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1653 Eas( Main Street

Rochester. New York U609 USA

(71c) 482 - 0300 -Phone

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I-

ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL CO)

CO 8:i f3

BULLETIN I -,>:,.

ROUP

liV

F. C Harrison, Professor of Bacteriology.

and Dr. H. Streit, Assistant in Bacteriology,

Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph.

Ill

FOBLISHEO B7 THE OBTABIO DEPARTMENT OF AORIOnLTUHE,
Toronto, Ost.. Decimbkk, 1802.

Printed by L. K. CAMERON,

Printer to the King's Most Kxcellent Majesty.

■■lit

;:i I.

ilk

li!

BULLETIN 126 DBOBMBBR, 1902

Ontario Agricultural >ollege and Experimental Farm

le^o xj I*.

By I'kok. F. C. Hai(I(Imi> mu\ Dii. H, Stkkit, lUMterioloKical Ue|Nirtiii«int .»(
the Ontario AKrivultuml Culle«(e and Kt|H)riiu«nUl K»rni.

Thf moHt widely Hpiead and (]eHtruotiv«> discaHe aH'octiiijj iloiiHwtic
fowlH in Ontario, and porhaps in Canada, in commonly known an
Houp, Canker, or DiHtemp«-r. By Home, the diseaBc in called Cancer
of the Mouth, Throat, etc., or even hy the name of Fowl Diphtheria:
but all these different names are given to the winie diseaMe, accordinjf
as Home particular symptom in more or less prominent

Ki({. 1.- A wctioii of falsf mi-mliniiic iif a Mupj fowl. a K»lm- iiienilpriiiiic.
Ii Epitht'lidiit. f SuhiiMK'otia.

Economy Importance. The economic importance of this disease
is very great, as it is probably one of the greatest hindrances in the

[3]

! 1

I i

poultry l>uiiiiieM4. The tliruct Umtwm from the itiNVH. e vary ^ruatly in
liHi'ereiit epiiivmicR. ThuH, in a viruii>iit outlirunk , there may In>
many <luHlhH in a nhort time , whilu, in anuth(>r. a Hoclt may liecunif
infected and only a few birds die. Of much jjivater ini|)ortance ar*-
the indirect loHMes ; and thene are apt tu be overlooiccd by farinem or
thone who keep only a few fowl ami |)ay but little attention to them.
The di8ea.s«d binls ix'cover very clowly ; and they remnin thin,
anusmic, and unfit for ej^g production, fH;,''-nin)j. or bree«lin((, — eating
juMt aa nmeh as it they were normal and li\ \ng at the expense of
their keeper.

Vig. i. Hw'tlDii o(a UIm' tiieiiilmiie (portion nf lai Kix.
1, inure hiichly mavniflMi) ahowliiK pun ivIIk (ii\, niin>iii>
vxiiilstt' (/MihI liacilll {!•)■

Uknekal Condition of Roui'y Birdh.

The };encral condition of roupy birds varies v^ery much. After
the tirst symptom of the disease, which is usually a putrid catarrh
from the nostrils, the affected fowl is generally restless, separates
from other members of the flock, becomes dull, cowers in the comer
•of the coop, or mopes in the corner of the pen, with its head drawn
close to its body and often covered with its wik js.

If there is a severe discharge from the nostrils or eyes, then the
feathers upon the wings or back are likely to be smeared with it,
stick together, and after some time fall out ; and the eyes are often
shut, the lids being glued together by the sticky discharge from them.

A fowl in a sleepy condition, or moping as described, frequently
rouses itself for a time, takes food, and especially water, and then
^adually returns to the apathetic condition.

Many fowls having the disease in a chronic form keep their
normal appetite for a long time, and seem very little disturbed physi-

cully, whilMt oUien, (>Hpocialiy when th«' face or vyvn hecoiuf Nwoll«>n,
low their apfictite, j^row thinner ami thinner, an*! Hnally become too
weak to Ntand or walk anmnd, when the^' lie i|(»wn and <lie in a few
•lays. Uurini; the lant ntajfe. dinrrhira, with oH'enMive yellow or t;reen
diHcharf^, oftt»n »ctM in and caiiHeN death in a Hhort time.

Manj,' poultry keepera aMMcrt that roupy birdn hIiow fever ; and
it ih certain that the head ia v»ry often hot, but the Unly tempera-
ture is normal, or only very •lightly higher than .. .rmal.

Si'BciAL SymitoMs ok Roll'.

By ihe term Roup we ^nerailv underntand a more or leiM put-
rid diwharftc from the noatnls. which laata for weeks or even months.
The diHeane often follows a common cold, to which fowls, eNpecially

Hit. 1. - I'lifi'ori (Nil. tl) thirtcTii ilm. udir iinMiilulMin niili thi' niiii,
luu'illiih unil luii ilav" Intiiri' cli-iitli.

young fowls and those of the more delicate breeds, are much pre«Hs
posed.

In the first stages of Roup, the birds often cough or sne«'ze, and
the breathing is noisy, caused by the partial closing of the air pas-
sages, which become blocked with the discharge from the nostrils.
When the air pas-sages are entirely cl sed by the discharged products,
the fowl has to open its beak in order to breathe.

Sometimes a yellowish cheese-like mass forms in the nostrils,
growing (juickly and prea.sing the upper walls of the nose upwanls :
and if this mass is removed, an uneven bleeding surface is left, which
t ms a new eheesy mass in from 24 to 48 hours.

Whilst many roupy birds show only the alw)ve mentioned symp-
toms, ot' ers become more seriously diseased. The lace o roupy
birds is very often swollen, especially between the eyes and the nost-

riln ; hikI thin wwellinj;, which U h<tt and mr«, m>in'>timeM ^rowM into
« tumour HM liirjjo an h w«hiut.— jfi<iuT«ll> Hriii fttxl hanl. A bir«l in
IhJR contlition ih frwiiipntly found aoratehinKAt the tiininur witli Un
cIawm or wInKii. an if fnduAvcirin); to n<niov« it. If the tituioiir ;rrowM
on tiie inner xide, towAnln the nAMsl pn*. mn', it forceH the nwf of th«
nioutli downwAfd, And the up|ier And lower l«ak afu hIuwI/ proiu«e«l
out of their nurniAl poiition. no that the bird cannot clomi itii mouth.

Un mAlcInK an incinion into the tumour, we Hnd a Nolid, ehe«My,
vellowiAh DJAttcr, which nmy Iw pulle<l out like the ro<»t of a plAnt ;
but it utUAlly hiiM to lie broken into muiaII pleceH in onler to j(ot it
out. Around thia niaaa, there in a more or leiw Hinooth. jfrey or brown-
iMh membrnne that in capAhle of A);ain formint; a cheeky 'nam nimilar
to what ha4 b(>en removed.

The niAwi itnelf when not attended to, often thrown into the
naaal cADaU, and blockn ther: up rimpletely. Oenerally, combined
with the formation of the tumour on the fnco, there Ih an affection of
theeyeii: or the eyea become diiwaiK><l without the preliminary dis-
charge from the noM, in which cane poultry keepen* upeak of fowls
aa Aurfering from " Roup of the Eyes."

Roup of thf Eyen. The first Hyroptom of the eyes in generally
an inflammation of the eyelids. These become red, swollen, and hct ;
thtn the mucous membrane and glands of eyes become inflamed and
begin to secrete a liquid,— at first clear, and then of a grey Hiimy, put-
rid character. Occasionally the mucous membrane of the eye socket
is the primary seat of the infection of the eye, and the eyelids swell
as a secondary symptom. It in easy to understand that the eyes may
become infected from the nasal cavity, as the eye socket has tree con-
nection, by means of the lachrymal canal, with the nasal cavity, and
thus the diseased products from the nostrils can pass into the
«ye sockets.

The secretion from the eyeH is similar to that described as com-
ing from the nostrils, i. e., at tirst a clear liquid, then changing to a
putrid grey and offensive discharge, which dries on the feathers at
the side of the head, causing them to dtick together or fall out. If
the secretion is retained in the eye socket, it undergoes a change,
becoming a yellowish, .solid, cheesy mas.s of the same appearance aw
that found in the nasal tumour. This cheesy ma-ns either forces the
eve out of its socket, or the imflammation entirely ilestroys it. These
cheese-like mfc^ses form in one or two days, and may reappear after
many dail; iiovals.

Ah these affoctions, described above, may be localisi'd on one side;
but often both nasal passages and both eyes are affected at the
same time.

Combined with the symptoms of roup above de-scribed, there
often are patches of a ;,'reyi8h yellow exudation firmly adherent to the
mouth, throat, etc. These patches are called " false membranes "; and

oiiJMTOMintuf their iirtiii>wlmtcl<iM« rfM«>inl>liiiic«< to lli.- iiitiiibrttiii) which
iH foriiHfl Hi huniiui .liphth.riB. it ]\^ b«wn thimt;ht by ^tii«> writ«rM
th«t tii« Mvinn ami Ikiiiiuii iiiM«>aw)<« are th<' shmiu. More, howitver, lut
it Nuffict. to M»y that tli.' wui)(ht of evidonc! is n;iaiiist thin con ti'iitlon;
but thiH phaM> of tho ^ .l.jwt will U- iiion- fullv «I.Blt with btor on in
thiN bulletin.

Wf may nIho |M>int out that nmny poultry ket'p«'nt who notice thn
frtlMe membrane on the throat and mouth )l their fowU, reuanl the
<liH«aMe EN quite different fn>m tho catorrhal form iind call it "canker"
which Im prolmbly a po* 'lUr form of the woni " chiici'i- ".

Whether the dinea^j In characteriztd by falw mmibraneH, oH'en-
Hive diw'harjfe, or cheesy maweH, the cauw in the Naiiif. »h we have
many time« experimentally denionHtrated.

t'ik-. 4. Urn 47 ; >i)it.v-M>v«n ila)> alt
ilut Ix-fiimli-ath.

(M'l.lation with H. |>>oi'tiiii<'ii': itinl (hr

At one or Heveral p'acos in the mouth or throat, these yellowish,
smooth or uneven meiiibrt.iics appeHr, and either remain small and
dixappear after -^^ ■'•w dayw, i ,'ro'.v thicker, spread, and become tirmly
attached to the i •■ jus memlrane ; and if they (the false membranes)
are removed, an uneven, blee<liny Nurface is exponed, which looks like
a true cancer.

After the appeni-Hiice of the meiiibranes, the adjacent Hubmucous
tissue sometimes becomes inflamed, and finally the growths are found
to be similar to those so often seen af the sido of the face, — containing
solid cheesy matter in the centre.

When the throat is blwked by these false membranes, the ani-
mal's breatliing becomes abnormal, and the air passing through the
throat protluce.s loud noi.ses. Gradually, the visible mucous membrane
and the comb turn blue, and the fowl finnllv dies from suffocation.

■11

The aytnptoms are much the same when the lunjjs are the seat of
the diseuHe. In dead roupy fowls we have often found the higher
bronchial tnbes completely filled with solid cheesy matter, which pre-
vented the air from passing into the lungs.

Occasionally cheesy matters are found in the folds of the pleura,
and in other rituations.

The Course of the Diseask.

The course of roup is usually of long duration. A simple, putrid
discharge from the nose may stop in three or four weeks, and similarly
false membranes may soon disappear ; but generally the symptoms

Ki^'. .'>. — Ilt-iul of hen :iii: eiifht flays after infectinii willi a
jiilture <if the ro ip hai'illU!<~ n, I'heesv iiiatlir.

ast for months. When the eyelids become swollen and tumours
appear, the case is usually chronic. Aflected birds may be better for
a few days or weeks, and then become very weak again. Damp, cold
weather usually intensifies the disease.

It is well known that fowls may be more or les-s .sick from roui>
for one or even several years ; and these birds should have the great-
e.st care and attention, for they are generally the cause of new out-
breaks. Once introduced, roup may remain in a Hock for nianv years.
The first cold and moist nights of the fall and early winter cause all
kinds of catarrhs, which in many instances are followed by roup.
Roup spreads rapidly in the winter time, and may attack from 10 to
90 percent, of the fowls in a Hock. Towards spring, the disea.«e
gradually disappears: during the summer months, a few birds remain

chronically affected ; and then the first cold nights ijive the disease a
fresh Htart.

^°^^?-f°^ '" ^""^ ^""■''' °^ **^® ♦'"" ^»'eed8 are especially liable to
roup. While some poultry men maintain that birds once havimr
suftered from roup never take the disease again, most of the experf-
mental evidence tends to show that no acquired immunity exists as
sometimes happens after other diseases. Some foM Is are, however
naturally immune, and never take the disease. In the course of our
own experiments, a white chicken which had never had roup was in-
ociilated with repeated and large doses of the roup germ, but without

6TtGCt*

WE^ >m^m^ '-^.-.f^v ^^m

"< i

Kiu 'i. Iliail i>f fowl .it); tw.iilytwii iljiv- after irioiulatioii
»iMi a ciiltiii-i' of the roup liacillii!. «, faiw iiieinliranc.

Thk Causk of the Disease.

Many opinions have been expressed as to the cau.se of the disease
and some of these have been ba.se.l on .scientific research, while others
have been nierr guesses. Some writers have thou;rht that the disease
IS due to •' Protozoa." a low form of animal life ; and others have isola-
ted various bacteria from the disease tissues, whicli bacteria when
j^rown in pure culture and intro<luced into healthy hens, have pro-
duced symptoms of the di.sease.

As roup, especially when located in the mouth or throat, resembles
haman diphtherui, it has been claimed that the well-known organism
"t this disease, the Bacillm <li,>ht/u'rine of Klebs-LoetHer, is the cause
"t roup, or. as it is termed by some, " fowl diphtheria."

i I

\i k

Statements have been made by European writers that outbreaks
of diphtheria occurred in men, while at the same time poultry kept in
the buildings in which the men lived were suffering from roup. Tliey ,
however, do not state whether the roup commenced before the diph-
theria or vice verm, and they give no good reasons for supposing tnat
the outbreaks were actually connected with each other. In fact, we
must state that the cases referred to, of alleged transmission of chicken
diphtheria to man, are on examination found to be mere assumption,
due to ignorance of veterinary pathology.

In 1M98, several articles appeared in the Agricultural Press, writ-
ten by H. A. Stevenson. M.D., who said, " Roup is caused by a specific
germ, w^hich appears to me to Ite identical with the Klebs-Loeffler
bacillus," i.e., the bacillus which causes human diphtheria ;and in an-
other place, he says, " I believe roup and canker to be the fame disease,
a disease identical with diphtheria in man."

If the above statements were borne out by experiments, and found
to be correct, we should have to demand the most rigorous treatment
of diseased birds ; for Dr. Stevenson takes the position that diphtheria
may be spread by roupy birds in exactly the came manner as tuber-
culosis is supposed to be spread by tubercular cattle.

These statements of Stevenson are, however, not based on careful
experiments, and the human diphtheria antitoxin which he recom-
mended as a sure cure for roup, has been found to be absolutely
worthless for that purpose.

The following experiments and observations may be cited under
this head :

A student of Professor Tresbot's devoured diphtheritic membrane
from fowls without contracting the disease ; and Loffler, the discover
of the human diphtheria germ, and Colin were never able to produce
diphtheria in fowls by inoculation with human diphtheria germs.
Gratia and Lieneaux treated roupy fowls with the human diphtheria
antitoxin, and secured very poor results.

We have also ourselves made a largenumber of experiments with
roupy fowls ; and in about 300 roupy birds that have come under our
observation, we have never been able to isolate the Klebs-Loetfler
bacillus, i. e., the bacillus of human diphtheria. Roupy fowls have
also been again and again treated with diphtheria antitoxin without
any result. Were the germs of human diphtheria and fowl diphtheria
the same, the antitoxin would certainly have affected the diphtheria
in the fowl, since it is the best known remedy for diphtheria in
man.

Further, we find that the diphtheiitic membranes in man and
fowls are different. That of the former consists of a fibrinous exu-
dation,— granular material, pus corpuscles, and debris of epithelial
cells,— and contains the Klebs-Loeffler bacillus in great numbers ; and
these can readily be stained by Gram's method.

The membrane from fowls consists almoHt entirely of pus cells,
some granular masses, debris of epithelial cells (especially swollen
nuclei of these), and bacteria ; but amongst the bacterid, we seldom
tind one that can be stained by Gram's method.

Houpy fowls never show any of the symptoms caused by the
bacterial toxin (poison secreted by bacteria,) which usually follow an
infection with the true diphtheria bacillus.

f!"-^

Kit:. I.— fowl W : thriiat ami liottoiii of thf iiioiitli with
faliw mvnilirane (ml, fuiirtveii iU\h aftt-r iiiociilatio?i with
B. pvofjaiieiis.

Hence we are bound to conclude, from the evidence here presented,
and from other evidence we have at hand but which space alone pre-
vents us from presenting, that Stevemon's theory la unUnahh, and
that fowl diphtkeriii is never earned by t,.e human diphtheria germ, —
the Kiebs-LoetHer bacillus.

FiEsri/rs OF Work .\t College.

In the present bulletin, only a brief summary of our work with
roupy birds can be given. Any one wishing the full details of the
(xp rimental work may obtain them by writing to the College for
the full report.

•tm.

' I!

i! •

' .i

The first experiments were conducted, to find out whether or not
Roup was an infectious diaeaae ; and. for this purpose, 10 healthy
fowls which had never been exposed to infection, were confined
in a cage with diseased birds ; and after varying periods of
time, five of the healthy birds caught the disease. Fourteen healthy
birds were then treated bv rubbing a portion of the false membrane,
or putrid nasal discharge irom roupy birds, upon the normal, or slightly
scratched, mucous membrane of the nose or eyes ; and in this way,
two birds were infected with typical roup.

These experiments, therefore, show the infectious nature of the
disease; but the degree of infectiousness was not large. We must, how-
ever, remember that when fowls are kept under natural conditions
where they are subject to cold, etc., the infectiousness may be much
increased.

Having thus shown that roup is infectious, the next step was to
isolate the causal micro-organism, a task of some difficulty, on account
of the fact that the discharge from the nose, the false membrane, etc.,
is in close contact with, and likely to be contaminated by the air and
food, which always contain large numl)ers of bacteria that fined suit-
able material and favorable temperature for growth in the albuminous
secretions of fowl.

Very many bacteria were isolated, but when inoculated into
healthy chickens, they proved to be harmless.

In other infections, such as Fowl Cholera, etc., it is comparatively
easy to isolate the causal organism, because it is found in the blood
and organs of the diseased fowl ; but in roup we find that, as a rule,
the organs and blood are free from bacteria, or else if bacteria are
present, they are harmless.

Without giving the results of a long- continued series of fniitles-s
examinations and experiments, made within the last four years, we
may say that at length we have isolated a germ which causes roup,
with all its varied symptoms. To this germ we have given the name
Bacillus <-<tco8mus (ill-smelling), and shall refer to it as the "roup
bacillus." A technical description of the germ will be given in a
more scientific paper at a later date.

Chronic diseases, of which we have an excellent example in roup,
are notoriously hard to reproduce by the inoculation of healthy ani-
mals, because in most case's of sickness there must be, not only the
causal organism, but a lowering of the vital forces ; and, to get over
the difficulty, we used pigeons, which are easily infected, to increa.se
the virulence of the causal organism and thereby assist in the infection
of hens. In this way, we produced roup in hens at pleasure by
inoculation with the roup bacillus, taken from roupy pigeons.

The " roup bacillus " tends to penetrate the deeper layers of tin
mucous membrane or submucous tissues. Hence cultures made from
swabs taken from the false membranes very rarely contain the " rou|

bacilluH, " because the bacilli are retained in the depths of the animal
tiSHUe. '

I • wu "u?".Pv.^"*'J'"f ".'* ««pe««'*'b' 'lifficiilt to isolate in cases in
which the bird has had the di8ea;*e for a long time, as the tumours
and false membranei contain very many other kinds of bacteria in
large nutnters. In our experiments, even when roup was produci.l in
healthy fowl by inoculation with pure cultures of the " roup bacillus"
ba^tTrJr"'' ''"'^*"^''^'' ^"'■°'" ^'"^ ^'"■>' K'>»"i'>g contained many kind's

The roup jjerins seem capable of remaii,in<,Mn a sort of dormant
condition in the depths of the tissues for a lon^r tlme.-so Ions; that
the fowls sometimes appear convalescent ; suddenly, when the con-
stitution IS weakened by a cold or other causes, the ioul erms become
active and the roupy symptoms re-appear. "

We have also found that roup, with all its vary i ntj s vm ptoms, can
be produced by the inoculation of healthy hens with the well-known

till- ».— rhi- Kciip liawllus (H.
•wrwinus), from a tKenty-foiir
hour olil aifar ciiltuii',

Kiif, 9 - Tlir Koiip lift, illus shew •
\ni! the flatfella (orHans of Iihoiiki
tiiiiil. Van Knii<"/eiit's iiit'tliml.

BneilUspi/oeyaneus or green pus germ, which we have frequently
isolated from roupy birds. Hence, it would seem that roup is simply
a complex suppurative process ; but, different from ordinary forms of
suppuration, the pus in fowls appears in the form of a half or entirely
solid, cheese-hke, yellowish white maas. without any tendency to be-
come_soft or liquid, or to perforate the surrounding skin

This may be proved by the injection of sterile turpentine (oil)
mto the eye-hds which gives rise to inflammation and the formation
of solid cheese-hke matter in the depth of the tumour.
Therefore, the cheesy masses must be regarded a' -us
To sum up, roup, or fcwl diphtheria, canker, etc., . complex
ot suppurative processes, taking place especially in the 1.. .i of fowls.
1 his suppuration may be caused by different species of bacteria,
and these may be very wide spread (e.g. Pyocyaneus), and thus an
outbreak ot roup may occur in a flock living in unsanitary condi-
tions, without any previous introduction of the germs from elsewhere ;
r)ut certainly this is the exception. More often, the disease is spread

ii m

. i

by sick tovrU introduced into healthy HocIch. (JerinH K*"**™"y »•**
Hpread throughout a yard by ineuns of the secretiouH, although thcHe
do not alwayH contain tlie caaual organiMUi. The infected fowls are
not very much ditterent in their general appearance and condition at
the beginning of the diHeatie, and thuH they often take food and water
for a long time, contaminating the foo<l, trouglm and cupH. As the
germs cannot infect fowls so long as the mucous membranes are intact
and healthy, the disease does not spread for a ct , tain length of time,
although the germs may be present almost everywhere in the yard.
Then comes a change of weather, such as a cold night or the l)eginning
of fall and winter, — and suddenly the infectiousness of the diseas*-
is increased and roup spreads rapidly among the birds. Unfavorable
weather, which causes colds and other infections of tho mucous mem-
branes, directly opens the way for infection. But it is ossible that
the roup bacilli, having infected a number of fowls, may gain so much
in virulence as to be capable of entering into the tissues of the fowl
without previous colds. Like colds, other circumstances which weaken
the constitution of the fowls, such as unsuitable feed or feeding, unhy-
gienic yards, bad water supplr, etc., contribute towards the spread of
the disease. Once present in'a poultry yard, the loup-causing bacilli
cannot be got rid of, unles.s by very careful disinfection ; and this is
valueless so long ap any of the fowls are diseased ; and, as we have
already stated, fowls often remain affected with roup, carrying the
germs in a semi-dormant state, for months or years.

It is possible that just one kind of bacillus, for example, our
" roup bacillus," causes an outbreak of roup ; or an outbreak nay be
caused, as here at the Ontario Agricultural College, by several specie.s.

Treatment and Preventives.

As roup is not a specific infectious disease, that is, a disease
caused by a single species of germ, it is almost impossible to prepare a
preventive or curative seruni. Hence this method of treating infec-
tious diseases cannot be used in roup ; and besides it would be very
costly.

The germs of roup are not very resistent ; they can easily be
destroyed when present in cultures, or somewhere outside the animal .
but in the animal tissue, they are very difficult to kill, because th^y
penetrate into the tissue ; and unless this too is killed, the {jerms con
tinue living for a long time.

Roup may be cured by remedies, if the treatment is careful ami
judicious. Obstinately re-appearing false membranes can be success
fully treated by burning the diseased tissue with a strong aci«l
(hydrochloric acid 50 per cent, to 75 per cent.), or other caustics, such
as silver nitrate. If the eyes and nose are attacked, they have to h
carefully washed, at least twice a day, with an antiseptic solutioi
such as 2 per cent, boracic acid in a decoction of chamomile flowers, i-

J per cent. Holntum of corrosive Mubliniate. Thus the inicr. nanisms
are killed or at least, the diseased products which are discharged are
removed, and the irritation caused by them ; also the transfor,„ati..„
into large cheesy masses is prevented.

We had chickens badly aHected with roup of the eyes, which
wore cured with boracic .icid and chamomile. On account of the sn.all!
ness of the nostrils and nasal canals, it is very difficult to "et the
antiseptic solutions into ti.e nose and nose cavities ; but it can be done
with a sina 1 «ynnKe. If this treatment is too troublesome, then the
nostrils at least, should be washed and opened several times a day to
allow the secretions to pass away. We have treate.l chickens ior ' 14
.lays by daily washing with a 2^ per cent, solution ot cieolin and
glycerine. After the washings, small plugs of cotton wool, tilled with
mixture, were placed in the nostrils and laclirynml ducts. This remedy
did not cure the roup in the head, although the same mixture re-idilv
kills the roup bacillus in cultures in from 2 to 3 minutos. The <rreat-
est hindrance to a sure cure by remerlies which have been used hTcally
IS the ability of the germ to penetrate into the tissue and the many
secondary cavities of the nostrils which cannot be reached by the
antiseptics. •' ^

Via. lii.-Sh.mina in.'tli.«l of treat limit ..f r.Miiiv l.ir.l» h\
iiiiiii,M„n „f the heucl in m,,. t„ ihoihi- .-cut. «;.hiti..n .If
IMitasMiiiii |ieriiiuiiirunate.

Another method of treatment which gives excellent results
especially m the earlier stages of roup, is the u.se of a 1 to 2 per cent'
..t permanganate of potash. Fowls are treated in the followin.r
manner : the nostrils are pressed together between thun.b and fore"
hnger in the direction of the beak two or three times. Pre.«sure
should also be applied between nostrils and eyes in an upward diree-

Z Tu^H^^f^^^ ^^'.P' .*" ''•"''^" ^^« discharge in the no.str.= ls an.i
t'ves. Ihe bird s head is then plunged into the solution of pern.anf'a-
nate ot potash for twenty or thirty .seconds, (.see Fig. 10) in fact the
head may be kept under the solution as long as the bird can tolerate

,, H

1<(

i I

•I .

•■il

m
If

it The Nulution in thun iliNtribated through the iiONtrilH anH other
canalH and has an afitrinj^ent an*l alight diHinfecting action. ThiM
treatment nhould he given twice a day and continued until all Myni-
ptoins have disappeartid.

If thi're are Holid tumount in the eyc-lidH, thuy uliuuld be openetl
»o that tli»' nkin may bleed freely. The cheeny mtitter Hhould bf
remp (d, and the Hurrounding membrnne touchod with a 5 per cent.
CJi. .^; c acid or Hilver nitrate Holutiun, and then a rot .m plug fllle«l
with some untiHeptic nolution. put into the cavity. The cavity ban to \w
waxhed out daily with an antiseptic mixture, and a fresh cotton plug
put in again to prevent the cavity from healing too quickly. We
have cured chickenH in thia way in about n furtnii{ht.

As all these meth(N]s of treatment demand a great deal of time
and care, they cannot well be used for whole Hocks, but the more
valuable fowls may be treated in this manner. Farmers and poultry-
men should tirst try the permanganate of ixjtash metho«l of treat-
ment as it is the ensiest to empio}.

Food remedies inHuence roup oidy by strengthening the fowls
and assisting nature to throw of! or conquer the disease.

As in other infectious diseases, the most important thing is to
prevent an outbreak, or to suppress it as soon as possible. All diseased
towls should be .separated from the healthy ones ; and the healthy ones
should be examined daily, with a view to isolate newly affected birds.
After the isolation of the diseased birds, the poultry yard should be
disinfected thoroughly with a 5 per cent, solution of carbolic acid,
followed bv a careful white-washing of the walls, etc. Slightly dis-
eased fowls, or any of special value, can be cured, if much care be
taken. Less valuable birds, which it will not pay to treat, should be
killed as soon as manifest symptoms of the disease appear, especially
when the face becomes swollen. These fowls, unless the best care is
taken, will remain diseased for months, or perhaps years, and give rise
to fresh outbreaks whenever an unfavorable season (with much wet,
cold weather) occurs.

The most effective preventive for roup is to keep fowls in good
sanifAry conditions — in dry, roomy yards and dry, clean, airy houses
which are free from draughts and can easily be cleaned and disinfected.