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uauuuauuHM
"*"'**" * HIT
"NO TINKERING WITH THE TARIFF.
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FREE TRADE
FOR
THE PEOPLE.
> « <#> > «
PROTECTIOJN
FOR THE
FAVORED FEW.
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Printed at thf Office of thk (Jlobb Newsi'apbk.
1878.
I
LET WELL ENOUGH ALONE.
Free Trade vs. Protection.
The Tory newspapers, toirother with their army of pHmi.Uleteers
are daily consnm.n. time and ink in efforts to induce tho'poople o th ^
aiticles enterin- the country, to sucli a .legree-KM) per cent if noces
nary as ^dl prolnbit the people iron. n«in,- anything froni abi-oa"l
rial n!ti;.r Z;^^^'T^ P«"P'«- <l««cende.l from the g,.eateat commer-
^,m ftr\ «^V^-^'« f « *^J<ed to return to that relic of barl.ar-
out. We are not to eat, drink, wear or sleep on anvthin<. that we
hbe tvo? Ir""' r.T v' "'anufaetured. We are not to have the
ith,V/ •^'?^ \ "^ *;• ''" •*?' '"• « ^^""J^^* to «"ver our shiverin-
hmbs, or a single article to satisfy our wants,
Wherb we can Buy the Cheapest,
but shall be compelled to buy from certain rich monopolists that thev
may be made still richer. Wo are to be T)l-ioed -.t th,.\.. 11 F
favo„re<l few-Farmer, Mechanic. ProfeLioilrntf a "to • fthem'
ribute. Protection to our -perishing industries" is tie cry of the
Domagogne No expression can be better c.dculated t anmse he
patriotic pride o every true Canadian than this. P very ii an who h vs
'?hat afTh-"' ''" '" 'Y- '^"""'7'" '''^^'''' '"^^"'--"V becomes iidi'..;;
that, at this very early period of our nation's existence wo si n Id
begin to perish. Fortunately, however, it is well kn .wi'i lint he e
paroxysms of protection occur only on the eve of g^meml ekctk is
go to ruS.^*"'' '' "' '^^'^" ^- ^^^*«^^'"^'^l '^"•^ '- followers iUs to
Is IT ao ?
. If any man of an ordinary thinking mind will quietlv notice wKnt
IS go.ng on around him, he must at ouco see th.t^ SSuHmr in
sh< w that m a 1 branches of m'vnuf.cturing we have stoa.Hlv incre ised
an.l are increasing every d.w. We mvnufachire a greater\-^rietv of 'r i
cles,m,,ke a greater quantity, and the-e of a b^i.r quAty'Ihl ,:
ever did before. The Dominion of Canada exp.-r ed i ov ni n ifr
eJn'n /'-'■'''^""'^H """ «^« 'f * Period reckoned'tha./.inH^J"?,';'!;:"
lespnnduig period since Confe.ieration. Everything points nliinlv L
great improvements in our facilities. ^ ^ ^ ^ *
MiLUNtt.
Our Tnille.s have become celebrated the worhi over ; they have
brought their businoHs t., such perfection that they are not onlvinSd-
mgour own gram, but they annually buy large .Quantities of grS^h,
he Umted Mates, gr.n.l .t and sen.t the flour to Europe at^a gl"
profattothomselve«, besules en.ph.ying our ships to ciiTy the Cr
A<micuLTURAL Implkments.
The most noticeable increase in manufactr.ring seems to be in that
of Agricultural In.plements. A few years ago we n.anufL uml abmrt
one m every ten used in Canada ; to-day wcMuanufrct rea out six n
staited in Toronto for the manufacture <.f reaping and mowin.' ma-
fm?kV7:t^' "^^""'t "/^^"^"^y '" *^"^ ">-^^* for ti'fcrvest
of 1878 It 18 but reasonable to estimate that this will increase the
proportion o Canadian made machines in use this /ea /trseveu «
perhaps e.ght ,n every ten. They are better, and certainly cheaper
Machinery Gknerally.
All other kinds of machinery, especially that use.l by wood and
iron workers have increased proportionately with the increase just
iwi ,V^V>' '"'^^•r^ t^I^« '^^ Toronto, Hamilton Shim
pun<las, to-day. These centres of industry are mentioned us the writer
isfamihar with them, but there are doubtless other places in CWa
where industnes of tins class have improve.l equally. ' There is h rd y
a tool or piece of machnu.ry required by a inanuLturer in Canada
which cannot be readi y supplied by our machinists, equal in qSy
and as low m price a^ foreign makers can furnisJi. ^ ■^
Wood- Ware.
In the mamifacture of wood-ware we have improved, so that
lately we have exported considerable <iuantities.
Cotton Goods.
The manufacture of cotton fabrics, which has been depressed all
over the w-orld is to-day thriving in the Dominion, while in one town
in the United States 30,000 operati^e.s are idle and hungry. The fol
lowing, furnished by the Associated Press, will show the pitiable con-
dition of the cotton operatives of Fall River:—
It also serves as a warning to those who advocate an excessive tariff
in this eouutry.
A SUOHESTTVB CoMPARlHOW.
If the reader belongs to the mercantile class, let him look over Ms
Bteck ot goods and note the proportion of home-made f-onth to foreign
ami also then- quality, comparing them with his stock ten years t^T
5
tt matters not whit line lie i8 in, he will find the proportion of iiiivnu
fivotureil goods largely iuorenieil within even the ]nnt five years. Ltit
the mecliimic look at the makers' names 8tanii)ed on the tools he uses
to-day, and compare with the names on tlio tools he used ton years
ago, an<l he will tind an increase in the proportiim of t'anadian manu-
factured tools that will astonish him.
The Pl'BLlSUINO iNrHRKST.
Professional men may take the names of publishers of late works
in their libraries, und i-ompare the works, as regards niim'ier and me-
chanical execution, with the product i>i ten >n- tive years a^'o, and they
will reach a result as surprising and as favourable as the mechanic
found in regard to his tools.
In fact, any one who takes an interest in this (|uostion can satisfy
himself of the steady and healthy progress that Canada is every day
making in manufactures, by himself forming comparisons in any line
^'f goods or articles with which he is familiar.
Thk Faumixo Intkhemt.
No class of our iiopuiation, however, have the evidence of this de-
velopment so plainly befi>re them as the farmers. A few yeais ago it
was with dilliculty that a farmer could be induced to buy a Iteaper (.)r
a Mower, unless duplicate pieces of many parts of the machine were
included in its price. The fanner's great fear was that if his machine
broke down during harvest he might have great difficulty in rei)lacing
the fractured parts. To-day he can not only replace the broken parts
but can buy a Canadian machine, and for less money, at his door. In
Olassjow, London, and on the continental markets, Canad' i machines
sell side by side with American, and, equally good, counu, >.' tiie same
prices, thcjugh less than ten years ago a Canadian Reaper r Mower
was regardeil a.s a curiosity in many uf our I'arming districts.
MiSOKr.IiANiiOll.s.
Canada is exporting to Europe large quantities of Hubs and
Spokes. Nails and Screws are successfully manufactured, and of a
quality equal to any that can be imported, and at as low a price.
Cwtain grades of Oil-cloths and Carpets are successfully manufac-
tured, and every indication points to a rapid growth of the latter in-
dustry.
FOREION TkSTIMONY.
During the debates which occurred in the Legislatures ot New
South Wales and Victoria a short time since, on the Free Trade-Pro-
tection question. Canada was frequently referred to as a country
whose manufactures had steadily increased, without the aid of an ex-
cessive tariff. Her industries were described as being on a sound
basis, and as relying solaly on their merits for their success. New
south Wales has always acted on free trade principles, while Victoria
has what might be called a Compromise Tariff.
AmEKKAN OlMNfON.
two-third. ^ ''"'"" *''^''^f ^'"^''' I'^'n-ui.eatnneti.,K-heldnt'irlv
virtue of the i,r,.te,.,i,m t .v have m uX^ n^^^^ ''"^ *''^ ".unufacturers l>i
t is obvious thut tl.eire.n,,l;oJs haw n t I ' .^ . "l'^'"'^'*^ '^^'^^ y**™ have (fon,:.
in a starving ...nditi,,,,. Th ms-wids '.re re l,i « h beneficiaries. They are. it ib claimed,
of indu.strious operatiN ts. l™ii/m has tl .fl^t*^*^'^ and June Kn^ome tramps i.ibtea<l
>vhieh |)t.Tf<,rm« their work drives them oi^^ proteeted then.. P:tt<'h ..ew Drotected u.aehiue
iLuly broad, and their f,,rmerc.nnl,,v^^s,.,r^f)f.V'^ woi-kshops .,. which they earned their
the magnificent equipLV'irthrScelv IvJ"^ f ^^^ ""' TT ""' '*'*^ '""'"'"' 'eHidenees.
muchinery, atte.st where the .;r?,HMffV -^ * ''^',"«' "' ^^^'^'^ prote<,'ted owners of that
■M over tL land have ^"o,"; "^And iL w-m.^.h^^' ""''' "''!}■ '^^- "'""''>• ^^ »•>« '^^ Paye'r;
they have o.xani/*d. the newsnaners th.n V^v ^7 T '.""''v'"*'' "' ^^^^ '"^"«' the ll^bles.
.lemand the nmh.tenanVe oHK t^'n .t.i. ,?, Lr ,''w '^*'''; **'*' arroKunce with which they
their confidence in their power '''""''"^ '" Pen'ftu.ty, attest equal y their insolence and
tion'^l^^ep^em^tlv^lr^f'^r,:;;;:;;!^.^':;';;;!;^:^ the victin,s of the.r ,reed. to pefi-
these results, and they set the.imeesm.MVh;'^ ''''!","' "'^.r-Vstem which has produced
Kcpresentatives in these halls are th.^aUne' 1 Jhh flf^l*' f'"'"l>«"« oi the l«bour{.,g ,KK)r.
by promi.se8 of pron.,,tion if they bev l^e oi^ders Thp.l^'i' ''"'•i ^ "^V' "'"^ ''''' '"'*'»
his ,.oods i„ /,pcn u.arket whi h he c ,: 1 b a^^ "'"' ^"r."" ^■"•"'- '*>^'-' *^« ^"'"^ »f
world, he could not close hrestiblU.M,tluO. ^ ♦'^"'"'"•'?*'ti"n in the markets of the
en.ploymentday by.iuv a. Winery '^r the t^^^^ ''."' his lalKn.rers would have
he can eont.ol a r.irriJted aVket t r h,,^ 'i '. ■ V ' ^*""' ''""'•'^* **>?««• '* '" because
because our n.achinet'v has cr. ■,, 1. . ^T^''' *''"='' l'" '""' >-''•"■ "'^ '^"en as he pleases
te,. times-wha he People of U^ ^u, 1 ,T':,f"'''''*""''.f " """ I'^^'<'>><'efo..r times ^s
a. can be safely held wuC re 'cW h/,)d^ '"'' ^'^"^'^ '' ^"^^^ '•'■•'^"''^'l »« mu^'b
the mills and faotorics can he closed 'tn,l?K.;L .''v ^"'■'^"''" '=""' '""^ '^'e tariflf adde<l,
victims of protection . ;t d.Ves «r,totlct them " "" *" ''''''''■ '"'^ ""'^"^'=^ « ^'-^ «''^'
manufactures all. The labour crs'on I n., f,r. >'^ *,"' *'"' ^'*."«" '^^ *•>« machineiy that
neither eats nor drii.k.s nor .ruircrcLiht^^^^l^^^^^ Ti, "'"^ ■ "-^T" '^ "^^^"^ '^ ^^"^'^^ '^le it
theroisaho.itit an.' :•- XVp? T> i . , ^■- ■'^',"' un^'nal e^«t is all the oi«t or flvn.wn
them t,)iret their pro"Hts'i<.'T.in hv «v ^,,i !.,'''"""' ''1- • ^'"'■''. ^'"* '"'rket is sutticlent t.. enable
n.aki^,4he.„,^riu."!M^l,^■^^^?;fYhe'":fp*i;^^
7
PkoTBCTION in THK UnITKI) HTATtiH,
In thediHouHsion of Nuch a <mcHtion as thin, ni<mt j»e«{ilo woiiM iti
wuidour look fm-tht-r thiin the Ktatos tor cviilence, iih there are inaiiv
coimtries which long since paHHed tiirou^h ii taiifl" em. lint m thesr
< anadian Protection writers insist upon holding,' up the United Statt«,
t reo-triwlers should not object, for nnwt (iortainly no country on eiirtl'
fuinishea such ;i terrible exanijiUi of tlni ruin caused by pn.tiiction
All the teachings of Smith and Mill are f)r()ved ; and a glunce at tin
Hocial and commercial condition of that country to-dav teachcH most
impressively, by hard practice, what would take volumes from the mos-,
able pens to t<!ach by theory.
I|(!,()()0,00() worth of property destroyed in two days at Pittsburj,'li,
Penn., by starving workmen,
Fotty per cent of the operatives ui the New Knglaiui States out of
work, and liviiig on chaiily ; and the other (iO per cent, working or
half-time.
Only one-third of the Iroii-iruiking capacity in use.
Twelve thousand Coal-miners in Penn.sylvania idle and hungrv.
/Les.s than half the (Jlass-making ciipaeity in use.
The charitable institutions in the largo cities crowded to ove-
flowing.
And all this in a country where the hij;hest known tariU" has es
lated for the last twelve years ' Dijes any sane man believe that «
further rise in the taritl" would foster the "Perishing Industries ?" ]
lirmly believe that if a man hinted at such a policy in a public meeting;
m the States his life wotdd be in dangc r. for, at last, general opinion
seems to have tdken a determined stand there. The working men wh<.
have toiled in the " protected " rolling mills tor the last twelve years ■
those who have laboured in the "piotected " coal mines ; the plough-
man, with his farm implements and his very necessaries of life taxe('
lromi:J5 to 2J0 per cent.— these toilers, these producers, now ask the
queslion, '• Where has the money gone 1 We have none, though we
have done the work."
The question is ea«ih .t.iswered : it is in the pocket of the monc-
polist.
Amekican Shii'pino.
Before the protective tariff went into operation in the Unite('
States that country was a very important carrier, and British tars were
not a little jealous of the New York tea ships and the celebrated Halti-
inore clippers. So far back as 1857, American-built ships carried, iv
the foreign commerce of their country to and from all American ports,
more than $500,)(i0,(i00 worth of merchand se, while foreign-built ship^
of all nations, ca-ried a little over |!2{)0,0()l),()0(). Twenty years pass t.v.
and in 1877 Aniiricaii-built ships carry less than S;5(K)',000,0(t(>, while
foreign-built ships can-y about fS()O.O0(),OOO. la other wt.rds, the
amount of merchnnd si carried in the foreign trade in American ves-
sels has fallen ofl' more than 40 per cent, in twenty years, while the
c.irnage by foreign-built vessels has increased nearly four-fold iv
amount.
v\n e.Kiimiuatiuu of tJie statistical records of the United States show.-,
an unequal distribution of the wealth of the nation under Protecti-v ..•
Uailor I'n.teotion, tl.o Kroato.st sullorer ib the farmer It ih ot
iml t 1*^' I"«-«","""'>tly tl'" "imtivo iii.luHtry " .,f the c.untrv
V .1 ■ """ V'''^' V""-"""'^" '''^' H.VHto.n,itically .liHoour.i^m I, wl
Merw It';:''';;'' •'''"'' "^ *''" '"''"'^'••" ^^^'^^--^ '»''^" •-"» o..abio:i, r,"
I io., r' ' '. /' '"'"""'.'■ "■•«■•"""'»*'<'». an<l thoif control of tlio (,b-
^um Zle; will'l.'V'';' •''"'"""" "'■ '•"•^-^-•' t"War.lH tl.o"HKricnl-
. ^s ~ . I ^ , " "^^"•"«,"'» •' con,,)Hn.<.n of the numbers ot ,K«r-
ht laSs , « ' '"":l" '^ 'I""^'"<^"t-^ "f ""'••«try, «« exhibited by
been , t H • """>' ,V'' ''^'^'"l^^^i'*" "'' ^'''^ AnM^icin people to Imvi
»ee«, lit that time, us full(»ws :- i i . «
Nniiibcr eiigiigeii.
Ill Ajjiicultme <-,<)'>•) 471
In IVofossioi.aland Personal Ser vices!'. ■.:;;.,; '■ 2'(i84 7'tH
" InUeaM.l Transport im'Ai
lu Alauutaetures and Mining .' i..'.Z[.['.][ZZ i,214,'(i7!>
fheJ^mMbv!\''r'':'"«*'' T'^'"" *-'i"^*^ ^.2i4,.i71> persons, we find that
re.min.s 1 "I M^? ''''^^f «" .^l'^' «r«t ineludis thoHe\vhoae labour
™c nn. d ft l';'*'""''"'^ "','"'*''-' t''*^J«"'-oheapupplia..ce8,an.l
blaS « / of n.njers and ii.her.nen. The Second comprise,
i'ntr &.' i%f'':f''l^hnnh.v,, nmsons, bricklayers, carpenters,
painters, iVo. The third, entlers, cabinet-makers, and hiyhh -skillec
a tisans generally The fonrtli, factory hands belonging tWe osi e i
Hmelting, ..Uico printing, cnrrymg leather, meat packing, sngar refin
o?'.Sn;>r%r't?T^'"^ ^^rn?^'^"^, ^!.P«" *^« ^.icuUurallntoirts
rth?in.; ? following table will be found the relative strength
f these c a^aes and the proportions which their earnings bear to the
S.fll, ' '"''*'"'' upon which their labour is employed, as also o
a?L n l^'^^''■"i"'* "^ *^'"' "'^"«*''y' '^^S''^'^' with otiier data of
value m estimating the iinpf)rtance of the protecte.l industries :~
CLASS.
Number of
Handa.
■
1
160,691
1 10,504
388,924
1,453,056
101,504
2
3
4
6
Totals
2,214.679
Amount of
Wages.
73,4:'.8,9f.2
35,689,883
167,118,533
541,078,302
31,734,815
Amount of
Materials.
^-1^?L_. _.__?11^. 060^545
14,418,908
67,850,482
183,543,034
1,529,537,058
707,361,378
2.502,710,860
\
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OLASS.
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3...
4...
a...
ToMn
Ainoiiiit of
I'roiluct.
lr.4.«!!'-M77
.''•"'"., is7,7i)4
-',701,||0.!)J,H
4,:<7r).7«2.f»S4
r''x';.'8srtf rrxliict
over ^fatt'liuls.
m7l7,7«J
s'i.sn.tiic,
■i.''i,!»t4.(;7o
l.l7l,lKi:!,Si>it
l33.ti4;j,C8.'i
l,it7«,051,724
hxct'iM or I'lDiiiift
MntoriiiiM.
:.:., '^78,^:12
rti,i')i,«i-j
1. HI, »•.'(;, o;t7
(i:j(i.H2:>,ri--'M
10I,{)U><,H70
l,O2:i,!)0l,O7»
r?LAs.s.
I.
a
3.
4.
3
5
£ » S
'©.« 2
$
31 30
*j:j 07
31 20
20 2»
3 77
Totals 1!) 40
**- IT
C *^'
111
10 07
34 28
nt; 02
84 10
57 19
'3-5 3
cr ^ rt i-
til 37
(ir. 48
7(1 !»!
70 5i)
1.^
' 3 ^
I r^-iJ
•?
843 51
1.400 (H)
1,:'.70 84
1,8,V.» 10
8,285 44
1,9;J7 80
S
7.18 84
7r)S 87
!t,')4 02
80rt 51
i,;n(i! «4
843 32
Now.aatheSuperinten.ient of theCei.mis j.uints out, here is Classl, with
iis'So.^^'"! product of «!14:M)0(),0ua, yiel.lin^r ^ „et pro.lwot oi'ily of
«6,(K)0,0U() le.s8 thai, that of Olasa ,^, which has $H41, 000,000, whilo
tho wages paid m Glass 1 exceed thoae pai<l in Class 5 by 131 per cent. ;
the latter makinj^ a dear ad.lition to the wealth of tlie country equal to
.«> per cent, of the net product of tho former, while it actually pavs
twice as niuch in wages. As every one knows, the Protectionists every-
where profess to be the friends of the workingnian. It is the interests
of the wage-eanung classes that are to be protected by special le-isla-
uon, and we have seen in Cuna(ia how easy it is to gull them with" this
plausible pretence^ Jut let any intelligent man analyse the tables given
j^bove -tab es publi.Hhed by a Protectionist Administration in the Cnited
JUates-and unlesH ho be wilfully blind he cannot fail to see (1) that
the supposed protectif)n is confined exclusively to the industries em-
braced in Classes 4 and 5, and employing l,5o4,.VJ0 persons ; and (2),
that these are the very industries into which machinery enters mont
largely where capital is most powerful, and wages constitute the
.smallest factor m the sum total of results. What follows from such a
•Hate of things cannot be better described than, in the language of a
New York paper : — « e •*
" The wurkingui.ui of low degree, in thoie circumstances, become.i
more ^nd more a machine, more and more a part of the other niachin-
evy m fact : and. uecessarily, as the demands upon his intelligence
10
.leore.'ise, us the deman(is upon him for exercise of choice or judcrment
grow fewer amUewer so likewise must his per capita of wages'siitfer
reduc ,on. This is the natural tendency of our times, but why we
sho lid legislate cspeciiUly to hasten it, and then call that legislation
Ijiotection to the workingraan, is something which i)aHHes couTprehen
Consider for a moment the diversified faculties and potential activ
itios of any ordinary human min<l, a.xl then reflect upon the folly o1
allow.ng nearly the whole of these to lie waste, while the entire mental
act.vity of the indivKlual is concentrated upon such a mechanical
employment, f,,r exiimplc, as that of pegging the sole of a boot ; can wo
w nder at minds which are thus hin.leied of their legitimate develop-
n nt flying to drmk physical violence, and crime for stimulation and
' 'Ployment^ And the Let,islatiire of the Unite.l States has offere.l
a.tifacial inducements for people to neglect native, healthful, and
mnunerative industries for those which are exotic, unhealthy and
tend alike to the physical and mental impoverishment of the factory
hand, who becomes a mere human machine ! P will be seen from the
figures quoted above that the pr.;tected classes in the Uniteil States
are, m round numbers, a million amj a half ; and that the classes whicli
are preyed upon number nearly ten millions and a half, nearly six mil-
lions of whom are engaged in agriculture. Letus now see how protection
operates towards the latter. We will first of all look at the American
farmer as a producer. Three or four years ago the Free Trade League
of New York, availing itself of one of Sidney Smith's humorously
ingenious ideas, published a broadsheet called the People's Pictoridl
1 axpayei'^ It gave a graphic account of what the unfortunate hnsband-
Slff I '* T* '^""^!' P^J" '" ^^^ '^^»*P« of toll to the privileged
banditti who own the woollen and cotton mills, the iron foundries and
mills, the salt pans, and coal and inm mines in the East and Midland,
htates. 1 give the statement unabridged :—
The farmer rises in the nioi ning and puts on his fiannel
shirt, taxed g^
His trousers, taxed gA
His silk veat, taxed . . Sa
His coat, cloth, taxed ... en
Buttons, taxed ' ?q
Lining, taxed ..«
Padding, taxed ;.'.'.'., jg.
Draws on his boots, taxed 3.-,
w!/'?^-' *° ^^^ breakfast ♦Vom a plate, taxed '" ... ' 45
With knives and forks taxed 35
Keads a newspaper, paper taxed on
With ink, taxed o*
And type, taxed .' ...■..,';;■,■ ' 35
Puts on his slouch hat, taxed '.......'..". .70
Hitches his horses, shod with nails taxed ' 67
10 a plough, taxed A
With trace chains, taxed 100
;\ lid harness, taxed '. '." 35
He gots to the village shop and buys his wife a haudker-
chie.f, taxed gg
Shaw-l (i buppose woollen), taxed oflO
SUk for a dress, taxed ' " ' ^
11
Hat, taxed ^,,
Stockings (1 suppose worsted), taxed 75
Boots, taxed 3-
MIk cravjit, taxed ..,'". Jjq
i^ilk umbrella, taxed .."'..'. ,;(,
Mt'cdles, taxfd .!..... 2o
Thread, taxed ' yo
Tins, taxed .^. s'"!
<Jloves, taxed ..." . 50
Steel pens, taxed '.'.", ...■..."....'.... ....,,....,.. . '?()
IJife, taxed .'.....'. s-'
Soip. taxed .!........!! 70
Candles, taxed ' : ,'.......".,.. 40
^' ' ' ' .'.()
-iri
Starch, taxed
Paint, taxed
Gets a ballot, and votes for proteci.on under the old flag, for which he
13 taxed 100 ]^r cent. And all these burdens are iuiixised for the pro-
tection of native industry ! When the Commissioner wh<i represented
the Government ot Sweden at the Exposition in Vienna visited Phila-
iieipiiia some time ago, to make arrangements for his country's pro<lucts
at tlie Lentenmal Exposition, nothing amazed him so much as the fiscal
condition of the United States, and the direct contradiction which it
ottered to the reported intelligence of the American people. On this
Kentleman, Mr. C. Juhlin Dannfelt, being asked by some leading men
111 New Y(,rl4 what the etfect of the Exposition would be on Sweden and
on Jiis compatriots in the United States, he replied in terms embodying
as clear and concise a condemnation of protection as could well be
uttered ; and as it is so germane to the subject of this communicatiim,
X make no apo ogy for quoting his report of the system. He says :-
«• _x\ . "*^* "^""^^ *^** the Swedish settlers in America will make any
etiort to join with us in our endeavour. I hardly think they will, as
many of them are farmers off in Minnesota, and have little to show. I
have been surprised to find how high the prices of many articles ar«|
witn you compared with our cheap prices in Europe. We everj' yeal
import from the United States between two and three thousand mowers
and reapers, and are glad to get them, but you do not buy again our
smaJler agricultural implements, plouj-hs, etc., which we can make in
the best manner, at prices at from one-half to one-third what I find is
paid here to-day. This is a great burden on the farmers, of whom you
nave so many. You see they are made to pay high for their tools, ami
wnen they wish to sell their crops they must take the lowest price, as
tUey must compete against the cheap markets of Europ..
You nnike them buy high and sell cheap, robbing them twice at
once.
The body of the people- the fariii.rs— are the great losers, as
tne manufacturers keep the prices up by keeping other tools than
tweir own away irom their home customers. I think this is a very
tuolish policy, and the exhibition of products and articles from our
country with explanations of prices and all that, will do much to break
down this division line now drawn between us. wliieh orily does h.irm
and mischief to both peoples. Trade would increase iinmensely be-
tween the two countries if free trade was allowed by both. "
Hero IS the who'e truth of the matter in a nutshell. Protec ion
\
12
compels six millions of American farmers to buy high and sell cheap,
tims robbing tliein twice at once. And the scale upon which this rob-
oeiy IS ettecteii, is one of gigantic luagnitii.le. No Roman pro-consul,
no Verres iii the height of his power and in the fullest exercise ol his
uni.rKiifcd rai.acity, ever plundered subject provinces to anything like
uie extent to which the privileged manufacturers of the Atlantic
^tates have been autliorized by Oc^ngress to pillage the cultivators of
tne soil in all parts of the American Union. As regards the South
alone it has been stated, on excellent authority, that the planters i)aid
Sin nno "A^*' ^ '''*'' between 1821 and 1850, to the e.vteut of §375,-
UUU,UUU; this representing the proceeds of the sale of their produce
abroad, winch were confiscateJ in the shape of customs duties on the
commodities received in return ; duties levied under the authority of
t^ie protective tarifls at the various ports of entry, and paid into the
Tie-isury at Washington.
Some estimate may be formed of the magnitude of the present
confiscation by the American GoNcrnment of the agriculturists' i)ro-
duce, on glancing at the chief items of export under this head in 1674.
Ihey were these :—
biveaimuals .^3,310,388 00
BieatLstufls l(;i,ll»8,S.i4 00
liawcotton 221,223,r,80 00
p''"'^^ 094.162 00
Hides aruUkms 2.r)(IO,3?2 00
r^;, •, 4:?, 121,007 <H)
1^'*^!'>'« 4.0!»9,3(!0 00
/"^'^'""f, ; 78.229,010 00
Kesiu and t,uii)entine 3,04f),481 01)
5,f^*« 67o,:W00
^^f 1,057.3;MOO
, Jl'.^r*'" ' .■ 5WW2 00
Tobacco leut 30,399,181 00
''''-'**^ •• , $56 1, 983, 286 00
Here>e have a total of H501,9h3,286, or say, £112,000,000 sterling re-
presenting Liie value of the agricultural produce sent abroad in a single
year, and paid for by foreign commodities. But when these reach an
American port, the Government steps in, a: i in the name of protec
tion confascates at least one-third of them. For this is what it amounts
to wlien ad valorem duties averaging something like 50 per cent, are
imposed Supposing these duties were paid in kind, and that a
western farmer imported two bales of blankets in exchange for a given
•luantity of wheat, he would have to export so much additional graiik
as would procure him a third bale of blankets, which would be handed^
over to the Custom-house otticer in compliance with the provisions of
a tana enacted at the instance, and in the interest, of certain wealthy
woollen manufacturers in Massachusetts. Coimectitiit, .an<l clscwhert^
Jo exhibit this mcne clearly. I have appended the prices cf a few
articles of agncultural proriuce in 1860 and 1870 respectively, as these
13
figures will show how protection robs the American farmer by increas-
ing his expenditure and diminishing his increase :—
Western wheat flour, per brl
Michigan wheat per busliel ..
Hay, shipping, per 100 fts....
Hides, per lb
Tobacco, Kentucky, per It) . .
Wool, Saxony, per It).
W ool, N o. 1 "pulled, pi
per It>
1860.
*•>
1
1
2t)
50
10
24/,
12"
54 c (w, ,58c
28c (a) 30c
1870.
$4
]
02
28
7o;
22.1
38c C"} 4.".o
20c @ 24('
JJecrease
per cent.
24
14
30
10
10
2H
24
These price.s I may add, are taken from the United States Trea-
sury reports. Let us now look at the value of ai^ricnltural produce
at the two ],eriods, as measured by its purchasing power a-ainst manu-
factured commodities. In the following table is shown what a given
resiTctwel ^!! """ '' P»'"cure, by way of barter, in 18r>0 and 1870
18()0. 1870.
lOft u 11 i ,f Would buy
00 bushels ot Western Corn '>:\ brls <'orn meal
iSft'- "f i'"'? , '=^ 1-7 prs. mens boots
100R.S of Kentucky tobacco .... 50 lbs. nian'fd tobacco
100 bushels corn r>.^ brls. mess pork
100 n.s. Saxony wool .37.1 yds. ob.th
Vii^^- '""^"n^^eece 14.f pairs bli-nkett;
100 lt)3. common wool 41 \ ytlg. curpot
22 brls.
(ih prs.
22tt.s.
3i l)rls.
24 ^(Is.
_ 8i prs.
35.\ yds.
Instances of this kmd might be nuiltiplie.! ad liMtnm, but no man
of ordinary in elligence will require to be assured that ah seal system
which raises the cost ..f minufictuie I articles and of all imports fiftv
pep cent., for thebenefat of a million and a half of people enipl yed in
mills, mines, and factories cannot fail to be disastrous to four times
that number engaged ... the cultivation of the soil, and who annually
fnJfi i.ri"?/'* *^'" ^'^""^ "^ «561,9S3,2Sa ln<leed, it would be
diffic.ilt to fand tenns strong enough to employ in condemnation of so
iniquitous a state of t.iings in the United States, or of the conduct of
those who advocate and defend similar acts of spoliation in Canada
Three-lourths of the produce of American industry are derived from
the cultivation of the soil and yet all the great interests co.nprehended
under the genera head of husbandry have been compelled to whness
the.confa8cation of a large proportion of the fruits of their labour by
the most stupendous system of legalised robbery which was ever (»e-
yised by incrdinatese hshness and established by audacious corruption.
''Under high tariffs," observes an American writer, " certain pet in-
.^erests have been invested with the tape-worm's faculty of fLedin^
upon the vitals of all other industries ; and while under this infliction
our mdustry as a whole has suffered, these favoured interests hX
gi-own, Ike the tape-worm, not in self-sustaininir viirour. b„t onlv in
•useless length and dastructive voracity." " ' " '" ' ^
Reviewing the histor ot agricultural prices in the last half centurv
we find, as might ratioi. Ky bo expected, that the prosperity of the
14
^tpr^oforhi. pro.ince when th^ 3 sX " ppn^ h S rLoS
clo>el,y to free trade, an.i when, therefore, trade was hriskeat e .n Z
men most p entiful and consumption at its nu^ximnm '' n ', Tf
which, I call attention to the fullowing table, .rivin- the av.^\.;«
S - ^ '' ">
-• - C 3 J
i84.i-46. Protection loo" ..j --- ,,^ 'f
1847-50. Non-Protection o,- ! ' i' ]l{ ;'f
'851-54. Do :::;. 4; ;, ^\ 5 ^f
If anj^ man wants to know the effect of his^h tariff.^ on agricultural
ivroduce, let him study the last return given h'a^e, and he vvill see that
the m>tion of Protection being a beneht to the agrioul 'uHst is a 5t
European Opixion and Facth.
me^ZA'Jtlu P ^T ^' ^''''\ ^F' ^^"« ^^ *!'« '"-^t intelligent
men m the' Butish Parliament, said only a few months since -
H.eK^e:'^^^^?X"n:!;;r^^;^S:!,[-!- .Jlii;^'-^^ ;'<-ven.j„ent to retrace
woollen, ami iron .nanufaoturc-rs o Fr nJe ' , ' o^A i^ri-. • ..^''i ''/''■■'"'"'"^,; "'*' «"^'"-
agitaMon fur increased protection. It tiieref^^ ^e l.ehov ,1 Pr, . i '/''-^V '^'T "' ?"«**f«'^ "'
merely to spread tiioir views further \n<i t-wllkp Im..^ freetraders to do their Iwst not
to retain the ground whi.h tl ey had, Jeadv 'w^ i.evv treaties, buteven
^een ac,.n..lusion to the ne? Sns ve IVe he t^ V'.'l"' ""'"''' *" '"^^"""t
teelionist party in Europe A Conimillm . L hi l"' J"''"'' "^ ""^ strength of the Pro-
upon the snbjeot .>f t ul'mul.re il lea e^ '""'' .''P' ^'''i"'-' "' ^>'"'ce
able to say that the Pr'ntH- kts „i n^f m/ 1^ i • ' ''^"'' '"^^'''' "* '"^^ Proeeedinjfs I am
IMiO, tho4h they n.av preve rLnrfurtnL'' draT/oJ'in'ThJ^II'r^ * •' »"•';''■!; "' V"' '''^^^•V «f
.■<ame may now l)e predicated of Itilv Ti 1L ^ I '"- direetion of Free Trade. 'J'he
V.n>per,hLeboe,W.&ute" n'\\'unj V^
K>npire will be detennine-i l.y o.ni.slLi^t ioln f n- , ra lot/l^^e T .. 'f *-'hT' »""■'>■ ,"f"'*t
manufacturers have been c,)inpletelv dofeUl.l A -Wf V 1,^^^^ ""^ ''•<>"
bill against their n.ost vlolentoppoVki.„ t,^! i,,,f,,^ f,/;"^^^ "!« (ioyer„n,e„t ca Titxi a
nmohinery, a,.! r uhvay engine's <.n the fi, sVot ov Ti^ VVli""' "■'",' ""'nufa. tures,
alatement in the luiper^ that th ■ G ovenimcnt I is^ron?!;* ..'*'' ','"'*''' «;"««q"ently seen
for two more yei.rs While however t^reff.J so rr^'^ *" lo-'t|'f'"«tl"stoi«l abolition
unsuccessful in obtainin^^ a ,vt,?n to Proteetb , tl.ev «ni ?""? !!'*""f'^^t'"-«r.s have been
I have nan.e<l, succeed in prevent in- an for w fv . v" i' '"^'','-'*'^;J. *!"> t>'o excoptinii
t. maintain the .status u> of tl^e t^e^e/ of CO TZi'^r'' ' r ^ ?'"• 7^"^ ""' "^ "»'"«
V erv far from securing a system of [tXt r>L r^',.,. s , f r h'"' ' "*"'.'^ '"""'"y '^■^- ■*'«
proportion to its p.," aVi ', i.,Id n i, NW s .m U' r*', "'" '^''^^'""'-e- ((>^heor.s. ) In
f icturers in tho.o'vit indnstrll , 'o!! nr^^^^^ vi t "'•'"'" 't '^T '"''" """''^«'" "^ ""i""-
same resul',s are shown Thb act s thT Vn^^^ '" ^'f '"'''■ }" '''« ^''hc o Sweden, the
dustrlcs and manuaaures .h sMontaneo s 1 rol.:';'? M "' f-«'"^''«. /'-'-' growth of in-
people, anu they are not fost-^rellin^IevJl.;! ,';',,■:"' I X'.V^'J'f, f" l"'"' "f th« want.s of the
umlor a sy«ten. of protection. Industriei-tau.ht' ^rom th^ir'eiC^ii Jt^.^I^ n^i;';:,^
15
^«*!!!i^/'*ir*''*,"'°"'''^""" ■■e'yui''"' Protoction, are alwav« wcaklv bantlinss They
are ever callmtf for more protection and higher duties, ratl.er than ende ivourinrbv renew-
ed exertions and by adaptin,^ themselves to the tastes and wa.Us o Mr customers To
meet competition on e-iual terms. A trade .s thus created with interests ami ho^s an
tajfonistic to those of the rest of the community. It becomes a k nd of vest^ itere^t It
SrHrtectil" ald'n/'f "'^'It"' '"^'•^^'?' '""««'-ated for'iVVsam: objea of main*
i^hi ^ J'rotection, and of taxm^ the community for their sakes ; and lonir afttr the time
fancv "should waT'ltA,""";'" ^TT ""^ "'i^^f'^^ '"'vinK passed\hrou«l.tVe period of k,!
dt zens th« nhlZLn ? "' assistance, they still succeed in imposing ufton their fellow-
th\!?„uh„ J^if^'""'^! supportuiff them. With reference to. Europe, will onlv add
that although the results of our commercial treaties hiive been verv^eatthev fall fir
short of what they would be were there iHjrfect free trade The countries hi the north of
Euro,>e-Norway and Sweden, Denmark. Holland, and Belsiuni haTeenera^^lfaV"ao^ o
& 859 onrl™ ?^ wifh f^'^?!,* '""^ "'whose trade with usl^a transit trade, I find that
Der cent anH fh^ hJh » the three countries with the more liberal tariff has increased 300
the fourcmmtrU.!. wi,h I "Ti""'*, '.'"VS""' i."^"'' '"^^« increased in the same ratio. With
tne f ui countries w th less liberal tariffs, France, (Jermany, Austria, and Italy our trade
oul ixiLTonlvT.' Tr f ^««"t'-r^"»P?.■:'« therefrom 'have increased isomer cent .nd
amount^ f^^ P o niT 7'*; ..P"'' *™f «,,«''th the Channel Islands, which is perfectly free,
1 elZm ^nirn'^th ^*'l "U*"! ix-pu atioii of these industrious islands ; our tradi with
onT£5^;erh5d n-^^ ""r ^'v^e with France amounts to
t^73miin?.n«?,^l87R n7^^ ^L'J^ ^"^"""^ ^"'^ '"C'-eased from a total of 26 niilli ,n8 in 1359
aSoth^r In stI .t- •'^"' '? ^P^ our exports and imports with France nearly balanced one
minimuto 27 In nfi""'^''*^ from France were nearly double our exports to her^viz, 4«
imoirisf^ni tw? , .*°'■:?'•"'''''^'^^*'iP°"* ^ France havedoubled since 18.50, our
L?rtrreffe??n,^nn?,n"^' Jl?''*' ?''¥''-upled, showing that the treaty has had infinitely
Kt nprfpof f J3:?n 'T^ "■'"'^ "■'^? ^i^"«« fhan upon our exports. It is the result of
any hi nortann/f.^ »r k' i"""^^ T.""? '"'? t' '*"« Channefl am not one of those who attach
DoLv of r^ln^t^^n fl^i!!i"* of ti-ade with a particular country, nor would I advocate a
to u?a^ the e^nnrt^ this difference. The in-port trade is relatively as valuable
not hetitafP f^^«C^»vff ^- ^* '"ill' P^y '°'' '•'<=«« ™P«'''8 by exports elsewhere, but I do
S^an it mthf hf*^„' ?»T ^''^"'^ "^^. ^ ^^''''^ ^"^ ^o Kurop^ generally is vastly less
and betw^n th^ I ? " *''^'"*. ^"'"^e'll;"*' ""d Perfect freedom on both sides of the Channel
decree ol^whlnhMti"' ^l""""'^'' "^ ^""""P^ "^« «'°">'' ^e developed and increased to a
ffiradi^nH f<7! i V'"'^ '''""'*.P''°" °'" *''»'»P'e- (Cheers.) Lastly, it is to perfect
that alone w=lnu.^7' increase of commercial relations between the European States,
whole o^fiiTro^r *"^ ^ '"""^ military feeling which now infects the
The writer maintains that Canada is prospering in all her indus-
tries, and that her manufactures are established on a sound basis,
iraae is as free as speech or religion. We are free to boy where
WE CAN BUr CHEAPEST, AND TO SELL WHERE WE CAN SELL FOR THE
MOST MONEY The Wealth of the country is fairly distributed among
ail Classes. But if we were to heed the moatiings of the Conservative
rress, Canada would appear the veritable Gehenna, a place of death
ana bones, stricken with the barrenness of eternal desolation, where
nothing can exist but a coterie of demagogues