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 1 2 3 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
' u 
 
 ji. 
 
 i 
 
 { 
 
 QUEBEC 
 
 Lumberman's Handy Book 
 
 AND 
 
 CULLER'S MANUAL 
 
 CULLING AND MEASURING OP 
 
 TIMBER, SPARS, DMl^ 11 STAVES 
 
 Timber Limit Regulations, Timber 
 
 Calculations, Log Tables, and 
 
 a variety of useful 
 
 information. 
 
 REVISED AND ENLARGED EDITION, 
 
 1894. 
 
 PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY DAWSON & 00. 
 QUEBEC, CANADA. 
 
 PIMOE - - ^O Ots, 
 
 tv 
 
Interest and Exchange Tables. 
 Ready Reckoners, in $ c. and £ s. d. 
 Anderson's Commercial Letter-Writer. 
 Advance Tables— Currency at any advance on the Sterling. 
 Works on Surveying and Civil Engineering— Steam and 
 Steam Mechanics, &c., &c., &c. 
 
 Timber Keckoners. 
 
 Cullers' Act. 
 
 Paradis' Square Timber and Deal Keckoners. 
 
 Welch's Board-Tal>les. 
 
 Miller's do. 
 
 Sheppard's Deals and Staves. 
 
 " Saw-Log Tables. 
 
 McGie's do. 12 x 14 Standard. 
 
 Montreal Produce Tables, " Dawson's." 
 Hoppus's Practical Measurer. 
 Kinsley's Self-Instructor in Measuring Lumber. 
 Cusson's Lumber Merchants' Ready-Reckoner. 
 Scribne'^r's do. do. 
 
 Goodfellow's Freight Calculator ; exhibiting the contents 
 
 of all kinds of Packages and Casks. 
 AH kinds of Timber Specifications ruled to pattern. 
 
 Book-Keeping. 
 
 Bryant & Stratton's Book-Keeping. 
 Marsh's Science of Double Entry simplified. 
 Bryant & Stratton's Commercial Arithmetic. 
 French and English Measures, Wurtele's. 
 
 Page 44 — 
 9464-r 
 
 Page 48—: 
 Quebe 
 
 Page 59—] 
 Gal lor 
 Wind 
 
 Page 61—] 
 80 toe 
 
 Page 63— ( 
 ter Bu 
 
 Page 63.- 
 feet St 
 
 3,955 S 
 
 1 Eng] 
 stead ( 
 
 Page 66—1 
 
ERRATA. 
 
 Page 44— 10th and 11th line— 9464— 580=1.63, should be 
 9464-r-r)808=1.63 standard. 
 
 Page 48— Log Measures— Doyle's Rule 16 ft. should be 12. 
 Quebec Government, 50 ft. should be 00. 
 
 Page 59— Diameter of a Cylinder containing an Imperial 
 Gallon should be 18.789 instead of 1.8789. 
 Winchester Gals, x 9604 should be 9694. 
 
 Page 61—100 Canadian Cents weigh one pound, should be 
 80 to one pound— Same as the English halfpenny. 
 
 Page 63— Cubic Measure— 2.50-42 Cubic Inches Winches- 
 ter Bushel, Phould be 2150-40. 
 
 Page 63.— Square Measure.— 4.40 square yards=435060 
 feet should be 4840 yards=43560 feet. 
 3,955 Square Perches equal i Are (French) not Acre. 
 
 1 English Square foot is equal to .0929 of a Metre in- 
 stead of 0.929. 
 
 Page 66— 1st Item.— 10.752 Cubic inches should be 10752. 
 4th Item— 1.0722 should be 1072.2 
 
y 
 
 UMI 
 
 f 
 
 Stgul 
 
 TIMBEJ 
 
 Merchant's 
 
 ciilatic 
 
 ol 
 
 REVIS 
 
 PRINTE 
 
QXJEBBO 
 
 J^UMBERMAn's f^ANDY BoOK 
 
 AND 
 
 Puller's Manual. 
 
 CONTAINING THE ACT TO 
 
 ^tplatt l|e Culling anD ileasuriirg 
 
 OF 
 
 TIMBER, SPARS. DEALS, AND STAVES. 
 
 ALSO 
 
 GOVERNMENT REGULATION REGARDING TIMBER LIMITS 4 LOG TABLE 
 
 WITH AN APPENDIX CONTAINING 
 
 Merchant's Tariff, Harbour Dues, Towing Timber fnl 
 
 culations Weights and Measures clmpa^son ^ ^" 
 
 ot the various Log Standards, and a 
 
 variety of useful matter to the 
 
 Lumber Merchant and 
 
 Lumberman. 
 
 ' » »■ 
 
 REVISED AND CORRECTED TO DATE. 
 
 -» ♦ »- 
 
 -- 1894 — 
 
 PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY DAWSON & CO., 
 
 QUEBEC, CANADA. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 V 
 
 Page 
 
 Culling and Measuring of Timber, Deals, Spars &c. 4 
 
 Timber Regulations ibr the Province ot* Quebec 23 
 
 Government Log Table and Timber Dues 32 
 
 Tariff of Fees, " Cullers "—Timber, Staves, &c 20 
 
 Quebec Cove and Shipping Charges 35 
 
 Quebec Harbour Dues 37 
 
 Bateau Tariff, Timl)er Towers' Tariff, Salvage Tariff... 38 
 
 Timber Shipping and Freights 40 
 
 Freight fc.nd Stowage, and Freight E(iuivalents 41 
 
 Timber Calculations and Board Measure 42 
 
 Value and properties of various Woods 52 
 
 Hints to Lumber Dealers, Selection of standing Timber, 
 
 Defects of Timber Trees, Felling Timber, &c 53 
 
 Woods, their English, French, and Botanical Names.. 49 
 
 English and Foreign Lumber Standards 47 
 
 Log measures or Standards (Various) 48 
 
 Scantling Table 08 
 
 Spool Lumber Calculations 69 
 
 Lineal and Shipping Mensures 02 
 
 Weights and Measures 58 
 
 Useful information about Woods 51 
 
 Cubic and Square Measures 03 
 
 Circles, Squares, Cones and Pyramids 04 
 
 Cask Gauging 05 
 
 Advance on Sterling Livoices 07 
 
 Prismoidal Formula 07 
 
 Specific Gravities 58 
 
 Jl^" As it is our wish to have this Manual as correct as 
 possible, parties who may detect any error, however trifling 
 would oblige by notifying us of the same. 
 
 ■f, 
 
ago 
 
 4 
 23 
 32 
 20 
 35 
 37 
 38 
 40 
 41 
 42 
 52 
 
 53 
 
 49 
 47 
 48 
 ()8 
 69 
 02 
 58 
 51 
 03 
 04 
 
 a5 
 
 67 
 
 07 
 58 
 
 EXTRACTS 
 
 4; 
 
 FROM AN 
 
 OP 
 
 Timber, Masts, Spars, Deals, Staves, Ac. 
 
 The Council of the Quebec Board of Trade, when required 
 by the Supervisor so to do, shall elect four Merchants 
 practically acquainted with the Lumber Trade; and the 
 Supervisor shall, by instrument under his hand and seal, 
 appoint four licensed cullers ; and the said four Merchants 
 and four Cullers shall constitute a Board of Examiners, of 
 which Board the Supervisor shall ex-officio be a member and 
 Chairman ; and as often as vacancies occur in the said 
 Board by death, change of residence or otherwise, such 
 vacancies shall be filled by election in the case of Merchants 
 and by new appointments in the case of Cullers, formi'.ig 
 the said Board. 
 
 The Board shall meet at the Office of the Supervisor or 
 elsewhere on the first Monday of May and August in each 
 year, or upon any other day, when notified by the Super- 
 visor so to do, and four of the number of the Board shall 
 constitute a quorum for the transaction of business, and 
 the decision of any majority of the members present at such 
 meeting shall be held to be the decision of the Board. 
 
Every cortilicate issued by the IJoaid of ExamineiH, 
 appointed under the provisions of the Act, sliall state tlie 
 qualifications of the person to whom such certifusate is 
 issued and what description of culling he is best qualified 
 to perform. 
 
 k t 
 
 MODE OF CULLING AND MEASURINa. 
 
 Holders of Measuring Tapes, &c., shall he Apprentices. 
 
 21. The Holders of measuring tapes and scriber3 of 
 timber, shall, in all cases, when practicable, be apprentices 
 or candidates for becoming Cullers ; for whose acts, in the 
 perfori-iance of their duties, the Cullers shall be responsible. 
 (8 Vic, cap. 49, sec. 8.) 
 
 Square Timber to be measured according to Three Modes. 
 
 22. Square Timber shall be measured only in some one 
 of the three following modes — that is to say : 
 
 First. — Measured off, in the raft or otherwise, giving the 
 full cubic contents, without any allowance or deduction. 
 
 SECONDiiY. — Measured in shipping order, (which shall 
 mean, sound, fairly made timber) ; gum-seams closed at the 
 butt, and sound knots not to be considered unsoundness — 
 lengths under the merchantable standard hereinafter men- 
 tioned, and not less than twelve feet long to be received, if, 
 in the opinion of the Culler, the same bo lit for shipment. 
 
 Thirdly. — Culled and measured in a merchantable state 
 in accordance with the rules, standards and limitations 
 hereinafter described. — (8 Vic, cap. 49, sec 9.) 
 
 
 I 
 
k I ' 
 
 
 
 Length of Timber to be Measured by Cullers as well as Girth 
 
 23. In measurinj? timber, the Culler employed for that 
 purpose shall measure not only the girth of each piece of 
 timber, but shall also measure, personally, with the aid of 
 one competent assistant, the length of each piece of timber 
 in all cases where such measurement shall be practicable 
 with the aid of only one assistant ; and in the event of any 
 case arising in which, in the opinion of the Supervisor of 
 Cullers or his Deputy, such measurement cannot be effected 
 witk the aid of one assistant only, then such Culler may 
 employ an additional competent assistant for that purpose, 
 who, as well as the assistant first above mentioned, shall be 
 approved of by the Supervisor of Cullers or his Deputy.- 
 (16 v., c. 168,8. 1.) 
 
 Culler to provide himself with Pleasuring Rod, Tape, d:G. 
 
 24. Every Culler shall provide himself with a measuring 
 rod and tape, which shall, in all cases, be English measure, 
 and tested and compared by a standard kept in the office 
 of the Supervisor (such rod having a hook at the end, five- 
 eighths of an inch long) ; and also with a scribing knife, 
 with which he shall mark, in legible characters, the length, 
 breadth and thickness of all square timber measured or 
 culled by him, and the mark, Initials or number of the 
 party, if required. 
 
 How Timber shall be Marked. 
 And every Culler shall provide himself with a proper 
 stamp with the initials of his name in legible characters, 
 and with the following capital letters, in addition : 
 
 Jfl, which shall denote what is merchantable ; 
 U, which shall denote what is sound and of merchantable 
 quality, but under merchantable size ; 
 
 S, which shall denote what is of second quality ; 
 
6 
 
 T, which shall denote what is of third quality ; 
 
 R, which shall denote what is rejected and unmerchant- 
 able; which marks shall be indented or stamped on the end 
 of each article of lumber culled in terms of merchantable 
 standard hereinafter described, except West India and 
 Barrel staves, Boards, Lathwood and Handspikes— (8 V., c. 
 49, s. 12.) 
 
 Copy of Agreement as to Mode of Measurement shall be 
 lodged in the Supervisor's Office. 
 
 25. A copy of every agreement as to the adoption of any 
 of the modes of measurement or culling mentioned in this 
 Act, signed by the seller and buyer, shall be lodged in the 
 office of the Supervisor at the same time that a requisition 
 is made to him for a Caller to measure or cull any lumber, 
 for the guidance of the Supervisor and Culler in the per- 
 formance of thyir duty : and suchVequisition shall state the 
 river and section of tne Province wherefrom such lumber 
 
 is produced. 
 
 P7'oviso. 
 
 Provided that it shall be competent forthe owner of any 
 lumber or his agent, to cause it to be measured, culled or 
 counted before any sale ; in which case, the specification 
 of such lumber shall set forth the mode in which the 
 measurement, culling or counting has been performed. 
 
 ~(8 v., c. 49, s. 13.) 
 
 QUALITIES OF L.UMBEU. 
 Descriptions and Classes ot Liuniber. 
 
 26. In all cases, the Supervisor and Cullero respectively, 
 shall be governed by the following descriptions, rules, 
 standards and limitations, in asc3rta.ining and certifying the 
 merchantable size and quality of lumber submitted to their 
 culling ; 
 
 ^1 
 
 
ir\ 
 
 i 
 
 Square White Oak Timber, 
 
 Square White Oak Timbkk, First Quality, shall be free 
 from rot, rotten knots (affecting the surrounding wood) open 
 rings, and grub or large worm holes; but small worm holes 
 and shakes shall be allowed, according to the judgment of 
 the Culler. Second Quality shall be Oak not coming within 
 the definition of first quality, and which in the judgment 
 of the Culler is not culls. 
 
 Bock Elm. 
 
 Square Hard Grey or Rock Elm shall be free from rots, 
 open rings and rotten knots (affecting the surrounding wood) 
 but shakes and slivers shall be allowed, according to the 
 judgment of the Culler. 
 
 White or Yellow Pine Tim.ber. 
 
 Square White or Yellow Pine Timber shall be free 
 from rot, rotten knots (affecting the surrounding wood) 
 worm holes, open shakes and open rings ; but sound knots 
 shall be allowed, according to the judgment of the Culler. 
 
 Square Red Pine Timber. 
 
 Square Red Pine Timber shall be free from rot, rotten 
 knots (affecting the surrounding wood), worm holes, shr,kes 
 and splits ; but sound knots shall be allowed, according to 
 the judgment of the Culler. 
 
 Square Ash, Basswood, and Butternut. 
 
 Square Ash, Basswood, and Butternut shall be of the 
 same quality as white or yellow pine square timber. 
 
 Square Birch. 
 
 Square Birch shall be free from rot, rotten knots, splits 
 and shakes, and shall be allowed two inches wane. 
 
8 
 
 Masts, Bowsprits, and lied Pine Spa,rs. 
 Masts, Bowsprits, and Rkd Pine Spars shall be sound 
 free from bad knots, rents and shakes; and the heart shall 
 be visible in spots at or near the partners. 
 
 Hickory Handspikes. 
 
 Hickory Handspikes shall be six feet long, and three 
 and a-half inches square at the smaller end. 
 
 Ash Oars. 
 Ash Oars shall be three inches square on the loin, and five 
 mches broad on the blade : the blade shall be one-third of the 
 length of the oar ; and suph oars shall be cleft straight on all 
 sides, and free from large knots, splits and shakes. 
 
 Lathwood. 
 Lathwood shall be cnt in lengths of from three to six 
 feet, and measured by the cord of eight feet in length by four 
 feet in height : the same, to be merchantable, shall be free 
 from rot and split freely; and each billet may contain to 
 the extent o( three or four open case-knots, provided they 
 run in hne, or nearly so; and it shall not have more than 
 one twist. 
 
 Pine or Fir Boards. 
 Pine or Fir Boards shall not be less than ten feet in 
 length, not less than one inch in thickness, not less than 
 seven inches m breadth, equally broad from end to end 
 edged with a saw, orneatly trimmed by astraight li„e,and 
 shall be free from rot bad knots, rents and shakes, and of 
 equal thickness on both edges from end to end ; but the 
 colour alone of any board shall not be sufficient cause for 
 Its rejection ,f it is in other respects sound and merchant- 
 awe, and ot tlie dimensions required by this Act. 
 
 \ 
 
 f, 
 
 »■ X 
 
-f 
 
 9 
 
 
 i 
 
 i!;: 
 
 t A, 
 
 i 
 
 White or Yellow Pine Deals. 
 
 White or Yellow Pine Deals, to be merchantable, shall 
 be free from rot, rotten knots, grub-worm holes, open case 
 knots, shakes and splits (a slight sun-crack excepted) ; and 
 sound knots and hard black knots to be allowed as follows : 
 if not exceeding three in number, and not exceeding upon 
 the average one inch and a-quarter diameter ; if exceeding 
 three and not exceeding six in number, and upon the aver- 
 age not exceeding three-quarters of an inch in diameter ;— 
 this proportion of knots to be allowed for a deal eleven inches 
 in width and twelve feet in length, and deals of greater or 
 less dimensions to be allowed for in proportion, according 
 to the judgment of the Culler ; wane equal to half an inch on 
 one edge, if running the whole length of such deal, to be 
 allowed ; and if not exceeding half the length of such deal, 
 three-quarters of an inch to be allowed, they shall be free 
 from black or dead sap (with a slight exception, at the dis- 
 cretion of such Culler). 
 
 Bed Pine Deals. 
 
 Red Pine Deals, to be merchantable, shall be free from 
 rot, rotten knots, grub-worm holes, open case knots and splits 
 several small sound knots to be allowed, according to the 
 judgment of the Culler ; heart shake to be allowed, if it does 
 not run far into the deal or form a split through at the ends ; 
 they shall be free (or nearly so) from black or dead sap ; 
 but sound sap on the corners, or on a portion of one face of a 
 deal to be allowed, according to the. judgment of the Culler. 
 
 Spruce Deals. 
 
 Spruce Deals to be merchantable, shall be free from rot, 
 rotten knots, grub-worm holes, open case knots, splits and 
 
10 
 
 shakes (a heart shake, not exceeding one-fourth of an inch 
 to half an inch in depth, excepted) ; several small sound 
 knots and hard black knots to be allowed according to the 
 judgment of the Culler ; and in the exercise of such judg- 
 ment, he shall keepin view the peculiar nature of the wood, 
 and govern his judgment accordingly ; wane equal to half 
 an inch on one edge, if running the whole length of the deal, 
 to be allowed, and if not exceeding one-quarter the length 
 of such deal, three-quarters of an inch to be allowed. 
 
 White or Yellow Pine Second Quality Deals. 
 
 White or Yellow Pine Skcond Quality Deals shall be 
 free from rot, rotten knots and splits, with slight exceptions, 
 at the discretion of the Culler ; and sound knots and hard 
 black knots to be allowed as follows : if not exceeding six in 
 number, and not exceeding upon the average one inch and 
 a-half diameter ; if exceeding six and not exceeding twelve 
 in number, and not exceeding upon the average one inch 
 and a-quarter in diameter (small knots under half an inch 
 in diameter not to be counted or considered)— this propor- 
 tion of knots to be allowed for a deal eleven inches in width 
 and twelve feet in length, and deals of greater or lesser di- 
 mensions to be allowed for in proportion, according to the 
 judgment of the Culler ; — heart-shakes and sun-cracks, not 
 exceeding three-fourths of an inch to one inch in depth, to 
 be allowed, as also worm-holes, at the judgment of the 
 Culler, wane of half an inch to be allowed, according to the 
 quality of the deal ; in other respects, at the judgment of 
 the Culler. Deals rejected as not coming within the stand- 
 dard of merchantable or second quality, shall be classed as 
 culls, except that the Culler may, if requested by buyer 
 and seller, select and classify as third quality the best of 
 the deals so rejected. 
 
 i ^ 
 
11 
 
 an inch 
 1 sound 
 g to the 
 3h judg- 
 le wood, 
 to half 
 he deal, 
 ) length 
 ed. 
 
 i. 
 
 shall be 
 eptions, 
 nd hard 
 igsix in 
 ich and 
 : twelve 
 ne inch 
 an inch 
 propor- 
 n width 
 sser di- 
 l to the 
 jks, not 
 ipth, to 
 b of the 
 ^ to the 
 nent of 
 3 stand- 
 -ssed as 
 ' buyer 
 best of 
 
 Spruce and Red Pine Second Quality Deals. 
 
 Spruce and Red Pine Second Quality Deals shall be 
 deals not coming within the definition of merchantable, and 
 I which, in the opinion and judgment of the Culler, are not 
 
 culls, and shall be classed as second quality ; and the Culler, 
 if required by seller and buyer, may select and classify as 
 third quality the best of the deals unfit to be seconds. 
 
 Quebec Standard Hundred of Deals. 
 
 The Quebec Standard Hundred of Deals shall be one 
 hundred pieces, twelve feet long, eleven inches broad, and 
 two and a-half inches thick ; and deals of all other dimen- 
 ) . sions shall be computed according to the said standard. 
 
 /> ^ Deals of all qualities shall not be less than eight feet long, 
 * '^' seven inches broad and two-and a-half inches thick. Deal 
 j ends shall not be less than six feet long, and shall be com- 
 
 puted according to the Quebec Standard. 
 
 Merchantable Deals. 
 
 All Merchantable Deals must be well sawn and squared 
 
 1 at the end with a saw ; and the colour alone shall be no 
 
 objection to their being merchantable. All deals, when 
 
 \ culled, shall in all cases be stamped with the initials of the 
 
 ^- Culler, and the capital letter denoting their quality as such. 
 
 Proviso as to Spruce Deals. 
 
 Provided always, that Sfruck Deals, if not sawn at the 
 ends prior to or at the tim<' . ^ culling, shall be marked with 
 the capital letter denoting their respective qualities, with 
 red chalk, in large bold letters. 
 
*r 
 
 12 
 
 How other Deals shall he Marked. 
 
 To prevent mistakes in piling, all other deals shall he 
 marked with bold strokes, in red chalk, as follows : 
 
 Merchantable shall be marked I ; 
 Second Quality shall be marked II ; 
 Third Quality (if made) shall be marked III ; 
 Rejected or culls shall be marked X. 
 
 dimensio:ns of staves. 
 
 Standard or Measurement Staves. 
 
 Standard or Measurement Staves shall be at the di- 
 mensions set forth in the words and figures following : 
 5J feet long, 5 inches broad, and from 1 to 3 inches thick 
 4^ do. ^ do. ^ 
 
 3J do. 4 do. 
 
 2J do. 5 do. 
 
 Heart Staves. 
 
 Heart Staves five and a-half feet long and four and a-half 
 inches broad, to be received as if of merchantable dimen- 
 sions. 
 
 Standard Mille. 
 
 The Standard Mille shall be twelve hundred pieces, of 
 five and a-half feet long, five inches broad, and one and 
 a-half inches thick ; and standard or measurement staves 
 of other dimensions shall be reduced to the said standard 
 by the table of calculation now used. 
 
 West India or Puncheon Staves. 
 
 West India or Punc:hkon Staves shall bo three and a- 
 half feet long, four inches broad, and three-fourths of an 
 
 tirnxj^^ 
 
 *\ 
 

 13 
 
 
 *v 
 
 •-^ 
 
 inch thick, all staves shall be straight-grained timber, pro- 
 perly split, with straight edges, free from the grub or large 
 worm-holes, knots, veins, shakes and splinters ; and small 
 worm-holes, not exceeding three in number, to be allowed, 
 according to the judgment of the Culler provided there are 
 no veins running from or connected therewith ; and the 
 Culler shall measure the length, breadth and thickness of 
 standard staves, at the shortest, narrowest and thinnest 
 parts ; and the thickness of West India and barrel staves 
 exceeding the standard breadth, to be measured at such 
 breadth, to wit : four and three and a-half inches, respect- 
 ively, provided the thinnest edge is not less than half an inch 
 
 Dimensions ol Merchantable Timber. 
 
 The dimensions of Merchantable Timber shall be as set 
 forth in the following words and figures : 
 
 Oak. 
 
 ,Oak shall not be less than twenty feet in length, nor less 
 than ten inches square in the middle. 
 
 Elm. 
 Elm shall not be less than twenty feet in length, nor less 
 than ten inches square in the middle. 
 
 White Pine. 
 White Pine shall not be less than twenty feet in length, 
 and twelve inches square in the middle ; and fifteen feet 
 and upwards in length, if sixteen inches and upwards in 
 the middle. 
 
 Red Pine. 
 
 Red Pine shall not be less than twenty-five feet in length, 
 and ten inches square in the middle ; and twenty-five feet 
 and upwards in length, if twelve inches square and upwards 
 in the middle. 
 
14 
 
 Ash, Basswood and Butternut. 
 
 Ash Basswood and Butternut shall not be less than 
 fifteen feet in length and twelve inches square in the middle, 
 nor less than twelve feet in length, if fifteen inches and 
 upwards in the middle. 
 
 Birch. 
 
 Birch shall not be less than six feet in length, nor less 
 than twelve inches square in the middle. 
 
 Taper ot Merchantable Timber. 
 
 Oak .... 3 inches under 30 feet, and in proportion 
 
 for any greater length. 
 
 Elm 2 do. for 30 do. do. do. 
 
 White Pine... IJ do. for 20 do. do. do. 
 
 Red Pine 2 do. for 25 do. do. do.^ 
 
 Ash 1^ do. under 20 do. do. do.' 
 
 Basswood 1^ do. under 20 do. do. do. 
 
 Butternut 1^ do. under 20 do. do. do. 
 
 Bends or Twists not to exceed one in number. 
 
 Hollow allowed on Merchantable Timber. 
 
 Oak 3 inches for every 20 feet in length, and in 
 
 proportion for any greater length. 
 
 Elm 3 do. do. 20 do. do. do. 
 
 White Pine... 2^ do. do. 20 do. do. do. 
 
 Red Pine 3 do. do. 20 do. do. do. 
 
 Ash 2| do. do. 20 do. do. do. 
 
 Basswood 2 J do. do. 20 do. do. do. 
 
 Butternut 2^ do. do. 20 do. do. do. 
 
 .^ n 
 
 ^ 
 
 ■j 
 

 15 
 
 Dimensions ot White Pine Masts, Bowsprits, 
 and Reel Pine Spars. 
 
 Dimensions of Masts. 
 
 White Pine Masts, 23 inches and upwards at partners shall 
 
 be 3 feet in length to the inch in diameter 
 Do. 22 do. do. 3 feet do. and 2 ft. extreme length 
 Do. 21 do. do. 3 feet do. and 3 ft. do. do. 
 Do. 20 do. & under 3 feet do. and 4 ft. do. do. 
 Hollow or Bend not to exceed six inches for seventy feet 
 and in proportion for any greater length. 
 
 Dimensions of Bowsprits. 
 
 Bowsprits shall be two feet in length for every inch in 
 diameter at the partners, adding two feet for extreme length 
 
 Dimensions of Led Pine Spars. 
 
 Red Pine Spars shall be three feet to the inch in diameter 
 at the partners, and nine feet extreme length ; hollow not 
 to exceed seven inches for sixty feet, and in proportion for 
 any greator length. — (8 Vic, cap. 49, sec. 14.) 
 
 Lumber Improperly squared, &c., to be Re-Dressed. 
 
 27. In all cases where it appears that timber, masts, spai-s, 
 boards, planks, deals, staves, oars, or any other description 
 of lumber, are not properly hewn, squared, butted, or edged, 
 but are merchantable in other respects, and sold as such, 
 the Supervisor and Culler respectively, shall order or cause 
 the same to be properly dressed and chopped, at the expense 
 of the seller or buyer, as the case may be, previously to 
 their being respectively received and certified to be mer- 
 chantable ; such dressing and chopping to be done under the 
 direction of the Culler in charge of the measuring or 
 culling. — (8 Vic, cap. 49, sec. 15.) 
 
16 
 
 Provhion in case of nhpnte. Mween Ownm, .tr., and Culler. 
 Hoard for deeidiiif/ the same on Survey. 
 28. If^iny (li.,p„te arises between tfie first l.nvor or seller 
 
 nlovedfnrn """^'''"^ '^' rennisition, and tl,; Culler en.^ 
 ployed cull or naeasure any articles of lumber.with regard 
 to tl e d,n>e„s,o„s or quality thereof, the Supervisor or his 
 Deputy shall (upon a written complaint thereof being made 
 demandmg a survey ), as soon as possible, cause a Board of 
 Surve to be held for examining the quality and <lin,ensions 
 o such lumber; and sueh Board shall take into conside ■- 
 • nd ''r' " "''""' """•^""•hen:n,easured or culled, 
 hlwi '' """""''""l'"'' ••""I considerations connected 
 theiew th, m reporting thereon ; and sueh Board shall con- 
 sist of hree persons, one to be appointed by the Culler 
 
 and'ono r^.T « ''''"'"''''' ""' ''^ *'"= P'-^'-'y C">"Plaining, 
 and one by the Supervisor, and their determination shall 
 
 rln":\ "™'^'"f '«,; ''"'' ""^e opinion and act of the 
 Culler be conhr.ned, the reasonable costs and charges of 
 
 hut ifo/r"'"" 1'"".^' P"'" ""' ^'^ P--'y complaining; 
 Dut It otherwiso, by the Culler. 
 
 Wheii Survey must he Demanded 
 2. But such survey must be demanded when the cullino- 
 or measuring is completed, or within two lawful days aftet 
 the pa,ty demanding the survey shall have been furnished 
 with the specihcation thereof; and such right of survey 
 shall cease on and after the fifteenth day of November iii 
 each year. 
 
 One Culler may be appointed to act, by Consent. 
 
 3. And for the more ready settlement of disputes, with 
 
 the consent and at the request of buyer, seller, and Culler 
 
 concerned, the Supervisor or his Deputy ma^ name one 
 
 Culler to act as Surveyor; and if the Ctdler so named is 
 
 
 r V 
 
11 
 
 \ 
 
 f-- 
 
 \ 
 
 not objected to by any of the parties interested, he shall 
 act in tlie capacity, of a Bonrd of Survey, and his deter- 
 mination shall be final and conclusive — (8 Vic, cap. 40, 
 sec. 23.^ 
 
 Miscellaneous Provisions, Oftenecs, 
 and Penalties. 
 
 Supervisor's Books to he open to Inspection 
 
 34. The Measurement Books, and all other Public Docu- 
 ments in the ofiice of the Supervisor, shall be open to the 
 perusal of the seller and buyer of lumber, with reference to 
 any transaction between them, and to the perusal of any 
 other party interested therein.— (8 Vic, cap. 49, sec 20.) 
 
 Licensed Cullers may Hire themselves to Merchants, on 
 
 certain conditions. 
 
 36. Any Culler licensed under this Act, and not employ- 
 ed by the Supervisor, may engage or hire himself to Mer- 
 chants or others as a Shipping Culler; but such Culler shall 
 in no case measure, cull, count, stamp or mark any descrip- 
 tion of lumber before the same has been first measured by 
 some licensed (Juller, other than himself, under the direc- 
 tion of the Supervisor, except by the written permission 
 of the Supervisor, and in accordance with the same rules 
 and on the same terms by which Cullers acting under the 
 Supervisor are bound, according to this Act ; and he shall 
 also keep a record of all his operations, returns of which he 
 shall make monthly to the Supervisor. 
 
 Penalty for Infringement. 
 
 And any Culler, so hired and engaged, offending against 
 this Act, shall incur a penalty not exceeding four hundred 
 dollars, or imprisonment for a term not exceeding six 
 months, in the discretion of the Court, for each offence.— 
 (8 v., c 49, s. 22.) 
 
18 
 
 Unlicensed Culler Measnrinff, Stampinr/, ttv;. to incur 
 
 a J^enalty. 
 
 37. Any person not licensed as a Culler, who measures, 
 culls", marks or stamps any articles of lumber, the »«imo 
 being shipped or intended to be shipped by such measure- 
 ment or measured, culled, marked or stamped with intent 
 to evade or elude the provisions of this Act, shall incur a 
 penalty not exceeding four hundred dollars, or imprison- 
 ment for a term not exceeding six months, in the discretion 
 of the Court, for each such otl*ence. 
 
 Penalty on Culler Meamrincf without the knowledge and 
 Consent of the Supervisor. 
 
 And any Culler employed by the Supervisor, who shnll 
 privily, and without the knowledge and consent of the 
 Supervisor, or for hire and gain, and without the same being 
 duly entered on the books of the Supervisor, measure, cull, 
 mark or stamp any article of lumber, shall incur a penalty 
 not exceeding four hundred dollars, or imprisonment for 
 a term not exceeding six months, in the discretion of the 
 Court, for each such oilence.— (8. V., cap. 46, sec. 22.) 
 Cullers to Obey all Lawful Comma7uls of the Supervisor, &c. 
 
 40. All Cullers employed by the Supervisor shall obey his 
 lawful commands, and shall respectively hold themselves in 
 readiness, on all lawful days, to execute the duties of their 
 office from day-light until dark. 
 
 Penalty for Neglect, Refusal, or Delay. 
 
 And for each neglect, refusal, or delay, when not other, 
 wise employed about the duties of his office, the Culler shall 
 forfeit eighty dolkrf>' ^o the use of the person injured by 
 such neglect, refu. rii. '"t delay ; and any Culler so employed, 
 guilty of impropriety of conduct or disobedience of orders, 
 or incapacity, may be suspended from office by the Super- 
 
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 r" ^^ 
 
 -"T 
 
r. 
 
 r^-^ 
 
 19 
 
 viHor, suhjoct to an nppoal to t\\v Board of Examiners. — (8 
 v., c. 4'.), 8. 10.) 
 
 Cullinf/ of Lmtiher not Com'pnhory when Shipped by the 
 
 Producer, 
 
 46. Nothing in thin Act shall make it compulsory for 
 any article of lunil)er to be measured, culled, or assorted, 
 under thi:i /Vet, provided such lumber be shipped for ex- 
 portation by sea, for account (in good faith) of the actual 
 and bona fide prochicer or manufacturer thereof; but al] 
 other lumber shipped for exportation by sea shall be either 
 measured, culled, or coiuited (at the ofjtion of parties) by a 
 licensed Culler under the control and superintendence of 
 the Supervisor, under a penalty equal to the market-valuo 
 of any article of lumber so illegally shipped, to be imposed 
 upon the owner or shipper of such lumber, or upon the 
 proprietor or proprietors, lessee or lessees of the premises 
 from which such lumber has been so illegally shipped. 
 
 2. Proof of the fact of lumber having been placed along" 
 side or taken on board any sea-going ship or vessel, shall 
 be sufficient evidence of such illegal shipping or exporta- 
 tion by sea. 
 
 3. And the proof of the measuring, culling or counting 
 of such lumber, in conformity with this Act, shall lie upon 
 the party charged with such illegal shipping ; and the 
 market-value of any article of lumber so illegally shipped 
 shall be ascertained by the certificate of the Council of the 
 the (Quebec Board of Trade, or by a certificate under the 
 hand of the Supervisor. 
 
 Act not to Extend below Island of Orelans. 
 
 4. Provided always, that the provisions of this Act shall 
 not extend to any place below the Eastern end of the Island 
 of Orleans. — (8 V., cap. 49, sec. 24.) 
 
TARIFF OF FEES. 
 
 [REVISED TO 1890.] 
 
 For Mea.suring off or Counting LumlDer. 
 
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 And one-half of such rates for culling, measuring or 
 counting, shall be paid by the buyer^ and the other half by 
 the seller; but the whole of such fees and rates shall, in 
 all cases, be paid to the Supervisor or his Deputy (on the 
 delivery of the Specification, or on the presentation of an 
 account thereof,) by the person or persons, jointly or sever- 
 ally, who shall have fyled a requistion or orders for such 
 measuring, counting, or culling, whether such person or 
 persons be buyer, seller, owner, or possessor of such lum- 
 ber. — (8 Vic, cap. 49, section 16.) 
 
 STAVE CULLERS TARIFt- OF FEES. 
 
 Standard Staves . . , . 
 West India Staves. 
 
 TOTAL 
 FEES. 
 
 13 50 
 1 G2 
 Barrel Staves | 1 IS^^ 
 
 OFFICE 
 FEES. 
 
 10 70 
 32 
 23A 
 
 CULLERS' 
 FEES. 
 
 52 80 
 1 30 
 90 
 
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 '\ 
 
 REVISED REGULATIONS. 
 
 DEPARTMENT OP CROWN LANDS. 
 
 WOODS AND FORESTS. 
 
 {FEBRUARY, 1888 ) 
 
 LIMITS. 
 
 All Timber Limits comprised within the unoccupied 
 territory of the Crown, belonging to this Province, shall be 
 sold by public auction : 
 
 And all forfeited berths, whenever deemed advisable, 
 may be offered for sale by public auction to be conducted 
 by an officer of the Crown Lands Department or any other 
 person who shall to that end have received instructions 
 from the Commissioner of Crown Lands. 
 
 Such sales, in both cases, shall be held at the place and 
 in the manner specified in the notice which shall be given 
 in the Official Gazette, and in the newspapers to that 
 end specified by an Order in Council, and which shall be 
 published for at least two months previously to the day of 
 sale. 
 
 Such notice shall contain a description of the limits to 
 be sold, their situation, and the upset price for each, after 
 they shall have been explored and valued approximately 
 by the Department ; and there shall also be deposited in 
 the Crown Lands Department, or in the Office of the Crown 
 
24 
 
 Timber Agent for the locality in whiclj such sale is to take 
 place, a plan of the territory in which such limits and those 
 adjoining them are situated, and such plan shall remain 
 open to public inspection during the whole period which 
 elapses between the publication of the notice and the day 
 fixed for the sale. 
 
 Licenses and Registers. 
 
 Newly acquired licenses, and renewals of licenses to cut 
 timber shall be subject to a yearly ground rent charged at 
 the rate of three dollars for each square mile or fraction 
 thereof. No license shall be charged for at less than one 
 square mile, nor shall any claim for refund of ground rent 
 over calculated be entertained after the issue of such 
 license. 
 
 All timber licenses wall expire on the 30th day of April 
 following the date of their issue, but all Licentiates who 
 shall have duly complied w'ith the present regulations, or 
 such as may hereafter receive the sanction of His Honor 
 the Lieutenant-Governor in Council, shall be entitled to 
 the renewal of such licenses, between the 1st day of May 
 and the lirst day of September, inclusive, following, pro- 
 vided no failure on the part of the Licentiate or his repre- 
 sentatives to comply with the requirements of such Regu- 
 lations has been reported to the (Commissioner or to the 
 Crown Timber Agent of the territory. 
 
 Failure to pay ground rent not later than the 1st day of 
 September in each year, involves forfeiture of the right to 
 renewal of license, but the Commissioner may, for reasons 
 deemed sufficient, permit the Licentiate to redeem his 
 right to renewal on payment of the ground rent and such 
 other lines and penalties as he, in his discretion, may deem 
 expedi(Mit or necessary. 
 
25 
 
 On all miiieml l.inds sold or patented after the 17th day 
 of February 1874, comprised within the territory now under 
 license, or which hereafter may be placed under license, 
 Licentiates may, in virtue of said licenses retain the 
 privilege of cutting the merchantable Pine and Spruce 
 timber growing thereon : but these permits shall finally 
 expire after a period of three years from the date of issue 
 of Letters Patent for such lands. 
 
 Crown Timber Agents shall keep Registers of all licenses 
 granted or renewed by them, and of all transfers or pledges 
 thereof, which, together with their plans of licensed berths 
 and vacant ground, shall be open for public inspection. 
 
 Timber berths are to be described in new licenses " as 
 " not to interfere with prior licenses existing or to be re- 
 " newed in virtue of regulations " on the date of their first 
 being issued. When licenses clash, the one of more recent 
 origin is to give way to that of prior date, computing back 
 to the season it was last acquired at auction or by grant 
 from the Oown, and should any license by error or defect 
 in its descriptions be found evidently incompatible with 
 the intention or regulations under which it was granted, 
 the Commissioner may cause it to be cancelled or amended. 
 
 Licentiates shall no longer be permitted to cut on Crown 
 
 Lands, trees of Pine measuring less than 12 inches, nor trees 
 
 of any other kind less than 9 inches in diameter at the 
 
 stump. 
 
 Transfers and Pledges. 
 
 Transfers of timber berths, or of separate interests therein, 
 with the right to renewal of licenses, when no default exists, 
 may be made in writing, and if approved by the Commis- 
 sioner, shall be subject to the payment of a bonus at the 
 rate of one dollar per square mile or fraction of a mile, in 
 
26 
 
 proportion to such interest transferred, and this bonus shall 
 become payable on the day on which such transfer has 
 been effected, whether or not the full purchase price has 
 been completed at that date, and such transfer shall be 
 valid from the date on which payment was made to the 
 Commissioner or the Crown Timber Agent. 
 
 All Licentiates shall be obliged to notify the Com- 
 missioner or Crown Timber Agent of any transfer which 
 they may have effected, as soon as any transaction of the 
 kind may have taken place, and should they fail to give 
 such notification, the Commissioner may rule the forfeiture 
 of such license or licenses comprising the limit or limits so 
 transferred. 
 
 Licentiates, in order to enable them to obtain advances 
 necessary to carry on their operations, shall have the right 
 to pledge their limits as security without a bonus becoming 
 payable. 
 
 Such pledge, in order to affect the limit against the 
 debtor, shall require to be noted on the back of the license 
 by an authorized officer of the Department of Crown Lands. 
 
 But if the party giving such pledge should fail to perform 
 his obligations towards his creditors, the latter, on establish- 
 ing the fact to the satisfaction of the Commissioner, may 
 obtain the next renewal in his, her, or their name, subject 
 to payment of the bonus, the transfer being then deemed 
 complete. 
 
 Pledges of timber berths must be in writing, and, if not 
 found objectionable by the Conmnissioner or Crown Timber 
 Agent, shall be valid from the date on which they are de- 
 posited in the haiids of the latter ; but no pledge shall be 
 accepted Avhile the pledger is in default for non-payment 
 of timber dues. 
 
 f >■ 
 
 hT 
 
 >- 
 
 r 
 
 "^ 
 
 4. 
 
2t 
 
 f > 
 
 hT 
 
 >- 
 
 r 
 
 "^ 
 
 4. 
 
 Duties and Penalties. 
 
 All Licentiates of timber berths or their representatives 
 shall furnish sworn statements from their foremen, or 
 persons in charge, of the number and description of all 
 pieces of timber, saw logs and other wood goods, cut under 
 their direction, or by others to their knowledge, upon the 
 berths operated by them during the previous season ; also, 
 specifications of measurements (except such as are to be 
 made by the Supervisor of Cullers or his deputies) sworn 
 to, at any time after the expiration of the license for that 
 season but not later than the 1st day of September in each 
 year, by Cullers duly qualified, whose engagement with the 
 producer shall not previously have been disapproved by the 
 Crown Timber Agent ; as well as an affidavit in corrobora- 
 tion from the proprietors themselves or their represent- 
 atives — default in any of these requirements will subject 
 the Licentiate to the payment of double ground rent before 
 the renewal of the licenses. 
 
 It shall be obligatory on the foreman of each Shanty, or 
 the person acting for him as clerk, to keep a book in which 
 a detailed and true record of the number of pieces of square, 
 waney, boom or dimension timber, saw logs, or other wood 
 goods made and hauled on each day during the season, 
 shall be entered and shall be sworn to at the close of such 
 season. 
 
 It shall also be obligatory on the Culler or his assistant 
 to measure truly and faithfully to the best of his knowledge 
 and to keep a careful and accurate record of the quantity, 
 quality and dimensions of all timber, saw logs or other wood 
 goods with which he has to deal, and to see that all cull 
 logis, hollow logs, and very uneven logs, for which deductions 
 in the gross contents are asked by him shall be placed in 
 parcels or lots by themselves or shall be so indicated apart 
 
28 
 
 from the rest, ns to be nuulo the snbject of specin.1 con- 
 sideration between him and the Forest Hanger, and subject 
 to the approval, by written report, of the hitter. 
 
 All Licentiates holding licenses for berths that have not 
 been operated on during the previous season shall furnish^ 
 affidavits to that effect, otherwise their riglit to renewal of 
 license will be suspended. 
 
 Parties cutting timber, saw logs or wood goods of any 
 kind on Crown Lands, and failing to haul all the wood in 
 the trees cut down, because it may not appear to have a 
 commercial value, shall include the same in their returns, 
 and the quantity may be estimated and the dues thereon 
 charged and payment enforced or otherwise subject to the 
 report of the Forest Ranger. 
 
 All wood goods cut upon limits for which licenses are in 
 suspense shall be considered as having been cut without 
 authority and treated as the Commissioner may direct. 
 
 When any Licentiate is in default for, or has evaded the 
 payment of dues to the Crown on any part of his timber, 
 saw logs or other wood goods ; such dues may be levied on 
 any other timber, saw logs or other wood goods belongmg to 
 such defaulter, cut under license, together with the dues 
 thereon. 
 
 Before moving any raft or parcel of timber, saw logs or 
 other wood goods from the agency in which it has been 
 cut, the owner or person in charge thereof, shall make 
 report to the Crown Timber Agent, making, if required, 
 declaration upon oath, as to the number of pieces of each 
 kind of wood contained therein, as to the means of trans- 
 portation to be employed to its destination, and, if sold, the 
 name of the purchaser ; and to exempt timber from private 
 
 ( 
 
 \ 
 
 r ^-1 
 
29 
 
 r "-^ 
 
 lands, if any, from dues as Crown timber, must furnish 
 satisfactory affidavit stating what lots it was cut upon and 
 how much on each lot— whereupon he shall obtain a clear- 
 ance from the Crown Timber Agent stating the number of 
 pieces in the raft or parcel, how many, if any, have been 
 satisfactorily proved to be from private lands, and on how 
 many, if any, the dues have been previously or then paid. 
 On the arrival of any such raft or parcel at Quebec, Mont- 
 real or any intermediate place or port, for sale or shipment, 
 the owner or holder of it shall make report thereof to the 
 Collector of Crown Timber Dues, Crown Timber Agent, or 
 other appointed officer, immediately after its arrival, and 
 in addition to the quantity shown by the clearance, as 
 subject to dues, any surplus timber beyond the number of 
 pieces stated therein, on being ascertained by such officer, 
 if not satisfactorily accounted for, shall be held as having 
 been cut upon Crown Lands and be subject to the payment 
 of dues accordingly. 
 
 Parties omitting to report the departure of their rafts or 
 other timber from the agency in which they held license 
 or permit, or the arrival thereof at Quebec or Montreal or 
 other port or place, for sale or shipment within the Province 
 as before mentioned, may be refused further license, and 
 be subject to forfeiture of the timber for evasion of regu- 
 lations as provided in Section 3rd of Cap. 23 of the Consol- 
 idated Statutes of Canada. 
 
 Occupants, grantees, or purchasers of Public Lands who 
 have not completed all conditions of sales or grants, and 
 who have not obtained patent for such, cutting timber 
 without license (except for clearing, building or fencing 
 thereon) or others doing so by their perm isson, shall be sub- 
 jected to the penalties established by law for cutting timber 
 without authority. 
 
80 
 
 PersoiiH <'vading or refjisinp; the piiynient of timber dues 
 or the tinal settlement of bonds or promissory notes given 
 for the sunie, or wlio are in default with the Crown Timber 
 Agent, also persons taking violent possession of disputed 
 ground before obtaining a decision in their favor, and i)er- 
 sons refusing to comply with the decision of arbitrators or 
 with the regulations established by Order in Council, or 
 who shiill forcibly interrupt surveyors or forest rangers in 
 the discharge of their duty shall forfeit the right to renewal 
 of license. 
 
 Dues of all kinds on timber cut under license, remaining 
 unpaid on the 30th November following the season in which 
 it was cut, shall bo subject to interest from that date, but 
 without prejudice to the power of the Crown to enforce 
 payment of such outstanding dues at any time the Com- 
 missioner may think proper. 
 
 The Tarift and its mode ot Application. 
 
 Saw logs, boom timber, dimension timber, and all other 
 wood goods intended for sawing, shall be measured as in- 
 dicated in forms to be supplied by the Department of Crown 
 Lands, the Crown Timber Agent or Forest Ranger, and in- 
 serted therein, to be computed into superficial feet board 
 measure of one inch in thickness, by the following table of 
 contents approved by the Connnissioner of Crown Lands: 
 
 I r 
 
 I \ 
 
 r^ 
 
 "^ 
 
 t 
 
 I 
 
I r 
 
 I \ 
 
 r^ 
 
 "^ 
 
 t 
 
 I 
 
 I' 
 
 ifsioii ^X'iiiili 
 
 t 
 
 DlAME| 
 
 28 
 
 29 
 
 IN 
 
 
 
 iNCMlt. 
 
 1Vm4,. 
 
 f(H't. 
 
 (17 
 
 28 
 
 29 
 
 7 
 
 U 
 
 42 
 
 43 
 
 cH 
 
 4 
 
 0(1 
 
 58 
 
 t 
 
 (1 
 
 70 
 
 82 
 
 iln> 
 
 kk; 
 
 10() 
 
 11^^ 
 
 117 
 
 121 
 
 ]ijr> 
 
 140 
 
 145 
 
 131> 
 
 l7r, 
 
 181 
 
 14-^ 
 
 210 
 
 217 
 
 ]5'") 
 
 2315 
 
 242 
 
 100 
 
 280 
 
 290 
 
 175 
 
 327 
 
 338 
 
 .180 
 
 « > / 
 
 387 
 
 lllO 
 
 432 
 
 447 
 
 1^()2 
 
 4'.»0 
 
 507 
 
 U1.7 
 
 r);37 
 
 55() 
 
 'Jl3'> 
 
 007 
 
 628 
 
 i^38 
 
 072 
 
 090 
 
 2-410 
 
 735 
 
 701 
 
 25') 
 
 703 
 
 822 
 
 2fl'5 
 
 887 
 
 918 
 
 070 
 
 933 
 
 9()7 
 
 28^ 
 
 1015 
 
 1051 
 
 297 
 
 1097 
 
 1136 
 
 8(lG 
 
 1178 
 
 1220 
 
 1315 
 
 1200 
 
 1305 
 
 :5ti^ 
 
 1330 
 
 1377 
 
 ;3;]7 
 
 1470 
 
 1522 
 
 ;54^ 
 
 ir)17 
 
 1571 
 
 lilO 
 
 1587 
 
 1643 
 
 :}(if7 
 
 1G57 
 
 1716 
 
 3'if^ 
 
 1727 
 
 1788 
 
 3J5 
 
 1820 
 
 1885 
 
 3f7 
 
 1937 
 
 2006 
 
 410 
 
 2053 
 
 2127 
 
 f 
 
 2123 
 
 2199 
 
 2217 
 
 2296 
 
 T 
 
 4^ 
 
 SO 
 
 if 
 
 2333 
 
 2417 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 : 
 
Tfii>io <>r c;oiii«>iitH <>!' 
 
 feet. 
 
 1*«<>\ IINC;|,: OK <^ 
 
 Saw I^OtJ-N, ISOOIII JIlMl |> 
 
 21 
 
 feet. 
 
 Tcct. 
 
 2;{ I L'4 
 
 iT) 
 
 frcl, 
 
 20 
 
 21 
 
 22 
 
 28 
 
 24 
 
 25 
 
 :{() 
 
 :{i 
 
 ;{;{ 
 
 ;n 
 
 :!»; 
 
 .".7 
 
 40 
 
 42 
 
 41 
 
 4(; 
 
 48 
 
 50 
 
 >)< 
 
 ')'.) 
 
 02 
 
 05 
 
 (J8 
 
 71 
 
 7."» 
 
 1 " 
 
 81 
 
 84 
 
 88 
 
 02 
 
 s.'} 
 
 ^' 
 
 «>2 
 
 00 
 
 100 
 
 101 
 
 101) 
 
 ' lor» 
 
 110 
 
 115 
 
 120 
 
 125 
 
 12.") 
 
 i;;i 
 
 ll]7 
 
 144 
 
 l.-)0 
 
 i.-,«; 
 
 i:.o 
 
 l.-)7 
 
 10.-, 
 
 172 
 
 l,so 
 
 187 
 
 107 
 
 17.-) 
 
 18;} 
 
 102 
 
 200 
 
 208 
 
 2( M 1 
 
 210 
 
 220 
 
 2;;o 
 
 240 
 
 25( ) 
 
 2;5.'J 
 
 24.-) 
 
 2r,7 
 
 208 
 
 280 
 
 202 
 
 207 
 
 280 
 
 2!);} 
 
 807 
 
 ;!2o 
 
 8;!8 
 
 ;;us 
 
 ;;24 
 
 880 
 
 855 
 
 ;;7o 
 
 ;;85 
 
 ;5r)(i 
 
 »»<•-• 
 />()/ 
 
 88.-) 
 
 402 
 
 420 
 
 4;57 
 
 ;],s:5 
 
 402 
 
 422 
 
 441 
 
 400 
 
 470 
 
 4;;;} 
 
 •l.V, 
 
 477 
 
 408 
 
 520 
 
 542 
 
 480 
 
 .-)01 
 
 .")28 
 
 552 
 
 570 
 
 000 
 
 ",2.') 
 
 T).-)! 
 
 ;>// 
 
 ()04 
 
 080 
 
 050 
 
 .)(')/ 
 
 ,■)*).") 
 
 (;2;5 
 
 0.-)2 
 
 (kSO 
 
 708 
 
 (;,",; 5 
 
 00,-) 
 
 007 
 
 728 
 
 700 
 
 702 
 
 007 
 
 700 
 
 70.) 
 
 707 
 
 800 
 
 o.».) 
 
 72.") 
 
 701 
 
 7!»7 
 
 884 
 
 870 
 
 000 
 
 78;{ 
 
 822 
 
 802 
 
 001 
 
 010 
 
 070 
 
 842 
 
 884 
 
 02(; 
 
 008 
 
 1010 
 
 10.52 
 
 1)00 
 
 !)4.-> 
 
 t»i)0 
 
 io;]5 
 
 1080 
 
 1125 
 
 O.IO 
 
 •.)07 
 
 104.) 
 
 1002 
 
 1140 
 
 1187 
 
 10.")0 
 
 1102 
 
 115.-) 
 
 1207 
 
 1200 
 
 1812 
 
 108,", 
 
 ii;'>7 
 
 1102 
 
 1240 
 
 1.800 
 
 L8,')4 
 
 lllVA 
 
 11 '.iO 
 
 1247 
 
 11308 
 
 L800 
 
 1417 
 
 118;; 
 
 1242 
 
 l;{02 
 
 18()1 
 
 1420 
 
 1470 
 
 12; 5; 5 
 
 12!),-> 
 
 1857 
 
 1418 
 
 1480 
 
 1542 
 
 l.'iOO 
 
 1.%.-) 
 
 1480 
 
 1405 
 
 1,-)00 
 
 U')25 
 
 l;w;3 
 
 14.-)2 
 
 1522 
 
 1501 
 
 KiOO 
 
 1720 
 
 14(;7 
 
 l.")40 
 
 1018 
 
 1087 
 
 1700 
 
 1888 
 
 l.")17 
 
 l."")i»2 
 
 1008 
 
 1744 
 
 1820 
 
 1800 
 
 i.xs;] 
 
 1002 
 
 1742 
 
 1821 
 
 1000 
 
 ]i)70 
 
 ir)07 17,")0 1 
 
 18:{;} 
 
 1017 
 
 2000 
 
 2( 18;; 
 
 401 
 
 1478 
 1588 
 1008 
 1000 
 
 1708 
 1007 
 1072 
 2058 
 2107 
 
Ifoo.n a.Ml l>i.,H^nHion VUnU.v in n^^t Ilon..<l M, iihuio. 
 
 K'NC.'I II ii\ I. lOIOT. 
 
 > 
 > 
 
 L'4 
 
 St 
 
 20 
 
 1 -' 
 
 28 
 
 •t. 
 
 I'oct. 
 
 Irct. 
 
 1 
 toot. : reel. 
 
 foot. 
 
 j:j 
 
 L'l 
 
 2.") 
 
 20 i 27 
 
 28 
 
 '>( 
 
 'M 
 
 .".7 
 
 ;!0 , 10 
 
 42 
 
 k; 
 
 I 4S 
 
 ;■)(! 
 
 52 
 
 54 
 
 50 
 
 »•> 
 
 08 
 
 71 
 
 74 
 
 70 
 
 70 
 
 <i 
 
 88 
 
 02 
 
 05 
 
 00 
 
 lo:; 
 
 II ; 
 
 1(111 
 
 101 
 
 108 
 
 112 
 
 117 
 
 ."> 
 
 Il'O 
 
 125 
 
 l.'IO 
 
 l;i5 
 
 140 
 
 14 
 
 ir,)i 
 
 150 
 
 1(J2 
 
 100 
 
 175 
 
 
 ]8(l 
 
 187 
 
 1!»5 
 
 2( )2 
 
 210 
 
 2 
 
 L'Od 
 
 208 
 
 217 
 
 225 
 
 2;;; 5 
 
 
 
 LMO 
 
 25( 1 
 
 200 
 
 270 
 
 28( I 
 
 « 
 
 280 
 
 202 
 
 ;5o;! 
 
 ;!15 
 
 ;}27 
 
 / 
 
 ;!2o 
 
 
 .".47 
 
 ;!0(i 
 
 tWo 
 
 .) 
 
 :]7(i 
 
 ;;85 
 
 401 
 
 410 
 
 4;52 
 
 
 420 
 
 4;;7 
 
 455 
 
 472 
 
 400 
 
 1 
 
 400 
 
 47!) 
 
 40,S 
 
 517 
 
 5; 57 
 
 8 
 
 520 
 
 512 
 
 50; ! 
 
 r)S', 
 
 007 
 
 •> 
 
 r)70 
 
 00(1 
 
 024 
 
 018 
 
 072 
 
 4 
 
 OIJO 
 
 05() 
 
 082 
 
 7o;i 
 
 7;;5 
 
 > 
 
 ()80 
 
 708 
 
 7;!7 
 
 705 
 
 7o;; 
 
 S 
 
 700 
 
 702 
 
 82; 5 
 
 855 
 
 887 
 
 r 
 
 800 
 
 yt>.) 
 
 8(;7 
 
 •100 
 
 i»;5;5 
 
 1 
 
 870 
 
 000 
 
 !»42 
 
 070 
 
 1015 
 
 1 
 
 '.140 
 
 070 
 
 1018 
 
 1057 
 
 1007 
 
 S 
 
 1010 
 
 1052 
 
 1004 
 
 ll;!0 
 
 1 1 78 
 
 ) 
 
 1080 
 
 1125 
 
 1170 
 
 1215 
 
 1200 
 
 ) 
 
 1140 
 
 1187 
 
 12;!5 
 
 1282 
 
 i;};;o 
 
 
 1200 
 
 iai2 
 
 i;;o5 
 
 1417 
 
 1470 
 
 > 
 
 i;}oo 
 
 l.'J54 
 
 1408 
 
 1402 
 
 1517 
 
 ) 
 
 1800 
 
 1417 
 
 147;; 
 
 15;'>0 
 
 1587 
 
 
 1420 
 
 1470 
 
 15;58 
 
 1507 
 
 1()57 
 
 ) 
 
 1480 
 
 1512 
 
 loo;; 
 
 10(;5 
 
 1727 
 
 » 
 
 1500 
 
 1025 
 
 1000 
 
 1 755 
 
 1820 
 
 
 KiOO 
 
 1720 
 
 1708 
 
 1807 
 
 io;;7 
 
 
 1700 
 
 18313 
 
 1007 
 
 10«() 
 
 205;3 
 
 
 1820 
 
 1800 
 
 1'.I72 
 
 2047 
 
 212;3 
 
 
 1000 
 
 li>70 
 
 2058 
 
 2i;;7 
 
 2217 
 
 
 2000 
 
 2( 18;; 
 
 2107 
 
 2250 
 
 2;;;;;; 
 
 20 
 loot. 
 
 2ii 
 
 4:; 
 
 82 
 
 100 
 
 121 
 
 145 
 
 181 
 
 217 
 
 242 
 
 2'.)0 
 
 * I • ) ij 
 
 ;587 
 
 447 
 
 507 
 
 r^A ') 
 
 028 
 OOC) 
 701 
 822 
 018 
 007 
 1051 
 
 ii;30 
 
 1220 
 
 i;;o5 
 i;]77 
 
 1522 
 1571 
 
 lot;; 
 i7i(; 
 
 1788 
 1885 
 2000 
 2127 
 2100 
 2200 
 2417 
 
 .'{0 
 
 fCM't. 
 
 foot. 
 
 .'{0 
 45 
 
 00 
 
 85 
 
 110 
 
 125 
 
 150 
 
 187 
 .>.)- 
 
 250 
 
 ;5oo 
 ;>5o 
 
 400 
 402 
 525 
 575 
 (mO 
 720 
 787 
 850 
 050 
 1000 
 1087 
 1175 
 1202 
 1850 
 1425 
 1575 
 1(525 
 1700 
 1775 
 1850 
 1050 
 2075 
 2200 
 2275 
 2875 
 2500 
 
 81 
 
 40 
 
 (52 
 
 88 
 
 114 
 
 12! I 
 
 155 
 
 1!I4 
 
 282 
 
 258 
 
 ;;io 
 ;502 
 
 418 
 478 
 542 
 
 504 
 (*)72 
 744 
 
 814 
 878 
 !)82 
 
 io;j8 
 
 1124 
 
 1214 
 
 L805 
 
 l;j!)5 
 
 1472 
 
 1(J27 
 
 1()70 
 
 1757 
 
 1884 
 
 1012 
 
 2015 
 
 2144 
 
 2278 
 
 2851 
 
 2454 
 
 258;; 
 
 82 
 foot. 
 
 82 
 48 
 04 
 !>1 
 117 
 
 100 
 200 
 240 
 2()7 
 820 
 87)5 
 427 
 4!>8 
 500 
 01 ;5 
 
 (io;; 
 
 708 
 840 
 !I07 
 
 ioi;5 
 
 1007 
 1100 
 1258 
 1847 
 1440 
 1520 
 1080 
 
 17;58 
 
 1818 
 18! 18 
 1!>78 
 2080 
 2218 
 2847 
 2427 
 2588 
 2G07 
 
 8;} 
 
 foot. 
 
 .*?4 
 f(}(U. 
 
 88 
 4! I 
 00 
 
 o;i 
 
 121 
 
 i;;7 
 
 11)5 
 200 
 247 
 275 
 ;{;50 
 ;585 
 440 
 50! » 
 577 
 
 (;;;2 
 
 715 
 7!>2 
 
 800 
 
 o;55 
 
 1045 
 1100 
 
 iio(; 
 
 12! 12 
 
 i;;8o 
 
 1485 
 1507 
 17;52 
 1787 
 1870 
 1052 
 
 2o;j5 
 2145 
 
 2282 
 2420 
 2502 
 2012 
 2750 
 
 .84 
 51 
 
 08 
 
 !I0 
 
 125 
 
 142 
 
 170 
 
 212 
 
 255 
 
 28; 5 
 
 ;540 
 
 ;5!>7 
 45;{ 
 
 524 
 
 505 
 (152 
 7;!7 
 81(5 
 
 8! 12 
 
 !»(;8 
 
 1077 
 li:',8 
 12:{2 
 i;{;;2 
 
 1481 
 
 15;]0 
 
 1015 
 1785 
 1842 
 1!>27 
 2012 
 20! )7 
 2210 
 2;;52 
 
 24o;5 
 
 2578 
 2(5! )2 
 28;58 
 
 ;{5 
 
 foot. 
 
 35 
 52 
 
 70 
 
 !>!) 
 
 128 
 
 140 
 
 175 
 
 21! I 
 
 2(52 
 .)().) 
 
 .85(1 
 
 408 
 
 4(57 
 
 540 
 
 (512 
 
 (571 
 
 /i)8 I 
 
 ■ 840 j 
 !»1!) I 
 !>!>2 ' 
 1108 
 
 11(57 
 12(5!) 
 
 1871 
 
 1478 
 
 1575 
 
 1(5(52 
 
 1887 
 
 180(5 
 
 1!)S8 
 
 2071 
 
 2158 
 
 2275 
 
 2421 
 
 25(57 
 
 2054 
 
 2771 
 
 2!)17 
 
 li;2 
 1*4) 
 IM) 
 2::5 
 270 
 
 m\ 
 
 8(iO 
 4l'0 
 
 4,S0 
 
 (5;!0 
 
 CM) 
 
 I 7,sO 
 
 I 8(14 
 
 ! !)45 
 
 lOl'O 
 
 1140 
 
 12(10 
 
 18(15 
 
 1410 
 
 1515 
 
 1020 
 
 1710 
 
 181)0 
 
 lo-io 
 
 2040 
 2i;50 
 2220 
 2.840 
 24!)0 
 2040 
 
 27;;o 
 
 2850 
 8000 
 
 1:5(5 
 
 l.")4 
 
 185 
 
 281 
 
 277 
 
 808 
 
 870 
 
 482 
 
 4!)8 
 
 570 
 
 (547 
 
 70!) 
 
 802 
 
 !)71 
 
 1048 
 
 1172 
 
 1288 
 
 1841 
 
 144!) 
 
 1557 
 
 10(J5 
 
 1757 
 
 1!)42 
 
 2004 
 
 20! >7 
 
 218!) 
 
 2282 
 
 2405 
 
 2,"),')!) 
 
 2718 
 
 2800 
 
 2!)2!) 
 
 3088 
 
 .8(5 
 
 87 
 
 38 
 
 foot. 
 
 foot. 
 
 fovt. 
 
 .'5(5 
 
 37 
 
 .'58 
 
 r4 
 
 ;>.) 
 
 57 
 
 72 
 
 74 
 
 7(5 
 
 1(12 
 
 105 
 
 108 
 
 i;5o 
 
 l.')8 
 1!)0 
 2;57 
 285 
 817 
 .'580 
 44:5 
 507 
 ,')8(5 
 (5(55 
 728 
 828 
 !)i2 
 0!)7 
 1077 
 120;5 
 1207 
 1877 
 1488 
 15!)!) 
 1710 
 1805 
 10! )5 
 2058 
 2158 
 2248 
 2;U8 
 2470 
 2(528 
 2787 
 2882 
 
 :joo8 
 
 81G7 
 
 30 
 
 40 
 
 DiAMtTtH 
 
 foot. 
 
 foot. 
 
 IN 
 
 Inches. 
 
 3<) 
 
 40 
 
 (5 
 
 58 
 
 (50 
 
 1 
 
 78 
 
 80 
 
 S 
 
 111 
 
 114 
 
 «» 
 
 I4;j 
 
 147 
 
 10 
 
 
 1(52 
 1!I5 
 244 
 
 825 
 
 8!H) 
 
 455 
 
 .")20 
 
 (501 
 
 (582 
 
 747 
 
 845 
 
 03(5 
 
 1024 
 
 110; 
 
 1 
 
 1300 
 1414 
 1-527 
 1041 
 17.55 
 1852 
 2047 
 2112 
 2210 
 2;]07 
 2405 
 2585 
 2(5!i7 
 28(50 
 2!)57 
 8087 
 
 o, 
 u. 
 
 '3250 
 
 1(57 
 200 
 2,")0 
 800 
 
 O.J.) 
 
 400 
 4(57 
 
 r.o.) 
 'J.J.J 
 
 (517 
 700 
 7(57 
 8(57 
 !)(50 
 1050 
 li;58 
 12(57 
 188:3 
 1450 
 15(57 
 1088 
 1800 
 1!)00 
 2100 
 21(57 
 2207 
 2807 
 24(57 
 2(500 
 2707 
 2!):38 
 8088 
 8107 
 
 11 
 12 
 
 i;5 
 
 14 
 15 
 
 1(5 
 17 
 
 18 
 1!) 
 20 
 21 
 
 O.J 
 
 o-» 
 
 _t > 
 
 24 
 25 
 
 2(5 
 27 
 
 28 
 2!) 
 
 ;]() 
 
 81 
 
 82 
 
 • >•» 
 
 .'54 
 :55 
 
 o/ 
 
 Oil 
 
 •JO 
 
 8!^ 
 40 
 41 
 42 
 48 
 
32 
 
 r) 
 
 r 
 
 Rails of other wood than Cedar, and not ex- ) 
 ceedmg 12 ft long, per 100 | 
 
 Pickets of other woods than Cedar per 100... 
 
 Cedar and Pine Shingles, (short) per thousand. 
 
 Cedar and Pin(^ Shingles (long) per tlionsand. 
 
 10 
 10 
 15 
 
 (( 
 
 <( 
 
 Tariff ot Timber Dues. 
 
 All timber, saw logs and wood goods of all kinds cut 
 under licenses now in force, or under any licenses which 
 may hereafter be acquired, shall be subject to the payment 
 of the following Crown dues, that is to say : 
 
 Oak and Walnut, per cubic foot 4 cents. 
 
 ■^"J^'u^Ji^"^^' Basswood, Cedar, Spruce, Elm, ) 
 Ash, lamarac, and all other Square Tim- [ 2 
 
 ber, per cubic foot I 
 
 Pine Saw Logs, Boom and Dimension Tim- 1 
 ber and all other logs or woods intended 
 tor sawing, except Spruce, Hemlock, Cy- I 20 
 press, Cedar and Balsam per standard of 
 200 leet Board measure 
 
 (Equivalent to $1.30 per thousand feet Board 
 measure.) 
 
 Spruce, Cedar, Hemlock, Cypress and Bal-) 
 s[im saw logs, per standard of 200 feet [ 13 
 Board Measure ] 
 
 (Equivalent to 65 cents per thousand feet 
 Board Measure) 
 
 Cord Wood (hard) per cord of 128 cubic feet... 20 
 
 Cord Wood (soft) per cord of 128 cubic feet... 10 
 
 Cedar Eails, not exceeding 12 ft. long per 100.. 30 
 
 Cedar Pickets, per 100 35 
 
 15 
 
 << 
 
 u 
 
 iC 
 
 it 
 
 (( 
 
 (( 
 
8B 
 
 C(!d; 
 
 ir or 
 
 Elect 
 
 
 . nc Light Pol(>s, not 
 iiiclies diameter at the butt 
 per 
 
 one, or 
 
 xeeedinsj 10 
 
 I cents. 
 
 l>itto exceoding 10 inches at th 
 
 per hneal foot 
 
 e butt ) 
 
 Kailroad Ties of all kinds of wood, each 
 
 Hemlock Lath wood, per cord of 128 cnbic ft. 
 Hemlock Bark, 
 
 I ^ 
 
 « 
 
 « 
 
 (( 
 
 20 
 82 
 
 23 
 
 << 
 
 (( 
 
 (( 
 
 t< 
 
 Pine, Cedar, Spruce, Birch or other Smnll 1 
 ogs, not exceeding 10 feet in length ^.^^^^ ^ 
 10 n clios m diameter at the smaller end 
 fm. shmg es, Spools, small boaSff o^ 
 paper pulp, per cord of 128 cubic feetL^! , 
 
 Futtocks Knees, Floors of Birch and ofhpv 
 
 w.o.»duty on the invo,^er;'^^,"S' Je^L.io^^ ,,„, 
 
 The foregoing rates as respects Pine and Spruce 
 are fixed till 1900. '^ "^ 
 
 The duties on timber for exnort «hnll i,» „i, i 
 
 the quantities shown by the snec flc fin ^"^ ^^'''^'^^ "P«" 
 ot fii« n/r ^ ■, "^ bpecihcation ol measurement 
 
 a the Office of the Supervisor of Cullei-s at Quebec o, a 
 
 l^twt""° r'''P"'''^^'™-"^^°*-'-<^"'-We>nerurem „t 
 
 or^^rorwhrpuHhTbri-Tr '- ^^-^ 
 
 60 cubic feet, and lid pI^ I'^nher " T""'""' 
 taining 30 cubic feet. *"' ''°''*' "^ ""''■ 
 
 TKESPASS. 
 
 > iiccnst, AMll be punished as the law provides. 
 
 T 
 
 h 
 
 ' \, 
 
 "> 
 
 r'\ 
 
34 
 
 cents. 
 
 (( 
 
 (< 
 
 (( 
 
 a 
 
 ' cent. 
 
 upon 
 
 tnent 
 
 or at 
 
 lent, 
 
 ined 
 
 ning 
 
 con- 
 
 au- 
 
 T 
 
 i 
 
 \ 
 
 > 
 
 n 
 
 oiTt, m n ,^-!V"" "^l '"""- "S"^* '° *« «™b«r -ncl costs 
 
 ■car nf .1 T '"^ '" removing such timber out of the 
 each of the ofhcers of the Department of Crown Lan*! 
 subject themselves to a penalty of $3 per tree with c^sts 
 
 of ^Cmwn T'^7'"^ ^"7 ''^'""■' "' ^S«"t ""1^« Department 
 
 Parties cutting timber on Jancls purchased bv them nn 
 uiiioei, are tiespassers as above stated. 
 Railway contractors and others, cutting timber for rail- 
 
 Sel: ''''^ '"^'"'"^" '^"'^ ™^J-' to tl^e same 
 
 From and after the date of the passing of the present 
 Eegulahons „a cases of timber, saw logs or other wood good 
 
 ot w7;r "tT'n'f '; "^ P""'"^ '-^""^ "^ ^-"'^' 
 
 e' °ct in s^?ttn ' . r" \' ''™^"' ''''■' *« Commissioner to 
 til 1 ,1 ^ ' "'' <l"adruple the ordinary dues as es- 
 ^tl IT""' '^'''V' '^''^""'^"^ *° oircumstanc , 
 
 a.T:t:Ciir;rs:ct :t:^s:~ ~- ^^"' 
 
 in^lrh-r^n-"" ""*"• '™ '°S^ "^ o'l^er wood goods cut 
 
 l" o 'h .d hT'p"" -""'"^^ "''"'^^" ^y »-- flowh g 
 
 Gulf oTst " ^^ °^'"''' '"^' •'^''■^*^^ '0 the Ocean or the 
 
 Gulf of St. Lawrence, must be paid or settled for bv Z 
 
 oepted notes or bonds before the season of drWing's,:^:!" 
 
36 
 
 timber commences : in default of such paj^ment or settle- 
 ment the said timber shall be subject to immediate seizure 
 and may be sold as if cut in trespass. 
 
 SQUATTERS. 
 
 All persons are hereby strictly forbidden, unless they may 
 have previously obtained a special authorization to that 
 effect from the Commissioner, or from his agents, to settle, 
 squat, clear or chop on lots in unsurveyed territory, or on 
 surveyed land not yet open for sale, or to cut down any 
 merchantable trees which may be found thereon comprised 
 within the limits of this Province, and forming portion of 
 the locations granted in virtue of licenses for the cutting 
 of timber thereon : said timber being the exclusive property 
 of the holders of said licenses, who alone have the right to 
 enter actions against any person or persons who may be 
 found violating this order. 
 
 QUEBEC COVE CHARGES. 
 
 RECEIVING, LANDING AND PILING. 
 
 Deals, ex Barge $1 50 per Quebec std. hun. 
 
 Lathwood 60 " Cord. 
 
 Staves, Standard Pipes 5 00 " Mille. 
 
 Do. Westlndia 175 " 
 
 Do. Barrel 133^' 
 
 Boards, ]| in. and under 80 " 1000 ft. B. M. 
 
 t^ 
 
 it 
 
 1 
 
36 
 
 J 
 
 t 
 
 SHIPPING CHARGES. 
 
 2^^ ^^^ 42 per ton of 40 cubic ft. 
 
 vvjiJiiut 42 " " '* 
 
 Elm and Ash 35 " " " 
 
 lied Pine 30 " " " 
 
 White Pine (Square AWaney) 2^ " " " 
 Birch & Maple, from the Bank. 50 " " " 
 Do. Do. Do. Raft.. 35 " " " 
 Other Hardwoods not enu- 
 merated 35 " " " 
 
 Pipe Staves 5 50 per Mille. 
 
 West India and Barrel Staves. 1 70 " " 
 
 Lathwood 70 " Cord. 
 
 Deals, 2 niches and upwards.. 1 45 " Quebec std. hun. 
 
 Lumber, If inches and under. 80 " 1000 ft. B. M. 
 
 WINTERING CHARGES. 
 
 9?J^-; : $0 20 per piece. 
 
 All other timber 10 " " 
 
 Pipe Staves 2 00 " Mille. 
 
 West India Staves 66f " " 
 
 Barrel 50 " " 
 
 Lathwood .' 10 " Cord. 
 
 Deals, 2 inch and upwards.... 40 " 1000 ft. B. M. 
 
 Lumber, 1| inch and under... 1 45 " Quebec std. hun. 
 
 All ground rents and wintering shall become due and 
 payable on tirst December in each year, and no further 
 charge shall be made for ground rent or wintering until 
 the 1st December following. 
 
 When Red and White Oak, Standard and West India 
 staves are mixed together in the same Crib, the Lumber- 
 man to pay the expense occasioned thereby. 
 
 In Culling Staves the Lumberman to lay them in cord 
 preparatory to culling, and to provide a man to hand them 
 to the Culler. 
 
 Timber returned to pay the hauling down and up if it 
 has been shipped from the Bank, and Staves and Deals 
 returned to pay for delivering and repiling. 
 
QUEBEC HARBOUR DUES. 
 
 All goods, including Lumber and wood goods exported 
 or imported into the Port of Quebec by sea or in transit to 
 the United States or elsewhere, shall pay a rate of one-tenth 
 of one per cent on the invoice value. 
 
 Every vessel trading to Ports outside ► 1 Dominion 
 which shall discharge ballast in the Harboi . Quebec, 5 
 cents for every ton measurement of said vessel. 
 
 Every vessel discharging cargo same rate. 
 
 Every vessel trading to Ports outside of the Dominion, 
 loading in the Harbour of Quebec, same rate. 
 
 Portion of cargo loading or unloading same rate in pro- 
 portion to whole cargo. 
 
 Tonnage to be paid as soon as loading or unloading is 
 accomplished. 
 
 Steamers plying above or below Quebec to Ports of New 
 Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island and New- 
 foundland, one cent per ton per trip, but such steamers not 
 liable to the ordinary tonnage duty. 
 
 Schooners and barges of 25 to 100 tons, each time using 
 the Harbour one dollar, or for the season five dollars, 100 
 to 250 tons two dollars per trip or ten dollars per annum. 
 
 On all steamers and sailing vessels not included in the 
 foregoing not paying tonnage dues, for every day of 24 
 hours of or under 1000 tons one-half cent, over 1000 tons 
 one-quarter cent per day of 24 hours. 
 
 Vessels coming or going to Montreal— merely passing, 
 not liable for tonnage dues unless landing and shipping 
 portion of cargo there. 
 
 Every towboat and steamer plying in or to the Harbour 
 of Quebec, shall pay for the season ^15. 
 
 On all steamers plying between Quebec and Montreal 
 $150 for the season, on all others trading to places West of 
 Montreal not being daily boats $3 per 1'rip. 
 
 V ■> » 
 
 y, 
 
 r 
 
 I 
 
38 
 
 BATEAU TARIFF, 
 
 5 
 
 ^ N t 
 
 To any Cove or Ship or vice versa in Harbour of Quebec. 
 
 Tor 100 Quebec Stnndard, for Deals or Boards $1 00 
 
 Per Mille for Pipe and West India Staves per 
 
 8,000 pieces 5 00 
 
 Per Cord for Latliwood 1 00 
 
 Per 100 Bags Salt of 8 Bushels 2 50 
 
 Per 100 feet (cubic) for Birch 1 00 
 
 Per Ton (clear) for Ballast, Iron, Coals, &c 40 
 
 Per Chaldron or 75 cts. per ton for Coke 50 
 
 Per 100 for return loads if more than 500 Quebec 
 
 Standard 1 00 
 
 For Mistrips or false Loads 5 00 
 
 Per 100 Pieces for Deck Plank G 00 
 
 Per 100 Bundles for Laths or Bailings 1 00 
 
 Per 100 Feet (cubic) for Ash or Oak Plank, SaAved... 1 50 
 
 Per 100 Feet (cubic) for any kind round logs 1 20 
 
 Per 100 Boxes of Match Splints 2 50 
 
 Per Cord for Blocks 1 00 
 
 Per 1,000 for Fire Brick.. 2 00 
 
 For all small loads for Birch 7 50 
 
 TIMBER TOWING IN THE PORT OF QUEBEC. 
 
 1st.— All timber towed to and from vessels lying in the 
 Harbour of Quebec 12 cents per load. 
 
 2nd. — All timber towed to and from vessels lying at the 
 Coves, from which they are taking their cargo, and which 
 can be brought alongside by one man, without steam, 
 6 cents per load. 
 
 3rd. — All timber towed to and from vessels lying at the 
 Coves, from which they are taking their cargo, that 
 it is compulsory to use steam to bring alongside, 
 ,.12 cents per load. 
 
39 
 
 4th.— Floaters in Oak or other sinking timber, or any 
 timber towed to float oak, to be charged at the rate of 
 12 cents per load. 
 
 5th.— Ten per cent to be charged on all waney timber. 
 
 6th.— All booms, logs, etc., towed to ships to be lashed 
 alongside for stiffening, to be charged three dollars for 
 towing each way. 
 
 SALVAGE TARIFF FOR THE PORT OF QUEBEC. 
 
 SAW-LOGS. 
 
 Fine per log. $0 15 
 
 Spruce " 07^ 
 
 SQUARE OR WANEY TIMBER 
 
 Oak and Black Walnnt per piece 2 00 
 
 Elm and other hard woods " 1 OO 
 
 White and Red Pine, Spruce, Hemlock, 
 
 Tamarac, Basswood and other soft 
 
 woods " o 50 
 
 FLAT TIMBER. 
 
 Pine, Spruce, Tamarac, Hemlock, and 
 other timber " 20 
 
 DEALS. 
 
 Pine per 100 pieces 5 00 
 
 Spruce " " 3 00 
 
 STAVES. 
 
 Pipes per 1000 pieces 12 00 
 
 West India " •' 4 oO 
 
 Quebec Harbour Commission 
 Quebec, April 20th, 1878. 
 
 i 
 
 I 
 
 f 
 
Tiriber, Shipping- and Freig-lits. 
 
 any 
 
 B of 
 
 id. 
 
 lied 
 for 
 
 15 
 
 X) 
 JO 
 
 )0 
 
 10 
 
 K) 
 
 10 
 10 
 
 t 
 
 Deals* — A Quebec Standard Deal is 12 feet long, 11 inches 
 broad, and 2J inches thick, and contains 2 ft. 8 in G j)ts. 
 cubic. One Hundred Quebec Standard contains 229 ft. 2 in. 
 cubic, or 'i.|§ loads, and are equivalent to 2750 feet 
 superficial board measure of one inch thick. 
 
 One Quebec Standard Hundred is 100 pieces of 12 feet 
 ))y 11 in. by 2J in., and is equal to 1 hd, 1 qr. IG pes. of St. 
 Petersburg Standard ; and 240 Quebec Standard Deals are 
 equal to 11 loads. 
 
 One St. Petersburg Standard Hundred is equal to 120 pes. 
 of 12 ft. by 11 in. by 1^ in., and is equal to 72 Quebec 
 Standard, and equal to 3-^% loads of Timber. 
 
 A load of Deals is 600 square feet by one inch in thick- 
 ness, equal to 50 cubic feet ; or 300 square feet of two inch, 
 or 400 of one-and-a-half inch. 
 
 A Load is equal to 21 deals, 1 foot lOJ inches, Quebec 
 Standard, and equal to 'S6^ Petersburg Standard Deals. 
 
 One Quebec Standard Hundred contains 229 cubic feet. 
 One St. Petersburg Standard Hundred contains 1G5 cubic ft. 
 
 To convert Quebec Standard Hundred into St. Petersburg 
 Standard : — Add two-thirds of the quantity, and divide the 
 sum by 120. If there should be any remainder, divide it 
 by 30, for quarters, or, multiply the Quebec Standard by 
 25, and divide by 18. 
 
 Staves. — One Standard Stave is 5J feet long, IJ inch 
 thick, and 5 inches broad. 
 
 pne Mille, or 1200 Standard Staves, is equal to 343 feet 
 9 inches, or 6f § loads. 
 
 175 Standard Staves are equal to 50 feet 1 inch G| parts, 
 or 1 load 1 inch 6| parts. 
 
 One Mille West India Staves, 1200 pieces, is equal to 87^ 
 feet, or IfJ loads of timber. 
 
 Owing to the variations in breadth and thickness of 
 Staves, it is customary to allow one Mille, Quebec Standard, 
 to be equal to 13 loads. 
 
 Lathwood- — One Cord of Lath wood is 8 feet long and 4 
 feet high, English measure and is sold in England per 
 fathom of 21G cubic feet. 
 
41 
 
 Customjiry Allowance for Frci}»iit and Broken 
 
 Stowage. 
 
 Deals. — A Imndrod St. Petorsbiiig Sttmdiird ut twice the 
 rate charged for tinil)er per load. 
 
 Staves. — A Mille Standard at G-tinies the rate charged 
 for timber per load. A Mille West India at twice the rate 
 chaiged IVjr timber j)er load. 
 
 Lathwood- — A fathom of Lathwood at the same rate as 
 charged for timber per load. 
 
 Freight and Shipping.— Freight measurements, or 
 cubical contents of |)ackages, are found by multiplying 
 length, breadth and thickness together ; for surfaces, length 
 and breadth only. 
 
 To Multii^ly Feet and Inches by Feet and Inches. 
 
 Under the multiplicand write the 
 multiplier. — feet under feet, inches inider 
 inches, <kc. Then commencing with the ft. in. pts. 
 highest denomination in the multiplier, 3 2 3 
 nndtiply the nmltiplicand, and set down 
 the whole product; then multiply by the 
 next highest denomination, and so on, 
 observing to set the result of each mul- 
 tiplication one place to the right; then 
 add up for answer. The example annexed 
 is l"or surface or square measure, length 
 and breadth only; for solid or cubical 
 contents, this product would have to be 
 nniltiplied by the thickness. 
 
 For Stowage.— 97 quarters of Wheat, or 140 barrels 
 of Flour, or 80 barrels of Ashes, are considered equal. 
 
 For Grain. — 42 cubic feet equal 1 ton of shipping. One 
 bushel is equal to GO lbs. 2218^ cubic inches are equal to an 
 Imperial bushel. 8 bushels are equal to one quarter= 17,745 
 cubic inches, or 10j%^^ cubic feet. Therefore 1 ton will take 
 4^V quarters, 1 bushel being=60 lbs.; 1 quarter=4S0 lbs.; 
 1 ton=19G8 lbs. A ship of 200 tons measurement can, 
 therefore, carry 820 quarters; but it can generally carry 
 much more. 
 
 3 2 3 
 
 9 G 
 G 
 
 9 
 
 4 G 
 9 G 
 
 9 
 
 10 1 
 
 11 
 
 9 
 
 FT. IN. 
 
 FTS. 
 
 
 - i 
 
 f 
 
as 
 
 or 
 
 9 
 
 --i 
 
 Timber Calciilatioii». 
 
 The following rules have been compiled from different 
 reliable sources, and will no doubt be found useful to all 
 engaged in the Timber trade : 
 
 1st. — To Reduce Square Timber of different sizes to an 
 Average Square : — Aad the lengths (in feet) together ; re- 
 duce the cubic contents of the whole to parts ; divide the 
 product by the total lineal feet ; the square root of the 
 quotient will be the average square, in inches. 
 
 2nd. — The reverse of the 'preceding Rule is: The cubical 
 contents and the average girth being given to find the 
 number of lineal feet. Rule : — Reduce the cubical contents 
 to inches ; divide this by the square of the average girth, in 
 inches ; the quotient will be the number of lineal feet re- 
 quired. 
 
 3rd. — To find the Cubic Contents of Round Timber: — 
 Scjuare the diameter, multiply the product by 11 and 
 divide by 14; multiply the result by the length of the log; 
 then reduce the product to feet, inches, and parts, dividing 
 by 12 and by 12 (or by 144). 
 
 4th. — To find the Cubic Contents of Square or Rectangular 
 Timber f by the Rule of Practice : — Say a piece 36 feet long 
 and 17 4- 18 inches wide : 
 
 FT. IN. PTS. 
 
 To 36 
 
 Add y«3j— thus : 3 is J 9 
 
 2isi 6 
 
 51 
 Add T^^— thus : 6 is i 25 6 
 
 Cubic contents 76 6 
 
 FT. IN. PTS. 
 
 Ex^planation : — To 36 feet, the length of the stick, add 
 the difference between 12 inches and the dimension of one 
 side— 17 inches ; difference, 5 inches, or ^^ths of the 36 — 
 say 15 feet. To the result thus obtained, 51 feet, as a new 
 factor, add 6 inches, or x%ths, the difference between 12 
 inches and the other side of the square — 18 inches. The 
 result is the cubic contents of the stick, 76 ft. 6 in. pts. 
 N.B. — When the sides of the square of the stick are less than 
 12 inches, proceed inversely — deducting proportionately. 
 
43 
 
 4^ 
 
 BOAUD MEASURE. 
 
 A foot Board Measure is the twelfth j)art of a cubic foot 
 or a piece 12 4- 12 inches and one inch thick, equal to 144 
 cubic inches — this is the standard unit of board measure. 
 
 One cubic foot of timber is equal to 12 feet supcriicial 
 measure, of board, one inch thick ; or, 12 feet superticial 
 of boards of one inch thick, divided by 12, gives oiie foot 
 cubic measure. Therefore, cubic measure multiplied by 
 12 produces board measure, and board measure divided by 
 12 produces cubical content. 
 
 The width of any Board or Plank being given to find the 
 length containing a supeificial foot : — l)ivide 144 by the 
 number of inches in the width of the board, and the 
 quotient will be the required length in inches. 
 
 To find the length of any regular shaped timber, &g., to 
 make a solid foot :— Divide 1728 by the number of square 
 inches in the end, and the quotient will be the length re- 
 quired in inches. 
 
 Rule for Measuring Rectangular Boards, 
 
 Multiply the length in feet by the width in inches, and 
 divide the product by 12, to find the contents in superficial 
 
 feet. 
 
 Rule for any Dimension. 
 
 Multiply the number of feet in the face of the piece to 
 be measured by the thickness in inches, and it will give 
 the contents in feet of board measure. 
 
 Rule for Measuring Logs or Round Tinnber. 
 
 Multiply the length, taken in feet, by the square of one 
 fourth of the mean girth, taken in inches, and this product 
 divided by 144 will give the contents in cubic feet. 
 
 To find the largest Square Piece of Timber that may be sawed 
 from a Round Stick of Timber, having the Diameter or 
 Circumference of the Small End given. 
 
 Rule 1.— Multiply the given diameter by .707106, or, 
 multiply the given circumference by .225079. Or, as the 
 diameter of a circle is equal to the diagonal of the inscribed 
 square. 
 
44 
 
 Standard. 
 
 to 
 
 > J 
 
 In niDst liUniboriiig DiHtricts in the United States where 
 picice hunb(U' is muniilactured the Standard nieaHure for 
 1(»K« is 13 leet long and 19 inches Diameter. 
 
 To rcdnce Logs to any Standard : — Multiply the square of 
 i\w diameter of the log by its length. The same operation 
 with tlie dimensions of the required standard. Divide the 
 product of the given log by that of the required standard. 
 
 Example : — Reduces a log of 14 feet by 26 inches to a 
 standard of 12 feet + 22 inches. 
 
 2G + 26 -\- 14=9404 ; also 22 + 22 + 12=5808. Then 94G4 
 — 580=1-03 standard nearly — "See Sheppard's Log Tables, 
 page 9." 
 
 Having the Side of a Square Stick given, to find the Diameter 
 of the Tree from ivhich it was sawn. 
 
 Rule. — Square the side and double it, and out of the 
 product extract the square root. 
 
 Ride for finding the Av< rage Square of Tiniher, the total 
 lengths and total contents being given. 
 
 Divide the total contents in feet by the total length in 
 feet ; the square root of the quotient will give the side of 
 the square in feet. 
 
 Mental Rule for finding Cubic or Board Measure. 
 
 3 in. by 10 by 15 feet long. 3 times 10 are 30 (divided 
 by 12) equal to 2^ times the length, for board measure, 
 this again divided by twelve produces cubic contents. 
 
 4 in. by 4 by 10 feet long. Then 4 times 4 are 16 equal 
 to IJ times the length. 
 
 7 in. by 7 by 9 feet long. Then 7 times 7 are 49 equal 
 to 4j^2 times the length. 
 
45 
 
 E ULES for finding the Contents of Plank, Deal, Battens, 
 
 Joist and Timber, by multi'plying a Fractional Part 
 
 of the Length by the Breadth, 
 
 2-inch is ^ of the length multiplied by the breadth, for the 
 contents. 
 
 3-inch is \ of the length multiplied by the breadth, for the 
 contents. 
 
 4-inch is \ of the length multiplied by the breadth, for the 
 contents. 
 
 5-inch is the length divided by 2f , and the quotient multi- 
 plied by the breadth. 
 
 6-inch is \ of the length multiplied by the breadth, for the 
 contents. 
 
 7-inch is the length divided by If, and the quotient multi- 
 plied by the breadth. 
 
 8-inch is the length divided by 1^, and the quotient multi- 
 plied by the breadth. 
 
 9-inch is the length divided by 1^, and the quotient multi- 
 plied by the breadth. 
 
 10-inch is the length divided by 1^, and the quotient multi- 
 plied by the breadth. 
 
 11-inch is the length divided by lyV? ^^^ the quotient nml- 
 
 tiplied by the breadth. 
 12-inch, multiply the length by the width, for the contents. 
 
 2^ inch or battens, is the length divided by 4|, and the 
 quotient multiplied by the breadth. 
 
 P.S. — The above rules give the contents in feet board measure. 
 
 r ) 
 

 f ' T 
 
 46 
 
 Various Woods. 
 
 The following are interesting items concerning the com- 
 mercial value and properties of the better known woods, 
 as laid down by the American Builder : — 
 
 Elasticity.— Ash, hickory, hazel, lancewood, chesnut 
 (small), yew, snakewood. 
 
 Elasticity and Toughness. — Oak, beech, elm, lignum-vitse, 
 walnut, hornbeam. 
 
 Even grain (for Carving or Engraving)— Pear, pine, box, 
 lime tree. 
 
 Durability (in Dry Works) — Cedar, oak, yellow pine, 
 chesnut. 
 
 Building (Ship-Building).— Cedar, pine (deal), fir, larch, 
 elm, oak, locust, teak. Wet construction (as piles, found- 
 ations, flumes, etc;.— Elm, alder, beech, oak, whitewood, 
 chesnut, ash, spruce, sycamore. 
 
 Machinery and Millwork (Frames).— Ash, beech, birch, 
 Pine, elm, oak. Rollers, etc.— Box, lignum-vitee, mahogany. 
 
 Teeth of wheels. — Crab tree, hornbeam, locust. Foundry 
 patterns. — Alder, pine, mahogany. 
 
 Furniture (Common).— Beech, birch, cedar, cherry, pine, 
 whitewood. Best furniture. — Amboyna, black ebony, ma- 
 hogany, cherry, maple, walnut, oak, rosewood, satinwood, 
 sandalwood, chesnut, cedar, tulip wood, zebra wood, ebony. 
 
 Of these varieties, those that chiefly enter into commerce 
 in this country are oak, hickory, ash, elm, cedar, black 
 walnut, maple, cherry, butternut, etc. 
 
ENGLISH AND OTHER LUMBER MEASUREMENTS. 
 
 In England and other countries intimately associated in ti-ade 
 with that country, the unit of measurement is the "standard," 
 with the higher denomination, "standard hundred;" consisting, 
 except in the case of the Quebec standard hundred, of 120 pieces of 
 the standard. The following table gives the principal standards 
 in use in England: 
 
 
 
 !z; 
 
 W 
 
 M 
 
 K 
 
 H 
 
 P 
 
 < 
 
 < 
 
 > 
 
 fi 
 
 M 
 
 Ph 
 
 
 o 
 
 N 
 
 pq 
 
 o 
 
 H 
 Ph w 
 
 d 
 I?; 
 
 
 CO 
 
 t^^ 
 
 (N 
 
 CO 
 
 1—1 CO 1—1 CO 
 
 S5S 
 
 a 
 
 I— I •• 
 X 
 
 I— I 
 
 1—1 ^ 
 
 Q 
 » 
 « 
 
 
 a 
 
 u 
 
 CO - 
 S 3 
 
 <3i ^ 
 -1-3 
 
 -^rT ^ 
 I— I ■• 
 
 r-H ■* 
 
 
 «o . 
 
 05 
 
 -^s -^s ^a 
 
 1-1 rH "-I 
 
 ;h 
 cS 
 13 
 13 
 
 ce 
 
 .9 
 3 
 
 Q 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 Hi 
 
 Of 
 
 i3 
 
 w 
 
 T3 
 
 a 
 
 rH O 
 
 3 
 
 C3 
 
 ;3 
 
 02 
 <8 
 
 c8 
 
 X 
 
 O 
 
 W 
 
 -d 
 
 -d 
 
 fl 
 
 ce 
 fl 
 
 o 
 
 c8 
 
 CM 
 
 a 
 
 
 C 
 
 fl 
 
 W 
 
 fl ■ 
 
 eS 
 
 -«^ 
 
 02 
 
 H ■ 
 fl 
 
3. 
 
 ie 
 
 » 
 
 of 
 is 
 
 48 
 
 St. .7V)/*n.— Battens, deals aiKl plank are usually sold by the 
 thousand feet, board measure, or by Petersburg standard, and run 
 from 8 to 26 feet long. All pieces under 8 feet are called " ends." 
 
 Mirainiehi and Other lower ports are as at St. John, with lengths 
 from 8 to 16 feet. 
 
 Iiondon—V\ne deals are sold by Petersburg standard ; spruce 
 deals by London or Dublin standard ; square timber by board or 
 cubic foot, caliper measure. 
 
 Xiver-poof.— Deals are sold by Petersburg standai'd ; square tim- 
 ber by load or cubic foot, string measurement. 
 
 Glnsgotv. — As at Liverpool. 
 
 Dublin. — Deals are sold by London or Dublin standard, square 
 timber by ton, string measure. 
 
 COMPARISON OF VARIOUS LOG MEASURES. 
 
 T "JT ■ 'T 
 
 0>- 
 
 Length Diameter 
 
 Log Rules. of Log. of Log. 
 
 Feet. Inches 
 
 Bangor 12 8 .. 
 
 Oughtred 12 8 .. 
 
 Scribner 12 8 .. 
 
 Quebec Government 12 8 .. 
 
 Doyle's Rule 12 8 .. 
 
 Bangor 12 
 
 Oughtred 12 
 
 Scribner 12 
 
 12 
 12 
 12 
 
 Doyle's Rule 12 
 
 12 
 
 Bangor 12 24 
 
 Oughtred 12 24 
 
 Scribner 12 24 
 
 Quebec Government 12 24 
 
 Doyle's Rule 12 24 
 
 Bangor 12 
 
 Oughtred 12 
 
 Scribner 12 
 
 Quebec Government 12 
 
 Doyle's Rule 12 
 
 36 
 36 
 36 
 36 
 36 
 
 Amount 
 in Feet. 
 
 83 
 
 28 
 22 
 24 
 16 
 
 78 
 68 
 59 
 
 Quebec Government 12 12 50 
 
 48 
 
 327 
 300 
 303 
 315 
 300 
 
 770 
 
 692 
 710 
 
 786 
 
H 
 
 o 
 
 \^ 
 
 p 
 < 
 
 o 
 
 P 
 O 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 
 w 
 
 CO 
 
 S £ 
 o 
 
 W 
 
 v 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 o 
 « 
 
 a 
 
 -O 
 m 
 
 > 
 
 P3 
 
 < 
 o 
 
 M 
 
 O 
 
 w 
 
 w 
 
 M 
 O 
 
 e8 C8 
 
 • put 'PH 
 
 Cj fi 05 S 
 S^ ^ W GO 00 
 
 fl<^ 3 S != 
 C fl C 
 
 C !^ c! c3 c3 
 .— >jU u u 
 
 c8 
 g C o 
 
 CS 
 
 a 
 
 ■a a 
 
 cS 
 
 . « 
 
 c8 71>-. 
 
 00 ^Jfi 
 S 00 C 
 
 X g c8 
 
 t< W (D ^ o 
 50 C ^ ^ ^ 
 
 cS cS 0) 0) * 
 
 5.2 
 ^ <1> ^ 
 
 ti s ® 
 
 « 00 « 
 
 00 SO 
 
 c3 
 
 •rH 
 
 s2 
 
 s ce ?• 
 
 Suoo 
 c 
 
 OJ 
 
 
 as 
 
 
 4> p 
 S'S *H fc. CJ 
 
 © 
 
 
 •1-1 C TO 
 
 .S § ^-2 
 
 (-1 00 cc Q<) 
 S S S C 
 
 '2 ^ ^+^ 
 C ^ h ^ 
 P o (D e8 
 
 HsOOO 
 
 <-< OS 
 
 5§g' 
 
 O 00— i C5 
 
 P<i3 at 
 -BOnBr 
 
 00 ^N &*^ 
 M « O o 
 
 '!^ S o 
 •— ^ . c 
 
 aj c8 ^ 5 
 
 cc </! w en 
 SPSS 
 
 aaaa 
 
 ^«1— I— H— < 
 
 0) 
 
 -d 
 
 s 
 
 c3 s-i ^^ 
 
 ss« 
 
 OS S 
 S S IK ® 
 
 M!g;pHOO 
 
 H oD oo <D Jn S 
 
 <* - 
 
 ..H.i-C c8 O 
 
 c3 
 
 .2 s t, o ? 
 
 :ss£aaaa 
 
 a> 0) o h ^ ^ ^ 
 OhD-OOOOO 
 
 a 
 
 a a 
 
 ,2 00 cc OS IC 
 
 -d 
 
 X3 
 
 O 
 O 
 
 -1-3 
 t 
 
 . a> 
 (U be 
 
 "S '=*« 
 
 • M ^ ® 
 
 0) 
 
 Xi Cm 00 
 M W Cj 
 
 <rj <j <1 <ii «< <ij <i1 pq CO m « pQ ea_ 
 
 '-' >^ o o o 
 
 a> 01 .1-1 — •!-< 
 
 
 0) o 
 
 u u 
 
 S S 0) Ol 
 WP500 
 
 pq 
 
 .W-d 
 
 - ►s 
 
 u u m 
 0) O) © 
 
 ,s.a.ia 
 ooo 
 
 lllgasaa 
 
 jl I -^<M«c-t-u5«ot>QO®o^Hcqco;2:SS^2SSw?ii?5c5S^fe§5 
 
O 
 
 3P 
 
 OS 
 cS 
 
 as 
 
 oo 
 
 f 
 
 isa 
 
 r 
 
 a 
 
 Q 
 
 O 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 Q 
 Ph 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 M 
 
 o 
 
 m 
 
 1^ 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 cs S oj . W)^^ 5 s « c fl-S^^ cjo "» S-^ S « w 
 ^ fl S S.^-^^ 2 ^«2 S 2^S-2 o-a a CS 2 o « 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 < 
 
 in CO 
 
 S8 
 
 3 
 
 a«.2« 
 
 3 ^ ^ S> 
 ft>5.^c8 
 
 CS'!:1 O rj 
 
 i 
 
 
 8:- 
 
 c8.!3 
 
 5h^§ 
 
 
 ft 8.5? =3 
 
 GQ 
 
 PL| PU Ph PLi Pk OD Ph <l1 <J P3 iJ 
 
 O 
 
 3 S 00 -r; S 
 
 ro 85 S w o 
 ■^ ♦^ ^ .2 .i; 
 
 ;^ ti S cs.^ 
 
 'C3'3 3 
 
 +-» 
 
 c3 
 
 •♦J 
 
 o 
 
 © o 
 
 ^C- • . 0) o o 
 
 cgvip.S !» S c3 (S a> « ^, 
 ■^ ►^ S b* SxjS 2?5 fl 
 
 a;ii4?g;ig;pqixiPLiPHPuimoocoopL<^cLi 
 
 c8 
 C3 
 cS 
 
 a 
 
 « 
 C3 
 H 
 
 <D.i-< « 
 •r^i— ir; 
 
 'S&a 
 
 S S o) 
 Vl « Vt 
 AhPhH 
 
 a 
 
 rn^S O O"^ 
 
 . *■* o o b! 
 _*-! oi.X.S O 
 
 
 t3 fl 
 
 0/ 
 
 cS 
 
 1^ 
 
 "scs^ 
 
 ^ ^ O o - 
 
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 cg.S fta-ri O-o SP c3 S 
 
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 5 ^ g ^ g OOOp O Oh Pk fin 
 
 O 4) O (D OJ 
 
 r-H^Hr-li— I CC 
 
 Ci! c€ ^ 03 O 
 
 t3 
 
 C3 
 
 03 
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 ag, 
 
 c is a 
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 2 w o 
 
 — < O O ci o 
 PhPhPhGCQQ 
 
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 qToTw 
 
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 V< V w 
 
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 ce:;:^ 
 
 ^8c3g??S^^^?o^^^q5S^i?^!55?J;i§^SSgS5St8SloSg8 
 
USEFUL INFORMATION AHOUT WOODS. 
 
 CHARCOAL.— The best quality is made from Oak, Maple Beecli, 
 and Chestnut. 
 Wood will furnish, when properly burned, about 23 p. c, of coal. 
 
 Charcoal absorbs, upon an average of the various kinds, about 
 5.5 per cent of water. Oak absorbing about 4.28, and Pine 8.9. 
 
 Its evaporative power, in the furnace of a boiler and under pres- 
 sure, is 5| lbs. of fresh water per lb. of coal. 
 
 The volume of air chemically required for the combustion of 1 lb. 
 of charcoal is 293.5 cubic feet. 
 
 138 bushels of charcoal and 432 lbs. of limestone, with 2612 lbs. of 
 ore, will produce 1 ton of pig iron. 
 
 Produce of Charcoal from various Woods. 
 
 Apple 23.8 I Birch 24.1 
 
 Ash 26.7 Elm 25.1 
 
 Beech 21.1 1 Maple 22.9 
 
 Oak 22.85 
 
 " young. 33.3 
 Poplar 20.5 
 
 Red Pine... 23.0 
 White Pine 23.5 
 Willow 18.6 
 
 The produce of charcoal by a slow process of charring is very 
 nearly 50 per cent, greater than by a quick process. 
 
 Wood. — Weights and comparative values of different Woods 
 
 WOODS. CORD VALUE. 
 LBS- 
 
 Shell-bark Hickory. 4469 1.00 
 
 Red-heart Hickory . .3705 .81 
 
 White Oak 3821 .81 
 
 Red Oak 3254 .69 
 
 Virginia Pine 2689 — 
 
 Southern Pine 3375 — 
 
 Hard Maple 2878 .6 
 
 WOODS. CORD VALUE. 
 LBS 
 
 New-Jersey Pine 2137 .54 
 
 Yellow Pine ....1904 .43 
 
 White Pine 1868 .42 
 
 Beech — .7 
 
 Spruce — .52 
 
 Hemlock — .44 
 
 Cottonwood — — 
 
 The evaporative power of 1 cubic foot of pine wood is equal to 
 that of 1 cubic foot of fresh water: or, in the furnace of a steam- 
 boiler and under pressure, it is 4^ lbs. fresh water for 1 lb. of wood. 
 
 Northern Wood— One Cord of hnni wood and one cord of soft 
 wood, such as is used upon Lakes Ontario and Erie, is equal in 
 evaporative effects to 2000 lbs. anthracite coal. 
 
 WESTERN Wood— One cord of the description used by the river 
 steamboats is equal in evaporative qualiticis to 12 bushels (960 lbs) 
 of Pittsburg coal. 
 
 9 cords cotton, ash, and cypress wood are equal to 7 cords of yel- 
 low pine. 
 
 The solid portion {lignin) of all woods, wherever and under what- 
 ever circumstances of growth, are nearly similar, the specific 
 gravity being as 1.46 to 1.53. 
 
 The densest woods give the greatest heat, as charcoal produces 
 greater heat than flame. 
 
 For every 14 parts of an ordinary pile of wood there are 11 parts 
 of space ; or a cord of wood in pile has 71.68 feet of solid wood and 
 56.32 feet of space. 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 "r 
 
 I 
 
52 
 
 I 
 
 
 i 
 
 Trees in the early part of April contain 20 per cent more water 
 than they do in tho end of January. 
 
 Asli. — Proportion of Ash in 100 lbs. of several Woods. 
 
 WOOD 
 PER CENT 
 
 WOODS. 
 
 Ash .5 
 
 Keech 35 
 
 Birch 34 
 
 LEAVES 
 PER CENT 
 
 5.4 
 5.0 
 
 WOODS. 
 
 WOOD LEAVES 
 
 PER CENT PER CENT 
 
 Elm 1.88 11.8 
 
 Oak 0.21 4.0 
 
 Pitch Pine 0.25 3.15 
 
 jv<i/_The proportion of ash in peat varies very much, ranging 
 from 1.25 per cent in grass peat to 18.47 per cent in other varieties, 
 the mean of Irish peat being about 3.5 per cent. 
 
 The distillation of peat produces, upon an average : Water, 31 
 parts; Tar, 3; Charcoal, 29; and Gas, 37. 
 
 In the distillation of peat, the following products have been ob- 
 tained : 
 
 Charcoal, 41.1 per cent. ; Watery Liquor, 19.3 ; Tar, 0.6; and Gas- 
 eous matter, 39. 
 
 Its evaporative power, in the furnace of a steam boiler and under 
 pressure, is from 3i to 5 lbs. of fresh water per lb. of fuel. 
 
 Decrease in the Dimensions of Timber by Seasoning. 
 
 WOODS. Ins Ins 
 
 Cedar, Cauda 14 to 131 
 
 Elm 11 to 10| 
 
 Oak, English 12 to ll| 
 
 Pitch Pine North. 10x10 to 9^x9^ 
 
 WOODS. lN8 Ins 
 
 Pitch Pine, South m to ISi 
 
 Spruce 8i to 8| 
 
 White Pine American.l2 to ll| 
 Yellow Pine, North. . 18 to 17J 
 
 The weight of a beam of English oak, when wet, was reduced by 
 seasoning, Irom 972.25 to 630.5 pounds. 
 
 Proportion ot Water in various Woods. 
 
 Alder 41.6 
 
 Ash 28.7 
 
 Birch 30.8 
 
 Elm 44.5 
 
 Horse Chestnut 38.2 
 
 Larch. 48.6 
 
 Mountain Ash 28.3 
 
 Oak 34.7 
 
 Pine 39.7 
 
 Red Beech 39.7 
 
 Red Pine •• 45.2 
 
 Sycamore 27.0 
 
 White Oak 36.2 
 
 White Pine 37.1 
 
 White Poplar 50.6 
 
 White Willow 26.0 
 
 Relative Value ot Various Woods. 
 
 THEIR CRUSHING STRENGTH AND STIFFNESS BEING COMBINED. 
 
 Ash 3571 
 
 Beech 3079 
 
 Cedar 700 
 
 Elm ... 3468 
 
 English Oak 4074 
 
 Mahogany 2571 
 
 Quebec Oak 2927 
 
 Spruce . 2522 
 
 Sycamore 1833 
 
 Teak 6555 
 
 Walnut 2378 
 
 Yellow Pine 2198 
 
HINTS TO LUMBER DEALERS. 
 
 (FROM SCRIBNER'S LUMBER AND LOO BOOK.) 
 
 Selection of Standing Trees. 
 
 The principal circumstances which affect the quality of growing 
 trees are soj/, climate, and aspect. 
 
 In a moist soil the wood is less firm, and decays sooner than in 
 a dry, sandy soil ; but in the latter the timber is seldom fine ; the 
 best is that which grows in a dark soil, mixed with stones and 
 gravel. This remark does not apply to the poplar, willow, cypress 
 and other light woods, which grow best in wot situations. 
 
 In the United States the climate of the Northern and Middle 
 States is most favorable to tiho growth of timber used for ordinary 
 purposes except the cypress. 
 
 Trees growing in the centre of a forest or on a plain, are generally 
 sraighter and more free from limbs than those growing on the 
 edge of the forest, in open ground, or on the sides of hills ; but the 
 foi-mer aro at the same time less hard. The aspect most sheltered 
 from the prevalent winds is generally most favorable to the growth 
 of timber. The vicinity of salt water is favorable to the strength 
 and hardness of white oak. 
 
 The selection of timber trees should be made before the fall of 
 the leaf. A healthy tree is indicated by the top of branches being 
 vigorous, and well covered with leaves; the bark is clear, smooth 
 and of a uniform color. If the top has a regular, rounded form— 
 if the bark is dull, scabby, and covered with white and red spots, 
 caused by running water or sap— the tree is unsound. The decay 
 of the uppermost branches, and the separation of the bark from 
 the wood, are unfallible signs of the decline of a tree. 
 
 Defects of Timber Trees {Especially of Oak.) 
 
 SAP, the white wood next to the bark, which very soon rots 
 should never be used, except that of hickory. There are some- 
 times found rings of light colored wood surrounded by good hard 
 wood ; this may be called the second sap ; it should cause the rejection 
 of the tree. 
 
 Brash-wood, is a defect generally consequent on the decline of the 
 tree from age ; the pores of the wood are open, the wood is reddish 
 colored, it breaks short without splinters; and the chips crumble 
 to pieces. 
 
 A 
 
 r 
 
A 
 
 >- 
 
 54 
 
 This wood is ontlrely unlit for mochanical purposes or artillery 
 carriages. 
 
 Wood which has died before belnj felled, should, in general, bo rejected ; 
 soshouUU'.o<///</-«;^,«i,andthosewhicliarecovered with tubercles, Ac. 
 
 Twis'ed wood, the grain of which ascends in a spiral form, is unlit 
 for use in large scantling ; but if tlie defect is not very decided, the 
 wood may be used for naves, and for some light pieces. 
 
 Splits, checks and cracks extendiiig towsirds tlie centre, if deep and 
 strongly marked, make the wood unlit for use, unless it is intended 
 to be split. 
 
 Wind-shakes are cracks separating the concentric layers of wooil 
 from each other; if the shake extends through the entire circle, 
 it is a ruinous defect. 
 
 All the above mentioned defects are to be guarded against in 
 procuring timber for use in artillery constructions; tlie rr.mrt hmrt 
 is also to be rejected in nearly all cases. 
 
 Felling Thnher. 
 
 The most suitable season for felling timber, is that in which 
 vegetation is at rest, which is the case in mid-winter and in mid- 
 summer; recent opinions, derived from facts, incline to g've pre- 
 ference to the latter season, say in the month of July; but the 
 usual practice is to fell tress for timber between the first December 
 and middle of March. Some experiments ai'o in progress with a 
 view to determine the question with regard to oak timber for 
 ordinance purposes. 
 
 The tree should bo allowed to obtain its full maturity before 
 being felled; this period in oak timber is generally at the age of 
 from 75 to 100 years and upwards, accoi'ding to circumstances. 
 
 The ago of hardwood isdetermined by the numberof rings which 
 may be counted in a section of the tree 
 
 The tree should be cut as near the ground as possible, the lower 
 part being the best timber. The quality of the wood is in some 
 degree indicated by the color, which should be nearly uniform in 
 the heart wood, a little deeper towards the centre, and without 
 sudden transitions. 
 
 Felled timber should be immediately stripped of its bark, and 
 raised from the ground. 
 
 As soon as practicable after the tree is felled, the sap-wood should 
 be taken olf, and the timber I'educed, either by sawing or splitting 
 nearly to the dimensions required for use. 
 
The Jioit Time to Cut 'Jiivihrr. 
 
 Tho best time for cutting Timber is - in ti»e dark of the moon." 
 and tho very best time is in the dark of the moon in tlie niontli 
 of AuKu«t. An Ontario farmer wlio hud ample opi^ortunity for 
 making experiments, proved, to his own satisfaction and that of 
 many others, that timber felled during the aforesaid time never 
 becomes alfected by insects or worms; nor does it become brittle 
 in seasoning, but, on the contrary, remains tough, and appears 
 somewhat oily. The sap of trees ascends with every Ijicrease o 
 the moon, and descends with every decrease of the moon ; and at 
 its full and at its dark, It will neither ascend nor descend, but will 
 spread in a circular form. There is no doubt but that the moon 
 has the same ellect on all vegetation; but he never tested or 
 experimented on any but standing trees. The proper t me or 
 season, for testing or experimenting on this matter Is during the 
 month above mentioned (August), when any person disposed to 
 test the theory for themselves can do so. The following is the 
 way he gained his knowledge of the matter :-About fifty years 
 ago, he and his brother cleared an addition to their then improve- 
 ment ; and as timber for firewood had become an object, they left 
 quite a number of small oaks standing; but to make the best of 
 them, they peeled or stripped the bark of them upward, as con- 
 venient, for tanning purposes, in the month of June, when it 
 peeled readily. There was then, as there always Is at that season 
 of the year, a new wood, or soft substance, forming between the 
 bark and the hard-wood, through which the sap flowed or passed 
 rapidly, but with greater force In Its ascent than its descent ; and, 
 marring this soft substance. It receives a bluish color from the 
 axe. Sometimes he threw dust or spit tobacco-julce onit; n 
 either case It absorbed coloring enough to see very distinctly 
 which way, up or down, according to the time of the moon, the 
 sap was passing. Since then, he removed to another farm also 
 covered with timber, and for many years chopped a new field each 
 spring ; and at the time the bark peeled he would frequently strip 
 otr a piece of bark from a standing tree of any kind (some how- 
 ever peeled more readily than others), without cutting into the 
 tree or ;oo much marring the new soft-wood forming; and he 
 always found that the sap ascended or descended. Invariably with 
 the increase or decrease of the moon. During the month of August, 
 If he required timber for rails, stakes, posts, or building purposes, 
 he would send a manor two to fell such trees as might be required, 
 at the proper time of the moon, and then would sometimes to 
 suit his own convenience, let them lay tor several years belore 
 working them up ; even then, he would find the green bark in- 
 side of the dead or dry bark still green, though somewhat dried ; 
 but, m no case O.td h" evtr find instcts or worms insiile of tke bark 
 
 \ 
 
 -r 'V 
 
5G 
 
 A 
 
 I 
 
 Seasonhuj and Preserving l^nber. 
 
 For the purposes of seasoning, timber should be piled under 
 shelter where it may be kept dry, but not txposed to a st ong 
 current of air; at the same time there should be a free cireulatlon 
 of air about the timber, with which slats or blocks of wood should 
 be placed between the pieces that He over each other, near enough 
 to prevent the timber from bending. 
 
 In the sheds the pieces of timber should be piled in this way or 
 in square piles, and classed according to age and kind. Each pile 
 should be distinctly marked with the number and kind of pieces, 
 and the age and the date of receiving them. 
 
 The piles should betaken down and made over again at intervals 
 varying with the length of time which the timber has been cut. 
 
 The seasoning of timber requires from two to lour years, accor- 
 ding to its size. 
 
 Gradual drying and seasoning in this manner is considered the 
 most favorable to the durability and strength of timber, but vari- 
 ous methods have been prepared for hastening the process. For 
 this purpose steaming and boiling timber has been applied 
 with success; kiln-dkying is servicable only for boards and 
 pieces of small dimensions, and is apt to cause cracks, and to im- 
 pair the strength of wood, unless performed very slowly. 
 
 Timljer of large dimensions is improved by immersion in 
 WATEK for some weeks, accortlingto its size, alter which, it is less 
 subject to warp and crack in steaming. 
 
 Oak timber loses about ONE-FiFTii OF its WEIGHT in seasoning, 
 and about one-tiiird of its weight in becoming dry. 
 
 I 
 
 ^ . >- 
 
 SPECIFIC GRAVITY. 
 
 To find the Specific Gravity of a solid or liquid heavier than 
 water:— Divide the weight of a given bulk of the substance by its 
 loss of weight in water. 
 
 To find the solid feet in a body from i-ts weight:— Divide the 
 weight in ounces by 1000 times the specific gravity as given in the 
 table. 
 
 To find the weight in ounces from the solid contents:— Multiply 
 the solid contents in cubic feet by 1000 times the specific gravity 
 as given in the table. 
 
SPECIFIC GRAVITIES. 
 
 Wateii is woll iulaptcd for the Standard of Gravity, nnd as a 
 fubic loot, of It, wi'lKlis 1(HM)ouii(u;m avoirdupois, Its Wflj^lit is taltcli 
 as tlir unit.— vi/.., lUQO; nnil tliu welKlit oi a cubic loot of any one 
 <»f thu following articles Is In ounces avolrduiujlds: 
 
 WOODS (Dry.) 
 
 Ash K15 
 
 Api)lo 71>;{ 
 
 IJoxwood (Ilm/lllan) 10;U 
 
 liccch «o'2 
 
 Hlrcli f)(')7 
 
 lUitttjrnut ;i"0 
 
 Collar 501 
 
 Cherry 715 
 
 iMiestnut OK) 
 
 Cofoa 1010 
 
 Cork 210 
 
 Cypress (lit 
 
 Ebony (American) V.VM 
 
 Elm 570 
 
 Fir, White 512 
 
 Hackmat aclc 502 
 
 Hazel SOO 
 
 Hemlock 308 
 
 Holly 750 
 
 Lif^num-vitie ..... IJJIW 
 
 Lime HU4 
 
 Lof^wood 913 
 
 M aliogany (Honduras) — 500 
 
 Maple 750 
 
 M aplo, bi rd's-ey e 570 
 
 Uak (Canadian) S72 
 
 Oak (Euglisli) 032 
 
 Pear 001 
 
 rine,Wliite 551 
 
 Pine, Red 500 
 
 Pine, Yellow 101 
 
 Pine, Pitcli (iOO 
 
 Plum 7S5 
 
 Poplar ;}H3 
 
 S|)ruce 5(K) 
 
 Tamarac 3S3 
 
 Walnut, Grey 071 
 
 Walnut, IJla(!k 500 
 
 Willow 5S5 
 
 Liquids, Metals, &c. 
 
 Alcohol, pure, 00 o 7!>4 
 
 Heer KKU 
 
 Brandy 021 
 
 Hlood (human) 1051 
 
 Beeswax , !W»5 
 
 Brass, cast 8J}»0 
 
 Brick, tire 2201 
 
 Coal (AnMiraclKO 1-130 
 
 Coal (Newca.stle) 1270 
 
 Coko KHK) 
 
 Copper, Cast H7HS 
 
 Eartli, common 2104 
 
 (ilass, wln(U)W 2042 
 
 Gold, 22 carats 174S(I 
 
 Granite [Scotch] 2025 
 
 (Juttaperchn OSo 
 
 Honey 1450 
 
 Iron, cast 7207 
 
 Ivory 1H2.5 
 
 Lead, cast 11352 
 
 Lime, hydraulic 2745 
 
 Marble, [Vermont] 2050 
 
 Milk 1032 
 
 Petroleum H7S 
 
 Plaster of Paris 1170 
 
 Platinum, native 10000 
 
 Ciuicksllver 1350S 
 
 Salt 2130 
 
 Sand, common 1(570 
 
 Silver, pure cast 10474 
 
 Soap, Castile 1071 
 
 Starch 050 
 
 Steel Plates 7800 
 
 Tallow 041 
 
 Tin, pure 7291 
 
 Turpentine 870 
 
 Water, common 1000 
 
 Wnter, sea 1020 
 
 Zinc, rolled 7101 
 
 .1 
 
58 
 
 ] 
 
 WelKl»t» and Measures. 
 
 The Imperial Bushol, one eighth of which ia the Imp. 
 Gallon, has hcen the Standard Measure in Canada since 
 May, 1880. 
 
 The following is the ratio which the old Measure bears 
 to those at present in use : 
 
 12 Wine Gallons equal 10 Imperial Gallons. 
 
 1.031 Winchester Bushels " 1 Imperial Bushel. 
 
 The Imperial Bushel is an upright cylinder, whose in- 
 ternal diameter is 18.789 inches and depth 8 inches. The 
 Imperial Gallon is one-eighth of this, and cubical contents 
 equal to 10 lbs. of water. We may quote from this, as 
 Imperial Measure, "a pint of water a pound and a quarter." 
 and from the weight of water given below corresponding 
 to the different measures, it follows, that if measures were 
 lost, we could find their equivalents by weight of water, 
 and if weights were lost, we could find their equivalents 
 by cubical contents of water. 
 
 The Winchester Bushel, so called because the standard 
 measure was formerly kept at Winchester, England, is an 
 upright cylinder, whose internal diameter is 18J inches^ 
 and depth 8 inches, and its contents equal to 2150 2-5 cubic 
 inches and equal to 77-627 lbs. of pure or distilled water at 
 a temperature of 62 and barometer at 30. 
 
 The proportion between the old Measures and those at 
 present in use is very simple and convenient for reduction, 
 being nearly 5 to 6. Thus 5 Imperial Gallons are equal to 
 6 Gallons old measure. 
 
 The following are the cubical contents and weight in 
 pounds of water, of the different Standard Bushels, Gallons, 
 and sub-divisions : 
 
69 
 
 VontentH in Cubic Inches. 
 
 Bushel. Gallon. Quart. Pint. 
 
 Cubic Ins. Cubic Ins. Cubic Ins. Cubic Ins. 
 
 IniperiaL.. 2218.192 277.274 69.318 34.G59 
 
 Winchester 2150.40 268.80 67.20 33.00 
 
 Wine 231. 57.75 27.875 
 
 Weight of Contents in Pounds of Distilled Water. 
 
 Bushel. Gallon. Quart. Pint. 
 
 Imperial...... 80 lbs. 10 lbs. 2.50 lbs. 1.25 lbs. 
 
 Winchester... 77.627 9.703 2.426 1.213 
 
 Wine 8.338- 2.084 1.042 
 
 Diameter of a Cylinder, containing an Imperial Gallon 
 at one inch high equal 1.878933 inches. 
 
 Imperial Bushel x 1.0315 equal Winchester. 
 
 Winchester do. x .9694 " Imperial. 
 
 100 Imp. do. X " 103.15 Winchester. 
 
 1 Imp. Quarter of Grain " 8.25 Winchester Bushel 
 
 Wine Gallons x .8331 '' Imperial Gallon. 
 
 Winchester Gals X .9604.... 
 
 Imperial Galls. - 1.2003 " Wine 
 
 Imperial Galls, x 1.0315 " Winchester Gallon. 
 
 There nre still used in the United States the old Beer or 
 Ale Gallon of 282 cubic inches, equal to 10.18 lbs. of water 
 and a New York State Bushel of 2211.84 cubic inches, and 
 gallon of 221.184 cubic inches, or 8 lbs. water. All trans- 
 actions involving the measuring or purchasing of liquids, 
 &c., should state the measures understood. By Act of 
 Canadian Parliament, the following are the legal weights 
 per bushel of the ditterent kinds of grain : 
 
 r ,1 
 
f 1 
 
 1 
 
 60 
 
 lbs. 
 
 Wheat, Peas, Beans, Cloverseed, Potatoes, Turnips 60 
 
 Carrots, Parsnips, Beets, Onions ^ 
 
 Indian Corn, Rye, Salt ^^ 
 
 Flaxseed 50, Barley, Timothy Seed, Buckwheat 48 
 
 Hempseed 44, Castor Beans 40, Malt 36, Oats 34 
 
 Drieu Peaches 33, Dried Apples 22, Blue Grass Seed... 14 
 
 A Ton Weight 2000 lbs. a Hundred Weight .100 
 
 A Ton of Timothy, Clover, or other Hay or Straw 2000 
 
 A Cordwood pile is 4 feet high and 8 feet long. 
 
 A French Cord is 4 feet3| in. high and 8 feet 8§ in. long. 
 
 The side of a square acre is 69J yards li length, and is 
 often quoted by French-Canadians as a unit of length for 
 short distances. 
 
 1 French foot is equal to 121§ English Inches. 
 104 French lbs. is equal to 112 English Pounds. 
 
 1 Canadian Minot is equal to 1-054 Imperial Bushel. 
 
 " 1 
 " 1 
 " 1 
 " 1 
 
 Barrel of Flour. 
 Sack. 
 Chaldron. 
 Keel. 
 
 FRENCH. 
 
 Weights. 
 
 I(X) lbs equal 1 Quintal of fish. 
 
 lUGlbs • 
 
 280 lbs 
 
 25JCwt 
 
 15J ('haldrons 
 
 ENGLISH. 
 
 1 oz equal 28.35 Gramme. 
 
 3.528 ozs " 1 Hectogramme. 
 
 2.205 lbs " 1 Kilogramme. 
 
 lib " 0.4536 
 
 icwt " 50.80 
 
 A Bundle of Straw 12 lbs., of Hay 15 lbs., and if tied with 
 a withe one pound additional. 
 
 (( 
 
 <( 
 
61 
 
 The new Copper Coinage of Great Britain, 1860, is com- 
 posed of 95 parts Copper, 4 of Tin and one of Zinc. A 
 pound of this is coined into 48 pence or 80 half pence or 
 160 farthings, and the half-penny measures one mch m 
 diameter. The Canadian Cent is the same diameter, and 
 100 of them weigh one pound. 
 
 Im,the absence of Apothecaries' weights and measures, 
 the following items are worth remembering : 
 
 About 25 drops of thin liquid will fill a common sized tea- 
 spoon,-three table spoons will fill an ordinary sized wme 
 glass,— four wine glasses will fill a common sized tumbler. 
 
 Fluid Drachm. 
 
 1 Teaspoonful • ^'^^''^ 2 
 
 1 Dessert " u qs 
 
 1 Thimbleful » ^ 
 
 1 Tablespoonful 
 
 Ounces. 
 
 1 Wineglassful ^^.^^ ^ 
 
 1 Teacupful » g 
 
 1 Tumblerful 
 
 Subjoined are the Dimensions of the new Measures, but 
 
 no measure battered or knocked out of regular form will 
 
 be admitted to verification. Diameter. Depth. 
 
 Denomination Inches. Inches. 
 
 Bushel 17.31 9 38 
 
 HalfBushel ..;; ^'H ^f^ 
 
 ^®?i^ ; 5.93 10.04 
 
 (j(aiion....«i AQQ 7 19 
 
 Half Gallon •••• 4.98 7.1^ 
 
 y?^" V///".'.'.".'.'.'.'.'.. 3.07 4.68 
 
 Half■ptat::;:::.^■:::^.^:v.v.v:.v;:.\\v.\v............ |.48 3.59 
 
 H^F^in.v.v.v:::.::::::::::::::::::::"." ^-^ 2.05 
 
 t 
 
 f I \ 
 
 I 
 
 v\ 
 
 r 
 
62 
 
 I 
 
 f \ ^ 
 
 •'-' ^T 
 
 v\ 
 
 Lineal Measure. 
 
 1 Cubit , equal 1| Foot. 
 
 Q Feet " 1 Fathom. 
 
 120 Fathoms " 1 Cable's length 
 
 5J Yards " 1 . Kd. Pole, Pr. 
 
 09! '< " Side ot sqr. acre. 
 
 40 Rods..V.V.V.V.'.'.'.'....*. " 1 Furlong. 
 
 1760 Yards " 1 Mile. 
 
 8 Furlongs " 1 '. 
 
 7 92.1000 1ns " 1 Link. 
 
 25 Links " ^ Rod or Perch. 
 
 4 Rods..VV.*.'.*.'.'.'*.*.* " 1 Chain=GO ft. 
 
 80 Chains '' 1 Mile. 
 
 3 Miles " 1 League. 
 
 ENGLISH. FRENCH. 
 
 44 Inches equal 1 Eng. Ell. 
 
 54 " " 1 French Ell. 
 
 J2-789 " .**....' " 1 " F^ot. 
 
 16114.38 Feet..*.*.'.*.* " 1 " League 
 
 39.371 Inches " 1 Metre. 
 
 3.2809 Feet " ^.^..o.r u 
 
 1 Mile " 1609.315 " 
 
 1 Yard " 0.9144 
 
 1 Foot - " 0.3048 
 
 6.395 Feet " ^> Pieds. 
 
 0.621 Mile " ">- Kilometre. 
 
 3.052 " " 1 League. 
 
 " " " 84 Arpents. 
 
 Rods may be reduced to chains and decimals of a t;hain 
 by dividing by 4 ; Yards to chains by dividing by 22 ; and 
 Feet to chains by dividing by 60, 
 
 Shipping Measure. 
 
 42 solid feet , equal 1 ton of shipping 
 
 40 solid feet, round or unhewn " 1 ton or load. 
 
 50 solid feet, hewn or squared...... " 1" 
 
 5 cubic feet " 1 barrel of flour. 
 
 8 barrels " 1 ton. 
 
 5 quarters '* 51^ cubic feet. 
 
 5 quarters » " 1 load. 
 
t 
 
 63 
 
 Cubic Measure. 
 
 1 (Aibic Inch eqiml 03G17 lbs. water. 
 
 27.27-100 do ,^ I ]^' u 
 
 '•'1 ''do" F^it' ::::::::::::: «' 1728 ?^bic m. 
 
 1 .In " 1000 oz. water. 
 
 r,oo T- ' ;; " 1 Chaldron. 
 
 1 rnbic'Yard'**;.'.*.*.*.*.*.*.*.*:.* " 27 Cubic ft. 
 
 1 Cubical aia.. ^, ^ ,, -^^^^^^ 
 
 ENGLISH. FRENCH. 
 
 3G 1 Gl. Ale or 1 Bl eqnal 5-776 Fm. 
 
 61.028 Cubiclnches ^^ 1 Jf^^^- 
 
 ^r-oi7 u pppt 1 Otero. 
 
 '^^ir^ u ";...;...;;. " i Metre. 
 
 2.50-42 " IncherWinchester B.. " 1 Min., 35.236 Lit 
 
 Square Measure. 
 
 144 Square inches equal 1 Square Foot. 
 
 q " Feet " 1 ' larcl. 
 
 3m " Yards:::: " l ;; godorPerch 
 
 40 " Rods " 1 g«o^- 
 
 4 " Roods f 2 ] " 160 " Perches. 
 
 4.40 " Yards I^l "435060" Feet. 
 
 10 " Chains.... U) "lOOOOO;; Links. 
 
 <*ioo " *' .. 1 lYLlie. 
 
 k ': ^:;:E:::::: '' \ ] poieorPerch 
 
 16 '* Poles " 1 '' <^^^"^- 
 
 ENGLISH. FRENCH. 
 
 36801.7 Square Feet equal 1 Square Arpent. 
 
 845 " Acres " 1 ^jo- ^^^»^|- 
 
 o'5-V '' fin "1 do. Hectare. 
 
 1 " Foot " 0.929 do. Metre. 
 
 \ u Yard " 0.836 do. Metre. 
 
 3.955 " Perches " 1 Acre. 
 
 If links be multiplied by links, the product is reduced to 
 acres by pointing otf five decimals trom the right hand. 
 Chains multiplied by chains, to acres, ^'Y POi^ting oil one 
 place; and chains by links, by pointing oti three places. 
 
 i 
 
 f^- 
 
t 
 
 i 
 
 t 
 
 64 
 
 Measurement ot Circles, Squares Triangles, 
 Cones and Pyramids. 
 
 To compute the Circumference of a Circle :— Multiply the 
 Diameter by 3.1410 ; or, as 7 is to 22, so is the Diameter to 
 the Circumference. 
 
 To compute the Diameter of a Circle :— Divide the 
 Circumference by 3.1416; or, as 22 is to 7, so is the 
 Circumference to the Diameter. 
 
 half the Circumference by half the Diameter ; or, multiply 
 the Square of the Radius by 3.1416. 
 
 To compute the Convex Surface of a Sphere or Globe :— 
 Multiply the Diameter by the Circumference. 
 
 To compute the Volume or Solidity of a Sphere:— 
 Multiply the cube of the Diameter by the decnnal .5236 ; 
 t)r, multiply the surface by one-third of the Radms. 
 
 To compute the Surface of a Square, Rectangle, or 
 Quadrilateral :— Multiply the length, by the breadth or 
 height. 
 
 To compute the Solidity of a Square, Rectangle, or 
 (Quadrilateral :— Multiply length, breadth and thickness. 
 
 To compute the Area of a Triangle —Multiply the base; 
 by the perpendicular height, and divide the product by 2. 
 
 To compute the Surface of a Cone or Pyramid —multiply 
 the circumference of the base by the slant height ; halve 
 th(^ product, and add it to the area of the base. 
 
 To find the Volume or Solidity of a Cone or Pyramid :— 
 Multiply the area of the base by the perpendicular height, 
 and take one-third of the product. 
 
 To compute the Surface of a Cylinder -.—Multiply the 
 length by the Circumference, and add the product to area 
 of both ends. 
 
 To compute the Volume or Solidity of a Cylinder :— 
 Multiply the area of the base by the height. 
 
66 
 
 Table ol Approximate Italics Between 
 Circles and Sqnares. 
 
 1. The diameter of a circle, multiplied by .88G2, equal 
 thcside of a square of nearly equal area. 
 
 2 The circumference of a circle, multiplied by .2821, 
 equal the side of a square of nearly equal area. 
 
 3. The diameter, multiplied by .7071, equal the side of 
 the inscribed square. 
 
 4. The circumference, multiplied by .2251, equal the 
 side of the inscribed square. 
 
 5. The area of a circle, multiplied by .G3GG, equal the 
 area of the inscribed square. 
 
 G The side of an inscribed square, multiplied by 1.4142, 
 equal the diameter of the circumscribing circle. 
 
 7 The side of an inscribed square, multiplied by 4.4430, 
 equal the circumference of the circumscribmg circle. 
 
 8. The side of a square, multiplied by 1.1280, equal the 
 diameter of an equal circle. 
 
 9. The side of a square, multiplied by 3.5450, equal the 
 circumference of an equal circle. 
 
 CASKS. 
 
 1st— Multiply the diflference of the head and bung 
 diameter in inches by 0.7 and add the product to the head 
 diameter for a mean diameter. 
 
 2nd.— Multiply the square of the mean diameter by the 
 decimal 0.7854 which will produce its area. 
 
 3rd.-Multiply the last product by the length this gives 
 the cubical contents in inches which divided byzn.y^i 
 gives contents in Imperial Gn lions. 
 
 Example .—Length of cask IG inches, l^ead diamdcr 24 
 inches, bung diameter 32 inches. Answer 114.16 lii norial 
 GaWou^.—Goodfellow's Calculahom. 
 
 f 
 
 r 
 
66 
 
 1 
 
 r 
 
 r 
 
 A USEFUL. TABLE* 
 
 Tlie following table will be found exceedingly useful i 
 
 A box 24 inches by IG inches square, and 28 inches deep, 
 will contain a barrel, or 10.752 cubic inches. 
 
 A box 24 inches by 16 inches square, and 14 inches deep, 
 will contain half a barrel, or 5376 cubic inches. 
 
 A box 16 inches by 16.8 inches square, and 8 inches deep, 
 will contain one bushel, or 2,150.4 cubic inches. 
 
 A box 12 inches by 11.2 inches square, and 8 inches deep, 
 will contain half a bushel, or 1,072.2 cubic inches. 
 
 A box 8 inches by 8.4 inches square, and 8 inches deep, 
 will contain one peck or 587.6 cubic inches. 
 
 A box 8 inches by 8 inches square, and 4.2 inches deep, 
 will contain one gallon, or 268.8 cubic inches. 
 
 A box 7 inches by 4 inches square, and 4.8 inches deep, 
 will contain half a gallon, or 184.4 cubic inches. 
 
 A boix 4 inches by 4 inches square, and 4.2 inches deep, 
 will contain one quart, or 67.2 cubic inches. 
 
 The above calculations are based on the Winchester 
 Bushel and Wine Gallon. 
 
 LAWS FOK THE MILLION. 
 
 A note dated on Sunday is void. 
 
 If a note be lost or stolen, it does not release the maker ; 
 he nuist pay it. 
 
 An endorser of a note is exempt from liability if not 
 served with notice ofits dishonor within twenty-four nours 
 of its non-payment. 
 
 Each individual in partnership is responsible for the 
 whole amount of the debts of the firm, except m cases ot 
 special partnership. 
 
 Ignorance of the law excuses no one. 
 
 An agreement without consideration is void. 
 
 Signatures in lead-pencil are good in law. 
 
6t 
 
 A receipt for money is not legally conclusive. 
 
 C/ontracts made on Sunday cannot be enforced. 
 
 A contract made with a minor is voidable 
 
 A contract made with a lunatic is void. 
 
 ('hecks or drafts must be presented for payment without 
 unreasonable delay. 
 
 PUISMOIDAL FOKMULA. 
 
 To find the cubical content of any solid. 
 
 Rule.— To the sum of the parallel end areas (or top and 
 bottom) add four times th(^ sum of the middle area, and 
 multiply the whole by one-sixth part of the height or 
 length of the body. 
 
 This one rule takes the place of the different rules 
 applied to various forms of solids, spheres, squares, oblongs, 
 cones i..^d their frustrums. 
 
 Advances on Sterling- Invoices. 
 
 In this calculation Pounds Sterling must be assumed as 
 Pounds Currency, or Four Dollars to the Pound. 
 
 From total currency cost (ircluding Freight, Duty, 
 Charges, and bill remitted) substract nett sterling cost of 
 goods only (excluding cost of packages and charges) the 
 ditl'erence is numerator and nett sterling cost as denominator 
 will express fractionally the percentage of advance. 
 
 Example : — Say value of goods only (not packages or 
 charges) on face of invoice £50 stg. and total cost £90 
 currency, then 50 from 90 leaves 40 as a numerator and 50 
 sterling cost, as denominator gives the fraction fg or f 
 advance, therefore to every shilling of the invoice price 
 add f of itself to shew its currency cost laid down here — or 
 say £50 = $200 ; £90 = $860. 200 from 360 leaves 160 as 
 numerator and the 200 as denominator produces same 
 result. 
 
 i 
 
 L 
 
 f 
 
 rX 
 
SCANTLING TABLE. 
 
 or ^ 
 
 i 
 
 
 r 
 
 \ - 
 
 Shewhuf the contents in Board Measure o/one piece of any 
 of the following dimensions which nmliiplied by the nmnher 
 ofjyieces required (jives the Board Measure of the whole. 
 Jf the result is divided by 12 tJie quotient will be solid or 
 cubical contents. 
 
 LENGTH IN FEET. 
 
 i 
 
 SIZE 
 IN INCHES. 
 
 12 
 
 8 
 
 14 
 9 
 
 10 
 11 
 
 18 
 12 
 
 20 
 13 
 
 22 
 15 
 
 24 
 
 10 
 
 20 
 17 
 
 28 
 
 30 
 
 2x4 ... 
 
 1 19 2() 
 
 2xG ... 
 
 12 
 
 14 
 
 10 
 
 18 
 
 20 
 
 22 
 
 24 
 
 2() 
 
 ' 28 
 
 30 
 
 2x8 ... 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 21 
 
 24 
 
 27 
 
 29 
 
 32 
 
 35 
 
 37 
 
 4() 
 
 2x 10... 
 
 20 
 
 23 
 
 27 
 
 30 
 
 33 
 
 37 
 
 40 
 
 43 
 
 47 
 
 50 
 
 2x12... 
 
 24 
 
 28 
 
 32 
 
 30 
 
 40 
 
 44 
 
 48 
 
 52 
 
 50 
 
 00 
 
 .3x4 ... 
 
 12 
 
 14 
 
 10 
 
 18 
 
 20 
 
 22 
 
 24 
 
 20 
 
 28 
 
 30 
 
 8x0 ... 
 
 18 
 
 21 
 
 24 
 
 27 
 
 30 
 
 33 
 
 3(') 
 
 39 
 
 42 
 
 45 
 
 0x8 ... 
 
 24 
 
 28 
 
 32 
 
 30 
 
 40 
 
 44 
 
 48 
 
 52 
 
 5() 
 
 ()0 
 
 3x10... 
 
 30 
 
 35 
 
 40 
 
 45 
 
 50 
 
 55 
 
 00 
 
 05 
 
 70 
 
 75 
 
 3x 12... 
 
 30 
 
 42 
 
 48 
 
 54 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 72 
 
 78 
 
 84 
 
 90 
 
 4x4 ... 
 
 10 
 
 19 
 
 21 
 
 24 
 
 27 
 
 29 
 
 32 
 
 35 
 
 37 
 
 40 
 
 4x0 ... 
 
 24 
 
 28 
 
 32 
 
 3() 
 
 40 
 
 44 
 
 48 
 
 r)2 
 
 5{i 
 
 (JO 
 
 0x0 ... 
 
 30 
 
 42 
 
 48 
 
 54 
 
 00 
 
 0() 
 
 72 
 
 78 
 
 84 
 
 90 
 
 0x8 ... 
 
 48 
 
 oO 
 
 04 
 
 72 
 
 80 
 
 88 
 
 90 
 
 104 
 
 112 
 
 120 
 
 8x8 ... 
 
 04 
 
 75 
 
 85 
 
 90 
 
 107 
 
 117 
 
 128 
 
 139 
 
 149 
 
 10() 
 
 8x10... 
 
 80 
 
 93 
 
 107 
 
 120 
 
 133 
 
 147 
 
 100 
 
 173 
 
 187 
 
 200 
 
 lOx 10... 
 
 100 
 
 117 
 
 133 
 
 150 
 
 l(i7 
 
 183 
 
 200 
 
 217 
 
 233 
 
 250 
 
 10 X 12... 
 
 120 
 
 140 
 
 100 
 
 180 
 
 200 
 
 220 
 
 240 
 
 200 
 
 280 
 
 300 
 
 12x12... 
 
 144 
 
 108 
 
 192 
 
 210 
 
 240 
 
 204 
 
 288 
 
 312 
 
 330 
 
 300 
 
 Contents for other dimensions not in the tnble can be 
 found by using- the same ligures— Thus 2x8 would stand 
 for 4 X 4, 1 X 10. Or 2 x 10 Would be equal to 4 x 5, 2h x 8. 
 
 Or for 2 X 5, 2^ X 4. 1 x 10 by dividing the 2 x 10 by 2. 
 
 _ The 2x0 will be found useful as a base for many otlier 
 sizes, as it is equivalent to the base of board measure cal- 
 culations, being equal to one foot Board Measure of that 
 dimension. 
 
 For Examiile : — You want to find the numbcu- of feet in 
 19 pieces 7x9-22. One foot of a 7x9=03 inches, or 5^ times 
 a 2x0; 19 jneces 2x0-22=418 feet, while multiplied by 53 
 =to 2.194.^ feet. 
 
HjaBT: "".-.T.-v.-TCgrna.— .«!— 
 
 00 
 
 SPOOL LUMBER. 
 
 Is bought and sold 'y Board Mensure in lenjijtliH of 24 to 
 48 inches antl from 1 incii square to J3 inches advancing by 
 sixteenths. 
 
 To find the Contents of any nuniher of Pieces, 
 
 First linle. — Find the contents of one lineal foot and 
 nudtiply the result by the total number of lineal fet^t in 
 the whole. 
 
 Second. Hide. — Find the contents of one piece and mul- 
 tiply the result by the number of pieces of same size. 
 
 Or Multiply the square, length, and number of pieces 
 together in inchesand divide the result by ]44 the number 
 of squares inches in one foot Board Mensure. 
 
 Example. — 500 pieces 3 inches square and 30 inches long. 
 
 1st. — 1 foot x3x 3x12=108-7-144 square inches in a 
 l(,ot=0.7r) the multiplier for 1 lineal foot. Then 500 x 30= 
 1500 total length of pieces in inches, dividinl by 12 for 
 lineal feet=:1250 lineal feet multiplied by 0.75 contents of 
 1 foot=U37/,/'o Board Measure. 
 
 Or 1 piece x3x 3x30=2700-^144=1.875 nndtiplier for 
 one piece x 500=9o7|\^^7 Board Measure. 
 
 Or 500 pieces x 3 x 30=13500 h- 144=937 i\{^a Board Measure 
 
 ; Note. — 144 cubic inches is equal to 1 foot Board Measure. 
 
 1728 •' " " " Cubic Measure. 
 
 Board Measure divided by 12 is equal to Cul)ic Measure. 
 
 Cubic Measure multi^jlied by 12 is equal to Board Measure. 
 
 As each multiplier is found for the various dimensions 
 they should be retained and set down for furthei- use, as 
 there are no Tables publish(Hl lV)r Spool Measure. 
 
IS of 24 to 
 [iiicing by 
 
 ces. 
 
 foot luul 
 a I foot ill 
 
 Jiiid iiiiil- 
 
 size. 
 
 of pi(;tH'8 
 nuiiiber 
 
 3I1CS long. 
 
 lies in a 
 iOO X 30= 
 by 12 for 
 ntcnts of 
 
 iplier for 
 
 Men sure 
 
 Measure. 
 Measure. 
 Measure. 
 Measure. 
 
 mensions 
 }.Y use, as 
 
 
 w 
 
 WATEIt WEIGHTS. 
 
 Weight, Space and Quantities. 
 
 Imperial 
 Measure. 
 
 ] Gallon 
 1 Pint 
 C)J Gallons 
 10 
 
 1-12 « 
 
 i Pint or II 
 200 Gallons 
 224 
 
 Weight, 
 of Water. 
 
 10 lbs. 
 
 Cubical Contents. 
 
 <( 
 
 62i 
 
 100 
 
 1]2 
 
 1 
 
 2000 
 
 2240 
 
 .36 
 
 a 
 
 277J inches or 0.10 ft. 
 
 Q4 7 << 
 
 1 foot 
 
 lA 
 
 (< 
 
 1* 
 
 (( 
 
 27tV 
 
 inches 
 
 32tV 
 
 feet 
 
 ''^'Vtt 
 
 <( 
 
 1 cubic inch 
 
 1 Ton Weight of 2240 lbs. placed aboard a vessel dis- 
 places 35 cubic feet of water : and tViis volume of water so 
 displaced is equal to the weight placed aboard. Thus the 
 weight of the ship and also weight of freight can be found 
 by knowing the cubic displacement of water. 
 
 Capacity ot Cisterns and Wells in Imperial or 
 Standard Gallons ot 277.27 cubic inches. 
 
 FOR EACH TEN INCHES IN DEPTH. 
 
 Diameter 
 
 Feet. 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 Diameter 
 Feet. 
 
 5. 
 
 6. 
 
 7. 
 8. 
 9. 
 
 Contents 
 Gals. 
 
 ... 37 
 
 ... 55 
 
 ... 102 
 
 ... 147 
 
 ... 200 
 
 ... 261 
 
 ... 330 
 
 25 feet=2250 Gallons. 
 
 10. 
 11. 
 12. 
 13. 
 14. 
 15. 
 20. 
 
 Contents 
 Gals. 
 
 ... 408 
 ... 494 
 ... 588 
 ... 689 
 ... 800 
 ... 918 
 . 1632 
 
 Many similar Tables are copied from United States 
 Papers and Periodicals, they are not our measures, as 10 
 Imperial Gallons are equal to 12 United States Gallons. 
 
1\ 
 
 BOX MEASUUES. 
 
 A handy Table of dimensions by which Farmers can 
 make their own measures for corn, vegetables, etc. This 
 Table is (Mther for Wet or Dry Measure, as there is but 
 one measure for both. The Imperial, which is Standard 
 for Great Britain and the Dominion of Canada, and is 
 based on the cubical contents of one gallon of water whose 
 cubic space is equal to 277.274 and weight 10 lbs. 
 
 The fractions in the Table are the nearest approach to 
 the value of the decimal remainders and more easily un- 
 derstood and used in measuring. The Box measures are 
 inside dimensions. 
 
 Length and 
 Breadth 
 Inches. 
 
 24 
 
 X 
 
 18 
 
 20 
 
 X 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 X 
 
 16 
 
 12 
 
 X 
 
 12 
 
 8 
 
 X 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 X 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 X 
 
 4 
 
 Depth 
 Inches. 
 
 X 15A 
 
 8t^o 
 
 X 
 X 
 X 
 X 
 X 
 
 7 7 
 
 5 
 
 A 3 
 %5 
 
 Cubic 
 Inches. 
 
 = 6654 
 
 Iff 
 
 4430,:*^ 
 2218x^^ 
 llOO^V 
 
 277^ 
 138A 
 60r\ 
 
 Contents. 
 
 3 Bushels 
 
 (( 
 
 (( 
 
 1 
 
 1 Gallon 
 
 2 Quarts 
 
 The United States have two measures, one for Dry and 
 the other for Liquids. 
 
 Their Dry Gallon is 268.8 cubic inches. 
 
 Liquid " 231. " " 
 
 Ours, for all purposes 277.274 
 
 5 of our Gallons are equal to 6 of theirs. And our 
 Bushel is 3^ per cent more. — (See page 59. 
 
 Cubic inches x by .003606 = Gallons Standard 
 Cubic inches x by .000451 = Bushels Standard 
 
12 
 
 ONE ACKE OF L.AND. 
 
 Farmers sometimes require to lay off an acre or two. 
 The following Table will enable them to do so. 
 
 6 yds. 
 
 wide 
 
 by 968 
 
 yds. 
 
 long 
 
 equal 1 
 
 acre 
 
 10 " 
 
 
 484 
 
 
 
 (( 1 
 
 
 20 " 
 
 
 242 
 
 
 
 << 1 
 
 
 40 " 
 
 
 121 
 
 
 
 (( 1 
 
 
 00 " 
 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 (( 1 
 
 
 70 " 
 
 
 69J 
 
 
 
 i» 1 
 
 
 80 " 
 
 
 60^ 
 
 
 
 <( 1 
 
 
 
 
 Or in Feet 
 
 
 
 110 feet wide 
 
 by 369 feet long 
 
 equal 
 
 1 acre 
 
 120 " 
 
 (< 
 
 363 
 
 (( 
 
 (< 
 
 (( 
 
 1 " 
 
 220 " 
 
 .< 
 
 198 
 
 <( 
 
 n 
 
 11 
 
 1 " 
 
 240 " 
 
 (( 
 
 181 
 
 a 
 
 it 
 
 li 
 
 1 " 
 
 440 " 
 
 <( 
 
 90 
 
 11 
 
 (( 
 
 << 
 
 1 '^ 
 
 For two acres, double either the length or the breadth, 
 but not both, as that would produce 4 times the quantity. 
 
 Nine square feet is one square yard. 
 
 272 J square feet is one square rod or perch. 
 
 43560 square feet is one square acre. 
 
 4840 square yards equal 1 square acre. 
 
 30^ square yards equal 1 square rod or perch. 
 
 69J yards is the side of a square acre. 
 
 160 square rods or perches equal one acre. 
 
 40 square rods or perches is one rood. 
 
 4 square roods is one acre. 
 
 640 square acres is one square mile. 
 
 35 Cubic feet of Sea water equal 2240 ibs. 
 
 35.84 Cubic feet of Fresh water equal 2240 lbs.