano-
ther large wheel to work by the ebb and flow of the
tide, to raife water into the rcfervoir, to fupply this
deficiency. The Englifh workmen arc diflatisfied,
and ready to leave the fadtory as foon as they have
faved up a few pounds, in order to become landholders
up the country, and arrive at indcpcr.dcnce. The
company alfo try at too many things, and the goods
they make are very inferior to what they get from us.

The famous cotton manufactory for fuftians,
cordcroys, and jeans, at Beverley, in Mafl'achufcts, of
which fuch favorable hopes were entertained for five
years pafi^, does not anfwer ; fo fays Mr. C. V. of
Bofton, who belongs to a focicty for encouraging un-
dertakings of this kind. They had a capital lent them

lit!,:! ■ I, I

UNITED STATES.

at three per cent, and worklhops built for them, and
yet they arc gone behind hand.

1 faw another cotton manufadlory at Brooklyn, in
Loni; Ifland;— a double carding engine worked by a
horfe, a flubbing, and two fpinning it i.hines, all of
vtry ^>o()d workmanfhip. This was a fmall concern,
where they make yarn for fale, and employ no weavers s
and xifcems to anfwer well.

The general error of all their large undertakings
has been, their laying out their capital in large build-
ings and an unnccellary (lock of machinery, &c.
which brings a heavy mortgage on the concern, before
they aaually begin. They aUb put the whole bufinefs
under the care of a chief workman (being ignorant
themCclvcs) who has no intercft in an (economical ma-
nagement of the concern. The large cotton manu-
fadlory at Paterfon, fifteen miles welt of New York,
has almoft been ruined twice by fuch men.

Sunday, June i . Priedly, Henry, and myfelf, went,
accompanied by Atr. Genet, (the ci-devant ambaflador
from France) to the new Prcfbyterian Meeting, where
we heard Dr. Rodgers preach, and afterwards admini-
fler the Lord's Supper to near two hundred people, who,
in companies of forty or fifty at a time, fucceeded
each other in' a large enclofcd part of the Meeting, near
the communion tabic. " I invite," fays he, « all of
you to partake of the Lord's Supper ; but none," faid
he, lifting up his hand, and throwing his palm out^
ward towards Governor Clinton's feat, where we were,

G 3 ^' "°

■w<>K

|M2Sf

A VOYAGE TO THE

rri

M^t.

.»'|-V% ''

c( no none of thofe who deny ths divinity of our Sa-
viour !" Query— was this a mark of his attachment to
the principles of Chriftianity— or of illiberality ? As
foon as we came out of the Meeting, Mr. Lewis ad-
drefled us with the pleafing news that the Sanfom, the
fhip in which Dr. Prieftly embarked from England,
was arrived at Sandy Hook; where fhe waited for a pi-
lot and would probably come up the Narrows the
next day. The town had been fome time cxpeding
his arrival, and feveral focieties intended fhcwing him
particular honor.

In the afternoon, I went to hear Dr. Lynn, at the
Dutch Reformed Church : this is a large handfomc meet-
ing-houfe, with an organ in the gallery. The prayers in
Englifh, and the fermon delivered extempore, as is the
cdk at all the meetings. They ufe Dr. Watts's Pfa'i-ns,
mixed with fome others of Heidelburgh compofition,
and there is bound up at the end, the confeffion of
Dort and of Augfburgh ;aifo the form ufed in mar-
riage, which is there always perfornricd in the evening.
No places of worfhip are open three times a day, ex-
cept the two epifcopal churches (and St.Gcorge's cha-
pel, I believe.)

Owing to fome accidents, or contrary wind. Dr.
and Mrs. Prieftly did not arrive till Wednefday, the
fourth of Jui.-^. Jofcph Prieftly, their eldeft fon, who
had bren waiting three weeks or a month for their ar-
rival, took a boat to m'^et them as the fhip came in, and
they landed at the Battery in as private a manner as pof-
fible, where young Mrs. Prieftly and a friend or two

received

UNITED STATES.

received them ; they went immediately to Mrs.
Lorin^^'s lodging-houfe clofe by. It was foon known
throu^rh the city, and next morning the principal in-
habita^'nts of New York came to pay their refpeas and
congratulations ; among others, Governor Clinton,
Dr Prevooft,Bifliop of New York, Mr. Ofgood, late
envoy to Great Britain, the heads of the college, moft
of the principal merchants, and deputations from the
corporate body and other focieties. No man in any
public capacity could be received with more refpea
than he was. The addrelFes delivered to him by a de-
putation from Columbia college, from the democratic
and Tammany focieties, from the body of Brit.fliand
Irifh republican fettlers, &c. are already publilhed la
all the papers, with the Dodor's anfwers.*

One circumftance is worthy notice ; his anfwer to
the Democratic fociety, which pleafed every body except
the fociety itfelf. They had addreflcd him with a view
of his uniting with them, as a partizan againft that
country that had ufed him fo ill ; but the Doaor.
true to his profeffions when in England, told them,
he came there not to be a public or political charaaer,
nor to accept of any public employment, but to fpend
his days in itudy, and privacy with his own family,
his three fons being already fettled among them.
The firft principles of this club is a rooted averfion to
the government and policy of Great Britain i and a
clofe attachment to French politics.

* Thefc Addvcffes aad Anfwers are preferved at the end of this Book In

an Appendix,

G4 ^*

J'^nl

Vt)

1*1 ♦«■'

lilt

{ b

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A VOYAGE TO THE

It produced the following excellent Letter, ad-
drefled to him in the public papers, which feemed to be
generally well received :

To JOSEPH PRIESTLY, LL.D. (3c.

SIR,

A Stranger arrived in a new
country, with whofe opinions, habits, &c. he has but
that imperfedl acquaintance which is formed by lite-
rary correfpondence, will be fafer by preferving a re-
fpedful diftance from, than by an intimate union with
any party, who may ftep forward and endeavour,
by a flattering addrefs, to prepoffefs his mind in their
favor.

Your anfwer to the addrefs of the democratic fo«
ciety of New York is modcft and decent ; it conveys
ideas of peace and harmony with all the world ; but
differing from their expedlations : they hoped to have
found in you the enemy of thofe who had perfecuted
you ; they trufted that you wr^re, like themfelves, un-
able to forget wrongs ; that bccaufc you had written
and preached in favor of the unity of the Deity, you,
therefore, (with them) were averfc to the principles of
Chriftianity inculcated in the fermon of Jefus Chrift ;
— <* Blefled are the peacn-makcrs, for they (hall be
called the children of God, Blefled arc ye when men
fhall revile you and perfecule y«u, and fay all manner
of evil againft you falfel) ijt my fake. Rejoice and
be glad, for great is your reward in heaven ; for fo
perfecuicd they the prophets which were before you.**

Your

UNITED STATES.

Your anfwer to them convinces a number of your
friends that they were and are mirtaken in their ideas
of your refentmcnt. There are few men in America
who will not be happy in the acquaintance of a perfon
diftinguifhed as you are by your rcfearches in pbilofo-
phy, and the moderation of your enquiries into moral,
natural, and revealed religion.

You will reap in this weftern world a temporal en-
joyment of a well-earned reputation, if you preferve
yourfelf from all party fpiiit.

But, fir, you are in danger ; a party is endeavour-
ing to make a merit to themfelvcs of your weight and
influence. Beware, fir, of cafling it ijito the fcale on
cither fide ; preferve it for the good of mynkind by
your guarded condu6l ; and let us, who have only
heard from a diftance, fee that your virtues are truly
chriftian i that though you exprefs doubts of the di-
vinity of our Saviour, you believe the divine nuflage
ilfelf } and that perfccuted in one city, you flee to
another, and that only for peace and repofe.

Be afTured, fir, that there is no perfccution here
againil opinions, and that, however different your's
may be from that of the majority, you may write,
print, or preach them, without danger of perfeci'tir.n
of any kind j and that while we arc inftruiElcd by thoie
psrts of your dodtrines which with freedom we itn-
bibe, we fhall never be angry becaufe we cannot fub-
fcribe to thofe we rejc6l, nor yet fufped you of hcwg
difpleafed for the exercife of our free will.

Cv:.:-

i,.

•tl

fli >':\ ':

iilf

A VOYAGE TO THE

Conduaing vourfelf this way, your private virtues
vour indultry'in the purfuit of knowledge ufeful
to mankind, will render your name refpeded as
Franklin's. By, a contrary conduft, by coalefcmg
with any party whatever, you will certainly dimin.fh
vour fame, as much as the oppofite party is propor-
jioned to that which you (hall adopt, and fmk the
great and well-earned reputation of your long life.

Your's, &c.

I'HlT.APHT.rHIA,

June 1794-

SENEX.

There arc two parties in politics here, as there ever
will be, and ever ihould be, in free Itates— the fede-
ral ifts and anti-federalijs.

The former are thofe who are attached to the pre-
fent federal government ; they fludy to give it weight
and confequence, and are for keeping a funded debt to
ftrengthen the hands of government j they are rather
averfe to French politics, and for preferving a peace
and good underftanding with Great Britain. The
heads of this party are General Wafhington, Colonels
Hamilton, Dexter, Lee, Murray, Sedgwick, and
W. Smith.

• The anti-federallfts are for curtailing the power of
congrefs, and leaning to a popular form of govern-
iTiein i arc totally againft the funding fyftem, as the
fource of cprruption j ftronger in the principles of re-
publicanifm, and for adopting French polities, with a
^ fixed

*,.w

UNITED STATES.

virtues,
: ufeful
^ed as
ilefcing
iminifh
propor-
ink the
life.

lere ever
the fi.'dc-

I the pre-
it weight
i(\ debt to
are rather
g a peace
in. The
Colonels
nek, and

; power of
»f govern-
2m, as the
iples of re-
ies, with a
fixed

fixed averfion to Great Britain. At the head of thcfe
are MefFrs. Maddifon, JefFerfon, Randolph, Monroe,
Clark, Dayton, Giles, &c. ^'

Jt is believed by many of good judgment and cool
heads, that thefe fparrings between the federalilb
and anti-federalifts will do no mifchief, but rather
keep alive a degree of public fpirit, which is not
naturally very ftrong in the Americans, but which
is efientially necefl'ary in all free governments.

Controverfy and difcuffion, in my opinion, are as
neceffary to the well being of the body politic, as
food and exercife are to the body corporate. The free
difcuffion of all public meafures, prevents the abufc of
power. In all countries, in all governments, put ach
out of the fear of controul, and they become tyrants.
Why is not Spain as fertile in men of genius as Great
Britain ? Becaufe they dare not write or fpeak for fear
of the inquifition.

Dr. Prieftly told me In New York, that, previous
to his leaving England, he applied to the office of
Lord Grenville, Secretary for foreign affairs, fignifying
his i> 'Rntion of leaving England, and requeitmg a
protedion againft any Algerine veffel, which was im-
mediately granted him. This will at once do away
thofe infmuations of his enemies and illiberal perfe-
cutors, who give out, that he ftole away fecretly, for
fear of profccutions by government.

Who

»*-

i (!

flip- -1 1

IJI

M . H

A VOYAGE TO THE

Who have been more reprobated than Doaors
Prieftly, Price, and J. Jebb ? And where will you find
three contemporary Britons who have been more ufe-
ful to mankind ! If the prefent age will not honor
them, pofterity fliall do them juftice, and future ages
fhall call them blcflbd ! The meretricious pen of a
Burke, fometimcs employed in favor of liberty, and
fometimcs to deftroy it, with all its tropes and figures,
with all its brilliant ornaments and dazzling trinkets,
will be execrated by the next age, who will have a
fairer ftandard tojudge them by ;-to them he will ap-
pear as an ignis-fatuus leading men out of their way
into bogs and quagmires.^This is the man that has
been one of their greateil calumniators.

OF THE

PUBLIC BUILDINGS

NEW YO RK.

The Federal Hall, which was building when Briflot
was therein 1788, is a handfome edifice, on arches,
extending over the foot-way at the north end of Wall-
ftreet j a large hall at the entrance afcending two fteps.
Here the Congrefs firft met when the federal govern-
ment was formed ; and General Wafliington on this
occafion was publicly inaugurated Prefident.

The Governor's Houfe, adjoining the battery on
the moil fouthern part of the ifland, at the bottom of

UNITED STATES.

Broadway, is a very handfomc brick bullding9 with a
portico, fimilar to the rnanfion houfe in London. It
flands very pleafant, and commands a view of the
whole harbour.

1 ,1

The Exchange is a very poor building, ftanding on
arches. It has been difufed fince the Tontine coffee
houfe was built, at which place the merchants now
meet and tranfa£t their bufmefs.

The Library, or Literary Coffee-houfe, now build-
ing, is in form and Ityle lomething fimilar to the go-
vernor's houfe, though not fo large. The fubfcribers
to this, pay five pounds entrance, and two dollars per
annum afterwards.

Columbia College Is a handfome old edifice. The
Hofpital and the Workhoufe appear in the fame ftyle,
and adjoin to it.

In the front of Trinity Church is a monument to
the memory of General Montgomery, of which the
following is the infcription :

This Monument ere£ied by Order cf Congreis^ January
25, 1776, to transmit to Posterity the grateful Remem'
trance of the Patriotism^ 'Condu£i^ Enterprize^ and
Perseverance of Major General Richard Montgomery^
whtt after a Series of Successes^ amidst the most discm-
rsging Dijiculties, fell in the Attack en ^ebec^ Df
(ember y 9 1773, aged yj Tears,

GOOD

■ mi

'^i

1 rli

D-'" '

g± ' A VOYAGE TO THEl

GOOD TRADES

A MERICA.

A Carpenter Is fure of immediate employ. In the
new federal city they advertife for them, and ofFcr them
eight-pence and ten-pence per hour, and are much
wanted in all the new fettlements.

Hatter :— a journeyman earns two dollars a day.
A Cabinet-maker earns rather more at New York.

Printers of newfpapers fuccced generally very well,
particularly in the back country, for they are all
great ncwfmongers. •

Wheelwrights, and all Artlfts in hufbandry. Men
converfant with Mill work, &c. All Mechanic arts
are fure to be encouraged, particularly Workers in
Iron, as Mr. Hamilton told mc, either in the great or
fmall way.

Breeding o
occupation.

f Horfes and Mules is a very profitable

:;*.

4j-

■!f ■

•*:'

Brick-making muft be a good trade now, as they fo
generally ufe brick inftead of wood. They fell at
New York for fifty (hillings per thoufand j but the
beft bricks are made at Philadelphia, which are im-
ported to New York, for the fronts of houfes, at the
coft of five and fix pounds Iterling per thoufand.

A Saw-

UNITED STATES.

ASaw-mlll, ereaed on a good ftream, will pay a
man twenty per cent.

*.,iWi

GOOD ARTICLES

FOR

Persons to take over with them to sell,

Hoftery, Hats, ready-made Shoes and Boots, Paper
of all kinds, (particularly for printing news,) old
Cheefe, Irifli Linen Cloth, cheap Carpeting, and
Broad Cloth, are all good Articles, and meet a ready
lale. ' '

If to fettle, take plenty of wearing apparel, kitchen
furniture, (I was told the air at New York is fo dry
as to crack mahogany furniture brought from Eng-
land, unlefs the wood was feafoned there firft) feather-
beds and mattrafles, (hoes, hats, books, &c, AH
thefe articles are doar and bad if had in America.

You liave no need to run the rifquc of taking over
cafli with you : a bill drawn on a good houfe in Lon-
don yields cafli there, with a premium, oftentimes from
feven to ten per cent, in addition.

June Arrived the Columbus. As it came up
towards the battery we thought it had been the Sanfom.
The weather was very fultry till one o'clock, when

a very

A VOYAGE TO THE

•If''

a very heavy rain came on, with the largert drops I
ever raw, continuing for two hours. It raifed all the
waters very fuddenly, and atMorriftown great damage
was doi»e to the iron works, and feveral mills were
overthrown irt that neighbourhood, to the lofs of
more than twenty thoufand pounds.

Mr. Genet, the late French embafTador, declared,
that although he had been fo much rcfleaed on in
America for his official condud, yet, in no Itep, had he
gone beyond the commiffion given him by Roland and
Brifibt, who had appointed him.

Hearing from Captain Lindfey, that Mr. John
Adams, of Bolton, the vice-prcfident, was juft arrived
in this city from Philadelphia, I rcqucftcd him to intro-
duce me to him, having a letter to deliver him from Dr.
Pricftly. 1 fo""^ '^'"^ '^^ Burling-flip, on board the
packet juft failing for Bofton. He is a (tout, hale, well-
looking man of grave deportment, and very plain in
drefs and perfon. He read the letter, and rcquefted me
to inform the Dodor that he ihould be glad to fee him
at Bofton, which he defired me to tell him he thought
bettei calculated for him than any other part of Ame-
rica, and that he would find himfelf very well received
if he fhould be inchncd to fettle there.

My lu2ga;;e being this day arrived from Bofton, I
haften to fJt off for Philadelphia, to be there before the
Congrefs breaks up, and that 1 may have an opportunity

UNITED STATES^

of feeing that great man.. General Wafliington, before
he returns to Mount Vernon.

ROAD FROM NEW YORK TO
PHILADELPHIA.

Acrofs the ferry to Paulus-hook, 2 miles
Newark -------7^

Elizabeth Town ----- 6

Raway --------5

Woodbridge ------ 4?:

At 26 to Perth Amboy 3|.
Pifcataway ------ 7

Brunfwick on the Rariton - - 3
Kingllon ------- 13I

Princetown ------ 3

At 55 Road to Bordentown.
Trenton - - - - - - -n?

At 63^ you crofs the Delaware.
Briftol --10

At 73 a mile to the right is Bath.

Frankfort -------14

Kenfmgton ------ 4

Philadelphia o|

■;*''

»«

A VOYAGE TO THE

JOURNEY

i»|i'

PHILADELPHIA.

> \M

^4;

■*■#

'mM>^4.

-J

■Hi

IVEDNESDAT, June ^^ at eight in the morning,
I eroded Hudfon's River to Paulus-hook, to take the
ftage on the other fide lo. •»: jelphia. Though only
two miles and a half • :r'.;Js, ,/e were an hour and a
half paffing, owing to the rapidity of the current,
from the violent ftorm the day heforc. I paid five dol-
lars, and went in the ftage called the Induftry. All the
way to Newark, (nine miles) is a very flat marfhy
country, interfeded with rivers ; many cedar fwamps
abounding with raufketos, which bit our leg? and
hands exceedingly ; where they fix, they will conti-
nue fucking your blood, if not difturbed, till they
fwell to four times their ordinary fize, when they ab-
folutely fall off and burft, from their fulnefs. At two
miles we crofe a large cedar fwamp i at three miles we

interfe(5l

i .

UNITED STATES,

Intcrfca the road leading to Bcrghcn, a Dutch town,
h:ilF a mile diftant on our right i at five miles we crofs
Hackinfack river ;— here a bridge is going to be built,
to prevent the tedious palTage by a boat or fcoul ; at
fix we crofs Pollaick river (coachceand all) in a fcoul,
by means of pulling a rope fartcncd on the oppofitc
fide. Wc now come to Newark tobreakfaft, a pleafnnt
little country town ; the church or meeting an exceed-
ing neat elegant building of ftone. One of our fell- w
travellers was a Mrs. Harriot, who lives at Newark,,
came from England to fettle about two years ago ; her
hulband a partner in the large cotton manufadlory of
Dickfon, Livingfton, and Co. at Hell Gates. She in-
formed me that the worft circumftancc of living at
Newark, was the difficulty of getting domeftic fcr-
vants ; they will only agree by the mftnth, at very
high wages of eight or ten dollars. The white fer-
vants generally ftipulatc that thcythall fit ?t table with
their mafters and miftreflcs, but Mrs. HaVrlot allured
me, (he had never yet agreed to give them the honors
of the fitting— A handibme, clever, fcnfiblc woman.
I had the ple°afure afterwards, on my return from Phi-
ladelphia, of breakfafting with h^r. To her laft foot-
man, (he had given ten dollars per month (for-
ty-five (hillings fterling) and his walhing. Cultivated
land here letts from thirty-fix (hillings to three
pounds per acre i-but 1 (hall fay more of this pleafant
town on my return. A newfpaper is pubh(hed here
called. Wood's Newark Gazette, and Pater/on Adver-
tifer, every Wednefday, price nine (hillings fterling a

y*""'* H2 After

IS K

"t^f

100

A VOCAGE TO THE

After our breakfaft, which was not a very good one,
we fet off for Elizabeth Town, near which, on the
right, is Governor Livingfton'shandfome ^oufe. This
is fix miles from Newark ; two handfome churches or
meetings, the fteeplcs of wood ; no two houfes join.
Here we pafled over a bridge famous for a battle fought
there for the liberty and independence of America. On
both fides of the road wc fee trees loaded with apples
and cherries, it being an uncommon year for the for-
jner. There were alfo large fields of flax, which is
much cultivated throughout this itate. Here are fet-
tled many Dutch and German families, who being
very induftrious and intent on getting money, and
alfo keeping but little company, grow very rich.
The feafons here, I believe, are rather backwarder
than in the Weft of England, the foil being fo moift :
the currants at this time, {June 4) I obferve, are hard-
ly begun to turn red. Few goofeberry trees in their
gardens, the foil not agreeing with them. No maple
fugar trees grow in this tradl. The country however
is fine and pleafant, with an agreeable mixture of
wood and meadow lands; good pafturagc, which fup-
plies New York with butter, milk, eggs, poultry,
and garden-itufF, in great plenty.

f 'f ■ %

%.m.

I obferved feveral negro houfes, (low buildings of
one ftory) detached from the family houfe ; for the
flaves (from their pilfering difpofition) are not allowed
to fleep in the fame hcufes with their mafters. Sla-
very, although many regulations have been made to

moderate

UNITED STATES, lOl

moderate its feverity, is not yet aboliflied in thcNew-
Jerfeys.

At Raway we faw feme flocks of fheep newly fhorn,
but they are not numerous, mutton not being in fuch
general confumption as poric. Colonel Wadfworth
told me this, and wifhed to fee it more in ufe, as
thereby, he faid, they fhuuld have more wool for their
manufadlories.

Spinning of flax, is the general employment in pri-
vate families in the evenings, and when they are not
in the fields ; each family ufually making their own
coarfe linen, which they put out to weave, and after-
wards bleach and finifti at home. Long poles appear
every where, elevated at one end high in the air ; thefe
I found were fubftitutes for ropes, in raifing buckets of
water from their wells, as we fometimes fee in the
gardens near London.

At Woodbridge, twenty-five miles from NewYork,
the foil appeared red, like fome of the lands in
Gloucefterftiire. The woods of this country abound
chiefly with white and black oak ; the latter is ufed
in dying yellow, and is what Dr. Bancroft called
quercitron, and obtained a patent, tor the privilege of
felling it in England, to the exclufion of all others.
Few firs, plenty of walnut and cherry trees, which
latter grow to a large iize, and are feen wild every
where by the road fide, loaded with fruit j fome acca-

H 3 cias.

^r .fi

-V

I {

.■I

^T k r V

,02 A VOYAGE TO THE

cias or locuft tree*. 1 faw no elm trees any where ; I

Xe it is not a native of America, at h^^

which is To common in England. .-

They cultivate little or no wheat in thefe parts, on
account of the Heffian fly , rye and oats are the ch.ef
; Juce of thecour^try. After paffing P.fcataway. a
very fmall place, we croffed Rariton river m a fcou»,
nnd immediately entered the pleafant town of Ne«r
Brunfwick. The bridge of fix arches had been car-
ried away by the fudden ftorm of laft week, mentioned
before •' but this was of little confequencc to travel-
ling, for the ferry boats or fcouls are fo very conve-
,,ient,and wellmanagcd, that our drivernever flackenei
his fpeed upon approaching the river fide, but drove
the carriage, with four horfes. at once into the ferry
boat, not itopping for us to get out, and in fix minutes
drove out on the oppofitc fide. Here w. dined j-very
bad accommodations j the Port wine fo bad as not to
be drinkable ; and the Madeira fo hot and fiery, that
we were obliged to mix water with it to make it pa-
latable ; the veal and mutton very badly dieffed j and
no garden-ftuff that we could cat, the landlord having
no garden, and there is no market for articles of this
kind. He took care however to charge us a dollar a
a-piece. While we were there, a very handfome geld-
ing was brought to the door for fale -, a bright bay
with black main and tail, fifteen hands and a half high
and a fine forehand, fuch as would have fetched
thirty guineas in the Weft of England i the manaficed
fixty pounds currency as the loweft price, equal to

thirty-

UNITED STATES.

I
I

thirty-fix pound* fterling. Here we changed our car-
riage for one without fpcings.

The toad from hence to Princetowa (eightetA
miles j was tery bad, ful} of loofe ftones and deep
holes, in going over whicK with our heavy cwriagc, we
were (o violently fhook, that when we got down many
of tt» could fcarcely ftand > this, and the extreme heat
of the weather made us very fi«k for an hour after :
bewever* we went no further this night. In walking
about the town,I wasftfuckwiih the fingular phccno-
mena of the fire flies, the firft I had ever feen ; an<4
which has a very wonderful appearance to thofe who
are not acquainted with it, as was my caic : a fudden
(park of fire appears clofe to you in various direaions,
and as fuddenly difappearing. It frequently alarmed
me, when I faw thefe fparks among hay, ftraw, and
wood. It is a kind of fmall beetle, which upon ele-
vating its wings, difcovers in certain direaions a red
phofphoric light ; for no other part of the body except
beneath the wings, gives light ; you cannot therefore,
when the infeft is at reft, fee any luminous appearance.
The tree toad as the evening fet in, began to make
its difagreeable loud noife, refembling the rattling
found of a quail pipe, and now the bull frogs began to
join in the concert, the old ones in a deep hoarfe tone*
and the younger fry as fhrill as young ducks in a pond;
thefe altogether formed fuch a full chorus, that we
could hardly hear ourfclves fpeak.

At Piincetown is a very handfome college j it is a

H 4 la''g«

Mia

iU.ff

t. ' (111

I •* n

104

A VOYAGE TO tHS

large uniform brick building, with two wings,
one hundred and eighty feet long, and fifty-four
feet wide ; over the center is an elegant cupola ;
the entrance is by a flight of fteps. and each
wing has alfo an entrance; it has, I thmk,
twenty.fivc windows in front, and is four ftory high.
There arc at this time ninety-five fcholars, and many
of the moft eminent men in Congrefshad their educa-
tion there. Dr. VVitherfpoon, who went over from
Scotland about thirty years ago, is the prefident; Dr.
Samuel S. Smith, vicc-prefident ; and Dr. Minter, the
profefTor. I was received very politely by the vice-
prefident, who, in the courfe of converfation, informed
me, that it was intended as foon as they (hould hear of
pr! Prieitly's arrival, to offer him the prefidency of a
pew college then ereaing near Rawleigh, in North
Carolina.

One of the young collegians fupped with us ; his
converfation was, to be fure, not of the claffic kind,
but much, however, like one of our Oxonians :
Bacchus and Venus were the only topics. He, hov^^-
cver, informed us, thata perfon could lodge and board
well in that town for two dollars a week, (nine (hil-
lings fterling) though travellers and ftrangers were ge-
nerally charged twice as much. For fupper we had
veal cutlets, tarts, tea, and coffee, all of which were
good. Our beds were not fo pleafant, as there werf
three in one room, owing to the great increafe of tra-
vellers, and having but fmall houfes. For the whole
yfc paid half a dollar each, which we thought very rea-

fonablc,

iw:

UNITED STATES.

««s

fonable. This town is famous for an aaion fought
January 2, 1777, »" which Qcnerai Mercer loft his '
life.

At five wc arofe and got into our ccachcc, (feven of
us) and proceeded twelve miles to Trenton. On this
road fide, I remarked very handfome large trees, which
they called the black walnut. I alfo pafled many or-
chards, and I obfervcd many cyder- prefTes, made in «
very heavy and cumberfome manner. The birds in
greateft plenty were partridge, (more fhaped like our
pheafants) Hy-catchers, and wood-peckers, fome of vc-
ry beautiful plumage. There were feveral fine fields
ofgrafs juft mowed, which, with the morning air,
regaled our fenfes in a moft delightful manner,

Trenton is a neat country town, fituate near the
Delaware j on the banks of which ftands the ftatc
houfe, where the government of New Jerfey meet ever/
year in the month of June. It is the capital of the
ftate. The houfes join each other and form regular
ftreets, very much in appearance like fome of the fmall
towns in Devonfhire. A well conduded newfpaner is
publifhed here once a week, called. The Ncnu Jerfey
State Gazette^ price to annual fubfcribers, nine {hil-
lings fterling. An advertifement four inches in length
and two and a half in breadth, you will pay two Ihil-
lings per week for having inferted. In this town, in
the late war. General Waftiington furprifed and took
prifoners a large body of Heffian troops. It was one of
the moft capital ftrokcs of generalftiip during the war :

io6

A VOYAGE TO THE

I i:

i^-'

00 the twenty-fixth of December, 1 7-6, when the ri-
ver Delawar was full of ice, he croffed it in the middle
cf the night fome miles above, and came on them
about break of day. This adion gave a great turn to
the American affairs, which were almoft defperatc
before. This town has a very good market, which is
trell fupplied with butchers' meat, fifli, and poultry.
Many good fhops are to be feen there, in general with
feats on each fide the entrance, and a ftep or tw oup
into each houfe.

As it was hardly feven o'clock, we thought it too
early for breakfaft, and three cf us walked on, while
the horfes were changing, to the ferry, about one mile
on the road. As we defcended towards the river, \vc
faw encamped on the banks of the Delaware, a little be-
low the ferrying place, about forty American foldiers,
drafted from the ftate of Maffachufetts, going to join
General Wayne in Kentucky, then at war with the
Indians. They had three hundred and fifty miles to
march before they could reach Pittiburgh, from
wlicnce they are to fail down the Ohio till they come
to Kentucky.

In paffing the Delaware with our coachee, we ferry
within ten yards of one of the rapids, by which we
are to underftand that part of a river where the bed is
almoft tilled up with rocks, chiefly below the furface
of the water, which occafions the current to pafs very
quick, and makes it dangerous to thofe who are not
acquainted with the navigation*

■■■Vm

UNITED STATES^

107

Oa the oppofitc fide is a beautiful country feat be-
longing to Robert Morris, one of the fcnators of Con*
grefs, to whom I have a letter of recommendation.

Thebanksof this river are high, and it is confi*
derably widened in this place within a few years, by
the waOiing away of the earth. It is here one hun-
dred and fifty miles from its mouth. On its banks are
many plcafant country feats. The white Cedar is
a native of this ftatc, and is a very handfome tree.

We now enter the State of Penfylvania, and driva
clofe along the banks of this charming river for fix
miles, till at length, by a curve, we have from elevat-
ed ground a full view of its beautiful waters. At this
place it appears wider than the Thames at Weftmin-
fter, with feveral fine iflands in it. About two miles
diftant on its oppofitc banks, we fee the city of Bur-
lington, rifing as it were out of the waters. At the
fame time, more to the left, vaft rafts of timber of
atjuarter of a mile in length, are floating down the
ftream. On one of them 1 obfcrved a hut erefled for
a family, to lodge in, and a liable with a horfe and cow
at its entrance. This float of timber was probably
framed together two hundred miles further up the ri-
ver, by fome fettlers, who were clearing the land, and
were now conveying fome of the fineft of the timber
fit for fhip-builders and architcds, down to Philadel-
phia, in the chcapeft way imaginable, to convert it in-
to money, and herewith to purchafe ironmongery*
woollens, implements of hufbandry, and whatever

pthef

mKu- ' « L

'I "r'

io8

A VOYAGE TO THE

other articles may be wanting to improve the comfort
oftheir new fettlement.

We now reached Briftol, a long fcattered town,
confiftin'^ chiefly of one ftrcet. This was the firft town
that William Penn fixed on before he had planned
Philadelphia. It ftands high and commands a con-
fiderable extent of country. Here we breakfafted, but
we waited a confiderable time for it. None of the fa-
mily were in the way except the landlord, and neither
by kind words or harfh language, could we induce him
to ftir a Itep towards helping us ; at length we found
out the cupboard (hungry as we were) and helped our-
felvcs to bread and butter, till the kettle and tea-things
were brout^ht. The landlord however came »:i at lalt
to tell us we had a quarter of a dollar a-t ""^y.

Thefe gentry never make out any bills, and j _ 'O

pay whatever they demand. As I came oiil -

houfe, 1 obferved a ftage coach at the door, with an in-
fcription on its fide, " Briftol and Bath Stage." I
was furprifed at firft at the fimilarity of circumftance
to what I had fo often feen in my native country. I
find that there is a place abounding with hot mineral
waters, of the name of Bath, about four miles from
hence •, they are chalybeate fprings ; there is one hot
bath, four plunging, and two ftiower baths. Briftol
is not a very flourilhing place, nor is there any newf-
paper publiftied here. We had now a fine level road
all the way to Philadelphia, (twenty miles) except
about half a mile, over one common full of floughs.
We now find no loofe large ftones upQn the road, as

'!•*

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109

in the former part of our journey, but a general ap-
pearance of a higher degree of cultivation, and im-
provement of every kind, as if advancing to a great
city. The wood in this part of the country is chiefly
hiccory and the black oak, fome walnut, plenty of ap-
ple and cherry trees. In thofe fpots of ground newly
cleared, (till are to be fecn the dead flumps of trees.
Formerly they rrtadc a point to root them up, which
was very expenfive; now, out of ceconomy, they let
them remain till they rot, having firft deftroyed their
vegetation by burning them. They have a very ugly
appearance, but in four or five years they fo far decay
that they are beat to pieces, fo as for the plow to ^o
over thern. Here I obferved a few drill plows j this
kind of hufbandry begins to prevail in the maritime
iiates.

1.^,

2V'*»

At twelve miles diftance from Philadelphia, we paf-
fed over Nefliaminy Bridge ; it is of a very peculiar
conftru6lion : two iron chains are ftrained acrofs the
river, parallel to each other, about fix feet diftance ;
on it are placed flat planks, faftened to each chain ;
and on this the horfes and carriage pafs over. As the
horfes ftepped on the boards, they funk under the
preflure, and the water rofe between them. No rail-
ing on either fide, and it really looked very frightful
and dangerous : I had never heard of a bridge of this
kind before. This ftream is fo rapid, and rifes an4
falls in fuch extremes, that no bridge of any other
kind would do here, f«r this rifes and falls with the

ftream.

•I:,. I

no A VOYAGE TO THE

ftrcam I afterwards favv another of this kind, over
"Jstuylkil, a few miles beyond PhUadd

Now came on a fudden heavy rain, like one of our
thunder ftorms, but heavier, for it was a prod.g.ous
Quantity of water that fell in the courle of an hour,
and feemed to fill all the country round, and accounts
for the great and fudden rife of their rivers; by wh.ch
„,any of their mills are deftroyed, that have not the
full means of drawing off the back waters.

We now came to a fmall townOiip called Frankfort,
five miles from Philadelphia. It is a place of fmall
confequence, though one of the oldeft in the ftate, be-
ing built by the Swedifh and Dutch fettlers, before
William Penn came to America. Two miles further,
we paflbd Harrowgatc Gardens on our right, where
there are mineral fprings. It is a place of entertam-
ment and relaxation, for the tradefmen of Philadelphia
to partake of upon a Sunday, like thofe in the vicinity
of London. We have now a diftant view of the
fpires and fteeples of Philadelphia, and the country all
around as flat and level as about London ; the road
nearly as good. We drive on at the rate of nine
miles an hour, and enter Kenfington, a fmall village,
then croflfing Cohockfinck and Choqucnfquock rivers,
we arrive at Philadelphia, ninety-two miles from New
York, a diftance often run by the mail ftages in one
day, although no turnpike any part of the way. We
entered the city by Front- ftreet, and arrived at the

City

UNITED STATES.

Ill

City Tavern, in South-fecond-ftreet, about noon. I
(lept at this houfe two nights, and met with my old tor-
mentor-, the bugs. It was a very unpleafant houfe to
be lodged at j yet it was a principal tavern, where the
books are kept of what (hips arrive or clear out ; and
to this cofire-houfe the principal merchants refort
every day. A public table is kept everyday for dinner
at two o'clock. About twenty of us dined there, but
we could get hardly any attendance from the waiters,
though wc rang the bell incellantly.

Finding the Congrefs were ftill fitting, and expc6leJ
to adjourn every day, I loft no time in going to hear
the debates. After calling on a gentleman to whom I
had a letter of introdudlion, I was accompanied by
T^-im, and heard an intereding debate on the political
fituation of the country in refpe6t to Great Britain.

On entering the Houfe of Reprefentatives, I was
ftruck with the convenient arrangement of the feats
for the members. The fize of the chamber was about
one hundred feet by fixty. The feats in three rows
formed femi-circles behind each other, facing the
Speaker, who was in a kind of pulpit near the centre
of the radii, and the clerks below him. Every Mem-
ber was accommodated for writing, by there being
likewife a circular writing defk to each of the circular
icatB. Over the entrance was a large gallery, into
which were admitted every citizen, without diftinc-
tion, who chofe to attend ; and under the gallery

likewife

Ts<,*i '

112

A VOYAGE TO THE

like wife were accommodations for thofc who werd
introduceJ. But no pcrfon cither in the gallery or
under it, is fuflfercd to exprcfs any marks of applaufc or
dilcontent, at what is debated ; it being undcrltood
ihcy are prefent in the perfon of their reprefcntativc.
This has been a great error in the nc w French go-
vernment. An attempt, however, was once made to
introduce it here (in March laft) by a clapping of
hands, at a fpecch which fell from Mr. Parker. But
the whole houfc inltantly rofc to rcfent it, and ad-
journed their bufinefs, being then in a committee, and
the galleries were cleared.

Over the door I obferved a bull of Dr. Franklin,
the great founder of their liberties, and the father of
their prefent conftitution. ♦

«« Eripult coelo fulmen, fceptrumquc tyrannls,

>»

, fr-

s' A fcrious attention to bufinefs marked the counte-
nances of the Reprefentatives, who were all very de-
cently drcflcd, which is not the cafe in all houfes of
that kind meeting for thedifpatch of national bufinefs.
The members that I heard fpeak the firft day, were
Mr. Sedgwick, Mr. Dayton, Mr. W. Smith, Mr.
Fitz-Simmortds, and Mr. Tracy. The Speech of
Mr. Lee, Member for Virginia, in a committee on
Mr. Maddifon's famous refolutions, was fo handfome
a commendation of the Britifh conftitution, in pre-
ference to the new French gorernment, that I fhall

fubjoin

UNITED S TAXES.

fubjoin it in this place, being then much talked of
and approved.

ExtraB from Mr, Lte'i Speech (of Virginia) on
Mr, Madd'fon^s RefoliUions,*

MR. CHAIRMAN,

** LET not any gentleman mifunderftand me|
let not any gentleman fuppofc, when I Ihew that
there is no fimilarity between our government and
the French conftitution, that I mean to derogate
from the wifdom of the latter. I only mean
to prove that their government is not like our's,
and would not fuit us. The French are a brave,
a generous, and enlightened nation. They have
performed the moft brilliant atchievements on the
records of man, they have broken the chains ot
defpotifm, they have obliterated hierarchical and feu-
dal tyranny, they have eflabliflied that power which
belongs to all nations, of eltablifhing a government
fuited to their own circumltanccs, they deferve to be
happy under it, and I pray that they may be fo.

«< But, Sir, as it has been fo fafhionablc to bring into
our view comparifons between different nations, 1
hope I fhall be indulged, when I compare the govern-
ment of the ftates in America, to the Britifh govern-
ment. If any fimilitude exifts between the American

* Seven Refolutions moved January 3, 1754, by Mr. MadJifon, for
Viying heavier Reftriaions and higher Duties on the Manufaftures and
Navigation of foreign Nations, chiefly intended aguinft Great Britain.

h'<--ii

,;,-('

govern-

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114

A VOYAGE TO THE

governments and foreign governments the rcfem-
blance moft ftrongly relates to the Br.t.fh govern-
' nt. Their executive is flngle, their leg.nat.ve
i divided into two houfes. Such are generally the
outlines of our governments ; we have only improved
on the iBritifh model, by rendering our pub he
funaionaries more refponfible to the people Wc
have aboliflied feudal rights, we have abolifhed per-
petuities } and there is no remnant of the ancient
fyftem of things among us, except that in fomc
ftates, lands are unjuftly exempted from the payment
of debts. To be fure, every part of a man's oroperty
ihould -anlwer his obligations. The law of reafon,
and the law of morality require it. And foon, I hope,
that this {lain on American principles will be for ever
removed.

<c When I ftate thefe fads, I think they cannot be
denied y 1 do not mean to juftify the conduft of the
Cabinet of Britain ; I feel refentment as flrong as any
other gentleman for the retention of the Weftern
ports. I fufpea them of unfriendly offices both with
regard to our Indian war, and with regard to the de-
predations committed on our trade by the Algerine
corfairs. But 1 am not fent here to indulge, at all
hazards, my refentments, but to provide for the wel-
fare of my country in the beft manner that circum-
ftances will permit.

« I fhall be ready to join gentlemen in any meafures
to bring Great Britain to an explanation of all the

injuries

f ■!

' I 1

UNITED STATES,

115

injuries which we may fuppofe we have receivecl from
her. If fhe refufes to do us juftice, we may then, and
it will be then time enough, to determine on the mea-
fures proper to be purfued. We have always ample
means of redrefs within our power, without recourfc
to the propofed meafures.

*< But, Sir, difmiffing our refcntment againft the
Cabinet of Britain : fcparating the people from the
court ; the community from the adminiltration ; let
us difpaffionatcly look back upon their hiftory.
Caefar and Tacitus, in the ages in which they lived,
tell us, that this people "had an high fenfe, and were
very jealous of their liberties. Coming down to pe-
riods more within our knowledge, wc find them
ftruggling with, and gradually (baking ofF the eccle-
fialtic and feudal tyranny, v,'hich had overwhelmed
the reft of Europe. Little more than a century ago,
we fee them bringing one tyrant to the fcafFold, and
banifhing another. In this little corner of the globe
alone, in the dark ages of the world, when ignorance,
fuperftition and oppreffion had enveloped Afia, Africa,
and Europe, the flame of liberty was kept alive. To
them we are indebted for our knowledge of civil
rights and civil liberty, and the inititutions moft fa-
vorable to them. From them we derive the founda-
tions of our laws j from them both we and the French
have derived the ineftimable trial by jury.

"^,

.« <.ti

.■ «>

I-

<* The forefathers of New England, (who have
cftabliflied in that country the wifeil inftitutions for the

1% perpe*

A VOYAGE TO THE

|( ■ i ^
if ^

1 '4^

li,!
Ill

■^:.:!

;f »t^

r u ,« Vihprtv and human happinefs

Tx fting tyranny of England, brought wth them that
flalwhch has animated and iHu.nmatcd the gloomy
foTeftsof America, and fpread from thence a beam
Ifthtto France. Every generous Amencan w,U
excufe me, I am fure, when I do not perm.t my re-
enten" to the Cabinet of Britain to dettroy
altogether my refpeft for a people who were the
champions of liberty, when no other champ.ons ex-
iftcd ; and who, I hope, will never confent to bo
flaves."

As it evidentl has a conneaion with, and tends to
elucidate the fubjefl of Mr. Lee's fpeech I fl.all
make no apology for here introducing the followng
abftraa from an excellent little recent pubhcat.on.
entitled, " Effays on Subjefls conneaed w.th Cm-
lization, by Benjamin Heath Malkin. Trm.ty Col-
lege, Cambridge :"

.< It is a common charge againfl: the affertors of

civil liberty, that they contend for fuch a political

fyllem as is, in faa, only fit to be adapted to the d.f-

pofitions of mankind, when purified from the frailtics

of their nature, and clothed in the perfeaion of fu-

perior beings. It is further affirmed, that in the pre-

fent ftate of the world, ftrong lines of fubordmation,

and powerful reflriaions, are necell'ary to curb the

fpirit of licentioufnefs, and fupport the empire of vir-
■^ tue

*!'.

UNITED STATES.

117

tue and of good order. Thofe who declare them-
felves againft the paramount authority of the people,
ftreno-then their arguments by the experience of the
American Republic , and infer from its conftitu-
tion, that a certain balance mult necefTarily be main-
tained even in the molt popular government, to coun-
terad the afcendancy of an obftinate majority.

« The ufe that has been made of this ideal counter-
poife, to prove the excellency of the mixed form
which obtained in Great Britain, is fo truly curious,
that it deferves feme attention. The Americans are
faid to have adopted the policy, though they have
fhalccn off the authority of the parent country. They
law the wifdom of that appointment which uiftributed
the adminiftration of the public concerns among three
eftates, and bore the molt decided teftimony to the
utility of our provifions, by their cledting to themfelves
a Prelident, a Senate, and a Houfe of Reprefentatives.
But let us obfcrvc how much more ftrongly marked is
the dijftmilarity than the refemblance,

" The King of Great Britain holds his office by
hereditary right ; and as long as he performs certain
conditions, cannot be diverted of his dignities, but by
fuch n convulfion of the ftate as muft overturn the
whole fabric of government. The Prefident of the
American Congrcfs is elected from among the people,
removable at ftated periods, and unfortified by perfonal
revenue and patronage.

"The

A VOYAGE TO THE

Pit

1(1 , (

« The upper houfe of parliament in Great Britain,
which -ompofes the fecond branch of the legiflative,
is he-editary, like the firfl ; it does not originate with
the people, and its very principle confifts in its being
independent of the popular will ; it is raifed by the
breath of the monarch, and fupported by his favor.
The lower houfe alone is formed on the reprefentative
fyftem, and the beauties of that fyltcm are defaced by
inequality and corruption.

« In America, the two houfes which conftitute the
legi/lative body, though feparated for the purpofes of
deliberation, are equally appointed by public eleaion,
and depend for the prefervation of their importance on
the affedions of their conttituents.

« Where then is found the boafted fimilarity ?
There are undoubtedly three eftates in England, and
there are three eftates in America, but the parallel
will hold good no further. It is worthy to be clafTed
with that of Shakefpear's Welchman,— ' There is a
river at Macedon, there is alfo a river at Monmouth,
and there are falsnons in both.'

«6 But it is not (continues this excellent author) on
the authority or pradice of one country or another,
that men of underftanding will form their opinions on
the fubjea of government. They will endeavour
to afcertain certain principles by which the hap-
pinefs of the human race, without diftindion of
clinjate, foil, or latitude, will be moft beneficially

afFeacd.

UNITED STATES.

119

afFedled. They will (notwithftanding all the obloquy
they meet) propagate their difcovcries for the good of
mankind. The efforts of enlightened citizens will be
bed employed in difpelling that cloud of ignorance,
and correcting thofe irregularities which have hitherto
been the bane of fociety, whatever afpe6l it may have
alTumed. To imprefs the mind with rational ideas of
civilization, is the great object at which to aim not
only in the educatiotf of youth, but in our general in-
tercourfe with the world. If we fuccced in this, all
obftacles to the general felicity will vanifh j and the
irrefiftible impulfe of rcafon will overturn tyranny,
wherever it is eftabliflied, without the aid of external
violence. Many of the moft diftinguifhcd writers in
England, France, and America, have of late years di-
reiSled their labours to this valuable end. The atten-
tion and curiofity with which their works have been
received, has proved that their induftry and genius
have not been mifemployed j while the influence of
their fpeculation on common life has been already vi-
fible in a fpirit of aSiive enquiry among all ranks of men^
which has for a few years paft fucceeded to that uni-
verfal liftlefsnefs fo prevalent on political lubjeas, (ex-
cept when the fcourge of oppreffion has been too fevere
for human patience.)"

>.'■ "■*''M

The mofl aufpicious prognoftication of an improv-
ing age, is the great demand for cheap books^ and the uni-
verfal eftablifhment of book clubs, which has opened
a new field for the cultivation of literature, and given
encouragement to the hopes of the philofopher. It is

I4 the

|20

A VOYAGE TO THE

I.'

,1*
T

the bufinefs '^r" of the true patriot in this prefcnt age
of improves : to defcant on forms of government,

but todifcufsuadclucidrte thofe principles on which
regular and beneficial conftitutions may be eftabl.flied.
There is nothing immutable but truth and juftice ;

and WHATEVER IS CONTRARY TO THESE OUGHT
TO BE CHANGED !"

To this quotation I will add another, from Arch-
deacon Paley :

i< No ufage, law, or authority whaf^.ver is fo bind-
ing that it need or ought to be continued, when it may
be changed with advantage to the community. The
family of the prince, the order of fucceffion, the pre-
rogatives of the crown, the form and parts of the le-
giflature, together vith the powers, office, duration,
and mutual dependency of the feveral parts, are all
only fo many laws, mutable like other laws, whenever
expediency requires, either by the ordinary aft of the
legiflature, or if the occafion dcferves, by the interpo-
fition of the people."

I will here fubjoin fome flirewd remarks of Mr. Jef-
ferfon's, when writing upon the conftitution of his
country :

<< In Great Britain, it is faid, the conftitution re-
lies on the Houfe of Commons for honefty, and the
J-ords for wifdom. This (he fays) would be a rati-
onal

UNITED ST ATE8.

121

onal reliance, if honcfty were to be bought with money
and if wifdom were hereditary.*

In fome of the American ftates, the delegates and
fenators are fo chofen, (In order to introduce the influ-
ence of different intereffs or different principles) as
that the firft rcprefcnts the perfons, and the other the
property of the ftate. But with us (in Virginia)
wealth and wifdom have equal chance for admiflion
into both houfes."

All the powers of a government, legtJJatlve, executive^

znd judiciary, ought to be diftincl and feparate. The

concentrating all thefe into the fame hands is precifely

the definition of a defpotic government. In fueh a

cafe the public money and the public liberty, will foon

be difcovered to be the fources of wealth and dominion

to thofe who hold them ; — diftinguifhcd too by this

tempting circumftance, that they are the inftruments

as well as objedls of acquifition. " IFith money we

will get men" faid Caefar, " and with men we will get

money.'*

• Friday,

% \

*»*'!?

• Mr. Burke, after various <Ti'iftings and the fecurity of an enormous
penfion, has thrown the weight of his great political c'aarafter wow into
thefcale againft ariftocratical ufurpation, which two years ago he fo ve-
hemently fupported. How ridiculous docs he make the hereditary le-
giflative privileges of that houfe appear to us of the fwinifti multitude, by
ftating them as fiuaddkd, rocked, and dandled into legljliiton. I ! ! Surely,
ts ridicule attaches much more in the minds of mankind than feriout
argument, it will have far more effea: than all tlie arguments that Barlow,

Paine,

<> ii

122 A VOYAGE TO THE

Friday, June 6. Had the honor of an interview
with the Prefident of the United States, to whom I
was introduced by Mr. Dandridge, his fecretary. He
received me very poh'tely, and after reading my letters,
I was aflced to breakfaft. There was very little of
the ceremony of courts, the Americans will not per-
mit this ; nor does the difpofition of his Excellency
Jead him to aflume it.

I confefs, I was ftruck with awe and veneration,
when I recolleded that I was now in the prefence
of one of the greateft men upon earth — the great
Washington — the noble and wife benefactor of the
world ! as Mirabeau ftyles him ;— the advocate of hu-
man nature— the friend of both worlds. Whether we
view him as a general in the field, vefted with unli-
mited authority and power, at the head of a vidori-
ous army j or in the cabinet, as the Prefident of the
United States ; or as a private gentleman, cultivating
his own farm j he is ftill the fame great man, anxious
only to difcharge with propriety the duties of his rela-
tive fituation. His condud has always been fo uni-
formly manly, honorable, juft, patriotic, and difinter-
efted, that his greateft enemies cannot fix on any one
trait of his chara6ler that can defcrve the leaft cenfure.
His paternal regard for the army whi4e he commanded
itj his earneft and fincere defire to accomplifh the

Paine, or Prieftly have brought againft the privileged orderi. Had it
dropped from the pen of Home Tookc, no doubt but it would have mad*
an actide of his indidlment*

glorious

;:3i!i

UNITED STATES.

123

'• ' »i

alorlous objca for which they were contending; his
endurance of the toils and hazards of war, without
eve;- receiving the leaft emolument from his country ;
and his retirement to private life after the peace,
plainly evince, that his motives were the moft pure and
patriotic, that could proceed from a benevolent heart.
His letters to Congrefs during the war, now lately
publifhed in England, as well as his circular letter and
farewell orders to the armies of the United States, at
the and of the war, fhew him to have been juftly
ranked among the fine writers of the age. When we
look down from this truly great and illuftrious cha-
rafter, upon other public fcrvants, we find a glaring
contraft j nor can we fix our attention upon any other
great men, without difcovering in them a vaft and
mortifying diflimilarity !

The Prefident in his pcrfon, is tall and thin, but
creift ; rather of an engaging than a dignified prefence.
He appears very thoughtful, is flow in delivering him-
felf, which occafions fome to conclude him refe> ved,
but it is rather, 1 apprehend, the cfteft of much think-
ing and refleaion, for there is great appearance to me of
affability and accommodation. He was at this time
in his fixty-third year, being born February 11, 1732,
O. S. but he has very little the appearance of age,
having been all his life-time fo exceeding temperate.
There is a certain anxiety vifible in his countenance,
with marks of extreme fenfibility.

i ' -xH

■■•:.'■■ )«J

Notwith-

124

A VOYAGE TO THE

Notvvithftanding his great attention and employ,
ment in the affairs of his well-regulated government,
and of his own agricultural concerns, he is in corrcf-
pondcnce with many of the eminent geniufcs in ihc
different countries of Europe, not fo much for the
fake of learning and fame, as to procu»e the know-
ledge of agriculture, and the arts ufcful to his
country.

I informed his Excellency, in the courfe of con-
verfation, that 1 was a manufadurer from England,
who, out of curiofity as well as bufmefs, had made
an exciirfion to America, to fee the flate of fociety
there ; toinfpciSl their various manufactories, and par-
ticularly the woollen, with which 1 was beft acquaint-
ed. The General afked me what 1 thought of their
wool ? 1 informed him, that 1 had feen fome very good
and fine, at Hartford, in Conncaicut, which they
told me came from Georgia ; but that in general it
was very indifferent : yet from the appearance of it, I
was convinced it was capable of great improvement.
That, to my furprife, in the courfe of travelling twc
hundred and fifty miles, from Be/ion hither, I had
not feen any flock of more than twenty or thirty
Iheep, and but few of thefe ; from whence I concluded
there was no great quantity grown in the ftates, fo as
to anfwer any great purpofes for manu failure. His
Excellenc; obferved, that from his own experience,
he believed it capable of great improvement, for he
had been trying fome experiments with his own flocks

UNITED STATES.

125

(at Mount Vernon j) that by attending to breed and
pafturage, he had (o far improved his fleeces, as to
have encreafed them from tw^o to fix pounds a- piece ;
but that fince, from a muhiplicity of otiier objcds to
attend to, they were, by being neglcdted, gone baclt
to half their weight, being now fcarcely three pounds.
I took this opportunity to offer him one of my publi-
cations on the Encouragement of Wool, which he
feemed with plcafure to receive.

Mrs.Waftiington herfclf made tea and cofFee for us.
On the table were two fmall plates of fliced tongue,
dry toaU, bread and butter, &c. but no broiled fi(h, as
is the general cuftom. Mifs Curtis, her grand-daugh-
ter, a very pleafing young lady, of about fixteen, fat
next to her, and her brother, George Wafliington
Curtis, about two years older than herfelf. There
was but little appearance of form : one fervant only
attended, who had no livery ; a filver urn for hot wa-
ter, was the only article of expence on the table. She
appears fomething older than the Prelident, though, I
underrtand, they were both born in the fame year 5
fliort in ftature, rather robuft ; very plain in her drefs,
wearing a very plain cap, with her grey hair clofely
turned up under it. She has routs or levees, which-
ever the people chufes to call them) every Wednefday
and Saturday, at Philadelphia, during the fitting of
Congrefs. But the Anti-federalirts objed even to
thefe, as tending to give a fuper-eminency, and intro-
ductory to the paraphernalia of courts.

After

126

A VOYAGE TO THE

After fome general converfation, wc rofc from table,
to view a model which a gentleman from Virginia,
who had brcakfaflcd with us, had brought for the in-
fpeaion of the Prefidcnt. It was a fcheme to convey
vefTels on navigable canals, from one lock to another,
without the expence of having flood-gates, by means of
a lever, weighted by a quantity of water pumped into
a refervoir.

The Prefidcnt has continual applications from the
ingenious, as the patron of every new invention,
which, good or bad, he with great patience liflens to,
and receives them all in a manner to make them go
away fatisfied.

In the evening, I went to the new Theatre, to fee
Mrs. Cowley's Play, «' Every One has his Fault,"
with the Farce of " No Song No Supper." Mrs.
Whitlock, fifter to Mrs. Siddons, is the chief aftrefs ;
and, to my furprife, I recognized Darley, one of our
adors, lalt winter at Salisbury, in the chara<£ler of
Crop. It is an elegant and convenient theatre, as
large as that of Covent Garden ; and, to judge from
the drefs and appearance of the company around me,
and the adlors and fcenery, I fhould have thought I had
ftill been in England. The ladies wore the fmall bon-
nets of the fame fafhion as thofc I faw when 1 left
England ; fome of chequered ftraw, &c. fome wif h
their hair full drcffed, without caps, as with us, and
very few in the French ftyle. The younger ladies

with

UNITED STATES.

127

with their hair flowing in ringlets on their (houlders.
The gentlenjen with round hats, their coats with
high collars, and cut quite in the Englifti fafhion, and
many in filic ftripcd coats. The fcenery of the ftage
excellent, particularly a view on the SIcuylkill, about
two miles from the city. The greateft part of the
fcenes, however, belonged once to Lord Barrymore*s
Theatre, at Wargrave. The motto over the ftagc
is novel : — »« The Eagle fufers little Birds to fing**
Thereby hangs a tale. When it was in contempla-
tion to build this Theatre, it was ftrongly oppofed by
the Quakers, who ufed all their influence with Con-
grefs to prevent it, as tending to corrupt the manners
of the people, and encreafe too much the love of
pleafure. It was, however, at length carried, and
this motto from Shakefpear was chofen. It is appli-
cable in another fenfe j for the State Houfe, where
Congrefs fits, is diredtly oppofite to it, both being in
Chefnut-ftreet, and both houfcs arc often performing
at the fame time. Yet the Eagle (the emblem adopt-
ed by the American government) is no ways inter-
rupted by the chattering of thcfe mock birds with
their mimic Tones.

1^;

Saturday^ June 7. Breakfaftcd by invitation with
Colonel Wadfworth, the Member for Connedticut,
at No. 67, Pine-ftreet. I found him a very fenfible
intelligent man, of plain, open manners. Fiom his
extenfive knowledge in mercantile bufmefs, and hav-
ing much political experience, his opinion is very

much

128

A VOVAGE TO THE

much attended to in every debate, more cfp6clally in
public accounts and commercial concerns. He is
aHo much intcrefted in the breeding of flieep, which
he wants to fee more generally encouraged, and mut-
ton become more univerfally the food of the Ame-
ricans.

He told me twenty ewes had produced him forty-
three lambs laft year. He fays fome of the fouthern
itates are attempting manufadure, but with little fuc-
cefs : their habits of life are againft it ; naturally in-
dolent, they leave every thing to be done by their
flaves. He fays, the planters own, that the work
their negroes do, produces lefs improvement of capital,
than if their purchafe money had been put out to in-
tereft. This accounts for their being fo ready to
come to a rupture with Great Britain, as they are
generally much in our debt, and that would excufe
them from paying. Fond of horfe-racing, cock-
fiMuing, and other kinds of diflipation, with a ge-
neral averfion to bulinefs, they are, generally fpeak-
ing, in embarralled circumftances, yet hofpitablc to
an extreme.

Mr. Wadfworth has many fhips of his own ; one,
he told me, was juft returned from an Eaft-Indian
voyage.

He recommends to every man coming out from En-
gland, firft to fee the whole tradt of country from

Newbury

UNITED STATES.

129

Newbury Port to Charlefton, before he fixes his plan.
Many perfons, to his knowledge, have embraced the
firft promifing offer, (which the Americans are ready-
enough to make to every man that has money) which
they afterwards have repented of and quitted again, at
a great lofs. Mr. Wadfworth had on a great coat
from the Hartford manufadlory, of which he is one of
the proprietors. It was an elaflic cloth, very thick,
large fpun, and badly drefTed ; not near fo good as
the fame fort from England, and much dearer, of
courfe. Many flocking looms are at work at Hart-
ford ; the town encreafing very fafl. Linen- weaving
work is fcnt from Newhaven to Norfolk ; both are
towns in Connedicut, forty miles diftance fromi
Hartford. He made me very handfome offers to in-
duce me to fettle near him in a manufadlory there.
1 make no doubt, I might make fuch a fcheme profit-
able, were I to engage in it; but many obje6lions oc-
cur to me ; befidcs the giving up the fociety and friends
1 am ufed to, a concern of this kind would require
thrice the exertion and fatigue, and thrice the capital ;
and certainly, were I rcfolvcd to leave this country,
I would not embarras myfclf with an encreafe of trou-
ble in another, unlcfs my circumflances compelled it;
and even in that cafe, there are many other concerns
to be engaged in, equally profitable, without half the
capital, or a quarter of the trouble and exertion.

'!■■ . M

* %

.' n

The fame day, I went with Mr. Henry, of Man-
cheflcr, who lodged in the fame houfe, to vifit the
Fwnklin Library. It is one of the handfomeft build-

ings

.'?

«fi

iti'
fill

i3<

A VO

YAGE TO THE

;n« I have yet feen. It is of that beautiful brick
Jich is peculiar to Philadelphia, with free-ftone
n^ouldings, cornices, andfafcias; two ftories high,
flat roof, a ftonc baluftrade on the top, with orna-
mental urns, five on each fide ; about feventy feet m
front, and forty in depth. You enter it by a double
flight ofiifteps, guarded by a neat iron railing on each
ndc through an elegant portico ; and over the door
on the outfide, is a ftatue of Dr. Franklin, its
founder. It is given by Mr. Bingham, the fenator.

This Library confifts of near twelve thoufand vo-
lumes. Ten direaors and a treafurer are annually
cfeaed ; the former appoint a fecretary and librarian.
The boolcs are lent out of doors, according to rules
laid down ; and the library is open from two o'clock
till fun-fet, for any pcrfon to come and read there for
a very fmall fum. This enables perfons in all ranks
of life to acquire what degree of knowledge they are
inclined to attain. 1 obferved they had all our capital
publications in hiftory, philofophy, mathematics, po-
lity, &c. ; and they were in general very much worn,
a proof they are much ufed. Strangers may have out
any books, upon depofiting twice the value of the
book, which is reftored upon its being returned i pay-
ing, however, at the rate of twelve-pence (feven-
pence farthing fterling) for a folio for a fortnight. It
ftands in Fifth-ftreet, juft below where Chefnut-ftreet
crofies it, near the State Houfe.

The State Houfe I have already defcribed, of

which

;• ■■f-ll':

i n

'I'

UN I TED STATES.

131

which I have annexed a drawing, to perfea the
reader's idea of it. Behind it is a garden, which
is open for company to walk in. It was planned
and laid out by Samuel Vaughan, Efq. a merchant
of London, who went out a few years ago, and re-
iided fome time at Philadelphia. It is particu-
larly^ convenient to the Houfe of Reprefentatives,
which being on the ground floor, has two doors
that open diredly into it, to which they can retire to
compofe their thoughts, or refrefti themfelves after any
fatigue of bufinefs, or confer together and converfe,
without interrupting the debate. F. A. Muhlenberg
is Speaker, and when the houfe refolves itfelf into a
committee, Mr. Trumbull is generally the chairman,
a man who feems very converfant with bufinefs,
which he goes through with precifion and accuracy.
The number of members is encreafed from feventy-
cight, to one hundred and five j the two from Ken-
tucky were the laft added.

Adjoining to the houfe on the fouth fide, is Oeller's
Hotel, where the Members are conveniently accom-
modated, many of whom lodge there. Mr. Henry
and myfelf went into this Hotel, and it being very hot
weather, we ordered a glafs of cool punch each, and
they were brought to us with a lump of ice in each
glafs, which had alfo pine-apple juice, to heighten its
flavour. The houfe being full, there was no room for
us but in the AUembly Room, where alfo were feveral
Other perfons, and among the reit, that eminent man,

K: 2 Monf,

I >

iii

• ' I

t. H '

, ^

«i»f

1 *<i

132

A VOYAGE TO THE

MoRf. Taleyrand, the late Bilhop of Autun, who, I
hear, is fince reftored to his country. We afked
Oell'er to fliew us his ice-houfe, to which he readily
conduacd us himfelf. We went through his hor
kitchen, which feemed like a furnace, and on his
opening two doors, we found ouifclves in Nova Zem-
bla, orln other words, ftanding on a huge body of ice,
forty feet thick, and twenty feet fquare. On it he
kept his diQies of butter, cold dreflbd provifions, fal-
lads, &c. It was a vaulted room, under the flight of
fteps by which you enter his houfe on the flreet fide.
But the chill was too fudden and intenfe for us to re-
main long there j we were glad to feel again the heat
of the fun,' although but five minutes before, we were
|}urning under the fervor of its meridian rays.

The Affembly Room, to which we now returned,
muft not pafs undefcribed : it is a moft elegant
room, fixty feet fquare, with a handfome mufic gal-
lery at one end. It was papered after the French
tafte, with the Pantheon figures in compartments,
imitating feflaons ; pillars, and groups of antique
drawings, in the fame ftyle as lately introduced in the
moft eleo-ant houfcs in London.

To help my reader to form fome idea of the flate
of poliflied fociety there, 1 fubjoin the Rules for
regulating their AlFemblies, which I copied froni
tlic frame huiig up in the room.

Rules

UNITED STATES^.

'33

Rules of Philadelphia AJfemUy at OeUer*$ Hotel.

1. The Managers have the entire direftion.

2. The Ladies rank in fets,* and draw for places

as they enter the Room — The Managers have
power to place Grangers and brides at the head
of the Dances.

3. The Ladies who lead, call the Dances alter-

nately.

4. No Lar^y to dance out of her fet, without leave

of a Manager.

5. No Lady to quit her place in the Dance, or al-

ter the figure.

6. No Perfon to interrupt the view of the Dancers.

7. Tile Rooms to be opened at fix o'clock, every

Thurfday evening, during the feafon j the
Dances to commence at feven, and end at
twelve precifely.

8. Each fet having danced a Country Dance, a Co- .

tilion may be called, if at the defire of eight
Ladies.

9. No Stranger admifllble, without a Ticket,

figned by one of the Managers, previoufly
obtained.

uM':

. f i

* The Room, being io wide, will admit two, or even three fets to
dance at the fame lime.

10. No

^34

A VOYAGE TO THE

No Gentleman admiffible in boots, coloured

ftockings, or undrefs.
No Citizen to be admiffible, unlefs he is a

Subfcriber.

12. The Managers only are to give orders to the

Mufic.

13. If any difpute Ihould unfortunately arife, the

Managers are to adjuft and finally fettle the
fame j and any Gentleman refufing to comply,
becomes inadmiffible to the future Aflemblies of
that feafon.

Was I to recommend the moft agreeable lodgings
in Philadelphia, it fhould be to Oeller's Hotel. He
offeied to lodge and board me for feven dollars a week,
a good table, neat lodging room, and a pleafant, airy
fituation. But it muft not be during the fitting of
Congrefs, for then it is always full. And if you want
to lounge away an hour, go to Dobfon's, the Bookfel-
ler's (hop, in South-fecond-ftreet ; he is a very liberal
intelligent man, and will inform you on moft fubjcds ;
he came from Scotland to fettle about twenty years
ago, and is now prefident of the Caledonian fociety.
You may alfo find an agreeable reception at Bache*s,
the fon-in-law and fucceflbr of Dr. Franklin, in
Market or High-ftreet.

At Peale's Mufeum, I was entertained for two or
three hours, in viewing his colledlion of artificial and

natural

UNITED STATES.

^3S

natural curiofities, Come of which I fhall proceed to
enumerate. It is not yet fo extenfive as the Leverian
Mufcum in London, but it is every day encreafing.
Mammoth's tecrh, found on the banks of the Ohio ;
feveral of them that I meafured were fixteen and fe-
vcnteen inches round j one that was broken in two,
appeared of the fame horney fubftance within, fo as to
confirm me in the opinion of its being the real cheek
tooth of fomc animal now utterly unknown. Dr.
Cafpar VViftar, profelfor of anatomy in this city, I am
told, has collecSted a vad variety of huge bones of this
animal, which he is endeavouring to fyftematife.
There were feveral of thofe delicate birds* nefts of
which foups are made. A pair of Chinefe fhoes,
worn by the lady of a merchant at Canton, with
whom the donor tranfa(5ted bufinefs, only four inches
long ; Chinefe fans, fix feet high j Afbeltos, found a
few miles from the city j curious and rare Birds pre-
ferved in their plumage j the red and blue Manakins ;
Birds of Paradife, and Humming Birds, in great va-
riety ; Toucans, with their remarkable bills j Spoon-
bills, natives of Georgia ; Batts of Penfylvania, carry-
ing their young ; Scarlet Curlews of Cayenne j &c.
Medals, foflils, infeds, rare and uncommon. Very
curious Pctrifadions, from^their catarads and grottos.
Scalps, tomahawks, belts of wampum, of curious va-
riety i Indian and Otaheite drefles, and feathers from
the Friendly Iflcs,

But what particularly ftruck me at this place, was
portraits (kit-cat length) of all the leading men con-

K 4 cerned

136

A VOYAGE TO THE

cerned in the late revolution :— Washington, Fayettf,
Baron Steuben, Green, Montgomery, Jay; and
many others, to the number of thirty or more ; which
after a century hence, will be very valuable in the eyes
of poftcrity.

Sunday, June 8. 1 went to Chrift Church j it was
Whitfunday, and Dr. White gave a fermon on the
powers of the holy fpirit and the nature of infpiration.
It is the general cuftom to preach occafional fermons
on all the calendar and other remarkable days. Mrs.
Wafliington was there, accompanied by her grand fon
and grand-daughter.

I dined this day with Mr. Bingham, to whom I had
a letter of introdudtion. I found a magnificent houfe
gnd gardens in the beft Englifti ftyle, with elegant and
even fuperb furniture. The chairs of the drawing
room were from Seddons's in London, of the neweft
tafte ; the back in the form of a lyre, with fcftoons of
crimfon and yellow filk. The curtains of the room a
feftoon of the fame. The carpet one of Moore's moft
expenfive patterns.

The room was papered in the French tafte, after
the ftyle of the Vatican at Rome. In the garden was
a profufion of lemon, orange and citron trees ; and
many aloes, and other exotics. There dined with us
Mr. Willings, prcfident of the Bank of the United
States, the father of Mrs. Bingham ; Monf. Cailot,
the exiled Governor of Guadaloup^ ; and the famous

Vifcount

UNITED S T ATES.

137

Vifcount dc Noailles, who dittinguifhed himfelf fo
much in the firft National Conftitucnt Ailembly, on
Auguft 4, 1789, by his Hve propofitions, and his
fpeech, on that occafion, for the abolitico of feudal
rights. He is now engaged in forming a fettlement
with other unfortunate countrymen, about fixty-five
miles north of Northumberland Town. It is called
«» Afylum," and ftands on the eaftcrn branch of the
Sufquehanah. His lady, thcfiftcr of Madame la Fay-
ette, with his mother and grandmother, were all
guillotined, without trial, by that arch villain,
Robefpierre.

Mr. Willings, fpcaking of the richnefs of fomc of
the new foil, aflured me, he has knovrn lands fown
ten years fy cceffively with rye, and then ten years fuc-
ceffively to wheat, without any manure whatever, dur-
ing the whole time, and it never failed of good crops.
But this is not to be underftood as the general cafe.
However, Mr. Bingham and his father-in-law arc lay-
ing out all the money they can raifc in the purchafe
of lands.

■Hi

Mr. Bingham told me, that in the year 1783, he
bought a piece of land adjoining to Philadelphia, for
eight-hundred and fifty pounds, which now yields
eight hundred and fifty pounds per annum, and he has
never laid out twenty pounds upon it. Forty acres
of pafture land of his, fatted forty-one oxen in one
year for the Philadelphia market, without any corn
whatever being given them. This mdl be very pro-
fitable

'38

A VOYAGE TO THE

f tabic indeed. But fuch beef is not equal to our*s.
Three houfes are buying up all the lands in Pcnfylva-
nia that they can meet with, giving from three kil-
lings and fixpencc to feven (hillings llerling an

acre. viz. Morris and Nicholson — Bingham and ff^il-

lings — and Cazenove and Co. a Dutch houfe.

There was a Mrs. Morris, filler to Mr. Willings,
at dinner with u3 in fable weeds, having loft her huf-
band during the late fickncfs j a fenfiblc, intelligent
woman, who had much improved her mind with read-
ing J I had a great deal of converfation with her, and
fhe gave me many particulars of the fatal progrefs of
the Yellow Fever, which were very diftrefling. The
contagion for the firft month, was confined to Forc-
ftrcet, one of the clofeft and dirtieft parts of the city,
near the wharfs, and banks of the Delaware, which is
feldom free from diforder ; for I was ferioufly advifed
when I was there, (ten months after) not to go much
into that ftreet, for fear of infedtion. So virulent a
diforder there, however, was fo new and alarming,
that people flew from it as from a plague, and there
was fuch a general fear of the infection, that many pc-
rilhcd, without a human being coming near to give
them even a drop of cold w atcr. In one houfe, an in-
fant was found fucking the dead body of its mother.
Women dying in the pains of child-bed, not having
any living foul to come near them. There was fuch
a general panic, and fear of death from this malady,
that relations appeared deftitute of the common offices
of humanity.

The

UNITED STATES.

»39

The firft pcrfon fcized with it was taken ill July
27, and died on the 6th of Auguft; and no public
ftep was taken for the relief of the poor fufFerers, till
September 15. I faw the houfe onBufh Hill, to which
the Committee at lad began to remove the difcafed.
It was an excellent place for the purpofe, about two
miles out of the town. It is a handfome feat, be-
longing (I think) to a Mr. Hamilton, then abroad on
his travels. I never could get a true account of the
number that loft their lives. Some ftated them as high
as fix thoufand ; others, three thoufand j but by the
Annual Account, fincc publifhed, of the Births,
Deaths, and Burials of the Inhabitants, which is here
annexed, it appears that the extra deaths in that year,
are three thoufand four hundred and ninety-five, com-
pared with thofe of the former year ; of which two
years the particulars next follow.

A LIST

v**

■ JJ'M

■ :;■

.■*

% '.'

140

A VOYAGE TO THE

A LI ST

or THE

BIRTHS AND DEATHS

fnihefevcral Religious Societies in the City of Phibdclplua/

FROM AUGUST I, I792. iO AUGUST 1, 1793,
Th: Year befare the Fever raged.

Eirtlis.

Deaths.

^AMES'of the SOCIETIES.

German Lutheran Church
German Reformed Church
Chrift's Church and St. Peter's

Church

St. Paul's Church . - - -
Society of Friends, or Quakers
Cnthohc S St. Mary's
Churches < Holy Trinity
Firft PrefbytcriLin Churcli
Second Prelbvterian Church
Third Prefbyterian Church
Scotch Prefbyterian Church
The Affociaie Church - -
Soci(>fy of Free Quakers
Moravian Church - - -
Swedifli Churcli - - - -
Methodift Church - - -
Baptift Church . - - -
Univeri'alifts, believing in the

Salvation of all Men
Jewifli, or Hebrew Church
Potter's Field, wliite People
Diito, black People - - -

IMalc Fein. M.ile Kt-in.

244 235
123 95

67
169
182
27
30
34
77
iz

4
5
5

= 5
21

8';

17 I

24
26

6
I

2 b
jS
18

4 5

2 I

81 86

69 71

i2<;

128

479

218

J7';

123

347

3 53

•4

5«

<;6

1 1

I z

3 9

■y

124

167

140 1

To(:iI Total
Biiths Deailij

2 51
96

168

44
146

xj6
29
41
49
So
8

4
iS

e
26
»9
>9

3
'94
116

1234 J227 77^^ 719 2511 14^7

UNITED STATES.

141

A LIST

or THr

BIRTHS AND DEATHS

fii the fcveral Religious Societies in the City of Pliilatlelphia,

. FROM AUGUST I, I793, TO AUGUST I, I794,

Tic Year that the Fever raged.

KAMHS of the SOCILTIKS,

Gorman Lutluran Church
Girman Rctbnmd Chinch
Chrjft's ChurcJi and St. Peter'

Church - . . _
St. Paul's Church - - -
Society of Friends or Quakers
Cathi'lic S St. Mary's
Churches^ Holy Trinity
J''ir(l Prelbyteriai) Churcji
Second Pren)yierian Church
Third Prelhyterian Church
Scotch Prclhyterian Church
The A (loci ate Church
Society of Free Quakers -
Moravian Church -
Swedifh Church - - -
iVlethodill Church - - -
Baptift Church - - - -
Univerfalifts, believing in the

Salvation of all Men -
Jewifh, or Hebrew Church
Potter's Field, white People
Ditto, black People - -

Ciith!.

Drailis.

Male

70
S
78

59
171

100

■19
82
1 1

3
8

3
12

-5
17

3
3

Ftni.
251

«3

179

140

^5
29

403

379

506

179

130

'53

221

179

155

V3 5

236

233

350

198

167

240

161

■I I

3 I

*»

1084

181

'39

■fofal Tola!
fiiitl^s Deaths

78s
309

400

86
474
565

99
'57

•44
4'
'5
5'
17
96
60
67

'59S
'59

1148 1231 2933 2059 2379 499s

142

A VOyAGE TO THE

During the rage of this diforder, the town was uni-
verfally forfaken, and a great many of the houfes to-
, tally fhut up. It is believed that not half the number
p would have died, had not a general fear and confter-
nation occafwned fuch a great negleft of the fick and
difeafed. The people did not begin to return into the
city till the froft began, which was in December.

The phyficians who have written on this diforder
are much divided in opinion refpeding the origin of
it. Some fuppofe it imported from the Weft Indies
or Bulam, while Dr. Rufh and many others think it
originated at home. The following are fome of the
pre-difpofing caufes of this yellow or bilious diforder.
It had been a very hot fummer; and from May i, to
September 30, a period of one hundred and fifty-two
days, on eighty-eight of them, the mercury had rifen
to 88, or upwards. But what ftruck me very
forcibly, was the fcite of the city itfelf, which is
very low, flat, and marfliyj and very little relieved by
the frefh evening breezes. When I was there in
June, 1794J it was all a marfh covered with water
round the city ; and the thermometer was at 88,
and at the fame time fo clofe, that 1 could fcarcely
breathe. I felt none of thofc cool evening breezes,
which I experienced at New York ; and I could only
relieve myfelf by fitting in my bed-chamber without
coat and waiftcoat, and with my door and window
open.

The extraordinary heat of the fummer muft natu-
rally

';^*^c

UNI rED STATES.

rally have encreafcd the exhalations of all the marflies.
In the fouth and middle ftatcs, it generally occafions a
bilious remittent fever, about the clofe of every hot
i'ummer, to perfons not ufed to the climate; but which
evil, however, is gradually lefi'ening, in proportion as
the country is more drained and cultivated.

For the further information of my readers, I here
fubjoin the account publiflied by authority at Phila-
delphia, about a year after, in Poulfon's Almanac for
the year 1795.

BRIEF ACCOUNT

OF THl

YE LLOW FEVER

Which prevailed in Philadelphia,

IN THE YEAR I793.

isim

M ».+ 6"

,r ,l,j

rJKEN FROM POULSON'S ALMANAC FOR 1795.

Among the domeflic occurrences that arretted the
attention of the Citizens of the United States, in the
courfe of the year 1793, the rage of " The Yellow
Fever" in the city of Philadelphia, deferves to be re-
corded as the mofl remarkable. The diforder, diftin-

guiflied

■!■■

144

A VOYAGE TO THE

guifhed by this appellation, is highly contagious and

mortal, and leads in its train all the horrors of a

Pcftilence. A difeafe fo dreadful in itfelf, and fo un-

ufual in this country, could not fail to occafion uni-

verfal terror and confufion during its prevalence, and

general curiofity and difcufHon after it had fubfided.

The public have already been prefcntcd with the fuc-

ceffive publications of Mr. Carey, Mr. Helmuth, Dr.

Nafiy, Dr. Cathrall, Dr. Currie, Dr. Devize, and

Dr. Rufli, and the Minutes of the a«Stive and ufeful

Committee of Citizens. Thefe produdions will tranf-

mit to poftcrity an accurate and comprehcnfive hiftory

of the Fever, and throw the clcareft light upon the

future refearches of fcience or curiofity. The prefent

concife account is offered only. to thofe who have not

an opportunity of perufing thefe productions.

The ftate of the weather for fome time previous to
the appearance of the Fever, deferves to be particu-
larly noticed. It was, in general, warm and dry,
and feemed to poflefs a quality that rendered it uncom-
monly enervating and deprefling to the human frame.
The feelings and recoUediion of many perfons who
have been fo fortunate as to efcape the Fever entirely,
or to furvive its attacks, will fufficiently eftablifli the^
truth of this obfervation. But, v/hether the genera-
tion of the diforder may be attributed to this circum-
ftance, or to exhalations from putrid vegetable matter ;
or whether it was generated at all in this country,
is a fubjedt on which Doclors have difagreed, and I
(hall not attempt to decide. It feems, however, to be

agreed

United states.

145

agreed on all hands, that the fenfiblc qualities of the
atmofphire had a ftrilcing efFedl, in rendering the con-
tagion more or lefs adtive.

The Yellow Fever appeared in the city of Philadel-
phia about the beginning of Auguft. Dr. Cathrall
attended a patient at Denny's lodging-houfe, in Water-
ftreet, on the third of Augutt. On the fifth of Au-
guft, Dr. Ru(h was requeftcd by Dr. Hodge to vilit his
child. He obferves that he found the child ill with a
fever of the bilious kind, accompanied with 2l yellow
Jk'in^ which terminated in death on the feventh of the
fame month.

On the fixth of Auguft, Dr. Rufti was called to
attend two perfons with fimilar fymptoms, and vifited
feveral between that day and the nineteenth following.
It does not appear, however, that even the Phyficians
had any apprehenfion of the exiftence of a malignant
contagious Fever in the city before the nineteenth ;
and, even after that peric^, fame of the ProfcfHon dif-
puted its exiftence. But the alarm fcems then to have
fpread pretty rapidly, for on the twcnty-fecond of
Auguft, our vigilant and intrepid Mayor, Matthew
Clarkfon, F^q. addrelled the City Commifiioners and
directed them to cleanfe and purify the ftreets ir^^medi-
ately. On the twenty-third or twenty-fourth, the
Governor of the commonwealth directed an enquiry
to afcertain the fads refpe£ling the exiftence of a con-
tagious diforder in the city, and the probable means of
removing it. Dr. Hutchinfon, the Phyficlan of the

L. Port,

I ■ \% ■

f '■ '';

146 A VOYAGE TO THE

Port, in anfwer to the fiift queftion, ftated the exiftence
of an infeaious malignant Fever, and the ravages it
had already made within the circle of his enquiries.*
In anfwer to the fecond, he referred to the recommen-
dations of the College of Phyficians refpeding the pre-
vention and treatment of the diforder, which were,
at the fame time, made public*

The public calamity was now no longer qucftion#
able. Terror, confufion, and diftradion, fpread rapidly
from breaft to breaft, and from family to family. The
Citizens ceafed to regard with pleafure their feats of
thriving induftry and flourifhing commerce. Thofc
of thciri whofe connedion? afforded an afylum, or
whofe circumftances pernrjtted them to feek one, gra-
dually abandoned the city, and retired to different
parts of the United States ; and the horizon of horror
feemed to be cloiing fwiftly on thofe who remained
behind.

In the progrefs of this fatal diforder, it was obfcrved,
that the fear of death and the defire of fafety, predomi-
nated over every principle of gcncrofity, gratitude, and
duty. The near approach of danger feemed to have
diflolved the tender connections of parent and child—
of brother and lifter~of hufi>and and wife. That
amiable enthuliafm — thut heroifm of affedion, which
might have been fo cou^picuoufly difplaycd on this

• It appears by the regifter of deaths^ t^ at pbout two hundred perfons
had been earned off by the Fever at th' ' vr.ie.

occa-

UNITED STATES.

occafion, was fought for in vain. All the charities of
human nature were contrafted into a fmall circle, and
that little circle was Self.

In making this obfervation, which muft be grating
to the feelings of many of my fellow Citizens, 1 follow
Mr. Carey, in his popular Hirtcry of the Fever. As a
general obfervation, I believe it is well founded ; but,
from the mafs of the people, I have no doubt a thou-
fand amiable inllances of contrary condudl might be
feleded. To detail thefe would be a moft agreeable
office; but voluntarily fhrinking from public applaufs
or funk perhaps to the filent grave, what hiftorian
fhall enrich his annals with their virtues? What pene-
trating eye has darted into the deferted chamber of dif-
eafe and defpair, and feen the afFeilionate wife binding;
the temples of her hufband, or the weeping daughter
kneeling befide the bed of her father? Amiable Sex ! —
who knc'wv fo well to rob the barbed fhafts of pain of
half their afperity — your gentle offices, 1 am perfuaded,
were not entirely neglcded at this important crifis.
But it is the fate of female heroifm to fpread no farther
than the borders of their own families ; v/ilile the
magnanimity of men is ftamped on medals, and handed
down iii records to poftcrity.

At this period of total ftagnation of bufmefs, the
vreight of the public calamity fell very heavily upon
the poor. Without the means of efcape, without re-
fources for fubfiftence, and placed in thofe "narrow
alleys, and crouded and dirty recefles, in wliich the

L 2 Fever

■ *•»

■ w

>l s

■ I

: TM

u<^«l

148 A VOYAGE TO THE

Fever raged with the moft dcftruaive violencf : fuch
of them as were not fwept at once into the grave, were
thrown upon the public charity, At the approach of
J the difordcr, moft of the Guardians of the Poor had left
'V the city, and thofe of them who remained, though
aftive and benevolent, found themfelves utteily un-
equal to the additional duties which now devolved upon
them. The neceflity of an Hofpital for the infe^ed,
was immediately felt and acknowledged, and Bulh
Hill, the feat of William Hamilton, Efq. a large and
commodious edifice, fituatcd near the city, but aloof
from the neighbourhood of any other dwelling houfes,
was, after fome time, fixed upon and taken pofTeffion
of. To this place the fick were fent, and here they
were provided for and attended. On the tenth of Sep-
tember, an advertifement, under the fignature of the
Mayor, announced that the C lardiam of the Poor
were diftrtfled for want of afliftance, and invited the
aid of benevolent Citizens. A meeting of the Citi-
zens was held on the twelfth, and another on the four-
teenth of September. At this laft meeting, the Com-
tnittee, who rendered themfelves fo eminently ufeful in
thefe times of general difticfs, were nominated. The
Committee confided, originally, of twenty-fix mem-
bers, and, as neceflity demanded their immediate or-
ganization, they proceeded diredlly to bufinefs. Ste-
phen GiRARD and Peter Helm offered themfelves
as Superintendants to the Hofpital at Bufh Hill. This
dangerous duty they difcharged with a zeal and adli-
vity which does them the higheft honor, and njerits
the warmeft gratitude of their fellow Citizens. Dr.

Dcveze,

Deveze,

Duffield,
to the fei
Gentlem
and furn
convcnie
AfTiftant;
thecary,
attendant
was natu
pital wit
fpairing
at a difta
regarded
perfons \
were, at
place wl
tcntion a

In the
time the
middle o
refpe^ab
aid. Tl
the numi
the early
but a bla
day, but

• Vide \
$Utc uf the

UNITED STATES.

149

Deveze, a Phyfician from Cape Francois, and Dr.
Duffield, cf this city, devoted their profeflional labors
to the fervicc of the lick. Under the dircdlion of thefe
Gentlemen, the Hofpital was kept in excellent order,
and furniflied with every requifite for the comfort and
convenience of the affli£led. Numerous Nurfes and
Affiltants, and three Refident Phyficians, and an Apo-
thecary, fecurcd to the patients every benefit of careful
attendance, and immediate medical aid.* At firft, as
was natural to expert, the Citizens regarded the Hof-
pital with horror, as the promifcuous retreat of de-
fpairing vidlims, who were conveyed thither to expire
at a diftance from their friends. But it was afterwards
regarded as the fafeft afylum for the infedled, and many
perfons who needed not the benefit of the poor laws,
were, at their own requeft, removed thither, as to a
place where they might be fecurc of every poffible at-
tention and aiTiflance.

In the rapid progrefs the difeafe made, from the
time the Committee of Health was organized, till the
middle of 0«Stober, many families in the city, of fome
refpexSability, actually fufi^ered for the want of menial
aid. The Widow Mills's family, in Racc-ftreet, to
the number of feven, w ;c all ill with the Fever, in
the early part of September, and had no other Nurfe
but a black man, who vifited them frequently every
day, but who had other families in the fame manner

• Vide Minutes of the Committee, pnge 52, the Report upon the
?Ute of the Hofpital,

I^ 3 under

I "I

i . Ill

L-

i k

;,.!.■■ t

ISO

A VOYAGE TO THE

under his cate, and was, of confcqucnce, often abfent.
The family fufferec? extremely, till a young man, a
Nephew oi the Widow's, heard of their diltrefs, and
heroically devoted himfelf to their relief: inltru6lcd
only by his humanity, he became a tender, faithful,
and felicitous Nurfe. Two of the family died — the
yeft recovered under his aft'edionatc care ; but, a few
days after, and under the fame roof, he himfelf funk
a vi<Stim to his own virtuous zeal. Virtue, wherever
it appears, enobles the poflcflbr, however humble his
external iituation may be. This young man's namo
was Charles Halden — he had been an apprentice
to Jofcph Budd, of this city, and was about twenty
years of age. This effort of courageous humanity
deferves the greater applaufe, as he never expected to
furvivc it.

The -liforder appears to have been attended with the
frreateft mortality, between the eighth and fourteenth
of October. The burials, during that interval, aver-
age, one hundred daily ; and nothing could exceed tho
melancholy fituation of the furvivors. Almoll all the
officers of government had forfaken the city : above
twenty thoufand inhabitants had likewifc fled, and
near three thoufand houfes were fhut up. Every day
added to the bills of mortality the names of valuable
Citizens, to whom the People had looked up with eyes
of hope and expe£lation. Social intercourfe was at an
end — the barred manfion admitted no longer the fteps
of inquiiitive familiarity, or foothing affection. The

Citizens

UNITED STATES.

J5I

Citizens turncJ their eyes, fullcn with continual grief,
diftrefsfully upon every approa'^hing objcdl.

A friend of mine, who remained in the city during
the whole reign of the diforder, informed me, that, on
the evening of a day in which the mortality around
him had been very great, and fevcral of his intimate
acquaintances had fallen, he retired to bed at his ufual
hour 5 but, tortured with melancholy rcfletSlions, was
unable to take any repofe. He rofe, and throwing up
the fa(h of a front window, looked into the ftreet.
The moon caft her paleft beams upon the profpedl,
and the death-like filence which reigned around, was
interrupted only by the loud and piercing fhrieks of
departing vidlims, and the low rumbling noife of car-
riages removing the dead. Sometimes he would fee a
frefli corpfe filently let down from a cafement, and,
being placed upon fhafts, fall into the long, flow, and
folemn march of an cndlefs train of coffins. What a
ftriking pidlure of defolation did this once chearful and
populous city prefcnt ! How gloomy to a being fur-
rounded with all thefe horrors, and who knew not in
what manner they would terminate !

An afFedling inftance of accumulated domeftic dif-
trefs, is recorded in the Minutes of the Committee,

page 71.

« One of the Carters, in the fervice of the Com-
mittee, reports, That in the performance of his duty,
he heard the cry of a pcrfon in great diftrefs. The

I K n

*i i B

,. 1, v f,.

h 4

neigh-

i5«

A VOYAQE TO THE

neighbours informed him, that the family had. been ill
fomedays, and that, being afraid of the difcafe, no ono
had ventured to examine the houfe. He chcarfully
undertook the benevolent tafk — went up (lairs, and to
his furprifc, found the fathci dead, who had been lying
on the floor for fomc days, two children near him, alfo
dead, and the mother in labour. He tarried with her,
ihc was delivered while he was there, and, in a fhort
time, both (he and her infant expired ! He came to the
l^ity-Hall, tooj^ cofKns and buried them all." ,

The difeafc in its deftrudive career had robbed many
families of their head and fupport, and left numerous
infants wandering about the flrcets, without any hu-
p:ian being to own and protcft them. The Committee
found here a new occafion for the cxcrcife of their pa-
ternal care, and accordingly cftablifhed an orphan-
houfe, with a refpedlable Matron to fuperintend it.
This inftitution has, at different times, extended its
iOieltcr to one hundred and ninety-four children. At
the diflolution of the Committee, they recommended
thcfe Innocents to the protection of the Legiflaturc, in
the moft carnclt and afFedling manner. An adt of the
General AfTcmbly has fincc been pafTed, appointing
Guardians for thefe Orphan Children, and providing,
|n u liberal manner, for their fupport and education.

On the twenty-fixth of October, the difordcr having
very confiderably abated, the Committee addrefled their
fellow Citizens, congratulating them on the very flat-
|;ering change that had taken places but recommending

to thofc V,
of the ati
weather,
heavens (
been as br
attributed
Fever, 1
ther becan
though th
fe(Sts ; yet
will not a(
difeafc. I
book, to
all, but th
pernatural
the DEll
culous mc
will undo
piety is as

4 Summar

Ir
Ir
Ir
In

L I

UNITED STATES.

^53

to thofc who were abfcnt, not to return until the ftate
of the atmofphcre ihould be altered by rain or cold
weather. During the grcateft part of the difordcr, the
heavens (to iifc a forcible Scripture exprcflion) had
been as brnjs. 7'o this uncommon drought may be
attributed much of the violence and obltinacy of the
Fever. Towards the latter end of Odober the wea-
ther became more cool, and fomc rain dcfcended. Al-
though this unqucftionably produced very falutary ef-
fects ; yet, it is polTible, that this circumflance alone
will not account for the very rapid dcclcnlion of the
difcafc. Mr. Carey devotes a whole chapter of his
book, to prove, that winds and rain had no efFed at
all, but that the cell'ation ought to be afcribed to fu-
pcrnatural divine interference. He who believes, that
the DEITY could as well employ natural as mira-
culous means to accomplifli his benevolent purpofes,
will undoubtedly conclude, that in this refpedt, his
piety is as miftakcn as his philofophy is erroneous.

•■I

:\l

: '*•

■ 't

-m

V -W

.,L I

U i

4 Summary of the Deaths, each Month, during the Fever.

In Auguft, 1793, there died 361

In September, — — 1514

In October, — — • 2045

In November, — — 1 24

L r

Total

4044

Monday^

mUm. \

:• '^1;

'■ -H

HHh

(,;*

•'^1

154

A VOYAGE TO TflE

Mond<^y, Jurte 9, went with Mr. St. George and
Mr Henry over the ferry of the Skuylkill, to v.fit Mr.
Bartram, the famous botanift, who gives us fuch fur-
prifinc ftories, in his publication of his fierce battles
with "the alligators, on the coafts of Georgia, &c.
,vhile botanizing. He lives about nine miles from
Philadelphia, retired from the buftle of life, on an
eilate of his own, on the banks of the Skuylkill. I
faw his green-houfe and (hrubhery : here, I confefs,
1 was much difappointed, to find fo little to look at.
One of my companions joking the old gentleman
about the alligators that his fon had formerly fought
with, he became fb referved, that we could get but
Jittle convcrfation from him.

On our return we flopped at Grey's Gardens, a place
of entertainment, like Bagnigge Wells. The ground
has every advantage of hiU and dale, for being laid out
in areat variety ; and it is neatly decorated with alcoves,
arb'ours, Ihady w.ilks &c. It ftands at the ferry of
the Skuylkill, about <^ur miles from the city, and is
much frequented by parties of pleafure from thence.
This river makes a moft beautiful meander juft at this
place ; the fine curve it forms, appearing mathema-
tically true.

We had tea, co^cc, fyllabubs, cakes, &c. Sec. for
all which, we paid only half a dollar each, horfes' hay
included. The river is pretty wide at this place, very
rapid at times, and ebbs and flows fix feet : on thefe
accounts, no common brid-e will do, as the abutments

CQUld

-ft

UNITED STATES.

^55

coulJ not ftand long ; it is therefore a floating bridge,
which rifcs and falls with the tide, yet is perfectly fafe
to the heavielt carriage, and is very fimilar to one I
defcribed before, at Nefhammany, in my journey from
New York. It is a difgrace to fo fine and large a city
as Philadelphia, to have fuch bad roads near it ; wc
could go fbarce four miles an hour, although it is the
month of June. It was a deep miry clay, drenched
with water, which feems to have no means of running
off, the country round being fo flat. Great oppofition
has been made to the introdudlion of turnpikes : the
only one yet permitted in. America, is now making from
this city to Lancafter, a diftance of fixty miles, which
is but partly cffecStcd ; yet the advantages which muft
refult from it, will probably foon make way for
others.

On our return to the city, about feven in the even-
ing, the noife of the croaking frogs, and tree toads,
was intolerable, for they abound in the environs of
this city. The ground laid out for half the city, ftill
remains occupied by thcfe croaking gentlemen : the
buildings, as yet, extend but about halfway ^rom the
Delaware to the Skuylkill.

Tuefday, I was at the houfc where the celebrated
Dr. Franklin lived and died. Mrs. Bache, his daugh-
ter, is a very handfome plcafing woman : fne intro-
duced the Dodlor's grand-children to mc, one after the
other, pointing to a litth boy, that is reckoned the
very image of his grandfather. When 1 was fliewn

into

' ii-.""s.

' w

,S6

A VOYAGE TO THE

i:"

[ m

into this great man's library and ftudy, my fenfations
almoft overcame me. In the room, hung his pifture,
painted at Paris, two years before his death, which
was April 17, 1790. 1 felt aglow of enthufiafm grow
in my mind, at vifiting the late abode of this great
man. I was now ftanding in his library, the fcene
of his vaft labours. I went from hence dircdtly to the
fpot where he landed, when, with his roll under his
arm, he was firft noticed by Mifs Read, who after-
wards became his wife, and walked over the very
ground, which he dcfcribes in the memoirs of his life.

Thls.afternoon, June 10, very rainy, with thunder
and lightning, I went with Mr. Vaughan the mer-
chant, to Mr. Johnfon, from Bordeaux, in bufmefs,
and during our pafTing through the ftreets, at eight in
the evening, it feemed one incefTant flafli ; I had never
icen fuch lightning before. It fcems fuch rains at this
ieafon of the year, arc very uncommon.

Wednefday, I took a ride over to German Town,
fix miles, to fee a Wiltfhire family, fettled in that
place, who received me very cordially, at a very
pretty country houfe, adjoining to a pleafant healthy
town. From thence 1 went to fee the falls of the
jjkuylkill, diihnt three miles : very pleafant country
feats, were on my right and left, as i palled. 1 ob-
ferved the ground here full of pieces of mica or talk,
which, as the fun fhonc very bright, glittered in my
eyes at every Itep, like bits of glafs, cr lilver rather.
This was obferved by thofe why full fettled in thefe

parts,

parts, and
took it for
for Englai
1 took up
long, and
glafs : if I
manure.

At the
to which 1
fairs will
an obftru(!
rocks ha\
heights,
loaded bo;

In the :
ly,thctw(
and myfcl
ments for
where thi
with goo(
in varioui
names. I
confined,
be under
was giver
copy:

UNITED STATES.

^57

parts, and from knowing but little of minerals, they
took it for flakes of filver, and freighted a fliip with it
for England, concluding their fortunes made at once:
1 took up pieces in the middle of the road, two inches
long, and one inch wide, as thin and clear as flint
glafs : if burnt, 1 ihould fuppnfc it would make a fine
manure.

At the falls, Gov. jr Mlfllin has a neat cottage,
to which he is very fond of retiring, when public af-
fairs will permit him. The falls appear nothing but
an obftrudtion of the rapid ftream, from feveral large
rocks having fallen into it from the neighbouring
heights. Skilful pilots know how to pafs them in
loaded boats, without danger.

In the afternoon, Mr. Woolftoncraft, Mr.W.Priefl:-
ly, the two Mr. Humphries', Mr. Henry, Mr. St.Georgc,
and myfclf, went to fee the Hofpital, with the apart-
ments for lunatics, the Bettering Houfe, alfo the Gaol,
where they have lately adopted folitary imprifonment,
with good efFc£l. Thefe having been fo well defcribed
in various publications, 1 fhall only juft mention their
names. I heard at the Gaol, that not one in ten of thofc
confined, are native Americans. The Gaol fcems to
be under moft excellent regulations. A printed paper
was given me while there, of which the following is a,
copy:

DireC'

■ -Nil i

^■'■M'-W

B-

>"i

1 Jl
.4 il

f'T

I5B

A VOYAGE TO THU

Vire^ons for the Infpcclors, &€. of the Gaol of
the City and Coun/y of Philadelphia,

Whfreas, by a " Supplement to the Penal Laws
of this State," Jt is enaaed, « that the Prifon Infpec-
tors, appointed in purfuance of the Aa in fuch cafe
provided, and of the faid Supplement, ftiall have power,
with the approbation of the Mayor, two Aldennen of
the faid City, and two of the Judges of the Supreme Court.,
or two of the Judges of the Common Pleas of Philadelphia
County, to make Rules and Pegulations for the govern-
ment of all, Convias confined in the faid Prifon, not
inconfift-ent with the Laws and Conftitution of this
Commonwealth."

■

It is therefore ordained, that the faid Infpcaors, kvtn
cf whom (hall be a quorum, (hall meet at the Prifon,
quarterly, on the firft Mondays in January, March,
June, and September; and on every fccond Monday
throughout the year— and, may alfo be fpccially con-
vened bv the Vifiting Jnfpeaors, when occafion re-
quires. At their firft meeting, they fliall appoint two
of their Members to be Vilitlng Infpcaors ; one of
whom (hall fcrve for one month, and the other for tv/o
months, continuing to make a frcfh appointment to
this office monthly.

if occafion
amine into <
the condua
They (hall
condua an<
they are pro]
attention to
be made re(
that their
agreeable to
are properly
and bedding
grievances <
and bring
and circumi
of the Boai
proper out-
that no fpii
fence what
That no ini
7 i-c the 1
diftribution
raaers and
per means 1
provc'.nent,
pnxrunng tl
as may be.

VISITING INSPECTORS.

The Vifiting Infpeaors (liall attend at the Prifon
together, at leait twice in each week, and oftener,

They flia
mifTioners o
been Tent i

UNITED STATES.

159

if occafion requires ; at which times they fhall ex-
amine into and infpeil the management of tht Prifon,
the condu(?t of the Keeper, Deputies, and Afliftants :
They fhall alfo carefully enquire into and report the
conduct and difpofition of the Prifoners, and fee that
they are properly zn^l Jufficiently employed j that proper
attention to cleanlinefs is obfervcd i that due enquiry
be made refpeding the health of the Prifoners, and
that their food is ferved in quantity and quality,
agreeable to the dire<Slions of the Board ; that the fick
are properly provided for, and that fuitable cloathing
and bedding are furniflied to all : They fhall hear the
grievances of the Prifoners, receive their petitions,
and bring forward the cafes of fuch, whofe condu6i:
and circumftances may appear to merit the attention
of the Board. They fhall be careful to prevent im-
proper out-door cominu. ications with the Prifoners ;
that no fpirituous liquors be admitted on any pre-
tence whatever, except by order of the Phyfician— •
7'hat no intcrcourfe be admitted between the fexes—
T .-£ the regulations of the Board, refpccling the
diftribution of the Prifoners, according to their cha-
racSlers ^nd circumftances, be attended to— That pro-
per means be ufed to promote religious and moral im-
prov; rnent, by the introducllon of ulcful books, and
pi»>c«;.'mg the performance of divine fervice, as often,
as \r.^y be.

They fliall, from time to time, report to the Com-
liiifTioncrs of the County, all fuch Prifoners who have
been fent from other Counties, and have incurred at

charge

■ 1

.. ■■:-{■ '''''' ^

' -f.-:-

.. *;■. *•■

u 1

': '■ ■*!» '■f>}

1' ■'' ' ';

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i6o

A VOVAGE TO THfi

charge for their maintenance, more than the profits of
their labour will defray, in order that compenfat.on
niuy be had as the law dirc^s.

Thev (hall caufe fair returns to be made out, and
laid before the board monthly, of all the Prifoners,
their crimes, length of confinement, by whom com-
„,itted, when and how difcharged, fince the preceding
return.

They (hall attend to the Keeper, Deputies, and Af-
ftftants, by obferving their treatment of the Pnfoners,
and fufFer no perfons addiclcd to liquor, making uie
of profane fwearing, or other improper language, to
be employed on this duty.

They fhall conftantly bear in mind, that all men are
free until legal proof is made to the contrary ; they
will' therefore take care that no perfon is held in con-
finement, on bare fufpicion of being a runaway flave ;
and thofe perfons who are adually llaves, and not ap.
plied for by proper claims, within a limited time,
Lll be returned to the Supreme or other proper
Court, for a Habeas Corpus, to remove them accord-
in. to law; and generally they mall fee, that the pre-
fect and fubfcquent direcTions of the Board be carried
intoefFe-1:.

KEEPER OF TrTF. TRISON.

The Keeper of the Prifon, bcfidcs attending to the

hk keeping of the Prifoners, ihall carefully infpeft

*^ into

UNITED STATES.

i6i

into their moral condudl, fliall enjoin a ftrliH: attention
to the regulations relative to cleanlinefs, fobricty, and
induftry, and be careful to avoid that penalty which is
incurred by fuffering a criminal to efcape. He fhall
alfo, with the approbation of two of the Infpedlors,
provide a fufficient quantity of ftock and materials,
working tools, and implemcnis for the conftant em-
ployment of the Prifoners. He fhall deliver out their
work and receive it from them by weight or meafure,
as the cafe may be, in order that embezzlement or
wafte may be prevented, by the Prifoners; and by
every laudable means in his power, make their labour
as profitable as pofiible. He fhall, as the lawdirefls,
keep fcparatc accounts for all convidls fcntenced to la-
bour fix months and upwards, in which the expence
of cloathing and fubfiftence fhall be charged, and a
reafonable allowance for their labour be credited ;
thcfe accounts fhall be balanced at fhort periods, ia
order that the Prifcnci at his difcharge, may receive
the proportion, if any, that is due to him.

He fhall caufe all accounts concerning the mainte-
nance of the Prifoners to be entered in a book or books
for the purpofe, and fhall alfo keep feparatc accounts
of the flock and materials purchafed by him ; fhall
take proper vouchers wherever money is expended ;
fhall regularly credit the materials manufavSlured and
fold, mentioning to whom and when difpofed of; and
at every quarterly meeting of the board, fhall exhibit
his accounts and vouchers for their approbation and
allowance.

M TURN*-

W^ I

t- k

m/&

TV'

A VOYAGE TO THE

:^t-i':

TURNKEY.

The Turnkey (hall admit no pcrfons except the In-
fpeaors, Keeper, his Deputies, Servants or Affiftants,
Omcers, and Minillers of Juttice, Counfcllors, or At-
tornies at Law, mphycrl by a Prifoner, Minifters of the
Gofpel, or pcrfons producing a written licenfc figned
by two of the faid Infpeaors ; and the latter only in
his prefence, or fomc one of the Officers of the
Prifon. He fliall prevent the admiffion of any fpirit-
uous liquors or any other improper article to the ori-
foners, and on every attempt of this kind that may be
deteacd, he fliall make difcovery thereof, in order that
the penalty infliaed by law may be recovered.

keeper's deputies, kc.

The Keeper's Deputies and Afliflants fliall be care-
ful to prefervc clcanlinefs, fobriety, and induftry among
the Prifoners ; to inform them of the Rules of the
Iloufc, and to enjoin an obfcrvancc of them by mild
yet firm mcafurcs ; they Oiall be careful to prevent ern-
bezzlement, vvaltc, o ' deftruaion of implements or
materials ; they fliall conftantly refide in the Houfe,
and infpea the ccndua and labour of the Prifoners—
report the negligent, profane, or diforderly, (who
Ihall be removed) and the induftrious, quiet, and ex-
emplary, that they may be recommended by the Viflt-
jng Infpeaors, who have it in charge to bring fuch to
the favorable notice of the Board.

The Vi

ftight, tW(

and two ii
the infide <
They flial
night to tl
day, who
it before th
and as the
their vigila
circumftan
regular and

Fihuery 26, 1

Appr
Approved

Appri

^VATCH-

tJNITED STATES.

WATCHMEN,

163

The Watchmen '^.all continue In the Prifon all
ftlght, two of whom ftiall be within the Iron Gate,
and two in the Infpcdlor's Room — They fhall pitrole
the infide conftantly, and ftrike the Bell every ht ur—
They (hall report any remarkable occurrence of the
night to the Clerk of the Prifon, on the fuccceding
day, who fhall commit the fame to writing, and lay
it before the Vifitinglnfpedtors, at their next meeting ;
and as the Hifcty of the Prifon fo much depends 011
their vigilance and attention, it is required, that no
circumftaucc fhall prevent the performance of their
regular and frequent rounds.

■> i. ' '

!"•

(1,1* K |.

yni '

'i!

HMi

» '- .''C

Signed by order of the Board,
F^iruary 26. ,792. GEORGE IVIEADE, Chairman,

Approved, JOHN BARCLAY, Mayor.

Approved, W. ROBERTSON, iun. ) Judges of th«
T. L. MOORE, f ^""" "^" ^"'"-

' J moa Pleas,

Approved, HILARY BAKER,) .,,

J. M. NESBITT, I Aldermen.

■

•

f' ' "^N^'J

There

i ■♦■i."

ill

164

A VOYAGE TO Tut

There arc a vafl number of charitable inrtitutlon^
in this city, which would take up too much time
here even to enumerate.

t went into the market trcquently, and aflcocl the
prices of all kinds of provifions. For a round f beef
I was afked fevcnpcncc per pound, equal to rour-
pence per pound fterling, but it was not equal m
goodncfs to our's ; veal, fivcpcncc currency 5 mutton.
Lpence ; an ox-heart, elevenpence, or fixpence-
halfpcnny ftcrling ; for a fine fat turkey, a dollar ;
pigeons, vcrv plenty and cheap ; pork, exceedmg hnc
and good, at threepence-halfpenny and fourpcncc
flcrling per pound.

They burn wood chiefly, a cord of which you may
buy from on board Ihip, for five dollar,, that is, a pile
of logs eight feet long, and four feet fquare. There
are free negroes always waiting about the fliips, with
little neat faws in their hands, who ofter to faw it up
for you, for half a dollar a chord.

Polbgc ol letters is dear at prefent ; you pay for a
fnigle letter, equal to threepence for thirty miles ; un-
der fixty miles, fourpcnce -, above one hundred, and
Ids than one hundred and fifty miles, fixpence. Every
newfpapcr fent by poll, under one hundred miles, pays
one cent, or halfpenny.

The pleafanteft walk at Philadelphia, is the State
Gardens, behind the Houfc of Reprcfentatives. It

1$ fomcthin
! ge. I h:
by the ftag<
that place,
the next d
two miles
blood and
the weathci
Had 1 gone
fix miles <
which I wi

There an

Four St;
Town, Eli

Two St

day, and ]
dred and tv
of Waftiinj
is a flage a

One to
five miles
nefday.

One Su

tTNlTED STATES.

i6$

iS fomcthing like Kenfington Gardens, but not fo
! ge. I had intended to have went on to Baltimore,
by the ftagc, which fcts out three times a week for
that place, at nine in the morning, and arrives there
the next day to dinner, diftance one hundred ami
two miles -, Viut I was fearful of over-heating my
blood and contrafting a fever ; for the heat ot
the weather, at this time, wa almoft infupportablc.
Had 1 gone thither, 1 fhould have been within iorty-
fix miles of the new federal city of Wafliington,
which 1 wiflicd very much to have feen.

There are the following regular Stages from

Philadelphia,

Four Stages every day to Briftol, Trenton, Prince
Town, Elizabeth Town, and New York.

Two Stages to Baltimore, every Monday, Wednef-
day, and J^riday, for one guinea, diftance one hun-
dred and two miles. From thence to the federal city
ofWafhington, forty-fix miles, at which place there
is a ftage alfo.

One to Harriiburgb, on the Sufquehanah, (forty-
iive miles from Northumberland Town) every Wed-
nefday.

One Stage to Lancafter, every Tuefday and Friday.

M3 It

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IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)

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Sciences
Corporation

23 WEST MAIN STREET

WEBSTER, N.Y. 14S80

(716)872-4503

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L<5>

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i66

A VOYAGE TO THE

It is fixty miles on the road towards Harrifburgh j farC
three dollars.

One Stage to Bethlehem, on the Lehi River,
through German Town, every day, except Sunday, at
three in the morning. A diftance of about fifty miles,
for which you pay only two dollars. This place is
well worth feeing, from the peculiarity of the inha-
bitants living altogether, as one family. In their
houfe or houfes of induftry, every perfon is fully em-
ployed J the fmgle young men in one houfc, the fin-
gle young women in another, and the married in a
third. Mr. Van Bleck, who has the chief diredlioa
of the whole, will anfwcr any enquiries that may be
made about it. '

COINS OF THE UNITED STATES.

' ^ ( Cent, is i-hundredth part of a Dollar,

^°PP"i Half Cent. ^ .

/'Dollar, - 4$. 6d. .

\ Half ditto, - 2 3

Silver <^ Qiiarter ditio i i^

i Difmes, o 5 & 2-fifths.

V.Half Difmes, o a | or i -20th of a dollar,

r Eagles, - 10 Dollars, or 45s. cd.
Gold < Half Eagles, 5 ditto.

t Quarter ditto, 2^ ditto,

22
Jl

6
3

The

UNITED STATES.

167

•'The Gold Coin is not to be iflued till the year
1800, when the mint is to be eftabliflied in the nev7
federal city.

Four day? before I came to Philadelphia, there ar-
rived an embafTy from the Cherokee and Creek In-
dians. I faw fome of them, (Flamingo and Double-
head,) walking the llreets, followed ^by a crowd of
boys. I intended to have got acquainted with them,
and informed them, that I was a fubjea: of the great
King George, on the other fide the great waters, and
that I wiflied to fmoke a calamet with them, and to
have procured a belt of wampum ; but when I heard
that Flamingo (the tall, ftout fellow I faw) had
bragged publicly, that he had in his time fhed human
blood enough to fwim in, I was fo much fhocked,
that 1 never wiflied to fee them any more. They all
lodged (about twenty men and women) in a kind of
barn, at the weft end of High-ftreet, not far from the
■ new manfion building for the Prefident. Some of
the Indians, when they can get rum, will drink till
they fall down fenfelefs on the fpot, where they will
lie, with hardly any motion, for ten or twelve hours ;
then rife, as if out of a profound fleep, ftill ftupid,and
if they can get it, will repeat the dofe again, till they
fall into the fame fituation. It feems the immoderate
and general ufe of fpirits, is the greatelt caufe of their
depopulation.

In the year 1761, the Indians began to be fenfiblc
of the bad efFea of fpirituous liquors. At a Congrefs

M4 i^cld

•.!«

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III ■

A VOYAGE TO THE

held at Oneida, September 8, a Sachem, at the con-
clufion of the treaty, finifhed his fpeech with thefc
words :— « We requeft that the great men would
forbid the traders bringing any more rum amongft us,
for we iind it not good j it dejlroys our bodies and our

jouu:'

About four ytars before this, a Mr. Eleazer Whee-
lock, and fome other pious minifters of the gofpel,
attempted to convert thefe Indians to Chriftianity, and
eftablifhed an Indian fchool, at Lebanon, in Connec-
ticut. Among others, the famous Jofeph Brant was
educated by him, who came over to England about
ten years ago. But the Indian nations foon faw
how little better the Englifh themfelves were for being
Chriftians. and they foon left ofF fending their chil-
dren to their fchools for education.

Two days after my arrival, I called on Mr. VV. B.
Grove, Member for North Carolina, at Francis's
Hotel, by recommendation of Dr. Smith, of Prince
Town, refpedling the college going to be ereded in
North Carolina, (thirteen miles fouth of Ilillfbo-
rough, and twenty-five miles from Rawleigh, the
feat of government) the prefidency cf which was in-
tended to be offered to Dr. Prieftly ; but as Dr. P.
had informed me he had made up his mind to accept
of no public employment whatever, the purport of my
yifit was, to engage it, if poflible, for a friend of mine
in England, who had requ^lted me to look oyt for
Tuch ^ fituation for him*

Mr,

Mr.Grc

me to Mr,

X fpent an

of convert

not vote a

our minif

large, we

«* Why c

♦ « yov" n

Why do

them out

country,

Had Lore

in 9 ruinc

juftice, o

hardy en

have don<

with imi

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jintereft,

men, as c

Ihcir pric

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nian had
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becomin<
the obfer

Comn
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UNITED STATES,

169

Mr. Grove received me very cordially, and introduced
me to Mr. Macon, his brother member, with vvhoin
I fpent an hour or two very agreeably. In the courfe
of converfation, I faid, I hoped their legiflature A^ould
not vote a war with Great Britain, for the errors of
our minittry, for I could afTure them, the nation at
large, were friendly and well difpofcd towards them.
« Why do you then fufFer," fays he, impatiently,
♦ « yo-r miniftry to aft as they have lately doae ?
Why do not you bring them to account, or turn
them out ?" " You may do it," faid 1, " in your
country, but it is a matter of fome difficulty with us.
Had Lord North and his colleagues, that involved us
in a ruinous war with you, been brought to public
juftice, our prefent Minifters would not have been
hardy enough to have gone the lengths they now
have done. But they know too w^ll they can do it
with impunity. Befides, they have the art of bring-
ing over, from time to time, the leaders of the whig
jntereft, fo that the people begin to diftruft all great
men, as only Tiding with them till the Minifter bids Co
Ihcir price."

I ufed to think Walpole's aflertion, " Tha^ every
man had his price," was too fevere a fatire on man-
kind ; but from fo many recent inftances of great men
becoming apoftates, I fear there is too much reafori for
the obfervation.

Commend ir. ;, however, to honefl Andrew Marvel,
dining on his cold fhoulder of mutton, fweetened with

the

'.'■^' \

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,M>: !■

■ ' i'l

■ ■ >« li

■m

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i7<5

A VOYAGE TO THE

the enjoyment of an independent mind, rather than to
h.Dncft Edmund Burke, ruminating (but not in trope
and figure) over one thoufand two hundred pounds per an"
num, out of the civil Uji, ivith two thoufand five hundred
pounds per annum more^ out of the four and a half per
cents, accepted by him, in defiance of a law (paffed at his
euin particular injiigation) againft fuch enormous pen-
fions being ever granted without the previous confcnt
of parliament, and for procuring which, his country
once honored, refpedled, and loved him ;

Heu quantum mutatus ab illo*

Mr. Grove the next day went v/ith me to the Stafe
Iloufe, and introduced me to the two Senators, Go-
vernor Mar^-n ?»nd Mr. Hawkins, who, with himfelf,
were truftee^ to the new intended College ; but public
bufinefs foon engaging their attention, they informed
me, I fliould have a written anfwer from them the
next morning j and Mr. Grove accordingly brought
me the following :

" Senate Chambci-, June 6, 1794.

« The Senators of North Carolina cannot
take upon themfelves to give any opinion on the fub-
jcft of your letter. They will receive with pleafure
any information Dr. Prieflly may honor them with,
relative to the charadler and qualifications of the Re-
verend I. P. E. They will lay the fame before the
Truftees, at their next meeting, and communicate to

him

UNITED ST ATES.

171

him their determination thereon. They can only add,
that a recommendation from Dr. Prieftly, would in-
fure a friendly attention tc, and a preference for

any gentleman.

« W. B. Grove,
Of the Houfe of Reprefentatives."

;e
n

Here follows an AhJlraB which I made from a
Manufcript 0/ Mr. Jofeph Prieflly (the Doc^
tor's eldejl Son) of his Ohfervations daring a
Journey from Philadelphia to the Loyalfoc,
on the wejlem branch of the Sifquehanah, one
hundred and eighty miles N, W. of that City,

«' December 14, 1793. "We left Philadelphia, and
paired the Falls of the Skuylkil to Norris Town, fe-
venteen— to Pratt, eighteen— to Pottfgrove, twelve—
and then to Reading, fifty-fix miles from Phila-
delphia. Thefe places are all fituate on the banks of
the Skuylkil. The houfes at Reading are moftly
built of ftone. We crofTed the river, and came to
Hamburgh, a town lately built by the Germans. Ta
Reads, fourteen miles. Here 1 faw a log houfe, very
neat, with four rooms on a floor ; the infide work,
including doors, windows, wainfcoting, locks, &c.
altogether coft only (eventy pounds currency; (forty-
two pounds;) it wastafty, and well finifned. The
outftde work the owner did for himfelf. Venifon is the

common

. -p. - II,..','

1/2

A VOYAGE TO THE

common food, being in great plenty in the neighbour-
ing woods.

" Sunbury, one hundred and thirty-one miles from
Philadelphia. The land in this neighbourhood very
rich, but not any great quantity of it to be cultivated,
as the town is clofely furrounded by mcuntains. It
fells here from twenty-five to thirty pounds an acre.
[I fuppofe he means currency] The prices of grain at
Sunbury, are as follow :

Wheat - 5s. cd. currency, per bufhe'. of 6olb,
Rye - 4 6 ditto.
Oats - 2 6 ditto.
Buckwheat z 6 ditto.

«« Beef, threepence halfpenny, currency ; venifon,
fourpence j butte* , twopence per pound j labour,
three fliillings .' day ; (one fhilling and ninepencc
three farthings fterling) or three Ihillings and nine-
pence, (two {hillings and threepence fterling) if they
iind thcmfelves in food. Crops, generally from
twenty to th-rty bufhels an acre, [of wheats I fuppofe]
fent for fale ufually to Middletown, (fifty miles down
the Sufquehanah, at its conflux with Swatara Creek)
at two (hillings and fixpence per hundred weight
(one Ihilling and fixpence.) Carriage by land fronn
Middleton to Philadelphia, is feven ihillings and fix*
pence (four ihillings and fixpence) per hundred
weight. Cyder of good quality, fells at Sunbury for
thr^e to foqr dQllars a barrel, of thirty onQ gallons
i and

UNITED STATES.

'73

and a half. Surveying of land and making the proper
return, cofts thirty-five (hillings (twenty-one fhillings
fterling) per hundred acres. In clearing of land, you
pay thirty-five (hillings per acre, for grubbing and
burning, exclufive of cutting down the trees.

« Northumberland, is a town finely fituate at the con--
flux of the eaft and welt branches of the Sufquehai.ah,
one hundred and thirty-three miles from Philadelphia.
Sunbury and Northumberland may contain from one
hundred to one hundred and fifty houfes each. A log
houfe, built upon a (lone foundation, having four
rooms, (with floors) twelve feet fquare each, with a
thorough paflage, fini(hed in the infide, in a plain
manner, will coft two hundred and fifty pounds cur-
rency, or one hundred and fifty pounds flerling. As
an inftance of the rapid advance of land, we were in-
formed, that the unoccupied lands in this town were
ofFered to fale two years ago, for two thoufand
pounds. This year, the owner refufed ten thoufand
pounds."

r-.'f'lil

Major Piatte's Obfervatiom, and Account of the Country
three miles from MIdcIleion, where he lives, feventyfix
miles N. W. of Philadelphia,

Firft, That a bed of limeftone was found juft be-
low the furface of the earth, all over that part of the
country.

Second, The winters are lefs fevere there than on

the

U'i

U4-

A VOYAGE TO THE

the eaftcrn parts of the ftate. In the beginning of
March they break up the ground, and arc fcldom,
if ever, afteded with frofts afterwards.

Third. March, April, and May, was generally fine
fpring weather*

Fourth, The crop of wheat there, was about
twenty-five bufliels from each acre.

Fijib* The then prefent price of grain, was as fol-
lows : wheat, five fliillings and fixpence, or three
fhillings and fourpcnce flerling j rye, four {hillings ;
oats, two fhillings and fixpence. Labour, three fhil-
lings a day,

Sixth. That land on the banks of the river, partly
improved, fells from three pounds to fevcn pounds per
acre j and further back in the country, at thirty fhiU
lings on to fix dollars per acre.

Muncy Creek, is one hundred and fixty-two miles
from Philadelphia, a fine flream of water; the lands
on its borders are rich, and abounding with the fineft
of timber. The Sufquehanah navigable one hundred
and twenty miles further up, for boats of ten tons
burthen.

Whitaker, an inn-keeper there, gave me the follow-
ing prices ; For grubbing, fifteen fhillings an acre,

" with

with two I

twelve fhi!

wool, tw

fixpence f

pence far

there, unc

duce as th

inches dei

one tcarrj

timber ti

fixteen n

houfe, w

ries high

in four c

feet by ei

fix poun<

The

miles) i
valley oi
reft of tl
confiftin
feet dcej
fine, an
kind of]
is called
excellen

Mr.
weltern
part of

UNITED STATES.

»75

with two drams a day ; fhcep cod from ten fliilllngs to
twelve {hillings and fixpence (fcvcn (hillings fterling;)
wool, two {hillings and fixpence, or one (hilling and
fixpence fterling; beef, threepence halfpenny, or two-
pence farthing fterling. Whitakcr occupies lands
there, under Mr. Wallis, paying one third of the pro-
duce as the rent ; ploughs the ground (three or four
inches deep, with cafe) an acre and a half a day with
one teatn. In one day, he often cuts down thirty
timber trees to their proper lengths. He fays, that
fixteen men can draw the logs and conftruiSt a log
houfe, with two large rooms on a floor, and two fto-
ries high, in a day, A man can grub an acre of land
in four or five days. He valued his houfe (twenty-
feet by eighteen) at fixty pounds, or more, i.e. thirty-
fix pounds fterling

The Loyalfoc (one hundred and feventy-four
miles) is a very broad and rapid ftream, running in a
valley or bottom, ten or twelve feet lower than the
reft of the ground ; the valley about half a mile broad,
confifting entirely of very rich black mould, feveral
feet deep. The timber upon it is exceeding lofty and
fine, and grows without much underwood. This
kind of land, whether on the banks of creeks or rivers,
is called bottom land. // is too rich for wheaty but is
excellent for Indian corn, or for grazing,

Mr. Woolftoncraft examined the lands of the
weftern branch of the Sufquehanah j h', prefers that
part of the country to any other that he has yet feen.

t';'!

■KM i-y'

III: ^1

,1 ' ■■

176 A VOYAGE TO THE

He dcfcrlbcs the lands at the head of Muncy Creek, af
beech lands, and the hills, as very fine lands, even to
their tops. Alom is found in this country. He came
down the Loyalfoc in a canoe, ten miles an hour.
With refpea to lands in that country, he laid, that
Dr. Rufli had given him his choice of fevcral four
hundred acre lots, (rich bottom lands) at five fhillings
an acre, fix months credit. That Mr. Morris had of-
fered forty thoufand pour.us, currency, for Muncy
farms, lying along the Sufquchanah feven or eight
miles.

At Sunbury, I met, in my return, with Mr. Wal-
lis, of Muncy. He had lately bought two hundred
thoufand acres upon Toby's Creek, which is naviga-
ble into the Alleghany river j and, by a porterage of
tvrenty miles, communicating with the Sinemahoning,
and, by that creek, with the Sufquehanah. This land
he would fell for five (hillings (three {hillings fterling)
per acre, ready money.

The Sufquehanah abounds with fhad, falmon,
roach, trout, chub, fun-fifli, and perch. The lands
produce from twenty-five to thirty bufliels of wheat
per acre.

Mr. Pricftly met with an ingenious fettler, of the
name of White, who has a diftillery, where he makes
his rye into whifkey, after the following method:—
To a bufliel and a half of "rye, four quarts of malt,
and a handful of hops, he adds fifteen gallons of

boiling

UNITED STATES,

177

boiling water, which (lands four hours; then he
adds ^'xtccn gallons more ; he then aUI^ two quarts of
ycall (made during the fummcr, by boiling malt and
hops.) It will take fiJC days properly to ferment i in
winter, fcven days. It is now put into a fti'l, the
bottom of which is defended From the heat of the fire
by a row of pigs of iron and clay, the flue being car-
ried round ihc body of the flill.

One bufhcl of rye produces about eleven quarts,
which fells at four (hillings and fixpence per gallon.
The wafli is good for the hogs.

{N. B, I had copied out, fur the Printer, from my Jour-
nal thus far, before I found, by looking into Cooper's
Pamphlet, that he had publifhed thefe fadts already; I
forbear, therefore, writing further, and Ihall only pro-
ceed to add, from Mr. Pricllly's Journal, what Cooper
feemsnot to have noticed.)

Information respcoling Hagar*s Toivn, on the Potomack,
J^arylaml slcky part of the Shenandoah Valley^ at the
Head of the fFaters of AntiSfam^ seventy-five miles
from Baltimore^ eighty from yflexandria^ fifty-four
from Carlisle f and one hundred and sixty from Pitti'
burgh,

K.B. The following Tikci of Articles are injteillng Money, and-', It W3sini79j.

Indian corn, one fhilling and fixpence a bufhel—
wheat, three fiiillings — potatoes, fiftccn-pence to eigh-

N tcen-pence

■m

'kA I

111

178

A VOYAGE TO THE

tcen-pence per bulhel— flour, ie.en fliiUings an^
eightpence for one hundred and twelve pounds-ap-
pies, fifteen-pence per buflicl-butter, fixpence per
pound-cheefe, fixpence-halfpenny-brown fugar,
nine-pcnce-halfpenny-maple, fcvcnpence— loaf, fix-
teen-pence (cheaper when at peace in the Weft Indies)
Port wine, fix fhiUings and nine-pence— Madeira,
thirteen (hillings and fixpence. Beer not much ufed.
Cyder, twopence three farthings per gallon (by the
barrel, twopence)--mutton, twopence— veal, three-
halfpence— bacon, fourpence-farthing— hams, five-
pence-halfpenny. Fifli, none but fAked. Fowls,
threepence each-ducks, fevenpence-halfpenny to
eightpence— foap, fevenpence per pound— candles, fe-
venpence-wood, a dollar a cord (a bundle made up
pight feet long, four feet wide, and four feet high)
^coals, fourteen-pence per buihel, dug in the neigh-
bourhood, none ufed in dwelling houfes. Shoes, five
Ihiiiings to feven fliillings and fixpence a pair. Of
clothing, one hundred pound's worth in England, is
here worth one hundred and forty pounds. The
houfes built moftly of wood ; birch fcantling cofts
three-halfpence per foot, running meafure. Mafons
are paid for building brick wail, eighteen inches thick,
fourpence per perch ; bricks, three dollars a thoufand ;
window glafs, ten dollars per hundred foot ; female
fervants, two (hillings a week i male, four dollars j^
month J— difficult to procure them.

The number of inhabitants in Hagarftown Is about
two thoufand ; a healthy country i a great trade, by

UNITED STATES.

179

means of the Potomac, with the weftern country.
The inhabitants are chiefly Germans. Hsre follows
z lift of the trades there : fix working faddler's fhops,
two leather breeches makers, two copper fmiths, ten
blackfmiths, four rifle gunfmiths, two earthen-ware
{hops, two tin-plate workers, fix hatters, five tan-
yards, three blue dyers, (moft of the families make
home-fpun cloth, as formerly in England) one fulling
mill, three nail manufa^Slories,

The roads are good in fummer, except where the
lime-ftone makes them rough. A poft to and from
Baltimore and Philadelphia once a week.

The places of worfhip are — one Englifli Epifcopal,
one German Lutheran, one German Prefbyterian,
one Roman Catholic. The fchools are — two En-
glifli, one German, and one girl's boarding fchool.
The claffics are not taught ; no library, no book foci-
ety ; one weekly newfpaper, (about two hundred and
fifty copies fold) befides about fifty German newfpa*
pers from Lancaiter, every week, and fifty Baltimore
ones. Soil, a dark loam, fix inches thick ; the wood,
oak, black and white hiccory, walnut, and wild lo-
cuft. Cattle require fodder from November till
April, Price of eftates, when about half cleared,
from fixteen to twenty-four dollars an acre. A good
working pair of oxen, twelve pounds ; cows, in the
fpring, foon after calving, three pounds j horfes for
the plough, fix pounds to eighteen pounds ; fat iheep,
fixt^ea or eighteen pounds to the quarter, about

N 2 twelve

■*;;.;:■' i

;1 . i

'■1

1-4

''. i V

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i8o

A VOYAGE TO THE

twelve {hillings ; a cart for two horfes, five pounds ;
waagon, fifteen pounds ; hay, thirty killings a ton,
of "either timothy grafs, or clover, delivered in the
town.

The buildings neceflary on a farm there, are a barn,
a fmall warehoufe, or crib, (for they grow but little
Indian corn) llables, and cow houfe. Thefe two laft
are generally under the barn, and built of ftone.
There is a county tax for roads, amounting to two
fhillings and threepence on fixty pounds.

Jnformailon rcspe^ing the Counties of Frederic and Birk-
ley, in Virginia, (part of the Shenandoah Valley) taken
at a general Meeting of the Inhabitants, at Winchester
and its vicinity, anno 1 J g^*

Market at Winchcfter twice a week : aconftant va-
riety of butcher's meat in feafon i poultry and veni-
fon in great plenty; pork fit for faking and bacon;
good water found every where j Indian corn, at cigh-
teen-pence fterling per bufhel ; oats on average, at
fifteen-pence ; wheat, two fliillings to three (hillings ;
barley cafy to cultivate, but little in demand ; (cyder
, and whifkey being the common drink ;) rye, two (hil-
lings and threepence; potatoes, fifleen-penrs halfpenny
perbu(he] ; wheal flour, fevcn (hillings and fixpencc for
one hundred pounds j apples, of fine flavour, and in
great plenty, i>'i« '-pence per bu(hel, at the fall, and
from fourtecn-p^ncc to eighteen-pencc halfpenny after
Chfiftinasi peaches, one diUing and fixpence to

three

UNITED STATES.

i8i

three (hillings a bufiiel ; butter," fourpencc halfpenny
to fcvcn-pence ; cheefe, fourpencc halfpenny; country
made honey, three fhillings and ninepence a gallon j
cane and maple fugar, eightpence to ninepence per
pound ; Liibon, fix (hillings a gallon ; (lierry, fix
fliillings and ninepence ; Port, feven (hillings and fix-
pence } (beer, none made) London porter, twelve
(hillings a dozen ; Philadelphia porter, nine (hillings ;
old cyder, feven (hillings and fixpence a barrel of thirty
gallons ;— new, four (hillings and fixpence ; mutton,
pork, venifon, twopence farthing per pound ; falmon,
forty-five (hillings a barrel j ducks, four (hillings and
fixpence to fix (hillings and ninepence a dozen ; geefe,
thirteen-pence halfpenny to eighteen-pence a piece;
turkeys, thirteen-pence halfpenny to twenty-two
pence halfpenny a piece j wild turkeys, two (hillings
and threepence ; pheafants, fourpencc halfpenny j,
partridges, ninepence to twelvepence per dozen -, can-
dles, ninepence per pound.

..:., C,

» : ji

Lodging and board in the town of Winchefter,
from twelve pounds to twenty-two pounds ten fh'iU
lings per annum ', ditto, in the country, from nine
pounds to thirteen pounds ten (hillings ; wages to
houfhold fervants, eight pounds ; to female, four ;
land there, is from fifteen (hillings to feventy five fhil-
lings an acre, and (lill rifingi working oxen, nine
pounds a pair, (or forty dollars j) a good cow and calf,
three pounds ; a plough horie, feven pounds ten ibiU
lings to thirteen pounds, ten (hillings ^ waggon horfes,
from thirteen pounds ten (hillings to twenty-feven

N 3 pounds $

Mif ^

iM'l !

I *,

A VOYAGE TO THE

pounds ; fhecp, from fix fhillings to nine (hillings J
lambs, a dollar a piece ; hay, thirty fliillings in town,
and twenty-two fhillings and fixpence in the country }
fize of eftates, from fifty to two thoufand acres. The
maple fugar tree not cultivated. Market for produce,
is Alexandria, on the Potomac ; waggons will take a
barrel of flour, weighing one hundred and ninety-fix
pounds, for five fhillings and ninepence ; the diftance
is eighty miles. Flour fells here at twenty fhillings 3
barrel. ♦

In 1741, the only towns of note in Maryland,
were Annapolis, Chefter, and George Town; the
latter place, in 1736, had but fifteen houfes j in four
years, they incrcafcd to feventy ; Baltimore then had
not a being J in 1795, it had two thoufand houfes,
one hundred and fifty-two ftorcs, or (hops, and eleven
thoufand inhabitants*

i *

Taken from Mr Toulmin*i Journa**

A gentleman of Virginia means to fix all his Ions in

Kentucky, not doubting but that it will be the iirft in
the Union. This perfon took fcrvants thither, hired
a waggon with four horfes and a driver, from Frc-
dericfburgh to Red Stone, for eighteen pounds fifteen
(hillings, in which he took two thoufand pounds
weight of goods, and the children of his (laves ; af
Red Stone, he purchafed a boat for fix pounds nine
(hillings, in which he carried down the Ohio river,

thirteen

UNITED S T ATES,

thirteen hdrfes, twenty-one negroes, thirteen white
people, and one hundred pounds worth of bulky ar-
ticles. No diftinaion aflumed on account of rank
br property. A general attachment to the federal
union j but a jealoufy of the monied intereft of the
Noi'thern ftates,

Bufmefs conduced at popular afiemblies with re-
gularity and propriety ; no fymptoms of ariftocratical
influence, but a prevailing jealoufy of a man of large
fortune.

A candidate for an oiRcc will fometimes canvaf?,
but the reputation of an opponent will often obtain a
vote in preference. Eleftions conduded very quiet—
fcldom any difordcr. No expences : uend them. All
males, ffom fifteen to forty-five, liable to ferve in the
militia.

A gentleman ufed to fend every year for labourers
from Scotland, and indenture them for five years, who
all in the end obtained plantations for themfelves.
Price of land depends on foil and convenience to
market. They are moft of them very indifferent
ploughmen.

In the Geneflee country, have lately Ven difcovcred
two fulphur fprings. Before this, it was generally
fuppofed there were no mines of fulphur in any part
of the United Sute»

Ohsn*

? ^^"Hf

»^ !

.'^■'r^

Mr .■,>■ %

■V;;t'

i84

A VOYAGE TO THE

Ohfervations on the City of Philadelphia.

All the ftrcets run parallel, or crofs each other at

right angles.

Almoft every houfe of trade has an afcent of fteps
to enter, and a floping cellar window or door, to re-
ceive goods, &c.

Many houfcs five, fome fix ftorics high ; all roofed
with fhingles, i.e. with pieces of oak, of the fliape of
tiles, but twice as large. The houfcs (at Icaft the mo-
dern ones) built of brick.

High-flrcct, is the widert ftrcet, and is about the
centre of the town, reaching from the river Delawar,
nearly two miles towards the Skuylkil ; it is forty yards
wide, and down the middle of the ftrect is a market
houfe, thirty feet wide, and half a mile long j in one
part of it is the fhambles, another, poultry and gardcn-
ftufF, &c. Here you can have a good long walk in all
weather, and here it was (being oppofile Dr. Frank-
lyn's houfe) where he ufed to walk moft evenings in
the early part of his life*

Every thirty yards there is a public pump exerted in

all the principal flreets.

No ilaves allowed here, but moft of the fcrvants and

labourers are free negroes.

A great many Germans fettled at Philadelphia i on

the

the figns
and trades
viz. Alley

A tax I

per annun

Executi
fcffion, th
death, exc

More t1
in Englan

Very li
make vifii
cufloms a
veiled bon
laft year ii
fliort canE
tafte, and

Schools
much wai

Houfe
fummer i
very loud

The V

UNITED STATES.

185

the figns over their fhop doors they have their names
and trades cxprefled both in Engliih and German text,
viz. Alleyne Innis, Hat Maker. itlUlUU "Jm^^^ HJatf)

A tax on dogs and one horfe chairs, five fhillings
per annum.

Executions feldom happen here. A law pafTed laft
fcflion, that nobody (hould undergo the punifhment of
death, except it be for murder.

More thunder and lightning here in one week than
in England a whole year.

Very little card playing in this city; they often
make vifits without introducing them ; yet Englifii
cuftoms and manners generally prevail ; the ladies in
veiled bonnets, carrying large fans, like the fafhion of
laft year in England : the gentlemen with round hats,
fliort canes in their hands, their coats ia the Englifh
tafte, and wearing pantaloons.

Schools for genteel female education fcarce and
much wanted, as Mr. Hamilton told me.

Houfe flics very numerous and troublefome in the
fummer months; and the croaking of the bull frogs
very loud and difagreeable in the environs of the city.

The weather very changeable -, Fahreinheit's ther-
mometer

., . '>/ it"*!! i

vK',

i ; .;■' i

■' J

H \

■ : ri

k
1-1

III

■*..:

'•■. 'i!*i

i86

A VOYAGE TO THE

mometer was at 95, July 2, 1792. an^ the next
day, at 72, and a week after again at 91 ; May 3, at
54, and May 31, at 92 i January 23, at 14. J^nd Ja-
nuary 31, at 39; this is very ditllrent from Briffot's
account of it ; but thefe extremes are obferved to
leilen every year, as the back country becomes more
cultivated.

Smith, fo common a name in America, that in Phi-
ladelphia alone, there are eighty-lix trading houfes bf
that name.

Butter, from fifteen-pence to cightecn-pence per
pound, and not very good.

At leaft one out of ten that 1 met in the ftreets was a
French perfon, wearing the tri-coloured cockade, the
men with them in their hats, the women on their

breafts.

The flate of fociety fecms here to be very fimilar to
that which, in England, is found at Briftol, where
there is an intermixture of Quakers, except that card-
playing is not fo frequent.

The chief revenue of the United States arifes not
from internal taxation, which is very light, but from
the duties on the imports and tonnage j thefe in the
year 17^?, amounted to \.li6y.o90 and

in 1795, five million five hundred thoufand dollars.

UNITED STATES.

187

So light are their taxes, that all the inland duties
together do not make more than a feventh part of the
national revenue. A gentleman at New York, told
me, that all the taxes of every kind levied on his
houfe, which he rented at two hundred and ten pounds
per annum, amounted to no more than fix pounds five
{hillings.

The national debt of the United States amounted to
about fixteen millions fterling, which is fuppofcd to
bear far lefs proportion to their national wealth than
our's, not even a fourth, and is every year leflening
that proportion.

The annual exports a few years fince, amounted to
only feventeen millions of dollars ; in the three fuc-
cceding years, they were nearly as follows, viz. twen-
ty-one, twenty-fix, and thirty-three millions. For
the year, ending in September, 1795, they amount to
nearly forty-eight millions i (o that in the fliort fpace
of five years their value has trebled, and even their
a^ual quantity has been greatly augmented.

The Englifh are apt to think of General Wa£hing-
ton as the Greeks did of Heftor—

•< When He£lor falls, then lUon is no more;*'

I was much of that opinion myfelf, before I went to
America, but I now think otherwifc : their govern-
ment is of that mild excellent frame as to require in

the

I. m \

■m

' .|;..Sl<:

A VOYAGE TO THE

1^'

the executive power not great abilities, as the compli-
cated affairs of Europe do, but only a cool judgment,
and a flownefs to adl. If America avoids war and in-
tt?rfcrcnce in the politics of Europe, nothing cnn hurt
her. The fpirit obfcrved in their political clubs and
felf-rreated focieties will do no material mifthicf ; it
will only keep them from falling into that fupinenefs
and paflivc acquiefccnce to the meafurcs of miniftry,
which have been fo fatal to the liberties of the people
in other countries. The warm animated difputcs be-
tween the plebeians and patricians in ancient Rome,
was the foundation of all its greatnefs, and fo, in my
opinion, will be the fparrings between the fedcralifts
and the anti-fcderalifts. A vigorous executive power
is unncceflary in Itates like thofc of America.

• ■ -

Being in company, at Francis's Hotel, with Mr.
Grove, and fome other members from the fouthcrn
flates, I argued as forcibly as 1 could againft the in-
juftice and impolicy, in cafe of a war between the two
countries, of fequellrating or attacking the property of
our countrymen lodged in their funds, upon the good
faith of their public fecurities. Mr. Grove fmiled
acrofs to one of the gentlemen on the oppolite fide, and
faid, I might fatisfy myfelf that fuch a meafure would
never be adopted, however it might have been threa-
tened.

When Mr. Dayton's propofed refolution for the fc-
queftration of all debts due to Britifh fubjcds, was
under debate, Mr. I. Smith quoted a writer upon the

law

law of nai

of individ
txcept fioc
was of op
tion in p
firft view
vour the
tion, th(
nations.

If, ho\
hoflility
faith, by
duals, dc
difgrace
infamous

Mr. (

Houfe, t

who afte

tion to r(

nent of

take me

ftrongly

nufador

almoft f

would h

the coui

long ag

his fam

(hire I

yirgini

UNITED STATES,

189

law of nations, juftifying all reprifals upon the cfFc(Ss
of individuals of the aggrefling nation indifcriminatcly,
txcept /lock in the public funds. Mr. Giles, however,
was of opinion, that there could be no rational diltinc-
tlon in principle. Mr. Swift acknowledged, on the
firft view of thcruhjc6l, he had been inclined to fa-
vour the propofition, but on more mature delibera-
tion, thought it a dircdl violation of the law of
nations.

If, however, America fhould be bold enough, as an
hoftility againft Great Britain, to violate her public
faith, by fequertrating the private property of indivi-
duals, dcpofited bona fide in her funds, flic will highly
difgrace herfelf, and American faith vv^ill become as
infamous and proverbial as Punic faith.

Mr. Grove introduced me, one day, at the State
Houfe, to Colonel Parker, the Member for Virginia,
•who after fome little converfation, gave me an invita-
tion to return with him, and offered, upon the adjourn-
ment of Congrcfs, which was to be the next day, to
take me with him, in his chariot, to Norfolk, and
ftrongly preffed me to fettle there, and cflablifh a ma-
nufadory, and that I might have the work of the JJaves
almoft for nothing. As I am fpeaking of Virginia, I
would here inform my reader, that there is a parifli in
the county of Weftmoreland, called Wafhington, as
long ago as 1720 or 30, before the Prcfidcnt was born,
his family having come out from England (Lincoln-
(hire I believe) about 1657, and fettled in that part of
Virginia. There is a parifli in England, called Wafh-
ington,

:iii.

A'^m i

.r .;•

190

A VOYAGE TO THE

ington, fomcwhere in the county of Durham, from
whence the family probably originated.

RETURN TO NEW YORK,

I fct out on my return to New York, from the
Indian Queen, No. 15, South-Fourth-ftreet, at three
in the morning. The Itagc is to take us thither in
one day, a diftance of more than ninety-tv/o miles.
The only pa/rengcrs at fctting off, were, Mr. W.
Prieftly and myfelf. It was a fine ftar light morning
when we paflcd through the environ Kcnfmgton, and
in the firft hour we reached Frankfort townfhip. In
croffing the bridge over Pennipack Creek, our horfcs,
full of fpirit, took fright, and were very near leaping
the battlements of the bridge, which are very low.
At fun rife we reached the Red Lion. The floping;
ground here, turm-j a beautiful fituation for a gentle-
man's CO ' i; ho ;:e, on tnc banks of the Poquaffink
Creek. From this place, a road runs diredly north to
Warminfter and Hatefborough, which former being
the name of my native place, in England, I wiflied
very much to have vifited, as probably fome people of
that town might have fettled there, and named it, in
compliment to their own native place.

I have obferved that no mufquitoes had yet appeared
at Philadelphia, notwithftanding the exceffive heat, al-
though I had beiore found them in great plenty in the
jieighbourhood of New York,

At fiftcc
rying groii
chapel nea
with a lloi
their dead
the corpfc

Wcpal

that was I

was a thic

that is, th

which pre

fpcedily.

are famuu

acres, an(

will contr

acre, or 1

the old ft

fmall woe

tion they

wheat wil

about N(

ploughed

pay here,

the grour

rye is foi

%o clear t

We n<

of the 1)(

bre^kfalt

UNIT E D STATES,

At fifteen miles from Philadelphia, we pafled a bu-
rying ground, clofc to the road (Ide : 1 faw no houfe or
chapel near it. It is a fquarc of thirty yards, cnclofcd
with a ilone wall, and here four or five families bury
their dead, without any funeral I'crvicc whatever over
the corpfc, as I was informed.

\Vc pafTcd a fmall tradl of land, of about ten acres*
that was lately cleared. Only two months before, it
was a thick wood. The trees had been firft girdled,
that is, the bark cut away in a circle round each tree,
which prevents the afcent of the fap, and kills them
Tpcedily, A dextrous woodcutter (the ConnctSlicut men
are famous) will in three months, cut and clear three
acres, and fplit up the wood into rails for fences ; he
will contrad to do it at twenty (hillings currency, per
acre, or twelve fhillings flerling. They next bura
the old ftumps, with a fire made round each with the
fmall wood, which kills its vegetation. In this opera-
tion they had been lately engaged. By July i6, buck
wheat will be fown there, which will be fit to reap
about November i ; after which it will probably be
ploughed up, and fowcd at once to wheat, A man's
pay here, is half a dollar a day, and his keeping. If
the ground fhould prove too luxuriant for wheat, then
rye is fown, which is an excellent grain, they fay,
to clear the ground.

Wc now travelled eight or ten miles along the banks
of the Delaware, to Briftol, and then to Trenton, to
IpfC^kfaflj which is about thirty miles from Philadel-
phia.

^■t

m i

i iii'lil, II

1 I

192

A VOYAGE TO THE

phia. I went to the Printing Office there, and pro-
cured a quantity of old news papers ; among tiie reft,
fevcral Kentucky ones, which were very amufuig and
novel. I read feveral abfuid and idle ftorlcs about the
ftate of the war in Europe, and its events, which were
much exaggerated, as may be partly fuppofed, in paf-
fmg to fuch a remote part of the world. They are
hungry for news, and the printers know their fton'.achs
wilffwallow any thing. Here we took into our vehi-
cle two very fmart young women, who were going to
a country dance, about ten miles ofl' : they were charm-
ing company, very facetious, innocent, and modeft
withal, and we were very loath to part with them.

I muft, however, go back to inform you that I en-
quired the price of provifions at Trenton, and found,
that beef fold that day for eightpence per pound, or
fourpence halfpenny flerling ; mutton, fourpence (two-
pence halfpenny j) veal, fourpence j (twopence half-
penny.) This was dearer than common, on two
accounts: the great quantity lately bought up for ex-
portation, upon taking off the embargo; and the
adembly of the flate being then fitting at Trenton.

Land here fells, of the beft kind, at about ten pounds
an acre. I obferved feveral fmall flocks of ftieep in
this neighbourhood : their breed feems not to be much
encouraged in thefe ftates, mutton not being a favorite
food. Orchards in abundance along the ror J fide.

The natural wood of this tract is oak uid chefnut,

and

UNITEt) STATES.

193

and many of the butternut trees ; a few trees of the
cataipa, planted for ornaments before the houfes, the
fmell of whofe leaf refembles coffee. I have as yet
feen no elm tree in America. Fern is feldom or never
fecn here, but I have heard there is fome found in
the neighbourhood of Bofton,

Near Princctown are large plantations of the Italian
mulberry tree, for the culture of the filk worm. Some
of the farmers greatly objea to them, as interfering
with more ufeful domeftic occupations, and encou-
raging too much habits of idlcnefs.

At Milftone Creek we paffed Kingftone, a fmall
fcattcrcd village, or townfhip, with fcarce three houfes
in fight together. The roads very rough and ftoney.
As we approach New Brunfwick, we defcend a long
gradual hill over a plain, and the town appears fimilac
to the entrance of Alresford from the city of Win-
chefter. On the right fide of the town 1 faw the large
extended barracks which were formerly occupied by
Lord Cornwallis and his troops, who were ftationed
here during three winter months. Here we dined, and
then croflcd the Rariton River in the ferry. The
bridge of five arches which had been carried away
by the late floods, had now ten or twenty men at
work upon it, (or in boats) repairing it. We next
came to Pifcataway, through a very poor fandy foil.
The land here may be bought for lefs than five pounds
3n acre.

IfaW

*■)••

'ft

i».^..

194

A VOYAGE TO THE

1 U^ a few crows fly along, which were Ac hrft
and only ones I obferved .n America. Rooks they
have none, as 1 a.n told. 1 (hould fuppofe .t would
be well worth the attention of their government to
import the breed, as the country abounds fo much
^ith infcas, worms, and reptiles. A farmer m Eng.
land, who dcftroys or drives them from h.s cftate, finds
a ereat difference in this refpca. far more than the
value of what corn they eat. The magpie is a b,rd
not known there. Of fomc kinds of birds they have
great plenty, fuch as robins, fwallows cat b.rds, and
king birds, or men of war, as fomc call them.

Now we pafs a road, branching off to our right, to
Amboy and Sandy Hook ; and we foon after reach
Woodbridcre. While they changed horfes, I went round
to furvey the houfc and garden, and found a weavmg
(hop, where two men were weaving linen fheetmg,
out of flax raifed and fpun by neighbouring families,
Vho brou<.ht their yarn to them to make it up mto
cloth. Tlicfc men told me they could weave four-
teen yards a day of yard-wide Iheeting. It was not
very fi.ic, as may be luppofed. Five miles farther on,
vc naflbd a faw mill, on Raway river ; a very profita-
Ve creaion in every ftate, if fccured from the efFeds
■-©f lyd-jen floods, very common in this country, to the
. ,uin of manv a once profitable concern. We ftop at
the Whcat-aeaf to water our horfes, and proceed over
• a ytq unplcafant country till We reach Elizabeth
Town i a very low fituation, near the marfhes. Go-
vernor Livingfton has a country feat, about half a mile

•to the kftj on an cmincn^'c.

Three

UNITED STATESt

Three miles further, we paffcd a large Baptifl Meet-

ing Houfe, {landing alone on our right, and then came
to Newark, about five in the evening. The weather
had been uncommonly hot, and I felt myfclf fo un-
comfortable, that I was glad here to quit theftage, and
ihy till the next day. I opened my portmanteau and
changed myiclf, and having now got a comfortable difli
of tea, with plenty of good cream, at the Hounds and
Horn, kept by Archer Gifford, I was (o well refreflicd
as to walk over every part of the town. The ftrects
are very wide, with the houfcs fcparated from cacli
other by gardens and outlets. It is fo incrcafed as to
have doubled its inhabitants v/ithin the laft ten years,
and the land rifen in value from ten to thirty pounds
an acre. A large manufadlory of leather and flioes, car-
ried on here. There arc four meetings or churches,
one Oi" which is peculiarly elegant, v/ith a handfomc
fpire, two hundred and two feet high, ninety-feven
long, and lixty-fix Icet in breadth, built of itone.
Near the top is a gallery on the outfide, from whence
you have a beautiful view of Staten and Long Iflands,
Hudfon's River, New York, kc. kc. A large brick
building is now ere6ling here for a grammar fchool 5
one large apartment in it is already opened, for the
youth of both fexes to meet and learn to ling. As
night fat in, the fire flies afforded conflant entertain-
ment in my walks. The next morning 1 went a mile
out of the town, to fee the new bridge over the Pofaick,
eredcd tc a\foid the frequent difagreeablc delays at this
ferry. It is neatly framed of wocd, with a draw bridge
to let the fchooncrs and other veilels pafs. Another
' O ?, bridge

H'i }

-. 'f'i't" '

' i; ■> ^ w ti| ,

,r' 7 ... '

igS

A VOYAGF TO THE

bridge of the fame kind is going to be creaed over the
Hackinfack, which will be a great convenience to
travellers to and from New York, and places adjacent,
I remarked fome very beautiful elevated fituations for
houfcs, not yet occupied. On the green, adjoining to
Newark, is lately creded a high pole, furmounted with
the cap of liberty. Hearing there was a meeting of
the inhabitants, I followed the croud into a large towa
hall, where 1 found them debating about the means and
ordering of the commemoration of July 4, then ap-
proaching, (the ajra of their independence. ) it was dc-
termined there Ihould be a procefllon to church, and a
fermon preached on the occafion, but as to a fcaft, it was
decreed, that every perfon fhould do as they liked beft.
Beds were fo fcarce at the inn, that two of u$ flcpt on
me floor of the large parlour. The inns are in general
very fmall, travelling not having been very frequent
till of late, and the houfes built only for private fami-
lies. 1 went next morning to an exhibition of wild
beafts, among which was a buffalo, juft brought from
Kentucky ; it refembled an ill (hapcd cow, and of the
colour of an afs. There are four or five poft chaifes
kept in this place, and a multitude of one-horfe chaifes,
which pay, I think, five Ihillings a year tax to the ftate
of New Jerfey. There is a ftagc every day in the fum-
mer, which fcts out at fix o'clock in the morning for
Mew York, from Archer Giff-ord's, (fare three ihillings
currency) and returns again to dinner, about three. It
puts up in New York, at the corner of CoiMand-ftreet,
and Broadway. It is very convenient for thofe who

live

UNITED STATES.

197

live at Newark, and carry on their bufincfs at New
York. There is, I am told, a very genteel neighbour-
hood here, and much tea vifiting. It is alfo a great
thoroiighfarc, and may be reckoned a very neat plea-
fant country town. Mr. Harriot's houfe is beautifully
fituated on a kind of clifF; there 1 breakfafted, accord-
ing to a pronjife, 1 made when I went to Philadelphia.
Mrs. Harriot, who had lived here two years, com-
plained much of the cxceflive heat in fummer, and the
extreme cold in the winter, as what ihe had not been
tiicd to in England.

I had not time to go and fee Schuyler's copper minSj
about four miles from this place: it was firft difco-
vered about the year 1776, but upon breaking out of
the war, it was not much worked till lately. It is now
worked by a fteam engine, and I am told, yields from
the ore, three fourths copper. A mill for fmelting, is
going to be cret^ed at Patcrfon.

While at Newark, I heard much converfatlon about
the Paterfon manufaaory, at the Falls in that neigh-
bourhood, as a very expenfive undertaking ; alfo of the
roguery of the different managers, placed at different
times at the head of it j chiefly men of ruined fortunes,
from England ; men who undertook it, merely to
aggrandize themfelves, at any rate. I have already
given my opinion, on the fate of thcfe undertakings,
America has many better fources of nationai Wealth, at
prefent, than manufaaure.

'■{■Vfi'l}

M4. r

iiaiir

f^^m

'• ■ s

X9S

A VOYAGE TO THE

At ten o'clock, I took a place in the ftagc, for New
York, and paid half a dollar, being nine miles. The
road is, foe the moil part, over a fwamp, and it is made
pailable by flicks of timber laid acrofs it all the way,
fo clofe together, that the horfcs cannot ftep between.
One of my fellow travellers fuddcnly called out, «* A
fnake,- a fnake I and fee the bird following it." The
fact was, a large black fnake was ftictchcd before us
on the road, fafcinating a poor bird, and he had lo far
lucceeded, before the rattle of our carriage difturbcd
him, that when he retired flowly into the ruflics, by
the road fide, the bird adlually followed him. The
driver told us, it was a very common occurrence,
Monfieur Barre, a captain of the Ptrdrix French frU
^ate, which lay in North River, was a paffcuger with
us ; a handfome, well looking, manly perlon, with
fenfible and pleafant converfation ; yet to fee him with
a pair of gold ear rings dangling next his checks, filled
me with difguft.

After croffing the Paffalck and Hackinfack Rivers,
wc came to Paul us Hook, and were foon ferried over
lludfon's River, to the city of New York. I went
immediately to Mrs. Lorings, to enquire for Dr. and
Mrs. Pridtley, and found they were gone to dine with
Mr, Ofgood, a gentleman 1 was acquainted with, and
where I had before dined. I came in juft as the wines
and defert were placed on the table, and found a large
party, of twenty-two ladies and gentlemen. Befides
Pr. and Mrs. Prieftley, there were ; the Bifhop of Nc\»
York and his Lady, a relation of mine, by marriage,

Mr.

UNITED STATES.

t97

Mr. Genet, the late French AmhafTidor, Mehnclhon
Smith, and others, befidcs Mrs. Ofgood, the Mifs
Franklyns, and many ladies. The two Mifs Frank-
lyns are the daughters of Mrs. Ofgood, by her former
hufband. They are charming accomplifhed young
women. I promifed myfelf much plealurc and delight
in cultivating an acquaintance with them, while I was
at New York, but to my great mortification, a few
days afterwards, they fet out on a vifit to their rela-
tions, at Bofton. We had much intercfting convcrfa-
tion after dinner, efpecially on political fubje(fls, I
could not help remarking, that 1 was feated between
the Bifhop and Dr. Prieftlcy, the feat of war in England,
but of peace and civility here. (No loaves and fifhcs
in the way.) When we retired to the drawing room,
for tea and coffee, converfation continued too intercft-
ing for any one to propofe cards, and about tea in
the evening, we fcparated.

Mrs. Loring's pleafant lodging houfe being too full
to admit mc, 1 took up my quarters at Mrs. Gordon's,
No. 1 37, Greenwich-ftrcet, a new built pleafant houfe ;
paying eight dollars a week, for lodging and boarding.

Saturday, June 14, went with Dr. and the two Mrs.
Prieftley's to call on Dr. Prevoofl, the Bilhop, a plea-
fant agreeable man, of plain manners and good fcnfe.
No honours annexed to the office of Bifliop, in Ame-
rica. You neither addrefs them as Lords, nor Right
Reverend Fathers in God. His Lady was a MifsBouf-
field, from Ireland, fifter to Colonel Bousficld, a gen-
teel, pleafing, and agreeable woman,

O4 7«»^

:ti

* ff '* *' I

if}^

1^; ^

9 11

200

A VOYAGE TO THE

June 15, being Trinity Sunday, the divines preached
almoft univcrfally io fupport of that dodlrinc. The
famous interpolated text, which Dr. Clarke has juftly
noticed, was not foi gotten: "There are three that
bear record in heaven." At Trinity Church, I heard
Dr. Heach preach from thefe words: " Acquaint now
thyielf with God, and be at peace with him, thereby
good Ihall come unto thee." In a very pcrfonal man-
ner, he applied them to Dr. Prieftlcy, as if the caufe of
all his troubles was his ignorance of the nature of the
Deity. They arc really afraid of Dr. Prieillcy, and are
preparing publications againft Unitarianifm, making
UQ doubt of a complete viiSlory,

A lliip arrived to-day, from Leith, m Scotland,
with above a hundred paflengers, corr-.c '^ttle.

Monday^ 'June 16, we dined with Mr. . ^en, at
his country houfe, three miles out of New York, on
ii\^ Eait River. Our party were, General Gates and his
Lady, the four Prieftleys, and two other gentlemen,
befides the family. The top difli was an excellent fifh,
called a flieep's head, flewcd, refembling tench, but
much better. In the defert was a plate of currants,
but they were not fully ripe, a proof that their feafons
are not much backwardcr than ours. General Gates
drank to me, at table, as his countryman. The Ge-
neral finding I was an Englifh clothier, complained
he could never get any good fuperfine broad cloth, at
New York, though he had tried every fhop there.
«* Why," fays he, fniiling, " do you put us off with

fych

fuch infer
party at t(
fons and <i
ducing as
father of <
Mr. Atkii
his neijjh
ioint farn
new coun
Bcckman'
was faid,
however,
flic was h;
jurcd a v
in the eve
fup with
Mrs. hx\
Speaking
friend of
ago, at th
again, at
and fixpc
but this i

'June I
phaeton,
River, tb
the fide <
country 1
fea views

UNITED STATES.

20V

fuch inferior cloth." There wai an addition to o«r
party at tea ; a Mrs. Beckman, the mother of twelve
fons and daughters, and ftill appears capable of pro-
ducing as many more. Mr. Bridgen, our hoft, is tho
father of eighteen; In Hanover-fquare, in New York,
Mr. Atkinfon, who lives there, told me, that four of
his neighbours make up fifty-lwo children, in their
joint fa nilies. This is the way, indeed, to ftock a
new country with inhabitants. Three of the Mif»
Bcckman's accompanied their mother, one of whom, it
was faid, was well (killed in Greek and Latin : this,
however, was not the whole of her accomplifliments;
flic was handfomc, nor had her deep ftudies at all in-
jured a very beautiful complexion. On our return,
in the evening, William Pricftley and myfclf, went to
fup with our friend Mr. Lewis, where we met Mr. and
Mrs. Atkinfon ; the latter a very fenfiblc woman.
Speaking of land purchafes, Mr. Atkinfon faid, a
friend of his had bought a tradt of land, fix years
ago, at threepence an acre, which he has lately fold
again, at five dollars an acre, or twenty-two (hillings
and fixpence fterling ; an immenfe profit in fix years,
but this is an uncommon cafe,

June 17. Took a ride with Mr. Lewis, in his

phaeton, fix or eight miles along the banks of Hudfon's
River, then crolfed the ifland eaftward, and returned by
the fide of Ealt River, or Sound. It abounds with
country feats of gentlemen and merchants, commanding
fea views ; amongft others, is a beautiful place belong-
ing

. ll

V. '

^■^^!

■| *!.;■:! :*il;

«02

A VOYAGE TO THE

ing to Mr. Wilkes, a nephew fo the Chamberlain of
London, which is fuon to be difpoCcd of. Mr. Lewis's
pair of bay horfcs, coft him icventy-two pounds cur-
rency, or forty pounds ten (hillings ftcrling : they ace
good horfcs, and well trained to their buhnefs, one (ix,
the other fcven years old, and reckoned well worth the
money. On our return, we faw a fchooncr that had
juft come down Hudfon's River, from Albany, dif-
charf^ing her cargo, which confiftcd of threc-fcorc fine
mules, bought by a New York merchant, to fend to
the Weft Indies. It mufl be a very good trade to
breed them, for as well as I remember, they told me,
they would fetch from forty to fixty pounds currency,
a piece, in the Weft Indies.

June i8. Dr. Prieftley and family fctofFfrom Nevir
York for Philadelphia : I accompanied them acrofs
North River, to Paulus Hook. He purpofcs flaying
at Philadelphia one fortnight only, and then goes up
the Sufquehanah to Northumberland town, toahoufe
his fons had fome time before his arrival, fitted up for
his reception ; a full proof, that he came to America
for peace and retirement, and not with any view ta
any public fituation, of which, to my knowledge, he
had many offered, and all of which, without any hefi-
tation whatever, he pofitively declined. He told me,
as we paiTed the river together, that his reception was
highly flattering to him, and far beyond what he either
Wiflbed or expected,

June 19. Called, out of curiofity, at J. Ware-

ham'.'i

ham's Reg
quire the ]
Monmout
hunMrtJ a
vatC'J, the
a grift m
and a nci
thoufand
orchard.

I/ikcwl
eighty- fe'
and plent
to fuppoi
an indifp

HeoflF
four hun
r»inety-fc
however,
fituation
above, j
of the yj

Atth
chafe oj
miles fri
eighty ;
very go*
binfon,
ffont, a

UNITED STATES.

203

ham*s RcfiHlcr Office, No. Tio, Maiden-lane, to en-
quire the price of a farm, advertifed by him for fale, iit
Monmouth County, New Jcrfey. It confiftcd of fijc
hundred and filty-lix acres, thirty of which is culti-
vated, the reft in timber; a dwelling houfc and ftables,
a grift mill, with a never failing ftream of water,
and a new fawmili, which he faid would cut two
thoufand feet of board in a day i aUb a young planted
orchard,

l/ikewlfe another cftatc, near it, of four hundred and
eighty- fcven acres, three hundred of it fait meadow,
and plenty of frefh meadow at a little expencc, enough
to fupport one hundred and fifty head of cattle, with
an indifputable title.

He offered the twocftates together, for one thoufand.
four hundred pounds currency, or fevcn hundred and
ninety-fcvcn pounds ten fliillings fterling; I fufpcft it,
however, to be an unhealthy fitualion, by obfcrving its
iituation in the map of New Jerfcy. I mention the
above, juft to give my reader a matter of fadt account
of the value of l-ind.

At the fame office, I was recommended to the pur-
chafc of an ert^tc in Elizabeth Town, only fifteen
miles from New York ; confifting of one hundred and
eighty acres, eighty of which is cultivated ; with a
very good houfc and garden j belonging to a Mr. Ro-
binfon, who lives on the premifes : five windows in
ffont, and three ftorics high, including the attic. For

the

; '' i

4|:i-«i:1

>'■

•i '1

lit, ■'*1

2J4

A VOYAGE TO TIIR

the whole of this, he afkcd one thoufinJ five hundrrd
pounds currency, or eight hundred and forty- three
pounds fifteen (hillings Ik-rliUj,'. It is a plcaCant town,
on the great road between New York and IMiilac'-Jphia,
to which places, four ftagcs pafs every day. A chc«i>
place to live in, and yc.u n.ay g'> by water feveral tn:. 4
every day, to and from New Yurie, for tcnpenci- ru-
ling, or one (hilling and fixp'-nce currency. V.-u ^,0
it generally, (at Icalt I diJ) in ;jn hour ;ind a half.

I have heard, to-diy, that Mr. Willces's Mutiful
houfe, and imi)rov«Mj)e'its, arc (.ifcred for iaie i .oow
renicd by Mr. Ludiow. It. has foLT elcg int fronts,
and a portico, with eighty acres vf improved land
round it^ is five miles from New York, on the bank?
of Hudfon's or North River; commands a fine view
qf the river and city, and is offered for four tboufaiid
pounds currency.

Friday, June lOf A fhip arrived to-day, at the bat»
tery, from Ireland, which brings over four hundred
and thirty-five pafTcngers. i made a point to find
many of them out, and afk them why they left their
country : they told me the times were lb hard, and
every thing fy dear, that witli all their induftry, they
could not live. They faid they had all paid their paf-
fage i that near t\vo hundred of them were weavers of
diaper and dimity. They told me, that moft of thcn>
ivere going to the weltcrn parts of Connedlicut, to
fettle on new lands. Many other arrivals of this kind
lately, and great plenty of poor Englilh manufadlurers,

who

who wr.u

th«'y cou

whrn he

maiuifatSl:

favcd up

The flalt

Hcquired

as thofe

fuch iirea

offered t

acres, th<

tion to

cultivate

purchafc

buy, he

annum,

ten yean

eighteen

This
any lan(
pence ol
food, 01
The B(
neatly,
tirrler,
fagacity
have pu
have m
been fo

UNITED STATES,

who wr.uld be pl.u' to fcti'c at their old biifincfTcs it"
th«*y could get employ. Mr. Dixon t( Id me, that
whr-n he has fomctinics put them into the loom, at his
manufadlory, thry gcnvrally leave him when they have
faved up a little nionty, and g ) to fettle on new land.
The flattering profpcct ofeafc and independence, to be
Acquired by moderate labour, foon attradts their notice,
as thofe who make large purchafes of land, hold out
fuch great encouragement. The following terms were
offered to one Moxam : To have pollcflion of fi.ty
acres, the firll five years, for nothing, cxccpr a condi-
tion to erc£t a log houle, and cultivate it before he
cultivate any other land. He is then to be offered the
purchafc of the land, at a market price. If he will not
buy, he muft pay one (hilling an acre, as rent, per
annum, for the next five years ; and if at the end of
ten years, he docs not quit it, or buy it, hv is to pay
eighteen guineas a year for ever.

This informant alfo faid, that you might get almoft
any land cleared, in New York County, for the ex-
pence of twenty- four fhillings per acre, and find them
food, or forty (hillings Currency, to find themfelvcs.
The Beavers will fometimcs clear a fpwt of land very
neatly, cutting down trees, and carrymg away the
timber, reduced into (hort logs, by their wonderful
fagacity and (kill. It is a fortunate circumftance to
have purchafed land where theTe induftrious animals
have made a fettlenient. At Ibme of them, there has
been four ton of hay vut on an acre.

i-i

til

■ A

.■-Tj

" 'ii

i'iJ

;*'»

■M

'I ''"i

■!i«i!H

I \

ilh

2o6

A VOYAGE TO THE

Saturday, June 21. I had a pleafant rural ramble,
in Long Ifland. As foon as I had brcakfaltcd, 1 got
into the ferry boat, at the Fly Market, and for two-
pence, was ferried over to Brooklyn. There finding a
coachee, going to Flat Bufh, I mounted the vehicle,
and foon found myfelf in company with two French
emigrants, who could not fpcak a word of Englifli,
nor could 1 very well underftand their French, and it
was truly ridiculous, to fee us convcrfing by figns, and
occafional monofyllables, which puzzled more than
explained. However we foon got to Flat Bufli (about
five miles) where I obferved a College, or Academy j
thither, as foon as the coachee flopped, I direded my
fteps. 1 was very civilly received, and ihewn up into
the library, where I faw a very good pair of Globes of
Adams's, a refleaing tdefcope of Dolland's, and an
clediical apparatus. A fmall, but well-chofcn library}
but feeing very few Greek or Latin books, I alked the
reafon of it: the niaftcr informed me, that though
they had near a hundred pupils, from different Itates of
the Union, and fome as far off as from Georgia, that
very few of them learned the clafllcs ; which (from the
idea that it employed too much of a boy's time,) was
getting very much out of fafliion. There were, he
faid, now fuch good tranflations into Englifh, of al-
moft all the fine claflic authors, that the knowledge of
them, could be obtained very competently, without a
young man's hammering fo long a time at hicy hac, hoc^
and nifluiy Tv-i^uiy T.Tt.<?« : I fmiled at his obfcrvation,
which encouraged him to fay, that the habits and man-
ners of America were fo far different from thofe of

Europe,

deep fpec

amonffrt t

ufeful in i

there was

ment, he

but it g(

head ; th

kept verj

order, 1

the place

there foi

He afTurc

two dolh

modated.

of a veflx

had retir

waiting

change c

He was

Bible, t

hiftorica

could n

nifhMi

in Engl

get to t

fpacc o

great de

rifh; it

women.

;sny leif

UNITED STATES,

107

Europe, that they did not want to breed up men of
deep fpeculation and abftracl knowledge ; for a maa
amongrt them, was no more valuable, than as he was
ufeful in improving the ftate of the country. I thought
there was good fenfe in his obfervations. The endow-
ment, he faid, allows only fix pounds for each boy,
but it generally made an expence of thirty pounds a
head ; the reft is defrayed by their parents. It was
kept very clean and healthy, and every thing in neat
order. It was then the vacation time. I returned to
the place where the ftage was waiting its hour, and
there found another French gentleman, at lodgings.
He affured me he paid for lodging and boarding, but
two dollars a week, and was very comfortably accom-
modated. He was under affli(5lion ; had been captain
of a vefTel, taken from him at Port au Prince, and he
had retired hither alone, with the wreck of his fortune,
waiting the event of the war, or fome favourable
change of circumftance, to try to recover his property.
He was ftudying the Englifli language. He had the
Bible, the Spedators, Salmon's Geography, feveral
hiftorical and political works. Among the latter, I
could not help remarking, " Pigs Meat for the Swi-
ni(h Multitude i" a tract that had not been publifhed
in England, more than three months : how it could
get to that remote part of the world, in fo fhort a
fpacc of time, feemed extraordinary. I obfcrved a
great deal of linen fheeting, manufadured in this pa-
ri(h; it lay about on the grounds, to bleach. The
women, it fcems, of each family, whenever they have
»ny leifure, fpin the yarn out of flax they thcmfelvcs

laifi.'.,

^:v*:

!!■>■■ 'i'lHfS

,, '

faife, and when they have eight or ten pounds of yarn,
they fend it to a public weaver, who returns it to them,
wove into cloth. Soap they make of kitchen greafe and
alhes, for domeftic ufe ; and raifir.g all commodities
and proviftons around them, they are fo happy as to
have very little ufe for money. There is one or two
packs of dogs kept in this ifland ; a pack of fox hounds
hunts twice a week, at Jamaica, during the feafon,

I now mounted the coachec once more, with my
two Frenchmen, and found I was going to Jamaica,
the chief town of the ifland. Good roads, and therry
trees, loaded with fruit, almoft all the way. We ga-
thered them in plenty, without flopping the carriage.
They are not fweet, as ours, but very palatable and
cooling, the weather being at this time, very hot.
The country very flat, fcarce a rifmg to be feen, till
you meet the ridge which pafles through the middle of
the ifland, near Jamaica. It is but a fmall fcatterci
■village, no two houfes join. There was a large Mar-
ket-Houfc, and fcveral fhops, like our country ones, in
England, that fell every thing. Willing to bring
away fomething, I purchafed, at a fliop, a neat little
work balket, made by the Montaick Indians, of that
neighbourhood, a very quiet harmlefs people, the Abo-
rigines of the ifland, who live in the adjoining woods.

We had a very poor dinner, at this place. After
waiting two hours, here came in a breaft of veal, as
red as bacon, potatoes fweet and waxy, that I could not
touch them : at laft 1 got a good cucumber, und bread

and

UNITED STATES,

209

and cheefe, of which I made a tolerable dinner. We
had Port and Madeira, but they were both fo bad, that
I was obliged to mix them with water, to make them
palatable. We had fome good bottled porter, from
New York. The landlord, however, undcrftood how
to charge, for we paid five Ihillings and fixpence a-piece,
at which our two Frenchmen uttered " Morbleau,"
and fliook their heads.

\v:l.

After drinking " ThePrefident," which is always the
firft health, in America, and then *' King George," I
requefted they would iing me fome civic fongs. I fhall
never forget the animation with which they fung the
MarfeilloisHymn. They rofe from their feats with fuch
agitation, and ufed fuch gefture with their enthufiafm,
while I fat fmoking a pipe very coolly, that I laid it
down, preparing myfelf for either peace or war. They
were two to one, but I was not in much fear of them,
although fo far diftant from all aid. We had next,
the Carmagnole, then Vicllons au Salut de TEmpire,
and many others. But our Frenchmen began, at lafl,
to be too noify, to be any ways tolerable ; fo I quitted
them, about fix o'clock, and hired the coachee to take
me back to Brooklyn, for which I agreed to give our
charioteer half a dollar, and a good glafs of brandy
and water, at the half-way houfe. When we were
come three parts of the way to the crofs rcads;, one of
which leads to Flat Bufli, where he lived, having had
both money and beverage, he refufed to take me any
further, and faid he mult now return home : I told
him I ihould infilt on his fulfillihg his agreement, and

P that

•I fii- ..,

^"M

I. r.
?■■!

I.r

III

110

A VOYAGE TO THB

if he dared to take me one ftep out of the road, I

the

that

would fummon him before the next Juftice of the

Peace, to anfwer for it. Upon which, feeing me re-

folutc, he at once became all obedience : the carriage,

however, broke down, within a mile of Brooklyn, and

ftepping out, I had a very pleafant walk to the ferry,

and reached New York about eight in the evening.

I remarked that I never faw one mulketoe while in
the ifland, although they were fo very troublefome to
me, laft week, on the other fide of North River. This
is owing to the wind being north, which keeps them
on the Jerfey fhore j had the wind been fouthward or
weft, we fhould have had multitudes of them.

I had taken with me an introduaion, to call on
Captain GifFard, of Flat Bulh, but I did not find him
at home : he was, it feems, employed doing ftatute
labour on the road. It is liberty and equality, in this
ifland : the laws order that every man, without diftinc-
tion, muft give a day's labour, in turn, upon the high
roads. I faw well drefled gentlemen at work, ftiovel-
ing dirt, with the commoneft people. By this means
they have very good roads, at little coft ; turnpikes
being not fo much as known there, or in any part of
America, except very lately, on the road between Phi-
ladelphia and Lancafter, to which, though a great out-
cry was raifcd againft it, by the thrifty Germans fre-
quenting Philadelphia Market, they are now very well
reconciled. They find, by experience, that they can
carry more goods to market, with the fame number of

. horfes,

UNITED STATES.

211

horfes, and do their bufinefs in lefs time, which amply
rcimburfcs them what they pay to the turnpike. The
roads, to be fure, round Philadelphia, were fo (hoclc-
ingly bad, being a foft miry clay, that they appeared
to me almoft impailable.

Sunday^ June 21. This morning I went to the Pro-
teftant Epifcopal -Church of St. Paul ; a modern hand-
fome edifice. The entrance is by a portico, in the
form of a dome, which gives it a grand appearance.
The old church and houfcs in this part of Broadway
were burnt down while Ncvv York was occupied by Sir
William Howe and the Britifli troops. Dr. Frevood,
the Bifliop, gave us an excellent difcourfe on benevo-
lence, but it was ill delivered. The communion ta-
ble here, 1 obfcrved, was placed in the ealt, but in
Trinity Church it is in the weft, purpofsly to prevent
any fuperititious notions about it.

The difciplinc of the United States, of the Prc(by-
terian denomination, is very fimilar to the Kirk of
Scotland j (except in Ncvv England, where they are
Congregationalifts, that is, individual to themfelvcs, •
and unconneded with any other churches or fynods.)
So tenacious are they of their fyftem, which is ftrict
Calvinifm, that in their fynods, laws have been made
repeatedly, to prevent foreigners becoming niiniftcrs in
any of their focieties, before they have given l^\tisfac-
tory proof that their Creed is Calvinifm. This is 'the
reafon why Dr. Prieftj^was not aflced on his arrival, to
preach in cither of their churches at New York or Phi-

P 2, ddphia.

k\A

I' A

W'^n^

-ifi"'!

'■ ■ >

$$ :

' '"1% i:

212

A VOYAGE to TUt

m
9

^H^t'"4

!h9

1 /:■ r's Dr. P. has, however, fince preached a fe-
riei difcourfcs at Philadelphia, on the Evidences of
Chriftianity, to very full congregations ; and a Sermon
on the opening of the Univcrfalift Church, at which
almoft every Member of Congrcfs attended.

1 candidly confefs, for my own part, that I think
the Epifcopal Churches of New York and Phila-
delphia, far more liberal than thofc of any other per-
fuafion. They entirely leave out the Athanafian, and
all other Creeds, except the Nicenc i nor do they turn
to the Eaft or any particular part of the church
when they rehearfe their Belief, nor repeat the Pater-
noder fo many times as our's do. They do not re-
quire fubfcription to the Thirty-nine Articles j nor
does the prieft rife after confcffion, to pronounce ab-
folution, but continues on his knees with his fellow
vvorfhippcrs. At the regulation of their fervice, after
their fcparation from England, it was propofed to
leave out all controverfial fubjcds as much as poffiblc;
and the prefervation of the dodrine of the Trinity was
carried, I am cold, by only a fmall majority of voices.

Whoever has a vacant day and fine weather, while
at New York, let them go to Haarlem, eleven miles
diftant. There is a pleafant tavern on an eminence
near the church j a branch of the fea, or Eaftern Ri-
ver, runs clofe beneath you, where you may have ex-
cellent filhing. On the oppofite fide, are two plea-
fant houfes, belonging to Colonel Morris, and a Cap-
tain Lambert, an Engli& gentleman, who retired hi-
ther

UNITED STATES.

213

ther after the war. Mr. Marrlner, the landlord, is
a very intelligent, well-educated man ; I fiihed with
him for an hour and received a great deal of pleafure
from his converfation. During the war, his houfe
was frequently reforted to by General Wafhington,
for intelligence, as well as officers from both armies;
and he will give you, if you have patience to hear him,
a long account of the tranfadlions of thofe times. He
prefled me very much to Hay at his houfe for a week,
and I fhould pay what I pleafed. On our return,

Mr. L and myfelf drank tea and coffee at

Brannon's Tea Gardens. Here was a good green-
houfe, with orange and lemon trees, a great quantity
of geraniums, aloes, and other curious fhrubs and
plants J he is a Northamptonfliire man, and a great
Ariftocrat. Iced creams and iced liquors are much
drank here during the hotweathei, by parties from
New York. Here a perfon mentioned, that a woman
at New Brunfwic was brought to bed, the week before,
of three fons, all likely to live, who were chriftened
Warren, Montgomery, and Mercer. This is the
way indeed for the new country to be foon flocked
with inhabitants,

Mrs, Maitland told me, that during laft winter,
fhe ufed no other coal in the houfe, than what came
from Virginia ; that it was equal in quality nearly to
the fhip coal, which fhe had before ufed, from Li-
verpool, which is mod generally ufed in New York
and the Northern ftates. It burns, however, to a red-
difh duftj like the Mendip coal,

P 3 No

,;i . i

tl'ifiil

214

A VOYAGE TO THT;

No brocoli raifcd In America ; the foil is fo ftrong,
it runs quickly to fml ; the caulillowcr is but very
indifferent; neither will the goofcberry tree flourifll
well, (in the neighbourhooi ol" New York, at lealt) as
it likes a clay foil, and there they arc all upon the
fand.

There are many words the Americans ufe which wc
do not,—lengthy for long, cxtinguijimicnt for extindVion,
zn6 advocated ; the vulgar Americans pronounce the
word fortune as /cjr/w.

Tmfday, June 23, I dined with James Rivington, the
bookfeller, formerly of St. Paul's Church-yard ; he is
ftill a chearful old man, and enquired of me for Mr.
Collins, :.nd Mr. Eafton, and many of his quondam
acquaintances in England. During the time the
Britifli kept poffeffion of New York, he printed a
newfpaper for them, and opened a kind of coffee houfe
for the officers ; his houfe was the great place of re-
fort ; he made a great deal of money during that pe-
riod, though many of the officers quitted it confidera-
bly in arrears to him. In the evening at fix o'clock,

Mr. G. L and myfelf fet out, in an Elizabeth

Town boat, with Mr. Addington, for Springfield,
in New Jerfey, to fee his printing-callico cftablifh-
ment.

To Elizabeth Point, is about twelve miles j we
paid one fhilling and fixpence each for our paflage,
(tenpcnce halfpenny ftcrling) and paffing along under

Stateu

"yyr

I "

UNITED S TATE S.

215

Statcn Ifland, we landed there, at Judge Ryan's, to
take in two horfes belonging to Mr. Addington, and,
after a moft pleafant fail of three hours, we reached the
Point.

While pafTing by Staten Ifland, our nofes were fud-
denly aflailed with a moft difqgrecable ftench, and be-
fore I could fpeak of it, the people on board cried out,
" A Skunk ;" It feems this nafty animal may be fmelt
at 3 mile diftance, if the wind fets that way, which
was the cafe at prefent : it is about the fize of a pole
cat, very flow in its motions j Nature, has therefore,
given it a defence of a peculiar kind.

We flept this night at the tavern at the Point,
and next morning we walked two miles to Elizabeth
Town to breakfaft. Here I got a one horfe chair, and
drove myfelf to Springfield. This place was burnt
down during the late war ; yet Mr. Addington holds
Ariftocratic principles, which renders the people there
lefs friendly and fociable to him than if otherwife. In
this village there are plenty of rivulets of quick run-
ning water. I counted four mills within the fpace of
half a mile — for a paper manufadory, for boring and
fawing timber, for making lintfeed oil and paint, and
for turning carding engines. The latter I went to fee i
it is condudedbya Mr. Dcwhorft, from Manchefter,
and is both for cotton and woollen j fome good work-
fliops were juft finiihed building. One fmall carding
engine appears nearly worn out, and another was
juft finifhing of very compleat good workmanfliip,
with iron arches, and the cards of excellent workman-

P 4 ftipj

' ' U' '

'•.•■ lie •'■

«i6

A VOVAGE TO THE

fliip, and well put on. I faw an eighty-four fpindlcd
jenny, and four other fmaller ones. Mis mill-wheel is
twenty-two feet diameter, and never any want of wa-
ter in the dried feafon. He had a large parcel of li-
nen yarn, of very good quality ; the flax coil him ten-
pence per pound, currency, and the fpinning, twenty-
one pence, drawn about nineteen fkeins to the pound ;
in all about one fliilling and fixpence per pound fter-
]Ing. His weaving ihop in the lowclt ftory, contained
eight looms. A good workman there expcdis to earn
a dollar a day or more, but fome are to be had at half
the price. Plenty of Emigrant workmen from our
three kingdoms continually pafs along and afk for
work. There is a fifth mill, a little further on, in the
occupation of Mr. Tyler, a native of the village. He
is a clothier, i. e. one who mills and dreffcs the
homefpun cloth for the neighbourhood. He has two
prefles, (very poor ones) and two pair of fheers. He
is fo ingenious as to dye almofl: every colour himfelf
from roots, leaves, and the barks of trees which grow
in his neighbourhood : — good yellows from the black
oak bark, which is the quercitron for which Dr. Ban-
croft procured a patent, and fold at an enormous price
in Eno-land. The fame colour he alfo procures from
the hiccory bark and the barbary root ; claret browns
he dyes from the white oak bark, filled up with fan-
ders J good grafs greens, with the leaves of peach
trees, fixed with alom ; he alfo dyed very good cinna-
mons and browns, from the bark of the butternut
tree, by mere cold infufion ; fumach, of very good
ijuality, grows wild, and is had for nothing j the ap-

P^9

pic tree b

vorablc fi

good wat(

miles of t

cccdincj (

threepenc

ble canal

into the t

with Mr

veiling ac

firft I hat

my pock(

field behi

Zeis grow

has a CO

lins, and

but it is

hardly fu

pital, 1

•will for

concerns

tailed ; i

from the

fermcnte(

cellent ai

to Elizal

ting off

tered wii

joined b

York, i

ters. W

UNITED STATES.

217

pk tree bark dyes a'fo a good ycTlow. This Is a fa-
vorable lituation for eftabliihing tnanufatSlurc; there Is
good water carriage by Pofaick River, within five
miles of the place, to New York. Provifions are ex-
ceeding cheap ; butcher's meal, from twopence to
threepence halfpenny flerling per pound. A naviga-
ble canal might in fome future time be cafily made
into the middle of the town. In walking acrofs a field,
with Mr. Dewhorft, I met with a little tortoife tra-
velling acrofs the foot path juft before me ; it was the
firfl: I had ever fecn ; I put the little gentleman into
my pocket, and brought him alive to England. In a
field behind Tyler's houfc, I faw fomc very good tei-
zcls growing. I dined here at \ir. Addington's, who
has a confidcrablc bufinefs in printing calicoes, muf-
lins, and linens, and an excellent bleaching ground ;
but it is as yet quite an infant undertaking, and will
hardly fucceed for want of a larger command of ca-
pital. The difficulty of making returns of money,
will for many years operate againfl: eftablifhing fucli
concerns. I drank fome fpruce beer, the firfl: I had ever
tafled ; it is the common drink here ; they make it
from the tops and green cones of the fpruce fir trees,
fermented and fwcctened with molaflcs ; it is an ex-
cellent anti-fcorbutic. At four o'clock, we returned
to Elizabeth Town Point, where a boat was juft put-
ting off for New York. We were now fadly pcf-
tered with the mufketoes. At Staten Ifland we were
joined by two other veffels. As we approach Nev/
York, it forms a beautiful objed rifing from the wa-
ters. We now pafs through a fleet of French fri-

gates,

;r i

i ' b

rf *■ I

W-

■' '\

•Mn

t i

;-t;f('

2l8

A VOYAGE TO THE

gates, juft drojiping their anchors below Governor's
Ifland,

Orders were lately ifTucd by Governor Clinton, (on
account of the appearances of a war with England)
that no vcdlls of force of any foreign nation ihould
come into this port, but in future drop their anchors a
mile at Icaft without Governor's Ifland.

June 29. I made another cxcurfion into Long
Ifland, with a gentle.nan of New York j we croircd
at nine in the morning, at Brooklyn Ferry, with our
horfes, and rode through Flat Bufli to Gravefend,
near the Narrow?, where there is a beautiful view of
the fea and all the fhipping entering the harbour. A
Mr. Bailey, of New York, has juft built a very hand-
fome tea-drinking plcafurc houfc, to accommodate par-
tics who come hither from all the neighbouring ports;
he intends alfo to have bathing machines, and fcveral
fpccies of entertainment. It fccms parties are made
here from thirty or forty miles diftance, in the fummer
time. At Gravefend 1 went to church, but the fer-
vice being in Dutch, I was very little the better for
it i the finging was the oddeft I ever heard, without
the leaft harmony in it. The day was fo clofc and
hot, we were forced to lie by till the evening. On
our return to Brooklyn Ferry, about fix o'clock, we
could get no paflage for two hours. So much com-
' pany refort to this pleafant ifland on each fine Sun-
day, from New York and other places, as to keep four
large ferry boats, holding twenty perfonseachj in con-

ftant

ftant cmpl
fons had p

AloudfJy
(by auiSlio
the north
acres in th
linirs and
and hxpei
Ihiliings i
fieri ing ;)
three (hi!
penny ;)
three fhill
penny.)

Same c
with the
Kentucky
of Lex in
Pcnfylvai
try for m
three mc
pounds ;
thirty the

He fa;
chafing
Kentucl<
others t
Jings an

UNITED STATES,

219

ftant employ. Between three and four thoufand pcr-»
Jons had palled over that day.

Momhy. I attended a falc of fomc military lands
(by aaaion at the Tontine Coffee Houfe) fituated in
the north part of New York State. Twenty-five
acres in the townfhip of Cato, were fold at two fhil-
linirs and cightpence currency per acre ; (one Ihilling
aniT fixpencc ftcrling) five hundred in Pompey, at five
Ihillings and one penny (two fliillings and tcnpence
Ikrlingi) nine hundred in Tully and Hannibal, at
three (hillings and cightpcncc (two (hillings and one
penny;) fourteen hundred in Hedor and Dryden, at
three (hillings and cightpence (two (hillings and one
penny.)

Same day, in Loudon's (the bcokfellcr) (hop I met
with the Reverend John Hurt, a clergyman, from
Kentucky, where he had lived many years in the town
of Lexington. He has travelled through Virginia,
Pcnfylvania, and moft parts of America. No coun-
try for making a fortune like Kentucky. He named
three men who began with Icfs than two hundred
pounds a-picce, in his memory, and arc now worth
thirty thoufand pounds ftcrling, only ftorc k'^epers.

He fays there is much want of judgment in pur-
chafrn'T lands : there are at this time lands even in
Kentucky, not worth a pinch of fnuft an acre, and
others that would be cheap at twenty or thirty (hil-
Jings an acre. The next; land to it in point of ex-
cellence

220

A VOVAGE TO THE

cellcnce, he fays, is about Harrifburgh, on to Wln-
chefter and Hagar's Town, and the reft of the Shenan-
doah Valley. He thinks lands are not eligible more
than forty-two or forty-three degrees of North lati-
tude in the back country. He has often been to the
new federal city of VVafhington ; has no doubt it mufl
be very confiderabie in a few years, if the government
is not overturned, for nothing Icfs can prevent it.
Mercantile men will principally fettle in the South-
Eaft corner on Eaft River. The navigation there is
deep, (thirty-fix fathom) and always free from the in-
terruption of ice throughout the winter. The go-
Tcrnment will make it a principal objedl to improve
this place, and all its regulations refpeding its future
grandeur are already planned, fuitable to a great an4
growing empire. A diftricl of ten miles fquare around
it, was granted by Congrefs, and appropriated for the
permanent feat of the Government of the United
States, It was alfo ratified and pafTcd into a law,,
(Se£lion the fixth) that on the firft Monday in De-
cember, 1800, the feat of government fhall be tranf-
ferred to the diftriil and place aforefaid. This dif-^
tri£l of ten miles fquare includes the River Potomac,
five miles above and five miles below the city nearly j
and extends into the ftate of Virginia, three miles over
the river.

The whole area of the city confifts of upwards of
four thoufand acres. The ground is on an average
forty feet higher than the water of the river, and yet a
ftream of freih water called Walt's Branch, may be

biought

brought w
of forty fe
will be vei
nufa<5lurcs
and a vet
tion more
fand fever
portioned
fix lots, f
contains 2
cording t*
them unif
feventy fei
has from
lot is fron
ling.

There
as well a;
Courts of
fliort, all
after a pi;
(lone foui
Each hou
roof, in ;
feventy t
was form
the purpc
the Capit
from whe
redlion*

;

UNITED STATES.

221

brought within half a mile of the city, at the height
of forty feet above the level of the city itfclf, which
will be very convenient for all water- works and ma-
nufa<5lurcs, &c. Many houfcs are already built,
and a very handfome hotel, which coft in the erec-
tion more than thirty thoufand dollars (fix thou-
fand (even hundred pounds flerling ) It is now ap-
portioned into one thoufand two hundred and thirty-
lix lots, for building, (which are for fale.) Each lot
contains ground for building three or four houfes, ac-
cording to general rules to be obferved for making
them uniform. The dcepeft lots are two hundred and
feventy feet, by feventy, fronting the ftreet. A fquare
has from tvventy to thirty lots in it. The value of each
lot is from forty pounds to two hundred pounds fter-
ling.

There is to be a national Univerfity erecled there,
as well as the Mint, Pay Office, Treafury, fupreme
Courts of Juftice, Refidences for the Ambafladors ; in
fhort, all the Public Offices. The city is to be built
after a plan laid down for every ftreet, of a fine white
ftone found in the neighbourhood, equal to Portland.
Each houfc is to be forty feet from the ground to the
roof, in all the principal ftrects, which are to be from
feventy to one hundred feet wide. The iirft ftreet
was formed upon an exadt meridian line, drawn for
the purpofe, by a Mr. Ellicot, which pafles through
the Capitol, the feat of the legiflature, on an eminence,
from whence the ftrects diverge into radii in eve -y di-
redtion. It has, therefore, th? full command of every

quarter

m.,f'

'Mm

i f'

12Z

A VOYAGE TO THE

quarter of the city. From it you can fee every velfcl
that comes in or goes out of the harbour, and every
carriage or horfeman that enters the city bythc bridge.
One of the itrcets (Penfylvania) is marked out to be
four miles long.

The Prefident's houfe will alfo ftand on a rifmg
ground, pofleffing a delightful water profped, together
with a commanding view of the Capitol, and the mofl
material parts of the city, being likewife the centre
of other radiate ftreets. All the grand avenues and
fuch ftreets as lead immediately to public places, are
frbm one hundred and thirty to one hundred and fixty
feet wide ; this is to admit room for a walk, planted
with trees on each fide, and a paved way for carriages.
Every ftrect is laid dov/n according to adlual meafure-
ment, o-ovcrned by the firft meridian line. Commif-
fioners are appointed to fee all thcfe regulations carried
into execution. The queftion ftill with me is, whe-
ther the fcheme is not too magnificent for the prefent
ftate of things.

The original projedor of this city, was the Great
Wafhington himfclf ! Early in life, he contemplated
the opening of this river from the tide water, (within
three miles of this city) up to nearly its fource. His
public employments in the part of the country through
which the Potomack and its branches lun, had given
him a more complete knowledge of this river, than
almoft any other man poflcilcd, at that time ; and his
mind was ftrongly impreilcd with its future impor-

ti^ncc i

tance ; bi
magnitud(
was but
little und
however,
.until tim
bring it f

In the
purpofe
river. ^
for this
arifing fr
already a
tuted, th(
Tail adva

Then
is more
that this
any river
back coi
their fed
unite the
feventeei
Potomac
Ohio, a
tucky ai

• The I
thli time (

tance ; but the period for undertaking a work of fuch
magnitude, had not yet arrived. The country as yet
was but thinly inhabited, and canals and locks but
little underftood in America. General Wafliington,
however, kept this objc6l always in view, waiting
until time and circumttances fhould enable him to
bring it forward, with a profpcdl of fuccefs.

In the year 1784, a Company was formed, for the
purpofe of clearing and opening the navigation of this
river. A capital of fifty thoufand pounds was required
for this work, which was to be re-paid by the tolls
arifing from the navigation of the river, and it has
already anfwered the purpofes for which it was infti-
tuted, the one hundred pounds fliares now felling at a
Tall advance.

The reafon why a fituation on the Potomack River
is more eligible than any other for a federal city, is,
that this river runs more dircdiy eaft and weft, than
any river befides, by which means it will connedl the
back country with the Atlantic flates, and prcfcrve
their federal union. In point of trade alfo, it will
unite them by intereft ; as by a navigable cut, of only
feventeen miles from Savage River (a branch of the
Potomack) to the Youghiogany, which runs into the
Ohio, a complete navigation can be eft'c£ted from Ken-
tucky acrofs the country, clear to the Chefeapeak.*

This

• The buUdingi and works at the Federal City, are, I undcivland, at
ihji time (1796) »lmoli at a ami. i'bc proff tcl of * rur-.'"-? '•^iti^ this

C'juWry,

; it ^■ f:

224

A VOYAGE TO THE

%>'i

This will confolidate the ftrcngth and union of the
government, more than can be at firft conceived. The
opening of the Mifliirippi would otherwife have taken
Kentucky and Cumbcrhind oft' from the union.

From the Mifliffippi, direft caft to the Atlantic
Ocean, is about feven hundred and fifty miles j of
this, the federal city is one third dittancc, or two
hundred and fifty miles. Mr. Maddifon fuppofes the
centre of population will proceed in a fouth-wefl di-
rection.

From the federal city, weftward to Pittfburgh, by
land, is about one hundred and eighty miles, through
Hagar's Town, which is fixty. The inland naviga-
tion of the Potomack, is ufed twenty-four miles above
Cumberland, a country abounding in coal. From
the mouth of Savage River, to Dunkard's Bottom, or
Cheat River, a branch of the Monongahela, (which
runs alfo into the Ohio) is thirty-feven miles, after
which it is navigable to the Ohio, but this land car-
riage of thirty-feven miles, may be reduced to feven-
teen miles, at a fmall cxpence.

country, and other important affairs of the States have occafioncd this td
be nei/'leaed, but there is no doubt they will be rcfumed, and the in-
tended plan rcrfeaed. An aft of the l.gi nature has fixed the time for
its removal thither; and if the works do not proceed faft enough, the
Government will th^.. take care to offer fuch premiums and advantages
to the Public, as foon to fill it vith native inhabitants. The Conncdicut
people, good as their fituation is, will tranfplant themfelves by hun-
dreds to Kentucky, or any other back lands, wherever they find they
can fooner encreafe their fortunes.

Produce

UNITED STATES.

225

Produce and goods from the Ohio, can even now
(by a land carriage of forty miles) be fent cheaper to
Alexandria, than Englifh goods can be delivered from
Northampton to London.

The fettlers on the Ohio and Mifliflippi, will doubt-
lefs, carry their heavy produce down thofe rivers,
fouthward, to the Gulph of Mexico, but their returns
will be moft naturally through the Potomack, as they
cannot afcend the welicrn waters, without great ex-
pence and lofs of time ; the current is To rapid,, that a
iharp-pointed boat, with fix oars, can fcarcely afcend
^fceen miles a day.

What appears of ftill greater moment, is, that the fur
and peltry trade of the great lakes, may be brought to
the city of Wafliington, through the Potomack, four
hundred miles nearer than to any other Ihipping port,
h has ever been carried to heretofore.

Coal, flate, marble, freeftonc, and limeftone, in
abundance, are ali found oa the very banks of this
noble river.

AU thefc circumftances clearly mark its road to fu«
turc greatnefs ; but yet for many years to come, iC
will, like many other of their large undertakings, be a
body without a foul. Many of their fchemes, I ob»
fcrvc, arc highly fpeculative, and not the refult of that
neceflity which gives itrength and energy to our plans
ia Europe,

CL This

..k \

'^:'m

\l^

126

A VOYAGE TO THE

This was the fentiment that generally ftruck me
mofl forcibly, as I travelled through the ftates—//;^ ap*
pearance every where of a vaji outline^ with much tt
Jill up.

Objervations on the City of New York.

It is a clean, healthy town, the ftrcets pitched with
pebbles, and the foot-way paved and raifed as in our
principal towns j in fome places with broad ftone, in
others with brick only.

The foil very fandy, and foon burnt up by the fun ;
it would take rain almoft every other day. The water
is very bad to drink, except at one pump in Queen-
ftreet. which is called the tea-water pump ; and ano-
ther at Mrs. Loring's, near the Battery. Being a wa-
ter drinker, 1 tried a great many pumps before I found
this out, and fuffered lometimes ficknefs, with very
fevtre pains in the bowels, from its bad quality.

In refpea to their buildings, I date a new aera from
their acceptance of the federal conttitution. Then
they began to feel themfelves united as a nation, and all
their public works and undertakings feeni to have com-
menced in a more important ftyle.

No;

ONITED STATES.

127

No copper money pafles here ; papers, of the fizc
of turnpike tickets, pafs for one penny, twopence,
threepence, and fourpence a-piece ; thefe will not pufs
out of their diltrivit, nor the copper halfpence of Con-
nedlicut, Vermont, or Madachul-Jts, pafs at New
York. This will foon be rectified by the general ufe
of a copper coin, called a cent, now juft beginning to
circulate, coined by the authority of Congrefs,

'""nj!'

Moft of the families of New York have black fer-
var.ts. I ihould fuppofe that nearly one fifth of the
inhabitants a-e negroes, moft of whom are free, anJ
many in good eafy circuinftances.

/'if

rioufc rent is very dear : three hundred pounds cur-
rency, or one hundred and fixty pounds llerling, is a
common rent for llore-kecpers and tradefmcn to give.
Mr. L gives two hundred and twenty pounds a

year for a houle in a back llreet, but all his rates and
taxes of every kind do not make up feven pounds a
year.

Of the rapid and wonderful increafe of population
in this city, 1 give the following, as what was publicly
ftated for fadl ;

In 1790 there were In Ndw York 4500 houfe-keepers,

1791 the number encreafcd to 5800

1792 I 6700

1793 >' 7700

1794 ' ■■ nearly 8900.

CL2

A friend

228

A VOYAGE TO TUB

A frientl wrote mc from thence in December, 1 791*
that there had been upwards of eight hundred and
fifty new houfcs built thit year, and yet hardly one to
be <Tot, though the rents were doubled within the lad
fevcn years. This is owing to the great incrcafe of its
trade, and it bids fair in .ny opinion, to be the largeft
city in the union.

They have a fine harbour, where there is ample
room for all their fliipping j mid it is a port very con-
venient for ihips to make, at almolt any point of
wind.

It is (o cold In winter, that their quickfet hedges
are generally cut ofF in the cou fe of fome ieverc wea-
ther. The want of them iiives a wild unpleafant ap-
pearance to tlicir fields. 1 faw only one hedge of this
kind } it was in my walk to General Gates's.

They hav- fome very elegani chariots, coaches, and
poft-chaifcs. 1 faw the chariot of a maiden lady (with
a Dutch name) who lives a few miles out of New
York, that colt eight hundred guineas. It was built
in England (by Hatchet, 1 believe.) In country places
they are fond of driving one horfc chaifes, on account
■ of the bye roads.

If any perfon fufFcrs his chimney to catch fire, hft
forieits fix dollars to the ftate. A condudlor for
ligntning is fixed to almoft every houfe,

UNITED STATES,

ilg

No ftan;e«; are allowed to travel on Sunday. The
Jay, however, is not fo rigidly obfervred as formerly.

Land was ofFcrcd me witlvn thirty m'los, (towards
iMbany) for four lliillings and iixpcncc an acre.

The legal interefl: of money i«l this ftate is fix per
cent, but in the Jerfeys it is feven per cent, j but any
man who has the command jf money, and is ccnver-
fant with bufmefs, can maice eight or ien percent.

Bills of exchange, drawn on Europe, and there pro*
terted, carry ten per cent, intcrcft from their date iii
Virginia j but in New Yorlc they bear twenty per
cent.

All vegetables are very dear ; Mrs. M told

me, ii coft her generally half a dollar a day for cab-
bages, carrots, and potatoes, and but a moderate
fized family,

Almofl: all the beer drank at New York is brewed
in London. They have one or two breweries here,
but they do not fuccecd very well. I was cften in
company, at dinner, with a Mr. Leipner, who owns
the brewery in Greenwich-dreet. He fays, there is
not barley enough raifed for home confumption, that
the prcfent price is from fix fhillings and lixnence to
feven fhillings and threepence (3s, 8d. to 4s, id,
ilerling) per bulhel, and pialt at eight Ihillings,

CL3 i.e.

. "If'

%' \

•■'.H,*

Ik,

2X0

A VOVAGE TO THB

(i. c. 4s. 6d.) that the farmers do not care to cultivate
it. They do not drink much beer thcmlclvcs, prcter-
ring cyder and whilkcy, which they ijet without
buying.

Was barley more cultivated, and breweiics more gc-
fierally eftablilhcd, it would Icfien that general ulc of
whifkcy, which is very pernicious, though the gi-neral
.beverage of the back fcttlers, and Kentucky people.
This habit arifcs from the convenience with whicl^
every man, poflbffin;^ a fmall Itill and a little rye, caa
produce it in his own houfc.

The Government has fcen this evil, and has cn«.
dcavoured to check it, by laying a fnuill duty of three-
pence per gallon on it. This threw them into fuch a
ferment, (about the time 1 left New York) as to excite
a rebellion in the back country, fo that the Militia were
called out, and the Prefidcnt himfelf to march at their
head, to reduce them to obedience. It was, however-
ibon fuppreilcd without any bloodfhed.

Of Provijiom and Honfe-kccprng^

In New York, every article of life is more than
doubled in price, within the lafl three years. Fat
turkeys ufed to be fold for twenty-pence a piece cur-
rency, now fell for three (hillings and fixpence; eggs
that were fold twenty-four for aihilling currency, nine

will

VKITED STATES.

231

ivlll now fetch a fliilling. I was aflaJ ten-pence, twelve
pence, and fifteen-pence per pouml currency, for rib'; of
beef, in the Fly Market. Butter from fiftccn-pcnce to
cightccn'-pcnce per pouml, and not very good ; has*
tafte of onions. The fields arc over run with crow
garlic, (allium pratenfc) which they will not take the
pains to weed out, and which gives it this bad flavor.

You cannot lodge In any 2,ood boarding houfe, for
iefs than fcvcn or eight dollars a week, finding your
own wine; yet at Flat Bufh and Springfield (not more
than fourteen or eighteen miles diftant) I could have
taken very decent lodgings with board, for two dollars.
New York is as healthy and pleafant a place to live
in, as any city 1 ever Taw. The price of provi-
fions fluduates here exceedingly, like Bath; and
pcrfons who know how to take opportunities, may
furnifli themfelves very cheap : after rcfufing to buy at
their high prices, i was foon after alked by the fame
perfons, what would I give?

Thurfday, June 26. I was afked the following
prices: (reduced to fterling money) good btef, feveii
pence halfpenny j a vait plenty of fifh, from twopence
to twopence-halfpenny per pound ; lobfters, tvvopence
per pound ; eels twopence-halfpenny for a bunch (one
pound and a quarter,) green peas, fourpence a peck i
cucumbers, threepence-halfpenny a piece; fine flavored
rafpberries, in great plenty, at fourpence a bafiiet, (fize
of thofe in Bath and London) live ducks, twenty-one
pence a couple i cherries, twopence per pound; cur-

0^4 rants.

• i

■'■;

','

'«

"i((i.i:

'(I

■■mi
m

■M,

v,;5iil

A VOYAGE TO THB

rants, (none but red ones) three-halfpence a pint;
onions, twopence-halfpenny and threepence a rope;
mulberries, threepence a pint.

Thr'T young lambs, alive, for eleven fliillings and
fixpence. Salmon, though in great plenty, they do
ni i ever pickle, but fell it dried, and I'alted, in prefe-
rence*, at fuui pence-halfpenny and fivepcncc per pound.
Great plenty of Iturgcon, which is caught in Hudfon's
RivcT, at about one penny per pound. No cauliflower
there, nor heads of brocoli ; the plants run up to feed
quic'-ly, from the quicknefs of vegetation. No fil-
berts tli^re, oiily common ha^clnutSj which they often
call filberts.

The Americans have now a confiderablc trade, diredl
to the Ead Indies, and China, which is very profita-
ble, as they have fo few drawbacks and duties. While
I was at New York, 1 went on board the Fair Ame-
rican, which was juft returned from a very profitable
voyage thither. This, I fee clearly, will one day or
other, bring on a rupture with our Ealt India Com^
pany, as they will be able to under-fell them, in mod
foreign markets. Their fliips are well built for their
trade, and make very quick voyages. The Pegu went
from Philadelphia to China, took in a cargo, and re-
turjied within eleven months. Ship building is dear,
and cofts at this time, at New York, eight pounds ten
fhillmgs currency (four pounds iixtcen (hillings) pcy

ton i

(on ; and
four dolh

With
the Amer
When a '
is purchii
Ceriificat
fells) givi
have it t
given a (
houfe in
made at
within t\
dividends.
United St
the Loan (
Stock Re
he keeps i
Stock Re
(or fome
into his
atteihd I
or otherw
owner, a
intcreft i
any Am(
Berdt an(
him a Po
GommiiTu

UNITED STATES.

233

(on ; and the wages to fcamcn from twenty to twenty-
four dollars per month. This is higher than common.

With rcfpciSl to the mode of invefling money in
the American Funds, by a jjcrfon liviny in E/;^!.ind :
When a Certificate of American Stock, of Ri\y icind,
is purchafcd in London, the pcrfon in whofc name the
Certificate ftands, (De Berdt and Co is a hoiife that
fells) gives a Power of Attorney to t!ie purchafer, to
have it transferred in his name: with this Power is
given a (juarantcc, by fome well known rcfpc(51able
houfe in London, fpccifying that the transfer fhall be
made at the proper office in America, (if applied for
within twelve months) and lor the payment of the
dividends, until the transfer is made at the Bank of the
United States. If Bonk Stocky or if Funded Dcbt^ it is at
the Loan Offices. After the purchafcr has received the
Stock Receipt, Power of Attorney, and the Guarantee,
he keeps in his pofieffion the Guarantee, but fends the
Stock Receipt and Power to fome perfon in America,
(or fome houfj for him,) to have it there transferred
into his name ; referving, however, a copy of them,
atteikd by a Notary ; fo that in cafe it is lolt at fea,
or otherwifc, it may be renewed without injury to the
owner, after a fure method, well understood. The
intereft is paid always in America quarterly, but
any American houfe (Bird, Savage, and Bird ; De
Berdt and Co. &c.) will receive it for you, giving
him a Power of Attorney, upon your paying a fmall
commiflion.

. 1

■'t

(.: :fil :

;^W

'i ■i '

234

A VOYAGE TO THE

Of all the ftates through which I have travelled, I
prefer, as an Englifhman, Conneiticut; and cf the
country towns between Eofton and Philadelphia, the
pleafantcft to live at, in my opinion, are the following:
viz. Worcefter, in Maflachufets; Springfield and Hart-
ford, inConneaicut; and Newark and Trenton, in
the Jerfeys. I objeft to New Brunfwick, though a
jieat, clean, well built town, on the fiJe of a hill, be-
caufe it feems too fmall to afford much plcafant
fociety. The proviilons there, I found very indifferent
and dear, neither does it appear to be a very fruitful
foil, for there are but very few gardens to be feen in
its vicinity.

A German would probably prefer the Jerfeys, or
Albany, as being more inhabited by perfons from his
own country. 1 have heard it faid, at New York, of
an Albany man, that if a ftranger fpeaks to him in
Englifh, he will fcarcely open the upper hatch of his
door; but a fmgle word uttered in German or High
Dutch, will make the whole hatch fly open inftantly,
and the perfon, whoever he is, welcome to every thing
in his houfe. Docs not this fliew a ftrong love of
their own country ? yet fome itronger principle ope.
rates on their minds to leave it.

They collet no tythcs in America, the caufc, ia
England, of fo many difputes i the Clergy here arc
well proviued for without it.

There is very little wheat grown in the trad of

country

jtountry thi
mentioned,
jthe countrj
northern ll:
ous; and t
molt part,
trade! mfn,
honourable
of you as t
mult, in
own judgn
keeping,
niitcd, thei
they contii
can mufter
their engn]
their hands
all fcrupuli

Notwith
ment to pu
given up t
and moft o
Philadelph
as the folic

•' ANec
or a term
been accul
further info

Fcbrui

UNITED STATES,

235

jtountry through which I pafied, for the reafon I before
mentioned, but they grow a vaft deal ol" rye, of which
jthe country bread is pretty generally compofcd, I'he
northern li.itcs arc very adtive, diligent, and [M'ofper-
ous; and the T.atcs fouth of Pcnfylvania, are, for tlic
mrjil part, indolent or viciou?. The lower clafs of
tradefmen, in the Northern States, are not the mod:
honourable, in jufinefs : they will make as much out
of you as they cnn, and take every advantage. You
muft, in your concerns with them, truft to your
own judgment, and not leave your interefb to their
keeping. Their money circulation appears very li-
mited, their capitals very fmall, and the opportunities
they continually have of laying out what money they
can mufter to great advantage, tempts them to break
their engagements, and keep your money as long ia
their hands as poflible. On this point they are not at
all fcrupulous.

Notwithftanding the regulations of their govern-
ment to put a itop to flavery, which, indeed, ha^ been
given up by MalFachufets, Conneflicut, Pcnfylvania,
and moft of the Northern States, yet you ftill fee the
Philadelphia papers difgraced with fuch advertifemcnt«
as the following :

^^ To he {lifpofed cf,
*' A Negro Lad, feventeen years of age, cither for life,
or a term of years, as may fuit the Purchafer. He has
been accullomed both to houfc work and firming. For

further information enquire at the Office of the Aurora.'*

February 23, 1794,

Their

I
»

"tf

i r

^:\s

. al !' s

Uii^:-' r->

■'.Hi

:!''!! 11;

1;"!'

236 A VOYAGE TO THE

Their fliip buIUing and carrying trade have won-
derfully increafed, within the lalt three or four years,
fmce the wai, on account of their prudent and wife
neutrality.

The tonnage in 1790, was as follows :

Their own fhippins 479091 tons; of fore'ign to their ports 258919

In 1 79 » - 501790 — "*°'99

,792 - 56S2S3 - *44263.

The difference in the tonnage duty, and the addi-
tion of one-tenth upon the duties on goods imported
in foreign bottoms, is a fuiTicicnt encouragement to
their own fliipping trade, and in fome meafure coun-
tervails our navigation ad, in its efilft towards them,
at leaft. To increafe this difference in an enormous
degree, as JVIr. Maddifon propofcd, January 3, 1794,
would, in my opinion, defeat itfelf j and this fcems to
be Mr. Smith's opinion.

Here we fee how much their own fliipping trade has
increafed, while their trade in foreign bottoms has
gradually leflened. It is a doubt, however, with many
fenfible obfervers, whether the extenfion of their navi-
gation, does not, in fome degree, check population and
agriculture, which ought to be, for a long lime, their
principal national objeft.

Proportioi

expo:

TO THE AV

Dollars.
2,005,9c

i,283,4(

- 4,698,7^

9,363,4]

1,963,8!

224,4:

4732^

It is re

rifhed mo

three timei

•fcrve, is fi

full exerci

In Eng
confidered
periority c
cramped t

propor-m

UNITED STATES,

237

Proporiion of their Trade with Europe , from
January 1, to December 31, 1792.

EXPORTS,

TO THE AMOUNT OP

IMPORTS,

TO THB AMOUNT OF

Dollars,

2,005,907 to Spain and from

1,283,462 - Portugal
4,698,735 - France
9,363,416 - Great Britain -
1,963,880 - Holland
224,415 - Denmark
47,240 - Sweden *

Ruffia

Hanfe Towns .

Indies

Dollars.

335>"o

595*763
2,068,348

15,285,428

1,172,692

35i>394

145325

( :. il

•il

It is remarked, that the United States have flou-

rifhed more during the laft three or four years, than

three times as long in any former period. This, I ob-

g -fcrve, is fmce the federal conftitution has come iftto

full exercife.

In England, the degree of liberty -we have enjoyed. Is
confidered as the grand caufe of our greatnefs, and fu-
periority over other nations ; yet there, genius is often
cramped bv poverty and misfortwne, and the exertions

11! t^Wm'

■j1 t !J.'''l I ,i.

ti m

23S

A VOYAGE TO THE

of a vafi: body of people lott to the community, by
partial laws, chartered rights, appropriations, 6cc,

It is not fo in the United States j every man feels
himiclf equal in the eftimatioa of his country, accord-
iiv to his vircue and ufefulnefs, and the Ihte provides
for his education. The civil rights of no one are
abridged on account of religious belief or worfliip;
every one Is at full liberty to follow the bent of his
genius, uncbntroulcd in its exertions by any of thefe
impediments. Three fourths of the people are ac-
tively employed in either agriculture, trade, or com-
merce. There are but few idle drones in the hive,
and, with all thefe iidvantagcs, their rapid progrefs to
wealth and improvement is certain, and mull be great
beyond conception.

But, with all their improvements, they muft yet for a
long time come to John Bull for his cloth, fc^r at
leafl half a century to come. Although the Alleg-
hany and other mountains, would do well for ritifmg
a breed of fine-woolled flieep, yet there are, as I be-
fore obferved, many things at prefent agiiinft them j
to which I may further add, the great number of
wolves all over the back country, which would be de-
ftroying them continually.

July 8, 1789, an a6l pafled the legiflaturc to lay an
impoit on goods, wares, and merchandizes, imported

into

■

into the U
bemg <>rd(
Gerry, or
committee

jfn Estima,
Impost t
the latest

New Ham

Maflachul

Connedic

Isi ewYorl

Jerfey

Philadelp}

Delaware

Maryland

Virginia

Carolina

Georgia

t/NlTED STAtES.

239

into the United States ; and a report of the produce
being ordered to be made out by a committee, Mr.
Gerry, on the 24th of September, 1789, from the
committee, nude the following report to Congrefs :

'I, '1^;

Jin Estimate of the gross Amount and neat Produce of the
Impost and Tonnage Duties for one Tear, according tt
the latest Returns,

Gro'j Amomit

Ditto of tTie

Nt'St rroduccof tlie

#;' the Inipoft.

Tonnage Duty.

Import & Toll. Duty

Dollars.

New Hampftiirc

22,177

1,282

21,49*

Miiflachufcts

216,366

10,188

199,261

Connedicut

76,S-'4

3'2i3

72,450

IVew York

245»i6s

15,019

24553^6

Jerfey

ir>336

240

10,514

Philadelphia

■376,841

18,003

361,405

Delaware

5*692

443

5*6541

Maryland

223,620

1 7 '054

211,539

Virginia

176,185

18,687

186,470

Carolina

»37»««7

14,446

144*839

Georgia

3'7"

4,614

8,141

1,495,815 103,189 i,.':67,o8o

•i %

(i ..

• I.'

ttmm'

'-iiH'i

24^

A VOYAGE TO THC

In the fpace of five years they have trebled

in value, for in the year 1794* Mr. Dollarj.
Smith fbtes them before Congrefs to be *5,50O,003

To this add the
Excife - - 400,000

Carriage Tax - 150,000

Sugar and Snuff - 90,000

Auaion Tax - - 40,000

Wine and Spirit Licences 100,000

Pofl Office, and Surplus of Dividend on
Bank Stock - - -

780,00a

. _ - 70,000

Whole Amount of National Income in 1794, 6,350,000

And the Amount of their National Debt

at the fame Time - ^ 64,853,^08

• This is confideraWy larger than any fornrtr year, owing, Mr. SmIA
hid, to the piodigio,.s emigrations, laft year, to their country j wluch he
fuppofes will be di;niniflied when peace takgs place.

Salaries

UNITED STATES.

241

Salaries to the Legi/lature*

To George Wafliington, as Prefidcnt
of the United States, per annum
25000 dollars, or - - - - ^.5650 O

To John Adams,* as Vice Prefident,
5000 dollars, or - • - •

1125 o o

To each Senator during the Seflion, fix dollars per day,
and three more while travelling to and from Con-
grefa.

To each Reprcfentative in the Lower Houfe, fix dol-
lars per day, and to the Speaker twelve dollars.

The mode of eleflion is as plain and fimple as pof-
fible. I was at New York during the eledlion : I faw
no additional buftle in the ftreets. The names of the
Candidates having been publifhcd, the proper officers

v:M

* I met Mr. Adims at New York : ha had come, the day before,
from Philadelphia to New York, in the ilage, and was juft going onboard
the packet, for Bofton. I thought of Cato, commended by the Hiftoriaa
for his fimplicity of manners ; after ditlating, in the Roman Senate, the
fate of kingdoms, to be fecn riding home to his country lionfe, on a
little pad nag, attended only by one fervant carrying his portmanteau.
Mr. Adams had juft determined the queftlon in Congrefs, by his fingle
voice, whether there fliould be war between Great Britain and America.
A bill had paired the Lower Houfe, to prohibit all commercial intercourfc
with Great Britain; the votes in the Senate Houfe, were equal, and
Mr. Adams, as Prefident, was called on for his vote, which he gave
agalnft the bill, and it wa'. loA,

R went

'■^~

I \,-,

ii^;

' I !;■

'■•(■

;:■!:!

M„,

» *

•1 '

242

A VOYAGE TO THE

went about, through every wani, <3oor by door, and
received each perions vote, in writing fealcd up, which
was afterwards opened before the Committee, fitting
in the Hall, and there rcgiftered. No canvas by the
Members ; no holiday on the occafion j no appearance
of tumult or inebriation. The fums total for each
Candidate being made up, they are inferted in thc
newfpapcrs. (1 write this from my memory only,
having miflaid the document.)

The following circumftance occurred during that
ckaion. A lady of New York, of confidcrable pro-
perty, and hcirefs to the Lake eflate, previous to the
above eleaion, fcnt feveral letters to her tenants, iti
the north part of the ftate, to vote for General Wil-
liam?, as Senator for that diftria : one of thefe letters
came, by chance, into other hands, and was opened,
by which means it became public. It was univer-
fa!ly reprobated, as unconititutional influence, and
notii-e was taken of it in the public papers.

In Conneaicut, were a perfon to canvas, or come
forward with pretenfions of merit, it would at once do
away all pretenfions whatever ; for a man there has no
occafion to make any exertions on his own behalf; and
if deferving of eledlion, fhould he appear folicitous, it
would create fufpicions to his difadvantage.

peans

Ahjlra^

UNITED STATE

o •

243

AhJlraH 0/ ihe ^lI of NatiiraUzatioii,

" And be it further enacted, that any alien, being a
free white pcrfon, who lliall h;ivo rcfidcd within the
limits and jurifdiclion of the United States for the
term of two years, may be admitted to become a citi-
zen thereof, on application to any common law Court
of Record, in any one of the llatcs wherein he fliall
have refidcd for the term of one year, at the leafl,
giving proof that he is a perfon of good character, and
talcing the oath, or the affirmation, prefcribed by law,
to fupport the conititution of the United States.

Neverthelcfs, no pcrfon heretofore profcribcd by any
one of the ifates, fnall be admitted a citizen, as afore-
liUd, except by an Aci; of the Lcgiflaturc of that ftatCj
in which fuch pcrfon was profcribcd."

N. B. In the year 1795, by an A'Sb of the Lcgifla-
ture, this qualification is required to be a five years
reiidcncc, in confequcnce of the vafl: influx of Euro-
peans, for the laft year or two puft.

Epitome of the Federal Government as in 1794.

THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES,--

chofen by the citizens at large, every two years — quali-
fications, iwtnty-five years of age, and fcvcn years a
citizen— paid for their attendance, fix dollars per day,

R 2 out

Mti'*

244

A VOYAGE TO THE

out of fVc national treafury, (one liundied and five m
number.)

THE SENATE, (two from each flatc) choferi by
cnch ftatc government, every fix years — divide them-
fclvcs, when they firfl meet, into three clalFc?, one of
which goes out every two years, by rotation — qualifi-
cations, thirty years of age, and nine years a citizen—.
are paid for their attendance, fix dollars per day, out
of the national treafury, (thirty in number.)

THE PRESIDENT of the United States, ekaed
in the following manner : Each of the Itates (on the
fame day with each other) appoint a number of elec-
tors, equal to the Senators and Reprcfentatives, they
lafl fcnt to Congrcfs — thefe meet and vote, by ballot,
for two perfons, one of whom is not to be an inhabi-
tant of their ftate. Thefe fifteen returns are fent to
the Prcfiden: of the Senate, who opens them in the
pretence of both houfes, and whoever has moft votes is
chofcn PrcllJent ; (the next in numbers is Vice Prefi-
dent.) Qualiiications, mull be thirty-five years of age,
and fourteen years a refident— has a negative on every
bill, but mufl annex his reafons for it, when he fends it
back. In his fickncfs, or abfcnce, the Vice Prefident
Ihall acl in his flead.

The Judges arc appointed by Congrefs, and hold
their office quajndiu je bene gejfcrit. There is only one
Supreme Court, and Trial by Jury, as in England,
whole cciiftitutionul kw they take for their guide ;—

falary

eight

[

UNITED STATES.

245

f:ilary to Chief Jufticc, four thoufand dollar?; ; to five
Aflbciate Judges, three thoufand five hundred dollars
each i and to a Judge bcfidcs, in each of the fixtcen
United States, from eight hundred to one thoufand
ei'^ht hundred dollars. Ml are paid out of the national
treafury.

I fhall nov/ conclude my account, with Dr. Ram^
fay's elegant and energetic Addrefs to the Americans.

«* CITIZENS OF THE UNITED STATLS !

« Tiu have a well-hfllanccd co}ijlltution eJlahUJ})ed hy
general conjent^ which is an iinptGvanent on all republican
forms of govermnent heretofore eJlabliJJied. It poJJ('£cs the
freedom and independence of a popular ajjfmhly^ acquainted
with the wants and wijloes of the people, but luithout the
capacity of doihj thoje jnifchiefs which refult front uncon-
trouled power in one afjcmlly. The end and object of it is
public good. If you are not happy it will be your oiun
fault. No knave or foci can plead an hereditary right to
Jport zuith your property or your liberties. Tour laws and
your laiu-givcrs muf all proceed from yaurfelves, Tou
have the experience of nearly fix thoufand years ^ to point out
the rocks on which former republics have been dafl)ed ta
pieces. Learn tvifdom from their jnisfortunes. Cultivate
jufiicc both public and private. No government will or can
endure which does not proteSf the rights of its JubjeSls.
Unlejsfuch efficient regulations are adopted., as will fecure
property as well as liberty^ one revolution willflloiu ano-
ther. Anarchy^ monarchy, or defpotifm, will be the confe-
^uencQ. By jufi laws and the faithful execution of them,

R 3 pdlic

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246

A VOVAGF. TO THE

pul>!ic nn J private credit will he rcjlorcd, and the re/lor ation
of credit ivill be a mine of wealth to thii young country. It
ivill make afundf.r agriculture^ commenc^ and manufac-
tures ^ which ivill JooH enable the United States to claim a>i
exalted rani- among the nations of the earth. Such are the
refources of your country y and fo trifing are your dcbtSy
compared with your refources., that proper fjicms, wifly
planned and faithfully executed^ will foon fill your cxten/ive
territory with inhabitants, and give you the conmiand of
fuch ample capitals, as will enable you to run the career of
national great nejs, with advantages equal to the olutjl king-
doms of Europe. What they have been Jlou'ly growing to,
in the courfe of near two thoufand years, you may hope to
equal ivithin one century. If you continue under one govern-
ment, built on the folid foundations of public jujiice, and
public virtue, there is no point of national greattufs to luhicb
you may not afpire, ivith a well-founded hope of fpeedily
attaining it. CheriJ)) andfufport a reverence for govern-
tncnt, and cultivate an union between the Eaji and South,
the Atlantic and the Mijfijfippi. Let the greateji good of
the greateji number, be the pole- far of your public and
private deliberations. S!iun wars, they beget debt, add
to the common vices of mankind, and produce others, which
are almoji peculiar to thcmfelves. Jgriculttire, manufac-
tures, and commerce, are your proper buftnrfs. Seek not to
enlarge your territory by conqiieji \ it is already fufjicienily
extenfve. You have ample fcope for the employment of your
7nofi adive minds, in promoting your oiun doruflic happincfs.
Maintain your oivn rights, and let all others remain in quiet
poffejfton of theirs. Avoid difcord, fatlion, luxury, and
the other vices which have been the bane of co?nmonwealths.

CheriJJj

V'i I

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UNITED STATES.

247

Ckri/h and reward the philofopbers, the Jhtrjhen, and the
patriots^ who devote their talents and time, at the expence
of their private interejis, to the toils af enlightening and
dire/ling their fellow citizens, and thereby refcue citizens
and rulers cf repuhlics from the ccmmon, and too often
merited, charge of ingratitude. Prailife induflry, fu-
gality, temperance, moderation, and the whole lovely train
of republican virtues. Banijh from your borders the liquid
fire of the IVefi- Indies, ivhich, while it entails poverty and
difeafe, prevents indujlry, and foments private quarrels.
Venerate the plough, the hoe, and all the implements of
agriculture. Honour the men, xuho with their own hands
maintain their families, and raife up children who are
inured to toil, and capable of defending thctr country.
Reckon the necejftty of labour not among the curfes, but the
hlejfmgs cf life. Your towns will probably, ere long, be
engulphed in luxury and effeminacy. If your liberties and
future profpeas depended on them, your career of liberty
would probably be Jhort j but a great majority of your
country, mufi, and xvill be yeomanry, who have no other
dependence than on Almighty God for his ufual blcffmg on
their daily labour. From the great excefs of the number
offuch independent farmers in thefe States, over and above
all other claffrs of inhabitants, the long continuance of your
liberties may be reafonably prejumed,

« Let the haplefi Africanfeep undiflurbed on his native

Pore, and give over wiping for the extermination of the

ancient proprietors of this land. Univeifal jujiice is uni-

verfal intereft. The mofi enlarged happinefs of one people^

by no means requires the degradation or dejhu^ion cf ano-

R4 ^l^<^''*

vry

A '

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1'^ 1

248

A VOYAGE TO THE

iher. It xvdiild be more glorious to civilize one tribe of
favuges^ than to exterminate cr expel a fcore. There is
territory enough for than and for you. Injlead of invading
their rights, promote their hapj inefs, and give them no
reafon to curfe the folly of their fathers, ivhofuffered your's
to fit down on a foil ivhich the common Parent of us both
had previoufly afjigncd to them : hut above all, be particu-
larly careful that your own defendants do not degenerate
into favages. Diffufe the means of education, and particu-
larly of religious injlruPAo^'i, through your remoteji fettle-
nents. To this end, fupport and firengthen the hands of
your public teachers. Let your voluntary contributions con^
fute the uijhonourable poftion, that religion cannot be fup-
ported bui by compulfory ejiablifmients. Remember that
there can be no political happinefs without liberty ; that
there can be no liberty without morality j and that there can
he no morality tvithout religion.

«' It is now your turn to figure on the face of the earthy
and in the annals of the luorld. 7cu pojjefs a country
which in lefs than a century will probably contain fifty
millions of inhabitants. You have, with a great expcnce
cf blood and treafu^e, rcfcued your felves and your pojlerity
from the domination of Europe. Perfe£l the good work
you have begun, by forming fuch arrangements and injli~
tutions, as bid fair for enfuring, to the prefent and future
generations, the bleffings for which you have fuccefsfully
contended,

*' May the j^lmighty Ruler of the Univerfe, who has
raffed you />; independence^ and given you a place among

the

UNITED STATES.

249

the nations of the earthy make the /Imcrican Revolution an
icra in the hijlory of the zvorld^ remarkable for the pro-
grcffive increaje of hitman happir.efs !"

HAVING now completed niy bufincfs, I agreed for
my pallagc home, with Captain Smith, of the Sanfom,
(the lame who brought out Dr. Prieftley) for thirty
guineas. I am to be found with wine, porter, and
provifions of all forts, and with every neccflary, except
bedding and towels.

July 2, 1 flcpt on board, expc6Hng to fail before the
niornmg, but Tome of the American failors, from a de-
flrc of once more feeing their fweethearts and wives,
jumped overboard, and fwam on Ihore : we loft ♦^hat
tide, and 1 liad an opportunity of going into the city,
and purchaling fome almonds and railins, apples and
gingerbread, which are articles 1 would particularly
recommend to every young voyager, as the flomach
will often relifh thefe thmgs, when other things be-
come unpleafant and infipid, and countcra(5l the fait
tafte which brings on ficknefs.

July 3, At two o'clock, p. m. we weighed anchor,
and reached Sandy Hook that evening, where we again
anchored, on account of the return of the tide, where
our pilot left us. On the beach, we faw the monu-
pient ercj^ed to the memory of fome linglifh feamen,

that

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A VOYAGE TO THB

that were all frozen to death, near the place, in the
year 1782, by a fudden fnow Itorm.

The next mornino; having a fine frefti breeze, from
the fouth, at five o'clock we again fet fail, and, on our
getting clear out of the Hook, our pilot left us, in his
Jittle fkifF, which appeared hardly able to buffet the
waves, which now began to heave apace. Before
dinner, we had completely loft fight of the Never-
fink, the lafl ridge of land vifible of the American
fliorcs.

I brought from the United States with me, of live
animals, two kinds of tortoifes, and a beautiful flying
fquirrel ; of fhrubs and plants, rhododendrons, mar-
tegon lillies, tulip trees^ acacias, Virginia cyprefTes,
magnolia glaucus, fugar maple trees, &c. Of nuts,
hiccory and chinquopin, or pea nuts. The hitter, I
find, is very common in China, as a native Chinefc
told me, when dining at my houfe, with two gentle-
men of Lord Macartney's fuitc, fome of thofe nuts
being on table.

We now failed fouthward till we made latitude 36.
The weather being warm, multitudes of flying fifh
were feen rifing out of the water. They can only fly
in ftrait lines, about eighty or one hundred yards,
when their wings or long fins loofing their moiffurc,
they fall again, expofed to the mouths of the purluing
. dolphins ; of the latter our Captain ftruck a fine
«ne with his harpoon, and brought it on board. It is

a beau-

UNITED STATES.

251

a beautiful well-formed fifh, very difFerent from what
it is ufually rcprcfented. Its forehead is high above
the eyes, and formed fliarp like the keel of a fhip or
cutwater, by which means it makes its way ver/
fwiftly in the fea. It fecmed to die with all the agony
and fhivering of a human being, and changed it*
colour - -^aicdly, from a gold colour to an emerald
<rrcen, then to a beautiful Saxon blue, and amidfl: a
variety of beautiful tints, like thofe on mother of
pearl, it fixed in a brovva and white. We found it
very good to eat.

Our courfe was now changed to a northerly direc-
tion, till we made the banks of Newfoundland.
Here we lay to, and caught fixteen or eighteen fine cod.
After this, when near the Weftern IQands, we had
fome very rough weather, and our mefs table was otten
drenched with a heavy fea, which palled through ths
li-^htover the mefs room.

By fome inattention to our log, we outrun our rec-
koning, fo that when we were looking out for Land's
End, we found ourfclves faft running on the rocks of
Guernfey, and before we could wear fhip againlt a
ftrong weflerly wind, we were carried within fight of
the Coaft of Brittany. H;'.d but an armed bout from
France attacked us, we nuift have been taken, as wc
had not a fingle gun on board.

At length, by great exertion, wc weathered the

rocks, got clear of all the breakers, and made Aldcr-
^ *^ ney ;

2C2

A VOYAGE TO THE

ney; between which and ourflilp, was a rmall ifland,
on which Hands the Cafkets : this is a large handfcnio
tower, with three lights, which, by means of a rotative
motion, with reflectors, are rcndeicd vifihlc and invi-
fible alternately. It was a plealant fight to us during
feveral hours of the niiiht, for we could fee thcin at a
vaft diftancc.

Beach.

green

We now ftretched over, the Channel, and had a
view of the Ifle of Wight, from whence wc Ihaped our
courfe to the SuiTex Coaft. Wc Ivid luxt a dilt'ndl:
view of Brighton, and could fee th,; co;np .uy walvini;
on the Seine. At feven, a. m. wc favv the hi-h land
of Beachy Head ftrctching our beyond all th^ r':.t of
the coaft, and at eight, wc were abreaft of Shorcham.
A frigate is now makina; towards us. We next fee
Newhaven, and the Harbour full of (hipping; alfo
Seaforth, and a large camp to the eaft or it upon the
fca (hore, and, by our glallbs we difcover a great many
ofEcers and foldiers looking at us. Ten o clock. We
are now opening another head land beyond Beachy
Head, and dixo^^er a man-of- war at anchor in a bay,
with an Englifh enfign hoifted. We are going to
hoift our colours for the firft time on the voyage, (hav-
ing never fpokc a fingle veifel) in order to prevent the
man-of-war firing a gun to bring us to, which we
muft obey, (or be funk) which would hinder us a full
hour.

We are now clofe to Eaflbourn, in SufTex, and fee
the bathing machines, and the company walking the

Jieacli

UNITED STATES.

2 r '^

Beach. Haftings next appears, and another camp on

the heights near it.

The fun now fliines mild and pleafant. The pea-
green hue of the Tea contrafted the ripe brown colour
of the corn fields., partly reaped and piled in ridges,
like armies of men j as well as the occafional mixture
of green meadows and fields, r'.id a clear blue fky,
form a fcene of the moll lively kind, and highly
pidturefque.

Winchelfea now appears on the top of a lidge, al-
inoft covered with trees j and near it are tents, foldiers,
and horfcs; fome exercifing. The Diana, a feventy-
four gun f) 'p, furrounded by a fleet of tranfports,
bound for Cork, next meets our view. Then Rye^
one of the cinque ports, from whence a pilot boat puts
off to meet us. Our Ciptain, finding he belonged to
Hythc, (the next port eaftward,) treated with him to
take his bag of American letters.

After this, we hailed a boat belonging to Dover ;
and, being impatient to land, eight of us pafiengers
agreed with him for four guineas to land us there. On
our arrival, the Cuftom-Houfe Officers came on board
as ufual, to examine our luggage, which was taken to
the Cultom Floufe,

At the York Hotel, we regaled ourfclves with good
tea and frclh cream, new bread and butter, &c, whicli

was

254

A VOYAGE TO THE

was the greatell treat imaginable, after being on fhip-
board two and thirty days. The next day I arrived
fafe in Londoii to my great fatisfaction ; and, what is
remarkable, though never before out of fight of land,
1 never once experienced the lealt ficknefs or illnefs,
by fea or land during an excurfion of near eight thou-
iiind miles.

APPEN-

UNITED STATES.

'^55

APPENDIX.

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NO TES.

THE State of Connc£liciit, originally held five
million," of acres of land, adjoining to Laice Erie, of
which it took in p3't. Of this faid land, five hun-
dred thoufand acres had been granted in Oflober,
1792, as a compenfation to thofe inhabitants of New
London, Fairfield, Croton, Norwallc, and Danbury,
who had fufFered by the burning of their towns, dur»
ing the American War.

Tn October, I793> a bill was brought in, to appro-
priate the remaining four millions five hundred thou-
fand acres, in the followino; words : *' Be it enadted
by the Governor, Council, and Houfe of Reprefenta-
tives, in General Court affembled, that the monies
arifing from the fale of the territory belonging to this
ftate, lying weft of Penfylvaiiia, be, and the fame is

hereby

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256 A VOYAGE TO THE

hereby cftablifhe.l, a perpetual fund, the intercfJ;
whereof is granted, and fiiall be appropri.ited to the
ufe and benefit of the feveral tcclcfiartical focieties,
churches, or congregations of all denominations in
this (late, to be by them applied to the fupport of their
refpcdive miniftcrs, or preachers of the gofpel, and
fchools of education, under iuch regulations as fhall
be adopted by this, or fume future feiflon of the Ge-
neral Alilmbly."

Mr. Stanley, Member for Berlin, delivered an ex-
cellent fpcech, of three quarters of an hour long, to
urge the Houfe to rcfcind the vote of lad Odober Sef-
fion ; alleging that the refolution made by the former
Houfe, trenched upon the rights of the prefent and of
all future General Allemblies. Inafmuch, as though
no immediate appropriation of thofe lands was at all
neceflary, or could poflibly take place at prefent, yet
that Houfe had proceeded fo far, as to dire£l all future
legiflatbrs, how the produce of the faid lands fliould be
appropriated ; a right, he afFerted, that they were not
warranted to .^xercife, and againft which he fully ex-
pcded the prefent Houfe would make fome decifive
refolution.

Mr. Grange, the Member for Suffield, was againft
the appropriation of the money to the objects men-
tioned on other accounts. He faid, it was well
known, that in no part of the United States whatever,
was public education at this time better attended to^
than in Conncaicut. Their clergy, of every denomi-
nation.

APPENDIX.

l^'J

nation, were well provided for, their fchoob properly
fijpportcd, and religion and morality had theirdue weight
in foclcty. Why then fell our lands, or appropriate them
to purpofcs not wanted ? It appears from our public ac-
counts, that we are not in v/ant of money ; if we loolc
at the ftate of our finances, they arc vlourifhing. The
ftate to all its creditors, owes but three hundred and
thirty thoufand dollars, and the debt due to us from
Conwrcfs, amounts to lijc hundred and nineteen thou-
fand one hundred and twenty-one dollars ; fo that
upon the balance, our funds can at any time pay, at
the leafl:, five and twenty fliillings in the pound.

General Hart and fome others, fpoke in favor of the
lale of them. Mr. Phelps remarked, that one of the
great errors in the old governments, and the caufc of the
decay of true genuine Chriftianity, was the makini;
their clergy independent of the people, and forming
eftablifhments. We fee as early as the time of Wil-
liam the Conqueror, in the conduit of Lanfranc, and
after him, Thomas a Bccket, and many others ; that
all the meeknefs of the Apoftle was foon lofl in the love
of domination. Religion was by them, under thcfc
circumltances, an inltrument to attain worldly ccnfc-
quence, pomp, and authority. And this had con-
tinued to be the cafe ever iincc, notwithltanding oc-
cafional reforms had taken place, for they had con-
trived to refume their power. On thefe accounts, he
was ftrongly againft apportioning any part of the pub-
lic lands, for an independent fupport of the clergy.

S The

;

2^5 APPENDIX.

The queftion was put by Mr. Daggct, the fpcakcr,
and the bill was bit— 1 14 again ft 56.

The Government of this (lateconfilL of a Governor,
St Lieutenant-eiovcrnor, and twelve A ftants, who
form the Upper Houfe j and one hundred and fcvcnty-
feven Reprcfentatives for the different towns, who con-
ftitute the Lower Houfe. They are rc-eleded every
year, at which time no perfon is fufFercd to canvafs
for votes, as they carefully guard againft any perfonal
influence during the ele<Slion.

II.

The carding and fcribbling engines, at Hartford,
were of the oldeft fafliion. Two large center cylin-
ders in each, with two dofFers, and only two working
cylinders, of the breadth of bare fixteen inches, faid
to be invented by fome perfon there. They had no
fpinning jennies, the yarn being all fpun by hand.
They were fcribbling deep blue wool, of the quality of
Wiitfhire running fine, for making coarfe broad cloth ;
the fpinning was very bad, the wool not being half
worked. I faw in the weaving fhop, five looms, two
on broad cloth, two on coarfe caffimeres, with worfted
chains, and one on narrow or foreft cloth. They
gave the weavers nine-pence per yard currency, for
the caffimeres, i. e. fixpence three-farthings fterling ;
dear enough, confidering the largenefs of the fpinning.
They could weave fix yards of broad cloth in a day.
1 faw there fome very good well-combed worfted.

They

H1PPENDIX.

259

They fort a fleece into feven forts. I obferved feme very
fine wool there, which, they told mc, came horn Geor-
gia, but it was in bad condition. The concern is carried
on by a company j nine thoufand three hundred dollars
have been lent towards the undertaking, by the State,
None of the partners underlland any thing about it,
and all depends on an Knglilhman, who is the forter
of the wool. Mr. Eliflia Colt, a Itore-keeper, or
woollen -draper, has the prefcnt diredlioa of it, but he
is going to fettle in another place, very Ihortly. He
fliewed me every part of the manufactory, and after-
wards, at his own ftore, twonty or thirty pieces of
caflimerc, broad cloth, elaftics, and narrow cloths, of
the Hartford manufa£ture. He could tell [them at
about the fame price, I found, as our Engl Kb goods
would coll, when delivered ijito the flores there, but
the fabric was very poor, and hard in the fpinning,
and very badly dreflcd, and therefore vory inferior to,
and dearer than the Britidi, load'.d with all the ex-
penccs of ♦Veight, infurancr^, merchant's profit, and
feven and a half per cent. duty.

Morfe, in his Geography, h'p, " This town entfrs
largely into manufaaurc." Merc, as well as in many
other places, he certainly writes under a llrong pre-
judice in favor of his own country.

in.

The fugar maple, is a tree that I fliould fuppofe
would grow in this country as well as in many parts

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APPENDIX.

of Europe. In Coiineaicut, it is expofed to as fevers
winters as any in this ifland. 1 have a tree in my
aarden, feven feet high, that has ftood the fcvcre win-
ter of 1794. The chief thing to attend to, is to fee it
planted in good rich foil, Thofe fettlcrs in America
who clear the lands, always begin with cutting down
the fugar maples, becaufe there is always found tho
richeft and beft land.— This is one reafon why Ame-
rica will not be fufficicnt to fupply its own fugar.

I was given the following as the method in which
they make it : Draw oft" the fap into wooden veflels, by
wooden taps fixed in the bark, feven feet from the ground.
Boil it always the next day j— provide three kettles of
different fizes— fay, of fifty, iixty, and fcventy gal-
lons J boil it firft in the largell kettle, adding as much
lime, as will make the liquor granulate j as it boils,,
take off the fcum, encreafing the heat, till it evapo-
rates t6 fixty gallons j then ftrain it through a woollen
cloth into the fixty gallon kettle. This muft boil
and be fkimmed in the fame manner, till it is reduced
to fiftv, and then be ilrained into the fifty gallon ket-
tle. And each kettle muft be continued in fucccffion,
till you have boiled your whole quantity, — fay two
hundred gallons. ^

When It is boiled enough, which is known by its

becoming ropy between the finger and thumb, it is

turned out into a woodczi CQolcr, and llirrcd with a

i . kind

APPENDIX.

a6i

kind of wooden paddle, till it granulates ; and then it
is put into earthen moulds, in the fame manner as the
Weft -liidia planters.

■if';

ADDRESSES, &c.

REFERRED TO IN PAGE 87.

ThefoUozmyig excellent and elegant M^resses, from the Col-
leges and Societies of Neiv Tork and Philadelphia, r,^ere pn^
sented to Dr. Pries tUy, immediately on his arrival in America,
m^Js it occurred while Ui-as there, 1 make no apology for in-
troducing them in the Appendix to this Publication. I forbear
io make any comment on them, or on Dr.PriestlefsAns'weri,
Let every Reader judge for himself ,

.ill I

' NEW YORK, JUNE II, 1794*

On Monday evening, the Committee appointed by the

TAMMANY SOCIETY to addrefs their congra-

lulafions to the Reverend Jofeph Prieftley, having:

reported their Addrefs, and his Anfwer thereto, and

^ S3 t^^»*

262

APPENDIX.

that "the firft opportunity had been taken to wait
upon him, agreeably to their dirc6lions ; the Society
rcfolved unanimoufly the publication of their Re*
port:

.-V - f .

To the Rev. Jofeph Priejlky, LL, D,

SIR,
A numerous body of freemen, who aflbciate to cul-
tivate the love of liberty, and the enjoyment of a hap-
py republican government under which w^c live, and
who, for fcveral years, have been known in this city,
by the name of The TAMMANY SOCIETY,
have deputed us a Committee, to cxprefs to you their
pleafurc, and congratulations on your fafe arrival ia
this country. '

Their venerable anceftors efcapcd, as you have
tone, from the pcrfecution of intolerant bigotry and
dcfpotifm ; and they would ertecm themfelvcs an un-
worthy progeny, were they not highly intereited in
your fafety and happincfs.

It is not alone, bccaufe your various ufeful publica-
tions evince a life devoted to literature and the induf-
trious purfuit of knowledge— not alone, bccaufe your
numerous difcoveries in nature are fo eflkient to the
progrefs of human happinefs ; but they have long
known you the friend of mankind, and, in defiance of
calumny and malice, the aflgrtor of the rights of con-

fcience,

APPENDIX,

263

fclence, and the champion of civil and religious
liberty. ...

They have learned, with regret and indignation, the
abandoned proceedings of thofe defpoilers, who de-
ftroyed your houfe and goods, ruined your philofophi-
cal apparatus, and library ; committed to the flames
your manufcripts ; pryed into the fecrets of your pri-
vate papers j and their barbarian fury put jour life ii-
felf\v< danger.

They heard you alfo, with exalted benevolence, re-
turn to them bleflings for curfing ; and while you
thus exemplified the undaunted integrity of a patriotr-
thcmild and forbearing virtues of a Chriitian,— they
hailed you vidor in this magnanimous triumph over
your enemies.

You have fled from the rude arm of violence, froin
the rod of lawlefs power, and you {hall find refuge ia
the bofom of freedom— of peace— of Americans.

You have left your native land— a country, doubt-
lefs. ever dear to you j a country, for whofe improve-
ment in virtue and knowledge, you have long difin-
tereftcdly laboured ; for which its rewards are ingra-
titudc, injufice, and banlJJjmcnt : a country, although
now prefenting a profped frightful to the eyes of hu-
manity, yet once the nurfe of fcience, of arts, of he-
roes, and of freemen : a country, although at prefent
apparently felf devoted to deftrudion, we fondly hope,

S4 ^*

11:

t ^1

264

APPENDIX.

may yet tread back the fteps of delufion and ruin, and
once again rife confpicuous among the free nations of
the earth ,

In this advanced period of your life, when nature
demands the fwects of tranquillity, you have been con-
ftrained to encounter the tempcftuous deep, to rifque
difappointcd profpeds in :i foreign land, to give up the
fatisfadions of domeftic quiet, to tear yourfelf from
the friends of your youth— from a numerous acquaint-
rince who revere and love you, and v;ill long deplore
your lofs.

We enter, Sir, with emotions of fympathy, into the
numerous facrificcs you muft have made to an undertak-
ing which fo eminently exhibits our country as the afy-
luni for the pcrfec ed and opprcflcd ; and Into thofe re-
gretful fenlibilities your heart experienced, when the
ftiores of your native country were Icflcning to your
view.

Alive to the impreflions of this occafion, we give
you a warm and hearty welcome into thefe United
States ;—v^c trult, a country worthy of you, where
Providence has unfolded a fcene, as new as it is au-
guft, as felicitating as unexampled. The enjoyment
of liberty, with but one difgraceful exception, pervades
every clafs of civ/izens,

A catholic and fincere fpirit of toleration regulates
fociety, which rifesinto zeal, when the facred rights of

humanity

APPENDIX,

26S

humanity are invaded. And there exifts a fentiment of
free and candid enquiry, which difdains the {hackles of
tradition, promifing a rich harveft of improvement, and
the glorious triumph of truth.

We hope. Sir, the Great Being, whofe laws and
works you have made the itudy of your life, will fmile
on, and blefs you ; reftore you to every domeftic and
philofophical enjoyment ; blefling you in every under-
taking beneficial to mankind ; rendering you, as you
have been to your own, the ornament of this country ;
and crown you at laft with immortal felicity and
honor.

ANSWER.

To the Members of the TAMMANY SOCIETY

of New York,

GENTLEMEN,

I think myfelf greatly honored, flying as I do from
ill treatment in my native country, on account of my
attachment to the caufe of civil and religious liberty,
tp be received with the congratulations of " a fociety
of freemen, aflbciated to cultivate the love of liberty,
and the enjoyment of a happy republican government."
Happy would our venerable anceftors, as you juftly

call

i '%:

'■ «

'litc

266

APPENDIX.

call them, have been, to have found America fuch a re-
treat to them, as it is to mc, when they were driven
here ; but, happy has it proved to me, and happy will
it eventually be to the world, that in the wife and be-
nevolent order of Providence, abufcs of power, arc
ever deftruaivc of itfelf, and favorable to liberty.
Their ftrcnuous exertions and your's, no-./ give mc
that afylum, which at my time of life is peculiarly
crratcful to me, who only wilh to continue, unmo-
Teftcd, thofc purfuits of various literature, to which,
without having ever entered into any political connec-
tlons, my life has been devoted.

I join with you in viewing, with regret, the unfa-
vourable profpca now exhibiting by Great Britain,
formerly, as you fay, the nurfc of fcience, and of free-
men ; and wifh, with you, that the unhappy delufion
that country is s.ow under, may foon vanilh j and
that, whatever may be the form of its government, it
may vie with this country in every thing that is fa-
vourable to the belt interefts of mankind ; and jom
with you in removing that only difgraceful circum-
ftance which you fo juftly acknowledge to be s^n ex-
ception to the enjoyment of equal liberty among your-
felves.

That the Great Being whofe providence extends
alike to all the human race, and to whofe difpofel I
chearfully commit myfelf, may remove whatever is im-
perfect

APPENDIX,

267

perfect from your, and every government in the known
world, is the earncft prayer of.

Gentlemen,

Your refpeflful, humble fervant,

J. Priestley.

" ;:ii

ADDRESS

The Medical Society of the State of New York,

Permit us, Sir, to wait upon you with an offering
of our congratulations on your fafe arrival, with your
lady and family, in this happy country, and to exprefs
our real joy in receiving among us a gentleman, whofe
labours have contributed fo much to the diffufion and
eltabliftiment of civil and religious liberty, and whofe
deep refearches into the true principles of natural phl-
lofophy, have derived fo much improvement and real
benefit, not only to the fcienccs of chymlftry and me-
dicine, but to various other arts, all of which are ne-
cpffary to ^he ornament and utility of human life.

May you, Sir, pofTefs and enjoy here uninterrupted

content-

! k^

'■%

26S

APPENDIX.

contentment and happincf ., and may your valuable
life be continued a farther blefling to mankind.

By Order,

John Carleton, Prcfidcnt.

Dr. J. Priestley, LL.D, i^c

NcwYork,l3ih June, 1794.

c]uirc, canr
pcrfons wh
who have t
enviable Hi

N«w Vo

ANSWER.

To the Members of the Medical Society of the
State of New York, ' ^

GENTLEMEN,

I think myfelf greatly honored in being congratu-
lated on my arrival in this country, by a fociety of
perfons, whofe ftudics bear fome relation to my own.
^To continue, without fear of moleftation, on ac-
count of the moft open profeflion of any fentiments,
civil or religious, thofe purfuits which you are fenfiblc
have for their objeft the advantage of all mankind (be-
ing, as you juftly obferved, « necelTary to the orna-
ment and utility of human life") is my principal mo-
tive in leaving a country, in which that tranquillity
and fenfe of fecurity, which fcientifical purfuits re-

ijuire.

Wv- a:
the city c
you on )
moft liv(
to thefe 1

Whil(
nations 1
bind in
knowled
of the ui
where n
ficial dil

APPENDIX.

269

c]uirc, cannot be had ; and I am happy to i\rA here
pcrfons who are engaged in the fame purfuits, and
who have the juft fenl'e that you difcovcr of their truly
enviable fituation.

J. Priestley.

New York, June 13, 1794.

ADDRESS

The Democratic Society of New Yorl,

SIR,

We. are appointed by the Democratic Society of
the city of New York, a Committee to congratulate
you on your arrival in this country ; and we feel the
moft lively pleafure in bidding you a hearty welcome
to thcfc fhores of liberty and equality.

While the arm of tyranny is extended in moft of the
nations of the world, to crufli the fpirit of liberty, and
bind in chains the bodies and minds of men, vve ac-
knowledge, with ardent gratitude to the great Parent
of the univerfe, our fingular felicity in livi'jg in a land
where reafon has fuccefsfully triumphed over the arti-
ficial diftinaions of European policy and bigotry, and

where

if-

270

APTENDIX.

vrherc the law equally proicas the viituous ciUzcn of
every dclcripiioii and pcrlualioii. ' '

On this occafion we cannot but obfofve, that wc
onccetlcemea ourdlvcs happy in tl;c relation that iub-
fide', between us and the government of Great Bri-
tain i but the multiplied oppreHions which charadtcr-
izc that government, excite in uS the molt painful (en-
fations, and exhibit a fpeaaclc as difgulling in itfelf,
as dilhouorable to the Britifli name.

The governments of the old world prcfent to us one
huge mafs of intrigue, corruption, and dcfpotifm ;—
moft of them are nowbafely combined to prevent the
cltablifhment of liberty in France, and to effect the to-
tal deitruaion of the rights of man. Under ihcfe af-
fliaing circumftances, we rejoice that America opens
her arms to receive, with fraternal aftcaion, the friend
of liberty and human happinefs, and that here he may
enjoy the belt blcflings of civilized fociety. ■ -

Wcfmcerely fympathize with you In all that you
have fuffercd, and wc confider the pcrfecution with
which you have been purfued by a venal court, and an
imperious uncharitable prielthood, as an iUuftnous
proof of your perfonal merit, and a lalting reproach to
that government, from the grafp of whofc tyranny you
arc fo happily removed.

Accept, Sir, of the fincerc and bcft wifhcs of the

fociety

fociety w
your heal I
domeitic i

To th

View

jprofpedl

bles wh

governr

ty, but

degradi

finding

which

and ha

on fu(

againf]

in foci

APPENDIX,

271

fociety whom we rcprcfcnt, for the continuance of
your health, anJ the increafe of your individual and
domeflic happincfs.

•

. James Nicholson, PrefidenU

ANSWER.

To the Members of the Democratic Society in

Nezu York,

CENTLEME^7,

Viewing with the dcepeft concern, as you do, the
profpca that is now exhibited in Europe, thofc trou-
bles which are the natural offspring of their forms of
government, originating, indeed, in the fpirit of liber-
ty, but gradually degenerating into tyrannies, equally
degrading to the rulers and the ruled, J rejoice in
finding an afylum from perfecution in a country in
which thcfe abufes have come to a natural termination,
and have produced another fyftem of liberty, founded
on fuch wife principles as, I truft, will guard it
againft all future abufes ; thofe artificial diftindtions
in fociety, from which they fprung, being compleatly

cradl-

; 'i

yjz

APPENDIX.

eradicatcJ, that proteaion from violence, which laws
and government promife in all countries, but which I
have not found in my own, 1 doubt not I (hall find
with you, though I cannot promife to be a better fub-
]ea of this government, than my whole condua will
evince that I have been to th^t of Great Britain.

Juftly,' however, as I think I may co.nplain of the
treatment I have met with in England, I fmcerely
wifti her profperity •, and, from the good-w.ll I bear
both to that country and this, 1 ardently wifh, that all
former animofities may be forgotten, and that a perpe-
tual friendfhip may fubfift between them.

J. Priestley.

New York, June, 1794.

To Jofeph Priejlley, LL. D. F. R. S,

SIR,

The Associated Teachers, in the city of New
York beg leave to offer you a fmcere and hearty wel-
come to this land of tranquillity and freedom.

Imprefied with an idea of the real importance of
fo valuable an acquifition to the growing interefts of

fcience

APPENDIX.

'^71

fcience and literature, in this country, we are particu-
larly happy that the honor of your firft reception has
fallen to this ftate, and to the city of New York.

As labourers in thofe fields which you have occu-
pied with the moft diftinguiftied eminence, at the ar-
duous and important tafk of cultivating the human
mind, we contemplate, with peculiar fatisfa£licn, the
aufpicious influence, which your perfonal refilence in
this country, will add to that of your highly valuable
fcientific and literary productions, by which we have
already besn materially benefited.

We beg leave to anticipate the happinefs of fharing,
in fome degree, that patronage of fcience and litera-
ture, which it has ever been your delight to afford.
This will give facility to our exertions ; direct and
encourage us in our arduous employments ; afTift us to
FORM THE MAN ; and thereby give efficacy to the dif-
fufion of ufeful knowledge.

Our moft ardent wifhes attend you, good Sir, that
you may find in this land of virtuous fimplicity, a
happy recefs from the intriguing politics, and vitiating
refinements of the European world. That your patri-
otic virtues may add to the vigour of our happy confti-
tution, and that the blelTings of this country may be
abundantly remunerated unto your perfon and your
family. '

And we rejoice in believing that the Parent of Na-

T ture

274

APPENDIX.

ture, by thofc fccret communications of happinefs
with which he never fails to reward the virtuous mind,
will here convey to you that confolation, fupport, and
joy, which are independent of local circumrtances, and
i' which the world can neither give nor take away."

Signedyhy order of the Cojnrnittee,

William Payne, Chairman.
Edward Shephard, Secretary.

ANSWER.

To the AJociated Teachers of the Ciiy of
New York.

CENTIEMEN,

A welcome to this country from my fellow labour-
ers in the inaru^ion of youth, is, 1 alfure you, pccu-
liarly grateful to me. Clafles of men, as well as in-
dividuals, are apt to form too high ideas of iheir own
importance ; but certainly one of the moft important
is, that which contributes fo much as cur's does to the
communication oi -.feful knowledge, as forming the
charaacr of men, and thereby fitting them for their

feveral

APPENDIX.

275

feveral ftations in fociety. In fome form or other this
has ever been my employment and delight ; and my
principal objefl in flying for an afylum to this coun-
try, " a land," as I hope you juftly term it, " of vir-
tuous fimplicity, and a reccfs from the intriguing po-
litics, and vicious refinements of the European world,'*
is, that 1 may, without moleftation, purfue my favor-
ite ftudies. And if I had an opportunity of making
choice of an employment for what remains of adlive
exertion in life, it would be one in which I Ihould,
as 1 hope I have hitherto done, contribute, with you,
to advance the caufe of fcience— of virtue— and of
religion.

J. Priestley,

Nevr York, June 9, 1794.

ADDRESS

«•»

The Republican Natives of Great Britain and
Ireland, reftdent in the City of New York,

I i

mti

SIR,

Wc, the Republican Natires of Great Britain and
Ireland, refident in the city of New York, embrace,
with the higheft fatisfa(^ion, the opportunity which

T a your

2^5 • APPENDIX.

your arrival in this city prefcnts, of bearing our tefti-
mony to your charafter and virtues, and exprefling our
joy that you come among us in circumftances of fuch
good health and fpirits.

We have beheld, with the keeneft fenfibility, the
unparalleled perfecutions which attended you in your
native country, and have fympathized with you under
all their variety and extent. In the firm hope, that
you are now completely removed from the efFcas of
every fpecies of intolerance, we moft fincerely congra-
tulate you.

After a fruitlefs oppofition to a corrupt and tyran-
nical government, many of us have, like you, fought
freedom and proteaion in the United States of Ame-
rica i but to this we have all been principally induced,
from the full perfuafion that a republican reprefenta-
tivc government was not merely beft adapted to pro-
motc^human happinefs, but that it is the only rational
fyftem worthy the wifdom of man to project, or to
which his rcafon ihould aiTent.

Participating in the many WcflSngs which the go-
vernment of this country is calculated to cnfurc, wc
arc happy in giving it this proof of our rcfpeaful at-
tachment :— we are only grieved that a fyftem of fuch
beauty and excellence, fhould be at all tarnifhed by the
exiftence of flavery in any form i but as friends to the
«qual rights of man, we muft be permitted to fay, that
WC wim thefc rights extended to every human being,

\f9

APPENDIX.

^77

be his complexion what it may. We, however, look
forward with pleafing anticipation to a yet more perfedt
ftate of focicty ; and, from that love of liberty which
forms fo diftinguifhing a trait in the American charac-
ter, are taught to hope, that this laft — this worft dif-
grace to a free government, will finally and for ever be
done away.

While we look back on our native country with
emotions of pity and indignation, at the outrages
which humanity has fuftained in the perfon of the vir-
tuous MUIR and his patriotic aflbciates, and deeply
lament the fatal apathy into which our countrymen
have fallen ; we defire to be thankful to the great Au-
thor of our being, that we are in America, and that it
has pleafed Him, in his wife providence, to make the
United States an afylum, not only from the immediate
tyranny of the Britifh government, but alfo from
thofe impending calamities, which its encreafing de-
fpotifm, and multiplied iniquities, muft infallibly
bring down on a deluded and opprefTed people.

Accept, Sir, of our afFcftionate and befl wiflies for a
long continuance of your health and happinefs.

[Siiiud)

Henry Pope, Chairman.
Wm. Atl.UM, Secretary.

KewYorfc, J«iAei3>'794*

AN*

278

APPENDIX,

ANSWER.

To the Republican Natives of Great Britain and,
Ireland, reftdent in the City oj New York,

GENTLEMEN,

1 think myfelf peculiarly happy in finding in this
country fo many perfons of fentiments fimilar to my
own, fome of whom have probably left Great Britain
or Ireland on the fame account, and to be fo cheer-
fully welcomed by them on my arrival. You have al-
ready had experience of the difference between the go-
vernments of the two countries, ari-^, I doubt not,
have feen fufficicnt reafon to give the decided preference
that you do to that of this. There, allUberlyof
fpeech and of the prefs, as far as politics arc con-
cerned, is at an end, and the fpirit of intolerance in
matters of religion, is almoft as high as in the times of
the Stuarts. Here, having no countenance from go-
vernment, whatever may remain of this fpirit, item
the ignorance and confequcnt bigotry of former
times, it may be expeifled foon to die away } and on all
fubjects whatever every man enjoys the invaluable li-
berty of ipeaking and writing whatever he pleafei.

The wifdom and happincfs of republiciin govern-

ments^

APPENDIX.

279

ments, and the evils refulting from hereditary tao-
narchical ones, cannot appear in a ftronger light to
you than they do to me. We need only look to the
prefent ftate of America and of Europe, to be fully
fatisfied in tnis refpea. The former will eafily reform
thcmfclves, and amonglfc other improvements, I am
perfuaded, will be the removr.l of that vcftige of fervi-
tude to which you allude, as it fo ill accords with the
fpirit of equal liberty from which the red of the fyllem
has flowed ; whereas no material reformation of the
many abufcs to which the latter are fubjeft, it is to be
feared, can be made without violence and confufion.

1 congratulate you. Gentlemen, as you do me, on
our arrival in a country in which men who wifh well to
their fellow citizens, and ufe their bcft endeavours to
render them the moft important fervices, men who are
an honor to human nature, and to any country, are in
no danger of being treated like the word of felons, as
is now the cafe in Great Britain,

Happy ftiould I think myfelf in joining with you in
welcoming to this country every friend of liberty, who
is cxpofed^to danger from the tyranny of the Britifh go-
vernment, and who, while they continue under it, muft
expea to {hare in thofe calamities^which its prefent
infatuation mull, fooner or later, bring upon it. But
let us all join in fupplications to the great Parent of
the umverie, that, for the fake of the many excellent

f A char^aers

'.V

zSo

APPENDIX.

charadlers In our native country, its government may
bereformtJ, and the judgments impending over it pre-
vented.

J. Priestley.

New' York, June 13, 1794'

ADDRESS

The American Philofophical Society at
Philaddphia,

SIR,

The American Philosophical Society, held at
Philadelphia, for promoting ufeful knowledge, offer
you their fincere congratulations on your fafe arrival
in this country, Aflbciated for thepurpofe of extend-
ing and difleminating thofe improvements in the fci-
ences and the arts, which moft conduce to the Alb*
llantial happinefs of man, the focicty felicitate them-
felves and their country, that talents and virtues have
been transferred J^o this republic. Confidering you as
an illuftrious member of this inftitution, your col-
leagues anticipate your aid, in zcaloufly promoting the.
objcds which unite them ; as a virtuous man, poflef-
fing eminent and ufeful acquirements, they contem-
plate,

APPENDIX.

23l

plate, with pleafure, the acceffion of fuch worth to the
American commonwealth ; and looking forward to
your future character of a citizen of this your adopted
country, they rejoice in greeting as foon, an enlight-
ened republican.

In this free and happy country, thofe unalienable
rights, which the Author of nature committed to man
as a facred depofit, have been fecured : here we have
been enabled, under the favor of Divine Providence,
to eftablilh a government of laws, and not of men j a
government which fecures to its citizens equal rights
and equal liberty j and which offers an afylum to*thc
good, to the persecuted, and to the opprelFed of other
climes.

May you long enjoy every blefling, which an ele-
vated and highly cultivated mind, a pure confcience,
and a ftee country, are capable of bellowing.

By Order of the Society,

David R1TTENHOU6B, Prefldent*

tfbXMtiiflM, JuM 20, S794f

AN*.

282

APPENDIX.

ANSWER.

To the Mcmhers of the American Philofophkal
Society at Philadelphia,

GENTLEMEN,

It is with peculiar fatisfaaion that I receive the
congratulations of my brethren of the Philofophical
Socrety in this city, on my arrival in this country. It
is in great part for the fake of purfuing our common
ftudies, without molcltution, though, for the prefent,
you will allow, with far lefs advantage,, that 1 have
left my native country, and have come to America;
:md a focicty of philofophers, who will have no objec-
tions to a perfon on account of his political or reli-
gious fentimcnts, will be as grateful as it will be new
to me. My paft condua, I hope, will fhew that you
may depend upon my zeal in promoting the valuable
objcds of your inftitution ; but you muft not flatter
yourfelves or me with fuppofmg, that, at my time
of life, and with the inconvenience attending a new
and uncertain fcttlcmcnt, I can be of much fervice
to it*

I am confident, however, from what I have already

fecn

API'ENDIX.

283

fcen of tlic fpirit of the pr!oplc of this country, that it
will foon appear that republican governments, in
which every obflrutStion is removed to the exertions of
all kinds of talents, will be fir more favorable to fcir
cnce and the arts, than any monarchical government
has ever been. The patronage to be met with there is
ever capricious, and as often employed to bear down
merit as to promote it ; having for its real obje(St not
fcicncc, or any thing ufeful to mankiivl, but the mere
reputation of the patron, who is feldom ai\y judge of
fcience. Whereas a public, which neither flatters nor
is to be flattered, will not foil in due time to diftin^uiih
true merit, and to give every encouragement that is
proper to be given in the cafe. Befides, by opening, as
you generoufly do, ** an afylum to the perfecuted and
opprefled of all climes," you will, in addition to your
own native ftocic, foon receive a large acceflion of
every kind of merit, philofophical not excepted,
whereby you will do yourfclvcs great honour, and fe-
^urc the moll: permanent advantage to the community,

T. Priestley.

Philadelphia, June 2r, J794«

IITE-

284

APPENDIX,

LITERATURE.

As many perfons have wifhcd to know how far «
tafte for Literature prevails in the States, I have an-
nexed a

LIST of fomt of thi BOOKS

WHICH HAVE ANSWERKD TO KEPRINT TIlEttI,

Togetlier with the .-imes of the Towns, and dates
when re-printtd.

Befides which Ir. Is to he underl'coJ, that there is an-
nually a vaft importation of Books from England,
Scotland, and Ireland, and that it would not be worth
while to rc-print there, unlefs the demand was
greater than could be conveniently fupplied from Eu-
rope. JVhen matters of faH are Jiated, every body may
judge for thmjelves. It is, however , but a partial State-
ment, ^

Several neat editions of the Bible, at Philadelphia,

New York, Bo/ion, and all the principal towns.

New Teftament, Trf«/o«, 1788

Robertfon's Hiftory of India, Philadelphia, 1 792

Price's Obfervations on Civil Liberty, Philadel. 1776

Paley*s

APPEND1X\

285

Palcy's Principles of Moral and Praaical Philofo-

phy, Philadelphia, 1787
Watts's Pfalms, 4th edition, at NnwTork^ 101791

and 1793
Doddridge's Rife and Progrcfs of Religion in the Soul,

Philadelphia, 1791 and 1794
Encyclopedia, at Philadelphia, 1794, Dobfon, with

American additions
Guthrie's Grammar, with maps, Philadelphia, 1794
Eiray on the Origin of Evil, JVorceJler in ConneSf, 1794
Blair's Sermons, Baltimore and New Tork, 1792
Butler's Analogy, 5£/?o«, 1793
Newton's (John) Vorks, 6 vols. Philadelphia, 1791
Rowe's Letters from the Dead to the Living, Bo/Ion^

1792
Booth's Apology for the Baptifts, Philadelphia, 1788
Young's Night Thoughts, Philadelphia, 179I
Pricftley's Chart of UniveVfal Hiftory, Newhaven, 1792
Brown's Concordance, Worcejler, 1794
Blair's Lc6lurcs on Rhetoric and the Belles Lettres,

2 vols. Philadelphia, 1793
Blair's Rhetoric abridged, Bojlon and Philadelph, 1793
Erfkine's Speech in Support of the Liberty of the

Prefs, NewTork, lyg^
Maine's Writings complete, Mbany, 1791
Rcid's Eflayson the Intelledlual and Adive Powers of

Man, 2 vols. Philadelphia, 1793
Burke's Reflexions on the Revolution in France,

Philadelphia, 1792
Woolftoocraft's Rights of Woman, Bojion and Phila-
delphia, l'J(j^

Burgh's

. f

286

APPENDIX*

Burgh's Art of Speaking, Bojhn^ Jjgs

Baron Trenck's Life of Himrdf, three editions, Phi-
ladelphia, 1792 and 1793

Muii's Tfial, three editions in New York only, and
feveral at Philadelphia and other towns

Barclay's Apology for the People called Quakers, Phi-
ladelphia^ 1789

Smith's Dialogues between the Pulpit and Reading
Defk, Albany, 1793

Fordyce's Sermons to Young Women, Philadelp. 1777

BH<^h's Narrative on board the Bounty, Philadel.ijc);^

Chapone's Letters, New York, 1793

Cliefterfield's Advice to his Son, Philadelphia, 1791

Cook's Voyages, Philadelphia, 1793

De Lolme on the Conltitution of England, New Yorh^

1792
Goldfmith's EfT.iys and Poems, Bopn, 1793
Hutchefon's Moral Philofophy, Philadelphia, 1788
Knox's E%s, Philadelphia, 1792; NeivYork, ijg^
Keate's Sketches from Nature, Bojlon, 1793
Raynal's (Abbe) Revolution of America, Hud/on^*

1792
Rochefaucault's Maxims, Bcjlon, 1793
Smith on the Wealth o( "Nations, Philadelphia, 1789
Shakefpcare's W^orks, the firlt American edition, at

Philadelphia, 1795

• TbttClty of Hudfon was orly begun builJing In X7S2 ; has now a
Bank, Cuipuration^ &c.

Dr.

APPENDIX.

287

Dr* Moore's Journal in France, from Auguft to De-
cember, 1792, Philadelphia and New York, ^794
Wil Ton's Account of the Pelew Iflands, Philacic/phia,

1792
Zimmerman on Solitude, P/;/W(?//i/j/fl', 1793
Condorcet's Life of Voltaire, P/j//«(r/<;//)/;z^, 1790
Buchan's Domeftic Medicine, Bo/ion and Ph'ilad. 1793
Crawford on Animal Heat, Philadelphia, ^787
Smcllie's Anatomical Tables, i?s?/^«, 1785
Weftley's Primitive Phyfic, Trenton, 1788
Nicholfon's Natural Philofophy, Philadelphia, 1788
Smell ie's Philofophy of Natural Hiftory, Philad, 1791
Beccaria on Crimes and Punifhmcnts, Philadelph. 1793
Mitford's Pleadings in the Court of Chancery, Phila-
delphia, 1789
Langhorne's Fables of Flora, Philadelphia, 1784
Oflian's Poems, Philadelphia, 1790
Cowper's Taflc, Bojion, 1791
Cowper's Poems, iS^//^w, 1792
Peter Pindar's Works, Philadelphia, 11^2
Thomfon's Seafons, Newbury Port, 1793
G\\ B\zs, Philadelphia, 1 790
Cyrus's Travels, Burlington, 1793
Johnfon's Raffelas, Prince of Abyffinia, Phi/ad. 1791
Lowth's Englifli Grammar, New Tor ^, 1780
Watts's Logic, Philadelphia, 1789
BofTuet's Univerfal Hiftory, Salem, 1785
Mafon on Self Knowledge, BoJlon, 1791
Oltervald's Compendium of Chriftian Theology,
Hartfordi 1788

Soame

'•M

288

APPEKDI}t«

Soame Jcnyns* Internal Evidence of the Chriftian Re*

liglon, Hartfordy 1789
Klopftock's Mcffiah, Elizabeth Tawn^ 1 788

ORIGINAL PUBLICATIONS

OP THBIE OWH.

Smith's Hiftory of New York and New Jerfey, P/;/->

tadelphia, 1794
Thoughts on Slavery, Lexington^ Kentutky^ 1792
American Mufeum, 12 vols.— to 1793, Philadelphia
American Magazine, New Torky 1788
Maffachufets Magazine, from 1789, Bojlon
Columbian Magazine, or Monthly Mifcellany, Ph'f

kJelpbia, 1793
American Oracle ; comprehending an Account of re.

cent Difcoveries in the Arts and Sciences, by

Dr. Samuel Stearns, NcwTorky 1791
Rufll's Medical Enquiries, Philadelphia, 1790 to 1794
American Philofophical Tranfadions, 2 vols. Phila^

delphia, 1 793
Carey's Account of the Yellow Fever in Philadelphia,

4th Edition, 1794
Curry, Helmuth, Nafly, Cathrall, Rufh, &c. on ditto
American Letter Writer, Philadelphidy 1792

Rcgiflcr

APPENDDf.

289

Regiftep of the United Sfates, Phitadclphtay 1794

Morfe's Geography, five or fix tdittons

JefterCou's Hiftory of Virginia

Kellcn.ip's i-Iiftory of Vew Hampfliire, Boffon^ '794

Milior's Dcfi-riptiori of the Delaware County

DcfcriptioM of Cape Cod, by Mr. W.

Hiflory o( ixc CoutUy of Effex, by Mr. T,

Apdiorpe's Hiftory of Surinam

I'lect's Regiftcr for 179J

Hazard's American Fliftorlcal Collections

Young Ladies' Parental Monitor, Hartford^ 1792

Young Gentleman's ditto, ditto

CuUen's Prai5lice of Phyfic, and his Materia Mcdica,

Niiu Torky 1793.
Lovctt's Philofophical EfTays, Worcejter^ 17*^6
Rural CEconomy; or EfTays on Hufbandry, by

He£tor St. John, Burlington^ '79^
Tucker's Bcrmudian, Williamjhurgh^ ^774
Rights of Afles, Burlington^ ^7^3
Index to the Bible, Salem, '79^
Belknap's American Biography, Bojlon, 1794.
Examination of ShcfEcld's Obfervations on the Com~

mcrce of the United States, Philadelphia, ^79*
Univerfalift's Cathechifm, Portfmouth, N. E. 1782
Hiftory of the State of Vermont, by Dr. S. Williams
Bartram's Botanic Travels through Georgia and

Florida
Gookin's Hiftorical CoUedions of the Indians in New

England, Bojion, 1793
Hutchinfon's Hiftory of Maflachufetts

y Hazard**

iif.;

' A

llif

I'li

1 *i

29<5

APPENDIX.

Hazard's Hiftorical Colleaion of State Papers
Minot's Hiftory of the Infurreaion in 1786 and 1 787,

Smith's Hiftory of New York, publijhed hy Cany cf

Philadelphia
Letters from an American Farmer, by Heaor St. John
Guftavus of Sweden, a tragedy, Bojiotiy 1793.

index;

INDEX.

! |!

Abstract of the Aft of Naturalization - • 259
Aiiams John» Vice Prefident $6— compared to Cato 257
Accountof the Yellow Fever - - - - 144

Addrefles to Dr. Prieftley f/eealjo Appendix) . - 83
Alom found ...«-•• 176
American Funds, how to purchafc in • . - 233
American Seamen . - - - - • 3^
Anti-Fedcralifts defcribed • - - - 87,125
Apple Trees ftripped of their Bark to renovate them 77
Articles beft to be taken over to America • • 95
Afpinwal, a public fpirited Man - • •65

Albeftoj found • m - - - • 67, 135

]Bache

INDEX*

Baciie, Franklin
Bancroft, Dr. his Patent
Barrington, in Nova Scotia
Bartram, the Botaniil -
Bay of Fundy • •
Beavers, good Clearers of Land -
Bingham, Mr* • - • -
BilTiup of New York -

- 134
• 101

- • 33

- - »54

- - 35

- 20;

lyo, 136, 138

- - 8j

Books, Lilt of reprinted 284— Original Publications
Bollon defcribed 39 — Obelifk on Beacon HiU 45 —
Long Wharf and Harbour - - - -
Brant, Jofcph •-•-••-
Erannon's Tea Gardens « • • - -
Briflbt -.--•»-

Brillol -

Brockfield . • ^ • •

Bull IVogs • - « « -

Bunker's Hill - . * - -
Burke 89, 121— his enormous Pcnfion
Bugs .•..••

BuiliHill . . - - -

B uttejr and Chcefc bad» and why n

288

- i63

- 21}

53, 54. 72

. loS

- 54

- 103

• • 41

- i?o

4C>»54* *><
- 139> 14^

- 941

Cape Sable • • • • ^

- • 3S

Cape Cod • • - - •

• • 37

Caillot, late Governor of Guadaloape •

. . 136

Carey -.«••-

"44» >47' »53

^hin*

INDEX*

ChinqiKspin, a Nut common to China and America only 234

Charlefion, near Bofton - • > . . 4.^

City Tavcrn> at Philadelphia « • • • 111

Chriil Church, Philadelphia - . . • i^S

Clinton, General . . • * . St, 83

Clearing Lands ..«--•• lot, 20J

Coafling Packet Boats, clean and neat -
Cochineal Fly, fuppofed . - •
Coins of the United States • - . .
Columbia College « • • • .
Confeffion of Dort . . • -
Conneflicut, its River 55, 6^ — its Government mo

dellcd by the famous Locke
Controverfy in Politics friendly to Liberty
Congrefs fitting -•••••
Cotton Manufaftories - . - -

Country Towns that fecmed moll preferable -
Cullis, George Wafliington . • -

65
106

83
83

III

76,91
234
125

Danger of running afliofe at Sable Ifland

t)eacon, Bifliop

• •

Debates in Houfe of AfTembly at

Hartford

Debt of the United States -

187

Difconfolate, a Frenchman -

307

Delafield

Delaware - - - -

106

Democratic Societ)' at New York

«•

Diffir Ity of keeping Servants

Doblon,BookfeIlef

»5S

Drefs of an American Officer

•

Drill

111

fill

111

INDEX.

•

Drill Ploushs obferved

Drearinefs of the Coaft of Halifax

Dutch Reformed Church

1091

34
•3

Eaft India Trade of the Americans
EfFedl of General Wafliin^ton's Death
Ele6\ioneering without noife or buftlc
Elizabeth Town - - -

Elizabeth Town Paflagc Boat
Epitome of the Federal Government
Exports and Imports compared -

238

187

ICO

215

259

2 37

Federal Hall - - ^9

Federalills defcribed ,.----- 87
Federal City defcribed - - - • - 22!

Fevers, at Newhaven 69 — at Philadelphia • • 180
Fire Flies defcribed - - - - • - 103

FlatBulh 206,210,218,231

Flax - - - - - - * 65, 101

Fogs, great ones on the Banks of Newfoundland 15—

Nova Scotia Coafts • - - - • '9
Frankfort - - - • • • -IIO

Franklin, Mrs. 82— Dr. Franklin - - 112,130

Franklin Library .-.-.. 129

Freeman, Rev. Mr. i • - - - - 47

Gaol

IHOEX,

Gaol Regulations at Philadelphia - • -is*

Gates, General - - - • • 79» ^®

General Obfervations on Conneflicut 70— on Phila-

delphia 184— on New York
Genet, the French Ambaflador

Gravefcnd, in Long lHand . • •

Grey's Gardens - • • • •

Grove, Mr.Vifit to - • - • -

Governor's Ifland - • - - -
Greek and Latin going out of falhion in America

- 226
76,96
• ai8

- »54

- 168

. 81

206

• « 812

- 150
21

57, 124, 129

- 178

- 41

- 43
66, 72

63,102
HeCum Troops furprlfed by General Walliington 105

Horfes, good for travelling— a Danifh one coft 100

Dollars ------ 63

Hudfon's River ------- 9^

Hurt, Rev. John 219— his Opinion of Land Purchafes zzo

Haarlem - • • • -

Halden, Charles, a Viftim to his Humanity

Halifax - . - - -

Hartford, in Connedicut

Hagar's Towh - - - - •

Havord College " . - - -

Hackney Coaches at Bofton - - -
Hell Gates, its Eddies accounted for
Heflian Fly

Jamaica,

INDEX.

.«r'

Jamaica, in Long Ifland - - - s - zo8
Iced Creams and Liquors - - - - H^* 213
Importance to Great Britain the increafing Popula-
tion of the United States - - - . 49
Indian Chief, his peculiar Notions - . . 79
Indian Deputies at Philadelphia - - - - 167
Indians, Mickmack 25— Montauck . - .208
journey of J. Pric'lley to Northumberland . .172
Iron Ore on Connedicut River - • - - 6p

Kentucky 219— Lands beft next to it

2za

Land, its increafed Price - - _ - - 80
Lands, Military fold by Audlion - - - - 319

Lee's Speech in favor of England - - - 112

Lehave, a port in Nova Scotia • - - 27

Leiccller _------53

Liberality of the Epifcopalians - - - - 212

Lift of the Deaths during the Yellow Fever at Phila-
delphia __-.--- 141
Liverpool, in Nova Scotia, defcribed - - - 29
Livingftone, Chancellor - i - - - 80
Livingflon - - - - - - - 100

Loghcufe,

INDEX.

Loghoufe, one defcribcd
Long Ifland

Loring's Lodging Houfe
Loyalfoc Settlement

- 57

6j.73»7^>78» 207

- 75
■ 77. m

Malt Liquor but little brewed, and why

. 23O

Malkin's Eflays, Extraft from

. 117

Manufaftories of Woollen defcribed

48, 60, 69, 90

Marlborough Pond • - - .

- 5«

Maple Sugar Tree

. . 63

Mickmack Indians ...

- 2J

Mifflin, Governor, his Cottage

- - 157

Montgomery, General

- 93

Morfe, Jededlah ....

47» 6s

Muncy Creek . - - -

- - 174

Murlegalh Filhing VefTels .

. 28

Mufketoes - _ - - .

98,210

i-*

Negroes, their natural Indolence accounted for 57 —
Sick ones provided for by Law - - -

Negro Houfes -

Neftiamlny Bridge defcribed - - - .

Newark . ..--...
New Brunfwick _ _ - - . .

Newhaven ......

New York 73— its increafxng Population

- 5S

- 100

. 109

- 98

- 103

65, 129

- 227
Newf-

INDEX.

Ncwfpapcrs at Bcfton 48~at New York 7$— a*

Springfield ..---- 55

Noaillcs, Kite Vifcompte de - - - - 137

Number of Members in Congrcfa - • -13*

OWervations on Manufaftorles - - .
Obfervations on Philadelphia 184— on New York

Oeller's Hotel -

Oil cxtrafted from Sun-flower Seeds
Ofgood, Mr. - - -

226

>3»

Paper Mills _.-----••

Parker, Colonel

Patcrfon Manufartory _ - - . -

Paul'sChurch, New York _---•-

Peach Trees

Peak's Mufeum

Penn, William . - - - " W^ "

Philadelphia

Piatte's Obfervations on Pcnfylvania

Pine Apples raifcd near Bofton - - -

Playhoufe /e Theatre

Population of Bofton 48— of Hartford 62— of New

York 227 — of Philadelphia
Prieftley, Mr. . - - - . 76>78>82, 157
Prieftley, Dr. 82, 83, 85, 88, 91, 96, if 4, 168, 170,211
Primogeniture, no Rights attached to it iu Conne^icut 6i

prince

56
189

211

13s
110

110

173
70

186

INDEf.

10}

Prince-town

Price of Provifions at Trenton igz—at New York

231 — at PLlladelphia - - - - . i5^
Prolific Families common in the United States 57, zoo
Public Buildings at New York 92— at Pliiladclphia 1 30

Qucftion, why Wafhington City is a preferable fitua-

tion to any other for a Federal Town ? anfwcrcd 223
Qualifications to be a LegiHator - - -. . 260

Ramfay, Dr. his Addrefs to the Americans * 261

Rariton River ._.--. loa

Reafon why Dr. Prieftley was not afked to preach - 21 1

Religious Prejudice _-.--- »^»

Remarks of J cfferfon's on our Government - - 121

Return to New York - - • - - 190

Rivington, James - - - - - 214.

Road from Bofton to New York 49— to Philadelphia 97

Rodgers, Dr. 82

Rules for the Philadelphia Aflembly ... 133

Rye fovvn in preference to Wheat, and why • - 6^

Salaries to the Legiflature -
Sands Comfort

257

Sea

INDEX*

Sea retired - - - - ^

•■

- 66

Sequeftration of Britlfh Debts confidercd

- i%g

Sheep ---...

- 101

Shenandoah Valley . _ , .

- 180

Shelburn, or Port Rofeway

- 35

Shipping, increafe of - - -

- 236

Silkworms bred . - - .

. 64

Simcoe - . - - -

. 89

Skuylkil - - . . ,

154, 156

Slavery not abolifbed . - .

- 23s

Smith, the commoneft Name in America

•

- 186

Snakes with two Heads . . .

- 68

Soap, a cheap domelHc kind

- 208

Sound, divi ling Long llland from New York

, grows

narrower - - . - -

- 66

Spencer _ - - _ .

- 53

Spinning and Carding Machines -

69,90

Springfield Plains - - - _

- 55

Springfield, in Jcrfey 2i5~Manufaclories there

- 216

Stages from Philadelphia - - .

- 165

Staten Ifland - - - . .

- 217

Stocking Looms _ - _ -

- 129

Sugar of Maple at Table - » -

61,64

Sulphur Springs difcovered

- 183

Taylerrind, late Bilhop of Autun - - - - 132
Theatre at Bollon 42— at New York 75 — Philadelphia 126
Thomas, Ifai.ih, a famous Bookfeller - - - 52
Tonnage and Impoit Duties, iheir Amount - 236, 239
Toulmin's Journal - _ - - - - 182

Tontine Coffee Houfe 73

Total

INDEX.

Total of Deaths by the Fever
Trade, theirs, with Europe
Trades, good in America
Trenton - - - _

Trumbull, an American Painter -
Turnpike Road, only om - .

>53
237

105

89
210

Vaughan, Samuel, Efq.
Vernon, Mount
Virginia Coal - - .

Vifit to Dr. Franklin's Daughter
Unitarian Chapel at Bofton -

- «3»

- 125
69,213

- 156

- 44

Wadfworth, Colonel 60 — Conveifation with him
Walpole's AfTertion _ _ . _

Waltham ---...-
Wafliington, Prcfident - - _ -

Waftiington County -.,__-
Watertown - - ^ - - -

Wayne, General _ , - - .

Weavers, plenty in America - - ,

Weather in America vice verfa with England -
Wefton .-->--.
Whales fpouting . - - - -

Whilkey, Receipt to make - - - -
Wilbraham Town - _ - - -

- 12S

. 169

- SO

122, 222

- 189

- 50

- 106

- 204.

- 79

- SI

- 36

- 176

■ 55

WU.

INDEX.

Willings, Mr. Prefident of the Bank , - - 136

Withersfield, famous for its Onions - . - 63

Witherfpoon, Dr. .--.-- 105

Wincheller, in Shenandoah, Prices of Provilions there 181

Worceder, in Conne<Slicut - - - - - 5'

Words peculiar to the Americans . - . 21^

Wrighten, Mrs. the Aftrefs ^ - , - - 75

Yale College - - .

Yellow Fever - - - - -

Yonge, Sir George's Manufaftory at Ottery

138

Aetata*

Page 3.1. 3, from the bottom, dele « qua nunc tmcr\hcrch.gumnt.
^ ,4. J. 4. from the bottom, read « all the way i^arJ) into Boston' &C

24, 1. i6,for Ancrka, read United States. ^^

57, 1. 3, from the bottom, read " at tbit {fme) sitting, &c. .

58, 1. 5, for adjohied, read adjourned, 9

(,6,\.ii,ior March, mi May,