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All Rijhti Reserved. fc^ ^91 PBEFACE. In my History of the Northwest Coast I have brought down the annals of Washington, Idaho, and Montana to the end of the fur company reginio, in 184G, at wJiich time the question of boundary between the possessions of Great Britain and those of the United States was determined, the subjects of the former power thereupon retiring from the banks of the Cohimbia northward beyond the hne of latitude 49°. In the History of Oregon I have likewise given much of the early affairs of the territory treated of in this volume, that territory for a time being a part of Oregon; just as in the history of Washington much is^ given of the history of Idaho, and in the history ot Idaho much of Montana. Under the terra Northwest Coast I originally included all that vast region of North America" nortli of the 42d parallel and west of the Rocky Mountains, Alaska alone excepted. When, in 184G, the south- ern hne of British Columbia was determined, all that remained was called Oregon. Later, from Oreo-on M-as set off Washington; from Washington wastset off Idaho; and from Idaho, for the most part, was set off JMontana. Thus for some part of the history Montana we look to the annals of Idaho Wash- ton, Oregon, and the Northwest Coast; for part (V) of in ▼I PREFACE. of the history of Idaho wo look to the annals of Wasliiiigton and tlic rest; and for tlie history of Waahin<4'ton we must have also the histories of Ore- gon and the Nortliwost Coast. I have \>vv)\ thus explicit on this point, iji order that the ]ie<)ple of Wasliington, Idalio, and IMontana might thoroughly understand how the histories of their respective sec- tions are distributed in this series — histories which if segregated from the series and issued separately would each fill a space equal to two of my volumes. There were those among the early pioneers who came to the Northwest Coast some who deter- mined, while securing to themselves such homes as they might choose out of a broad expanse, to serve their government by taking possession of the terri- tory north of the Columbia River, not as Vancouver had done fifty-seven years before, by stepping on shore to eat luncheon and recite some ceremonies to the winds, nor as Robert Gray had done, a fcnv years later, by entering and naming the great River of the West after his ship; but by actual settlement and oc- cupation. I need not repeat here the narrative of those bold measures by whicli these men of destiny achieved what they aimed at. I wish only to declare that they no more knew what was before them than did the first immigrants to the Willamette Valley. Nevertheless, it fell out that they had found one of the choicest portions of the great unknown north- west; with a value measured not alone by its fertile soil, but also by its wonderful irdand sea, with its salt- water canals branching off in all directions, deep, safe from storms, always open to navigation, abounding in TREFACE. tH fish, bordered many miles wide with the most magnifi- cent forests on earth. It did not require the im- agination of a poet to picture a glowing future for Puget Sound, albeit far away in the dim reaches of time. To be in some measure connected with that future, to lay ever so humbly the corner-stone, was worth all the toil and privation, the danger and the isolation, incident to its achievement. Not only was there this inland sea, with its treas- ures inexhaustible of food for the world, and its fif- teen liundred miles of shore covered M'ith pine forests to the water's edge, but surrounding it were many small valleys of the richest soils, watered by streams fed by the pure snows of the Cascade and Coast ranges, lialf prairie and half forest, warm, sheltered from winds, enticing the weary pilgrim from the eastern side of the continent to rest in their calm solitudes. It was true that the native wild nuiu still in- habited these vallcj's and roamed the encircling moun- tains, to the number of thirty thousand ; but in so vast a country three times as many would have seemed few; and the incomers were the sons of sires who had met and subdued the savage tribes of Amei-ica as they pushed their way westward from Plymouth Hock to the Missouri and beyond; therefore they had no hesitation now in settling in their midst. They had been bred to the belief that "the British and Ind- ians" would melt before them. The sources of material for writing this volume arc similar to those which have enabled me to write all my volumes; namely, all existing printed matter, books, public documents, and newspapers, together ' vUi PREFACE. with many valuable manuscripts, the results of hun- dreds of dictations, containing the experiences of those first upon the ground in the various localities, or who have in any manner achieved distinction in (^ganiz- ing society and government in these domains. of hun- )f those or who )rganiz- COXTEOTS OF THIS VOLUME. PILSTOIiY OF WASHINGTON. chaptp:r I. THE FIK.sr SEITLEMENTS. 1845-1853. Attitude of the Hu.lson's Bav Conipanv-Arir.),-,,.! TV ciat. P.eeea Ko..t.n.:..a-«;.U^U ^^ j!;,^:?:;;^^^^^ H.g .lands ru>nwat.,...-Bu«l. Pnu.ie-, 'han.bc.r^ Frairie-N^, ~ -Ma,n.^.. and Birth.-Tl.o Indian. ]>,-„„ounce against .' W hi' e Man-Ettect of falifornia Gold Di.covory-Tl.e Ti. ,Vr T To.. i.,,u.,__,v.ddue, i.and seuied-!oe::;t;:;::';i^e:::; PACE 1 CHAPTER ir. rOLITICS AMJ DKVKLOI'MENT. CHAPTER HI. ORGAXIZ.VrroN OF (;OVEK.NMENT. 18r);i-l855. lion '' : 2;rLv:t"~''™''-'*'"''''''^^ ottvcns 111 iiaateru Washington 70 (ix) T CONTENTS. CHAPTER IV INDIAX WAUrt. 1853-1S5G. PAOE Causes of the Indian Outhrcak— Discovery of Gold near Fort Colville- Yakimas Hostile — Expeditions of Major O. G. llaller into tlie Snake and Yakima Countries — Vakinia Caiiniaign of ISfiy — Movement of Troops on the Sound — Attack on Seattle — War Vessels on the Sound — Walla Walla Campaign of tiie Oregon Volunteers — Operations of the Second Oregon llcgiinent — Attack on the Cascades^ — Colonel Cornelius Returns to Portland 108 CHAPTER V. INDIAN WARH. ISJO-lSoS. Action of the Governor — Disposition of Forces — New Uattalions — Plan of Campaign— Battle of Wliitu llivcr— On the Sound — Martial Law — Figliting at Joim Day Kivcr and (irand Kond — East of the Cas- cade Range — Stevens in the Hostile Country — Failure of his Council — Lechi's Betrayal, Arrest, 'i'lials, and llxicution— Assassination of Quiemuth — Termination of Ho.-tilitijs on tlu; .Sound — Result — War Debt — Clarke and Wright's Campaign — l)efeat of Steptoe — Battles of Four Lakes and Spokane Plains in the Yakima Country — Walla Walla Country Reopened 157 CHAPTER VI. THROUGH I'uru AUMIMSIUATIONS. IS.")")- 1807. Party Politics — Election of Delegate— Martial Law — Stevens Chosen Delegate —Death of Stevens — His Character— Governor McMulIin — Eraser River Mining Excitement — Its I'^tlcM^t on Washington — Ser- vices of Secretary Mason — (iovernor Gliolson — Henry M. ^lcoats-(;old Discoveries-The Cattle Business-First Settlers —New Counties of Washington 589 497 CHAPTER II. TOWN-BUILDINO AND SOCIETY. 1862-1864. Exploring Expe.litions-Pioneers of ^rontana-Prospecting Parties-Or- ganization of Districts-Stuart and Bozeman-l>e Lacy-Biograph- ical Sketches (,f Settlers- Freights an.l Freight Trains-Earlv Soci- ety of the Mines- Road-agents and Vigilance Committees-Legallv Organized Bamlitti-Tho Sheriff Highwayman an.l his Deputies-A lypical 1 rial— Wholesale Assassination and Retribution (j'Jl CHAPTER III. POLITICAL AM) JCDICIAL. 1864-1866. Organization of thoTerritory-Boun.laries Establisho.l-Oovcrnor E.lger- ton-.ludges Appointed- First Legislature-Seat of (Jovernment- Seal --Map -Moaghcr, Acting Covernor-l'art ,• Issues-Convention -Election- Early Newsi.apers- Vigilance Committee lutiuence- Ill xiv CONTENTS. PAGE Eastern Solons — DiflSculties Encountered by the Early Judges — Beidler — More Legislation — (iovernor Smith — Education — Assay Office — Surveyor-general — Removal of Capital 642 CHAPTER IV. POLITICAL HISTORY. 1800-1880. Special Legislation — All Made Null by Congress — Useful Laws — The Cap- ital Question — Party Issues — The Several Legislatures — Governor Aphley — Governor Potts — Nevrspapers — Railway Legislation — The Right-of-way Question — Territorial Extravagance — Northern Pacific Railway — Local Issues — Retrenchment and Reform CHAPTER V. INDIAN WARS. 1855-1882. The Blackfoot Nation — Crows and Sioux — Their Lands and their Charac- ters — The Old, Old Issue — Treaty-making — Treaty-breaking, Fight- ing, and Finishing — Movements of Troops — Montana Militia Com- panies — Establishing Forts — Expeditions for Prospecting and Dis- covery — Reservations — Long-continued Hostilities —Decisive Meas- ures 666 690 CHAPTER VI. MININO AND CATTLE-RAIMING. 1804-1880. Influx of Prospectors— Continued Mineral Discoveries — Alder and Last Chance Gulciies — Mining Adventures — Some Notable Discoveries — Hydraulic Machinery — Quartz-mining — Transportation— Routes and Freights— The Business of Cattle-growing— Ranges — Brands- Round-up — Product and Profit— Further Mining Developments- Condition of Agriculture and Horticulture 720 CHAPTER VII. OENEKAL DEVELOPMENT. 1870-1888. Condition of Montana from 1870 to 1880— Countries Compared— Total Production in 1888 — Price of Labor— Railroad Era — Agriculture — Lumbering— Wages — Transportation Companies — Coal— Looses in Cattle — Mining Development — Butte — Phillipsburg— Deer Lodge— Helena — Groat Falls — Benton — Eastern Montana — Moral and Social Condition 750 Lssay PAOB 642 Cap. nior The cific 666 CONTENTS. CHAPTER Vlir. 4 i J XV PROGRESS AND STATEHOOD, 1884- 1S89 Convention of 1884-Election of Delegate Ind Legislature- Republican and Democratic Conventions-Territorial Officers-Governor Leslie Appointed-Legislative Sessions and Enactments-Memorials con- cerning Mmeral Lands-The Northern Pacific Railroad-Laws to Guard Electioiu-Thomas H. Carter, Delegate_B. P. White, Gov- ernor-Lnab ing Act Passed by Congress-Constitutional ConvLntion -beoMtea of the Constitution-Political Troubles 731 rac- 5ht- oin- Dia- 3as- 690 ast 9 — tes 3 — ) — 720 tal in lal 750 ^ tL.. AUTHORITIES CO^^SULTED IN THE HISTORY OF WASHINGTON, IDAHO AND MONTANA ALsaraka or Home of the Crows. Philadelphia, 18G8. "Oroim; 1873. ^'^™ ""''^ "" ^''''"" ^'"'''*- ^^°«*°"' ^^OO; Portland, Albany fOr.'), Register; State Itights Democrat. N Jv wt I'hW.'"'*^^ ^'"•""'" ^^^^^^^> from Cadet to Major-general. Alaiiiuila Kiifiiial. American Almanac. Boston and New York, 1830 etaeq. American Mining Index. ^ American Mi.ssionary. New York, 18G2 et seq. Anaheim (Cal.), (iazette. Anderson (Alex. C), History of the Northwest Coast. MS t,"f'V^-.f?W'^'^*l'°- «'-^n Francisco. 18G5 Autioch (CiiL), Ledger. Aliplegate (.Jesse), Views of Oregon History. MS Appleton (l>. & Co.), Journal. New York 18G8 ei seq. Armstrong (A. N.), Oregon. Chicago, 1857. ' Army and Navy Journal. ^ Ashland (Or.), Tidings. Astoria (Or.), Astorian. Atlantic Monthly. Boston, 1858 et sen. Austin (Nev.), Reiie River Reveille. Bigley (V. I.), The San Juan Aflfair. MS. Hiker City (Or.), Reveille. muou (\\ m I.), Adventures. MS Jmcro t (A. L.) Journey to Oregon in 1802. MS. b' cr.': Hult-f h';-^'/'\"'"' "-YA' "'""''^- '^'"' Francisco. ,882. fi^^^lcJ!^j;£Z:l^^^- San Francisco, 188G. 2 vols. 1 irnes (( J . A. ), Oregon and California. MS. narrows (\V lUmm), 1 wclve Nights in a Hunter's Camp. Boston, 18G9. ( xvii ) Philadelphia, 1882. XTIU AUTHORITIES CONSULTED Battle Mountain (Nev.), Messenger. Bear River City (Utah), Index. Belcher (Edward), Narrative of a Voyage Round the World in 183G-42. London, 1843. 2 vols. Bell (Win A.), Settlement of Seattle. MS. Bellevuo (Id.), Wood River News. Benton (Thos H.), Speech in U. S. Senate, 1847. Berlin Arbitration, Papers Relating to tlie Treaty of Washington (N. W. Boundary), vol. v. Washington, 1872. Blaciifoot (111.), Register. Blake (\V. r.). Production of the Precious Metals. New York and London, ISO!). Blanchet (F. N.), Catholic Missionaries of Oregon. MS.; Historical Sketches of the Catholic Church in Oregon. Portland, 1878. Boise City (Id.), Newspapers: Chronicle; Democrat; Idahoan; Idaho States- man; News. Boiler (Henry A.), Among the Indians. Philadelphia, 18C8. Bonanza City (Id.), Yankee Fork Herald. Bond (N. T. ), Early History of Coloratlo, Montana, and Idaho, MS Bonnemaine (Baron de), Stock-raising iu Montana. MS. Boston (Mass.), Advertiser. Bowles (Sanil), Our New W. st. Hartford, New York, and Chicago, 18C9. Bowman, Oregon and Washington. MS. Bozeman (Mont.), Avant Courier. Bradshaw (Chas M.), in Sketches of Washington Territory. MS. Briefe aus den Vcreinigten Staaten von Ncrd-Amerika. Leipzig, 1853. Briggs (Albert), Port Townsend. MS. Bristol (S.), Idaho Nomenclature. MS. Bristow (E. L.), Rencounters. MS. British Columbia Sketches. MS. Brooks (Chas W.), Japanese Wrecks, Stranded and Picked up Adrift, in the Nortli Pacitic Ocean. San Francisco, 1876. Brown (B. F.), Narrative. MS. Browne (J. H.), Autobiography. MS. Browne (J. Ross), Report on the Mineral Resources of the States and Terri- tories West of the Rocky Mountains. Washington, 1808. Burchard (H. C), Reports of the Director of the Mint upon the Productions of the Precious Metals iu tlie U. S. Washington, 1881, 1882, 1883, 1884. Burnett (Peter H.), Recollections of the Past. MS. 2 vols. Butler (J. S.), Life and Times iu Idaho. MS. Butte (Mont.), Miner. Campbell (J. L.), Idaho; Six Months in the Gold Diggings. Chicago, 1804; Western Railroad and Emigrant Guide. Ciiieago, 18G7. Camp (David W.), An^rican Year Book and National Register. Hartford (Conn.), 18(59 etseq. Carr (Ezra S.), The Patrons of Husbandry on the Pacific Coast. San Fran- cisco, 1875. Carson (Nov.), State Register. Cheyenne (Wyom.), Leader. Clark (Jos. G.), Lights and Shadows of Sailor Life. Boston, 1848. Clyman (Jas), Note Book, 1844-G. MS. Codnian (John), The Round Trip. New York, 1879. Coffin (C. C), The Seat of Empire. Boston, 1870. Coghanour (D.), Boise Basin. MS. Coke (Henry J.), A Ride over the Rocky Mountains to Oregon and Cal. London, 1852. Colfax (Wash.), Palouse Gazette. Colorado Mining Review, in S. F. Coast Review, Apr. 1873. AUTHORITIES CONSULTED. XIX Colunil)ia (^^o.), Pastoral Address, etc. n. pi., 18()4. C(>ii^,'ru.-(.si(inaMilot)e. Washington (I >. C), 1840etse(j. CoutemiiDrary Biography, etc. San Francisco, ISSl. ('oo))cr (.las), M;iritinie Matters. M.S. Cooiiur ami Suckluy, Natural History of Wash. Ty. New York, 1859. Coriune (Utah), Ueporter. Cornwallis (Knialian), New Eldorado, etc. London, 1858. Corvallis (Or.), (iazctte. Co.x (Ross), Ailvcnturca on the Columbia River. London, 1831; New York, KS:{'_>. '2 vols. Cram (T. J.), Tii[)og. Memoir on the Deptof the Pacific. Washington, 1859. Cyclopedia ot Missions. New York, 18G0. Dallas (Or. ), Repuhlican. Daly's Address Amor. Geog. Soc, 1873. Davidson ((Jeorgc), Coast Pilot of Cal., etc. Washington, 18G9. Davis (.letf. C), in Mil. Repts Dept Colundna, Sept. 1, 1874. Dayton (Or. ), Columbia Clironicle; Deni. State Journal; W'cekly News. Deady (.M. P.), Hist. Oregon. MS.; Scrap-Book. Deans (.las), Vancouver Island. M.S. Dc Bow (J. I>. B.), Encyclopedia of Trade, etc. London, 1854. 2 vols. De Cosmos (Amor), Br. Col. CJovernment. MS. Deer Lodge (Mont. ), Inilependent; New Northwest. De (J root (Henry), British Columbia, etc. San Francisco, 1850. Dennv (A. A.), Snocjuahnie Iron Mountain. MS.; in Wash. Ter. Sketches. -MS. De Smet (P. J.), Letters and Sketches. Philadelphia, 1843; Voyages aux Montagues Rocheuses. Lille (Fr.), 1859; Western Missions and Mis- .sionaries. New York, 18G8. Des Moines (Iowa), Register. Desmond (II. E.), in S. F. Alta California, Apr. 1, 1880. Dickinson (I )anlS.), Speeches, Correspondence, etc. New York, 18G7. 2vols. Dimsdaie (Thos .T. ), Vigilantes of Montana. Virginia City (Mont.), 18GG. Dix (John A.), Speeches, etc. New York, 18G4. 2 vols. Dowell's Scrap-Book. Drew (('. S.), Owyhee Reconnois. Jacksonville (Or.), 18G5. Dunlop (Jas), Digest of (Jenl Laws of U. S. Philadelphia, 185G. Dunn (Jolin), Hist, of the Or. Territory. London, 1844. Dutch Flat (Cal.), Forum. Eastwick (Phil. O.), Puget Sound Coal Mines. MS. El)cy (f Jeo. W.), Journal. MS.; Letter in Euos' Collection. MS. Edinburgli Review, 18.")9 et seq. Edwards (P. L.), Sketches of Oregon. MS. Eldridge (Edward), Sketch of Washington Ty. MS.; in Vancouver Regis- tur, Apr. 2, 1875. Elko (Nev.), Independent. Ellice (E.), in Rept Hudson's Bay Co., Aug. 1857. EUicott (Eugene), Puget Sound Nomenclature. MS. Esmeralda (Nev.), Herald, Dec. 21, 1879. Eureka jNev.), Humboldt Times; Sentinel. Evans ncnt, MS.: Hist. Mem., MS.; Letter to Mrs \ ictor, MS.; Martial Law in Wash. Ty, MS.; Northwest Boundary, MS.; Northwest Coast Hist., MS., in Olympia Club Conversatiims, MS.; Oregon, MS.; Pnyallup Ail- dress, MS.; Reannexation of B. C. to the U. S., Olympia (Wasli.), 1870; Scrap-Book; Trial of Leschi, MS.; Trial of YellowJim, MS.; Washing- ton, Past and Future, Olympia, 1877; Washingtoa Records, No. 11, MS. XX AUTHOUITIKS CONSULTED. FariiuT (K. J ), RfsouiccH of tliu Rocky Mountains. Cleveland (0), 1883. Kiiniliam (.1. T.), liiat. ot Oriigoii Territory. New York, 1844. Forry (lOlislia 1'.), McsNigu to l.cgiHlativv Assoinbly (VVasli.), IS7H. Findlay (Alex. (J.), IMrectory ior tlie Navigation of the I'aeilic Ocean. Lon- don, I8.')l. '2 parts. Finlay.soii (R. ), V'aiiooiivor iMlaiul and N. W. Coaiit. MS. FisliiT (L '*. ), Advertiser's (Jliide. Nan Francisco, ISTOetseq. Fisher (11. S.)and Colliy (Clias), Anier. Statis. Annual. New York, 1854. Fitzj^erald (.las K. ), (.'liarter and rroceedings of 11. U. L'o. with Rvferenuc to Vancouver Island. London, 1841(. Flanders (.\lvin\ Siieech on I'uget Sound and Columbia River R. R. Bill, n. i>l.. IStiS. Folsoni (Cal.), Telejjraiih. Ford (N.), I'ioni^r Road Makers. Fort Hcnton (.Mont.), New Nortiiwest; Record; River Vrcaa. Fort Lingly Journal. MS. Fremont (.1. C. ). Kxploring Expedition, etc., 184Ii-4. Washington, 1845. Fresno (Cal.), Expositor. Fry (F.), Fry's Travellers (Juide. Cincinnati, 18G5. Gannett (Henry), Lists of Elevations. Washington, 1877. Cirlielde (S.), Climates of the Northwest. Philadelphia, 1872. Garnett (fiouis A.), Outliueu «)f a Sciiemo for Controlling the Coal Trade. New York, 18(M. (iiiss (Patrick), Journal of Lewis and Clarke's Expedition, etc. Loudon, 1808. General Orders Hdqrs Dept of the Columbia, June 22, 1874; Sept. 20, Dec. 31, 187.'). Gn>l)s (A. C), Notes on Or. History. MS. (tilths (George), in Pacific R. R. Reports, i. (libhs (O. .r.). Treaty with Great Ihitain. MS. (Jilhert (J. J.), Lo^iginff and R. R. Huildinj;. MS.; Puget Sound. MS. (Jodilard (F. B), Wliere to Emigrate, and Why. New York, 18<;<). (ioM Hill (Nev.), News. Goodyear (W. A.), Coal Mines of the Western Coast, etc. San Francisco, 1877. Grant (W. C), Description of Vancouver Island, in London Gcog. Soe. Jour- nal, xxvii. Grass Valley (Cal.), Republican; Union. (iray (W. H.). History of Oregon. Portl.and, etc., 1870. Greenhow (Robt), Hist, of Oregon and California. London, 1844; and Bos- ton (Mass.), 1847. (Jrover (Lafayette), Notable Things in Or. History. MS.; Public Life. MS. Hivll (.Tames), Sketcbes. of the West. Cincinnati, 18.14; Philadelphia, 18.35. Hancock (Samuel), Thirteen Years' Residence on tlie Northwest Coast. MS. Hanford (Abby J.), Indian Attack on Seattle. MS. Hansard's Parliamentary D'ibates. Loudon, 18G0. Har()er's Magazine. New York, 1854 et seq. Harrison (.T. M.), Harrison's Guide, etc., of the Pacific Slope. San Fran- cisco, 1872. Harvey (Mrs Eloise), Life of McLougldin. MS. Haydeii (F. V.), Geol. Survey. Washington (D. C), 1873 et seq. Hays' Scrap-Books. 12!) vols. Hayt (E. .\.), in Sec. Inter. Rept, 1878-<). Healdsburg (Cal.), Russian River Flag; Standard. Helena (^lont.). Herald; Independent; Post; Republican; Rocky Mtn Ga- zette. Hesperian. San Francisco, 1858 et seq. Hill (N. D.), in Wash. Ty Sketches. MS. I ■ii 1 k AUTUOIUTIES CONSL' I.TEU. •), 1883. »ui. Lon- k, 1854. Jt'erunce to li. 11. Bill. , 1845. Kil Trade. London, . 20, Dec. MS. ;iiicisco, oe. Jour- tiul Bos- . MS. i.-i, 18.35. t. MS. 1 Frau- ta Ga> llians ((JuHtavus), Orcjjoii and its Institutions. New York, l.SliS; Oiij^oh: Its Ili.stKiy, lite, liulfalo (N. V.), ISul; Voyiigo ilound tliu World, etc. liull.d.. (.N. v.), 1«.>0. 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I.), 1858; •"; ^^ ashingtou ) ToBt, Oct. 15, hostilities, in S. :w York, n. d. ; icouia (Wash.), iiiigr. Circular, 1101 s Mc.s.-ajies, Siijiroiin; Court, nol Law, 1877, Ailjutaiit-Gfiil, It'c. of Interior; on, 1873et seq. ; Hundreth Me- ton, 1846; Ten (111.), 1880. Sail Francisco, jlphia, 1844 et HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 1 hro 18.TJ. St 3 :;. )rtland (Or.), ^V^l8llington 1370. CHAPTER r. THE FIRST SETTLEMENTS. 1845-1853. Attitpde of the Hudson's Bay Company — Michael T. Simmons and Associates Proceed Northward — Settle at Budd Inlet — Puoet Sound— Highlands— TuMWATBR—BusH Prairie — Chambers Prairie — Xkah Bay — Marriages and Births — The Indians pRONonNCE AGAINST THE WhITE MaN — EFFECT OF CALIFORNIA GoLD DlSCOVERY — The Timber Trade— Towns Laid out — Wuidbey Island Settled — occcpation of the coast country. Doctor John McLouohlin, autocrat of Fort Van- couver, at the instigation of the London managers of tlie Hudson's Bay Company, but contrary to his own judgment, exercised his influence to induce the incoming citizens of the United States not to locate themselves north of the Columbia River, as in the ])artition presently to be made all that region would probably be British territory. To the average Amer- ican emigrant of that day the simple fact that a Britisher should wish him not to settle in any certain part of the undivided territory was of itself sufficient incentive for him to select that spot, provided it was not much worse than any other. There must be some special attraction in the direction of Puget Sound, else the fur company would not so strongly advise people not to go there. So thought Michael T. Simmons, a stanch Ken- BUT. Waib.— 1 II ] 2 THE FIRST SETTLEMENTS. tuckian, whom the reader has met before, in the history of Oregon, he being of the immigration of 1844, and spending the ensuing winter with his family at Fort Vancouver, where he made shingles to pay expenses, his wife meanwhile improving the time by giving birth to a sou, named Christopher, the first American born in western Washington. Simmons was a fine specimen of a man, and a good representative of the class that went into Washington about this time, determined to remain there, particu- larly if England's majesty ordered them out. Just j)ast thirty, having been born at Sheppardsville the 5th of August, 1814, possessing the grand physique of the early men of Kentucky, unlettered though not unenlightened, he possessed the qualities which in feudal times made men chiefs and founders of families. His courage was equalled only by his independence; he could not comprehend the idea of a superior, having come from a land wherein all were kings though they ruled only a pigsty or a potato-patch. He had intended to settle in the valley of Kogue River before so much had been said against his going north, but this determined him. During the winter of 1844-5, with five companions/ he proceeded north- ward, but only reached the fork of the Cowlitz, whence he returned ^ o Fort Vancouver. Again he set out the following July with eiglit others," and guided beyond Cowlitz })rairie by Peter Borcier, who had perfonneiivid Crawford, Charles Eaton, Niniwon Evcrman, Seybiui- Thornton, \Villium Sliuw, David I'urkur, and Jolm Hunt. , in the ration of A'ith his ingles to the time the first d a good shington , particu- it. Just )ardsville grand nlettcrcd qiuiHties founders y i>y i^.is idea of a all were ito-patch. )f lloouo his ji'oing le winter (1 north- Cowlitz, ^.gain he ers," and cier, who in 1841, a canoe himself . Then d Inlet, falls a ll-|)Ower. ig at no Tolin Owens, II Evermant SIMMOXS THE PIOXEER. 9 great distance from Fort Xisqually, the only supply post in this part of the territory, with the French settlements to the south of it on the Cowlitz prairie constituting a link with the Columbia lliver and Willamette settlements. The selection for the pur- poses of a new community in a new country was a good one, and was prompted by a desire somewhat similar to that of the methodist missionaries to get pos- session of Oregon City, on account of the water-power. IL-ivino" chosen his site, he returned to tlic Colum- l)ia to remove his family, which he did in (October, accompivnied by James McAllister, David Kindred, Gal)riel Jones, (xeorge W. Bush, and their wives and children, live families in all, and two single men, Jesse Foi'gnson and Samuel B. Crockett, these seven men l)ciiig the first Americans^ to settle in tlie region of i*ugct Sound,* although John II. Jackson, of the same inunigration, had been a little bef )rehand with them in point of time, and selected a claim five miles north of the French settlements, and ten miles be- yond the Cowlitz hmding, on a small tributary of that rivci-, near the trail to the Cliehalis," which site ho called Jtighlands, and where he had already erected a house." " r purposely leave out Richmond, who was not a 'settler,' and who ahan- doiiid the mission. Ferguson married Maigaret llutlciigc May "JU, lSo3. l>.'iliii]H((. ('ohiinhiiiii, Jnne 4, 1S,"),'{. ' I'Aory ]>;irt nf tlic great Wasjiington Inlet was now eondng to be called I'u'jttt SdimiiI. It HO appears in liu! writings of almost all aiitiiors, besides belli,' jilways rc^t'eiri'd to in conversjition by that naiiio. Admiralty Inlet w:is toiiiid too long a name, ami the lirst seltlcnieiits of liotli JMiglish and Aimi jeans were upon (hat portion ealli-d after I'nget, whirli temlcd to '"rareh Bot out With the design of taking up the water-power at the falls of Dea Chutes, ! I 4 THE FIRST SETTLEMENTS. It required fifteen days to open a road for the pas- sage of the ox-teams from CowHtz landing to Budd Inlet, a distance of less than sixty miles. Simmons named his place New Marke«, but subsequent settlers called it by the Indian, and more appropriate, name of Tumwater,^ which it keeps, and which to avoid confu- sion I shall hereafter use. The seven Puget Sound settlers took their claims within a radius of six miles. Kindred two miles south of Tumwater, McAllister about six miles north-east, and the others intermediate, on a sandy plain now known as Bush prairie, from George W. Bush.^ In the same summer or autumn George Waunch located himself on the Skookum Chuck, making the ninth man not in the Hudson's Bay Company's service who settled north of the Cowlitz farm in 1845. The first house was built on Kindred's claim, at the west edge of Bush prairie," Simmons build! g at which he had heard of; but owing to the difficulty of travel at this season, he proce 'ded no farther than Simon Plomondou's place on tlie Newaukum lliver, a confluent of the Cliehalis. But about the second week in July he again set forth for Puget Sound, accompanied by W. P. Dougherty, H. A. G. Lee, Joseph Watt, Jacob Haldry, and Stewart. The Orcgonians turned back from the Clie- halis, and Jackson, after exploring the country in that vicinity, returned to the Cowlitz and took a claim as above stated. Wliile returning for his family he met Simmons' party. John K. Jackson was a native of Durham, parisli of Stcindrop, England, born Jan. 13, 1800. He landed at New York Sept. 27, 1833, and went directly to 111., where he settled Nov. 5th ieaving his first American home for Or. in 1844. He was a butcher, kept a public house at Highlands, and dispensed good-cheer with good-humored hospitality during tlie early days of Washington. His house was a rendezvous for the transac- tion of public business, the first courts in Lewis county being held there, and there was discussed the propriety of a separate territorial organization. He died May 5, 1873. Ohjmpia Tran»cript, May 31, 1873. 'Signifying strong water, referring to the falls. This word displaced both the Dcs Chutes or Falls River of the French, and the New Market of Simmons. It is now common usage to say Tumwater Falls as well as Tum- water town. Skookum Chuck, the Chinook jargon for rapids, is better ver- nacular for strong water, and is the name of a branch of the Chehalis. *Georgo W. Bush (colored) was born in 17!)0 in Penn., but in early life re- moved to Mo., and in 1844 to Or., finishing his long journey by going to i'uget Sound. He was respected and honored by the pioneers for his gener- us and charitable traits and manliness of character. He resided on the )'.'airie which bears his name until April 5, 1SG3, when he suddenly died of Hemorrhage by the bursting of a blood-vessel. His son George became a liighly esteemed citizen, who was made president of the Washington Indus- trial Association, and whose wheat, raised on Bush prairie, was awarded the first premium at the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia, Morse's Wash. TiT., MS., i. 54. * Mrs Tabitha Kindred, who was many years a widow, died June 12, 1872, the pas- bo Budd liminons settlers name of d confu- r claims 28 south rth-east, ain now sh.^ In I located le ninth vice who Ti, at the Idl g at ia season, he ium Kiver, a ;ain set fortli Lee, Joseph oni thcClie- urned to the is family he , parish of rk Sept. 27, ng his first lie house at lity during he transiic- there, ami tion. He displaced Market of all as Tuin- better ver- ilis. larly life re- liy going to his gener- Mcd on tiie ily died of became a |ton Indus- carded the rse'n Wash. Le 12, 1872, I '■m I EARLY ANNALS OF TUMWATER. 6 Tumwater the following summer. These men had enough to do to discharge their debts to the Hudson's Bay Company. McLoughlin and Douglas, who, not- withstanding their efforts to turn the American settlers south of the Columbia, seeing they would go north, gave the officers of the company on Cowlitz prairie and at Fort Nisqually orders to furnish Simmons' company with 200 bushels of wheat at eighty cents a bushel, 100 bushels of pease at one dollar, 300 bushels of potatoes at fifty cents, and a dozen head of cattle at twelve dollars each.^" During the winter they were visited by a party of four men, who proceeded as far as Nisqually, but did not remain in this region." In JMarch Mrs McAllister^" gave birth to a son, who was named James Benton, the first American born on Puget Sound. In the following year as many American men set- tled north of the Cowlitz and about the head of the Sound as in 1845, but not as many families. At the confluence of the Skookuin Chuck and the Chehalis, half-way from the Cowlitz landing to Tumwater, two claims were made by Sidney S. Ford " and Joseph Barst. Those who went to the Sound were Charles H. Eaton,** and his brother Nathan, who located liim- at tlie age of 89, having resided on Bush prairie 27 years. Ohimpia Tranxcrlpt, June 15, 1872. The children were two sons, Jolni and B. Kindred, and two (laughters, Mrs Parrot of Oregon City, and Mrs Simmons of the Cowlitz. Ohjm- jiia Courier, June 15, 1872. Mrs Gabriel Jones died July 18, 18G8. Her home was two miles from Tumwater. Ohjmjiia Standard, July 25, 1868. She was 70 years of age, and had been several years a widow. '"A'i'o/m' Historical Memoranda, consisting of a compilation of newspaper articles, chiefly written by himself, prepared as the foundation to future his- torical writing, and which he has generously placed in my hands, has furnished me with this item. "They were Wainbow, Wall, Smith, and Pickett, '^ Mrs McAllister died in 1874. Stiilacoo/n Exprrgs, Sept. 10, 1874. " Ford was born in New York in 1801, and died Oct. 22, IStiO. His wife, Nancy, was lx)rn in New York in 1800. They were married in 1823, and re- moved to Michigan in 18.'?4, to Missouri in 1840, and to Oregon in 1845. Tlieir children and descendants made their home on Ford prairiu, about the head waters of the Clichalis. "Eaton was an immigrant of 1843. He was born in Oswego co., N. Y., Dec. 22, 1818, removing to Ohio at an early age, whence he came to Oregon. In the Indian war of 18.")5 he was commissioned capt. In 1850 he removed to Ti imlcut prairie, and again to Yakima Valley in 1870, wliero ho was en- gaged iu Btock-raisiug. He died at Yakima City Dec, 10, 1876. I i 1 1 6 THE FIRST SETTLEMENTS. self on the east side of Budd Inlet, on what is now called Chambers prairie, being the first to take a claim north of Turawater; Edmund Sylvester,^'^ of Oregon City, who, in partnership with Levi L. Smith, took two half-sections of land, one directly on Budd Inlet, two miles below Tumwater, and the other on the edge of Chambers prairie; Alonzo Marion Poe, Daniel D. Kinsey, and Antonio B. Rabbeson.'" Sev- eral other i)ersons arrived at the Sound during the autumn, but did not remain at that time." In January 1847 three brothers from Marion county, named Davis, one with a family, arrived at Tumwater, besides Samuel Cool, A. J. Moore, Benjamin Gordon, Leander C. Wallace, Thomas W. Glasgow, and Sam- uel Hancock.'* In March there arrived Elislia and "* Sylvester was born in Deer Isle, Maine. For antecedents, see Hist. Or., i. 424, this series, llis manuscript, entitled Olympta, wliicli affords nie many authoritative items of early history, is especially useful in tlie present volume. '"Rabbeson was born in 1824, and was by trade a carpenter. He came to Oref^on from New York City in 1840, and immediately went to Tuget Sound, settling near Sylvester's claim, where ho still resides. His manuscript, Groivth of Towns, contains a narrative of the immigration of 1840, with good character sketches of some of tlie men in it, followed by an interesting account of the settlement of Washington, his reason for coming to the Sound being a preference for salt-water. Most writers place Wallace in the immigration of 1817, but Kabl)eson says he came with him in 1840. Growth of Towns, MS., 13. This is the Wallace; killed in the attack on Nisqually in the spring of 1849. Hist. Or., ii. 07-8, this series. In January 1854 Kabbeson married Lucy Barnes of Olympia. " Elisha and William Packwootl, Jason Peters, Tliomaa Canby, and Elisha and James McKindley examined the country and returned to the Willamette to winter. Two of them only finally settled north of the Columbia. Ernns" Hist. Mem., 11. The names of David Coiner and J. E. Conat also appear as settlers of this year, but more I do not know about them. '* Hancock left Independence, Mo., in the spring of 184.'), but remained in Or. City one year. He then started to go to Puget Sound with two others, names unknown, by tlie way of the Columbia, Laker Bay, the Pacific Ocean, and tlr.r' strait of Fuca. They succeeded in drawing their canoe across the necK of sand north of Cape Disappointment, but tlie sight of the ocean in Nov. disheartened them, and they decided to try walking from the coast in- land, hoping to reach the Sound in that way. But Hancock, seized with fever, was left in charge of tiio Indians, who, after extorting every article he fjossessed, conveyed him to Astoria, where ho recovered. What became of lis companions (Iocs not appear in his Thirteen Years' Uesidenee in Washiinj- ton Territory, MS., from which I take his biography. After recovery, ho again set out for the Sound by tlio way of the Cowlitz, arriviug at Tumwater early in 1847, and going to work at shingle-making like tlio others. In the spring of 1849 Hancock went to Cal. for gold, where he had a great many ad- ventures, if wo may credit the marvellous stories contained in his Thirteen Years. On returning to Puget Sound in the autumn of 1849, he brouglit a Btock of goods to sell to settlers oud uativcs, aud having disposed of a portion, PACKWOOD AND HANCOCK. 7 William Packwood, with their families. The first settled on land later owned by David J. Chambers. Packwood abandoned it in Auj^ust to return to the Willamette. William Packwood took a claim on the set out to explore for coal, having heard that this mineral was to be found in the neighborhood of the Sound. In these explorations he spent sonio months, probably trading at the same time with the Indians. In 1850 or s])ring of 1851 he took some goods to Xeah Bay; but the Indians being hos- tile, lie was compelled to save himself by an artifice, WTiting in the presence of the savages, and telling them that it was to bring the chief of all the white men to avenge him if slain. Their superstitious fear of paper missives, tlie power of which tliey had witnessed without understanding, conquered their love of plunder, and they carried him safely to Port Townsend. On his re- turn he once more explored for coal on the Snohomish and Stilaguamish riv- eis, where ho found it, find discovered also the Cedar and Dwamish rivers. In Nov. 1851 he took passage in the brig Kendall, which was in the Sound, and went to S. F. to purchase macliinery lor a saw-mill, togetlier with another stoik of goods. Having completed his purchases, he shipped them on board a vessel, the Knywja, for I'uget Sound. Captain Davis was ignorant of nau- tical science, and Jiad never been upon the coast of Oregon. When Hancock recognized the entrance to the strait of Fuca, Davis declined to enter, and to test the matter, a boat was sent ashore with Hancock, the mate, and three other persons, iit an unknown island. A fog coming down hid the s-esscl, and thi: party v ere detained three days; and no sooner did the fog clear away tiian the natives discovered and attacked them, compelling them to put to Bca. In the mean time the vessel was quite lost to sight. Two days moru pa.ssed on another small island, but here again the Indians caused them to tuUe to their boat. Several days more were passed iu this manner before tlio party was finally rescued by some Indians from V. I., under orders from an otiitiT of the II. B. Co., to whom they had reported the condition of the boats crew. Clothing and provisions were despatched to them, and they were bronyht to Sooke harbor, where they received unlimited hospitality for three days. On coming to Victoria the Kaijiifia was found to be there, having by chance got into the strait and to port, but without endeavoring to pick up tiiat portion of her crew and passengers left "ithout provisions on an unknown const. But that was not all. A considerable portion of Hancock's goods had been sold, for which no satisfaction could be obtained in a foreign port. Tiio sninniing up of tlie M'hole matter shows that he was disappointed in his project of building a mill at Clallam Baj', and was subjected to much loss, which ho endeavored to make up by furnishing timber for the California market. In the autumn of 1852 he removed to Neah Bay, determined to establish a trad- ing-post among the Indians, which he succeeded in doing, though not without building fortilications and having sonic narrow escapes. Ho afterward pur- cliased an interest in tlio brig Eco/lc, \Volfe master, and traded with the Ind- ians on the northern coast, until the brig was blown on shore and \vrecked. and the savages had despoiled it of its cargo. From this expedition he re- turned ali\c, after many adventures with the savages and tiie exercise of much tact in averting their hostile intentions. Escaping to Clya(piot Bay, he found thc! schooner Demaris Core, Capt. Eli Hathaway, lying there, which returned with his party to Neah Bay; but the Indians having become more threaten- ing than l)eforo at that place, Hancock determined to remove his goods to AVliidbey Island, and did bo — there being no vessel in port — by lashing together three canoes and covering them with planking, on which the movables were placed, a ship's long-boat being also loaded and towed behind. A sail was rigged by setting cedar planks upright, and then the craft was navigated 100 miles to I'cnn Cove. There ho settled, and married Susau Crockett, death occurred in Sept. 1883, at Coupeville, His 6 THE FIRST SETTLEMENTS. south bank of the Nisqually, and there remained.^ During the summer John Kindred, J. B. Logan, B. F. Shaw, Robert Logan, and A. D. Carnefix joined the settlement at the head of the Sound, and on the 10th of June the Skookum Chuck settlement was re- enforced by the birth of Angeline Ford,** the first American girl born north of the Columbia. Late in the autumn there arrived at the Sound Thomas M. Chambers, with his sons, David, Andrew, Thomas J., and McLean, two of whom had famiUes,^ and George Brail and George Shazar. From Nisqually the settlers obtained pork, wheat, pease, potatoes, and such other needful articles as the company's stores furnished. In 184G Simmons put up a small flouring mill at Des Chutes falls, in a log house, with a set of stones hewn out of some granite blocks found on the beach, which was ready to grind the first crop of wheat, if not to bolt it; but unbolted flour was a luxury after boiled wheat. "Pack wood was a native of Patrick co., Va, bom in 1813, removing with his father Elisha to Ind. in 1819. In 1834 he migrated to Mo., and ten years later to Or., finally coming to rest on the Nisqually. There was a large fam- ily of the Packwoods, six of whom arrived in Or. in 1845. See list on p. 626 and 530, IJist Or., i., this series. In 1848 William went to Cal., where his brother Elisha was then residing, but appears to have returned without much improving his fortunes. He constructed a ferry on the Nisqually, and re- mained on his claim — with the exception of a period of service in the Indian war of 1855 — until 1867, when he sold it to Isaac P. Hawk. Later he made his residence at Centreville, on the Northern Pacific railroad. For many years Packwood occupied his summers in exploring the mountains east ana west of the Sound, the pass at the head of the Cowlitz having been discovered by and named after him, and some valuable mineral deposits reported by him, especially of anthracite coal. Morse's Wash. Ter., MS., i. 54-87. ="> Miss Ford married John Shelton. *' This family was of Scottish origin, but had been for half a centniy in th« U. S., residing in Ind. and Ky. They emigrated to Or. in 1845. Their goods being detained at The Dalles, in Feb. 1846, the sons constructed a flat-boat, 12 by 20 feet, with a whip-saw and hammer, using oak pins for nails, and loading it with 13 wagons and the goods of seven families, descended the C<>- lumbia. Thomas M. Chambers settled on the prairie south-east of Olympia, which bears his name, and where Eaton had settled before him. Here he lived, and at an advanced age died. David J. located on a smaller plain 3^ miles east of Olympia, and made a fortune in stock-raising; Andrew settled between the Nisqually plains and Yelm prairie. The first mill in Pierce co. was erected by Thomas M. , on Chambers Creek near Steilacoom. He was bom in Ky in 1701, and died at Steilacoom Dec. 1876. Rebecca, wife of Andrew J. Chambers, died June 29, 1853. On the 18th of January, 1854, be married Margaret White. ^ LUMBER AND LOVE. 9 Late the following year a saw-mill was completed at Tumwater, built by M. T. Simmons, B. F. Shaw, E. Sylvester, Jesse Ferguson, A. B. Rabbeson, Ga- briel Jones, A. D. Carnefix, and John R. Kindred, who formed the Puget Sound Milling Company, Oc- tober 25, 1847, Simmons holding the principal num- ber of shares, and being elected superintendent. The mill irons, which had been in use at Fort Vancouver, were obtained from the Hudson's Bay Company. The lumber found a market among the settlers, but chiefly at Nisqually, where it was sent in rafts, and also a little later was in requisition to erect barracks and officers' quarters at Steilacoom.''^ Shingle-making was also an important industry, shingles passing cur- rent at Fort Nisqually in exchange for clothing or other articles. Room for idlers there was none, and this was fortunate, since indolence in contact with savagery soon breeds vice, aggravated by enforced solitude. Daniel D. Kinsey was the first lucky bachelor to secure a mate in these wilds, by marrying, on the Gth of July, 1847, Ruth Brock, M. T. Simmons, one of the judges of Vancouver county, officiating. Samuel Hancock and A. B. Rabbeson were the first to vary shingle-making with brick-making, these two taking a contract to burn a kiln of brick in July 1847, on the farm of Simon Plomondon at the Cowlitz. And thus they not only held their own in the new country, but increased in property and power. As early as the summer of this second year they had begun to recognize the necessity of communica- tion between points, and in August blazed out a trail from Tumwater to the claim of Sylvester and Smith, two miles below on the Sound, which now began to be called Smithfield, because Levi L. Smith resided there, and because it came to be the head of naviga- tion by the law of the tides. '* The date of the lease from Simmons, proprietor of the claim, is August 20, 1847, to continue for 5 yeai-a with the privilege of ten. The site described tras the north-wcat part of the lower full. Evana' Hist. Mem., ii.; Hiat, Or., iL 70, thia series. 10 THE FIRST SETTLEMENTS. In the autumn of 1847, rendered memorable by the massacre at Waiilatpu, which alarmed these feeble settlements, and by the prevalence of measles among tlie Indians, for which the white people knew them- selves held responsible by the miserable victims and their friends, there were few additions to the popula- tion. Jonathan Burbee, an immigrant of that year, took to himself some land on the little Kalama River; Peter W. Crawford, E. West, and James O. Raynor located claims on the Cowlitz near its mouth, being the first settlers in this vicinity,^' and Andrew J. Simmons took a claim on Cowlitz prairie, where ho died February 1872.'" Nor were there many accessions to the population of the Sound in 1848. Rev. Pascal Ricard, oblate father, established a mission three miles below Tum- water, June 14th, on the eastern shore of the inlet, and thereby secured half a section of land to the church. Thomas W. Glasgow made a tour of explo- ration down the Sound, and took a claim on Whidbey Island, the first settlement attempted there, and situated north-east from the Port Townsend of Van- couver, directly facing the strait of Fuca. Here he erected a cabin and planted potatoes and wheat. His loneliness seems to have been alleviated during his brief residence, a half-caste daughter testifying to the favor with which he was regarded by some native ; *'In 1847, when Crawford, whose biography is given in my Hist. Or., i. 647, was looking for a place to settle, the only white persons living on the Cowlitz were Antoino Gobain, a Canadian, who had charge of the H. B. Co.'s warehouse on the west bank of the river aboii i two miles from the Columbia, and Thibault, another Canadian, who lived oyp* lite on the east bank. From there to tlie Cowlitz farms all was an unbroken wilderness. Crawford and West took their claims adjoining each oth-,.- 0.1 the east bank, where Crawford permanently had his home, and Raynor un t'.ie west bank, wltere he designed laying out a town. Crawford's 2f^ar., MS., 98. Owen W. Bozarth, wlio was of the immigiation of 1845, settled, as I suppose, about this time on Ca^Ma- pootle or Lewis River, so called from the land claim of A. Lee Lewis, about 7 miles above the mouth. ** Olympia Wash. Standard, March 2, 1872. I find mention of Alexander Barron, who died in Feb. 1878; William Rutledgo, who died June 1872; Henry Bechman, who died April 1879; Fdix Dodd, who died the same month and year; J. H. Smith, who died May 1879; and John E. Fickuell — all of whom settled north of the Columbia this year. GLASGOW ON WHIDBEY ISLAND. 11 brunette;* yet he returned to Tumwater to secure other companions, and persuaded Rabbeson and Carne- fix to accompany him back to his island home. On the voyage, performed in a canoe, they pro- ceeded to the head of Case Inlet, and carrying their canoe across the portage to the head of Hood canal, explored that remarkable passage. Carnefix turned buck from the mouth of the Skokomish River,^ Glasgow and Rabbeson continuing on to Whidbey Island, which they reached in July. But they were not permitted to remain. Soon after their arrival a general council of the tribes of the Sound was held on the island, at the instigation of Patkanim, chief of the Snoqualimichs, to confer upon the policy of per- mitting American settlements in their country. It was decided that Glasgow must quit the island, Mliich he was at length forced to do,^^ escaping by the aid of an Indian from the vicinity of Tumwater. ^^ Glasgow's daughter married William Hastie. Morse's Wash. Ter., MS., i. 113. ^^ It was the turn of Carnefix to cook and attend to camp work. A chief Bering th'" thought him to bo a slave, and offered to purchase him. The jeats of liis companions so annoyed Carnefix that bo abandoned their company. h'raiis' Hid. Mem. ii. '" J'atkanim exhibited the tact in this instance which marked him as a sav.ige of uncommon intelligence. Parade has a great effect upon tho human niiiul, whether savage or civilized. Patkanim gave a great hunt to the assem- bled chiefs. A corral was constructed, with wings extending across the island from Penn Cove to Glasgow's claim, and a drive made with dogs, by which more than 00 deer were secured for a grand banquet at the inauguration of the council. Patkanim then opened the conference by a speech, in which he urged that if the Americans were allowed to settle among them they would soon become numerous, and would carry off their people in large fire-shipa to a distant country on which the sun never shone, where they would be left to perish. Ho argued that the few now present could easily be exterminated, wliich would discourage others from coming, and appealed to the cupidity of his race by representing that the death of the Americana in the country would put the Indians in possession of a large amount of property. But the Indian& from the upper part of the Sound, who were better acquainted with the white people, did not agree with Patkanim. The chief of the bands about Tumwater, Snohodumtah, called by the Americans Graylicad, resisted the arguments of the Snoqualimich chief. He reminded the council that previous to the advent of the Americans the tribes from the lower sound often made war upon the weaker tribes of his section of the country, carrying them off for slaves, Hut that he had found the presence of the Boston men a protection, as they discouraged wars. Patkanim, lingered at tliis opposition, created a great excitement, which seemed to threaten a battle l)etween the tribes, and Rabbeson becoming alarmed fled back to the settlements. Two days later Glasgow followed, being assisted to escape by a friendly Indian, but leaving behind him all his property. Id., 11-12. I 12 THE FIRST SETTLEMENTS. Glasgow seems to have taken a claim subsequently in Pierce county^ and to have finally left the terri- tory."'^ During this summer Hancock took a claim on the west side of Budd Inlet, and built a wharf and warehouse; but having subsequently engaged in several commercial ventures involving loss, he finally settled in 1852 on Whidbey Island, Patkanim having in the mean time failed in his design of exterminating the American settlers. Rabbeson, glad to be well away from the neighborhood of the Snoqualimich chief, went with Ferguson to work in the wheat- fields of the Cowlitz farm, now in charge of George B. Roberts, where they taught the Frenchmen how to save grain by cradling, after which the new method was high in favor and the cradling party in demand. All at once this wholesome plodding was inter- rupted by the news of the gold discovery in Califor- nia, and every man who could do so set off* at once for the gold-fields. They made flat-boats and floated their loaded wagons down the Cowlitz River to where the old Hudson's Bay Company's trail left it, drove their ox-teams to the Columbia River opposite St Helen, and again taking the trail from the old Mc- Kay farm, which the Lees had travelled in 1834, emerged on the Tualatin plains, keeping on the west side of the Willamette to the head of the valley. They here came into the southern immigrant road, which they followed to its junction with the Lassen trail to the Sacramento Valley, where they arrived late in the autumn, having performed this remarkable journey without accident.^ "In July 1858 he married Ellen Horan. Ohjmpia Pioneer and Dem., July 30, 18r)8. ^See IJiat, Or., ii. 45, this series. Also /{nbbeson's Orowth of Towns, MS., 11-12; ilancock'a Thirteen Years, MS., 105-17. Sylvester, who with liub- boson, Ferguson, and Borst went to California in the spring of 1849, describes the route as I have given it. His company had one wagon and 4 yokes of oxen; and there were three other wagons in the train. They started in April and reached Sacramento in July. Olympia, MS., 13-15. GOLD AND INDIANS. 18 sequently the terri- claim on half and Imaged in he finally :n having minating be well lualimich e wheat- f George lien how the new party in as inter- i Califor- F at once d floated to where it, drove )osite St old Ma- in 1834, the west J valley, nt road, ' Lassen arrived larkable and Dem., 'owns, MS., with Iiub> ), describes 4 yokes of ed in April I The rush to the mines had the same temporary effect upon the improvement of the country north of the Columbia that I have noticed in my account of the gold excitement in the Willamette Valley. Farm- ing, building, and all other industries were suspended, while for about two years the working population of the country were absent in search of gold. This inter- ruption to the steady and healthy growth which had begun has been much lamented by some writers,** with what justice I am unable to perceive; because although the country stood still in respect to agricul- ture and the ordinary pursuits of a new and small population, this loss was more than made up by the commercial prosperity which the rapid settlement of the Pacific coast bestowed upon the whole of the Ore- gon territory, and especially upon Puget Sound, which without the excitement of the gold discovery must have been twenty years in gaining the millinjj and other improvements it noM' gained in three. In the mean time, and before these results became apparent, the settlements on the Sound were threat- ened with a more serious check by the Snoqualimichs, who about the first of May attacked Fort Nisqually with the intention of taking it, and if they had suc- ceeded in this, Patkanim's plans for the extermination of the white people would have been carried out. In tliis affiiir Leander C. Wallace was killed, and two other Americans, Walker and Lewis, wounded, the latter surviving but u sliov^; time. For this crime Quallawort, a brother of Patkaiiim, and Kassass, another Snoqualimich chief, suffered death by hang- ing, as related in a previous volume.^^ This was a somewhat different termination from that anticipated. Putkanim, even after the Snoqualimichs were re- '" Evans says, in his Hist. Mem. 10, that *tlie exodus in searclj of gohl waa a grievous c'- and that years of sober advancement and industry were ro- (jiiirrd to roLt, Iterate from its consequences.' 1 iiavo nieutioued iu my hiatory of tjrej^on tliat other writers take the same \'iew. "yyist. On, ii. 07-8, 80. 14 THE FIRST SETTLEMENTS. pulsed, sent word to the American settlers that they would bo permitted to quit the country by leavinjj their property. To this they answered that they had come to stay, and immediat ly erected block- houses at Tumwater and Skookum Chuck. This decided movement, with the friendship of the Indians on the upper part of the Sound, and the prompt measures of Governor Lane, who arrived March 2d at Oregon City, followed by the establishment of Fort Steilacoom about the middle of July, crushed an incipient Indian war.^^ The outbreak did not seriously interrupt the dawn- ing fortunes of the settlers, who Avere scrupulout^ly careful to prevent any difficulties with the natives by a custom of uniform prices for labor and goods, and perfect equity in dealing with thcm.^'* '.?,iK i| Owing to the California exodus, the year 1849 was remarkable only for its dearth of immigration. '' Writers on tliis attack on Nisqimlly have laiil too little stress* on Pat- kanim's ilcsifjus. 'J'akeii in conncetiou with tiio iirocecdings of tiic! previous Biunnier at Wiiidbey I.slaiul, tlic intention soems clear; tlie (jiiarrel vitli tlie Nisquallies was but a pretence to account for tiie appearance at the fort of the iSnoqualimiulis in tlieir war-paint. Tlie killing' of tlio Anieric;,ns was but an iuciilent, as they could not have known that they hIiouKI meet a party of the settlers there. The plan wns to eajiture the fort and tlie supply of annnunition, after which it would have been ((uito csy to make an end of the settlements, already dcpriveil Ijy the exodus to California of a lai;;e sharo of their ligiiting material. Tlic Jl. 15. Co., confident of their iullucuei! witii the Indians, cither did not suspect or did not like to admit that the Snoipia- limichs intended mischief to them, though Tolniie confesses that whiMi lio went outside tlic fort to bring in Wallace'.s body ho was aimed at; but tho person was prevented tiring by a Sinalionusli Indian i)resent, wlio repn^cd liim, saying, 'Jlarm enough done for one ihiy.' Tolniii'.f Piir/it Somn/, MS. 35. All accounts agree tliat I'atkanini was insid.. tho fort wlien tho liring by tho Snoipialiinichs was commenced, and that it began wjien a gnu was discharged inside the fort to clean it. Miiy not this have been the; precjcai- eerted signal? But tho closing of the gates with tho chief inside, and tho liring from tho bastion, disconcerted tlic cons]iirators, who retreated to ct)\ er. ''^J'lvans meat ions in his II iM. Mem., I '2, that l'atter8<)Ti,an iinmigiantof i.S47, who afterward left tho country, beciinie ind(^bted to an In ■{. '^'), 1S70. t'l-osliy was speaker of tho house of representatives bi I8ii), .Dnn:rtjVo ff-iiid-hook; 1804, 3.")3. 'I :vi J.; hroj- ••^iiiith wa Iiorn in tliu state of New York, and studied for tho prcsi)_, ^Pi \i 11'" i:,U'y J hut migrating to Wisconsin, became there attaclied to a haU'-ca.stu yiv], a catholic. To marry under these circumstanees \Miul(l he a violation of rule, and iic made another to remove to Oregon. l>iit liis he.ilth wa.s alleoted, and he suH'ered with epilepsy. Ho was elected to tho Ore^ou legislature in 1848, hut did not livo to take his scat, being (liDwned in tho latter part of August while going from his claim to Tiimwater, altiuked, it was supposed, by convulsions, whicli overturned his canoe. Ho built tho lirst cabin in what is now tho city of Olympia, on Main Street, half- May between Se(M)nd and Third .streets, a cabin Hi feet H(|uare, of split cedar, with 'I stone filc-plaee, a stick chimney, uiiil roofed witli foiir-ftnt shingles lieji - witii weight-iioles. 'I'ho cabin had one door, and three jiani s of glass fnf . ' di.wj a I'oiigh pnneheon floor, and a rough jiartition dividing oil' a bei! o ' ad closet. The furniture consisted of a bcilstead, made iiy boring 1' 16 THE FIRST SETTLEMENTS. be the sole property of Sylvester, and ^vaa now called Olympia, at the suggestion of I. N. Ebey .^ Sylvester's claim on the prairie was abandoned when he took pos- session of the claim on the Sound,^'^ and was taken by Captain Dunham of the Orbit, who was killed by being thrown from his horse'' July 4, 1851, the government reserving the land for his heirs, who long after took possession. In order to give his town a start, Sylvester offered to give Simmons two lots for business purposes, which were accepted; and a house of rough boards, two stories high — its ground dimensions twenty feet front by forty in depth — was erected at the corner of First and Mivu -ets, and the cargo of the Orbit displayed for sai. jmith acting as clerk. The firm holes in the ui:> 'ight plankine and inserting sticks to support the bed, two tables, some benches, and stools of domestic mimufacture. The furniture of the table was tin, and scanty at tliat, Tw o acres of land were e iclosed, in which com, beans, pumpkins, squashes, potatoes, pease, turnips, cabbages, melons, cucumbers, beets, parsnips, carrots, onions, tomatoes, .'adishes, lettuce, parsley, sweet fennel, peppergrass, summer-savory, and sunl.owers were culti- vated. The live-stock belonging to this establishment comprib->d 5 hogs, 3 pigs, 7 hens, a cock, a cat and dog, a yoke of oxen, and a pair of horses. These de- tails arc taken from a humorous document supposed to have been written by Smith himself, still in the possession of a gentleman of Olympia. As a picture of pioneer life, it is not without value. A diary kept by >Smith has also been preserved, in which appear many hints of his sad and solitary mus- ings upon his life in the wilderness and his disappointed hopes. Evans' Hist. Noti», 4. '" Evans' Jlistorical Notes, a collection of authorities c- the early settle- ments, with remarks by Evans, gives Ebey as the author. Sylvester says, speaking of Ebey, 'We got the name from the Olympic range;' from which I have no doubt Evans is correct. The town was surveyed by William L. Frazer in 1850; and afterward by H. A. Goldsborough, who, it will be remem- bered, remained in tl, e territory when the U. S. steamer Mansachusetls sailed awaj' in the spring of 1850. Jlist. Or., ii., chap, ix., this series. "'Sylvestir, in his Olympia, MS., does not mention L. L. Smith, but speaks only of hir.iself, and gives the impression that he alone settled at Olympia in IS'l'^, This evasion of a fact puzzled me until I came upon the explanation in Evans' Hist, Notes, 2, where he mentions Sylvester's reticence in the matter of Smith, and tells us that it arose from an apprehension that Smith's heirs might some time lav claim to the town site and disturb the title. This fear Evans declares to be groundless, and that Sylvester 'lawfully survived to the sole ownership of Smith's claim,' by the partnership clause of the Oregon land law. "Swan, in Olympia Club, MS., 6. ** Tl)c Orbit, being of little or no use to her owners, Simmons having so'u his mills, was taken to the Columbia by Captain Butler for her owncro in the summer of 1851. She sot into the breakers on the bar and was aban- doned. Tlio tide returning floated lier into Baker Bay in safety. Some per- sons who beheld her drifting took her to Astoria and claimed salvage; but COMMERCIAL BEGINNINGS. w ow called ylvester's took pos- taken by . by being vernment ifter took er ojftered purposes, h. boards, ^eiity feet corner of the Orbit The firm the bed, two irniture of the )8ecl, in which >agfs, melons, jhes, lettuce, ira were culti- 5 hogs, 3 pigs, 3. These ue- been written mpia. As a iSinith has solitary mus- Evans' Hist. early settle- Ivcster says, from which I William L. 11 be remem- husetta sailed Smith, but le settled at Tie upon the 's reticence hension that disturb the ;er 'lawfully ip clause of having bo*u owncra in d T^asaban- Some per- ftlvage; but had a profitable trade, as we may well believe when cooking stoves without furniture sold for eighty dol- lars,*" American commerce was thus begun with a population of not more than one hundred citizens of the United States in the region immediately about Puget Sound.*^ Three of the crew of the British sliip Albion settled in the region of Steilacoom; namely, William Bolton, Frederick Rabjohn, and William Elders. If it is true, as I have shown in a previous volume,^" that the Americans, as soon as they were armed with the power by congress, exhibited a most unfriendly cxclusiveness toward the British com- j^any which had fostered them in its way, it is easy to perceive that they vere actuated partly by a feel- ing of revenge, .and a desire for retaliation for having been compelled to show the rents in their breeches as a reason for requiring a new pair," and to account for tiie rents besides, to prove that the Indian trade had not been interfered with. Now these irrepressible Aniericans were bringing their own goods by the slii[)-l()ad, and peddling them about the Sound in canoes under tlio noses of the company. It was cer- tainly an unequal contest when legal impediment was removed. Simmons l)rouglit her back to the Sound, where she was fmally sold at mar- shal's sale, and purchaaod l)y a company consistin;,' of John M. Swan, H. A. (lolilshorougli, and otluTS, wlio loaded her with piles and undertook to navi- gate her to the S. I. They met with a gale in Fuca Straits and had their rigging Mown to pieee'^, hut managed to get into Esquimault harbor, where they sold the vessel to the II. 15. Co. for $1,000. The company relitted her, changed lier name to tlie DUcovenj, and used her on the northern coast until ISi'jS, when she was employed as a police vessel on Frasei Ilivcr in collecting lieeii.ses. Afterward she was reaoUl to Leonard, of the firm of Leonard k 3 The P/rinde.^, and tlie next vessel in tlio sound the Robert JJowcn, Growth of Towns, MS., 14, *'^ I list. Or., ii., l04-(i, this scries. *'>Sijli-ent(rii O/j/mjiin, MS., 12. III8I. Wash.— 2 18 THE FIRST SETTLEMENTS. In the Orbit came John M. Swan,** who in 1850 settled on a claim immediately east of Olympia, which became Swantown. Another passenger was Henry Murray, who took a claim east of Steilacoom. In July Lafayette Balch, owner of the brig George Emory, arrived at Olympia with a cargo of goods, which he unloaded at that place; but finding he could not get such terms as he desired from the owner of the town lots, he put his vessel about and went down the Sound, establishing the town of Port Steilacoom, putting up a large business house, the frame of which he brought from San Francisco, and to which he removed the goods left at Olympia to be sold by Henry C. Wilson,*' who appears to have arrived with Balch, and wlio settled on the west shore of Port Townsend on the 15th of August. On the 15th of October I. N. Ebey took up the claim from which Glasgow had been ejected by the Indians on the west side of Whidbey Island, about a mile south of Penn Cove. R. H. Lansdale about the same time took a claim at the head of Penn Cove, where the town of Covcland was ultimately laid out. In November the George Emory, which had made a voyage to San Francisco, brought up as passengers half a dozen men who in- tended getting out a cargo of piles for that market, and who landed five miles north of Steilacoom. One of their number, William B. Wilton, selecting a claim, built a cabin, and the adventurers went to work with a will to make their fortunes. Their only neighbor **I do not know Swan's antecedents, except that he was in the mines in April 1849, and that after working there for three months he became ill, and determined to go north as soon as ho could get away, for his health. Find- ing the Orbit about to sail, he took passage in her. His idea was to go to V. I., but when ho arrived at Mctoria he found the terms of colonization there repulsive to him, and went on witii the vessel to the head of I'ugct Sound, where ho remained. Swans Colonization, MS., 2. *'" Wank. Skelchi's, MS., 38-9; Sylvester' h Oh/mpia, MS., 19-20; Swan'n Colonization, MS., 4-5. Wilson marrie>, MS., a collection of statements taken down by my sliortduind reporter, says that into his cabin, 15 by ,'H) feet, \\ero crowded for a time the families of Pettygrove, Hastings, and dinger. Houses were erected as soon as they conveiuently could be on the claims taken by these settlers, and could not have been ready much before spring. '"IJiiggs, in his I'ort Toioimcml, MS., contaiuinga history oi the inunigra- tion of 1847, early Oregon matters, and an account of tlio settlement of I'ort Townsend, says that Hustings was in his company crossing the plains. Ihiggs settled on the Suntiam, where Hastings i)aid him a visit, jtersuading him to go to Puget Sound. Has tings and Pettygrove thcu weut over to look fur a location, and Gxud upou Port Towusuud. 20 THE FIRST SETTLEMENTS. t previous to 1850, and being married, were entitled to take a whole section, but their land, being less favor- ably situated for a town site, was worth less to the company; hence the terms of the agreement. The new town was named after the bay upon which it was situated, Port Townsend, and the owners con- stituteil a firm for the prosecution of trade.*" As timber was the chief marketable product of the country, and as Hastings and Pettygrove were owners of three yokes of oxen, the company at once set to work cutting piles and squaring timbers; at which labor they continued for about two years, loading sev- eral vessels,'''* and carrying on a general merchandise business besides." In May 1852 Albert Briggs settled a mile and a half south from Port Townsend,'^* and in September came Thomas M. Hammond, who took a narrow strip of land west of the claims of Hastings and Wilson, and whicli, coming down to the bay, adjoined Briggs on the north.^^ The names of all the donation-land "In the agreement between the partners, says Briggs, $/{,000 was to be put into a joint stock to carry on merchandising and a lishery, neither part- ner to draw out more than tlie net income according to their share; but at the end of three years the original stock might be drawn from the concern. A condition was imposed, on account of liabits of intemperance on tlie jjart of Bachehler and Pettygrove, that if any member of tlie firm should Ite declared incompetent by a vote of tlie others to attend to business on account of drink, ho should forfeit his interest and quit tlie company. Bachelder lost his share by this agreement, receiving a few hundred dollars for his land from Petty- grove. He died at I'ort Lutllow not long after. Id., '2-1-5. '■"The brig ir<7/(nf/.s/cy several times, brig t/nmp.'« Marshall once, ship Tal- jwrr once, and bark Mart/ Adams once, riumnier, in W'a.'^li. Sketrhfs, MS,., 40. ^' The first house erected in Port Townsend after I'lummer's was by R. M. Caiucs, for a hotel on Water Street, later occupied as tlie Ai-i/iix newspaper olHco. Then followed residences by Wilson, J. G. dinger, wlio had tuken a laud claim a mile and a half south of the town, Benjamin Ross, who witli his brother R. W. Ross had located land fronting on the Fiica sea at the head of the strait, William Webster, John Price, and E. S. Fowler, who had a stock of merchandise. Plummcr, in IVash. Skrtc/nH, MS., 40-1. Mrs Clinger was the mother of the first white child born in Port Townsend. ^' Briggs was born in Vt. Ho arrived in Or. in 1847 witli the immigration, in company with Lot Whitcomb, and worked at his trade of carpenter for a year or more, settling at last on the Santiam, where he remained until 18./2, when he went to the Sound on the solicitation of his friend Hastings. Ho brought his family, and built, according to his own statement, the first frame liouso and brick cldmncy at or near Port Townsend, and brought the first liorses and cattle to tlio place. Port 7'owiixeiid, MS., 1, 35. *^ Hammond was a native of Ireland, born about 1820, arrived in the U. ^J. in 182!), and came to Cal. iu 1841) with the gold-seekers. J. B. Buidelman LOW AND TERRY. 21 claimants about Port Townscnd are here mentioned ill niv account of its settlements. In the latter part of Aup^ust 1851, in the van of the immigration, arrived at Portland John N. Low and C. C. Terry. In September they took their cattle and whatever live-stock thoy possessed down the Columbia, and by the Hudson's Bay Company's trail to the valley of the Chehalis, where they were left, while Low ^* and Terry proceeded to the Sound to explore for a town site, fixing at last upon Alki Point, on the west side of Elhott Bay, where a claim was taken about the 25th, and a house partially con- structed of logs. Tliey found that others were pre- ])aring to settle in the vicinity, and were encouraged. John C. Holgate, a young man and an immigrant of 1847, who had served in the Cayuse war, had visited the east side of Elliott Bay in 1850, selecting a claim for himself '"^ Previous to the arrival of Low and Terry at Alki Point, Luther M. Collins took a claim hi the valley of the Dwamish or White River,''*' and before they & Co. of San Francisco wished liim to start a fishery and cut piles for that market. He took passage on the bark Powhatan, Captain Melleii, for I'ugot Sound, but ))y the timj he was ready to begin business the linn had failed, and Ifannnond cast in his lot with tlie settlers of Port Townsend. H'luih. iilelrhcn, MS., 9a-7. ''Mohn X. Low was bom in Ohio in 1820. He removed to 111., where he married, in 1848, L/dia Colburn, born in I'enn. Low brought to Or. a hord of choice stock for dairy purposes, which were the lirst selected Aiiieri- ean cattle taken to the Sound country, and seems to have had a more detinite purpose in emigrating than many who camo to the Pacific coast at that period. J/or.sc'.s Wnnh. Ter., MS., i. 118-19. Charles Carroll Terry was a native of New York state. ^ ' I follow the account of Mrs Abby J. Hanford, who, in a manuscript giving an account of the Settlement of Seattle and the Indian War, makes this Iiositive statement concerning Holgate's visit. Mrs Hanford was a sister of lolgate, whose family came to Or. in 18r)3, and to Wash, in lSo4. Mis Kli/alietli Holgate, mother of Mrs Hanford, was born ut Middlcton, Ct, in 17!Hi; was married at Pittsbnrg, Pa, in 1818, to A. L. Holgate, who diid in lSt7, and accompanied her children to Ctr. She died in Jan.. 1S80, at the house of her daughter, whose husband's land adjoined that of J, C. Holgate. Senlile Jiilelliijena'r, .Ian. '24, 1880. ^"'riu! river .system of this region is peculiar; for example. White River and ('e(hir River l)oth rise in the Ciiscado Mountains and have a nortli-uest couvse. Cedar ilows into Lake Washington, from which \>y the same mouth but IX dili'erent channel it runs out again in a south-west course, called liluck River, 22 THE FIRST SETTLEMENTS. returned to Portland, Collins, Henry Van Assalt, and Jacob and Samuel Maple arrived and settled upon the Dwamish, where they had previously taken claims.®^ Leaving their house half built, the settlers at Alki Point returned to Portland, where Low had left his wife and four children. Here they found Arthur A. Denny, also from Illinois, although born in Indiana, with a wife and two children ; William N. Bell, a na- tive of Illinois, with a wife and two children; and C. D. Borem, with a wife and child; besides David T. Denny, unmarried — who were willing to accept their statement that they had discovered the choicest spot for a great city to be found in the north-west. On the 5th of November this company took pas- sage on the schooner Exact, Captain Folger, which had been chartered to carry a party of gold-hunters to Queen Charlotte Island, and Low's party with a few others to Puget Sound. The Alki Point settlers ar- rived at their destination on the 13th, and were dis- embarked at low tide, spending the dull November afternoon in carrying their goods by hand out of the reach of high water, assisted by the women and chil- dren. "And then," says Bell, artlessly, in an auto- graph letter, "the women sat down and cried."'^ Poor women 1 Is it any wonder? Think of it: the long jour- into White River, joining the two by a link little more than two miles long. Below this juuctiou White River is called Dwamish, with no better reason than that the Indians gave that name to a section of the stream where they resided. There is a link by creeks and marshes between White River and the Puyallup, and the whole eastern shore of the Sound is a network of rivers, lakes, creeks, and swales, the soil of the bottom-lands being very rich, but overgrown with trees of the water-loviug species. Prairie openings occur at intervals, on wliich tlie settlements were made. ^' I am thus particular in tlie matter of priority, because there is a slight but perceptible jealousy evident in my authorities as to the claim to prece- dence in settlement. From the weiglit of testimony, I think it may be fairly said that the Dwamish Valley was settled before Alki Point. Jacob Maplo was born on the Monongehela River, Green county, Pennsylvania, 1798. Hia father removed to Jefl'erson county, Ohio, in 1800, and died in 1812. The family subsequently lived in soutiiem Iowa, from which they emigrated to Oregon by the way of California, aiTiving in 1851. Morse's Wash. Tcr., MS., ii. 8. Another settler claiming priority is Martin Tafteson, who took a claim ou Oak Harbor in 1851. Morse'e Wanh. Ter., MS., xxi. 43-5. "' I have a valuable dictation by Mr Bell, entitled the Settlement of Seattle, MS., in which many historical facts are set forth in an interesting manner. POUXDING OF SEATTLE. fiS salt, and upon the claims.®^ ; at Alki left his rthur A. Indiana, ell, a na- ; and C. David T. ept their 3est spot b. ;ook pas- 3r, which l-hunters 'ith a few ttlers ar- ^vere dis- ovember it of the and chil- an auto- "^ Poor jng jour- miles long. otter reason where they River and k of rivers, ry rich, but Qgg occur at is a slight m to prece- ay be fairly acob Maple 1798. His 1812. The iiigrated to fer., MS., ook a claim tained ad married in iii;,'ratcd. lu ; the required marriage, but 10 a certilicate im to the hus- I general land- . the cast lialf, blluwiug Dec. hor two sons, usidered upon received any ! liad acquired cc, nor could , by the way, e- yond a chrysalid condition; but after having achieved a steam saw-mill, a public house, and two or three stores, and after having changed its name to Alki, an Indian word signifying in the future, or by and by, which was both name and motto, it gave way to its more fortunate rival. It had a better landing than Seattle at that tiuie, but a harbor that was ex- })()sed to the winds, where vessels wore sometimes bhnvn ashore, and was otherwise inferior in [)osition."* Teiry, at the end of two years, removed to Seattle, Mliere he died in 1867.''^ Low went to California and the east, but finally returned to Puget Sound and settled in Seattle. In the spring of 1853 there arrived from the Wil- Lmiettc, where they had wintered, David Phillips"* tions, social parties, and religious services were held under its roof. Tl'o first scrnion preached in King co. was delivered there by Clark, and the first, suit at law, which was tlic case of the mate of the Franklin Adamn for selling the ship's stores on his own account, was held here before Justice Maynard, who dis- charged the accused with an admonition to keep his accounts more correctly tlnieaftcr. For all these memories the old building was regretted when in bS63 it was demolished to make room for more elegant structures. Ycslo-'e, iyii.n and tho Sound, which could l)o I'.ono for $1,000,000, in order to nuike the lak.) a naval station. It is '2't miles long, .S to 5 miles wide, an altitude above sea-level of 18 feet, sutKcient depth to float the heaviest ships, and is surrounded by timber, iron, and coal, which liutural advantages it is Lelieved will sooner or later make it of importance to the United States. Puyet Suttnd Dinoatch, July 8, 1870; Victor'a (Jr. and Waxh., 240. NEW DUNGENESS. 87 road from Walla Walla over the Cascade Mountains, there was much difficulty in loading vessels, the crew usiii"" a block and tackle to draw the timber to the landing.®* They cultivated enough land to insure a plentiful food sup])ly, and looked elsewhere for their profits, a ]iolicy wliich the inhabitants of the Puget Sound region continued to pursue for a longer period than wisdom would seem to dictate. Many were engaged in a ])(itty trade, which they preferred to agriculture, and especially the eastern-born men, who were nearly all traders. To tliis preference, more than to any other cause, should be attributed the insignificant improve- ments in the country for several years. About the time that Seattle was founded, B. I. Mad- ison settled at New Dungeness, near the mouth of the Dungeness River. He was a trader in Indian goods iuid «ontraband whiskey, and I fear had many imi- t;»to).s. His trade did not prevent him from taking a l.ind-claim. Socm afterward came D. V. Brown- tit Id, w lio located next to Madison. Durinjj the sum- ni( r, John Thornton, Joseph Leary, George B. Moore, .biliM Donnell, J. C. Brown, and E. H. McAlmond set- tle.! in the immediate vicinity of New Dungeness, and ciiL,'iiged in cutting timber to load vessels. They liud lour yokes of oxen, and were therefore equipped for the business. That season, also, George H. Ger- risli located himself near this point, and kept a trad- ing-post for the sale of Indian goods. in the following spring came the first family, Thomas Abernethey and wife. C M. Bradshaw^'and "Tlic firat vessel loaded at the head of Elliott Pa*' was the Lronrm, which ti)iik II cargo in the winter of 1851-'2, 1 have among mj liiatcji'icul corrispnnd- ciiiu II letter written by Eli II. Maplo coneeniiiiu; ilio (irst Hettknient of King I'liunty, wiio says that his brother Samuel lielned to I lad tliis vessel intiig iiiirliiir, whieh lio thinks was tlio first ono loaded on the Soiimi, in wiiiel. ho is mistaken, as I liavo siiown. I'his member of tho Mupl'.^ funiily did not an i\ (' until the autunia of 1!S5'2, when ho joined his fatiier uad bnthcr in tlio I'wiiuiisii Valley, '"('liarles iM. Hradshaw was lK)rn in Penn., eamo to Or. with tho iminigra- tiou (if ia't'l, and settled scin afterward near New Dungeness, on Si^uiui's ^)rairio, THE FIRST SETTLEMENTS. 1 • several other single men followed, namely, S. S. Ir- vine, Joseph Leighton, Eliot Cline, John Bell, and E. Price. Irvine and Leighton settled east of New Dungoness on Squini Bay. The second family in the vicinity was that of J. J. Barrow, who first settled on Port JJiscovery Bay in 1852, but removed after a year or two to Dungeness. Port Discovery had other settlers in 1852-3, namely, James Kayn»er, John E. Burns, John F. Tukey, Benjamin Gihhs, Richard Gibbs, James Tucker,'^ Mr Boswell, and Mr Gallagher. There was also one settler on Protection Island in 1853, James Whitcom, who, however, abandoned his claim after a few months of lonely occupation.'^ Chi- macum Valley had also one settler, li. S. liobinson, in 1853. There was no part of the country on the Sound tliat settled up so rapidly during the period of which I am speaking as Whidbey Island. This preference was wlierc he remained until 1SC7, when he removed to Port Townseiid. He BtutliiMl law, and was admitted to practice in 1SG4, after wliich \.u was bcvcral times elected to the legislature, and twice made attorney of the .'M judicial ditttrict, am well aa member of the conistitutional convention in 1878. il'aah. Sk-elrhcs, MS. , CD. "Tucker was murdered in 1803. It will appear in the course of this his- tory tliut murders were very fre(|Ucnt. Many of them were cummitted by the Indians from tiio northern coast, who came up the strait ii> tiicir canoes, and cruii^ing aliout, eitlun- attacked isolated settlements at niglit, or seized ami killed wliitc men travelling about the Sound in canoes. The drst vessel tliat came into tiio liarl)or of Isew Dungeness for a cargo was tiie Jv/ui Adaini, in tiie spi'ing of bSoU. Jewell, her master, started with hia steward t'> go to I'ort Towusend in a small boat, and never waa seen again. Tlie Indians aesides its open lands, many charms of scenery and excellences of climate, together with favorable position; and hither came so many of the first agri- (ultuialists that it was the custom to speak of tlie island as the garden of Puget Sound. Its first pcr- niaiieiit settlers were, as I have mentioned, Isaac N. Ehev and R. II. Lansdale.'^ Lansdale first fixed his choice upon Oak Harbor, but removed to Penn Cove in the spring of 1852. The legislature of 1852-3 organized Island county, and fixed the county seat at Coveland, on Lansdale's eliiiiii. He continued to reside there, practising med- ii iiie, until he was made Indian agent, in ])ecend)er 18J4, when his duties took him east of the Cascade ■' I. X. Klicy was from Mo., and camo to Or. in 1S48 just in time to join tlin lirst ;!ol(l-liuntcra in (.'al., wliero lio was niotlccatcly Hiicoi'sstiil. His « ifc, ],\li( I Lii Whitby, iii'c Davis, came to join her liusliand, lainj^'iiij; witii h« i i heir tw'i ^iiiis, Kason and Kllison, in IM.">I, in eonipany with the CroeUttt liiiiiily. .Ml.^ ]■;'• ,,', a beautiful and relined lady, waH the lirst \vliit«! wuinan on \\ hid- li y Is'.ind. A daughter Wiirt born to her there. She died iiie, hnrii ill \'a, his brother ^Vinlield Seott Kliey, two Bisters, Mrs Mary Wright aiid IJuth iOliey, two cliildrcn o^ Mrs \Vri;L,dit, whose husband was in ('id., iiiid (ieorge \V. l>eam, v ho aiterwani married the diiiittiiter. Inter Mrs .Mniira N. l!nos of S, l>\ Mrs Knos has jdaeed in my haiid-i a series of journal.- kept liy iiiriiibera of her family, eoveriiig a periiKl between April Is.'i 1 and .Vpril i^^iil, ill which year Winlield tlicd of eoiisumption. .laeoli Kliey, \\hodieil in Keli. Isfi'.', was born in IVnii. Out. 'J'J. ITH.'t. lie s.'r\ed in thi' war of I.M2, under t leii. Harrison, lie emigrated to 111. in ls;{'J, iiiid in the I'.laek Hawk wiir eoiiiiiiiiiided a eeinpany in the same battalion with ( 'aptiiiii Abraliiim l.iii- iiilii. Siilise(|uently he removed to .\dair eounty, .Missouri, \\ heme the lam- ily liiiiie to Washington. 'I'he dentil of his wife, «hieh oeeuried in |s..!l, was li.isteiiiil l>y the shocking fate of her son, Isaac N'.. who was iiiurth red nt his nun home by the liaidah Indians, in one of tlieir mysterious iiieursions, in the simiiner of |.S."i7, eoneerning which I hIiiiII have more to sjiy in another j'liiie. (ieorge W. Beam died in lS(i(J. TiiiH series of deaths niakua the ill tory of this pioneer family an reinurkablu as it is muluncholy. ao THE FIRST SETTLEMENTS. Mountains, where he remained for some years.'* The other settlers of 1851 were Uric Friend, Martin Taft- son, WilHam Wallace and family, James Mounts, Milton Mounts, Robert S. Bailey, Patrick Doyle, and G. W. Sumner. In 1852 came Walter Crock- ett,'* with his son John and family, and five other children, Samuel, Hugh, Charles, Susan, and Wal- ter, Jr, Judah Church, John Chondra, Beujannn Welchur, Lewis Welcher, Joseph S. Smith and fam- ily, S. D. Howe, G. W. L. Allen, Richard B. Hol- brook, born and bred near Plymouth Rock, George Bell, Thomas S. Davis, John Davis, John Alexander and family, Mr Bonswell and family, N. D. Hill,'* Humphrey Hill, W. B. Engle, Samuel Maylor, Thomas Maylor, Samuel Libbey, Captain Eli Hatha- way, and Mr Baltic. In the spring of 1853 the brig ./. C. Cahot, Dryden master, brought to the island from Portland John Kellogg, James Busby, Thomas Hastie, Henry Ivens, John Dickenson, all of whom had families, jNTrs Re- becca ^laddox and five children,''' Mrs Grove Teny and daughter Chloe, R. L. Doyle, who married Miss Terry, Nelson Basil, and A. Woodard, who subse- quently went to 01ym[)ia. Others who settled on Whidbev Island in 1853 were Edward Barrington,'^ Robert C. Hill, Charles H. Miller, Nelson Miller, Captain Tliomas Coupe, who founded Coupevillo, John Kemieth, Isaac Powers, Captain William Rob- '•Ricli.^nl Hyatt Ivinsdale was born in ^Id in 1812, but bred in Ohio, and removed to Ind., then to 111., and liiiuUy to Mo. in IS4U. In 1840 lie canio to Or. via Cal., entering the Columbia in Oct. He was lirat auditor of Clarke CO.. and first {Ktstinaster north oi the Coluiuhia. He |uirchaiicd hall' uf Short's town site at Vancouver, \\ hicli he lost and alumdoned. "Walter Crockett, Sen., Oied Nov. '2r>, 18(W, aged 8.J years. Seatlli- InUl- liijnicir. Dee. 0, 18(i!). '" Nathaniel D. Hill was Itorn in I'a in 1824, and came to Cal. in 18,50; was employed in the S. F. cMstom-liouse; went to the mines i.nd on a farm in So- noma N'allev, but linally embarked with his brothers for I'uget Sound, and Bcttled on VVhi.lbcy Island. Wash. SLrlr/ifs, MS., 70-81. " Mrs Maddox maiTied L. M. Ford of Skagit River in November 18ijr>. Jd.,4\. '^Edward Barrington died in Jan. 1883. Port Towniiend Argiu. Jou. 20, 18S3. Cuuxie died iu 1877. BELLINGHAM BAY. m ertson,"^ Charles Seybert, Thomas Lyle, all of whom had families, Henry McClurg, Captain B. P. Barstow, Edward Grut, Lawrence Grenman, Marshall Camp- hell, Jacob S. Hindbaugh, George W. Ebey, and Charles Thompson. When I have added the names of Samuel Hancock, John Y. Sewell, Thomas Cramey, John M. Izcth, ])ana H. Porter,'*' Winfield S. Ebey, and George \V. Beam, who settled the following year, I have enu- merated most of the men who at any time have lon-^ resided upon Whidbey Island, so quickly were its lands taken up, and so constant have been its first settlers. Smttif Intel- Settlement \vas extended in 1852 to Bellingham Bay. William Pattle, while looking for spar timber among the islands of the Fuca sea, landed in this bay, and while encamped upon the beach observed frag- iiunts of coal, which led to the discovery of a deposit. I'aitlo posted the usual notice of a claim, and went away to make arrangements for opening his coal mine. JJuring his absence Henry Iloder,^^ who was looking '"Ilnbertson was born in Norfolk, Va in 1809. At the age of 27 he began seft-,i.'ning, aiul first came to S. F. in command of the baik Crrole. Ik was •I'trrvwiid in connnancl of the brig Tarqnhm, which he owned, and wiiicli lpiimL.'lit him to I'uwjt Sound in 18J'2. Taking n claim on Whidbey Ishind, lie ciiutimu'd to trade to S. F. until 18."m, when ho sent his vessel to tlio S. I. ill ili;iii;c of his first oflicer, who sold her and pocketeil the proceeds. Koli- citsou lost .^.'10,000 by this transaction, but had a competency remaining. Ho v;i.s first keeper of tho light erected in 18G0 on Admiralty Head, on the west cuu-it < if the island. /(/., HO-l. "' I'urtcr was inspector uf apara at Port Ludlow some years later. Ho died in M.nicii 1S80. '■' Hoilcr was a n.-^Mve of Oiiio, and camo to Cal. in 18.")0. His partner, R. V. IVabody, and himself had tlie usual adventures in the mines, nannwly esciipiug nrpoBe by tlie iiigii prirc of lumber conse()uent upon tiio great fire in S. F. , and determined to I'uiM a s'iW-iuill. Visiting I'uget Sound with this object in view, they wero Inl by information ol)taineil at I'ort Townsend to erect tlieir mill at Helling- iiain iJay, on a stream which dried iip as soon as tlie winter rains were o\ er. a iiii--li,^e, and Wil- liam Utter, Henry Hewitt and William Brown. Koder, Pctibody, and a millwright named Brown, whom they found at Olynjpia, formed the Whatcom Mining Company, taking the Indian name of the place where their mill was situated as a designation. Hewitt and William Brown, who were engaged in getting out logs ftjr the mill, in the sunnner of 1853, discovered coal on the land adjoining Battle's claim, and sold their discovery for $18,000, Roder and Pea- body having just abandoned this claim for one more heavilv timbered.*"' About the same time came L. N. Colhns, Alexander McLean, Mr Roberts, and Mr Lyle, with their families, which completes the catalogue of American settlers in this region in 1853. In the autumn of 1852, on account of devastating fires in California, and the great immigration of that year to Oregon, a milling fever possessed men of a speculative turn, and led to the erection of several saw-mills besides those at Seattle and Belli ngham Bay. In March 1853 the Port Ludlow mill was erected by W. T. Say ward ^ on a claim taken up by J. K. Thorndike the previous year. It was followed the same season by the Port Gamble mill at the Elilridjic, nnd Peabody still reside at Whatcom on Bcllinghain Bay. Roder iimrriLMl Elizjibetli Austin of Ohio. *^Eldriilgo was a sca-faiiny man, and shipped at N. Y. for S. F., where he arrivc S78. initieularly. Icxico, iirriving iiico ill 1849-51 iiaeript hy him- ever, relates to lAmos I'hinney Imyia, MS., 21, entrance to Hood Canal, erected by the Puget Mill Company, the site being selected by A. J. Talbot. Almost simultaneously Port Madisonand Port Blakely were taken up for mill sites, and somewhat earlier C. C. Terry and William H. Benton erected a mill at Alki, which was removed two or three years later to Port Orchard.'' From 1847 to 1853 there had been a steady if slow march of improvement in that portion of the terri- tory adjacent to the Columbia and Cowlitz rivers and the Pacific ocean. A few families had settled on Lewis liivcr, among whom was Columbia Lancaster, whom Governor Abcrnethy had appointed supreme judge of Oregon in 1847, vice Thornton, resigned, but wlio removed from Oregon City to the north side of the Columbia in 1849. In the extreme south-west corner of what is now Pacific county were settled in 1848 John Edjnunds, an American, James Scar- htn'ouuh, an Englishman, John E. Pinknell, and a Cap- tain Johnson; nor does it appear that there were any otlur residents before the returning gold-miners — l)eiiig detained now and then at Baker Bay, or com- ing l)y mistake into Shoalwater Bay — discovered the advantages which these places offered for business. Wilham JVtcCarty had a fishery and a good zinc hoUvse at Chinook in 1852; and Washington Hall was post- master at that place in the same year, and it is ])robable they settled there somewhat earlier. In ] 850, the fame of these places having begun to spread, Elijah White, who had returned to the Pacific coast, es.saj'ed to build upon Baker Bay a town which ho named Pacific City, but which enjoyed an existence^* of only a year or two. •5 Ycslcr'n Wanh, Tfr., MS., 4-.'). Port Orchard waa nnmed after an ofTiccr of Vancouver'a ship Discover!/, May 24, 1792. Sec also L'llii-olt'x I'mjit Souml, M.S.. •_>4. ''"Lawson. in his Autnhioqrnphy, MS., .3.'), gives some account of tliis ptiterprise. Ho says that White was tlie originator of it. 'I do not know,' lie observes, 'whether ho made any money out of the selieme, but he did suc- ceed in niakins a number of dupes, among whom was Jumes D. Holmau.' llMX. WAHU.— 3 i 1 i i i! !■ ■1 :! - ii (1:. 1 ■ r 1 , \ 1 i I ti M 1 1 <.ii "' 'IP ill !«• ! i- 84 THE FIRST SErrLEMENTS. That great expectations did attach to Pacific City was made apparent by a petition signed by A. A. Skinner and 250 others to have it made a port of entry and delivery.*^ About the same time that Pacific City was at its best, Charles J. W. Russell, who was engaged in trade there, settled on Shoal water Bay, and turned his at- tention to taking oysters, with which the bay was found to be inhabited. In 1851 Russell introduced Shoalwater Bay oysters into the San Francisco mar- ket, carrying them down by the mail-steamer. In the autumn Captain Fioldstead took a load of oysters to San Francisco, which arrived in a damaged condi- tion. Anthony Ludlum then fitted out the schooner Sea Serpent for Shoalwater Bay, which succeeded in saving a cargo, and a company was formed to carry on a trade in oysters, composed of Alexander Hanson, George G. Bartlett, Garrett Tyron, Mark Winant, John Morgan, and Frank Garretson, who purchased the schooner Robert Bruce, after which the town of Bruceport was named,®- and entered into the business of supplying the California market. In the autumn of 1852, besides the above-named persons, there were at Shoalwater Bay Thomas Foster, Richard Hillyer, John W. Champ, Samuel Sweeny, Stephen Marshall, Holman had expended 828,000 in erecting and fumisliing a liotel. White represented that there might lie found at Pacific City a park tilled with deer, Bchool- houses, handsome residences, and other attractions. A newspaper was to be started there by a Mr Shephard; a Mr Hopkins was engaged to teach in the imaginary school-liouse, and others victinnzed in a similar manner. Holman, who was the most severe sutlerer, vacated the hotel and took a claim in the neighborhood, which the government subsequently reserved for military purposes. Twenty-nine yearfv afterward Holman received §"2r),00() for his claim, and had land enough left to lay out a sea-side resort, which \w. called Ilwaco. Sac. Tranm-ript, June 19, 1850; Or. Spedntor, Aug. 22, ISoO; IJ. S. SinlutPit lit Lan/p, x\. (i04. Holman was born in Ky in 1814, bred in Tcnn., and camo to Or. in 1846. Morsf's W'anh. Ter., MS., ii. 88-9. «'Oc. Statesman, April 4, IS.'iO; S. t\ Pacijk News, Aug. 1, 1850; S. F. Courier, Sept. 21 and Oct. 2, 1850. ^ I take this account from an article published in the (V. F. Bulletin, where it is said the schooner was burned while lying at her landing, and the oom- {)any forced to go ashore, whei'o they encamped on the south side of North kiy, and from being known an the Bruce company, gave that name to the place 08 it grew up. Lvaiw' Hid. Mim., 21; Pac. Ii. II. UvporUt, i. 405. SHOALWATER BAY. i*acific City by A. A. ! a port of f was at its Ted in trade rned his at- le bay was introduced ncisco mar- eamor. In d of oysters aged condi- lie schooner ucceeded in i to carry on ler Hanson, irk Winant, ) purchased he town of he business ho autumn tliere were rd Hillyer, Marshall, hotel. White JHUed with «lcer, A new spaptT Iwas engaged to Isiinilaruiaiiner. Ind totili a claim Ived for military l§-2.'),00() for his Ivliich ho called 12, ISoO; U. S. I bred in Tcnn. , 1 1, 1850; S. F. ^uUrtin, where and the L-om- j side of North It nunio to the i. 405. Charles W. Deuter, Richard J. Milward, A. E. St John, Walter Lynde, and James G. Swan.** A transient company of five men were at the same time enf^atycd in cutting a cargo of piles for San Fran- cisco, and during the autumn Joel L. Erown, Samuel Woodward, J. Henry Whitcomb, Charles Stuart, Joel and ;Maik Bullard, and Captain Jackson, of the immi- trration of that year, settled on the bay. Brown's party cut a wagon-road across the portage between Bakor and Shoalwater bays. Brown intended erect- iii<'- a tradiiig-liouse and laying out a town, but died before ho had fairly got to work,'^at his house on the Baliix Biver. Later in the same season Charles Stuart took a claim on the Willopah River; and J )avid K. Weldon and family from San Francisco — ]Mis Weldon being the first white woman in this set- tltiiient — built a residence and trading-house at the mouth of the Necomanche or North River, besides '■■' Autlior of The North-vxst Const, or Three Yearn' Residence in Waxh'nKjton Tirn!">\i. which, besides being an entertaining narrative, is a valuable au- tliiiiity oil Indian customs and ethnology. Swan was born in Mcdford, Mass., Jiiii. 1 1, I -"IS; a son of Samuel Swan, an East Indian trader, who was lost on .MiiiDi's liil'^'o, Cohasset, Mass., in IH'23, while (jn his homeward voyage from tlir west African coast with a cargo of palm-oil, ivory, ami gold-dust, in the b: i^' //d/"' suit of lioston. His maternal uncle, William Tufts, was supcr- cari,'') fur 'I'licodorc Lyman of Boston, in the ship O'ltntimnzin, in ISlXi, and wiis wrtckc'il on Seven Mile beach, New Je.-sey, on his return, Feb. 3, 1810. StDiics (if tlie Xootka, Ncali Biiy, and Chinook chiefs wei-c familiar to hiuj in liis ihildliood, and his interest in the aboriginal iniiabit'uits was greater than tli.it ot a casual observer, as his remarks are more happily descriptive or s' iintitii'. Ho left Doston in the winter of 1)>40, in the sliip A''7> lioi/, Thomas llult, arriving in S. F. in the spring of 18.10, where lie bought an interest in tlic steamboat Tehama, ruiming to Marysvdlc, acting as purser of the l)oat. He was concerned in other enterprises with F'arwell and Curtis, until becom- ing aiipiaintcd with 0. J. W. Russell, who invited him to nuike a visit to Slioahvatcr Ikiy, he determined to remain, and take a claim at the mouth of tlie (I'ucniuelin Creek, where he resided until IS'Hl, when he went cast and jmblislicd his book, returning in ISoO to Port Townseiid. In ISd'i lu^was iippiiiatcd teacher to the Makah Indians at Neali I5aj", and filled tliat position fi'i' four years, when he again went east and published a second book on tiio Makali Indians, with a treatise on their language, wiiich was issued as aullioritativo by the Smithsonian Institution in 18(10, as was also anotlicrjiapcr on tlic llaitlah Indians of Queen Charlotte Island. In 187") Swan was ap- pointcil commissioner to collect articles of Indian manufacture for tlic nat ional iiiiiscum, which were (ixhibited at the great exposition of 1870 in I'liiladelphia, besides having occupied many public places of more honor than i)rolit. Ho wj's later a practising lawyer of J'ort Townsend. These facts, with nnich more fur wliich I have not space, I find iii his autograph Sketche-t of \Vaiihimjto>\ Ti rriton/, MS., in my collection. •"A'lm/taJV. iV. Count, U. •30 THE FIRST SETTLEMENTS. which he erected, in company with Groorgc Watkins, the first saw-mill in this part of the territory in 1852-3. Woodward settled on the Willopah River, ten miles from its mouth, being the first to locate on that stream."^ Whitcom was the second,"^ fallowed by William Gushing, Gardiner Crocker, Soule, Christian, and Guisy. On the Boisfort prairie, previously settled by Pierre Chelle, a Canadian half-breed, C. F. White was the first American settler in 1852."" From 1851 to 1853 near Claquato settled H. N. Stearns, H. Buchanan, Albert Purcell, A. F. Tullis, L. A. Davis, Cyrus White, and Simeon Bush. In the winter of 1850-1 John Butler Chapman, from the south side of the Columbia, made a settle- ment on Gray Harbor, and laid out the town of Che- halis City. But the undertaking languished, getting no further than the erection of one house, when Chap- man, finding himself too remote from afl'airs in which he was interested, removed to the Sound, and with his son, John M. Chapman, took a claim adjoining Balch at Stcilacoom, and competed with him for the dis- tinction of founding a city at this point, his claim finally relapsing to the condition of a farm. In 1852 J. L. Scammon, from Maine by way of California, set- tled several miles up the Chehalis from Gray Harbor, where Montesano later was placed, with four others '^Morse's Wwih. Ter., MS., ii. 74; Swan'a N. W. Comt, G.'i. •M. H. Whitcom was bom in Vt in 1824, removed to Ohio at the age of 1.3 years, married in that state, and went to 111. in 1S45, whence he came to Or. in 1847, and to Shoalwater 13ay in ISo'J. Morse, who has expended much liilKjr in searching out pioneer families, says that in 1854 S. P. Soule, S. A. Soule, E. Soule, Charles Soule, Christian, and Geisy settled in the vicinity of Shoalwater Hay. Tiie Oeisy families, of which there were two. Mere mem- Ixjrs of the communistic association of i'cnnsylvania farmers, who had emi- grated to Wisconsin; but being dissatisfied, had sent this (Jcisy as agent to look out lands in Or. or Wash. Ho selected land on the Boisfort prairie, near Dul- lard, (.rocker, and Woodward, and soon after brouglit out 40 families. Tiie Geisy fuiniiics, however, having met with several losses by death from acci- dent and natural causes, and being imablo to gain control of Woodward's landing on tiie river, which they desired for their community purposes, be* oamo di8Courag<>d and k-ft the country. '^ North Pacyic Coant, Jan. 15, 1880. 3 Watkins, Brritory in 1 River, ten ite on that •llowed by , Christian, 1 by Pierre be was the 51 to 1853 Buchanan, rvis, Cyrus Chapman, xle a settlc- iwn of Che- led, getting when Chap- rs in wliich nd with his ning Balch or the dis- his claim In 1852 ifornia, set- ay Harbor, V)ur others WARBASSPORT AND CASCADE. tl who did not remain. In the two succeeding years the less;er Ciiehahs Valley was settled up rapidly, connecting with the settlements on the upper Che- luilis made at an earlier period by H. N. Stearns, H. ]Ju(lianaii, Albert Purcell, A. F. TuUis, and L. A. Davis; and the Cowlitz Valley, which was also being settled, but more slowly. Jonathan Burbee, who removed to the mouth of the Cowlitz in 1848, was drowned on fio Columbia bar in tlie winter of 1851-2, when a schooner which ho liad loaded with potatoes for California"* was lost; but Ills family remained. Next after him came, in 184i), II. 1). Huntington, Nathaniel Stone, Seth Catlin, Uiiviil Stone, James Redpath, James Porter, and R. C. Smith, the three first named having large families, now well-known in Oregon and Washington. Their claims extended from near the mouth of the Cowlitz on the west aide for a distance of two or three miles. The next settlement was at Cowlitz landing, made by E. D. Warbass,"" in July 1850, when Warbassport was founded by laying ofFa town and opening a trading- house. About the same time a settlement was made on the north side of the Columbia at the lower cas- Ladcs,by George Drew, who had a town surveyed called Cascade, where a trading-house was established by (jrcoige L. and George W. Johnson, F. A. Chenowetb and T. B. Pierce. Contemporaneously, at the upper (ascades, Daniel F. and Putnam Bradford, B. M. Bishop, Lawrence W. Coe, and others had settled, »♦ Swan says that Captain Johnson, John Dawson, and another man were ili'owiicd together while crossing the Cohiinliia in a boat; that before this, MoCaity was 1, and in 18o3 assisted Howard to explore for coal. He was po.st- iii.ijitor under postal agent Coc in hat year, and continued to reside on tiie Cowlitz until 18o5, when he voluntcircd as captain of a company to light the Indians. He became a post sutler afterward at Kellingham l$«y and San .lu.iii Island, where lie then resided, and was county auditor and nicinber of tlic iruislature from San Juan county. JJortit'j Wanh, Tti:, MS., ii. oA; AUn i ulij'orilia, Nov. 'J, ISo'J. I I i'\' THE FIRST SETTLEMENTS.. and the Bradfords had also estabhshed a place of trade.** These were the people, together with some who have yet to be mentioned, and others who may never be mentioned, wlio had spread themselves over the western portion of Washington previous to its organ- ization as a territory, concerning which I shall speak presently.''^ **Or. Spectator, Aug. 28, 1850; Coke's Ride, 319. •' I have gatlicrt'il ti\c following names of the pioneers of 1852 not men- tioned in the foregoing jxigcs: llev. Daniel Bagley, Kcv. D. R. McMillan, R. M. Hathaway, Smith Haya, Logan Hays, Gilmore Hays, Stephen Jiodgilon, Samuel Holmes, Joim Harvey, Richard B. Holbrook (married Airs Sylvester, vi'e Lowe, of Maine), .John Hogne, Levi L. dates, Charies (Jrahani, William H. Gillan and family, Daniel B. Fales, wife and chiMren, Felt, Cortland Ethcridge, W. B. Engle, Shirley Ensign, Joel Clayton, Josepii Cushnian, Levi Douthitt, Frank V. Dugau, Gideon Bromfield, (leorgo A. Barnes and wife, Anna, Thomas liriggs, J. C Brown, John IJuckley, James Allen, G. W. L. Allen, W. B. D. Newman, William Jarmin, Daniel Kaiser, A. W. Moore, John \V. McAllister, Caleb Miller, Thomas Monroe, Stephen P. McDonald, Joseph Mace, William Metcalfe, Samuel McCaw, F. McNatt, Abner Martin, Asa W. I'ierce, F. K. Perkins, James Riley, B. Ross and family, Daniel Stewart, Samuel D. Smith, David Shelton and wife, Christina, M. C. Sim- mons, James Taylor, Thomas Tallentire and family, Amos F. Tullis, J. K. Thorndyke, William Turnhull, J. S. Turner, John Vail, Charles Vail, D. K. Weldcn, H. R. W^oodward, G. K. Willard, Benjamin Welch :, Lewis Weluher, William C. Webster and family, t>amuel Woodward, John Walker, James R. W^atson, B. F. Yantis, Judah Clmr;;h, from Pontiac, Michigan, died in 1853, aged GO years. W^illiam Rutledge, who settled on Black River, near Lake Washington, was also uu iunnigrout ox 1852. He died June 1, 1872, aged 78 years. I! ! CHAPTER n. POUTICS AND DEVELOPMENT. 1845-1853. PT' .:?. ^^^F^^•^.s— Settlers versus the Pitoet Sound AcBicrtTtnuL Coh- PANV— liKl'ICKSENTATION ly HIE OREGON LEGISLATURE — MOVEMENTS Tow.Miu THE Foundation o» tue New Territory of Columbia — Memorial to Congress — If not a Territory, then a State — Queen ('iiAi:i.<>TTE Island Expedition — The Oregon Legislature Petition Ci>m;ukss for a Division of Territory — Congress Grants the Peti- T(iN — Bi T Instead of Columbia, the New Territory is Called Wash- ington—Officers Appointed— Roads Cjnstructed— Immigration. In t^c previous chapter I have made the reader ac- qinint' d with the earliest American residents of the ttTiiiory north of the Columbia, and the methods by w hiih they secured themselves homes and laid the fouiulations of fortunes by courage, hardihood, fore- sight, by making shinj^les, bricks, and cradling-ma- <•] lilies, by building mills, loading vessels with timber, laying out towns, establishing fisheries, exploring for coal, and mining for gold. But these were private enterprises concerning only individuals, or small groups of men at most, and I come now to consider them as a body politic, with relations to the government of Oregon and to the general government. The first public meeting recorded concerned claim- jumping, against which it was a protest, and was held in Lewis county, which then comprised all of the ter- ritory north of tl)e Columbia and west of the Cascade ]\Iountains not contained in Clarke county, and prob- ably at the house of John R. Jackson, June 11, 1847. The second was held at Tuin water November 5, 1848, (39) 4ft POLITICS AND DEVELOPMENT. * ! and was called to express the sentiments of the Amer- ican settlers concerning the threatened encroachments of the Pu<;et Sound A^xricultural Association. "This fall," says an old settler, "the company conceived the desij^n of making claim under the treaty for the immense tract called the Nisqually claim, lying south of the Nisqually River, and with that view drove a large herd of cattle across the river." The American residents, in a convention called to order by M. T. Simmons and presided over by William Pack wood, passed a series of resolutions, a copy of wliich was pre- sented to W. F. Tolmie, the agent in charge of Fort Nisqually, by I. N. Ebey who had just arrived in the country, and Rabbeson, with the declaration that the Anjericans demanded tlie withdrawal of the Hud- son's Bay Company's herds to the north side of the Nisqually within one week from the day the notice was received. The preamble set forth that the herds of the com- pany would soon consume all the vegetation of the country ranged by them, to the detriment of the set- tlers on the south or west side of the river; and that, as these cattle were wild, if suffered to mix with do- mesticated cattle they would greatly demoralize thcin. It was thereupon resolved that the Hudson's Bay Com[)any had placed obstacles in the way of the Americans who first designed settling on P«y is said hy Viil>ht«M(m to liavo v of tlui lon^ fi'iul hctwciM ocrtaiii ut hiu oountrynu'ii and thu llu(li«>ir« lliiy Com puny, uiul witlioiii know- in,' t he merita of tho caso on cither bide, wtw [)n'[Mui'd in uny event to be all ungly Auiuriciiu. 42 POLITICS AND DEVELOPMENT. following twelve years, their lands being covered with squatters, and the products of tlie Cowlitz farm taken away without leave or compensation,^ not by the men who composed this meeting, but by others who adopted these views of the company's rights. The land laid claim to by the agricultural company, in their memorial to the joint connuission provided for by the convention between the United States and Great Britain March 5, 1864, was "the tract of I ta. ,.: 'Gcorgo B. Roberta, in his RccLlIectionn, MS., 89, 91, 94, speaks very fecl- inj;ly of what he was coinnellcd to suirer from )84(i to 1871, ijy reason of his ni"nih('rshi|) and agency of the company at the Cowlitz farni. 'The fortunes of tlio company were n(,jn the fiiit el)li,' ho siiy.->, 'and rather than go north, or trlsewlirrc, I thought I had brttcr settle as a farmer on the Ncwankuin. I iiiadi) out very poorly as a Bctt'.er, and when Stevens' war broke out, 1 left my family and went for a short time as mail-guard, but was soon employed as a clerk to (lei.. Miller, (iiutrtermaster-general of volunteers. . .In tiie Fra.ser Kiver excitement ..f IS.kS, I went to Victoria and arranged with Tolmie, then agent of the 1*. S. A. A., to carry on tho Cowlitz farm on a small scale foi my own benefit; but I wiui to keep the buiUlings in repair and the farm at it:< then size until some action was had with the government. I took pos- session unopposed, and all went well until my hay was put up in cocks, when here came a lot of follows, armed with rifles, and carried itall off. One of these scpiatters was the justice; so my lawyer, Klwood Evans, reoonnnended chang- in;^ tlio venue. The jury diciilcd tiiat they knew nothing of treaties, and of course r iiad all tho expense to bear. Tim company said the crops were mine, and they would hav<.' nothing to do with it. Then foUowed the burning of ^ ]ar;;e barn, etc., poor KcndalTs letter and murder, then injunction anil diKSU- lutioh, thu loss of ]iapers by the judge when the time of trial came, so as not to pi'onounee, and so this matter went from lH,VJto 1871... The judge wjis a federal oppointee, and in theory independent, but liable to be uitseatcd at any tiii->t and returned to tho people whom ho had otl'cnd'td . . . 1 could not w itii any grace relin(iuish the property entrusted to my care, to say nothing of the Ncpiatters I'enderingmo t(H)poi;r to leave. Whether the comixmy from any sinister motives heljied these troubles 1 know not. I leave to your imagina- tion tlio state 1 was kept in, and my family; sometimes my windows at night ■were riddled with shot, my fenci^s set opeii, and in »lry weather set on lir«. It was an immense effort to unseat me, and cheat the government of these land.M, and all the chtnmr against the P, S. A. A. was for nothing elso... The I*. iS. A. A. one year paid I'ierce county ^7,tKK) in taxes, but it is likely the company was astuto enough to do so with tho view of the record showing till' value of their nropcrty at that time. In l.S70or 1871 Salucius (!arllcldo succeeded in getting d' .latiou claims for tho "hardy pioneers." Well, I aluiiys thought a ]iiimeer was a pcrsin who hewed out a farm, not one who violently took i)ossessioii of a beautiful property th.'it had been carefully, not to say Hi'ieiitilically, farmed for over thirty years.' This shows to what acts the sentiment adopted by the early settbii's toward the I'uget Sound Com- {Hiiiy iiitbiencod ruda mill iiiiHcriipulous or ignorant and prejudiced m"n; anil also the injustice inllicted upon in.lividuuls by the carrying-out of their views. For the previous biography of (J. 11. Roberts, sci; J/iKl. Or., i. I'lS-U, this series. He finally settled at Cathlani.'t, whern he kept u store, and held thu ollices of probate judge, treasurer, and deputy auditor of Wahkiakum county. He died ill tho spring of ]SH',i, and his wife, Uosu Biruio, uyeur or twovttriier. See note ou p. ill i.fvol il.. //«.«/. Or, HE HUDSON'S BAY COMPANY. 43 )vcred with farm taken bv the iiion 'ho adopted il company, n provided ted States ,he tract of speaks very fecl- l)y reason of his ' The fortunea r than go north, I Newaukiun. I kc out, 1 left my I eniployotl aa a . .In tlie Fraser A witli Tohnic, on a Hinall Hcalo iiir antl the farm ;nt. I took pos- p in coeks, when off. One of tliesc innieniled eliang- [ treaties, ami of crofis were mine, tlie l)urnin{; of .t iction and clisso- eamc, so aii not Tiie judge wan be UT' seated at d. . .1 couhl not ;o Biiy notliing of mpany from any lu your iinaginu- lindowR at niglit land at Xisqually, extending along the shores of Pur»'ct Sound from the Nisqually River on ono side to tlie Puyallup River on the other, and back to the Cascade Range, containing not less than 201 square miles, or 107,040 acres," with "the land and farm at the Cowlitz consisting of 3,572 acres, more or less," ' which they proposed to sell back to the United States together with the Hudson's Bay C(»mj)a' . 's lands, and the improvements and live-stock of both companies, for the sum of five million dollars. Tlicy received for such claims as were allowed $750,- OOO. Tliat the sum paid for the blunder of the oovornment in agreeing to confirm to these companies tluir claims without any definite boundary was no ^icater, was owing to the persistent effort of the settlers of Washington to diminish their possessions.* Another specimen of the temper of the early settlers was shown when the president and senate of the riiited States sent them a federal judge in the person of William Strong. They refused, as jurors, to be bidtlen by him, "in the manner of slave-driving," to repair to the house of John R. Jackson to hold court, when the county conmiissioners had fixed the county seat at Sidney S. Ford's claim on the Chehalis, at whicli place they held an indignation meeting in October 1851, M. T. Shmuons in the chair.^ When the Hudscm's Bay Company in 1845 made a compact with the pnn'isional government of Oregon to give it their support on certain conditions, there existed no county organization north of the Columbia Jkiver, except as the counties or districts of Tualatin and Clackamas extended northward to the boundary of the Oregon territory, declared by the legislature ' X'W Tdcoma Xorth Pacific Coast, Juno l.'>, 18S0, ;.iO. * At a ineetin>^ held at Stcilacoom in May IH.'il, it is Rtntod that Tolmie nM tlic coiiipany'H a^eiit iiad diininisiied tlieir elaim to I (4 Mipuiic niileH, after the piissa^^o of tiie land law, but that ho Wi . nsing every meaiiH to drive si'ttlci's olt' tliat tract, with what hucucss I need uot nay. Or. Sjiectutor, June ri, IS,-. I, ^>Soo Uiat. Or., ii. IG'2, this seriea. M a I 1 1,« ' fiii; 44 POLITICS AND DEVELOPMENT. of 1844 to be at the parallel of 54° 40', when, as no Auioriean citizens resided north of the Columbia at that time, no administration of colonial law had ever been necessary; but on the conn)act going into effect, fjid Americans settling in the region of Paget Sound, the district of Vancouver was created north of the Columbia, and officers appointed as follows: James D(iugl.is, M. T. Simmons, and Charles Forrest dis- trict judges, and John R. Jackson sheriff.^ Oil the 19th of December 1845 the county of Lewis was created "out of all that territory lying north of the Columbia River and west of the Cowlitz, up to 54° and 40' north latitude," and was entitled to elect the same officers as other counties, except that the sheriff of Vancouver county was required to assess and collect the revenue for both districts for the year 184(5. Xo county officers were appointed, but the choice of judges and a rej)resentative was left to the ))eople at the annual election in 184G, when W. F. Tolmie was chosen to represent in the legislature Lewis county, and Henry N. Peers' Vancouver county, while the privilege* of electing judges was not regarded. Uugald McTavish, Richard Covington, and Rich- ard Lane, all Hudson's Bay Company men, were ap- 1)ointLd judges of Vancouver district to fill vacancies, »ut no appointments were made in Lewis county. At the session of 1 840 a change was made, re([uiring the people to elect their county judges or justices of the peace for the term of two years, at the annual flection. Under this law, in 1847 Vancouver countv •The li'gislaturc of Angust 184.'> catabliwlieil a liom;h of coiinty jiul^^os to hold ollii'c oui', two, niid tlifco years, niul tlio sninc liody in tlio fnUowiiig Dcct'iiibcr inadii tlio three yours' jtidgo iiresiilent of tlie distrii-t eoiut of his tliKtrict. Or. Liiw-', 184U-!>, '.V2-X Doiigliiswin prusiilent of thiulistnot court of Vancouver; SiiiiuioiiH held ollieo two years and Forrcbt one year, ' Peers was a tuleutvd young niau of tho U. U. Co., a gooil versifier, and fair legislator. "Tliiji was simpiv a privilege gr.intod by resolution of tho loKislatnre of 184>5, thcsootDctiiti being aii;>'niiteil by that body, and vaouueius lilhd by tho governor until Dcccnilter 'S4lt, when au act was pawtetl providing for thtt clectiou of judges and other uuuuiy olUoers. Ui: SjitcliUor, Jan. 'Jl, 1647. LEWIS AND VANCOUVER COUNTIES. 43 ,'hcn, as no !)()luinbia at w had evor into effect, igut SoUDtl, jrtli of the »ws: James Forrest dis- county of •itory lying ,ho Cowlitz, entitled to uxcept tliat •ed to assess for the year id, bnt the left to the 'hen W. F. legislature Vancouver judges was and Rich- [n, were ap- vacanc'ies, ^is county, recjuiring justices of he animal ver count V [unty jmlgos to li tliu fiiUovving V-t court uf Ilia iKiiIistrict cuurt yi'tir. vuroitiur, and loj^islntnre of u!i tilli'tl by tlio ^vidiiix for tU« 21, 1S47. elected Hichard Lane, R. R. Tliompson, and John White, one man of the fur company and two Ameri- cans, justices of the peace, and Henry N. Peers rep- resentative; while Lewis county elected Jacob Wooley, S. li. Crockett, and John R. Jackson justices," and Simon Plomondon, Canadian, for representative. Vancouver county elected William Bryan sheriff and assessor, Adolphus Leo Lewis treasurer, and R. Covington county clerk; Lewis county elected ^M. ] hock assessor, James Birnie treasurer, and Alonzo ^r. Poe sheriff.'" The vote of Lewis county at this (lection gave Abernethy the majority for governor, which ho did not have south of the Columbia. In 184S Lew^is county was not represented, tho moiulur elect, Levi Lathrop Smith, whose biograph}* I give elsewhere, having been drowned; Vancouver ntriity was represented by A. Lee Lewis. Little ]<" ishition of any kind was effected, on account of tho ii'/stMice of so h>''go a part of the population in Cali- iinia. For the same reason, the only general news- paper in tho territory, the Oregon Spectator, was Mispended during several months of 1849, covering tho ini[)ortant period of the erection of a territorial g(»v('rnnient under the laws of the United States by .Joseph Lane, appointed governor of Oregon by Pres- ide.it Polk, and on its resuming publication it gave bnt briefly election and legislative news. From this niiMgro statement, it appears, however, that tho ap- portionment of representatives under the new order ot" things ahowed one joint member for each branch of the legislature for Lewis, Vancouver, and Clatsop counties, SanjU'^l T. McKean of tho latter in tho ionnci! and M. T. Simmons of Lewis in the lower house." The territory liaving been laid off into •Simmons tnnst liavo acted ns juilg'.< of Lnwia county previous to this, tlioM.'li .iiipoiiitctl for Vdiicoiivei', for th« inuniu'fii of l>,iiiifl I). Iviiiscy iiiul Until llr.ick WHS Bolomnizeil in July \Ak^ by 'Judjjo' SiiiuuouB. Ecuhh iliot. So', s. {». ' ",•. SixrMtor, .Tuly iW, 1847. "A/., Utt. 18, 1841). ■ 1.1 46 POLITICS AND DEVELO MENT. three judicial districts, Lewis county beinj^ in the third, the first territorial legislature passed an act attaching it to the first district, in order that the judge of that district, Bryant, tiie other judges be- ing absent, might repair to Steilacoom and try the Snoqualiniich who had shot two Americans at Nis- qually in the March previous, which was done, as I have fully related elsewhere;'' this being the first court of which tiiere is any record in Lewis county, and the first United States court north of the Columbia. The member from the north side of the Columbia was absent from the long term held after the adjourn- ment in July; and as McKean was more interested in Clatsop than Lewis or Vancouver, the settlers of the latter counties felt themselves but poorly repre- sented, the most important act concerning their divis- ion of the territory being the change of name of Van- couver to Clarke county/' In the following year they were in no better case, although they elected for the first time a full set of county officers. McKean was still their councilman, and another member from Clatsop their assemblyman, Truman P. Powers, a good and true man, but kuowing nothing about the wants of any but his own innnediate locality. How- ever, by dint of lobbying, a new county was create>ri.iioii <;/ l/tr Ti i-ri/nri/, i., hoiiig a collection of printed niatter on tlio subject, witli liotcM Ity Khvood Kvuna. ''o',: S/,o-lii/or, April 10, ISJl; Olympin Stnndard, April 28, 1808; Emn»' liivUivn of Tttritori/. 48 POLITICS AND DEVELOPMENT. planting the latter. In politics he was more success- ful, because he contrived to assume the distinction of originating the idea which he had only borrowed from those who were nursing their wrath over wrongs, and of anticipating a contemplated movement by getting it into print over his signature. The iirst real movement made in the direction of a new territory was on the 4th of July, 1851, when the Americans about the head of the Sound met at Olym- pia to celebrate the nation's birthday. Chapman, being, as he asserts, the only lawyer an)ong them, was chosen orator of the occasion, and in his speech re- ferred to "the future state of Columbia" with an en- thusiasm which delighted his hearers. After the ceremonies of the day were over, a meeting was held for the purpose of organizing for the effort to procure a separate government for the country north of the Columbia, Claiirick Crosby, the purchaser of the Tum- water pro[)erty of ?\I. T. Sinmions, being chairman of the meeting, and A. M. P« c secretary. The meeting was addressed by I. N. Ebey, J. 13. Chapman, C. Crosbv, and H. A. Goldsborouy:h.'' A committee on resolutions was appointed, consisting of Ebey, Golds- borough, Wilson, Chapman, Simmons, Chambers, and Crockett. The committee recommended a convention of representatives from all the election precincts north of the Columbia, to be held at Cowlitz landing on the 2Dth of August, the object of which was to "take into careful consideration the present peculiar position of the northern portion of the territory, its wants, the best method of supplying those wants, and the pro- a division of priety ot an ( the territory. 3arly appeal to congress '" |{. A. < ii>l(ls1)ornugh was a brother of Louia M. Ooldsborongh, com- mantlor of the MnMnrhu»fH>i, which was in the Sound in the spring ol 1850, nmliing nii cxiiniiiiation of the shores with reference to military and naval resiMvations, aiie extendey Cliapnian, liaKli, and M. T. Simmons. Tlif iitlier committees wt-re a.s follows: Territorial *ii)Vi'rnini'nt, Cliapman, Jackson, Simmons, HnntrcH.s, and CliamlH;i'H; districts and Counties, l>i-o\vn- field, Wd.son, Crosby, .Taekson, lJurln'e, I'lomondoii, Kd),'ar, and Warl)as8, Rights and l'rivilef;cs of Citizens, Ilnntress. M:iyiiaril, andCiiapman; Internal Improvements, M. T. Simmons, liurbee, unii Burst; Ways ami Moans, Frazer, A. J, Simmons, and BnuUey. IllHl. WaHII. — i 'm M POUTICS AND DEVELOPMENT. admission into the union! Such was the expression of the representatives " of Lewis (jounty — for every precinct represented was in the county of Lewis, Pa- (rific and Clarke counties having sent no deU^gates. The grievances suftered were in fact chiefly felt in the region represented at the convention. Soon after the Cowlitz meeting occurred the con- flict of the jurymen of Lewis county, before referred to, with their first federal officer. Judge Strong. In accordance with an act of the legislature authorizing and requiring the county judges, any two of whom should constitute a board of countv commissioners for the selection of a county seat, the place of holding court was fixed at S. S. Ford's claim on the Cheha- lis. But Judge Strong preferred holding court at Jackson's house, twenty miles nearer to the Cowlitz landing, sending a peremptory order to the jurymen to repair to Highlands, which they, resenting the im- periousness of the judge, refused to do, but hold a public meeting and talked of impeachment. Oiap- man, for purposes of his own, glossed over the offence given by Strong, both he and Brownfield, as well as Lancaster, siding with the federal officers against the people on the meeting of the legislature in L)ecember; '•Chapman, in his autobiography in Livingston's Eminent Amrricnni, iv. 43fi, says that, after much uxcrtion, 'iio obtained u convention of lu members, but not one parliamentary gentleman among tliom, licnce the whole buxiness devolved upedimcnt and a mortilicution, he possessed the real qualities of a leader, wliicfi Chapman lacked; for the latter was never able to achieve either popularity or [losition, thougli he strove hanl for both. The census of \8M for Lewis county gives the totiil white population at 4.'i7, only six of whom, over twenty years of age, were not able to write. It is proluiblo that not more than one out of tiie six was sent to tlie conven- tion, and he was appointed ou account of his brain-power and consequent iu- fluouou. THE FIRST NEWSPAPER. SI expression -for every Lewis, Pa- delegates, efly felt ia 3(1 the con- re referred trong. In luthorizing i of whom isioners for of holding the Cheha- ig court at :he Cowlitz he jurymen liiiir the im- but held a (nt. Oiiip- the offence , as well as ajxainst the December ; and the affairs of the whole trans-Columbia region, nut attonre- scnte*! a petition from J. B. Chapn)an and fifty-five others for tlie establishment of a new county, to be called Slmninns, and the readjustment of the eastern boundary of Lewis county. The boundary of the new county was defined as described by the commit- tee on counties of the August convention, but the council amended the house bill by substituting Thurs- ton for Simmons; and the limits of Lewis on the east Mere removed fifteen miles east of the junction of the folks of the Cowlitz, running due north to the south- ern Ijonndary of Thurston county. In joint convention of both branches of the legis- lature, I. N. Ebey was elected prosecuting attorney for tlie third judicial district, receiving fourteen votes, and th(j uhi<|uitous Chajmian two.'^^ Ebey being poj)- ular, energetic, and devoted to the interests of iiis section, much comfort was derived from this legisla- ti\t' MpjtoiMtment. Meantime congress took no notice aj'paK nlly of the memorial forwarded by the conven- tion of August, nor did the citizens north of the Co- jiimhia assemble in May to frame a state constitution as they had threatened, yet as they could not seriously JiMve contemplated. But as a means to a desired end. The C\>ltt)iihian, a weekly newspaper, was established at Olym[)ia,^"^ which issued its first number on the llth t)f September, 1852; and was untiring in its advocacy of an independent organization. It was wisely sug- '" Kvans says, in Iiis Divigton of the Territory, 5, that when he cnnic to ru;.'it Siiuiul J. H. Chapnmu was cxtrcniely uiipupuhir, luul ho doubts if, unxioiis iis tlie people were for an urguni7.ation north of the Coluinhia, they wiHiM liave aeeci>te(l it with Chapman as an appointee, wiiicli he was aiming at, Ik' illd not get an apiK>ititnient, us lie coniesKes in his Aiiloliiiiijnii'hi/. ' Till! liist judges of 1 hurston county were A. A. iJeniiy, S. S. I'ord, and l»:ivicl Shelton. (Hifiiipiu Columbian, Nov. 0, 1S.")1. See also Or. Juiir. L'ouu- .-/, Is.M-l', OS. - 7Vi' ( 'iiliimhiaii Was published by J. W. Wiley and T. V. McKlroy, tho latter having been eonnecte . with the S/ierlator. AlcLlioy retired ill Se|)- teiiilKT 18J3, and M. K. Suiith beeuuie publisiicr. 52 POLITICS AND DEVELOr.MENT. gCHted tluit, as many influential citizens would bo as- soinl led at the house of J. H. Jackson on the 23th of Octoher to attend the sittinj^ of the c<)urt, the op- portiniity should be seized to make arranjifenjents for anotiier convention, a hint which was atful in the direction of their wishes. At the time appointed, the delejj^ates assiinbled and ort^anized by electinj^ G. X. McCt)naha president and K. J. White secretary. After an address by the president, a committee (A' thirteen'*^ was selected to frame another memorial to conjj^ress, wliich contained the follow injjf aryfuments: It was desired to have or- ganizedusej)arate territory, bounded on the south and east bv the Columbia; and for these reasons: the teiri- tory was too large ever to bo embraced within the lim- its of one statOjContaining as it did .'34 1 ,000 s(juare miles, with G40 miles of sea-coast, while tiie proposed teiri- tory would eml)race about 32,000 s«]uare miles, that being believed to be of fair and just extent. Those portions of the undivided territory lying north and south of the Columbia must, from their geographical positions, become rivals in commerce. The s<)uthern portion, having now the greatest numb<*r of voters, controls legislation, from which fact it was evident that northern Oregon received no benefit from con- gressional appropriations, wliich were subject to tiie disposition of the legislature. The seat of govern- ment was, by the nearest practicable route, fjOO miles from a largo portion of the citizens of the territory. "Oninoy A. lJnK)ks, I). S. Miivimnl. William W. PliiniK, Alfred C.m)!;,.!. R. .III.'. son', K. I-. Finili. A. K. Sett, F. A. <'luik.', ('. S. Ila'.lmuny. \]. A. AUoii, L. II. Wiiittluw, Sutli Catliti, uiul X. 8i.uuc' euiiiialulcii tiiv I'uitimivtet;, TRIIRITORY OF rOLl'MDIA. 5.1 A iiiiijoiitv of the legislation of tli(> .sf)utli was opposed t(» tin- iiittrests of tli" nortli. N(»rtlieni Oregon p(»s- 1 gnat natural resources anfig, L. II. l)a\i.'<, .1. Ki»u!i-r, (' II. Hal.'. A. Crawfc.nl. S. 1>, Kuii.lcli, II. !>. llmitin^t..ii, K. .1. All.n. W, .\. I. MCniklf, A. H. DillciilKiugh, N. ONtiaiKlcr, .1. U. .lack.-oii, ('. I". IVr- t.r. I». S. Maynai.l. !•;. L. Finch, F. A. Clark.!, H. Miles, Win \V. I'lunih. 1'. W. ('i.iwtiiiil, .\. Wvlit', .S. r. Most'H. (.'diii/. Uliihv, I H.'iJ-,'!, ."i4 1 ; < 'n/iiniliiail, n.v II, |S,.J; If,: S'tftli. ri;,'.s, y till' idjlfotor Has a.s follows: ISrieantinc Miirij Ihirv aixl stcanur lli in r .-ci.^ol fii aifrat'tionH of th»! U.S. rrvcnne hiws. I'.S. sloop of wiir \ iimnnrs, \V. |,. llmlson romniamlcr, vi^itt-il the Sound, olitaincd .siipplirH ami cxcnisi'il liur liiitliiii'.s. Sloop iiiniri-< I'm-f jiiMiiiptly .sent to thfir relief l»y the collootor. Schooner llnrriil, from tlict 'o- hiiiihia, Ixiund to S. F. with pa.ssengers ami frei^;lit, lilouii to alMint l;it. .V>\ I'ist s;iils, etc.; came into |Mirt in distress. l!rig ( nti totally wrccUud at (api I'iattcry. Ofi/iii}>in Culnmbiaii, fivi)l. 11, ISGiJ, 54 POLITICS AND DEVELOPMENT. beginning to Ixi folt in tlie presence of a customs office as well as a district court. In May 1851 President Fillmore commissioned Simpson P. M»)ses of Ohio col- lector of customs, and \V. W. Miller of Illinois surveyor of the port of Niscjually, on Puget Sound. These ofti- cials arrived in the months of October and November, Miller overland and Moses by the Nicaragua route, then newly opened.** With the latter came the family of the collector, two unmarried women named Relyea,"^ A. U. Closes, brother of the c(»llector, and Deputy Col- lector Elwood Evans, who later became so well known in (Connection with the history of Washington and its presi'rvation in a writttMj form.* There came also, as passengers from San Francisco, Theodore Dubo8(|, J. M. Jiachelder and family, and John Hamilton.** I have alrea till' |>( ITtli. Tliti ri-maiiiilfriif tlir *H fii< ICiiinnj, iiMUi'il liy l^ifiivctti! Iliilolt of I'nrt Stcil- iiiin, uiiii'li left Oot. 'J4tli, anil iirrivtMl oH' I'lirt 'riixvuHi-ixl Nov. lOtli, wIutc pt'i'f.iniK'il ill till' ill.'i't I liis (li'|inty wiTi' iixi, I'li in liy Hi'iiry ('. WiJHon, juHtii'f i Of am lit l.r\viH I'liuiity. Ai>li'i'irk Myura, untl hor ■inter iFolin lli'uotor«, mill nil I III- Ihit of |)i'i'i'inli('i'ilii'('i't)'il Khi'v to make a Htriit I'xaniin.'itinn, wIih'Ii irsiilti'il ill tiiiiling 8'>tM) worth nf Inilian )jooil.'4 on hoaril lh<' llinv'i\ iiml on tlir Miiifi />(»/'(• u roiifi'iilmnil iiai'ka^i' of ii'dni'il mii^.ii' \\ri';liin;4 '.MO poiiinlx. Ity tin' UKM But'tiiin uf thu act of March 'J, I7IH), rulinial HUgur cuulJ nut )m OLYMPIA IN EARLY DAYi". tt stonis office 1 Prosiclont of Ohio col- jis surveyor Those ofti- November, ngua route, 3 tljc family v.d Relyea,''^ Deputy Col- Nvell known 'ton and its an»e also, as Dul)08(|, J. iltonr related with iti-Hudson's imd how he ly thousaiul fter the re- The seizure irred ahout ill tiio nteiiiiiHliip Ihiitii tlc'l Snr, iir- 'uj^ct SoUllil wiin liof I'.irt Stfil- (>v. lOtli, wlifii" ilMon, jiiHticc (if "(^/, MS.. 1. r .liiliii Kiiulluy. kiiii^' t*> come to I'lfik to till' t'ltl- li'lphiii ill IH.VJ, L'liH. Ki'dlii that III wliii'li III' took Ti'HiiK'il at • My lu- ll iiiiirrifil Kl/irii liiiiiiiry, l.s.MI. Iili'iiwiii'il MarrI'. IV. Ki'uhh' Sitti* riiry iimpoi'torn, liiiiiiitinii, uliirli \ltiin'i r, iiiitl mi f,' '2'M) i»i(iiiiil«. !• LuiiKl not Im) the last of November, and on the 20th of January a siK'cial term of court was held at Olympia to try these r.isis, this being the first term of the federal court in 'jliiirstun county. Judge Strong presiding, Simon R ]\|avre of Portland being attorney for the Hudson's iliiv CoinpaMy, and David Logan of the same place iietiii!^ I'«»i' the United States district attorney, Ebey, ill ( lu se cases. Quincy A. Brooks acted as clerk of the luiii t, and A. AI. Poe as deputy tnarshal. At this tiiiii w» re aihnitted to practice Jirooks, S. P, Moses, J:I.( V, ami Evans. Ilvaiis describes, in a jcurnal kept by him at that tiiiif, and incorporated in liis Historical Notes on St//< iiiriif, the appearance of Olympia in the winter of I.Sal -. There were "about a dozen one-story IVaiiie cabins of primitive arciiitecture, covered witli >prn-ccdar siding, well ventilated, but healthy. There wdc ;d>oiit twice that number of Indian huts a short distance from the custom-house, which was in the srciind story of Sinnnons' l>uilding, before described, oil (lie first tloor of which was his store, with a smull ii 1 partitioned off tor a post-otfict?. " It was during the njonth of November that the />/c/ iirrivt (1 at Olympia with the gold-seekers for (^)iiiMn (Jhariotte Island, after leaving the Alki Point .xt tiers. The Exact brought, as settlers to Olympia, haniel B. ]iigelow, a law} r and a Massachusetts ni.in who erossinl tlu^ continent that suminttr. His lii>t case was a su't. between Oosby and M. T. Simmons, growing out of a rpicstion of title to the Tnniwater claim, Higelow representing Simmons and .1, n. Chapman being (Jiosby's attorney, .lames llii'dn's ami family also arrived by the' Exact. The rumor which letl the Portlantl company t(j cliaiti^r this vessel to take them to Queen C'lmrlotto iiu|Hii'ti'il ill iHU'ltagoi of Iphh tliitii (MX) |m)uiii1h, iimlir pi'iially of forfiitiim of till' Miii>jii' ami till) TcHNi'j ill wiiirii it waM iiiiportcil. It waH .lixo kIiouii that tile /iciu'i /■ iiail aiirliori'il at Ninipialiy ami nt'iil IxMiti aNJiori', Tliuiiu uuiu tliu iiiiiMi'tiiiiiM uf tliu rux'oiiiio law on winch tliu Hui/urcH were iiiuilo. *MA M POLITICS AND DEVELOl'MENT. I i ' ■ i Island was first lm)U/i(iii(( from Australia. McKwiii fxliihitod j^old in chunks wliirh had hot-n chisillt'd out of (juartz- veins in rock on the island, and created thereby such un excitement that a coni[>any was innnediately raised to visit the mnv ^old religion, (joldshorou^h at the head. On the ,'5nt of their voyjij^e. On cominj^ opposite ( 'ap(^ I'Matteiy, the sloop was boarded by ( \'i|)tain lialch of the /^ciiixris (orr, wh o n leainiiiLf her destination pr»»mised to follow as soon us he shouhl have' met the (icuiyc Ennn'ij, then due, with th( Hector of l*u<;et Sound on board, in pursuance of this en-^Miri'mcnt, the iJciiKiris Con' ran up to the isliind in 1 )ecember, where sh<' iearntd from the Indians t»f the wreck of the (ti-niyiaiio, and beiniLf in daiiLji'r from thi; natives, jialdi at once retuincd to tin? Sound to procure arms and i^ocmIs for the ransom »»f the j'l isi»neis. ( )n lieniinLi^ what hnd happencij, ('^Hector Moses, after con felling' with the army oHictrs at l''ort Steil- neoom, charteicd the Dt'inans (/ore and d«'spatcheil lii'r December I'.lth for (^ueen Charlotte Isl.nid. Lieu- tenant .lohn Dement of the 1st aitilleiv, with a few .Id HoKllel's, A. |{. M OSes. Dul )OS(| I oe S\ ivester", and other Noluntei'rs, accompitnyiiin' ("aptain IJaieh. On the :{|st the sciiooiier returned with the rans(»mi'd ciiptists, to the M;ri'at ji»y «»f their frien«ls, who held a public meetin;^ ti> i'Xpress their satisfaction, giving f CAITIVF, OOLDSKEKKRS. unstintt'd praise to the coUoctor lur his prompt action ill tlic matter.^'' 'Tlic "li-tiiils U;,di tlif siiif — n.iiiic alil ■ to Inlp tlicm^tlvivi, and iitliris unooiiscioiis, Iml all liiially ^nl•vi\ • lii;.' til :.trili tlnlji id tlifir "'.dy iiossessiuns, tlicir Hcaiity ilntiiili},'. 'I'liis last iiijlliy, liovvi'Vi'i', was a\( I'tcd un nialilli^' the cliicf undii'stahd that lii' sliould 111' paid a liinsiiMi it tlicir safety and I'liMifuit wtrc miiiii'iI until surh timr nn II". uc I'ann'. 'I'luy c.-iaiicd tin' wuist slavery liy alleetin;,' to lie eliiefs and i;.'niirant iif lalmr. 'I'lrir siitlerinus fimn enld and the want "f luddinu'. etc., weie ixticnie, i.nil thuir iH|(liviIy lasted ."il days. The (lay deinaniled fur each |ier-iin \\a.H ,~i tntir fmint lilankets, I tihii't, I imlt uf niiislln, and '2 imundH of tnliaei >>, hesjiles all the |ilnnder (if the Vessel. S. I ). Howe and till I'eiilhel'H wi'ie )ii.rniitti.il liy the sax.mi'S lake a eiinoe unil {,'»> to Kort Siniimou lorruUef, liiit tlji ir ellorts weie a paitial failure. 'I'lii' l.i:nies iif tin- I'lScned eaptivfs were, of the \esNers erexv, Willinin UoW- laiiil. >.i|itain; |)niH'aii .Mel'lwi'ii, mate; lU'iijaiiiin and liiihaid tiddiH, sailors T Miiiree, an III .iiuin eook; liiii a^senl:l•rs. her NaiL'en t, K. N. Si ii'ient, Sam- I l». Howe, .\inliio.se .Jewell, t'harles Wei'd. Paiilil Show, Samuel II. Wil- is M'Ailistel, .liihn Thill ntiill, Clllirles lleiidrieks, ( ieoiL'e .\ r.'ii;. .Inhii llmiley, .ll I' l''liatiiis ( iilvin, .lanp'i K. Iluid. W'illiain M: hiiid, ^|ll•>nllln .S. (udiun, (Jeor^^e Moore, ll. I''. Me|>iin;dd. sidni'y S l''ord, *l Itrow 111', and Mr. .Seiihii r. I lind, I esidr-i tin- i.|iiirts luade at ilvl. .Ir, U tl'etili' i'V ^ l> lliiwi', t ii'iiij.'e Moore, ( 'apt. Iliiw land, and siiii.Hii|Uinlly liy Ciiar ll . i: \N Need, an aeionnt liv the lat tel' amon.; niv niannsii inis, under the til'.e of lloi/'i t'liiuliiltr l^lni'l l!x]« ilitiiiii, fioin all of I I lavi ilraw ii lilt faets. Weed was "JT years of ,iL,'i'. a native of ( 't, and had just con till t I Olyinpia hy way of the Willanietli! from C.il. (iriirj;e .\. I' if N. II., had served in the .Mexiean war, and had li l.ut iiativii ll sh'iit time ill Oi. Ill' ri'iuaiiied on the .Sound, sej'\ iii^ in the liiili.in wars, and reeeiviiii; an i'liiiiiiiiinii'ut a.'t Indian a.L:eiit at I'ort .Sladison. lie died at l''iirt ('olville in IStW. .>ee 1 efe'-eliees to till' (/' ()/'/ii//('( allair, ill Or. Shil, I', ll. i:. and •.'», d Mai'h !». l.s.VJ; Or. S/idiiiiur, .laii. '-'7, IS.VJ; A''"' Tdi-inini /.(,'iild-seikerH were experienemu' so ;;reat ill tortiine, the < lolllj any, W hiih left the S und soineW hat later, NUreieded in l,'iui|in;u'i tiud sjieiit the w inter explorin;; the i.slaud. whii'li they found to lie a loeky fiHiiiatioii, not siisi'rptilile in ilui higher parts of lieino eiiltixated, though tho liitivi'.iat tiold llarlior raised exi'i'llent potatiHs and luiiiips. The eliinatii VIM suvere, and no ^old w;is foniid except in i|uail/' \eins w liii'li ii'ipiirt ll lilastill;,'. The Indians had sonie lumps of pnie \i'M and line speeiiuens iif i|ii:irl/ Ktoleii troin a lilast inude hy the I'reW'of the II. II. ( 'o. 's hi i^anline ('ml II siioi'l time pi-i'X ioiis. This vessel was Htraiided on < 'ape I'latti r\ , I lee, 'Jtith, the )Mlssi'||;..| iH |{eflili^' aslioie w ith t heir lia),';.'a'4r, when they Were at laeUed hy (he iiiili^hs, who would have killed them to^'it posse.'i^ion of t lieir ^.'omU liiid tiny not 11" d, lea\ iiiu' e\i rythiii',' in the hands of the sax.i'.'es, w lei linrned tile vessel. The erew and passeiij;ers, amiin;^ w lioiii Wile three wou'iii, Weill ^ I fi. I lunate lis to si;:'niil I he hi iii^ir'n < 'nn- nil her w ay to leseiie tin I H', m:ia • |iaii.\, whii ll took !li"i!i oil hoard and eari'ied them to l'"orl X'ietoiia. '1 he liidiaiis of (ii'ld llarlior, thoiiuh tiny did not |ire\inl the /•.'.r<(.7 '•< I'liiipany I rospi etiii^, ri'pri'seiited that liny had sold the idaiid to the II. II Co hi 11 .iiid Wire to di tend it from niiiaiiied iiliti! .Maii'li, s|«'' iliiens olitained fn Miiii ll. Time other ii|iiitiiiii liy .Nmerieans 'I'll pin.spl 'tors when h. V III the na: I'Msels, the returned to l'iij,'et Sound, luiiiyiii^; ll few The I'.nirt retil'fd and retiirmd in /• /"■■ (./. ll I iiiiriiiivi r, Milve I'liseil t'l l.iKi pitHMi'U^C'|-a to tho itiliillil, hut liolhillg like MllfCl'tiH followed the expedi- POLITICS AND DEVELOPMENT. But if the persons concerned approved of the action of the collector, the govoriiment did not, and refused to, pay the expenses of the rescue, which Moses in a letter to Secretary Corwin of the treasury as- sumed that it would do; and the collector of Pugct Sound was reminded somewhat sharply that it was not his business to fit out military expeditions at the t'Xpeiise of the United States, the first cost of which in this case was seven or eij^ht thousan<) MiiH tihtiiiiic'il from tlio niitivfii by tlio captain of tlio II. n. Co. 'HHtr Eahoii- v/iirf. Tlio liidiuiiH rcfuHi'tl to rcvuiil tliu location of the n»Ul mine, hut ofTcrol to lu'ociirr ninrc of it for huIc; and it in ccrtJiin that tho conii^aiiy tlid hiiy a hii'^'r amount i^T gold front thcni alH)iit thiH time, A third vchscI, tho \>i'\n Kii'jiv, was littfd out at I'orthiiid for iiruMcculing gold discovery on thu north I'onHt.and for trading H'itli thclndiunH. On the Oth of AiiguHt, while atteiniit- ing to enter li hnrlHir on V. I., the hrig was wreeketl, tho erew and passengeri) reiK'hiiii^ the HJiore with only u few articles of food ami clotiiing. No mMiner had they landed thini they were stripped and their lives threatened. On the I Itii the party eontriveil to eseapu iu a whale-hoat, coasting aloni,' the i.slaiul for live davH, NulmiHting on HhelMJMh, lieing treated harliarously hy the natives, who attacked ther.i in Xootku Sounil, taking two of them prisoners. The re- mainder ot thu coiniMtuy escaped to Kea Jind wtM'e picked up hy a trading vcn- sel HiH*n alt< r. 4)n iioard tl IU rescuing vessel were soniu friendly Indians, who volnnti'ered to undertake thu ranNoui of the ca|)tivcs, which they succeedeil in doing, and all arrived mifely iu I'uget S<>unil in Sept. Olj/iiiiiiit O .1 mhiiiii, Sept. 1 1, IH.VJ. Ue|)ort of Ind, Agent Stalling, iu I'. H. Stn, Lu\ iJor., I, v. i. pt i. 'Ilit, li'Jd cong. '2i\ sess. Moino of tho gold seekers l)eiiig left on Oueun Charlotte Island, wishing to return home, and not having u vessel to bring them, four men set out in uu o|)en lH)at, 14 feet lii'i t weigliing $2.'>() Co. 'h Htr LabuH- nine, Imt ofTcred iimiiy tUil Imy a Vt'HHll, tlio hii^ ry on tliu noi tli It.wliilouttrmpt- • anil i)ii8»t'Ut;i-'irt II),'. No mntntT itinid. On tln' nloui; till' islau'l liy tln> nutivi'H, ioiiui'8. Tlic r«- y II triuliiijJt v»'H- ly liitliuiiH, will) ilicy mu'ix'i'ikil iiiiit Ct ,1 mb'uni, ,x. Dim-., 1, V. i. left on Oui'ou viHUfl to briii^; lo, canyiiig oiu' i« from till' Htii •omlilion, iiftn [ncs C. llfilgtH. tlio northwest, lili'Hoino to till' IIS.VJ tUrnoitli- Ijiipt. I'iuUliuni, cuug. Ut lUM. after the Cowhtz convention, Lancaster, the council- man whose term held over, did not appear to take his sent, but resigned his officu at so late a moment, that iihiiough an election was held, Seth Ca+Jin being rliosiin against A. A. Denny, it was too late to be of U.St! to tlie region he represented; but F. A. Chen- oweth and I. N. Ebey being members of the lower liouse in addition to Anderson of Clatsop and Pacific, till re was a perce[)tible ciiango from the neglect of 1' inner legislatures, and it is prol»able, if no action had Incn taken looking to a sei)arate territory, that the I'liget Sound country would have ol>tained recogni- tion in the future, jhit tlie Oregon lejjfi.slators were not averse to the division, the counties south of the Columbia having, as the northern counties allegestitute for "Tlio county Hont of Jcfri-rflon wiw fixed nt I'ort Townii'ml; of Kin,' (it St'itttle; nnd ()lyni|iiii sviiH iiiadc tlio county Hcat of 'riiiirHtuii. Tlu' i'<>ihiiiii«- hiDiuro appointed for .IcH'itnoh eo,, to Hrrve until tlicir Hiiirc.^HiiiH wvvo I licti'il, uirn li. n. llaHliiiKH, 1>. F. Ui-owidifld, and Alluit iliin>,'H; H. C. Wil.ton BlicrilT, and A. A. I'lunimiT pr<>l)uto cU ik. l'i>r I^Hliiiid i-<>., Samuel II Howe, .lolia Alrxnndcr, and Joliii Crockott; Ct<>ij,'o W. I„ All< ii Nlmitr, iiM'i It. II. I.anfl. \ .v^ler pro- liii>- clerk. l"or I'iereo <-o,. Them M. CIiiiiiiIm'im, W jllimu I >cuiyliiity, .Meviiinli'i- Smith; .lolm Kiadley xheriir, and Jolm M. ( 'iiapiiiiin piohaU) •I'll,. O,-. Stii>rsin(iii, Jan. I'J, \sx\; i •uluinltiaii, dun. '.It and Vi'b. ll», ISoSj A "'/( /'f iield by a nunority in view of the admission of Washini^ton A(;< a state. Such a division ut that time would have made Portland the capital.^* I»iit Lane had not waited to hear from the Oregon ie<>islative assembly eoi»cerning the division of tiie territory, ilnmediately (jn receiving the memorial '^^ Oliinipiii C' him'iiiiii. May !t, lS(iS, The iiienioriul wns ns ft)llow8: ' Voiir nu'iiiiiri;ili:itM, the l("^is'a»,ivf nsst'iiilily iif Orc;L't>ii. li';,'iilly iisist'iiilileil ii|")ii tlio til-it M')inl;iy in hcccmUfr, a. i>. IS.'rJ, wcniil irsjicclliilly ifprusi'itt unto yuiir liiiim alili! Iimly tliat ii |i«'ii xl iif fniii yc'iix aii'l six iiiciiitriM Una ulupsed Kinue till! <'.slul>lisliiiu'iit lit Ihu |iitv;(!iit t^'nilnrial ^jiivci iiiiifiit ovur tlio territory of Oi .... ....... ■'I III that ill th(! iiitaii liiiii' t!ie |io|iiilatioii of the said territory bun II th(! banks of the ( 'i>!iiiii)ii;i lii\ it a nth iiIoiil; I'liget Sounil, Ail- niiially I'lht, ami l'o.s«rMsion Suuud. ami the Kill roiiinling country to the Canal lie llain; and that the ]i<>(i|il>' of that territory lalior tinder great iiioon- venieiiic and liai'd.-orial or;,'aiii/atioii. 'i'lio.se jiortioiisof Oregnn territiii'V !,\ ing iiortii and r:\ il h dill'eieiit iiiti'ie,sts and policies in all (h.'it ii|i|i I'taiiis to their vidinest'o li-'islatioii. and the various iiifeiial.s tli; ai'e to lie re ..'iilati'd, iionrisheil, and eheri.ihid ly i^. The eiiinmiiiiuMtinn tWien thcMe t\M Alth rtions ipf the teniliiiv i< dillieiilt, laMiial, .iiid uiniilaii iiiL,'!i tiMii' and iiii|in>vi'in<'iit would in s niea yet it Would for ,i Inn:,' pcrind in the future furin .i serious liairii r to tin- pro.-- isiin reiiios .■ this ulistai-li'. Ill )■ X'rit V and \M ll-hi im; of eai'li, si> hii th i< \ reinaiii inidii one :.'i>\ei'nineiit riie territoiy north of the ('olninliia, and w ~t of the ureat li'ttliein liraiieli of that Htreiii II, I'ontaiiis II .'.iillieii'iit iiiiinlii'i' of H<|iiari' nil il. s to fi rill a state, which in point of resources and capa tn'tielit of ( Int'on liotli north and soiitii of the ( 'oluMilii:i Viver, ami iH'lieviiiu from the ie-er\ation ol power in the lirst Kcctiua of the leii ante ipated that at some future time it wiHiid I" (irganie a< t timt eoMi. es-H tl IICCl- rv to cs«itl>liHh tithtr terriloi iai organi/ations wc-st of the Itockv VI taiiin. and KelKAiii;; tkwit that time iiax come, would respectfully pi ay yoio' honoialile *si.lv to esiUiblish ii se|iiirul«- territorial j^overnment for all that poi tioii of Ore -on temt«rv IviiK north ol the <'iiluiidiin Ki\'raiid west of tin gr>iit iicH I iierii Or -^''i iii-.tu. •f tlu' same, to lie known as t he Tei"i.tury uf Cuiutnluu. iHoli; I (d*Mbitiii, t\ h. IJ, lS.'i3. WASIIIXGTOy, NOT COLUMBIA. 01 'ot L'u!uml»i*»-' «r tho Monticello convention, wliicli was about the l)('<'ii)nin<' of tlie second session of the thirtv-soconcl coMi^^ress, he j)resente(l it in tlie l)<»iise hy a icsolution i('(|iiestin<^ thi; committee on territories to in(|iiire into the ex])e(liency of described in tlio m»Mnorial, but continued the lino i>r |i;iitition iVoni a i>oirit near Fort Walla Walla, alon<^ ilic 4(lth paiidU'l, to the ]{ocky Mountains, niakiii'^ a ntaily ecpial division of the whoh' of Oreiujon. The ai'-iiiM'-nts used by Lane in favor of the bill were the sjime as thosi> oiveii in the memorial, with the adssary tosnecess; as, for instance, the statement that the p<>|)- nl.ition of the prop(»sed territory was as threat as that of the whole of ( )re^on at the time of its or^'aiiizatiou into a territorv,"" wluicas it was about one third. Stanton of Kentucky nioved to substitute tho naiiH! of Washington for that of C^)huMbia, to which L.uie a an ill-advised • •Ii.iiil;'*'. The vote of the hous(> was taken on tho lotli, the bill passiujL,^ hy a majoi'ity of I'Jft to 2!>. The senate ]>assed it on the '2A of Manh without aiiKiidMU'iit, t he president sii,niiiiy it the same day.'' Thus painlissly was severed lV(»m the real ( )re!j^on that northei'n portion over which stat» suieii anril. Ah"Ut die niiddlo of May it becalm; known that I. I. Siexeiis of An- " Tln! consus ii in lli'.H, uinl liniHJK'il in NHv., iixi'il till' >vli t • imniilatiiiii nt ;i,!l(i."i. Siriii's \. IT. CtH'it, 4 'I '• llimm- Ji.nr , H, '.MO, ."llM con;.' iM himb, ; « '«» i. 11 uIm\ vol "Jli, rKM, IO*JO, ijii cjii^. 'lA Hifi. i ' 'l^mpiuVolinnhMii, Afni 'J.1, itit'tU. li f I I A. .1 •i POLITICS AND DEVELOPMENT. dovcr, ^lassacliusetts, had been appointed governor, Edward Lander of Indiana eliiet' justice, John R. Miller of Oliio and Victor Monroe of Kentucky associate juHticcs, and J. S. Clendenin, of Louisiana United States district attorney. Miller fallinj^ ill, Moses Hoaj^land of Millershurg, Ohio, was appointed in his place, but did not accept, O. 11 McFaddcn of Orc<^on beinjj subsequently appointed to his district. J. Patten Anderson of Missi8sip|)i was ap|)oint(;d United States marshal, and directed to take the census.*^ I. N. Ebey was appointed col- lector of Puj^et Sound, in place of S. P. Moses, re- moved;'" and not long afterward A. Ji. Moses was appointed surveyor of the port of Niscjually, in place of Miller, removed. The nuirsiiul was the first of tlie federal officers to arrive, reaching Puget Sound early in July, accom- panied by liis family. Jlc was soon followed by Judge Monroe, and in September by tludge Jiander, C. H. Mason, secretary of the territory, and J)istiict Attorney Clendenin and family, (iovirnor Stivens •lid not rea<'h Olympia until about tlu^ last of Novem- ber, his proclamation oiganizing the government being mad'! on the 28th of that month. JJefore i>ro- ceeding to discuss his administration, the ra[iid •" According to tliP census coniplt'tt'd in tlic nutiiinu of 185;j by the luiir- ■hal. tliu HcTcriil coiintiua weru ii4 5, 185; (>him)iiviite waxIrolM-, of .^iiieldinj,; a inntinnns crew, and ecnnivinu ut sniuggilni,' liy the H. }\. ("o.'m ncr\ants. Or. S/titiumttii, l»i,\ 4, 18.VJ. None of the dunces 1 tliink cnidd Ihi KUHtainul (lie Hccretary of the treuBury insti'.nfeil a Hiiit a^jainnt liini for ^7,0laee officers to ly, aeeoni- II owe* I l»y je liiilider, J(l J)isirict Stevens ' NoVclll- veniliielit •tort' i»ro- lu rapid Lli a l)y tlio luur- HO 111 ■JTO asi 01 230 Am l.OH'i IS.- 3. If, ..f .■KiKitMtttin««l. ]f..r«t:, country ever sutfered more from tiie al)senee of onod roads tlian C)re«^on, and the pioneers of the J'liLjet Sound rej^rioii realized fully the drawback they liad to contend aj^ainst to induce immigrants from llif border states to eonie to the shores of their new ^b ilitrrranean after having reached the settled Valley Willainette. The only way in which they could hope t(i secure largo families »)f agricultural [)eople and nu- merous herds of cattle, with work-oxen and horses, was to have a load over the Cascade Mountains on the north side of tiie C(»lnnd»ia as good as the ono around the base of Mount Hood on the south side. A s eai i.y as 18r)0 it was determin led at a public meet- ing,' to make the eftbrt to open a road over the iiinimtains and down the Yakima River to Fort Walla Walla, to intersect the immigrant road from (Ir.nid ]vond. A sum of money was raised among the few settlers, and a company ol' young men, headed l»v M. T. Simmons, was orixanized to hew out a hij»h- Wi IV for the iiassatje of waasseni^«^rs.*"' Jn \Hi)'.\ an express line was estaiilisiu'd ovt.-r the- loute hy John (r. I'arkrr and Henry I). Colter earrvin«r mail and li^^ht i>aeka;^es on hursehack," nor was there much improvement in this route tor another two or three years. In IS;').'} it was njjfain resolved to open the road for *' I'lililiisiili's droirlli of TiiiruM, MS., l,"!. *'•' /'/. ,• /'ni/it Sniiii I Ji! IST-J. "'I'lii' iiiiiil caiiK'r in iH.'t.H watt James IT. Viintif, hdh of IV F. Yaiitis «)f MoiiikI I'liiii-ir, wlici ilii'il .\iigii«t Ttli iif that yr.ir. ulifiii/iiii < 'nhniiliiiiit, Au- ^'iiHt 1:1, ls.'i:t. II. \'\ Vaiilis was a Kfiitiickiaii, horn AlaK'li |<), |.SI)7. lie ruiiiuM'd 1 1 .Mil. ill Is.'!."), ami to tin' facitli; coaHt in l^.'r.'. lli' oroiiiiicil iniiiiy ])'>sitioiiM of tniMt in Wash I., anil Ht'i'Vcil a.s jn^tit'c •> i>f th<- I ifai'i' a n.l .'IS lit :ol. Alter the rrratioii of Idaho territory hi! roHiiieil there for Home time ami Herveil ill the |('.;i.slatiii'e, lint litialh' letnrneil to I'nvet Sounil, where he died in IS7U. <"!/ liiiiii S/ii ■ I'lnl, Fell. |."i, I.s7!>. M •lohn < I. I'ai'ker, Iohl' a lonideiit of Olyinpia, ami later eapt. of the Ht) 'Uin- hoat .l/< 1 I iiij' r, eaiiie to .S. V. in |.S."il as iiies.senj^er for (!re;;ory it Co., and t I l'n;!i't SoMiiil in I'N.'tK mm an n^ent to eloNe tlieairairsof a tnidiil;;iionse kept l-y Wri;^lit «V ('niter at Olyinpia. Kimlilii,' that there was iiowaj of earry- iug money lietween I'll^et Sound ami .'^. I'". i'Xrept liy Inmlier Veswel-J, which Were ii're;{n!ar ami ol'ten went to the S. I., he decided to leir.ain in Wash., in view of which he liou^ht out the interest of hi.s eni|>!oM'rs, and estahliihed l*arU>;r it Culler's express, laii'yin^; the mail tlirouj;li to the Cow lit/ in ;i »in','h! day liy relays of liorses, a iliMtance ot 70 miles, to I'oniiect wiiii .\ da ins is.spress at roi'tland. At the end of |.S moiiihs Colter alisconded with si'Veral thousand dollars In lo'i^iiii'^' to the lirm, which put an end tn the lii.->t express 'ompany. Til le second express I'litcrpiise lis liy A. IJ. Str.art, who lie>;an husillcHS in |S,")|, followed hy Wells, l'';ir^'o iV Co. ill l'"eh. IS.'id, and liy Charles I'). Williams of Olyinpia in .\pi'il l.s'i.S, who continued in the hii iiie.ts for It) years, during w liicli mail facilities were greatly increased throu^hont the territorv. Tiie lirst i)asseiij;er line to the Tnwlit/, to connect with lioats to Portland, was started in l>cc. I.S.'il, liy \V. I(. tjoodcll, who furnished passage hy stage or riding horses for .sKM'roni Olyinpia to Warliassport. 'I'lie conl'uct for c'lrrying the mail was not then let to an express company. Waiil & Kiihinsoii of Olyinpia had the eontiiict from ItvVI to hS.'iS, when Henry ^Vinsor took it. lie carried passengers to and from ()|yin[>ia to It^iinicr on the ( 'oltimhia for .SI.'!; hy wagon to Cow lit/ landing, and from there to .Monti •11. until i .her hy canic or hor.M'S as preferred. 'I'he canoe; was \ised a good deal lilt jSliS. The tth wiigonroud was not tlieii, nor many ^cai one, hut in sninmerit compeii-fjiteit for tli nnuli o or tliiv*} \e road for TV F. Yiintis of t',,li(iiil>iiiii. Au- nt, IS(I7. ll<' (icfumfl liillliy ■ llll'l V"^islMti>i. Itiiiuainl Ki'ivtil ,lii. iho.l ill IN7». of llicKtrain- ly >V ('". ■ ami 1^ Imiisc kt'pt u;iy of iiur.v- \i!ir«rl-', wllicll 11 ill Wasli., ill ml csiiililiilifil Cow 111/, in .1 •t wiili Atlaiii!*' I witli s.viral (• lir.it l■Xl)rl•^'rt It, wiio l«'^;aii is.'id, ami I'y II (lie Im iiii'.ss (l lliroiii^iiont net willi lioatH ivlio furiii«iu'port was made of tho route from Olympia 1(1 the summit of the Cascade llange, and by the middle of July volunteers were at work upon the sur- vey, who so far succeeded in their design as to cut a way by which thirty-five wagon.s reached the shores i>\' tli(! Sound that autumn," bringing between one and two liiindrecl men, women, and children, to [)opulato the ricli valleys of White and Puyallup rivers.*' ♦* At tills innotin^ was rcml n fitatenicnt fiirniBlicd hy IManohot, catholio lii.-iiiop of Walla WalTii III 1S17, wlio lunl it know U'(l;,'c, gainc'il from tlio Iiiil- iiiiiH, of tilt; |>asKi's of tilt' ni'iiiiitaiiiH. Tliu ])ri<-8U wurc in tho h»bit of viaitiiig thu Sound with tlio Indians for j^'iiidt's. "'Tiiis cntcriirino will ivcrive furtliiT nit'iition InTt'iiftcr. Tlio iiit'ii wlio liilMiicd fur it Mcrr, hcMidcs tliouc lioforo mentioned, (Jcorf^c Siiazcr, Jt. !•". ^■.•lllti.s, William I'lickwood, Jl. I'". Shaw, .lohn Ali'xandir, ]{. t 'lose, A. W. M.Kiic, i;. Silvester, .James llurd, and W. W. I'liimh. 'I'he inin who worked ii|nin the ea.'4terii ciul of tli(! road were Wliitlield Kirtlry, Ivlwiii Marsh, Nel- -.11 Sal^'( lit, Paul Itmldell, Kdwar.l Miller, .1. W. Fonts, John I.. I'.rkins, Ka.ii' M. HroMii, .lanies Alverson, Nathiiniel ixon, Kpliraim Allyii, .hinu's II. Allyn, (oiii'.'e <;iiliirH, .lolin \\'alkei, .lohn II. Mills, 11. S. .More, |{. Formnn, I'M. t'l'iift'*, .lames Boise, Itobert I'atterson, Kdward MilliT, Kdward Wallaet', I.I'M is Wallaee, .lames II. Smitli, .lohn liarrow, and .lames Meek. •'Aiiioii',' them were .lohn W, Ijiue and wife, .Samuel Jluy, William Kay, Ihiiiy Mitrhell, II. Itoekeiilield, .lames Iturr, .1. A. S|)erry, Willi.iin Clatlin, I'.VMii Watts, .1. ,1. |{a;;an, William MeOeary, (i. Miller, .loiin Nelson, .1. J.owney and daughter, AMel .Mor- 114(111, ( li.'ii'lottu his wife, and family, 4 !eoi'p> llavwiiod, .laiiie.i l!ell,.]ohn I'lill, \\ . II. I'liannon and family, .lohn Carson and wife, Isiail Wii^'ht, livid ^\ ii-ht, {'rank Wright, \'aii Ogle, and Addison S. rersham, most of w hom ■ ii.xM il hy the Niieliess pass. Many of them IiikI families iin Mill iair (iiiarrried a diuf^hter of .1. N. Low), .1. I!, liouinltn'e, .lames II. I.'oiiiidiree, William Ryan, A. II. Hohie, K. C.l'iice, W. II. I'.arson, Wil- hiiiii Newti'ii, Mrs Reheiictt Muddox and children (.luseph, Michael, .Stupiien, Hihi. Waku.— 3 IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I *-IIIIIM IIM «^ IM |||||22 ^ m ilio 1.8 1.25 1.4 1.6 ^ 6" — ► Pholoerdphic Sciences Corporation V iV 23 west MAIN STRUT WIBSTIR,N.Y. 14580 (716) 873-4503 ^ ;\ \ \ 6^ d 66 POLITICS AND DEVELOPMENT. John Thomas and John Nelson *^ founded the White River settlement. Owing to the peculiar system of drainage of these rivers, to which I have referred, by which the same stream has several names, it is neces- sary to remark in this place that White River settle- ment means that portion of the common valley be- tween the Dwamish and Black sections. Above the junction of Black and White rivers is what is known as the Slaughter settlement, which was founded by C. E. King, W. H. Brannan, Joseph Brannan, Joseph Lake, Donald Lake, H. Meter, E. Cooper, W. A. Cox, D. A. Ncely, M. Kirkland, and S. W. Russell. The Black River Valley was settled in 1854 by O. M. Eaton, H. H. Tobin, and Mr Fanjoy, who built a saw-mill at the entrance of Cedar River,*'* which was burned by Indians the following year. William N. Kincaid ^ settled in the Puyallup " Valley, together with Isaac Woolcry, A. H. Woolcry, W. Boatman, J. H. Bell, T. R. Wright, I. H. Wright, G. Hayward, A. Benson, I. McCarty, I, Lemmon, Thomas Owen, Daniel Lane, Thomas Hadlcy, H. Whitesell, R. More, R. Nix, A. S. Persham, and D. Warner. A. settlomont had been commenced at the mouth of the 1 ilup River in the spring of 1852, and 2 others), J. Mowti man, wife and children, H. Meter, Christopher Ken- nedy, Franklin Kennedy, W, Krieo, B. F. Kendall, Jiimes Kyines, Joel Knight, Michael Luiirk and family, Joseph Lake, Donald Lake, Lcnark,.T. B. Ladee, Lambert, William Lane and family, Henry Ivens, Tyrtis Himes, James Biles, Martin V. Harper, Bally Oatzcrt, Alonzo B. Dillenbaugh, J. G. Davis, Perry Diinficld, Simeon Cooper, E. Cooper, John Dickenson, W. C. Briggs, Joseph N. Bnker, John E. Burns, Rev. C. Biles and family, P. Alien., H. Patterson, M. Kirkland, and W. A. Cox. ** Nelson was a native of Norway. 'Vho Seattle JntelHijencer, in Oli/iiipia Transcript of Feb. 1, 1873, states that Nelson settled first on White Kivcr in 1852. If so, ho did not coino witii tiio immigration named above, though ho is set down as one of them in the Olympia Columliinii, Oct. !.">, 18jU, a good authority. ♦*Nono of those men were living in 1857. Tobin died and his widow mar- ried E. M. Smithcrs, who had settled between Smith's Covo and Salmon Hay, but who went to reside on tho Tobin place after his marriage with Mrs Tobin. Eaton and Fanjoy were murdered by tho Indians while en route to tiio Colvillo mines in 185"). Morse's Wash. Ter., ii., MS. 8-10. "*" Kincaid died in Feb. 1870, at his homo in the Puyallup Valley, aged 75 years. Seattle Intellujencer, Feb. 2, 1870. "' I'uyallup Bigniiies, in tho Indian toiigne, shadow, from tho dense shado of its forest. Evans' Puyallup Address, in New 7'acoma Ledycr, July 0, 1860. PROGRESS OF SETTLEMENT. 67 he White system of ■erred, by ■j is neces- ver settle- ^ralley be- ^bove the ; is known tunded by an, Joseph V. A. Cox, 5sell. 1 1854 by mjoy, who ar Kiver,*" wing year, ip " Valley, oolcry, W. H. Wright, . Lemnion, ladley, H. im, and D. need at the her of 1852, I Khristophcr Ken- les Ivymcs, Joel Ice, I,enark, J. li. U Himes, James leubaugli, J; ^• ickenson, W. C. imily, P. Alien-., Incer, in ObinnM 1 on White Uiver Ll above, tlu)\t«h I Oet. 1."), IHoU, u II Ins willow mar- Inil iSiilmon liay, Iwitli Mrs Tobiu. Ite to tlio Colvillu I Valley, aged 75 J the dense Bhado Ls July y, !»!>«• W 1 when Nicholas Delin took a claim at the head of Com- mencement Bay, just east of the present town site of New Tacoma.®^ In October Peter Judson of the inmiigration settled on the town site, which had been previously taken and abandoned by Jacob Barnhart. James Biles settled at Tumwater. Tyrus Himes ^* took a claim six miles east of Olympia. James Allen .settled in Thurston county.^* John L. Clarke and J. IL Cleale *' took up their residence in Olympia. Most of the immigration chose claims in the fall of 1853. Those who Vollowed the next year also immediately selected land, these two immigrations being the last that were permitted to take donation claims. ^ The Indian war of 1855-G, and the insecurity of life in iso- lated settlements for a number of years, caused tho abandonment of the greater part of the farms just opened, and it was not until 1859 that settlement was reestabHshed in the valleys where the first direct over- land immigration made their choice."® Owing to the many hinderanccs to growth which "'Itwiia taken for a mill site, and in ISo.*} M. T. Simmons and Smith Ilnya went in partiiersiiip with Delin to jmt up two eaw-milla, one on his claim and one on Skooknm Hay. One mill was completed that spriui;, and two cargoes of lumher siiipped on the Ocdri/c Eiiwrif, Captain Alden Y. Trask, hut that was all. The site was unfavorable, the lumber having to be rafted a mile to the vessel, '■^Tliese two worthy pioneers were united by more than the usual bonds of fellowship in trials, Hinics having been rescued fmm short rations for himself and family of wife and four children, at the Rocky Mountains, and bi'ouj^lit through to Pugi't Sound by the warm-hearted Kentuckian who led the lirst train through the Nacliesa jyass. Himes was born in Troy, Pa, April 14, 1818. Ho married, in May \HV,i, Kmmelino Holcomh of Le Roy, ra. After making several removes, iie settled in Lafayette, 111., where he was in comfortable circumstances, when ho was seized with the Oregon fev(^r, and started for I'olk co. ; but iiaving miscalculated the requirements of the jour- ney, and being thrown upon the iiospiUdityof Mr. Biles, he was led to \\'ash- ington. Ho died in April 1879, at his homo in Thur.ston co. George H. Himes, jol) printer of I'ortland, Or., is the eldest son of Tyrus Himes. Evans, in Trtiiis. Or. Pioiifpr Aim., 1879, 49-iiH. "* Allen was born in Pa, Nov. ',i, 179S, and removed while young to Ohio. He married in 181.5, and lost his wife in ISIUl, after which ho remained un- married, accompanying his children to I'uget iSound in l.sri;i, and residing there until his death in 1S08. Olympia Trniixcript, Nov. '2, 18(i8. '*' Clarke and Clealo both died in 18711. Olympia Courier, Oct. 4, 1873; Olym/iia TnniKrrliit, May 17, 187:i. '"I'lvans says that Arthur Miller returned to the Puyallup in lSr>9, fol- lowed ill 18(iO l)y J. V. Meeker, and in 18(51 by a suthcient number of familio* to justify tlio establishment of a post-otlioo, of which .1. P. Stewart was post* master for l'_' years. Xcw Tacimii Lcil^ir, July 9, 1880. POLITICS AND DEVELOPMENT. the territory encountered, and which I shall attempt to set forth in this volume, the Pioneer Association of Washington®^ set its limit of pioneer settle- ment at 1860, at about which time these difficulties began finally to di^ppear. It will be observed that there were no large annual accessions to this territory as there had been south of the Columbia, and that although it commenced its existence after the other had conquered many obstacles, and with seemingly superior advantages, its situation proved unfavorable to rapid development. In November 1853 a steam-packet, the Fairy, was placed upon the Sound by her owner and master, D. J. Gove, to ply between the settlements;"'* and the first of a line of clipper-built lumbermen, the Live Yankee, for the trade between the Sound and San Francisco, was being constructed at Bath, Maine, during the summer, while a constantl}'^ increasing fleet of American vessels visited these waters. Schools had been opened in several neighborhoods, but for ob- vious reasons there was no system of education estab- lished. Of ministers- there were enough, but not much church-going, and as yet no churches nor sec- tarian institutions of any kind except the catholic Ind- ian mission near Olympia. But with a population of ^' In Jan. 1871 a meeting was called at Columbia Hall, in Olympia, for the purpose of perfecting tlie organization of a pioneer association, tlie call being signed by 67 names of residents from a period antedating 1860. The committee on constitution and by-laws, consisting of Joseph Cushman, Klwood Evans, E. T. Qunn, Benjamin Harned, Levi Shelton, S. Coulter, W. W. Miller, and O. B. McFadden, reported Feb. 15th. The requisition for membership was o, residence in the territory previous to Jan. 1, 1860, or on the Pacific coast prior to Jan. 1, 1855. Olympia Transcript, Feb. 18, 1871. David Phillips, first president of the society, died in March 1872. Seattle la lelligencer, Marcli 11, 1872. A call similar to the first was made at Van couver in October 1874, signed by Joseph Petrain, M. R. Hathaway, A. M Andrew, John Proebstel, R. D. Fales, David Wall, William H. Traut, B, F. Preston, Guy Hayden, S. P. McDonald, H. L. Caplcs, John F. Smith, G H. Steward, and S. B. Curtis. F. W. Bier, S. P. McDonald, and G. T. Mc Cunnell were appointed a committee on constitution and by-laws. This society sought to limit the pioneer period to Jan. 1, 18i>6, the Columbia River section of the territory being a much older settlement than Puget Sound. By the same rule, the pioneers of eastern Washington should be allowed until 1865 or 1868. Vancouver Jiegister, Aug. 7, 1874, Oct. 0, 1874. '''Olympia Columbian, }fov. 4, 1853. Rabbeson afterward owned the /(liry. She was blown up in Oct. 1857, at Olympia. PROSPECTS. attempt 50ciation r settle- ^fficulties ved that territory and that )ther had ' superior ! to rapid 'airy, was laster, D. * and the the Live . and San [1, Maine, asing fleet Schools )ut for ob- ;ion estab- , but not s nor sec- hohc Ind- lulation of ,. OlyiTipiai ^01" [ation, tlie call W 1860. The tpn Cushman, |n, S. Coulter, Irequisitioii for \\, 1800, or on Feb. 18, 1871. |72. Seattle In' Imade at Van- liaway, A. M. H. Traut, B. F. Smith, G. ind G. T. Mc- , This society , River section )und. By the irecl until 1865 less than 4,000, not quite 1,700 of whom were voters, the ambitious young commonwealth was already talk- ing of a railroad from the Skookum Chuck coal-fields, discovered in 1850, to Olympia, and J. W. Trutch was engaged in surveying a route ^ in the autumn of 1853. In this chaotic but hopeful condition was the new territory of Washington, when on the 26th of November, 1853, Governor I. I. Stevens arrived at Olympia to set in motion the wheels of government. » Olympia Columbian, Oct. 2 and \% 1853. Ined the Fairy, CHAPTER III. ORGANIZATION OF GOVERNMENT. 1853-1855. Governor Isaac Inqalls Stevens— His Life and Character— Raieroad StTRVKYS — Political Parties — Election — First Legislative Assem- bly — Its Personnel and Acts — Early Newspapers — County Organ- izations — Federal Courts — Land Claims and Land Titles — Roads, Mails, and Express Companies — San Juan Island — Indian Troubles — Treaties and Reservations— Stevens in Eastern Washington. Isaac Inoalls Stevens, the man who had been sent to organize the government of Washington, was one fitted bj nature and education to impress himself upon the history of the country in a remarkable de- gree. He was born at Andover, Massachusetts, and educated in the mihtary school of West Point, from which he graduated, in 1839, with the highest honors. He had charge for a few years of fortifications on the New England coast. He had been on the staflf of General Scott in Mexico, and for four years previous to his appointment as governor of Washington had been an assistant of Professor Bache on the coast survey, which gave him the further training which was to make his name prominent in connection with the survey for the Northern Pacific railroad — the his- toric road of the continent — the idea of which had for thirty years been developing in connection with the Columbia River and a route to China. Congress having at length authorized the survey of this and other routes to the Pacific, Stevens was placed in charge of the northern line, whose terminus, by the progress of discovery and events, was now (70) GOVERNOR AND POLITICS. n EB — RAIEROAD LATIVE ASSEM- ;;ouNTy Okgan- Titles— Roads, DiAN Teoubles Washington. :1 been sent m, was one 3SS himself irkable de- usetts, and oint, from est honors, ions on the le staff of rs previous ngton had the coast ling which ction with I — the his- ich had for n with the the survey tevens was terminus, was now fixed at Puget Sound. He was to proceed from the head waters of the Mississippi to this inlet of the Pa- ciiic, and report not only upon the route, but upon the Indian tribes along it, with whom he was to establish friendly relations, and, when practicable, to treat. The manner in which the survey was conducted is si)okcn of in another portion of my work, and I pro- ceed here with the narration of territorial affairs.^ The day appointed by Governor Stevens for electing a delegate to congress and members of a council and house of representatives was the 30th of January, 1854, the members chosen to convene at Olympia February 27tb following. In the time intervening, two political ])arties organized and enacted the usual contest over their candidates. The democratic candidate for dele- «ute to congress, Columbia Lancaster, is not unknown to the reader. He had served the county of Lewis in the council of the Oregon legislature, if service it could be called, in which he did nothing but cover him- .self with ridicule. His whig opponent was William H. Wallace,^ and the independent candidate M. L. Sim- ' Tlie officers appointed to assist Stevens in the survey of a railroad route were A\'. T. Gaiiliner, capt. 1st dragoons; George B. McClellan, brev. capt., assigned to duty as napt. of eug.; Johnson K. Duncan, 2d lieut 3d art.; Rufus .Saxton, Jr, 2d licut 4th art.; Cuvier Grover (brother of L. F. Grover of Orogoii), L'd lieut oth art.; A. J. Donelson, 2d lieut corps of engineers; John Mullaii, Jr, brev. 2(1 lieut 1st art; George F. Suckley and J. G. Cooper, surguo2is and naturalists; John Evans, geologist; J. M. Stanley, artist (the same who was in Oregon in 1847-8); G, W. Stevens and A. Remenyi, astron- oiiiLis; A. W. Tinkhain and F. W. Lander (brother of Judge Lander), civil eiigincor.s; John Lambert, draughtsman. iVttuh'nujtoH (City) llcpublir, May 7, 185.3. The survey was to be commenced from both ends of the route, to meet somewliere west of the Rocky Mountains. McClellan, who had charge of tiio west end of the line, arrived in S. F. in June 185;i, and proceeded to explore the Ca.scado Range for passes leading to Puget Sound, starting from Vancouver, and dividing his party so as to make a rcconnoissauce ou both sides of the range the same season. The narratives of these surveys contained ill the Pucific R. R. reports are interesting. Several persons connected with the expeditions remained on the Pacific coast; others have since revisited it ill an otiiciul capacity, and a few who are not mentioned here will be men- tioued in connection with subsequent events. "Wallace was born iu Miami county, Ohio, July 17, 1811, whence ho re- moved when a child to Indiana, and in 18.39 to Iowa, wiiere he served in both bniiiches of the legislature. He was appointed receiver of public moneys at Fiarlield, Iowa, holding the ofHco until Pierce's administration, when ho re- moved to Washington, iu 18o.3. His subsequent career will be given iiere- nfter. llis death occurred B'eb. 8, 1879. Olympia Standard, Fob. 15, 1879; iVt'w Tacoma Jlcmld, Feb 14, 1879. 72 ORGANIZATION OF GOVERNMENT. i 1 I mens, who, notwithstanding his popularity as a man and a democrat, received only eighteen votes,* Wal- lace received 500, and Lancaster 690. Democracy was strong on the north side of the Columbia, as it was on the south, but it had not yet assumed the same dictatorial tone,* and Lancaster, who had affiliated with the whigs in 1851 in Oregon, was a thorough enough democrat in 1853.* He had a talent for hu- morous story-telling, which in debate often goes as far as argument or forensic eloquence before a promiscu- ous assemblage. The unsuccessful candidates were John M. Hayden,* surgeon at Fort Steilacoom, F. A. ' Simmons' influence naturally declined when he was put in comparison and competition with men of different degrees of education, and he felt the embarrassment and humiliation of it keenly. To it he ascribed the loss of his property, which occurred later. Although a man of large frame and good constitution, he died at the age of 53 years, Nov. 15, 1807. He was buried with imposing ceremonies by the masonic order, of which he was a monber, having subscribed liberally toward the erection of a masonic hall at Olympia in 1854. Olympia Standard, Nov. 2.3, 1807. * Joseph Cushman was appointed by a democratic legislature first probate judge of Tliurston co. He was bom at Middlebury, Mass., Mai'ch 13, 1807, and was a lineal descendant of Robert Cushman of the MnyAower comijany, had a good home education and a Boston business training, hence was a val- uable man in any community, besides being an orator of ability, and ready writer. He went to South America in 1849, and after a brief stay in Valpa- raiso, came to California, and engaged in jobbing goods on the Sacramento River. Making the acquaintance of Samuel Merritt, owner of the brig G. W. Kcndidl, ho took charge of Merritt's business, established in Olympia in 1852, Merritt running a line of vessels, and having a trading-house at that place. In 1857 Cushman was admitted to practice as an attorney, and suc- cessfully defended Luther M. Collins, who was charged with murder in con- nection with the execution of an Indian outlaw. In 1855 he was nominated by the freo-soil party for delegate to congress, but was beaten by J. P. An- derson, deuiocrat. In the Indian war he enlisted as a private in E]aton's comjiany of rangers, and was one of the party besieged on Lemmon's land in the Puyallup Valley, remaining in the service until the close of the war. He was president of the first board of trustees for Olympia in 1809. In 1801 he was appointed by President Lincoln receiver of public moneys in connection with the land-office, which appointment he held until 1870. His name is in- corporated with the history of the capital of Washington particularly, and with the country in general. He died Feb. 29, 1872. Olympia Echo, March 7, 1872; Olympia Standard, March 2, 1872. * P. W. Crawford relates how by a little sharp practice he procured the nomination in convention of his friend Lancaster, who lived on or near the Columbia, against the candidates of the Sound district, by d'vidin,; the votes against him, and as they failed, gathering them in solid fc r !.be remaining candidate. Narr., MS., 207. *Hayden was strongly supported by Pierce co., having les'ded at the fort ever since its establishment, practising his profession alsooutsi le the military reservation. Being recalled to the east in 1854, companies A and C, 4th in- fantry, presented him a flattering farewell address, published in Olympia Pioneer and Dem., Jan. 21, 1854. THE LEGISLATURE. 78 |r as a man ,cs.« Wal- Dernocracy nibia, as it id the same d affiliated a thorough ent for hu- goes as far 1 promiscu- dates were !oom, F. A. ,t in comparison , and lie felt the eil the loss of his frame and good He was buried e was a member, hall at Olympia tare first probate March 13, 1807, yAowi'r company, hence was a val- |bility, and ready f stay in Valpa- the Sacramento ;r of the brig G. led in Olympia in ng-house at that jtorney, and suc- murder in con- was nominated en by J. P. An- ivatc in Eaton's temmon'a land in of the war. He iG9. In 1861 ho lys in connection His name is in- larticularly, and la Echo, March lie procured the on or near the vidin,; the votes the remaining 'ded at the fort |i le the military and C, 4th in- led in Olympia Chenoweth, Judge Strong, Gilmore Hays/ and W. H. Wallace. In the legislature, which organized by choosing G. N. McConaha* president of the council, and F. A. Chenoweth speaker of the lower house, there was a democratic majority of one in the council ' and six in ' Gilmore Hays was a native of Ky, but resided in Mo., where he was dis- trict judge, when the gold discovery drew him to C'al. Returning to ilo., ho led a train of immigrants to Oregon in 1852, and in 18J3 settled on Dcs Chutes River near the head of Budd Inlet. The year 1852 was the time of the cholera on the plains, and Hays lost his wife and two children, who were burieil near Salmon Falls of Snake River, together with the wife of B. F. Yautis. There remained to him three sons, James H., Charles, and Robert, and one daughter, who married J. G. Parker, all of whom reside in Olympia. In the same company were John P. and Isaac Hays, his brothers, N. Ostran- der, Hilary Butler, James Scott, and their families, Thomas Prather, George Fry, and others. When the Indian war threatened, he was first to volunteer, his was tlie first company raised, and throughout he was of much service to tlie territory. After the termination of the war, he returned to Mo., but in 18G:) removed to Idaho, and was useful to the supt of Ind. affairs for Washing- ton in arranging treaties with the natives. Failing health caused him to return to Pugefc Sound, where he died October 10, 1880. Olympia Transcript, Oct. 30, 1880; Olympia Standard, Oct. 29, 1880; Olympia Courier, Oct. 29, 1 880. "McConaha was drowned, in company with P. B. Barstow, in the Sound, on the 23d of May, 1854. His widow, Ursula, had a series of other losses and misfortunes. An 8-year old daughter was burned to death in March 18.J8, a son was killed by a vicious horse, and another son terribly maimed by an accident. In August 1859 she married L. V. Wyckoff of Seattle. • The first legislative assembly was composed of nine councilmen, as follows: Clarke county, Daniel F. Bradford and William H. Tappan; Island and Jeffer- son, William T. Say ward; Lewis and Pacific, Seth Catlin and Henry Miles; Pierce and King, Lafayette V. Balch and G. N. McConaha; Thurston, D. R. Bigelow and B. F. Yantis. H. M. Frost of Pierce was elected chief clerk, and U. E. Hicks of Thurston assistant clerk. Hicks was county clerk of Thurston. He figured a good deal in politics, served in the Indian war of 1855-C, and afterward edited one or more newspapers. He emigrated to Washington from Mo. in 1850, with his young wife, who died Nov. 16, 1853, aged 21 years. He married, Jan. 21, 1855, India Ann Hartsock. Frost served but a part of the term, and resigned, when Elwood Evans was elected and served from Miircli 8th to May Ist. J. L. Mitchell of Lewis was elected sergeant-at-arms, and W. G. Osborn of Thurston door-keeper. The council being divided into three classes by lot. D. R. Bigelow, Seth Catlin, and W. H. Tappan drew the tiirce-years term; B. F. Yantis, Henry Miles, and G. N. McConaha, the two-years term; W. T. Sayward, D. F. Bradford, and L. Balch, the one-year term. The house of representatives consisted of seventeen members, one from Island county, S. D. Howe (whig); five from Clarke, J. D. Biles, F. A. Clicnoweth, A. J. Bolan, Henry R. Crosbie, and A. Lee Lewis (whig); one from Lewis, H. D. Huntington (whig) — John K. Jackson and F. A. Clarke received the same number of votes, and the second member from Lewis was not elected; one from Jefferson, D. F. Brownfield; one from King, A. A. Denny (whig); three from Pierce, L. F. Thompson, John M. Chapman, and H. C. Moselcy; four from Thurston, Leonard D. Durgin, David Sliclton, Ira ^yard (whig), and C. H. Hale (whig); one from Pacific, Jehu Scudder, who died before the legislature convened. Scudder was one of the first settlers in Pacific county, and was much regretted. A singular fatality attended the H ORGANIZATION OF GOVERNMENT. the house of representatives ; but there was no undue exhibition of partisan zeal, nor any occasion for it, the assembly being impressed with the importance of the public duties which had been assigned to them. The organization being completed on the 28th, Gov- ernor Stevens was invited to communicate to the legislature a message, in which he made certain state- ments which will not be out of place here as an introduction to his administration and the history of the territory. After a just encomium upon the country and its natural advantages for commerce, he reminded them that as the Indian title to lands had not been extin- guished, nor a law passed for its extinguishment, titles could not be secured under the land law of congress, and the public surveys ^\ere languidly con- ducted. He spoke of the importance of a road to Walla Walla, another to the Columbia, and one along the eastern shore of the Sound to Bellingham Bay, and advised them to memorialize congress on the urgent necessity for these roads, to prevent suffering and loss to the immigrations. He counselled them to ask for a surveyor-general of the territory, and that liberal appropriations might be made for the surveyors, that they might keep in advance of the settlements. He proposed to request an amendment to the land law making it possible to acquire title by the payment of the minimum valuation, by a resi- dence of one year, or by improvements equal to the minimum valuation, and that single women should be placed on the same footing with married women. He recommended the early settlement of the boundary representatives from Pacific. In the first instance, J. L. Brown was nom- inated, and died before the election. His successor, Scudder, who was nom- inated after his death and elected, did not live to take his seat. Henry Peister was then chosen to fill the vacancy, but died of apoplexy on tlio evening of the day on which he was sworn in. Feistcjr also left a family. Another election being ordered, James C. Strong was chosen, and took his seat Apiil 14, 1854. Olyntpia Pioneer and Dcm., April 15, 18r>4. B. F. Kendall was elected chief clerk, and J. Phillips assistant clerk, of the lower house; Jacob Smith of Whitlbey Island sergeant-at-arms; and J. H. Rouudtree door-keeper. Oljmp'ia Pioneer and Uem., March 4, 1854. MESSAGE OF GOVERNOR STEVENS. 76 s no undue jion for it, portance of (I to them. 28th, Gov- ;ate to the irtain state- here as an B history of itry and its inded them been extin- npfuishment, land law of nguidly con- f a road to id one along ngham Bay, f-ress on the ent suffering iselled them irritory, and tde for the ance of the amendment [uire title by by a resi- i'qual to the men should ied women, [he boundary iBrown was notn- \r, who was noin- ). Henry Feister Lu tlie evening of family. Auotlicr fcok liis seat April F. Kendall waa jfer house; Jacob [tree door-keeper. line between Washington and the British territory on the north, and that congress should be memorial- ized on this subject, and on the importance of contin- uing the geographical and geological surveys already conmienced. He made the usual prophetic remarks on the Pacific railroads,^" referred to the inefficient mail service, of which I have spoken at length in the history of Oregon, gave same advice concerning the [)reparation of a code of laws, and adverted to the im- portance of organizing new counties east of the Cas- cade Range, and readjusting the boundaries of some of the older ones. In referring to the position occupied by the Hud- son's Bay and Puget Sound Agricultural companies, the governor declared them to have certain rights granted to them, and lands confirmed to them, but that the vajjue nature of their liniits must lead to concernmg their possessions, and recom- disputes mended that congress should be memorialized to extinguish their title. As to the right of the Hudson's Bay Company to trade w?th the Indians, that he said was no longer allowed, an^l under instruc- tions from the secretary of state he had already informed the company that they would be given until July to wind up their affairs, after which time the laws regulating intercourse with the Indians would be rigidly enforced. He recommended a special commission to report on a school system, and that congress should be asked to appropriate land for a university; also that some mili- tary training should be included in the curriculum of the higher schools. An efficient militia system was declared to be necessary in a distant territory, which '"In my judgment, with such aid us the government can rightfully furnish as a proprietor in making surveys and granting lands, the energies of our people are adequate to building not simply one, but three or four roads. Our coininerce doubles in 7 years, our railroads in 4 or 5 years, ami we have reason to believe that for some years to come this rate of increase will be accelerated. ... I am firmly of opinion, however, that these groat undertakings should 1)0 controlled and consummated by the people themselves, and that every project of agovernmeut road should be discountenanced.' Wash, Jour. Vouncil, 1SJ4, 14. IlLii I 76 ORGANIZATION OF GOVERNMENT. must In case of war be compelled for a time to rely upon itself; and this he thought, with the arms and ammunition to which the territory would be entitled under the laws of congress, would enable it to protect itself from any foreign invader." Such is a brief abstract of the first message of the first governor of Washington, which is an epitome also of the condition, needs, and prospects of the new commonwealth. Most of the suggestions made by the governor were carried out in some form. Immediately after organization, the house adopted for the territorial seal a device furnished by Lieutenant J. K. Duncan of Stevens' surveying expedition.^^ Seal. The first bill passed was on the 1st of March, an act providing for a board of commissioners to prepare a code of laws for the territory; the board appointed consisting of judges Edward Lander, Victor Monroe, and William Strong, who adopted as many of the " Wash. Jour. Council, 1854, 10-18. ' '' On one side, a log cabin and an immigrant "wagon, with a fir forest in t)ie background; on the other, a sheet of water being traversed by a steamer and sailing-vessels; a city in perspective; the goddess of hope and an anchor iu the centre, the figure pointing above to the significant Indian word 'Alki' — by and by. Olympia Pioneer and Dem., Feb. 25, 1854; Wash, Jour. House, 1854, 14. time to rely he arms and 1 be entitled it to protect h is a brief governor of he condition, :nmonwealth. overnor were lOUse adopted )y Lieutenant expedition.^- [arch, an act I to prepare a Lrd appointed jctor Monroe, many of the Jth a fir forest in the Id by a steamer and ) and an anchor in mword'Alki'— t.y Va»h. Jour. House, '% I COUNTIES. 77 laws of Oregon as they found practicable, and other suitable ones from other codes," the laws originated by the legislature being chiefly local. The counties of Sawamish," Whatcom," Clallam, Chchalis, Cowlitz, Wahkiakum, Skamania, and Walla Walla" were created, the latter with the county seat "on the land claim of Lloyd Brooks," now the site of tlic city of Walla Walla. The county seat of Clarke county was fixed at Vancouver/'^ "on the east side " Strong's Hist. Or., MS. , 62. J. W. Wiley of the Pioneer and Democrat, a new name for the Columbian, was elected territorial printer by the legisla- ture, but A. M. Berry, Wiley's partner, was appointed to superintend the print- ing of the laws in the east. He died of malignant small-pox soon after reach- ing liis liome in Greenland, N. H., at the age of 29 year.:,, j !. 1 the laws were not in readiness for tlie next legislature. Alfred Metcalf Bev •> -ome to the Pacific coast in 1849, and to Or. in 1850 for his health. In Deri. 1853 he formed a partneisiiip with Wiley, and the name of Columbian being no longer sif^nifi- cant, the publishers changed it to Washington P, 'leer. in Jan. )S.,4il. L. Doyle brought a press and material toOlympia, . Iih the intention uf starting a new pajitT to be called the Northwest Democrat, but iinally consolidated wi"' the Pioneir, which then became the Pioneer and Di mocrat. See Wash, ' '• vippr, Jan. '28, 1854. Soon after the death of Bony, George B. Goudy, .inothcr younf man, became associated with Wiley as puMisher, the firm be- ing Wiley, Goudy, & Doyle, but Dc"Ie retired before the end of the year ( 1 S>1.")), anil only Wiley and Goudy remained, Wiley being editor. Gondy was elected territorial printer Jan. 27 1855, the Pioneer and Democrat remaining tiie ollicial paper of the territory until a republican administration in 1801. He was a native of Indianapolis, Ind. , and born in 1828. He came to Or. in 1 849, 11 nd for a year had charge of the publication of the Spectator. He married Eliz- aljcth Morgan of Lafayette, Dr., in Sept. 1854, and removed toOlympia early in 1855. Flis connection with the Pioneer and Democrat ceased in Aug. 1850. He died Sept. 19, 1857, leaving a wife and child. E. Furste succeeded Goudy as publisher of the Pioneer and Democrat. In May 1858 Wiley retired, leav- ing Furste publisher and editor. Wiley died March 30, 1800, at the age of 40, tlie victim of intemperate drinking. He was born in Ohio, was possessed of brilliant talents, and impressed his mind and energy upon the history of liis adopted country, but fell by a power mightier than himself. Pioneer and Dem., March 30, 1800. In November 1800 Furste sold the paper to James Lodge, who found the change in public sentiment against the democratic antecedents of this journal, which lost precedence, and was discontinued not long after. Historically, the Pioneer and Democrat is of more importance tiian any other journal or journals. '* Sawamish county, first organized March 13, 1854, had its name changed to Mason Jan. 3, 1864, in honor of Charles H. Mason, first secretary of the territory. The county officers appointed on its organization were: commis- sioners, Wesley Gosnell, Charles Graham, Lee Hancock; sherifiF, Finis K. Simmons; judge of probate, Alfred Hall; auditor, V. P. Morrow; treasurer, Orrington Cushman; justice of the peace, Aaron M. Collins. Olympia Pioneer and Dem., May 27, 1854. '^Commissioners appointed for Whatcom county were William Cullen, II. C. Page, R. V, Peabody; sheriff, Ellis Barnes; auditor, A. M. Poe. "Commissioners appointed for Walla Walla were Georgo C. Baniford, John Owen, Dominique Pambrun; shei T, Narcisso Kaymond; judge of pro- bate and justice of the peace, Lloyd Brooke. " Vancouver is called Columbia City in the act. This patriotic change of 78 ORGANIZATION OF GOVERNMENT, of Mrs Esther Short's land claim," and by the same act Mrs Short's dwelling was made the legal place of holding courts until suitable buildings should bo erected by the county.^* The county seat of Che- naiiic occurred about 1831 or 1852, but I fail to find any mention of it. I think it was done on the motion of tlio lirst postmaster at tliat place, R. H. Laiisdale, wlio had the post-otfice called Columbia City. The name, how- ever, would not pass in the face of long usage, and the Washington legisla- ture at its second session changed it to Vancouver. The commissioners appointed for Clarke county by tho first territorial legislature were WiUiani Dillon, C. C. ytiles, and Mr Fairchilds; sherilf, George W. Hart; judge of prob;ite, Henry GuUifcr -.uditor, William Ryan; treasurer, Henry Bnrliii- game; justicesof the peace, Solomon Strong, Michael Tubbs; coroner, William Al. Simmons; assessor, Henry C. Morse; constable for Vancouver precinct, Moses Kirkham, for Cathlapootle precinct, C. C. Bogarth, for Washougal precinct. Berry Paten. ^'^ OtUcers were appointed for all the counties already in existence, as well as the new ones, and as the list furnishes a guide to the distribution of the pop- ulation, they are here given. Skamania county commissioners, S. M. Hamil- tuii, Joseph Robbins, Jacob W. Scroder; sherill', E. F. McNoll; judge of probate, Cornelius Salmer; treasurer, J. H. Bush; auditor, George W. John.son; justicesof the peace, N. H. Gales, B. B. Bishop, and Lloyd Brooke. Cowlitz county eommiissioners, Thomas Lowe, A. A. Aberuethy, Seylor Rue; justice of tho peace for Monticello precinct, Nathaniel Stone; constaliic, R. (J. Smith; judge of probate, Nathaniel Ostrander; auditor, Charles Ilnl- man; treasurer, Alexander Crawford; sheriff, James Huntington; assessor, Benjamin Huntington; justice of tho peace for Oak Point precinct, A\ . H. ilarris; constable, F. A. Smith. Wahkiakum county commissioners, James Birnie, Thompson Dray, Aus- tin Nye; auditor, Newell Bearfs; treasurer, James Birnie, Jr; sherilF, Wil- liam Stilwell; judge of probate and justice of the peace, Solomon Stilwell. I'acilic county commissioners, George T. Eastabrook, P. J. McEwen, Danii 1 Wilson; judge of ju-obatc, George P. Newell; justice of the peace, Ezra Wes- ton; constable, William Edwards. Lewin county connnissioiiers, Henry R. Stillman, Thomas Metcalf, J. ('. Davis; judge of probate, James Gardiner; auditor, Horace IL Pints; jus- tices of the peace, Charles h\ White, O. Small, N. Stearns, F. Delin; con- Bfables, B.iptistc lionc, William C. Many; sherill", J. L. Mitchell; auditur, Martin Buac(iufutly jiulge ^id to 1)0 correct, ly attainments of In. 7, ISra. For lies. He died of y. in-law, W. W. [in tlio territory, late to congress. Is, IS-".; U. S. Iborn in 1819, in Visconsin at tlio lorth wiile of tliu Ironi Lewis and Irolio was again fllamctto Valley I of the national legislature was called was a change in the land law, to effect which congress was memorial- ized to grant them a surveyor-general of their own, and a land system "separate from, and wholly discon- nected with, that of Oregon territory."'*^ By comparing the demands with the memorials of the Oregon legislature from time to time, it will be perceived tliat the earth hunger was not all confined to the [)eoplc south of the Columbia. And by refer- ence to my History of Oregon, the reader may learn to what extent congress responded to the demands of ''^Tlionmcndnionts petitioned forwcre: 1. To bo relieved from the prohibi- tion preventing the iiolders of donation certificates from selling any portion of their c!.iiiiis licforc they received a patent; their certificates to bo prima fiieie eviilenee of title. .Suggestions were given as to the manner of establish- ing a elaiiii by wituoaacs before the surveyor-general. 2. That persona enti- tled 1(1 a donation should be permitted to take irregular fractions of land. 3. Tliiit town propiietors should be authorized to convey lots by valid deeds, tlio saiiio a.i if a patent had been issued. 4. That when either parent of a child ov rliilihi'u .should liavedicd upon the road to Washington, tho survivor sliouM 1)0 eiitiJot to as much land as both together would have been entitled to; provided the laud taken in the name of tho deceased siiould bo held in trust for the cliildicn. Or when cither parent shouhl have started for or arrived in tin' teiritory, and the other, though not yet started, should die, liaving .a iliild or eliihlren, the surviving parent should be entitled, by com- plying with the provisions of tlic law, to the full amount that both jiarcnts and sUlIi i?liilan I tlie amount of nin a permanent go was made as Washington, tarting the sur- nd using it as a country where pti.,3:?dcong. ncreased com- surveying in .idst the decay - h horses could men, at a great (Tcr through to .dian fell in the m to make re- e line between .ns throush tlic ndian war. Do Stcilaconm to who afterward Movr'x Wanh. rcgon otlicc was ~ec. ISi")."), 3,()0:i 2 years, 5,088 •ever, stoppeil deputies who n after the war .s murdered ou « -f 4 1 Next in importance was a memorial relative to the extinguishment of the Indian title, congress being un'-eci to make provisions for the immediate pur- chase of the lands occupied bv the natives; and this reijuost was granted, as I shall soon proceed to show. Congress was also asked to change the organic act of the territory, wliicli ajjportioned the legislature by the iunnb(^r of ([ualified voters, so as to make the appor- tionment by the number of inhabitants, which was not allowed. Not less important than either of these was a memorial concerning the Puget Sound Agricultural Company, and the difterence of opinion existing be- tween the company and the citizens of Washington in relation to the rights of the association under the treaty of 184G. The memorial set forth that the then ju'esent moment was an auspicious one for the extinc- tion of tlieir title, and gave as a reason that "build- ings, once valuable, from long use are now measurably worthless; and lands once fertile, which paid the tiller oi' th<; soil, ai'o now become destitute of any fertilizing (jniihties; that said farms are now less vahiable than the same amount of lands in a state of nature;" and congress was entreated to save the country from this Wliidlicy Island in the latter part of July ISoS. Ohjrnpht P'louwr ami Dem., All^' (!, IS,"),S; /.(iiid-ojlice /{i/if, 1S,")8. The field of operations in 1858 was on Sliwilwiitcr Bny, (iiay Harbor, Wiiidbey Lsland, and the soutliern coast of the FuwiHtrait. As there was hut one land-oflice in the territory, and tliat one situated at Olyinpia, the land eonimissioner, at the recniest of the territo- rial! liu'isliiturc, rt'conmnndod tiie formation of tliree new districts. No action was taken, and in 1858 the legislature ]i:issed another resolution asking for thi-ee additional land districts, one to he called Colund)ia Kiver Jhingt(in teiritory,' hut provided no appropriation for carrying out its purpose until the following year, when theotheeat \'aneou\er wasi'stahlisheil. Ill I i.'i? a hill was l)r.>nght heforo the house of rcpresentatixes to extend tho pu' lie surveys east of the (^asciide Mountains. The senate referred the niat- tei- to the secretary of the interior, who declared there was no necessity for tluj bill, and that it would render em i, 'rat ion overland dangerous hy exciting t'le In. linns, (r, S. Sni. Misc., '2H, 'Mth cong. ."{d sess. It'Was not until thu cios(r of the Indiati war east of tho niountains in 18."iS tliat the land laws weic extended to that region. In 1802 tho legislature menioriali/ed con- g'.c s( for a laud-ofBco ut Walla Walla, which WU8 established. Wash. Slat., i8ui-'j, lao. 84 ORGANIZATION OF GOVERNMENT. deterioration.^' The memorial also stated that at the period of the ratification of the treaty the amount of' land enclosed by the Puget Sound Company at Cow- litz and Nisqually did not exceed 2,000 acres, yet that the company claimed 227 square miles, or in other words, all the land over which their herds of wild stock occasionally roamed, or to which they were from time to time removed for change of pasture. The Ameri- cans held that the treaty confirmed only the lands en- closed by fences. They had settled upon and improved the unenclosed lands in many instances; yet they had received written notices from the agents of the com- pany commanding them to vacate their homes or be served with writs of ejectment and trespass; for which causes congress was petitioned to take steps to ascer- tain the rights of the company, and to purcliase them.2« A joint resolution wns also passed instructing the delefjatc to compress to use his influence with the ad- ministration to cfi^ect a settlement of the disputed boundary between the United States and Great Brit- ain, involving the right to the islands of the archipel- ago of Haro, the matter being afterward known as the San Juan question, and to take some steps to remove the foreign trespassers from the islands — a res- olution suggested, as we already know, by the message of Governor Stevens.'*^ "• This remarkable statement is corroborated by subsequent writers, who account for the impoverishment of the soil by the substratum of gravel, wliich, when tho sod was disturbed, allowed the rains to wash down, as through a filter, tlio component parts of the soil. S'or the same reason, tho oattlc-rangea, from bcinj» continually trampled in wet weather, received no benefit from the dung of tlio animals, and deteriorated as stated above. On tho plains between the Nisqually and Puyallup rivers, where once tho grass grew as tall as a man on horseback, tho appearance of the country was later one of sterility. '" Wanh. Jour. Voinicil, 1854, 183-5. Two other memorials were p.-issed at this session; ono asking that the claim of Lafayette Baloh for tho expense incurred in rescning tho Geoi'oiana'n passengers from Queen Charlotte Island bo jiaid, and ono praying congress to confirm tho land claim of George IjusIi, ooloreil, to him and his heirs. Id., 185-8. As to the first, congresf had already legislated on that subject. Vonr;. Globe, x\x. 125. "' Tho other joint resolutions passed related to tho establishment of a mail service, by the way of Puget Sound, between Olynipia and other points in VV^ashington to Han Francisco, New York, and New Orleans; to appropriations for territorial and military roads; to light-houses at Capo Flattery, on Uluut's TERRITORIAL OFFICERS. 89 at at the mount of* at Cow- cres, yet r in other vild stock roni time e Anicri- lands en- improved they had the com- mes or be for which i to ascer- purcliase acting the th tht) ad- ; disputed treat Brit- ^- archipel- inown as steps to as — a res- e message . writers, who gravel, which, as through a oattlc-rangcs, jncfit from the )lains between s tall as a man erility. were passed jr the expense arlottu Island (icorgo liush, 3f had already lent of a mail Ihcr points in Ippropviations jry, on iilnut's The selection of territorial officers by the legislature resulted in the appointment of William Cook treas- urer, D. B. Bigelovv auditor, F. A. Chenoweth pros- ecuting attorney of the first judicial district, D. R. Bigelow for the second, and F. A. Clarke for the third. B. F. Kendall^ was chosen territorial librarian. The legislature adjourned May 1st, after passing 125 acts, and conducting its business harmoniously. That which appears as most deserving of comment in the proceedings of this body is a resolution passed early in the session, that, in its opinion, no disad- vantage could result to the territory should the gov- ernor proceed to Washington city, "if, in his judgment, the interest of the Pacific railroad survey and the matters incide'.it thereto could thereby be promoted." Stevens was anxious to report in person on the results of the railroad survey. In anticipation of this, he made a voyage down the Sound, looking for the best |)oint for the terminus of the Northern Pacific, and lie named Steilacoom, Seattle, and Bellingham Bay as impressing him favorably.'* But there were other matters which he wished to bring to the attention of the government in his capacity of superintendent of Island, and at New Diingeness; to an appropriation for a marine hospital; to a Riqiiisitiou for arms and equipments for tbe male citizens of the territory hutwoen the ages of 18 and 45; to the completion of the geological survey; to tlie building of an arsenal; to having Columbia City, Penn Cove, Port (Jain- l)li', Whatcom, and Seattle made porta of delivery; to having the offieo of the sur\eyor of customs removed from Nisqually to tSteilacoom; to increasing the .salary of the collector of customs; and to the advantage of annexing the Sand- wich Islands; with some lesser local matters. Among the latter was one set- ting forth that Henry V. Colter, one of the firm of Parker & Colter's express, had al)sconem,, Jan. 28, 185^ 86 ORGANIZATION OF GOVERNMENT. ! ' Indian affairs for Washington, and as a commissioner to ascertain what were the rights and what was the property of the Hudson's Bay and Puget Sound com- panies in Oregon and Washington, as well as to urge the settlement of the northern boundary of the latter territory.^'' The matter of the boundary line between the island of Vancouver and Washington was a later question. The earliest conflict arose in 1854 between I. N. Ebey, in the discharge of his official duties as collector ""In Stevens' report is found a list of all the forts of the H. B. Co., with tlieir rank and value, and the amount of cultivated laud, making the whole foot up no more tlian §300,000, whereas they received twenty years later more than double that amount. The other information contained in tlio report relates to the segregation of the land claimed by the companies into donation lots, with tlie names of the squatters, and is of interest in the history of the early settlement of tlie country. The following are the names of the so-called t.espassers: At Fort Vancouver, Bishop Blanchet, for a mission claim, tlie sami C40 acres being claimed by James Graham of the H. B. Co. The county of Clarke also claimed IGO acres of the same land as a county seat, whicli was alloM'ed, as I have mentioned elsewhere. Over all these claims the United States military reserve extended. Immediately east of Vancouver 040 acres were claimed by Forbes Barclay (British), and the same tract by an American, Ryan, who resided on it and cultivated it, while Barclay lived at Oregon City. Adjoining was a claim of 040 acres, which, after passing tlirougli several hands — a servant of tlie company, Chief Factor Ogden, ana S witzler — was finally sold to Nye, an American. A tract 4 miles square above these claims, and embracing the company's mills, was claimed by Daniel Harvey (British); but 040 acres, including the grist-mill, were claimed by a naturalized citizen, William F. Crate; and 040, including the saw-mill, by Gabriel Barktroth, also a naturalized citizen. A portion of this section, with the mill, was claimed by Maxon, an American. On the Camas prairie, or Mill Plain, back of this, were settled Samuel Valentine, Jacob Predstel, and Daniel Ollis, Americans. On the river above Nye were Peter Dunning- ton and John Stringer. Mrs Esther Short, widow of Daniel V. Short, claimed 040 acres adjoining the military reservation. Tiie other claimants on the lands near Vancouver were George Maleck, American, and Charles Prew, naturalized, who claimed the same section, Maleck residing on it. Fi'ancis Laframboise, Abraham Robie, St Andrew, and James Petram held each 040 acres as lessees of the H. B. Co. Seepleawa, Isaac E. Bell, John C. Allman, T. P. Dean, Malky, William H. Dillon, David Sturgess — also claimed by Goo. Harvey, British subject — George Batty, James Bowers, Linsey, John IJillon, Ira Patterson, Sanmel MatthcM'S, Clark Short, Michael Trobb, John B. Lee, George Morrow, J. L. Myers, George Weber, Benjamin Olney, Job Fisher, William M. Simmons, Alexander Davis, Americans, each claim- ing from .320 to 040 acres, were residing and making improvements on land claimed by the H. B. Co. on the Columbia, and in several instances by indi- viduals under the treaty, but only when not resided upon by these claimants. This list was made by I. N. Ebey for Governor Stevens. I/. S. Sen. Ex. Doc. , 37, 33d cong. 2d sess. W. H. Dillon resided at Dillon's Ferry, near Van- couver. His daughter Olive married Matthias Spurgcon, wiio was born in Muscatine, la, and migrated to Or. in 1852, residing for 7 years in Dillon's family. He went to Idaho during early mining times iu that territory, but returned and engaged iu farming near Vancouver. I THE SAN JUAN TROUBLE. 87 of customs, and a justice of the peace under the colo- nial government of Vancouver Island, named Griffin. Ebey finding San Juan Island covered with several th()u.sand head of sheep, horses, cattle, and hogs, im- ported from Vancouver Island without being entered at the custom-house, was questioned by Griffin as to his intentions in paying the island a visit, and declined to answer, but proceeded to encamp near the shore. On the fallowing day the Hudson's Bay Company's steamer Otter ran over from Vancouver and anchored in front of Ebey's encampment, sending a boat ashore, in which was Mr Sankster, collector of customs for the port of Victoria, who also desired to know Ebey's enand, and was told that he was there in his official capacity of collector for the district of Puget Sound. Sankster then declared that he should arrest all per- sons and seize all vessels found navigating the waters west of Rosario strait and north of the middle of the strait of Juan de Fuca. This growl of the British lion, so far from putting to flight the American eagle, only caused its repre- sentative to declare that an inspector of customs should remain ujion the island to enforce the revenue laws of the United States, and that he hoped no persons pre- tending to be officers of the British government would be so rash as to interfere with the discharge of his offi- cial duties. Sankster then ordered the British flag to be displayed on shore, which was done by hoisting it over the quarters of the Hudson's Bay Company on the island. During these proceedings James Douglas, governor of Vancouver Island and vice-admiral of the British navy, was on board the Otter, waiting for Ebey to capitulate. Sankster even proposed that he should go on board the Otter to hold a conference with his excellency, but the invitation was declined, with a declaration that the collector of Puget Sound would be ha[)[)y to meet Governor Douglas at his tent. Soon after, the steamer returned to Victoria, leaving a boat 88 ORGANIZATION OF GOVERNSIENT. ! 'mm and crew to keep watch; and Ebey next day appointed and swore into office Inspector Webber, whom he stationed on San Juan Island.** This occurrence was in the latter part of April or first of May 1854, about the time that Governor Stevens left the territory for Washington city, and was probably occasioned in part by the intimations given in the message of the governor and resolution of the legislature that the question of boundary would be agitated, with a desire and determination on the part of Douglas to hold the islands in the Fuca straits when the struggle came. This subject furnished a valid reason for wishing to secure the attention of the heads of government. The extinguishment of the Indian titles wos perhaps more imperative than any other» and to tiiis Stevens addressed himself with the energy, ability, and straightforwardness which were his characteristics, supplementing the feebler efforts of Lancaster, and with Lane of Oregon coming to the rescue of the most important bills for Washington,'^'^ and really doing the work of the delegate. In his readiness to assume every responsibility, Stevens re- sembled Thurston of Oregon, but was more solidly and squarely built, like Napoleon, whom he resembled in figure, and less nervously irritable. No amount of labor appalled him; and when in the midst of affairs of the gravest importance, he was alert and buoyant without being unduly excited. The appropriations obtained for Washington by Lancaster, assisted by Stevens and Lane, were $30,- 000 for a military road from the great falls of the Missouri to intersect the road leading from Walla Walla to Puget Sound. This was a scheme origi- '^Oh/mpia Pioneer and Dem., May 13, 1854. For a chapter on the San Juan ditiiculty, seo Hint. Brit. Columbia, this series. '* Lane added to his bill amendatory of the land law, which passed in July, a section giving Washington a surveyor-general. He consented that Wash- ington should have the arsenal, should congress grant one jointly to both ter- ritories, and in various ways helped on the delegate, all of whose letters home complained that he could not get the attention of congress. Had he been a Thurston or a Lane, he would have compelled the attention of congress. APPROPRIATIONS BY CONGRESS. 80 appointed whom he [ April or Governor city, and itiniutions resolution lary would jn on the nca straits irnished a tion of the 3nt of the ! than any If with the hich were )ler eiforts ling to the shington,'*'^ e. In his Itevens re- 3re solidly resembled amount of I of affairs buoyant Ington by ^ere $30,- lls of the km Walla jme origi- |r on the San issecl in July, that Wash- to both ter- [ letters home lad he been a longresa. -i nating with Stevens, who thought by making the Mis- souri River a highway, and constructing a road from its liead waters to the navigable waters of the Co- lumbia, or to intersect with the old immigrant road, to shorten the distance travelled by wagons and lessen the hardships of immigration, as well as to avoid the danger from Indian attacks on a portion of the road by the South pass. For this reason, and to cultivate the Iriendship of the Indians, as well as to make a more thorough exploration of the Blackfoot country for railroad passes, he left lieutenants Grover and ^lullan and Mr Doty in the mountain region west of the Missouri through the winter of 1853-4, during wliich the line of road across the Rocky Mountains, Ironi Fort Benton to Coeur d'Alene Lake, was marked out, and afterward used as the route for the expendi- ture of the congressional appropriation named above, and which, from the fact that Mullan was appointed to construct it, took the name of the Mullan road. An appropriation of $25,000 was made for the con- struction of a military road from Fort Dalles to Fort Vancouver, and of $30,000 for a road from Vancouver to Fort Stei'acoom; for light-houses at Cape Shoal- wator, Blunt's Island, Cape Flattery, and New Dun- gcncss, $89,000; and for buoys at the entrance of Dungeness and the anchorages on Puget Sound, $5,000. Some increase was made in the salaries of territorial officers, and a liberal appropriation for the Indian service, including $100,000 to enable Stevens to treat with the Blackfoot and other tribes in the north and east portions of the territory. Washington territory, or that portion of it to which its early history chiefly relates, was surrounded by and at the mercy of the most numerous, if not the most warlike, native tribes of the original territory of Oregon. The census in Stevens' report, 1853-4, gave the whole number of Indians in western Wash- ington as between seven and eight thousand, and 00 OltGANIZATION OF GOVERNMENT. east of the Cascade Mountains between six and seven thousand.^ Besides the tribes actually resident about the Sound, the settlements were liable to incursions from the Haidahs of Queen Charlotte Island, and even from the tribes of the coast as far north as Fort Simpson, these tribes being good seamen, and possessing large and strong war canoes, in which they made long voyages to commit a murder or a theft.''^ The Indians on the sea-coast of Washington and alonii the strait of Fuca were sometimes guilty of murder, and those about the settlements could not always withstand the temptation to commit a robbery, for which they were promptly punished when detected, but no serious outbreaks had yet occurred since the organization of the territory. In July 1852 the United States coast surveying steamer Active, James R. Alden commanding, with a surveying party under lieutenants Davidson and Law- son, entered Neah Bay, and encamped on the shore near the trading post of Samuel Hancock, having gained the full consent of the Makahs living there in order not to give offence. The steamer then pro- ceeded on a preliminary survey up the strait to Dun- geness and Port Townsend, Davidson establishing astronomical stations at the latter place and Port Angeles, after which he returned to Neah Bay, and the Act'ice again left for Shoalwater Bay to make ti survey there before the close of the season, leaving the party of nine persons at Neah Bay without tlio means of quitting that station until she should re- turn. The camp was v^qW armed with rifles, cavalry piste s, shot-guns, and revolvers, and although not »';. Aff. RepU \^oi, 249. '*C he 2Gth of September, 1852, the American schooner Susan Sturrin^, sailing iig tlio coast of Queen Charlotte Island with a light breeze, was siirrouni 'by thirty canoes, the Indians professing a desire to sell some fish. Wlien til were near enough, they simultaneously sprang on board, taking possessio! )f the vcsael, stripping the crew naked, and taking them on slim e prisoners ifter whicli they burned the vessel. The captives were rescued liy the H. B. Jo. 's steamer Denver, from Fort Simpson, with the exception of one man, whom the Indians refused to release. His fate it is needless to conjecture. Olyinpia Columbian, Jan. 1, 18G3. INDIANS AND SMALL-POX. 91 IX and seven sidout about ;o incursions Island, and ir north as seamen, and 1 which they • or a theft.^* on and alon^ y of murder, not always robbery, for len detected, red since the Lst surveying nding, with a son and Law- on the shore ►cock, having- living there ner then pro- trait to Dun- establishing ce and Port ah Bay, and ,y to make n ason, leaving without th'j should re- ifies, cavalry llthough not ker Sumn Sturo<''^< [light breeze, wiis > to sell some fisli. • on board, taking Ing them on shore Is were rescued liy Ithe exception roved to be small-pox. The disease had been com- municated to Indians, who soon fell ill and spread the contagion among their tribe, who perished bv scores IVoni its ravages. Not being able to control it, they conceived the idea of running away from the scourge, and fled to Vancouver Island, where they communi- "L«u)«o»'« Autobiography, MS., 51-3; Hancock's Thirteen Years, MS., 273-8. ill •1 I rA 92 ORGANIZATION OF GOVERNMENT. cated it to the Nitinats. The beach at Neah Bay wai3 strewn with the uiihuried bodies of the miserable Malvahs, wiio were no longer able or willing to attend the sick or bury the dead. At the end of six weeks the disease abated, but the tribe had lost a largo j3ercentage of its members, and was plunged in grief. After a few months of brooding over their losses, they came to the conclusion, as they had never experienced such a visitation before Hancock came to live amon*' them, that he must have originated the plague, and lie was threatened with death if he remained. His trad- ing post was therefore vacated in the spring of 1853."" In September 1853 a large party of the Makahs visited New Dungeness in their canoes, encamping on a sand-spit at the entrance to the harbor, having among them an Indian who had killed Albert Pet- tingill near Port Townsend in the previous spring. On being informed of this by a Clallam, McAhnoml, Bradshaw, Abernethy, Cline, Brownfield, and Moore, being all the settlers who were in the neighborhood at the time, met, and having sent for reenforcements, finally delegated Brownfield to seek an interview with the Indians and demand the surrender of the mur- derer. But upon visiting their camp, the Makalus refused to deliver up the guilty one, challenging the white men to battle. Being reiinforced by J. C Brown, II. W. Watkins, and William Failing, the settlers attempted to enter the Indian camp, when they were fired upon. Firing followed from both sides, and in the affair two Indians were killed, two wounded, and one white man slightly hurt by a ball in the neck. Darkness put an end to the engagement, which was conducted in canoes, and the Indians dis- persed, the murderer going to Port Townsend.*^ , On hearing of the attempted capture and the escai»c "/d., 278-86, 3r>3. Swan, in his Northweiit Coast, 55-0, refers to tlic prcvalcnco of a liglit form of sinall-pox at Slioalwiitcr Bay, which did imt curry otf wiiito men, l>ut wus fatal to Indiana. Hancock also relates timt oiiu of the Makaha who lirst hud tiio disease recovered, but his people, holding liiiu rcsponsihlo for its introduction, killed him. Thirteen Years, MS., '285-0. "' Vlympia, (Joluinbian, Oct. 8 aud 15, 1853. J Neah Bay he miserable [nFiiy -JO, 18r»4; rept of Capt. Stoiioman. in U. S, 11, Ex, Doc,, 88, X., 17">-i;, Ijjtli cong, Itit S088. M ORGANIZATION OF GOVERNMENT. was found on the beach the next morning, covered with blood, it was supposed that they were surprised while asleep and beheaded, as was castomary with these northern Indians. The murderers then robbed several houses on Bellinojham Bay and Whidhey Island, and disappered. Secretary and acting gover- nor Mason and Agent Simmons, on learning that armed northern Indians had appeared in the waters of Washington, immediately repaired to Fort Steilacoom, and with a small detachment of soldiers proceeded down the Sound to ascertain the condition of affairs in that quarter. Nothing, however, was effected be- yond making a display of the intention of the United States to punish crimes committed against its citi- zens, when able. Upon receiving advices from the Secretary, Governor Stevens called the attention of the war department to the inadequacy of the force stationed at Puget Sound, and the necessity for some means of transporting troops other than by canoes. The absence of steam-vessels on the Sound made the communication of news slow and uncertain, as it also made the chance of succor in case of need nearly hopeless. The Fairy, which ran for a short time, had been withdrawn, and for the period of nine months nothing faster than a sailing vessel or canoe could be had to transport passengers or troops from point to point, while Ifnd travel north of Seattle was imprac- ticable. At length, in September 1854, the steamer Major Tompkins, Captain James M. Hunt, owned by John H. Scranton, was brought from San Francisco and placed upon the Sound to ply regularly between Olympia, where a wharf had been erected by Edward Giddings, Jr, on the flat north of the town," and Victoria, calling at the intermediate ports. Very soon afterward the custom-house was removed from Olympia to Port Townsend, and the revenue-cutter Jefferson Davis, Captain William C. Pease, arriving ** Si/lwiftcr'8 Olympia, MS., 22; Parker's Wash. Tec, MS., 5-6} Eldridge's Sketchea, MS., 11; Wash. Jour. Council, 1854, 200-10. LOSS OF THE MAJOR TOMPKINS. 97 ig, covered e surprised mary with lien robbed I Whirlbey ting gover- irning that le waters of Steilacoom, proceeded »n of affairs effected be- the United nst its citi- is from the attention of 3f tlie force ity for some by canoes. 3ound made •ertain, as it need nearly rt time, had line months oe could be 3m point to was imprac- ,he steamer ,, owned by Francisco •ly between by Edward [town," and )rts. Very oved from nue-cutter 30, arriving [5-6; Eldridge'a 1 .',-35 i for service on the Sound, sensibly relieved the feeling of isolation of the inhabitants of the northern counties. In October the murderers of Captain Jewell and Church escaped from Fort Steilacoom, and Acting Governor Mason offered a large reward for their re- apprebcnsion. These Indians were retaken in Decem- ber, when the Major Tompkins,with. the revenue-cutter carrying troops in tow, proceeded to a camp of the Clallams on Hood Canal, to demand the surrender of the convicts. Already Simmons had secured Church's murderer, but the tribe refused to give up the others. When the soldiers under Lieutenant Nugent landed, the savages fled, and the only result of this expedition was the destruction of their camp and winter supply of salmon. The cutter also fired some shots into the woods before leaving, by which five Clallams were reported to have been killed. On the return down the canal, Simmons succeeded in capturing a Clallam chief known as the Duke of York,** and detained him as a hostage for the surrender of the escaped con- victs, who were finally delivered, and taken to Steila- coom. Tiie Indians were terrified by the rapidity with whicli the Major Tomphins followed them, and the certainty with which they were overtaken in fhght, and it was believed the moral effect of the fear inspired would be effectual to prevent crimes. To the chagrin of the white population and the relief of the Indians, the Major Tompkins was lost the night of the 10th of February, 1855, by being blown on the rocks at the entrance to Esquimalt Harbor, Vancou- ver Island, her passengers all escaping i.o land. Her ])laco was filled soon after by the Water Lilj/, owned by C. C. Terry. "Tliia Indian and his two wives, Quoen "Victoria and Jenny Lind, Iiave become historical characters in Washington, boinR often retcrreil to hj wi'itc'f!) visiting I'ort Townsend, whero they resided. Swan, in liia U\i.' 11. Crosbic, of Claj-ke; John 15ri.scoe, of Pacific and Wahkiakum; George Watkins, of Chehalis and Sawamish ; Cliarles H, Spinning, Charles F. Wliite, of Lewis; Stephen Guthrie, William Cock, Benjamin L. Hcnncss, William P. Wells, of Thurs- ton; William H. Wallace, Frank Clarke, Samuel McCaw, of Pierce; .Joh.n (I'ar- son, of Pierce and King; A. A. Denny, of King; Timothy Ileald, of Jefferson and Clallam; R. L. Doyle, of Island and Whatcom; A. S. Abcrnetiiy, of Cowlitz. Crosbie was chosen speaker; B. F. Kendall was elected cliief clerk; R. M. Walker, assistant clerk; Milton Alounts, sergeant-at-arms; William Baily, door-keeper. Wash. Jour. Home, 18.")4-5, 8-9, 10. "The massacre of the Ward train, in //«.< Or., ii,, chap, xiv., this scries, and tile killing of George Lake, Walter G. P "ry, and E. B. Cantrell, immi- grants to Washington, is referred to here. L'bey's Jour., MS., 12-15, 17, 19, 23, 25. **Thc immigration to Washington by the road opened in 1853 to Walla Walla was not large. The road had been further improved, but was not yet good. Jacob Ebey and W. S. Ebey, with six others of the family, Harvey H. Jones, A. S.Yantis, Moses Kirtland, M. Cox, T. J. lloadley, Henry Whitsill, George E. King, the families of Lake and Perry killed by the Indians, C. P. Anderson, Cliarles Van Wormcr, William Goodell, A. D. Neely, J. R. Meeker, M. W. Morrow, James Kirtlcy, W. N. Ayers, in all about 20 families and 200 head of stock, passed over this route. Ohjmpia Pioneer and Dem., Sept. 16 and Oct. 15, 1854. In Ebn/'n Journal, MS., i. 101, I find mention of A. J. Bradley, Dick Bradley, John Waste, Judson, 11. H. Jones, S. P. Burr, and liints of the settlements already made and to be made in White and Puyallup valleys. Porter's claim was tlie first after leaving the mountains in White River Valley. ' King, Kirtland, Jones, and others, ' says Ebey, * will probably locate in this vicinity,' and by reference to Morgan's map of Puget Sound I find these names, and that of Cox on White River. Three miles from Porter's was Connell's prairie, and three mifles farther was Fennellis' prairie; six miles to the Puyallup bottoms, where some houses were being put up; nine miles after crossing the Puyallup to J. Montgomery's claim cast of Steilacooni, and near that place the claim of Poter TREATIES WITH THE NATIVES. 90 he Indian regon and the lower e Ukcly to ng years,** lephcw, George is a young man raa accidentally neer and Dem. , t vacant by the 1 Huff and Ira Strickler from son, and What- resiilent; Butler ,. Mitchell, scr- amania county; ■osbie, of Clarke; of Chehalis aud Lewis; Stephen [Veils, of Tluirs- icrec; John Car- Id, of Jefferson Abcrnethy, of tod chief clcvk; arms; William Ixiv., this series, ICantrcll, imnii- , 12-15, 17, 19, 1853 to Walla imt was not yet Ifamily, Harvey Tsadley, Henry killed by tho ioodell, A. D. . Ayers, in nil l-outc. Oli/mpia .ouriial, MS., i. ^te, Judson, H. Jiade and to bo Ithe first after Ind, Jones, and by reference f Cox on White id three miSea 3, where some ^uyallup to J. b claim of Toter and again recommended the enrolment of the militia, before which an application to the secretary of war for arms and ammunition must fail, and expressed the hope that the people would give him their support in arranging "on a permanent basis the future of the Indians in the territory." Feeling the necessity of tliis work, the governor very soon set about it, and concluded on the 2Gth of December a treaty with the several tribes at the head of the Sound. Three small reservations were made, as follows: an island op- posite Skookum Bay, two sections of land on the Sound west of the meridian line, and an equal amount on the Puyallup River near its mouth. Under this treaty the Indians had the right to fish as usual, to pasture their horses on any unclaimed land, and to gather their food of berries and roots wherever they (lid not trespass upon enclosed ground, or to reside near the settlements provided they did nothing to malcc their presence objectionable. Between six and stvon hundred signed the treaty, which, besides their annuities, gave them teachers, a farmer, mechanics, j'.ud a pliysician, and manifested their satisfaction.*^ Tliis treaty was immediately ratified by the senate. On the 22d of January, 1854, a treaty was con- ( hided with about 2,500 natives on the eastern shore of the Sound. Tho treaty was held at Point Elliott, near the mouth of Snohomish River. Speeches were made by Seattle, Patkanim, and other chiefs of influ- ence, all expressive of friendship for the white people and i)loasure at the treaty, and a reservation was agreed upon on the Lumimi River. Then followed a treaty Smith. According to the same authority, Judson Van Wormcr and Goodcll Ml at to Mound I'rairie, south of the Nisqually lliver, to find claims. S. 1*. lluir died on tho road, but his family arrived. Mrs Meeker died on tho riiittc. Meeker and Mrs Burr were married after arriving in tho territory. Ezra Meeker, later a well-known hop-grower in the Puyallup Valley, and aiithcir of a paniplilet on Washington, was already settled on a ( laim east of Steiliiuoom. Daniel Smallcy aud George W. Davidson settled near New Diin^tuess in the autumn of 1854, but they were not of the overhmd iiiiiiii- (;ntion. Many arrived by sea, or from tho Columlua. U'aah. Ttr. Skelc/wt!, M.S., (18. *' Wash, Jour. Council, 1854-5, 15; Otympia Pioneer and Dem,, Doc. 30, ISJl, 100 ORGAMZATION OF G0VT:RXMENT. It |I nil.' ■: with the tribes farther north, at which a thousand were present, who conRented readily to the terms, the chiefs using the occasion to display their oratory, but in a friendly fashion. A reservation was selected about the head of Hood Canal. Soon afterward the Makahs of Cape Flattery and other tribes at the en- trance to the straits were treated with; and lastly a council was held with those on the Chehalis River and the coast, the whole business being transacted in less than three months, and in the winter season, such was the energy with which the governor addressed himself to the duties of Indian superintendent.^" But after a week of negotiation, in the latter case the council broke up without coming to any agree- ment on account of each of the fragments of tribes, five in number, desiring a separate reservation, to which Stevens refused his consent." Having completed the labor of extinguishing Indian titles west of the Cascade Mountains, with the ex- ception of the Cowlitz, Chinooks, Chehalis, and Que- niults, who together numbered about eight hundred, Stevens next prepared to enter upon the same duties in eastern Washington. While on his survej'ing expe- dition, he had been at much pains to become acquainted '" Swan, in his Northwent Coast, 327-48, gives some idea of how Stevens accomplished so much work. It was greatly advanced by his habit of having agents on the ground some time beforeliand. He has been accused, particu- larly by Tolmie, in his Puget Sound, MS., 37, of forcing treaties upon tlie Ind- ians without giving them time to consider suihciently what was proposed. But Swan makes a different statement. Special Agent Tappan was sent in advance to gather up the Indians of his district and take them to the place of meeting on the Chehalis River, where H. D. Cook and Sidney Ford, J r, would meet him with the coast tribes. Swan, J, G. Cooper of the railroad survey, George Gibbs, and others were invited to be present. The treaty- ground was on the claim of James Pilkington, 10 miles above Gray Harbor, where a comfortable camp was arranged, and where ample time was taken to make the Indians acquainted with the propositions offered them. The prin- cipal interpreter for the white men was B. P. Shaw, colonel of the newly or- ganized militia, who gave the speech of the governor in jargon to an Indian interpreter from each tribe, who repeated it to his people — a slow but sure method of conveying his meaning. "' Swan thought Stevens should have yielded. Perhaps it would have been more politic; but Palmer of Oregon, after many years of acquaintance with Indian affairs, says it is a mistake to have many reservations. It certainly is much more expensive to the government. Swan believed the Indians should have been humored in their dislike of each other and their attachment to localities. MORE TREATIES. 101 b thousand terms, the ratory, but LS selected erward the 1 at the en- nd lastly a halis River msactcd in leaoon, such • addressed lent.^» : latter case any aj^rec- :s of tribes, jrvation, to hing Indian 'ith the ex- is, and Que- it hundred, same duties eying expe- acquainted of how Stevens _, habit of having iccused, particu- ea upon the Iml- t was proposed, pan was sent in ;m to the place lidney Ford, J r, of the raih-oad t. The treaty - c Gray Harbor, ne wa3 taken to lem. The prin- f the newly or- m to an Indian slow but sure yould have been luaintance with It certainly is I Indians rIiouUI attachment to with all the tribes upon his route within or bordering upon hi»r a council, ^rived from ghting and previously [uld accon)- )wledge of Ho entered \\ years led the |40, he came to sion, to which lie also was of tans of eiisteni Jnk of lieuteii- It Lapwai, for tiinc. 'But f'ay enougli to 'He was the obcrt Newell, Ive men whoso Ula Stalei*maa, tlic occupation of the country by the Oregon troops rendered this unnecessary, and the next day, accom- ]>anied by sixty-nine well-armed Nez Perce volunteers, in addition to the Stevens Guards, he set out for The Dalles by the way of the seat of war. Hero are a few men who settled in Washington at an early period, but wild li;i w liioh olliee he wa.s afterwards elected for eleven and a halt years. On the i.ii,'.uiization of Cowlitz co., was elected to the same office and soon resigned. lie married, Jan. 5, 1845, Miss Mary A. Bozarth, of Mo.; has tini children. S(|iiirc' Bozarth, born in Hardin co., Ky, Jan. 11, 1792, married there, in ISKi, .Millie H. Willis, a native of Va, born 1802. He removed to Mo. and l.iw.i, and in 1845 came to Oregon overland with his wife and eight children, iiiiMcly, 0«t'n W., Sarah A., Lorana, Christopher C, Julia A., .S([uirt: Jr, .Millie W'., born in .Mo., ami Emma C., born in la. Three children, Klizabciii ilii/arlli Lantze, Mrs ^lary A. Strong, anil John S. Boz.".rth, came two years 1 ;ti'r. .Mr Bozarth lirst settled in Wasliington ci.. Or., but removeil to the Coliuiibia river opp. Vancouver, and again, in KSoO, to Lewis rivwr, where he tciiik a donation claim on the North Fork, where he died March 10, ]Kh\. .loliu S. Bozarth settled on Lewis river in 18.j2. In 18.">2 he had married Arelircth Luelling, a native of 111., who came to Or. in 1847. He died in .\larcli 18S2, leaving seven children, all born on Lewis river. C. C. Bozarth, born in Marion eo., Mo., in I8H'J, Jan. Ist, married, in is;;;!, Mrs Klioda K. Van Bebber, born in 111., a daughter of Jacob John, will) caiiii' to Or. in 18i5'J. He resided on Lewis river and ha. He was justice 01 till' ])i'aee fourteen years; was an assemblyman from Clarke co. in 1801-2, and held the position of postmaster at Woodland. V. N. fiiirig, born in Germany in 1824, came to U. S. in 1848, lived two years in Washington, D. C, went to 111., and in 185H came to Or., locating on the Ciilund)ia river, nea; .St Helm. In 180j removed to Cowlitz co., \Va>h. He married, in 18rjl, '.'hristine lleitntann of (Jermany. They iiad ,--e\rn sous and one daught- i', tlicir eldest being born upon the journey to Oi'., at Green river. We owns over one thousand acres, and is a wealthy eiti/iii of Cowlitz Co. Unben Lockwood was born in Springfield, Vt, in 1822, but reared in Oliio. He came to W. T. in 18r)2 with his wife and step-ilaughter, Miss .Anna ('. Conway, and settled on the North Fork of Lewis river, in < larke co. Iliing a teacher, he was employed in Oregon City, at The Dalles, and in I'eta- luuia, Cal., still keeping Ins homo in Wash, lie was married in l.s.')(> to -Mrs .Mary C. Conway, of Crawfordsville, Ind. Tiieir children are S. V. i.iekwood, born in Oregon City, and Lillie C. Lockwood. The son married .Mi- 1 I'auljne Brozin-, a native of Clarke co. Villiam A, L. .McCorkle, born in Rockbridge co., Va, in 1821), reared in t/iiiu, eaiiu' to Cal. in 184'>>, and to Cowlitz Valley in IS,")0, setlliiij^ nine miles iroiii lis mouth. .Married Diana Savilloj a native of tluit co., and has two Wilis, John W. and Euj;enc. CHAPTER IV. INDIAN WARS. 1855-1856. Causes of the Indian Outbreak — Discovery of Gold near Four Coi,- viLLE — Yakimas Hostile — Expeditions of Major O. G. 11alli:u imo the Snake and Yakima Countries — Yakima Campaign of ISaH— Movement of Troops on the Sound— Attack on Seattle — War Vi;s- SELS ON THE SoUND — WaLLA WaLLA CAMPAIGN OF THE OREGON VOLUN- TEERS— OPERATIONS OF THE Second Oregon Regiment — Attack on tuk Cascades— Colonel Cornelius Returns to Portland. I :l illl I The reader of Oregon history will remember tlia,. moiition is made of the massacre of the Ward train \>y the Snake Indians near Fort Boise in the autumn of 1854. Major Granville O. Haller, stationed at Fort Dalles, made a hasty expedition into the Snake coun- try, intended to show the Indians that the govern- ment would not remain inactive while its citizens wero subjected to these outrages. The march served no other purpose than to give tb'«i notice, for the guilty Indians had retired into their mountain fa>stnossos, and the season beinof late for recrossini; the Blm* Mountains, Haller rcturued to The Dalles. The fob lowing summer, however, he led another expcditio'i into the Boisd Valley, and following up the trails, finally captured and executed the murderers. Hardly had he returned to Fort Dalles when news reached him of trouble in the Yakima country. In the spring of 1855 gold had been discovered in tlio region of Fort Colville, which caused the usual rusli of miners to the gf)ld fields, making it difficult for Gov- ernor Stevens to restrain his escort from deserting,^ > IW. li. U. L'vpt, 201. (1U8) PIERRE JEROME AND BOLON. 109 gf He proceeded on his mission, informing the tribes of tlie Upper Columbia, Kettle Falls, Spokancs, Pend d'Oieilles, and Coeur d'Alenes, that on his return he would negotiate with them for the sale of their lands. But the Indians were not satisfied with their treaty, nor with the influx of white men. About the first of August Pierre Jerome, chief of the Kettle Falls people, declared that no Americans should pa^-s through his country. From Pugct Sound several small parties set forth for Colville by the Nisqually j>ass and the trail leading through the Yalcima coun- try by the way of the catholic mission of Ahtanahm, and about the middle of September it was rumored that some of them had been killed by the Yakimas. A. J. Bolon, special agent for the Yakimas, was on liis way to the Spokane country, where he expected to meet Stevens on his return from Fort Benton, and assist in the appointed councils and treaties with this and tlie neighboring tribes. He had passed The J)a]los on this errand when he was met by Chief (larry of the Spokanes with those reports, and he at (jiice turned back to investigate them. The catholic mission, near which was the home of Kaniiakin, was between sixty and seventy miles in a north-easterly direction from The Dalles, and to this place he determined to go in order to learn from Ka- mlakin himself the truth or falsity of the stories con- thc Yakimas." Unattended he set out on rt lusiiiess, to show by his coming alone his confi- liv'ice in the good faith of the tribe, and to disarm my Torrs tl ^y might have of the intentions of the .. 'I'i.e people.^ His absence being protracted beyond ' The Ahtanalim mission was eabiblished by the oblato fatlicrs who camo to the country in I847i aiul by Brouillctto. It wus in cliargi! of I'aiidosy in 1S,V). lint owiiif? to tho absence of tliis priest, was, at tho timo of IJoloii'a visit, tuiiiporarily in charge of Brouilletto. Tliis priest soonm to have been uiifoi'tunato i-,1 the matter of being housed by Aiuerican-killin;,' Indians. 'Oil)i)s says that Kamiakin had avoided nicetin^L,' Bolou Kiiico thn treaty, l)ut tliat Sklooni, liis brother, had told Bolon that li war council lind been held m thi' (!mnd Kond Valley, and tlmt he, Skhioni, iiad ppukcu M,'ainst war; niul tiiat Lawyer also informed Bolon of tlii.s council. Bolon must have luipcj to inlluenco Ivuniiakin. Swan's i\^ IT, Conxl, 4:10. (.'t.'riimi; ii no INDIAN WARS. the time required, Nathan Ohiey, agent at The Dalles, sent out an Indian ^,py, who returned with the information that Bolon had been murdered while returning to The Dalles, by the order of Kamiakin, and by the hand of his nephew, a son of Owhi, his half-brother, and a chief of the Umatillas, who shot him in the back while pretending to escort him on his home- ward journey, cut his throat, killed his horse, and burned both bodies, together with whatever property was attached to either. All this Kamiakin confessed to the Des Chutes chief, who acted as spy, sa^'ing that ho was deter- mine;^ on war, which he was prepared to carry on, if necc ;' '' ^or five years;* that no Americans should come ii- 's country ; that all the tribes wore invited to join 111. ., and that all who refused would be held to be foes, who would be treated in the same manner as Americans — the adults killed, and the children en- slaved. The report of the spy was coniirmed by a letter from Brouillette, who wro^e to Olney that war had been the chief topic among the Yakimas since their retm^nfrom the council. ° It was now quite cer- tain tliat an Indian war, more or less general, was at hand. Without any authoritative promulgation, the rumor of the threatened coalition sprea , and about the 20th of September returning miners brought the report that certain citizens had been killed in passing through the Y;ikima country. As soon as it became cert ly ^Thij boast was not an idlo one. fiibba says that tlio Yakiinaa had laid in lurj;o stores of powder, and that Qualehin, the son of Owhi, had pur- chaacil 300 pounds at Tlio Dalles some time before tlie war eoninieiKcd. Ho further sa3's tiiat Kamiakin did not intend to begin tlio war so soon, but meant to wait until the Cohuiibia should be frozen, so that no siiucor could reach the people at The Dalles and elsewiiere. Swaii'n A'. H'. Coa>:t, 427-8. "* Letter of 0. Ilumaaon in Or. Sfatvsman, Oct. fl, 18").'5; AmiKtromfs Or,, 108; DoirilPa Scrap-Hook; 89, {)(), 100; ParrMi's Or. Aiu^.Iole^. jMS., 80; Grny's Htsf. Or., O.l; Strong's Ilht. Or., MS., 50, GO; l^ahiier's vo^)t to com. of Ind. afF., in U. S. II. Ex. Doc, 93, pp. t)5-()l, 34th m\\} 1st soss., Ind. AfT., vol. 34; letter of Supt Palmer, in Or, StaUmmn, Jctri3, ISoo; U. S. II. h\r. Doc, 1, p. 335, 5r2-15, vol. i., part i., 34th cong. 1st seas.; Ibid., p. 73-89, vol. i., part ii.; Stevens' SjKcch on War Claims, 0, 10. RAINES AND HALLER. Ill known," Acting Governor Mason made a requisition upon forts Vancouver and Steilacoom for troops to protect travellers by that route, and also intimated to the commanding officers that, as Governor Stevens expected to be in the Spokane country in September, under the circumstances a detachment of soldiers might be of assistance to him. Meanwhile Major Raines, who regarded Kamiakin and Peupeumoxmox as the chiefs most to be dreaded, ordered eiijhtv-four men under Haller from Fort Dalles to [)ass into the Yakima country and cooperate with a force sent from Steilacoom. Haller set forth on the 3d of October. His route lay over a gradual elevation fo. ten miles north of the Columbia to the summit of the bald ranf;e of hills constituting the Klikitat Mountains. Beyond these was the Kliki- tat Valley, fifteen miles in width, north of which stretched the timbered range of the Simcoe Mountains, beyond which again was the Simcoe Vallc}', on the northern boundary of which, about sixty miles from The Dalles, was the home of Kamiakin and the Ahtanahm mission, the objective point of the expedi- tion. It was not until the third day, and when the troops were descending a long hill to a stream skirted with dense thickets of small trees, that any Indians were seen. At this point, about three o'clock in the after- noon, the Indians attacked,^ being concealed in the thiik undergrowth mentioned. There was a sharp en- gagement lasting until nightfall, when the Yakimas withdrew, leaving Haller with eight killed and *Tlio first person known to be killed by the Yakimas was Iluury Mattice of Olymina. One of the Eatons, tlio first settlers cast of Tmnwatii-, was also killed, ami otlior citizens of Puget Sound, to the number of about "JO, ainoui^ whom were Fanjoy, Walker, and Jeniisoii of Seattle. 'Oiaiu, in his Tup. Mfin., 00, says that Haller attacked the Indians with- out authority from his commanding ofticor, quoting from lliiines' otlioial adihvsa to tlic Yakimas to prove it, which runs as follows: 'I sent this hand- ful (jf soldiers into your country to inquire into the facts of the murder of IikUuii agent liolon; it was not expocteil that they should fight you,' Iliiller, ill his report, says ho was attacKcd, and Haines' ro|iroof of the Yakimas sliows that ho was. No otiicr version was ever given until (Jram undertook to viudicato the course of Gcu. Wool. 112 INDIAN WARS. wounded men. That night the troops lay upon their arms. In the morning the attack was renewed, the In(Hans endeavoring to surround Haller as he moved to a bold eminence at the distance of a mile. Here the troops Ibught all day without water and with little food. It was not until after dark that a messenger was dc- spatclied to The Dalles to apprise Raines of the situ- ation of tiio command and obtain reenforcements. The cavalry horses and pack-animals, being by this time in a suffering state, were allowed to go free at night to find water and grass, except those necessary to transport the wounded and the ammunition. To- ward evening of the third day the troops moved down to the river for water, and not meeting with any resistance, Haller determined to fall back towartl The Dalles with his wounded. The howitzer was spiked and buried, and such of the baggage and pro- visions as could not be transported was burned. The command was organized in two divisions, the advance under Haller to take care of the wounded, and the rear under Captain Russell to act as guard. In the dark- ness the guide led the advance off the trail, on discov- ering which Haller ordered fires to be lighted in some iir trees to signal to the rear his position, at the same time revealing it to the Indians, who, as soon as day- light came, swarmed around him on every side, fol- lowing and harassing the command for ten miles. On getting into the open country a stand was made, and Haller's division fought during the remainder of the day, resuming the march at night, Russell failing to discover his whereabouts. When twenty-five miles from The Dalles Haller was met by Lieutenant Day of the 3d artillery with forty-five men, who, finding the troops in retreat, proceeded to the border of the Yakima country merely to keep up a show of activity on the part of the army. Lieutenant W. A. Slaughter with fifty men had crossed the Cascades by the Nachess pass, with the design of reenforcing Haller, but finding a large number of Indians in the field, and hearing that RAISING TROOPS. 113 upon their newed, the 5 ho moved Here the I httle food. rer was de- jf the situ- uieiits. iing by this ) go free at ,e necessary lition. To- 3ops moved eeting with 3ack toward jwitzer was ige and pro- irned. The the advance ^nd the rear [n the dark- , on discov- :ed in some at the same !Oon as day- iry side, fol- ten miles, was made, emainder of ssell faihng y-five miks tenant iJay ho, finding "rder of tlio of activity i. Slaughter Ihe Nachess lut finding a 'aring that Haller was defeated, prudently fell back to the west side of the mountains. Such were the main incidents of Haller's Yakima campaign, in which five men svere killed, seventeen wounded, and a large amount of government property destroyed, abandoned, and captured.*^ The number of Indians killed was unknown, but thought to be about forty. Preparations for war were now made in earnest, both by the military and the citizens, though not without the usual attendant bickerings. A proclama- ation was issued, calling for one company to be en- rolled in Clarke county, at Vancouver, and one in Thurston county, at Olympia, to consist of eighty- seven men, rank and file, with orders to report to the conmianding officers of Steilacoora and Vancouver, and as far as possible to provide their own arms and equipments. The estimated number of hostile Ind- ians in the field w^as 1,500. Application for arms was made by Mason througli Tilton, the lately arrived surveyor-general, to Sterrett and Pease, commanders respectively of the sloop of war Decatur and the revenue-cutter Jefferson Davis, then in the Sound, and the request granted. There was organized at Olympia the Puget Sound Mounted Volunteers, Company B, with Gilmore Hays as captain, James S. Hurd 1st lieutenant, William Martin 2d lieutenant, Joseph Gibson, Henry D. Cock^ Tiiomas Prather, and Joseph White sergeants; Jose[)b S. Taylor, Whitfield Kirtley, T. Wheelock, and John Scott corporals — who reported themselves to Captain ^laloney, in command of Fort Steilacoom, on the '20th, and on the 21st marched under his command for White Iliver to reenforce Slaughter, quartermaster at Steila- coom, who had gone through the Nachess pass into tlie 'A herd of cattle being driven out for the troops was captured. Two yijung men, Ives and Ferguson, escaped by flight and stnitiigein, sufforing ti nibly from wounds and Uiniine, one of thom being two weeks in getting to 'Iho Dalles. UuT. Wadh.-^ ! f'' I'-M'l ! li I! 1 114 INDIAN WARS. hostile country with forty men, and had fallen back to the upper prairies, but who awaited the organization of an army of invasion to return to the Yakima country. After due proclamation. Mason issued a commis- sion to Charles H. Eaton to organize a company of rangers, to consist of thirty privates and a comple- ment of officers." The company was immediately raised, and took the field on the 23d to act as a guard upon the settlements, and to watch the passes through the mountains. On the 22d a proclamation was issued calling for four companies, to be enrolled at Vancouver, Cathlamet, Olympia, and Seattle, and to hold themselves, after organizing and electing their officers, in reserve for any emergency which might arise. James Tilton was appointed adjutant-general of the volunteer forces of the territory, and Major Raines, who was about to take the field against the Yakimas, brigadier-general of the same during the continuance of the war. Company A of the Mounted Volunteers organized in Clarke county was com- manded by William Strong, and though numbering first, was not fully organized until after Company B had been accepted and mustered into the service of the United States. Special Indian agent B. F. Shaw, who took the place of Bolon, was instructed by Mason to raise a company and go and meet and escort back Governor Stevens. Several companies were raised in Oregon, as I have elsewhere related, J. W. Nesmith being placed in command, with orders to proceed to the seat of war and cooperate with Raines. On the 30th of October Raines marched for the Yakima country, having been reenforced by 128 regu- lars and 112 volunteers from Washington, including Strong's company of G3 and Robert Newell's company •The rangers were officered by C. H. Eaton, cai)tain; James McAllistc-, James TiiUis, A. M. Poe, lieutenants; Johu Harold, Cliarles E. VViid, W. W. Miller, S. Phillips, sergeants; S. D. Rheiiihart, Thomas Bracktn, S. Hodgdou, James Hughes, corporals. Olympia Pionar and JJem,, Oct. '20, 1855. NESMITH'S CAMPAIGN. 115 of 35 men, making a force of about 700. On the 4th of November Nesniith, with four companies of Oregon volunteers, overtook Raines' command, proceeding with it to the Simcoe Valley, where they arrived on the 7th. Little happenetl worth relating. There was a skirmish on the 8th, in which the Oregon vol- unteers joined with the regulars in fighting tlie Indians, who, now that equal numbers were opposed to them, were less bold. When it came to ))ursuit, tliey had fresh horses and could always escape.*'^ They were followed and driven up the Yakima, to a gap through which flows that stream, and where the heights had been well fortified, upon which they t(Jok their stand; but on being charged upon by the regu- lars, under Haller and Captain Augur, fled down the opposite side of the mountain, leaving it in possession of the troops,^^ who returned to camp. The Indians showing themselves again on the 10th, Major Arm- strong of the volunteers, with the company of Captain llayden and part of another under Lieutenant Hanna, passed through the defile and attempted to suri-ountl them and cut oft' their retreat; but owing to a mis- understanding, the charge was made at the wrong l)oiiit, and the Indians escaped through the gap, scat- tering among the rocks and trees. On the 10th all the forces now in the Yakima country moved on toward the Ahtanahm mission, skirmishing by the way and capturing some of the enemy's horses, but find- ing the country about the mission and the mission itself quite deserted. After a few more unimportant movements Nesniith proceeded to Walla Walla, to '"Liewt Philip Sheridan, escorting Lieut R. S. Williamson of the topo- graphical enginet-rs, who happencil to be at Vancouver, was present with a (letatoiinient of dragoons. Kept of Major-O'i'uernl Jfalnes 'o Adjl-Geiicrat Thomas, in military archives at Vancouver. I will hero remark, that every facility has been atl'orded me by tiie military dcpartniout of Oregon f(ir seeing iiuil copying documents and reports. Special courtesy has been shown l)y generals Clark, Jeff. C. Davis, and 0. 0. Howard, and tlieir Btall'-oliicers, for wliicii I hero make my grateful acknowledgments. "In crossing the Yakima River two soldiers were drowned; and in a skirmish which the volunteei's under Captain Cornelius had with the Indians, (icorgc Holmes of Clackamas county and Stephen Wayniire of I'olk coun'.y were wounded. Letter o/ Marion Co. yoliinlei r, in Or. Stuttumaii, Nov. 24, ISoo. M 116 INDIAN WARS. hold that valley against hostile tribes, while Raines, leavinsf his force to build a block-house on the south- em border of the Yakima country, reported in person to General Wool, who had just arrived at Vancouver with a number of officers, fifty dragoons, 4,000 stand of arms, and a large amount of ammunition. Wool ordered the troops in Oregon to be massed at The Dalles to await his plan of operations, which, so far as divulged, was to establish a post at the Walla Walla to keep in check the other tribes while prosecuting war against the Yakimas. An inspection of the troops and horses, however, revealed the fact that many of the soldiers were without sufficient clothing, and that few of their animals were fit for service. The quartermaster was then directed to procure means of transportation from the people of the Wil- lamette, but owing to the heavy drain made upon them in furnishing the volunteer force, wagons and horses were not to be had, and they were ordered from Benicia, California, and boats and forage from San Francisco. Before these could arrive the Columbia was frozen over, and communication with the upper country completely severed; but not before Major Fitzgerald with fifty dragoons from Fort Lane had arrived at The Dalles," and Keyes' artillery company had been sent to Fort Steilacooni to remain in garri- son until the return of milder weather. The ice remained in the lower Columbia but three weeks, and on the 11th of January, 1856, the mail- steamer brought despatches informing Wool of Indian disturbances in California and southern Oregon, which demanded his immediate return to San Francisco. While passing down the river he met Colonel George Wright, with eight companies of the 9th infantry regi- ment, to whom he assigned the command of the Colum- bia River district ; and at sea he also met Lieutenant- Colonel Silas Casey, with two companies of the same ''^ At the moment of Haller'a defeat Fitzgerald had been ordered to the Yakima country, but owing to troubles in tiouthern Oregon, of which at the time liaines was not informed, was unable to obey the order at oucc. MILITARY QUARRELS. 117 req;Iineiit, whom he assigned to the command of the Pu,ij;et Sound district. Colonel Writrht was directed to establish his lioad- quarters at The Dalles, where all the troops intended to operate in the iii)per country would be concentrated; and as soon as the ice was out of the river, and the season would permit, to establish a post in the neigh- borhood of Fort Walla Walla, and another at the fishery on the Yakima River, near the crossing of the road from Walla Walla to Fort Steilacoom ; and also an ititcrmediate post between the latter and Fort Dalles, the object of the latter two posts being to pre- vent the Indians taking fish in the Yakima or any of its triljutaries, or the tributaries of the Columbia. The oc- cupation of the country between the Walla Walla and Snake rivers, and on the south side of the Columbia, it was believed, would soon bring the savages to terms. During this visit, as indeed on some other occasions both before and after. Wool did not deport himself as became a man occupying an important i)osition. He censured everybody, not omitting Raines and llaller, but was particularly severe upon territorial officers and volunteers. Ho ordered disbanded the company raised by order of Mason to go to the relief of Governor Stevens returning from the Blackfoot country ,^^ although Raines put forth every argument tf> induce him to send it forward. This conduct of Wool was bitterly resented by Stevens, who quoted the expressions used by Wool in his report to the de- partments at Washington, and in a letter to the gen- eral himself?* The effect of Wool's course was to raise an impassable barrier between the regular and "Letter of Nosmith to Curry, Nov. .30, 185"), iii Euam^ Military 'h" „- vMtion, (S4; Dalles corr., Or. Statesman, Nov. 10, i8,")5. i*.SVh. Ex, J)oc., (iO, 4"), 34th cony. 1st boss., Iiul. .aff. .34. Official van- ity iiiii'. jealousy arc said by Jainca (i. Swiiu to liavo been at the ijottom of Wooraliiistility to Stevens. Aceording to Swan, Wool ami Stevens met at tlio liasetto House in San Francisco in 1854, when Wool related an incident of tlio itattlo of liucna Vista, taking all tiio j,dory upon himself. vStevens rciiiiiide(l him that Taylor v.is chief in eoniniaiid and Wool second. The rclndio displeased Wool, \\\\o revenged himself when ho found an opportu- nity. Letter in Oli/mjiia Transcript, May I), 1SU8. fl' 118 INDIAN WARS. volunteer officers, and to leave the conduct of the wa practically in the hands of the latter. Meanwhile affairs on the Sound were not altogether quiet. From tJio rendezvous at Nathan Eaton's house, on the 24th of October, 1855, wont nineteen rangers under Captain Charles Eaton to find Leschi, a Yakima-Nisqually chief, who was reported disaf- fected; but the chief was not at home. Encamping at the house of Charles Baden, Eaton divided his company and examined the country, sending Quarter- master Miller ^^ to Fort Steilacoom for supplies. While reconnoitring, Lieutenant McAllister and M. Connell,^'' of Coj' icii's prairie, were killed, and the party took refuge in a log-house, where they defended themselves till succor came. Elsewhere a more decisive blow was struck. As early as the Ist of October Porter had been driven from his claim at the head of White River Vallev, and soon afterward all the farmers left their claims ad fled to Seattle with their families, where a block-h< was erected. Soon after the sloop of war Dec. anchored in front of Seattle, the commander oftcring his services to assist and defend the people in case of an occaiiion arriving; Acting-governor Mason, who had made a tour of White Valley without meeting any signs of a hostile demonstration, endeavoring to reassure the settlers, they thereupon returning to j^ather their crops, of which they stood much in need. The Indians, who were cognizant of all these move- ments, preserved a deceitful quiet until Maloney and Hays had left the valley for the Yakima country, be- lieving that they were doomed to destruction, while the " W. W. Miller was a native of Ky, but had spent his youth in Mo. ami III., and came to Wash, in 18o'2, where he resided in Olynipia to Jan. 24, 1870, when ho died, at the ago of 54. Ho waa appointed surveyor of custonis by the president, and quartermaster-general by Gov. -Mason. In later years he w.as twice mayor of Olympia, and waa known as a successful man in busi- ness. He married a daugliter of J ud!,'e McFadden. '^Connell waa a discharged soldier, but a man of good re))utation, and had been employetl as mail carrier between Olynipia and Steilacoom. Objmpia Pioneer and Uein., Nov. 9, ISoJ. WHITE RIVER MASSACRE. 119 inhabitants left behind were to become an easy prey. On the morning of the 28th, Sunday, they fell upon the farming settlements, killing three families of the immigration of 1854, H. H. Jones and wife, George E. King and wife, W. H. Brannan, wife and child, Simon Cooper, and a man whose name was unknown. An attack was made upon Cox's place, and Joseph Lake wounded, but not seriously. Cox, with his wife and Lake, tied and escaped, alarming the family of ]\Ioses Kirkland, who uls(» escaped, these being all the settlers who had returned to their homes. The attack occurred at eight o'clock in the morning, and about the same hour in the evening the fugitives arrived at Seattle, twenty-five miles distant. On the following morning a friendly Indian brought to the same place three children of Mr Jones, who had been spared, and on tlie same day C. C. Hewitt, with a company of volunteers, started for the scene if the massacre to buiy the dead, and if possible, reseae some living. That the settlers of the Puyallup below the cross- ini; did not share the fate of those on White River was owing to the warning of Kitsap the elder," who, giving the alarm, enabled them to esca[)e in the night, even while their enemies prowled about waiting for the dawn to bens of Pierce county to raise a company of forty volunteers, who immediately responded, a comp.any under Cap- tain W. J I. Wallace reporting for service the last of October. ]]v the middle of Novemb(>r the whole countrv between Olympia and the Cowlitz was deserted, the justico of the peace of Olympiii. At tlic time of liia dciitli lii» hiul u contract fur iTui^tiiii; the cjijiitol at tliat place. Jle was a gixid cili/eii aiul useful man. l-lvaiin, in Oh/in/tid /'iiuin r ,'li liis hinj.'s, ami sciverely voundeil .ViMl.sipn IVi'luun of I'ieive co. 'J'lie third wiis a Huldicr named Kellett. 'I'hrei^ otlierti, Andrew llurne, Corjioral Mu^i'U, and one of the regu- lars, w ere also wounded oevcrely. liept Liout Joliu Nugon, in Wiiah. MciH, tiov., KSo7, 168. SPECIAL AGENTS. 121 inhabitants, except the volunteers, comprising lialf the able-bodied men in the territory, havinsjf shut themselves up in block-houses, and taken retuge in the towns defended bv lionic-!i\ is", SUookuiu (.'liuck, Ui'inii'Ms, nt'ar Mi mini juaii ic, (111 'J'riKili'iit lujiirio, lit '»atliaii J'latdii's, two on Cliaiiili.'i'M' jtraiiic, i erosMiij; of tliii I'nyalliip (L'ort \\'liite), two at t'onneU'.s prairie, U\'i at ero'.siii^' of Wliito Jvivc', Soiitli prairie ({''ort MeAUi-iter), oii tlio l>w,iiiii,sli (l''()rt Lander), Lone Tret ]ioint, on tlie Snolioiiiisli (i\'rt Klicy), (111 tlio Siioi|ualiiiiieli lielow tlie fal's (Fort 'riltmi), on tlii> Snosition on the Nisqually Iliver, at jNluck prairie, and awaited further orders. Lii'utenant Harrison, of tlie revenue-cutter JcJ^'crsoii Van's, acconjpanied tlie expedition as first lieutenant to Slaughter's command. U[)(jn the march, which be- gan on the 24th of November, Slaughter was attacked at night at IJidding's prairie, one mile from the Puy- allup, and sustained a loss of forty horses during a heavy fog which concealed the movements of the Ind- ians. On the morning of the 2(jth E. G. Price of Wal- lace's company, while attending to camp duty, was shot and killed hv a lurking foe. The chiel's who commanded in the attack on the night of the 25th were Kitsa[) and Kanascut of the Klikitats, Quiemuth and Kh)W- owit of the Nisquallies, and Nelson of the Green Kiver and Niscope Indians. During two nights that the trooj)s were encam|)ed on this prairie the Indians continually harassed them by their yells, and by crawling up out of tho woods which surrounded the little j)lain, and under cover of the fog cominrks of White and Green rivers, on Ihannan's prairie, taking posses- sion of a suiall log house left standing, and sending word to Hewitt, who was encamped two or three miles below, to meet him there. While a confei'ence was beinn' held, about seven o'clock in the eveniuijf of the 4th, the troo[)s permitting themselves a fire beside tlie door to dry their sodden clothing, th^ Indians, guided by the light, sent a bullet straight to the heart ot* Slaughter, sitting inside the doorway, who ilieil without uttering a word. They then kept up a con- liiutous firing for three hours, killing two uoii-com- niis.sioned ofiicers, and wounding six others, one mor- tally.''- Nothing that had occurred during the war ca.^t a greater gloom over the community than the death of the gallant Slaughter. ('a[)tain il D. Keyes, whom Wool had left in com- iiiauil at Fort Steilacoom, now ncjtitied Mason that it was found necessary to withdraw the troops from the field, as the pack-horses were worn down, and many of the men sick. This announcement j)ut an end ior the '-Tho ofllccrs killed wcro Corporal Hurry, 4tli inf., Cor. Clarciuloii of Wall uc'.s CO. ; iiiortitlly WDim.liil, au nrtilluryinuii tif Kcyt-vs' I'o. ; and ku\ t rtly wimiikIimI, |iriviite.i I'leck, Nolan, McMalion, and (jnn'c. Olyin/iia I'nuiii r ami J'nii., \>i',: 14, IS.M. SliingliiL'r'a ruiiiuins were taken down Wliitu Uiver to biiullle, and aeul lu Steilucuuni, whcru \\u,a liin funiily. 124 INDIAN WARS. "i ■ ! time to active operations against the Indians, and tlio troops went into garrison at such points as promised to atiord the best protection to the settlers, while the volunteers remained at places where they might assist, waiting for the next turn in afl'airs. The snow being now deep in the mountain passes, conununication with the Indians east of the Cascades Mas believed to be cut off; and as the Indians west of the mountains had ceased to attack, there seemed nothing to do but to wait patiently until spring, when General Wool had pron)ised to put troops enough into the field to bring the war to a speedy termination. Thus matters moved along until the companies mus- tered into the service of the United States on the Sound were disbanded, their three months' time hav- ing ex[)ired. For several weeks the citizens of Seattle had been uneasy, from the belief that the friendly Indians gath- ered near that place were being tampered with by Lesclii. About the 1st of January, 1850, it was dis- covered that he was actually present at the reserve, making boasts of ca[)turing the agent; and as the authorities very much desired to secure his arrest, Keyes secured the loan of tiie Hudson's Bay Com- ))any's steamer JJearcr, and sent Maloney andhis com- pany to seize and bring him to Fort Steilacoom. ]iut as tlieiA'(('('rt^«/' being drawn up on the beach; but some Indian scout having carried infornjation of the condition of the man-of-war to the chiefs, it was de- cided that the capture of the ship, which was supposed to be i'ull of powder, would be the quickest means of destroying the white race, and into this scheme the so-tailed friendly Indians had entered with readiness. Gansevoort, feeling confident that ho could rely upon Jim's statement, prepared to meet the impend- ing blow. The whole ibrce of the Decatur was less than 1 50 men and officers. Of these a small company was left on board the ship, while 9G men, eighteen mariners, and iive officers did guard duty on shore. Seattle at this time occupied u small peninsula 123 INDIAN WARS. formed by the bay in front, and a wide and ^\eo\^ swamp at tlic foot of the heavily wooded hills behind. The connection of the peninsula with the country back was b}'^ a narrow neck of land at the north enroximity to the homes of the citizens, who, terrified by the sudden and frightful clamor, fled wildly to the block-house, whence they could see the flames of burning buildings on the outskirts. A lad named Milton Holgate, brother of the first settler of King county, was shot while stand- ing at the door of the block-house early in the action, and Christian White at a later hour in another part of the town. Above the other noises of the battle could be heard the cries of the Indian women, urging on the warriors to greater efforts; but although they continued to yell and to fire with great persistency, the range was too long from the points to which the Decatur's guns soon drove them to permit of their doing p,ny execution; or if a few came near enough to hit one of the Decatur^ a men, they were much more likely to bo hit by the white marksmen. ASSAULT REPULSED. 131 About noon there was a lull, while the Indians rt'stcd and feasted on the beef of the settlers. Dur- ing this interval the women and children were taken on board the vessels in the harbor, after which an at- tempt was made to gather from the suddenly deserted elled sixty from that place, wlio becanie thereby much olfended, making threats which alarmed the in- ubitants, and which wei'e ihe occasion of a jjublic meeting on the I'ollowing day tore(|uest the governor und Commander Swartwout to send a v,ar-sti.'amer to cruise between IJellingham IJjiy and the other settle- ments on the lower Sound and Fuca Sea.""* JJuring '•" I'lu'liis describes I'ulkuiiim as lio retunifil from Olympia vith his com- jiaiiy u'lLT liuiiig paid dIF, in A|iril, 'arra)f(l in eiti/i'ii's pul), iiii'liiiliin{ c'liiv'D'ss gaiters, wliitu kid gloves, and a wliito ttliirt witli Ktiindin;^ tull^ir reueliiiig iiait'-way up Ills ears, and the whole linislied nil' with a tlnmin),' red neeklie. ' I'atkanini had SO waruors of the Siioi|ualiniioh and Skokoniish trilxs, and «as assisted l>y a ehiet ealled John Taylor. '"^Uliiiii/ti(i I'tDiiri r "nil Jliiii., April '_'.'), I.s.'id. 1 liml in the jonrnal kept liy W. S, Kht'y, who iivnl on \\ hidliry Inland, treipe nt relerruee to the di'predations of the northein Imlians. Thi y \ isitid I he island on thr morn- ing ot .Ian. IWth, eominilling u nam I lerot thefts, lakiiiij the property of Huttlurs, HOSTIUTIES OX THE SOUN'D. 13j the whole summer a feeling of insecurity and ulai ni {trevailetl, only alleviated hy tiio cruising of the njen-of- war. That they .still infested these waters at niid- sniunier is shown by the account of Phelps of tlie ilcpartuic of the Di'attiir from the Sound in June, wliich he says was "escorted by our Indian friends, ii|»rcsentatives fnjni the Tongas, Hydah,Stickene, and Shineshean tribes," until abreast of Victoria. They Were glad to see tiie vessel depart. In October a small party of Stikines attacked a small schoonci belonging to one Valentine, killing one i>t" his crew in an atti'in[it tt) Ijoard the vessel, and MVtiely wouiuling a. .other. Th ;y were pursued by tin; Mt(,ssuchit.s('ti.,, but escapetl. Vt the same time other predatory detachments of a large party landed at (lillerent [toints, robbing tl'j houses temporarily vacated by the ownei's, and not long afterward visited the Indian reservation iicav 'Steilacoom and carried « tf the potatoes raised by .-he reserve Indians. At the second visit of the robbers to the reservation, tiie Xis<[Uallies killed three of the invailers, in conse- HUl-iiiiir. Till' < liiiiiakuiiiH iiciii- I'lirt 'I'nw iim'ihI II. i| to tin' i^lainl lor [uuU < liuii liniii tic iHiiilii'i II liKliaiiM, (it wlimii tlicv \M'ti' iiiii'li iilntnl. FJiiy'-i Juunuil, .MS,, 111. ly, [>, 'J-ia-i, -ij."); liutluu'n Ailmiilitrcy, .MS., Hi. 116 INDIAN WARS. A second and larger expedition was fitted out to make another attenii)t to prevail upon the Indians to depart, by a display of strength united with mildness and reason, hut with no better eft'ect, the deputation being treated with increased contempt. The whole ol'the first day wass[)ent in useless conciliation, when, liiuhng his pea(;eable overtures of no avail, Swartwout drew the Mdssachnscttis as close as possible to their encampment, and diiectly abreast, and stationed the Trarel/i'i', a small passonger-steainer running on the Sound at this time,'*^ commanded for this occasion by !^[astl!l■'.snlateCummings, with tln) launchof the ^[assa• c/t It. setts conunandcil by Jjieutenant Forrest, both hav- ing field-pit .;es on board, above the Indian encam|)n»ent, where their guns would have a raking fire U|)on it. Early in the foilowings and trees with their arms, singing their war- soip's as they went When there could no longer be any doubt of their Marliki' purpose, an order was given to fire the Trurcf- /('/•>• fii'ld-pieces, which were «hsch;irged at tiie same instant that 'i volley blazed outof the muzzles of sixty guns in the Uands of the Indians. The ship's battery I tlio TruvelU'r, It w.is ii Miiiall iron Ktcumrr, wliii-li III 8. F. oil tlio liriii •'• ''• /"'I'"'", ami niii I'nr i\\<> \i'ar.i I'liiTjiii)^ tlio iiiiiil. It wna iifteiwiii'il solil tti ('ii|)t. limtoii, wliu c'liiirtcrtd it to tlie liiiliiiii ilt |)iii'iiiiriit, niid wim lnxt '.it l''i>ulwi':ttlii r ItluH'. I'jirkfr (' (iilimii'il ill tliii KliNiMiliiiiit liiiHiiii'tts, and ran tlio .l/(.-i.s*/i;/> /• for soino tiiiir lo'twicii ()lyiii|iiii ami Sra'ili' In his Puf/ft Sound, MS.,(i-l4, iii u liiii- tiiiy of I'urly Htciiinboatiiig, ooiiiiilL'tu uinl valuuljlu. •■•J. (!. I'arkir in ls.">,"> \\i as HlllhlH.' ownei "nun KILLING OF EBEY. 137 witS then directed against thorn, and under cover of the j,nnis, the marines and sailors on sliore, led hy F«»rrest and Scnnnes, charged the Indian encumj)- nient situated at the base of a high and steep hill surrounded hy a dense undergrowth and by a living and dead forest almost impenetrable. The huts and property of the Indians were destroyed, although a (K'sporate resistance was made, as futile as it was di'terniined. After three hours the detachuKMit re- ttiini.'d on board ship, iiring being kept up all day wlunever an Indian was seen. During the afternoon a ca])tive woman of the StiUines was sent on shore to otl'er theni pardon, on condition that they would sinrmdcr and go to Victoria on the Mussac/ntsrfts, tliL'ir canoes being destroyed; but they answered that thev wouUl iiyht as long as one of them was left alive. However, on the morning of the 2'2d tlie ihiefs made humble overtnres of surrendei", saying that out of 117 tigliting w.m 27 had been killed and 21 wounded, the rest losing all their |)roj)erty and being out of provisions. They were then receiviul (111 l)oard the JLissxchusrtts, I'eil, and carried to Victoria, whence iUv'w passage home was assured. Swartwout in his leport to the navy de[)artment expressed the conviction that after this severe chas- tisement the northern Indians would not again visit the Sound. In this belief ht; was mistak<'n. On the niuht of tile llth of Auijfust, 1857, thev landt-d on Whidbey Island, went to the house of 1. N. Kbey, shot him, cut olf his head, robbed the premises, and t >.e;ij>ed before the alarm could be given. This was tloii,', it was said, in revenge for the losses inllicted hy the .]f(iss<(c/iiis('fts, they .select ing Kbey because of liis rank and value Ui the conununitv.'"' ^" Kiicy was in his liouso on tlu" iHlmul witii iiin wifi', his thivi> I'liililrcii, iir.d (iciirni' \V. ('diIIhs ami wife. .\t diu- • '. lock hr was avxiiKcinil hy th<' l).iik- ill:; III' (liiL's, iiikI f^niii.i,' tii tin- liixir, ii|i(-i:cil it. 'I'hi' oi hii' iiitnalis nt' \\n' iiuiist' ln:iiil tWK.slnitM liiiil, aiiil MiMiii iil'tci' .Mr.i I'llicy saw her liii.sliaii.l at tin' win- il.iw iif hrr iiMiiii w iih hi.s haiiil )inHsiil tn his licaii. Shi' callnl to iiiiii to I'l'iiu' ill tliiiin^h till' uIikIiiw, |.,it hi' ai>|irai')'i| imt to hf.ir oi- iiinii rstaiul. Two ullior iihotH Wilt" thi'ii linil, w hen \\v liij. The liniiaii.'* hoiiig (»r lliu 138 INDIAN WARS. Numerous depredations were committed by them, which nothing could provoiit except armed steamers to cruise in the Fuca strait and sea."^ Expeditions to the Sound were made in January, and threats that they would have five heads before leaving it, and among others that of the United States inspector at San Juan Island, Oscar Olney. Tliey visited the Pattle coal mine at Bellingham Bay, where they killed two men and took away their heads. They visited Joel Clayton, the discoverer of the Mount Diablo coal mines of California, living at Bellingham Bay in 1857, who narrowly escaped, and abandoned his claim on account of thcm.'^ Several times they reconnoitred the block-house at that place, but with- drew without attacking. These acts were retaliatory of the injury suffered in 185G.^' moment busy with their victim, Mrs Corliss sprang out of the window, wliicU oiiencd on u jiiuzKi, followed liy Mrs Kl)ey uiid the chililren, and a niomci't after by (Jorlis.s, who liad remained to hold fast the door between them and tlie hall uf the house which the Indians were entering. He tlicn retreated t!nou;,'h tiie window, and lleeini^ to the woods, all escaped the bullets sent after tliem in the darkness. Mrs Ci3rli.ss, who was a daughter of Judson, who settled on Ci . imencement JJiiy in lSo3, ran to the house of 11. C. Hill, over half a mile away, and gave the alarm. ISelieving that a descent o^ the northern Iixlians ujmjii the settlements of the lower sound, such as they ha8. »moiki\i Jlt'llui'jhim Bail, MS., '22-4. •'Tho various mounted voluntee,'- companies engaged in war or defeiico during Mason's administration were tiio following: Comjiunies A, Capt. Wil- liam Strong, and B.Capt. (iilmoro Hays, were nnistorjil into the regular sorvica and furnished their own horses; companies K, Capt. I.taac Hays, F, Cant. 11. S. Ilcnness, K, Capt. John ){,. Jackson; t'owlil/ lianger.s, Capt. H. W. I'eurs, Lcwi.i River Hangers. ('a[>t. William liratton, in tlie scrv ieo of the territory, furnished their o't'u horses; Stevens (Sua rds. (Jipt. Hig^ins, were furnished huruus by gov.; b^Ktkanu luviuuibles, Capt. Yauiia, horses partly furuishud PEUPEUMOXMOX HOSTILE. 139 by them, 1 steamers xpeditions reats that ig it, and spector at isited the here they ds. They he Mount JeUingham abandoned times they , but with- retaliatory window, which uikI a inoinei't ;wuuii thoiii aiul tlu'U ri'treatt'il !io hullcta sent iter of JutUoii, of R. C. Hill, (lescolit o» tlio ch aa they huil ivei'o liuriii'iUy ■IViu'P. When ln'iul of Khey, III. 15. Co., aii.l V. I'i'lvri'i l)ii/'i< Jiiuninl, laud ilonlhhi, |)y the MdxHti- Ihoy crijated so il, with I!. V. Juts, to llc'fl'lhl Ifainilie.i abaa- ^■y attacked a wiio escaped. later of Seattlo xr or defeiico U, Cupt. Wil- Jegnlarsorvico F, Cant. B. 111. \V. I Vers, |tho territory, pro furtnaiieil tly furuiiihud Immediately on learning what had occurred in the Yakima country, in October 1855, Indian agent Olney, at Tlie Dalles, hastened to Walla Walla in order, if possible, to prevent a combination of the Oregon Indians with the Yakimas, rumors being in circulation that the Cayuses, Walla Wallas, and Des Cimtes were unfriendly. He found Peupeumoxmox encamped t)n the north side of the Columbia, a circum- stance which he construed as unfavorable, although by the terms of the treaty of Walla Walla the chief pos- sessed the right for live years to occupy a trading post at the mouth of the Yakima River, or any tract in possession for the period of one year from the rati- lieation of the treaty, which had not yet taken place."* Olney declared in his official communications to R. R. Thomj)son at this time, that all the movements of Peu[)eumoxniox indicated a determination to join in a war with the Yakimas. Thomj)son was not .sur- j>vised, because in Septendjer he had known that IV'upeumoxmox denied having sold the Walla Walla A^alley, and was aware of other signs of trouble with this chief.=« At this critical jur ;ture the Hudson's Bay Com- pany's officers, Mc.'^inlay, Anderson, and Sinclair, hy gov. and partly liy ■ ,>luntoer.'»; Piiget Sound Rangora, wapt. Charles Katun, furnished their own horses; Nez Perco Volunteers, Capt. Spotted Ka.'le, furnished their own liorsea and equipments. Inf. companies: C, ( icorj^'o JJ. ( loudv, D, Cupt. W. 11. Wallace (part of them uu>unted), (}, Capt. W. \. S. McCoVclde, M, Capt. C. C. Hewitt, I, Capt. I. N. Kl)ey, .1, Caiit. A. A. I'hinimer, >iis(]ually Ferry guards, Serj^. William Packwood. .1'//. - '.'■II. /I'c///, in Wfisli. M7. Hl'vixUo Jtotl^'l•'.^ JlilUii'i/iiim Hai/, MS,; 7;/"//'.v./o»n(((/, MS.; MurrU' U'mli. T,'r.,Mi^.; lhilloii'>iA'lr.,'MS.; llnitjnnra I II. I. Iff/;-, MS.; 1'. ,-i/( r'j* Wash. Trr., MS.; Parker's Pwjd Sound, '}tlS., pa»iin. " ralmcr, iu //. Ki: Doc, 03, 22, 34th conij. Ist seas.; Ind. Aff. Jlept, vol. 31. "^Port/and llmen, Oct. 21, 1855. There wore in nil about fiO white men, women, and chihlren in the country on the Walla Walla and Umatilla riv- ers. Lloyd liiooks. who cnnio to Vancouver in 1849 us chief clerk to ■ (Miiitei master Captain Rufua Ingalis, Mas one. In 18.'>3 he went to the WaUa Walla Valley to raise uittle. U. S. L'o. if. B. Co. Claim», 1-J7. He returned to Vancouver, marriei! a daujihter of Gen. K. Haniiltun, ter. rco. under Ciiines, and resided in l'(»rtland after 1802. Other Americans were liromford, N'll'le, Victor 'iVevitt, W . H. I'larnlmrt, Wolf, and Wliitney. 'lime were, ht sides these, tlio H. 11. Co. 'h few peoy' at tlio fort, and the I'reneli and half- hn I'd sililers uhuut the catholic misuiou of Father Clierou.se, near Wuiilatpu. m INDIAN WARS, i the latter in charge of the fort, in conference with Ohiey, decided to destroy the ammunition stored at Walla Walla to prevent its falling into the hands of the Indians; accordingly a large amount (if powder and ball was thrown into the river, for which Olney gave an official receipt, relieving Sinclair of all re- sponsibility. He then ordered all the white inhab- itants out of the country, including Sinclair, who was compelled to abandon the property of the conii)any contained in the fort,** valued at §37,000, to the mercy of the Indians, together with a considerable amount of government stores left there by the Indian commissioners in June, and other goods belonging to American traders and settlers. Colonel Nesmith, of the Oregon Mounted Volun- teers, on returning to The Dalles, reported against a winter campaign in the Yakima Valley, saying that the snow covered the trails, that his animals were broken down and many of his men frost-bitten and unfit for duty, so that 125 of them had been dis- charged and allowed to return to their homes. In the mean time the left column of the regiment had congregated at The Dalles, under Lieutenant-Colonel James K. Kelly, and Governor Curry ordered for- ward Major M. A. Chinn to Walla Walla, where he expected to meet Nesmith fro'n the Yakima countr}-. On learning of the general uprising, while en route, Chinn concluded it impossii)le to enter the country, or form a junction with Nesmith as contemplated; »« Evidence of William Charles, in //. B. Co. Ev. 11. B. Co. riuim*, IT."?. This was tlio end of tiio coni))any's occupation nt Wallu Walla, later known us Wallula. The end of their oecupatiou of forts Hall and lloistJ occurred about the same time— Fort lk)isii n littlo earlier, and Fort ilall u little later. The Indians about tiie forrnvr post were inibittered, seeing tlio company's agent on good terms with Major ilallcr and the American soldiers, und bi - cuime he refused to sell them lunmunition. Fort Hall was u!>nndoned becaUNe it could not, on account of tho Indian hostilities, be communicated with in the usual way, which was by Walla Walla and iioise from Vancouver, 'Our twoexiiressmcn, Uoisclere and Dt^sjurdins, had been killeil between Fort Hull and Walla Walla. I had orders from Chief Factor McTavish to have tlio company's etiectsut Fort Hall, men and property, withdrawn to tho Flathead post by a party titton and •een dis- mes. In ent had t-Colonel ercd for- ^vlioro he ^ountr3^ |en route, country, Iniplated ; U'lahuH, 173. Ilnti'i" known listi ucuiirruil li littlu liitur. company's liui'M, mill Ih'- Inetl biicaUNC lituil with in luver. 'Our 1)U Fork Hull jto Imve tlio lliu Flatlicu)! Itivu tliuatru Irty.' Angua hence lie determined to fortify the Umatilla agency, whose buildings had been burned, and there await re- enforcements. Arriving there on the 18th of No- vember, a stockade was erected and named Fort Henrietta, after Major Haller's wife. In due time Kelly arrived and assumed command, late reenforce- nients giving him in all 475 men. With 339" men Kelly set forth for Walla Walla on the night of December 2d. On the way Peupeumoxmox was met at the head of a band of warriors displaying a white flag. After a conference the Indians were held as prisoners of war; the army marched forward toward Waiilatpu, and in an attack which followed the prisoners were put to death. Thus perished the the wealthy and powerful chief of the Walla Wallas.^' A desultory fight was kept up during the 7th and 8th, and on the Dth the Indians were found to have rather the best of it.'^ On the 10th, however, Kelly was roenforced from Fort Henrietta, and next day the Indians retired, tiie white men pursuing until night- fall. A new fortification was erected by Kelly, two inilos above Waiilatpu, and called Fort Bennett. It was now about the middle of December, and Kelly, remembering the anxiety of Governor Curry to have him take his seat in the council, began to pre- pare for returning to civil duties. Before ho could ^ Tliouch coining to them under color of peace, it was clmrgod upon the chii'f that liu intended to entrap them. However this may have lieon, the vol- untoers, not content with putting so powerful ail enemy out of the way, amused tiicniBelvia that evening in camp by cutting vtY bits of his scalp as tropl.ies; ami wlien the Rcalp was entirely gone, the assistant surgeon of the ngiineut cut otF his ears, and it was said that some of his fingers were taken otr. I'nrrish proliably exaggerates somewhat when ho says: 'Tliey skinned hini from head to foot, and made razor-straps of Ids skin.' Or. Aiie<'., MS., 87. ''Killed: Cnpt. Charles liennett of Co. F, the same who wua connected with .Fames Marshall in the discovery of gold in Cal. ; 2d Lieut •). M. Ihirnnvs, ('d. II, !Siinf)n S. Van llagcrman, Co. I. Mortally wound«!d, who lived but n few hours: K. B. Kelsoy, Co. A; Henr^ Crow and ('asper Snook, Co. II; Josepli SturdoTant, Co. ft; .Tesso Flemnuug, Co. A. I)angeroUHly wounded: Capt, Liiyton, and privates T. J. Payne, Nathan Fry, and F. Crabtrec, Co. II; .1. H. (iervias, Co. K. Severely wounded: Capt. A. V. WiUon, Co. A; Cipt. L. Munson, Co. I; Sor.Maj. Isaac Miller, Co, Hj Private (). W. Smith, Co. H. Miglitly wounded: PrivatcsA. M. Addington, Co. H; Franklin Duval, (' I. A. />•(«<, (h: Mil. Ori/anizatioH, 1(0. On the 0th and lOth, Wdiiiuletl, A. ^iKpiu'd, Ira Allen, and John Smith. Estimated Lid. killed and wounded, lUO. 142 INDIAN WARS. leave the commcand he received intelligence of the resignation of Nesmith, and immediately ordered an election for colonel, which resulted in the elevation to the command of Thomas R,. Cornelius, and to the office vacated by himself of Davis Layton. The place of Captain Bennett was filled by A. M. Fellows, whose rank in his company was taken by A. Shepard, whose office fell to B. A. Barker. With this partial reorgan- ization ended the brief first chapter in the volunteer campaign in the Walla Walla Valley. On the evening of the 20th Governor Stevens entered the camp, having made his way safely through the hostile country, as related ia the preceding chapter. His gratitude to the Oregon regiment was earnest and cordial, without that jealousy which might have been felt by him on having his terri- tory invaded by an armed force from another.^* He remained ten days in the Walla Walla Valley, and finding Agent Shaw on the ground, who was also colonel of the Washington militia, a company of French Canadians \> as organized to act as home-guards, witli Sidney S. Ford crptain, and Green McCafforty 1st lieutenant. Shaw was directed to have thrown up defensive works around the place already selected by Kelly as the winter camp of the friendly Indians and French settlers, and to protect in the same man- ner the settlers at the Spokane and Colville, while cooperating with Colonel Cornelius in any movement defensive or offensive which he might make against the Indians in arms. He agreed with the Oregon officers that the Walla Walla should be held by the volunteers until the regular troops were ready to take the field, and that the war should be prosecuted with vigor. Before leaving Walla Walla, Governor Stevens ap- pointed William Craig his aid during the Indian war, and directed him to muster out of the service, on re- turning to their country, the sixty-nine Nez Percd **See Steveua' Speech on the War Debt, May 13, 1858. KELLY'S RECEPTION. 143 volunteers enrolled at Lapwai, with thanks for their good conduct, and to send their muster-rolls to the adjutant-general's office at Olympia. Craig was di- rected to take measures for the protection of the Nez Percys against any incursions of the hostile Indians, all of wliich was a politic as well as war measure, for so long as the Nez Percds weie kept employed, and flattered, with a prospect of pay in the future, there was comparatively little danger of an outbreak among them. Pleased with these attentions, they offered to furnish all the fresh horses required to mount the Oregon volunteers for the further prosecution of the campaign. Kelly resigned and returned to Oregon, though afterward again joining his command. Stevens has- tened to Olympia, where he arrived the 19th of Jan- uary, finding affairs in a deplorable condition, all business suspended, and the people living in block- houses.'"' He was received with a salute of thirty- eight guns. Tile two companies under Major Armstrong, whom Colonel Nesmith had directed to scour the John 13ay and Des Chutes country, while holding themselves in readiness to reenforce Kelly if needed, employed themselves as instructed, their services amounting to little more than discovering property stolen from im- migrants, and capturing 'friendly' Indians who were said to be acting as go-betweens. During the remainder of December the companies stationed in the vicinity of The Dalles made fre- (juent sorties in the direction of the Des Chutes and Jolm Day countries, and were thus occupied when Kelly resigned his command, who on returning to Oregon City was received with acclamations by tiie l)0()ple, who escorted him in triumph to partake of a public banquet in his honor, regarding him as a hero ^''Rept of L I. Stovena to the sec. war, in Sen. Ex. Doc, 66, 6-8, .34th cnn;,'. Ixt sess.; Ind. Aff. Rtpl, vol. 34; Or. Argiu, Jaii. 12, IWtf; Orover's I'ab. Li/t, MS., 58. 144 IXDIAN WARS. who had severed a dangerous coalition between the hostile tribes of soutlicru Oregon then in the field and those of Pujjet Sound and northern Washington. : . i , As many of the 1st regiment of Oregon Mounted Volunteers who had served in the Yakima and Walla Walla campaigns were anxious to return to their homes, Governor Curry issued a proclamation on the Gth of January, 1856, for a battalion of five com- l)anies to be raised in Linn, Marion, Yamhill, Polk, and Clackmas counties, and a recruit of forty men to fill up Captain Conoyer's company of scouts, all to remain in service for three months unless sooner discharged. Within a month the battalion was raised, and as soon as equipped set out for Walla Walla, where it arrived about the first of March. Colonel Cornelius, now in command, set out on the 9th of March with about 600 men to find the enemy. A few Indians were discovered on Snake River, and along the Columbia to the Yakima and Palouse, which latter stream was asdended eight miles, the army subsisting on horse-flesh in the absence of other provis- ions. Thence Cornelius crossed to Priest's Rapids, and followed down the east bank of the Columbia to the mouth of the Yakima, where he arrived the 30th, still meeting few Indians. Making divers disposition of his forces, with three companies on the 31st Corne- lius crossed the Columbia, intending to march through the country of Kamiakin and humble the pride of this haughty chief, when he received news of a most star- tling nature. The Yakimas had attacked the settle- ments at the Cascades of the Columbia. Early in March Colonel Wright, now in command at Vancouver, commenced moving his force to The Dalles, and when General Wool arrived in Oregon about the middle of the month, he found but three companies of infantry at Vancouver, two of which ho ordered to Fort Steilacoom, a palpable blunder, when TROUBLE AT THE CASCADES. 146 it is recollected that there was a portage of several miles at The Cascades over which all the government stores, ammunition, and other property were compelled to pass, and where, owing to lack of transportation above, it was compelled to remain for some length of time, this circumstance offering a strong motive for the hostile Klikitats and Yakimas, whose territory adjoined, to make a descent upon it. So little atten- tion was given to this evident fact that tho company stationed at The Cascades was ordered away on the 24th of March, and the only force left was a detach- ment of eight men, under Sergeant Matthew Kelly, of the 4th infantry, which occupied the block-house erected about midway between the upper and lower settlements, by Captain Wallen, after the outbreak in October." A wagon-road connected the upper and lower ends of the portage, and a wooden railway was partly constructed over the same ground, an im- provement which the Indian war had rendered neces- sary and possible. On Rock Creek, at the upper end (»f the portage, was a saw-mill, and a little bolow, a village of several families, with the store, or trading- house, of Bradford & Co. fronting on the river, near which a bridge was being built connecting an island with the mainland, and also another bridge on the railroad. At the landing near the mouth of Rock Crock lay the little steamer Mary, the consort of the Wasco, and the first steamboat that ran on the Co- lumbia between The Cascades and The Dalles. At the lower end of the portage lived the family of W. K. Kilborn, and near the block-house the family of George Griswold. All that section of country known in popular phraseology as The Cascades, and extending for live milos along the north bank of the Columbia at the lajiiUs, is a shelf of uneven ground of no great width butwcen the river and the overhanging cliffs of the mountains, split in twain for the passage of the " Portland West Shore, January 1878, 72. UiatT, Wash.— 10 146 INDIAN WARS. ■I hi I r micrlifv River of the West. Husre masses of rock He scattered over it, interspersed with chimps of luxu- ria!it vegetation and small sandy prairies. For the <;:reater part of the year it is a stormy place, suhject to wind, mist, snow, and rain, but sunny and delight- ful i!j the summer months, and always impressively grand and wild. At half-past eight o'clock on the morning of the 26th of March, General Wool havin, at the prayer of his widow, granted her a land claim of 040 a<.ris in the VVuUa Walla Valley. U. S. Stututea, lS75-«, I'riv. Acta, ;j-4. 148 INDIAN WARS. ill Uf I i The escape of the Mary was iiKlocd a remarkable episode in that morninj^'s transactions. Her fires were out, only a part of her cievv on board, and the remain- der on their way to the landin<^, when the Indians fired the first volley. Those on shore were James Thom[)son, John Woodard, and James Herman. Holding a hurried consultation, Thompson and Woodard determined on an eftort to save the boat, while Hernjan ran to the shelter of the woods and up the bank of the river. While hauling on the lines to get the boat out into the stream, the Indians pressed the two gallant mt!n so closely that they were forced to quit tlu'ir hold and seek the concealment f>f the neighboring thickets. The steamer was then attacked, the fireman, James Linsay, being shot through the shonlder; and tlie cook, a negro, being wountled, in his fright jumped overboard and was drowned. The engineer, Jiuckminster, having a revolver, shot an Indian, and tiie stewanl's boy, .Fohn Chance, findiuLT an old dragoon pistol on board, also despatched an Jndian, firing from the hurricane-«leck. Jn the midst of the'se stirring scenes the steamer's fires were started, and Hardin ('hen»>weth, going up into the pilot-house and lying Hat upon the iloor, backed the lM)at out into the liver, though the wind was blowing hanl down stream. It was at this moment of success that the Mari/s whistles, sharp and d the people in tin; store that she was oti' to The Dalles for help, and which sustained tJK'ir sjjirit.-, through tlie many trying hours whieh follt>wed. The boat picked u|> the families of X'^ander- po(>l and Sheppanl, \» ho came out to her in skilFs, and also Herman of their own crew, after which she steamed rapidly up the rivi-r. Wiieii the men on the bridges rushed into Bra«I- ford's store thre(! men were left upon the island, who afterwanl attempted to reach that refuge without bi'ing discovered by the Indians. Those on the look- ut in the store could see that it was impossible, and o A DAY OF TERROR. 140 shouted to them to lie down behind the rocks. Find- lay, the tirst man udnionislied, obeyed. The Indians hiul now readied the island; and as Bailey, another workman who had m)t heard or not obeyed the eaiition, lie riinnin> l.msuing Findlay, and fired on, receivin»( a wound in the le<^ and arm. Jioth, however, spranj; into tht- water; and althoui,di l^ailey came near bein^ carried over the i'alls, they rea<'hed the landinjr in iVoiit of the store and were iiastily admitted The third man, Jam«;s Watkins, in attempt inij; to i- How, was discovered and siiot tiiroujLfh the arm. IL dropped bciiinns. Tlu>v also threw stones and mis- siles ol' Narious Uinds to dislddoi* the men on the roof, but the distance iVolll which these missiles were sent n ii(|ei-ed them comparatively harmless, the necasioiial tile which took in the .--liiiiij^les beini^ promptly e\- tiiii,nii>lied by brine from a porkbairt.'l care(tilly ]iniii'ed on with a tin cup, no water bein;^ obtainable. Ill a r«'w hums the want of water became a iVe^h siturce of tttJineiit. Of till' forty persons shut up in the small coinpa«> n{' i\\o lower story of the buildiiij;', fniii' Were woiui led, one dead, aiid the niMJoiity of the* whole wei'i women aiiii>e and some ^ovi'mnn-nt piopeity to be burned iliiiiiiL,' the iiii;lit to I'urnish li;;ht for their operations, ami to prevent the «'scape of the hesie^i'd. Ill (his cxtieniity u Spokane, brouyht uj) by Mr Sinclair, INDIAN VVAIIS. voluntoorod to prormv tli«' nss. Tlie steann'i" not yet having n^f uiiied, and fears heing entertained of her capfure, the hody of Sinclair was shoved down the slide into tho river hy the Httuje faithful servant. 11 I' 11 ■' AViiile fhoso scenes were heing performed at tin? uppci' Cascades, file pe(»ple ht'Iow wei'e also expt-ri- encing a shan.' in the mi.- fortunes of their neiLrhl'ois. 'IMie first intimation of an attack at the hlock-house was hearing a few shots, and the shouts of men run- ning from uhovc waiiiin«x otiieis. l^'ive (»f the little garrison of nine wei-o in the fort at that momtiit, liasti'ning down-staiis thrv found one* of their com- lades at tho door, shot through the hip. 'J'lie em- hrasures were opeU(Ml, and tliceamion run out and fired at the Indians, who could he si>en on a hill in front. I n urn 'd lately aftei'ward thtM-itiztiis cime llceing to tin; fort for protection, drawing tin- fiii' of the Indians, which was returned hv the s«»ldii'is until all left, iiVwr were sheltered. Firing from hoth huIvh (!ontinued fui- four hours, when, seeing that the Indians weri-ahout to liurn a liirge huilding, Sergeant. Ki-lly again dispersed them wit h the cammn. Toward nij^ht a soldier who had heen wounded near ila; hlock-housi! in the ntoin- ing made his way in and was rescued. During tlu! night tin" Indians altempled to lire the hlocK house, without sueeess, j)ro\\Tmg iihoiit all night without do- ing much damage. During the foi-enoon of the 271 h three soldiers m;ide a soit ie to a nei<^hl)oring hou>e, and leturncd .safely with some provisions. In tho I AT TlIK LOWKR CASCADES. Iftl uftornoon tlio canncm was again lireJ at a largo party of liullans who aj>|>L'arod on tho Oregon sitlo of the liver, which Huived tho jmrpohc of scattering them, wlien four of tho soKhers and 8onio of tho citizens saUied out to bring in tho doail and wounded, and to boarch tlie deserted liouses for arms and annnunition.^' At tliO lower Cascades no lives were lost in tiio attack. On tho morning of tiio 20th W. K. Kill>oin, wlio owned and ran an opi-n friMght-boat on tho (Jo- hiiiihia, walked up to tho lower cud of tho |)ortagt! ri'ihoud to look foi' a crew of tho Cascade Imlians to lake his boat up tho ra[)ids to that point, but was met by a iialf-Spanish Indi.in l)oy whom he hail kn.)wn on l"'rtii(h I'rairio iit the Willamette V^alhy, and who rudcavoivd tt) sht»w him that it was unsafe for him to be in tho ni'i"rhborhoi)d because tho Yakimas and ivllkitats had been about tho lodges of tho local Indiiins tho night Itefoi-e. Ivillxti'n tocjk tho lad with him to tho ollice of Agt'iit il. J>. Simpson, clu.^f by, when! ho still persisted in imploring them to lly, telling them they wer*^ sui'rouniled by hostile Indians on every hide. At that instant caino tho boom of tiio cannon at the block-house above, and tiio half-bri'od (l.ii'ti'd down the road to givethoalarm to the families b« lt»\v, followed by Killxun, who was soon overtaken by a mountiil man ciying, "linn for your lives, thoy jiie lighting at the block-house I"*'' On reaching his bn.'it h«! found his family and that of I lamiltou already on board, and instantly put oil', a few men who had ^nns remaining to protect their property. As he was aiiout to land for some pur[>ose a shoit distance below, theso men .shouteil to him, "Do not land; hero thoy "Tho iminci of tho unrrimm nt tho MiK'khotian wi'n> M. Krlly, Frtilorirk Ik'iiiiui, Owcii Mi'MiiiiUK, l.ii\M'i'ii('i' lie 11)111 y (killi'iliii I hi; liihl atlacUi, Siiiiluy, Ili.ii:' l.ilti r tiiiir Ixiii^' tlin^o who U'ciit out til liiiiig in lhi< ilrail iiikI uiiiiiiihii ini tlic mi mnl day. /inlmn /fim- li'ilin ill I III [lull mill H'l/.i/oi/;//"// '/) riilnrim, II I'J, liciu^ a riiiii|iil.itiiiii of ■ miili's Iiiimi, aiirted that Vancouver was the objective ALARM AT VANCOUVER. 153 point of the Yakimas, and there were not men enough at that post to make a pfood defence aftei' sending the succor demanded at The Cascades, As there h.a*! been no communication between the upper and lower towns, the extent of the injury done at the former j)Iace couhl orily bo conjectured. The commanding ofHccr, Colonel Morris, removed the women and chil- dren of the garrison, the greater part of tl\e anuuu- nition, and some other property to the Hudson's ]^ay Conij)any's fort for greater safety, while he refused arms to the captain of the volunteer home-guard,*** in obetlience to the orders of General Wool, At an earlv hour of the 27tii the steamboat Belle was despatched to The Cascades, conveying;* Lieuten- ant Philip Slieridan with a detachment of the single (•()mi>any left by Wool at Vancouver. Meeting on the way the fugitives in the rchooner an ammunition. The Indians ihd not wait to be attacked. While the trooj)s and howitzer w»'re disend)arki'.ig on a large sand island, Siieridaii had two men shot down, and was compelled to retreat some distaiwe from the cover of the Indians, the steamer di'opping down in '"I Hike tliis Htjitoii)(M)t from a corrcHpniulcnt of X\w fth/m/ in fhnn-rr awl IhmiKiiit of A |inl '_'.">, |.Vi(i, who. say* llial Ki'lly of tlio Noluiitcfrs went to the ollii'tT ill t'oiiiiiiaiiii at that jiost, aiiit iri|ili'!4te company. A council of war wa.s tlion holJ, and it was dccicKil to nuiintuin their i»round, which was done with much difficulty, through the rcMuainder of the da}', the troops not buiui^ ahle to advance to the rehcf of tlie l)lock-house, altljoujjfh the diver.sion created by tiic arrival of troo[)s caused a lull in the ojierations of the Indians a'j^ainst that j)ost. A com])anv of thirty men was raised in Portland on t!»e eveninjj^ of the 2Gth, b}' A. P. Dennison and Iniijamin Stark, aids to (jiovurnor Curry, which was aiii^Miented at Vancouver by an equal number of volunteers, and ])rocceded to the lower Cascades in the steamer Fashion, arriving somewhat later than tlie Jicllc, and beii\g unable to render any assistance, Wtv th<3 same reason which prevented the regular troops from advancing — too numerous an enemy in front. They landed, however, and sent the sti'amer baik, which returned next ilay with forty moi'e \olun- teeis, an()th. Just as the garrison in the atoro were brought to RELIEF FROM THE DALLES. 186 tlio vorjTfo of »lt's|)iiir, belu'vii)L( the Mf aniiuunition left, and liavinjj; ai^roi'tl anioni;' tljeniselv«'s, should tho Indians succeed in liriui^ the house, to oct on hoard a ;^fovorinni>nt llatdxiat hin^' in front of Jhiuhord's and ijo over tin; falls ratlur than stay to ho huti'lurod— at this critical moment their eyis weio yladdi'Ued hy flie wolconu' si^ht of tlu' J/irr// and Il'i^s•('(>, steaming; into tlu) semieiicular hay at the mouth <»f llock C'rei;k, loadi'd >vith troops. A shout wiMit U|» from forty jtersons, half dead with fatigue and anxii'ty, as tlio door of their [)iison was thrown open to tho frosh air and lij^ht of day. Xo sooner had tho hoats touched tho slioro than llic soldiers sj)i-an_iL; up tlie hank and hci^an hratin;^ till! huslios for Indians, tho howitzer hclrlijnj;- furth sliot over their lioads. J hit althoUL;h the Indian^ had tiifd a volley at tho Jfirif as she stranded for a f.w moments on a )*ock at the mouth of the ci'e»k, tiny ciidd not he found when hunted, and now not a Ya- kima t)i- Klikita* was to In; mi'U. (Vtlonel Wii^ht thou of^ani/ed Ji force, consisting- of the companies of captains W'imler antl Aiclnr, Dth infant ry, ami a «letachment of tlraujoons under IJeu- t nant Tear, '.U\ artilli>y, nitha howit/er under Li<'U- !• iiant I'iper, the whole undir ( 'olonil Steptoe, which as ordered to advance t'»the hlock-1 louse an* I tl unci; to the lower landin::;. .lust at. tho moment when Sliciidan was appmachinj^ the shoi-e lined with h III Ind lans. with the su^jk-i 'ted ( ascade Ind os- lans on an i>land on tin other side of his hat^au, ami when till' attention of the «Na\.n;es was dividetl hetween their morniu!.; moal ami tin- approach of the so|di<'rs, a hui^le was heard in tin- direction of ih- upper ( "as- < K '. >. adis, and Shtridan heln ' I doscendinLf a hill Stcj)! 4 '-M lii'iitt-naitt, 4tli ir. S. infantry, to ilatu from Nov. 17, Ih:. Mo was or- iji-rrd to till' I'arilir riia.it in I S.'i'J, airiviii;; liy^ra in IS.'i'l, ami lii'in^ slatioiUMl at Till' I'alli'M until IH<'i|>. Wlit'ii tln' MHitlirrn nlatrs ni'itiIi'iI Ih^ was orilerrd < a»t and iilaccd in ai'tivr Hervirn with tlm army of tho I'otoiiiai-. U|Min l.oo'.s invaMlon ol I'l iiiiMylvaiiia, lit> wax jilarrd on tho Ntall of tirii. Conrli, and iLSMiLiiKtil to York and Adams roiintii's to ki'i'p tho ^rmral infornii'd of tin; moM'ini'iitM of till' I'lii'iiiy. Soon aftir Kit's drfoat at ( Ii'ttyslmr^, and wliilo m.ikin^; out ri'[ioit« of tlm sorviri's iii'iformcd liy volunti'i'rs, and tlm ('Xpt'iiscii iiirni'i'i''l, an otdir was si'iit (ion. < oiioh to roliovo Major Mallor, who on ro- poi'tiiir( lor ordors found hiniHolf disinissiMl. 'J'liis wrong, whit'li was tho work of an unknown oiioiny, was a p:iiiifnl Mow to Mailer. Aftur many oti'oits to iilit.iin a hi-aring ho rotiirnod to Wa.';lo ollii'ir. and not inado liy tlm prosidoiit, hut liy tlm soorotary of war. 'l Im tostimony inthooaso, Imtli of military and oivil witnossos, oomplotoly rol'ntoil tho I'hai'^CH, and tho iliMtnissal w.is iiroiioiiiirod \\toii;{fnl, Ma|or ilallor lioiiig rostorod to till) Horvioo with tho ranli of ooloiii'l, Iml tho rosloraliou of rank oarrii'd with it no haok pay. (ion. Conoli's lostiiimny was, *' I do not think tlioro woi'o any tiglitinh' ((onorals of tho army of tlm rotomai', if they had Im-oii in N'oi'k in tlm poNilion of Major Ilallor, that oould havn doiio any itottor than ho did 1 tlmuLtht so at tlm tinio, and I think ^o now." Col Ilallor is now a roHidont of Soattlo, and li.ivin^ nassi d Ins (Kl.l yom-, is rotirod. Col Ilallor is till' author of a valiialtlo M.S. ontilloil Kiiiniid'ii in l/isfori/, Ill-Ill lit I'/n Siiii Jii'iii I iiliiiiiliii. of wliii'h ho know moio than an> o .o. Mis wifo w.iH MisH Mdiiriotta M Cox of lliltinmrc, liy wlmiii ho has livo children, two dailglitors, and tliroo Motiit. CHAPTER V. INDIAN WARS. Actios of the Governor — Disposition of FonrES — New Battalions— Plan or CAMi*AifiN--lUTTi.K of Whitk River— On the SorND— Mar- tial Law -Fkjhtinu at John Day Uivku and Grand Rond— Eastof THE Cascade Ran«k— Stevkxs in the IIohtile Coitstrv — Faiu'ke of HIS ("iiiNciL— Leschi's Hetrayal, Arrest, Tkiaus, and Execktion — Assassination of Qimemith— Termination of Hostilities on the SoiNu— Rehitlt— War Deiit -Clarke and Wrioht's Campaiqn— Defeat of Steitok— Battles of Fopr Lakes and Spokane Plains in THE Yakima Country — Walla , ..i^la Country Reopened. When Governor Stevens returned to his capital from the Blackfoot country, he was to some extent deceived as to the perils which threatened the l*uget Sound reush into the Indian country, build a depot, and op- eiate vigorously in that «|uarter, with an equal force fi'om the Columbia to j)rosecute the war cast of the ( 'ascades, in his opinion should be immediately raised. Tilt! force east of the mountains would prevent reijn- Ibrcements from joining those on the west, and vice versa, while their presence in the country wouKl pnv vent the restless but still faltering tribes farther north from breaking out into open hostilities. There should be no more treaties; extermination should bo the re- ward of their pcrlidy. On the 1st of February, in order to facilitate the organization of the new regiment, Stevens issued an order disbanding the existing organization, and revok- ing the ordeis laised for the defence of particular lo- calities. The plan of block-houses was urged for the defence of settlements even of four or five families,' the number at first erected being doubled in order that the farmers might cultivate their land; and in ' At Niitlmu Eaton's tlie ilcfunucs consiHtcd of 16 \(1\^ IniildinKs in a square facing inwards, tliu object l>cing not only to coiluct tht; faniilii.'s for prutcctiun, but to Ki'nd out a scouting party of homio hI/.o when nianiiulorii were in tlio vicii\ity. Stevens, in Sen. K.i\ hoc, «IU, IV2, Sltli cong. 1st scss.; /nil. Af. Jiipf, .*W. Fort HenneHs, on Mound prairie, was a iurj,'o stockailo witli block liouai'S at tlio alterni)tuthern battalion, organized by Lieutenant- colonel h. V. Shaw, was raised upon the Columbia lliver, and partly of Oregon material,'^ obtained by 'Till' northorn battalion conaiatcil of Company O (Van Bokclin's), coni- tiiamU'd liy l)aiiii'l Siimlley, olootcd l>y tlio oonipuiiy; Coinpuny 1, ('apt. S. I). Il'iwc, wlio was HiK'oecili'ii liy C.'apt. 7, ;1S-4I. 'To I. N. Hlx'y l)i'lonj,'f( tlu; (M-cdit of iiiiikin^' tliotiiHt movement toldock- inlc tlii^ SiKxpialiiiiicli pasH iiml gunnl tlio aottli'iiicnts lying opposite i.ii Wiiiil- l»y l^la^(^. This company of rnngers built Fort l"ll)cy, 8 niilos nl>ovi; tlio iihiiith (if tlie SiioliomiNli Hiver. Ho was removed from liisotiieu of collector, tile tliitiis of which «ere (liMchargeil by bis any. *The central battalion was composed of Company B, Capt. A. H. Rablic- snn; ("onipany (", ('apt. H. L. Henness' mounted rangers; a train guard under ('apt. (». Shead; the iiioneer company under Capt. .bweph A. White, 1st lieul I'iIkih F,. Hicks; and Comjiany I', a t'leUiehment of scouts under Capt. Ciilviu W. Suiiidal. \Vn.ih. MexH. Gov., IS.")", .'W. ■•Thu Houtlurn Iwittalion consisted of tiie Washington Mount<'d Itilles. Cipt. II. .1. (J. Moxou, Company I), Capt. Achilles, who was sin-ceeded by Lieut ruwell, and twu Ureguu companies, one company, K, under FruuciitM. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) %, ^ ^/ ■'^^i,. /<" ^is M ^ A :/. y ^ » %' 1.0 I.I 1.25 !SilM IIM 1 lit II Z2 12.0 Mi U III 1.6 I Photographic Sciences Corporation 33 WKST MAIN STRBiT WIBSTIR.N.Y. I4S80 (716) S73-4S03 4^ i\ ^^ ^^ \ <* ^ ^v- 1 ^ M INDIAN WARS. advertising for volunteers in the Oregon newspapers. Other companies were accepted from time to time as the exigencies of the service required, until there were twenty-one in the field," the whole aggregating less than a thousand men. The regiment was assigned to duty, and furnished with supplies with military skill by the commander-in chief, whose staff-officers, wisely chosen,^ kept the machinery of war in motion, the detention of which so often paralyzed the arms of Governor Curry's volunteers. Between Curry and Stevens there was perfect harmony, the latter often being assisted by the governor of Oregon in the purchase of supplies, a service which was always gratefully acknowledged. The plan of the campaign as announced by Stevens was to guard the line of the Snohomish and Snoqual- imich pass by the northern battalion, to drive the enemy into the Yakima country with the central battalion by the Nachess pass, and to operate east of V. GofT, of Marion co., and nnother, Company J, under Bluford Miller of Polk CO. Or. Statesman, March 11 and May 20, 1856. •For convenience of reference, they are named here: Co. A, organized and commanded bv Lieut-col Edward Ld'hI the Walla Walla Co., organized out ot friendly Chehalis and Cov\ .dians by Sidney S. Ford, capt.; Clarke Co. Rnnacrs, organized by ( \Villiani Kelly; Co. E, Capt. C. VV. Riley, auccocdcd by Lieut J. Q. Culc, *Jo. H, Capt. R. V. Peabody; Co. L, Capt. E. D. Warl)a88; Co. N, Capt. Ricliards, succeedrd by Capt. Williams; Co. M, consisting of 10 white men and 43 Nez Perc^, Henri M. Chase, capt. ; a CO. of Squaxon scouts under Lieut. Gosnell; and a company of Cowlitz Ind- ians under Pierre Cliarles. 'Lieut-col Lander was retained on the governor's staff, and Jared S. Hurd, E. C. Fitzhugh, and H. R. Crosbie were also appointed aids, with the rank of lieut-col, in addition to tiie appoiutments maue in Dec, of Craig and Doty. Edward Gibson was appointed extra aid. B. F. Shaw was elected lieut-col of the 2d regiment iu April. W. W. Miller still held tlio office of quartermaster and coniinissary-gencral at Olympia. Warren Grove was appointed quartermaster and commissary at Steilacoom, F. Mathiao at Seattle, A. 11. Robie at Tiio Dalles, Charles E. Weed at Olympia, R. M. Hathaway at Vancouver, and R. S. Robinson for the northern battalion, nt Port Townsend, and C. C. Pagett in Lewis county. Commanding officers ciioso their own adjutants. Tilton remained adjutant-general, C H. Arm- strong regimental (juartermastor and commissary with tlio right wing of tiie 2d regiment iu the Held; and Lieut-col Hurd supt of all business on tlie Columbia. W. W. Do Lacy was appointed adjutant of the southern bat- talion, Humphrey Hill of the northern, and B. F. Ruth of the central battalion. G. K. Willard was Buraoon and purveyor of Kiedicine and medi- cal stores at headquarters; M. P. Burns surgeon of central battalion, D. R. Bigclow of nortliern battalion. Other lurgeoua were Juatin Millard, Albert Eggnr*, and U. O. WmImm, PRISONERS HANGED. 161 ttie Cascade Range with the southern battalion. On the occasion of the governor's reconnoissance of the Sound, which took place in January, the Snoqual- imich chief Patkanim tendered his services as an ally, and upon consultation with Agent Simmons was ac- cepted. He at once took the field with fifty-five well- armed warriors, accompanied by Simmons, L. M. Col- lins, and T. H. Fuller. On the 8th of February they reached Wappato prairie, five miles below the falls of the Snoqualimich, and learning that there was an en- campment of the hostile Indians at the falls, Patkanim prepared to attack them, which he did, capturing the whole party. An investigation showed them to bo Snoqualimichs, with the exception of three Klikitat emissaries engaged in an endeavor to enlist them on the side of the hostile combination. Patkanim, how- ever, now that he had entered upon duty as an ally of the white people, carried his prisoners to camp at Wappato prairie and tried them each and every one, the trial resulting in the discharge of the Snoqualimichs, and one of the Klikitats, whose evidence convicted the other two and caused them to bo hanged. Their heads were then cut off and sent to Olympia, where a price was to bo paid. From the Klikitat who was allowed to live it was ascertained that there were four different camps of the enemy on the east side of White River, at no great distance apart, above the point where the mili- tary road crossed it, and that Leschi was at one of them, while the crossing of the river was guarded above and below. This information was immediately sent to Olympia. Patkanim at once proceeded to Wliite River to at- tack Leschi, whom it was much desired by the gov- ernment to arrest. But when he arrivotl there ho found that wily chief alert and on his guard. Being strongly posted in the fork of a small tributary of White River, a sharp engagement followed, resulting ill considerable loss. Of the number killed by Pat- Uiit. Waih.— 11 182 INDIAN WARS. 11 ' kanim, all but two were on the farther side of the stream, and he was able to obtain but two heads, which were also forwarded to Olympia. He returned after this battle to Holme Harbor, Whidbey Island, to prepare for further operations, it now being con- sidered that he had fully committed himself to the cause of the white people. He remained faithful, and was of some further assistance, but objected to be commanded by white oflBcers, preferring his own mode of fighting. About the 13th of February Captain Maloney left Fort Steilacoom with lieutenants Davis and Flem- ing and 125 men, for the Puyallup, where he con- structed a ferry and block-house, after which he moved on to White River, Colonel Casey, who had arrived on the steamship Republic in command of two com- panies of the regular 9th infantry, following a few days later with about an equal number of men. On the 22d Captain Ford of the volunteers left Steilacoom for White River with his company of Chehalis scouts, in advance of Hays' company, and White's pioneers, who followed after, establishing depots at Yelm prairie and Montgomery's, and mov- ing on to the Puyallup, where they built a block- house and ferry, after which, on the 29th, they pro- ceeded to the Muckleshoot prairie, Henness following in a few days with his company, a junction being formed with Casey's and Maloney's commands at that place. Governor Stevens himself taking the field on the 24th, when the volunteers moved to the Puyallup. Up to this date the war had been confined to the country north of Steilacoom, although a wide-spread alarm prevailed throughout the whole country. But the watchful savages were quick to perceive that by the assemblage of the regular and volunteer forces in the White River country they had left their rear comparatively unguarded, and on the 24th attackcxl and killed, near Steilacoom, William Northcraft, in the service of the territory as a teamster, driving oflf his FIGHT AT WHITE RIVER. 163 the ads, •ped and, con- the hful, 3d to own jrleft Hem- con- ttoved [•rived I com- vdays rs left oi and it ishin mov- Iblock- iy P'^'^" lowing (r ra bein Itt that M o« llup. > the spread But lat by roes in rear tacked in the )ff his oxen and the stock of ahnost every settler in the vicinity. On the 2d of March they waylaid William White, a substantial farmer living near Nathan Eaton's place, which was subsequently fortified, kill- ing him and shooting it his family, who were saved by the running-away of the horses attached to a wagon in which all were returning from church. A family was also attacked while at work in a field, and some wounds received These outrages were perpe- trated by a band of forty savages under the leadership of chiefs Stahi and Quiemuth, who had flanked the troops in small detachments, and while Casey's at- tention w^as diverted by the voluntary surrender of fifty of their people, most of whom were women and children, whom it was not convenient to support while at war, but which were taken in charge by the Indian department. This new phase of affairs caused the governor's return to Olympia, whence he ordered a part of the southern battalion to the Sound. On the 4th of March, a detachment of regulars under Lieutenant Kautz, opening a road from the Puyallup to Muckleshoot prairie, when at ro great distance irom White River, discovered Indians and attac^ked tlicm, Kautz sheltering his men behind piles of drit't- wood until Keyes reenforced him, when the battle was carried across the river and to the Muckleshoot prairie, where a charge being made, the Indians scat- tered. There were over a hundred regulars in the engagement, one of whom was killed and nine wounded, including Lieutenant Kautz. The loss of the Indians was unknown. In the interim the volunteers of the central battal- ion had reached Connell's prairie, where an encamp- ment was formed. On the morning of the 8th Major Hays ordered Captain White's company of pioneers, fifty strong, to the crossing of White River, to erect a block-house and construct a ferry, su[>- ported only by Captain Swindal with a guard of ten luen. They had not proceeded more than a mile and IM INDIAN WARS. a half from camp before the advance under Lieuten- ant Hicks was attacked by 150 warriors, who made a furious assault just as the detachment entered the woods that covered the river-bottoms, and were de- scending a hill. Almost simultaneously the main company received a heavy fire, and findin!:^ the odds against him. White despatched a messenger to camp, when he was reenforced by Henness with twenty men, and soon after by Martin with fifteen. The battle continuing, and the Indians making a flank movement which could be seen from camp, Van Oglo was despatched with fifteen men to check it. So rapid were their manoeuvres that it required another detachment of twelve men under Rabbeson to arrest them. The Indians had a great advantage in position, and after two hours of firing, a charge was ordered to be made by a portion of the volunteers, while White's company and Henness' detachment held their positions. The charge was successful, driving one body of the Indians through a deep marsh, or stream, in their flight, and enabling Swindal to take a posi- tion in the rear of the main body on a high ridgo. It being too dangerous to charge them from their front, where White and Henness were stationed, they being well fortified behind fallen timber on the crest of a hill, Rabbeson and Swindal were ordered to execute a flank movement, and attack the enemy in the rear. A charge being made simultaneously in front and rear, the Indians were completely routed, with a loss of between twenty-five and thirty killed and many wounded. The loss of the volunteers was four wounded. This battle greatly encouraged the territorial troops. The Indians were in force, outnumbering them two to one; they had chosen their position, and made the attack, and were defeated with every cir- cumstance in their favor." *Ilept of Major Hays, io Wath, M«$a. OoP., 1857. 290-2. CESULTOEV WARFARE. Tim affair was the mosf ,1„ • ■ 1 "^ Pa-gn of 1 856 „„ tlie SounJ !f I-™ "^ *« 'P^nff can,- •■ot attempt to .^aklZtuf': V'"' '»'"»««<" parties at unexpected times "d in"' ^""^''^ '» »'"all ;t would indeed l,ave been Tffi '", """"P^^ted places. f»"gl.t a gene,^] en^fa^Cuent ^ ' ^^"'™' *"''«>■« "^"t s,de dotted over^Hth hLlY" """"''•^ "" «'o i lie block-house at H,„ „ V'"™-li<)uses and cam m ''.""'Pleted, the Ind a ' w 1" ^ "'' ^Wte Kiver iS ^;"k A sfition was^^'e af^,""'^,?" «'« °PPo« te i o,t Hays, by the volunteers 'nd'"'' P™'"" ''ailwl •slaughter, on the Muck l!,T' ? '"'""'>^''' called Kort l«>"it, three miles from Sen ''•"','' "' ^one T?oe -'"panywas stationed tolu^^TV'-',"-"-^ "^'^r^ J->tcT Lieutenant-colonel iZ, °.*,'''"' '" ««'« c "oetcxl a bloek-house c^ th?"^""" '"!«' ""'"pany A l'"m Seattle. Captain Srll^ ^""'"'^l'. Ittein miK., t-'« Prair,e, and c'Xin fen" T,*'' """ °" ^'-- ot Cedar Hiver Th^ "L ^ another at the mr.,' train under gcrs, Cant. K VV l.!' '^ I^listij C^''«''-«InuSs'cap^s"s'^?. ^"/'r^' l^i'"t ^ ^^^'"^^^^ John TajC ?^ycorrespon,k'nce ni„ '"f-.^'^'''^- ^^ov, JS57 os in ^"'''**"'' ''""'•o w INDIAN WAES, his charge to the Nez Percd country. On the 24th of July Robie returned and communicated to Colonel Shaw, just in from the Grand Rond expedition, the disaixreeable intellisfenee that the Nez Percys had shown a hostile disposition, declaring the treaty broken, and refusing to receive the goods sent them.*" This would have been unwelcome news at any time, but was most trying at this juncture, when half the force in field was quitting it to be mustered out of ser- vice. This exigency occasioned the call for two more companies of volunteers. Subsequent to making the call, Stevens decided to go in person to Walla Walla, and if possible to hold a council. A messenger was at once despatched to Shaw, with instructions to send runners to the different tribes, friendly and hostile, inviting them to meet him on the 25th; but accompa- nying the invitation was the notice that he required the unconditional surrender of the warring bands. Stevens urged Colonel Wright to be present at the council, and to send three companies of regulars, in- cluding all his mounted men, to the Walla Walla Val- ley for that occasion. Wright declined the invitation to participate in the council, but signified his intention of sending Steptoe to Walla Walla to establish a post in that country. On the 19th of August, Stevens set out from The Dalles with a train of 30 wagons, 80 oxen, and 200 loose animals, attended only by his messenger, Pearson, and the employes of the expedition. A day or two behind him followed the baggage and supply train of Steptoe's command. He arrived without accident at Camp Mason on the 23d, sending word in all directions to inform the Indians of his wish to meet them for a final adjustment of their difficulties at the council-ground five miles from Waiilatpu. At '" See letters of W. H. Pearson and other correspondents, in Or. Statesman, Aug. 6, 1850; Or. Ari/ii^ Aug. 2, 1850; Olympla Pioneer and Dem., Aug. 6, 1850. Pearson, wlio was in the Nez Perc6 country, named the hostile chiefs as follows: Looting Glass, Three Feathers, Eed Bear, Eagle-from-the-light, B«d Wolf, and Mau-with-a-rope-in-his-mouth. FRmTLESS COUNCIL. tne end of a \v««? i ^^ «nd of another weekr?!*!,- '".?=''"*• Cra'f. At tl?f same day PatW Rtejl/V"'''^ "'^^<> ''"'^"t on ifc! t"o sunenntondent. havinr; 1 . '''^•'''■'ed to uioefc course by Kan.iakin. who fad ''" , "V*?''«'"'t^-^^^^^^^^^^^ T3«LS td tSpfeh'e"- Chutes, and tihty by firing the grass rffT •^'^h.bdmg their hos f"rtv ^'r-^ ''^-J ?«e?t,'5t;:°""fyth?ytraviS ,^V rtj-one Imrses and thirty paM " P»<'k-t.ai„ „f t rxr„rn't''^'''"--^^^^ "" ■'" "" closed on the ir^el "" "'« H"' of September » ^ --"time to Ste^tltSrrT '"'^ A"": nt^f l'>thms wasaecomplished Prh/'^r "^ '"' ""tbreai^ tjic war chiefs would assent J v""t'^' ***""« to whil J '.e Dalles w,th iiis train rf Indi?, ' T^'''^^ to ',y bhaw s eonunand under Goffi ^"'"'^' escorted 'several attacks were ,3 ',"" the 19th and 20tl. ^-■?ted by stept: stt^s'Ltir '"''r^ ^S tination m safety. After fi- ■>' ''oached liis de« c'V"r Stevens Stnrned tof, """^'"y-'ng repulse Gov " ' -.«therforaeouni'^l---to^4^^^ m INDIAN WARS. beinfy represented by Red Wolf and Eagle-from-the- light, the Cayuses by Howlish Wampo, Tintinraetse, and Stickas, with some other sub-chiefs of both nations. None of the Yakimas, Des Chutes, Walla Wallas, or Spokanes were preoent; and all that could be elicited from those who attended the council was that they desired peace, and did not wish the treaty of Walla Walla confirmed. Wright remained at Walla Walla until November, the post of Fort Walla Walla" being established on Mill Creek, six miles from its junction with the Walla Walla River, where the necessary buildings were completed before the 20th. In November Fort Dalles was garrisoned by an additional company under brevet Major Wise. The Cascade settlement was protected by a company of the 4th infantry under Captain Wallen, who relieved Captain Winder of the 9th infantry. The frontier being thus secured against invasion, the winter passed without many warlike demonstrations. About the 20th of July the volunteer companies left on the Sound when Shaw's battalion departed for Walla Walla were disbanded, the hostile Indians be- ing driven east of the mountains, and the country being in a good state of defence. On the 4th of Au- gust Governor Stevens called a council of Indians at Fox Island, to inquire into the causes of discontent, and finding that the Nisquallies and Puyallups were dissatisfied with the extent of their reservation, not without a show of reason, he asfreed to recommend an enlargement, and a re-survey was ordered on the 28th, which took in thirteen donation claims, for which con- gress appropriated nearly $5,000 to pay for improve- ments. Having satisfied the Indians of his disposition to deal justly with them, he next made a requisition upon " Old Fort Walla Walla of the H. B. Ck). being abandoned, the name was transferred to this post, about 28 miles iu the interior. CAPTURE OP LESCHr. C^olonel Wricrhf f ^i , ^'* be tried for niuS^^ ' ?"'^-*^''* •^'^""^^^ Kitsan t' -ho had holcuti/n'ruit W'^>f'"^^ ^«"ntry, and been ^n it ^d to ^''^^^^^ {" ^^e f aki.na parole and obligation toTen ,. "^'^ °" *'^^'^ was reluctant to give un thf r^'1 P^^^^- But Wri^^ht that although iJlZ "fade no"f'"'-"^"^^"'' ->-^' them accountable for thpirf P^ "^^'ses not to hold -cler it unwise to s Le^Terfe""^' ^.^ ^^^"W -^ ad.sturb„,g effect upo, the ^^•'^''^''*^^"''^<^' have e.v'..voring to quiet.^ Steven. ^^^"%'''''''* '^^ was ;;"h er terms wUld be a';:" ^^f '^^ ^'^f P-ee on dutj and would deprociat/fl? ! '^'^andonment of thor,t.es with the h"dilns\f" '"n"^""^ °^* ^he au- fiuentl^. assured then tha Vh? 'u^-^' ''^•^ ^'"^ ^''P^'«hed by Ehkukah. Thev wpnf f 11 ," P'^'^P^^' Skumia and - hiding, poor^a^ Vu« ti T "'"■^' "^^^^^^^ ^^^ ^«ay by the Yakimas Xh.^' ^l^''!"^ '^^^^" ^'nvon who would allow iZto r • ^"'^""tted to Wri<.ht «" condition that he^tame'th '" '^''' ^^""^^^ - 7 • ^'ccoyed him toaspot wh", ?r- r^' ^"^ ^^^^'h,:; scaled, suddenly seiz^ed\nrH "T^ ^'^^'^^^^ were con^ "P to Sydney'^Spo;d^,J',«"»d him, to be delivered Stevens at Olvrnp a ' ''^^ surrendered him to 172 INDIAN WARS. I f : \\l ■ I The particular crime with which Lesclii was charged was the kilHiig of A. B. Moses, the place heing in Pierce county. Court had just adjourned wlien iie was brought in, but as Judge Chenoweth, who resided on Whidbey Island, had not yet left Steilacoom, he was requested by the governor to hold a special term for the trial of Leschi, and the trial came off on the 1 7th of November, the jury failing to agree. A second trial, begun on the 18th of March, 1857, resulted in conviction, and the savage was sentenced to be hanged on the 10th of Juno. This action of the Governor was condemned by the regular army officers, there being in this case Ihe same opposition of sentiment between the civil and military authorities which had existed in all the Indian wars in Oregon and Wash- ington — the army versus tlie peo|)le. Proceedings were instituted to carry the case up to the sujireme court in December, wliich post|)oned the execution of tiie sentence. The o[)inion of Mc- Padden, acting chief justice, sustained the previous action of the district court and the verdict of the juiy. Leschi's sentence was again pronounced, the day of his execution being fixed upon the 22d of Jan- uary, 1858. In tlie mean time Stevens had resigned, and a new governor, McMuUin, had arrived, to whom a strong appeal was made by the counsel and friends of Leschi, but to no effect, 700 settlers pro- testing against pardon. When the day of execution at-rived, a large ctmcourse of people assembled at Steilacoom to witness the death of so celebrated a savage. But the friends of the doomed man had prepared a surprise for them. The sheriff of Pierce county and his deputy were arrested, between the hours of ten and twelve o'clock, by Lieutenant Mc- Kibben of Fort Steilacoom, apj)()inted United States marshal for the purpose, and Frederick Kautz, upon a warrant issued by J. M. Bachelder, United States connnissioner and sutler at that [)ost, u[)on a charge of .selling liquor to the Indians. An attempt was \ : ::! '■ EXECUTION OF LESCHI. 173 made by Secretary Mason to obtain the death-warrant in possession of the sheriff, whicli attempt was frus- trated until after the hour fixed for the execution had passed, during which time the sheriff remained in cus- tody with no attempt to procure his freedom. So evident a plot, executed entirely between the prisoner's counsel and the military authorities at Fort Steilacoom, aroused the liveliest indignation on the part of the majority of the people. A public meeting was held at Steilacoom, and also one at Olympia, on the evening of the 22d, at which all the persons in any way concerned in the frustration of the sentence of the courts were condemned, and the legislature re- quested to take cognizance of it. This the legislature did, by passing an act on the following day requiring tlie judges of the supreme court to hold a special ses- sion on or before the 1st of February at the seat of government, repealing all laws in conflict with this act, and also passing another act allowing the judges, Chenoweth and McFadden, Lander beinijf absent t'roui the territory, one hundred dollars each for their ex- penses in holding an extra session of the supremo court, by which the case was remanded to the court of the 2d judicial district, whither it came on a writ of error, and an order is; ued for a special session of tlie district court, before which, Chenoweth presiding, Leschi was again brought, when his counsel entered a demurrer to its jurisdiction, which was overruled, and Leschi was for the third time sentenced to be hanged; and on the 19th of February the unha[)py sav- age, ill and emaciated from long confinement, and weary of a life which for nearly three years had been one of strife and misery, was strangled according to law. There is another case on the record showing the temper of the time. Shortly after Leschi's betrayal and arrest, Quiemuth, who had been in hiding, pre- sented himself to George Brail on Yelm prairie, with the request that he should accompany him to Olympia, and give him up to Governor Stevens to be tried. 174 INDIAN WARS. Brail did as requested, three or four others accom- panying him. Arriving at Olympia at half-past two in the morning, they aroused the governor, who, placing then all in his office, furnished lire and refreshments, locked the front door, and proceeded to make ar- rangements for conveying the party to Steilacoom before daylight. Although caution was used, the fact of Quiemuth's presence in the town became known, and several per- sons quietly gained access to the governor's oifice through a back door, among whom was James Bunton, a son-in-law of James McAllister, who was killed while conversing with some of Leschi's people. The guard saw no suspicious movement, when suddenly a shot was fired, there was a quick arousal of all in the room, and Quiemuth with others sprang to the door, where he was met by the assassin and mortally stabbed. So dimly lighted was the room, and so unexpected and sudden was the deed, that the j)erpetrator was not recognized, although there was a warrant issued a few hours later for Bunton, who, on examination, was discharged for want of evidence.^^ Few of the Indian leaders in the war on the Sound survived it. Several were hanged at Fort Steilacoom ; three were assassinated by white men out of revenge; Kitsap was killed in June 1857, on the Muckleshoot prairie, by one of his own people, and in December fol- lowing Sluggia, who betrayed Leschi, was killed by Leschi's friends.^' Nelson and Stahi alone survived when Leschi died. His death may be said to have been the closing act of the war on Puget Sound; but it was not until the ratification of the Walla Walla treaties in 1859 that the people returned to their farms in the Puyallupand upper White River valleys.'* So antagonistic was the feeling against Stevens con- ^•iQlympia Pioneer and Dem., Nov. 28, 1856; Elridfie's Sketch, MS., 0. " Ohjm)>ia Pioneer and Dem., July .3 anil Dec. 11, 1857. '* Patkaniin died soon after the war was over. The Pioneer ami Democrat, \ji,\\. '21, 18;jtt, reninrked: 'It is just aa well that ho ia outof tlio way, as in ^itu of everything, wo never believed in his friendship. ' Seattle died in 16U6, ^U ^'AR CLAIxMS. «on- "ffgregated nearly six twiHn f^.°n '""' Wasl,i„gt„„ papers were all (.IdC'Zro""""-" ^''•''"th" I'aif a cord in bulk, wh ch Sm h ? ^o™""-^ mass of '" '857..' ThesecXrvrff '•°'''?W««l'i"gto„ '""need the finding, eZ^,?^'''" ^" ''^Port, pro- pr"v,s,on should be madefor *!.' ■"""^""""^ding that amount." ""^'' '"' the payment of the fulj tlio OicMn volunf«n^: ^^"==^-^»9'i .424 78 oV ., •"^'^••^•^ 't"" Oregon; nn( ,., '««aicl Horace Greelev 'Ti ^V^-^^lHugton vofunteers .Spoliation cltimi] rhalTa v^fr "««' ^t'^- ^ c A er [|.'''^?'V^ ^"'''«''s canns of the Orion an. W ^•*'" t>aid l,a f a centurv n. '" ^'^"^ ^''^n^^" tuio providing, fnf /i ^'^^«- containing a convnfV^: '^* »T-. »"ng. St S vT •""' '-^''^'^ ^^^'^ March o°J- 1'^ A^"''^ "^ '''« ^\' hams and V. H cwiJ^'' '•' «=?""" unication from ^nJ?*''^' ^'^'^ "''«•> audited by PhilornUn ,*'"•. ^^ the Oregon In,)^^?. '^'''"Jtors Goorge if ^^■V. DowtKn £"''*''■• '^''''-''' enclosefletto^n *!'''•■?'''•'"« "f '«.-,-« 176 INDIAN WARS. The number of white persona known to have been killed by Indians ^^ in Oregon previous to the establish- ment of the latter on reservations, including the few fairly killed in battle, so far as I have been able to gather from reliable authorities, was nearly 700, be- sides about 140 wounded who recovered, and without counting those killed and wounded in Washington.'^ Two events of no small significance occurred in the spring of 1857 — the union of the two Indian superin- tendcncies of Washington under one superintendent, J. W. Nesmith of Oregon, and the recall of General Wool from the command of the department of the Pacific. The first was in consequence of the heavy expenditures in both superintendencies, and the sec- ond was in response to the petition of the legislature of Oregon at the session of 1856-7. Tlio successor of Wool was Newman S. Clarke, who paid a visit to tl^e Columbia River district in June.'^ interest to be allowed on the award of the Indian war claims, in Sen. Com, licpt, 8, 37th coug. '2cl soss. ; letter of secretary of the treasury, contain- ing information relative to claims incurred in suppressing Indian hostilities in Oregon and Washington, and which were acted and reported upon by tlio commission authorized by tlie act of August 18, 1850, in Sen. Ex. J)or., 1 and 2, 4'2d cong, 2d sess. ; report of tlio committee on mili*«ry affairs, June '22. IST-t, in 7/. llcptA of Vom., 873, 43d cong. 1st scss. ; letter from tiio thirii auditor to tlio chairman of the committee on military affairs on tho subject of claims growing out of Indian hostilities, in Oregon and Washington, in //. Ex. Doc, 51, 35th cong. 2d sess. ; vol. vii., and Id. Doc, vol. iv., 3l)th cong. 1st sess.; communication of C. S. Drew, on tho origin and early prosecution of tho Indian war in Oregon, \ii Sen. Misc. Doc, 50, 3Gth cong. 1st scss., relat ing chiefly to Rogue River Valley; Stnvnn' Srwech uii War Expniaea he/ore the Committee of Military Affairs of the House, March 15, 18C0; Stxvens' Speech, OH War Clnim.H in the IJowe of Representatives, May 31, 1858; Spcechi's o; Joseph Lane in the House of Jfcpresentatives, April 2, 1850, and May 13, 1S5A; Speech of I, I. Stevens in the ITouhc of Representatives, Fel). 31, 1859; Al'x California, July 4, 1857; Or. Statesman, Jan. 20, 1858; Dowell and Gibhs' Brief in Donnell vs CardweV, Sup. Court Decisions, 1877; Early Affairs Siskiyou County, MS., 13; Swan's N. W. Coast, 388-91. "See a list by S. C. Drew, in the iV. Y. Tribune, July 0, 1857. Lindsay Applegato furnishes a longer one, but neither list is at all complete. Sec alvj letter of Lieut John MuUan to Commissioner Mix, in Mullan's Top, Mem,, 32; Sen. Ex. Doc, .32, .35th cong. 2d sess. '•I arrived at this estimate by nutting down in a book tho names and tho number of persons murdered or slain in battle. The result surprised me, although there wcro undoubtedly others whoso fate was never certainly as- certained. This only covera the period which ended with tho close of the war of 185.')-0; there were many others killed after these years. '■"> Tho distributiou of United States troops in tho district for 1857 was two I.; „«,.•"•«»■' ^u^Sf^^^ ^esmith did not relievo ^f '^ supennteiiderit afw , . '^^ Stevens of" Jiis rln+.v -"" after ;';l f S;7^;" ?""' «- ^ro'tr^ t olunibi,, River dis S ' , "^ '""^ " ''''^'^ to t ,'0 ''^th,o best n,cv.„fof brino.i„l.f '"! "'^ 'S^^ be ratified ^nd laws permitted the „',T ''"''°"^-- «'at e Ofegoii and \Vasln,„rf "«cupation of the h,„L e "'« Indians, nlk,," S ^ '^^'''"'-'1 °'' "^« ^ "'t if rendernig it in,pos.s1bIe t 't-r"'!"-' '""'^ ''' ■'"""tv a, '''->' and the s^ittler , F-i'TJ 7'"^''°"^ l-ot; • be cul i.ated while their tiSt"^ f,'''""""^ '^»"''l >" t companies of tho 4th fnf . *"® S^'We timo „ ' Nosni th foiin,! fJ. ^ ' ""''^ '" suhiyctior ^'■nn.sCovc., Wl.i.lhiyS 7?„f "^'al agc,.t fo ' S fc ''' ^^'^ ■,^ ■'•< ■"" in vhLcu, t pT 'i^ ^''''"*^«-«n'l other con«/f^ *'"'''*^- <^'l'elia]i,s '*»"f..wV ,-r".'^ V tl ?;>^■.•■•^', *^«; t^*" ^ ty- :■»» ■ -^«'a„ » '"■-d-d >^" shots wore fire,), 0,-^ b/lr?"'^ ""^ gesture.. Stcptoo being res„lv;d tlia tlf e *,''""P' "i- Indians '".'" the Spokane country .„ ] u "" *''""'Ps corain.' ' Colv,lle to learn tho.CeVof thh"'lP" ^"'^ '^''7 hrect road to CoIviJlo hnth'T '*' ""* ''''«.„ the t» pass through their ou„t „'l^ Z' "7"' ,"f hi« w.V .7 ''imself unconscious Sw f" /T''"-''' ''^'''Pt'^ ." load lun, to Colville « Cf, "1'"' '" '''''""'thv «»od to bo satisfied thev r f ',""'' "'" '•'"■«(■•' l>i.;- ; '•••'■O' over the t 00 r./^ "^,';''/.» f"n,i.h ca, , . "« o|,position to thera^L '"'•'"""' •■"' ""vieM- -■""I'fy- Finding that h .'"'i ,'",'" ""•' «l'"l<.u. ■ ■■;^';"n.st groat odd", " ?,* J^^' ^ ""l'' have to e!,„t„, ": «"'""ocl upon rotreaSn" aml^ f "P"''"'' S'"l""'^ "' the ,rth began his X^' t^Tj'lT ""-' '""'-''ii^' ^" the mean time *i, r, *'',« Palouse. gathering roots in 'Ha a or?'' '''-^^'"'«- »''" «-oro ''ad been iriforuied o('? ' ' ' V- '" ■■* '>•■"■ ""l-s.h-.stant ;';s;.'' to join thes^lu cs'':;;:'',"^f ''•-. «-' -" « ■t the troops escapi out of' tS '"'',' ""* "^"""""t to hoy were about 1 larcl n / «,""/'•'""'««> easily. As """ Father Joset.wt'w^ tf'^ /--■'■<--' a vW "o causes which ed to LT ? *"'"'l''"''» tohin, slander which the k .us^s TT"""'^' and al.so '"'"-»; that he had fcni'hed ,,'''"'V''*«' 'W'h.st ,;:'f=X{lS,---n "'" ^"^'— vuh I !i \l im INDIAN WARS. ammunition. It was then aijireod that an interview should ho had with the principal chiefs; hut oidy the Cocur d'Alenc chief Vincent was found ready to meet Steptoe. In the midst of the interview, which was held as they rode along, the chief was called away and firing was commenced hy the Palouses, who were dog(jing the heels of the command. What at first seemed an attack hy this small party of Indians only soon hecame a general hattle, in which all were engaged. Colonel Steptoe labored under the disadvan- tage of having to defend a pack-train while moving over a rolling country particularly favorable to Indian war- fare. The column mt)vcd, at first, in close order, with the supply train in the middle, guarded by a dragoon company, with a company in the front and rear. At tlie crossing of a small stream, the Indians closing in to get at the head of the column. Lieutenant Gregg, with one company, was ordered to move forward and occupy a hill which the Indians were trying to gain for that purpose. Ho had no sooner reached this po- sition than the Indians sought to take possession of one which conmianded it, and it became necessary to divide his company to drive them from the new posi- tion. By this time the action had become general, and the companies were separated, fighting by making short charges, and at a great disadvantage on account of the inferiority of their arms to those used by the Indians. As one of the dragoon companies was en- deavoring to roach the hill hold by Gregg's company, the Indians made a charge to get between them and the hill to surround and cut them off. Seeing the movement and its intention, Lieutenant Gaston, who was not more than a thousand yards off, made a dash with his company, which was met by Gregg's company from the hill, in a triangle, and the Indians suffered the greatest loss of the battle just at the spot where the two companies met, having twelve killed in the charge."' *^Tlio Iiuliaii loss in tlio battle of Steptoe Dutte— called Teliotoiiiiinmo u II! in-I '»'^»S- the kilJcI A BLOQDV FIGHT. I\V of \\t'l-., J, 181 aiK.ther JjoacJ ^'-.^--d'AM;::T;^:^^'^^7'-^>-n.er "^" llio Cfx-ur d'A"l man. Vi,.t or. /"wjit,auclJan ^•^'o^ <'^' tirCc..^' i^Tr: '^'^ --tall, an in;luenti.;i ehi:;';. ifS. '""■b-n,„:::V;t::r;-;;^'<;-,"».iv,.;^l ^voundetl. T] "•^« was tiTi-ibli so [ll(ll ^"■<', %]iti;).r t ^st/iot f'oo ,^ 'i «>n.staiit ral. J....I I.... ''''V' ^^^'-ton were kill..! ^-i r v ' ■' t'> reach water, (| '|..S •iMtil al ic ^^'t'reJiilJod.-'i coiuur'^/^t'-' ^''-iifficXd To tl Joiit i I >r and /„•,,„. 1 "'". Til,,-,. J leseof]] Vi-V ''■"■•t'^«cd as tl <>«« threw tl I'^y of «anJ.i,,.. tlie le 1110,1 int -■--tuastliejMverehvthn f , '"^'' w^nCusi,., tl a-ir ofh r ''^' t''^'" ^allantl h'reof tl eers lain It "f' Ijullet,! "'fl brought th r ^iof ended tho hod lieni off fi.,. i! II it's of now heeani ''" ^^^' t^'O lield und !fr a '--iH,,ii,v;;,:;r,:'pp-7"Mi.a,va liooi,^ Ste|.t ■0'^'V^it,andtl I'toe was forced t if^ngh it w '",';. ''^'-ouldobt <^ I'lniain could lK)t 1,0 '.^""t much past '" iJic ht'st -.■■- 'I'niu obtain <.m *''veted tl '^'11- animals. Tl roo j>.s d po- "II a '«"iounted and ^'ro then ordered ^^■J'U-h defence tl ''yfioliuli; :i-i estiii illlS- i Jilacon 1)011 1 '''•'^ t^»J^-in- the hill I ^y n-ero successful '!■•"::' '>>' y char, oward nil til 'Jest !'t''^, ni even- Ki- '^^ ''i« .:;=;•;,:'. H«'"' «;"i ™yr';s,":»» »' .v... :.'ull "W./A ifi-.-it on ''^'.f tv? !'l">^' ••'"Hi that "'I'T "''-'t i^icut mpui,,,!, IS, "^"f J'V'i, aiulonl IllJlJl V utj (;i< -',!,' iia,i y "r liftv tax. \v<)llii,|,,j; l,„t in Jff, '^■'■'^ "•^■■■o «.,„ to i- ■•^'■'•■i' .l-M.a,| J '"V* ''■'-■ ••HI. I diil y a f, '(/V HI Ofli 'i.si.ll. 'irst S L r of icilic i^'^-. !'• Tnvl, :ill. (•/«,-/!■ ml laiis c '(ltd "• uas 'oiiiisf. •7'.i^'<"'nt AVin c /'"/. ././/;■/, i;;;--i.n..t,.i,i.,,,,;,.t/ list. ( t'i'ailiiiite of \\ ■INfoll Was Nad i "Oil u Jit Hi a '•'1 /!all ;V'« 'ii'norai.ly ,„ ■ntioii Will /'', l.s.-iS, L'71, ' fe'i'iuiiati! oi' |,s cjst out a.s ( ]• -'W iirtili "Iii'd tl I tor' t 1 < u-i,- ' 'V It'll foe fi It'll 1. Ivlllo, 1 I "l'*', (I 111 I '.V tlio lii.l rcac llllS.sill^r ,,f( IC 'Siialio li Will '■""■■; "iKl aiiotl '''■St' and I 'I'uaid. 'J ivur lll'l- KCl-, '•aiicis '"'.V sur.vcioil ton I "■'iilc-y, i. li : 1^^^ ;/'•'"// U/r. 1 1, rult .^^'' ' *?i'^^"JH' and ,,. , :<';u;(. Ill .•iiiiiii ■ l"^ 'i'^*-' 'lis /„/; •nan ,., "■'■'l"'isoiiaI ol '(III i of t "'"'•y of Wasl "usirvat o/n,ri/„f imt/a // ;:'"'> "n.u at 1 'fajH' and rcf !it' War, 1 "iii-'ton. I iiiii.s on f ■'//n '' III JS. ■nM-t'iR l''";i)ly, began to give out, and the men were suffering so severely from thirst and fati;- siou was that ever since the outbreak in 1855 they had said that no white settlements should be mad*,' in their country, nor should there be any roads througli it; and they Nverc informed a road was about to l)e oj)ened from the Missouri to the Columbia by tlie United States goverimient in spite of their protc^st."'* They were opposed, also, to troops being sent to C,*ol- ville, as they said that would only open the waj' for more troops, and again for more, and finally for the occupation of the country. General Clarke, learning from Father Josct that the C(]eur d'Alenes were penitent, offered to treat '■"' ' To move from one point to another we had to crawl on our hands and knees, amid the howling of the Indians, the jjroans of the dyin,;;, and tlu! « histliug of balls and arrows.' Letterof Lieut Gregg, iu Iiul. Ajf. Jlijif, IS.'iS, •274. '■"•This referred to the wagon-road afterward opened by John Mnllan, 1st liout I'd art., in charge of the construction of a military road from Fort IJenton to Fort Walla Walla. See Mullan'.'i Military Jiond licport. The only point on which Steptoe could congratulate himself in his rejiort on his cxpc- tiition was that it had undoiditcdiy saved the lives of Mullan's w iiolo ccui- niand, who, had they proceeded into tiio Spokane country as intended, with- out iieing warned of the hostility of tiio [ndi.ins, would have been slaughtered. As it was, tiiey remained at Tlie Dalles. Letter of Wright, in <'/nr!:c tiinl Wrhjhi'^ >''ini!t'iilies, guarded by one company of artillery, coninianded by lieutenants H. G. Gibson and G. 13. Dandy, a howitzer manned, and a guard of fifty-four men under Lieutenant H. B. Lyon, the whole com- manded by Captain J. A. Hardic, the field-officer of the day.''^ Grier wag ordered to advance with his cavalry to the north and east around the base of the hill occu- pied by the Indians, in order to intercept their retreat when the foot-troops should have driven tlvPiiiifrota the summit. The artillery and- ri^e "Uactaliojj., *titT{ tV'\ Nez Percys ^„wr.rf- fnareiiod to the i'ight of the hill, ascent \y;aa,ViK'r; their battle-cries, swayed back and forth over a compass of two miles. " Tlio entire transportation of AVriglit'tt ODmnianil consisted of jibont 400 mules, ',i'2') belonging to the ((aarternuwter'a dopiirtnient, six to oiU'li company, and one to each oUicer. Only the druyooua were mounted, Kip's Army Lij'f, a. „.**- uL THE BATTLE BEGUN. m Even their horses were painted in contrasting white, crimson, and othor colors, while from their bridles dc'[)endod bead fringes, and woven with their manes and tails were the j)lumes of eagles. Hiiili was tlie spirited spectacle that grci.'fod ' C(Acn^J^r00fs-^'^-'''''''-'- and his command on that hrj^fh^J^-fft^m^fmo^^^^^ Soon his 'p-Jau ofJj«.^?i?ttr*\^ upon. The trorrii'i were^U-w^HuTtossession of the elevated jj^round, ajjiLikr^Tiidians held the }»lain, the ravines, and the 1)ine groves. The dragoons were drawn up on the crest of the hill facing the plain; behind thorn were two companies of K(\yes' artillery battalion acting as infantry, and with the infantry, deployed as skir- mishers, to advance down the hill and drive the Intl- ians from their coverts at the foot of the ridge into the plain. The rifle battalion under I^ent, composed of two companies of the 9th infantry, with Winder and Fleming, was ordered to the right to deploy in tlie pine forest; and the howitzers, under White, sup- ])()rted by a company of artillery under Tyler, was advanced to a lowcn* [)lateau, in order to be in a posi- tion for effective firing. The advance began, the infantry moving steadily down the long slope, passing the dragoons, and liring a sharp volley into the Indian ranks at the bottom of the lii'l. The Indians now experienced a surprise. Instead of seeing the soldiers drop before their mus- k(!ts while their own tire fell harmless, as at the bat- tle of Stoptoe IJutte, the effect was reviM'sed. Tho rilles of the infantry strnck tlown the Indians before the troo[»s canie within range of their muskets. This unex|)ected disadvantage, together with tho orderlv movement of so liii-«j:e a nund)er of men, ex- coeding their own force by at least one or two hun- ihed,^'' caused the Indians to retire, though slowly at '-'Wright, in liia report, says tlicro wuro '100 or .lOO nionntetl warriors,' nuil also 'larj^'o iinmboi'.s of Imlians ' in tlio pint! wooils. Miillnii'ii T'lp. Mem., ID. Kip bays Uio Indiana ' outniinihoruil u,s,' p. r>!) of Aniii/ Li/c, i)nt it iH not piolialjlu. Wriglit liatl o\or TOO li^;iit.inj,' mvu. Siilitiiic'linjJ tlionu left to >;iiani llio camp, tliuro would still bo ii number ctjual to, if not cxcccdiug, tlie liiiJiuns. „-,Bii:fcx;. v-J 188 INDIAN WARS. first, and many of them to take refuge in the woods, where they were met by the rifle battalion and the howitzers, doing deadly execution. Continuing to advance, the Indians falling back, tlie infantry reached the edge of the plain. The dra- j>o<)ns were in the rear, leading their horses, ^^i^t^*^'**^'''^^ t'.iey had reached the bottom of theli.i,y»U^^fT56unted, and charging between ^tJ^^Sac^aiffl^ions of skirmishers, ruslied lilvft^5L,,wV?ffHfina upon the Indians, creating a j)1T!Ti^**trom which they did not recover, but fled in ail directions. They were pursued by the dragoons for about a mile, when the latter were obliged to halt, their horses being exhausted. The foot-troops, too, being weary with their long march from Walla Walla, l)ursued but a short distance before they were recalled. Tlie few Indians who still linfjered on the neisjfhborinjj ]iillto])s soon fled when the howitzers were dis- charged in their direction. By two o'clock the whole ai'uiy had returned to camp, not a man or a horse having been killed, and only one ]i'>rse wounded. 'I'lie Indians lost eighteen or twenty killed and many wounded.^'' ' For three days Wright rested unmolested in camp. On tlie 5th of September, resuming his march, in about iivo miles he came upon the Indians collecting in large bodies, apparently with the intention of opposing his ])rogres8. They rode al'>ng in a line parallel to the troops, augmenting in numbers, and becoming more demonstrative, until on reaching a plain bordered by a wood they were seen to be stationed there awaiting the moment when the attack might be made. As the column approached, the grass was fired, which being dry at this season of tlie year, burned with gnjat fierceness, the wind blowing it toward the tf'oojis; and at the same time, under cover of the smoke, the Indians spread themselves out in a cres- cent, half enclosing them. Orders were immediately " ncpoH of Swrrlimj of Wur for 18,")8, .1S0-00; roiiort of WriijUt, in Mid- lati't Top. Mem,, I'J-'JO; Ot: Slate.'8. DEFEAT OF THE FOE. 189,. rfi^ ,«»•*■ /-{•f^ ods, the )ack, dra- M»»f%" .imrt' .^.•^^F^' ntcd, hers, ing a ill all 3 for halt, I, too, ^alla, ;alled. )ornig dis- whole horse [iiided. many camp. about large ,£r his the more xlby litiug [fired, lirnod [ward If the 1 cres- lately In Jriii- given to the pack-train to close up. nffd!*"^ strong guard was placed about it. T^hu companies were then deployed on the '''g'^o and left, and the men, flushed with.jyi;ifii*s3^ i-ecent victory, dashed through the smoke •^Tid names toward the Indians, driving them to the cover of the timber, where they were assailed by shells from the howitzers. As they fled from the liavoc of the shells, the foot-soldiers aixain char OF THE CAMPAIGN. Others folIo^vecl their exarnnlo Tl encouraged by the release of Pol J '^ "l'"'" '^*^" »^«re '^.^•^ ;n his people to a eounc if ' :!^^" ^^'^« «^'"t to .^Kierabe nu.nbir of 0^'' A 1 ^ '^^ ^^'%' ^^^^ ^^ ^^^^^^ ^vero collected at the camp andt '"'' T^ ^P""^^''-^ P' """^ ^ council was opened. Wright's C.uipaio.v TJie submission of fhpa« t j- ''^"^ Pitiful. They had fou'ht f ?"' "^"^ "^"^P^^^^ :;^ barbarians figlft, aZlTaU rT'r'^ ^""'' *^^^' '^ c'-nquerincr pj^gj. x, '°^^ ^"- . The strong hand «)f ^•'blo, lay heavily uDonfh T^^"^^ ^^^ more ter- An arbor orLoTbro^T' '"^ *^"^ ^^^Ided. ^f ructed in front^:;ru,e ^on^ ;;V,^ ^f ^^-^ been con- f-^^te sat Colonel \Wi^hr su^^r f\'^' ^^"^' ^^^^^-' '" to pass judgment upon the '^ "'^^""^^.^ by his officers, H.BT. W.HH.-13 "^'''" ^^^*^ conquered chiefs. Father ?T I ■! If '"et„,,es called the yot ™'ot:r''f .f"" Q"»M'i», J'""."^- Very unJxnec Id ; (W '•' "'"=■>•''<' «'« «•".- I"»'"g < ay, net know ^^.r ","'"" """<: "' the i;,l. l'«ii-, and was soizod an ?,., , ■ 'J'^ "'■''"■•od to ar.- vannakin and Skloon woro "Iv « "? "''''"■"■"'■^I- aay note loft i„ the Yakiina ^^,4 , ""^^ <=''''^'« "f iKLav.or. Kan,iakm\vo ,t t„ «.r ^'"?"" '"''uicnt nlusn,^ to treat with' ' t HK "'"^V'Sl't i'anscd, ■''"akc E.ver o„ the l.st of' Oof I, , ^''S'" '■oache.l '' '-^'-'Pais" of five woo I.ttff''' •''""^' ''''''•'"'■''''-■'I -■"0 respeets reniarkal, e' On f "? "' '' ^™'' "' J'ort Taylor was aban, I, Ll t^ .. f '"' "^ Octohe,- ""«! of troops at tha ,'i ',/'", '^""'■f »" ft'rti.e,- '"•■"■el'ed to Italia VVa»; C , re ?;"' *•'" ,"'''"''= "'■'"y ';•« «t«ocl up at oneo. ivCnf t , ^ *'"' 'T' '-"'l'"'**'- ,"■ "'CTo handed over tl "''■'';'' "''™''-''">'"''. ^''-«tee„sav,.,eswer:;^!^^-l-:;,.,;;;;;^.i: Jl F I flfJl 196 IXDIAX WARS. While Wricrht was tluis swccniiifif from the earth those ill-tatetl aborii>-iiial.s east of the Cohimhia, Gar- iiett was doing no less in the Yakima country. On the loth of Auj^ust Lieutenant Jesse K. Allen cap- tured seventy Indians, men, women, and childi-en, with their property, and three of them were shot. Proceedinsf north to the Wenatehee Kiver, ten Ya- kimas were captured by lieutenants Crook, McCall, and Turner, and five of them shot, making twenty-four til us killed for alleged attacks on white men, on this campaign. Garnett continued his march to the Oka- uagan River to inquire into the disposition of the Indians in that quarter, and as they were found friendly, lie returned to Fort Siuicoe. Up to this time the army had loudly denounced the treaties made by Stevens; but in October Gen- eral Clarke, addressing the adjutant-general of the United States army upon his views of the Indian re- lations in Oregon and Washington, remarked upon the long-vexed subject of the treaties of Walla Walla, tluit iiis opinion on that subject had undergone a change, and recommended that they should be con- firmed, giving as his reasons that the Indians had forleitetl some of their claims to consideration; tliat the gold discoveries would carry immigration along the foothills of the eastern slope of the Cascades; that the valleys must bo occupied for grazing and cultivation; and that in order to make complete the pacification which his arms had effected, the limits must l)e drawn between the Indians and the white race.^*^ It was to be regretted that this change of opinion was not made known while General Clarke was in conunand of the department embracing Oregon and Wasliing- ton, as it would greatly have softened the asperity of i'eeling which the opposition of the military to tli(> treaties had engendered. As it was, another general r(5ceivcd the plaudits which were justly due to Gen- ei'al Clarke. "* Clarke and Wright^a Campaign, 85. A: A XEW DEPARTURE. 1 '-«i tcrs at Vancouver.^' V\'ALLA AValla VaLLKV, '■"'"■-■Hi Harney a 'vLi'n "'''''■'"''="' "'' Ore' ' 198 INDIAN WARS. % ' to sottlomcnt. A resolution was adoptcfl by the loi^isliitivo assemblies of both Oregon and WashinjT^- ton congratulating the people on the creation of the department of Oregon, and on having General Harney, a noted Indian-fighter, for a commander, as also upon the order reopeiiing the country east of the moun- tains to settlement, harmonizing with the recent act of coiifjresf) extending the land laws of the United States over that portion of the territories. Harney was entreated by the legislature to extend his protec- tion to immigrants, and to establish a garrison at Fort Boise. In this matter, also, he received the a])- ])lause due as much to General Clarke as himself, Clarke having already made the recounnendation lor a largo post between Fort Laramie and Fcrt Walla Walla, for the better protection of immigrants.''* The stern measures of the army, followed bj' pacifi- cator}' ones of the Indian department, were })repariiig the Indians for the ratification of the treaties of 185."). Some expeditions were sent out during the winter to chastise a few hostile Yakimas, but no general or con- siderable uprising occurred. Fortunately for all con- cerned, at this juncture of affairs congress confirmed the Walla Walla treaties in March 1859, the Indians no lonofer refusing to recoonize their obliij^ations.'" At a council held by Agent A. J. Cain with the Nez I^erces, even Looking Glass and Joseph declared tJKy were glad the treaties had been ratified; but Joseph, who vislied a certain portion of the country set off to him and his children, mentioned this matter t(j the agent, out of which nearly twenty years later grew another war, through an error of Joseph's son in supposing that the treaty gave him this land."^ The other tribes also signified their satisfaction. Fort Simcoe being evacuated, the buildings, which had cost $60,000, were taken for an Indian agency. A " Rcpt of (he Secretary of War, 18.")S, 41.1; S. F. Bulletin, Dec. 30, l8oS; Or. L,nr.% 1858-9, iii.; Comi. Glohe, lS,)7-8, iipp. oUO. ^Tnlumbia, conu^ress made an approjiriation of $30,000 to open one from Port Ben- ton to Port Walla Walla. The troubles of the gov- ernment with Utah, and the Indian wars of 1855-G " Companies A nml K, flth inf., ordered to eatablish a wintering place .and ilnpot for the escort of the N. W. boundary coin., reached this ])liii'o Juno •-'!), IS,")!). A pleasant spot, one mile square, reserved. Sen. Ex. Doj., o2, 'Mth i.ong. 1st sess., "JTl. 200 INDIAN WARS. !i ; . i ;'ii and 1858, more than had been expected, developed the necessity of a route to the east, more northern tliaii the route by the South Pass, and procured for it that favorable action by congress which resulted in a series of appropriations for the purpose." The re- moval of the military interdict to settlement, followed by tlie survey of the public lands, opened the way for a waiting population, which flowed into the Walla Walla Valley to the number of 2,000 as early as April ] 859,''^ and spread itself out over the whole of eastern Washington with surprising rapidity for several years tiiereafter, attracted by mining discoveries even more than by fruitful soils." " Midlands Military Road Rept, 2-12. " Letter of Gen. Harney, in U. S. Mem, and Docs, 185D-60. 90. ♦' 1 iiitroducu here a notice of a pioneer ami soltlier in tlio luil. war, whose biography escaped my attention wlierc it should have appeared, in chapter III. David Shelton, son of Lewis Shelton and Nancy Gladdin, liis wife, and grandson of Roderick Shelton and Usley Willard, hia wife, of Va, was liorii in Buncombe co., Va, Sept. 15, 1812, migratiiig with his parents to Mo. ter- ritory in 1811). He married Frances Willson, bv)rn in Ky, M ly 'M, IS.ST, and removed in 18.S8 to the Platte Purchase, settling near iSt -Joseph, where he lived until 1847, when he emigrated to Oregon, taking up a claim on Sauve Island, which lie sold in 1848, and went to the California golil mines, returning to Portland in 184',), where he remained until 18r)2, when ho re- moved to VV. T. in company with L. B. Hastings, F. W. Pettigrove, Thomas Tallontine, and B. Ross on a small schooner, named the Miir;/ TSouud coun- try. ll(! was elected to lirst territorial legislature, and introduced tln' bill organizing Sawamish co. (the name l)eiiig subsetpuMilly changed to ?iIason), nf which he was the lirst settler. He serveil in the lnilia:i war of ]sr)r)-(i, as a lieutenant in Co. F., W. T. vols. Mrs .Shelton died Ai)ril l.j, 1887, at the age of 70 years. (Slielton was a man of strong convictions, and a [mwci' in the community where ho lived. His children were Lewis 1). \V., boni in Andrew eo., ^lo., in 1841; John S. W., born in (Jentry co., Mo., in 1814; Levi T., born in Clackamas co., Oi-., in 1848; Mary E., bom in Portland, Or., in 18o0; Franklin P., born in Olympia, Or., in I8.'i2; .lames B., born in Mason CO., \V. T., in 1855; Joicio A., born in Mason co., W. T., in 1857. Franklin P. died in 1875. Another pioneer of I85U, Henry Ailams, was born in (Sroenville, Conn., in 1825, came to Cal. in 1840, to Or.'in I.S.")0, and to \V. T. in 18.')M, settling at .Seattle, where he WM'ked at carpentry. He took a donation claim in IS,"i,'> on White rivei-, bis present honu!. He w,as the lirst auditor e'ected in Ivin^ CO,, and served as county connnissioncr. I. .(. .Sacknuin, born near .Manslicld, Ohio, in ISHO, came to Cal. in 1850, roturuiug home in 1851, but only to emigrate to Seattle, \V. T. He euLMgid in lumbering at Port Orchard, remaining there until 1877, when he riunnMd to Port Ulakely and Opened a hotel, which ho owns. He married Mrs Phillips, a, step-daughter of Capt. VVui Ruutou, of Port Blakely mills. li. CHAPTER VI. THROUGH FOUR ADMINISTRATIONS. 1855-1867. Party Politics — Election of Deleoate— Martial Law— Stevens Chosen Delegate — Death of Stevens — His Character — Governor McMul- LIN — Frasek RiVKii Mining Excitement— Its Effect on Washington — Services of Skcrktarv Mason — Governor Gholson — Henry M. McGiLL — The Capital Qdestcon — The University — Governor Wal- lace-Governor Pickering— The CubTom-jiouse Controversy — In- CNDATION OF PoRT ANQELES. (Ilk lies. I'l'- IVO, Mill-;/ riir s of mii- l.ill I, of IS a tlie I' ill II ill NU; :iii(i, II ill iS.'.T. II., Ill If,' iit I sri:> Iviii;^ IS."i(), lovod Mi-i With the organization of the territory, the demo- cratic party north of the Columbia liad proparetl to marshal its ranks and act with the domoci-ats of Oregon wherever they could be mutually helpful in resisting what they denominated the "tyrainiy of the federal party." It had not succeeded in effecting its oliject, when it suffered to be elected to congress Columbia Lancaster, whose i)olltics were as nonde- sciipt as his abihties were inlerior. In 1855 a moie thorough party organization was perfected^ for tlie election of a uelegutc to succeed Lancaster.^ The choice of the convention fell upon J. Patton Ander- son, the first United States marshal of the terri- tory, who resigned his office in March with the design of running for delegate, his place being subse- ^Klcjl'nJournnl, MS., iii, 8. "In tlio (Iciiiocriitic convention nn tlio tirst ballot Lancaster received IS votes, but never exceeded tliat iiiiiiiber. Stevens received Kl, I. N. Elity 7, •'. P. Anderson 7. Stevens witlidrew liis iiaine on tiiu (itii ballot, ami ou 111!' 'Jt'tii liallot Anderson received .'tS votes. ,lui1.u'e.i liiiiiiloi' and Mel'Mildi'ii iiiid J[. C. Moselcy \»eio biilloted for, leeeiviiig t'loiu 15 to 20 votea each. Olyiiiiiia Pioneer and l>em., May 1'2, 1855. ( 201 ) ihi 111 202 THROUGH FOUR ADMINISTRATIONS. qucntly filled by the appointment of George W. Corliss.^ The opposing candidate of the whig party was Judge Strong,* Anderson's majority being 17 G out of 1,582 votes, 41 of which were cast for a free-soil can- didate, Joseph Cushman. Stevens, while having with him the ultra anti- Indian element, had become unpopular in other quar- ters. His martial-law measure, among others, was severely criticised. Stevens' excuse for it was that only in that way -certain white residents of Pierce county having Indian wives could be effectually secured from intercourse with the enemy. In Mar 'h 1856 the governor caused them to be arrested up-n a charge of treason, without the formality of a olvi! process, and sent to Fort Steilacoom with a request to Colonel Casey to keep them in close confinement.'' Two law practitioners, W. H. Wallace and Frank Clark of Pierce county, early in April, determining to vindicate the majesty of law, set out for Whidbuy Island, where resided Judge Chenoweth, to procure a wilt of habeas corpus, when Stevens, equally deter- mined, thereupon proclaimed martial law in Pierce county. Then followed a performance which for stubborn })ersistency on both sides was not unlike the Lcsclii affair. Casey notified the governor that in the case of a writ of habeas corpus being served upon him, he should feel compelled to obey its mandates, where- upon Stevens removed the prisoners to Olympia, out of 'Corlisa oamo to Salem, Or., about 1852, and theiico to Puget Souml. Ho removed to Jjas Cruccs, Cal., where, on the Kith of Jim. lS(i4. he wa-f iimrdcrod, with hia wife, ii(5o Lucretia K. Judsoii, daughter of Peter .Tudsoii, and a Mr Shepherd, in Ids own house, which waa burned over tlioir I.'.hUuh. The umrdorers wero never discovered. Ehn/n Jnuriial, MS., vii. 1"JI. It will bo remembered that Mr and Mrs ('dvIIss were at tho house of I. N. Eluy on tho night wiien ho was murdered, but escaped. A dtrango fate pursued tiiem to tho same end, Saltni Slatf>i7naii, Fel). "!•, 1S(14. *Gilmoro Hays, \V. H. WuUace, George (iibljs. A. A. Denny, and C. C. Hewitt Wero tlio other whig eandidates. Oli/nipiu Pkneir and Dcinocmt, May I'J, I8.M. 'The persons arrested were Lyon A. Smith. Charles Wren, Henry Sinitli, John McLeod, John MoPeel, Henry Murray, and Polor Wilson. Emus' Mai- lial Law, i. POLITICAL CONTROVERSIES. 203 Chenowcth's district. Chenoweth, being ill, requested Chief Justice Lander to hold court for him at Steila- cooni, which Lander proceeded to do, but was arrested, and with his clerk, John M. Chapman, taken to Olym- pia and detained in custody three or four days. Indig- nation meetings were held, and congress appealed to, public opinion being divided. Lander opened the dis- trict court the 12th of May at Olympia, and next day the governor placed Thurston county under martial law. Thereupon the governor was cited to appear before the chief justice at chambers, and refused, while the governor caused the arrest of the- chief justice for ignoring martial law. Lander, declining parole, was sent to Camp Montgomery. Thus attempts and contempts, writs and restrictions, continued, which, however interesting and instructive jit the time, it would be irksome for us to follow. The Pierce county men were tried by a military com- mission, and martial law abrogated. But the vnd was not yet; for over innumerable technicalities, in winch lawyers, judges, citizens, officials, and military men had become involved, wranjjlinfj continued throuLrliout the year, B. F, Kendall," bitterly opposed to Stevens, 'Bezalcol Freeman Kendall, like Elwooil Evans, crossed tho continent in 1S,")3 with Stevens. lie was a native- of Oxford, Maine, and a gradnatc of Bowdoin college. His talents aro highly praised by all bis l)i(>gni[)iicrs. Evans, who knew him well, says that ho possessed a grand physi((iie, wan a line scholar, able writer, powerful speaker, hard student, and of thorough in- tegrity, hut ambitious, aristocratic in his feelings, bitter in his prejudices, and indi.screet in his utterances. 'The newspaiiers cannot too higlily paint ids conto'npt for tho opinions of others, his bitterness of expression, his un- (lualiliuii istylo of assault upon any with whom ho dillered,' He carried this strong indi\idu.'dity intoa journal which heediteil, called tho Ori rlund Pn •^^, anil which, w.va tho occasion of his deatii, Jan. 7, ISCi.'L Kendall had been clerk of tho legislature, territorial librarian, prosecuting attorney of the Olym- pian jud. dist; had been sent on a secret mission by Gen. Scott, and anpoiiited Indiiin agent in tho Yakima country, but soon removed on account of his ini- periiiusness. After his removal Ik; published the I'rrsn, and used it to attjick whomsoever ho hated. IIo was tho attorney and warm friend of (leorgo U. Huberts of tho Puget Sound Co. On tho '-'."ith of Oct' her an attempt was made to burn tho buildings of this company on Cowlitz farm. Kendall boldly cluirged tho incendiarism on Iloraco Howe, a farmer residing on the Cowlitz, who, on the 20th of Dec. 1802, met Kendall in 01ymi)ia and struck him over tin; head with a small stick, in resentment. Kendall retreated, and Howo pursued, ^^ hen Kendall drew a pistol and shot Howe, indicting a dangerous Muund. A few weeks later a son of Howe shot Kendall through the Inart. Or. Slrilcviinn,ii\n. H), IStW; ,S. /', l!iillrli)i, Jan. 12, 1803; irn.i/i. .S'.rf(/M, 1 Hi; Uli/ni^iiii )^((.^/l, Staiulanl, Jan. 10, 18li3. 204 THROUGH FOUR ADMIl^ISTRATIONS. having been meanwhile appointed United States dis- trict attorney by Lander.' The matter having been brought to the attention of the president. Governor Stevens was reprimanded by the executive through the secretary of state, who assured him that, although his motives were not ques- tioned, his conduct in proclaiming martial law did not meet with the approval of the president.® Soon it was rumored that Stevens would be re- moved, when his friends announced that they would send )'^^ i'^ delegate to congress in 1857, and imme- diately bout marshalling their forces to this end. This beiL^ the year when the republican party was fiist organized in the territory, the election campaign was more hotly contested than usual, Stevens being a southern democrat like Lane, while the new party took direct issue with the south. The candidate put forward by the republicans was A. S. Abernethy,* a mild-mannered man, like his brother George Abernethy of Oregon, and having nothing either in his character or his history to hang praise or blame upon, could not contend for the peo- ple's suffrages with Stevens — St':''ens, who had a mag- netic presence, a massive brain, great stores of knowl- edge, which he never paraded, although in private a brilliant talker, a memory like Napoleon,^" whose small stature he approached, and bristled all over with 'Tho clocumenta in this case aro contained in Sen, Doc, 08, xiv., 34t!i cong, Istsi'SH.; Id., 41, viii., 'Mth coiig. 1st soss.; Id., 47, viii., 34th cong. ."(I sesa. ; Id., TS, 34th cone;. 1st scss. ; S. iMi.fr. Due, 71, iii., 3oth coug. l.^^. scss. Miiiiy .Ti'o to be t'ounil in tho (//i/nijiia I'ioiivcr ami Democrat from Mtiy to August; and comments in tho Orrijoii. Slitf.c.'onuii and I'orlluud Orj, Globe, 1S."m-0, pt '2, ir)17, 34lli cong. 1st seas. *.SV)i. Ex, Doc, 41, oG, 34th cong. JJd scss.; Wash, Jour. Conncil, 18."iU-7, upp. vi. " A now party jKipcr was started nt Stcilacooni, called the Wayhiii'jion AV- juihliraii, by A. S. .i\bernethy, D. li. Biyolow, and J. 1*. Keller. E he i/s Jour- nal, MS., V. 1(1. ^oProvideMt (li. I.) Journal, July 1'-', 1802. I STEVENS FOR CONG HESS. SOS points to attract the electricity of a crowd. Besides these quahties, which miglit be relied upon to j^ivo him success in a campaign, he was regarded by the volunteers as their proper representative to procure the payment of the war debt, against which General Wool was using his powerful inlluence. Not an ora- tor or debater, and with almost the whole argument- ative talent of the territory arrayed against him,^^ his election was a forejjone conclusion from the first. Stevens' majority over Aberncthy was 463 out of 1,024 otes.''^ He resigned his office of governor on the nth ^^f August, one month less two days after his election, the full returns not being made before the last week in July. Secretary Mason filled his place as acting governor until the arrival of liis successor in September. It would occupy too much space to follow in detail the public acts of Washington's first governor. ^^ He labored as untiringly for the territory he represented in congress as he had at home, and was met by tho same opposition, preventing during his first term tho " Salucins Garfielde, a captivating speaker, then newly appointed receiver of the land-office at Olympia, took part in tho political dcba.tca of this cam- pai.^'n for Stevens. Wlien Stevens was nominated in 1859 Garfielde opposed liiin; hut when Garfielde was nominated in 18GI Stevens supported him. Ebi-i/'s Journal, MS., v. 77. ^^The sparsencss of tlio population and small increase is shown by the fol- lowing comparative statement. At tno first election for delegate, in 18o4, the total voto was 1,210, in 1855, 1,582, and in 1857. 1,585. Olympia Pioueer and Dem., Sept. H, 18^7. Alexander S. Aberncthy came from N. Y. to Cal. in 1849 by steamer, and in March 1850 proceeded to Or. by tho bark Tonlon. Ho soon purchased a half-interest in tho Oak Point saw-mill, of George Aberncthy, owner, and repaired to that ratlicr solitary spot to reside. Ho was one of tho movers for a territory north of tho Columbia, a member of tho second legislative assembly, and a member of tho council in 1850-7. He was ono of tJio organizers of tho republican party in tho fining of 1857, and was nominated by tho new party for delegate. After tho election of Stevens ho remained in private life, holding sonic county ollices until the constitutional convention at Walla \Valla in 1878, when ho was clioscn a member. A modest, right-minded, and moderately successful man, Aberncthy fills an honorable place in the history of Washington. He contin- ued for many years to reside at Oak Point. Letter of A. S. Aberncthy, in llUtorirnl Corrvapomlencr. '"Evans' Puyallup Address, in New Tacoma Lexifier, July 9, 1880; Yesler'a Wash. Ter., MS., II; Enann' N. W. (haitt, MS., 4-5;'lfa}ja' Scraps, Miiiiiuj, iii. 25; Swan's Wash. SLrtches, MS., 14-15j Morse's Wash. Ter., MS., vii. 23-U. 206 THROUGH FOUR ADMINISTRATIONS. passage of any bill looking to the payment of the war debt. He urged the claims of the territory to this money, to roads, public buildings, coast defences, a superintendent of Indian affairs, and additional Indian agents, the payment of Governor Douglas of Van- couver Island for assistance rendered acting governor Mason in 1855, more land districts and offices, and the survey of the upper Columbia. None of these measures were carried through in the session of 1858-1). But he was returned to congress in the latter year, running against W. H. Wallace, and beating him by about 000 votes out of less than 1,800. At the session of 1860-1, a land-office was established in the southern })art of the territory, called the Columbia liiver district; an appropriation of $100,000 was ob- tai'ied Lo be expended on the Fort Benton and Walla Walla road begun by Lieutenant Mullan; $10,000 to improve the road between Cowlitz landing and Monti- cello ; and appropriations for fulfilling the treaties with the Walla Walla, Cayuse, Umatilla, Nez Perce, Plat- head, and confederated tribes, and the coast tribes of Washington; and an act was passed giving to the territory an Indian superintendent and a fuller corps of agents. At the close of this session, also, congress agreed upon a plan for paying the war debt, after re- ducing it one half. In April 18G1 Stevens returned to Olympia, look- ing grave and careworn, for he had taken deeply to heart the troubles between the north and south. Being a pro-slavery democrat," yet a determined sup- porter of the government, he had labored earnestly to prevent secession, but as he probably knew, with little effect. Almost simultaneously with his arrival came the news that Fort Sumter had been taken by the South Carolinans, and civil war begun. '^ Stcvoiis wns chairman of the Breckcnridgo wing of tho democracy after the (li\ision in tho party in 1800, for which ho was (Icnonnced by the legisla- ture of his territory in certain resolutious. See Waxh. Jour. I/onse, ISilO, 3.S7-8. He aoniiiesced in the election of Lincoln, and urgtid linehanan to dis- miaii Fluyd and Thompson from hia cabinet. Shuck'ii Kepnaeatative Men, fiOl. SECTIONAL POLITICS. 207 Tlicrc were in Washint ^'^Si^^^^ei^ MeMuIIin to Wa, ,, ,ton seems to nv^fl ^V'^*^'"^^^ "^ «^"^'"i,' ^vio and marry another- He J.oH f l^'* '^'^^ «^" «"S «"ly f^om September 1857 fT f^'"' "^-'"^^^'"t'^'e office was removed. His adminL . "^^^. ^^^^' ^^'^^^n he called, en,braced tlL po"' d ^^ 'd"^ 1 "'^'^ '' -'^ ^e^ lie lirascr Kiver gold-m n 1 -^ "'"^ "memorable by ^ave given a full accoun ^^T^,"^^^^^ -hich I ^''/«>.« to wJn-ch the reLler is r.( r^^^^-''''^"^'"'^'^^ «>" J^lic Hudson's J3ay Sonn^anvl '?^^"''^^^*^^^"J^r'^. >-;n m the receipt ^of" 3 Zi'' T ^'^^"^^ J^ars Inchans m the regiin of F^-i t^^^^ Purchased of tJie '"^; ;'^;nce, when hi thewi ;tcr ,f j^'^^:^^''^'^ ^^"^^^'' --'.ce 8'oJcl found its u-av to Ol • ^^•''~^" «^>"'e of this J*Io" n..s^)od to tl,o mines fr , ' ' "'""- "'" «»st. li« Sound advanced ra ,i, 7 T? '''-'■■*' '-''*''"« "" ■™tos to tlio new mines ir^i; ^^'"' ."'•«• ">anr ;"t a policy of e«lu",Ve,re s onT ""T""^ !"-'»: '•'•"'Pany authorities nreventcd \v , '""'* "^ «'« l«r '■-'>'"S tl,e a.lva,,ta4s "i ^ l^^Tl'""'-''"" fr"'" '■>•- «cen,ed to the territ'ory '™"''' "^''^""•^^ l-avo M. I! ii IJ II 1 ■ ' ■ \ fiV V Jm,' I IhF' ' 1' ^n 1' 1 210 THROUGH FOUR ADMINISTRATIONS. Pngct Sonnil countr}-, it failed to build up trade and cities in that region, as some sanguine spc'culators had hoped. The good that it did came afterward, when many disappointed adventurers, chiefly young men, not having been able to reach the fjold-tields, or re- c5 try ' turning thence poorer than they went, as some gold- seekers always do return, sought work, and finally homes on the government land, and remained to help subdue the wilderness and cultivate the soil. From this class Puget Sound nearly doubled its population in two years. Another benefit to the country resulted from the impetus given to intelligent explorations, made both in quest of the precious metals and in the search for })as.ses through the Cascade Mountains that might lead more directly to the mines on the upper Fraser. It made the country thoroughly known to its older in- habitants, and caused the laving-out of roads that opened to settlement many hitherto unappropriated valleys and isolated prairies, completing the unpre- meditated explorations made during the Indian wars of 1855-6. Attempts were made this summer to open a pass at the head waters of the Skikomish branch of the Snohomish River by Cady and Parkin- son, who were driven back by the Indians. An ex- ploration was also made of the Skagit, with a view to constructing a road up that river to the mines, and W. II. Pearson led a large mining party through the Snoqualimich Pass, intending to proceed to Thomp- son liiver by the Similkameen route, but was pre- vented by the Yakimas and their allies. A large immigration to the British Columbia mines subse- quently took place by the Columbia Piver route, and in 1801 Governor Douglas, as a means of depriving Americans of the benefit of free-trade, established a higher rate of duty on goods conveyed over the border, although the Hudson's Bay Company w-ere allowed to carry goods from Nisqually across the line without liinderance. GOVERXORS MASON AND GHOLSON. 211 After tlic removal of M(*Mullin, and until the ar- rival of his successor, Mason again became acting oovernor, soon after wliich he ilied. No man in Washington liad a firmer hold uj)on the esteem of tlie whole community than IMason, who for six years had lu'ld the office of secretary, and for nearly half tliat time of vice-governor. Efficient, prompt, incorrupti- Mo, and courteous, he deserved the encomiums lavished upon him in post-obit honors.-" Stevens pronounced liis funeral oration, and he was buried from the capital with imposing ceremonials. The legislative assembly of 18(54 changed the name of Sawamish county to ^lason, in honor of his services to the territory. The third governor of Washington was Richard D. Cliolson, of Kentucky, and like his predecessors, a radical democrat. He arrived in July 1859, and offi- ciated both as governor and secretary until Mason's sU('(x^ssor, Henry M. JNTcGill, arrived in November. The following May Gholson returned to Kentucky on a six months' leave, during which such chaii'n-s ti>()k place in national politics as to cause him to re- main away,'* and McGill officiated as governor until April 18G1, when W. H. Wallace was appointed to tlu! executive office by President Lincoln, L. J. S. Turnoy being secretary. The administration of Gholson and McGill was marked by events of importance to the territory, per- '"Chiirlea H. Mason was bom at Fort Waaliington on t!. T )toniac, and Was a son of Major Milo Masoii of Vt, iloputy (jiiarti'iiuir' r '• neral uiulor .lacU.sou in his Indian campaigns. His iuoiIkt was a native ut I'rovidcnro, 11. I., wliLTO C. II. Maaoa resiilud aftor tlio ik'Mtli of iiia fatliev in l*^.'??, grail- uiitinif at I'l-own university with distinction in IS.'iO, bi'ing admitti'd to tlio liuv in lS,")i, and associated aa a partner with AHiertC. (Iroen, alty-;L;on. of tlio st:ito for 'JO years, and afterward U. S. senator. In his "Jlid year he was ivonniinendcd to the jivcsiilont for the aijpointnient of district attorney of lllioili; Island, but was appointed instead to i he secretaryship of Washington, lie was reappointed at the time of his death. O/i/mpia Pioiiepeare(l vnsend. naaieil whom 5 Swiss tier to joncern- U Nvevy^ irimc, il ;idual>, ian i'or lan Nvit- The whom Il had large i pri)j«t;t «it Itoarin iuiir»,(H)0 to the gov- t'lnor. There was also » board of visitors to consist of three persons, and both regents aiul visitors were to receive pay out of the univei.^ity fund for their actual and necessary exiienues, all orders on the treasurer to be signed b^ tilt' secretary and couutersighed Ijy the president. Wa-^h. .S'/rt/., 1801-12, 43-0. In an act in relation to tho management and safe-keeping of the moneys arising from tho sale of university lands, another board, called 'university commissioners,' whoso business it was to locate and sell the two townshijis of land granted by congress to the support of a university, were associated with llic regents and other oilicers named above, all together constituting a board of directors, with liberty to loan the fund derived from the sale of land, or iuiy part of it, at 1'2 pur cci.t interest, and fur any time from one tu ten years, 816 THROUHH FOUR ADMINISTRATIONS. reason of an insufficient population to support a higher order of college. tlie loans to bo secured by mortgage on real estate of twice its value. The interest tlius accruing was to be set apart for the support of the university, anil to bo iiniler the control of the regents, the principal to reiuaiu an irre- (lucil)lc fund. The laws required annual reports from both boards and the ti'eusurer. Id., CO. On tlic 10th of October, 1862, a primary collegiate school was opened for pupils of both sexes, under the charge of A. S. Mercer, assisted by Mrs V. Calhoun, the terms to continue tivo months. The reports of the diflcrent boards showed that in 1801 *20,5'24 acres of the university land had been sold; bringing $30,787.04, and §30,400.69 had been expended in tlio erection of buihlings. The receipts for lands in 1862 amonutcd to j?'{t, 748.03, of w hich ^10,21."). 73 had been expended on improvements, leaving §6, 950.24, on hand, and 28,768 acres of land unsold. Wash. Jour. Council, 1802-3, app. xvi.-yx. The president of the board of regents, Rev. D. IJagley of the method ist church, was also president of the board of commissioners to select and sell the lands of the university, and so zealous was he to sell, and so careless was he in his accounts, that the legislature of 1866-7 repealed all former acts granting autiiority to the boards of r' jcnts and commissioners, and appoint- ing a new board of regents consisting of B. F. Denniaou, D. T. Denny, Frank Mathias, Harvey K. liincs, and Oliver F. Gerrish, granting them jrawer to make full investigation of the affairs of the university and report thereupon. Wanh. Stat., 1867, 114. Tho new board elected Denuisou president, Denny treasurer, and William H. Taylor secretary. In tlie moan time there had been several changes in tlie school. W. E. Barnard appears to have been the second president of the faculty, if such a board could bo properly said to exist, and he resigned in April 1860, the re- gents ap[)ointing Rev. George F. Whitworth, who accepted tipon an agree- ment that the salary should bo .'J1,000 in coin, payable tjuarterly, in addition to the tuition fees, and thcfreo use of the buildings and grounds. Tho grade of scholarship was low, as might be expected under the circumstances of the recent history of tho country, and tho number of pupils probably never ex- ceeded 60, nearly all of whom belonged to Seattle. The new board of regents found !?."). 85 in tho treasury, and only 3,364ui acres of land remaining unsold out of 46,080 acres donated by congress. About 8,000 acres had been sold on credit without security, and about 11,000 on securities whicli were wortiilcss, and at prices illegally low. For the remainder of tho 25,456 acres remaining after the erection of tho university buildings, there was nothing to show but about six dollars in money and between 3,000 and 4,000 acres of land. In their report to the legislature, the boaril made Baglcy in debt to tho university $13,010.34 in coin, and i-esponsihlc for tho other losses sustained by tho uni- versity fun68.20 re- McGILL AND WALLACE. 217 The administration of McGill, although an acci- dental one, was energetic and creditable. He com- bined, like Mason, executive ability with that savoir fairc which left those who would have possibly been his enemies no ground for hostility.^^ His attitude (luring the San Juan and extradition difficulties was clignitied and correct, leaving a record ahke honorable to himself and the territory. The appointmenf. was followed imme dulegateship of the /vernor Wallace in 1861 J by his nomination to the . itory In Washington as in inaining in the treasury. The school had been reopened on the 12tli of April ISO!) by Jolin H. Hall, who agreed to teach three years for SOOO per anmun. 1'liere were 70 students in attendance, '23 of whom were not residents of .Si'iittlo, anil the univi^rsity was not incurring any debts. Wa^h. Jour. House, ISO!), I I'J-.j.'i. The governor, Alvan Flanders, declared in his uieasagc that 'everything connected witli the management of tho univcr.sity lands up to IhUT can be described only by saying that it was characterized by gross ex- travagance and incompetency, if not by downright fraud; and that tho history of tlie institution was a calamity and a disgrace,' all that remained of the inuniliccnt grant of congress being a building possi' y wortli $15,01)0. Ho suggested asking congress for further aid, which it gruntcil siiould bo jirotected from similar waste. Instead, congress was memorialized to bewtow a grant of swamp and tide lands for school par]Hises and internal iinjirove- nieuts. Wash. Stat., 18o9, S'JT-S, a prayer it ua~ uol likely to listen to after the use made of tho former liberal grant. Tin; university strugu'liMl along, unable to rise out of its slough of despond for almost another decade. Tho tiist assistjinco rendered by tho legislature was in iS77, when it apjiropri- ated §1,500 for each of the years 1878 and 187'.) to defray the expenses of tuition, and establishing 45 free scholarships, the holders to bo between tho a^ies of 10 and '21 years, and bona lido residents of the territory six montha lietore their appointment. Each councilman and each assemblyman could ap- jmint one from his district or county; each of tho district judges one, and the governor three from three different counties. Wii'. Tho annual register for l^SO NJiows 10 graduates in all, only one of these, W. J. Colkett, beingof tl.o I lalo sex. The faculty consisted in the latter year of tho president, J. A. Anderson, and wife, Louis F. Anderson, A. J. Anderson, .Ir, with 'A male and H tiinialo assistants. President Anderson raised the standing of the institu- tidii, which continued to improve, and has turned out graduates very credit- able to it and the succeeding faculty. "' McGill Mas Irish, having immigrated to tho U. S. at tho age of six years. He came to .S. F. in 1857, returning to Washington, D. C, in 1858, where ho was assistant, and then acting, private secretary to President Ikichanan. lu IS5!) he was one of the commissioners of tho court of claims, imtil made secre- tary of Washington. On ids retirement from executive oHice he resumed the I'laeticc of law, and in March ISO'i was elected U. S. prosecuting attorney for I'uu'et Sound district, lie was also elected a tnember of tho territorial assem- bly i»r 18(13-4 on the republican ticket. For a time ho was presidt^nt of tho li ird of regents of the territorial univcraity. In 1808 ho roviaiteJ Ireland. V":/'<7'« IrUk Race, 414-10. THROUGH FOUR ADMINISTRATIONS. Oregon, the democratic party, as such, had been forced to abandon its ancient rule, and it was now the party of the union which held the reins of government. Wallace had been a whig; he was now a republican. That was the secret of his sudden success. Running against Garfielde, democrat, and Judge Lander, inde- pendent, he beat the former by over 300 votes, and the latter by 1,000. Yet the legislature of 1861-2 voted down a series of resolutions presented by repub- lican members sustaining the course of the general government and discountenancing the project of a Pacific confederacy.®^ The democracy were not yet willing to resort to arms to save the union from overthrow by their po- litical brethren of the south, and the legislature was democratic still. But the following session of 18G2-3, very soon after convening, the joint assembly passed very strong resolutions of support to the government in suppressing the rebellion, partly the result of in- creasing republican sentiment, and partly also, no doubt, from a feeling of sorrow and regret for the loss of the territory's one war hero, I. I. Stevens,^^ and not a little from a fear of losing the patronage of a republican administration. •^ There appears upon the journal of the council a set of loyal resolutions, sent up from the house, which aro ' referred to the committee on foreign rchi- tions, with instructions to report the first ilay of April next ' — two mouths af ttr adjournment! Wash. Jour. Council, 18(il-'2, '207-8. The members who com- 1)osed this council were James liiles, A. R. Burbank, John Webster, Paul K. lubbs, B. F. Shaw, Frank Clark, J. M. iloore, J. A. Simms, and H. L. Caples. The liouso then made a second attempt to pass some joint rusulu- tiouH of a loyal character, but they were voted down before going to the council. The yeas ou the second series were John Denny, father of A. A. Denny, M. S. Griswold, Lombard, McCall, John V. Smith of Clarke county, J. S. 'i'aylor, William Cock, and J. Urquhart. Tlio nays were Joiin Aiid, C C. Bozarth, J. 11. Bates, Beatty, Chapman, B. L. Gardner, Gilliam, T. 1>. Hinckley, llolbrook, T. Page, John H. Settle, Smith of Walla Walla county, B. F. Ruth, Tliornton, Edward A. Wilson, W. G. Warbass. Not voting, J. L. Ferguson, William Lean, A. S. Yancis, and Williamson. Olymiila Wcu/i. Stiuidiinl, March '22, 1802. "•General F. VV. Lander, who belonged to the K. R. expedition of 18.").'!, and who laid out the wagon-road on the south sido of Smiko River to Suit Luke, a younger brother of Judge Lander, though ho could not bo said to lie a resident of Washington, was held in higji esteem for his services, lln died of wounds received in battle at Edwards' Ferry, nnich regretted on tiie Pa- cific coast. Olympia standard, March '22, 1S02; Or. SUUesinan, May 5, ISO'-. GOVERNOR PICKERING. 219 breed party tueiit. ilican. niiing inde- s, and 861-2 rcpub- eneral , of a lort to 3ir po- re was 8G2-3, passed [•nment . of iu- }hq, no lie loss ^* and fo of a solutions, reign rt'lii- luths lifter who eoiu- Viuil K. ml H. I- it resolu- llj to till' of A. A. c county, Am Aii'il, mi, T. P. acouiity. t voting, )ia Wci'^h. of ISoa, cv to Suit luiil to 1hi III! aiod \\ tlie I'ii- 5. ISOJ. The resignation of Wallace on his election as dele- gate was followed by a brief interregnum, during which the secretary, L. J. S. Turney, acted as governor. The next appointee was William Pickering of Illi- nois,^* who arrived at Olj'^mpia in June 18G2. In December Secretary Turney was removed and Elwood Evans appointed in his place. Evans' commission having been sent to him without a bond, Turney re- fused to vacate the office.'*' Both claiming the exclu- sive right to act, the financial affairs of the officials and leijrislators were for some time in an embarrassed con- dition. Pickering proved to be acceptable as an executive, and Evans was well qualified for the secre- taryship; so that peace reigned in the executive office for a longer term than usual, and the legislature me- morialized congress against the removal of Pickering ill 1866-7, but a commission having already issued, he was forced to give way. During 1865 Evans was acting governor, filling the office to the satisfaction of the territory as well as the republican party. Since the days when the first collector of customs, !Moses, had worried the Hudson's Bay Company, and other British men, ship-captains, and owners, and since Ebey had established a deputy on the disputed island of San Juan, matters had proceeded quietly in the customs department. Ebey was succeeded by Morris ]£. Frost^* of Steilacoom, who held the office for four years, and C. C. Phillips of Whidbey Island followed for a short term of nine months, when, in August 1861, the new administration sent out from Ohio an '* Pickci'ing was a Yorkshire Englishman who camo to the U. S. in IS'21 niul settled in III., where for thirty years he hail known Lincoln, from wiiom 111' received liis appointment. He was (iO years of age, and was sonictinu's culled William tho Headstrong. Pac'ijic '/'nhiiiic, .rune 8, 187-. On tlie a))- linintinent of a successor he retired to a farm in King co,, Itut soon after re- turned to 111., where ho died April 22, 187.1. His son, William Pickering, I'ciuaincdin Wa-shington. Seattle Iiifi'ltinenrei; April 27, 187.'1. '*Oc. Sinteaman, Dec. 29, 18(i2; Wcush. Scraps, U(J; Sm. Jour., 30th Cong. 'Jd Bcsa. ^" M. II. Frost later resided at Mukiltoo. lie was born in New York in 1^)1), removed to Mich, in IS.'t'J, and to Chicago in 184!(. Ho crossed tho I'luius in lSr)2 and settled on I'liget Sound. Morse's Wiuih. 7'er., MS., xxi. 1. 220 THROUGH FOUR ADMINISTRATIONS. incumbent named Victor Smith, who was not only clothed with the powers of a collector of United States revenm*, but commissioned to inquire into the manner in which the government moneys were disbursed in other departments — a treasury spy, in short, who en- joyed the confidence of the authorities at the national capital, but who, as it turned out, did not possess the rocpiisite discretion for so dangerous an office, the con- sequence of which was that others, through jealousy perhaps, were spying upon him. The first offence of which Victor Smith was plainly shown to be guilty was that of plotting to remove the custom-iiouse from Port Townsend to Port Angtdes, upon the pretence that tlie former place was not a good harbor in all weathers, but really, as it was averred, that he might speculate in town lots, he be- iiijjf shown to be the owner of a fifth interest in the Port Angeles Company's town site.'*'' A legislative memorial was forwarded to congress in December 1801 in favor of Port Townsend, and askinuf for an ai)[)ropriation to erect a suitable custom-house at tluit place. Another offence of the imported custom-house offi- cial was that he was an abolitionist, a word of hatred and contempt to the democracy. To be an internn^d- dler between master and slave, and to attempt to alter the settled order of thinj^s in the district of Puutt Sound, where an appointee from the east was likely to be regarded as an interloper, were serious counts aixainst the new collector. It was not lonii:, therefore, before an apparent defalcation was discovered, and an outcry raised which made it necessary for him to repair to Washington. In the interim, and before ho reached the capital, Secretary Chase, whose confidence Smith seems to have enjoyed to a singular degree, recommended to conirress the removal of the custom-house from Port " Tlio coiTiimiiy consisted ouly, it was said, of H. A, QoldsborougU, P. M. O'Biicu, aud Smith. PORT TOWNSEND AXD PORT ANGELES. 221 offi- •uuhI- alti'r likoly jouuts ,nd ail liu to Townscnd to Port Angeloa, and a bill was passed re- moving it in June 1862.^ This redoubled the ani- mosity with which the Port Townsend faction regarded the Port Angeles faction. Nor was the feeling les- sened by the action of the government in first apply- ing to Port Angeles the operation of a "bill for in- creasing revenue by reservation and sale of town sites."** Under this act, the land which the original town company had claimed and surveyed for the city of Cherburg was reserved by the government, which resurveyed it and sold the lots at auction to the highest bidder, the company not neglecting their opportunity to secure a perfect title. When Smith departed to Washington to explain to the proper authorities the condition of his accounts, and showed that the alleged deialcation was sini|)ly a transfer of 615,000 from one fund to another,*" in wliich action he was borne out by authority vested in him by the treasury department, he appointed J. J. H. Van Bokelin deputy insj)ector and collector for the period of his absence. Hardly was his back turned upon Port Townscnd when Captain J. S. S. ('haddock of the revenue-cutter Joe Lane, acting upon information received, proceeded to take ])osses- sion of the custom-house, where he left installed as collector Lieutenant J. H. Merryman of the revenue service. This was in June 18G2. In August Victor Smith returned to Puget Sound in the steam revenue- culter Shuhriek, commanded by Lieutenant Wilson, and demanded of Merryman the surrender of the keys of the custom-house; but this jMerryinan refused unless he were shown Smith's commission i'rom the department at Washington, or his sjiecial authority for making the demand, neither of which were pro- (hiced. Ins{ead, Smith returned to the cutter, had lior brought into the harbor, her men armed, her '".Spn. Minr. Doc, C7, .17th cong. 2(1 rcss.; U. S. Artu, IST-S. Smitli was rcputrd to bo n cousin of Secretary Clmsc. Marie's Wash. Ter.. MS., xvii. 43. =" AVw/.s' Port Toiniwnil, MS.; .'V-'-IJ; S. F. Uulktin, July 24, lt>(>2. ii Olympia SUmdard, Aug. 23, 1S03. >ii . i' r?; 222 THROUGH FOUR ADMINISTRATIONS. guns shotted and brought to bear upon the town. Two officers with a party of marines then landed and demanded of Merry man to dehver up to them the custom-house keys, but were refused. Upon this Wilson himself went ashore and made a formal requi- sition for the possession of the custom-house papers and moneys, when the government property was sur- rendered, and to avoid further trouble, taken on board the Shuhrick, where the business of the office was transacted until it was removed to Port Angeles in September." The people of Washington territory had never yet been granted a satisfactory mail communication, but by an arrangement of the postal agent with the Eliza Anderson, a passenger-steamer running between Puget Sound ports and Victoria, had for some time enjoyed a sombre satisfaction in being able to get word to and from Victoria in a week. 13ut on the arrival of the Shuhrick, Smith, who was authorized to introduce re- trenchment into the public service wherever it could be done, assumed charge of the mail service, and made the SJiuhrick carrier, which having a regular route away from the mail route, was anything but a proper mail carrier. This disturbance of their already too limited means of communication roused a tornado of invective about the ears of the self-constituted postal agent. Immediately after the belligerent performances of the Shuhrick, Governor Pickering, attended by United States Marshal Huntington, Ex-governor McGill, Major Patten of the regular service, and a number of citizens of Olympia, repaired to Port Townsend on the Eliza Anderson, to inquire \ito the conduct of Col- lector Smith in threatening to bombard that town. But the witty and audacious revenue gatherer ex- hibited his correspondence with the secretary of the treasury, and smiling benigidy, assured liis visitors that whatever they might think of liis methods, he was un- *^ Olympia Standard, Aug. 0, 1802; S. F. Bulletin, Aug. 11, 18G2. '\ pL. AP.nEST OP SMITIT. '' '"oneys «:''ere two hundred neo, le t "''!f "' ^"'^ ^ngelL <:»" of soon buildinl X a ' ^"^^""''^'^ "' ""t'cipa.' lovv-nsend being thrown ?nf 7""'"»'c,al city, p„rt '■".'oanddespairatbdnVb ;e;?,»'/f™»te parox^;™;;^ ;-■ At the meeting^ the :r^-\P':°^l''^*ef great. ^^•^ve bail for his a^^^ voluntarily, and 'VVoavs to have been m T ^ •^"^'^^ ^^^^^^^e no case Hcli appointed him saw fit 7n §^«vernnient ;?^'.t^ar»^~--^^ri!:t ;7^'t:rr^e:!;;trV''fP<'H Angeles to be < l-H"n, when survevL ! ^7 " eust^m-liouse, Mc' '■^'f'ted favorably ^pof '"/''T °1^"S'-^t Sound :","■" on tl is coit t'Tform a IT ,'^T ""^'Pt c '- ^" Protectad from the north ,^?1 '',"'';,""■" ^' >™'' '" '■-■ *• A ftp,, xu. 2-s ^y ""^ ^""d "Pit 224 THROUGH FOUR ADMIXISTRATIONS. !' 1 I! of Ediz Hook, three miles in length, running out cast- ward, and from the south-east gales by the mainland, and had a good depth of water, besides lying more directly in the path of commerce than its rival. The town site was also called superior to Port Townsend, although it had the same high bluif back of the nar- row strip of land bordering the harbor. Three small streams ran down from the hiijhlands back of it and furnished abundance of water, the custom-house, a fine large structure, being built at the mouth of the canon through which one of these rivulets ran. Smith's residence adjoining it, and the other buildings being near these central ones. In the winter of 1863 a catastrophe occurred. For several days the stream just mentioned was dried up, the unknown cause being a landslide, which had fallen into the narrow gorge about five miles from Port An- geles, and by damming up the water formed a lake. On the afternoon of the 16th of December, it being almost dark, a terrible roaring and tearing sound was heard in the canon, and in a tew moments a frightful calamity was upon the until now prosperous new town. The earth which formed the dam had at length given way, freeing a body of water fifteen fei't in height, which rushed in a straight volume, carrying everything before it, and entirely changing the face of the ground swept by it. Crushed like an egg-shell, the custom-house fell and was carried out into the; harbor. Deputy Collector J. M. Anderson, formerly of Ohio, and Inspector William B. Goodell, lately master of the tug General Harney, stood at the front entrance of the building as the water and debris it carried struck the rear side. Their bodies were found two hundred feet away, covered four feet deep with earth and fragments of buildings and furniture. Neitlier Smith, the late, nor Gunn, the newly ap- pointed, collector, were in Port Angeles. Mrs Smith, with four young children, and Mrs Randolph were in the dwelling adjoining the custom-house, which, be- A TOWN DESTROYED. the vvreck, with the water un t„ ,'"'''' .''"°Ping ""dor f"»nd ami .saved not only u^fht ? •n""''' ^-^ S,„ith "■'tl; fragments of thf wall^ "f "'^'tf - held down flood had passed, and menin bont ^.''f' *""« «'• "■■O'ng to the rescue of to«.fV/'*'i.'»"torn3 were he watery avalanehe. Nrjil" ""^ ''"■r' """■'^e of those of the two eustom-houseoffl "TJ"'' ^^^P* «a.s m rums, and altho™ h an 3 7'' ''"* ">« to^"» s««i tote it by removi ",?that re™ '""1 """''^ *° >•«- *te l„gher up the coas it „"'""'' '"abetter tlie calamity, and o-radntn ' >• "•''Y'"' ''ewvered from "ig community. condition of a small farm- OS.S of the furniture of fho Sj ^ ' T "'"'^ ^"'^ ^'^« tlauiage fell upon Smith who 1, ^i , "^ '"««<^ seriou. eustom-houso for a term of 7"'^ ^"^ ^^"^ ^^^^^^^ the i^'s msidence, furniture Lis 'r.^'""'-- T^"«' ^ith ^'f "!ono.y, was snatched aw. v^"^' ^-^considerable sum was m Washinirton enr>«. ^ " "" i"oment, while he -•tl^ the govefr^e f rT8^,*^,,^^J-t his affair.* -as returned to Port Townsend ? ,"^^,^"«^««^-house tJ;^ Pnncipal figure in thrio,;^"^'" ^^^^^/^^r, also, f Por Angele" disappear^ f^ ^^^dsmguht historj a« .suddenly as his town Ind !( ^^V'""'^^'' '^^/^ previous, when the steam ,1 /I "^' ^'^g^^teen months Citv, and went down w th to ' ""''^' '''''' ^'^'^^^t ^"^•"'g whom was the llnf l Passengers on board feu)ith.« '''^ tdJented but eccentric Victor 226 THROUGH FOUR ADMINISTRATIONS. By the catastrophe at Port Angeles all the papers relating to the statistics of commerce were destroyed, leaving a blank in this chapter of early history which can never be satisfactorily filled.*" Two of his sisters near Wilmington. house at Tatoosh Island was given in charge of his father, long had in charge the light on the California coast Another married Mr Stork of Olympia. ** The collectors foKowing Gunn in office were Frederick A. Wilson, M. S. Drew, Salucius Garfielde, Henry A. Webster, and Bash. Gunn came to Or. in 1852, and was associated with H. L. Pittock in the publication of the Oregonian, and was subsequently for many years editor of the Olympia Transcript, He died at Olympia, Aug. 23, 18S5. CHAPTER VII. MIXING AND TOWN->LUvINGs 1861-1863. v-^OAHrrZATTON OF THE FiRST WaSIIIXOTON InPAITTRT— COMPANIES FROM Califokxia — Gold Discoveries — Military Road — Fkaser River Travel— CoLViLLE Mines — The Malheur Country — The Similka- MtEN Mines — American Miners in British Columbia— Gold Discuv- KuiEs Kji> riiE Clearwater — On Snake River — Protest of the Nkz Perci^:? 1 ierce City — Oito Fino— Lewiston — Very Rich DiciuiNcs — Californ V Eclipsed — SALMO>r Riveb Mines — Political Effect — Winter Sufferings — Powder and John Day Rivers — Florence and Warren Diggings — Boise Mines— Organization of the Territory OF Idaho. I HAVE related in Oregon II. how Colonel Wright was loft in command of the department of Oregon will 11 General Harney was invited to Washington upon a pretence of being needed to testify in the Oiigon and Wasliington Indian- war-debt claims, in order to pacify the JBritish minister and Governor Dtiuglas by removing him from proximity to the San Juan Island boundary-war ground; and also that (itneral Scott recommended merging the military department of Oregon in that of the Pacific, with headquarters in San Francisco. In the latter part of 1 8G0 this idea was carried out, and General E. V. Sunnier was placed in command of the Pacific depart- niiMit, relieving General Johnstone, whom the people of Oregon and Wasliington feared might be sent to connnand the Columbia district. Fortunately for them, since they had come to have entire coiitidence ill Wright, that officer was retained in his important position during the critical period of the broakiiig-out (227) 228 MINING AND TOWN-MAKING. I iii of the rebellion. The depletion of his command, and the measures resorted to in order not to leave the north-western frontier defenceless, I have referred to iu my History of Oregon. The news of President Lincoln's proclamation call- injj for volunteers did not reach Washinjjton until about the 1st of May, and on the 10th McGill, who was at that time still acting governor, issued a call for the organization of the militia of the territory under the existing laws, each company to report at once to headquarters and be at the call of the presi- dent should their services be required.^ Adjutant- general Frank Matthias immediately appointed en- rolling officers in each of the counties of the territory, both east and west of the Cascade Mountains, and required all men subject to military duty to report themselves to these officers. There were at this time twenty-two organized counties, and not more than six thousand men between the ages of sixteen and sixty capable of bearing arms.' In the Puget 3ound re- gion there was also need of able-bodied men to repair the damages sustained by several years of Indian wars and mining excitement. Late in the summer of ] 861 Wright was placed in command of the department of the Pacific, and Colo- nel Albermarle Cady of the 7th infantry succeeded to that of the district of the Columbia. About the last of the year Wright, now a brigadier-general, appointed Justin Steinberger, formerly of Pierce county, Wash- ington, but then in California, to proceed to Puget Sound, with the comm'ssion of colonel, anu endeavor to raiso-a regiment to be mustered into the regular service. Steinberger arrived in January ; but the ut- ^Steilacoom Hertdd, May 10^ 1861; Olympfa Pioneer and Dem., May 17, 1861. * The first cotnmny formed appears to have been tho Port Madison Union Gruards, 70 men; William Fowler cant.; H. B. Monchester 1st lieut; E. 1). ICromer 2d lieut; non-oom. officers, A. J. Tuttle, Noah Falk, William Clun- dcnin, Edgar Brown, S. F. Coombs, R. J. May, J. M. Ouimlon, John Taylor. Tiiis company was organized in May. In June tlio Lewis County Raiigtis, mounted, were organized at Cowlitz landing; Henry Miles capt.; L. L, Dubcau 1st lieut; 8. B. Smith 2d lieut. Olympia Standard, July 20, 1801. MILITARY ORGANIZATION. 229 and I the 3d to call- until , who a call ritory 3rt at presi- utant- sd en- ritory, IS, and report As time han six id sixty and re- ) repair Indian laced in [d Colo- ]eded to :lie last Ipointcd |,WasU- Pugft ideavor regular the ut- MayH, lison Union lent; E. D tUam Ck'ii- thn Taylor. ly Eaiigi-is, Int.; L. L- lo, 18U1. most he could do was to raise four infantry conopanies, one each at Whatcom, Port Tovvnsend, Port Mad- ison, and Walla Walla.* In California he raised four more companies, with which he returned to Vancouver in May, relieving Colonel Cady of the command of the district. As three others were then organized in California, enlisting was ordered discontinued in Wash- ington. In July General Alvord took command of the district, and Steinberger repaired to Fort Walla Walla, where he relieved Colonel Cornelius of the Oregon cavalry. The regiment was not filled, how- ever, until the close of the y lar. On the 5th of Jan- uary, 1863, Governor Pickering addressed a communi- cation to the speaker of thr house of representatives, informing him that the First Regiment of Washing- ton Infantry, organized pjrsuant to order of the war department, October T Ol, was full, and had been re- ceived into the service of the United States, and sug- gested to the legislature to give some expression, cither by memorial or joint resolution, of the confi- dc nice of that body in this regiment, whether it re- mained where it then was or should be called out of the territory in the service of the United States, and invoking for it the favorable notice of the general government, praying that in the event of a reorgani- zation of the army this corps might be retained in service in Washington.* It was so ordered. A portion of the regiment was stationed at Fort Pickett, another portion was with Steinberger at Walla Walla, and the territory had at length and for a time the satisfaction of se( ing men with no alien tendencies in its places of tru.st. Althougl; it was designed that the Oregon cavalry should be used against the Shoshoncs, who for eight years had grown more and more presumptuous and hostile, and the Washington infantry be kept to gar- 'Tlio cnroUiug officors wero R. V. Pcaboily, H. I.. Tibballs, Egbert H. I'm kur, and Moore uud t'uimuday of WuUa Walli. Sieilacooin Herald, March 20. I8C-2. ' ll'ash. House Jour., 18G'2-3, app. xxiii.-xxir. iliil 220 MINING AND TOWN-MAKING. rison the several posts in the territory, the companies east of the mountains were compelled to support the cavalry on several expeditions against the Indians, in which long and exhausting marches were performed, the history of which has been given in my History of Orcjjon, but to which some reference is also due in this place. On the opening of the transmontane country east of the Cascades in October 1858, there was a sudden overiiow of population into its sunny vales," attracted thither cliicfiy by the reputed gold discoveries both north and south of the Columbia, on the Malheur and other streams of eastern Oregon, as well as on tlio Wcnatchee River, in the latitude of the Snoqualiniieh Pass, and about Colville. Many were discouraged miners, who found the soil and climate of eastern Washington so agreeable and productive as to suggest settlement. The construction of the military road to Fort Ben- ton drew a considerable number in the direction of the Bitter Boot Valley, forming a part of the immense and rather indefinite county of Spokane, attached for judicial purposes to the county of Walla Walla, and consequently far from the seat of any court." The stream of travel toward Eraser River, which crossed the Columbia at The Dalles, pursuing a north-east course to Priest Rapids, and a north course thence by Okanagan lake and river to the Thompson brancli, or d ;flecting to the west, reached the main Fraser 200 miles above Fort Yale, stood in need of military pro- tection, as did also the boundary commission, rmepart of which was at Semiahmoo Bay, and the other at Lake Osogoos, near the Rock Creek mines.' *Rul)io & Co. orcctcil a stcr.iii saw-mill near Walla Walla in 1859. Or. yl r,7".>i, .liui. 'JO, hS,')!). Noblo & Co. erected another in Oiistorn Oregon tlio siinio j'Mi. 'I'ho lirst giist-niill ei'ecteil at Walla Walla, in 1800, wua owntil by 11. 11. Koyi")kl.i, Siiiuns, and ('ai)t. F. T, Ueut. EUioWa Jlid. Idaho, ViX-'y * ]Vethiiel Fcrrcl,Jonathai\E. Smith, W. V. Bassott. Frank 'ruriuM-, DaviJ Di.u'giiigs, Samuel B. llt'od, and John W. Park. Ohjmma Pioiurr and Ih mo- rrn>, April 'Jli, 1801. Bassetb is said to liavo discovered the first gold on Oinal (iidoli, where I'icrcc City is situated. Lewis' Coai DUcovents, lilii., 10-17; Vic- tor's likir vj'lhc Wiiil, 540-1. PIERCE'S DISCOVERIES. 233 I for a From drcjtts, t time id long of the f to tlic it, anil let had 4 a ^Ii- . of the country :tcY tlic U'cnenil d means of the ) River, dla. It he story c corro- ;eturned Wallu, [•ater, on jinilitary Ible with Iv popu- lout tbo of only a con- havinij; la Walla liich h'' \. R. Bon. • jiuT, Davi'l iO-lT; V'^- liimsclf possessed coneerning the new gold-field lying 150 miles east of that place, and believed to be rich. The diixu'iiii^s were dry, and vielded eii^ht to fifteen cents to the pan. The route to the mines was directly tlu'ough the Nez Perce reservation.^^ Pierce now endeavored to organize a large company to return with him and winter in the mines; but the representations of those who feared to provoke another Indian war discouraged most of those who would have gone, and only thirty-three accompanied him. The jiarty was followed as far as Snake Piver by a de- iai-hment of dragoons, whose duty it was to prevent their intrusion on the reservation, but who failed to execute it. Pierce's party of less than forty men remained in tlio Nez Perce country preparing for mining when spring should open. The snow in December was six inches deep, and during a portion of the winter three I'eet in depth. The men occupied themselves building coinfortable cabins, sawing out planks for sluice-boxes, and sinking prospect holes. They found the gold of the earth to be vcrj'' fine, requiring quicksilver to col- lect it, though coarse gold was also discovered in the quartz with which the country abounded. The dig- gings were situated in gulches and caftons of streams of too general a level to make it convenient washing the dirt and disposing of the debris. The gold was I'ound in a red, and sometimes a bluish, earth of de- composed granite mixed with gravel of pure white (|uartz. Much black sand appeared on washing it. Pierce himself, though convinced of the richness of the present discovery, freely exposed the disadvan- tages, and declared, moreover, his belief that these mines were but the outskirts of atill richer mining tei-ritory. Pierce had hardly reached his camp on the Clear- water before ho received a visit from A. J. Cain, the '■'Or. ArrjuK, IMay 12, ISOO; Pimwr n ml Democrat, Nov. 0, ISOO; Sa'-rn- innito I'lilnu Doo. G,' 1S()0; S. F. Ihdictin, Au^. 'Jl, 1800, uiul MarclrJl, 1806; Air/^lo's Idaho, 'J3. li i 1 V m 236 iMINIXG AND TOWN-MAKING. Noz Percd Indian agent, who did not find it necessary to interfere with the party, but on the contrary, ex- pressed himself pleased with their behavior. The agent might have obtained the consent of the Nez Forces to the presence of a single party of miners in their country; but when in February others com- menced to follow, they were intercepted and turned back, a few who succeeded in passing the Indian picket being warned that they vi^ould be required to return in the spring. Knowing how impossible it would be, when spring opened, to prevent a migration to the Clearwater gold-fields, Superintendent E. R. Geary, held a con- ference with Colonel Wright in reference to the threatened complication in Indian matters. The re- sult of the consultation was that the superintendent repaired to the upper country, held a council, and made a treaty with the Indians to meet the exigencies of the coming mining excitement, promising them military protection, and the enforcement of the United States laws — a compact of necessity rather than a matter of choice with the natives. Some weeks before the treaty was negotiated, miners were en route from Walla Walla and Fortland, and merchants from the former place had taken goods to Fierce City, situated at the mouth of Canal Gulch, on Oro Fino Creek, to be in readiness for the coming demand. At the time the treaty with the Nez Ferct^s was concluded, 300 miners were already in the Oro Fino district. A month later there were 1,000, with immigration coming in rapidly from California, overland. As the spring advanced the excitement increased, and a line of steamers was put upon the Columbia to accommodate the thousands that rushed impetuously to this richest of all the gold-fields yet discovered north of the Columbia.^* The route travelled was by steamer to old Fort Walla Walla, thence by stage to Walla Walla to\Mi, ^^Olympia Pioneer and Democrat, Feb. '24, March 15, April 5 and 20, 18G1. TOWN OF SLATERVILLE. 237 3ssaiy y, CX- The e Noz lers in , com- turnod picket return spring irwater a con- to the The rc- tendent cil, and in-encies cT them ) United than a 'otiated, fortland, ;n goods Gulch, comuii'' Ihe Nez in the 1,000, llifornirt, itenieiit Ipon the rushed }lds yet id Fort [a town, Id 20, 18G1. cAu\ thence by pack-horses or teams to tlie mines, the wliole distance from Portland, where the traveller cnd^arked, being 436 miles. Horses, saddles, wagons, provisions, clothing, mining tools, and camp equipage wei'o in demand at Walla Walla in 18G1, the mer- chants, at least, having found a bonanza. In jMay the Colonel Wright made the first trip ever consummated by a steamer to the mouth of the Clear- water, and up that stream to within twelve miles of the forks, or within less than forty miles of Pierce City. A town was immediately founded at this landing, called Slatervillc, after its founder. It contained in j\lay five houses of canvas, two of which were ]»ro- vision stores, two private dwellings, and the other a ilrinking-saloon. The saloon was roofed with two blankets, a red and a blue one. On its side was writ- ton the word "whiskey" in charcoal, and inside, a bar- rel of the liquid constituted the stock in trade. Two bdttles and two drinking-glasses composed the furni- ture. Fifty white persons w-ere to be found in and aliout Slaterville at this time. Following the Colonel Wright, the Tenino, the second steamer on the upper Columbia, made a few trips to this place, but it was soon found to be im})racticable for a landing on account of the rapids in the Clearwater, which could only be navigated for a short season of the year. The last trip of the Tenino was made before the close of the month, her final departure taking place June 1st, The next cargo of freight and load of passengers wc:' landed, by necessity, at the confluence of the Cloai'water and Snake rivers, on the south side, which was in direct contravention of the terms of the treaty made in April. There did not socm to be any alter- native, the mountains rising abruptly on the north side, and this being the natural head of navigation, n hen the treaty was made, the head of navigation was at old Fort Walla Walla, or in rare cases at the mouth of the Tucaunon River. Already this was all Ill 238 MI^^NG AXD TOWN-MAKING. changed, and the route moi^t travelled was up Snake Itivoi- to the Clearwater. By the 10th of June the navij^ation company and the miners had settled it that a town must be built at this point. The site was most favorable, being a level piece of ground between the two rivers, sloping gently back a mile or two to the high prairies beyond. The name fixed upon was Lewiston, in compliment to Merriwether Lewis, the discoverer of the Clearwater and Snake rivers, who had been entertained by the father of the head chief of the Nez Perccs, Lawyer, almost at the very spot where Americans were now mining for gold. Two weeks after it was first used as a landing, Lewiston had a population and business of considerable impor- tance. Pack-trains daily departed thence to tlie mines, laden with the goods brought up by the weekly steamboat, the town at once taking on an air of having come to stay, which its excellent location fully justified. The military authorities, however, who were pledged to protect the Indians in tlieh- riglits, prohibited the erection of permanent buildings, and the Nez Perce ascent called the attention of tlio public to the breach of treaty committed by theui in their invasion of the reservation twice reserved. But remonstrances were unavailing when opposed to the determination of 3,000 persons already occu[)y- ing the foot-hills of the Blue Mountains, and whoso number was daily increasing. Lawyer, and the head- men generally, perceived the difficulties in which tlio M'hite men would be placed if denied access to the mines, or a landing for their goods, and accepting some compensation, they allowed the town site of Lewiston to be laid off in October. That the Nez Perces were not averse to the coming of white nioii among them was evident from their oblisj^inir and friendly conduct. The better class of Indians as well as white men I'eprobated the introduction of intoxicat- ing liquors; but otherwise, expecting the treaty to \>c observed in regard to territory, they made no very THE ORO Fixo MISES ffreat protest against ih '^^ reservation. ^"'"'^ *^^ Presence of miners on the ^.^/- ^nd\lkT^^^^^^^ ^^^ discoveries were P y, a rival of Pierce^'c tT in T'^ ?^' ^^« S ^'ad sixty houses, built nfj' ^1" "'''^^^ Part of Jnno ^"^rehandise, and va ous of^^'' *1" ^^"^^« ^^ goner ! tj^on was about 500 Zs^ nf'' f^^^^' The no uh T 'ree families were sewl li '''^'^'" ^^'^'^^ in tints -J-bitants with this J:^^^^^^^^^ -hole of he ;va^on-road was conmletedTo?" ..^'^"» ^"^^^'^«- A Clearwater to Vicrjn-, -^ ^^^ "^outh of tit -n|th^branehofthatHv^;'^ ^" '^""^'^^ crossing the -.^ion;;^;/ri'^;";S the minin. ^uo saw-mills wer? in proce " of ' "^"^ ^"^" ^'^'^^'-'^^t: ^as already overdone ITZ ""^ ^'^'^^'«n.^' and trade ^ned tl^ir goods into^he oLtT'^'^f ^^ ^^^^ ^^s- Cty building lots sold for from tfo. ^" ^^« ^'"o MitJi a log-house on tl 1 T ^ ?^' *^ ^^00, .nd Carpenters' wac.es werp n' , "^ ^^^0 to $1000 --on labor Cul^ rnd^ iLTf ^^^ f %: -ci As to what the miners wol , 7 ^^ '^'^ dollars. "Pon the locality. The W r ^^''"- ^hat depended ^'; ^'^^^ness to later ones On ^fe^?'^' ^^^^^« ^"^^^^^'r ^!'Pt,od into the Oro Fhm n ^^^^^^'^^ ^^reek, which f-'-o City, clain\;?Jj'7,2%^"d,a half mile; abo^ '''^"^^^•^ a daj to the mai T, ''''^^" ^o twentj-/ive T^jn^S a claim, however Xe.f I '/^'""^^ ^'^P^^^- of ;^or costing twent;e;fts a'^.T^'"^^ ^he profits; tnts per pound, in iuh; .' ^''"^ "ails fortv ^''^'^d dollars to the man - ^' '"''"^"^y, and a '^^''K '''t-uiko7:i%T, '^^ '''• ^^th«y of Oregon r, n ;One of these pioneer n,ill« ''* ^'^^'^ '"'« Oro J/o..,., V „^ j^P oneer nails waa erected by A. M. and L M «. Pruch 1^ • .^°^'^i"s of Portion I " ®*''*'''"- ^'•«- .'( i ii )140 MIXING AND TOWN-XIAIilNO. With the usual restlessness of miners, a party of fifty-two men loft the Oro Fino district in ^lay to .ex- plore and prospect the south fork of the Clearwater and its tributaries. This stream was almost unknown, bein,§17; Blakely & Co., nine men, §16 to $20; Smalloy & Co., ten men, §16; Boon & Co., eight n.en, §16; California Co., nine men, i<\G; NewLind & Co., six men, §16; Hickox <2:. Co., five men, §16 to §20; Let Kr Rip & Co., eleven men, §16 to .^20; Hoyt&Co., eight men, §12; Felton&Co., $16; Sparks & Co., $1.'); Rossi & Co., §15; Rhodes & Co., eleven men, .'iOO ounces per day to the company. On French Creek, Antoine Pillir, T. Lapoiiit, M. (iunion, John Lesot, Harkum, and Quirk were making each $10 to §12 per day. Portland Orcr/onian, Aug. 26, 18G1; S. F. Herald, Nov. 14, IStil; Yreka Journal, Dec. 4, 1861. ELK CITY. •■ '.II X, About one thml nf f i ^^ SCOVX'fV on «nMf K T:, , , . 7 ••■•liJl "'';;,;'y"Ss." - -.. associates i„ "the ■^i.le of tl e ri '^""-"'•''••Sffi'Ws wore fo „",' '■'''",™«' bc- ;".™. «» the South "fS%'" "-i-trusJoTrf „, t" :; ;-^. popuh.tio„. b^rt.S[ rep':';;: rr--'^'^ ''" ; u> erected or 1,1 process of . . ^"''*-^ tlvvellino.. , -^'^ valley, or nrai,.;" ^^"•^^^"ction ^i "^ "'"" ">.'oa, the other IZ^^^ff ''^"So., Z -ss|5s.i««.s;;::;::: ! 242 MINING AND TOWN-MAIvING. rated by Newsom Creek." On every side in this local- ity rose ledges of pale red or rose quartz. Between the mountains were intervals of beautiful grassy prairies; on the mountains heavy pine forests. Game abounded, the principal being the elk, of which there were large bands. The country was, in fact, very different from the California miner's preconceived ideas of a gold country. But experience had proved that gold might exist either under barren sands, rich alluvium, or the frozen mosses of a Cariboo; and cer- tainly this was a pleasanter country to live and mine in than Cariboo. The objection to it was that the mining season, so far up in the mountains, must be comparatively short; and in order to make up for the expense of a long idle winter, it was important to se- cure a considerable sum during the summer. It was also necessary to lay in a sufficient stock of provisions to last while the heavy snows suspended travel. Some who preferred wintering in Walla Walla left the mines early to avoid the snow; but the majority remained, and for these the traders provided by hurry- ing in ample stocks of goods as long as the weather permitted.^^ Such was the energy and enterprise of the latter class, that by the first week in September a trail six feet wide was cut through forty miles of timber on the mountains between Elk City and the St)uth Fork, obstructions removed, and the hills graded where required. In October, in spite of treaty (obligations, a white man had taken up a farm on tht! road, and erected a cabin of the nature of a waysicio inn, called the Mountain House. At this period of the development of the Clearwater mines, there were comparatively few except Oregon and Washington men engaged in mining or trade in *' 'The gold at Newsom Crerk is a deep red, and heavier and coarser tli.'in that found at Oro Fine' Corr. J'orUoiid Advertuer. "'i'lic first linn to t;.l(o goods to EIli City was John Creightou & Ci. Flour f.ol(I from $10 to $2!) pt r 100 pounds, and groceries in proportion. 'I'lm only cheap article of food was beef, ut 12 to 15 cents per pound, and vegetuliai sold by Indians, BALANCING ACCOUNTS. 213 s local- etwecn grassy Game ti thero t, very nceivccl proved ids, rich and cer- nd mine ihat the must be 3 for the 'nt to se- It was revisions Valla left majority 3y hurry- weather irprisc of ■ptembev miles of and the the hill^5 of treaty m on tli<; wayside "learwatt r Ore.sjjt'ii trade in I coarser than lirhtou & <'"• Itrtion. 'n>o id vcgetublci Q the Ncz Percd country. The sale of whiske}'', repro- bated by the majority, was carried on, notvvithstand- iiiL^ the danger tliat it might involve the miners and Indians in trouble. Few crimes, however, were com- niited this season. One American was shot in a drunken quarrel with a Frenchman, and one packer was murdered and robbed on the road. Some instances of sluice-robbing occurred at Oro Fino; and horso- btealing by an organized band of thieves began. By the end of sunnner, wlien the mining season was expected to close, the profits of the outlay in opening up the gold-fields began to be speculated upon l)y the press; and although no doubt was entertained 111" the riches contained in the gold region, or that it woidd continue to yield well for a longer period than the JM-aser mines, which were already worked out,^* it was asserted that tlie Willamette Valley was a million dol- lars worse off for the discovery. And yet the Willa- mette Valley was, as far as cash was concerned, already ])()()r, on account of the long period of Indian wars, and the non-payment of the war debt, while the weekly iireipt of gold-dust at Portland was nearly $100,000."' These jealous writers admitted that this money was developing in various ways the natural resources ot' an innnense region east of the Cascade Mountains, i)Ut chiefly on "he Washington side of the Columbia. ]"^ven The Dalles, which had received a great impetus freni tb>; Colville and Fraser Kiver migrations, was l)iit little benefited by this one; for now that the steam- ers carried freight and passengers directly to Lewis- ton, the business of sup[)lying miners was transactetl either at that place or at Portland."" Others with more comprehensive views remarked that the gold '^.Uigelo'itlddho, '2X "'I'lii.i sUik'tiiont in tiikoti from tho Oregon Statesman, tho most conservu- tivc luipor in Orugon, iiml tho ono always oppoaud to mining vciitiiroH, or niiy iiiui piisiH not clireclly bunulicial to tlio Willamctto Valley. Sco Statejunti.ii, N|'l. itauil Nov. 4, ISUl. "Tho Colvillo and Oro Fino minea helped Portland crc.itly; and in ISOl )''i!!i up ;hi! OroL'on Sicani Navij'Dtion Company. I uiidcd diayw usi'd to stand iu Imr half ii mile lon;^', uiduuiling at niulit freijjht to go iu tliu moruiug, that iu\ -Ivcd a foitmie. Deaili/'s Jlinl. Or., M.S., 37. "M MIXING AND TOWN-MAKINQ. discoveries came opportunely for Oregon, the dlsburse- inent of* money in the country by the army pay-inasters and quartermasters having ahnost ceased through tlie withch'awal ot* tlie regular troops to participate in the civil war. It was also remarked that, contrary to the ideas generally entertained of the value of the country cast of the iiKnmtains ft)r agriculture, those persons who Iiad taken up farming claims on the route from Tlie Dalles to Lewiston had raised fine crops, and were getting high prices for them. This was the beginning of a better understanding of the capabilities of the soil in what has since become one of the best wlieat-producing couhtries in the world, but which was up to this period considered as a grazing country only. The opinion had been repeatedly expressed tha* the Clearwater mines were but the outskirts of some richer central deposit. In the hope of verifying this bc^lief, prospecting parties had been traversing the country in an easterly and southerly direction during the entire sunmier of 18G1. The party which success- fully proved the theory consisted of twenty-three men who I'jft Oro Fino in the early part of July to pros- pe(;t on Salmon Kiver. After testing the bars on this river for a distance of 100 miles, with encouraging results, they retraced their steps to a point about seventy-five miles south of Elk City, to which place they desired t(j go in order to lay in a stock of [)r(»- visions. At the point mentioned, the company divided, nine of them remaining to hunt, and tn examine the country for a practicable route through the great masses of fallen timber which obstructed travel in the direction of the (^learwater. In their recoimoissance, while travelling over a wef, i'oggy flat on the top of a high mountain twenty mi!'-* north of Salmon Kiver, they stop[)ed to rest in i temporary camp, when one of the explorers laid i wager with another that the color of gold could ii"t I' >■ SALMOX RIVER AND MILLERSBURG. 245 )urse- asters rll tllO lite in ntrarv of tlie , those e route ! crops, ,vas the ibilitios ;lic best b wliieli country jecl tba' of SOUK tbis tbo n duriuijj 1 success- ibree men to pros- bars en ouragiivj; lit about icb plat'*' v of pi'«'- coiui^any aud t" tbrou-li struct* d ■sing 'era W''- luty uiil''^ [rest in > Irs b»iti '^ IcouUl U"t bo found in that country. In sport the waofcr M'as ;uce|)ted, and in a short time the prospector haviii;^ laken a pan of dirt from the I'oots of an upturned tree, r.iuiid it to contain five cents' worth of gold. Upon this wholly unexpected and flattering pros])ect tlie party ))roceeded to examine the creeks and gulches ill the immediate vicinity, obtaining five, ten, twenty- five, and even seventy-five cents to every pan of dirt washed. They then followed their former associates to Elk City, where, after resting for a few days, they puicljased a month's supplies and returned to their disi-overy, accompanied by a few otheis."' Tile discovery was made in September, and in October a town called Millersburg was laid off on ]Miller Creek, where the richest diggings were fbuml. From the first pan of dirt taken out of the first hole sunk in this creek $'25 was obtained. In the course oi an afternoon Miller washed out $100. The remain- (Itf of the company then staked off claims and began operations with vigor. Working only with a rockier, each claim averaged from $75 to $100 daily to file man. With a ])an alone $75 was obtained m ten hours, and in one gulch five men took out $700 in the ^anie time. During the first two weeks in October fifty men woo mining at ]\Iillersburg, and a radius of five miles had been prospected. To get a winter's sup]»lies to catiip was the lirst care of those on the ground, to \\\\\r\\ Olid they expended much labor u|)on a pack- trail to KIk City. Till! first train thai left l':ik City uiidci' the "jfuidance of Leech became lost in a snow- ed sL iiiii, and after wandering about f)r two weeks, I'e- tiinicd to the starting-point. IJut in (he mean time tliieo trains belonging to Creighton had left Elk City "Tim iLiiiios of a few only of tlio discnvon-rs of tlio Sulmoti ]{i\'or iiiimn li;ivc lici'u prcsiivi'd, 'J'lii'si' im: .loliii II, llnstwick, !>. B. liottiis, Niitliiui iih'l S;iiini(l Siiiitli, Jolin J. Ilcalcy, T. II. MilliT, JiCirli, Mure, ami H.ill. 1 ln' SiiiitliH wi'KMiJil N'li'lvii niiii'T.s, '] 1\<' iiK k,v ii.iii-lioUlci' lit tliis last, dis- li.vi'iy was (I I'lciu'liiiiaii iiiiiiiril Miolifl. /Irisfiiir'n J-Jncniiiili r", MS., 10; Uir. Or. auUmmaii, Oct. 'JS, IsOl; J'orllniid Uftyoiiiuii, Oct. 'Jl, 1S(J1. lifl: 11 f:.. 24a MIXING AXD TOWX-IIAKIXG. and proceeded as far as Camas prairie, ten miles south of the Clearwater, where they were met by Eagle- from-the-light, who peremptorily ordered them to turn back, and observe the treaty made in April. Tiiey endeavored to pacify the justly offended chief, and pushed on.^*^ By the first of November there ^^*cre 1 ,000 m(;n on the creeks and gulches of the new district, believed nt that time to be limited to a small extent of territory. Elk City and Oro Fine were soon almost deserted. Although a large amount of provisions was hurried into Millersburg, not enough could be taken there before the snow had stopped the passage; of trains to support all who had gone there, and by the middle of November many were forced to return to Oro Fino a distance of 100 miles, to winter, lest starvation should attack the camp before spring. The snow was already over two feet deep, and the cold severe, so that frozen feet very frequently disablctl the travcHer for the remainder of the season. Tlie excitement which hurried men to the Salmon River mines was intense. Nor was it without justi- fication; for every report from there confirmed and strengthened the accounts given by the first exploreis, thouLi'h some who had o-one there re^u•ned with- out any treasure."' The weight of eviwonce was to '"C. W. Berry of Scritt Bar, Cal., was tlio first to arrive with a stock of poods, Oct. IStli, and locater ■"■■•■itrummi, Xov. 4, ISdl. John Crei^htoii, wiiliuL; to J. C. Lsaaes of Walla Walla, say.s: 'Onr eeiiipany of eleven men made .SHOO in one ^^eeli.' /'/i./i' SiiiiihI //(rail!, Xov. 7, iMil. 'John Munroe, of Yaudiill county, took out Ij^lSOinau al'tei'noou; tiu! next day 2^ Ihs; and tluMie\t d;iy .'") Ihs (iMiiial tn .'■lidO and Sl,2()0). John Malonc panned out!i?lOl) the lirst day on his claim, r.ostwickof Cal., !i?S() ill a il;iy. Smith (lhree-liu;.;i'rcd) todk-jii^^ ounces (.SlilT) (Hit of one liundieil buckets *iilO .'ind ;?!'- a day.' /'(')V/(r/i(/ Orrnonirtii. Xov. 14, ISIil. 'Two nun took out y() ounces ill one day. .Many uine making S"iO a day with the |iai., and §100 to iJ-JOO with rocker.s.' /Ii'nl., Nov. 5. 'Weliave heard of two men R south to turn They of, and men on lohuvoil ctent ol' 1 fihnost ovisiotis ;oul(l l»o passago , and 1)V ;:> return iter, le>t I sprinu'. the c.i;; inlay. 11- () llu' niiui. ''rwoiiii'ii Ith tin- i>!ii.. llf two 111' RICH CLAIMS. the effect that those mines cxcellotl in richness the jilacer mines of Cahfornia in their best days. Of their extent, men were not so certain, A hotter to the Portland Times of Xovi^mber "2 5th stated that while the correspondent was at the SalnxMi Itiver mines, in the latter part of October, lie had known from personal observation some claims to yield from thirty to eighty dollars to the })an. One panful of dirt from Baboon Gulch contained $151.50. The same claim yielded $1,800 in throe hours, two men workiiiGf it with a rocker. Tliis claim belonged to a man named Weiser, the same afte^r whom Weiser Kiver in Idaho was nonied. John ^lunsac of Yam- liill county, Oregon, purchased a claim for $1,800, niul from two })ans of tlie dirt took lour ounces of gold. In two weeks he had taken out forty-five pounds of dust! It was no uncommon thing to see, oil entering a miner's cabin, agold-wasliing jtan meas- uring eight quarts full to the brim, or half filled, with gold-dust washed out in one or two '^eeks. .VU manner of vessels, such as oyster-cans and yeast-pow- der boxes, or pickle-bottles, were in demand, in whitdi to store the precious dust. A claim was held in small esteem that yielded only $12 a day, as some claims (lid, M'hile hundreds of others returned from one to f )ur ounces f)r a day's labor. Owing to the lateness of the season a'.id the Jiostil- ityof the Shoshones, whoso territory b.irdored on the Salmon River basin, the cpiestioii of tlu^ extent of these ric;h 'jfold mines was nec(>ssaril\' left undeter- *■' mined until «[)riiig should «)[)iMi the roads and who took out six poniuls of 1,'oltl in two days.' Or, Aiyii^. Nov. 10, }^]. 'William ruiAiiUMjf MossinaiT.s i'xi>ivss u ri'os. . . Men are now luakiii!,' p ft. I'Kli) ;,:';K)to i<\'<0 per il.iy to tlio li.uni wiili tiio oM-f.isliionc.l rockor of IMM, aiul I virily hcliovc thai, wlirii water ami ordinary improv I'Uii'iit.'i nrr liron^iit to Ileal', that ill many i>f tlio clilim.^ now licing worked with roi.kei ■; 5>l,(KM>ii day to the hand will lie ivali/ed a?; readily as a lialf-oimeo is at ( ►••o Kino or South Fork di^'y:in.L;.s. 'I'licse are all gulch di;.%'in>;M, ami cii-ily worked. Twenty livc-ccut dirt iioro is worth cs much as §1 dirt in the ul.l iiiiiies ' Or Si tlie lire had onlv iiartiallv done its work, and others were green. When; the ground was bare of trees, bunch-grass had s})rung up. J)('tween these buttes were the gulches in which the gold was found, being simply strips of lowland, coveied with a tough sod from six to twelve inches in thickness. The lowest parts of these gulches were marshy or bogjji'v. All of them had numerous rami- iiciitions. Under tlie thick turf was a depth of from one to six teet of loam, and under the loam a I'ed gravel, in which was the gold, in smull rovmd particles and of a red color. Underneath this was a solid bed of white quartz gravel, or hard-pan, in place of bed- i-ock, of from six to eighteen inches in thickness, and under all another bt'd of loose «juartz gravel mixed with water. Very little clay was fouud in the miin's. The method resoi'ted to f<-r obtaining water for min- ing purposes was to dig ]i(»i.'s or well> of a convenient depth, which soon tilled from the uioist gravel. The nu'kers were placed l)esid(^ these holes, and the watei' used over and over until it biscame very thick, when the well was emj)tied and allowed to till again o\ei night. The early part of the winter of 1801-2 wa-* not si'Vcre. New diggings were discoven' north oH the first discovery, before j)ru5- ])oct "1,? ^vas inter: GOLD AXD POLITICS. I'Ptod; and all d J)^^on\bc.r coznpaniJs fronrtf '".'^' ;>Ponnig routes to f uring til '^' outside w or u "';'i !Y»« I'A- ti,c. oM e , ! " '.Z'!" ","«' i>'-""' 249 ^ month of orino" ismo" ^oiid V.dle^, thence hy fjl ''''' '^\ '^^<^ ^^^and h'lve to b( ^ and beyond, aft ojioned ovoi 'y ;"/ Indian trail t '!• ^vhich th o Stial, ■'••■'^fd with the ] fi On<'-e of t-'ic Were fifty mil "Jountains. J) ;ui. (',.,i;f;.....:.. « '>^^t tJie wlioj,. ,„w.fi, ... 'e •"■"la, sno '^■^''•y direetioii. .'■"■""iiinicatio-i tl \v an( i flood '" the Sal nion I At the t »^'i'e were betw s int noj'tl eenib. J^ncMvn i es er n '-^vest coast ^■nMipting travel m ';;;:,"'■ ^'-,-'-"1.^™;: ^•^-'i 500 and HOO nien ^""•^ ^v!',^ ^^'^rtluidoUarrnoa; ' "^^'''^'.^^"'• ."H^ans depopulate the PI "''" ^^'^"^^ '''^ '^"t by '"any to wint 111 Ml who '■V in )o doi Oro 1. a« at hrst.™ Tl '"(), whei \^' ''<'turn of r.i;''i'tbuM,,os„aii ":;!:''!iv;''i''"';^-H,ici «'"i.i««oAit:ztn;M;::;;''';''^''^''-^-"Ti lose s,:;:j:'--'ri-':.uH:r;;""^™i-"''."^^ "^•^o who had aeeuniul "^11, was a ^" "'^•' ^^-^^'W and society to ited L .^•i'owiii.^ tow ii'ge sums returned i'<>]itically,tl„.,,ff; ^'"J"y their wealtJ '/•^■-^-•-narkable 'Wd W NIK. 11." ..if/-n,.i. . I 1 , , ♦''an, I \v, -N*U '^'an/'^^ more votes' b ;in( orenfAVul];, w with '«-'Jno- cast 1,1 — " "1 1) ill ilia M- 'f th .■tad 'W ciiiincil ''''■^;i'i:;nr7:;!;:.'fir'''i-..i:ic^., , ' ""» ciiiini'iMiaii 'n„, „ it. I, li.lM. ' IDII.'ll fu-..i'.. ■■^•^"'"l Kavo,ttl.o;:i!^,rc'«'^tui.uof ISiH-i 1 ..^ " ilillR'S v\ OIX! ;:;^;-.jyii.,:;:^:;;^j-:;-^<'^.n;.ti «l'«k,'iii(.. At tl„."f, it'i'st;ib- it'i' with t) aiii.d .S|)iil .lilt kill mil y "t .\ „i, IllltV 'i>i. JlioIe,.,.slatiifouf 1 - .iilimvi IIH icstoiv,! t !Ilg '^■■IIH', MllicI t-'li Wa S(i.i-.t ,1 '"^^'^u.ity«c::i;;;"::',.";;^ '^'^^^^ i^om at. ^ y<'iniitea tl) Stev L'vciia on til ispciist-il •lis; Ijiit t' cast siilo. I . , 'h .J,i I 2.jO MINIXG AND TOWX-MAKING. I'M Si >' if: I ill the counties of W.-illa Walla and Shoshone than in any two west of the Cascades. A now county called Nez Perce w;is orijfanized hy the miners in the Oro Fino district during tlie sunnneiv'^ which was legally crcjited and orijanized by the legislature the following Avinter, alon-jf with the countv of Idalio, and the terri- tory was redistricted in order to give a federal judge to this region. The judicial districts as newly defined made the 1st, or mining district, end)race Waha Walla and tlie c(nuities east of that, P. 01ii)hant presiding; Chief Justice James E. Wyche being assigned to the 2d, or ColunJjia Piver district, and C. C. Hewitt to the -id, or Pugct Sound district.*^ The legislature found itself much en*barrassed by the situation. Three judges had no more than sutficx'd wlien the business <^f the courts was confined to the region west of the Cascades, when suddenly the popu- lation cast of the mountains became sufficient to iv- (juire, with the great extent of territory, two if not tliree more. One of the expedients proposed was to grant tlie probate courts of the several counties ci\il and criminal jurisdiction, provided the supremo court then in session should give a favorable opinion upon '^Tlic shcrilT was Oillesi,ic, the clerk Bradley, the justice of the jioaco Stone. Ivaljih T]h.'(l.soe was tlio (h'.st coiiiicilniaii elected from Xez I'lTio rDiiiity. Idaho county was was first called Kl Dorado. "•* iMcFaddeu, who was associate justice until 1S.")S, was then luado cliicf justice TMitil lS(j-, witli William SlrouL; and lOdnuiud C. Fitzlnigh associate justices for the same period, and Charles S. Weed U. S. marshal. Fitzluii.di. whom the reader will remember as iileutilied with the development of cual and (ithor interests about ISclliuLihain Hay, and as s]K:cial Indian aL,'ent and aid of (tov. Stevens duriui,' tlie Indian war, was indicteil ami tried and ac- (|uitted, after his appoiutment, fur killing a man uatued Wilson several ytais before in a (piarr'd. He was one of the seconds in the lirodcriek-Terry diu 1 in San I'ranciseo, .a southerner, and having the convivial habits of his class, l)Ut \\ithal considered a good man. 'i'he republican administration appointed Wyche chief justice, with Oliphant and Hewitt associates. Wyche \v,is a Missi3si|ipian by birth, and a union deuiocrat. He was appointed from iliciii- gau. His w ife was a dau'diter of W^ W. IJancrof'^ of Granville, Ohio. Vie clerk of the court in WalliL Walla district was Bennett Sexton, whoso wi: • was a sister of Mr.s. Wyche. Sexton died in IStJO. AVycho died of cousmin ■ tion Aug. 'JS, bsTo, on the ears, while eu route to the east. AVliile residii.,' at Vancouver he lost his eldest, daughter; hn wife and remaining ;""rt at tI,o county .cat fc^rf :''"'""''"'" ''^ '"«t>-ic-t '■■^'•;Tt m those cases wl ™ ' ".'^.1'™'' l»"",lanc.s, l'"rt.v, m the sa„,o ..,„„:.'•„, \V';""i 'States was a Iclorc exercised 1,,- t|,,, i], ,'.*''".'"'""« <'rfei,t as < l.e cou„t,es to pav the'o , e ' ^f." , -'-"I J"'t-..r' lie asscssc! valuation of .?. "' "'«o "'"rts. ;;""^'y of Walla Walla i S« w '" '"■'.■'^'■^'•>' "' «■« -'' value at the close of the t" '. "'^?'' '^'^^^ "">" "'o >n re Mow rumiiun- uiwn ti, '' "^ "'o steamboats ;■', -«t, of 800,000 'r^^ S"- P"';";'i'ia, huiitt *'"-""gl. the hitherto i.Kac OS i : ""' '^■^■" "P""«l "agou-roa.ls proiecte.l f '*•' "'"""taiu re-n'ous *» "- n-ost i,i,,, j^: ' /; -7V'-^'"'t «-i°>w":i "". •■'" the rivers thev to ' * *"■'''■''■" cstaWi.!,,,,! i"-'vate enterprise.'" -A CO *; ■''' •■"" ='" "'"'^■flv I.7 , "'«. r.. «,, „„, „ „ ' ^' "'■■■'^ '"'■■"Pon.tJ.l to «■■ I-. Ca Jt , °;"' '"'»■ "all* "aila . a |vifc«" •;"•"'«» «natc la 'r ;■'■■ ■:! ?.?,,^'';T°''«\'!"="'n;. „ ■ '"'■ Liwk „„ s, /; ; , :; -"■■'<■■ *• »'• i:a<«au L"' ■ " ;■ ""v"""" <-■'''•"■■ i i »i 1 »! 2-2 MIXING AXD TOWN'.MAIvlNTr. n\ coiistnict a i-ailroud from old Fort Walla Walla to tlic town ot" that iiaiue, wliicli was rvciituallv built aiul operated. Priiitiiig-presscs had been taken to Wada WaUa, and public journals cstal)lislicd,^'' and the j>laco bfcaiuo an incorporated city, and a county scat by act of legislature in January, Tw'o thirds more po[)ulati()n was contained in the counties cast of the mountains in December than in tlie wliole lower Columbia and l*uget Sound I'cgion, settled sixteen years before. And the empii'e-makers, believing that they had no interest in l*ugi't Sound, but that Ol3'm}Ma was too distant a ca[)ital, instructed their rc[)rcsentativcs to endeavor to get a memorial to congi'ess from the legislature, asking that the east- ern division of the territory miijjht be set olfand or-'an- i/,ed as an in(le})c!ndent ])olitical entity. The council, liowever, declari'd that no i>-ood I'eason existed for a sepai'ation, which could not benefit the transmontane ])ortion, and would seriously retard the growth and im|»rovement of the IViget Sound region, in which all had a nnitual interest as a seaboard,"^ ami refused to sanction the })rayer to congress. It consented, insteaib to ask that body to establish a land-office at Walla Walla f(.)r the convenience of those desiring to take farms in either of the new counties east of the Cas- cades, which in due time was granted. It would be im})ossible to imagine greater hardships than were endured by a certain number of over-san- guine persons who took the risk of remaining in the Salmon liiver j\Iountains without an adequate supplv of food. Men continued to force their way in until February, After that for several we(>ks the trails soutli liniiu'li (if tlic C'k'iinvatrr on the road from Lcwiston to Elk City. Tli'' rules for f(i()t-piiss('iig(Ts on tliuse fenie-s were gcnorally .""O ets, loose cattlo r).)ets, twii-liorst' \va;j;cin .S'-.'iO, foiii'-lior.sc wagon §;$..")0, si\-lioi'se wagon St. JU, liorso iincl l>uu'!.;v S-.-"', pack-nninial 7") cts. 3'^'riie U'al'/d U'itlia JA .sm /,./(/■, by U. U. Smith; the Xiirt!i miles, and nvouM ^^ T"-''''^tsadi.stan(v ■•"";; ^''oni Indians ^^'''^' ^'^^^'^•^^^^"d ^^ut for assilt- Jio found a town i-c;';- together b, Zu'LTJ!" \' ^'''P ->"I ad ^-^-l<^ from earth, obtains ulhf^^^, *° ^^'^^^^ out the l-^ure by di<.ging do^^^^^ I ro,^ ""'^^ ^^^^^^^'^^ and ev- ''o eonsequence^of t ds a^f^"^ ^''' ^'^-'o-- ''"^"'"at.«ni, scurvy and'dr '"/"thcent food, w,s -^ the latter part^i;":^ ~ "^ ^^^ ehest.^^ J^l^t to ton feet deen- vnf ' "^^' the snow was from sox--,.. ; .' ."g to provide ti,emselvc., fS T,'"'""' ''"S-v, ii, •I"7 elai,us in order t,™.:, '""°""' <"' «»"«' i'' „; ';;;«-«-.-"'Wort.,edis?:.t-,::tdl!:i~ »»«.i» i,,t„," ,i ' ^^y 'm h,t ai tho ?„;„;' ;'J'"j TT ""',"' '"■■ •»> »■ fu. d,.i.£. <"Hl the umo. bark uf the pi../ trio iiH '' '"" "'^^''^^ i-ti-t., Mitii snow- water IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) / // :/. ^ O -^ v.. /a 1.0 I.I 1.25 Ilia i^ ilM 14 III 2.2 2.0 1.4 ill 1.6 V] V] ''a /. '/ >!S« Photographic Sdences Corporation \ S ■^^ « ^ ^\ k <^\ <> 33 WIST MAIN STREET WKASTiR.N.Y MSIiVO (7»6) 175 ■; 503 <» o ■ c

>e to four feet be- tween there and Lewiston, with a greater amount in the mountains east of Lewiston; that provisions along the whole distance were exhausted, and no entertain- ment could be had, nor any transportation, not even on riding or pack animals, the cattle being all either frozen or too thin to travel ; that the weather was still severe, and no wood along the route from The Dalles to Lewiston, except at long intervals a few willow poles; and those who should undertake to walk would be in danger of perishing with cold. But miners had been pouring into Oregon for a month when this no- tice was given, and they were not likely to stop then, when spring was so near. Nor did they. The Dalles ^''Or. Ar,jm, March 22, April 12, and May 31, 1862. WAITING FOR SPRING. fi56 was at one time so crowded with people unable to pay the high prices of provisions that a aiob was raised, who proceeded to help themselves at the stores. In general, however, men bore their privations with dogged endurance, hoping for better things. Nor were the Oregonians more prudent than strangers who knew less of the country, the climate, and the phenomenal effects of the floods and frosts of tlie winter of 18G1-2. Some had mining claims to which tliey were anxious to return; others, farmers, liad lost heavily by the floods of December, and were ill haste to retrieve their fortunes. Traders were de- sirous of being first to bring their goods to a market where gold-dust was more plentiful than flour, sugar, or bacon;" and all had good reasons for their precipi- tancy in the matter of getting to the mines. Most of those crowded into The Dalles began moving for- ward about the 17th of March, when a saddle-train arrived from Walla Walla, bringing the first passen- gers that had come through since the disasters of January.*- They brought 400 pounds of gold-dust, sutlicient apology for the haste of the crusaders. By the 22d a change in the weather had left the roads in ail almost impassable state, and the streams too high to be forded. Fortunately for those not already upon the way, the steamboat Colonel Wright succeeded about this date in forcing a passage from Celilo to old Fort Walla Walla, where J. M. Vansyckle had laid off a town called Wallula, and was making improvements lit the landing," and regular no.vigation to this point was soon resumed, although the water in the Snake Kiver was still too low to admit of a passage to Lew- iston. At tliis place during the winter the suffering had been great from want of adequate shelter, most uf the population living in tents. Fuel was scarce, "Flour Bold at Walla Walla on the 3d of March for $24 per pouud. Or, Sttiti'.wian, Maruh 24, 18G'2. *^ llitt. Or., ii., ch. xix., 484, this series. " 'Mr and Mrs Cliurlus I'opo recently licld a "drawing-room" entertain- ment iit Wallula, in the cabin of a wharf-boat, the only building of uny uota iu thut city.' Or. Utateaman, May 2G, 1802. I 236 MINING AND TOWX-MAKING. and provisions both scarce and high.** At length, when the snow melted in the upper country, the Co- lumbia rose to a stage which in May inundated Lew- iston, The Dalles, and the lower portions of Portland. The first trains reached Powder River about the last of April; the first that arrived at Salmon River not before the middle of May, the goods being carried, as I have said, on the backs of starving men the last twelve or fifteen miles, many of them becoming snow- blind wdiile performing this labor. When the product of the winter's work, with all its disadvantages, began to appear, it increased the mining furore. The differ- ent gulches in the Florence district were found to yield per day to the rocker from $30 to $250. Some great strikes were made, as when Weiser took out of Baboon Gulch $6, GOO in one day, and half that amount in another, one panful of dirt yielding $500. The average yield of these placers was $75 per diem. *^ Prospecting began by the middle of May. In the latter part of June there were thousands of men ranging the country in every direction. Some put their number at 25,000. It is more probable that in the autumn, after the emigration from California and the east was all in, there were 20,000 persons in the **l!}.F. Bulldin, March 31, 18Q2. •^ A few itcma may bo worth preserving as a part of tho country's pliysical history. Baboon Gulch was named after an old Dutch miner known as Baboon, who left tlic diggings in the spring with 75 lbs of gold-dust. The claim was purchased by Gideon Tibbits while it was still yiulding $1,000 daily. Miller Gulch, named after one of the discoverers, Josepii Miller, yielded iiim $7,000 and ho sold it for $4,000. Claims on the creek were held at from $15,000 to $30,000. Wells, Fargo & Co. brought down from tluso mines on tlio 20th of Jlay 120 lbs of gold-dust, and about tho same amount from the Nez Percd mines, besides tiiat in tho hands of eighty paasengers. It was estimated that $500,000 passed through Tho Dalles every week. Or. Sltitcumaii, Juno 2 and July 7, 1802. Tho Julia brought down from Tho Dalles 1,000 pounds of tho dust on tho .30th of July. Porlkind Orcf/oitian, July .31, 1802. There were ISOclaiuis on Miller's Creek, worked by r),'»8 men, tho yield for 8 months being $2,785,5.30. A general average of tho product of tho Florence mines would givo 3,000 miners somctliing over $4,000 for a season's work. But there really was no general average, some getting little and some much, as in every other business; tho newspapers contained storioji of individual success that would fdl a volume. Gold-dust was weighed by the pound at Florence. Fartiham's Floreiive ami IVarnii, MS., i, 'I saw twa men walk out of Millersburg with 50 pounds of gold-dust ' Mrs Schultz, la £urlj/ Anecilotes, MS., 3. s PO^VDER RIVER MINES. m the Co- ed Lew- Portland. 3out the 311 River T carried, I the last ingsnow- product ■es, began 'he difter- found to 3. Some ok out ot" half that ling $500. per diem.*' r. In the of men ome put lie that in fornia and us in the Itry^B pliysioiil licv known lis Icl-dust, Tho LvVrng S 1,000 paeph MiUor, ^ek were lu'l'^ In from tluso Isamo amount laaenHcrs. It ly week, '-'i: \n from Tlio id Orcnouiau, by .'J.W men, tlio product ■.^4. 000 for a jetting little Eivineil stories weighed liy 'I Buw two Schulti!, m mines of Clearwater, Salmon, Powder, and John Day rivers. 13 From these mines, the accounts received were gen- crall}'' flattering, though occasionally a disappointed adventurer expressed his disgust at adverse fortune in terms more forcible than elegant. As to Powder lilver, after it had been pretty well prospected it was set down as rich, but not of the extraordinary richness of Salmon River. Water was scarce, and until ditches were constructed to carry water from Elk Creek to the flat below, where the claims were located, no sluicing or rapid work could be accomplished. There were about 1,000 persons in the Powder River mines by the middle of June. Among them were many from the mines of Washoe in Nevada." Others followed during the summer, and a considerable proportion of these settled in eastern Oregon,*^ in the neighborhood of the mines.*' They found a beautiful country of rolling plains, and long sunny slopes partially wooded with stately pines, of fertile valleys, and free-flowing streams of excellent water at frequent intervals; and ItiKt, but not least, unlimited grazing, making this the stock-raiser's paradise. Several important discoveries <"/;(.?. Af. Rept, 1SC2, 422-3; Or. Statesman, June 2, 1SG2; Bridow's lirncijinilnv, MS., 15. *' The most famous man on tho Pacific coast, after James Marshall, was ]{. M. ('(linstock, who tried ids luck in Oregon, which had failed to make him rich in Nevada. Ho was very active locating both placer and quartz mines, coustiuutin., Cal., John Phillips and David Rodgcra of Linn co.. Or., Wilson of I'ortliuul, an Englishman name unknown, four Portuguese names unknown, all under tho leadership of George Grimes of Or. City. Twelve took the ruuto above described. What became of tho six remaining is not related. I'oriland Orenonian, March 30 and 31, 1803; IJraiiatetter'a Diacov. Bois4 Basin, MS., 4. 260 MINING AND TOWN-MAKINO. ing party into the mountains, when Grimes was shot and instantly killed, having at the same moment shot an Indian/^ Being too few in numbers to remain in a hostile country, the eleven returned to Walla Walla by the same route they travelled in going out, arriving about the 1st of September, and bringing between $4,000 and $5,000 in gold-dust, with which they purchased supplies for another season in the mines. A company of fifty-four men was quickly organized and armed to return to Boisd basin, where they arrived on the 7th cf October. '^^ After a fortnight spent in determining the value of the new mines, all of the company but twenty returned to Walla Walla to obtain provisions, while those left behind occupied themselves in build- ing a stockade and cabins for the company. In spite " Grimes wna hastily buried on the divide between Elk Creek and the principal stream, which bears his name. The body was reinterrcd the follow- ing suninicr in a grove of hackmatack, pine, and tamarack trees near the place of his deatli. A mining claim was set off for his widow by his associates, and a person deputized to woi'k it for her in order to hold it. This individual sold it for S'-'ijOOO and went away with the money. The widow, unaware of this rascality, in the summer of 1S(J4 paid a visit to Kois6 to look after her interests. The miners raised §3,000 fur her by subscription. 'That amount,' said the Boi-c(!k and the ;-ccl the follow- iieiir the xilaco issociatcs, anil ;hi3 iiuUvidual \v, unaware of look after her That amount,' :ie unfortunate as a just and luld legalize :i [but it was lint bt Grimes had tiursuit of the \tcUcr\'< JJixcov. Lny of belated th for the Sal- leukiug up the Ikillin- whom- 1 Fort J5rid;.;er, ) miles of that J fight, linally hi they killed. Itho dead and Icrics. While Imy ^voundcd. lav'alry, under liigration soon ll at that post Vd above was I in Cheshire, Is., and is the Ivfter first go- of an effort that had been made to keep the discovery secret, the returning party met on the road another company of between fifty and sixty following their former trail; and it was not many days before a rush to the Boisd mines succeeded. The distance of the new discovery from Walla Walla was about 300 miles, and 70 duo east from old Fort Boise. The basin in which it was situ- ated is a picturesque depression among the mountains about thirty miles square, hitherto unknown to the inhabitants of the Pacific coast. The face of the country varied from grassy meadows to timbered hills and abrupt mountain precipices. The climate, so far from being severe, admitted of sleeping in the open air in November.^" The camps could be approached with wagons to within fifteen miles, with a pos- sibility of ultimately making that portion of the road passable for wagons. The first camp of the pioneers of this region was on Grimes' Creek, and was named Pioneer City, sometimes called Fort Haynos; but owing to the selfishness of the original discoverers, it received from those who arrived subsequently the euphonious appellation of Hog'em. There are several llog'ems on the maps of mining districts, probably originating in the same cause. Mutation iu the con- dition of eastern Washington such as had occurred (luring the year could not but effect some political elianges. The county of Boise was created January 12, 18G3, comprising all the country lying south of I'ayette Biver and between Snake Biver and the Itoeky Mountains, with the county seat at Bannack City.^" A large imniber of charters were granted for roads, bridges, ferries, and mining ditches, in every '^'Wm Purvine, in Or. Statesman, Dec. 22, 1802; Boisi News, Sept. 29, 18g;s. '''' A county called Ferguson was also established out of that portion of Walla Walla bounded by Wcnatchee River on the north, the Siincoo Moun- tiiiiis oil the south, tho Cascade Mountains on the west, and the I20tli merid- ian uu the cast. The name of this county was changed iu 1805 to Yakima. Ijrtiirrdj'i'.-t lland-Book; 1S04; Nein Tacoma N. P, t'oast, Dec. 15, 1880, 10; U'cio/i. Ter. Stilt., 1802-3; Local Laws, 4-5. 262 MINING AND TOWN-MAKING. part of the territory from Yakima to Boisd River, and from the 44th to the 49th parallel. The city of Lewiston was incorporated, having become, in the eyes of its founders,*^ a commercial mart of greater promise than others, for the reason that it was at the terminus of river navigation, and centrally located with regard to the whole Snake River country. It had already, like older cities, large mercantile estab- lishments, hotels, mills, gambling-houses, churches, a newspaper, the Golden Age, issued first on the 2d of August by A. S. Gould,"- and a line of four-horse coaches to Walla Walla and Wallula, while along tlic line of the road farms were being rapidly improved. In short, eastern Washington had outgrown the Puget Sound region, and was demanding a separate government. Committees were appointed in every mining district to procure signers to a petition asking the legislature to memorialize congress on the subject. But the legislature refused to agree to such a memo- rial. A bill was introduced, and passed in the council, to submit for ratification by the people the constitu- uon of the state of Idaho, intended to eflfect the desired organization, which was defeated by the lower house substituting "state of Washington."*" But congress, to which the petitioners appealed directly, regarded the matter more favorably for the mining interest, passing an act, approved March 3, 1863, or- ganizing the territory of Idaho out of all that portion of Washington lying east of Oregon and the 11 7th meridian of west longitude. *' The land was still owned by the Nez Percds. Jagger & Co., Trevitt & Co., and Yaten & Lane were the owners of all the wooden buildings. Or. Statesman, May VI, 18G2. Its first mayor after incorporation was^A. M. Kelly; recorder, R. H. Johns; councilmen, Hill Beachy, D. M. Lessey, F. H. iSiniiuons, William Kaugbman, and James McXeil; marshal. Scliwatka. As early as Fob. 1802 its citizens had adopted rules for town government, and made provisions for preempting lauds and holding town lots. The first coun- cilmen elected under these rules were Joseph Herring, Robert Dyson, and James Bowers. Dyson acted as president of the board and justice of the peace. Portland OreQonian, Feb. 20, 18l)2. ''Gould eamo from Cal. to Portland, and w.is employed on the PortJawl T/men until ho went to Lewiston with a press of his owu. Ho wus afterward in Utah, and died in S. F. about 1879. *' >KtwA. Jour. Council, 18G2-3, 157, 104. DIVISION OF THE TERRITORY. f» )isd River, rhe city of me, in the of greater was at the lly located luntry. It utile estab- shurches, a I the 2(1 of four-horse e along the mproved. :Sfrown the ; a separate d in every tion asking the subject. 3h a menio- bhe council, le constitu- effect the Y the lower !."«» But id directly, he mining , 18G3, or- lat portion the 117th Co., Trevitt& I buildings. Or. Ion viixa A. M. Lessoy, F. H. bcliwatka. As Iveruiiieiit, ainl iTholirKt 001111- [rt Dyson, and \e of the peace. the Portlnii'l Iwus afterward Although the loss of a large extent of rich mining territory was regarded with disapproval by the re- mainder of the population, the benefit to the whole of the more rapid development of all the resources of the country was cause for congratulation, both then and later, the mines having given an impetus to the growth of the territory that agriculture alone could not have done in a long period of time. The area left comprised 71,300 square miles, with a populatio.i ill 18G3 of 12,510, which, although small, was nearly double that of 18 GO. 0\ring to delays, I am compelled to make room for one of the pioneers of Wash, on this page. t'lKirles Biles was born in AVarren co., Tenn., in Aug. 1809, and reared on a farm in N. C, removing when 19 years old to Christian co., Ky. In 1S.'5'2 lie married, and in 1835 removed to 111., soon returning to Hoiikins co., Ky, where he resided until 185.3, wlien he emigrated to VV. T. in company wiJi his brother James, their families, and C. IJ. Baker, Elijah Baker, and Willi.ini Downing, and their famdies, being a part of tlie lirst direct immi- (rration to tlw territory, via the wagon road through the Nacliess pass. Mr Biles settled upon Grand Mound Prairie in Thurston co., farming, and sonie- ti:iHS preaching as a minister of the Cumborlund prcsbytcrian church. Ho (bed Feb. 2, wliero he married tho daughter of P. Van Trump of Lancaster. lie served through tho civil war, under McClellan in Va, and in the department of the Cumber- land, participating in tho battles of liich Mountain, Siiiloh, Cliicliymiiii ;a, and most of tho battles of Sherman's (ieorgia campaign. He vas prouiotcd to tho rank of brevet Ijrigadier-gcneral for gallantry at the battle of Joueslioro'. While leading a brigade at the battle of Missionary llidge ho received scvi ro ■H'uuuds, from which ho was unconscious for live days. Uia health was much TERRITORIAL OFFICIALS. 267 )0 votes, SO iccl by un- ecutive and S'^ears, when kering, and nmission as e OrcgonUiii cnate, how- id Cole, who of his office 0, was coni- is, and after Marshall F. E. L. Smith •ived on tlie acting gov- blio sununer. f. Y.,aiKl stuilii'l 1 18."'2, sfttlin;-' in lovcil to New 'l';i- at caiuc to l'u_i t for politics, w.o o a caiuliihuy t<'V ,83, while curouli; Ivrvicd, first to a coiul to L. Scliu- ii',1; A'ew Tacuina the union tcrri- [ng lu't'cssai'V to a :r3 lirst rccinveil In thodcnioi'i'iitio McFiuhhii, MU^i jfiuiic as in IMi'i. Ida from taxation. 12, lS2t>. Ho I in New Oilenns, Inc to Sioux City, Iquontly jnil:-:e of T) to Ohio, where [- served thfo\iL'h of the Cunihi'i'- Chiekanuiu ;a, was pronioti'l llcof Joncshovo'. received i^cV' ro liealth was much 1 - Moore made a good impression upon the legislature, which, by the way, was the first elected and held under an amendment of the organic law allowing biennial instead of annual sessions. The amendment was made in consequence of a memorial to congress in 18G4-5, setting forth that no necessity existed for annual ses- sions, and that the per diem was inadequate to the expense.^ The legislature of 18G5-6 in another memorial re- quested that the people of the territory might be per- mitted to elect tlieirown governor, judges, and other officers. The Oregonians assigned as reasons for a similar request that the federal judges did not remain in the country, and asserted that they had men among th(!inselves competent to be made judges. The Wash- iii'i'tonians, with more tact, refrained I'roni referrin<>' to this thought in their minds, but simply complained of absenteeism and its evils. The answer to their first memorial was the amend- ment spoken of above, which enacted that after the se>;sIon of 18GG-7 the legislature should meet but once in two years, that members of the council should be chosen for four years and assemblymen for two years, and that they .should receive six dollars a day instead of three as formerly, with the same mileage as belbre; the first election for members of the biennial lei>i.sla- tare to take jdace in 18G7. The chief elerk was nl- lowetl six dollars a day, and all the otlu/r officers elected by the legislature five dollars, ineluduig an additioiml enrollinij elerk.^" With reference to the ])etition to be permitted to elect the territorial otBeers, congress sought to cure the evil complained of by enacting that ncj ollieer ap- thattereil liy those injuries, but ho was promoted to the rank of bievet major- gi'iiiriii, March \'A, IbliJ. His ni'xt appointment was to tiii^ executi.i' iliair Ola ui lit h-\vest territory. Ol:/i»j hi I'uc. Trihuiii\ March .'t, INTO; I'o't Towns- end Mi^si'iiij, r, JSlarch 4, 1S70. K. L. Smilli was from (.lalesburg, 111. " ll«v/i. silt., KS(Jl-r>, l.V)-(l, 10; LI., 18G,")-(;, '.MIVJO. ''Oil the organization of the legislature at its lirst biennial Bossion, C. M. Bvadnliiiw was chosen president of tlie council, and liiehanl Laiu^ chief clerk. Later on in the session J[. (i. Stnivo was made president, uud Elwood Hvaua curulliug clerk. Wa.^h. Jour. JIohm', 1807, -07. S68 GOVERNMENT AND DEVELOPMENT. pointed should be allowed compensation out of tlie public funds before he should have entered upon his duties at the proper place, nor should he receive pay for any time he might be absent without authority from the president. In the event of the death or dis- ability of any judj^'c of the federal courts at the time appointed for holding a session, either of the other judges might hold his court. Should the governor dio or be otherwise incompetent, the secretary should act in his place, and receive a salary equal to that of gov- ernor. These laws put an effectual check upon the practice of governors and judges of spending a largo portion of their time journeying to and from Wash- ington city, and of delegates procuring executive appointments in order to receive double mileage. It is not my intention to go into the particulars of the political contests of this period, when the amendments to the constitution of the United States provoked the same criticism and opposition from the democratic party in Washington that they did elsewhere, and when certain territorial politicians assumed a belliijcrent air because conOTess 'interfered' m the concerns of 'our territory.' I have alluded ni my lIi,sto)'i/ of Oivr/on to the great influx of immigra- tion from the southern and border states, and tiieir effect upon the political and social condition of the Pa- cific coast, during the period of the civil war in the east and the mining discoveries ii the west. It is greatly to the credit of the original pioneer settlers, many of whom were southern born and bred, that notwith- standing the pressure upon society of a large disorgan- izing element, they maintained tlie balance of ])o\vor and performed their duty toward the government. IMoore's administration opened auspiciously, mucli pains being taken by hiin to place himself in sympathy with the whole people by studying their interests. It was said that his first message, delivered soon after RULE OF GOVERNOR MOORE. 269 liis arrival, was a surprise to the legislature, which had not expected so elaborate a document from a new appointee. From it might bo gathered a more or less complete statement of the condition of affairs in the territory in 1867. After a long series of interruptions, it was once more prosperous and progressive, in the enjoyment of liealth, plenty, and peace, with a rapidly increasing population, as shown by the vote cast at the election in June," which exceeded the vote of the previous year by one thousand. The agricultural, commercial, and mineral resources of the country were being de- veloped, and its exports increasing. During the cur- rent year steamboats had been placed on thu Chchalis and Cowlitz rivers, opening to commerce settlements hitherto remote.^^ "The annual election was first set for the first Monday in Sept., but in 18d.") \v:i.s changed to the scconil ^londay in July. In ISGti tlio day of cleo- tion w.'is changed to the first Mondaj' in June. '- The lirst charter granted to a steaudwat company on the C!o\vlitz River was t')St'thCatlin, John 11. Jackson, Fred. A. Clarke, Henry X. Peers, (Jeoigo IJ. Ruherts, and their successors, by the legislature of lS.")l-5. Wash. Slul., ISJt, 4.")!). This company failed to niaku any use of its charter. Tlic legis- lature of lS.")S-0 grtiuted to Royal C. Smith and Noyes II. Smith and their nssiioiates permission to incorporate the Cowlitz River Steam Xavigaliou t'oinpauy, lor the purpose of iinprDving the bed of the Cowlitz River, and keeping U]ion it a steamboat or boats suitablo for carrying freiglit and p:is- 8eni;er.s l)i.twecn the two points named, upon condition that a steamer should lie put U|)on the river within six mouths, and the obstructions removed in n lie luonllis, failing to do which they forfeited their charter. Rut this com- pany ills,) failed to accomplish its object. Upon condition of improving iind liavi-atiug the river, the lc>gi.slaturo of 18(i'2-.'J granted to NatiianicI Stone (i!bl hi ^ associates, under the name of the Monticollo and Cowlitz Landing ■Sti.auib.iat ('ompanj', the exclusive right to navigate the Cowlitz. Tiiis com- pany placed a l)oat on the river in tho spring of KS(J4, when the Oregon Steam Navi.'uljiin Company put on an opposition boat. Tho AV-r^c and Iintii'icr Mire huilt for this traile. Tho Moutioello company filed a bill against them, luiil prayed for an injunction. The ease was tried before Judge Wy^dic, who licld (iiat the exclusive grant of tlio legislature was void, iiecause in contliet with the powers of congress to regulate commerce amung tho several states of the union, and tho injunction was denied. .S'. F. IJu'lrtiii, June 2 J, IStil; ll'c(-/i, SrrapK, 13'J-H. T'lio river was found to bo navigable for stc.imers to C'liwlit,; landing only in tho season of high water until tlio government shi>uld liavc made largo appropriations for its improvement, which was never done, and tlicie remained the primitive canoe, or tho almost eiiually iiriniitivo 'stai,'e,' to convoy passengers from Cowditz landing to Monticollo, win iico they V U'u (onveyed in small boats across the Columbia to Rainier, where they were picked nil jiy a passing steamboat. Rat in Sept. 1807 tiio O. S. N. Co. began t> run a boat regularly to Monticollo to connect with Ilaillcy's tri-weekly lino of stages, which was tlio improvement to which Cov. Moore allude,; in his laesauj;!:. Tiio legislature of IbolMJO passed an act incorporating tlio Clie- 270 GOVERNMENT AND DEVELOrMENT. Within the year just ended, Alaska had boon added to the United States territory, giving Wash- hails steamboat Navigation Company, for the purpose of improving that Btreain and rendering it navigable from Gray Harbor to Davis' landing, or farther, if practicable, conditioned upon Thomas Wright and his associates having a steamer running on Gray llarbor and Chehalis River within six- months after the passage of the act. Wash. Stat., 1859-60, 4r)9-C0. Tlio same Icgislatiirc nioniorialized congress to grant $15,000 for the iinprovoment of the river, which was not appropriated; but in June 18G0 $'20,000 was granted to erect a liglit-house at the entrance to tlie harbor, and buoy out the channel. The latter service was performed in 18G7 by Cai)t. Bloomfield. The stL'Qiner ^/i^cr/^W.ip, which had Ijccn running on Fraser River and adjacent waters, was taken to Gray Harbor in the summer of 1859. S. F. Aha, July l.'i, 1859. The legislature of 18G1-2 passed an act making the Chehalis navi- gable from its mouth to Claquato, at the crossing of the territorial road. Again, in Jan. ISOG, a company was incorporated, consisting of S. S. Ford, Courtland Kthridge, A. J. Miller, J. Boise, 0. B. McFadden, S. S. Ford, Jr, J. Brady, S. Bonn, Reuben Redmond, and G. W. Biles, and others resident in the vicinity of the Chehalis, with the 'purpose of manufacturing luinbcr and flour, developing the resources of the Chehalis Valley, and navigating the waters of Gray llarbor and its tributaries by steam or other vessels,' etc. No rc(juiromcnt as to time was laid upon tliis company, but in the autumn of ISfiO tliey placed a small steamer, called the Safsill, on the river, and in Iho spring of 1807 the Carrie Duris, which made regular trips. In the autumn the (ioir brothers of Tumwater put on a stern-wheel boat of light draught, which ascended as far as Claquato. OJijmpia Standard, Jan. 18, 18G8. 'ilii; legislature of 18G7-8 memorialized congress to appropriate §10,000 to reniuvo obstructions and improve navigation; and by joint resolution inquired why the liglit-house had never been erected for which money had been aprropn- atcd. The Oregon Steam Navigation Company was tirst incorporated by tlie Washington legislature in Dec. 1800, the incorporators being required to register all t' 2\v steamers and vessels subject to taxation in Clarke county. Wash. Stat., 18G0-1, 7'i; I/isf. Or., ii. 480-2, this series. In Jan. 18G2 there was incorporated the Columbia Transportation Company of tho Territory of Washington, with headquarters at Vancouver, T. H. Smith, A. D. Sanders, Milton Aldrieli, E. S. Fowler, Doxter Horton, William W. Miller, Peter J. Moorey, A. S. Abernethy, and Charles C. Phillips as corporators. This or- ganization was formed to run in opposition to tho O. S. N. Co. It built sev- eral steamboats, and ran on tho upper as well as lower Columbia for a season, but (inally sold out to tho monopoly. Approved at tho same time was an act incorporating tho Puget Soimd and Columbia River Railroad Company, to build and operate a railroad from Steilacoom to Vancouver; the capital stock §15,000,000, which might bo increased to $50,000,000; tho road to bo com- menced witliin three years, and completed within ten. The movers in this enterprise were J. B. Webber, P. Keach, Lafayette Balch, Thomas Chambers, S. McCaw, J. W. Nye, Lewis Lord, Richard Covington, John Aird, Lewis Sohns, George W. Hart, C. Lancaster, T. J. Demarco, George Woods, Enoch S. Fowler, Paul K. Hubbs, H. Z. Wheeler, J. P. Keller, A. A. Denny, 11. L. Ycslcr, Charles Plummer, W. W. Miller, A. J. Chambers, James Jiilcs, H. D. Huntington, Charles Holman, Cyrus Walker, l^Yank Clark, William W. Morrow. A company was also incorporated in Jan. 18G3 for tho purpose of clearing tho Puvallup River of obstructions and rendering it navigable as far as tho mouth of tho Stuck, consisting of Cyril Ward, William Bilhngs, A. J. Perkins, Israel Wright, John Carson, John Walker, Isaao Woolcry, Abra- ham Woolery, J. P. Stewart, Miller, R. S. Mooro, William M. Kincaid, Jon- athan McCarty, L. F. Thompson, Archibald McMillan, Sherman, J. B. Leach, W. II. Whitesell, Aronomoua Nix, Isaac Lemmon, Van Ogle, Daniel E. Lane, Edward Lane, William Lauo, H. W. Berry, James H. Downey, R. M. Downey, F. C. Seaman, aud Willis Boatmaa. The act required the oompauy to begm STEAMBOATS. 271 inofton a comparatively central position with respect to the Northwest Coast, which could not but be clciiring the river within three months, and each yoai to clear at least one mill! of tlio clianncl from all drifts, jams, sunken logs, or other obstructions to the passage of flat-boats or other small craft, and within five years have cleared the whole distance; after whicii completion of tho work, certain rates of toll might be collected. The act was amended at tho next session to allow ten years for tho completion of tho work of clearing tho river from obstiuc- ti'ins to the mouth of the Stuck. Whatever work was accomplished was rca- dircd valueless by tho accumulations of drift. In 1875 McFadden, delegate, Bicuicd an appropriation from congress for the survey of tho Puyallup River. J'ltC'Jic Tribune, March 20, 1875. The survey was made, and embraced that piirtion of tho river from the mouth to tho forks. It was proposed to deepen the clianncl sufDcif.ntly to admit of tho passage of boats drawing 2.^ feet. In 1 SGI much interest was shown in tho C'olunil)ia River pass of the Cascade Mountains, two companies being incorporated to ])uild a railroad at tho port- ai,'c on the Washington side; one by Veter Donahue, William Kohl, and Al- exander P. Ankeny, called the Washington Railroad Company, and another liy William C. Parsons and Richard Harris, called the Middle Cascade Port- a;,'e Company, neither of which ever made any use of their franchise. Watih. SUil., 1804-5, 108-20. Subsequent to the close of the Eraser River mining excitement and the opening of the country east of the Cascades, whicli drew mining travel up the Columbia instead of by Puget Sound, tho numerous lioats employed in these waters had been withdrawn, and tho only craft loft were sailing-vessels, a steam revenue-cutter, and the mail passenger-steamer Eliza Anderi'on, running between Olympia, Victoria, and way-ports. I have mentioned in an earlier chapter the Major Tompkins as tho first mail and pas- spn!,'er steamer employed on Paget Sound, in 1854. Sho was lost at Victoria liurlior after running about one year, and was succeeded by tho Trarcllcr, (."a[)t. J. G. Parker, which ran from Olympia to Victoria for two years car- rying the mail. She was then sold to Horton, who chartered her to the Ind- ian (Icpartuient, which needed a steamer to carry their officers and Roods to tlio various reservations, and was lost, March 1858, at Foulweather BlufF, to- gether with five persons, Thomas Slater, Truman 11. Fuller, special Indian a^'ent, John Stevens, Georgo Haywey, and a sailor, namo unknown. Fuller vas from tho state of New York. He came to Puget Sound as purser of the Major Tompkins, and after sho was lost was engaged by tho Indian depart- ment. Ohjmpia Pioneer and Dem., March 19, 1858. Sho was an iron steamer, built at Philadelphia, and brought out around Cape Horn in sections. This was the fust steamer that ran upon tho Dwamish, White, Snohomish, and Xuotsack rivers. She rendered important services carrying men and supplies ti) forts and camps. In 18.53 was incorporated tho Puget Sound Navigation • 'ompany, consisting of William H. Wallace, W^illiam Cock, H. A. Golds- borough, II. L. Ycslcr, Charles C. Terry, James M. Hunt, and John H. Scranton. Scranton went to S. F. as agent for tho company and purchased a tug-boat, tho Campion, which, however, docs not appear to have reached tho Sound. J rchasod also the passenger steamer Youuff America at Portland; but sue '.vas burned at Crescent City while on her way from S. F. to Vancouver with 1,000 troops under Major Prince. Scranton seems to have boon unfortunate. He owned tho Major Tompkins, which was lost this year. In 18.')(J ho purchased tho screw-propeller Constitution, together with \V. E. Moulthrop, which ran from Olympia to Victoria with tho mails for about tliroe years before and during tho Eraser River times. Tho Constitution was built in New York in 1850 by Ward & Price, who sold her at PanamA in 1S.")1 to the Pacifio Mail Steamship Company, and afterward sold to Scranton. Hor engines were taken out in 1800, and she became a lumber carrier about tho Sound, though her timbers wore still good in 187.*?. Portland Herald, Feb. 13, 187;t; Ehey'a Journal, MS., v. 100, 105, 137. Captains A. B. Govo and James M. Hunt oommaoded the Conatitution on the Sound during 1867-9. 272 GOVERNMENT AND DEVELOPMENT, "tllpi beneficial to it, with the stimulation to trade which the cliangc in the nationality of the Russian posses- sions must bring with it.^^ In December 1859 the EUza Anderson succeeded the Constitution as f. mail carrii;!-. Slio was built on tlic Culuinbia by Farman for tJeorge and John Wriglit of Victoria, -whose father owned tlie ill-fated Brother Jonathan. Tiie Awlvrnoa was commanded by D. li. Finch, an;/, Washinjtoii, and Mercin. J. G. Parker, in JJintorir(d Corrcsjioudenee, MS., 18S4. '■'Message of Governor Moore, Wnshington Jour. House, 1867-8,30-1. The policy uf the Alaska Company was not to encourage trade, but rather to oppose it. VARIOUS MEASURES "e>nadequaeyofthemnil" ''^'' ?""2r products." "''•'M be r..ade the suh;!/^ ^"""' '' "as su<»o„sterl f'^' legislature accordfetl'^"«"»™' ^^"^^ n -a from San Fr^Sf^^A'^^ % a .nai? route i"«i from the Columbk Ir / P""' '"^t^ad of by «•-» Olympia and SiS- fo, f '='•■'"*'? «e"ioe be"^ tona by the way of 1 1 e' O VT^^y m"" to As- Mioahvater and Baker bays ltd f' ^'■"^ ^arbo , '" other routes, and for incL? Z'"' ""P'-o^ements »rtam cases, which have sinn?t'' °<»°Pensation in "ocessity of codifyina- th? U ^'"'" »'"'"'<*d. The P».ntingcommissfone^*tth ? '™' "S^'^' ""^ of an! An act was according '*t'r''r".^'*"«''elay. •"■""i-.to appoint "threo'^dl! '•""""■'zing the jjov- cou„n,ssion'eis, to re4e dilpT"/"'^™^ '^ eode ia>vs of ti,e territory fet:"<^ ^"'"'fy 'be statute •^; 1 f. Lassator, ElLocJvl Pf ™"» chosen were « - n,ade their reZt 1 t"h' T'' -^^ ^- I>«««i»n'» »'"<^^'' met in October in .*t' 't^^'ature of 1869, passfd in Januarv isrs ^ecordanco with an art "« the »essio„s7tI „*,:??-". «■- ,«.«o ot' hold"? Airotlier subiect of „,. ° I- '^" ivssumbly. «"'e of the insfne Jt ^T' "^"'=" >™^ «'« Proper -■t with the lowit b d 'r"Tr''''"' '°' ''^-n «as provided where tl,„ I ,?" territorial asylum f^'l«red lature declined to pass it over the veto, by a vote ill the house of three to twenty-four. Subsequent rtlnits to revive the practice failed. This tendency to dissolve marriage ties was the more remarkable when it is remembered that the male population ureatly exceeded the female, many men having taken wives from among the Indian women. ^^ A. S. Mi'iccr of Seattle in 1865 made a movement to .-•tahlish asocial equilibrium, by importing a ship-load ut' unmarried women from the Atlantic states, widows .iikI orphans of soldiers, but the influence of a single achenture of this kind was hardly perceptible. Vniong the public institutions of which the terri- tory had long had need was a penitentiary, the only [iiison in use for felons being the county jail of Pierce iiiimty, from which escapes were of frequent occur- iviice. In January 1867 congress set aside for the tuiipose of erecting a suitable prison the net proceeds it' the internal revenue of the territory from the 30th 'fJiuie, 1865, to the same date of 1868, provided the aiiioimt should not exceed twenty thousand dollars. Tlic legislature appointed a committee to wait upon tlir collector to ascertain the amount due the torri- tiiiy,-^ which fell far beneath the appropriation, the ■^ IViixh. ,'itat., 18G5-6, 80-85; Wash. Jour. House, 18G7-8, 400. ■"Morse, in his ]Vash. Ter.,'M.fi., xv, 34-5, speaks of this condition of society in the Haro archipelago more particularly. Orcas Island was settled liiietiy by returned Fraser River miners, who nearly all took Indian wives. Ai late .-13 1879 there were but 1.3 white women on that island. On Lopez I^^laiul the first white woman settled in 1869, Mrs J. L. Davis. There were !uoio i)iir(:ly white families on Lopez than Orcas; San Juan liad later a moi'o nearly equal division of the sexes than the smaller islands of the group, but misce^'ciuition prevailed to a considerable extent in all the northern settle- ments. See also Oli/mpla Wash. Standard, Sept. 30, 1865. " Pliilip D. Moore was collector of internal revenue in 1867. He was suc- ceeded by Edward Giddings, who was bom in Niagara county, New York, iu 276 GOVERNMENT AND DEVELOPMENT. grant of $20,000 being doubled before the penitentiary buildings proper were begun. ^^ No event could better illustrate the change which ten years had made in the condition of Washington than the abandonment in the spring of 1868 of Foit Steilacoom. So far as the natives of the Puget Sound region were concerned, their millenium had come, their eternity begun, and they would learn war iki more. Contentedly they digged their little farms i»ii the reservations, hired themselves out as farm-hands, fished, raced horses, held ^90^-?ac/ie5,^^ gathered berries for sale, or spent their trifling earnings in whiskey, which caused many, both men and women, to adorn, in the picturesque enjoyn ■:;iit of dolce far niente, the curb-stones and door-steps of the various towns in the vicinity of their reserves, day after day. Whiskey, as applied to the noble savage, is a wonderful civilizer. A few years of it reduces him to a subjection move complete than arms, and accomplishes in him a hu- mility which religion never can achieve. Some things some men will do for Christ, for country, for wife and children : there is nothing an Indian will not do for whiskey. I May 1822. Ho served several years in the office of the state controllci- at Albany, under Silas Wright and Millard Fillmore, coming to the Pacilic coast iu 1840. Ho returned in 1850, married, and brought out his wife, residing; in California 3 years, when he removed to Puget Sound, having his lioine at Olympia. Ho was chief clerk in the surveyor-general's office from ISO- ti; 1805, and afterward depu*.y surveyor until appointed assessor of internal ruve- nue. He was succeeded in that office by J. R. Haydcn, but in 1875displact(l Hayden as collector of internal revenue, which position he held at the ILiiil' ot his death in 1870. Olympia Pac. Tribune, Feb. 26, 1875; Olympia Stauddpl. April 29, 1876. '^' The legislature of 1809 appointed John McReavy, Fred. A. Clarke, ami L. F. Thompson commissioners to select a site for a penitentiary, 'at or laar Steilacoom.' The land selected was donated by John Swan and Jay Eminuiis Smith, a free gift to the territory of twenty-seven acres on the south-east shuie of McNeil Island, about five miles by water from Steilacoom. Its situation was all tliat could be desired, being healthful and beautiful. The secretary of the interior, however, who had the matter iu hand, would take no stciia toward building until the land was deeded to the United States, and uioiiuy enough placed in his hands by appropriation to complete some portion ot tbe work. Finding that $20,000 would be insufficient, he directed a susiicusiou of the work until congress should move in the matter, which it would only do by being memorialized by the legislature and importuned by its dekgate. The further appropriation was not made until 1S73. ^ A pot-lach was a ceremonious feast held on certain occasions, when pi ea- eats were given. THE NATIONS. 277 enitentiary mge which Vashinjijtou 168 of Fort uget Sound had coiuf, irn war iii» :le farms ou farin-han OB. McPaddcn, thLuiZLV •^"V''"'^ ^^o ■^".00 the incoming 'of ltZw.'1 ''•'^"''"'''te/' who '-" I'vmgin the?etire,„on;rfn„ "l'"'*''*'°'> ''"d Kv, or serving in the logMatu/e W "'"'^ '»'" P''''^- .'Ston cty, but was unfitted f ^^ r""" '^a^h- ;'"«««.du.;ing a portion o?his term ?'{■ ^^ ^"^^--^ "llow.ng ins , ctuni. McSrlt 1, 'i'' f ""' *e year t'H' v-rtnes that reconmlS: t 'f •*''' ''™"'* «"d " ".an,, heart and ready adaot«b'ti"' 'Constituents, »'"«li was counted to hi,? 1 '"? '" ^u^undinsts ;; -kness He was buried withTn"'-' ^"' J"*-eia w"w'°,i!?,"^« "f'-is sonl Kw vT^"'^ «<->'-en,o„ios «• W. Miller.* "'^' ^"-surveyor-general l-oingsucoeeded in Apriftg^^;" «■« executive office, «t Clnc^o, a German Jew kw^ k"""'' ®- «■*»"" oivii war, where h<. won". '"'""'««'■« during the »'-'> the quiet andre ■ S'ltm''fr^''"^^' »'■'- .••i...«os». ,,,„ . "'>™P"«i.ic must have '•^" Itft hrtcS'' '''°"'^l'Jo held ou tl e r ..; Ar ' , ^'^^''*'-' '° the 42d co, ' J lie total vote for rjn-n II " """ t''c existiiiL' 282 GOVERNMENT AND DEVELOPMENT. i1 seemed a summer holiday.^" James Scott still re- mained secretary. The officers elected *° in the terri- tory now began and closed their terms in the year intermediate between the elections for delegate, the congressional and executive terms corresponding, and the legislative appointments coming between/^ On the expiration of Salomon's term he WaS suc- ceeded by Elisha Pyre Ferry, surveyor-general, his appointment making way for a new officer in the land department, which was filled by Lewis P. Beach, ,i pioneer of 1849/'^ Ferry held the office of governoi' from April 1872 to April 1880, when William A. Newell was appointed.*^ Ferry's administration was not eventful in wars" or political changes, but covered a period of active ^^ Salomon and his German regiment were much commended by generals Schurz and O. 0. Howard. He fougiit at Gettysburg and Chancellorsvillt. I'mjet Sound Express, Jan. 14, 1875; S. F. Alta, ^pril2.'5, 1870. *" The territorial officers were J. G. Sparks auditor. Hill Harmon treasiiiYi , lames Rodgers public printer, and S. H. Mann librarian. Pacific Dir., 1870, \M. ^' The president of the council in 1871 was H. A. Smith of Snohomish, chiof clerk Elwood Evans, assistant clerk James M. Hayes, sergeant-at-arms R. L. Doyle, enrolling clerk Annie F. Tuck, chaplain J. R. Thompson. In the lower branch of the legislature J. J. II. Van Bokkelen was chosen speakir, \y. S. Baxter chief clerk, VV. Byron Daniels assistant clerk, A. B. Youul; t nroUing clerk, D. P. ''Vallace sergeant-at-arms, David Helsler door kec'iHi . Wash. Jour. Council, 1871, 4-9. *'^Beach was from Seneca Falls, N. Y, He came to the Pacific coast in the early days of gold-mining, and to Puget Sound in 1861, where he had fol- lowed logging, printing, farming, and surveying at different times, being an industrious and able man. He died on returning from a visit to Washington city in the spring of 1873, of pleuro-pneumonia. Olympia Wash. Stauilarl, May S, 1873. '^ \V. A. Newell was a native of Franklin, Ohio, whose family remo\ ed u> that state from New Jersey. Ho returned there and entered Rutgcr's colKui , graiUiating in the class with U. S. Judge Bradley and Senator Frolinghuy.--cii, aftur whicli he studied medicine at the university of Pennsylvania, becoming accomplished in surgery. He was elected to congi-ess in 1846, and again m 1848, and was chosen governor of New Jersey in 1856. In 1864 he was again leturned to congress. He ran against George B. McClellan in 1877 for gov urnor, but was beaten, and in ISSO President Hayes tendered him the ollicc ot governor of Washington, which he accepted. It is said of him that wliilc in congress he originated the life-saving system now in use on the coasts of tin' U. S., by which many thousands of lives have been saved; and also thiit in made the first movement to establish an agricultural bureau. He was ovii- 60 years of age when appointed to Washington, but liale and vigorous. Trui- Ion ( Is'. J.) Gazette, in Olympia Wash. Stawlard, May 21, 1880; Pugct Sound Mail, Maj; 29, 1880; Xew Tacomn X. l\ Coast, May 15, 1880. **It witnessed one Indian war of brief duration in which Idaho was tlio BulTerer. Of this I shall Kpeak later. RULE OF GOVERNOR FERRY. 283 ; still rc- the terri- the year L'gate, tho iding, and n 41 3 WttS sue- 3neral, his n the land . Beach, ;i governs f 'illiam A. in wars" i of active led by generals Ihancellorsvillu. ro. rmon treasurer, oiJicDir., 1S70, of Snohomish, irgeant-at-arins "'hompbon. In ihosen speaker, A. B, Youul; sr door-keeper. Pacific coast in lere he had I"!- times, being an to Washington Wsh. Standar'l, lily rcmo\'ei.l to litgcr'scclU'gi', I'rcUnghuysen, ^nia, becoming I and again in \ ho was again 1877 for gov- Im tho olUce of 1 that wliile in coasts of the Id also that ho He was over tjorous. TriH- Piiijet Sound ;dalio was tlie icrowth. He reestablished civil government over the Haro archipelago in October 1872, by making it temporarily a part of tho county of Whatcom, until reorganized by the legislature,''^ and was a witness of the closing scenes of the Hudson Bay Company's occupation of the territory through the claims of the Puget So'md Agricultural Company. It was during Ferry's administration, also, that the Northern Pacific Railway constructed the Puget Sound division from Kalama to New Tacoma, })assing Olympia eighteen miles to the east, in resentment for which slight put upon the capital the citizens (jf Thurston county constructed with their own money and labor, the women of the county assisting,*" a narrow-gauge railway from Olympia to Tenino, a dis- tance of fifteen miles, which was completed and opened tor travel in July 1878. The territorial secretaries during Perry's adminis- tration were J. C. Clements, 1872 to 1875, Henry G. Struve*' from 1875 to 1877, and N. H. Owings^^ from 1877 to 1884. Ferry's administration extended over '' An 'act to create and organize the connty of San Juan' out of the islands forming the Haro archipelago was passed October ,31, 1873, the county seat being temporarily located at the 'old landing of tho Hudson's 15ay Com- pany.' Charles McCoy, Samuel Trueworthy, and Joseph A. Merrill were ap- pointed county commissioners. Wash. Stat., 1873, 461-3. "The building of this railroad was made a labor of lovo by the volunteer « ork accorded to it. The governor and territorial officers, and all the most prominent citizens, worked at clearing and grading on regular days, called ticUl-days, when their wives and daughters accompanied them to the place indicated by the superintendent of construction, and carried with them ample stores of provisions, which, being prepared and served by them witli mucli mirth and amiability, converted tho day of labor into general holiday. *' Struvc had been in the regular army as a soldier, having enlisted in tho 1st regiment of dragoons in 1854. Tho N'civ York Sun of April 2S, 187;"), ac- cuscil him of desertion for having failed to report himself to a provost-marshal vitliin GO days after tho issuance of Lincoln's proclamation of March 11, 1SG5 —which failure, according to law, made him forever incajiable of holding olliee. But this stigma was explained away subsequently, tho president having, owing to somo peculiar circumstances, cancelled his enlistment and ordered his discharge. Olympia Waa/i. Standard, Oct. 3, 187'). Struvo married a daughter of H. M. Knighton, mentioned in my History of Orc'wv. He was prosecuting attorney of the 2d jud. dist for 18(18-9, anil for a time was editor of tho Vancouver Ret'os east of ""'I'or of votes fo.. a renufe n ""? "'^ Jf«»t«^- ili'legateship, showing that th? nommcc" for thi; 'SC2-4 overflowed Von, he r.f™*'''^ "'"'=1' ' e tied on Commencemert IW ,/"f °''' T"»r. »ho lacoma now stands." Ho wnf '^'^^ "'here Now f.atern.ty of tho territory of - '""'''"'• "'" ""-" '"-"' ■'^■■■■g address; but leTasuS /"'""'^ •■"«' "''■^«- .'"■y against Jacobs, who was "i''' '",?'''-y tho torri- "can party. Af tlL <■ i ■ '^'^B'ected by tho rooni, "• '8^8 TL,„as H^B^rw? ''"""---"■■'I eW?"t party and served two termTi;;''"™"'' "'y«"= «■>■■■' nr«t election h^ , ^^uns in cono-res^ a^ i- ,;'Tho position was first off ^ "^ ' ^'^PP^'OVal of state "TI.0 0/,y,«p;«' J;,„,^;^[P;t^m l^d 3,500, Jacobs 4 tatis between 178!) and 188'2 was $105,790,501, the most of it subsequent to isiil, Tho whole share of tho Pacific coast in these appropriations amounts tMS2,l.-,7,-233, of which California lias had $1,492,428, Oregon §049,305, Idaho J^IO,(K>0, and Wasliington territoiy §5,0001 S. F. Chronicle, Jan 25, 1884, Population and apportionment of representatives aside, such parsimony, whtru a proper degree of expenditure would produce more magnificent results 288 GOVERNMENT AND DEVELOPMENT. m ii ! The legislature of 1867-8 passed an act to submit the question of calling a constitutional convention to the people at the next general election, but the meagre vote polled in 1869 showed them to be indifferent oi' undecided. The legislature of that year passed an- other act calling for a vote in 1870, and making it the duty of the next legislature, should there bo ;i majority in favor of a convention, to provide for the holding of it.*^^ Again the people were indifferent. The legislature of 1871 repeated the enactment of 1809, with the addition that the governor should give notice in his proclamation that the legp.1 voters of the territory were required to vote for or against a state convention, but with the same result as before. In 1873 another act was passed of a similar nature, in the hope, by mere iteration, to bring the voters up to the mark of taking an interest in the matter. The whole vote cast "against convention" was less than ;i fourth of the popular vote for delegate, but enough to defeat the movement. In its turn, the legislature of 1875 took up the sub- ject, passing another act similar to the last,"^ which called out in 1876 a vote of over 7,000, and a majority for convention of 4,168. Accordingly the succeediuij;- legislature^ appointed a state constitutional convention to be held at Walla Walla in June 1878, the delegates being elected in April. tban in almost any portion of the union, is a short-sighted policy in the fed- eral government, which every year renders more distasteful to the people on the Paciflc coast. «» Seattle Intelligencer, May 23, 1870. ""The president of the council in 1875 was B. F. Shaw, chief clerk A. J. Cain, assistant clerk C. C. Perkins, sergeant-at-arms Chark-s Stockton, door- kec'i'''. i< rank Lampson, enrolling clerk Emma Nichols, engrossing clerk Cla'.a Gove. Speaker of the house Elwood Evans, cliief clerk R. G. O'Brien, assist- ant clerk S. L. Crawford, sergeant-at-arms Luke Aloore, door-keeper F. M. Jones, enrolling clerk James A. Hughes, engrossing clerk Estella Gallihi i-. JKasA. Jour. Home, 1875, (5-10. "T. M. Reed was chosen president of tlie council in 1877, and T. B. Mur- ray chief clerk. In the house, R. G. Newland was elected speaker, and 11. * '<. O'Brien chief clerk. Olpmpia Wash. Standard, Oct. 6, 1877. Miss C. K. Myers was chosen enrolling olerk, and Miss S. Galliher engrossing clerk, fur the house; Fannie Baldwin enrolling, and Anna Knighton engrossing, clcik for the council. Wash. Jmir. House, 1877, 7-8. In the council were 5 repub- licans and 4 democrats; in the house Iti republicans and 13 democrats. SHALL WASBINGTO.V BE A STATE! placo aa ordered bfprocla'r"" f <''-*'^S«t«« took ■'o-spapers complii^eTof £'" "\f'' governor, the accounting for it by savin J th ' /""T "^ "><= P"l'lo "UW fail in congLTVtlLlTf ""^ ■"°™n'«.'" a ".ajonty of the%oti„g rf^'j'^ Jl"' ':?»^''» »-as, that K.«s .should continue to pav th! '""'"^ ">^' <='"'- i.cpal government nntif th! ^f "?''" °^ «'° '"«- '■an 40,000, reached the „un.bsr''f''o'""' ""» '«^=' I'y the general apportionment mi ?*''°''*' '•«'l'">o """ onse «'"<^h would rapidly be drawn trl?^ ""'x Population! l*"Mne a state, with all t'^ i""""" "'''«' it should ""I' the other'Paerfic tate:«^T/r^ °' '^^ '"ciits put forward t„ ^t Jionie the ir,»„ Fopio it larg;:^, tV rrred"'^ »P»*> 0? «: '''^^■Jy to resu t from nrU - • ?^^ ^''*^^"c of nronorf^r ""•"'I "-re than Xt hr" """ '"^ "»iorvh ci^ '"«»'; the appronrSti, ' >■'?""*' "^ ^'^'to govern ?'''M««iti„n >■ north TM "''"?'? '™"''' l^c dSe a J"i"«l to Washi"°ton bn "; '"','"'' "'^^ «-^"-ti.4 io -■^'-■i' t" bo ""' '".turo state wJd 'eusU '"'■''•'"' °'''' "»"'« for "•■r« 'mportant is.sue, , "'°''° *'''■'" any „rt'. ;"'-'i"»--ngtoth:rm:!?^:,r;'."'«; "' «-■' '•"''''• "'»' presented to congress for terr^"''^' ^'■'"^■'' '' »a,s i - 290 GOVERNMENT AND DEVELOPMENT. The convention met at Walla Walla Juno 1 1 , 1878, a delegate from northern Idaho being also present, but without a vote. A new boundary v\;w fixed for the eastern portion of the state, includincj the panhandle of Idaho, In the declaration of rights it was said that "no person on account of sex should be disqualified to enter upon and pursue any lawful business, avocation, or profession,"®^ but all attempts to have stricken out the word 'male' as a qualifi- cation for voters failed. The instrument gave the legislature power to amend itself, made the sessions biennial, gave that body authority to adopt the sys- tem known as the preferential system in dealing representatives, and limited its sessions to forty day^'. Special legislation was forbidden; no lotteries could be authorized, or divorces granted. The courts wuc reorganized; taxes made uniform under general laws; the power to tax corporate property could never bo suspended; the public school fund could never be reduced; educational and penal institutions should be provided; the legislature should have power to change the location of the seat of government, which •" This declaration of the rights of women was the outcome of several years of ofFort oa the part of the advocates of woman suffrage, the apostk' cf which was Mrs Abigail Scott Duniway of Oregon, proprietor of the Km) Northircut, a journal devoted to the enfranchisement of women. Slie hcgaii the canvass of Oregon and Washington ia 1870, making at first ratlitr awkward attempts at oratory, but rapidly improving, until her spooilics on the suIJVago (juestion commanded attention everywhere. Mrs Duuiuay attended the Walla Walla convention as a reporter. An act was passed in 1871 with tlio evident design of putting an end to Mrs Duniway's eeiges of the legislatures. It declared that 'hereafter no female sluiU have the riglit of ballot or vote at any poll or election precinct in tliis territory, until the congress of the United States of America lihall, liy direct legislation upon the same, declare the same to bo the supreme l:i\v of the laud.' Wmh. Stnt. 1871, 175. However, in 1879 an act was passcl entitled 'An act to establish and protect the rights of married women,' as follows: 'Sec. 1. All laws which impose or recognize civd disabilities upon a wife, which are not imposed or recognized as existing as to the liusliaml, are hereby abolished. Sec. 2. Henceforth the rights and responsiljilities of the parents, in the absence of misconduct, shallue equal.' The traimis of this absurd law did not perceive that they were merely heaping responsi- bilities upon women without allowing them the means of adequately dis- charging them. Nor did the Olympia newspaper editor see more clearly when he called this ' the first married woman's emancipation bill on this continent.' The bill, such as it was, passed without a dissenting vuicc, Olympia Standard, Nov. 21 and Dec. 6, 1879. THE COXliTTTUTIOX. f'houU 1)0 submitterl f ± "^' K-.oral election next foUo™^:l*''^P™.PIo at the constitution; the qualificatb'? nf f "P'""' »'' tl'o oit.zcns of the United S "^ ""^rs who were a..d ahens must have d«;S^H ■>''■ '1' *'"= "^"""tv, •■"""ng citizens six mo^ hs k'*""' ""^ti™ of bo- aiticles were left to hn , * i ^'"'"'^ vot uff. Thrrr. '"™l option, a ten*" ;a^, '1"'^" ^^P""*^''^. ""'"o J^2^-..-tio^nT?h~hlnr-^^^^^^^^ ".'l'5o5:fV:^,;tr^^^^^^^^^ ^^'''<=1> occupied '«<' , passed 'no oXll ft" the""'^''-"^ ^ong^s iry voluntary, and therefore '^""^ntion "was rf'«'tual until ratified '"'■*°"' «>e constitution i„- iJclogate Thonna w r. ■>«-o>l Ihe state of vVaswf' t^i" '" ^"^■""'er •""0" immediately on tat "f*,"" '^^'^ f ^option into the t «'"'!«1 in the national le"S,f *''''?'=,hood was not re- i' '-I"' growth had ef t'"Sr'" I '^™^' ^1"'°"=^^^' '"■"light about bynavif^t; "',"' *''« 'lovclopmcnt -; the territory^,;Stru:;ft fi"""' .""'"p'"'- fl members of the lo.Ts kt f "''"' condition ■"•S>'ly of the pioneer dasfai*? T^i^"'' ™>-o stiil ^■"■Mg resided in the t^w f, '''" '''"^ '"cn'I'crs Tl'c other half were yoim'm :„ / '''"^"'y-fivo years K^t'ons,- the newer elem™t nm^ • "'"'" '''"'^ '"""i- ••Ti,on, . "" P"^"""""'? soon to be the ''"'^ S.f'„?„^°; "■»?. from c»ncilottS"'^- Pri'" " Sum? :i I •;. 292 GOVERNMENT AND DEVELOPMENT. founders, and to become themselves builders of em- pire. In the judiciary there had occurred a change in Ohio; ago 28; came to the territory in 1871; publisher of the HcdhL Elliot Clinc, born in Pa; age (10; iminigratud in 18o"J; f.irnicr by ocuupatimi; resiilcuco New Dun^^cncsa. J. II. Day, born in Va; ago GO; inimi;4ratc'il in 1802; druggist; rcsiilcnco Walla Walla. S. Ct. DiuUey, lidrn in N. Y.; ai,'ii 45; iminigratuil in 1874; fanner; residence Seattle. R. O. l)ui\1)ar, horn in 111.; ago 4o; imnu^'ratcd in 1840; lawyer; residenco (iDldeuilalu. J. IJ. La Pu, l)oru in N. Y.; age 4."); immigrated in 1S.").1; farmer; re.sidciico Mount Cotlin. John McCUynn, born in Ireland; ago 34; camo in 1872; liotd- kcepcr; reiidenco La Conner. L. JI. Ringer, l)orn in Va; ;igo41; eaim! in 1873; merchant; residence Almota. A. F. Tulli.s, born in Ind. ; ago 4!>; im- migrated in 1852; farmer; rcaideiico Chehalis. Allen Weir, chief clerk, born in Cal. ; age 25; camo in 1800; publisher; residence Port TDwriscnd. Hanmel (!rcene, assi.-Jtant clerk, born in Ma-ss. ; ago42; camo in 1S74; fariiicr; residence Seattle. W. R. Andrew^ 'enrolling clerk, born in Mich. ; age 'JS; camo ni 1801; lawyer; residence Li Connor. Emma Kiiigliton, bum iu(1:-, ; ago21;camcin 1800; residence Olympia. J. H. Wilt, sergeant-at-ann-, born in Oliio; ago 20; camo in 1870; teaclier; residence Walla \Valla. . II. iUackmau, born in Maine; ago o2; caiiio in 1872; Inmborman; re^idciicj Siioliomidi City. C. (,'atlin, born in 111. ; age 35; camo in 1850; tanner; res- idoiKv Freeport, Cowlitz co. M. F. Cdlt, born in N. Y. ; age 42; came in 1805; mereliant; residence Walla Walla. P. D. Jorup, born in l)eniiKiil;: ago 34; camo in 1800; hotcFkccper; residence Ut.ralady. J. M. Dowai/, born in Scotland; ago 55; camo in 1850; farmer; resid'ii-.'o Walla W,d!:i. Levi Farnsworth, born in Maine; ago 70; immigrated in 1850; shipwriiht; re.ndcncu Y'akima. J. J. Foster, born in South Carcdiua; ago 55; came in 18(J4; farmer; residenco Waldiiakum co. T. C. Frary, ago 30; came in 1870; pliysician; residenco Ponieroy. J. E. Gandy, born in Wis.; age .'"2; camo in 1S05; physician; residenco I'nyallup. D. C ; im- cliief cUrk, Towu-iii'L i74; farnu'i-; .(•h.; age -JS; boni ill Or. ; ant-at-avm-, , Walla. <;. \lietlwriglit; irritoiv; ago . Y.; ag-47; TllOllilt-;o'.i, •eachcr; rerfi- in 1878, R. S. Greene being appointed chief justice, the place he vacated being tilled by John P. Hoyt,''' of Michigan. Judge Wingard was reappointed. The other federal officers of this administration were N". H. Owings, secretary; C. B. Hopkins, marshal; J. B. Allen, United States attorney; William McMicken, collector of internal revenue; J. R. Hay- den, deputy collector; Robert G. Stuart, receiver of public moneys at Olympia; Josiah T. Brown, register of the general land-office; and C. B. Baglcy, deputy. By an act of congress, approved June 19, 1878, a change of apportionment was made, to take oflPect in 1881, which reduced the maximum of members of the lower house of the legislature to twenty-four from thirty, and increased the council from nine to twelve. In 1884, William A. Newell was succeeded in the executive office by Watson C. Squire/* a veteran of mecbanic; residence Port Townsend. C. P. Twias, born in N. H.; ago 50; came in 1870; farmer; residence Napavine. D. B. Ward, born in Ky; ago 41; came in 1859; teacher; residenco Seattle. W. H. White, born in Va; ago 37; came in 1871; lawyer; residence Seattle. W. C. Porter, chief clerk, born in N. Y. ; age 45; came in 187C; lawyer; residenco Pomeroy. William lluylies, assistant clerk, born in Wales; ago 31; came in 1875; printer; res- iileuce .Seattle. Louia B. Noble, enrolling clerk, born in Wis.; ago 20; came in 1878; lawyer; residence Walla W^alla. Emma Harmon, assistant enrolling clerk, born in Wash.; age 23; residence Stcilacoom. L. P. Berry, Bcrgcaut-at-arms, born in Ind. ; age 30; immigrated in 1853; commission merchant; residenco Colfax. G. D. Keller, door-keeper, born in Maine; age 71; came in 1858; farmer; residence on White River. F. Seidel, watch- man, born in Germany; age 32; came in 1879; carpenter; residence Seattle. \V. !j. Hayes, messenger, born in Ky; age G8; farmer; residence near Olym- l)i;i. 1). N. Utter, ch.aplain, born in Ind.; ago 35; camo in 1875; unitarian (ireacber; residenco Olympia. The republicans had a small majority in either house, and 7 on a joint ballot. The religion of the asseml)ly was repre- sented by 5 Presbyterians, 4 methodists, 4 congregationalists, 2 baptists, 2 catholics, 2 unitarians, 2 episcopalians, and 1 lutheran. Olympia U'a.ih. Sumlanl, Oct. 24, 1878. •' lloyt had been appointed governor of Arizona, but resigned. Olympia Tivii-snipt, Dec. 28, 1878. ' (Jovurnor Squire was born at Capo Vincent, N. Y., May 18, 18.^8. lie gi'iulnntcil from tlic Wcsleyan university of Middlcton, Conn., in 1859, and (omnieneed the study of the law, but the war of tlie rebellion calling him to tlio .service of his country, he enlisted in 1801 as a private, being promoted to bo first lieutenant of co. P., 19th N. Y. infantry. When the three mouthy' men were discharge I he resumed hi.a studies in Cleveland, O., and graduated from the Cleveland law school in 18G2, after which he raised a company of sliari)-.slinotcrs, and was given the command of a battalion of the same, serv- ing in tbii army of the Cumberland. .Subsequently he was judge advocate oi the district of Tennesse- , serving on the staffs of Maj.-Gcn. Rousseau and 294 GOVERNMENT AND DEVELOPMENT. the civil war and a man of rare administrative ability. During his term, and for several preceding years, the history of Washington, apart from the anti-chinese riots of 1885-6, was one rather of material develop- ment than of political significance. Up to that date, the employment of Chinese in large numbers had been almost a necessity, since for the construction of the transcontinental and other railroads no adequate supply of white labor was available. But now the herding in cities and towns of hordes of chinamen was becoming a serious menace to society, and to the working classes an ever-present source of uneasiness. Thus in 1885, an attempt was made by the Knights of Labor, an organization mainly composed of foreign- ers, to expel them from the territory. At Taconia they were compelled to leave at a month's warning; at Squak two were killed ; but it was at Seattle and among the coal-miners that the agitation assumed its most aggravated form, resulting in bloodshed and general disorder. Fortunate it was that at tliis juncture a ruler was at the helm of state whose soundness of judgment and promptness of action were equal to the emergency. On the 5th of November Governor Squire issued a proclamation calling on the citizens to presei^ve the peace; but the very next day a number of Chinese houses were set on fire by an infuriated mob. Tiiere- upon troops were ordered from Vancouver, and a statement of the situation forwarded to the secretary of the interior, resulting in a proclamation by the Maj.-Gen. Thoinaa. On the close of the war, he became agent for tlio Ixciii- ington Arms co., and managed their operations to the amount of Sir),0(K),(l(lO. In 187(5 he became interested in Washington, removing in 1879 to Seattle, where he engaged in a numl)er of enterijriaes tending to build up tlie city of his adoption, also becoming the owner of one of tlie largest d.iiry farms iu the territory. In recognition of his efforts to secure for Wasliington tliu long-coveted boon of statehood, he was elected president of the statchoiMl committee held at EUenaburg in January 1889, and iis president also of tliu permanent committee labored assiduously in framing tlie memorials aftti'- ward presented to congress, until tiually his eflforts and those of his colluiigiu's were crowned with success. As a soldier, a statesman, and a politician lii.s reputation is stainless, and there are none wliose career has bi'cii more oloaely ideutitied with the prosperity and development of VVosiiingtuu. THE CHINESE RIOTS. 295 ative ability, ig years, the anti-chinese rial develop- to that date, lumbers had instruction of 1 no adequate But now the of chinamen y, and to the ►f uneasiness. the Knights ed of foreign- At Taconia th's warning; t Seattle and tion assumed in bloodshed J that at this state whose if action were jquire issued I presei"ve the \r of Chinese nob. There- mver, and a jihe secretary ition by the ;;ent for tlm Ixtiii- [ntof §ir»,0(M),()(l(). Ii 1879 to Si'attli', ^iUl up the city of 8t (l;iiry fiiriiis in Washington tlic I of the statohcioil }ii(lent also of tiio [nioinoriala after- \ of his coUuagiu'n [l a politician liis has houii more i^ashiugtou. president, which was duly published and promulgated. For a time the disturbance subsided, only to break out again in more violent phase in February of the following year, when lives were lost in the effort to ])rotect the Chinese, and overt rebellion existed against the constituted authorities. The governor tlien adopted the extreme measure of declaring mar- tial law, and thus with the aid of the citizens and troops at length succeeded in restoring order. Though such a course subjected him to the abuse of the proletariat and to the hostile criticisms of a portion of the press, his action was approved by all the more conservative and law-abiding people of the community. By the Cleveland cabinet he was warmly commended, and as a token of its approval his resignation was not ac- cepted until long after the democrats succeeded to power. His conduct also received the approbation of the legislature, and of such representative associations as the Seattle chamber of commerce and the bar as- sociation of King county.^^ During the regime of Governor Squire, and at his recommendation, several long-deferred public needs were supplied, among them the building of the peni- tentiary at Walla Walla, the addition of a manufac- turing department to the penitentiary at Seatco, and the erection of a new insane asylum at Sleilacoom. The finances of the territory were carefully adminis- tered, and at the close of 1885 it was free from debt, and with an available surplus of nearly $100,000. His reports to the secretary of the interior arc de- serving of more than passiiig notice, as models of political literature, on the })re[)aration of which no money or pains was spared, 'J'lie one for 1884 was declared by that official to be "the best that had ever boon given by any governor of any territory." So great was the demand for it throughout the east, that, "* T1\L' entire ■'■ ..tl correspMidence relatini? to the Seattle riots, touether witli ;i wiroful i)reHentation of the matter, will bo .''uuukl iu (juvcruur JSiiuiro's report tu tliu secretary uf the interior for liiiHi, 11 II 296 GOVERNMENT AND DEVELOPMENT. the jrovernment edition being exhausted, the North- ern Pacific railroad company ordered at its own ex- pense a special edition of five thousand copies with accompanying maps. In the oper ng paragraph the governor states that as no report had been forwarded since 1879, while those issued before that date were somewhat meagre in their treatment, he has thought it best to make a full representation of the more im- portant facts connected with the resources and devel- opment of the territor3^ **For this purpose," ho says, "I have diligently corresponded with the audi- tors and assessors of all the counties of the territorv, furnishing them printed blanks to be returned, and with all the manay-ers of its various educational and business institutions. Besides drawing on my own knowledge of the territory, gleaned during a residence here during the past five or six years, I have gath- ered and compiled a variety of important facts from leading specialists in reference to the geographical, geologic, and climatic characteristics, the coal and iron mining, horticultural, agricultural, and manufac- turing interests, the fisheries, and the llora and fauna of tlie territory. "The data thus offered, together with the sunnnary reports of our charitable and penal institutions, and an exhibit of the financial condition of the territory, if published, will not only be of great service in en- couraging and stimulating our people, but will fur- nish reliable informatioi: to the intending immigrant, and will indicate to congress the rightful basis of our claim for admission into the union of states." In the report for 1885 we have a careful revision of tlie previous document, including more recent data. Again the government edition was speedily exhaiisti d. whereupon a special edition of ten thousand copies was issued by authority of the legislature, and inchidcd the u'overnor's biennial messasxe for 1885-0. Uinl'i' the title of the Resources ami DcvdopmcKl of II (^'t- iiKjton Tcnitonj, it was scattered broadcast tiirough- INCREASE IN POPULATION. m e Nortb- 3 own ex- )pies with ^jrapli the tbrwarded date were IS thought ; more im- and devel- rpose," ho I the audi- 3 territory, urned, and itional and (u my own a residence have gatli- faets from ^otTTai^hical, .e coal and id mauufac- aud fauna le summary hutions, and ie territory, [•vice in en- it will fur- liuimigvant, basis of our ful revision rc(;ent data, icxhaustrtl. copies was Id UichuKd K). Under of Wn^h- It tliiough- out the United States and Europe, not only by the Northern Pacific railroad, but by real estate firms and by the citizens of Washington. To the representa- tions of the two reports is largely due the inmiense volume of immigration within the last half-decade, and more than anything else that has been written they have aided in securing admission to statehood. Tlie population of Washington increased from 75,000 in 1880 to 210,000 in 1880, owing chiefly to tlic rapid construction of railroad lines. The North- ern Pacific company operated at the beginning of this year 455 miles of railway within its limits; the Oregon Railway and Navigation company, 295 miles; tlio Columbia and Puget Sound railroad company, t miles; the Puget Sound Shore railroad company, miles; and the Olympia and Chehalis railroad, 1 ■") miles — making, with some newly completed por- tions of roads, 8GG miles of railroad, where a few years previous only a few miles of local railway ex- isted. The effect was magical, all kinds of business yiowtli keeping an even pace with transportation. Leaving out the lumber and coal trade of western Washington, and the cattle trade of eastern Wash- ington, each of which was very considerable, the Xorth.ern Pacific shipped to the east 4,1 Gl tons of wheat and 1,G00 tons of other grains, while the Ore- ii'o!. comjtatiV carried out of southeastern Washington •JJO,000 \-mH of wheat, Hour, and barlov. The ton- iia;'e n\' Pugot Sound vessels, foi'oign and domestic, anidiii; c.l i found public affairs somewhat disquieted on i lestions of statehood and woman sufl'rage. After s j defeat of equal suffrage by the popular male vote of 1878, the legislature had, in 1883-4, passed an act conferring upon women the privilege of voting at all elections. La';er, this aot was pronounced unconstitutional, and t fter votiiiij^ at two elections, serving upon juries, and holdiuif various offices, the women of the commonwealth wen; disfranchised. But there was a sufficiently stroiii^ sentiment in favor of the political equality of the sexes to make it a party question in 1886, the repul)- licans having incorporated equal suffrnTe in tluir platform, while a respectable majority in both houses of the legislature were pledged to vote for a bill re- storing the woman suH'rajxe law. Another matter upon which the legislature was divided >vas the proposition revived to remove tlit^ capital from Olympia to some more central location. favorable mention being made of North Yakima'^aiul " Yakima City was incorporated Dec. 1 , 1 883. Twelve months later, wlicn it had 40() •nlml>itant8, tlie surveyors of the Northern Pacific railroad laid out the town of Nortli Yakima, 4 miles distant from the old town, upon a limi'l and liberal scale, and proposed to the people of the latter that if tiiey v>wi,ld cuusent to he removed to the new town they should bo given as many lut-- there as they possessed in the old, and have besides their buildings iiici>\'l upon tiiem without cost to the owners. Such an agreement in wri inn w;ii signed by a majority of tlie citizens, and in the winter and spring of b'^M •'> over 100 buildings were moved uu trucks and rollers, hotels, a bank, and THE CORPORATION LAW. 299 1, receiver ia; F. W. 3ceiver at ,nd James .rmstrono^, >kane; and receiver at te to cou- iiocrat, was 3inple had air talents, somewhat a,nd woman age by the ire had, in women tlie ,er, this act ifter votinjT d holding ealth wore tly strong' ity of the the rej^ub- in tht'ir oth houses r a bill ro- lature was emove the il location. (I Ikima'^ ani lithslatur, wlii'ii liulroad laiil mit 1, upim 11 liriiii'l . if they \>....l'l tn as many lot- lulilings inc»'."l liii wri in-' «;is Iring ..f If^"^' •'; U, tt bank, ami Ellensburg. Those who were laboring for this end expected that the long-coveted panhandle of Idaho uould be joined to Washington, and intended to use that accession of territory as a lever to effect the re- moval of the capital east of the mountains. But the people of western Washington strenuously opposed the transference of the government offices to the Ya- kima valley, and succeeded in preventing it. The legislature of 1887 appointed a commission to codify the laws of Washington, consisting of W. H. Doolittle of Tacoma, J. H. Snively of Yakima, Thomas H. Came of Seattle, and A. E. Isham of Walla Walla. As the passage of the enabling act rendered it un- doubted that the s.^te constitution would differ materially from the organic law of the territory, the commission suspended its labors until the state con- stitution had assumed definite form, when it reviewed its work. The corporation law received particular attention, making provision for freights, for the rights of differ- ent roads to the use of each other's tracks, and the riglits and duties of stockholders. All telegraph and telephone companies were given the right of way on tlie Hues of railroad companies on equal conditions. Kailroadd might pass along streams, streets, or high- ways where life and property were not endangered, but tlie companies must restore either of these to its former condition of usefulness. Every railroad must construct not less than five miles of road each year until completed, or forfeit its charter. Foreign rail- roads could not enjoy greater privileges than domestic roads. An annual report was to be made by each railroad to the stockholders, subject to the inspection of the secretary of state; besides which a sworn an- nual statement was required of the officers of each company. ctlior Imsiiicas honsos doing their usual Imsiness while en route. This was a giio I Htniku of policy on the part of the railroad, gunerul land conuiiiiisioiiur, ai\il tilt! ciiMipany, as it definitely settled opposition, both to the now town and till! iiirpiiration, which also secured a year's growth for North Yiikiina iu Qiuuty days' time. Subaeijuoutly tho town had almost a phenomenal growth. i rt' ^■%i 300 GOVERNMENT AND DEVELOPMENT. The federal officers during Semple's second term were N. H. Owings, secretary ; R. A. Jones, chief jus- tice; W. G. Langford, George Turner, and Frank Allyn, associate justices. Charles S. Voorhees suc- ceeded Brents as delegate to congress.'* James Shields succeeded Hayden in the receiver's office of the land department, and John Y. Ostrander was appointed registrar in 1886. '* John B. Allon, rcpn1)lican, was chosen for congressman by a majority in 1887 of 7,371, over Voorhees, democrat, but. was preveuteii talcing his suat in congress by the prospect of the x>as3age of an enabling act. Among the leading citizens of Washington, in addition to those mentioned elsewhere in this volume, the following residents of Spokane Falls are worthy of note: J. N. Glover, a Missourian by birth, and, it m-j be said, the founder of the city, settling there, or rather on its site, in 1873, and purchasing fi'om two squatters named Downing and Scrantou the tract of land on which tiieir shanties were tliLi il:« otdy buililings. First as the owner of a saw-mill, next as a contractor, then as the leading organizer and president of the First National Bank, and finally as mayor of Spokane, he lias won for himself his well-earned weiiUh and reputation. In connection n-ith tiie First National Bank should be mentioned Horauo L. Cutter, wlio was als<) one of its organizers. A native of Cleveland, 0., in 1871 he removed to Colo, on account of his health, and in the tollowiiii,' year to Cal., where for eight years he was secretary of the Sau Jose Siivinus Bank. Settling at Spokane Falls in 1882, he was appointed cashier and manager of the First National, and has since been a promoter of several loiul- ing enterprises, as the electric light and cal)le-roaself his itioncd Horace , Clevulanil, 0., I the t'oUowiiit; Jose Savin;is cashier and several lead- He was also sasurer, and of K. J. BrickcU, HI. and Niv., ho settled at rdwarc stores. lent, is U. W. is of SpokaiiL', O., and a law- war, resinned w liitlier he re- Sherwood, a is one of those iihlo comimny, ip his a.lo|ited l(i, anil in ISStJ I) lirst ..■leeti'ie- lerated; K. U. Ivo years later 1 that date aild- ^ eity; W. M. Irrival, ereotoil liu business iu CHAPTER IX. PROGRESS AND STATEHOOD. Remarkable Growth of the Territory — Demand fou Statehood — En- AiiLiNO Act — State Convention — Chakactek of thf, Dkleoaies — Constitution Ratified — Waiting for a Proci.amation— MnKrisii of FiH-ST State Legislatuhe— CuARAcrER of Members— Umxpeoted DeLAV of the pRESilDENTIAL PROCLAMATION — ELECTION OF SeNATOU.S. From 1880 to 1888 the progress made in Washing- ton was phenomenal, and was felt in every direction — ill commerce, manufacture, banks, corporations, scliools, growth of towns, improved styles of huilding, ooiistruction of railroads, mining, agriculture, and society. New towns had sprung up among the firs and cedars, the Puij-ot Sound countrv, and out of the tivolo.ss prairies almost in a night; and hitherto un- im[)ortant villages had become cities with corporate govt'rnments, grand hotels, churches, colh^ges, and opera-houses. The board of trade of Tacoma in 188r» declared that "tlio commercial independence of Washington tcn-ri- tnry acrom]mnying the completion of the direct lino (if tlie Northei'ii Pacific railroad to tide-water should 1)0 .^supplemented by its political independence as a static of the American union. Admission caimot in decency 1)0 dela3'ed many years long(*r, wliatever party influences may sway congress. Tlie census of 1800 will show a population within iXxQ present limits of the territory exceeding 200,000, and a pro])erty valuation of at least "$200,000,000."' GovernoV 'Tlie state auditor in November ISSO rciwrted the resources of the com- moiiwealth from taxes, licenses, prisoi. lahor, etc., at §37-, Slili, ;!.'». (801) 302 PROGRESS AND STATEHOOD. if Squire had said in a report to the secretary of the interior tliat among the reasons for the admission of the territory were the "sterUng-, patriotic, and enter- prising character of its citizens ; its present and pro- spective maritime relations witii the world ; its position as a border state on the confines of the dominion of Canada, the most powerful province of Great Britain ; its wealth of natural resources and growing wealth of its people; the efficiency of its educational system, re- quiring that its school lands should be allotted and utilized ; its riparian rights should be settled, capital and immigration encouraged, and the full manage- ment and control of municipal and county affairs should be assumed by the legislature, which is not allowed during the territorial condition." Governor Semple, in his report for 1888, gave the population as 107,982, showing that the prophecy uf the board of trade was not an over-estimate of the probabilities. The taxable property was given at $84,021,182, or a gain of $05,01)8,200 in ten years, wliich being taken from the assessment roll was con- sidered conservative enough for the minimum : for as the governor quaintly remarked: "Whatever else an average American citizen may neglect, he never for- gets to beat down the assessor." The revenue pro- duced by a tax of two and a half mills was $212,734.1)2, showing the ability to erect and maintain the necessary public works as they should be required. There were in the territory in operation 702.2 miles of standard gauge railroads belonging to the North Pacific railroad company; and 282.0 miles of the same gauge belong- ing to the Oregon railway and navigation company; the Seattle, Lake Shore, and Eastern railroad com- pany operated 58 miles of standard gauge road; tlio Columbia and Puget Sound railroad 44.5 miles; and the Puget Sound and Gray's Harbor railroad 10 miles — making in all 1,157.3 miles of broad-gauge railways. In addition, there were 40 miles of narrow-gauge road, divided between the Olympia and Chehalis valley, the PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS. 303 j\rill Creek F. and M. company, and the Cascade rail- road — making in all 1,197.7 miles, and the increase of mileage was augmenting yearly. The amount of coal luiued in the territory in 1888 was 1,138,801 tons. The output in lumber of the Washington mills in four looalities only for the year was 320,848,203 feet, their capacity being a million feet greater, shingles and lath in proportion. The amount consumed within the territory was 105,940,225 feet of lumber; 14,474,000 lath, and 12,921,250 shingles; the remainder was ex- 1)01 ted. The estimated capacity of all the mills was 1,043,596,000 feet. An insane asylum, costing $100,000, was completed at Steilacoom in 1888, in which were treated 200 pa- tients ; and $G0,000 was appropriated for the erection of a hospital for the insane at Medical lake in eastern Washington, which was being expended on the work. Up to 1887 the territorial prisoners were confined in a i>iivate prison, under the control of contractors, but in 1887 a penitentiary was completed at Walla Walla, (M)sting $153,000. At Vancouver a school for dcfect- ivi' youth was erected, partly by the citizens of that place donating land, and the rest by the legislature, making at two sessions appropriations for that pur- ])ose. The national guard had completed its organiza- tion, the legislature having levied a tax of one fifth of a mill for military purposes, and consisted of two regi- ments of infantry and a troop of cavalry — in all 750 otiicors and men. These and various other matters, including the question of who should pick the hop crop in Puyallup valley, were reported to the secre- tary, and Governor Semple put it: "We are rich and re|)utable, and do not require anybody to settle our l)ills. Give us the right to regulate our local affairs, and we will not only pay our own officers, but we will render much service to the union." In 1888 Miles C. Moore of Walla Walla, republi- can, was appointed governor to succeed Semple, democrat, but only in time to be immersed in the m PROGRESS AND STATEHOOD. ! ■■ excitement of a change of government forms, for con- gress, on the 22d of February, 1889 (very appropri- ately), passed an enabling act, proposing the terms on which the state of Washinjjton mitjht be admittt'd to the union. It commanded the governor to issiu; a proclamation on the loth of Aprd for an election of seventy-five delegates to a constitutional convention, the election to be held on the first Tuesday after tlio second Monday in May of that year. The delegate's were directed to meet at the capital on the 4th of July for organization, and to declare, on behalf of the people, their adoption of the constitution of the United States, whereupon they should be authorized to form a constitution for the proposed state. The constitu- tion should be republican in form, make no distinc- tion in civil or political rights on account of race or color, except as to Indians not taxed, and not ho repugnant to tJie constitution of the United Statrs and the principles of the Declaration of Independence. It should provide, by ordinances irrevocable without the consent of the United States and the people of said states, that perfect toleration of religious senti- ment shall be secured, and no inhabitant of the stati! ever molested on account of his mode of worship; that the people of the state should forever disclaim all light to the unappropriated public lands lying within the boundaries thereof, or to the Indian reservations, which should remain under the absolute jurisdiction and control of compress; that the lands of non-residont citizens of tlie United States should never be taxcil at a hiohor rate than tlie lands belonsjinii" to residents that no taxes should be imposed by tlie state on lanw-i or property therein belonging to, or which miglit \") thereafter purchased or reserved by, the Unitc>l States; but nothing in the ordinances should precluil ' taxing the lands owned or held l)y Indians who ha, I severed their tribal relations and obtained a titlo thereto by patent or grant, except those lands wliich congress might have exempted from taxation, wliicli '^''fC-mom CONSIDERATION. ^ ami paid ,.3, t,,„ stato "prt™ L?" f'^''/', '«' -^•■»' ^ "f sections l;ad been dsnold ?'"';'' ''"'^'°»^ <"■ I»rts ^.-ranted to the .state C the' '"''""'"''y ''"'* v'^rc «l.o..]., except whore .ueh sert.V '"''P'"'' "^ """""on |,'i-ants or reservations by the Z' "'"'■'^ <"°''«'^««J in they wore restored to tZ ""? ,-?°™''n'nont. and until panted for odueatio„"a ' ^"^ '^ '^TT; ^'''^ l-^' f '•• less tl,a„ ten dollar 'per'^ero f ?''' ,"°* ''" «°W «'!'-. he proceeds to co, s«t*r' "'" ""'•>' "* P"Wic !'"" - the interest onJv of S • 1 ", P<'™""iont icliool "' tlioir support. Zt til ' ,*™''' •>« «Pcn led |»«'-Tibe term, on wh c the-'f"","'? '"'''' P"»-or o ' ■•■'«'':l, for periods on,„t "■"''""' '""^'-^ " i-ht be 'l«^'"tftiesofn„t,' °' ;;°' ™<"-o «>an five .ycSrs i„ "V»'»Pany; and s",ch landsTr If'"" *° "'^ pS.on ™p- under any of the land aS,""'. r''^ ^"*<" '» I'ifty sections of seleetod n?,l r T ^,""'^^'' «tato»- slafc should bo (rranted f J! "" '*"'' ^itliin the 1;; ;'-, """Wings^arthe t^ F"T'. "^ -«'S .imlcal purposes. Five ,S ' /" 'Pgi^^'ativo and "' tlio sales of nublicT, ' T •"*""' "^ «'« proceeds *">'U be sold bX S'/'i'"" «'° «'4 wh el «»", doduetin<. all ev,^ '' •®'?'''' =»ft«'' its ad nis f"i lliff :.,'^!i' ;!08 TROGRESS AND STATEHOOD. n J a conservative bodv of men, chosen from the various Olympia, Oct. 28, IS,". lie reaideil in Portlaiul, Orui^on, from iO to IS ycar.-i (if age; took a coiusc in the iiiiivcr.sity of California, su^portiny; liiiu- 8clf by liis trailo of piinting, which lie iiftcrwanl followed in Portland; removed to Taconia in ISS.'l, and way engaged on the A'cvs as editor, and afterward was appointed deputy collector of internal revenue for Wasli., serving 4 year.s. lie was, at the time of his election, manager of the Tacomii Real Estate and Stock Exchange. Hiram E. Allen, born Aug. 1, 1857, at Crawfordsvillc, Ind., removed (o Wash, in 1872, practised law at Spokai.e Falls in partnership with his brother, Joseph S. Allen. He was also a brother of Hon. J. B. Allen. Jacob T. Eshelman, born near Memphis, Mo., in 1852, came to (^al. in 1870, taught school in Napa co., came to Wash, in 1878, resided in Klickitat CO. imtil 18S7, removed to North Yakima wiicre he was appointed clerk of the U. S. land-office. He was nominated by the Klickitat democratic rein- vention for services rendered to the party in that co. His profession wus that of a Christian minister. John R. Kinnear, of King co., was born in Indiana, but removed to Woodford CO., Illinois, at the ago of 7 years. Ho was reared on a farm, iind educated at Washington high school, Eureka college, and Knox college, wlicr • he took a regular course. He enlisted in the army during the war, and served three years as a private, being in 20 great battles. Alter the close oi the war he took a cour;e at the Chicago law school, ami practised in Paxlcin, 111., for 1.) years. In 188;j, ho removed to Seattle, and in 188-1 was tlerted representative from King co. In 1888 he was elected to the council, but the passage of the enabling .-icb provcnted his taking his scat. In June IS.S'J he was chosen a member of the constitutional convention, and took an a^- tive part in framing that important instrument. He was chairman of tlie conunitteo on corporation, and secured the insertion of the clause in the enu- stitution prohibiting trusts, and anotlier prohibiting persona or corporations supporting armeil bodies of men in the state, for any purpose. He received i;{0 votes in the republican state convention foi" governor. (fcorgo Comegys, born in St Cliarles ci)., ^lo., in 18;{9, came to Or. in 1850 with his father, cducateil at tiio Willamette university, admitted to practise law in the supreme court of Or. in 1S77, removed to Whitman jh., Wash., in 1878, engaged in law practice, stock-raising, and mining, repre- senti.'d Whitman co. in the legislature of 1881, and was speaker of the lioiis.', William E. Pi.isser, born in 18U4 near Williamsport, Penn., had an ar,i- demic education, taught school, studied law, emigrated to Cal. in \S'>1, en- gaged in mining; was the lirst republican candidate for tiie legislature in Trinity CO. in 18(i0; went east to enlist in the union army in 1801, .servol in the army of the <'undierland, was commissioned major, and lieut-cel mikI col in the Tennessee cavalry regt; located after the war on a farm near N'lisli- ville, was elected to the legislature of Tenn. in 1807, and to congress in IS(iS; was postmaster at Nashville for 3 years, was a commissioner to the centen- nial exliibition at Phila in 1870; was appointed special agent of the geiui li land-oliieo for Or. and Wasli. in 187!', served years, and was removed liy a change of administration; located a land claim where the town of Pni-s.r was laid out in Yakima co., elected auditor of that co. in 1880, and iiieiuli'T of the eonvention in 1881). Ho married Miss Flora Thornton of Seattle. ■Jesso 1''. Van Name was born in Earlsville, l^a Salle co.. 111., in \ST>1, edueateil in the j)ul)lie schools, taught school, went to the IJlaek lulls, tn Kansas and Colorado, read law with Judge McAnnelly of I'Virt Collins, went to New .Mexico and Arizona, and in I8S2 came to Wash. Taught sclionl in Cowlitz valley, and resumed law studies, was aiipointed clerk of tiie 'Jd judicial di .1, and was a liuitted (o the bar, lo'iating in Kalama in 18Si». It. O. Dunbar, born in 111. in 184.", came to Or. in 1840, was educated at Willairnato univttrsity, studieil law with Hon. Elwood Evans in Olympia, and began practice in 1S70; removed to Klickitat co. in 1877; was elected iikiii- BIOGlUrniCAL. 309 classes. The constitution which they framed for ac- lier of tho territorial council in 1879, prosecuting attorney of the district in IMS'J, breaker of the house in ISiio, ami probate judge of Klickitat co. in 1888. 15. 13. Glascock, born in Ralls co., Mo., in 184H, came to Yolo co., Cal., i;i 1S,")'_', removed to \Vasli. in 1883, locating' at .S|ira;^uu and enga^^iny in farnlill,^' and stock-raising. Was a niember of the C'alii'ornia constitutional couvLiitiun in 1878, and nieniber of the senate for the two sessions iuiiiie- diatily following the adoption of the new constitution. .\. .J. West was born in county Roscommon, Irelanil, in 1839, emigrated to Oatario, Canada, received a conimon-sehool education, taughi school, and wurlicd ill a luinber-inill. Wiien the war of the rebellion broke out he wc t (ii Mich., eulisteil, was cominissioned 1st lieut, volunteer infantry, foiiglit ill hi buttles, was wounded while charging Fort Wluaton, was in cominanil (if hi i company at the .surrender of Crfii. hee, and was cominissioned ca[itain ill May 181)."), a few days before his discharge. Engaged in lumbeiiiig in Mich, for It years at 8agiuaw, and hlled several tow;; and county othces. Ill 1884 rciiio\cd to Aberdeen, Chehalis eo., and went again into tiio nuiiiu- factiire of lumber. N. illi i^e ill ISt'i!), graduating in 18G1, ami being comniissioned asst surgroii of tlie liritli ill. vols in 18U'_', and was discharged on account of ill health in ]8»i4. Came to Wash, in 1873, invested in dry foot-hill laiuls reputed woitli- lusi for agriculture!, but which proved most productive. In 1881 he raised nil •.',-_'0() acres 90,000 bushels of wheat. In 1878 and 1879, built a llumo Irom tlie mountains down into tho valley, 'J8 miles, costing ;ir 3(3,000, for the purpose of conveying lumber, wood, and rails. His improvements greatly stiiiiulated farming in Walla Walla valley. 11. W. I'airwcather, Ijorn in St Johns, N. B., in 18o'2, came to the U. S, ill ISii,'), He was in railroad employ in Wyoming for 3 years, came to Wash. ill ISTI, wa.s again in tho service of transportation companies, and relieved li. L. Uaivcr of the nianagcment of the Walla Walla and Columbia River 1 liliM.id. In 1879, became auperintendent of the Idaho division of the X. I'. lur 3 )e:irs; in 1883, passenger agent of i-he N. 1*. and O. R. & N. companies, liUiiig tliis [losition for (i years. He was president of the 1st National Rank of Spiagiii', and director of the 1st National Rank of iS[iokane I'alls; was iiiiiNor (if spiMgne, ami chief vi ordnance with the rank of colonel on tho bt.ili (it (lov. .Moore. He married Miss )Iatilda Curtis in 188."). I'lancis Hi'nry was born in Galena, 111., in I8"J7, was a lawyer by profes- .siiiii, served as a lieutenant in tlie Mexican war, came to Cal. in 18ol, and tn W'lisii. in 18i)"J, residing permanently in Olympia; served three terms in tlif territorial assembly; was delegate to the constitutional convention of |,S7S; served t terms as jirobate judgt! of Thurston co. ; was president of tho hniid of trustees of ()lymi)ia; chief clerk of the legislative council of 1887-8, cliiii iif the supreme court, and treasurer of the city of Olympia. II. < '. \Vilhson was born on a farm in Tipii. canoe co., 1ml., in 181."), >;riiiii;iled from the university of tlie city nf New York, sirved on liie iiiciliial stall' of imblic charities and correction of New Yor!;, came to \N'ash. in l>)73, .settled at Tacoiiia, was aiipoiiitcd physician to the territorial as\luin and penitentiary at Steilacoom in 1874, ainl Win-. instrumental in securing til.' )i i^sige of a bill establishing the ho.^iiital lor tln^ 'll^am• on more sanitary aiiil hmiiaiie principles tli in the I'unncr contract syitem. lie removed to I'nil TdWnseml in 188,"), where he miitiiiued to pr.iclee medicine. M. .\l. (ioidman, born in .Mo. ia i8,")i), ciiiie to I'al. i:i 187(), attended tho I'll iiie university, giaduating in 1.^77, studied law, and wa.-, ;'.'!Miitted in tho lur. Ill 1880 he rtHiioved to Wasii., hieatiiig at llayli.n. lie wis the only iliiiKi iMt elected to the territorial council in 18."i8. 810 PROGRESS AND STATEHOOD. IK ■ ^ ceptancc or rejection by the people was an instrument C. H. Warner waa born in the state of N. Y. in 1836, migrated in 1S47 to Wis., anil iu 1854 to 111.; Wiu educated .it Mt Morris, 111., college, taught school, and studied law. In 1802 he came to Cal., engaging in cattle-raising iu Sierra CO. ; iu 1807 went into flour milling in Oakland; in 1879 cauiu to Wash., and engaged iu milling at Colfax. Ho was a member of the legisla- ture in 1883; appointed register of the land-office at Walla Walla in 188,"); was chairman of the democratic convention which met at Walla Walla in 1884, and also of the territorial democratic committee. J. r. T. McCroskcy was born iu East Tonnesseo in 1828, came to Cal. ia 1852, via Panama, settled on Santa Clara valley, made some money ia wheat-raising and lumber-making, returned to Tenn., purchased a i)lant;i- tion, and set up a cotton-gin aud largo flouring-mill; but the civil war caused serious reverses, from which he had not recovered, when in 1870 hu removed to Wash, with his family of ten children, and located on 640 acrua miles north of Colfax. Saumel H. Berry, born in Osage co., Mo., in 1849, received a libnral education, was principal of the Linn high school, and county survej'ur, mi- grated to Wash, iu 1881, aud located ia Lewis co., where ho pursued teach- ing and surveying, and was county auditor for four years. James Z. Moore, born in Jefferson co., Ky, in 1845, reraovcil to Mo. iu 1850, wa.s educated at Miami imiversity, Oxford, O., graduating iu 1887, aud attending Harvard law school at Cambridge, Mass. In 1808 he Ma.s admitted to the bar in Owensboro, Ky, and had a very successful prac- tice. In 1884 ho was a delegate to the Chicago republican convention, and was elected the Ky member of the republican national committee. Ia 18!S0 he removed to Spokane Falls, Wash., and was member of a prominent law tirm. Edward Eldridge was born at St Andrew, Scotland, in 1828, wont to aca in 1841, to Cal. iu 1849, aud to Wiish. iu 1853, aa mentioned in this history. Ho made himself ono of the tinest homes iu the country, at BoUiughamBay; has held various offices, was speaker of the house in 18(j6, president of tin; conveutious which nomimated Denny, Flanders, and Garliehl for cougies.s, one of tlie tlireo delegates at largo in the constitutional convention at Walla Walla in 1878. R. S. Moore was born in Scotland iu 1828, immigrated to Conn, in ISHI, to Iowa in 1848, to 111. in 1850, and to The Dalles iu 1852, removing iu 1S."ili to Steilacoom. Ho was county commissioner of the first territorial elections for territorial and county officers iu 1854, aud twice re-elected; was fii'.st licut of CO. D, lat regt of Wash, vols during the Ind. war of 1855; and was one of the company that cut a wagon-road through tho Nachess pass iu 1S,")H. George Turner waa born iu Medina, Knox co.. Mo., in 1850, and bred a lawyer. He held the office of U. S. marshal for tho southern aud niiihllu district of Alabama, aud was appointed associate justice of Wash, iu l.ss.t by Arthur. He was cliairmau of tlie repul)licau state conunittee in Ala. frma 1870 to 1884; member of the national convention from Ala. in 1870-SO-M, and iu tlie latter two, member at large aud chairman of the delcgiution; and was ono of tlio SWi in tho convention for Grant. Theodore L. Stiles, born at Medway, Ohio, educated iu tho public bcIi )oU, at tho Ohio university, and at Amherst, Mass., college, studied law at Columbia college law scliool, aud entered a law office iu New York as a clerk for one year, after which he began practice. In 1877 he went to India- napolis, thence to Arizona iu 1878, remaming in Tucson until 1887, when ho came to Wash, and .settled iu Tacoma. •James Power, born iu Ireland in 1849, but reared in Ohio, was by oiiu- pation a printer, and worked on the Ohio Sditc Joiirmil. In 1870 lie rcnioM'd to Washington City, when; ho worked in ilio goveriuncut priutiiig-dlhi'o until 1873, when ho came to Wasli. and started the JM// at \Vbatcoiii, i''- moving it iu 1879 to La Conner. He served us inspector of the Puget Soiuul BIOGRAPHICAL. 8tl v.'c il adapted to their needs. It dealt with corporations district for some time, and represented Wliatcom, Snohomish, and Island (MUiitie-s in the upper house of the legishiturc in 1883. John F. tiowey, born in North Lewisburg, Ohio, in 1846, was admitted to the bar iu 18(59, member oS the Ohio legislature in 1873-4-5, and pros- ci'utiiig attorney of his county two terms, 1870-9. Ho was appointed rt'ciiver of the U. S. land-oHicc at Olympia in 1882, serving four years, ami w.is a member of the territorial council at the session of 1887-8. Leaving till! i>raoticc of the law, he became president of the First National bank of Olympia, and mayor of that city. Austin Mires, born in Des Moines co., la, iu 1852, came to Or. with his jianiits in 1853, who settled on a farm in Umpqua valley, where he resided until he was 21 years of ago, being educated at the different academies iu Douglas and Polk counties, and in his turn teaching and learning the print- ing,' trade. He was appointed mail agent iu 1887, resigned in 1880, and went to Anil Arbor, Mich., where ho took a hiw course at the university, gradu- atini; in 1882. He was admitted to the bar in Or. in 1882, and elected cliief cl( ri; of the senate of the Or. legislature. In 1883 ho removed to Wash., locating at Ellensburg. When the town was incorporated, Feb. 2G, 1885, he was elected mayor, serving two terms; was sub.seciuently city attorney and city treasurer; and was elected vice-president of the Ellensburg National haidv on its organization. Addison A. Lindsley, born in Wis. in 1848, and reared in N. Y., came to I'drtiaud in 18G8; occupation, surveyor and civil engineer; removed to (.'al. in IS74; was elected surveyor of the city and county of San Francisco iu 1879; riMiDVc'd to Wash, in 1881; was a member of the legislature from Clarke co. in 1ISS.VC; and Wivs engaged in dairying and stock-raising on Lewis river. Lewis Johns, born in (iermany in 1827, came to the Pacific coast iu 1852, and worked at the trade of a painter until 1800. when he began merchandis- ing at Vancouver, and was engaged in manufacturing business on I'uget iSonnd and Columbia river. Ho built the first barrel factory in the territory, at ruyallu]>, in 1883, and in connection with others established the First National bank at Vancouver, of which he was elected president. He repre- sonti'd Clarke co. in the council; held the otiice of mayor for G years, and was aiipointed by Gov. Squire a trustee of the School f(jr Defective Youth at Vancouver. J. J. Wcisenburger, born in Bureau co.. 111., in 1855, came with his pa- rents to the raeilio coast in 18G2, settling in Nevada City. Ho wan lucd a lawyer, admitted to practice in 1870, and removed to Wash, in 1883, locating at VVii.'tcom, wiiere he was city attorney and justice of the peace. I>. iiuchauan, born in (iiasgow, Scotland, in 1820, immigrated to Wis. in lb.")(), and to Uitzville, Wash., in 1885. Occupation, farmer. Fi. 11. Sullivan, born in Eaton co., Mich., iu 1850, migrated to Neb. in 18.V), and to Or. in 1802, removing to Wash, in 1877. Ho was admitted to the practice of the law at Colfax in 1880, where he continued to reside, and was elected itrosecuting attorney in 1884, l>. .1. <.'rowley, born in Hanger, Mo, in 1854, of Irish parentage, came to Wash, iu 1880, and pn.ctiscd 4a.v» at Walla Walla, as a partner of John B. Allen, delc};ato in eouj^ress. U. .letl's, born in New York in 1827, came to King co,. Wash., in 1857, and was justice of the peace for 15 years. Hr .1. C. Kellogg, born in Yates co., N. Y., in 1821, came to Wash, when it was a |)art of Oregon, settling at South Hay, Whidbey Island, where ho eentiiiiied to reside, and served several terms in the legislature. .hilm Hoyt, l)orii in Ohio in 1842, came to Wash, in 1879; for vigUt years was jnilge of the supreme court; had been a iiuMnher of the Mich, legislature 'J terms, iiiul .speaker of the house, antl was apjMiuited governor of Arizona. Ill' «a:-. a nuiiniMT of the banking lirni of Uexti r, llorton, & Co. of Seattle, Frank M. Dallam, born iu Mo. iu 1849, but raised iu 111., uumu to Wash. 312 PROCxRESS AND STATEHOOD. Ill If' especially, as required by the public, and settled the ill 1882, settling at Spokane Falls; was printer, publisher, and editor (,f several journals in III. and Cal., and established the Sjinhiw^ Falls Ilcriar. John M. Ueed, born in Mo. iu 184'2, removed to Or. iii ISOl), and to W'asli. ill 1871); had been a member of the Or. legislature from Claekamas co., and county commissioner of Whitman eo., W. T. ; by occuj)ation a farmer. O. H. Joy, born in N. H. in 1830, came to Cal. in 1849, where ho as.sisted in forming the mining hiws; removed to Wash, in 1878, and settled at IJri.,- fort in Lewis co., as a farmer and mill-owner. Trustcn P. Dyer, I)orn in Warren co., Mo., in 1850, graduated from tin; Central Weslcyan College of Warrenton in 1874, taught school for 8 ycais was admitted to law practice in 1875, was chief clerk of the re;^istry depart- mcnt of the St Louis post-oflice, city attorney of St Louis in 18)55-0, proscciil- iiig attorney for St Louis co., twice elected to the legislature, colonel nt the National (Juard of Mo., and member of tlie national convention of Chicago. Ho settled in Seattle 1888, was first president of the Harrison legion of that city, and niiirried Miss Mary A. Pontius, oX.m of Seattle. Tliomas Milburne Reed, born iu Sharpsburg, Ky, in IS'Jo, attended laich schools as the country then aflbrded during the winter terms, at the age ol Is began teaching and studying at tlie same time, and was clerk in a coiiiitiy store. When gold was discovered in Cal. he came by sea from N. 0. to tlic I'acilic coast, mined 'i years, formed a partnership with John Coniiess, afttr- ward U. S, senator from Cal., in a store at Georgetown; went to Fra.scr i ivi r in 1858, and thence to Olyinpia, W. T., where he continued to reside, witli tin- exception of 12 years in Idalio during the Salmon river gold rash. He wa; retui'ned to the Wash, legislature from Lewiston in 18(»2-.'}, and to th(! Mahn legislative body in 1804; was admitted to practice law in Idaho, luit retuiind to Olympia in 1805, and rpialified himself as practical surveyor and civil 'ii- giiieer, becoming chief clerk in the office of the U. S. surveyor-general Inr 7 years, after wliich ho resumed surveying. In 1870 he was elected a inciii- ber of the Wash, council, was chosen president at the session of 1877, ami appointed by the governor auditor-general the same year. H. F. Siiksdorf, born in Schleswig Holstein, Germany, iu 184.'?, came t.i the U^. S. in 1858, settling upon a farm in Scott co., Iowa, where lu' workid until 'JO years of age, when he began his stutlies at the Quincy, 111., acail- eniy and Iowa state university, graduating from the law departmciit iu 18T0. Was appointed deputy U. S. marshal to take the census of Daveiiiinr!, 1870; elected ilelegato to tlie liberal republican national eonventiuii at Cin- cinnati in 1872, which nominated Horace Greeley for president; reniovcd ta Or. in 1872, was deputy county clerk under J. A. Smith; wa.s appointed U. S. supervisor of census for Or. in 18S0, and removed to Spokane I'alls, Wash., in 1881, engaging in farming. T. T. Minor, l)orn in Conn., in 1844, was educated in the public school j, and studied medicine. At the ago of 17 years lie volunteered a^, a piiviitu soldier in the 7th Conn, regt, was made hospital stewaril, and afterward asst ;t. In 18(')4 he resumed his iiiediial studies, and Yilo in 1807. The foUowin;,' year he eainr t.i Wash, for the Smithsonian institution, and deciiled to maki^ hi i home on I'li^c t Sound. He was chietty instrumental in establishing the luaritie hospital at Port Towtisend, but subsefpicutly removed to Srattle, of wliieh city he \\:i>. mayor, ami a most inlluciitial and helpful ciliz' n. His death ociurml I'V drowning in the Sound, together with CoHi. M. Haller, son of Col ro.sc!CUt- L'oloiiel of tlio m of Chioami. sou legion of ittendcd nueh b the aye of !•> : iu a coiiatiy 1 N. 0. to tliV Jouness, afU'- ;o Fraser ii\ c r ^side, witli tin- ■ash. Ho "a; d to th(! Mahn >, l>ut ri'tviiuc'l r and civil ■ ii- or-gi'iiend inr lected a iiiciii- u of 1877, aiil LS43, caiiie t.i ore lio worko'l loy, 111, ^loail- lopartiiu'iit ill ifid. lu 18S;t he removed to Wash., locating in Tacoma, where ho punlia"' I tin; bank of A. J. 11 dicr, oi'ganizing tlie nioreliants' national bank, of wlii •li 1 1' became president. From a capital of .'^oO, ()()() it has increased to ■'r^'J.'iit.Odd. Out of ills wealth hi! donated !ir'_'(),()t)0 to establish atraiidng school of iiiaiiii;il nkill at Taconia. He served in the legislature in 1880, and was dcctcil in the senate in 18H7-8. " John Heard Allen M'aa born in Crawfordsville, Montgomery en., Im' . May 18, ISI,"{, received .a common school education, and in 18(11 enlistrd in the i:i8lh Ind. inf.mtry, serving in Tenn. and Ala. until imi-^tenil «M, when he went to Rochester, Minn., as agent for a grain lirni. He rcnl law, and attended the law school at .\nn Arbor, Mich., being admitted tn piii'- tice in ISiiO, and coining to Wash, in 1870, and opening an otlice in Ol.Miil'ii' His t.ilents weri' soon recogni..ed. imkI he was ap[)ointe'' U. S. att(iiiir\ I'^r W. T., which position ho held for ten years, lit; removed toWalll^ValU in bSS|, and wa.-i, as elsewhere mentioned, elected to congress, tlinuJi In did not laku liis seat. THE NEW STATE. 3i: Altliou-li f Noveliilni' i'or sciKildis ronior ctiulil ito until tlu' and to that postpnutd. CO Jolm V. iiiletl at till' laturc l»riii;4 ik |)lac'(! iui- ic first ha lint c senate aiiil econd ballut ;it' ^50 in ihv ic reniaindoi' [ready drawn the two sli[)s lose niarkiil I. Scott IV- iiiciiml asiiiraiit.-*, il, witli (.'i-'i tiy Ihdrew l)efiirL '. bora ill ^Vis. in Iciinii'iltluUni't' ling a ti;\v inoii!!,'' |uty county tic.is- partiicisliii., all! [nU, iiinl euuajiil |s t;ucci'->fiil. I'l 10 imrcliavi' I tho ink, of wlii'h !>■ Iisc.l to )r'-'.V.t,<"«i. school of iiiaiiii;il id Wilrt cli'clt'il til i^oniory rn., Ind., ISOt I'lilistid ill 11 miHtorcil o.it, li. llo ri'ail law, IlinitU'il to piMi- ^llicoiiiOlyinpii. S. attortii'V for to Walla W.iUi IresM, tlioii-li lit! nut-stcd that Anders, who was his elder, should bo elected chief justice, which was so done. Solomon Smith of Goldeudale was elected clerk, and the rules of the territorial supreme court were adopted for the time, the court adjourninh order of ]ii;utical intclligonce.'^ '- Cliii'f .lustir-e Andprs was horn in Seneca co., Ohio, in 18??8, and adiiiit- ti'il to tho bar at Ann Arbor, Mich., in IStilJ. Ho cainii to Wash, in 1871, wii associated with Thomas H. Brents of WalLi Walla in law practice, and WIS ino-icciitiiiL,' attorney of that district for live tcriiis. '" ('. O. Aii.stin was born in Avon, Ohio, March 18, 1840. Served in tlio wirnf rcI)ellioii, was twice clerk of the 7th judicial district of Minnesota, aiiii alter removing to Wash, was appointed clerk of the district court for (Firlicld and Asotin counties. His business was that of a dealer in grain and UjiniMiltiiral miciiiiiery. I'lliii S, liaker was born in Cleveland, Ohio, Nov. 21, 1801, and removed til Tacdiiia in 1881. L 1). ('l(iui;h was born in Watcrbury, Vt, May 12, 18r>0. He removed to Vaiirimvrr, W. T., in 1877, and engaged in friiit-raisiiif;. He was elected slu'iitl ill |SS4, and served two years. In 1888 he was elected rcin'i-seiilativo iioiii (Taike CO., but the legislature not assembling, he was elected state seiiitiir. ir ill V Drum was born inGirard, Macoupin co., HI., in 18.")7. and educated It tilt' 1 Hindis state university. Ho removed to Hebron, Nebraska, where ll'' wa-- a hanker, and also engaged in stock-raising until ls,s:i, when In- le- iiii.viil to Tacoma, where he, with Walter J. Tlioinpson, j nrcliascd the bank "I Ni'w 'racoina, which was reorganized as the Merchants' National bank, of whh'li \v was, when elected to the senate, vice-president. He was president I't the siliiiiil board of Tacoma, and was elected mayor in 188S, serving one yi'ir; aiiil was director in several commercial I'literprises. A. T. Fan is was born in Mount I'leasant, Iowa, which he left in ISO", and 318 PROGRESS AND STATEHOOD, The machinery of the new state was now in motion, removed to Wash, in 18S3, where he engaged in hardware business at Pull- man. Flo was elected to the legislature in 1888, and state senator in ISS!). C. E. Forsythe was born in Penn., in 1850, and received a common sdiool education, with an apprenticeship at carpentering. In 1873 he removed to Hood river. Or., but settled in Kelso, Wash., wliore he taught school. Ho was elected county auditor in 1880, on the republican ticket, serving four years; was also clerk and deputy clerk of the district court. Subse»iuuiitly engaged in real estate and acquired a comfortable fortune. O. D. Gilfoil was born at Rhinebeck, N. Y., July 8, 18G3. He was brought up on a farm, but worked himself up to a railroad contractor. la W;ish. ho built bridges and constructed other works on the Lake Shore, yoattle, and Eastern R. R. He was the youngest man in the senate. H. E. Houghton, who migrateoiiited Indian trader at Neah Bay reservation for six years, alter which lie established himself in business at Port Townsend. Ho held vai ions eity olfices, and was member of the board of commissioners to locate the ^oveni- nieiit buildings, the territorial penitentiary, and the site of deaf, mute, lilunl, and feeble-minded schools. Ho founded the First National bank of I'oi't Townsend in 1883, of which he was president; was a proj-jctor of and Awar- tor in the Port Townsend Southern R. ii. company, and president ol tho Olympus water company, besides being colonel of tho national guard of Wasnington. John C. Lawrence was born at Mount Gilead, Morrow co., Ohio, in ISOl. I;ii BIOGRAPHICAL. 319 and running without any perceptible jar. It was His father dying when ho was young, ho removed with his mother to eastern Wasliington in 1878. He waa county Huperinteny lirofe.s.sion. He had resided in the territory for ll! years, an I Ind lield th(! otli'M's of prosecuting attorney, probate judge, and mayor of tliu city of Walla Walla. L. P. Thoin[)'on was born in Jamestown, Ciiatauqua co., N. Y., in IS'JT, and receivid a 'JifUiinon seliool education. In 1S48 lie migrated to ChiiMgd, whence in \^l'j lie went to Sacramento, Cal. Observing that Ori'gon liiinljfr was in j.'rc.it demand, ho went to Mihvau'ieo, Or., .spendinir two yi iii in alternate luiuliirini^ and mining. In IS.'j'J he removed to Steilacooin aiKl biult a mill nt ar Fort Ni.squally, whieli he operated until the Indian warijf IS.'),"), will II he lield a commission in the rei,'ular army and later in tlie vo'iiti- teer tiervice in tlie (piartermaster's deiiirtinent. He was a membiT of the lir.st li'gislative asseinl)ly of Wasji. territory; served in the Indian drinrt- ment several years; introduced hop-growin;.; north of tiie CoUimli'i; was an incorporator anil director of the .Merciiants' National bank of Tacoiua; ii director of the Wasiiington National bank and president of the Farmi'i-,-,'aiid Merchants' bank of King co., and was an extensive hop-grower at Suiiiner. B. C Van Hoiiton was about 3S years of age .tiid a .successful busiiKs.s man of Spokane Falls, lieing i)residcnt of Citizens' National bank, an 1 aiuli- tor of .sp:ikano co. for two years. Samuel Vestal was born in Clinton co., Ohio, in 184.'t, anil removed to Wash, in IST'J. lie taught school in Cowlitz co. until ISTli, when he eii;.;ii,'eil in merchandising at Kalama, being elected county treasurer the .sanu' year, and re-i'Ucted in 1S78 and 1880. In 1879, his store being consumed by (irtj, lie formed a mercantile partnership with H. C. CV legy.s, and togotiui- tiny removed to Snoiiomish, wiiero he wiis elected to the state senate. II. II. Wolt'c of Columbia co. was a native of Ohio, engaged in menliaii- dising and farming at Dayton, Wash. Ho had been a long time in the terri- tory. Alexander Watt was born in Jefferson co., Ohio, in 18114, immigrating to Cal. with his parents in 1840. He mined and prospected for gold in every territory of the northwest and ,n B. C, finally settling in Yamhill co.. Or., where lie married and followed farming. In 1870 he removed to Spokuiio (Ml., Wash., and was elected county assessor in 1888, and state scnalur in 1880. John T. Whalley was born norir Manchester, Eng., in ISoti, and canio to the U. S. in 1871, settling in Illinois wiiero ho had relatives. In IS7.'! lio again migrated, this time to Or., where he was employed on farms in Vaiii- hill and Washington counties for one year, when ho began a cnur.-i' of study, graduating at Forest (irove in 1881. During this time ho sa[ip'iitLHl himself by laboring during vacaticms, or teaching. At tho end of the ciuirse he Went cast and studied two years at Yale divinity school, and one year at Andover theological seminary, after which he was settled at Lawrence, Mass., for three years. He tiien returned to tho west and resided at Coli'ax, Wash., with tlio intention of engaging in raising blooded cattle and horses. Eugene T. Wilson was born at Mailison, Wis., Dee. 11, 18.V2. At the age of i;j years his parents removed with him to Montana. In 1870 he eaiiie to Columbia co., Wasii., and served in tho Indian war of 1877 as 1st lieiil of Idaiio volunteers. In 1881 ho established tho Pomoroy llepnhUmn, at'ter- wards tho Etut fVn»hiiiijtoiiinii, which ho sold out, and in 1883, in »'oim|> my with F. M. McCuUy, purchased tho Columhia Chronicle of Dayton. Tiii< aUo Mas disposed of iu 1887 *o O. C White, its original proprietor. In ISSJ-O BIOGRAPHICAL. 321 orovcrn- ac'.tins ii>!ii- ll;irl>iir ;iikI tcri)risert for L'ilic CO, lie , ami cl'itccl if ii.;t', iiii'l a ■•irs, ;iU'l linl luiyiir iif tliu . Y., ill 1S-J7, ^\ to (.'lii'MJI'S ri^gDii liiuiljor two yt-iis ill x'ilacooiii iiiul liuli;iu \v:ir nE ' ill till! voliin- iciiiluT of the luliiui lU'i'irt- iml)'.:i; w:h an (if Ta(.'oni;i; a L! raniu'r-.' auil ;r at Smiiiifi'. 2Min\ llUSUll-ViH lank, aii'l audi- 11(1 reiiioviMl ti) ion ho oik; riC'l the saiin' yi.';ir, lisiiiiioil I'y li^'. togotlior iliiy lite. il in iiionhiiu- ino in tlu' tui-ri- Liinigr.itiiii^ to I gold in ovcry uiliiU oo., ()i'., ;(l to Sii'.U.uie [ate soiialor m I), and c^i"!'' t" In IST-i Iw tarms in Vaiii- |u a odiir-'' i>t' he smin'ortcd of tlu! I'ourse [id Olio yo a- '.it ;rcnco, Mass., I'ollax. Wa.h., |)l-.S03, 18.V2. At tlie [l87G lu' '''ii'"-' ha 1st li''Mtof {tblirnn, altcr- \ ill I'omii luy Im. Thi-»1'" lu lSSJ-0 mcnt. Its legislature would require several months, 111' .sorved as clerk of the legislative council; and in 1887 removed to Ellens- Imi'.', where ■;o took charge of a mercantile tistablishinetit, which was oon- liiiiiiid hy tire in 18.S'J. li(! was a nieniher of th city council of Ellenshurg. William D. Wood was horn in Marin co., Cal., Dec. 1, ISjS. Ho resided tlii'ic on a farm, and hy labor earned tiio moans to ednoato liinisolf at the N:i|ii collogiato institute, and hy t(!aehing paid his expenses at the Hastings law s.'iiool of iS. F. Ho also hi-camo a skilled stenographer. In 1S82 he lemosod to Seattle, and the .saiiic year he was oleotcl ,)rohato judge of King o'. Ill' was president of the Wood brothers' land and trust company, and iiiailr real estate investments and improvements at Green lake near .Seattle. ( '. K. Wooding was a native of Michigan, about forty years of ago, and u liiiikcr at Aberdeen. He was also engaged in improveuieuts at (.iray Hirlxir. Tlie iiiomlx;r.i of the hous(! of repre.sentatives wore known as follows: Alosandcr Allen, born in Scotland in 184'J, oniigratod thence with hid piircnts in 184!), settling in Wis. He .served in the 24th Wisconsin reg't (luring tlie war. In 1875 he came to Wash., lirst residing in Port .Madison, I ut removing to iSeattle. By occupatiim a ship-buildor, he was made super- iiiti'iidont of the Seattle dry 'ook company. F. W. Bird, aged about forty years, was a locomotive engineer, who had iiillewed his calling in King to. for 15 years; but had seen the want of build- 1111,' material in Seattle, and turned his attention to the manufacture of l.rick. ,h>lin T. Blackburn was born in Vi.,;.! ''•(', Eng., Aug. 14, 1844, and was apiircnticod to a horticulturist. He emi"t ited to 111. in 1807. In 187.'{ ho iiuiii'cd Miss J. P. Giddings, nieoo of ok diua 11. Giddings of Oiiio, and in lS.Si removed to Vashon island, Puget Sou..d, where he engaged in farming. Ho was a[ipointed postmaster at Vashon in 1885, and notary public in 1887. hi ISNS li(! was elected to the legislature which did not assemble. I , i'. Hlackfan was born in 111. and served in the union army, where he was k iwn as the baby of Gen. Harrison's brigade. In 187'.) he removisd to la; I I HI Wash. 11. IJlair was born on a farm in Polk co., Mo., Sept. I'J, 1855, where he resided until he came to his majority, when he voted for a republican presi- dent. In 1877 he removed to Vancouver, teaching school in Clarke co., and >tiiilyiiiij medicine. He gr.iduated from the medical department of the Willamette university in 188,'5, after which ho iiiigaii the practice of his pro- lessiim idid settled in Bickleton, 1880. (loorgo Bothell of King co. was born in Clarion oo., Penn., in 1844, and served during the war of the rebellion in the 135th I'eiin. infantry and 14tli i'liiti. cavalry, being captured by Early's forces, July 4, 18(i4. He came t(» Wash, ill 187'.). and engaged with his brother in logging and shingle-making at HdtlioU, at the head of Lake Washington. .rdsiali S. Brown was born March 0, 1845, in the parish of Burton, iSun- liury CO., in New Brunswick. When 9 years of age he removed to Aroostook 111., .Me, wiiere he lived on a farm, and attended the district school. Ho served tlirough the civil war, being in almost all the famous battles of the rebellion, was wounded, and was l)ut twenty years of ago when mustered wilt iu I8G5. In 1807 he joined the engineer battalion of the U. S. army, and eaiiie to the Pacific coast in 1808, serving in five states and territories, and heiiig wounded in the Modoc war, and specially mentioned for gallantry. After this last service he came to reside in Spokane co., Wash., on a farm. He was a delegate to the republican territorial convention at EUensburg in 1S88, and to the repubMcau state convention at Walla Walla iu 1889. (leorge Browne was born in Boston in 1839, and was an employee of a bank in Wall street, New York, before the war broke out. During the war he was a staff officer; after ita close, be began making investuieuts in ditfureut Ui8T. Wash.— 21 PROGRESS iVND STATEHOOD. i ;f with the assistance of the code commissioners, to lotMlitics, and in 1887 settled in Tacoma, ■where ho became one of thi! incor- imrators of the Tacoin.ianil St Paul lumber company, and one of the ownKTs of the Fern llill Motor railway. \V. O. Bu.sli, nun of Guorgo W. Bu.sh, tlio colored pioneer of VVuHh., was born in Mo. in JS.t'2. IIo wa.s a Hucces.sful a^M•iL•ldtll^i.^t, Ills exliiliit'i nf wlifat at the 'jcntennial o.vpo.sition in 187(i taking tht; pri'niiuni over .ill olhir wiic;it m the world. Hid cortilioatc was deposited in the state lihrnry at ( »lyi''.pia. A. K. Clarke was born in Wind.sor co., Vt, in 1>im'. 1.S4'.). In Isti-J lio joined a Vermont regiment, and was in tlio l)attlo ol (Jetly-sljiirg ln'foro lir was 11 yoar.s old. lie .served throughout the war, and after the war bc;,'au attendance at a military univer.sity; but the lial)it of active liio -v.im ton strong, and he entered the regular irniy in 18t3(), serving in Indan w.irs for 'JO years, liis la.st figliting being in the Xez Perce war of 1877. He was iii<. charge I iu 187'J from F>)rt C'u3ur d' Aleue, and Bettieil at Kockford, in ."^[m- kaue CO. John Cleman was born in Lane eo.. Or., in ISo"), and removed to a .stock farm in Yakima co.. Wash., in 1805. There ho .spent his life; niarrie( two years as collector of cnstoius for Paget Sound district, i.nder ("rr.iut'-i ailniinistratiou. .\. II. Ivldy was born at San Jose, Cal., iu 185H. Reversing tho usual rule, ho moved eastward to Illinois, Texas, CoIv)rado, returning to Cal. .'iml practising as a physician. In 1881 he camo to Wash., ar.d engageil in cmi- tracting and buihling. Johu J. Kuens. from Skagit co., was boru iu Marshall co., Ky, iu ISV.l, ami removed to Knox co., .Mo., at the age of 12 years, llo joined the stiti; militia in 18lil, and in IStVi enliwleil iu tho iOth >lis.-,ouri cavalry at St I.oui'i, being in 14 battles. In ISl!7 lie wi^lt to Denver, and in (uigaged in eontiacl- ing and freightii-g. In 1871 settled at (lUemes iu Skagit co.; has lieM s.'v oral county ollices, and was once electijcl joint representative of Skagil ml Snohomish counties. Williuiu Furristo wiu bora in Riohibuuto, New Uruuawiuk, iu 1835, ni nssioners, to o ono of tli(^ iiicdr- Olio of tlio OW-ll-M eer of Wa.sli., was i'i'iniiiiu ovci- -ill II till! state lilirai'v umovud to ;i stock life; marriod, hmi ilia friends sunt I removed to Wn. the Walla \\all.. ;kiug until \S'(), iisiiiess Heuerall\ , ill 1S'J7. Ill- Mii- tho racitio eoiist, aiiililu ill the (in- jlt when sen liii! ;t, i;iider (Tram < i'r.>iiig the usu.il iiiiig to <'al. Mii'l ongagei! in con eo., Ky, ill ISHI, joined till) stlti' airy at St I.oiii-. iged ill eonlii' I o. ; has held scv- I'o of Skaj^iL .111'! rick, ill 183."), m' WOJllAPJiJCAL. iiiak-0 and revise the ] 3-^3 .Vottisii ii.ironts, ,i,„i ••t^vs, which 1 "try. JT, ongatiod ia j,,^, '^'% is in sessi on as ing. and was no o-,„oyedtT\v^;r,;'?!^-"'^a,ul,n..^^ He I'iiieiiinati J ^'fr in an\ «''«'iaii uMs l„ J. \V. !• r.idiMtecfat M '>1«78, where] M TViie (if li "■.•IS nv sch,l,.| '•mil iiiii political office'. '"^' •■'gain ■ I'ur.Miii.s ill I "g'lged in Inini iiac )er- «'-adii,it ver.sity i„ Ql, '" J'<44, l.ut "^.'•""^iHy (run, !>,;._. V' 1*^70, and lirosenuiu'r jitt T? '■' '^'^- He h.d '•eiiioved to K\ ■;^tiidiiil law ti. til !.. S ,.••,,.. uiii]'' artnio,.>' ,11- . "^ "o ''''^•'•o, ti,at^i;;;;;.;,',:!..::'^^;"?'i»co.,jv, iK'-'sson the n [Ml 1,1 endot- flieM-alof P'-evi.iii.sly 1 Partiiienf of t 10 grand ( '. 11. ]. X ). ffe F.ill ;•:'» f i< ket in the -M Laps ■■"■my of t for tl lie re III tin ''een in till bell ■'^'^' .Vf^ars, aiKl ion. JK '" J^>7, an. I 10 )■ Avas "iiiiii, rfcll w;,,s I •a>: f ••^'I'.'il'liej and ran f "i" a ,sh,i,.t ( ■iiler th. ,111. i St 11 tel r.l[.l,y ""•» •'"'.>• 31, J,s,;;i ;^|';';tofKy,nJ^7s: H eoiii- iV>r ■'■'.» e'ity utt aii(( 'ookk ■iiey. e earn I . ill Delaware, \\ M> . uie.i^o,. j<). ...,,■ I 'Y "■'" "ooKlveep nc Iw.I.i;,. '■ '"" '"■' i" '>«■' locate, t IN ' v«;'' * "f the N V V'" "-^^-anows j anon years. Ill tllO .s.illl: "IHmtor for th ]{ •eeoming ii,t..;v,ted '■*'Im ill thcsiun at JLuvley, M ['■ f"l'aeity, wl; ,,.„ ] (■ "•'''■-< i:. Post, nitiiefim.iit, of th i;:s,r!v-'n.:s\'-;;"t;-;i:s;;.;- ''"■■ 'Ositil;||s inn.. 'ureinaiiH,,! st-'i'veu (lin)iiSi'r'-u-;?;:^:::7^i?i.^'-^'rr-i;":nd tl ■I'ted a hot •'• K. (iand i>' War as a ttl "•' «ea fur ]•> i"g at .South Jkmd. :!^*>eliusetisvoIuntiv,. It'"'''' !"■'!''" '■'•'• Il.',<»()(» "'e transferr.'d '.. ■Hid t\as i.seliar;;..,! "';^'"(. and horn rahly d ^^ir.;:.'!?''"/'^^''"''. .1111, iissi.iiicii a (iraetisid about |,S4;t, and at ;t tile V Miiiili I W,IS ici/ii eoinmi eo.i.vt, '-l';"'-."! in the regul |i« enlisted, served ( years ^r'-'-H-^ehnoi. i„ •;;;:, and ir ar ;;:'[;; ""'-^•■'-ided at V rvcd in the .M„d •"ly. lie 1, '•"Ugh the At L'O lllllICi w '■"•les (;ilchrist aneonvor, xrhero 1 'doe and I',./ j 'Sl"li, w.ir, ami '10 i- Iiid '!'. '"^'i!*. <"lll.e t.) '■'»t Was I I" pii>visi( iiliaii \\t,:.i III and ^•■--'f ag;ii;miJ:::;;:./l' ^-tland, in JS, I. since grocorv in V 1 " '^ " '" -Xi'vada ami Cal inigrated to (■■„,, ■liii f""". all er which I ' I'llivhascd lie ■'"•■'; and / 'll|:i ■"'a, ami b n. ■■"I'l •■ducated (I ■'■«'i"-'iiillat< -XS:f'!,- :::=.:» '•^'turned (o s,.„fl ."y ni.'ii 'g'"i larming; aftc ■1 loriiiii(> ii, I lleri 'w.ird iitr.ili ■ '" ''^"^ bei.aine to Wasl »!ivM.;at,.,l ,,(. j , "■""". and w.Mf,' 1 iiioin' rant w.is I Zr- "•''^■'■" '"^ '"-l^^l the I .ewis '"'■II at .7, \I ■S. (; ayetto colloir,, i 'I'orofthcw'; '^ ;;'.'•■!.'■''"".■ of tl «.'nil tbe W;d\:l Wall He. Ol, ■''.""■• in |.S.s;i. 'I. eoiintv aiiesvi 'o H-.i.. rr'V"- >^"niial I Ntat le /'■,.,(./„,,./; when 111) "g. 17. ISd! am ;/i/i,;r. Hi leiiioved ti 'orn I Mill. I '1'' H.ls ,1 I ' 1 and .All ^;;-i'v-'"" •' traetof land i» . ing, "»io8 from Coiiconully, au.J oil 111 Wh.lt Ollgttgo.l 3-24 PROGRESS AND STATEHOOD. I write, and there I leave them, confident in ilu^ L. C. Hen-en was liorn in North Carcilina, in 1850, cducatod at Finniii university ami Wakcforcst collej^c, ami grailuateil at (rreonsljuro law s< Ik ml in 1880. Ho was colleotnr of internal revenuti of the llth division of N. ('. in 188'J; came to Wash, in 1884, and was eloctud to the legislature in Isss. A. S. Hewitt was horn in ilio state of N. Y., in 1S."):J. Ho came from Oliio to W.'isli. in 1877, and Mas for many years a locomotive en^ineiT, In Iji- ing to organize tlio oriler of hrothcrliooil of locomotive enginnrs. Hi- en- gaged ill real estate Imsiiiess upon tho rapid rise of Taeoiiia, in which hi- w.is extremely fortunate. W. H. Hughes was .T) yi;ars of age, and a native of N. Y., who ciuic tn Wash, ill 1S74. UcMdenee Seattle Chandler Huntington was born in .Multnomah eo., Or., Feh. '2i. l>iJ!l. His parents removed within vhe same year to Monticello, on the C'owht/ river, whore he has resided oi, a stock-farm ever since. Ho was sou .if II. !►. Huntington, inemher of ti.e first territorial legislature. 11. H. Hutchinson was liorn at Dixon, Lee co., HI., in IfSr)',), where he n - sided until 'Jl years of ago, re<;e'.ving a good edacatioii. He taught schoi.l, ;nid studied law, huiii), admitti'd to practice in 18S7, when he removal to Wash. (it'orge H. Judson was Ivorn in Thurston eo.. Wash., in 18')'.), and n- moved to Whatcom eo., which he represented in 1870. Ho graduateil finru the Seattle university in 188'J, with the degree of B. S., and engagi.d iii surveying and engineering. Steplieu .fuilson was horn in Prussia, in 18,'17, his parents emigr.itin- with him to llie U. S. in 1S4.">, and settling at (Jalcna, III. In IS.*i;t llicy crossed the plains with an ox-team, and entered Wasli. hy the Nachcss [ni-is, residing since that time continuously in Pierce eo. He w;i.s sherill' of the eo. from ISiil to I8()'.); wasclci'ted to tiie lower house of the territorial hgis- lature in IS71, 187;{, and ISSI; was eo. treasurer one year, and truster of the Steilacoom asylum for tiie insane. ( teorgc Kandle was born in Savannah, Mo., in 1851, and iinii>igrat<'il with his parents to Portland, Or., the same year. In 1852 they removal i.i VV'ash., and finally Nettled 15 miles south of Steilacoom, in 18(i5. In 1^71 lie riiUioved to Taeoma, and took charge of a general merchandise >Uivi\ He was four times elected county auditor, aiul in 1878 began real tst ite and insuraiii'o business. He was a nieml)er of the board of trus(;!osi>t tlir Stcilac "'m asylum for the insane, ami a member of the city council. William K. Kennedy was born in Chicago, in 1851, of Si;oteh-[risli pii- outage, ami educated there. Ho removed from Iowa to Wash., ami settled near Ritzvillt^ .1. A. Kuhm was born in Pi'iin., in 1841, was a lawyer by profes-iiuii, camo to Wash, about I8('»l), and had si'rved several terms in the territmi d legislature. A. H. Lull Was a physician, residing at Port Angeles, Jolm McReavy was born in the state of Maine, in 1840. He had rcsniid for several years in the territory, ami Wiis a nien^liant tit Skokomisli. II' was a member ot tho constitutional eon. WiKiain .1. .Meade -.as born in Husti, Chautaunuii, \. Y., in .Sept. In.iIi. brought up on a farm, edueatisd at ifainpatown eollogiato iimtituto and cl lege, taiight school, studied law, and was ailmitted to the bar in I8SI. In IH.S;i he came to Wash., and practised law in Taeoma. In 1884 was elocii 1 town clerk, ami held the ollice until LSBO, He wa« also a member oi ili' Fidelity title insurance and abstriict iduipany, and clerk of the T.i.niiu school district for '.\ years, ami ii mond'or of tho Tacouia board of health (}. Medcalf was ii native of Caiiadit, thirty-seven years of age, a biilclK i- by occupation, at Montesauo, and had resided many yoars in tho territory 1>. U. Minklor was born in Wis. in 1840, and broeriug busiuuss, in 1877. BIOGRAPHICAL. ■lopo that iheir work will 1>„ „ <■ . ^ , '■ w,Aw„„.,^„^„^ '"" ^" P^'fo^ed with ac„„. Im..i.css for a year u^w ,. i V""'"'''*'"'* cro«.si„„ an, L ^''"■'- "" t'"^" ■)l" fn.m ISoS to ]8s/ Vf "^''i"-'"^ '-'»•. N. V ,,, ,^.,. , ,, ' ; • , ^I^aler ,L horn ia f- ^^ ^"'' '" """'«« ,, ;'--■{''' <;■ Painter -a,,,,. t„ .y , ''• '""' ''"'"«">« '-, "'I'lU' h 1.....^ . " "n.. (..»■, J, I . '■'""' "a-. ii.Iiriin..,! . III' ' 'A I 320 PROGllESS AND STATEHOOD. scientious desire to Jay strong and broad and d(c)i delegate to the convention of 1888, and cliairinan of the committee on \»n- manoiit urgaiiizaciou. Allrod A. Plummer was boru in Port Towuseud, Sept. 7, 1850, lioiiig t!ii; aou of A. A. riuiiiiiier, tlio pioneer settler of that place. IIo was county ^oiiiiiiissioiier for four years, and \va.j l:usiuess manager of the I'ort Towiim.iiu t'lmiidry ami inacliiiK; company when elected to the legislature. Isaac N. I'owor was horn in Olympia, Marclj 10, 185'_>, luid removed to W'hidljiy island when one year okl, residiiij^ there until 1870, whin he <.:i- tered tlie nii'ilical de[)artment of tlio Willamette university at Salem, Ov.. from wliieii he graduated in 1877. He hecaniu a.ssociated with l)v Minor ,,t l'( rt Town.send in the marine hospital, hui removeil in 1878 to La Cohuit, and later to Neah hay. After five year.s of practice ho took a cour e of \,\'. tures in tlie Pacilic inedicid college of San Francisco, and in 186;J located in Ell.'U.shurg. Utuce I'. Purdy was horn in Salem, Or., in 1S51, and removeil to W.isli. in I87.">, where he engagetl in farming and stock-raising. Ilis parents wiit^ fro n Oliio. Marcy H. Randall was born at Ames, Montgomery co., N. Y., in l^}'.'. migrated to Wis. with his father in 184'.). was educated at Cai'roll coUcl,!.:, Waukislia, and was for somo years domiciled with his elder hrother, Alr\. W. llandall, wlio was governor of Wis., and P. M. i;encral under Presi>ii'nt, Lincoln. In INiil enlisted in Chicago in the iL'th 111. infantry, was coumii" sioned as captain in eo. A, U. S. colored troops, rcsi^'ncd in IrSOo on account of ill health, and removed to Montana, where he followed ndning and stn 1. raising nidil 1880, when he came to Wash., locating on a stock farm in ir Kettle Falls. .Mexandcr I'ohertson was born in Hamilton, Canada, in 1844, and c.iiin; to Wash, ill \S~',), settling near Stanwood, and engaging in farming and stock- raising. He served through the war of the rebellion in the union army, luu - in;j: his eyes .seriously inju-ed in the service. Francis J. Kolch was horn in All)anj', N. Y., Feb. 15, 180;i, was eduiatoil at the .iohim Hopkins university, Baltimore, and at the Dresden polyti-rli- nic school in Ihirope. On returning home he went into the lumber trade m Wis., and removed in 1888 to Wash., where he was st'cretary of the Seiittli; lumber manufacliiriiiy comi>any on the Portland branch of the N. P. 1'. II. W. C. Ituttcr was born in Westmoreland eo., I'eiiu., in 1S54. was broU;,'ht lip on a farm, received a liberal eduiNition, Iieing specially devoted to tiiin- cralogy and mining scii nee. He came to W'asli. in 1.S.S7. .John P. Sliarp w.is born in Harrison eo., Oliio, in 1S4'J, removed with Ins parents to Mo. in I84S, and to Or. in 185'J, settling in Lane i o, Afterwii'l; spent souu: years in eastern Or. and Itlalio, and marriv>d Miss Kowlainl ei \amhill eo., (►r., in 1805, nniov ing to and settling on a farm in Yakima i".. Wash. He WIS electeil county I'ommissioncr in bs70, and again appoiitiil to the olliee to (ill a vacancy, and was a school director and road supcrvi-or Amos F. Shaw nas \> irn in Franklin, N. H., in l8.'tV(, and liveil on a f iiiu until 185'.*, when he went to tin; then unorganized territory of Dakota, ni! w.is elected a meiiiher of the provisional legislatiiri' that met at .Sioux l';il!< in the wititer of lS5'J-0(). Kniisted in the union army in 180'J, and set.et thrive and a lialf years; was sherill' of Clay co., |)a, from IStiO to 1801), v i- secretary of the territorial council in ISO!), member of the house of reiire^iii- tatives in 1.S71 and 1875, and of the council in 1881. He came to Viiucoiiv. i in the autumn of that y»!ar, bought and ileared land, ami planted a pniic orchard. lU'turniiig to Dakota in 1884, was aptioiiited warden of the p' in- tentii'ry, and served two years. Returned to VVash. in 1887, and fonueil i company to raise and pack ])runes. \V. .v. Shinn came to Wash, from tho eastern stJites in 1884, was a dm. gist, and abiuit .'<5 years ,1 age. P. K. Spencer was born in Warren eo., Ind., in 1849, rcceiveil a hiijli fe BIOORAI'HICAL. 887 liu foundations of a commonwealth destined to un- iiuai,'ined jj^reatness. scliool eilucation, and grailuated m 1873 from the Indianapolis business col- leyi'. He Wv-nt to Kansas t!ie same j'ear, enj^aging in mercantile pursuits, ;iiid from there came to Wash, in 1880, being employed as a clerk in a store t(ir lour years. He was appointed auditor for Lincoln co., and elected lor two succeeding terms. Was elected joint representative Inr Lincoln, Douglas, .■\ilains. and Franklin counties in 1888. < Icorge H, iStevenson was born in Iron co., Mo., in 1857. He ciriic to \V,\~!i in 188'2, settling at the Cascades. Ho was elected county auditor in ISh'J and 1884; joint representative from Skamania, Clarke, and r'owlitz •■uuutics in ISSii; was appointed inspector of customs to succeed A. L. Sharp- stciii. l)ut declined to qualify, fearing to jeopardize his scat in the legisla- ture. He was in tha lisliery business. Zeliulon K. Straight was born in W'ayne co., N. Y., in 1840, removed to \Vi-. iu 184(i, to luwa in 18(10, and to Minn, in 1801, where he learned the trade ol witchmaker and jeweller. In 1870 ho came to Wash., establishing him- sch iu Walla Walla City. He was three times elected to liie city council, and was a member of abnost every political convention held in his town in Is years, including the state convention of 1881). .1. I'l Tuckoi' of 8an Juan co. was born in Ohio, about IS.'I'J, and came to Wasii. in 1881, settling on a farm at Friday Harbor. He was a lawyer by ]init'es.sion, and served during the war in tlio 50th and i\'M\\ Ohio vegts. Ho was probate judge of San Juan co. John C. Turner was born in Cal. in 1853, had an academic education, and llie trade of a cabinet-maker. He went to Or in 1877, residing for three year* in IVirtland and The Dalles, remuving to Colfax in bSSO. In 1883 lio became deputy tauditor and recorder, and in 1885 was a|)pointed to till the place of audri,.^r "laue vacant by the deatli of liis principal, being elected to tlie ollice in 1887. Ho married a daughter of .lohn IJoswell of Colfax. He resided at the time of his election on a 1,000 acre farm, 4 miles S. K. IroMi Colfax. .\. H. Weathcrford was born in Putnam co., Mo., in 1853, went to Or. Ill i.S(i4, and came to Wash, in 1871, residing in Columbia co. until 1880, will 11 he W(Uit to W'asco co.. Or., where he held the oiQce of commissioner. Ill I.S8(» lie returned to Wash,, and was elected representative from Columbia ce. ill 1888. WASHINGTON RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. The manufactured products exported arc: first, lumber, the chief article of commerce; lime, a valuable product on account of its almost entire absence over a great extent of Oregon and California; barrels, staves, wooden pipe, the proper trees for which manufactures abound in the small vallcya about tlio Wound; canned fish, and coal — if that may he named with manu- factures. The other products exporteil arc wheat and other grains, flour, wool, hides, live-stock, potatoes, and hops. Puget Sound, from its position, extent, depth of water, and its contiguity to the materiala required, should bo oncof the greatest ship-building stations iu the world. In addition to the bodies of iron und coal lying adjacent to navigable water, the immense forests tliat skirt its shore line for more than 1,100 miles furnish abundance of excellent timber for constructing every part of sea- going vessels, from the tough knees of the tide-land spruce to the strong durable planks of red fir, abies douglasii, and the tall tapering masts of ycllow fir, abics graiidia. Oak, arbutus, myrtle, and maple furnish the finc-j^ruiiieit woods required for finishing the interior of vessels. The great merit of the firs is tltoir size and durability, with their habit of growing close together like canes iu a brake, and to an immense height jivith out knots or branches. It is not uncommon to find a tree having a diameter of four feet ut a distance of ten feet from the ground, wliich has attained an alti- tude of 800 feet; aor is it unusual to find spar timbers 150 feet long with a diameter of eiguteen inches, perfectly straight and sound. Tue mills on I'wgrt Sound lind no dilliculty in furnishing squared timbers of these dimensions, and often cut plank from GO to 90 fee* in length. The fir has not tiio cor rosivo acid qualities of the oaks, and therefore iron bolts arc not subject to corrosion, but are held so tenaciously by the strong and pitchy fibre of the wood that they will break sooner than be dra\vn out. Numerous tests have been made by the French of the strength of fir spars, as compared with those of Riga, which showed that while the bending and breaking resistance of the two were about the same, the American wood ]ws- sussed u notable adviujtage in density, having a jicxible and tenacious lilno that might be bent and twisted several times in contrary directions without breaking. Nor has the fir been found lacking in durability. It has been the only wood in use for repairing sea-going vessels on the north-west coast, as well as for building numerous river boats and sea-going vessels, which remain sound after many years of service. White cedar, another valuable timber lov ship-builuing, is found in certain localities about the Sound and on the Colinn- bia River. Want of familiarity with the materials to be found on the Pacific coast mado ship-builders cautioua, and it was r-nly gradually that tbey gained con- fidence. The first vessel built on i'nget Sounil was the schooner //. (.'. I'tvje, at Whatcom, by Pcahody & Roder, in 1853. Her fiist business was a charter offered by the H. 11. Co. to carry sheep to San Juan Islai.d in \^'>i- Jioder'a Bdlingham Biy, MS., 'J9-30. The same year Bolton & Wilson l)iiilt the clipper sloop Uoh hoy five miles below Steilacoom. Oljimpia Colitmhimi, Oct. 15, 1853. H. D. Morgan established a ship-yard at Olympia in 18.14, and launched tiio Emily Parker, a schooner of 40 tons, built to run betwei n Sorts on the Sound. She was chartered by J. O. Parker. Parbr't I'n'.ii' ound, MS., 4. The schooner EUk', 20 tons burden, built at Shoalwater ISay ( S2« ) SHIP.BUILDING. ^ Between Olympia and '^OBT SoinfD. ''on Tcwnsead wifl. „„„ ' '"'' <^ainble. She wns i i i tJ> 1l: i ! RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. n stcrn-wliccl boat built for tlie Fi.asev River triule, and owned by George r>arclay of 8. F., but subscquontly sold to the (). S. N. Co. VicloridOnzrtti; Si'jin. 18, 1858; Ebey'a JouriKil, MS., vi. 171. The first ocean BteaniLi- con- i-tructed of native woods in tho waters of tlic Sound waa the Geonje S. Wri/lif, launclicd May 12, 18(J0, at Port Ludlow. She was originally pluiim il hy William Uammond, Jv, and i>artially built by hiui. It Wii» the inl liav<' named her the ^1. I'. /Irowii, after tho postmaster-general. But lui- tramu bcinj^ sold to Joiiii T. Wright, Jr, who enlarged it, slio was called iir.-i iititr him. and then /,'«■■ ports of Conuncrce and Xavigdtion are imperfect. Between IS.")8 ami ISOti tiiei e are no returns, a deficiency oidy partly accounted for by the dcsti uctioii of tlic custom-house papers at Port Angeles in 18t).'J. The ./. /J. Lihlx ij, a 70- ton .steamer, was launched from the mill premises of Grennan k, Ciaumy, L't.salady, in December 1862, built by Hammond, Calhoun & .MixiHwlci. W'a^h. S<-mp^, 08. In 1865 or 1800 a small steamer was built at Port M;uli- son for the Coal Creek Mining Company, to be used in towing eoal liari^vs on Lako Washington. Seattle Dhpnteh, Dec. 2. 1870. A Btc;inier for the Sacra- iMcnto liiver was built at Port i liowin 18(i(i; and another tiiree miles hcluw (ilympia, by Ethridge, the same ^car. Olympia Pnc. Tribune, Feb. 10, ls(j(l. Ill I8t»7 tho Chehalis, for tiie Clieiiali.s River, was built at Tumwater, m-n- tioned elsewhere. The following yea^ a steam yacht, the Siiccefx, was built at Snohomish by Thomas Coupe, and launched iu May, at which time another was in process of construction — probably tho favorite. S. F. Call, .May 10, 1808. In 1809 was built the popular passenger steamer Alida, at Seattle. 114 tons burden. Port Toinisend Ari/us, Jan. 23, 187.'>. Ship-yards are numerous; ship-builders William Hammond and K. s, Chcasty at Port Ludlow; Grennan & Cranney at Utsalady, and later at Snohomish; Meigs & Co. at Port Madison, under tho superintendence of A. .T. Wcstcrvelt — the lumbering and ship-building company incorporatetl in 1 s77. Port Madison and S. F., capital .$1,000,000. Meiga had a ship-yard in IMJO or before, as above. Oli/miiia Wash. Standard, Dec, 1, 1867; Walhi W'-illa rnion, Aug. 14, 1869. H. Williamson at Steilacoom; Hammond, Calii'iiM & Alexander at Utsalady; Crowell at the same place; Thompson at Port l,nd low; Oliver Engleblom at Port Blakeley; Bryant at Port Madison; Ilaininoud at Seattle; all before 1870, and who may bo considered as pioneers iu >liip- building. After that the business S'. F. Alia, April 1875 — and at Seattle a stcuncr in 1872, from which time there has been an increase in tho number of yards and of vessels built. Middlemaa had a ship-yard at Port Ludlow in I'^TO: Westorvelt at Port Madison in 1871; there was another at Frceport— lattr called Milton — in 1872; Boole had one at Utsalady at tho same time: in IST^' Reed Brothers rented Ycsler's yard at Seattle antl moved their busiucss to SHIP liUlLUlNU. :{:;i tli;>t place from Port Madison, and in 1874 Hull Brothers fi-otn Cal. est.ili- li.ilud themselves ttt Port Ludlow; after which ship-buildini{ bccauiu ;i hkhu iiiuspcroua industry. Tacoma Herald, May '28, l!>7o. At Port Miidismi %\ i ri' liudt after ISdJ the barkentiuo IK. //. Gunlfij, JJGO tons; the hark Lkjh! 'J'li'ilcr, 1803, UK) tons; hark Xoi-t/iinsf. ISU."), ;!!."> tons; hark Tidul l\'tin\ Ijd'.i, tiOO tons; the whole four being for ihe use ol the mill in earryiiiL; luuibir. ^for.1c's W(t.ih. Ter., MS., xxii. 4(i. Also in IsTtl the .schooner- M,irt M(ir;i lluri,()\ ions, aud L'/n/'irr Ci/ 1/, "^'.Vl tons. The KnifiU-e (.'if'/ uas taken t.i S. v. and converted intoastcamer. It was claimed that building the steamer iu this manner saved $10,000 to her owners. Stutda fiifi liiijcn'ri; Xov. 'i".', 1S7;>. lu ls74 the harkentiue .V. .1/. SlcUvii <>i 'i)~ tons was built at Port Mailisuu, and in )S70 the sch. liohcrt uml Mi,niii\ !t!) tons, ;ind str l>i11 tons: in IStlJhloop Z. li. Ilryifood, 107 tons; in 1874 barkentiuo PioJiciii'o, ■_'78 ti.ns; and j^clioouers Annie lice, Lm tons; Llkii J. McKinnoii, 70 tons; Tiriliijld. IVi tuu.s; dvuxie SirLcr,ioii, l.S."> tons; and sloop Munj Lonifnt, I7>'t tons, .V. /'. iJuU'tiii. Feb. 10, lS7o. The t^UiiiJ. McKinnou in 1870 became waterdoj.'j.'ed ill ,1 j^ale and foundered, only one out of 10 persons on board csca))inL;. .V. /•'. /'.//, April 'J4, 1S71). In April 187-') the schooner CdnAir llniiirard, 'JOO toii'^, WHS launched at Port Ludlow, and in Nov. the scho(>ners Ld Oironde, \10.'t 'iwu.-; the American Girt, '-20 tons; besides the Aiiiiie Li/le, Ida S/A/', 470 tons; the Kitsitji, 004 tous; and the slooi> Mij^tvrji of (i tons n-istcr. SratHe Intclliiji nor, Seiit. 3, 1882. From the shipyard at .'•'eiittle 111 I >70 were launched the sch. I'lanlc r, 121 tons; the atvJami.-i Morlie, 8toii.->: ;ii.il tlic liariTc l>ili(! was built for L. M. Starr of the Puget Sound S. N. Co., was l."iO feet luU',', 28 feet beam, and feet liold. Seattle lntitH0 tons, ill Is? I. S. F Bulletin, February 10, 1875. At Port Hlakeley was built in hOS tlie doublo-topsail sch, Aliie llaake, 104 feet keel, 1 15 feet ileck, 30 feei- liMin, and 10 feet hold; owned by J. C. Uaiike & (Jo., S. F. S. /'. Alia, .Ian. iti, ls(iS. Iu 1870 the sch. Ontario, 14 tons; iu 1872 the str Blakele;/, 170 tons; and scows Uncle Davy, 33 tons, oiid Gconje, 24 tons; iu 1874 the schs ..^/i", 2.!2tous; f/^HCt, 200 tons; and barkentiuo I!. K. JIani, 509 tons; iu 1881 tlie sehrs Lottie Camon, 220 tous, Marin Snuth, 305 tons, Annie Lurwii, ."77 tou?, and str Ilamet, 8 to.. .. Seattle IntediyenLer, 1882, passim. iVt Port Uiscdvury, iu 1872, tho schrs i,. arietta, 141 tons, and Serena, 200 tons; iu 1874, thf liaikentino Discovery, 410 tous. At Stillafiuamish two small sloops wen; bailt between 1870 and 1870, tho Undine and Ar(ful Dodijer; at Whidbe> Islauil the schooner Dolly Varden, 19 tons, and sloop Albion, 8 tons; at Port 'iamhlu tho schooner George Francis Train, 23 tons, iu 1873, and steimer Yakimu, 174 tons, iu 1874. On Orcas Island the sch. Orca.'< was built in IS7;;, II tous; at tStoiiacoom the sloop Magnolia, 12 tons, and scow Bed Cloud, 34 RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. i'f ''. ' \' tons; at Tacrdiia the sloop Poll;/, 9 tons, in 1874; at Fidalco Island tlic hcIi. Fidalfjo Traveller, tons, iu 1870; at Port Townsend tlio sen. Jennie, 15 tuns; at A"cada the str Bis, 80 tons, iu 18^1. At Olynipia, in 1870, were built tlic strs Cnpital, '24 tons, and Me^'seni/er, 121. In 1S77 the Scabcck Mill Co. built the iMU'k VwMiandra AdajnK, 1,1*27 tons, and the tug liichanl Jlolyoke; ami in ISiSi) u uhip with a keel 214 feet long, beam U feet, 17 feet hold, and sin^^lc decked, probably the largest single-decked vi.ssol afloat. Seattle Intelligrnirr. ■Inly 1, 1879. John Kentficld & Co. of S. F. also built a ach. at Scabock in iSfSO. M()rse\'< Wn/ih. Ter., MS., xxii. 8. Li 1881 two bark'ntines were jjiiilt tliere. the Rrtr'iever, TA^ tons, and the AT. Wmhelnvt n , W.Vl tons. Tiie only steamboat built in the eastern part of the Puget Sound collection district, which included Colvillc, was the Foi-ly-nlne, owned by l.ooimrd White. Slu- was launched at U. S. Fort Colvillc, Nov. 18, 1805. She was 1 1-1 feet lonj and 20 feet 4 iuclici wide. She was run as high up as Death Rapids, 270 miles. Sec a very interesting account of her trip in Leighton'n Life at Pmjei Sound, 63-74. This little book, by Caroline Leighton, published iu I8S4, is unique iu dcscriptiou of Waslnngton life from 1865 to 1881, ami of tht natural scenery of tlie country. The incidents are well chosen and stylo de- lightfully natural. In 1869, a report %vas made on ship- budding to the board of marine under- writers of S. F., by their secretai'v, ( '. T. Hopkins, and by Joseph RiuRot, in (;i\loretl tliem n'arly a century before. During the year ending Juno 30, 1878, 69 sailing aiid MARITIME COMMERCE. Xi.', 3!» steam vessels were documented at Port Towmaoncl, the port of entry of riit.'ct Sound collection district, with a carrying capacity of 31,000ton3. This tiiimai;c was exceeded by only 28 of the 1'25 collection districts of the U. S. Aiiu'iiciiti vessels in the foreign trade entered in tlic same year were 203, with atoniiageof 152,S28; there were cleared "281, with a tonnagoof 1G7.17S. This suricisHcd thatof vessels so entered and cicarcil durin;,' the Maine time at I'JO of thi' I-'.') ports of entry in the U. S., heiiig exceeded only hy IJoston, Charles- ton, New York, Detroit, and San Frauciscc Jti'ji/, of Chief «f Bureau, of' Sla'ii!i''-'f, lS7f>, pt ii. 802-4. Forci 'u vessels entered at Port Townscnd dur- iiii.' the .-amc time 46, with a tonnai.'u of 10, 01,"); cleared 01, with a tonnage of ;i((,!)i)_'. This was exceeded hy but .'! I out of the 12,"i porta of entry of tin; U. S. American ocean steam-vessels in the foreign trade entered during tin; same time at Port Townscnd were 178, with a tonnage of i:i(1,47l; clcarol In;!, with a tonnage of 131,4;]2; exceeded by only 2 other ports of entry in the I'. S. — X. Y. and S. F. The tonnage of foreign ocean steani-vesscli in the ftiieign tnidc, wliich entered and cleared at Port Townscnd during ' lo year ending Juno 30, 1878, was exceeded hut by 10 other ports of the U. .S. it was estimated that at least 7") dcep-!3ea vessels in the general coasting trade, which were enrolled and licensed, and did not make entry or clear- iiiKc, were employed in the Puget Sound trade, only about one third of which wf.v ih)ciimonted in this district, the remainder in S. F. In 1880 then; ihared from Port Townscnd, for the four months from July to Oct., (JO Amer- ican .sailing vessels for foreign ports, with a tonnage of 4(!,244. For the same months in 1881 the tonnage of thi.s cl.oss was ()•'>,, '11)3, The number of Ameri- can vessels entering from foreign ports in tho same months of 1880 was (<2; ill 1S>SI it was 115. The number of American steam-ves.scls entering from foreign jmrts in the same months of 1880 was .30: in 1881 it was 72. The minihcr clearing was 33 in 1880, and 73 in 1881. Tho increase in ocean ton- ]ia''o lioiii .-md to foreign ports during the same months of I8S! over 1880 was 100 per cent. Out of tho large number of vessels which have come and gone in the thirty - four years since tho Orbit sailed up to Olyinpia, few comparatively have l)eiti wrecked. I have mentioned tho loss of tho liobrrt Bruce by firn in Shoal- wiiter Uay, and the brig lTiin was the lirst white man to cross the Olympian range to tho coast so far north. .l/^or>r',s H'ash. Ter., MS., ii., 5S. Tho schooner Empire, Capt. Davis, loaded with oysters, struck on a spit at the north cntranco of Slioalwater Bay, wliere she i-emained fast and perished. Swan says that the Empire, and I'alox were both lost through carelessness, and wore tho only vessels wrecked at this cntranco up to 1 8,')G. Northii-.d Coast, 365. The Hawaiian bark Louika, Cant. Willfong, went ashore on San Juan Island in July 1855. She was a total loss. Ebef/'n Jour- not, Ms., iii., 73, 81. The Major Tompkin-o, wrecked off Esquimault iuirbor, Feb. 2,"), 1855, has bern noticed. No lives lost. Olympia Pioneer nntl Dem., March 3. 18.">5. Also the Fairy, the first steamer in any trade on the Sound. She blew up at her wharf at 'Steilacoom. Id., Oct. 23, 1857. The Bteamer 334 KESOUi.JES AND INDUSTRIES. r.: !'! H Sea liird was Liinied on Frascr River, 14 miles above Langlej', Sept. 10, Is,jS. The Trnrrllfi; a Sound atcamer, \v;is lost in 1S.')S, with live pi-rsouson board, liy foundiriug. Olym/)ia J'ioiiiir mid Don., M:irch I'J, JSoS; Jlornv'a llVio/i, ■/'(/•., MS., iv. (JO. Ill 1S.'>!) t'lu schooner Caroline wa. F. and tiio Sound ]Jort8 « itli tlie mails, was lost by Ktriking a sunken rork two miles below llliint reef, oppo.site Cape .Memloeino, .Fan. 5, lS(tO. and .'{(! lives lost. Steilwoom J/eralt/, Juu. '_'(>, 18GU; J-Jhci/x Journal, iMS., vi. "JdO. Tiie American el'pper ship Aortheni Kaijlv, valued at .$00,000, was ))UiiumI in Esijuimault harL.iiJu Sept. 1851). Siic was en route to I'lijjot Sound to load with lumber for .Mel- bourne. Lo.ss from SIOO.(KH) to !?loO,000. Sleilacoom 1'. S. Herald, 0,t. 8, IS,')!I. On the lOth of May, ISHO, the ocean lii.iil-steamer Pamtmd. i'n^i. Ilud.son, went ashore ou Point Hudson, at tlie entrance to I'ort Townscad harbor. .She was worked olf at hiijli tide, and continued to vi.sit Suiuul I'Ortsas late as 187G. Kbn/H .iDrrmil, MS., vi. ;{0(i. Says ('. M. Bnidsliaw, lu Wash. 'I'er. Shtehe^, MS., (I'.I-TO: ' Jielon; the erection uf the lightdioiisoit was not unusual to hear guns lired in the ni^dit as signals of distress, or to .'iv.ako and liiul some good ship beating u[ion the beach, at the mercy of tlip ri morseless surf. On hucii occasions the settlers would rally and assist in n itiiig the seamen on siiore, iiUd saving property ironj tiio wreck for the heii- < lit of its owners, or aid in getting the siiip oil', if possible, without f ( e or 1 eward. Many is tlie ship-master wiio has had abundant reason to thank tiie Ihuigcness farmers for a.ssistauce in dire necessity.' In May 18.VJ tiie hnk Mtirif tSlade, from Stcilacoom to S. V., was wrecked near Mendocino, and he- came a total lo.ss; no lives lost. In March 1SG".J tho schr Tola was capsi,;ed ill a ."(piall near San .Tuan, and (/'apt. Maloney and all her pa.ssengers and • lew, except two, drowned. Ehei/.tJourmil, MS., vii. 81. The schr I'l silent .sitou after capsized and drifted ou Maylor I'oiut, Whidbey Island, whcic it was broken up. The sloop i'nmcf, running between I'enn C jve and l't.s.ii;uly Mills, a distance of 10 miles, di.:appeared with all on board, supposed to liavi- licen sunk by ice. Wash. iSerapx, liJ, l.'il. A large British ship was wrecked on liaee j-iocks, in the Strait of Fuca, .and a heavy cargo of goods lost, in tlie winter of 1802. Or. StateKma'i, Dec. '2'2, 1802. The British ship Fannij iiiul ilaw.'iiiau bark Jiosalia were 'vrecked on Discovery Island, at the cntraiicu to ihc Canal do Haro, in the spring of IS08; no lives lost. Seattle InteUi'ji in-rr. March 30, 18G8. The schr (/ro»;/rr was wrecked in the spring of 1 807, ami t^uch of tho crew as escaped were slain by the northern Indians. I'ori'uirl orr/joiiiaji, 'May 18 and June .'iO, 1SG7. Tho schr CAi^HH/d'o/i was wreck^il ■.<'. Shoal water Bay iu April 1870. Seattle Intelliijencer, May 2, 1870. The s'ln Jio.sa Perry was cast away at the entrance to Shoalwatcr Bay, Oct. 2, I ^7 J The crew were rescued by the light-house U'.uiicr Shitbriek: Oliim/iia Tran xi rljit, Oct. 12, 1872. The Waller Unlvi'jh w:i8 lost near Cape Flatteiy in tlir >vintcr of 1872. .S'. /' Call, Dec. 14, 1872. Tho Nicaragutin ship PiTirnii \va- lost at tho west end of Ncah Bay in Jan. 1875; no lives lost. The ximericin ship L'mili/ Parnum, Austin master, struck ou a rock olF Destruction Islanu. .\ov. ISth, and broke up. Two men were drowned. About the same time tii • schr Siiiisliim was found bottom »ip, olF the mou'.,u of tiie Columbia. She lia.i 2."i persons on board, all lost. Olynijna Waxh. Slaiidard, Dec. II, 1S7.'). Hi'' bark Ihivid lloadley ran ashore on Rocky Point, in the Straits, Dec. 'l, I'^^o. and was lost. The steam tug-boat Pei^olide exploded her boiler in North Ha) . I.") miles from Olympia, Aug. 11>, 1808; six lives ioot. Olympia Par. Trilni' . Aug. 22, 18G8. Tho most shocking calamity in the way of shipwreck wlurli lias ever happened in Wasiiiiigton waters occurred in tho loss of the old an 1 iinseaworthy ocean inail-stcamer Pacific, Nov. 4, 1875. She left Victoria in ilie morning, and in the evening, about 40 miles south of Cape Flattery, siie col lided with a sailing vessel and went down in less than an 1ioi,t, with 275 souls on board. Two persons only were saved. The two saved, who were pickoil WRECKS, PILOT". AND LIGHT-HOUSES. :j:0 lip from floating dc^bris 30 and 4S hours after the wreck, were a qnartcnna«- ter, iiiinic unknown, and a Canadian, llcniy Frodeiick .relly. TIic loss of ship and i ar;;i) wa« estimated at J?! •_'.">.( HMt, and tiu! treasure on board at ASs.tHHI. .V. /'. Cdll, Xov. 9 and 11, |S75. Since tiiis disaster three l:ir;,'e ..tciiui-colliurs, belonjrinjj to the Central I'acitic 11. Co., have been wrecked — tlie J/<<«(.»'' «/■'/"' '-"urncJ at Seattle; tiie Tai-niun, going ashore at the nioutli of the Unilt^iua; and the Unmt'dl'i, lunning on the rocks at false Cnpe Flattery, nil within the years lS6;j-i. The two lost ut sea were doubtless Inst tlirou^li the Wi'onjj policy of thoeonij my in cniiiloyii^.,' captiiina uiiaei|uainted with the coast. Tlic escape of vessels from shipwreck for many years on tlie .Sound, AvLeie there was no system of ]>ilotaj,'e estalilished, ami lightdioiues were wanting, is worthy of ii'umrk. i'ilotage has ncv(^r been deemed im- portant, owing to the width of the straits and the depth of water; but light-iioiises have been urgently demanded of congress by successive legisla- tures. Pilotage was not establis'ied by act of tlio legislature until lS(i7-S. W'u'h. SlaK, 18(i7-S, X\-Q. The chairman of the first board was K. S. t'u^kr, and the secretary .James G. Swan. During l8(iS 9 pilots were ap- [loint'd, 4 "f whom resigned, and one was di.smissed. The service was not ousidered remunerative, ami was .alleged to be unnecessary by many, who Miuiiidcd it was simply taxing commerce for the l)cuctit of iudividual.>. 'ihimi'i'i 'I'mnHcriiit, March 28 and Oct. 'A, IHfivS; Por( Toir'n^cml Metxinji'^Oct, >. lh()N; U'cinh. Joitr. Council, 1809, app. lil-T; Ohjinpia 1['iik/i. Stmiilar'l, ih ■. 10, lss((. The organic act of Oregon territory appropriated lifteen :iii..>and dollars for the (lonstruction of light-houses at Cape T)isap])iiiiitment iinl New Dungeuess, and for buoys at the mouth of the Columbia. (/. S. Slat. i>4S-9. r.-.'J. Another act. passed a fortnight later, making appropriations :■'[■ li.'lit-liouscs and for other purposes, appropriated money for the al)ove- uiiuti 'netl liglits, and for another oa Tatoosh Island, olf Capo Flattery, at tiie .utraiicc to the Strait j. Globe, 2249, Slid cong. I>t p<-»». The bu'lit house at Cipc Disappointment was not completed as soon as e\- [tcted, i.\ ing to the loss of the bark Oriole with the material on board in IS.j;). i'lii contractors, Gibl)ons and Kelly, recovered §10,558 from the government :t tiie lo.'is f)f their material. //. Ex. Dor., ll.S, 2-3. Lieut G. H. Derby ;is iipiininted to superintend the construction of light-houses on the Oregon :i'l \Va.-lt, ISOl, 205; Olympia Wai/i. Standard, Jan. 26. 1801; U. S. Statutes, 33U RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 4 iJ H>fi 1855-6. The light-liouso board in thcii- report for 1872 represented tliat tht rapidly increasing conimfrco of I'lij-'ct Soiinil demanded an increase of liLjlits, and uakcd for uu appropriation of $'.!.'i,000 each for li^ht-iiouscs at Point Xu- I'oint, between I'ort TownHcnd and Seattle, at West Point, entruirc to 1 )\vaini8li Bay, and at Point Delianco, nine miles north of Stcilaooom. To cruet a Hteam fog-vvliistlo at New Uunj^eness, §S, 000 was asked for. Cong' ss in tile following March appropriateil the required sums for tho fog-whistle, iiiiil for a ligiitliousu at Puint No-1'oint. (-'otii/. (rtoht', app. 'J71, 4'2dcong. 'M sosa.; (iov.'.s mess., in Wash. Join: Coiiiiril, \S1\, app. 110; J/. Kx. Dor., ■_', .VI',)- .")(), I'Jd coiig. ."d 8CS9. .\ bell struck by macliinei-y at interval of ten seconds was added in ISSO. Tho legislature in l.s."(S-il petitioned for a light-house (>ii ilood Ciinnl, ami another on Point Roberts, tho most northern point of iliu straits leading into (he gulf i-f iJeorgia. The next legislature mcmorializcii congress on the need of a light at (Jray Harbor; ami tho assembly of lMjO-1 asked for one at the north-west point of Vashon Island, another at thociitiain.': to IJellingham IJay, and a third at Point Hudson. The sum of S'JO,(MM) was appropriated in Juno 18G0 for a light-house at ( Iray Harl)or, but nothing lim- ing becui done toward erecting one in Isd.'i, the legislative assembly of tli.u winter memorialized congress on thesulijeet. 'J'lio numberof light-hoiisi-sliad not, howi'vcr, been added to, notwithstanding periodical memorials, and mil;- gestioiis MS to Alki I'nint, Foulweather Hlull', and ('yiircss Island, in aiMition to those before prayetl for, when in ISTO negotiations were in progress to imi- cha.se land at Point No-Point tor the purpose of establishing u light i\l that idace. A light has siiue been e^t.iblistieil there. There were in INSJ luii lights on tho whole coast of Washington, inebidiiig the Strait of I'lica iiuil I'ugct Sound; on ('ape I •is,i|ip(iintiiieiit or Hmii'ock, one of the Isl onlci, Slioalwater IJay one of the Itli oi'

  • , ISTJ, authorized tho establislu. cut of three lifo-boat stations on the coast of Wa.shington, with keepers iit.S'J(H( a year. Li/r-Stirinii S' rrirr llcjif, Isjli. .Ori-T. The ai;t, on account of many imperfections, was pi;ietically inoperative. To remedy this inctlieiriiey, con- gress in bS7>H passed another iK't orgiuii/ing the Hcrvico into a regular estah- lishment undor a central superiutendeiit, whose ])owers and duties weiedi- fined by law. i)roloiigiiig th(( perioil of active service from tho firut nf ,Si>|it, tu the lirst of May, increasing tho pay of the kei'jiers, anil extending their time- tions so as to include those of inspectors of customs, and detailing olliceis et the revenue marine corps for tho 'bity of insjiecting these stations. The ula- tions authorized in lH7lwereat \<'ah \U\ . cm tiio Indian reaervalion; at .Shoalwiiter liny near the light house landiii _'; and at ilaker's IJa.v, Cape Dis- appointment. Thcsic three life-saving static ins were; not comidetcd natil fSTS, and cannot be reg;irded as of very great value, since Ihcy are dependent upon the services of vohinteers, who might not bo at haml in tho moment of in'cjcl. From a memorial passed by the legislature of |s,"iO-00, it appears that a marine hospitul being necessary, 1. V. Klicy, then collector of eustoiiiM at I'ort Townsend for the liistrict of Paget Sound, entired into a contract witli Saniuel McCunly, .\pril 1!, 1H8.">, to rc.cive into his hospital all sick ami disabled seamen, and provicl \m controcrt with Ebcy's successor, M. II. Frost, at tho price of three dollars jxr day for ciieh potlont, continuing to receive and rirovido for distdded scami ii until Jidy 1S58, when tho contract jinssed into other hands, McCnrdy having,' received nothing for his services ond outlay. Wmh. Stilt., ISolMiO, .'lO.'l. Nh Curdy had steveral •uocossors, P. M. OPrien, who died a resident of Sun lo**, ■I' LUMBER TRADE. 337 r.il., \vas at one time mcdic.il director of the marine hospital re Port Towiiseml, Imi l)i;ing iu KymiMitliy witli rul>elli-(i. One of the most wortiiy and siicceNs- fill "I ill*' directors waa T. T. Minor, who was for Keverul years iu charge, and iiiiidi' many iiiiprovoiiiouts. Minor was born in Conn., and educated at ^'alu LiilU .^e, wliero lie was studying medicine when tiic war of the rcl)eliion hegaii. Aiiiioiii;h hut 17 years of agu ho onliatcd as a private, and waa assigned to til.- Mu ilical department iu lligginson's IstH. 0. colored regiment, iu iStU lio was [iroiiioted to ho surgeon. At tiie close of the war ho returned to liis Ktiidii'^ at Ni'W lluveu. Iu 18US ho waa appointed to visit Alaska and iiiaku II otilkctiiin illustrative of the resources of tiiat territory. On his return ho settlid at I'ort Townsend and took charge of tiic marine hosiiital, wliilo alao conducting a private hospital, Pvrllaud Wmt Hfiuri', Dec. 1870. 'I'ho cliicf article of export sinco ISol has heen lumber. The piles and aniian d tiiiihers constituting tiie earliest Kiiipiiniits were cut 1 y fotticrs and ship ciews and dragged liy hand to the water's edge. The skipn"-' [laid eight cLiits a foot for piles delivered alongside the vessel, and sold liicm in S. K liiia >h)llar a foot. Among tiie first vessels after tUa Orbit and the (tC'c;/'' Eiiiiiri/ to load with timber was tiie > f. ir. Kfinlnll. She was sent to I'liget >niiiid toward spring in l.S.'il to gcia cargo of ico by her owner, Saiiiiud Mcnitt of 8. F. When he returned the captain met .Merritt with tiic aii- uoiiiicciiiciit, 'Doctor, water don't freeze in I'uget Sound!' Ihit he had bio i^'lll hack a prolitaldo cargo of piles, ami the doctor was con.solcd for his ili.^il'pointment. Conlcnipurarif Jlio;;., ii. !I4. llettiiig out spars bfcunii' a ngiilar Ijusiness liefore IS.")!). Tiiomas ("ranney was one of the lirst to make He says ho had !( yokes of cattle, with rojn it a trade, about IS.m. He says ho had !( yokes of cattle, with ropes niid hill ks i. For this niaiket the timber had to bo hewed to an eight- niilil loiin from eml to end. For the (^hina market they were hewed s(iii,ii-o tu wliiie tiicy pass through the vessel's ileck, and iliovc that round to the flld of tlie stick, ^/ol^.^l'.^ W'lt^/i, 't'cr., .MS., xxii. •IS. Later they Were iiiiiile Kipiiiie to avoid import duties. A skidded road w.is prepared on whicli tile .>|i.a' was to run, a liejivy block was iii;ule fast to it, and another to a treo ;,liiail, the oxen slowly pulling it l^y tlie rope between, along the trark, tlio t iWiud block beingHliitted farther ahead as the spar advanced, until the elmte wu.s ivjiehed, whicli conducted it to the vessel. .S'. /'. Alto, «)it. "JO, I.Sd'J. In 1 .iiiliii',' spars some space is necessarily '"t't, which is tilled in with jiiekets •■' Villi from the mills. Mnrsi-'n Wn-^h '< •., .MS., xxii. 4S. Ihit previous ' ■ iiiiiiii.'iiikll.illlllin. .iji^/.'.rii tf"-^i' I ',, .. i<^., .\.\>i.'t>i. |iiiij|>i,>(t>i|.^tO ilii<, a.s early as IS.i."), lliu bark Amnli/r, (apt. .1. 11. Swift, sailed from I'l.sa- luly wiili a cargo of spars, ciuisiu'ivd to i!ie I'Vench navy yard at IJiest. Thu >lii|>iiient was made i)y Ih'eiina'i and Thompson to (ill a contract maile by Isiai' I'liedlandcr of S, F. In I>."t7 tl l same ship took a cargo of spars from L'tsahuly to the English navy-jard at (.)hutham. The spars sent to Framo Hiiv niilijectcd to rigid lists, and found ocpnd to the In st. Since Is.'Hi sp;ii,s liav. hci II regularly sent to these markctB, and to Sjiaiii, Mauritius, (hiiia, aii4 r|.^, « lure. Tlio Dutch ship JVilliamhi'r'f, in Is.'id, look out over 100 »|>iis fioiii ,st) to PJO feet long, ami from 'M to III iiielies diameter at I lie but, tlif largest weighing from IS to '20 tons apiece. .S'. /■'. .il'n, Dec. •.",•, IS.'iCi; ■">''i'. CiiiDii, Nov. i;(, lS."i7. The lirst vessel direct from China that ever iir- riodiii I'uget Siiiind was tlie i/nzi< Juri'm, inOet. |S,"iS, to load with spais fiiilliat I inpiro. In \SM the lirst cargo of yellowiir siiars was shipped to the .AtLuitic ports of the r.S. in the Lnirsiin, ,ii lialli, .Maine. Tliesi- si leUs w eio frmii iiO to lbs leet in length, mid were furnished by the Fort Canilih^ null loiiiliuiiy. J'uii Toini-'tinl yurlltinut, Aug. IfiOU. "in the following year Uisr. Wahii.— J'J '.I m RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 3 !:! I I . the sliijt Tiiflimncni loiidiil with 8i):>ra «t Utsalady for the Spanish naval sta- tiiiu luar .St Uriifs, aiul tlifsiiip 'J'riie Itriton iitr Loiuloii. /'L, fict. Tiic ])ioii('('t- hmihoriii^ i^i- tahiishliK'nt on I'ligit .Sound was I'lcctcd .n IM47, hy M. T. .Siniiiioiis ami un- 8ui'i'i!i's, lit 'i'liinwatci', as I have said. Its first slii[iinciit was in IS4S, w Ik n the 11. 11. Co.'a Hlv Jifdirr took ii cargo for their northern jiosts. Hhfnijun Till II --cii lit. May ■_';{, l.SGS. The seci>nd siiw-inill was eiecteil liy Juine-i Mi-- AUi-fter, in IS.'il. It was a small gate or sash mill driven hy water-|Mi«ir. cutting from ;V)0 to I,0(t0 feet per day. Wiinh. Tn'. Tniv KJItihil, ISM), .V.); Jhijiliiu Jjrin. i^li'itti .luiir., Nov. 17, ISS2. A. .S. Al)ernethy ereeted a watii- iiower mill at Oak Point on the Coluinljia in |.S4,S-!». In IS7- it was turn- ing oiil 4, (XM»,(J,0(M> feet )ierilay. The sawdust \Mis used in tilling in ni.irsiiy grouiid on the heai-h, where it forms ii considerable part of the watei--froni <<{ the city. Th') mill-waste and slalis were /<;-".< Svtlh niciit of Sintilv, MS.. 1, fl, 7. Ill ls.~i:2 a mill was ere(te(l at Shoalwater Hay hy David K. \Veldon .•iml (!eor,L;o Watkins. Siritu\tX. W. ('nast, (U-.'i. In the spring of IS.'i.'l Nielinl.-n J>eliii, M. T. .Simmons, and .Smith Hays foniu-d a ]iartnersliip to ereei two mills, oiii^ at the lead of ('ommeiieenieiit l.ay, .-illd tlie other iipcin S| Uuiii I'ay, north-west of (>lyni|na. The first was eompleted in .Mav, and l! e;ir''.ics of lumlier wen; shippt^d on the (linr^ji /•JuKiri/ to S. I-'.; Imt tin mill proMil tn he l.:idly situated, and was .'iliaiid.ined, even liefore the Indian war. Mvjiii-', in A' ((' T'ifiiiiiii /-m/;/ic, .luly 0, Isso. \ mill was Imilt in the winli-j- nf IS.'vJ .'( at Whateoni, l!elliii;^'liani liny, hy Itoder & I'ealiody, liut «,it.-r failed in summer. Its capacity w.is 4, (MM) feet per day during liiL'li watrr. Il was hiiineil in Is7;t, and not rebuilt. Ho'lii-'x Ihlliniilinin Jiiii/, MS., 17; /,''■ (Iriihir'n Sl.
  • '< iiiiii'iKiriiccK, MS., ,'t4. Phiniiey died in ISS7, and iii tin; m'tth-nientof the estate the mill was bought by the I'uget .Mil I Co. for t!(il,(M)it. ,}fi,i:-rsr\f llas/i. '/Vr., MS., .xxii. 4;i. The capacity of tliu Port (inniliK; mill in Is7!l was ;i(J.(KM),()00 feet annnnlly. In IS.'i'J I'ldmuml Martin. .1. .1. Phelps, and Ware built a utenm-mill lit Appletree (.'ove on the «est side of Admiralty Inlet. Martin was uftc'-ivaril a largi' Iii[iior-dc.-il( r in .S. I''., and easiiier of tlie IlilHM'iiia Itiink. ib-.licil nboit bSSt). liefore this mill was fairly in successful operation it was Ko'd tn <;. .\. Meigs in \>i'i'.\, who I'einovcd it to Port .Madisou the haine year. Ill Dec. l^.'il it was burned, but rebuilt, and in Mandi IS(1| tlie boilers ot tlio new mill i-xoloih'd, killing (1 men and stopping work for •_• weeks, wlini it U'sunicil and ran until .May |S(i4, when il was destroyed by fire, but wmi again lebiiiit. In Ih7- the firm was Meigs fc ( iawley, t)wing to b,i>iin-.n C'linplicutioiis and einbarrassmentii from losses, it was not until |s77 llmt Meiys was able to clear the estalili-i.'rin.; tH- noiiH iiiiil as- 1S4S, wluii sts. Oli/iiijiia ^ JaiiK'i Mc- IViltPI-pnWir, hit, l.SMI. •''■'•. L-tl'll 11 V..tll- ! it was tinn- .,(U. Ill tliu •li turiii'l imt iiiii ill iiiiii'stliy ivutcl-friilil nf ivf. Til'' mill ivas in Niclinlim I to ipoii Sl.iidkiiiii ami 2 iiii".''ifn liiiill piiiM il til II war. liviin-*, tlu' wiiittii' lit y, Imt w.it.r li'.'li watrf. it MS., 17; /.■' m IS.VJ, I" -11 . '1', Siiyw.ii'l Aiiliur'i'liiM- rcHurty. >'"//• P, anil" I'll thr for tKil.iKiit. S, .Viiotiicr Miiilili', l>y III- '!• ^iiniii.f ''I'. [trai'ts I't liiii I'oft (iiiml)l>' Btonm-iiiiil it aH a(t<"»varil ■Ilk. Jl>"ii.il lit \vasH..M I'l lull! yi'iii- 1" li,iilr|H nl ll»« •rks, will" i< lliiv, Will "•''' If to ll.l-illr-" Ttil IsTT tli^ii ^ilUHllf o'lltH of all tilt-' linii'tcring cstalilishmoiits nunc uero nmrt! oiiiii]illai''H lo 1 41-1. with ilancin^^asscnihlii'M. h-ctiii't's, ami 011 t-i lour n|Mirt'<, wcru ffaliiii's nf t^i plaie. AImiiiI .'((Mt jh-ojiIo wert! oinjiloyi'il, ainl no liijiior .sold in tlir jilai'i-. Mif.'s wusa VfiiiioutiT. )<.; Mnr/ihi/iiiiil //((niiil'.H I'.S. /liinlnr;/, 1.S7'J, | t7; S iltf/r I'm-. Tnhn 17. IS 1 1, Noaiiiiiion, 111 ^■'■r'liii I Ml, Ill/ill/, V. ri'.l; .l/oci. \ W.ixli. T>i\, MS., xxii. •l4-(i. .Xnotlii.'r of tl lU i.ir'y i.iillsiwasthat of I'ortth'i'hard. It waslirst put iipat AIki I'oint, calhil \^ u" \ oik, hy i'y. ('. 'i'liry ami William II. Jli'iitoii in lS."i;{-4, Imt nnioMil lllil !• ir :< vi'ai A to I'oi't (h'l'haril, whi<'li had a lii.'ttcr hail 'I'lii! mill \\»^ aid .sold to (^iluiniiii and < feet ai I '-11 when Us iMpai'ity w.i.s iiiereased to •JIlll.OlMI ]>er day II t .1 ' thoeiMiipletioii of tlio mill, in iMi^t, and the linn ineorpn II I'liir- iV ( 'o., liiit in |H7li lii'iaiiK! a'.<.uii iiieorporated as tl .\liiMoinpaiiy, with a capital of .NUtll.tHMl. \\'ii>li. '/'./•. I'nn i:.,hil„l, Is.Slt, 1)1 I'his iiiil'l.siiipped, in I^S.'t, .'it.OIIO.OIN) feet ot liimher, and loiild eiit '.>IH),- ierin>,' estalil a day. It In iiiliially dow Howard 1 rated as lieu le I'ort lllak II 1 1 lllld toll. III) I' W, h. in IJ hours. It had M) IS of all kiiid->: Ml hollers and I eli;illle-., Il.::i 1 ,1 iiniteil p iwcr of l.'J'lll lior.se. It was li.,'hte I liy 111 ehctrie li^hls, and 1 \rry way tlio iiiist eieiiplete liinilieriii;,' est.ililisliineiit in this, if not in .■.lutry. Ill Js.'iSt'ie fr.inieof the I'ts.iiady mill was hewn out fortireii- V ( 'I'aiiney, \\ ho liegaii .H,aw iiii,' in Fell. I^."H. The sule owiii'r in jiee. iSii!) 'rhiiiiias Craiiiey. In lH',;i, I 'raniiey >V ( 'liiHiiolm uwiiid it; Imt in l^'id ' lllld to the i'u,'et .Mill Co. for liliout .S.to.tMMI, and waselo.sed forli Item, for I I v« II iivi'ra''o of l7.tli>'l,l>lM) feel aiiniiallv, ainl alter- w.ii I more than d mliii! th:itainoiint. .1/. •1 ll'«>/.. /•- .\I> x.\ii. i;i, v, 1 1 IViS-il S. 1,. Ma.stlik Hi. Co. ,,f S. !•". ereeted a mill at I'ort Discovery, \.'iii !i ill the lirst ISlnoiith.s cut ,S,.'i(H).(M)ll feet III liinilicr. It employed in I ;i .'ill iiieii, and turned out |'J,IIIM), to I.S7II; Hince which time its capacity has Im-cii A/.. 'I.^ will :i; /'..(•//.(,(./ I>r,,in .May '.'!•, Is7."> In iMi-' A Il Ml Known as tlio Wasliin.'toii Mill < 'oiupany. eoniisliiiL' of .Marshall Ithiiii, \V,.I. .\.lii It. U li.'imsoii. \V. It. Sinclair, and Hill Harmon, Imtit nil at Scalieck on lliol ('anal, with an a\er,iL,'e capaciiy of 1 l,i|(lil,(lllil per iimiiim, at a cn-.t of ^MI.IIINI. Itlinii iV .Vdams were the piincipil ii« iiiiN. ill |s7ll .\d iiiH vissej., l!ie ( iiyiiiii'Iril i \uis solo proprietor. ,|i/(l//(,i ail I the /hilili 11 le estalilndiineiit ow m d t\ In ISlM .1. |{. Willi.'imsiiii ai'd nl hers I mi It a mill at l"'rne|).irt (now .Miltoiii, op|ioMit<) Seattle, which was ••'Id to .Ma'sliiill .V t'o., alioiil l*<7l. its I'apacily wi.s ahoul ■'i.'">,(lli:i teei I'lT iliv. 1 1 iMiH .\ckerMoli & Kilss of ( 'al. erected a mill at 'racoiiia (ihell iillo I (,' iinmeiieeiiicnH '.lyi. In I S77 the linn was llaiiwiu, .\ckernian .V t o.. dti I' mi I W.H OUlli.l.L{ ovei Sl.Oll.lfeet per day. .V. "• I'll' A../, /"■ M< 7, l^SO: 0',,„i,,i,i. Ti-'iiifiifr l''eh. ir>, |S7(I; I'oflhiwt W.hI SIh(> ol lurs ill V. e-iii'i n \Vashin;,'toii, on ( iiay llarhor, >li'i.il\viit'r Hay, tlui Willopah, Clielmlix, (,'owlit/, and ( 'oliimliiii in 11 s, and ^c,l'.t^ll•l| through the HettlementH. ilia review ol the mwrkel for ISSO it was stnfetl that the ra|iAcity of tho I'll. it Sound mills was uhont two hundred million fci't a ye.ir, and the nhip- liie its ahiiiit ei'^lit miljiiin feel under that. Wnlla W'ulla Stiilrninnii, .Ian. '17, (./• /'. S. Mini, Vi'U. Il', IhM. The hall; ' iiU'I'i'iiiI llvnilil, in Ln d I I 11^ .'I RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. I'.ipacity of tlirso mills is given in 1883 as l,30(i,(KX) feet daily, or over three liiiiiilred niilliiiiiH .-inniiully. All intLTfstinj; fciiture of the lumlier huaiiicas is that part of it known in ' logging,' which iH carriuil on by companies, on an extensive scale. Wilkr^'m't J'iKji't Sound, i.'{-14; Itcjit of f'lun. A nt which was condennied as a (loor (iiialitv of lignite. Lvn-is' (Jual Dincor., MS., 8, 13; S. I. J'dh/nixidn, v. -J, 7; .\liirMi\ ira.<7». 'J'fi:, MS., ii. 57. Ahont that tinio. or previous to ISM), a rrt'iiehnian named liemeau discovered coal on the Skooktini (Jliuclv, wliiuli c ri-ati'd considerabli! interest at Olyiiiiiia, and was tiie motive wiiich iiis[iirL'il t\n' lirst idea of a railiuad toward the Colundiia, u Huivey lieing made liv .1. W. 'I'rutch in tiio antnmn of I8.VJ. In 18411 Sainnel Hancock, whih; trailing' V ith the Lnmmi, was told that they had seen hhick stones at Hellingiiam liay. Suliscipientiy he f(jiind coal on the Stillacpiamish, hut was iorltidilcn to >\(irk ii lpy the Indians who told him of it. //ancui'h'h Thirtfen, Years, MS., 14."i-!», 174; (Jli/iii/iia Ciiliimliian, Oct. I«>, iS.Vi. in |S,">0 H. A. (Joldsliorough explored several affluents of Pnget Sonnilainl found croppin^^s of C(jiil on a nuinher of them, of which an analysis was iu:iilu ill Fch. Is.'il, liy Walter U. •iohnson for the secretary of tlio iiavj'. Alxiut this time the J'. M. S. Co. emi)loyed agents to explore for coal in Oregon and \'»'asliington, one ot whom, \Villiain A. Howard, afterward in the riMinio hi ivicc, together with K. D. Warhass, made an expedition from tiie Chcljiilii lip the coast to a point north of Qiiinault. Meaiiwhilu William I'atth-, ;iu Jjighsh sulijet't, who was looking for spar timber uinoiig the islands of tho llaio iircliipchigo, found coal at Belliiigiiaiii Itay in Oct. IS."i'_', find took u ('l;iiiii oil tile l.'iiid just Hoiith of the town site of Sciiomo as subsciiucntly In- (;itic|. Two otlicr riaiiiis were taken ailjoining by Tattle's associates, Muni. s there was an i: v< rage aiiiiual yirld of tliirteeii thousand tons. Another coal ileiiosii w.is diMcivfi-ed ill iSti'J (111 till) Strait of {''ilea not far from ( 'lal';iiii liay, dy J. K. 'I lioriiclikc, and in |S(I7 was orgaiii/ed the IMiienix Coal Mining ('o. Tlie (111 liest alteiiiptcd development of coal west of Admiralty Inlet was by l>r It. II. liigelow, wlio partially opened a coal vein on Itfack llivcr, Known as tlin Ihgdow iiiiiio, lying about ten niilea Bouth-east from Seattle, 'I licic w;is no means of getting coal to navigable water without expensive iiii- ]irovi iiii'iits in mads and l)ai'g("<, and the niiniMVas abandoned. About I'^ii7 S. It. Hinds i*t Co. of Seattle purchased the claim, and ttunk u shalt to tiiu vein, a distanoo of 70 feet; but tho mine never becaniu productive of iiiarkit- able Coals, East of Seattle several discoveries were miele about IS,")(), some of which have proved valuable. I>avid Moweiy, a I'a hror< ri' a, MS,. I. .\ claim of IliO i cres of ce.il l.ind eleven miles southeast of Seatlh^ v\as taken up in Istio by I'liilip 11. Lewis, and uork begtiii upon it in the following year. Lewis was bum in Id. ill IH'JS, and came to ()r. from (. 'a I. in Is.'d. His example was follnvteil by I'Mwiii llieharilson, who took a claim ne\t to him, while .losi.'ili >iitl() jiaimed anotlicr iiu.-irter-seetion adjoining. Ilieliardson cliaiige(l his locitioii more than oiiee, linally lixing iipiui the one later work('(l by tin; Seattle ( oiil iiiid Trail tportalioii < 'o. Tlie origin, d owners opened ii road in |N(I7, •md broii'.iht out one hundred and liity tons in wagons, which w;is sohl for ten ih'Uar^i a ton at thuwlrirf in Si'.ittle. and buriie I on some of the st(aniei.s that plied on the Sound. The mine wujt tiien sought f(jr, and u company consist' r'UII COAL MINES. Ml jver throe known iii 'ath. Ttr., on 5s cii;il. iico several id as 11 poi li- ft!/, V. '-', 7; ti» IS.'>(), 11 lick, Nvhiell oil irispinil inutlc 1 ly •! . lile tru'liii'4 li^liaiil r>ay. Ifll to Willi MS., ll.">-'.i, t Sound mill ia was iiiiiile i,vy. Al II lilt OrogDii iHiil tlio nvi luio the Ciu'liiilU III I'l.ttlf, nil lands lit' tlio , iind tiii>li 11 si;i|n('iitly I'l- iati's, M.irii- ly ciiUid the fuio \Mi« iiu doiiosit NV.H y, l.y J. K. 'o. ty IiiU't WHS Jliick liivtr, .mi Scat ill'. Ixjifusivi' iiu- Alimit I'^'i? uhalt (■' 111" lo tif Dial k' 1- Inc (if wliifli lull Ills >lllil ll. Aiiilri'W. ii liitiT ll i;' , Vlicll ll " '■• IMTH III '■• 'I ly riiilil' " \\\\A liiiiii 111 las l'iillii\M'l l.siiih Si'il'i lliis jiKiiO "» fiuutllc* "l IsCiT. iii'l .Id I'm ''" iaiiui>i 111''' liiiV ci>li>i-'t' in',' of Poniol Bngloy, Geoi^'o F. Wliitwortli, P. H. Lewis, .To«inli Settle, mid .'"aliuiiia (iallicldo, culled the Luke Wa.'shiiigtoii Coniiiany, was fol'iiu'd. Ua^;- K\ |iiiiii'i^ed tlio llioiiariLsdM claim and a portion of each of the otln r t\u), \\ lutwortli owniiiji a (lart of Lewis' claim. Clarence IJaj^ley and (iar'iuMe tiMik up home adilitioiial land, wliiuli went into tiio company organi/atii^i. 'Jlir iilijict of tho new aiTan;.;cment was to j^et a rail or tram road from tin- cai-i •■•idc of L^ike Wasliinj^toii to the coal hcda. A company was formed, and uii in t pasHi'd hy the Icgislatin'o of l.Stj(i-7 incorporating tho Coal Creek lioa 1 ('oiiil'iiiiy. ]Vii»h. SItif., lS(i(i-7, 'JO'J-Ii. The road company was compost.'d of \V. \V. Perkins, John l>«niiy, Ileury L. Vesler, John J. MctJilvra, «'. .(. Js'iiyis, C. II. Hale, and J^ewi.-* C. (iuiui. Capital tttock So.lKX), with power to iiirnaso to S,")0<),(KK). In Aug. following the mining company incorpoivitid n.s th • l.nke Washington Company, with a capital stock of ijr)0(>,(KX!, with Iiu; jiiixilr^v; of increusiiig it to a million. Lewis withdrew from the minin;^ ov gaiii/ation, after which it sold out, in IH70, to Iluel Uobinson, Anios lluist, ami otiieis, residents of Seattle, for S'2."»,000, all tho land that had iieeii put ill Icing incluileil in the sale, the new organization styliiig itsi'lf tho Seattle t 1 1,1 1 ( 'iiiiipany. Under the new management there was a tramway liuilt iVoi.i tlic mine to l^ako Washington, and a wooden road on the west wide of th'; luko to Seattle. A scow was Imilt for transportation across the lake; a .■^niall steamer, the /'/("((^jw, was eonstrncted for towing. In ls7'J liohinson svild to C. 11. Sh.ittuik ami itlieis of S. V, for lji.'d,(KM», and capital )mt in; siiuc vliiili the Seattle mine has produced well, find licen a, iirolitahlc invc- tnieiit. 'Jill! loiiipany had steam tow boats on lakes Wasliingttm and L'liion, the ' 'Imn mill i'liilKili", connecting with tin; tramway from tho mine across the istiimus In'twcen the lakes, iind from Lake Union to the wharf in Seattle. The llat- kiiits were rim iijioii trucks across the isthmus, and tiience across the seiond l.iki'. to avoid handling. ,1/( < /•< c'/t Wash. Tir.; Mil'arluit'.'i (Hal Itajion : Uw ill/' ii/h CdiiI Mini's^ KMi 7; Si fttllr Ii:/< //ii/i'iiri r, Sept, II, Is7l. Till' discovery next in point of time and importance to the .Seatlle coul \\as tluit III the l!"ntoii mine, havid Mow ery liist made tli« I'.iscoverv, Imt ii't tliiiiliiiig well t)f '.lie coal, sold the claim to llohert Aluams ahmit iSlJtl. It « -.ii'it until IS7.'Jthat it was again rememliend, when E. M. .Smiihers, on iu^ j'lioining claim, foiind pieces of coal in a small streain mi his farm, and |ul|.iuing lip tho indiiatioiis, tunnelled into the hill where they aiipearcil, stiikiii_' at the distani'c of UK) i'cet two horizontal ledges of pure coal i\tiiid- iii,' into it. Having demonstrated the contents of his land, he sold it fur f^J.'i.lHHI to Jtuel lloliinsoii, who also |>iiicliascd the adioiiiiiiL; laiidsof .X'.naiiis lui'l McAllister. A company was at once formed, with a capital of .SKMI.uod. A iiumlier of mines have been prospected, and a great aliiindaiii-e of < oil I'liiiu I to exist on the east side of the Sound. .Vmoiig others was the ( ed.ir .Miiulitaiii mine, on the same ridge with the Iteiiton; and near t'lo jiiiution i>l Ctiliir and lllack rivers the Clynier mine was discovered at an e.arly ilay un till' land of C, (,'lymer. On theSldlaipiamisli, the Snoliomisli, and the Ska-it liMis, coal was known to exist. J^n A'o'/c V Skinji/ .!/('/(■<, MS., oj. |i had Iduu' licen known by some of tlio early residents of the I'liyaMiip N'alley that iiiul was to li(! found llnre. l.'iishriik'^ I'li'l't ■Siniiiil, .MS,, .'t. Tho tirstactiial 1 i''~|ii iliiiU was done by « iate and I wo half brt'cds named i'lett. This small (■niii|iaiiy took a mining claim in ls71, drifting in aliont sixty f.et, on a \> in iiiMiiMied on Klett Creek, a triiiutaiy of South I'raiiio Creek, which is a liiiiuili III tlie I'liyallnp. iMiiing the same season !•!. L. .smith of (Jlynipia, a Mil veyiir, discovered coal almiit half a mile nuitli of the < iale mine uii land 111 li'ii-iiig to the Northern racihe 11. Co., \* liich lul to an ex.iiiiinji'iwii of i;iu CKiintiy over an area of twintylive si|Uare miles in the coal >li>ti iit. It li eonjei'tured that the reL;ion ulioiit .Steilacooin is niideilaid with.icind i'ipii>it. Hut it is fartlier Koiitli than tliis that tlieactii,il diseoverics liii\e lii'i 11 liiiiile. In IS(i,"> 11 \ein was fuii.id upon the laud of Wallace and I', W. (lawfiml opjiosite to and two miles alio\e Mmitii ello. 'I'lie ■ iilistriletMli of till' N.irlJieru I'acilie i ailio.id Jioin the Coliliiilua to the Sniiiid ii\ived the iulvrcbt iiitliu coal-lieUUof tliu rogion aouth of <)l,\mpia. .1, l>. ,Montgiim< ly. 342 ni<:s()URCF,s and ixnrsiTniKs. in' \mk I . contractor npnn that ronfl, in IST'J piircliu!l<' a Ht«^aiinT to tow liargcs finm < laijiiato to (Iray Uailmr lor oduan Mliipiiictit, luit this Ki'!ifin«' lias not lucn laniid out. Ill \S~'.\ tho 'IVniiio ijiiiii'. witiiin halt a niih: of thi! N'oithi-rn I'aoirK; rnail iraili. was jirospfoti^il liy Mx-jiov. K. S. Suh>inon an nonr riiclmlis Htation on the Northi-ni Pacific was oju'iH'd 111 l^7">l'y li'oMi'iithal. a iiicrrlialit of < tlyiii|'ia. A niiin' known as the Si.id'o. sitnilrii ..n land ow ni ' liy T. I''. M' I '••? nnd OliMT Shcad of Olynipia. mar tin' SkMoUniii ( limk talion. waso;- I it) l>^77. In thi- anruinn of I.S7!) ii hail a tlail y iiipai ity r tifly Ioiih. Ciiitl-oil |i.H-< hi'cii (iiscovi'ii'd in Hoinr |iart8 of tlirsc cMcnfivi' coal ri' T'n.t. ♦ Jrcwjrc WniiiK'h, of pi.tnrrr anlccrdiMils, wnl sainpUs to Porthnnl ii l'"i"'. from th<> Skin-' inn Clink distriit. It waH^dno found in thr l'ii> ' 'p Vull y near Eliiai in iSS;^. Tii" nnniial )irodii(Mion was OHiiinatid in l^MJ, lor tint «lioli> ot' WHitltiu^tiin, to 1)1' l. I'. tho Olyiniiu iliistry it is comparatively small. For tin- year cnl)i'iicer iniiM"' ••Sl-",()1!*. Ill ISSl tlio yii'lil was imt iinuli if any iiniii'. ami in ]SS',\ till' |.i"iliiition I'f till) incc'loUH niftals liail fallen (■tl" fimii fciriiuT lij;iir(r^, n<>t icirliiii^ to .*!0(>.()(K). Tliis is not altovctlier frmn a poverty of resoiiiceh. liiit is |i;irlly line to the more sni'e and rapid returns from otler industries w liieli h:i\e heeii t'lijuyed in eastern Wa.'-hin;_'ton for tlii' last deeade, 'J'he N'aUinia (iiuiiiiy w.is the lirst to ;;ive any returns from i|nui tz-iidiiinj.;. 'I'lie ;,'old id (id luillini-'. !ii"l it is liolievHid «ill yive jilacc at a greater depth to ailver. Kamtkkn \V v-m sirriiN. The total amount of hind Hurvpyi'd in Wasliiii».»ton down to Tnno 1*!<^0wnfl I.V.C,!I,I7.". nut. ol the U.T'.Mi, llil" .'i.Ves eollst it ii! in- the area of ;li.. >.|;ilr. For iniiiiy years the tortiiiiate »siiKtt loii of nod mid i liinati- in eiisti ru W a'^liinn- I'll, uhenliyall the icre'ils can lie in'odii. . .| in th'' ;.ieatest ahnndaiiee tml "t the hi'.'liif,! eX'i'lhliee. W ,|» not undelsloud. 'I'Ik I'i -t NettU'l s in t lie \\ allli Walla \iilley Went til. re to laise eittle on thiiiir iiioiis Imneh ^iics m hieh (.'a\e 1 heir block no round iin up]" .-iruneti w ii li si..i uh'ssy hidev '| he n»Ul riii-iide I'liriied thither merehiiits aiMl setileisof another sort, nu'l it wiia (uillid lliut people must eat of the liililsot thu eai'lli III tile eoiiii! i y w hero IE 344 RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. their tcnta wore pitdicil. This necessity led to farming, nt first in the rn , k vullcyii, tlii-n on tlio liill-Hldes, iind laHlly on tliu to|>i4 of tlie liillH iinitu :i\v.iy from tlu! poftsiljility of irrigation, wliero to rvfryl)0(ly'n sin'priao w ln-iit iinw tiiu Ix.'st of idl. It till n iM'gjin to Ix! ivnown tliiit wiii'ru l)iincli-^niMH would natiniilly grow, wliout t'spt'cially, iiud llio otlier cereals, would tlourihii >iu- |iri.sin;;ly. Tiie ari a of w licat lund in eaHtcrn Wjutliinglon lias l»een estini.itc ' as capalile of yielding, \indcr ordinary culture, more than ii hnndrcd million l>ii.slicU annually, i>U to UO buhhela tu the ueru being nu uueouinion reluin. MeHU'Vjf i;/' (,'...•< /•««;• Fir 1 1/, IS78, 4-(J. The Noil wbich in mo fruitful in a dark loam, eomiHwed of n deep rich allu- \ ial di'po.sit, t'ond)iiu'd with volcanic aNii, overlying a clay Hub^uil. Uii the hills and soulUtrn exposures the clay comes nearer to the Hurfuco. Tlir w hole subsoil rests on a liiisaltio formation so deep as to be diacoxerable oulv on the ileep w atercniii ses. The climate is dry, with showers at lan^ iutii- vals in summer, with tall rains and brief winters, during which there is usually sonu! snowiall, and occasional hanl winters when the snow is deep enough tu till all the sti'eams to overtlowing in the spring, v liich comes early. 'i'lie tirst wheat-iields of western Washington were those cultivated by the JI. n. Co. in tlie (,'olumbia and t/owlitz valleys, which yielded well, the (ciw. lilz farm producing from HO to iJU bushels per acre of white winter win at. Tlie heavily tindn red valleys about I'uget .Souml furnished tracts of ii|i(a land wt'll adai>ted to wheat-growing, but Uiken as a whole this region has never been regardeil as a grain-producing country. Tlie reclamation of tiilr. lands about tlie mouths of the rivers which llow into tlie Fnca Nea, op|> :)>itr tlie strait of that name, udiled a euusiderablo area tu the grain-lields ut w estern \Va.diington. The lirst settlers u[ion tho tiile-lands wore Samuel ralhoun and Micliac 1 Sulli\an, who in Istil took claims on the Swinomish IMvcr or bayou, which , aiul three _\ears afterward raised a crop of ,'{7 ai'i-es of oat-^. Jlesiiwed live busiiels of seed to the acre, intending to cut it fur hay, liiit iilliiw iii^ it to 1 i|ien, obtained 1,()(HI bushels of o.'its. < 'allioun raised 'JI acii-i nf barley in bSti'J with like favorable results. From this time there was an annual increase of reclaimed land. Its prodiictivcni': acres at I «i Conner, behinging to .1. S. ( 'onner, aliuut l.(HN( tons of oats and barley wire produced annually. Morx's IIks/i. Tir., MS., x.xii, i;t. There weic in bsTo about "JO settlers on the Swinoinish tiih' liimis, who had KM) acres each in cultivation, and raised on them -lH biislicis of silling wheat, .SO bushels of winter winat, 7"> biisln Is of bailey, and Ml bushels ot oats to the acre. Moi'si'i U'li-li. 7'( /'. , M.S., xxii. l.'i. Ill Issi the experiment was trit'd of shipping cargoes of eastern \\'.i.>-li- iiigton and Ongon wheat by tii<^ way of I'uget Sound, insleail of via I'^rt- laud, Astoria, and thcMuoiitli of the (.'oliunbia, to avoid tliu risk ot the liar and a [larl of the ex|iens(! of pilot;iL;e and lightering. No eliuiali! ill till! wdild is more suited to the growth of nutritious gra^-ics tlianthatV. Ilirmiiighain, and .inother at Cliiiii! 'iini, in .b I* ti rson county. The former made over •_'.S,(HK( Ihs the tirst year. The N'orlli- ein j'acilic i hcese factory, at ( 'hiinacuin, nine miles south-west of I'ort Towas- eiid, was a gradual growth, William llishop being a pioneer of |N,"il(, wli'i setthcl in tlie Cliiuiaeiim \ alley and chaitil and improved a birin. U hi n lie had liO lows he began cheese-m.iking for the m irket abroad, proilucing l.ilH) lbs of cheese and oO Ihs of butter per day. \ third factory was eslubluilicJ FARMIXft AND FISHKRIES. 3»5 11 the r'l-. 1 k (iiiiti! ;i\\:iy ni'.at gii ^i' i'a.sN woulil (tlllisll Mil- II cstiiiiiti^' ' ll-L'tl lllilli'MI IIIUII let 111 11. It rich iillu- 111. Oh tlie ifuCO. I 111' iuiJihU' iiiily ; inw lull I- ru is usually |) UllUU^Il til >■• latfil hy til- •II, thuii.w- ilitfl' win at. nets "f I'l It'll It regimi liiH itimi (if tiiU" li* nt ami Mii'liacl layiiu, V liiih ! Wm lirsl in- aci'i'S lit (iat'<. r.ir hav, hut .cl-JI air.'s.if ln'ic was ail iili'il'i'il Iriiiil iiiiiiiT, aliiiiit 11,1.1/1. ■/'./•., ii.piiiisli till"" It .|ll llllslll'ls il.y, ami NO Lsti I'll Wash- lot' via I'liit- of the hai- ti«ms)^ni.'<»i» li.iii is, lui«- llltCll til tlu' li^cl Sullllil. ItiiiiH of hay the artu-li '< lies lit liii-i- Ijtiny I'M'i'l't re htarli il, I'liiii, ill ■•' '• iTlu' N"i-'l'- I'.irl TuMii^ Is.'ili, wli" Win 11 111' »ici.i^ 1.''"' LsUbilslie'l ill N70 hy Long k Birniiii;^hain on tli«> Mmlilox farm, in White River Val li \ , llie i)i'iw|K.'i't li«.'iiij{ that till) I'uj:et .Siiiiiiil farniLin would convert tluii- giaiii'lieliN into liay-lichU to a eoii.siileialili! evtent, ainl that (iuii'y-farniiiijj W'nul.l liecome tin' chief (m.-'iiieits on tiio valley nml tide 1:iiiiI.h. The e.\|ieiinient of lio|i-farniiiig wa.-* lirat tried in IS(14 hy Jueoh Meeker, V ho |ihiiited a liulfacre on liiiifarni in the ruyallu)) Valley. The yield was 'JdO iii.i'.iiils, which Hold for So ceiitH |ier iiniinil. ThoniiiMon 1^ .Sleude e.stah- ii-.lii'il the lii'Mt hopyavd iu IH7*J. The tollouiug year L/.ia and .). \'. .Meeker aiiil.l. !'• Stewart follow I'd. TluMlesire to cncouiaj,'*' auriiiiltiire ha.s led to till' fiiriiiation of a^riciillnriil Hocietics iu several coiintieH of the ti'iritory, \\ ,ilhi Walla taking the lead, l>y a few |ier8»UH calling' a meeting; in Ft h. iMi.'i, til he held April 'J.M, for the piirpoMe of or^^uni/.in;;. It was not until |si;7 that a tiiir wa-i held, the uddresH at the opening of the exhihition heinij pin- iiuiiiiri'il hy I'hilip Uitz. In I.S,' Sept., the openinjj address Isiiig hytiovernor Salomon. W hill Hill county orf^'ani/.ed an agricultural society in Istiti, and Lewis county ill 1^77. This lieiiig the oldest fanning region away fnun the Coliiiiihia, tho Km illy was prosperous at tin? start, and the first exliiliit a good one. ( '. T. F.'iy was chosen president, and L. I'. Venen tlelivered the ripening addro.s. I'll iiri, II ri r I'l'i/lslt'r, Vet. I, Is70; Ij/i/tii/i'm Trdiimriiit, Oct. !'_', \S''2; Oli/ni/ii'i II (./(. .V/f(i/(/(/;-i/, .liiiie 'J, IS77. In IS7 1 a meeting wan held in Olynipia in the iiitiiest of ii'^ricultiire hy a mutual aid society, or fanner's cliih, which ili-|.|,i\i il «pecinn:lis ef ]irodliction!J. The meeting was addressed hy ilndgo .Mrraililcii at the c'ose 01 the exhihit, and steps taken tooigaiii/e a teiiitoriid aL:iiiiiliiiral society, under the naiiiiMif Western Wa.shinglon indiistrial .\s- Biii'iatioii, which held its lirst annual exhihition in Oct. Is7-at Olympia. The bccdiiii annual territorial fair waa held at Seattle, iu tlio university grounds. One of the great natural resources of western Wiisliiugfon which has hei n tin mil til account is the lisli piodiiit, ulthougli as yet imperfectly nndeistiiod 1.1 Ji'Vi lupeil. 'I'lie whale lisheiy is proseciiled only hy tlic Indians of Capu l''l:illriy aiitl the gulf of tleoigia. Aliioiig the s|ii'iies taken oil the ciia.st are the ~pi nil whale, ( 'alifornia gray, right whale, and sulphur liottoiii. I'p tlie hiuiili'l I'liea and in the gulf of (ieoigia hump-hacks aie niiineroiis. l''iir- iiH ily the liidi.ins took more w hales than now, their atteiitinn heing at prer.eiit t'.iiiid to ^ealdlllnting. With only their ciiioes and rnde appliaincs tlui .\hik.ihs lit (.'ape {•'latl.'iy savivl in IS."i(> nil lor export to thiaiimuiit nf ."7, Id; U'n^fi. /'/"';/., I.'i, HI; III I'l ( iiin. Iiiil. .Ijl'., IS.'ilS. "JUil. t'oil of two or more vaiietie.s nil' iiiiiini fioiii Sliualw liter Ikiy to Alaska and hi-yond. Tiny an- of exei Ih nl i|iiiility when properly cured. The climate of Alaska heing too moist, and the ail 111 ( '.liiforiiia drying them too much in the curing pimess, rendering them li.iril. it is helieved that ill I'llget Sound may he toHlld the leipiisite inoiMluii , iiiii|iie-s, and evenness t>f climate to properly save the cod for export, hut no ►v-'teiii.itic experiments have heeii made. It Was the practice as ea I ly as |.N,"((i-7 t'l pii kle end instead of drying, and fur .seveml years "JdO hai nls aniiiially Vile put up. In IStil cod were M'ly plentiful in the sliiiit of Fiica, so tli.it till' >ihiiii|iers ,'icirilh Xiirlmi, the Lii::iilii Ih, and other I'liget Snlllnl Mssels jii'lied iiji .several thousand pounds. In 1, Si ill end hrniiglil fi'iiin ;rii'/i irij>/(. '/'•/•., MS.. .x\ii. 47 ■'^. In .Ian. lMi(i Ihe legislature niemnriali/ed the president, asking that ariaiigeniinls ho iiiMil \\ nil Kii.swia to eiiahle I.'. S. lishing-vessels to \ isil. the vai ions pulls in III' liiissjan poNHcssioiis to ohtain supplies, cure tisli, and make i'e|iairs; also tu liiiililu I'uget Sound tisliermen to obtain the Maine hounty paid to thotiu of ;l>' 1 ?i 340 EESOUr.CES AND IXPUSTRIES. the Atlantic ronxt, and tliat nliips be sent to Miiivcy tlic hnnks to Bt^'ing Sci'iiits. Tlic suiiif y<;ir('rii!»l>y lii"U tlif fortytun sclidoiu'i' Sjiriiii totlic iMi- iii,.,'-,t.'n>iiiiils, U'.'iviiij,' I '(lit Aiit;ilr.s .Iiiiu: 1st. and retiiriKcl in ((ctolH'r wiili i.'irio tons (,f iiidlisli tiditn in tlii' KailiiiU Srji, l,!> niiirs nortlmf I'u'.'ct '-^i 'iml In IS(i!) IWK .schodui'i's, tlie Aild M. /V/ii and S/ioolhnj S/ar, ai'iived ontlic Nmili. \M st Ciiast fioni lldcKland, Maint-, witii full < ivwh, to cni,'!!!,'!- in cod-lisliin::, oilier M'sstls fiillowinj,'. Ninttccn VfSMils sailed fn mi S. !■'. the SJinic season fnp tlie I (klinlhk Sea on a li!4liiiige.\|)cditii>n,and retiiiiiid with anavera;;e of , ").'). (l( (I) tl-ii eaeli, 'I'iii; enstiinj,' year tlie eateli anioiiiited to l,(KM> r|iiintals. As Litf as iSTS Sloemii, of the Hcliooner /V(/o, advised tlio I'ortland I'oard of liulu eiiieeinin;^ the exi>t'nee of ciidlish hanks oU" the eoast of Wa.shin^'ton, f -oiii ShoahvatiT to Xeah hays, ami solieited aiil in estalilishin;^ their i-xisti m,i'. Ilalihiit ;^'roiind8 were known to Ix' located nine niili s west of TatnoNli Island, in 'id fathoms of water, ami these tisli alnmnd in the l''ne:i Sea ami lieHiiuliain IJay, hut fire not found in the Sound or llooil ("anal. Strong and W < h., I^TI; /lis/irii'iii Mnj.. iii. •nil; /'ur/fiiiiil Onijiiiiiim, .\iiril .">, Is7'.'; IHHiIi'a ( 'miiini nr (mil /ii'/ii'>ri' ', .'!.">!). I'lio avera;,'e size of the halihilt eauirht i n this eoast i.s (i(( ]iouuds. tliu lai'Ljcst wei^hinj^ 'JOO. They arc taken with a hook and lino from March to Au^'ust. Herring have for several y»'nrslieen an article of expit IsTO. The herrin^', thiiM;^h of j^ood ll.ivor, are snialh'r tnan those of t!ic At- lantii', and are eaii;.',ht wilh :i .seine. A thousaiicl li.-irrds of lish have Ikcii takiii at a single haul. This lishery has jc.it up {(•.IMIlt lioxes. of .six doj-ea eacli, of smoked and dried herring' in a season. , and ilclivcred tin m on tlio w h.ii f hir .'10 cents a liox. S'i. Thisestahlislinicnt has pressed from herring; '_',(H);» j.' illoiis of oil per month. (>! her hcrrin;; li cil- eries Were on San dnan Isl.mil ami at various oiiier points on the Soinnl. The culachan, or eandlc-ti>h, so called Ik^ciiisc wiii'ii dried it liniiis iik" a eandh , is anol her markctahlc lish of tiu^ -o.-ist from ( 'ape I'hinco to Si;ka. It resenihlcs smelt, is Very lat.aml of line '.^'rain .-ind dcljeale llavor. It ii|>pe:in ill shoals, and is eaiivlit « illi a seiMip-mt or r.ikc. The Imliaus formerly I >'>\i. t'lem to 111 ike oil, hut th'' II. It. Co. uiiltud tiicni down in ke,^s for eu:iim. 'J'liey are now dried like hcniii','. Stur;,'coii are plentilnl in the Coliinihia and i'raser rivers, and in t!, in- terior lakes of I'.i ilisht "oliiinhia. They ^nc superior in size and lla\or to I'r \* la Illi.' slurv'coii, Immiij,' less toiiu'h and less oil\ , and are found in the mat Lets of rortland and S. V. Tin; II. I'., t 'o. nianntactiired isinglas.s from lluin lor export. llock-cod and toineod are taken in the .Sound, and iiro ret'nlarly funiislie.'. to the markets; as are .ilso smelts, sarclines, llouudcrs, peri'li, turhot. dl.ate, ehuh, plaice, stieklehack, and !,/,ii},!ii U'nsh. Sttiinht,;!, .\pril S, |s7l. In the following year \\ CO. was incorporated under the laws of Cal. as the Nortli I'acilic, ( 'ouiiii' ivial < iinpaiiy, the principal oiijei t of which wa.s the takiii;.,' of do'_'llsh f)r oil. 'J'iie Works weie located on I'ox I.sland, ten niiliM from bteil.icooni, tiie sito takiii;.; the name of < '.i-.tieiiook. The daily eatcli hy ine.iiis of \Mars, poiuils, seim s, and trawls was lioui .'I, (KM) to l,(I.K» lai>;e lish. » )iie iilindred ali'l sev. tnt^-siven lish Were t.ikeii at one set of the lilies at Oj'sli r l>ay. 0/,'//"y'"» Ti-iiiiHiniil, .May "J, Isii.s. As soon as spi iii;.; opens, or w hi'licver the weather will permit afler tlio first of ,1.111., the liidian.s at Cape Flattery put out to sea in their canoe-i a •li'** tiinou of lU or 1.1 milcH to culdi hciU, which ul thin Fuiinon of tiie^.o aio s to 'Bt'Hiig •I to tln^ li^li- •cr willi 1)1110 f^lMlllI III ntli.' N'.rtli- Cllll-lisllill'i, lie uraiioii for a^;o(.f rio.dlK) Ills. As l;ito iinl of tridu lillj^tnli, f "olll fXist( lui'. t of 'I'iltoo^)! •"iu:v Sr;i ami iii;il. Stnilij,' fmiiisli' cl to iviii;; in t'ooil \\itli tiiiicu iiii Mo'j., iii. ii(/ I ii'hi ->,■',•<, ,0 ]inunil<, tlio I'Olll MiOill to Piigc't Soiiu'I. ^lailisim .'ilioiit ;,s.. (,f til" At- isli Imvc l«'i'i> s. of six ili'/ta 1 till 111 oil tin; iotuMislillirllt r lii'iriii,:,' tisli* If SoUllil. it Imius liU'' :* ,tuSiil;:i. It ■. It li|'|"':iH fofiiicrly 1 'ol; ^s for I'll. 111.:. ,im1 ill t!; in- IX or t.) I' ' \*. jtlir mill!.''' '"'" Iriiiii tin la lor Inly fiinii-lii'i'. lurliot. ^I.att', Ink, known »■* ,,iiiiil ill '-'''iit ,.1 oil. .'.•'"■/■■' I.o.lisll.lt ^'Vi \,\\'\n\i .M'li' 'I (' Ml' I'i'l' L-lisli '"■ "•'• r.ioiii, t'o' site |,.;|VS, pOliU'lN llroil iiii'l '-•*■■ |iay. Oliliitr'* iiit af!'i ill" Itauof- 1 iho y „rO SEALS AND OYSTERS. 347 tiii.'ritin'j north in niyrimls, ninl on a l)iio|it day inay Ij.' seen for miles jump- ill.', splasliiiio, nnly ami tiart tliiir spfai.i into tlio iniiicst. 'I'luvn a "lay in this nmnnor. J.,ntrr tiny iisicl tin; pilotlioat to ^;o out ami ri'inii, t.ikingtiieii' caiKMs ;iml (•ai-^'oisou lioa.il. /'or! ruiriintitil JlesMiiiji ,.laii, ;il, l^7i. (Kc'L-fionally iii>y killiil loity or fifty a ilay. I'l 11 vcMSL'l.s wi'lc cinployt il in I.SSl, itrli lit'iir.;aliout 8,000 scal-skiiis wortli from ¥7 to .^!» raili. Tlic iiuiiiIk rot Imliaus rnj^anuil uaa over L'tiO, and tlirir profit oil tlio .si-HMon'n mill's iioitli of .^lioalwater Itav, lias lieiniir Ntali 'i'oin|iarafiveIy rai 'III I Uiy liiilialis liioiiopoli/i; liie liiliit on that part ot the eo st, while at l.-i n; hut as Swan was on the ^'lound soon after. int. .\aluial o\ ler-lieds and knew all tllU persollX eolii enieil, 1 ailopt his ae> oil .«!i tl lieil ovi.'r a disiami.' o| tliir;y miles in leii-th ;iiid fioin four to seven iauidlll. 1'liese lieds were loinmo.i jiiopc'ity. The lirst territorial K",'i-!a- l.ii: I a.^seil nil art |iiiil!il(iiiiio thetakinoof oysters hy jiiiy pei..iiin \Uiit lia>l dent of t!ie t'iriti.rv for one iiioiitii, wilhoiil a. lieeiisc T II' \t lro;slatiire prohiliiteil their 1« iii:,' j;alliered liy lion- residents, 'i lie use of ati d, and all .sin ill .\ •r.H w.is foi liitldi n, llie oy.sU'i iir:.; seasDii was di ;s were to 1»! returned to tin ir lieils. 'i'lie legislature of .1-; iliM.u 1 S. I )rew and as. cieiates the exclusix < pi ivilcj.'e ot plaiilino, culiivat- • f^raii li t.,1 I 1.'. Mill ;;atlieriiio oysii IS ill I'm t (lamlile Hay, and to Henry W'insoranil 1^ 1', liiii'.'in tlio huiiie I xrliisive ri'.,'lit in liudd Inlet, .\'i act approved <*e|. :>l, |.s7.'l, granted to eaeh person plantin;.x oysters in I'H.-.litiis where no natural heds I'Nisted ten ;ieres, to hold while the jilaiiting >lii)ii!d Illl reoiilarly maiiitained, i.oeations eoiild lie iii.'ide in ileta< lied pareels, i lid i.i .^lioalwatii l!ay 'JO at re« iiii;-dit lio taken; hut in no e;ise mi;4lit tho i"il< interfere with tile looi^im^ interest. Where inarl.etahle oysti'ls Weio hri'lid II location W!is resti iited to 'JO.OOII feet siiperlieial area. These pliiile'res Were to extend toeilizei s of the territory o 111 I'lil '1 tlie oysters !,t .Sjioalw ater Haj' were nearly all destroyed hy fio^t Uilll ■ tides. 'J'lieir eiieinii s were the skates and dnilii-li^l I' ■t tip ll.'aii;-t wlii.ll it was soiiietillles net ess.iry to surroilild the liids hy il fi liiM !y .si't pieket.s, la In.'io- I then- were from l.'iO to •JdO men on Shoalwator li;iv and allliients Who I ■llvl y oy pterin;,'. I 11 to l.s.,!) all the oysters .--lillipi eallie lion li.it ;i,d lii-ds. liiit in that yiar pl.inlili'r lie'raii. The trade nteadily il hlea^i (I Until tl ipeniii'. d the lirt tr.'ii l^rollll ital l,wl leli tin <>H.M'Mi nysti IS l)e-_',iii, wliirli maleriallv dee ipl i lit of iiiollii.k. T iseil the demand lor tin' i.. le .sliipmelits liiaile l'Jt',11 i)),„skets. /•.nlu.i.t \\,-a\ in |n7I aniouiit'dto .\i 1.' Th •llleli of (to I Hot only w itii the i!n|iortafioii ol eastern oysters, but witii the Led i III Inlet and other jLirts ol I'le. et .'^oiiiid, « hieli whip liy i iiiioail in aiiv 'ii'i'd i|iiniitities, while the ."^lioalwati r ilay cyhternieli niiiKt ship in lar c qiiautities, Ijt'oaiiito tliey tleiieml on ve.sseU. Kiitural liedaof oy«ter8arc found IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 7 // ; L^'^' i/i V. 1.0 I.I 1.25 '■ m ||22 '- II 20 III 1.8 U III 1.6 Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WE&T MAIN STREET WEBSTER, MY. 14.^ '0",A "if^.y;^. %^ # I fA kc 348 RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. I m ,&si everywhere in Pugct Sound, the quality and size being affected somewhat liy the locality and the utaries and outlets, provided the lakes should be stocked within 5 vcius. This law was modified in 18G9 by substituting the name of Frank M.ittlnas for that of Terry, by the addition of white-fish, and liy extending the time for planting, and also making the grant 30 years from that time. Tlie value of the salmon exported in barrels or cans is not given authen- tically in any published reports. During the season of 1880, 100,000 ensesof canned salmon were shipped from the Washington side of the Columbia to foreiitn markets, each case containing four dozen one-pound cans, or 7,680,000 pouiuls of fish ready for the table. The price varied from year to year. Be- twcpii 1870 and 1881 it ranged from ^O.-W to §4 a case, averaging nearly $ti a case, making a total average for canned salmon of about §900,000 annu- ally. Pickled or salt salmon sold at from $6 to §8 a barrel, and each cannery puts up from 300 to 800 barrels in addition to the canned fish. Giving a value liiercly conjectural but moderate for the salted salmon of the Sound from half a dozen fisheries, and that of the Columi)ia pickled salmon from eiglit or iDure factories, another .§50,000 may be safely supposed to have been added tu tlic sum total for salmon. There is but one other source of wealth to be noticed in this place, which ptrtaius principally to the eastern division of the territory, namely, live- stock. Two thirds of this part of the territory is excellent grazing land, and has niised immense herds of cattle and sheep, which have been a convenient iiic;uis of income to the people. Nothing has been required generally, except to herd sheep and brand cattle, which fed at pleasure over the boundless htixtclius of unoccupied land. Great as has been the reputation of the \ValIa Wiillii, \';dloy, from the time when Bonneville and Missionary Parker wou- ilertil at the riches of the Cayuscs, represented V)y their hundreds of horsos, tlie Yakima country eclipses it as a stock-range, both on account of pastur- auc ami mildness of climate. The Palonse region, later converted into grain- tiilds, has also been a famous stock-range for many years; and for many years I'; ( onie there will be enough unfenced land to support millions of dollars' worth of cattle, horses, and sheep. About one winter in five is severe enough to reiiuire the housing and feeding of cattle. It is then that the stock-raiser, ^rown careless and confident, has caxise to lament his indolence in not pro- viilini,' for the protection of his property. Yet, with occasional severe lo.sses, AVashingtou h.'is had from on early day a sure and easy means of livelihood, it' not of wealth. To what an extent the people of the Puget Sound country nnd the Cowlitz ami Ciielialis valleys depended upon their cattle for support was illustrated in I Mi.'l, wlien the government prohibited for a time the exportation of live-stock. The iinler was in consequence of Canada being ma lo a field of operations for tlic leaders of the rebellion, and the danger that supplies might be shi]>pfd to them from the British provinces. It was not intemled to nlTect Washington.^ .S\ /'. Alfii, .July 30, 1803; Portland Orfqonian, Se|it. 3, 1803; Or. yln/»s -V'lg-'^ 17, lMi3. Exports into V. I. from the Pacific United States in 180'2amoinited t'l three millions of dollars. Of this amount about one million was in cattle fi'om ()re;.'on and Washington that were carried by the way of Portland and I'liLzeL Sound to Victoria. Those driven into ]$. C. east of the Cascades wens not taken into the account. They were to stock the country, as well as for lieef. A small proportion of them only were from Oregon, while they rejire- sented tiie ready cash of the fanners ot Washington. The order from the de- inu'tnu lit of state deprived them of this income, as well as the British colonies ot Ixcf. Victor Smith was then collector of the Puget Sound district; and aliliough Governor Pickering was of opinion that the law was not applicable is U ■' 890 RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. to the territory, he insiated upon its observance. Much of the hostility felt toward the coUuctor and his schemes came from this. Pickering visited Gov. Dougl.is to explain the embargo, and for a number of months much excitumunt and evident inconvenience prevailed on Vjoth sides of the straits. When at last tlic embargo was raised, there was a corresponding rejoicing. Instantly the II. B. Co. despatched a steamer for a cargo of live-stock, and the money market was relieved. But there had also been evasion of the law by the sliip- nient of cattle to 8an Juan Island, then neutral territory, and thence to \. I. For a brief period the patriotic citizens of Puget Sound had cause to congrut- ulato themselves that tlio boundary question was still unsettled. The prices obtained for cattle in tlio early settlement of the country were great, an great almost as in Oregon when the Willamette Cattle Company was formed in 1838. I lind several entries in Eheifs Journal, MS., which throw light on this subject. In vjlumo v. 20, he says that hia brother, I. N. Ehcy, Biiid, in LS57, four Spanish cows with calves for .^80 each. The following ytaV, at a sale of cattle on Wliiilbcy Island, by W. S. Ebey, 41) head brought .t^_*,.'i'J4. At another sale in 1859, at the same place, 125 cows and heifers brought ij.l.V.l, or an average of over §38 each, conmion stock. In I8G3, when the enibai^o was raised, beef cattle on foot, for shipment, brought ivom. 3 to G eentii \n:v pound, showing the gradual decline in prices with tlie increase of uunih('i'.s. Notwithstanding this decline, the value of live-stock exported from Puget Sound in 18U7-8 was .^100,1)89 for 9,476 animals of all kinds. In tim following year there were exported over 13,000 animals at an aggi-'gate value of nearly .^200,000. The total value of live-stock in the territoiy in 1870 was §ii, 103,313; iu 1873 there were 23,000 neat-cattle owned in Walla \Valla county alone, and 20,000 sheep. For a number of years cattle and sheep were driven from the plains of eastern Washington to Nebraska to bu Bhipiied to eastern markets. Siieep were sometimes two or three years on tliu road, notwithstanding the first Oregon importations overland came tinoii'.'h from the Missouri in one season. Sheep-raising both formutton and wool lic- cauie a most profitable industry in all parts of the territory, but particulaily ill tiie eastern division. Largo tracts of land on the Cowlitz prairie, the Ni*-- qually plains, the islands of the llaro archipelago, and Whidbey Island aie pjculiarly adopted to sheep-farming, while the whole of eastern Wasliiiigtou ij fa'orablo both in climate and natural food to the production and improve- ment of sheep. Inferior breeds average five pounds of wool per unnuiii, ami the liner breeds as much as in any country of tho world. It was estiiiiatuil that iu 18C5, 50,000 pounds of wool were siiipped from Washington to (.'al., which brouglit tho highest average price in the market because cleaner tliau tile Cal. wool. Yet sheep were comparatively scarce considering tlie deiiiaml, and worth §4 each by the drove. In 1870, according to the census rciiort, nearly 200,000 pounds of wool were exported. Since that time large uuiuIm-is of sheep Iiavc been driven out of the territory. Historically speaking, tho H. B. Co. introduced tho first sheep, both com- mon from Cal. and Saxony and merino from Eng. Watt and other t )rigmi stock-farmers followed later with various improved breeds. Tho first u onl shiptnent of Washington was 15,000 pounds from Puget Sound in ISGO hy William lliitledge, Jr, for which ho paid from twelve to sixteen cents jui' pound. ()li/wi>ia Pioneer and JJem., July 27; 18G0. The wool was of goo.l quality and neatly put up. A legislative act was passed in Jan. ISGO incor- porating tho Puget Sound Woollen Manufacturing Company of Tiiinwakr, but nothing ever came of it except tlio name, which waa suggestive of what ought to bo done, if no more. Again, live years later, tho VVashingtou Woollen Manufacturing Company of Thurston county was incorporatetl, \\ itii like results. There was au attempt made by A. K. Elder and Clark to ciituh- lish a woollen-mill on Stoilacoom Creek. The carding-niachino was purchased by Elder in North Andover, Massachusetts, with tho design of putting it up in Olyinpia, but Clark selling out to Elder, it went to Steilacoom. A build- ing 50 by 80 feet was erected, four stories high. The factory had a capai iiy for carding 250 pounds a «lay, three spinning-jacks of 240 spindlea each, and SHEEP, HORSES, AND FLOUR. 351 four looms of different sizes. The cost was over $33,000, and it w'as com- pleted, together witii a boarding house for operatives, in the spring of 1 870. It was bid off at auction for $l(i,O.JO in June 1S71, when it stopped running. OhjinpiaPai'. Tribune, April 11, 1808; Ohjwpid Cotnmerrial A(ji', Jan. 8, 1870; Oli/iiijjln Wash. Standard, Oct. 29, 1870; Uhjinpia Traii-scrijit, Juno 17, 1871. Alirud Ridgely Elder was born in Lexington, Ky, Aug. 10, 1800. He re- moved to Springfield, 111., where ho was a neighbor and friend of Lincoln. Ho came to Oregon in 1841) and settled in Yamhill county, where ho fanned iiuil preached, being a presbyterian. In 1802 he was appointed Lulian agent at the Puyallup reservation, wiiere ho resided for 8 years. He was subse- i|iiently elected probate judge of Thurston county, lie died Feb. 14, 188:2, at Olynipia. Three sons and 4 daughters survived him. Olymjda Courier, Fel). 17, 1^8:!. The first successfnl woollen company was one organize' removed to the WuUa AValla Valley, having married, 2 years previous, ,}nur Ann Kelly. In 1870 he removed to Butte Creek in Wasco co., where ho iv- niaincd until 1878, when ho returned to Washington and settled at (Jlieiiey in Spokane co. , where he eugaged in the business of stock-raising. Vromau \\ . Van Wie, l)orn in Cayuga co. , N. Y. , in 183;(, came overland to Cal. in IS.VJ. iliued on the upper Sacramento until tho following spring, and then drove a freiglit team to Shasta. Ho soon returned to San Franci.sco and suiiplicd milk \ > customers for 5 years, after which ho farmed in the vicinity of San .lose tm' some time. In ISGl ho came to tho Walla Walla Valley, going liencu to tho Florence mines, and to Jlontana, following the Rocky Mountains south to Iho Colorado River, then going to Pahranagat and White Pine, Ncv. He built tho first house in Shermantown. Afterward he returned to v\ asiiiuu- ton with tlie N. P. R. R. party which lir.st broke sod at Kalama, and remained BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 365 in the Puget Sound country .'{ years. In 1872 lie settled in Stevens co. (later Spokane) and engaged iu stock-i-aising. In 1884 lie went into nierchandising at Medical Lake, the firm being Campbell & Van Wie. Hia f;uin was ',i\ miles ::(iin the lakes. Ho married, in 1871, Mrs M. L. Harris. Columbia co. waa M t t)ir from the eastern portion of Walla Walla, Nov. 11, 1875. County seat, jiayton; pop. in ISSO, 6,894; taxable property, §1,948,050; area, 2,000 square miles. S. L. Gilbretli, born in Knox co., Tenn., in 1825, immigrated to (.lri',!;im, and settled in Yamhill co., in 1852. In 1859, or as soon as the Walla \Vall;i Valley wa.s opened for settlement, he removed to his residence 4 miles from Dayton, and waa the liist sheriff of the county. He married. iu IS59, M. H. Fanning, and had in 1855 3 suns and G daughters. Hi.i l.rother, Joseph Gilbreth, who came to Or. with him, died in Yamhill co. Yakima co., established in 1805, area 0,224 square miles; had a popu- lation in 1885 of about 2,000, and a valuation of about §1,000,000. County Stat, Yakima City. Among the settlers of Yakima co. was L. H. Adkins, who waa born in Syracuse, N. Y., in 1838, and came to Honey Lake Valley, Cal., in iMiO. Thence ho went to Nevada, and in 1862 started to the Salmon River mines in Id., but stopped in the Powder River Valley, Or., being one of the tirst California company which came overland to these mines. Adkins went tci driving a freight wagon between Canon City and The Dalles, or Boise City, and was so occupied 3 years. In 1865 he opened a photograph gallery in Umatilla, and subsequently a liverj'-stable, but failed, and went next into the dairying business. In 1807 he was appointed postmaster at Umatilla, and had a contract to carry the mail to the Yakima country for 6 years. In 1872 he settled in Yakima City at hotel-keeping, having married Flora Markhani el' the former place. (ieorge S. Taylor, born in Fountain co., Ind., in 1832, at 20 years of ago rtmovcd to Iowa, where he resided 12 years, immigrating to Umatilla co. Or., in 1SI)4, and removing to Yakima CO., Washington, in 1866. He settled in the 8clah Valley, 8 miles from Y'akima City, on a stock farm, when tliere wore but 2 families in the valley, those of Alfred Henson and Willi-xm Mc- Allister. Taylor was married in 1857 to Rebecca McLaughlin. H. M. Benton was born in New Haven, Conn., in 1836. He came to Cal. liy soa in 1859, around the Horn in a sailing vessel. Ho sailed for 3 years between San Francisco and China and Ju}>an, then came to the Columliia hivii- and ■, is employed by the O. S. N. Co. to run their steamers, until 1869, when lie settled in the Ahtauam Valley, Yakima co. , which was then with- (iiit towns except the small settlement of ^loxic, the county seat, opposite tho ]>rc'sent Yakima City. Ho was elected auditor in 1872, to succeed C. P. Cook, th(j first auditor of the county, and Mcrvcd 5 years, lie was lirst clerk of tho distiict court, when 1 clerk waa allowed for each court, and deputy clerk winn only one was allowed in a district. There being no county buildiuga, III laniod the county records about with him, until the . Martin, and had 5 sons and 6 daughters, all of whom, with one exception, settled about him. George W. Burford, born in Lloyd co., Ind., in 1832, immigrated overland, in Mason's Train, to Yamhill co., Or., in 1852, with his father and family, consisting of 8 children. In 1854 he went to Yreka, Cal,, to work in the mines, and in 1858 returned to Polk co.. Or. In 1862 he married S. E. Ciil lough, by whom he has 3 daughters, and 3 years afterward went to reside at The Dalles, whence ho came to Ilia in 1877. Kittitass county was organized out of Yakima county in 1884. County seat, Ellensburg. It is rapidly filling up with farmers and stock-raiser'^. Some of the pioneers are the following: Samuel C. Miller, born in Ashland CO., Ohio, in 1828, came to Cal. in 1852, overland, and settled in Nevada co,, where he resided 9 years, less 1 spent east. In 1861 he removed to Umatilla, Or., engaging in the business of packing freight to the mines of John I'ay, taking two partners, so extending his lines in 1804 as to have trains running in all directions where packing was required. In 1872 the firm removed to the Wenatchee Valley, then in Yakima co., bringing a train load of gouds, buying out another trading firm, Ingraham & McBride, and setting up as merchants, where there was but one other white man, John Goler. Om' of his pa"tners, Frank Freer, died in 1878, leaving David Freer and Miller to continue the business. The Frcers were also from Ohio, and came out in 1855 and 1857. There were in 1885 11 families in Wenatchee Valley and It voters, the first settlers being single men. This valley, says Miller, is NOO feet lower that the Kittitass Valley, after which the county is named, which recommends it to fruit-growers and farmers, Thomas Haley, born in Onondaga co., N.Y., in 1847, came to Wasiiingtin in 1869, and settled in Kittitass Valley, engaged in farming and stock-raising. Married, in 1878, Vancha Hackctt, a native of Or. Charles B. Reed, born in Indiana town and county, Penn., in 1838, went to Pike's Peak in search of gold in 1860, and thence to Montana in 1803. Ho discovered the Snow Shoo Gulch mines of Butte district, with Joseph Bowers and Jack Swartz, in the winter of 1864-5, and went from there to Deer Lodge, KITTITASS AND KLIKITAT. m )ortio!i of Td •xhcrr he lemaineil until 1869. Starting for Puget Sound, he was attracted by the advantages of Kittitasa Valley for stock-raising, and remained Inre, while in 1S83 ho was appointed postmaster. He married Mary Ebey, a native of Penn., at Deer Lodge, in 1805, and had 4 sons and 1 daughter. His second son was the first boy bom in Kittitass Valley. Reed, witlj F. D. Soliuebly, Ciiarles S. Schncbly, Charles Kenneth, and John Catlin, constituted ;i party who went out to capture tho Yakiuia murderers of tlio Perkins family ill 1S78. William Splawn headed another party which joined Reed's, and tlicy with the assistance of cliief Moses effected the capture, and prevented a var. David Murray, born in Maine in 1831, came to Cal. in 1852 by sea, and «t'ut to the minus at Auburn, but returned to the ship which brought him out, Qiiepii of the East, Capt. Bartlett, and helped to unload tho dry-dock, which she lind in her bold, at Mare Island. For 3 or 4 years he mined and wi liked at the navy -yard alternately, and in 1859 purchased a farm near Maru Island, where ho resided until 1862, when he went to tho British Columbia mines, remaining in that country 10 years, when ho returned to CaL and the east. In 1870 he settled in Yakima co., Washington, of which lit! was a commissioner, but in 1883 removed to Kittitasa Valley, and resided at EUcnsburg. His business was stock-raising. He married Minnie May of 111. in 1878, who died in 1885. Charles P. Cooke, born in Erie co., Ohio, in 1824, was brought up in San- dusky Citj'. He came to Cal. overland in 1849, and after 1 year in the mines of tho south fork of Feather River removed to Independence, Polk co. , Or. Uu the establishment of a post-office at that place in 1851, and the appoint- ment of Leonard Williams postmaster, Cooke was made his deputy, until 1 !5j3, wlien he was appointed postmaster, which office ho held until 1867. He was also a justice of tho peace from 1851 to 1807, wlien he removed to the Yakima country, settling in Moxie Valley, across tho river from tho present Yakima City. On the 17th of March, a few days after his arrival, the county was organized, only 17 voters being present. In June 1808 he was elected iiuilitor for 2 years, and was cliosen county commissioner several times. 1 . i 1870 he removed to Kittitass Valley. In 1873 he was elected joint assemblj man for Yakima and Klikitat counties; and in 1875 was again elected from Yakima co. Tho legislature of 1883 appointed hiin one of tlie commissioners of tho new county of Kittitass, which lie helped to organize the foUowiuL; year, when he was elected joint assemblyman for Yakima and Kittitass counties. Cooke says that in 1870 there were only G other white settlers in what is now Kittitass co., viz., F. M. Thorp, Charles Splawn, Mathias Baker, S. 11. Geddes, Tillman Houser, and P. Doveran, all with families. There were about as many single men. Cooke married Susan E. Brewster, born at Saratoga, N. Y^. , but brought up in Ohio, a descendant of the Vandercooks of the old Dutch colony of N. Y. Tliey had G sons and 4 daughters. This is the same f/'ooke family which furnished Jay Cooke, Henry D. Cooke, and in Or. E. N. Cooke. Thomas Johnson, born in Prescott, Canada West, in 1839, immigrated to Vancouver, V. I., in 1862, and settled in Klikitat co., on the north side of tlic Cohiinbia, the following year, running a fen'y l).'tween Rocklin and Tlie Dalles for 3 years. In 1871 he surveyed the town of Goldendale, erected the first liouse and store, and opened trade, and also built the first flouring mill, destioyod by lire in 1875. Tho first organization of Klikitat co. in 18ri9 having been practically aban- lioucd, but tliree families residing tliere, viz., Parrott, J. S. Bergen, and Doty, in 1807 tho legislature again appointed county officers. H. M. Mc- Nary and A. Schuster were chosen commissioners, A. H. Simmons sheriff, William Council treasurer, and Johnson auditor, which office he held for 3 years, after which he was elected probate judge, and again treasurer. In 1882 ho removed to Kittitass Valley, having a contract with the N. P. R. R. to furnish lumber. He erected a larg I back through scat was then ity of the legal jointed prohate fcvilT, James H, S. Pcasly, awl [eat was located d by a majority tointed to !i"l;l tuity scat until "akima luJiau Ic property to !0, the Cascaih-, can never bo |495, and tax- ;o,, whose liis- [cs, pop. -l.'iyi, |z, set oil' fruiu 0, and taxable ahkiakiun co > ^u 504, taxable [ganizcel in ISjI ' 1,315, taxable jlishcd ill l^J'-^ iC, and taxable !0,,estabU.sliC'l 2,095, taxiible property §743,571 County seat Chehal is. Til. Chehnlia co.. established in 1854, has an area of 2,800 sqnare miles, pop. 808, taxable property $Ii04,801. (Aiimty seat Montesano, Mason county, organized as Sawamish in 1854, has " "" taxable property $570,331, Co. a present area of 900 square miles, pop. ofiO, 1 seat Oakland. Pierce co. was organized by the Or. leg. iu 1852. It has an area of 1,800 square miles, a pop. of 2,051, and taxable property to the amount (if §1,009,444. Co, seat Steilacoom, later changed to Xew Tacoma, King co., established in 1852, has an area of 1,000 scjuarc miles, jjop. 5,183, taxable |,iu|ierty §1,997,070. Co. seat .Seattle. Snohomish co. was established in jsiil. The lirst com., E. C. Ferguson, Henry McClnrg, and John Hervey; slu lit!', Jacob Summers; auditor, J. D. Fowler; probate judge, Charles Short; tKasurer, John Harvey. Tho co. seat was located at Point Elliot, or Mukil- teii. until it should be changed by election of the voters of tho county. Its liiiscnt county seat is Snohomish City; area of the county 1,000 s(iuare miles, |.o[i. 1,080, taxable property §.'590,354. VVliatcom co. was first organized in March 1854 out of a portion of Island co. Tho next leg. located the co, seat at the land claim of 1{. V. Peabody until the com. should select a site. }Va>iU. Stiif., 1854, 475. Area 3,840 square miles, pop, 2,331, taxable piMpr^-, !i7;!5.003. Co. seat Whatcom, on the Peabodj' claim. The earliest settler in AVhatcom co. was William Jarinan, an Englibhman fiiiincrly in the service of the H. B. Co, , who located liimself on thcSamish River ill 1 852, To Whatcom co, belong certain islands of the Haro or Fuca arcliipel- aLT'i, one of which is Lummi Island, 9 miles long by 1.^ miles wide, tb ) outh end lifing a bold eniinenco rising 1,500 feet, and the north end le\ i xorcst lanil. There is also an island, or delta, formed by tho two mouths of the .\ocjt.'. lie removed to I'li^'ut Sound in 1853, residing first at Olympia, but settling on Guemes Island in 1801), Tlio copper mine is on his farm, and was located and tested in 1875, It is in the hands of a stock company at present. Cypress Island was settled in 1809, by J. M. Griswold. It is about five miles longand three miles wide, has a mountain 1,525 feet high, with lakes and diversified acen- ery. Only a small jiortion of the haul is tillable. Secret Harbor, Strawberry bay, and Eagle Harbor are tho settlements. Sheep-raising and fishing are the industries of the island. Sinclair Island, sometimes called Cottonwood, lies between Cypress and Lummi islands, containing an area of 1,050 acres, of which 1,000 are cultivable. It was setth'd by A. C. Kittles in 1808. Kit- tles went from Cal. to the Eraser mines, thence to Orcas and Fidalgo islands, and linally here. He keeps cattle and sheep. There were no white women on Siiu lair or Cypress islands in 1885. Tho first settlement on Skagit River was made in 1859 by William H. Sortwell, formerly of Snohomic . On the Noot- saek the first resident was Patterson, who cut the first cattle-trail from where Rentoii now stands. There are many Swedes and Norwegians on the Sk"ijit and Swinotidsh, who make excellent farmers. ■ it H 360 COUNTIES AND TOWNS^ Island CO. was establis' ed in Jan. 1S33, just before the organization of the territory. Its first liniit.^ were very indelinite, and Whatcom county was taken off from it. Its present area is 2.50 Bcjuaro miles, embracing Caiiiaiio and Whidbey islands. The area of the latter is 115,000 acres, of the fonucr 30,000. Pop. 033; taxable property §372,821. Co. seat Coupeville. San Juan county was estabiished October 1873, being constituted of the islands of tlie Haro archijiclago, containing an area of 280 square miles, pop- ulation of 838, and taxable property to the amount of $182,147. Co. seat San Juan. The Haro Akchipelaoo. San Juan co. was in dispute between Eng. and the D. S. when, during the Fitiscr lliver excitonicnt, it received a first rapid accession of American pop- ulation. Many of these settlers will hardly come under the Washin(,'tou I'ionccr Society'.s rule for pioneers, yet to all intents and purposes belong to that class, and deserve mention. C. Rosier was a soldier in Co. D, 'Jtli U. S. infantry, under Captain Pickett, from 1855 to ISGO. After his discluirgc lie settled on the island of San Juan. Robert Frasier settled in November 1859. Ho came to the coast in 1850, and went to Eraser River in 1848. D. W. Oaks, a native of JSIaine, went to tlie Eraser mines in 1858 from Cal, .uul returning settled on the island three weeks before Pickett landed witli Am. troops, and helped to raise tho first Am. flag. McGarry was anotlier .settler of 1859, whoso widow remained on tho island. S. V. Boyco, a returned miner of 1859, erected tho first building in tlio town of San Juan. Chailcs McKay and Ilcnry Quinlan also selected homes on tlie island tho same year. Lzation of the I county was ciiig Canuvuo of tho foniier rille. ituted of tho ro miles, pop 47. Co. eeati ^^\ '"hf ■■ •■ • HIDBEY I, bicii, during tlio r American pop- \w Wasliington poses belong to J Co. D, 9th U. Ir his discharge ll ill November brill 1848. 1». ifromCal.,iuul lulcd with -Vm. fauother settler ho, a retnrned inan. Charles [the sanio year. CLALLAM COUNTY AND SEATTLE. 361 Frederick Jones came to Puget Sound in 1854, left in 1856, returned in 1858, liud .settled ou the cast side of San Juan Island, south of Fridaj' Harbor. He is a sheep-farmer and fruit-grower. Rev. Thomas J. Weeks, the first prot- cslant minister to settle ou tSan Juan, ac(iuircd title after the abandonment ot Camp Pickett to the quarters formerly occupied by the ofUcer in command, mill ho and Kobert Firth secured possession of this historic ground. Morse'* W'aah. 'J'er., MS., xv. 3G-4'J. Morse gives many other names from 1862 to lb70. Tho part of the settlement has been made since 1870. Clallam co. Avas organized by the first tcr. leg. in April 1854. Its area is '2,050 Kqu;>ro miles, population 469, taxable property §154,351, co. seat New Diin^^'cness. jVeit; Tacoma, N. P. Coast, Feb. 1, 1880. Jefferson co. was cs- tablidlicd in 1852 by the Or. leg. Its area is 2,500 s(iuarc miles, population 1,4'J7, taxable property, $409,161, co. seat Port Towusend. Kitsap co. was fstahlished iu Jan. 1857, under tho name of Slaughter, in memory of tho gal- hiiit <'ilicer of that name who defended the firesides of the early settlers auiiuist the hostile chief whoso name tho com. finally adopted, and whose hunie was on the peninsula which constituted the co. between Admiralty In- let and Hood Canal. Tho first board of co. com. were Daniel S. Howard, G. A. Meigs, and Cyrus Walker; sheriff, G. A. Page; auditor, Dclos Waterman; assessor, S. B. Hines; treasurer, S. B. Wilson; justices of the peace, William Hubnor, William Kenton, and M. S Drew. Wash. Stat., 1856-7, 52. A sup- plementary act provided that the legal voters of Slaugliter co. should at the next annual election decide upon a name for the county, which they tlid. A third act appointed Henry C. Wilson probate judge for the county. The area of Kitsap is 540 square miles, pop. 1,799, taxable property §1,044,673, co. seat I'ort Madison. Quillehyute co. was created in Jan. 18G8, out of that portion of till' coast south of the Quillehyute River, north of Chchalis co., and west of tiie Olympic range; but there being not pop, enough to fill the co. offices, tlio act was repealed the following year. IVa^h. S/at. Taking tho population and wealth of the first district, Ai'hich is purely an agricultural one, and comparing it with that of tlic other two, which arc largely commercial, it appears, according to the statistics for 1879, furnished by the co. olliccrs, that eastern Washington had at that time a pop. in its six counties only livi^ thou.sand less than western Washington with its eighteen counties, aud hail tjixablc property to tho amount of §8,185,774, against §12,761,080 ou the west side of tiie mountains. Four counties were organized since 1879 in tho eastiiii division. The growth of the country on both sides of tho Cascades has been rapid, almost doubling its poiiulation in five years, and adding 50 per cent to its capital, which in a new country is a large increase. Seattle, the metropolis of Washington, in 1880 hp'l 7,000 inhabitants, and property vaked at something over four millions. Its manufactures com- prisid threu ship-yards, three founderies, two breweries, one tannery, three ioikr shops, six sash and door factories, live machine-shops, six saw-mills, three briek-yards, three lish-paeking factories, one fish, cannery, one barrel factory, one ice factory, one soda-water factory, besides boot aud shoe shops, tin-shops, uiid other minor industries. The commerce of Seattle with the coast line of sctilemcnts was considerable; but tho chief export is coal from the mines east of Lake Washington. There were few public buildings except chnrciu's, of which there were ten, besides tho hall and reading-room of tho Youiil; j\lcn's Christian Association. Tlic univer.sity, wliose early history lias been given, was in as flourishin^r a coudition as an institution without a plcntifid endowment could bo. In connection with tho university there wa« a society of naturalists numbering '23 young men, whose cabinet was valued at §H,(mo. The building occupied by their cabinet was furnished by A. .\. l)enny. to be enlarged as required. The oliicers were: W, Hall, president; Iv S. Moany, vice-president; H, Jacobs, si'cretary; F. M. Hall, assistimt Becretny; C. L. Denny, librarian; A. M. White, treasurer; and J. D. Young, marslial. Scallle Evening Herald, Dec. 22, 1883. Tho lesser towns of King cuiuity arc: Newcastle, Renton, Dwamish, Black River, Fall City, Slaughter, White River, Snoqualimich, Squak, Quilleyute, and tiuillieeuo. M ■mm M 302 COUNTIES AND TOWNS, ;;; -.\ 't?:!: : ! ■ Tlie second town in size on Puget Sound in 1885 was New Tacoma, popn latiou 4,000. Old Tacoma, become a suburb of \t^ younger rival, was a prottv village facing the bay around a point a little to the west of the new towii'. The first to project a town on Commencement Eay was Morton M. McCarver. who belonged to the Oregon immigration of 1843. In 1868 he visited I'u-.'it Sound in searcii of the probable terminus of the Northern PaciKc railway, and fixed upon Commencement Bay. Together with L. M. Starr and Jan>> > Steele he purcha'^d the land of Job Carr and laid off the town of uU Tacoma, built a house, and induced Ackerson and Hanson to erect a mill tliere. Ho gave 200 or 300 acres to the railroad company, and purchased stv cral thousand more for them, the terminus being located, as it was believLi, on this land .July 14, 1873. He died April 17, 1875. Letter of Mrs Julia A. McCarver, in Historical Correspondence, MS. McCarver was born in Lcxin.-- ton, Ky, Jan. 14, 1807. He settled in Galena, 111., in 1830. He took part in the Black Hawk war, founded the town of Burlington, Iowa, had a stake in Chicago and Sacramento, but lost heavily by fire in Idaho, and suflcrcd hy the failure of Jay Cooko & Co. Pacific Tribune, April 23, 1875; I'orllittid Welcome, March 28, 1875; Olympia Courier, April 24, 1875; Or. Citij Enia- ]irise, April 23, 1873; Gilbert's Loijfjimj and It. I{. Buildiwj. Tacoma was called by Ackerson after the Indian name of Mount Tokomah, meaning great- ness. Wash. Scraps, 2,30. New Tacoma was laid out principally on the dona- tion claim of I'eter Judsou of the immigration of 1853, while old Tacouii site was purchased from Job Carr, a more recent settler. New Tacoma owi > its lirst rapid growth to the promise of the manipulators of the Nortliciu Pacific railroad to make it the terminus. It was laid out by Ex-survcyni- gencral .Tames Tilton and Theodore Hosmer on the heights overlookiu;^' tiiu bay, about two miles south-east of the old town, and was divided into r)00 blocks of six lots each, and planned by Olmstead, modelled after Mi.'li)uurin , 'i'he site is fine, being high above the watci', with the Puyallup Valley at its door and Mount Tacoma rearing its triple crest high above the Cascade rank's.- directly to the cast, and seeming not an hour's journey away. The iiist nninicipal election of New Tacoma was held on Monday, June 8, 1874. Jub Carr, A. C. Campbell, J. W. Chambers, A. Walters, and S. C. Howes wciv elected town ti'ustees. It was chosen the seat of Pierce county in \'^^^y Tacoma Tribune, Jime 12, 1874. Olympia in 18S5 was next to New Tacoma in point of population, nuinl/' ■ - iiig 3,500. The first land claim taken on the site was located in ISKi liv Levi L. Smith, and held in partnership with Edmund Sylvester. First i.u-- torn-house established at Olympia Nov. 10, 1851. First weekly mail to tli..- Cohunbia from this place in 1851; first mail from here down the Sound car- ried in 1854. First uewapaiicr published hero Sept. 11, 1852. Fir.st stoic < ■ American tradiug-liouso opened here by M. T. Simmons in 1850. There \\\iA been a tradhig-houpe on the east f>idc uf Budd Inlet previously, at the catb ■ lie mission. Tlio lirst child born in Olympia was a son to S. P. iMoscs, th ■ first collector of customs. The first marriage of Americans in the territory Mas at Tnmwater, a suburb of Olympia, in ISIS, between Daniel ]>. Kiusty and Kutli Brock, ^I. T. Simmons olliciating. Fir. were Puyallup, in the hop-growing region of that vmUcj-, Fn.nkliu, Alcrlui., (Jrting, Wilkeson. Lake View, Sunnier, Elhi, and Niscjually. Of towns that once had the promise of a great future, Whatcom is one. It was named after a chief of the Nooksacks, wliuse grave is a mile above the I'uUiiigluini Bay coal nunc. For a bhort time during tlic Fruser River furore it liad 10, (KX) people, and a fleet of ves.sels coming and going. The order of iKiiiglas, turning traffic to Victoria, caused all the better portion of the l.iiildiiigs to be taken down and removed thitiier. The single brick house . rccti'd liy .lohn Alexander I'emained, and was converted to the use of the (iiinty. Klilriilfje^s Sketch, MS., 31-'2; Coleman, in //arper's Jfay K. C. Fitz- liiigh, James Tilton, and (". Vail, on the land claim of Vail and T)t' Lacy, in IS."iS. Another town to which the mining rush gave birth was Semial noo, on the beautiful land-locked bay of that name, ten miles east of Point liob- ii'ts, ami just below the southern boundary of B. C. Of till' tiiwns founded since the pioneer period in this region, La Connor w;w fur some year.i the chief. It was founded by J. 8. Conner, and named after ills wife, Louise Agnes Connor, the first white woman who settled on the llats. The post-oflice was established in 1870, a school in 1873, a catho- he chinch in IS74, aiu! a grangers' hall in 1875, which served for all public uses and county ollices. (Conner was born in Ireland in 1838, and camo to the U. S. ill I8il). He marrieil Miss L. A. SeigfriiMl in 1803, and came to Wash, ill ISiJO, jiurcliasing a small trading-post and some land from lii.-i 'iin.siti. J. .J. ('onnrr, and taking a pre-eiiiptioii claim I'li the tide-lauds. He soiiH liitciiiie wealthy, but !S. Returning unsucces.sful, he tarried a while in Steilacomn. and lahun.lat carpentering until 1800, when he, with ]•]. F. Cady, located upon the laud where Snoliomish City now stands. They were successful from the tiiBt iu their undertakings. Ferguson has been a mendiant, has held sexeral "luiity (illices, has served four teinisin the legislative council of the territory, mill one in the lower house. Mor., and Covcland, on the west end of the Cove, both on Wliidboy island, and Utsalady, on the north end of Camatin island. Kitsap co. liad fourinilling towns — Port ISIadison, Port Blakeley, Port (ramble, and Seabeck. Mason, besides the county peat, had but Arcadia, Kamilchic, Skokomish, and Union City, none of them of any commercial importance. Thurston co. liad, besides Olyniiiia and Tumwater, Tenino, Oakville, B?aver, an, 1875. ir.i/'r IVitllii (Jnim, May 22, 1875. Cosmopolis, Elma, Satsop, Sharon, Ceilarville, and Hoquiam were the other settlomcuts in thi.s county. OysN'rvillo was made the county seat of Pacific county. The origi- nal owner wai J. A. Clark, who located it in 1854. The other settle- ments were Willopah, Brucoport, Centreville, or Bay Centre, South Bend, Kiverside, Woodard Landing, Ilwaco, Chinook, Knappton, Gray River, and II I ST. \V.\su.— 2i m 970 COUNTIES AND TO^VNS. BrookfioM. Bruccport was the oldest settlement. I have given elsewlioro 80IUU naiiHis of the iirst comers. Jolin ]5riscoc, from Xewtown, sctllcd (in Shoahvater Day in Sept. 18.J2. B. Loomis, from N. Y., arrived in Cal. in 1849, and camn to racifio co. in 1850. G. Y. Eaaterbrook, from R. I., hroii'^ht the hhip Parijic to .S. F. in 1849. In 18jO he came to Or., and settled in Is.vj at West Beach, Shoalwatcr Bay, giving up tlic sea in 1S.'J9. J. L. Stmit, born in Ohio in 18"22, came to Cal. in 18.")0, and the same year to Or., Ijiit -7. Mrs (Jill)ert .Stevens was the iirst white woman who settled at Oysteixillc. She died ]\Iarch 1, 1877, aged 55 years. Oli/mpia Traimcrliit, March 7. 1S77. Kaltima was made the county seat of Cowlitz. It came into existence in Feb. I!i7l) as the initial point of the Northern Pacific railway on the north bank of the Columbia in western Washington, and aftf.T a brief pci ioil df pros]ieiity fell into decay. The other towns of Cowlitz co. were .Mjiian's Bluir, ("arroll, Montjcello, Freeport, Mount Coffin, Oak Point, Cowlitz, I'l kin, Silver Lc.kc, and Olcqua. Scth Catlin, a pioneer of Freeport, was a iiiLinl.icr of the (irst territorial legislature, and was elected to the Oregon legislatino in 1852 to liU a vacancy in the council caused by the resignation of Liiiicas'ici'. lie way president of the council of Washington in 1855 and 1850. His i-on, Robert Catlin, was appointed to West ''oint by delegate Stevens, .ind l'ivkI- uatcd with honor, receiving his comn.^ssion as lieut of the 5th art. in l:.(i;i. In 187 1 Seth Catlin, while en route to Texas, was drowned in the Arkansns River. Uhjmpia Tribiive, Aug. 20, 1871; JIancrojVs Iland-Uool; 1804,354; IF. \V. .Statesman, Oct. 17, 180.3. (.'athlanict, county seat of Wahkiakum coimty, bnilt upon a bench of Inml on the north bank of the Colundiia thirty-live miles from its mouth, had low inhabitants, and little business liesides Warren's lishcry. James liiniie, one of the oldest II. 15. Co. 's men, lived here many years. James Allen, .ilsd of the eompanj', lived some time with the family of Birnie. Hero died (lcoi':.'e B. Roberts, whose biography forms an interesting portion of the hi.stcry of western Washington. Kagle Cliff was a fishing establishment and vilia;,'e, Skanidkawa a farming settlement on a creek of that name, and Wateii'ord, the most eastern river settlement of tiic county. Salmon-canning and luitter- making were in 1885 leading industries in all these places, llapgood and William Hume planted the pioneer salmon cannery at Eagle Clitl'. V>'iiliam Hume came to Cal. in lS.')Ofroni Augusta, Me, and engaged in salmon-lishing in the Sacramento River, and was joined in a year or two hy his brothers, (Joorgc W. and John. (Jcorge \V. returned to Maine, and meet- ing an old schoolmate, Andrew S. Hapgood, who was a tinner, and wIid iuul BOine knowledge of canning ilsh, they together formed a plan for lisli-caiining on the Sacramento should it meet NVilliam Hume's views, who touiid it sit- isfactory, and who sent for Hapgood and his brother, Robert 1). Iliiiiie, in 1804. For various reasons, it was ftntnd unprofitablo canning saluinn at Sae- ramento. They then doterndncd to try the lish and climate of the Ci.i.uiiliia River, sending William Hume in 1800 to spy out the laud. The oidy li-liei'- ics on the Washington side of the Columbia at this time were three, whlAi Eut u}) fish in barrels: one owned by Reed & llodgkins at Oak I'oiiit. one y Fitz;5atrick at Tenas Illihco, and another by Welsh. William was jnininl by Ccol.^e W. Hume, and an establishment was erected in 1800 at Kiu'lc Ciifl', V. Inch in the following year put up 4,000 cases of salmon, which louml ;i ready sale. In 1807 Cieorgo \V. retired from the business at Eagle ClilV, :uiil built a second factory one i'ourtii of a mile below the first, William and Hap- good carrying on the business of Hapgood, Hume, & Co., and Robcit 1). soon after withdrawing from the firm to join his brother George W. at the lower fishery. In 1S70 Hapgood and Hume sold their establishment to Roheit D. Kunie, who subsequently also sold it, and built another at Bay Vicu , and also one on Rogue River. The Humes, who were the pioneers in .salniou- caunin^^, have made half a million dollars each in the business. From a dkla- tion by lioberl D. Hume, MS. WALLA WALLA AND DAYTON. 871 The principal town of eastern Washington in 1887 was Walla Walla. From its lirst settlement it was the business centre for the region east of the ( 'iiscadcs, whence radiated routes to the mines, and later to all tlic other jji.ints in that division of the country. The place was laid out on the land claim of A. J. Cain, and lirst called Steptoc City, after Col .Steptoi;, in coni- iii:iii(l of Fort Walla Walla, but was incorporated as Walla Walla City l)y an act of the legislature passed Jan. 1 1, 180'J. Cain, who was born in Ind., came to \Vasliington as one of Stevens' secretaries, and was afterward Indian agent, lie jiractiscd law at Walla Walla, and was prosecuting attorney for the dis- trict. He was connected with several newspapers, and started the Uniali'la /';-t' S the Walla Walla lical Extate Gazette, and J)ai/toii Xrws, the latter in IsTl. Ho died, aged about 50 years, in July 1870. Wa'la Walla Union, July V2, 1879; Waitsbiinj Times, July 10, 1S79; Columbia Clirovicle, July 1"2, LsTI). The olHccrs appointed by the legislature to hold until tlic lirst election were B. P. ytanderfcr mayor, James Gailbrcth recorder. II. C. Coulson, li. F. AVlutnian, D. S. Baker, and .Schwabacl;er membei's of the council, (Icorgo It. I'ortcr marshal. Wash. Stat., lSGl-2, lG-2-t. As Walla Walla was a di-strib- uling point for the mines from 18C0, its early history was markwl by scenes of disorder. Walla Walla county had few towns. Wallula. floycd as express agent. From Stockton ho went to Portland, and served in the same capacity there until he went to Wallula. He engaged in general business at that place, where lie remained from 18.")',) to ISGI, when he removed to Walla ^V'alla. lie represented his district in the legislature as councilman for one term, and was a writer of good al)ilities. lie died Marcli 4. 187.'). Walla Walla Union, March G, lS7o; Walla Walla Spirit of the We.-I., March 5, 1875. Dayton, now the county seat of C umbia, was founded by S. M. Wait, the former proprietor of Waitsburg, some time between 1870 and 187.5, when the new county was set off. It had the only woollen factory in Wasliiiigton. liesidc Colfax, the county scat, there were in 1887 in Whitman co. C range City, Texas Landing, Panawawa, Almota on Snake lUvcr, Lcitchvillc, Oweiis- bmg. Ewartsville, Union Flat, Palousc, Lincoln, Cedar Creek, Stcptoc, Wal- ton, and Kosalia. Spokane Falls became the county seat of Spokane county by reason of its great water-power and prospective importance. There were a!s() in Spokane co. Deep Creek Falls, Fair View, Larcne, Marshall, Miles, I'hiza, Rock Creek, llockford, Scdalia, Spangle, Sprague, Crab Crock, Four Lakes, and Pine Grove. Colville, not the II. B. Co. 's fort at Kettlo Falls, nor tlie United States post at a few miles distance cast of that spot, formerly called I'inkney City, but a little town near by the latter — all having the same appellation — was chosen the county seat of Stevens co. A settlement was formed at Walker's prairie, the place of the former presbyterian mi.~sion. (ioldendale in Klikitat county was the seat of justice, Ijesidcs which there veru iu this co. Klikitat City and Columbus. Yakima City was made tho CO. scat of Yakima co. Tlic Kittitass and Ahtanam and upper Yakima val- leys contained several settlements in 1887, among which were Pleasant CJrovc, Kittitass, Namun, and EUenburg. Half a dozen small qmirtz-niills were in operation in the Fchastin district, seventeen miles from Fllcnburg, in iS78. iSevcn new counties were created by the Washington legislatui'c of ISSIl: Skagit, cut from Whatcom, witli Mount Vernon as co. seat; Assotin, cut from Garlield, with Assotin City as co. seat; Lincoln, cut from Spokane, with Davenport as co. seat; Douglas, also cut from Spokane, with Okanagan as CO. seat; Kittitass, cut from Yakima; Franklin from Whitman, and Adama from AVhitnian. S. F. Chronicle, Dec. 3, I8S3; S. F. Bulletin, Dec. 3, 1883. L' 'n i 372 CHURCHES, SCHOOLS, AND NEWSPAPERS. (..<:. CHURCHES, SCHOOLS, AND NE^VSPAPERS OF WASHINGTON. Wlicn tho first American itnmi;?rants to Puget So»ind arrived in ]S4.'> at the liciTil of Bndd Inlet, tlicy found the mctlioilist mission at Aniiniciin L^ik'', near Ni-(i|ually, almndoncd. Tiic catholics, however, still held their giMuiid among the natives and H. B. Co.'s servants; and there w.;s tlic mission rhuixli of St Francis Xavier at Cowlitz farm, and wliat was claimed, for prci'iii|itiou purposes, to be a chapel, on Whidhey Island. At Vancouver in I SKI the church of St James, begun the year pi'eviou'i, was completed, by wliirli the catholic clnirch subsequently endeavored to hold the town situ of ViiufouMT, and tlic garrison grounds with property which was worth a million of (li)l'rtr.-i. I'ias claim, as well as tho one on \Vhidbey Island, failed after long liti'^'utiDii. East of the Cascades in ISKJ were already established the mission of St I:;Ma- tins in the Flathead country, tlie chapel of St Paul near Fort Colville, w liila St Francis Regis in the Colville Valley was projected. Tiicsc were; the works of the Jesuits under De Smct. In tho Stillaquamish Valley Hancock in ls4'J found the Indians making the sign of the cross. Jlaucock'n Thirlrnii )'i-/,x, MS., IGO. Tlio year previous Pascal llicard of the Oblato fathers, witli some lay brethren, established tho mission of St Joseph on tho east side of IJudd Inlet a mile north of Olynipia, on tho 14th of June, securing by a (.'on- tinuous rcsi'ience lished the Ahtanam irnssion in the Yal.iiii;!, country. The Cay use war and other causes operated against ndssionary work among the Indians; but Blanchet, bishop of Walla Walla, remained for scjiiio time in tlio Cayuso country and stationed a ]iriest in the valley wh-ii lie loft it to go abroad. Father Lionnct took up his residence among the (.'liiiiooka in 1S31, accompanied by an associate, Le I'rctre. According to Swan, tiuy made little progress beyond baptizing tlieir so-called converts. Near tho forks of tho Chehalis river the chuich secured 040 acres of land, and the claim formerly occupied by Tliihault, at Monticello. After tlie close of the Indian war on Puget Sound, in 1S.")7. the diocese of Nisqually being divided into four districts, Blanchet appointed tlic al.liii Rossi cure of Puget Sound, to minister to those of his denomination wiioin ho might find there, and to act as vicar of tho lay brethren estaiilislied aiiMiig the natives. IIo established himself near Fort Stcilacoom, whcio was ercctcii for him a rude chapel and residence, and where lie could enjoy t!ie society nf the ollicers of the garri.-son, as well as endeavor to restrain tlie iiiteiiiiicniiire of the .soldiers. During the si.K years of his residence in Washington half V'.a congregation were non-catholic. I)uring his stay ho ba])tized 400 or 5"!) native children, performed 20 marriages, erected six churches, and r''ciived tlio alijurgation of three protcstaiits. The church at Port Townsend, fur whicii 5,000 francs had been collected, called Ktoilo do la Mer, was erected in IS.VJ -00. The church at Olynipia was small, but must have been sutlicicut for the congregation, whicli numbered but iifteen parishioners, including chiMica learning the catechism. Six lay fathers had an establishment an hnur'.^ liilo south west, from Olympia, wliero the superior had taken a claim of hall ii sic- tion of land, and where there was a dwelling-hoii e, chapel, huts fur tlio Indians, a garden, and ( chard. In IS.'iS the superior of this coiiiiiiuiiity returned to i'^urope, and -o others established a mission on tlio Siiuiiomish ssion at Esquimault, and the youngest two juimd Tho Snohomish mission was but a hut ot haik, V thatch. ' Voi/ni/e en Orrffon et en Californie — appears to 9 have preached wdicnover occasion olicivil, to River, another opened a \ the t\\ o priests at Olymp with a few hoards, and st Rossi — SCO Son emirs d have been industrious, and e. Li 18,")!) ho prevailed upon tho legislative isters of Charity at Vancouver, where they hail catholics and protestants ai assembly to incorporate the established an orphanage, fi d it was greatly through his iufluenco that the caro of the insane of tho territory was connnitted to them. He left Wash- ington for Cal. in ISGO, but did not abandon the territory definitely until 18G3. MKTHODLSTS AND PRE3BYTKRIANS. 373 Til the liittcryciir J. B. Brouillettc purcliaseil forty ncms of Innil from E. 11. r.iiriiiii iKnr WiilLi WalLi, and eicctcil on it St Vincent's Acailiiiiy for I'iil.-, wliicli \v;i3 oiieiicd in IS()4. A (.■liapol %viis iilso oroctcil on tlic lund of \Viili:nn .Mcl'ean on the W.-illa Walhi Itivcr at or near tlu^ site of l!io modern \Vliitiu;in. iSt Joseph's school for lioys was opouud at Walla Walla al)oiit the huiiic time, iuid in I8u"> a churcli was dLilicatcd at that jilaee, futhera llc)lilu and Uolahunty ofliciiiting. Father L'hi rouse, w lio waa formerly at Waila Walla, waa in ISlkS concliicting an Indian boys' seliooi at 'I'lilalip rc-^ervatinn. A Iniildin;^ was subsequently erected for girls, who were in- gtruitcd by iSiatcra of Charity. The lirst catholic church dedicated in Olympia was in isyO; the lirst in Seattle in 1!<71, tho latter bei!i}^ built under the superintendence of Father rretoiit.iinc. SraHle Tinicn, April "J, 1871. In i'.VJ the methodist conference of Oregon assif^ncd Benjamin Close to a pastorate at Olympia. He preached his Ih'st sermon on tlie "JOth of i)ec. in (I sclioul-houso just erected in that place. The eongreijation had but just left it Vilun the roof fell in from tho weight of aeeumulatcd snow. O'l/iniiia Cuhtiiiliiaii, Dec. '25, 18.V2, and Jan. 1, IS.").'!; Hodir'.f JJclliii'j/Ktm Jiti;/, MS., 18. 'liic iiiowfall of lS.72-:t was cxecssive, iieiuL; abont 4 feet in deptii. A iiieelin,h')u;;c was erected in the following Api''l, services being held in tho mean tuiio in i;ny rooms which could lie obtained. The same montli Close and aaa-soeiatj, .Morse, madca tour of tiie settlements down tiie Sound, and Morse va< a.-si":;cd to dut}'. A methodist cluircli was dedicated at Steilaeoom in Feb. I'i.jl, liio paator being .f. F. Dcvoi'e, who preachctl the dedication ser- iniiu, an aJdrosa being delivered also l)y I. 1. Stevens, tiio newly arrived governor. Dcvorc, pclitician as well as preacher, arrived by sea in August 185.'{. At tho same time arrived 1). Blain, who was stationed at Seattle. In the s;)ring of 1,SJ4 Keorgc F. Whitworth arrived at Olympia, having iinmiyraicd iVom Ind. tho previous autumn, and wintered at I'orlhuid, where tlie (Jr. presbytery iiad assi'^nctl him to I'uget Sound as the lirst missionary of till; 1 rc.djyterian churcli since the destruction of the mission in tlio ( 'ayuse counlry, ar.d the abandomnent of tliosoof Lapwai and Cheniakane. He iiegan pi\aclu:i',' in the hall of representatives in July, organizing a sabbath-school, aail I'.ividhig liia time between Olympia, Orand^Iound prairie, and (Jhiiiuato, luitil tlie Indian war interrupted travel lietween tiiesc jioints and forced the lijttlcrs into block-houses. Oli/iiijiia /,'(7/o, July .'U, 187J; Wli'ilirortlCs Stiile- iii'u', .MS., l-;{. The lirit presbyterian church of Olympia was organized ijy AVhitv.orili in 1S.")4, and according to Edward K. (icary, who wrote a cen- tennial history of the Oregon i)n!sbytery in 1870, Mr OoodscU of that organ- izati;)n formed the church at (Irand ilound prairie. ^Vhitworth continued picaeliing and teaching, being at one time in charge of the territorial univer- sity at Scat'ilc, and engaging subsequently in various enterprises more prolit- able than those per'Laining to his profession in a new country. Th'; liist presbyterian churcli incorporated ))y legislative enactment was that (It Chambers' prairie — the I'resbyterian Church and School of Chamliei-a' Prairie— Fub. 1, 18."i8, with A. J. Chambers, Joseph White, A. W. Stewart, Maivns ?iIeMillan, Daviil Chambers, and Abijah O'Xcal as trustees. Wa^li. Slut., lS."i7-S, 4(1-7 — and the seconil that of (Jlympia in ISOQ— trustees T, M. lieed, W. O. Dunlap, R. L. Doyle, J. K. Hail, and llutlcr P. Anleison. In IS'iS the ])rcsbytcry of Puget Sound, embracing all Washington, was erected, tho members being (ioodscll, Whitworth, and CI. W. Sloanc. (iood- Sfll (lied in ISOO, and about this tinv: Mr l]vans arrived at Olympia from I'a ainl tuiik his place, but he too soon sank under the hardships of pioneer life. Befiire l8(i(J the Puget Sound presbytery had lapsed, and the churches coming niidir the care of the Oregon presbytery, Anthony Simpson was assigned to •Jlyiiipia in this year. In 1808 John 11. Thompson, a native of J'rince Ed- ward l;,land, and educated in Scotland, succeeded to the ministry of tho cluucli ill Olympia, where he remained. In 1S7.'J this church was repaired, refurnished, and rcdedicated, a tower and spire bA • 374 churche::, schools, and newspapers. I ly' ! i In May 1854 Thomas F. Scott, missionary bisliop of the episcopal cliurch for Oregon and Wasliin^toii, visited Olympia, holding services in tlic hull of representatives, lint it was not until about 18G5 that lie was able to sciul a clergyman to take charge of tlic episcopal society in tlic capital of Wasliiii;,'. ton, when P. E. llylantl resigned the rectorship of Trinity church, Porthuul, to assume this duty. In the mean time the bishop and occasional missionary clerL'y had ministered, the communicants numbering ten at Olympia. Winn Ilyland settled here a churcli cditicc was already completed by this siii.ill ntniilicr, none of whom were ricli. The consecration of 8t John's Episcopal Church of Olympia took place iSeptember .'J, 1SG5. There was i-t the same time at Seattle a lay reader, C. Bennett, who also superintended a sunday- school. At Port Townsend a church that had been three years in building was completed in 18Gr>. After tlie death of Scott, which occurred in IhiiT, little advancement was made until the arrival of the newly elected missionary bishop, B. Wistar Morris, who displayed much energy in founding churches and Kchools. Tlie number of episcopal churches and chapels in 1880 was as follows: St Luke's churcli of Vancouver, communicants 35; St John's church of 01vm[iia, com. 37; Trinity cliurch of Seattle, com. 77; St Paul's churcli of Port Towiiaend, com. '21 ; St'Paul's church of Walla Walla, com. '20; St IVti-r's chapel of old Taconia, com. 1 1 ; St Luke's church of New Tacoma, com. 4; St Andrew's chajicl of Jvalama, congregation small; Upper Columbia mission, com. 17; other communicants 100. The fourth denomination in Olj'mpia to erect a bouse of worship to the same deity was t' baptist sociotj', which, although somewhat numerous, did not lile articles ot incorporation until the 15th of Alarcli, 1S7'2. The board of trustees were William IF. Mitchell, Bennett W. Johns, JI. E. Travcr, F. W. Fine, and Uogcr S. CJreene. ()/i/mpia Standard, Dec. '28, 1878. Two years afterward a church was erected and paid for, the pulpit being successively filled by .Toseph Castro, Roger S. (Jrcene, and J. P. Ludlow; one was also built at Seattle. In 1877 the baptist association of Pugct Sound proposed to place a gospel-ship on the waters of the Soi;nd — a iloating missionary estah- lisliineut, propelled by steam, which could visit all the out-of-the-way jiiai cs on the Sound and in B. C. waters. ' We Mould thus have work for oar pas- tors, gospel bands, or general missionaiy, the readiest, cheapest, ami most practical cimveyanco for years to come,' said the circular. Ludlow, (Jrccii'>, and Wirth were appointed a committee to present the matter to the churches. (Jliimpla Wash. Standard, Dec. '29, 1S77. In time the little steamer was built and furnished — and used as a tug-boat. There were several preachers, chiefly nicthodists, who followed the mining exodus from the Willamette Valley in lS((2-4, and who held services wcikly wherever a congregation could be had. Ehrj/\iJoiiriiaf, JIS., 8, 77. The lii'st minister settled in eastern Washington, not of the Roman church, wa-i T. li. Cliamberlain, who in the spring of 1801 purchased a building known as Ryan's Hall and fitted it up as a church, where he made war on wickedness v.itli a singleness of purpose rare in modern times. Cha'.nberlain founded the Iii4 congregational ehurL.i in Washington. Nine years afterward acliurcli of this denomination was organized at Olympia, which purchased tlio lot and l)uild- ing formerly owned by the catholic eiiurch on Main street for a few luiiidnil dollars, and in Sept. 1874 repairti had made the edifice fit to bo a^yiiii ilc li- cated to religious worship. Services were kept up to 1S70 by volunteer j)reaching, C. A. Huntington, (leorgo H. Atkinson, and Cashing l']el!s olliei- atiug. Tlio first regular pastor was G. W. Skinner, who remained but six months, when ho returned to Kansas, and D.ivid Thomas Rueceedcd him. In 1885 there were in Olymjiia seven churches, including the modi'in Ho- man catholic and the unitarian, the latter in charge of 1). N. I'lcr. •Seattle had six. Port Townsend three, and the whole number for west era Washington was about thirty. The wiiole number in eastern Washinglon wa-i given at nineteen, s^ ven of these being at Walla Walla, namely, the m tlKJ- dist, Cumberland prosbyteriaii, episcopal, congregational, catholic, scNculh- day adventists, and united brethren. EDUCATION. 375 A school was opened in Olympia, Nov. 22, 1852, by A. W. Moore, first tcricliLT and postmuster on Pugot Sound after its settlement by American cnloiiists. Mooro died in 187."), aged o5 years, having always labored for the Jpcfit interests of society. The first scliool-house, it is claimed, was on the Kiiuhx'd fanii, on Hush prairie, and was erected by tlie Kindred family and tiK'ir iici^'hbors. Phillips first taught iu this place. During the winter of l,s rJ-IJ a tax was levied on the Olympia precinct, and money collected to erect ii [iililio scliool-house, which was , 1853, remarks that it had kii'iwa ijf only three schools north of Cowlitz landing, one in Olympia, taught 1 y I'- A. Bradford, one at the house of William Packard, taught l)y Miss A\'iiitf, and one near the house of IS. D. Ruddell, taught by D. L. Phillips, piu'iiilily the one above mentioned. Alioub this time the owners of the Seattle town site offered a liberal dona- ti m ut' land to the niethodist church if they would erect an institution of le iniiii'v', to be called the Seattle Institute, within '2 years. The matter was laid b ioro the conference l)y Benjamin Close, but the offer docs not appear to li:iv i liccn accepted. Meantime tlic common school at Olympia was continued, Jliisi'S Hard, 0. II. Hale, and D. R. Bigelow being trustees. Ill May 1S.")1 liernard (Joruelius, from Victoria, V. I., and graduate of Trinity college, Dublin, took charge of the Olympia school, and seems to have k( I a competent and industrious educator. He proposed to establish a 'ciis ii'al, mathematical, eonnuercial, and training school,' and conducted the pulilio instruction of the youth of the district for one year satisfactorily, when lie sei \\[^ a private school, with what success I know not. In Dec. 1850 the nii\ii ulistj incorporated the Puget Sound Wesleyan Institute, located on » jioint of luul midway between Olympia and Tumwater. The school opened tlui year under the charge of Isaac Dillon and wife. The trustees were D. It. KiL,ciow, (i. A. Barnes, C. B. Baker, V. A. Chenoweth, A. A. Denny, (i. M. IJ ■nv, 11. l\. Lansdale, A. S. Abernethy, James Biles, W. S. Parsons, Wil- li n;i' Wright, J. S. Smith, W. D. Van Burcn, T. P. Berry, B. F. Yantis, W. \. Ayrc.^, Edward Lander, W. W. Jliller, J. F. Devorc, John Briscoe, (x. K. \\'i laiil, Isaac Dillon, L. A. Davis, W. Rutledge, Morris Littlejohn, U. M. AViillici', C II. Hale, and Elwood Evans. In Ebcii's Journal, MS., iii. 45, I li;ul mention of a schoolhonso erecteil at Por'u Townscnd iu IS.'io, where a Mr Taylor had opened a school; and I find that the public school of Seattle w.iH closed in 0^'t. ISGO, owing to the mining e.Kcitemeut having carried off tlu' toaelKM-, while other schools at Port Madison, Tcekalet, Whidbey Island, I'oit Tiiwnsend, and Olympia were in a flourishing condition. As tlicrc was no school rand from the sale of tlio llith and .SOth sections until the same should bo surveyed, and theeomniissionerof the laud-olliee hav- in;^' il. ciiled that the grant was not available until the territory shoukl become n state, the common schools were supimrtod l)y a tax annually levied, and by tines arising from a breach of any penal laws of the territory. ( 'oiinty HUperintendents wev'> provided for by the law of 1854, to bo elected at tliiNinnual elections. In \bi)\ it was enacted that a ter-'itorial superin- toMiJent .should bo chosen triennially by the Icgislaturo, whoso duty it sliouhl lie to eulleet such inforinalion as might be deemed important, reporting an- nually to that body, and supervising the expenditure of the school fund. An aet approved Nov. 21), 1871, provided that the territorial superintendent sIkhiIiI 1)0 elected in joint convention of the legislature during that and every Bnli.se(|uent session, his dutie-i beiiv.; to disseminate intelligence in relation to the methods and value of education, to i.ssao certificates to teachers, call teailiers' conventions, consolidate the reports of county superintendents, rei' innneijd text-books, and report to the legislative assembly, for all of \\\\\A\ he was to receive §1100. Nelson Rounds was the first sup. unvid, E. A. 'Light, W. H. Wallace, W. R. Downy, W. P. Dougherty. William Lane, S. McCaw, B. Pierce, Frank Clark, Sherwood Bonoy, O. II. White, E, M, Meeker, William N. Savage, and Nathaniel Orr. Was/i. Slat., lS."i7 s, 47-8. In 1800 a library of 300 vols was established at Port Madison. .\t Seattle, in 1802, the university library was established. It numbered in JMIJ 800 vols. The Temperance Tacoma Lodge of Olympia established a lii)iai;; in 1809 of 700 vols. A catholic library was organized at Vancouver in l!>70 LIBRARIES AND PRINTING. 377 wliich in 1872 numbcreil 1.000 vols. In the following year at a meeting of the citizens of Vancouver a liijrary association was formed, and in 137- Tum- \v;itcr followed with a collection of 'JJO vols. Walla Walla organized a library association and free rcadiny-rooni, which was supported Ly citizens for t!io benefit of strangers, and had a literary and lecture society, to which the olHccrs from the garrison gave much time. The literary society was es- tablished as early as ISGo. 'I'lio first printing done in this section was at the missionary station of La;iwai, in what was then Oregon, and was afterward Washington, and linally Llalio. The printer was Edwin O. Hull of the 1 [onolulu mission, subse([uently editor of the Pobjnedan. Accompanied by his wife, ho visiti^d Liijnvai in tlio spring of 1830, bringing witli him a small press and material, to tlic value of JiiDO, a present from the Honolulu converts. With this ho instructed tSniith iinil liogL-rs of Lapwai in the printing art, remaining until 1S41, durin.; which tiiiio translations of a part of the book of Matthew, some hynms, and school ]i!imc'ra were printed in the Ncz I'ercu language for Spalding's use in tcacliing. Tlic historic press was placed among the public relics of Oregon. T.io earliest newspaper )iublished in Washington was the Colttmhian, first is>uccl at Olympia, Sept. 11, 1S.")'2, by J. W. Wiley and T. V. McElroy. The pro.ij on which it was printed was the one on which tlic first number of the Ori'inii'taii was printed. It was an old Ilamage, and was discarded by Dryer alter a year or two, purchased for Olympia, sent to Port Towii.-ieinl, and tlic'.ic,' oil L. B. Hastings' scliooner to its destination. In March 18J3 Wiley retire 1 from the Columbian, which had remained neutral in jiolitics, devoting itic'.f to the establishment of the territory, and was succceove. On Dec. 1(5, 1S.14, (ieorgo 1). (I iiily becama Jissociated with tlicpublisliersof th^ Pioiici r mid JJi morrut, ami ill Aug. IS.").") became Kolo pulilishcr, Wiley remaining editor; but in Aug, bj;i letiied, and C. Fiirste became publisher in connection with Wiley. Tho latter soon drew out of the publishing Inisiiicss, leaving Furste to conduct it iilouo, who also joined the editorial stall" in Feb. 1S.')7. In May ]S.">;S Fursto liccanie Kile editor and proprietor. He sold the paper to James Lodge in Nov. l>>iiit who assumeil the entire control, but the jiaper was discontiiuieil in tho i-inin,' of IS()1. Wiley died starch 30, IS(if), at Olympi;i, in his -IOlIi year. The second newspaper published in Washington was tho I'tKjd Sound ''•.(//•;i/', 11 whig Journal issued at Steilacoom May 11), 18.').j, by \VilIiam B, .\llkekand F. T. (luiin for about one year. The ('o«)V' r was revived in Olyii'iiia ill Jan. 1871, and issued weekly' liy the I'nget Sound Printing Co. I'aJey niid Harned published it from Juno I to Nov. 1."), 187."1, when tho liiai beraiuc C. B. Bagley & Co., and in Nov. 187.") C. 15. Bagley alone. Tiie jirst miiiiber of tho i'((;/i« iS()(n((< hailij C'i(i(C((r was issued in Jan. 1 87-, and iulKc. );i71it susiieiided for lack of support, but reissued as tho J)(iili/ ''o'ovVc early in 1877, having consolidated with tho Olympian, which had u I'iiif e\i;ieiice. 'J'ho Wdsliiiiijloii iiVpublirfui was first publislied at Steila- cumiApril.'J, 1S,")7, Frank Ba'icli editor, tiiid \V. 15. AUlcck iirinter. It was •lisiu'iinl to promulgate tho principles of the then new republican party, and alv.KMtc the election of W. 11. Wallace to the ollieo of delegate to congress. \\lit;u It hud served its purposo it mispeudcd. Ebey'a Journal, Ms>., v. iOi Pi V . 378 CHURCHES, SCHOOLS, AND NEWSPAPERS. The Pnget Sound Herald, publislicd by George W. Lee and Charles Prosch at Stcilacoom, March 12, 1S38, was printed on the press wliich had scrvcil for tho Courier and Jkpublicaii iu turn. It passed entirely into the hau(!'\ of Proscli Iho second month of its existence, who undertook the somewhat il.lli- cnlt task of publishing an impartial and politicrdly independent nowsjwpcr. That he succeeded, by laboring for the material interests of the Pngct fSumid region, in keeping his journal alive througli several years of the most clcprcss- ing period of its liuancial history, proves his ability as a journalist. The Northern Lhiht was started at Whatcom about the 1st of July, 1S3S, by \V. Bausmau & Co., but suspended iu Scjjt. when that place was deserted. Tho Port Town-'icnd nc");) ho was ono of tho proprietors of tho San Francisco Evcninri Journal, but snhl hia interest in 18G0, and tho following year removed to Walla Walla. 1I'> died in Feb. 18G3 of consumption, at tho ago of 'J7 years. Olympia Wa^h. Uland- urd, Feb. '^S, 1$G3. i! i »!;■' 1 I ! THE WASHINGTON PRESS. 379 harlcs Prosdi lad scrvct' for tlio baud 1 of micwliat (lilli- [it newspaper. ! Puget Soiiiiil I most ilcpiTss- urnalist. The f, ISoS, by \V. Icsertcd. The \ lirst issued at and local inter- i-c took ch:ir;;c. It was, bow- ; as publishers, i.irMbp;,a""3 ; was couductcil ;ics. llo isouc I ; publisher, tiok nc with no very 'ancouvcr Chroit- I. Murpby, and foUowin:; ^cc. 1."), 1870, preaunuiidy in the interest of tlie land departiiicnt of the Nortln m Pacilii; railroad comiiauy. No names of publishers or editors appe.ircd. 'I'iiu Wcuhly Li-dijir, ail inilepcndeiit journal, 'dc /oteil to tiie development of the resources of Washington,' be.Ljan inihlieatioi at New Taeoma by R:i(k4)ani,'li & Co. in April I8H0. Tiieu there was the Tacoina Kfwx; also the BvULiijhiim Jluy Mini, edited and pul)lished by .Janies Powers, republiean in polilics; tlic Vdiironrfr Jii(l less than 1,000 acres, thongh over 1,")0 hcmic- stcads bad lieen taken, chielly in forty-acre lots. Nisfpially reservation, nu that river, contained 4,717 acres. The (,'hehalis reservation, half of which was go(»d agricultural land, contained 4,'2'24 acres. (Jn Shoulwatcr IJay \uic reserved .S40 acres. The Squoxiu reservation covered an island in .Mason cu., containing about 1,.")00 acies, little of which was improved. Tulalip a^'inry embracei2,(»48 acres. The headquarters for these various resLi\a- lions was at Tulalip Hay, where theic were lictwcen 1."),01J0 and "JdjOOO acres uf t!ie richest land. This agency was in charge of the catholics, who had ,i chapel on each of the reservations. Schools were taught, and about thi\e fourths of the Indians cultivated gardens or farms. The Indian town was built in a tiiangular form around a llag-stairand crucifix. Neah IJay ag< ;uv, located in the extreme north-v.est corner of the county of Clallam, cijutaiiv d 2.1,000 acres for the use of the .Makahs, who numbered between oOO and (i;iil. The land was chiefly mountainous and heavily tind)ere. ( '. <)li/)it/iia 'J'lrinxirijif, duly •27, Isj-J; Jf. J/.'av. J)oc., 187.'t 4, 12"2, 4;)d cong. 1st scss. Tins caused a emuiter-iirotest from agents an;>', containing ahoiit 4, OIK) .sipiare miles, or lietweeii two and three niilliou aLie.s. On the Otli of March, ISJiO, a tract hounded on the cast hy a line run- iiiii,; south from where the last reservation crosse the s^iiitli fork of the ' Dewampa or Black River' to tlie summit of the mountain;;, 'ilie trail tlieu turned directly toward tlie head waters of the middle fork of ilie Yakima, and thence down the mountains towards the Columbia. Thi:, ap- pears to have been the lU'st survey of the Yakima pass by citizens of tiiu V. iS. A portion of this route was an old Indian trail which could then have been traversed by paektrains without serious inconvenience. Lansdale, who resided on \Vhidl)cy laland, proposed to begin the construction of a road ovui- tiiis route in the following spring, which would have brought the iinnii','ialii)a to the lower )iorliou of the .Sound. Ebey, the member of the Oregon l(;,'i.sla- ture from that region, failed, however, to obtain the approval of that liody to estaljiish a territorial road from .Snoliomish falls to Fort Walla Walla, the assembly preferring to memorialize congress fcr a military road. But lie se- cured instead a road law for the counties on I'uget Sound, which partly ac- conipliahed the object desired. This law provided for the aecumulatii):i of a road fund out of a tax of four mills on the dollar, which, with the assistance of subsciijjtions by persons interested, would be sufficient to construct a g wd vagon-road from the mouth of the Cowlitz to Olympia, and of another across the Cascade Mountains. Before work could bo begun in the spring, news w as received that congress had appropriated §20,000 for a military road from l'"ort iSteilacoom to Fort Walla Walla. Fearing government delay in funii-sh- ing the money for its construction, and wishing to have a road opened for the ne.xt immigration to come direct to I'uget Sound, the people undertook the work themselves, and endeavored to Ijring the road to Fort Stcilacoom, thus inviting congressional aid, and securing a tenninus near Olympia. A sur- vey was therei'oro made of the Xachess pass, and the road Ijrought down the valley of White liiver to the junction of Oreen River, where it turned south across the Puyallup to Fort Steilacoom. The road company proceeded to its task, a))cut fifty men enlisting for the work on the promise of some I.'jO sub- scribers to the fund that they sliould be paid. Before its completion j^ov- ernment surveyors were in tnc field under MeClellan at the head of the west- ern division of the Stevens exploring expedition. McClcllan's instructions from the secretary of war, dated May 9, 1853, were to use every exertion to open a road over the Cascade Mountains in time for the fall emigration; luit as MeClellan did not arrive at Fort Vancouver until past the middle of .luiic, nor leave it until July 27tli, whence he proceeded northward, dividing liis party, and examining both sides of the Cascade range, he could do notiiiiig more than guarantee the payment of $1,300 earned by the men working on the last division of the road west of the mountains, promise to recommend the payment by congress of S.>,700 still due the citizens' company, and give his approval of the pass selected. The road was so far completed that a small immigration passed over it W't] >,ttgonsand cattle, reaching their destination with less sulleriiig than usual. Had it been more numerous, it would have been better for the luxc immigration. But congress never reimbursed the road-makers. In the fol- lowing summer Richaril Arnold oxliausted the §20,000 appropriation without much improving the route, making but a single change to avoid the steep hill on tho I'uj'allup, where wagons had to bo let down with ropes. Thi-s, like all the military roads on the coast, was a nnscrable affair, which soon fell into disuse, as tho people were unable to complete it, and the Indian wars soou practically put a seal upon it. Early iu 18.54 F. W. Lander undertook at his own cost tho survey of a railroad route from Puget Sound by the valley of the Columbia to the vicinity of tho South pass, or Bridger's pass, of tho Rocky Alountains, with a view to connecting Puget Sound by rail with a railroad to California, Lauder's idea i .ill). I, a distance of mo .■eiiieiit \v;i3 Mo intiins ti)- «plo ccl a iiiutc ;rea; f;il s, uiiil id U^) tlio s;iutli lounrain.;. Tlie illu fork of Uie ibia. Tliis iip- izcns of tlio I'. )ul(l thou lidve Liuisdalp, wli!) 1 of :i ri):iproveil Feb. 5, 18o.j, §30,000 was appropriated, .it the recommendation of {Stevens and others connected witli the Northnrii I'a- citic railroad survey, for tiie construction of a military road from the great falls of the Missouri to Fort Walla ^Valla, a distance not far short of 700 miles, John MuUaii being the olliccr assigned to the survey. Sec MnllaiCfi Mll'ihu'ij J'oml, in which he relates the inception of this project. MuUan was a iiii'iii- ))er of .Stevens' exploring party. His report contains a great deal of iiifoniia- tion, and the topographical map accompanying it, the work of T. Kolecki, is the best in the whole series of transcontinental explontti'vis. This expeilitioii determined the existence of an atmospheric river of beat, varying in broadtli from one to a luindred miles, giving mild winters in the lofty regions of tlio llocky ^fountains. This work was interrupted l)y the Indians. In the suc- cess of this road the people of Washington saw the realization of their dicam of an immigrant highway from the east direct to Puget Sound, the iiortlu in location bemg peculiarly acceptable to them for the reason that it luado necessary the completion of a route over the Cascade Mountains. No didiculty seems to have been experienced in procuring appropriations for this road, which was looked upon as the forerunner of a Pacific railway, besides being useful in military and Indian affairs. As to its use in peopling the Puget Sound region, it had none. A few troops and one small party of immigrants entered the territory by the Mullan road previous to the ooiniiig of the gold-.seekcrs, who quickly peopled two new territories. Next to tlio original immigrant road, it has been a factor in the history of the northwest. Mullan was assisted in his surveys by A. M. Engell and T. H. Koleukitujiog- raphers, C. Howard civil engineer, B. L. Misuer astronomer, J. Mullan [iliy- siciun and geologist, Talalem and Smith general aids, audE. Spangler wa:;oii- master. Or. iS'^a^(:s??irt/(, May 10, 18.">9. His escort consisted of 100 nieiuit' tlio 9th infantry under N. WicklifTe. Lewis Taylor was assistant surgeon, ( ieoiijo E. Hale private secretary, Augustus Solion and Kolecki topographical ciiu'i- necrs. David Williamson superintended the advance working party. ■'^'. /'. BuUei'm, May 20, 1801. The cost of the road was .?2;JO,000. Mullan's ri'pt, iu Skh. Doc, 4.'i, 37th cong. ."{d scss. ; Bancroft's IlaiulDook, ISO.S, S'21. In Jan. ISo'J the legislature memorialized congress relative to a military road from Seattle via the Yakima pass to Fort Colville. The merits of this pass had long been understood. Its repute among the Indians had (kti.M- mined the location of Seattle. BcU'x Settlement of Sealtle, MS., 7. McCkllaii, ill 1Sj3, had surveyed it and pronounced it practicable for a wagon-road or railroad. In the summer of ISoO the citizens of King co. had expended aliout §1,300 in opening a wagon-road from Snoqualimich prairie to Kattlrsuake prairie, but failed to receive an appropriation for their work. In the siiiiuiicr of ISOO some settlers of the Snohomish Valley explored a route through tlio Cascade Mountains between the sources of the Skihomish Iliver aud the Wanatchec. Snocjualimich pass was explored in 1802 through the ell'orts of Robert Smallman, who circulated a petition and obtained the means to oiku a horse-trail by this route to the east side of the mountains, an appropiiaviou of two townships of land being aaked for the following year to construct a THE MOUNTAIN PASSES. 385 ^ajron-roafl from Seattle to Walla Walla, the petitioners averring that the yuoiualimich [lass was of less elevation than any yet discovered. As in the other instJinccs, some work was done upon this route by tlic county of King ami ))y tiio territory, amounting iu 1809 to §13,000, the road being Btill 'aliiidst impassable by reason ot its incompleteness.' Still other attempts wiTo made to secure roads over which wagons could pass between some point oil I'ligot Sound and the open country east of the mountains, where, with the exception of some grading and bridging, natural roads existed in any direc- tion. A memorial setting forth the need of a post-road from Bellingham Bay to lort Colville, and declaring I'arkc pass of the Cascades the best hereto- furo discovered, waa addressed to congress in Jan. 18G1, with the usual failure to gain the end desired. In Jan. 1802 the Nisqually Road Company was in- eoriwnited by the legislature, with the object of constructing a wagon-road from a point on the Nisqually River near the mouth of the soutii fork, in an easterly direction, to the junction of the head waters of the Cowlitz River, thence tlirough the Nisqually pass to Red Lake Valley, and thence to inter- sect tlie road leading from Simcoe to the Wenass River near the mouth of the Xachcss River. After exploring and expending the means at their command, the company, tlirough the legislature, asked congressional aid in January 1864, Ijiit not receiving it, their work remained uncompleted. Ill January ISGO a memorial was passed by the legislature relativ^e to es- tablisliing a military road from Fort Vancouver to Fort Simcoe by a 'good pass ■liscovorcd through the Cascade Mountains between McClellan and thcColum- lii.i Kiver passes, of less elevation than any yet discovered, except that of the ColiinilMa.' This could only refer to the Klikitat pass, which could not be saiil to have been 'discovered' within the period of American occupation of the country, though for all purposes of a memorial it sufficed to say so. Cant. Crane, in 18.j5, made a reconnoissance from the Columbia opposite The Dalles to the catholic mission on the Ahtanam River, and beyond to the Selah tishery, estimating the cost of a military road to be §15,000. He also made a rcoiinoissance the same year from The Dalles to the Blue Mountains via \Valla Walla, placing the cost at §20,000, which showed no great dilliculties to lu overcome, the distance to Walla \Valla being 170 miles. S<'n. Doc, '20, 40, Mkli coiig. 1st sess. In point of fact, a pack-trail had been opened through it to the Yakima country iu 1858. Orcjon Arrjiis, July 31, 1858; Portland Siaiidard, Aug. 5, 1858. But all this interest in and effort to secure roads, better than a volume of topography, explains and illustrates the natural in- accessiUility of western Washington except by the highway of the sea and the Fuca (Strait. Tiiere never had been an immigrant wagon-road to Puget Souiiil, nor had all the money apropriated by congress been sufficient to make one ,L;ood one from Walla Walla to Steilacoom, whereas it was S(juandere(l ill fiiiilless trail-making west of the mountain barrier, which for so long kept all the world away from the shores of that wonderful mediteiTancan sea which bears upon its placid bosom the argosies of the north-west. Naturally there has been much rivalry^betwecn the towns situated nearest the ililLrent passes as to which should secure the terminus of a government load or railroad. Taking them in their order north of the Columbia pass, there are the Klikitat, the McClellan, the Cowlitz or Nisqually, the Nachess, the Yakima, the Snoqualimich, the Cady, and the Parke passes, that were explored. The first is a short pass from the Columbia River to the Yakima Valley. The JilcClellan pass is at the head of the Cathlapootlc River, trend- ing south and cast around the spurs of Mount Adams, and entering the Ya- kima country by the most western fork of the Klikitat River. Pdc. It. R. IJfj.t.i, i. '203-4. The Cowlitz jiass appears from the best descriptions to be i'leiitical with the Nisqually pns:i, both rivers heading at nearly the same fioint ill the Cascade Range, whence the trail runs north-east by a branch of the Xaclioss to the Nachess trail and river. This gap was partially explored ill bo8 by William Paekwood and James, Longmire, the legislature of that winter passing an act to locate a territorial road through it, and appointing IIlsT. AVash. — 26 38C EXPLORATIONS, ROADS, AND RAILROADS. m ' the explorers commissioncra to make the location, in company ivitli O. C, Bhinkonsiiip. A further survey was made the following summer, rcsuliiuif in the incorjjoration of the Nisfpally Road Company, already mentioned, in 1862, wlioao road was never completed. The height of the Cowlitz piu.s U given by the surveyors of the Northern Paciflc Railroad, whom I'ackw ood accompanied on their explorations, at 4,210 feet. The height of the Nai licsu pass, next north of the Cowlitz, was said by McClellan to bo 4,890 ftet. The Yakima pass, called by him interchangeably the Yakima and Suoijualnii', was measured by barometer also, and found to be 3,408 feet. Pac. li. A'. /.Vy,/^, 192. The railroad survey makes it nearly 700 feet higher. McClellan tlid not survey tlio true Snoqualimich pass, but the railroad survey niakis it about 330 feet lower than the Yakima pass, which McClellan pronnunLxd •barely practicable,' while ho gave his preference to Seattle as a terminus of the I'acilic railroad. The elevation of Cady pass was given as G, 147 Icct, and of Stampede pass, a recent discovery, at 3,090 feet. The difficulties to bo overcome in exploring among the mountains west of the summit of the Cascade range mi^ht well deter the public from a knowl- edge of their features and resources. But a few adventurous spirits from time to time made some slight advance in the practical study of \Vasli- ington topography. Among the earliest of these were S. S. Ford, Jr, IL S. Bailey, and John Edgar, who subsequently perished in the Indian war. In August 1852 these adventurers ascended Mount Rainier, or Taconia, as it is now popularly named, being the first Americana to visit this noblo piak. The route pursued by them was by the Nisqually River, which brouglit tin lu to the base of the main mountain, 53 miles south-east of Olympia. Utlior parties have ascended this and other peaks. James G. Swan is said to have been the first explorer of the Quilleh\ ute country; at what date is uncertain, but in 1809 a trail was cut from I'islit River, emptying into the Fuca Strait twenty miles west of Port Anjjtlcs, to the Quillehyuto River, by A. Colby, John Weir, D. F. BrowntielU, J. C, Brown, and W. Smith, who took claims with the intention of rcuiaiuinq on the Quillehyute, the legislature creating a county for their benefit. But as their example was not followed by others, they returned in 1871 to the oMtr settlements, since which time a few families have gone to the lower Quille- hyute prairie to reside. The Wynoocho River, a tributary of I'.iu Chchalis, was never explored to its head Maters until Juno 1875, when a comi)any win formed in Olympia for that purpose. They found it a succession of rapiils, and having a canon three miles in length, with walls of rock from 200 to .'KiO feet high. The first party to penetrate the Olympic range to the ocean was formed in 1878, on Hood Canal. From the day the people of Washington learned that congress liad appro- priated money for a survey terminating on Puget Sound, their constant ex- pectation was fixed upon a transcontinental railway. The territorial ehmter of the Nortliern Pacific Railroad Company was granted by the legislature! Jan. 28, 1857, to 58 incorporators, the road to be commenced witliiu three and completed within ten years after thhy the road should be built, and de- claring the route surveyed by Gov, Stevens to be the shortest and chei pest. The political questions involved in a Pacific railroad, and the s . uggle with secession, temporarily retarded the evolution of the grand piojeet, al- though in the end its construction was hastened by the war. I liud the Waaliington legislature of 1805-0 passing a resolution of congratulation upon the inauguration of the 'masterly project,' and declaring its purpose to aid by any and all means in its completion. The next legislature, however, gave expression to its jealous fears lest ■,iJ:i. i NORTHERN PACIFIC. 887 vith G. r. , rcsuUiu^; ;itioii. S. X. (,'o. soon after its orf;.iiii- zatinn. Itival companies incorporated at difl'erent times, hut without eli'cct. In .l:in. IS(iJ a charter was pranted to the Walla Walla liailroad Co. tooiu-r- at'-' a railroad from Walla Walla to the Columbia at Wallula, the road U: bo completed hy Nov. ISO.'). The time was extended two years in 1804. Tiiis company seems to have been nnnhlo to accomplish its purposes, for in l.S(!S articles of inccrjioration of the Walla Walla and Columbia River I'liilrdiid Co. wei'c adopted by a new organi;:ation. The survey was made in the spring of 1S71, and work commenced in the followin<; Nov. A wooden roal was decided upon, owing to the cost of iron. In 187- suflicicnt flat iron to strap down the curves, and locomotives weighing; each seven tons, with ten llat ears were purchased. ]jut the wooden rails, not answering expectations W( re discarcled in 1875 and replaced hy iron. In Oct. tho road was com- j)Ieted, beinj.' a tliree-l'ect gauge, costing .?10,.')00 per u)ile, tlie entire road liavini; been built by private capital, except ^■2r),00() donated by the citiz( ns of the county of Walla Walla. The lirst shipment of wheat was made fioin Walla Wiilla to 'Wallnla in this month. In 1881 the road was sold to tiio O. 11. & N. Co., when its bed was changed to the staiulard gauge. A branch was const) .icted to the IJlue Mountains. In Jan. 18S2 the Puget Sound and Cray llarlior llailroad Co. was organized, the object being to construct a line of mail between Seattle and t)a'.;es.lale, in Whitnrm eo., and soutii to (leuessee, Idaho, neai' tho CI 'iruati^r river. Tlie Northern Paeilio also built several l)ranehes in east- ern Wisli., ojn'uing up tho wheat lands to market, and constructed llio Pu^/.dhiii branch in western Waili. An organization, known us thi^ Or. Tr.i.i i.'ontin 'uial 11. 11., eonstrui-cod in IS8,'{ a railroad from Stuck river to Blae!; river junction. 'JO miles, which connected Sealdo and Taconia by riil, und'r th'i n:i;ne of Puget Sound .Shore R. R., which his recently been )iur- eha .I'd by tho N. P. it. R., which gives that company an esitrance to Seaiilo. Tlie .Sjitule, Like Shore, and Kiistern railway is completed from Seatilc around the head of lakos \Vashingtou and Union, and soiiLli along the ea^t Bhor'j of Lake Union to Gilman, whoueo it will bo extended eastward via PROJECTED ROADS, 'rcvious tut \vhicli oad Rooii ai'tiT "olumliia. Its t lie cxtcnilocl 1 lS:i7-^« ^vciit iiiij; it, thoii'.li - grantud. poratcd, iK'iiig Olio or iii'>ro King CO., i\w\ |to lM'i;in work -oii'i;ail";ay (Mmsolidati'iu \ia\\ SliMni^liip ^ht about liy Pi J. (.'. Anis- „ rapiilly, and pad, (■Xtl'lldcl |mrg, Uayi.iii, Irili of SnaUo Avitlibrau'-l""' llalio, near tlio luclios ill ca^-t- li«truclt'd tiio li as the Or. Ituck river t'l Icoiiia hy i'''''i ttly heeii r>"'- loot.) Se:itllo. from Se:iUle Lloii;; the eii.^t [eastward via North Yakima and Spokane Falls. It lias a branch to Earle and Snohomish, whieii is being pushed north to a connection with tlio Canadian Pacitic. Tlio iScattlo and Northern railroad, incorporated Nov. ID, 1S88, has for its object tiie eonstruction of a road from .Seattle northerly via Whatcom to a point on til • n(>rtliern boundary of Wash., at or near lilaino, 100 miles; also fro.n wheiu it crosses the Skagit up to the mouth of the .Sauk, and thence in an easterly course to .Spokane Falls, 300 miles; also from the Skayit crossing Westerly via Hidalgo island and Deception jiass to Admiralty Head, on Wliidbey island. Elijah Smith is president, and H. W. McNeil vice-prisi- tieiit of the company. The Columbia and Puget .Sound railroad, which is jiariiiiUy constructed, is intended to run to Waila Walla and the Columbia river. The .Seattle and West Coast railroad runs only from .Snohomish to WiHiileiivillc at present. Satsop railroad runs from .Shelton in Mason co. to (li'ay's Harbor. The Puget Sound and tiray's Harbor railroad is being liuilt from Little Skookum to Gray's Harbor. The Vancouver, Klickitat, and Yakima is in process of construction from Vancouver to North Yakima. The Oregon and Washington Territory railroad belongs to what is known as the II lint system of roads in Or. and Wash. It runs from Wallula Jnnctiou til Walla Walla by a circuitous route, nearly paralleling .Snake river, but hiaii 'Ling oil' at Eureka Junction and going down the other side of a triangle te W'llla Walla, and thence to Pendleton and Athens in Or. In I8S7 some busiiies.s men of Pendleton organized the above corporation for the pur]ioso of seeiiring an independent road from Wallula, with a branch to Ccntcrville, iii.w Athens. They contracted with (r. W. Hunt, an experienced railroad liiiililer, then residing at Corvallia, Or., who began the work. He discovered wiieii he had graded 30 miles that the company had not the money to cany it (111, and purchased the concern to save his outlay. Going ca -t he ..b- taiiieil the necessary aid from C. B. Wright of Pliiladelphia. I'rom this time on he made and carried out his own plans, having only one subsidy of §i()ll,()i)l) from Walla Walla. He is building linos into all the rich farming (listnet^i, and competing successfully with the O. U. & N. Hunt was born near .Miiyville, Chautauqua co., N. Y., May 4, ISl'J, educated at Ellington aea leiiiy, went to Denver in IS.VJ, his lirst interest in transportation being in the ownership of wagons and ox-teams which ho earned in Cal. His first iMilreid I'oiitract was on the Oregon Short line, for 10 miles in Idaho; and .suhsiinu'iitly on the O. R. & N.'s Hlue Mountain lino, and in Wash, from l''anuuiyton to Colfa.v, and its I'oineroy branch; on the Oregon Pacili.', and (111 the ( 'a.scade division of the N. P. on both sides of the .Stampede tunnel, and III miles of the Seattle, L. S., & E. H. R. In l.SOtJ ho married .Miss Leiinora, Gaylord of Boise City, and has a handsome residence in Walla Walh. The Fairhaven and Southern railway company, Nelson Bennett, prcst, witii a capital stock of from one to si.f million^, is making arrangements to Imild from Vancouver, B. C, to Vaneouv. . Wash., via Fairhaven and Taoiiina. The Manitoba li. R. is selecting a r- ute through Wash, to Pimet iSeiinil. Besides the nnverihed rumors of the intentioa.i of transcontinental roiui.s, there are in 188D thirty-six dillereof. railways in progress of construe- tioii or about to be commenced in Wash. The total mileage of railroads in Wash, hi .Ian. KSSSwas l,()UOmiIes, to which has been added about "JOO miles. Tlie ciiiinilaint against high fares and freights m;is considered by the legisla- ture of 1887-8, and several Ijills were olleicd to correct the evil; but the liiKirds of trade of Seattle and Vancouvei ren'oiistrated, saying that legi-la- tiiiii at that time would drive away capital, and crush out the new loeal I'lKiils wiiich th(!y depended upon to compete with the great railro.ids. In- stead (if r(!strietive acts, the h'gislature at their suygcstion changed the cxisthiL! railroad »• 'uent law from a tax on the gross receipts to a tax on all railroad propeji^, m the same manner as on that of individuals, excipt in cisrs where otherwise provided. The state constitution lays down 'ho saiiir iniiieiple, but gives the legislature power to establish ' reasoLablo iiia.\iniuiu rates ' for transportation services. I ■i-V u ;'!|'^i 800 EXPLORATIONS, ROADS, AND RAILROADS. Mentidn has been made of the rapid development of Washington in the years between 18SD and 1888. Soini! account of this change and the c;iu.sij of it may be fairly considered essential to this history. It was necessary wlion the construction of the N. P. R. R. was decided upon to fix a jioijit ui)on Puget Sound which should bo its terminub, and where its fni^ht might 1)0 transferred to foreign and coastwise vessels. The agents (-lioseu by the coiniiany to make the selection were Judge R. D. Rice of Maiiif, vice-president, and Capt. J. C. Aiusworth of Portland, Or., the managing director for the Pacific coast, who reported after a careful examination in favor of Commencement bay and the town of Tacoma, meaning tlie villago at tliat time containing about 200 inhabitants employed at the saw-iiiiii. The report was accepted, and the R. R. co. sold the 3,000 acres constituting the site of the present city to tlje Tacoma land company, except enough land for shops, side-tracks, depot, and w^iiarvcs. The land co. also pur- chased of the R. R. CO. 13,000 acres, being the odd-numbered sectiuris within 6 miles of the water front. Tliis company was organized under the laws of Penn., and its corporators were largo preferred stockholders of tliu R. R. CO.; its capital stock was §1,000,000, divided into 20,000 shares at .<)<) per share, of which the N. P. R. R. ownet?. a majority, and put brain and money into it, but as long as the railroad reached Tacoma only from thu Columbia the growth of tiie town was slow. As soon as the direct linn wai establisliod, the situation was changed, and the event was duly celebrateil. To-day in place of tlio straggling village of 1877, there is a beautiful city of 30,000 inliabitants, with miles of streets 80 feet wide, and avenues 1(M» feet wide, many handsome edifices and residences, the most inspiring views of Alount Tacoma and the Sound, with street railways, banks, public and pri- vate schools, and iiU tiio accessories of modern civilization. Tlio coal-tiilds tributary to Tacoma create a largo amount of business. The lunil)or-niills ill tlic immediate vicinity cut 1,100,000 feet per day, removing tlio timbtr from I'.J square miles annually. Many manufactures are suggested by tiio wealth of iron, coal, and timber in tiiis region, wliich it is yet too soon to i'xi)ect. According to the Scatde Junrnal, the name Tacoma first ap[)i ircd ill Theodore Wintiircp's book Canoe and Saddle, being applied to the moun- tain known to tiic Englisli as Rainier. The impetus given to tlio Sound country by the N. P. R. R. also afTcoted Seattle, for so many years the chief city of the Sound. It increased rajii'lly ill population, and acliieved a population of 30,000, wit'i real estate traiis- fur-i of §1*2,000,000 in the year which preceded its great catastrophe liy liro in the summer of IS80, by wliich $10,000,000 of property was destroyil, and thousands of people rendered temporarily hoinele.is. From this hi.ivy misfortune will arise a certain amount of good, in an improved style of cun- striiction of business houses. Tiie hope is entertained that the govt will establish a navy-yard on Lake VVi'shington, connecting it by a canal witli the Sounil. Spokane Falls was first settled by L. R. Scrarion, J. J. Downing, and a Mr. IkMijamin, in J 872, they erecting a saw-mill ia anticipation of tlie advent of the N. P. R. R. The failure of Jay Cooke & Co. blighti-d thiir exiiectations, ahmg with the company's, causing them to sell out tlii ir scpiatter rights au: st'lioul mid farm. A school district, embracing all that territory !)ctweon Cohillr .md Sjiangle, and between Idaho and tlio Columbia, was organized into a ■*, li,,ul district for the white aotllura, and Swift, who lived near the Falls autl wa^ a MATERIAL GROWTH. 801 Iriwyer by education, became clerk of the district, Ycatoo, Poole, and M. M. C'owlcy, trader at Spokane Bridge, directors, while Mrs Swift was teacher. At the territorial election of 1874 the polls opened at Glover's Louse, and U. II. Wiucpy was elected to represent Stevens co. in the legislature. D. F. IVrcival of Four Lakes, and L. W. Myers, were chosen co. coinuiissiouers, iind Glover justice of the peace. In mid-December Cowley jourueyed to ('(ilville, the co. seat, 85 miles, to curry the election returns, to secure a toucher's certificate, and incidentally to perform the marriage service for C'aiitaiu Evan Miles and Miss Stitzel. There was little improvement before 1S7(5, wlien Frederick Post removed his mill from Trent to Spokane Falls, which had been laid out in a town plat by Matheny, Yeaton, and Glover, wlio gave him water power and 40 acres of laud to locate in the place. Ni.xt came Downer, Evans, and Smith. Evans set up a cabinet-shop. Downer opened a farm, and Smith returned to Spangle. Still the few settlcri held on until June 1877, when the Nez Perce war caused tliom the most intense anxiety and alarm. Soon after the war ended there came Hcrljcrt and Myron Pcrcival, L. W. Kims, Dr Masterton, and a few oth- ers; and in the spring of 1878, with the revived hope of the coming of the N. r. K. It., came also the merchant firm of Cannon, Warner, & Co., who purchased an interest in the town-site, and gave a fresh impetus to the place. Ti'.n canio J. M. Nosier, W. C. Gray, Dr L. P. Waterhouse, A. E. Ellis, ,'"MJ. "lati Corbaley. Gray built a hotel, in which an entertainment was held I ■;• • benefit of a public school-house being erectetl in town. In 1879 t'.' .as a re-survey of the N. P. line, and the Spokane Tiimn wan estab- 1!-:-,im! l>y Hon. Francis S. Cook, member of the territorial legislature from I'lurcc CO. Population began now to flow in, and the following porsons be- f;;in business in Spokane Falls: F. R. Moore & Co., J. F. Graham, Frielic(l, idthough in July 1881 the Spokane Chronicle was established by (.'. J}. Carlisle, and the methodist and congregational churches were erected, ulso tlie liist Ijrick building, and steps were taken to found protestaut and latliolic scliDoLs — the Spokane and Gonzaga universities. The city was in- iui|iijratcd in IScI, R. W. Forrest being the first mayor, A. M. Cannon, b. 11. .V'hitehou ..!, h. W. Rims, F. R. Moore, George A. Davis, and ^V. C. • iray, councilni'.n, ^.i.'ii J. K. Stout, city attorney, the population being at lliis tii'io aiiijl 1,0')'), To follow this history further would bo to take up *. ,.i in icli ppiivo. ^''lu i882 to 188i) the growth of Spokane Falls was re- luarkali'e. elj i 1 .)i. 'oy the wonderful agricultural resources of tlie country, uiiu niini:'< »_■;' til ■ (.1 'Ui" .I'Aleno region, and in 1888 it was the third eity in \\'a>lunj(,lon. in nno IV'J'J a g 'at fire consumed 22 whole sipiares of liuilili.igs in the '" n ■ , ))ortion of the city, at a loss of many millions of i|oll:ii.-(, hut it is Kipully rebuilding more solidly than before. Tlie situation of ■S|Milvane Falls is not only beautiful as to location, but is in the midst of tlui f'l-cat wheat-fields, rivalled in jiroductiveness by few portions of the ylolii', and near the Cteur d'Alono mines. Kllensluu-g is another thriving town, which suflFered great losses by (iro in .July 1881), but which is being rebuilt. It has on one liand an ayriiul- tiiral counti-y, and on the other fjold and silver, coal ami iron, superior grass l.iiiils mill timbered niountain-sicles. ('Ii;-I'j1u' and Uoslyn are two now towns in the mineral region of Klick- itat CO,, ^ itod among the higher foothills of the Casc.nles, on the line of tlio N. '■ >: i< E.xteusive iron-works arj located at Clo-Eluui, and coal- uiiucs at i<. ■'-, . m -i m '. a-t II I 392 EXPLORATIONS, ROADS. AND RAILROADS. Mount Vernon, on the swift and beautiful Skagit ri-^er, was taken up as a land claim in 1871 by Jaapar Gates, the first house , i the river having been erected in 18G1 by Owin Kincaid. There is a cranberry marsh lure, owned by a California company. From 80 acres of vines, 5,000 buslicls rif cranberries were gathered in 1889. Port Townsend, Whatcom, and Schoino, long aj)parently lifeless, have blossomed out with elegant homes, statily hotels, and banking-houses. Fairhaven, also on Bellingham bay, has a charming situation, and is rapidly growing. Centralia, Aberdeen, and all the towns in the fertile Cheluilis valley are sharing the results of agricultural and milling enterprises. The following is the history of Aberdeen, by Samuel Benn, its founder, born in New York in 18.32, coming to Cal. in 1850; worked in Tuolumne mines until 1859. when ho came to Pugct Sound, and purchasing a boat explored Black river, and tdol; up a pre-emption claim. In 18G8 he removed to (Jhehalis valley, where he pur- chased 592 acres of land, raising cattle and dairying: until 1884, when ho laiil out the town of Aberdeen, devoting in all 240 acres to the town-site, giving away 49 acres in mill-sites to promote business, and also donated 50 acies tecame one of the loaecially vahialile. Ill 1889 he was chosen a delegate to the constitutional convention, serving with marked ability. He lias aided largely in building up the city. W. H. Taylor, a native of Mich., has also contributed largely to the devolopmcnt of his adopted city, in 1887 as mayor, as president of uie Spokane Nat. Bank and of the Ijoard of trade, and in oth.er positions. Others worthy of note are F. R. Moore, a director of the Washinj,''":. Water Power Co., of the cable lino company, and of several bani s and B. F. Burch, M. 1)., one of the oldest residents of the city. Boili these }^en- tlomon are amonj; the wealthiest and most respected citizens of Spokaiio, )S. was taken up [le river haviui; ry marsh hiiv, ,000 Imslicls (,f n, anil Sehoinu, homes, statily im bay, has a shalis valley are Che following is in New York in il 185'J. whouhe ver, aufl took up , where he piir- j4, when ho hiiil 3wn-sitc, givJM;,' atcd ")0 acres to se. He i.s prin- inil county cnm- jr. He niarrinl 9. some settled or yet apparent, hopes of fiilure irior advantages mijndations. 'Hcreased from Hi report of Scc- l est CO. is Kill'.'. .lie fifth Walla avlv !?;i,000,000, . S3UO,()00. The l,'2o8si[. niiles; I, 41 sq. miles. •c the foll(>wini_;. Ition as a l.iwver luinity, ami has ■itli till! laying >n Water I'owur •as. coa-st in iJSoS, ■es of th.it city, |iness jnilginciit. louse railroiul, ■oniineiit eiitei'- the esteem and I Spokane l''alls, |e leaders ot tlic cially valiKihlc. |ention, .serving le city. 1 largely to tiie tosident of lilt Lsitioiis. tic \V'a.sliiug'";' tal haul s ami lloth these gou- 1)1' iSpokaiie. HISTORY OF IDAHO. CHAPTER I. PHYSICAL FEATURE,^ AND NATURAL WEALTH. Territorial Limits — The World's Wonder-Land — Riveks, MotmTAiNS, AND Valleys — Phenomenal Features — Lava-Fields — Mineral Springs — Climate— Scores op Limpid Lake,s — Origin of the Name 'loAiio' — Indifference of Early Immi' rants — Natural Productions —Game — Food Supply — Fur- bearing Animals — Fir-w Mormon S'^.TTLEMENT— County Divisions of Idaho as Part of Washington. The territory of Idaho was set off by congress March 3, 1863. It was erected out of the eastern portion of Washington with portions of Dakotah and Nebraska, and contained 32(3,373 square miles, lying between the 104th and 117th meridians of longitude, and the 42d and 49th parallels of latitude. It em- braced the country east of the summits of the Rocky Mountains to within fifty miles of the great bend of the Missouri below the mouth of the Yellowstone, including the Milk River, White Earth, Big Horn, Powder River, and a portion of the Platte region on the North Fork and Sweetwater. Taken all together, it is the most grand, wonderful, romantic, and mys- terious part of the domain enclosed within the federal union. Within its boundaries fell the Black Hills, Fort Laramie, Long's Peak, the South Pass, Green River, Fort Hall, Fort Boisd, with all that wearisome stretch of road along Snake River made by the annual trains I 394 PHYSICAL FEATURES AND NATURAL WEALTH. \m •i! il *■; , of Pacific-bound immigrants since 1843, and earlier. Beyond these well-known stations and landmarks no information had been furnished to the public concern- ing that vast wilderness of mountains interspersed with apparently sterile sand deserts, and remarkable, so far as understood, only for the strangeness of its rugged scenery, which no one seemed curious to ex- plore. The Snake River,^ the principal feature known to travellers, is a sullen stream, generally impracticable, and here and there wild and swift, navigable only for short distances, above the mouth of the Clearwater, broken by rapids and falls, or coursing dark and dan- gerous between high walls of roel', Four times between Fort Hall and the mouth of the Bruncau, a distance of 150 miles, the steady flow of water is broken by falls. The first plunge at American Falls,' twenty-five miles from Fort Hall, is over a i)reci- pice GO feet or more in height, after which it Hows between walls of trap-rock for a distance of 70 miles, when :t enters a deeper canon several miles in length and from 800 to 1,000 feet in width, emerging from which it divides and passes around a lofty pinnacle of rock standing in the bed of the stream, the main por- tion of the river rushing over a ledge and falling 180 feet without a break, while the smaller stream de- scends by successive plunges in a series of rapids lor some distance before it takes its final leap to the pool below. These are called the Twin Falls, and some- times the Little Falls to distinguish them from the Great Shoshone Falls, four miles below, where the entire volume of water plunges down 210 feet after a preliminary descent of 30 feet by rapids. Forty miles west, at the Salmon or Fishing falls, the river makes its last great downward jump of forty feet, after which • The name of this stream was taken from the natives inhabiting its himlcs, and has been variously called Snake, Shoshone, and Les Serpents. L( wis and C'larke named it alter the former — Lewis River. See Native Jiaces vf Ilia Pac'ifr Slatei^, and Ilinl, yorlhwest Coanf, iiassim, this sorica. ' So named f i om tlio loss of a party of Americans who attempted to navi- gate the river iu canoes. Palmer's Jour., 44. TOPOGRAPHY OF IDAHO. 393 it flows, with frequent rapids and canons, onward to the Columbia,' in soaie places bright, pure, and spar- kling with imprisoned sunshine, in others noisieloss, cold, and dark, eddying like a brown serpent among fringes of willows, or hiding itself in shadowy ravines untrodden by the footsteps of the all-dominating wliite man. This 500 feet of descent by cataracts is made on the lower levels of the great basin, where the altitude above the sea is from 2,130 feet, at the mouth of the Owyhee, to 4,240 at the American Falls. The de- scent of 2,110 feet in a distance of 250 miles is suf- ficient explanation of the unnavigable character of the Serpent River. Other altitudes furnish the key to the characteristics of the Snake Basin. The eastern gate- way to this region, the South Pass, is nearly 7,500 feet high, and the mountain peaks in the Rocky range from io,000 to 13,570 feet, the height of Fremont Peak. The pass to the north through the Blackfoot country is 6,000 feet above the sea, which is the general level of that region,* while various peaks in the Bitter Root range rise to elevations between 7,000 and 10,000 feet. Florence mines, where the dis- coverers were rash enough to winter, has an altitude of 8,000 feet, while Fort Boise is 0,000 feet lower, being in the lowest part of the valley of Snake River. Yet within a day's travel on horseback are rugged niDuntnins where the snow lies until late in the spring, topped by others where it never melts, as the miners soon ascertained by actual experience. The largest body of level land furnished with grass instead of ar- tcinesia is Big Camas prairie, on the head waters of Mahide or Wood river, containing about 200 square miles, but at an altitude of 4,700 feet, which seemed to render it unfit for any agricultural purposes, 'ItihkU's Snake River Jier/ion, yiS., 2-4; Sfarr's Idaho, MS., 4; Idaho SrmpK, 27, 35; JJoisi Statesman, July 4, ISUS; Portland Went Shore, July 1S77. * I'hc mean altitnde of Montana is {^ivcu as 3,000 fuot iu Gannetl's Lid of EkviUions, 101. t't'! %l I ^f J ii.'ii 390 rilYSICAL FEATURES AND NATURAL WEALTH. although it was the summer paradise of the United States cavalry for a time, and of horse and cattle owners. There arc valleys on the Payette, Clearwater, lower Snake, Boise, Weiser, Blackfoot, Malade, and Bciir rivers, besides several smaller ones. They range in size from twenty to a hundred miles in length, and from one to twenty miles in width, and ^vith t)tln.r patches of fertile land aggregate ten millions of aeius in that part of the new territory whose altered boun- daries now constitute Idaho, all of which became known to be well adapted to farming and fruit-raising, although few persons were found at first to risk the expei'iment of sowing and planting in a country which was esteemed as the peculiar homo of the mineralogist and miner. In a country like this men looked for unusual things, for strange phenomena, and they found them. A volcano was discovered about the head waters of the Boise, which on many occasions sent up smoke and colunms of molten lava^ in 18GG, and in August 1881 another outburst of lava was witnessed in the moun- tains east of Camas prairie, while at the same time :in earthquake shock was felt. In 18G4 the Salmon liivor suddeidy rose and fell several feet, rising a second time higher than before, being warm and nmddy.'' Notwithstanding the evidences of volcanic eruptions, and the great extent of lava overflow along Siuiko River, the country between Reynolds Creek in Owy- hee and Bruneau River was one vast bed of organic re- mains, where the bones of extinct species of animals were found,^ and also parts of the human skeleton of 'Bnfliilo Hump, an isolated butto between Clearwater and Salmon livers, is the niountaiu berc referred to. The lava ovorllow was renewed in S<'iiti.iii- ber, when 'great streams of lava' were 'running down the moantr.iii, ilio molten eul)stiinee burning everything in its path. The flames shoot hij,'li in tlic air, giving at a long distance tlic appearance of a grand conllagiiition.' A rumbling noise accompanied the overflow. Wood 1,'iirr Miner, Sept. -1, 1881; Idaho ]\'orlil, .lune 30, 1800; SHirr Cili/ Amlaiichr, Jan. '20, IhSI. "Jolin Kcenan of Florence witnessed this event. Jhiinr Xfir.s, Aug. 1 .'i. 1 >^^'>i- ^ Early KvenlH, MS., i). IL JJ. Maize found a tusk 1) inches in dianiitc r at the base and U feet long embedded in the soil ou Rabbit Creek, lU miles tium .TH. STREAMS AND CASOXS OF IDAHO. W7 le United ind cattle iter, lower and Bear f range in jngtli, aiul vith other [IS of acres ered boun- 3I1 became Liit-raising, o risk the iitry which ineralogifet 5ual tiling.'^, tlicni. A waters of smoke and jfust 1881 10 nioun- no time all mon liiver a sei'oud luddy." eruptions, )ng Snake k in Owy- jroanic re- t' anmuils keleton of Salmon livers, k-eil ill Sci'tiiii- inouiiti'.iii. iliu shoot liij-'li ill coiitlagriitiiiii.' ;«(/•, Scjil,. -1, 29, lSt>l. Aug. i:i. 1SU4. ill ilianictrr at 10 miles tium a size which seemed to point to a prehistoric race of men as well. This portion of the ancient lake bed seemed to have received, from its lower position, tho ricliest deposit of fossils, although they were found ill higher localities. All the streams emptying into Snake Eivcr at some distance below the Shoshone nr (jircat falls sink before reaching it, and flow beneath tho lava, shooting out of the sides of the caiion with l)eautiful effect, and forming a variety of cascades.* "Snlinon River," said one of the mining pioneers, "al- most cuts tho earth in two, the banks being 4,000 icet perpendicular for miles, and backed by rugged mountains that show evidences of having been rent hy tho most violent convulsions."® Godin'" or Lost livir is a considerable stream rising among the Wood liiver Mountains and disappearing near Three Ikittes — hence the name — thouo'h cominij to the surface afterv.'ard. Journeying to Fort Hall by the way of ]>ig Camas prairie,^^ after reaching the lava-tield you ]i;iss along the base of mountains whose tops glisten \vith perpetual snow\ Stretching southward is a sea of cinder, wavy, scaly, sometimes cracked and abysmal. Ihuiieau River and the Owyhee drain the southern mid western side. Curious mineral springs have been discovered in various parts, the most famous of which >^n:ikc llivcr, and a variety of other hones. Boinc Slntcsman, Oct. 1, 1870. Tlii.s lull fipjicara to be similar to one wliicli exists in a sand deposit in south- c:isUiii Oregon, and described by O. C. Appleg.itc in Porlland Wixt Shore, July 1S77. " ll'iUl fj'n Suakfi llivcr lle'i'iou, !MS., '2-4. In this descriptive manuscript, by I'lauk l;il)iett, surveyor of Cassia county, sonic strong hints are tlirowu oat. Rihlctt s.iys: 'The lava presents phenomena like breathing-lioli's, where stroll;; cuirunts of air liiid continual vent. . .Chasms going seemingly to iiiiDieiise deptlis; corrals — called devil's corrals, licing enclosures of lava v,:ills —extinct craters; the City of iiocks. a pile of basalt, wiiich resembles a iii:i;.'iiiHceiit city in ruins. . .Massacre (lato w a tremendous basaltic barrier rniiiiiiig tiom the blnlFs to Snako lUvcr, and cleft only wide enough to permit till' passage of a wagon, so named from a massacre by Indians at this place; also vuiionsly stylcil (late of Death and Uevil's Gate.' '^ llnhii'ii Hist. Idadodoinity, MS., 7. '''\amcd after a trapper in tiic service of the American Fur Company, f'todiu is mentioned in Victor's U'lve.r of tint W'rxf, l-JO-:iO. Ite was killed at tliis stvcaiii by the Blackfoot Indiana. Tuivntn'iid's X-ti James H. Hutton erectoil baths at the warm springs near AViincn. Statement by Edwin Farnham, in Schidtze's Eitrly Anecdotes, MS., C; On'i/- hee Aralanche, April 17, 1870. On Bruncau River, at tho Robeson l:inii, are several hot springs, and one of cohl sulphur water. Near Atlanta, on tlio midiUo fork of lJois(5, were discovered warm springs fitted up for bathiiii,' liy F. 1'. Carothcrsin 1S77. Silver (Jitij Aralanche, May 5, 1877. Near Bon.inzii, on Yankee Fork of Salmon Riyer, wore found sulphur springs of peculiar qualities. Bonanza Citif Yankee Fork Herald, March "20, 1880. In shurt, tho whole basin between Salmon River and Salt Lake was found to be dottuJ with springs of high temperature and cui-ative medicinal qualities. '^ Lakes Cceur d'Aleno and Pend d'Oreille are of tho navigable class, the former ',]o miles long, tho latter 30 miles. Steamers ply on the Ca-ur d'Alcno. Cocolala is a small lake. Kaniskec is a limpid body of water 20 miles Ioiil,' by 10 wide. Hindoo lakes are a group of small bodies of alkaline water of uiculici- nal qualities. And there ar; and in 1857 Brigham Yoi'.ng visited this colony, :it- tcnded by a nunu reus retinue. He found the ]uii|ili' prosperous, their crops abundant, tho river abouiuling' MORMON SETTLEMENT. 403 in tlsli, and the evidonces present of mineral wealth. When lie I'eturned to Salt Lake the pioneers returned with him to t'eteh their wives and children. The Nez Pcires, however, became jealous of these settlers, kiiitwiiig that the government was opposed to the ^ili'inion occupation of Utah, and fearing lest they ^liould l)e driven out to overrun the Flathead country it" ihey were permitted to retain a footing there.'' Tlio colony finally returned to Salt Lake, driven out, it was said, by the Indians, with a loss of three men n': 1 1 K<...i.i.,i\ lU >.,!'.,» Tu ».. " ''-Bm '^■^::-!^:^^ Kt.iiiff " -.' ) CoDNTIIiS FOUMEULY IN WAaUINGTUN. kilk'd, and all their crops destroyed.^' The other sot- tlciiK'iits were a few farms of French Canadians in the Cn 111' d'Alcne country, the Jesuit missions, and Fort i-.sv.(v».s' Xar., in /W. 1!. /.'. Ji'f/d, xii. 'J.VJ; letter of K. H. L.ansdiilo, in /"'/. .1/ li'ipt, l.Si">7, ;iSO; |{oss ]>i()\vnc, iu Jl. L'r. JMc, .'M), p. lilt, :;.">th I'liii;. \r.t si'sM. ; i'hjiiiiiiii I'ioiii'rr ami litin., Aug. J<, UoG; (>/•. ISUili-^iiiHii, .S'l't. i:., is.-)7; L;i',t r,„ii. Iml. J//:, 1S,")7. ."{■-'l so. "Tlii.i wii.s in l.S."i.S, if I uudcrstimd Owen's iiccount, in I ml. Aff. I'l/it, l^Vi, IJl. Slionp, ill lilnho Tir., MS., .">, itiVrs to this RiUlenitnt. 'I'lio .Mipiiiiniia I'lieti'il liiiir lioiitii'M insiili' of ii iialismlo, iiiid uoiiltl Inve l)ocn wvu- t 'in'.l IViiiii Suit J.ako. It is iiioliahlc that liiighani called them iu to Bliviij,Un.ii hia huuda agaiuat the i;overnnieut. ii m 404 niYSICAL FEATURES AND NATURAL WEALTH. Owen, tho latter east of the Uitter Iloot Monntai"^, in the valley of the Sb Mnry branch of Bitter Pioot River. The county of Shoshone was set off from Wjilla Walla county by the legislature of Washington ds early as January 29, 1858, conii)rising all the count iv north of Snake River lying east of the Columbia aiitli 'ino of longitulc, and west of the sunnnit of tho Rocky Mountains, was stricken oil' and hceanio Mifsoula county, with the county seat 'at or near the trading post of Wor.I- a & (Jo., IlcUgnte Rond.' Tiic connnissioners of the new county weix' ('. I', lliggins, Thomas Harris, and V. L. Worden; justice of the peace, lleiiii M. Clia.sc; sheriir, Tipton. A new county of Shobhono was creaicd ()f lliu t<:ni- tory lying south of a line drawn east from the mouth of the Clearwater tn tlio I i.'')th meridian, thence south to tlie 4(3th parallel, and east a;4ain to the Koi-ky MtH, piU'suing their sunnnits to tho 4'_M juirallel, whence it turned ^ve^.l it the boundary line of Oregon, following that and Snake River to the place ui beginning. No ofliccrs were appointed for Shoshone co., but it was attaclicd to Walla Walla county for judicial purposes nntil organized by t!ic tleciija of proper county ollicers. The legislature of ISOl-'J al)ritlged the bnundiiirs of Shoshone co., by making it begin at the mouth of the Nouth brancli of the Clearwater, following the lino of the rixer south to tlie Lolo fork of tho same, then cast with the Lolo fork to the summit of tho hitter Root .Moun- tains, thence north to the main divide between the north branch of liie Civar- water and tho I'alouso River, thence in a westerly direction with the .livi.lo to a p(jint from which, running due south, it would strike the nioulh of soa; li fork. This change made Siioslione co. as suuill as it was before gnat, ai. I gave room for organizing two other counties: lirst, Nez I'eree, comprisiii;,' tin; territory embraced within the following limits: beginning at the umiith "f the main Clearwater, following it to the .south fork, and along Lolo folk I') the top of tlio Uitter Root range, thence south to the nriin divide bttwerii south fork and Salmon River, following it westerly to Snake Itivtr, and thenci' tlown Snake Rivi'r to tlie place of commencement. The second 'J-.'I tin' county of lioisL- was oiganizcd, emi. racing that portion of Idaho co. bounded ii^rlli by a lino conuntncing at the moutli of the I'ayette Iliver, and extending up THE MINES. 403 subdivulod by legislative acts in 18G0-1 and 18GI-2, m the ie'(|uircnieuts of the shifting mining population, (if wliich I have given some account in the History of Wasliinrfton, demanded. This mining population, as I have there stated, first overrun the Clearwater ixigion, discovering and open- ing between the autumn of 18G0 and the spring of l.sd;] the placers of Oro Fino Creek, Xorth Fork and South Fork of the Clearwater, Salmon River and its tributaries, and finally the Boise basin; at which pulnt, being nearly coincident with the date of the ttiiitorial act, I will take up the separate history of IcUiho.^' tliat stivam to the middle branch, and up it to its source, thence east to the suimiiit of the ]>ittcr llout range, which it followed to the Rocky Mts. All tliat lay south of that oast and west line waa IJoise co. as it existed when the til ritory was organized. Tlie county seat was located at tiie mouth of Klk (Virk oil Mooru (.'reek. Tlie coniinissioners were .lohn (J. Sinitli, Frank Miici'.i', W. 15. Noble; 1). Gilbert jirobate judge, David Mnlford sherilF, David Aldiisou treasurer, A. D. Saunders auditoi', .1. M. Muriiliy, Swan, and Baird j:stii'('s of llie jieace, James Wari'cn coroner. Il'a-A. Lrnr.^, IbO'J-.'l, .'1-4. ■■"'1 lure are few publications eoiicerning Idaho, wliieh has not yet liceonie, as it s'lnic lime will, a prominent Held for tourists and writci.s. Among those wli") have written with a view to making known the geography, topoLjraphy, iiiid re ,s()uree!5 of the country, liubert V], Strahoru liold-i the piinci;)al place, his 'I'll /hi' /to<'Lii'K, Idaho, /he G, by C. Aiibrc, Angelo, published in ISli.") at San Francisco, is a fair report iii .')0 jiir^va upon the scenery along the road from Portland, and description of niin- lii;,' caiups, Midlaii's Miiitarii I'oad Itcport contains a history of the expcili- tinn, ''s itinerary, de.-.rription of passes, and reports of engineers and explor- trs. .1 ThrniMuid Mi/is tlifoiiijh the liovlij Muuiiliiin.i, liy .\. K. McClure, I'lula, IS.'iI), is a republication of letters to the A'. >'. Tri'timr ami J'raiiLiii /'■;(m"'o/7/ during a I) months' tour in iS07, containing observations on the cnmilry, and the advantaged oi *, ii^ Nortliern over the tViitral I'.icilic raili oail. /■/ '/('), a )>ainphlet by Jan es L, Oiuleidonk, controller, |uibli.shcd in IS.Vi, coii- tiiiia a sketch of early Idalio history, and descriptions of the resources ef the couiiiiy, not diU'ering essentially from what h.,s been given by c w Im took the Missouri River route. Four steamers from St Louis ascciulccl Id Fort Rentoii, wlu'iico .S.")0 innnigrants travelled liy the Mullan mad tu tlio mines on Salmon Hiver. Portlaml <>r<. I'ieico, and.). ]'. (Jiii.senherry. EUiott'x IIM. Iilnho, 71; I'Inho iyorlil,Oct'.\\, KS04. 'AiiiciiiL,' this party were Jeti'erson Standifer, Jtarvey Mor).;an, W'ui A. n^ily. Will Tichcnor, J. B. Reynolds, and l)aniel MoH'at, wiio had been t-lici ill' of Calaveras cc, Cal. ■'Tills ]ilaeo had its name chnnped to Idaho City on tho discovery that the miiicis on the east side of tho Koeky Mts had iiamcil a town lianiiai.'k. ^I'.linj'ts Journal, MS., viii. 127, 134; Or. SlaUxman, Dee. 'Jl', 1S(J2. I ¥^ m a !' 408 EARLY SETTLE^klENT. Salt Lake that a party was despatched to old Fort Boi^e, September 20th, to ascertain if it were practica- ble to navigate Snake River from Levviston to tliat point or beyond. This party, after waiting until the i!l> i -a ;i ">^% i«VTl6 Bois^ Basin. river was near its lowest stage, descended from l-'ort Boise to Lewiston on a raft, which was constructed by them for the purpose.^ It was soon made appai'ciit, 'Tliese adventurers were Charles Clifford, Washinrrton Murray, anl Denver. A. l* AnUeny, formerly of Portland, originated IIk; ( xp< TlioJin wlio iicrfornicd it pave it as their opinion that tlio livcr could 1 ifratco'u;i(Mi ti> S. \. Co., ascended the river ]."» miles above Lewi.ston, but euiiM farther. The 7V/(»«o also made the attempt, going ten miles iiiid fiii.l obstael"3 to navi;,'atiiin in that distiincc. I.cwiston, which as Iniit; miners were on the (,'learwater and Salmon rivers had enjoyed ti pn trade, drawing its goods from Portland by the same sttanier.s wiiicli h the miners thns faron their journey, and retailing them imuiediatily lit profit, now saw itself in danger of being eclipsed by AValla \V;dIii, wlii the s miles, from tiicio to the Fishing Falls of Snake Kivc r 00 miles, ami liiiMi llicso fails to .Salt Lake City '2."iO miles, making .i total tliitanco fidi'.i l.iwiston of 47."> miles, nearly half of which it was hoped could be tiavLlIiil ill bouts. Such a line would have been of {;reat service to the mili- tary (l(i)artnu'nt, about to establish a, post on the Doisi'; llivcr, and to the ini- mi;_'iatii)n, raving a long stretch of rough road. ]5ut the Salmon Iliver Jiuuiaaiiis jiroveil impassable, and the Snake Kivcrnnnavigable, although in tiic .aitiiiiui of 1803 !v second party of five men, with Molthrop at their head, (iL'sc-iiiIrd that stream in a boat built at Uueiia Vista bar, and a comjiany was fciriiK'd ill Portland with the design of constructing a portage through a canon of the river which was thought impiaeticable for btcaniers. 'W'aidwell and Liu'chin erected a wharf at Umatilla, .'iO miles below Wal- liiln, tlu! laiuling for AValia Walla, and by opening a new route to the (iraud lliiiid across tlio Umatilla Indian reservation, diverted travel in this direction. "Slurloek Bristol, who went to Boisi5 in Dec., says: 'I prospected the coinitry, and finally settled down for the balance of tho winter and spring on McMire ( reck. There wo built twenty log houses — nunc, Win Richie's, and I. 11 riny"s being among the twenty. We made snow-shoes and traversed tho \:i!!' y.< and gulches prospecting. As the snow was dec[) and it was some dis- taihc liiilic creek, some one proposed we shoulddig awell, centrally located, to iindiiiniodatc all our settlement. One day when I was absent prospecting tlio vtll-(lit.'ger struck bed-rock down about 18 feet, but found no water; liut in the dirt ho detected particles of gold. A bucketful jianned out $2.73, \V1k II I returned at night I could not nave bought tho claim of which my lion was built for $10,000. It nrovcd to bo worth $300,000. Tho whole liciie'i was rich in like manner. Aly next-doli'it and killed iu a dispute about a mine near the South pass, Owyhee Andaudiv, iu Oljimiiia Wanh. Standnrd, April 18, 1808. '"William rnrvine, in Portland Oreijouiun, Nov. 13, 18G-; Leiciston Gulden Ai'is.iii8 loir cattlo niM \lelhu Si'pt. 'J7, IfnimFoit n..ll lU'iiii.tl, ;ai.l h\-l l.siiic .Ml II- ^rry, "ii Sii:iUo w'licru a triljo of the Placerville miners in March 18G3, whose cap- tain was Jefferson Standifer, a man prominent among adventurers for his energy and daring.*' Tli^T P"i'- sued the Indians to Salmon Falls, where they had fortilications, killing fifteen and wounding as many more. Returning from this expedition about the last of tlie month, Standifer raised another company of 200, which made a reconnoissance over the mountains to the Payette, and across the Snakti River, up the Malheur, where they came upon Indians, whoso depre- dations were the most serious obstacle to the pros- perity of the Boise basin. Fortifications had been cnx'tod by them on an elevated position, which was also defended by rifle-pits. Laying siege to the place, the company spent a day in trying to get near enough to make their rifles effective, but without success until thi^ second day, when by artifice the Indians were in(hiced to surrender, and were thereupon nearly all kilK'd in revenge for their murdered comrades by tho ruthless white man." To punish the hostile Indians in Idaho, Fort Boise was established July 1, 18G3, by P. Lugenbeel, with two companies of Washington infantry in the regular Horvice. It was situated on the Boise River about forty miles above the old fort of tho Hudson's Bay CV)nii)any, near the site of the modern Boise City. " Six feet in height, with broad square shoulders, fine features, l)lack hair, eyes, and moustache, and brave as a lion, is tho description of Standifer iu M'-i'iiiiiiiirn Infi'riio, MS., ii. '2. Standifer was well known in Montana and Wvdining. He died at Fort Steele Sept. 30, 1874. JletenalndepeHdeiityliov. '.'0, I Ml. " Miivablc defences were carried in front of the assaulting party, made by ecttiii.; up poles and weaving in willow rods, filling the intiTstices with grass ami iiiiul. This device proved not to bo bullet-proof; and bundles of willow sliiks which could bo rolled in front of tho men Mere next used and served virv wtH. Wlien the Indians saw the wliito foe steadily advaiu'iiig, they sent ;i woman of their camp to treat, and Standifer was permitted to enter till' f"i\, the Indians agreeing to surrender tiio property in their jiossession Mull II from miners and others. But upon gaining aceess, the white men sliot 'liiwii men, women, and children, only three boys cscapiiig. One child of 4 Vims WHS adopted by John Kelly, a violinist of Idaho City, who tauglit him ti'l'lay tlie violin, and to perform feats of tnud)ling. lie was taken to Lon- •liin, « lure he drew great houses, and afterward to Australia. Mct'oiintU'nIn' /(fiw, .MS., ii. 2-4. See also MarijsviUc Apptal, April II, 18G3. m f l;i ,{1. 412 EARLY SETTLEMENT. m ':'''i I. ;; (,- M-f- Liicrenbccl "was reliovccl later in the season by IiI- near.soii of the 1st Oregon cavalry.^' The summer of 18G3 was one of great activitv. Early in the season came flatteriiiLT news of the Ik-avcr- head oouiitry lying on the head watei'S of Jclilisou fork of the jMissouri River, where claims were luKl as lii^^li as $10,000 and $15,000. On Stinking Vv'atrr Cnck, iiftecn miles in lenLfth, the diLTgin^JTs were ro- poricd to 1)0 marvellously rich. Good reports caiiio also irom all that region lying between the llorky and Bitter Root ranges, and the camps on the ]\Iis- souri to the east of it. About 1,000 miners luul wintered in these diiXijinijs and two towns, ISannark City on the Beaverhead and Virginia City oa another aflluent of Jeflijrson fork, had sprung into existence contemporaneously with the towns in tho Boise basin. In the spring of 18G3 a bateau load of miners from the upper Missouri lelt Fort Benton Inr their homes, taking with them 150 pounds of gokl- dust. The principal dra^vback on the Missouri was tlie hostilit}'' of the Blackfoot Indians, who, notwithstand- ing their treaty, robbed and murdered wherever tin y could iind white men. Whole parties were killed, and whole pack-trains seized. The innnigration of 18G3 was not so large as that of the preceding year, and was divided into thno columns, one of which was destined for southiiu Idaho and the mining region of eastern Oregon; another was bound for California; and the third, liir- nished by the government with a separate escort under Fisk, consisting of twenty-three wagons and fifty-two men, turned oft" at Fort Hall for the Salmon River country, failing to reach which they tarrictl in the Beaverhead mines. Four steamers left St Louis ■*Fort Bois6 was built of brown sandstone, and was a fine post. TIio reservation was one mile wide and two miles long. II. Ex. Doc, -0, 1 1 . •"I'fu coiig. 'Jd sess.; Sunjeoit-Gai'l Circular, 8, 4.j7-00; Vristol's Idaho 2^'oiMuda- ture, MS., 4. DIFFICULTIES OF IMMIGRATION. 413 in tliG spring for tlic upper Missouri, tlic Slircrcport and Robert Camphcll belonging to La Barge & Co., juul the JiOf/(')'. Ind- ians stole the horses of the stage companies, and high- waymen, both white and red, robbed the express messengers. 18 From the abundance of quartz in southern Idaho, and occasional fragments found containing free gold, it was early anticipated that the real future M'ealth of the territory would depend upon quartz-mining, and miners were constantly engaged in exploring for gold- bearing lodes while they worked the bais and baiil0to40011i-!c.Kli. A wagoii-lmul "aiis 'J,500 or 0,000 pounds. It took I'A daj'a to go I'loiii Uma- tilla to BoisL'. Therefore, \'.i tiiiiea tuu traiaa and \'] times 5 wagmi-; \w ru continually upon the road, with an average freight of 584,073 pounds an iv- ing every 13 days. Ox-teams were taken off the road as tho suiiiimi' :A- vanced, on account of the dust, which, being deep and strongly alkaline, \\:ii Bupposed to have occasioned the loss of many work-cattle. Horses imd mules, whoso noses were higher from the ground, were loss affected. "*J. M. blieppard, since connected with i\\o Bedrock Democrat oi ]!.ikir City, Or., carried the first express to Boisd for Tracey & Co. of I'mii.!!'!. KockfuUow & Co. fstal>lishcd the next express, between liois(5 and \'ia:b Walla. After Hoekfellow discovered his fanioua mine on Powder l!i^■ i' liu sold out to Wells, Fargo, & Co., who had suspended their linea to lila!p> tlio previous year on account of robberies and losses, but who resumed iuUclobtT, and rou a tri-monthly line to ^joisd. QU.UITZ-MININO. 418 to pro- irces of luily ill passen- Heusoii, lUout a •ill-', al- greatly lie? Iiid- id hi^ii- exprcss , Idalio, ■ee m'uld, ^•uaillinf iiiU', ami for ^oM- d banks by iiiid- tbe lirst iv, one ot lO j)lac<'r GO a day ont i'l'l- licli set rs. lu of g I'U luiuls iUiiv- Imuiucr ;ul- Ikaliiio, w:i3 [lurscM iukI a. ^t of r-ikcr rortl:iHil. J ami V* alia |r Itiv. r lie l.luliollie liu October, and silver quartz mines had been made on the south ])()ise, all of which promised well.'" A company was foiuu'd to vork the Ida Elmore, and a town calleil Fi'cdericksburj? was laid out at this ledge. Other towns, real and imaginary, arose and soon passed out of existence; but Rocky Jiar has survived all changes, and Boisd City, founded at the junction of Moore CiLck ^vith Boise liiver, was destined to become the cai»ital of the territory. The quartz discoveries on Granite Creek rivalled those in the south Boise district. The first discov- ery, the Pioneer, had its name changed to Gold Hill after consolidation with the Land(>n. It was finally (.\\ lied by an association called the Great Consolidated Boise River Gold and Silver Mining Company, which controlled other mines as well. The poorest rock in the I'ioneer assayed over 6G2 to the ton, and the bet- ter classes of rock from C'C'^'^O to $20,000. These assavs caused the organizati ... in San Francisco of the Boisd River alining and Exploring Company, wliicli contracted for a ten-stamp mill, to be sent to Ijoise as soon as completed.'^" '^ riif Ida Elmore, near the head of Bear Creek, the first and most famous of tlie suiitli Hoise (|uartz mines in 1SU3, was discovered in June. It yielded ill ill! anistia iJ-TO in gold to tlic ton of rock, liut ultimately fell into the luimls of speculators. Tlic Barker and East Barker followed in point of tiuic, ttii miles lielow on the ercek. Then followed the Ophir, Idaho, ]nde- icmlrnce. Southern Confederacy, Esmeralda, tieneral Lane, Western Star, llukU'ii Star, Mendocino, Abo Lincoln, Enimett, and lliheruia. The Idalio nssiyid, tiiirty feet below tlie surface, S>l,7-l-t in gold, and !?!)4.80 in silver. 0|ihif, sl,HI4 gold and ^."14.72 silver. (Joldeu Eagle, ^J,-'40 gold, §27 silver, fiiiiu tJK^ croppings. Boine Xctm, Oct. C, 1SG3. Kocky Bar was discovered in ]%'.'>, but not laid out as a town until April 18G4. The pioneers were .1. C. Denick, .bjliii Green, F. Settle, Charles W. Walkei-, M. CSraham, W. W. Huliirsliam, 11. Comstock (of the Comstock lode, Xuv.), A. Peiigo, H. (). It 111 iH, ( Iforge Ebel, Joseph Caldwell, M. A. Hatcher, L. Ilartwig, W. W. l'ip< !•, Cliarles Rogers, S. JJ. Dilley, I). Fields, Bennett, Foster, Dover, Bar- ney, and Goodrich. Zioi.srf Va/iilal Chronicle, Aug. 4, ISO'J; Uoisr AVt.s, Oct. •20 ,lM):i. '"''■'Hforma Express, Xov. 7, 1SG3; /?oisrf .V.-w.*, Oct. 27, 18G;I. The men vko Idcitcd the Pioneer mine were Minear and Lynch, according to tlie Suih ii/.'iif^ Ms., of Henry II. Knapp, who went to Idaho City in the summer 01 Ist'i.'j, and who has furnished mc a sketch of all the first mining localities, and tliL' early history of the territory. He was one of the publishers of the first p,i|nr in the BoisiS basin, the Boi-"! S'lir.f, first issued in Scp'iinber ISti.'i. 'i'lio Portland Oinjoiiian of Sept. 11, ISGU, gives the names of the first prospectors of quartz in this region oa Hurt & Co., Moore & Co., and (J. 0. Kobbius. ■'i'l 1 41C EARLY SETTLEMENT. Among the rielicst of the lodes discovered in ]S(;3 was the Gambriiius, which was iiicor[)c)rati'(l hv ;i Portland company. Tliis mine, like others prospi it- ing onormou.sly iiigh, lasted but a short time. It was so rich that pieces of the rock which had rolled down into the creek and become waterworn could bu sen to gli,st''n with gold fifty feet distant." A town ralird Quaitzburg sprung up on Granite Creek, two miles west ol" Placerville, as soon as mills were brought into the district, and on the head waters of the I'ayLLtc, Lake City, soon extinct and forgotten. lint the greatest discovery of the season came from a search for the famous 'lost diggings' (»f the iuiuii- gration of 184;"). In the spring of 18(53 a party of twenty-nine set out I'rom Placerville on an ex[icdiiioii to iind these niuch-talked-of never-locateil mines. -' "A company was organized to work the Oaniljrinus, and a mill place. 1 nn it in the lull (if ISOl liy 1{. (A (Joomlm & ('o. After a year the iiiijuiari.ilnl inan:i;_;cr.i en;,'a-L'i' •*! si'iiie very expensive and tiniieces.-(ary labors wiih a s iiw to free.'.ini,' out the small ()\vner:i, and were themselves righteously luiin l in cc)nsc(|Uenee. Jin/h !•'■* Li/c itiid T/nK't, MS., 8-10. The I'iimeer or . !'. IJarnes, (). H. I'urdy, J. « '. jl-ciic. W. T. (larson, I'. H. (lordoii, L. C (ielir, and .'< others. In tho Sili\r Cili/ ''■'iihic Ai'iilftiiflf of Jail. 8, |S7(i, is a notice of the death of Alexander lMdin,,i"ii, an Kn;,disliniaii i".'ed (iO, a ' pioneer of Owylne,' who may have bci :i ut tliii party. In H'llln.i'x Ailn'uliirin, MS., .lordan's name is (,'iven as J. i'. ■biilan. II. I!. Wilde, who Mas the first treasurer-i.-lect of Owyhee co., ilicd in 1S()."(. William Duncan died in 187;i or 1871 in Nevada. J. 11, <'aiii sit tied in r.oi-ic Vaihy. V. Height and C Uia settled in Utah. O. II. I'mdy remained iu Owyhee co., and wrote an account of these matters on thi' t^^ i ildi anniversai'y of the di.seovery of the Owyhee mines, in (Jw;iluv SUri r ('■';! .If- ainiichi , May 'I'l, I.S7."i. I'eter .Metjneen, 'one of the pioneeiH of the O\\,\liy u ^ pl'ospcrt- ,10. Jt was ollcil (lowii Id bu si'i'ii town cal'.i'il , two miles I'oU'^lit into 10 I'uvc'ttc, I came IVmn r tho inmii- ; a party <>f I ox[)C(liiioii I mincs.'-'- , a mill plaii'.l on the Mijiriii' \Ai'\ ibois wiili ;i \ iiw ti'ously iiiiiii 1 ill IMoiioi'i- or ti'lil 1. U. Cliiv,.s.,uii' 1 tiuirs, iiiiil ii:iy il Civliiilioiil' ami :i. Tlii.H liialiu- .,f Miilii), luiiig itH C01U'llli*iilllS. / I'cicc iiiiiu.'.i in (1h! saliii' yoar. li -c, anil faiiit-'il llicii |iur«'li;isr(l k train uliirli lie Crossing Snake River near the mouth of the Boisd, they ])roceeded, not in the direction supposed to have been travelled by the immigration of 1845, but fol- lowed along the south side of Snake liiver to a con- siderable stream, which they named Reynolds Creek, after one of their number, where they encamped. Two of the company, Wade and Miner, here ascended a divide on the west, and observed that the formation FLlMljonilCT l;i-liiu-^l ir JOKDAX Cli£KK. of the country indicated a large river in tha* direction. Up ti> tins time nothing was known of the course of tho Owyhee River, which was HU[)posed to head in Or- egon. It was not certain, thcefore, what strcuii this was. On the following day their ex|)lorations lay in the iliiection of the unknown wat(!rcour.se. Ke('i)ing up Ihu creek, and crossing some very rough moun- heeti) Kjiend tho winter at nt)i8(5 working a oliiiu lio lirld at tlio nioulli of iVaivr (iiiluh. Jtoisi' XcwUfJaiu 'M, I6U4. MicUucl Jurduu uud Jumus t'urroU Were UiUcil iiy lncliiui». Uu'i. Waiiu.— 2" m 418 EARLY SETTLEMENT. ] if 111 'I tains, they fell upon the head waters of another criik flowiiii; toward the unknown river, where thov ««im- menced |)ros)»eotinar, was six miles )». low the site of l^donvillo on Jordan Creek, named alter JVIichael Jordan. After j)rosp('cting ten days longer, locatini^ as nni
  • s- covered j^round was alreaily occupied, and otli- r u "il di.uLliii.L;^ were dithcult to find.^ The «listance fr-'iii IMaceivilK; was I'JO miles; the mines were far u|» iu the mountains; the road roULfh, and the coiintiv jHjorly timhercd with fir. Nothinjj^ like the hejiulil'il and fertile Boisd Valley was to be found disc-oveiy. Thi' rest scattered in all directions, after t!ie manner ef gold-hunters; some to return to ]ioise, and others to continue their wanderiniL,'s amoni*' the mountaiii> l;i the course of the sunnner fri'sh dii/uinLTS wci'c It'iinil in the ravines away from Jordan Creek; but the ;4i< at '■''' 1 f ( II ly 11. Miiizi! camo to Pal. i'l 18.'>0, ri'turiiiiij;; to Ohio in lS.'i.1,aii.t uiut to till' SiiliiHiii Ijivur iniiii'.s in I sii-_*, w iiuro lio winturi'il. In tlu' »iiriii_' li-- wint to I'loisi', iiiKJ joiiicil sonii" |inisiitcti)is to tin; ItiaihvxMl country. ^^ In''" 'l»-'r<' lit! Iii'iird (if tlic Owylii'c iHsi'ipm ry, iiml wjih aniimg tlic Hint to fi)ili)\v tin' iLtiini of tlir ilix'iivcn'iH. Ili.s arciiiint is tliat tlic original tMeiity-niiir lia'l takni up all llu' availalilc ^.a'ounil. and iii.uU' mining laws that ^'uvu tiuni a ri^iit to liul I thifc ilaiiiis ciu'ii, dill' fur discovery, ont.' inTNoiml. and one tor a tinnd; aiici'tcd fur a tiin-' «itii'jiit success, and finally went, to the Mallieiir Itiveri liut hearing of the di.M.iviry of Hilver leads*, ri turned t< .lordan Creek and wintered the.e. .Mai/e i-< tli» niitliiirnf /,'((;'!'■/ h'reiit'< in Jilnh.t, MS., from which I havu drawn luany Ucli uud cuucluttiuua of \uluu in iihu|iing thiit Uutury uf iduhu. CWYHEE AND JORDAX CREEK. m9 •thcr crftk they <''iiii- f tlie 1 Mil J the jian. 11 lies 1)l1<»\v allied titttr n^ as niu<-li uiiniML( tin; jwlilel- aii'l any tuitli' r iiy returiK 4 ;ed, as some r two (lays, for the iww 1. Th.' .11^- l otli' r ;j;"inl i.staiKf tV"iu re tar u|' in he count IV lie beaiilital Ml lh<' lava- at thr ii.-w Iho st» iiKully )very. Tho .' iiiaiiiur «'t j(l others to luitaiiis. Ill ^vc•re louiul ut the "Meat event of the season was the discovery of silver-l)oarin<]f li(lL;es of wonderful richness on the lateral streams lliiwinj^ into Jordan Creek. This created a second jiish of prospectors to Ow3hee, late in the autunni of (Jreat interest was taken in the Owyhee silver mines, claimed to he the second silver deposit of im- portance found within United States territory; and lull" h di "')pointnient was felt by Orej^'onians that this district was included within the limits of the newly (ii'uaiiized territory of Idaho, as upon ex[>loration of till course of the Owyhee liiver, ordered by (jover- ii(ii ( Jjhbs, it was found to bo. The hist town laid out on Jordan Crock was ]5oon- villt . It \\as situated at the mouth of a canon, be- tui ( 11 high and ru^jj^ed hills, its streets beinj,' narrow uihI crooked. In a short time another town, called ]{uhv Citv, was founded in a bett«'i location as to space, and with <»'o(td water, but subject to hiij^h winds. Kacli contained durinjjf the winter of 1S(;;5 4 ai»out 'Jjit men, wliilt! another 500 were 'scattered over Car- son district. In the first six months the little timber oil the barren hills was (*onsumed in buildinii; i>'>d furl. Lumber cut out with a whip-.saw brou^^ht lorty (jollais a himdred i'eet, and shaki-s six dollars a him- (li((l. Ill JJecember a third town was laid otl' u mile aliovc Ivubv, called Silver Citv. •'.Mmzc, in Ills Kurh/ Kniifs, MS., suys tlint the Morning Star was tiio liist Icduc^ iliscDVci'i'il, an was next. In this lie tlill't'i's fic'iii I'liiily, who iilarcs tlio Oro Fino licfoiv tlu; Morniii),' .Stai' in puint of tiiiir; iiiiil li I (iilliiTt IhitltT, wlio wiys tliat in Wliiski'y (iiiloh, dLscuMii'il liy ll. 11. Waiio in -luly, was tlio lirsl iiuaitz vein found. Siln r Cilii lihiho Afiiliiitilif, May -S, ISNl, A. .1. Samls ami Sxjulf NriNon tlisi-ovt red Oro I'iiin. I'ludy aJMt nays that the lir.st (|\iart/.-h'd-'' Mas discoM>ri'd in .Inly, anil luciitiil liy U. II. Wadr, and the woond. the i ho I'ino, in An^rn-t, A. .1. Sands Ih'Iiiu' one of the locators, an hi! and Ncil.vin wvn- of tiif Morning; .star. Si/n-r f'i'll "I'l/liir Aniltiiiclif, May '_'"_', l.S7.'>. As ottin iiii' :•. IIS, thf th.st disi-ov- i-His were tilt' riihfst vviv found. .Men made ji.">0 a day )>onndin){ up the Oro Kiiid loi'k in eonnnon hand mortal's. It assayed ^T.'NNI in tiilver and ^^(Hi 111 yiihl to the ton, .\ year afterwanl, wiion ii lai^'''' <|iiantity ol ore had he'll ti'^ied liy aetiial working,', 10 tons of roel \ ere found to _\ii Id one Ion of «iii.il_:iiii. |(a//.( (('((//ft Sliitfsnii II, Nov. IS, iMll. Same of il w.is ii.aiMl li'iinlv lii'li — OH w hull Ij ))iiunda of rock yielded 1» oiinecH of ailvcr und gohl; uhil I (Hjund yiuldcd ■'<13.dO, half in ailvur uud half in gold. ii ft i; I i 1 hi! H 420 EARLY SETTLEMENT. The general condition of the miners in the autumn was prosperous. Idaho City, called Bannack until the sprinj^ of 1864, had 6,000 inhabitants. Main and Wall streets were compactly built for a quarter of a mile, crossed by but one avenue of any i m porta nci'. Main street extended for a quarter of a mile fartlitr. Running parallel with Elk Crock were two streets — Marion and Montgomery — half a mile in length. Tlio remainder of the town was scattered over the risiiiij; ground back from Elk and Moore creeks. There wtic 250 places of business, well-filled stores, highly (.Wo- rated and resplendent gambling-saloons, a hospital lor sick and indigent miners, protestant and catholic churches, a theatre, to which were added three otln is during the winter,^ three newspapers,'^ and a fiic " In point of time they ranked, Idaho theatre Ist, J. L. Allison nian:iL'ir; Fc^n-ost '2il, oiiened Feb. ISO-l; Jciniy Lind .'id, opened in Aprilj Teiniilc kli. The I'oircst was managed by .lolin S. I'otter. ■■"•'I'lie liist newspaper established in tiic ISoise basin was the llnixv Xf n-, a siiiull sheet owneil and edited by T. J. A- J. S. JJtitler, foVniLrly ni Kni Bluir, Cal., where they pi;' H.-hed the Hid liliijf Bcucoii. Henry 11. Kii,i[i|i ai'oonipunied T. J. Untler, biin^'ing a printing-press, the first in tliisiKiitnf Idalic, and later in use in the otlice of the lilaho World. Kiin/iji'M >Si'iii nhni, MS,, 2. J. S. Butler waa born in 18*29. He tamo from ISedl'urd, IikI., i>i Cal. in I8.VJ, mined for U years, and in 18.M started the lirst iie\visi>;i|M i in Tehama eo., and whieli, after 7 years, was sold to Ciiarles Fislui-, conntitdj w ith the Sac. Union, wiio was killed at Saeramento in 18011 or lS)i4. UiiJir miin'ied a daughter of Job F. Dye of Antelope rnncho, a pioneer nf (':il., nnil went U) fanning in the Saeramento Valley. His father-in-law t^olv a herd of beef-cattle to the eastei-n (Jregon mines in 18tl'_», and sent fur iiiiii hi come up and help him dispose of them. liiitler then started a packiiiL; I'l!--!' nesa, running a train fnim Walla Walla to ISoist'', and recognizing that, wiili a pul)lio of ;{0,000 or more, there w.is a lield for a new.«[);tper, took st(|..i to start one, by purehasing, with the assLstinee of Knapp of the Slutrsinaii ulli' c in Walla Walla, the old press on which the Oirijoiiian waa lirst printi il. aiiil which was taken to Walia Walla in 18UI. Some other material was olilaiinil nt I'ortland, and the first number of the JtnUi Xi^lr^ was ia.sueii Si pt. '.'D, 18G.'l, priiiting-paper costing enormously, and a pine log eovered wiih /iai- bi'ing used as an ini|iosing-stone, with other inventions to supply iacluug ma- terial. IJut men \Nillingly paitl $'2.'>0 for one nund>er of a newspaper, liiu KncH wan independent in politics through a most exciting eanipui^ii. Two other journals were issued from its olliee, representing the two jiartic^i in tliu field-union and democratic — the democrii.ls being greatly in the uiaji.my, according to Ihitlcr. The Idnho Democrat was edited by .F. T. Allison, and published by 1>. C. Ireland, an innnigrant of 18U.'} from Miunes(/ta, who, when the cainpaicii was ovi^r, went to the Willn.metto Valley. Ireland was one of the pnlv of 18G;J which deseendeil S'lake Ui ver to L"wiston in u small boat. He has In i u ft newspaper man ever since settling in Oregon, piiblisiiing the Or",/"' '''y Kiiiiriirl0,fl, ISownian havinjj gained tlie I'liitii)!. It lieeanie a seiui-weelily in May 18ti7. It changed edity',\ to the Malio rublishing Company. Itnihi .1 /.iff and 7Vmip'>', MS., Irom which these facts an; drawn, is a con- cixo iii'iMHMit of tiie principal <'v<-.,L i in the early history of Idalio, of great iiitoivst iind value. It treats of jofrualinni, politics, crime, biisiuess, and Imliaii allairs, with evident sincerity > nd good judgment. ''' KiKijiji'i Stnfemciil, MS., 7. I'lui ■mtlioritv describes all the I'arly luiu- iiiu' tiiw lis, the bread riot, e.xnress carrying, and other pioneer mattes, in a liKJil manner. Knupp canio tron\ Red iilutl', and long remained a resident of MaiiD. •"11 1 is anniversjiry IkiU seems to have been repc^^od iu October 1S04. Idalw Wotlil, in Portland Ornjoiiiaii, (.>ct. IU, 18(34. i m 11 l?i 422 EARLY SETTLEM N'T. Sickness attacked many a sturdy miner, laying him in his grave away from all his kindred, who never knuw where were his bones. Yet not unkindly those un- fortunate ones were cared for by their comrades, and the host)ital was open to them, with tlie attondaiKn^ of a ])!»ysician and money for their necessities. The Jiois^ Xeii's called upon all persons to send in notices of deaths occurring under their observation, and ottered free publication, that tiie friends of tho de- ceased miner might have a chance of learning that his career was ended in the strife for a fortunt;.'^' To avoid the winter many went east, and into Coloiado, Utah, and Oregon, and others would have gone l)ut for the mining lav; of the district, which refpiiri'd tln' holders of claims to work them at least one day in seven.'" Californians were numerous in southern Idalio.' Many had been in the Oregon and the Olcaiwairr mines, when the Boise discovery drew them t(» tlusu diggings. They were enterprising men, and ])at ion- ized charities and pleasures liberally, many of tlitui being (dd miners and having no [)uritan ])rejudi(( s to overcome. The sport which ottered the most nn\(l attractions, while it was unobjectionable from a nn ral standpoint, was that furnished by the 'sliding' tliilis of which there were several in tiie ditl'erent towns. The stakes for a gran '■"From Nov. 1804 to Nov. 18(1.'), 12.'i men were received i t)f March.''^ The first attempt was a failure, the snow being so deep on the mountains that six liorscs could not pull through an empty sleigh.'** liust "J in .*?. The Widf, Wint won tlio race. Other lesser stakes were lost and won, .'iiiil the occasion was a notable one, bcinj; .si!,'nalize. (i, 18(>4. •' I he line from Walla Walla to Poisd was owned l)j" George V. Thomas anil .1. S. Ituckle. (There was a line also to Lewiston, started in the spring of iMil, owiu'd in Lewiston.) It was advertised that they would be drawn by till' best horses out of a band of l.")0, and driven by a famous coachnian iiaiiml Ward, fornu'rly of California, where tine driving hail become an art. (It'll. F. Thomas of Walla Walla was a stage-driver in Georgia, doing to C'al. in the early tinu^s of gohl-mining in that state, lie engaged in business, whiili ]ni)Ved lucrative, and became a large stockliolder iii the Cal. Stage Co., which at one tinu; had coaches on 1,4(K> miles of road. As vice-president of tlie CO. he establisiied ii line from Sacramento to Portland, where he went til iiside. (hi the discovery of gold in the Ncz I'eree country, he went to W.ill.i Walla, and ran stages as the ever-changing stream of travel demanded. With .1. S. Knekle ho constructed a stage-road over the Dlue Jlountains at a gnat exiirnse, which was opened in April ISCm, and also contributed to tho tiili'cn nt short lines in Idaho. Idaho i'ifi/ M'urhl, April 1."), IS0.">. Henry (irrathoiise, another sbige proprietor on the route from the ("olumbia to Boisi?, Was an enterprising pioneer who identitied himself with the interests of this new rc'.'iiiii. He was, like Thomas, a southern man. With unusual prudence he refrained froni expressing Ids sympathy with the rebellious states, thongh lii.s lirotli'.'r, Uidgeley lireathouse, was discovered in S. F. attempting to tit out ii pvivateer, and eonhned in Fort Liifayette, whence he escajied to iMirope. ^' 1 11 northern Idaho the snow and cold were excessive. Haniel McKinney, 1'. I\. Viiiing, M. Adams, .lohn Murphy, and M. Sol. Keyes, who hit Elk City ' lit, (ith with a small pack-train for the Stinking Water mines on Jetler- Sou |.)ik of the Missouri, were caught in a snow-storm, and wandered about i:i t!:<' mountains mitil tiio 1st of l)ee., when they were discovered and re- lieviij. \l'iillit W'lillii Sttitismaii, Vi'h. l.S, 18U4. Several similar incidents oc- curred in dill'erent parts of the territory. ii m EARLY SETTLEMENT. 'in I PI J,, I 4 • 3 :- For the same reason, the express from Salt L.il^o, which was due early in February, did not arrive until in March. On the 16th of March the first saddle-train for a month arrived at Plaeerville, bringing a party of twelve, one of whom was a wonjan. Thov woro eleven days on the road."^ On the 1st of April tlu; pioneer coach, belonging to the Oregon and Idalio Stage Company, which was to run its stages from Umatilla landing to Boise, arrived at Plaeerville with a full load of passengers at $100 each. But this coach had come from Shasta, California, and had taken the California and Oregon stage-road to Port- land, going thence to The Dalles by steamer, and there taking the road again. It had been fift^'-ninc days on the trij). Four other coaches of this lino, starting from Shasta March 2d, accomidislied the journey in twenty-three days. Ish and Hailoy of Oregon owned this line. On the 1st of iSIay coaches began to run from Idaho City and Plaeerville to Boise City and Owy- hee.''^ Koad and ferry franchises were nuich soui;lit after. A new road up the John Day liiver and through Canon City to Boise was opened the L'Oth of June. A. B. Meacham, of Modoc-war fame, and his brother Harvey, settled at Lee's Encampnuiit, on the Blue Mountains, so named from Jason Lou having parted from his friends at this jdace on his journey east in 18.38, and erected what was known as the Mountain House, doing nuich to open roads and facilitate trade. A franchise was granted to a coni- pany to build a road from the head of (>amas ))rairie''' to Boise, but it was found impracticable to buihl it as projected, and it was abandoned. The Owyhee Ferry "This Kwldle-train was owned by Orpatliouso, who was making nrrai)i,'o- nicnts to nut on a line of stayes to connect with tho O. 8. N. Co.'s bouts at Walhila. *'\Vanl, tho driver licforc mentioned, and John J. McConunons owncil this litic at first, lint tiie latter retired. " licfcrenuo is here maUo to Cuinos prairiu uortii of Salmon liiver. mil MINING IMMIGRATION FROM CALIFORNIA. 425 Company also obtained a franchise at the first session of the Idaho legislature.** The question of cheap freights was much dis- cussed. The large number of men from northern ( 'alilornia who were interested in Boisd held that a load could be made from the Boise basin to the Sac- laiiiento River, b}'' which freights could be brought iiioio cheaply in wagons alone than by the O. S. N. Co.'s boats, and wagons from their landinjjs. A com- |) uiy was incorporated, called the Idaho and Califor- nia Wagon-Road Company, February G, 18G4, to build a wagon-road from Snake Hiver Ferry, near old Fort IJoi.sd, to Red Bluff, California, via Ruby City.*' On the 19th of April there arrived from Healds- l)Uig, California, a party of si.K men with pack-ani- mals, who came by the way of the Washoe and lium- 1)1 ill It mines and Owyhee. They reported the road lined with people on their way to Idaho, and that wagons had already arrived within fifteen miles of Jordan Creek, where the hills became too rough for tliiiii to proceed farther. On the 1st of jSIay a train <)!' eighteen wagons left Scott Valley and Yreka for ]>oise, pnd on the 11th of June six others belonging to William Davidson, taking the Yreka and Klamath J^ake route. These two routes continued to bo tia\elled during the period of the California emi- };iali(tn to Idaho, and but for tho hostility of tho Indians, were good roads needing little im[)rovement. Hni- party of twenty-three, that left Red Blulf April 'Jllli, took the route first contemplated by the pro- jectors of the Idaho and California Road Company '" Miizo anys that Mieliacl Jordan, Silas Skinner, and W. II. Dewey built a tiillinail fniiii Owylicu to IJoi.si? in tli' siimincr of 1S04. Early EuctU.t, MS., n. Jii i.stiil ('>4tal>1is1ii'il a ft'rry across IJoi^i'- itivcr at lJoiai\ City, and another auro s Snake IJiviT on Jo. an's roud to t)\vvln'e. UrixtoVx /tin/io, M.S., I'J. ■">/'nrll, Fob. i;{, -JT, and March '>, l^i'.t. Tiio incorporators were Tlios J. Hutler, J. S. IJntler, John Cliarl- t route indicated by the wa^ion-road company waa via Pitt lliver, lioiijjc Lake, and the Malhcnr River. EARLY SETTLEMENT. ' ' if •I V ' 1 ; l^ t 1 ii-r down the Malheur to tlio mouth (»f tiic Boisd, and he- camo lost between the Warner Lakes and the head waters of the Malheur. They wandered about for three weeks, but finally reached their destiniitioii about the 20th of June. Xot only was tlien; a lari^c immigration both over- land and by sea, via Portland, but the freight oi}'< r- iugs by steamer to the latter place were more; tliaii could l)e carried, and a nuniber of sailing vessels \\\io empU)yed. This freight consisted of dry goods, hard- ware, and groceries. Provisions were furnished by Oregon and Utah.*" About the 1st of May two express lines were estab- lished between Boonville and Sacramento. 'J'luy left Boonville on the 2d and 4th respectively, and re- turned, tlie first on the 22d, bringing the SacvamciitD Union of the IGth, to the delight of Californiuiis. Tluy continued to make successful trips until inter- rupted l)y Indian hostilities." In the spring of 18(54 a contract to carry the tii- weekly mail from Salt Lake to Walla Walla, via Fort Hall and Boise Citv, was awarded to J^en llolladay & Co., carriers of the California mail, the service to *" A train of "JO wagons, cacli drawn by from S to 1'2nuilos, left Los An;,'rK'3, Ciil., on till' 1st of Marcli, I.S(i4, for the mines on .lellerson fork of tin' Mis- souri, aLconi|ianii'i a j)ound added when tliey landed, several hundred miles below the foit, «;is thou;.dit to lie <]uite as expcn.sive as wagoning from Los Angeh^s. i'lirflnul Oriiioiiinii, March ',), lS(i4. The tinst attempt to navigate tlio Yellonstoiiu was madt' in the autunm of l.S()4 by '2 small steamers, which nsecnd.d fur some ilistniii e above its mouth. Wal/a Wallii Stalenmaii, Feb. 17, 18(i.'). Seo JJi/tf. Moiildiin, this vol. *' West<.'rlield iiml (,'utter ran an express from Star City, HumlK>l(lt Valley, to Jordan Creek, furnishing news only days old. In June John .1. Mc- Commons and C. 'J\ 15l.die bought out Hillhouso X- Co., who owned the ex- press lino between Idaho City and the Owyhee mines, which they o|ier:iti(l until the death of McCoinmonsby the hands of Malheur Snakes, in l-Vb. !>*•'">. Going out to loo'iv for .some of the horses belonging to the company, and nut returning, his tiail was followed "J.") miles to the Owyhee Itiver, where iiiiliia- tions of a struggle with a numerous party of Indians was apparent. Notliing further of Iiis I'uto could ever bo disoovercJ. Walla Walla iilaltttiiian, .Maicli 3, 1SS4. VARIATIONS OF PROSPERITY. 427 s(5, and lic- thc hcail about i'ur lestinatioii l)otli ovir- iglit oil'i !■- inoro than kkIs, 1ku(1- •nitilicd l»y v'orc estal)- to. Tluy ly, and ro- kioront'tifi) dirorniaiis. mtil intur- ry tlic i ri- ll, via Kurt Hclla.lay servicc to ft Los Air.'rl( s, k of th.'' Mis. lie will lit' ilis- :al\l_'0 colisi^ti '1 nyiii'^' \\:i^ !iO It Lalu) .,,uia licll so ot'tcll or 40 II lit > -.i tlli^ folt, Mas ICS. l',<,-!ll„d o Ycllo^^.stllln) ascciuK'iI fi)P 17, 1S(J.">. Sfo nholdtViillrv, John J. Mr- U lU'll till' ' A- tlicy o|H r.i'i '1 , in'l'VI.. Ist.'i. Kiuy, aii'l ""'t when' imli' a- lit. Notliiii,' fiiiHin, MiUili l)(\<,nn July 1st, and an ai^ont was sent over tlio route with nion, teams, liay-euttinj^ machines, anr means and appliances. Ife arrived in lioisc in June. 'I'he main line from that [)lace ])assc(l directly to I'ayctteville, a station on tlic' north side of the Payi-tte liivcr, cnrssinij^ tlie Snake River ashort(hst;in<'e al)ove the m()uth of the I'avt-tte, and runniuL^ throuL-li Ihuiit, l*o\vder, and (;Irand ]lond valleys to Waihl ^Valla. The first overland mail readied Boise on the 1st of Aupu]ated in the winter of ISO;?, without recovering IN population at any subse(nieiit period. Its history was as short as it was brilliant. Xo mining cani[) with jilacers of such richness ever was so soon e\- liuu.-ited and deserted. In 1804 this district, too, was 428 EARLY SETTLEMENT. ii --i::| \m ;■ ' Ii •>: — •Ti-: - i pretty well abandoned by white miners, and tlic Chinese were allowed to come in. The Florence j^'old was also of less value tlian that of other districts. The discovery of silver ledjjfcs in the Kootenai rei^ion was made as early as IHjD, hut nothini^ was done to explore the country, owinif to the i'act that the mines lay north of 49^ in British territ(>ry, where minin<^ regulations were somewhat arbitrary, (iold was discovered in the Pend d'Oreillu and Cceur d'AlOiio country by Donelson, of Stevens' expediti«>n, in 18.");!, and still earlier l)y Owens; but the hostility of tlio Indians and the tindint; of <>()ld elsewhere (hvertid attention until the autumn of 18(5;}, when good pros- pects were I'ound on the Kootenai Kiver. In May 1804, despite the deep snows of that region, a con- siderable portion of the mining ])opulation of east- ern Oregon and northern Idaho hail located claims and built up a town called Fisherville, fifty mihs nortli of the United States boundary line.*- Iliit the favorite country for prospectors was still south- ern Idaho ami the newly created territory of ^bni- tana, which lor a year constituted a part of the foriiitr territoiy. ]3iscoveries were made early in ls(il on the north Boise, where the mining towns <<[' Beaver City and Sununit City came into existemt' about the 1st of February.^'' A more important dis- covery was made on the jVIalade River in Voliaiio district, I'orty miles south of Little Camas prairie.^' The distinguishing feature of Volcano district was thi- width of the ledges found there, which were in soinc *^ Kiiapjyn Stufrmeiit, MS., l.">; Portland OrKjo)i'ir,i, Nov. 1\, ISfi,'!; "/•. Slfitenmuii, Nov. 3, iSO:}; Wrtlla f\'ring-poles. In this maimer 1,200 pounds were crushed, and a yield ob- tained of over 6'23 to 100 pounds; 200 j)Ounds being pulverized in three days with the labor of one man. A mill was [)laced upon it by the Great Consolidated •'TIic party was k-il l)y Jnmcs Carr and Jesse Bradford of I'laccrville. Oiirii'.i J)u\clonj, 18(15, .17. This Moik, i.ssiifd in the K(irinL; of ISO.'i, con- tains ii niap of 15oise and Ouyliee, and cni^ravinns ri'prohi'Utin,:; Idalio City mill its Kiil.urb, Ducnu Vista liiir, besides brief historical sketches of tlie niin- iii,' towns of Oregon and Idaho, and a list of names, which, owin^; to the sliittiny charautcr of the population, is very inipeifect. ^^ Li' S *' A lO-Htnuif mill wan set niuniii,' in Di*. on tlio (turrison •Jiiniliiimi", wliiKO liistury liiii Ihtii Kki-tclicd, 'I'wo i.tlii-rs, (tiic (iii Kiiiiiinit. I''lat. mwi.cI liy I'lilili k .I.ii'Uhiim: iiiKitlu'r it iiii!i< fi'\\ immI liy I''. I>iiti ll><> Btt'iim piiwi'i" of lliiiiii' A; IIhsIi'h miw iiiill. In iln ihIihii wnrk, 'I'liis wiw- mill Uii!4 llr.st I'i'i'iltil at Lt'w istiin; rciuuvi'il to llwiii^ in duly; Imiiiol in !Si'|it. ; nliinlt with till- Miiiii'l/iiiiil atturlit'it in Oi>t.; an'i->' in till- Hpiin,' nf Isti.'i, ll'(/7ft H'n/Ai Siri/iMiii'in, .Inly I. Isiil; /loi/ii .Vi »■<, (»it. H ami -'J, l^dl; Jti>Ut Ciif .SifilfMin>i,i. Aiiiil 'Jli, IS(l."i. •'Tlif Alia MIuiciH' waM manai^iil liy hiH'tiilatuiH, wlin rctarilcil tlif cum- )ian< , anil till' \\ linlr riiuntiy. 'I In' tiusti't)* ran a tuiniil in tin' Icil'^c at an I iiminonM I'ost ('\|in'»>ly Ik h't it tall in, mm it tliil, in milcr tn put tin »liair- liiililfi-s to I'Nprnnc ithil [K'l'pctuul tuxuliuii to ' f I'L'czo tliuui out.' lioiif. A'mc«, JSqit. -.'I, IM]4. SOUTH BOISft AND WAR EAOLE. 4:il ■»any, li.iv- ii«^ rock ill iiriiig the ;y arasti'jis y; n 'til Ills, H-lity-tuiir, }i('l Hiiisi .Vi "'«, -.iol tlir rnlll- lcil'4c III lilt III tllii hIiiik- J{oi»: Ml Iff, l^irnlinni, who took a ton of rock to New York ami on its iMcrits siiccct (led in foniiiii'Lj a company <'alh'd the New York and l(hiho (iold and Silver .Arininy: ('oiii|>aiiy, imrcha.sctl and .shipped to South Iioise a thirty-stamp mill, which ariivod too latu to be put ii;to operation that year. A new district was discovered on the heatl waters (if the mi I"'in(» mountain and developin;; the wealth therein, thirty locations liaxini^' ahi'ady hecii made on it, one "I' which, till' War l'!a!.;le, sul»sr(piriitly i^ave its name i<> the mountain. This wonderful mass of mineral ^instituted the dividiii!.'; rid^f hetween Jordan and Sinker i-reeks; an on the ledges heloii'^iii!^' to the north-eastern sid»' o*'tlu' ridye that 1 he first tpiart/- liilll of the ( )wvller rej^ioji Was placed. I ini,nlit niell- tl'Hi a iiumlier of other coinoanies which Ihairished • hiiin^; this year, hut do not dccin it mcessarv Tl le f^irat '*. I'li'K, 'I'lm liiHlmy ui tint inilin mi'Mih (h Iuimi Ihtii tllin: it \Mis lirnt (li>ii>int alMMit I.IHMl fict t'lixii wliiit ii now callril llir ilix- i'i>\i ry hliati, tl icliiiiii^ ^cmil Imt imt ii>li, iiml the xiiii hiiiiiII. r>i'l<>i't> nun li ili'M lii|iiiii'iii \\i\n iiiailc, ('. S, i'lrk f'liiti'l till' ri< li I'liiiiiiM'y, m' hh- I'ill'il iliftfovt'iy itlmtt, cuaciuUiig lii» good forluiio lunl covi-riiij,' nii llic \iiii, 8f 432 EARLY SETTLEMENT. !< (liscovorors were without capital to work it. Tlio ore was tli(i richest known, and so easily worked tliat it could be cut out like lead, which it resembled, but with a tint of red in it, which gave it the name ui' ruby silver. It was a chloride of silver richly im|»r»'i:- natcd with gold, and brought four dollars an ounce as it canie from the mine. A twenty-stamp mill was plact'd upon it, which, with another mill, worked the j)roduct of this mine. The Mammoth district, containing veins of enor- mous size, was discovered in the spring of 18G4 south of Carson district. It took its name from the dis- covery lode. Flint district, only separated I'rom ^faiii- moth by the extension of War Eagle mountain soutli- wartl, was also prospected with good results. The Hising Star ledge was the principal mine. Indian depredations continuing, the people of Idaho petitioned to have (xem^'al Conner sent to them from Utah.'" Most of the fighting was done on Oi.-on soil, by the 1st Ore'j[on cavalrv, as will be seen hv a reference to my Jllstori/ (>f (hr(fo)i, alilMiu^h it was for the protection of I«laho as well, the cavalry ex- iintil lio Icitrned from llayH nnd Iliiy the l>o indarics of thoir cinitii, ainl that it iiicliiili'il hii4 1 1 i. sou very. IVck then cantiiiUHly I'liih'iivort'd to hny thu mine, but liiidiii;,' it w .'iH itclil too liigh, ab.st'iited hiiiiKeif in thu l.oim tiiat t'.u ou iurt woidd coiiH! down. In the nii'iin tiiiut another I'oniiiiiny of prosiHJctors c.iino upon the rich fiiiinney ami h>i'ati'd it, calliiij,' it tlio I'ooi'nian. A ooiitrst now nrosi' tor posHi'.s»ion of thu inino, the IhiyH and Kay owncrn taking I'e< k ii>t» their I'ontpany for lindin;.' and trai'in;^ the vein from their o[M!nini,' int'j tlio I'oornian. 'I'lio I'oornian eonipnny erectoil iv fort uttho mouth of their mine, which they called Fort llaker, ami mounted Home ordnaneu. 'I'hey ti)<>k out Homo of the riihest of the ore and Hciit it t'l I'ortland, whi'rn it made a j,'r< .-it seiiiiation. 'i'he prospect of endless liti^Mtioii over the pri/o induoeil Ixitli ('omiiaii'i/i to Hell, one to I'lit Ihadford and tho other to (i. < '. |!.>liliiii'<, Imtli of I'orthiiid, who worked the mine jointly, taking? out nearly «<-'.(»0<),<>:n>, nft.r which they hoM to a New York company. J/rt/'.vU I'Mfhj F.cinii, MS , i! 7; Jiirliiinhiiii'x Jli^imiil tin' Mixsis.; Si/r< r Ci/i/ liltt/m Ai'iilniirhr, .May "JS. |sS|. '•'" \ |>arty win attacked the .'M of May, uome (»() nules from I'aiailf-e Vid- ley. and ,1. W. I)od;^c, ,1. W. Ihirton, and othcrH killed. netHcen Wnrn-disti-iet, enjbracing Nevada, and ill! Iiiding Owen's River Valley in California, was es- t ililislied, under the eoinmand of Cliailes MelJer- iiiiit of tlu! 2d (!alifoi'nia volunteer cavalry, wln» i>t,iblished Camp Hidwell, near (}o(»se Laki;,''' on the (';ilifornia road, whicli luul b»!en closed by hostili- tirs."' IJv the Hiusterin<'-out of the Ore''r)n and W I, 'lingtoM ti'oops in isfjj-d tile ten-it oi-y was left \\iii, veil Kjss prott.etion than I'ormerly, while the liiii.iiis were more troublesome than evi'r. But in the ^|iiiii^ of ISGG, the civil war having lu.-eii l>i<>nght to acluse. the army was distiibuted on the W'stern froii- tici, and after ii few years more of wars and treaty- iii.ikiiig, peace was restored with the Snakes and ivlatid tribes. I'idike the ])revious two winters, that of IHOl-f) -I I ill ill Novi'iiilxn' by a violent snow and wind .storm, wiiich iiillirted heavy damages by de-^troying mile> of ■ MrlJii'iiiiil \vu» till' siiiiio wild, in iS.'i'.', liuiiilcil a 01). i>( vciJuiituiTs rruiii \u\.,, \\\\<> wiiU iU'ii Wri^^lil went (■) tin' rolirf of fin' iiiiiniv'r;inl!< iii tlio Mi"li.« iKiinliy ill ls">-. Ilu Mas UiUiil on tlni lltli <>f .•\ii„'., at Qiu'in Uuii, Iiy linliiiiii III amiiiisli, ai li" wiis ri'tinuiii'^ lii>m a h.'oiiiIii:; ixiiuilitimi I 'tin llio roail (.) Cal. Iruiii Owylioc. filuhn ir--7/, A'.if,'- I!'. I^»''>. 'A liw of till) o|i('ration» of tin) Sluwlioiii-* tliix yt-arwiToat follow^: Hill I'liii'liy hail (it) liiii-8c.i KtoKii; KM) otlit r iiorsnia, uixl IMt .attlo, wi-ic •tHliii tmni ()\\ylii't>, 'I'liis iiiimiu wmt) driven >>iit 'popiil:itoil. 'I'lu'y littuckcl ii Mailiilivtraiii mi .rmlaii ( 'ifck 111 .\|iiil, iii|iliiiiii^' part of till! uiiiiiiuls. Tin; iiiiufi's ariii*Ml uinl ilniNo tin in '•iiti't till' lu'i^liliiiiliood. Tlit'V nttackcd a riiin|iaiiy of wa;,'on<'r«, I iniU-.v wjiitli't Fun Will jiiiiil, on Snaiio liiviT, aiptiiriinj I'J uiiilus. Many otlior likr I a.^« s iniL;lit l)c inciitioiii.'il, llmr. Wam!.,— ■> 434 EARLY SETTLEMENT. 'm t ! It flumes in eastern Oregon, letting the water into tlif ditches, and sweeping earth into claims, coinpliiUlv covering up many, fiUing up cuts and drains, burying miners' tools, and levelling to the ground the rciiccs of the newly improved farms over a large extcnl, of country. Heavy rains followed the cold weallu;!-, making the season one of unusual severity; but llu' spring opened early with a heavy immigration, uliicli struggled in before freight trains could get tiuoiiuli the mountains with supplies, and the new-ooinris, many of whom were "from the left wing of JMct's army," created first a bread famine, and then a ridl. Not that they were actually starving, for there \v;is food for all, but flour was a dollar a pound, and hrciil an 'extra' dish at the eating-houses. Street meetings began to be held by the idle ton Burners to compel the merchants who had a little tloui left to reduce the price. A mob of sixty men mjiicliid to the store of Crafts & Vantine in Idaho City, wlui-i they found about 200 pounds, which they sii/rd. Proceeding to the store of Hefl'ron & Pitts, the foin- mand was given by their leader to seize wluittvir flour they found. At this crisis Jack Gorman, (lc|mty sheriff, with great courage arrested and (lisannttl the leader, a burly si.x-foot Missourian, placing liim in irons, amidst cries of "Shoot him, shoot himi"' from the rioters. This action damped their jspirits, .iihI order was restored. The merchants reduced the \m> \ of May was burned in the most valuable and busiiio^ portion, only three public buildings being h ft st.iinliiii,' — the catholic church, the Jenny Lind theatro, .iikI the office of the Idaho \Vorl;') was in such numbers as to n>akc necessary in- fivasfd means of travel and trauNportatlon. Hill Hiarhy. an enterprising citizen ol' the Hoise basin, ImiiiuiIv of Lcwislon, established direct overland foiiitnunication with Star (Jity, Nevada, and with California, stocking the road a distance of 200 miles, and in April j)assed over tin route with live ,00() worth >it' imiiu'iiy wai .lo.Htnty"''!. Kvtiy liinlil ill;,' I'll liutli .■~iili'S((f Miiin Htixvt fioin tln' .n miy l.iii>l tlnulru to Mm -n ("reck Win ilistnivcd, iiiul l)it\Vi'(ii Miiii) aiul Miiiit-nniciy imd tu ■I iiHti I Hiis loft Htaiiiliiij,'. Till' Ji'iiiiy Liiiil thcatiu uiul iiia.soiiiu hull wrrti iIk' iMily iinportatit builiiit)^;^ rcnmiini)},', iiikI ri tlio latter wim tlio oiUco (if tliu hliihii World. Tho punt-ulliuu uuil ux^ruiM olUco wero d«Mlruy«»(i. A !*, however, after a. few trips the route was abandon. d, the stages and stock were withdrawn, and also th. stock of the Humboldt express, the Indians havin- burned one of the company's stations, within t'urrv miles of Owyhee, and killed the keeper. John Mulian,'^ engineer of the military road IVoui Wallii Walla to Fort Benton on the Missouri, t'l on i which so much was expected in the way of inimi.;i;i- tion and "^o little realized in any way, undertook in establish a stage line from Unuitilla to Boise City, iuul auothei- from l^»ise (yity to Ciiico, Californi;!, luif was finally previMit<'d by the Iiulians. His coiiipaiiv was called the Idaho and California Stage C'Oiii|uiiiv. Karly in September they adv(>rtised to sell Mck.'ts from lioise City to San Francisco, Virgiiii;i Citv, Nijvada, and all other points, promising through mn- M(!ction.'-. and i-ajtid transit; the time consunit^d bitU'in llnby (-'ity and Chico to i)e six ssen the; expt nse »»f living, distanee, cold, -\\i" , and hostile Indians wer»' not th< only obstacit tlie mininu" t(>rritorv had to .(mteml airamst. .\ li' 1\ warfare was <'ari'ied on by the (>reg''; n- \vs|ia|Hi'.s against the etforts of the id .nul ■tit- ers to bi'ing about a direct trade w t,h CalitotuM. So long as tlieir operations were eontrolletl hy tiir steamship tine betwi!en San Francisi-o and l*oit!aiid, or tlie C eguii Steam Navigation ('ompany <>'.i th-' ( 'cln-ibia l^i\cr. it could hardly be e\pectt;d ik.if iif \peu:>es of tran^-portation or travel would ' "'MillliMi j>..)ilul(.>.t ;\ yfiinrt' uml Prttni'/'ir-i' ihiit Ciil. ah imn.'h loii.;ri- na it tdok to reach S. F. The laic, \u;li iiii'iils, wut* aljout $IV2. 'I'lu- Idaho Sta^o ("o. ctriTi d tickets to S. !•'. for i^!Hi ihkI proiniHi'd to take |>asseiiyerM toSatTamento in ti d.iV'^. Fiei^dit fioiii N. r. Iiy steamer cost from '.'"J to 'J!> cents .i |>oiiail; uvcriauil, about !'_' cents. A fi'iiiilr to Ithih'i «,«•* issued for gratuitous distriliution, edited liy .1. iui'l 'r. Maf!co, i)rofes»ing to eontaiu. as it diil, mucii useful information about tile cwuiitry, but representinj,' the di.feront routes m mu-li u manner as to fi'iuliten peoplo from travelling or frcighuiig over air, "ther than the rortland route. y/oMi' Ct, l^kM; DnI/'s i/. tf»/«.;/ic«T, June HO and Au^;, i:!, IStJ,'). 'The Oregon Itoad, Dridge, aiid Ferry Comjiany woa incorporated in Api d \s\\t), tho ol>ject of vhioli was to connect all the stage rowls from I ma- tilhi iind Walla Walla at one iioint, Express nancho, and thence down Hiirnt lii' !■ to Farewell liend, or Olds ferry, to continue \>wn Snake Itiver to ine iiiii'!:li mI' tiie Owyhee, with the contrid of ul! tho !• rries betwct'u these two Vi'ii' . (':i|.iUl Mtoek, i!;t(M),(MKt. I'irectors: It. \\ Olds, .lohu Fartin, W II I'm kwood. I'roperty owned by them: Plnunt & Kenian'M toll-road down bill I I River; I'nrtoa & Co.'h roatl; the Ct ntml feiry; Washoo feny, with till II w tiuil to th > hittur. A town cidUtd JuHepliiiio (.'ity was laul oil at Wa-li.., terry by .'vrne. M. i ; j;li 438 EARLY SETTLEMENT. '^- .i \i pocted she would carry a great deal of freight from Olds ferry to the crossing of the Boisd City and Owyhee road, and also government freight to Fuit Boise; and that in case she could run up to Sahnoti Falls a road would be opened to South Boise, ami another to the mines of Volcano district. But this experiment also failed. There was no wood aloiiiriho banks for steaming purposes. The boat couhl not pass the mouth of the Bruneau River, little more th.in half-way between the Boisd lauding and Salmon F;ili>; and the Ou'i/hee Avalanche, published at Ruby City, being in t'avor of the California overland routes in j)reference to all others, never ceased to disparnije tliu attempt which tlie hh tint City World M\i\ liolseCit,! StatcsitKtn commended.^'" The overland immigration from the east in I8t'».) was also large, 1,840 wagons passing Fort K(}arny in May; and though the comers distributed themselv . over the whole coast, Idaho and Afontaiia retaint'd tl;. greater portion of tlu-m.'"'" Iiesitles the regular innii,- **Thci filnho Hltifrnmnn ^'oa catalilislicd nt HdIsi' City July "Ji!, lMi4, iini pulilislicil tri-Wfikly at SI ii week or g'JO ])ur yciir. It wiist 'iwiidl :iiii| iii;iii- ttgcd liy •(. S., It. VV., mill T. 15. IlcyiiciIdH, who ]miclni.si;il llir iniitcii:il- •( the Itnll's Journal. Sco fi'alld ]\'alln Sliili mtittii, ,f[uw 17 imd .Vuj;. .">, I'^tll; Hoini' Sl((/i imuii, i'"cl). 2, 1S70. 'J'lio iSVd/iN/Jia;/ wii.i a I'l'imlilicaii journal umiI Jor.. Isdll, wiicii it wiii sold to U. (,". Street, ('. I-, (looili'ich, and .\. .1. li"'. iikiii, d<'ni()crat8. It.s iianiu appi'ars also to have been chained t<) Uu'iki' SI"'' •■ vtaii. ■laiiu's S. ICiyiio'ids, at tin: tiiil of a luoiuli, piirehased tho luipcr l>a<'k n^aiii, liut Sold it ill In"- to Milton Kelly. The Oiri/fici' Avnll Bullieient ineaiiH ami eonifortable outlitH.' 'Nino tcntliH of tins.',' suid 'In.' Idtiho SlutiKindii, 'brinj{ eapit.dnnd nieaiift to Rettio in this I'-mnlry.' lb ttl'* at lloise crowded. Tln^ noice of h.itniner and saw 'intrrnipted eoiivcrsation; 1U,0UU wugoiiii on the riHid in July, I'mtlnml On-jonion, .liily -7, ''>'•♦• IMMIGRATION OF 1866. 4S9 ^'ration, the stages also brought full loads of passen- (TcvH. And while the stage-line wuffei'cd severely by the depredations of the Indians on the plains, the ini- iiiigration experienced little trouble, owing to its ex- tt'iit and the thoroughness of its organization. The [lionoers of Idaho and Montana were saved the worst lialf of the journey across the continent, which forin- . ilv exhausted the energies and means of the Oiejion iiiid Washington emigrants. Tlicy arrived early, and their stock was usually in good condition. Every airival from the east was hailed with a cordial wol- .•Kiiic', for it was evidence that tht; mines could be easily reached from the great outside world, which niiivtyed a feeling of satisfaction to the hearts of the stU'-exiled miners. If the emigrants brought stocks of jvoods with them, so nuu-h the better. They often sold them cheaper than tlicy could be obtained from jiiiv (itlier direction, and there was no iealuusv of com- jiftition. In the spring of 18G0, in s[)ite of Indians and other obstacles, the Humboldt and Chico routes were auain (•polled; Owyln-e ;«nd IJoise City raising men, m<»!iey, and liorses to figlit the former, and ^luilan raisin-^'' money, coaehes, and horses, in Xew York and Cali- I'iiiiia, to stock the latter. Tliirly wagons were jid- veitised to start fi-om ( 'hieo, with a F»umbrr of the stance company's eoaehes, early in A[)ril ; and in fact, tiains did arrive ovei" the C'bieo route by the niiddhi • if the month, on aeeount of wliich the [daho press was jul)i]ant, and the Oregon Steam Navigation (Com- pany "(Fered to reduce tiieir freiglit charges. On the other hand, to insuii; the successful competition of the Cjiiit'ornia roads with the O. S. N. Co., the Central l*iirovide for the construction of a wagon- road from Hoise Citv to Susanville, in Californi.i. witli a branch from Surprise Valley to Puebla, uitli an ai>|)roi)riation of $10,000 for surveys. This was culled the Red Bluff route, favored by the Noithcin Teamsters' Association, which ad\ertised to take freight for from eleven to thirteen cents, and secured a great deal. Again, the Sacramento merchants ,sul» scribed .$5,000 to be given as a bonus to the tiist train which should carry 100 tons of merchandise t hrough to Owyhee by the Truckee pass, to he ap- plied to the extra expenses of the trip."' .Jes>t I ). ( 'arr .secured t\\v contract I'or carrving a dailv mail between Virginia City, Nevada, ami Boise City, Idaho, via this route, which lay to the east ol' the Hiunboldt Mountains, and was the same, in jiart, over which Hill Beachy carried the mail for several months the previous year. The amount of money exp •! in these several entei'[>rises was large, and tlie 'nin- petition resulted in furnishing sucii accommodations for travel as were rarely i^njoyed in new countries. I have given considerable space to the subject of roads, as to me it appears of the highest importance. The inacces.sibility of Idaho tended to retaril devi lop- ment, but f(//cv Movntainri'i; April 4, lSfl(»; Sncmmento Union, March ."tl, IHtMi. Ewin^,' iin.l party drovo the snmo toain aiul bu^gy from Siiiiiglo Springs, l,'il- ifornia, to Silver City, Idaho, iiicliidiiij,' utoppages, in eleven days, via I'liion villo. ])un(Jlen, and Queen Kivev, Jimliiig it a good road. Jiiilnj City Am lanrh<\ May I 'J, 18()«». •''Siinic'thing Bhorild be said of the precious inotala, whoso cxi.ftonci' in Idaho canned its Bcttleincnt. The standard of goltl bars being l.OOtt, auytlnni,' I'clow naif of that was denoniinatcd silver. A bar 495 tine was .'jOO tiiiu dI silver, worth S|().o,'l| per ounce; a liar ()•'><) fine was 4.i tino of silver, inui wm stimperl !?l9.tiH jier onnce, an in the ease of Kootenai yold. Santiaiii i;"lii (Oregon) was (179 line; Oro Kino gold-dust assnvedJKi to the ounce; Kik < ity from fl.'i.Tfl to ?10.4.'"); Warren's Diggings SIO.OH to .SI4.54; I-'lorcnco tmin M i», ! BULLION PRODUCT. 441 $11 sft to ?l3.7.'i; Big Hole (Xfontniia) 8I7.;<0; Iletiver lliail SIS .17 to ?|S..VI; Inii-/' SU.'JH to $17-40, little of it oamiyin;; iuH.-4 tliiin $\'i, ut wiiich ))ri«.u tiic 111(1 tlinnts of Idaho City iilrdgi.l theiiiselvts to takf it, wliilo payiiiK only $10 for Owylieo and $12 for Floroncp. Iloiad X|>n>xiniato cMtimnteH can he made of the amounts earned out of the country liv imlividuals or used a« a circulating nc diuni in trade, and ),'indually ti'iiiliiiL.' its way to tin niiiita of Philailelphm or San Francisco. Without Miiicliing for the conectuess of the ostimaton, I shall quotevoral years thereafter. 'J"ho I'ortlaiiil Or"ji'iii(iu of .Tail. IS, ISlii, gives the amount hrought to that city during the |irivi..ii8 summer and autumn as 8"'*,0()0,000, hut this was not all Idaho ^old, Koiuc iKing from (Jregon mines. (!. Hnys, in /;/(/. Ajf. I'ejKirl for Oct. lS(iJ. sa\-. • I shouhl think I.etwccn §7.000,»)»M) an00,000 monthly. Se«j also T. .V. Land Of. 1,'rpt, iw;.'., l,"i, 1 .11 loboratiiiK it. .F. Ross Browne, in his Miiirrnl /ifn'mrirs, gives the f,.ll.,«iiiK figures f..i IStiO: .Moutj.na 8 1 'J, (KX), 000, Idaho 8<),(KX),00(», (Oregon ?t"J.(K«MK)(», and Washington !jil,fMIO,000; hut the S. F. CTo-o/hV/.- makes the |>r."liut of Idaho for IS(i(J.S«S 8;7,0i i ated >l(Ht,(MH» for 41 braiK !i mint nt The iJalles, a measure which rortliind j'tron^ly . at a " > V /A Photographic Sciences Corporation ,\ # '^ <> 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY 14580 (7KS 372-4S03 ^y President Lincoln July 101 ssued his proclamation organizing the Territory of iiaho, with the capital ;it Lcwiston. Owing to the shifting nature of the popu- lation and the absence of mail facilities, the fact of this organization was not known in the mines till late in the spring. Meanwhile the laws of Washington were held to be in force.^ Much irregularity had prevailed in municipal affii'i^ since the settlement of the region east of the Wallu Walla Valley had begun. Missoula county was not represented in the Washington legislature in 1802 o. the member elect, L. L. Blake, wintering in Boi^ii to look after his mining interests. Nez Peive • 'On the 7th of August, 18G3,' says tho Bois^. News of Nov. 10, ISG.'t, wo have the first mentiou of Idaho Territory on tho county locorda.' Jftiiios Judge was on that day made asBussor. ( U'i ) ELECTION OF A DELEGATE. 448 and Idaho counties sent Ralph Bledsoe to the legis- lature that session, the latter having been organized by a meeting of the commissioners in May 1862. An election for representative was held, T. M. Reed being chosen to a seat in the assembly at Olynipia. Boise county was also organized under the laws of Washington, two of the commissioners — John C. Smith and W. B. Noble — having met for that pur- pose at Bannack (Idaho) City March 17tli. When it became known that the territory of Idaho had been established, much impatience was felt to h.'ive the government organized, and a representative elected to congress; but the organization being de- layed, an election for delegate was held July 13th in the Boisd basin, which contained the majority of the population at this time.^ The proclamation of Gov- ernor Wallace being made three days before the elec- tion took place, the votes for delegate went for noth- ing. Not until September 22d did Wallace utter his proclamation ordering an election for delegate and members of the legislature, to be held on the 31st of October, the legislature elect to meet at Levviston Decomber 10th. Political conventions^ had been previously called, and, as I have before mentioned, two campaign pfipcrs wore published during the canvass for delegate. J. M. Cannady was nominated by the democrats and W. H. Wallace by the administration party. There was a short and warm canvass, followed by a noisy hut bloodless contest on election day, which resulted iu a majority for Wallace of about 500 votes. This result deprived the territory of its governor, and made the secretary, W. B. Daniels, of Yamhill county, Oregon, acting governor. Daniels had but one eom- mendable quality — the complexion of his politics, ' Robert Nowell, union democrat, and John Owen, disunion democrat, wuro candidates. Portland Oregouiav, July IG and .'31, 1SC3. "Judyo Benlly was president and W. A. Dally secretary of the domoonilic convention. Lloyd Magruder of Lewiston was talked of for delegate by tlio democratic party; and CJilmoro Hays, formerly of Olympia, of the republican party; but both withdrew on the wishes of the conventions being miulu known. 444 POLITICAL AFFAIRS. 'I &i Previous to his election as delegate, Wallace had districted the territory, the counties of Idaho, Nez Perce, and Shoshone constituting the 1st district, A. C. Smith, judge; Boisd county 2d district, Samuel C. Parks, judge; Missoula county and the country east of the Rocky Mountains 3d district, Sidney Edgerton, judge.* Florence, Bannack City, and Hell- gate were appointed for the holding of the first ses- sions of the United States courts. The organic act fixed the number of representatives at the first session of the legislature at twenty, thir- teen in the lower and seven in the upper house. ' The general laws passed at the first session of the Idaho legislature were nowise remarkable. Among the special laws I find that Owyhee county^ was organized December 31st out of the territory lying south of Snake River and west of the Rocky Moun- tains; and that on the 22d of January the county of Oneida was cut off from its eastern end, with the county seat at Soda Springs. Alturas county was defined as bounded by Snake River on the south, Idaho county on the north, Boise county on the west, ,i :V ■« ■* Edgerton was chief justice, and should have been entitled to tlic more populous region of the Bois6 basin, but Wallace was influenced by the preju- dice against imported judges. Alex. C. Smith was from Olympia, and w.is given the district containing the capital. Parka on assuming his duties in tlic :Jd district declared his hesitation in taking the place due to Edgcrtou. •''By the appointment of Gov. Wallace, the seven couucilmen to be clootiil were: from Bois6 co. two, from Idaho and Nez Pcrc6 one each, from Mi.-isoula and iShoshono ouo jointly, from Bannack cast of the Rocky mountains one, and from all the remainder of the country cast of the mountains one. Tliu election resulted in the choice of E. B. Waterbury, Stanford Capps, ami Lyinau Stanford of the counties of the 1st district; Joseph Miller and Epliraiiii Smith of the 2d district; and William C. Rhcem of tlio 3d district. Miller was elected president of the council, and J. McLaughlin secretary. Lliiho Coiuicil Jour., 1863-4, 4, 16. The assemblymen were: L. Bacon, Nez I'li'u CO.; C. B. Bodfish, M. C. Brown, R. B. Campbell, W. R. Koithly, ami Milt.m Kelly, Bois(5co.; Alonzo Leland and John Wood of Idaho co.; L. C. Miliii of cast Bannack; J. A. Orrof Shoshone co.; and James Tufts of Fort neutuii district. Tufts was chosen speaker, S. S. Slater chief clerk, Bcnj. Need aast clerk, A. Mann enrolling clerk, P. H. Lynch sergt-at-arms, W. H. Rioh- ardsou, door-keeper. Idaho Scrapa, 178; iiois4 News, Jan. 2, 18(54. Jull^'l' Parks administered the oath to the members. Rheem, from the council, ami Parks, with a member of the assembly, were appointed to prepare a code. * Tlie name 'Owyhee' is borrowed from the Hawaiian language, and applieil to the river of that name by two islanders in the service of the H. B. Co.. wiiile trading with tho Shoshones. Owyhee Avalanche, Dec. 1865. COUNTIES AND LEGISLATURE. 446 and the meridian of 112° on the east, with the county seat at Esmeralda. Previously, on the 16th of the same month, that portion of the territory lying east of the Bitter Root Mountains was divided into the several counties of Missoula, Deer Lodge, Beaver Head, Madison, Jef- ferson, Choteau, Dawson, Big Horn, Ogalala, and Yellowstone, with their county seats located respect- ively at Wordensville, Deer Lodge, Bannaok, Vii- oinia City, Gallatin, Fort Beaton — Big Horn was left to the county commissioners — and Fort Laramiii — Yellowstone being also left to the county coramis- >i()ners, who should name a county seat. The fact that eight counties in that portion of Idaho bounded west by the Rockj'^ and Bitter Root ranges should have had at this period towns which might be named ill tlic legislature is significant of the rapid growth oi" [lopulation. Tlic legislature proceeded in February to define the iwinidaries of counties already organized west of the Rocky Mountains. It incorporated Idaho City ' after changing its name from Bannack, It also incor[)o- rated Bannack City on 'Grasshopper Creek' in Bea- ver Head county; and Placerville in Boisc county. Among the laws intended for the moral improvement el' society was one "for the bettor observance of the Lord's day," which prohibited theatrical ro[>resenta- tioiis, horse-raising, gambling, cock-fighting, or any noisy amusements on Sunday. Another act [)rohib- ited the sale of ardent spirits, fire-arms, or anununition to the Indians. This law allowed Indian ovidonco to he taken in cases of its allcued infraction. A law exciiipling homesteads from forced sales h)oked to tho peniianent settlement of the territory. Congress was memorialized to appropriate .iiioO,000 for the construc- tion of a military wagon-road to connect the naviga- 'Tlio clinrtcr was I'cjcctcil at the election for city otHccrs l)y a vote of I, ")(j4 to l,It70. At the samo time a mayor ami otlier olHcern were elected. Tl.o situatiun partook of the usual ubaurditiea of hasty legislation. 44G POLITICAL AFFAIRS. hie waters of the Cohinihia with the navi<]fable waUns of tlie Missouri, that is to say, from the forks of tlie Missouri on the east to the junction of the Snake ni\d C'learwater rivers on the west; also to estahhsli a mail route from Salt Lake City to Lewiston;*^ and (o treat with the hostile Indians of the Yellowstone eountiy. The pay of governor and legislators [)r(ni(lt'd in the organic act being out of proportion to the expense of living in Idaho, tlu>y voted themselves enough additional to amount to ten dollars perdieui,' which incease was to ho, paid hy the territory. Then thev ad*u)urned. it might be said that Idaho was Seal. li: now i'airly launched upon its territorial eariM.n', with tlie promise of another governor in the person o\' Caleb Lyon of New York.'" "Onintoil, iis in previous chapter. Sco Idaho Lnivs, piusini. ^ ]\'iilla W'dlla S!/afi\imiui, Feb. i;t, 18(it. Tliis action was reconitncmkil hy Acting Gov. Uauiels in liis luossagi'. Idaho Scm/i/i, 180-.'}. '''riie persons in territorial ollieca in the spring of 1SG4 were W. H- Wallace, governor; W. 1). Daniels, acting-governor and seeretary; B. ("• i.ambkin, auilitor; D. S. Payne, marshal; D. S. Kenyou, treasurer; aiul llw V. S, (list, juilges before named. The seal of the territory adopted had tlio following design: an eagle with outspread wings holding the point of a shield in its beak; a rising sun in the centre point beneath the eagle and over a chain of mountains. Men were mining in the ravines; through the lieldn he- CAPITAL AND GOVKKNOIl. 447 But tho career of tlie younpj corninonwcaltli was not. altogether a smootli one. Thercj was a desire ou the part of the men of Boisd and Owyhee counties to have tlie capital removed I'rom Lewiston to some point more central to the population west of the Rocky Mountains, there being already a scli(;me on foot to licet another territory out of the (%'istern counties. A (h 'legation from Boisd visited tJie legislature while ill s(!ssion, to endeavor to effe'ct tlie passugo of an act tixing the capital at some point in that county. But th(ir(^ was sutlicient iniluenc(j in other parts of the territory to prevent it. And here began the same contest over the matter of location of the seat of gov- niiment which had been witnessed in Oregon and Washington when it became a |)arty question. The acting governor becoming unpopular through his opposition to the legislature which had appointed Fiank Kenyon public printer^^ — Daniels liaving threatened to give the printing to a San Francisco tirin — and other injudicious uieasures, resigned his of- licf in May, leaving the secretaryship in the hands of Silas Cochrane until another appointment should be Idw rail Ji strcaiii, over wliich ni\ immigrant train was paasinj^. Stars of a iiiiiulior cciunl to tlio nunibcT of states wcro placed around tlio rim. At tho bottom of llio Hliii'ld were the words, 'Tho Lfnion;' around the border, 'Seal of 11k; Territory of Idaho;' and at tiio bottom tho date, IHO',). Tho Roal and motto were (^h;inged about 1809, but a resolution of tlie house in 'S(iO had aiithorizi'd a new seal, ' for the one now in use is a very imperfect imitation of ilioOic-on seal.' Idaho Law.% I8Cr>-(!, 'J!)!>. " Kt'iiyon wjis publishing the Golden Aije, started by A. R. Gould Aug. '2, 1MI'_'. (iuuld, a republican, had hot times willi tho secession clement which tidwdcd into Idaho from 18(!2 to ISC'). On nii.sing the U. S. flag over bis otli(;(>--tlin first ever floated in Lewiston — 21 shots were fired into it by dis- uiii(]ii democrats, fi. F. Jiidlclin, Oct. 'J I, 1802. John II. Scrnnton succeeded (loiilil for :i short time, but in Aug. ISO."! Konyon took charge of the Golden Aiji', and w;is niadd territorial printer. With the decline of Lewiston and tho (;lf)se of the 2d volume, Kenyon started with liis paper for I5ois6 City, but Mas turned bacli by tho influences brought to bear upon him. It was sus- pcii'liid, iiowevcr, in Jan. ISfi."), and was ultiiruitely removed to Boise. Walla WaJJa SialMinnii, July 21), Aug. 12, 18(jl, Jan. l.'{, ISli.'). Kenyon started tlm MiuiiKj lYcifs at Leesburg in 1807, which continued 8 months, u.nd cx- piii'd for want of support. Tlio press was again removed to Montana, and K(.ii> on afterward went to Utah, and finally drifted to South America, whero lie (lied. Tho North Idaho Radiator, published by Alonzo Lcland in the in- terest of a division of the northern counties from soutii Idaho, with Lewiston as the capital, was issued first in Feb. 1805, and continued until Sept., when its services were no longer required. Lcland later resided at Lowiaton, where ke generally conducted a newspaper. HIi ::i! 448 POLITICAL AFFAIRS. ft, h - M macle.*^ Lyon arrived at Lewiston in August, and assumed office, which was that of Indian superin- tendent as well as governor." He visited Boise in October upon business connected with the superin- tendency, and was well received. Meantime a large immigration from the states in rebellion had changed the complexion of politics in the territory. Boise county, which in 1863 gave u majority of 400 or 500 for republican candidates, L>avc in 1864 between 900 and 1,000 majority for d(iiii()- cratic candidates. As there were many in Idaho who were disloyal, nearly every criminal in the countiy being so, and us nothing in a man's moral charactii- could prevent his voting, it was not to be expected that good government could long prevail. The number of murders in Boise county alone in 1864 was more than twenty, with assaults and it^lt- berics a long list. The county had for sheriff, previous to the election in October,^* Sumner Pinkhara, Itoiii in Maine, a faithful and fearless officer, althouLih a man of dissipated habits. At the first term oF t\\v district court held in the 2d district in Febriiaiv, twenty-one lawyers took tlie oath of allegiance jue- scribcd by the legislature, drawn up by some person or persons aware of the coming condition of society,'' '^C. Do Witt Smith was tlic second appoiutmcnt for secretary. '^ (Jiileb Lyou of Lyoustlale, as he wrote himself, had been in (Jal. in ists, was one of tlic secretaries of tho constitutinnul. convention of that state, aiul claimed to have designed tlie seal of the commonwealth, lie was lirst cuiiisiil to China nnder the Cushing treaty, had served in both branches of the X. V. legislature, and also one term in congress. He assisted in settling th/ iliiii- culties ))etween the American missionary, King, and the government of i i \\ hcl-. He was with 8cott in Mexico, with McDowell at Dull Run, and with Keaiiiy in Me<,'kllan's iioninsular campaign, having fought in IS battles, and ImiI come at last to be governor of Idaho and superintendent of Indian iill'a'i^. Puiitanil Orcf/oniiiii, Aug. 2, 1SG4; lioimi iN'co, Aug. 13, 1804. " An amendment was made to the organic act in 1804, providing fi '• ;i lu- apportionment of the territory according to population, based on a ceu .us to be taken under direction of the governor. In order to give time for tin. tak- ing of the census and reapportionment, the election, which by law fell on tlie 1st Monday in Sept., was delayed to the 2d Monday of Oct. '^ 'I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will support and defend the > uii- stitution and government of tho United States against all enemies, wlict :cr domestic or foreign; and that I will l)eartrue faith, allegiance, and luyalty to CniMINAL RECORD. 4m and seventeen iurvmen, all reijarcled as reliable men. Nino indictments were found for murder in the first degree; three for murder in the second degree; one for manslaughter; for assault with intent to murder, sixteen; for robbery, two; for assault with intent to rob, one; for grand larceny, two; for perjury, one; for minor assaults, six; and for obtaining money under (also pretences, three; making a total of forty-seven criminal cases. Add to these an equal number of crimes committed between February and the October elec- tion, and the crowded condition of the county jail, notwithstanding an extra term of court in June and a regular term in the first week of October, may be readily conjectured. The cost to Boise county of its criminal business down to this date was over $31,000, besides the expenses of the courts, coroner's inquests, post-mortem examinations, and the erection of a jail at Idaho City,^** which amounted to $28,594 more; and worse was to come. An examination of the platforms of the two politi- cal parties in Idaho on the eve of the presidential cleetion of 18G4 reveals this difference: the adminis- tration party declared it to be their highest duty to aid tlie government in quelling, by force of arms, the existing rebellion; while the opposition party advo- cated putting an end to the conflict by "peaceable means," or a "convention of the states." At the same the .sump, any ordinance, resolution, or law of .any state or convention or K';;islatuic to tlic contrary notwithstanding; and further, that I do this with a full (k'tonnination, pledge, anil purpose, witliout any mental reservation or cvusiou whatevci'; and further, that I will well and truly perform all duties vliich may be rctjuirod of me Ijy law: so help me God.' Those who chose to alllrm, siiys the llol^A Xews, I'Y'h. 27, 1801, left out the words 'swear' and 'so lu'lp mc God,' and substituted 'this I do under the pains and penalties of )ii'iiiiry.' "'I ho' county prisoners had been kept in confinement in Placervillc, until in ]\l;iy iSO-f a jail costing §13,000 was erected at Idaho City, This prison vas 'iJ^ by oO feet, bnilt of pine logs 1- inches thick, squared and jointed down Hat, and lined with lumber li inclics thick. It contained 14 cells jiaiiitiuiicd witii 4-inch lumber, on each side of which was spiked an inch Iwaid, making the partition wall inches thick. The ceiling wai 10 and the Hour l,'!\ iiiclies thick. The jailer's residence in front was an ordinary frame Iniililin;^' '..'0 by '22 feet. Such was the historic prison of early Boise criiniuala. liul'C Xt'iv.'i, May '21, 18C4. Uisx. AYasu.— 20 m m mi ill.: 450 POLITICAL AFFAIRS. tjii";Hf li''M time it declared that the "interference of militarv autliority" with the elections of the states of Keti- tucky, Mar3-land, Missouri, and Delaware Mas a "shameful violation of the constitution; and repetition of such acts in tho approaching^ election will be lidd as revolutionary, and resisted with all the power and means under our control." In one breath it asserted its aim to preserve the union, and in the next that the states not in insurrection had no right to use tlio military poM'cr to make arrests, deny freedom of speech, the right of asylum, to exact "unusual tust oaths," or to deny the right of the people to boar arms in their defence; all this being aimed at the mil- itary orders of Colonel Wright, of which I have sp:)kcii in my History of Oregon, and the oath of allcgiaiK o quoted in a previous note. The administration was declared to be shamefully disregardful of its duty toward prisoners of war, and deserved the sevoicst reprobation. In short, the platform called democratic was nothing more than a menace to union men, and an expression of hatred toward the general govern- ment which could not be misunderstood. But one union man was elected to the legislature, and the only union officers in the territory were those appointed by the president. The result of the election was to awe administration men, although they preserved a regular organization, and were ready to defend themselves and their prin- ciples if attacked." But wdiile some might seem to •'It 13 evident from the course of the Boisd News how much unio!i iii "i, like the proprietors of th.it paper, were alarmed at the situation. The }•■ '■.■ called itsjelf an independent paper, because it dared not riskbcin;,'ano;it-,:ii 1- out adniinibtration organ. It made excuses for the democratic inajiri'y of 1804, by saying that tlie minors were driven to desert the adniiniitia'd'i:i liy the policy of the government in proposing to tax the mines. Tlio vciy iioxt issue announced tliat the press was sold to the dcmoerats. J. S. IJiill.r, in his L'lj'i' and Tim('. 'It was all a union man's life was worth, almost, to bo seen sliouing hi ; ln'i'l in early days in Idaho.' Knapp and McConnell give the same account . If. C. Street, who edited the Democrat in the autumn of ISfi.'l, during the cU'.'iMii campaJL'n, issued a semi-weekly newspaper called The Criiin during ihc i;"'- paign of lS(j-t. Street liad formerly conducted the Shwta J/emkl and C'uuwJ Sith, and was of tlie James O'Mcara typo of itinerant scccssiouist. :lr POPULAR TRIBUNALS. 451 lllKU 11U>'1, The X' ■'■■! (V,lt-:illl- ajiii-iiy of tniti'i:i liy very ii^'^'''' W-ailv, ill ic\vsii;ipt-'i' ;UUil)!U'J-!. mux. II. lOclLH'tiini Uk' iT.Ul- surrender their principles through a dread of conflict, ibw were wilHng to surrender their property, to pro- tect which from the organized and unorganized bands of robbers wlio beh)nged to the democratic party, the njuiblicans were forced to adopt the methods of secret police known as the vigilant system. Not, by any moans, that every democrat was a robber, or even dis- loyal; but every robber and secessionist called himself a democrat, and the party did not deny or denounce Lim. I have treated of vigilance committees in a separate work, and give here only some examples of the crimes which led to the adoption of irregular and illegal measures for their suppression. Tlio rapid spread of population over mining territory outstripped the cumbersome machinery of legislation and the administration of law. Iloi^ri^ics and villains froiii the neicfliboring states, and from the states east of the jMissouri River, flocked to a country where th( r(3 was much gold and property, and no courts.'*' The insecurity of life and property in trans'tu upon the highways leading to and from the Diines, and the reckless disrecfard of the former in the minini>' towns, led the miners of Salmon liiver, as early as in the uutumn of 18G2, to organize a vigilance conuiiitteo at Florence, which action served onlv to drive the des- ponuloes from that localitv to some cther.*'^ '° One of the circuit juilges of Oregon, who visited the Salmon River mines, said Ihiit on the firet day he spent at Florence he met tlieie three men who Lad been sentenced by bini to the penitcntiiiry. Or. iStatixmnn, Sept. S, ISO'2. As l:itc as 18(10 I'.lijah Wiley, who had killed Sutton at (,'cntreville in ISd."}, aii'l licen sentenced to 10 years iinprisonineiit, was released upon tlic decision (jf juilgL'3 Mcliride and Ciinin)ini»s, that in the interim between the passage of the organic act separating the territory from Washington, and the estab- li-limcnt (if a government by the proclamation of the governor and tlie enaet- iiKiitof laws, tlierc existed no law to be broken or to punisli crime. Ji)hn ^V^!lianls, convicted of highway robljery, and George Owens, sentenced to *J0 year.i for killing Jacob D. Williams, chief of police of Idaho City, for warning a. disturber of the peace to desist, were released ou the ;;amc decision. Iddho Wurl'l, Aug. 10, 180."). William Kirl)y, murderer, wis discharged on the same gruiiiid, liccausc lie killed his man in IMJJ when Idaho was Washington. ''■•'I'lie following list, taken from the journals of the times, will give some i'lea (.f tiie condition of affairs in Idaho and on the road. Robert I'pereek, eiii't at Ore) Fino by a Frenchman in Si'pt. ISOl. IIy| olito, owner of a largo patk-train and §j,OCO in gold, nuirdered ou the road iu Oct. 1801. Xed Mcauy, 4B8 POLITICAL AFFAIRS. IH r ' s 111! I'. li Lcwiston was the second community to organize for self-defence, and the occasion was one of the most atrocious crimes on record, the murder of Llo^-d ]\I;i- pjruder,a prominent citizen of Lewiston, two men nannd (Jharles Allen and WiUiamPhilhps from the WillaniLtti', and two young men from Missouri, whose names ha\(; never transpired. JMagrudor had taken a lot of goods and a Imnd of nudes to the Beavei Head mines, reali:<- ing about $30,000, with which he started to return in October. Needing assistance with his pack-animals, and desiring company by the wa^^ he engaged four men, James Romaine, Christopher Lowcry, Daiiirl Howard, and William Page, all of whom he had sicii killed in .a quarrel at Jackson's ferry, near Lcwiston, Xov. ISOl. Two masked men entered a house in Lcwiston, and in s[iitc of resistance c;in irl ofl' S.jOO, shooting fatally one of the inmates, in Dec. Matt. IJledsoc killi 1 James 8. Ilarman at Slate Creek, Salmon Iliver, in a qnarrcl over cards. !)■,•. I8GL Four murders v»'crc committed in 2 weeks at Lcwiston in An;:, .•md Sept. 1800. Three nun-ders in March 1Sl2 at Florence. William IviiKy killed John Maples at Lewiston in July 180."]. Wm II. Tower, viiilo threatening others, was shot and killed at Florence, Feb. 'J.'J, iSO:!. NcHeh-inlc wais accidentally shot at the same time. Morrissy, a desperado, was kilu' 1 at Elk City about the same time. Geo. Reed was shot by Isaac Warwick in a quarrel about a claim, April 18G3. Frank Gallagher was nnu'dored liy one IJerryman, with whom ho was travelling. At ' nf the men sprang on a horse and Hed; the other, W'm Arnett, was shut. A partjf pursuing the fleeing robber brought him back and hanged him. Jlimih Fruit was a chief of road-agents; James Robinson, a mere boy, was one ot his associate?:. In the autumn of 18G2 they were prominent among the kni' iits of the road between Florence and Lewiston. Both met violent (K:'.ili-. James Crow, Michael Mulkee, and Jack McCoy robbed three tiavi liis between Oro Fine and Lewiston. William Rowland and George Law \m vi a couple of horse-thieves operating on Camas prairie near Lewiston. (Jcur-'u A. Xoble, of Oregon City, was robbed of 100 pounds of gold-dust bciwctu Florence and Oro I'ino in Dec. 18(12. Two horse-thieves, for stealing frmii a government train, were shot dead. Other localities suffered in the same \v':iy. Sec Po/iidar Tribunals, passim, this series. 'i^ MURDER OF MAGRUDHR. 453 . u - ■mA iii'il u>r. Ivcs l\. \:\ .< y -y 11' u vi.h (if A iO''h f hi:? ghts .llll3. .lirs re a or.^e M'CJll iiu a A-:.y- in Lcwiston, and wlio were woll-apjicarlng', to return witli him to that place. It was a t'atal eugaj^'enieut. The three first mentioned had gone to Beaver Head with no other purpose than to rob and nmrder ^la- gruder on his way home, Howard was a good-look- ing, brave young man, of a kindly temper, but reck- Ilss in morals. From his accomplishments, including u knowledge of medicine, he was called Doctor or ])()c, Romaine was a gambler, not known to have committed any crimes. Both of these men had resided at The Dalles. Lowery was a blacksmith who had been with ]\Iullan in his wajjfon-road ':;i)edition, of a thriftless but not criminal reputation, 1^1ge was a trapper, some said a horse-thief, who ho-il lived in the Klikitat country opposite The Da^lt s. He was an older man than either of his associates, and of a weak r)r\'j yiolding character, but not vicious,"" When Magrudor was about to start he wa^ joined hy the other persons named, Allen and Phillips, having about $20,000 in gold-dust, and the uidcnown men with some money. They travelled without acci- dent to a camp six miles from the crossing of the Clear- water, where a guard was stationed as usual, ]\Iagru- der and Lowery being on the first watch, and tlie siiow falling fast. When the travellers were asleep, the mules beconiing restless, both guards started out to examine into the cause of their uPicasiness, Lowery taking along an axe, as he said, to make a fence to prevent the animals wandering in a certain direction. jMagruder w^as killed with this axe in Lowery's hands. Howard and Romaine murdered the two brothers aliout midnight in the same manner, and soon after killed Allen and Phillips, Allen being shot. So well exeeuted was the awful i)lot that only Phillips cried out, when a second blow silenced him. Page a])pears to have been frightened, and to have taken no part in the killing. The bodies were wrapped up in a tent cloth and rolled over a precipice; all the animals ex- '^'^ Dalles Moiintaitiecr; Portland Oirjjoiiian, Xov. G, ISGo. K ^1 I mm WMj^^'^ \ I.: t i1- SS : I 'ji; i ' i ;M 454 POLITICAL AFFAIRS. cept ciglit horses were taken into a canon off tlie trail and shot; the camp equipage was burned, and tlie scraps of iron loft unburned were gatliered up, placed in a sack, and thrown after the bodies down tlic mountain. All this time the murderers wore mocca- sons, that the danming deed, if discovered, might be imputed to Indians. The guilty men now agreed to go to Puget Sound, and attempted to cross the Clearwater forty miles above Lewii.ton; but the weather prevented them, and they kept on to Lcwiston, where, partially dis- guised, they took tickets by stage to Walla Walla, and thence to Portland and San Francisco. Some- thing in the manner of the men, the mark of Cain which seldom fails to be visible, aroused the suspit-ion of Hill Beachy, owner of the stage line, who, on i'>:- amining the horses and saddles left in Lewiston, l)i'- came convinced of the robbery and death of Maiifriider, whoso personal friend he was, and whose return was looked for with anxiety, owing to the prevaleuee of crime u[)on all the mining trails. With A. P. Ankeiiy and others he started in pursuit, but before tlay reached Portland the murderers had taken steamer for San Francisco, where they were arrested on a tel- egraphic requisition, and after some delay brounlit back to Lewiston December 7th to bo tried. Tin; only witness was Page, who had turned state's evi- dence, revealed minutely all the circumstances ol' the crime, and guided Magruder's friends to the spot whore it was committed, and where the truth of his statement was verified. INIeanwhile a vigilance committee had been formed • • • • I at Lewiston, which met the prisoners and then* guard on their arrival, and demanded the surrender of tlie' murderers; but Beechy, who had promised them an impartial trial, succeeded in persuading the jjeopie to await the action of the law. On hearing the evidcMiee, the jury, without leaving their scats, rentlered a venii't of guilty, January 2G, 18()4, and Judge Parks senteiued VIGILANCE COMMITTEES. 455 Howard, Romaiiio, and Lowcry to bo hanged on the 4lh of ]\Iarch, which sentence was carried into elFect, tlie o'allows beinij surrounded by a detachment of the 4ih United States infanhy from Fort Lapwai."^ Page was himself murdered by Albert Igo in the summer of 18G7. Tlic ]\Iagruder massacre alarmed the whole coun- try, and gave a stronger motive for the formation of vi jilance committees than anythinij tliathad occurred up to that time west of tlie Ilocky Mountains. Ncv- ciUuloss, the Lewiston committee, seeing that the courts were disposed to administer justice, disbanded a' tout the middle of A[)ril, having hanged three mur- (Iciers and thieves, and exiled 200 o-amblers and hiu^h- wayuien, whose absence left the place as quiet and oi-i Icily as a New England village. lUit these outkiws were still in the t(U'ritory or on its borders. Owyhee, while having its mining quar- rels and occasional crimes, was not infested with crimi- nals to the extent of needlnuc a vioHance committee." South Ijoiso and the Lemhi mines were cursed with the [>resence of desperadoes overllowing from ^,[on- taiia, where a very active committee of safety was in ()[)cration; while on the other hand Warren had never been a resort of vlllanous characters — whv, it Would be difficult to say, since they followed up the crails to the paying diggings in every other instance.'^'' '"Tliia wns the first case in the courts of Idaho, and was tried ftt a special fi'i'iii, the tiTiu of court at Idaho City hcing po^lponod on accomitof it. Tiio hu'i latiirc of Idaiio autliorized the payment of IJeecl'y's expenses, aiiumntinj; ti> ti),'JI I. Suit WHS lirou^'iit against U. 11. Clicesenian. superintenileiit of the lii.iiicli mint iit San Fru;u;isC'), to recover a large amount of goldiiubt dopos- itid there hy the niurdiircrs. Portland lhr(ioiiiuii, Jan. Ki, 1801. llecchy tliol in S. F.'MayJt, 187 .5. ".Mai;;o ^^ays: 'Society was exemplary, except some liij;!) ftambling. If a in.ui wai eauniit doing anytliing wrong, we juat killed him, that'a all.' Early A''V;-'.>I,_},1S.,'7. ^'' 'Xoliiidy thonfjhij of stealing anythin':; in tlmsc days,' says Mi's Scliultz, vlio kept a huarding-lioii.sc at Warren in lSU"2-4; 'and it is well they didn't. Tiiiio was only on'! aliooting scrape in Warren, and itwas tin? nm t cNein- plaiy town in Idaho.' Knrbj AincdotcK, MS., ,'i-l. .Janies II. llntton, in his Li.l;l Kfriit-:, MS., 5, in which ia given tlie history of Xez i'eree and Idaho eniiiKirs, says that Warren, in the spring of ISli.'l, contained (5 slorei and .'10 ri'^i;lrin("i, tlio ndners living in eahins on their claims. It hecanie the county seal, of Idaho uo. ia Iftliii. John lUmey was lirat ahurilf. liuLLua uud 456 POLITICAL AFFAIRS. The Boisd basin was distinguislicd above every other part of Idaho as " the seat of war," from the frequency with which blood was spilled upon its soil. As the state of society had not improved witli tlio introduction of courts of justice, and as politics cn- tereci into the division of the connnunity into classes, the union men of Idaho City organized themselves to meet the cominc^ crisis, precipitated by the demo- cratic victory in 18G4. As I have before said, robberies and horse-stealing were carried on by organized bands, who had little difficulty in clearing the 'horse ranchos' where the miners left their animals to be cared for; and none the less that the keepers of these ranchos were often in leafjue with the thieves. Settlers and farmers in the Boise and Payette valleys suffered equally with the miners, the Indian and the white robbers leaving them often without a horse to draw a plough or cany tluir products to market. This was the plight in wliich W. J. McConnell, a gardener on the Payette, found himself in October 18G4; and out of this condition grew the first vigilance comnnttee in the Boise basin. Having discovered one of his horses in a stable in Boise City, in recovering it by process of law, lio found the costs in a justice's court to exceed the vahie of the animal. This he paid amid the jeers of a crowd composed of idlers and disreputable characters, who rejoiced in the discomfiture of 'the vegetahlu man.' Thereupon he addressed them in a short speech, which contained the following pertinent words: "I can catch any damned thief who ever Cocaiin built tlie first quartz-mill in 1808, on the Rescue mine. Leo IlotVii, later of S. i'\, in a lli4oiy of Iilitho Coniiti/, MS., with an account of tliu risi; and fall of placcr-niining, says of Warren: 'One thing was iic'culi;ir, that it waa free from tiie hordes of moneyless, lazy adventurers that followed Floiviuci and other Ktrikes. The population was made up of old steady California iiiiucis; and for the 10 years I lived there, there waa no murder or i'ol)l)ery commit Uii.' 'rolMieally,' says Ilutton, 'Idaho county waa as '20O to 30 in favor of the deniocratio party, but the republicans often elected their men, owiii;,' to the loss of returns at crossing of Salmon River.' ' Fort Lemhi and vi, M^., 6. See also WuUa Watla SUilemnan, Aug. 1, 18G3. r;|.T: PAYETTE COMMITTEE OF SAFETY, 457 stalked these prairies, and the next one wlio steals a horse from mo is my Iiijuu; there will be no lawsuit about it." A few days later $2,000 worth of horses and mules were taken from his rancho and those adjoining. ^IcConnell and two others immediately ])ursued, over- takin'jf the robbers near La Grande, killinix tliree and mortally wounding a fourth, in a short and shar[) oon- liict. Finding the leader of the gang had gone to La Grande for supplies, McConnell followed. By a series of well-devised manoeuvres, the man was cap- tured and taken to camp. A confession was exacted of all the names of the organizations of thieves with wliieh these mcu were connected, and the prisoner w;is shot. The knowledge thus gained by McConnell induced liini to offer his services to recover any stolen prop- erty, on which proclamation most of the farmers tliioughout that part of Idaho joined with him in a compact to allow no future depredations to go unpun- ished. This association was called the Payette Vigi- lance Committee, or Committee of Safety, whose liisiorv is full of strange and exciting adventure. louring the winter of 18G4-5 an effort was made to put down the Payette Vigilance Committee, by ar- resting between thirty and forty of the members as violators of law. They were taken to Boise City, where the business men engaged counsel, held meet- iiiu's, and accomplished their release. The organiza- tiuii continued to exist, and the farmers had no further tiouble with horse-thieves, although travellers still continued to be despoiled at a distance.'^* Among the many crimes committed in Boise county in 18G4 were two that created unusual feeling in the breasts of its solid citizens; namely, the unprovoked '■' ^h•Connfl^s Idaho Iiiferiw, MS., l-aS. The organization was never ilia- binuli (1. fiiiys McConnell in his narrative, but exists to-day. This nianusicript is ;i vivid pioturo of a condition of society which can exist only lor a liniitcd time and under peouliar conditions. m \\ Siii 458 POLITICAL AFFAIRS. li^i ]:Jt '■« !; l^^l '4 'i ! ! shooting of J. R. Sceloy, an inoffensive and respect- able resident of Idaho City, at a pubHo ball, by jciiii Holbrook; and the equally unprovoked shootiuij of John Coray by Fitz-Gibbons. Holbrook was ;u- rested, and on the impanelling of the first grand jury in the county was charged with murder in the first degree, but on trial the jury failed to agree, and it was found impossible in his case, as in that of all the others, to convict him of murder in the first degrce.^^ Coray was arrested and confined in the county prison, while elaborate funeral ceremonies rcniiinlcj the community hourly of its bereavement. jMuniiuis of mob violence gathered strength, which pr(nn[)t(xl the stationing in the jail-yard by the authorities of u large posse armed to protect the prisoner. On reluni- ing from the burial of Coray about 100 men lialkd on the brow of the hill above the jail and prepared to make a descent. Judge Parks, who was present, in- duced them to desist. Nevertheless, Fitz-Gibbons was not convicted of murder in the first degree when his trial came. Tlie election of October, by putting A. 0. Bovvon,"* a tool of bad characters, in the office of sherifi", in ])1;u'l! of Sumner Pinkham, a good and brave man, did nt)t mend matters. In December Ada county was set otF from Boise by the legislature, with Boise City as the county seat, D. C. Updyke, a rogue, being cho-r^en sheriif. Thus the Boise basin was at the merey of desperadoes in oflfice and out of it. About this time, flour and bread becoming scarce, the idlers an.d ilos- peradoes attempted to help themselves, and a not ensued. This was followed by the destruction of Idaho City by fire. In July 18G5 the crisis came in Boise county, when Ferdinand J. Patterson, a gambler and dlsie[)ut;i!'lo "The attorney of BoiscS district etatcil, in 1805, that nbont GO ilualhs liy violcneo liad occurred in tlio county since its organizjition, without one loii- viction for murder. Boixd City Slutciiinin), Sept. .S, ISlij. •*' 'A vascillatiiig wretch,' Bulkr calls him. Ll/'c and Times, MS., 3. illii m MURDER OF PIXKfTAM. 489 porson,^^ shot and killed Pinkliani, the murder boin<^ well-known to be a political one. The affair bapjiencd at the warm springs, near Idaho City, on tlio 2;>d of July. Patterson coming sudd(jniy upon his victim with a threatening expression, Pinkham attempted to draw, when he was instantly despatclied. Patter- son was arrested as he was escaping, and examined before Milton Kelly of the 3d judicial district, who had him committed for murder; but his case l)eing presented to the grand jury, the indictment was ignored by four of the jurors, eleven being for indict- ment. A preliminary examination before Chief Jus- tice McBride, successor of Edgerton and Silas Woodson, resulted in his commitment to await the action of the next grand jury. Previous to the killing of Pinkham, who was re- garded as the leader of the lo3'al element of Bois^ society, no vigilance committee had existence within the precincts of the mining district proper, but the action of the grand jury in ignoring this crime, and tluxvits made by desperate characters to burn the town a second time, brought about an organization. A meeting was called by C. S. Kingley, methodist ])reacher, and the business men of the city were invited to participate, an organization being formed similar to that of the Payette connnittee of safety, Orlando Pob- Itiiis-^ being sent toconferwithMcConnell,theprcsident of that organization, and to solicit his aid. The meet- ings were held in one of the underground warehouses of which I have spoken, where, between rows of boxes and barrels, their anxious faces dindy revealed by Hi ^ ■>!iig lanterns, half a hundred earnest men re- * Staples of Portland was killed by Patterson, who was ac(juittod when it Was shown that there was a miarrel, Patterson was cdncateil in Tcxiis, where liis father was ;i man of good social jiosition. He canio to Cal. in 1S.")(), and fill into evil ways, hut not for some ycaisdid he enga.;o in those stii et liLihts wliiih t;ave him tlio reputation of heiu',^ a dani^trou.-t character. Ho v,:;s shot ill \>M at Yrcka, was again wounded at Sailor L)it;ginf,'3, Or., in IS.'i'.t, and tiiLravjed in several other shooting allaii's hefoio killing Staples at I'orthiiid ill iMil. According to McConnell, ho scalped his mistress, unintentionally lidwiver, while threatening to cut oil' her hair for some oU'enee. lie hud keii but ;i !;hort time in Jioi-sc? when he killed Pinkham. '^Robbius was iu 1878 U. S. marshal of the lid district. i:ii 4C9 POLITICAL AFFAIRS. solved to adopt measures for the better protection of life and property. The hanging of Patterson was du- terniined n|)on, but the purpose of the committee bo- coming pubHcly known, the sherilF, Janies T. Crutehtr, rallied the rough element, and to avoid a general con- flict, the case was allowed to go to trial. Patterson was acquitted, and realizing that his life was in j)ciil among the friends of Pinkhani in Idaho, he lost no time in leaving the country. But the avenger was upon his track, and he was shot down at Waha Walla, in the spring of 18GG, by order of the committei'.-^ Patterson was followed to the grave by a largo con- course of persons of his class, of whom there were many in Walla Walla at that time.^^ His death seemed to serve as a warning, and there was a per- ceptible lessening of the crime of murder in the Poise basin thereafter. But the struggle with desperadoes was not ended, when Idaho City and vicinity experienced some relief. All along the stage route i'rom Boise City to Salt Lake robberies were frequent and nmrders not rare. As in other places, resort was had to committees of safety. In April 18GG John C. Clark, a gambler, shot and killed Beuben Raymond in a quarrel over some accounts. He was placed in the guard-house at Fort Boise, but was taken out in the night by vigilants and hanged."^ A few da^^s afterward David C. l'}!- ^"Scc Popular Tribunals, passim, this series, Patterson was killed liy Thomas Donovan, who was a night-watchman in a hotel at Walla W'ulla, McConnell says about the case: 'Arrangements were made to have liini kiikil in \Valla Walla, llu was killed in a cowardly, cohl-blooJed way, ad lie li:iil killed Pinkham. The man who killed him was afraid of him, lie having threatened the man's life.' Idaho hifcrno, AIS., 71. Donovan Avas tried, tlio jury disagrcein,!,', 7 hcing for acrjnittal. Ho was rearrested in S. F., Lrou^'lit back to Walla Walla, and linally released. °"Me(,'onnell states in his Liferno that ho left Idaho in the autumn of IsijO, beeauac tliere was 'a hand lurking in every haunt to deprive him of liU ,' lor the part he had taken in endeavoring to suppress outlawry. Idaho lnjirno, MS., 8S-U. "See Dalles Mountaineer, Apr. 4, 1805. On one of the posts of the j.-al- Iowa was pinned this notice: 'Justice has now commenced iier rigireniia work. This suQ'ering connnunity, which has already lain too long undjr the ban of ruHianism, ijliall now ho renovated of its thieves and nssassiiiy. . .'1 liis fatal example has no terror for the innooout, but let the guilty hewaro anil not deby too long, and take warning.' Boiae Oily Statesman, April 10, l^HG. HANGING OF UPDYKE AND DIXON. 461 Jyko, cx-slicriff of Ada county, and Jacob Dixon, t'ornieily of Shasta county, Calilbrnia, wore hanujcd on a tree on the road to South ]3oisc. Updyko liacl rc- siiiiied his oflico of sheriff on hcinLj detected iu trading; ill county warrants and failing to pay over to tho county the tax money collected. A grand jury was called, which preferred two indictments, and somo jiapers issued preparatory to his impeachment, when suddenly a nolle prosequi was entered, and the wholo matter dismissed. Such was the power of his friends ^vlll) had elected him. The attention of an organiza- tion of viii'ilants cxtendinof from Boise to Salt Lake City, of men in the service of the stage company j''* was called to the movements of Updyke, wlio was linally proved to belong to a band of highwaymen guilt}' of various crimes, among which were some ag- gravated cases of stagc-robbcry, one within six miles of Boise City and another in Port Neuf Canon, near Fort Hall,"'^ in the first of which a passenger was wounded, and in the second the driver killed. For those and other crimes Updyko was hanged with one of his accomplices,^' the others escaping through the courtesy of the law. The act which led to the ex- sliei'ilf's taking-off was the malicious burning of a (|uantity of hay belonging to the stage company. The })erpetrators were traced to their rendezvous and captured, when Updyke made a general confession, whirh revealed the names of the gang that for two "- 'Ben Iloliaday,' saya McConncU, 'was a splendid organizer. lie liad a lilt of men around him who were, as we term them, thoroughbreds, livery oiiu w'M i\ lighting' man.' Idaho Iiifcrro, IMS., 5."). ■' ' 'i'lio governor of Idaho i.ssued a r(i([Uisition for three suspicious cliaractera tlctuiiird hy the governor of 1>. C, vi/., (leorge Smith, Lawrence l)ulligau a!in:i l)i()cl;y .Jack, and one Murphy. Tliey were taken, ijut < Aving i> a dekiy ahniit the papers were released, and escaped in a boat. Tiie Idalio oiiicero who were in pursuit chartered a schooner, whicii tlicy armed v.itli "J sv.ivcl-guus, tnic d tliem to and captuied them at Oreas Island in the FucaSca, v. !ierc vrisahuge amount of property concealed, with boats in wliieii the robbers iiimlc theii' phnidering expeditions. ^'On tJK! body of Updyke was fastened a eanl reailing: 'David I'lidylco, till' aider of murderers and horse-thieves.' On Dixoun l)ody was t'li :: '.lake iJixon, counterfeiter, horse-tliief, nud road-agent generally. A ilupe and tool of Dave Updyke.' Both cards were signed XXX. Boiac t'iti/ HUUvamun, April 17, IStJU; Uwijhcc Avatcuuhe, April 'Jl, 1800. n* I 462 POLITICAL AFFAIRS. gfj years liad infested the road. This, with tho ox- termination of Patterson, cleansed somewhat puhlic morals. Whether or not the same end could have been attained in any other way under the peculiar con- dition of the territor}', overrun with the concreti' ruf- fianism which for fifteen years had been gatlierliu;- on the Pacific coast, to which protection was extendL'd by a political party, will never be known. It has been cstinjated that in Idaho, and in Montana which was even more tormentcd,^^ no less than 200 outlaws wcivj executed by committees between 18G1 and 18GG. Siuli a carnival of sin and violence could never be repeated. Had crime been confined to professional criminals, viixilancc committees miixht have crushed it. Put .;u< li were the tenptations to dishonesty, that few of Iho v- who had the hnndlin^LT of public money came out oforuco with clean hands. The first United States mai.;!ial, D. S. Payne, was removed, for corruption in oliiio. Alfred Slocuin, treasurer of Boise county, was ar- rested in November 18G5 for defalcation in the amount of C^l 3,000. Charles D. Vajen, treasurer of Poi.-t' '•'The vigilance committee in Montana — then eastern Idaho — in ISd;; 1 hanged many. The desperadoes had become so hold th;it if a man vcii;..icil alone any distance from his Iiouso he was attacked, rohbed, and ofti u r:;;!- dered. Charles Allen was set npon "200 yai'ds from his osvn door, roblied of a little money, and beaten about the head with a revolver until he was tho',:;j!it to be dead, though he rccovei'cd. After many sucli outrages the worlc cf i clri- bution began. In Dec. and Jan. lSUIi-4 the vigilants of V'n-giniaCity hii'.igod 21 profc'.s:ional rogues. Their organization numbered 1 ,000, witli dv.'tcclivi < ia every mining camp, and they acted with the utmost secrecy and cc!c'. ity, swooping down upon a brace or a double brace of the men they ii;id mailud at the most uucqiccled times and ]ilac!'s. In l.l nnnutcs they hanged t!i> la up and went their way. Walla Walla Stalcxinaii, ApviW'y, lS(il; />'o/Ve' »^'' c's April 'Jli, 1SG4. On the other hand, the KJierill' of ^'irginia City, lk;:iy riummer, was himself the leader of a band of outlaws scarcely Icsi ViiU organi;;ed, and waii able for some time to thwart the ends of jnstice. Hut ho dill not l.jng escape, lie was hanged early in ISGl at Bannack, being one i.f tlie '21. On hiapei'son were found tiie iiames of 85 of his clan, with rcciuil; if their proceedings. When he was taken he wept and begged for mere}'. SiJt Liilr Vidt'Ji', Feb. 5, ISol. Boono Helm, long a terror on the Paciiio c ';; t, was hanged iit the same time, 'hilarous-ly hurrahing for Jeff D.ivis.' Il''ii had a fcuriul reputation. He attempted, in 1858, to make the trip fi'oni 'i lie Dalles t.) .Salt Lalce with several others, all of whom perished, llcha lining suspected of murdering thevn. as tlicy had considerable money, and he vi a; dis- tinctly accu.".ed of living on tiieir llcsh, and of boasting of it. lie kill; d .sev- eral men in the mines. Porllaud Or (lonlun, Jan. '23, ISOU. Of this cla.'ii "f men, a correspondent of the HoiLij Moiiiilniii Xciva of May ISG-l says lUo vigilants had hanged 27 before the middle of March. OFFICIAL DEFALCATIONS. 463 county In 1863-4, was found to have been a defaulter to the amount of between $G,000 and $7,000. It was notorious that many officers failed to render any ac- count of their trusts in Idaho for the first few years, (luring the reign of mining excitements and mob law, and it was little that the territorial judges could do to bring about a better condition of society, juries, grand and petit, being tampered with, and witnesses as well. The chief justice, McBride, niaintained a character for integrity and industry during the three years of his judgeship; but it is still a conspicuous fact in the history of the territory that, notwitlistand- iiig the great number of capital crimes committed in the fu'st two years after the organization of the terri- tory, the murderers of Magruder were the only ones haiigcd by the legally constituted authorities, and that robbcMy in office as well as highway robbery found its defenders in society. Governor Lyon left affairs in the hands of the sec- retary, C De Witt Smith, a native of New York, a young man of promise, educated for the bar, and for some time employed in one of the departments at Wasliington, but who could not withstand the temp- tations with which he found himself surrounded in Idaho. His honor was tainted with suspicion of peculation, and he died from the effects of dissi[)ation, at liocky Bar, on the 19th of August, 18Ga, six months after his arrival.^'' The territory was thus left without cither governor or secretary. Horace C. Gilson of Ohio, who had been serving as acting secretary under Smitli, was commis- sioned secretary in September, and became acting O'ovurnor. In the followin;n bein^f one to nullify the test uath. His appointments were equally without re- gard to the welfare of society and tlie territory; and alter six months of such an administration, he once iiiorc abandoned his post, suddenly anil finally. The territorial secretary, Gilson, was succeeded by Lyon's private secretary, S. R. Howlett, who filled the ex- ecutive office until Juno 18G0, when David \V. Ballard of Yamhill county, Oregon, was appointed, and ariived in tlie territory to inaugurate a different condition (tf gubernatorial affairs, Howlett being ap[)ointed to till the secretary's office. The organic law gave members of the legislature four dollars per diem, and four dollars fur every twenty miles of travel to reach the capital. The territorial law gave legislators six dollars per diem additional, which sum often dollars a day was not too great dur- ing the first year or two of territorial existence, when the necessaries of life cost hiixh. 13ut this was now uncalled for. The same act which raised the per diem of the legislators doubled the salary of the governor, making it .$5,000 per annum, and also doubled that of the secretary, making it !?'3,000, while the pay of ch.'rks and other officers was proportionately increased, the whole territorial tax to support this extra pay amouutinnr to $1G,000 yearlv. The leijii: lature of 18G5 had passed an act abolishing the extra pay of the gov- ernor and secretary, but retaining, and even increasing, Lyon was greatly disappointed, and showed us the specimens, wliicli I saw, ami (111 line of which the carbon was not completely crystallized. ' E'lrhi Kt-mU, Ms., !). Maize says that ho has found stones described in inineralo^'ical Works as allied to the diamond, a numlicr of times, along tlie lieacli lino of the ancient sea which once filled the Snake Kiver basin. A iiew-spajier cor- nspiHulent calls Lyon 'a revolving light ou the coast of scampdom.' Lduho Scraps, 194. i % iifl 463 POLITICAL AFFAIRS. m ■•7. ^"iS'rfc. Union, Jan. 'J.'i, lSfi7. The nuMiihcrs of tho I'lmucil in ISGi; 7 wvw, S. P. Sc'iiniker, If. ( '. Sticct, (iicngo Ainsli(S E. A. Stuvonson, (if lloi-..' county; 11. C llij-'Lja of Ail.i; A. M. Qiii\(y of AltnraH; L. 1'. liiowii of "Si-/. I'lTcO; S. S. I'"i lui of Miilio; M. A. (,'aitoi' of Oneida; li. T. .Xniirr of (Jwyliec; W. II. Hudson of .simslinno. Ainslio, pivsidciit. Miniliort) nf tliu hou.sc: F. W. IJfll, (Jfor^'c Stalloicl, W. L. Law, \V. II. raikiiison, of i'.uiMJ county; (J. \V. I'aul, .lolin (Jo/;ul, A. W. Flournoy, Ada; H. .1. X(iiil}kf, Nelson Davi.s, Alturas; I). (!. Monroe, A. Fnglis, Ow^licc; A. .McI>ouidiI, .1. C. Hums, Idaiio; W. F. .McMillcn, Slioslioiic; llcniy Oidc, Onciila; .). S. Taylor, Nez I'lTcc, Floui'uoy Kpo:kcr. lilaho Jour. Li'i'iM. As.si iiilJi/. I 7, 2-2\:i ■■* David W. Ballard was a native of Indiana, and an ininiigrant to Oic i;n!i in IS.VJ. Ho was a piiysiiian l>y iirofe.-i.sion, Imt had seixed in the Oiilou lei,'i.slaturc from Linn county. A niild-nianueicd man, l)Ut fearless. Jitii^'i iS7f(/(',sv/if/», Aiiril 4, lS(iS; Jilnho tS'-riijii, l!(4. '"'Ijolhrook is said to iiave studied at Oliellin eolk'^e, Ohio. Ho eanie to tho I'acitio coast in 1S.')!(, and practised law fur a short time at A\'eaver\ illr, Cal. Ho followed tho lusli to the N'ez I'eree mines, and tiieni'o to l!ei>i'. Ho druidi whiskey freely, and had pluck and assurance, allhou-h his attainments Were inediocii^ His .'e^e, when ehicted in IS()4, was under .'i') ycar.s. His services to tlu; territory were the securing of tiu) penitcutiavy aji- {iropriation and U. S. assay oliice. He was shot and killed liy Charles I'on^;- ass while sitting in front of his law oliice in June IS70. jjoitui Stall ••^inau, Juue -J:., 1870. GOVERNOR BALLARD. 471 for gain; and in tliis they were so nearly successful that in the summer of 1807 President Johnson was induced to suspend Governor Ballard and nominate Isaac L. Gibbs. But before the commission was made out Johnson had changed his mind. A letter eon- tainiiig a notice of suspension had, however, been sent to Ballard, which, being ft)rgotten, was not revoked until November, when he was restored to office.®^ makiim' s been tivo I if ''J8 used Idaho continued to be democratic, but gradually the more objectionable representatives of the party were discountenanced and dropped out of sight. In 18G8 J. K. Shafer"^ was elected delegate over T. J. IJutler, founder of the Jjoise Xetrs, the })ioneer news- pa})L'r of southern Idaho.^'' The last two years of ^' John M. Mnrpliy of Idaho was first notninatcfl. The trickery I)y wliich tlie suspension of JJallanl was cflected has been explained tiiiis: In March l.S(i7 conjji'ess appropriated several hundred thousand dollars to )je expended hy tlie Indian department in Idaho, and this money it was desiralile to have diflmrsed hy democratic ollieers. To this enil the department was brought to declare that it did not recognize Ballard as supcrintemlent, although by the orgiinic law of tlic territory that was his oliice. Fran, was deniocr.itic. The Tiirilvrial Kiiti r/irixi' was started in ISfil!; the ShIukui ( 'ili/ Minhnj Ni ir.-i ill lS(i7 by I'^rank Kenyon, afterward removed to Montana; the llui^r !>inut- irn/, first issued Nov. '20, IS(>7, at liois(5 ('ity, liy ihichanan & (.'arleton, fniMier ]iroj)rietors of the Ihillcl'ui of Silver City; in Feb. ISOS the Jhnwrrat u.is sold to liail k C'arleton, and in .lune ISfiS it was discontiinied. Tho J.nrinluii Journal wixa issued Jan. 17, iyti7, by A. Luland & Sou; a non-par- ^ I 472 POLITICAL AFFAIRS. h 1 ' ' ii I ! Ballard's administration was peaceful as it was wise and energetic. On the expiration of his term of office two thirds of the citizens of Idaho territory volun- tarily petitioned for his reappointment/* but another appointment had been made/" that of Oilman Marstoii of New Hampshire. Secretary Hewlett was also dis- placed by the appointment of E, J. Curtis, who — Oovernor Marston not yet havinf^ arrived — delivered the annual message to the legislature of 1870, and remained acting governor^ for a year and a half, during which time Marston resiijned and Thomas A. Bowen was appointed governor," who also resigned, when Thomas W. Bennett'^ was appointed, and ac- cepted. Idaho did not appear to men at a distance to be much of a paradise, politically or otherwise. The republicans again put forward, in 1870, T. J. Butler as a candidate for the delegateship, but he was again defeated by the democratic candidate, S. A. tisan journal. It suspended in Feb. 1872. The newspapers which succeeded tlie Jonrmil at Lcwiaton were the Siijual, hegun immediately after tlic sus- pension of the Journal, which lived about two years, to be succeeded l>y the Nortluriicr for two years more, and again by the Teller, A. Leland editor nnd proprietor, in 187C. The Idaho Herald was started at Boisd City in OotobcT 1871, surviving only until April 1872. The Boisd liepnhlicau, established iit Bois(5 City March 1, 1879, was at that date the largest journal published in Idaho, and by its prosperity illustrated the change in political sentiinoiit. Published by Daniel Bacon. Tlic Ynnlre. Fork Jlerald was established at Bonanza City July 24, 1879, by Mai-k W. Musgrovc, who also started tlio A If arm Miner in 1880. &cq Shoiiji's Idaho 7'(t., M8., 9; Yankee Fork Her- ald, April 3, 1880; ."?. F. Alfn, Oct. G, 18G7; U. S. 9th Censits, Pop., 482-9:^. »'See farewell letter, in V ■!■■»!■ Statesman, July 2.3, 1870. *' Samuel Bard was first appointed to succeed Ballard. He was from Now York, but in 18GG was editing the Atlanta Xew Era, and declined. A. 11. Conner was also spoken of as governor. He was of Indianapolis, Ind. ""The Boixi Statesman of Feb. 5, 1870, says: 'He h.as brought order out of confusion in tlie books and papers of the oUice, and has labored hard Jind successfully at the form.ation of a working state library.' Curtis was a native of Massachusetts, and a lawyer. He came to Cal. in 1849; resided in .Slsld- you CO., which twice elected him to the Icgislatui-c; was judge of the enuit of sessions in Trinity co. for two years; came to Owj'heo in 18G.">, and settled finally in Boisti City in the practice of the law. Owyhee Avalanche, Nov. l.'i, 187;".. " Bowen was a southern republican; liacl been district judge of Arkaus.ns. *" Bennett was born in Ind. Feb. 10, 1831, griiduatcd at Asbury university in 1S54, and studied huv. On the breaking-out of the civil war lie enli.nled as a private, but was chosen captain of a company in the l.'itli Indiana yo\a. Ho was commissioned major of the 3Cth Ind., and afterward col of the (ITth; brcvctted brig.-gen. March 5, 18G5; visited Europe in 18G7; was elected mayor of Ricfunoud, Ind., in 1869. likhmond Herald, in Oicyhee Avalaiuhe, Doc. 9, 1871. W. DISTRICT JUDGES. 473 Merritt. In 1872 the republican candidate, J. W. Huston, was overwhelmingly defeated by John Hailey, democrat.^* tor niid 'ctoliiT led at icil ill incut. icil at ted tlio •/j ll,r- 4Sl2-'j;j. The chief justiceship was left vacant by the resig- nation of McBride, until the appointment of David Noggle in 18G9, a man whose brain was affected, and who allowed himself to be made the instrument by which thieving politicians carried their points.*" The a:^sociates of Nogole were William C. Whitson in the 1st and J. R. Lewis in the 3d districts."^ Lewis was an upright, able judge, and became immediately obnoxious to the dominant political ring, which, to get him out of office, resorted to the device of send- ing a forged resignation to Washington.'''^ Before the trick was discovered, M. E. HoUister"^ had been ap- pointed in his place.*" Hollister succeeded Noggle as chief justice in 1875, and John Clark succeeded Hollister in the third district. Whitson died in De- cember 1875, when Henry E. Prickett was appointed judge of the first district,*'' which position he held '■' Ilailcy w.as a business man, ami employed a largo number of persons, vlio ■worked for his election, wliilo Huston's friends were not thorouglily or- ganized. Huston was a good public speaker, and had been district attorney. Pio'ixr Slatcuman, Nov. 10, 187-. '''David Xoirglc was from Monroe, W^is., where ho was a leading lawyer ••iinl campaign speaker. For 9 years ho served as a circuit judge in that .state. 111! licld the oiiico of chief justice of Idaho for G years. Soon after his re- moval his disea.sc, softening of tlic brain, developed fully, and his errors in fiilice were imputed to it. lie died July IS, 1878, at his homo in Wisconsin, M. Ivelly, in />'o;,sd .5<«^Mm(ij(, July 'J7, 1878. ''' Tlioinas J, Bowers of Cal. was appointed chief justice in the latter part of )S(j8, but did not serve. 11. T. Miller was also appointed judge of the ."Jd district before Whitson, but did not accept. Idaho Laws, 1SG8-9, 149; (■(fw//'.s Yiar-L'ooL; 18G9, 493. ''-JJoi-^6 Slatc-iman, Aprii 15 and May 1.*?, 1871; S. F. Clironf'-\-, iMay 7, 1N(7. The same means waa used to get rid of Lewis in Washington, by the whiskey. sellers of .Seattle. "•• Hollister waa from Ottawa, 111., and a pioneer of that state. BoisS SliiicMmaii, May l.'J, 1871. '^^* Wiiitson was from Oregon. He had been chosen county clerk of Polk wlicn 21 years of age, and elected co. judge at '28 years. He was a man of hlicral eihication, and a successful law yiractitioner. "■'Alaiison Smith of IJoise City was tlie people's choice for judge— a choice rxpvesHcd by petition; but trickery again prevailed, and Prickett was mado «>>iiciate justice. His antecedents were anything but creditable, as he had hirii coniidential elerk to .1. C (leer, collector of internal revenue, who de- f uliel to the amount of !j>21,000. Ho had boon a member of the legisktive cuuncil in 1874-5. 474 POLITICAL AFFAIRS. ^ iiiiiP^**! down to 1884, from which it would appear that he administered the laws in a manner satisfactory to the majority in his district. Governor Bennett svas succeeded by D. P. Thomj)- son of Oregon, a rising man in his state.** Bennett, while still in office, ran on the republican ticket fi)r delegate to congress, against S. S. Fenn, democrat. There were some irrciTfularitics in the election returns, and the election was contested. Coming before con- gress, Fenn was declared elected, and in 1877 was returned to tlie same office for another teiin.''^ Thompson did not long retain the gubernatorial ollici", his private affairs requiring his ])resence in Oregon. Ho was succeeded in 187G by M. Brayman, Curtis continuing in the secretary's office until 1878, when '■'"Thompson was Iwrn in Harrison co., Ohio, in 1834, where he rrsiilid until lie iiiip-ated to Oregon, owrland, in 185.3. The following spring liu in- gaged in the public surveys under Snrveyor-genei-al Oan'' 'er, and contimiLil ill tlie service until 187-. During tliis pei-iod ho ran the base line of Oicl'ou across the Cascade Mountains to the Blue Mountains, and the Cohiinli::i s Urns and L. AVIiite &; Bro. From 187'2 to 1878 he was extensively interested in mail contracts, having at one time over a hundred contracts in tlie states ami territories, lie was appointed by President Grant governor of Idaho in 187"), but resigned in 187(5 for business reasons, returning to Oregon. In InT"^ he was elected a representative from Multnoni^h co. to the lower house uf the Or. legislature, anil the year following was chosen mayor of I'ortlanil, le- siguing in 1S8'2. The Portland Savings Bank, of which he was president, was organized by him in 1880; and he was one of the organizers of the I'iist National Baidis (jf Walla Walla, of Baker City, of Union, and president of tlie Piank of McMinnville. He Iniilt and equipped the railroad arouml the Falls of the Willainette, between Oregon City and Canemah. It was a Imise- raih'oad, cost .?-.*?, 000, and in one year paid dividends amounting to .* 1S,()I)0. He was a member of the Willamette Falls and Lock Company, widcli cmi- structed a substantial canal, with locks about the falls. In 1880 he was uiio of the organizers of the Oregon Construction Company, wiiich opened v.p a large portion of eastern Oregon and Washington by means of laiiioails. building the Umatilla and Baker City Railroad, Or., and tlie Coluiiiliia ;m\ Palouse Kailroad, Wasli. In 1 88iJ the board of trade of Portlaml sent iiini ns a special commissioner to Washington city to obtain from congress an :i|'- propriation for the improvement of the Columbia Kiver bar, in wliicli he met with his customary success. Kntcrprising, energetic, and far-seeing, he pie- sented .a standing exanijile of what these (pialitiea may be made to aehievo for society anil one's self. •>' //. Misc. Doc, 8'_', 44th cong. 1st, aess. Fenn was not the jiopuhir candidate of his party in 1874, but was taken as a coniprumisu between En- sign and Foote. Jhkiia ludvimuknt, Dec. 20, 1874. was C7 f tho sti'il ill tis ami 111) in l,\S 1S(^ of il, re- ilclit, First eiit of tliu HUM'- ■!,(ltlO. lis I'UU lip a roads, a aii'l iiiiii 111 a[i- ' llH'fc ■IliuVQ ipular Ell- CHANGES DESIRED. 475 H. A. Sidcbotham was appointed. At the expiration of Brayman's term, J. 13. Neil became governor, and Theodore F. Singiser secretary. In 1878 George Ainshe was elected to succeed Fenn as delegate to c(jngrcss. At the expiration of his term he was again returned to this place. A matter which greatly troubled the people of tho Idalio panhandle was their isolation and want of a comnmnity of interest with the southern counties. On the removal of the capital in 1804-5, they desired the reannexation of this portion of the territory to Washington. For the purpose of advocating this measure, the Ihididtor ni;wspaper was established at ]je\viston, and the subject was not soon suftered to drop, either by the people of northern Idaho or Ijy those of Washington, who, as I have before shown, were equally desirous of recovering this lost turritory. The Idaho legislature of 18G5-G passed a memorial to congress praying that the jiortion of the territory IvinLT south of the Salmon River Mountains miiilit dissolve connection witli the panhandle, and receivu instead as much of Utah as lay north of 41" 30'; while that ])ortion of Montana lying west of the Kocky ^Mountains, the northern part of Idaho, ami the eastern part of Washington, should constitute a si'jjarate commonwealth, to be called the territory of Columbia. The people of the W^alla Walla Valley, hciug strongl}'' in favor of a readjustment of boun- daries, aided the agitation, which in 18G7 was at its luight, meetings being hekl and memorials adoj)ted in Li'wiston and Walla Walla. "^^ ]3ut neither Montana nor southern Idaho, on reflection, would consent to till! division. jNIontana wished to retain the Bitter ]ioot Valley, and southern Idaho feared to have its burdon of taxation increased bv i)arting with any <>f its lioltulation, already diminishing with the exhaustion 'n.liiho Lawn, 186r)-0, 293; Li'whtou Journal, Oct. 3, 1807; Walla ]\'ulla aiatciii.Kiii, Out. 4 ami Nov. 1, 1S()7. 'lit' ! i. J)or., :V2, 4-M con,-, l.-t BOSS.; Cong. Globe, 1870-1, OGO; JSjuie i:lUiksiuan, June 23, 1801); hi., Jn". -"-'i 1870. TERRITORIAL EXTENT. 477 |\vn of that )r;i
  • i term of olHce removed to Butte, where he has his perma- nent residence, and is engaged in various enterprises. He was the first police magistrate of Butte, clerk of tlie district court for 5 years, and deputy internal revenue collector under T. P. B'nller. In 1877, when a voluntci r com[hiny was organized at Butte to defend the settlements from the Nez I'lr- ces uiiih'r Cliief Joseph, he was made 1st lieut of the company under Capt. \V. A. C'lark. He was one of tlie founders of the hiter-Mi>iin(aiii newspa[)cr, in which he still retains an interest, and owns in the Amy, Silversmith, and Poor man mines. In 1886 he was elected department commander of the GrMiid Army of the Republic in Montana. He ran for mayor of Butte on the repulj- licaa ticket, which was defeated; and one month later was elected a niemhir of tlie state constitutional convention. He is also the Montana memlier of tlie national repuhlican committee. C. F. Lloyd was born at (Juttenberg, Sweden, in July 1851, and came with his parents to the United States wlieii a year old, being brought up in Wi.scoiisiii anil Iowa. In 1869 he was appointed a cadet at West Point, graduating frcun there in 1873. He was assigned to duty in tiie west, lieiii!^ stationed at various posts until ISS.'l, when he resigned to accept tlie position of manager of tlie Northwestern Forwarding Co. in Butte. He is the oviur also of a raiieho 2 miles from Butte, which he regards as his home. .lames W. Forbis was born in Piatt cc. Mo., in 1S5!(, and came to Mon- tana witli his father in 1864, who was the pioneer agriculturist of the territory, settling on a farm 4 miles from Helena in 1865 where James was brought iii», receiving his education in the public schools of Helena. In l.SSi he removed to Butte and commenced the study of the law in the oliice ni Judge Knowles, one of the ablest members of the Montana bar. He was ad mitted to practice in 1884, and has devoted himself to liis profession ever since. He served a term as member of the city eoi i,;il, and in 1885 wa-, noiiiinated by tiie democratic i)arty for city attorney, but the ticket wars defeated. Hon. Lee Mantle was born at Birmingham, Eng., Dec. 13, 1854, soon after tlie death of ids father. His mother became a convert to the mormon faith, and came with her children to Salt Lake City, where, discovering th;it siie iiad beiMi grossly deceived by tiie mormon missionaries, slie rentmiu'od tiieir religion. Her condition was an unhajipy one, aiul her children wiif forced to labor for their support as soon as t>ld enough to perforin any kind of service. Lee worked on farms for iiis board at lirst, and then for smull wages, never being sent to ,t MINE3. 767 Moil- ;.f till! L'S MUS ISSl Iff ol ..IS :i(l- cvor I,) \Vil>i Lit Wilts SOlllL inriiitiii IK tli.it miK'uil WL'I'C kiii.l SlIWlU •k.lf,'.' anil iniiiii^ II toll'- giviMi .,1 iH I'UIK'I! , itil'l most ■ tir.-t y tbu vent of railroads. The original Hope mill of ten stamps is still pounding out the precious metal, and paying regular dividends in the midst of its over- shadowing rivals. The corporation owning it is the St Louis and Montana company, the stock in which is held principally in St Louis. The most important group of mines, although not the oldest, is the Gran- ite Mountain group, discovered in 1872, but not profit- ably developed until about 1884. The pnnci[)al mine is the Granite Mountain, now producing more silver than any in the world. It is stocked for J? 10,000,000, and also owned in St Louis. Although so recently developed, it had paid in dividends to its stockholders, ill November 1889, 87, 000,000, or ten dollars per 3lu.re on 400,000 shares of a par value of $25.^ • ^xt in iun)ortance to this group of mines is the West Granite group, opened in 188(5, and owned by a Montana conipany, of which J. K. Pardee was in 1887 general manager.^ Money for the first develo{)- mont of the mine was raised by the sale of 30,000 sliares at a dollar a share. A number of other com- l)anies, St Louis and Philadelj>hia corporations, own mines in this district.^ The town of Philli])sburg was named for Phillip Deidesheimer, famous for his con- nection with mining on the Comstock. The camp has about 300 population. Oilier towns in this county depending upon mining are in the -Vili t do of prosperity in 1881). Anaconda,'' • Arueli <3r».'^'t w due to Charloa Clark, former superintendent of the Uojio mine, a-.'ii ovi •:<\i p^ the i>rincipal owners of (Iranite Mountaii<, for persi.st- eiu'i' in u 'V'jiiioii i;' tlii;-, mine. J^; was sueceiMltd in the management by Frank L. pMlins, ''iil t> ,,fi) receitily liy .lolin W. I'liiiiimcr. 'The otlii'i'rs \»i •., A. M. Ilolter, pre.-.t, 'J'luinns ('ruse, viceiuest, ('. K. Wells, see., .1. K. Pardee, general mai'.iger. Trustees, .S. T. Hauser, .Saimicl W'oid, II. iM. I'arelien, T. .1. Lowrey, Thomas Cruse, ,J. K. Pardee, A. M. Holti;r, A. A. MeDoiuilil, and Ed. 1. Zimmerman. The property is eapital- izeil at !?IO,00(),(K)(). ** The (Iranite Ik-Ue is a St Louis corporation. The Spei.'kleil Trout ).'i'oup dates hack to I.S74, and was opened by the Northwest Miiiiiit; eoiiipiiiy, a Philadelphia eoneern, in which Charlemauiie Tower and (ien. A 15. Nettletoii Were largely interested. The Speckled Trout mine was not worked lor some time, and • now under lease to the Algomiuiu company, nianag.'d by J, Iv. Pardee. • \V. 7.. t' .J was boru ia Illinois iu 1840, auJ removed with hia fathur Iiri I 111 11 I"' 768 GENERAL DEVELOrMENT. Deer L()cl!i,'e,and Druiinnf)nd may be montioiiod. Doer L()(Il;'o is less ii)ij)ortant as a minim;' t()\-. ii at pivsent tliaii as the seat of tlie United States ix'nitcntiary, the (Mil}- i'ederal huildino^, exce|)t the assay-ollit-e, in ]\Iontana. It is, however, in the midst of niinini;- districts, and derives supi»ort from them."^ A private institution of learnint^ called the ^[ontana <'ollco-e'' is located at Deer Lod^e. The po[)ulation is al)out 1,000. Tlie Helena mining- district is the third in impor- tance in Montana, containing several divi(lend-})aying mines, of which the J)rum Lunnnond is the most prominent, aih! dividing !^100,000'- (juarterly among its share-hol(K . '^•'he ])rum Lummond is a gold mine, and is situ. it Mavysville, twenty miles in a northwest dn-ection .rom Helena. The Jlttleiia and Northern railroad, a remarkable piece of engineering, to Broolilyn. X. Y., in ]S.")7. ITc was cilucnti.'il in the scIkk Is of tlint city ..1 .Uiaihiating iMitci-cil a liank to learn tl lu hiisuii'ss. 1 1 is: ) lie '.VfUl to Salt l.iku City, orLianizi'il the IianUiny-lumso of !{< whui'o lie ^^■a.s telle 1. until i.SS-J, wl w.n h IJi'ownlce, & Co., of l> 'tti Til- f(, lowing' year lii^ renioveil to Anaconda and organized the haMkini.'diou.se of Hoye, Daly, & Co., wliieli ".yas changed to the 1st National hank in ISsl), Ho \vas tlie lir.st mayor of Aiiaeonda. i:. [.. n onner, a natiye of N. Y., and educated there, was h is:it. and in IS.'iT came to the I'acilic coast, scttlini' in Ornfon. In iSiiii lie liroiiLjht a stock of gooils to Missoula, M'lntma, since \yliich time he 1 ness in this territory. In 1872 ho estalilished tlie las 1)1111 in hiiNi itile h- if K L. ]{. inner & Co. in l)eer Lodge, and in 1(S74 the lie •r Meri'Mitile Ciiliipaii of Ihitte. Mis home, howeyer, is at Deer Lodge, where 1. gives persoiial attention to his Imsiiiess. '■ I). .1. McMillan wa.s horn in Tennessee in 184(1, removing with his father to Carlinville, 111., in 18.')4, where he was educated, in ]S['r2 he en- ter d tl teae'iing ducted le union army, ami served three years, after which he was engaged in g in 111. until ' 87."5, when lu' went to Utah and organized and eon- hier of nil n schools for a jieriod of 10 years. In 18S;{ ho was eh'i'ted the lir.-t ])reM(U'iit of ^lontana College, in which ollice he remaii In 1S8!I he t< lok iiaro 111 no >liti 111 til reini hli de, di th nii\emeiit for statehood. As a sjieaker ho is logical, forcihle, ami witty. l''or the month of .Seiitemlier KSSlt, this with :! ."iO statiqi mill, crushed .'{.'JliS tons, yieliiing .'~;r)4,.')UI(: a lO-stam]! mill I'laished .1117 tons, yi .yjii,8ill);a(;i)-stam|i-iiiill 'J'i liollt working exjieiisi's wer<'JO,OOII -total,. »^1 I I, ."00. i:t,O00. At this rate the dividends should he •d. I might mention here the names of diyidciid-iiaying mi as ((noted in 1887, at which iieriod .'*8, IIU.'.IO'J had heen (laid since T ley Wl re tin Ali .S7."iO,000; Amy and Silversmith, .S:<:n, 8.") I; IJoston and .Montana, .SV.'0, 000; Klkliorn. .S!80,000; Kiniiiro, .SXl.OO;); (Irinite Moiiiitai .'^•-MiOO.OOO; Helena M.& 1'.., .Sl'.l-_',:nO; Hccla Consolidated, .■:<1 .Oii-_'..-)0,»' II. .p M."i8.'J4l; iiexingtoii, .S")il."i,0(IO; .Montana Limited, $1,'JJ1,0J0; Moultu ^3oO,000; Oriaiual, «!ll!O,0O0; I'arrot, §18,000. THE CITY OF HELENA. 769 connects it with the capital. This road for ten miles scales Hic sides of a steep mountain, and i's built almost a third of the distance on trestles. The Drum Lura- mond has but recently been sufficiently developed to display its qualities as the first gold producer of the world, but has greatly increased the expectations of this district. A movement is on foot to organize a company to purchase the old Whitlatch-Union prop- erty at Unionville, near Helena, and resume opera- tions. It is believed this mine would still produce gold in paying quantities. The city of Helena, which is now inferior in popu- lation to Butte, is still the chief commercial city, with 15,000 inhabitants, and t; o improvements for 1888 cost $.3,055,000. It has a number of handsome public buildings. The Lewis and Clarke county court-house cost $'J00,000, and contains the legislative halls of the tcrritor3^ The high-school, grac'ed, and ward schools are constructed t)f V>rick, and supplied with every modorn convenience. The city has a good water su[)ply, a well-organized fire department, gas, electric lights, and well-equipped street railways. Its rail- road facilities are excellent. It has five banks of deposit, whose capital stock, surplus, and undivided profits amount to $8, 322, GOD, more than can be found in any city of equal size in the world. The name of Queen City is not an inappropriate one.^" '* Among the notable citizens of Helena I mention the following: Isaau D. McC'iiti'lieoii, liorn in N. Y. in 18-40, removed to Midi, with his l)arent8 in 184(i, and was there educated. He began teaching schofd at the age of IS years, and continued to teach for 5 years, alter wliich he .studied law, and was ail'.nitted to the bar in 1S(KS. He pvactisdl his profession in Charlotte, Mich., until ISS-J, when he was appointed secretary of Montana. He resigned in 18S;{ to return to the practice of tlie law. F. S. Witherbre, born in Flint, Mich., in 1800, removed to Louisville, Ky, in 1873. He was educated for a physician, giaduating in riiiladelphia in 1883, but not liking his profession. In; became a publislier in Washington, 1). ('. He sold out his business in 1888, and c.ime t2, received a collegiate education, ami in 1870 went to Colorado, where he remained until 1883, when he came to Montana and engaged in mining. In 1880 he acquired the Jay (tould mine, and organized a stock company to develop the property. The mine has produced over $1,000,000, aud it) still producing richly. Hist. Wash.— i» t70 GENERAL DEVELOPMENT. il Great Falls, in the new county of Cascade, estab- lished in 1887, is rapidly growing in reputation. It F. P. Sterling was born in Elkhorn, Wis., in 1843, and wati educated in his native town. In 18ti^ he entered the union army, serving thrnu^h the war, after which he removed to Iowa, and engaged in school-teacliing until 1874, when he came to Montana. In 1876 he was appointed register of the U. S. land-ottice at Helena, serving until 1883. The following year lie was elected judge of the probate court, and served two years, siacu wltioh time he has practiseil law in Helena. T. H. Kleinschmidt was born in Prussia in 18.37, and came to tiie U. S. with his parents in 1841. He was raised and educated at St Louis, Mo. In 1862 he went to Colorado, where he followed merchandising for two years, removing to Montana in 18i)4. He was one of the organizers of the 1st Na- tional bank of Helena in 1866, and has been active in its management ever since. He Wiis twice elected mayor of the city. Samuel Word, born in Ky in 1837, was educated in his native state, and removed to Missouri in 18<')7, where he read law and was admitted to the bar. He practised his profession there until 1863, when he came to Montana, settling in Virginia City, where he remained until 1880. He then moved to Butte, and in 1885 to Helena. He has been a merr' .i- of the legislature and speaker of the house, and is permanently located at the capital. Cliarles W. Cannon, born in Cleveliind, 0., in 1835, removed with his pa- rents to Dubuqu>^ La. in 1837, where he was raised and educated. He came to Montana in 1864, and for a short time was engaged in trade at Virginia City. He removed to Helena in 1865, where he again engaged in merchan- dising until 18S0, after which he has been employed in the care of his real estate, city and c^ountry, and his mining interests. Ashburn K. Barbour was born in Falmouth, Ky, in 1856, and educated there, studying law, and being admitted to the bar. In 1878 he removed to Kansas City, Mo., where he remained until 1882, when he came to Helena, and has practised his profession here. J. J. Leiser, born in Penn. in 1845, was educated there, and studied medi- cine in Phila. After practising in several towns, he took a post-graduate course at his alma mater, and in 1878 came to Helena, where he has steaiiily followed his profession. He takes an mterest in noting the climatic intluences on different diseases in his adopted state, on which he has written his <)l> servations. H. M. Parchen was born in Prussia in 1839. At ten years of age he im- migrated with his parents to the U. S., being located in western N. Y. At the ago of 14 years he left home to enter a merchant's employ, and continual from that time to learn business. In 1862 he went to Colorado, and in 18()4 came to Montana. After one year in Virginia City he settled permanently in Helena as a druggist. He has served several terms in the legislature, and is a public-spirited citizen. Col James Sullivan, born in Ireland in 1842, migrated with his parents to America in 1849, settling in Boston, where he was educated. When a young man he learned the barber's trade, and followed it in Boston and New York for many years. In 1878, on account of losses by speculation, he deterniinml to remove to Montana. He purchased a barber's business in Helena, ami prospered in it. In 1885 ho was elected mayor, and in 1887 was appoiuttil territorial auditor. He has served on the staff of three different govenioin, and is a prominent citizen of Helena. Richard Lockey was born in England in 1845, and came to the U. S. in 1846, his parents settling in Dubuque, Iowa, where he was educated. In 1862 he entered the union army, serving three years. In 1866 he came t» Helena, and engaged in merchandising until 1881, when he gave his attention to real estate. David A. Cory was born in Canada in 1842, removing to the state of 111. III .'ii TOWN OP GREAT FALLS. 771 is situated upon a sloping site at the junction of Mis- souri and Sun rivers, commanding a view of four moun- with his parents in 1855. For more than 20 years he was a commercial trav- eller, iin(l in 1880 came to Montana, becoming a member of tl.e mercantile firm of Bach, Cory, & Co. of Helena, devoting himself to its business. A. J. Scligman, junior member of the above firm, was born in New York City, and educated to bo a civil engineer, graduating from two of the most prominent schools in Europe. He came to Montana in 1881, making Helena his home; has served iu the legislature, and is devoted to the interests of the mountain state. Dr C. K. Cole was born in 111. in 1852, educated in his native state, and graduated in medicine in 1878. He first practised in Jacksonville, III., but removed in 1879 to Helena, Mont. He was twice a member of the city council, and iu 1888 was elected a member of the territorial council, of which he was president. John H. Ming was born in Va in 1831, migrated to Mo. in 1840 with his parents, and in 1849, at the age of 18 years, came to Cal., working in the mines and teaming for 3 years, when he returned home. In 18.VJ he went to Colorado, engaging in merchandising at Denver, until 18G3, when he re- moved to Virginia City, Mont., remaining tiiere 5 years. In 1868 he made his home in Helena, where he did much to promote the growth of the city. His death occurred in 1887; the above facts being furnished by his widow, Katherine L. Ming. E. W. Bach was born in Brooklyn, N. Y., in 1852. He came to Montana in 1878, being engaged in various enterprises until 1883, when he commenced a wholesale grocery trade in Helena, as senior meml)er of the firm of Bach, Cory, & (,"o., which does a business of over §1,000,000 a year. He is also in- terested in the Helena Street Railroad Company, and the St Paul and Helena Land and Improvement Co. E. W. Knight was born in Indiana in 1838, but removed with his father's family to Ky when a child, was educated there, and studied and practised law. In 1873 he came to Montana, locating at Helena. He was one of the original stockholders of the 1st National bank of Helena, iu which he was book-keeper from 1873 to 1870, when he was elected cashier. He was the second mayor of Helena. A. M. Holter, born in Norway in 1831, learned the carpenter's trade, and immigrated to the U. S. in 1854, locating in Iowa. He was am he removed to Anaconda, where he l)ec;inie cashier of tlie 1st National hank. In Ang. 1889 he was nominated state senator from Deer Lodge eo., and elected. C A. IJroad water, horn in Mo. in 1840, had limited means of education, and when 17 years of ago hegan clerking for a commission firm in St Louis. In 18,')!) he went to Colo, and in 1804 came to Montana, where Utv 4 years lie was wagon-master of the 11. Freighting Co. In 1808 he luirchiiscd an interest in tlie business, and was actively engaged in it until IST'.f, when he sohl out. He then secured the post-tradership at Fort Maginuis, which he retained until 188.J, when he located in Helena and organized the Montana National bank, of which he is president. TOWN OF GREAT FALLS. 778 houses, three churches, and a $20,000 school build- Such is the vigor of Montana's population." mg '* A little personal and territorial history will not be out of place here. About 1881, I'iiris (iikson, a pioneer of Minneapolis, and wiio nnderstootl the part the water-power of tlie Mississippi river at the falls of St Antliony had played in tlie building up of that city, first conceived the idea of foumling a city at tile (ireat Falls of the Missouri. His knowledge of this water-[)ower and the surrounding country was chiefly olttained from .1. K. Caster of IJelt, and late in the above-mentioned year, in company with J. A. Wiiitmore and }l. P. llolfe, with .Jauies liurns as driver for the party, he sot out from IJeii- ton to personally inspect the described locality. There were no roads, the party experienced ditliculty in finding the several falls in order to compare their power, but decided the (ireat Falls impracticable, and a snow-storm coming on, they returned to Ft Benton. In the spring of 1882, Oil).-")n made several visits to the falls, and in August, with tiov. Kdgertou, Charles (iib- 8on, and H. P. Kolfe, selected the present site, and made a preliminary sur- vey of the town jireparatory to placing scrip thereon. Soon after, (Jibson formed a partnership with James J. Hill, tlie railway magnate. 1 taring the winter, additional land was tiled on, and when all was secure, in 1883 a tinal survey of the town was made, Paris (Jibson and Jerry Collins, with Kolfe, marking out the position of the ]>rincipal liusiness street, which was called Central Avenue, and was made DO feet wide, all the other strt^ets and ave- nues being 80 feet in width. Li the autumn of 188:}, John Wooils erected the lirst log-house, on Tenth Ave. South. . In the following A[)ril, Kolfe built the lirst frame-house, and (Jeorge E. Hui!y the secoml, after which the town company's secretary, H. 0. Chowen, commenced erecting an otlice, and Walker & Carter a restaurant, partly of boards, and partly of canvas. Liberal ad- vertising was restored to. In the mean time the coal mines at Sand (.'oulee were being opened, and quite a village was growing up tliere. In the mean time, also, James J. Hill was maturing his plans fur bringing the Manitoija railroad to Great Falls by 1888, 700 miles across the great Imlian reservation north of the Missouri. During the summer. Col Dodge of Helena visited the Falls and (piietly selected the rou^'e of the Montana Central. The linn of Murphy, Maclay, & Co. opened a store at Oreat Falls, with W. P. Wren in charge. This was followed by Beachley Bros & Hickory's store. E. B. Largeut had a store on the opiiosite side of the river, and William Wamer opened a restaurant which served for the hotel of (Jreat Falls for some time. In 1885 Will Hanks, who had been publishing the Uixiini Sun at Sun Kiver, iiu)ved his plant to the new town, and on the 14th of May began the issuance of the W'l't'l-ly Trihiiiie. A school district was organized this year, a school- house built, and (Jibson, llolfe, and Lee were the lirst trustees of the district, Kev. J. M. Largent being teacher. A .saw-mill was erected by Mc(„'lay & Myers, and they, with Holter & Co.. furnished hunber for the improvements of the town. Its growth was slow until, in the winter of I8S.") (i, word came thai, engineers were surveying a railroad line through I'rickly I'lar canon, revealing the purpose of the Montana Central comiiany. From this time the growth wa» more rapid iind assured. In I8()() the town had liOU iidiabi- tants. By great exertion, the Manitoba railroad was completed to (Jreat Falls in October 1887, when a great cidebration testilieil the satisfaction of the people. In November the road to Helena was o[pened. Truly the. ways of the IDth century town-builders resemble not the ways of their ancestors of even one century ago. Some opposition was offered in the legislature to the organization of the county of Cascade, but the measure was c.r.ried through in 1887, and the county oliicials were sworn in on the *Jlst of Dee. The lirst board of commissioners consisted of Charles Wegner, J. A. Harris, and E. K. Clingon; sheritt', C. P. Downing; county treasurer, A. E. Dickerman; pro- bate judge, H. P. Ut)lfe; clerk and recorder, J. W. .\Iatkin; assessor, K. T. Uorhani; attorney, Ueorgo W. Taylor; supt of schools, Miss Bessie Ford. Wy m GENERAL DEVELOPMENT. Benton has 1,000 inhabitants, and is a well-built, Ion thriving town. A substantial iron bridge 875 feet The events of 1888 were the completion of the wagon-road and railroail brierity, and aided perhaps more tlian an}' single individual in building the cattle interests of nnrtiiern Montana. As an instance of his popularity, it may lie men- tioned that he was elected in 188!) to the first state le^jislature of Montana, and was also the first republican elected i" Choteau county to any legislative ofHct!. C. E. Conrad was born in v'irgniia City in 18.")0, and there was raised and educated. At the age of 18 years he came to Montana, arriving at Fort Ben- ton June ;W), 18(58. lie began life here as a clerk in the employ of J. ( i, Baker & Co., j>f which he is nowamend)er. In 188'2, when the First National l»aiik of Fort Benton was organized, of which W. <». Conrad is prest, lie was chosen viei'-prest, which otTice he still holds, lie is also largely interested in cattle and shee[), owning an interest in the Benton and St Louis Cattle Co. Ho was a mend>er of the state constitutional convention of ISS!). Joseph A. Baker is a son of the J. G. Baker aliove referred to, who was born in New Haven, Conn, in 1819. He was a pioneer in the west, having been a post-trader in Iowa, Kansas, and Montana. Htt came to Fort Benton in ]8(ili, and established the business which still bears his name. In 1880 the father retired to a home in St Louis. Joseph A. was born in Wcstport, Mo., in 18.")0, Ijut came wlien a lad to Foi't Benton, where he assisted his fatlier in his business until 1878, wiuni he engaged in the cattle business for iuniself, continuing actively in it until 188(>, when he was elected cashier of tiie First National Itank of Fort Benton, in which office he remains. He was elected state senator from Choteau co. to the first state senate of Montana. John W. Power was born near Dubuque, la, in 1844, and remaincil on his father's far;n until 20 years of ago, when he went to Fort Randall, Da, -..liere his bi'other, T. C. Power, was a post-trader, remaining in his employ until 18tJ7, at which time both came to Fort Benton, and went into business to- gether uniter the firm name of T. C. Power & Bro., which firm is stdl in existence. T. C. Power resides in Helena, but John W. is permanently located at Benton, where he has large interests. Jere. Sullivan was born in 184:i, in Ireland, 30 miles from Cork. In 1850 his parents immigrated to Canada, where he was educated. At the age of 18 ye;irs he came to the U. S., residing for a time at various points until 1805, when he came to Montana, arriving at Fort Benton in July of that year. He followed mining until 1874, when he located at Fort Shaw, on Sun river, where he opened a hotel, remaining there until 1879, when he removed to Benton, where he again kept a hotel. He was elected mayor of Benton in 18S0 and 1887, and was chairman of the republican county connnittee in 188S and 1881). He is owner of large interests in Fort Benton. '" Prominent in that district, which was formerly in Choteau co., l>ut in that portion which is now Fergus co., at Fo^t Maginnis, on tlie east Hank of the Judith mountains, is Granville Stuart, president of the board of stock oommissiouers. Stuart has bceu frequently uientioued iu the early part RELIGION AND EDUCATION. 777 money capital is due." It is coiitonded hy those cap- italists that the jL^overiiineiit is unnecessarily jealous of their a^Ljrcssiveness, for the territory occupied by them is too broken for a»>riculture. Opinions chanjj^c with circumstances, and exj)ediency will deteiinine the limit of indulLience which the future shall discover. wlio 80 the Mo., ,tlier ilf, First lOCtlill ill eiitly lu e agi' until tliat I Sun oved on in 188S it in ikof tock I part I have hero gathered toj^ether some evidences of the mateiial |)rospL!rity of Montana. It was once wit- tily said that mining-towns consisted of opLir-holes, goj)her-holes, and loafer-holes. All that has been changed as far as Montana is concerned, if wo except the ophir-holes, which are as nmch as ever sought after. Merchants are no longer compelled to store their goods in caves in the earth to protect them from fire or plunder; the rude first dwellings have been rej)laced by elegant, or at the least tasteful and com- fortablt', homes; the fashions of good society prevail in [)lace of unseemly revelry; education and i cligioii are fostered,"* as in the older commonwealths. of tlii.s liiwtory. It was through a letter from .>Ir Stuart to a hrothor in Colo «k'scnl)iiig thi! jilacer mines in the Kocky mountains tiiat the .suiMi^n immi- gration from Colo to Montana took place in 18t)'_'. He was for iiriny years a meiuln'r of the Montana legislature, and scliool trustee since ISii4. fie was one of tlie first to prove that this was a superior cattle-raising region, and is himsidf idcntilied with the cattle interests of the state. Mr Stuart was born in \'a in KS.'U, and educated in Iowa. In the H[iring of 1S.V2 he went to Cal., wiiere lie mined until 1857, when he, returning east, was, tiirough circum- stances already ih 'ittioiied, detained in Montana, and becoming interested ia the aH'iirs of a new lorritorj', made it his home. " Josepli Scott, of Miles City, is a representative cattle-raiser of his dis- trict, lie was born in Tyrone co., in tiie nortii of Ireland, in 1844, and edu- cated there and in Phila, U. S. In I8(i7 he went to Idaho, mining at War Eigie mountain for '2 years. In 18(Ji) lie went to Utah, piirclia.sed some cat- tle and drove them to White I'ine, Nev., where he remained until 1871, after which for '2 years he travelled .alxmt through Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, and Utah prospecting, and Hnally locating in Idaho in the track of tin.' Indian war of 1878, i)y wiiich he lost a good deal of property in stock. He tiien went to Elko co., Nev., and tried cattle-raising, but found tlie ranges over- stocked. In 1881) lie came to Custer co., Mont., where ho follows stock-rais- ing, still retaining an interest in Idaho and Nevada. '" In 18(iS-4, Smith and Price, two presbyterian ministers, and the first protestant preachers to settle in Montana, lielil services fora time in Virginia City, but it was not until 1872 that a presbyterian church was organized in that place, although other protestant churches had been, namely, the metho- dist cliurcli soutii, and an episcojial and catliolic society. The last-named was under the charge of Father Giorda, the methodist church under that of A. M. Hough, aud the episcopal church was cared for by U. U. Prout. 778 GENERAL DEVELOPMENT. n Hi!'* I;: '■ i 'W m Education, being a matter of public polity, and not of private conscience, received more attention from the beijinninor, schools beinj; formed under a school law in 18GG. In 18G7 there were two public-school teachers in Madison county, and three in Edgerton (Lewis and Clarke) county. The amount raised for tlieir su|)port and for school-houses was $7,709. The number of persons between four and twenty-one years of age in Montana was 1,920, of whom 222 attended school.^* Since that period the standard of education has advanced within the last ten or twelve years, until it is upon the same plane with the school systems of the older states. Children are admitted from four to twenty-one years of age ; and fourteen years' tuition is required to be graduated from the high school, where one exists. Teachers' in- stitutes are required by law, to aid in promoting the best methods of instruction. The school lands not being salable until the terri- tory became a state, the people were compelled to Daniul S. Tattle, of Otsego, N. Y., was tlie first missionary bishop of the cpi.sL'opal oluiroli in Montana, apii'iiuted in 18(>(i to supi-rintcnd Utah, Idaho, ami .Nlontana. He was a scholarly man, youny and eneryetio, and lal.ored ctlioiently in his tield. At tirst a nniou church editice was occupied liy tiiu protestaiit societies alternately, but it was ultimately soltl for secular pur- poses. 'J'iiu uu!t uxlists erected a church in Virginia City in the autumn of 1807, tlie cofiuT-stone of which was laid on the I2tli of Septumber. As in most new countries, they or^'anized in advance of other denoiuinations, but in Montana they were (lividetl by politics long after the cause which sepa- rated them was a lost cause. Helena was, on account of its importance, the next lield sou;4iit, the catholics being tirst on tlie ground, and completing the tirst l)uiliting for purely religious services in Montana. Two young Women, Sallie Raymond and Margaret Irvine, solicited contributions for the tirst church-bell in Helena, in the spring of 1807. Altliougli religious exer- cises wer(! held iu tile various towns and settlements, it reijuircd a few years for society to become sutlicieutly luunogeueous to unite upon religiiuis prin- ciples and ilecide to erect temples for their favorite practices. Accordinj^ly most of the churches have been built since 187*2. i'iie niethodist 'jhurcli at Missoula wasileilicateil that year. The presbyterians did not begin seriously to organize until that V'car, when societies were fornutd at !)ee<- Lodge, Helena. (i:dl;itin City, Hozeman, and N'irgiuia ("ity, by Sheldon .lacksou, .J. U. Russell, ai.il W. S. Krackelton. Tlie presl>yterian edilice at l>eer Lodge was opened for services Keiu-uary '1\, 187"), Russell being tirst pastor of the soc'cty. The crtliolics erected a new church at Helena in IS7(). The protestant episcopal society of St I'etor of Helena opened tiieir cliurcii in October I87!>, M. X. Odbert jiastor. " The lii'Nt public school ot Helena was opened l>ec. R, I8t>7, and taught liy William I. Marshal and Mrs R. M. Farley, Jii-pl q/' SuyeriiUendeiU o/ Hc/woU, in Viijiu'm Pwt, Dec. 14, 18C7. LITERATURE AND DRAMA. w support the schools by taxation. The amounts raised in the several counties varied from ^D,207, in Yellow- stone count}', to $33,700.91, in Choteau county, and ajrtrregated, in 1884, $231,229.42, making an average of $ 17,780 of school money furnished for every county. The school fund collected in 1888 averaged twenty dollars annually for each child in Montana, of which amount $317,442,37 was from county tax. There were 310 school-houses, valued at $040,079; and the number of children of school age was 27,000; while the teachers were 442. Several of the counties hav- ing the largest school funds elected women for super- intendents.'* Of the literature of Montana there is little to be said. Newspapers abound, there being, before 188.5, one in every county except Jefferson, which was sup- plied from Helena. The leading journals were of unusual merit and interest, for interioi' newspapers." ■■" Teachers are the least publicly honoreil of all the public's servants. Superintendents have all been experiencearcy; Madison, J. C. Ma- hony; Missoula, J. A. T. Ryinan; Silver Bow, T. J. Booher; Yellowstone, li. V. Shuart. Su-th Annual liryt of Snf>t n/ I'lthlir /hv//h; Imlrjifiiiilciit, d. and w., deiii., 1871; Mniilnna Ari/uti, w., (ier- man, 188;!; fitoi-k amf Miiilnij JoHriinl,m., 1884; <'hri- in 1 87- Wius appointed superintendent of public instruction, and ut'tiT sciv- inj;; for live years was reappointed in 188;{, in which year he was also oleeleii seerel.iry of tlie Territorial Historical Society. A native of Wotlielil, .Mass, and ediicated first at the Westtield Academy, then at Yale, and liually at the Hiirvard law school, he began the practice of his i)rofession at Independ- ence, la, where in I8G4 he published t\w Indefvndcnt ('icilian. Uiiring tiiat year he came to Montana, and in 18G5 to Helena, where he a;,'ain practised law, and was appointed U. S. attorney and probate jui'ige. To bim is due the credit of lirst suggesting that the National Park be set aside for its pres- ent |>iir|)iises, and in 1M70 he was one of a party of ten by whoia its site was explored and surveyed. He is also secretary of the Pioneer Association, and has long been connected with the lUlena Herald, on whose staff ho is recog- nized iui a most able jourualiat, aad aa a ripu and accompliahud scholar. CHAPTER VIII. PROGRESS AND STATEHOOD, 1884-1889. Convention of 1884— Ei,EcmoN of Dei-eoate and LEnisLATURE— Repub- lican AND Democratic Conventions— Territorial Officers— Gov. Leslie Appointed— Leoislative Sessions and Enactments — Memo- rials CONCERNING MINERAL LaNDS— TlIE NORTHERN PaCIKIC RAIL- ROAD — Laws to Guard Elections — Thomas H. Cakter, Dklk(iatk — B. F. White, Governor— Enahlino Act Passed hy Congress— Con- stitutional Convention — Features of the Constuution — Political Troubles. As this chapter is to deal with the formation of the :state government of Montana, let us go back to 1884, in January of which year a constitutional convention was held at Helena, an act having been passed by the thirteenth session of the Montana legislature authorizing an election for delegates to bo iield in November 1883. The election took place,' and the convention met, forming a constitution subjc^ct t<» ac- cepta">ce or rejection by the qualified electors at the biennial election of 1884. Tlie voting on ado[)tion was light, the total vote being 7,11)7 less than the total for delegate to congress, which was 2G,1)()'.). Of * The deleeates were Robert Smith ami .loaoph A. Brown, Bcavcrhoatl CO.; T. E. Colliiia antl ^'^ If Hunt, Cliotcim; C. W. Savagi', \Vm \ an (ias- kiiii, and S. R. DouK'.iaa, Custer; .1. V. Malony, Mawson; .1. C. Uiiliinson, E. H. Watorltnry, aiulJoaiinin Al)ascal, hucr I^oiIlT' ; S. \V. J^annhnt nc, U. P. Vivion, ii. O. Eaton, F. D. Pease, and E. F. Ferns, (iallatin; \). M.Sorl.'y and N. iMi;rriinan, .letferson; Matt Carroll, .1. K. Toole, ('. Heclycs. and (Jeorgr .Steele, Lewis and Clarke; H. S. Howell and ,J. K. Cailawav, Madi- son; W. J. MeCorniiek, W. .1. Stt'l.liens, R. H. Catlin. and K. A. Eddy, Mis- soula; .1. F. MoClintoek, ,)anies Fer^^us, and \V. F. Haas, Mcanhor; 'i'hiinias L. Napton, W. V. Pemberton, W. A. Clark, Marcus Daly, .1. (.'. Thurnton, and Francis Medburst, Silver Bow; F. M. Proctor and F. M. Grceni', Vel- lowsti .le; Walter (.'ooner and A. F. Hurleigb, Ist judicial dist; W. W. i>ix- on and James H. Mills, 'Jd judicial (list; W. B. Hundley and T. C Power, i:i :| J 'lb 3d judicial dist. \V, A, Clark was elected preiiideut. (781) 7M PROr.RESS AND STATEHOOD. those who gave expression to their wishes, 15,506 were for and 4,266 against the constitution, the ma- jority being significantly large in favor of statehood, if we may judge by positive and not by negative evi- dence. However, nothing further came of the move- ment at that time, although it was not abandoned. E. K. Toole, democrat, was elected delegate to congress, and the fourteenth legislature, which has already been named, enacted laws highly creditable to the members and useful to the territory. In May 1884, the republicans of Montana held a territorial convention to elect delegates to the national republican convention, their choice falling upon Wilbur F. Sanders of Helena, and Lee Mantle of Butte, with M. J. Learning of Choteau, and Hiram Knowlos of Silver Bow, as alternates.^ The prefer- ence of Delegate Mantle, as expressed in territorial convention, was for George F. Edmunds for presi- dent, and that of Delegate Sanders was for James G. Bhiine. The democrats elected Samuel T. Hauser of Helena and Samuel Ward of Butte delegates to the demo- cratic national convention. W. J. McCormick, one of the alternates, was made a member of the national committee, and S. T. Hauser a member of the noti- fication committee, this being the first occasion on which Montana was represented in a national conven- tion, and the first time also that territorial delegates were placed upon connnittees by one of them. Hauser, who was appointed governor in July 1885,'' resigned late in 1886, 'atid H. P. Leslie of ' The other ciindidatos nominated in convention were, M. A. Meyendorflf of Hulcna, Hiriun Knowles of Hutte, CaUlwell Kilwanls of (iallatin, (leorgo O. Kiiton of (hiUatin, and M. J. LeamiiiK of Fort Jienton. The names uf other reimlilicans mentioned in connection with this convention were, (ieorgo Irvin of Silver liow, fleiiry N. Khike of Madison, J. V'. Bogert of (liiiiatin, Charles H. (ronld of t'nster, I. Hotwitt of Meagher, I. D. Mcl'iiteheon of Lewis and Clarke, Orville H. O'Baunon, T. H. Carter, and Alex. C. Hotkin. ' The territorial secretaries from the organization down to 18S8 were. Henry P. Torsey, commissioned June *22, 18(54; John Coburn, March 3, 18(t.">; Thomas F. Meagher, Aug. 4, l8Uri; James Tufts, March 28, 18*i7; Vvilev S. Scribuor, April 'M, 18UU; A. U. Sanders, July 19, 1870; Jamei K. Callaway, th d( GOVERNOR LESLIE. 788 Kentucky received the appointment. Governor Les- lie found the territory prosperous and peaceful, giving him little anxiety on any account. He seemed by his reports to be impressed by its probable future great- ness, and to feel a pride in its advancement. More he could not do than to remind the general government how little it had done towards the encouragement of this aspiring commonwealth, and this he did not fail in doingf. The legislature of ISST neglected to make an ap- propriation for printing its journals, and therefore no notice can be taken of its proceedings.* Partisan feel- Jan. 27, 1871; James H. Mills, May 10, 1877; Isaac D. McCutchcon, 1881; John S. Tooker, April 21, 1884; William B. Webb, 188G-8, and Louis A. Walker, 188<». Territorial treasurers, John J. Hull, 1864-6; John S. Ilockfcllow, 1866-7; William G. Karkley, 1867-71; Richard O. Hickman, 1871-5; Daniel H. Weston, 187r)-87; W. G. Prewitt, 1887-9. Territorial auditors, John .S. Lott, 18(>4-6; John H. Winp, 1866-7; Wil- liam N. Rodyers, 1867; Georjre Callaway, 1874, resigned; Suloniou Starr, 1874-6; David H. Cuthbert, 1876 87, James Sullivan, 1887-9. Superintendents of ]>ul)lic instruction, Thomas J. Dimsdalc. 1864-6; Peter Ronan, resigned, 1866; Alexander H. Barrett, resigned, 1866; A. M. S. Carpenter, l86(>-7; Thomas F. Campbell, 1867-9; James H. Mills, resigned, 1869: S. (}. Lathrop, 1869-72; Cornelius Hedges, 1872-8; R. H. Howie, 1878 -8;i; Cornelius Hedges, 1883-5; W. W. W^lic, 1885-7; N. C. Logan, 1887-9. Receivers of United .States land-office, George McLean, 1867-70; Richard F. May, 1870 2; Solomon Starr, 1872 5; H. M. Keyser, l87.">-7; J. V. Bogert, 1877 9; Frank P. Sterling, 1877-9; K. Ballou, C. H. (lould, Z. F. Burton, .lohn T. Carlin, H. S. Howell, John T. Carlin, Abram Hall, (irtcs of jomniissions not known. Registers of United States land-office, Orville B. O'Bannon, 18(57-9; Lorenzo B. Lyman, 1869; Addiscm H. .Sanders, 1870-2; William C. Child, 1872-5; .lames H. Moo, 1875-9; David Wilson, 1879; E. A. Kreidler, Francis Adkinson, O. P. Cliisholm, Wiishington Berry, S. W. Langhorne, Eddy F. Ferris, A. Grover, dates of commissions not known. Collectors of internal revenue, Nathaniel P. Langford, 1864; Andrew J. Simmons, 18118; W. B. Judd, acting collector, 1869; Samuel L. Watson, 1869; Thomas P. Fuller, 1873 83; James Sliields. Assessors of 'i.tornal revenue, Truman C. Evarts, 1864; Lucius B. Church, 1870 3. Collectors of customs for district Montana and Idaho, John X. Bcidler, 18()7; Walter W. Johnsim, 1869; Thomas A. Cununings, 1873; William A. Hunt, 1881; Thomas A. Cumniings, James H. Mills. Surveyors-general United States land, Solomon Meredith, 1867; Henry I). Washburn, 1869; John E. Blaine, 1871-3; Andrew J. Smith, 1.S74; Ros- well 11. Mason, 1877-9; John S. Harris, 1881; B. H. (Jreeiio. /./. 2.V.» 60. ♦'Ihe councilmen eleoteil in Novendwr 1886 were, (r. L. Batclielder, Beaverhead co.; E. Cardwell, Jefferson; T. E. Collins, Clioteau; R. O, Hick- man, Madisim; S. L. Holliday, Gallatin; W. B. Hundley, Lewis and Clarke; Will Kennedy, Missoula; J. K. Pardee, Deer Loilge; J. E. Rickanls, Silver Bow; W. U. Sutherlin, Fergua.and Muaghur; J, J, Tbouipaou, Custer; E. C. 7S4 PROGRESS AND STATEHOOD. in(r, although gaining force and momentum as the prospect of statehood assumed greater certainty, had not been permitted to mar the tranquilhty of com- nmnities. For twenty-four years every legislature had been democratic, but in 1888 there was a sufficient number of republicans elected to give that [larty a working majority in both branches of the legislature. The principal measures of general interest acted upon at the sixteenth session of the Montana assem- bly, which met January 17, 1889, were, the passage of a memorial relatina: to a bill introduced in con<»ress by delegate Toole to grant to the territory the aban- doned Fort Ellis reservation for educational purposes;* the appointment of a commission to codify the laws Waters, Dawson and Yellowstone. The representatives elected were, W. W. Al.lerHon, F. K. Armstrong, C. W. Hoffman, Gallatin; H. N. Blake, Matli.soii; L. A. Brown, Beaverhead; J. \V. Buskutt, Jefferson and Lewis and Clarke; T. L. Gorham, William Muth, Lewis and Clark^t; C W. Hanscomb, Silver Bow; E. N. Harwood, Yellowstone; J. M. Holt, E. H. Johnson, Cus- ter; J. E. Kunou.sc, Fergus and Meagher; Lee Mantle, William Thompson, Silver Bow; T. C. Marshall, Harrison Spaulding, Missoula; J. M. Page, Beaverhead and Madison; C. R. A. Scohey, Dawson; J. F. 'i'aylor. Clioteau; Jacob Titman, Fergus and Meagher; J. R. Toole, M. W. White, Deer Lodge; Enoch Wilson, Jefferson. Aiiditorn Rfpt, 188G, 41. * Moutitna had not, like Washington and Idaho, provided for a territorial university. Two reasons seem to have operated to account for this ne<^lect by a people so enterprising: one, the heavy indebtedness of the counties, which, in IS8S, amounted to 91,000,000; and the other, that a large amount of money was iinnually expended upon the educational system of the terri- tory, which provided excellent public schools. It was thought that the government buildings at Fort Ellis might serve for the foundation of a uni- versity. The mendjers of the county teachers' institute, which was held at Missoula in 18S'J, pledged themselves to use their best endeavors to secure its location at that place, giving as their reasons that the climate was unexcelled in the state, and that the university lands were located in that county, with other considerations, such as the fact that Missoula was entitled to one of the state institutions. The founiler of Missoula was C. P. Higgins, who vraa born in Ireland in March 18:<0, and received a business education in the United States. He enlisted in the U. S. army at the ago of 18 years, serving 5 years in the dragoons. He was a mend)er of the (Jov. Stevens expedition in ISo.S, as- sisted in the first survey of the N. P. R. R., and was with Stevens when he made his treaties with the Blackfoot, Flathead, Cteur d' Alene, and Spokane tribes. In 18(>0, he settled in Hellgate valley, near the present site >-f Misscmla, and engaged in trade. In 1805, he located the town, and removed to it, in company with Worden, they erecting lumber and (louring mills. In 1870 they opened a bank, of which Capt. Higgins is president. He is also interested in horse-raising, and owns several valuable farms and mining prop- erties. He married, in 18(12, Miss Julia P. Grant, and has 9 children. The first convention of the Montana state teachers' association was held at Dillon, in Beaverhead co., Dec. 2(>-28, 188'J, Mrs. U. S. Siminoas, of Uei> eua, presiduut. LEOISLATION. 785 of Montana;" the enactment of a law regulating the practice of medicine and surgery; acts establishing some county boundaries; an act to provide for the organization, regulation, and discipline of the national guard of Montana; the refusal by the legislature to appropriate money to send an exhibit of Montana pro- ductions to the Paris exposition;'' the creation of the office of mine inspector, which was to secure greater safety in mining; the consideration of numerous peti- tions requesting the legislature to memorialize congress to take such action as would preserve the mineral lands of jVIontana free from title, or claim of title, in any railroad company, and continue it open for explo- ration and location;^ also the enactment of a registra- tion law which should secure the purity of elections. These latter two measures were of the greatest im- portance. Should railroad companies claim the min- eral lands to be found within the limits of their grants, many mining claims already opened would be forfeited, or if not forfeited, their development must be dela\'ed until congress or the courts had determined their pro- prietary rights. The question was brought to the attention of the people by the action of the Northern Pacific railroad company advertising certain api)li- • The commissioners appointeil were, Newton W. McConnell and IJ. I'latt Cariieiitor, of Ijcwis and clarke co., and F. W. Cole, of Silver Bow co. Mont. Jour. Cnnnril, KSSil, 307. ' The iiroposition came from the governor in his message to the legi.sliiture. The rt'idy of the committee to whom this part of the message was referred was, lirst, that there was not time to make a creditahle collection, tlie mines i)oiiig covered with snow at that season. But the chief argument was that while Montana had heen proven to he the greatest producer of tlie precious metals of any of tiio states or territories; and while every honest lahoior and capitalist would he welcomed to the territory, the Uniteil States j>riihil)ited any alien from investing in mining properties during territorial di peudcncy. What, then, would ho ti)0 use of going to the expense of making an exiiihit at I'ai'is, when foreign capitalists knew they were deharred from investment? This ai)pears a very petty spleen, especially as state governnii'nt was antici- pated, when alien mini^-purehasers would he desired, and miglit he prnciired by an expenditure of §'J0,000. • Six iictitions were sent from Jefferson co., aggregating 3(>(» names, — two from Mailison, with 65 names attached; four from Ueer fjodge, containing '_';18 names; and five from Silver Bow, with l.HO names- all desiring a law of congress settling the douht as to the title to mint^ral lan names. UlHT. Wahu.— M .li:| HI PROGRESS AND STATEHOOD. cations for patent on mineral lands, and by rulings of the land department which appeared to be adverse to the mineral claimants, toijfcther with the probability that patents might be issued to the railroad company regardless of the rights of mine-owners. These ap- prehensions led to the holding of a mineral-land convention at Helena on the 29th of November, 1889, of which Lee Mantle was president, in order to devise new ways of meeting a serious crisis in tlie atfairs of Montana, 2,000,000 acres of the richest mineral land, including the famous Oro Fiyo district, being involved in the threatened coup of the rail- road company.' A registration law was passed, which it was believed would secure purity of the ballot, the form of ticket adopted being, except some modifications, that used in what is known as the Australian system. It secures secrecy^" by placing upon the same ticket the names of opposing candidates, the voter marking off' those he does not approve. Under this system ballot- box stuffing is prevented; and except extraordinary intimidation were used, would always give correct re- • The claim of the N. P. R. R. was, that if a mine should be discoveroil on its laiul, the burden of the i)roof that tlie land was more valuable for its minerals than for anything else should rest upon the claimant, and not upon the railroad. If the road, it says, is to be compelled to surrender its title to any lanil because some one calls it mineral land, the titles to a vast amount of property between Duluth and the Pacific coast would be imperilled. The company claims that if a man wislies to locate a mine on any part of its granted lamls he must furnish absolute proof that it is more valuable as mineral tlian as !i).;ricultural land. Portltiuti Oreijoiiian, Nov. 4, 18S9. It is easy to see how Montana, in which the N. P. U. U. owns I'J.OOO.CHX) acres of land, much of which is unduul)tcdly mineral, will, without the intervention of congress, become involved in endless litigation. '" The oiith tfvken by the Montana legislature, and designed to prevent corruption in that body, w;i8 as follows: 'I do solenudy swear that I will support, protect, and defend the constitution of tlie United States, and the organic ai;t of the territory of Montana, and that I will discharge the duties of my otHce with fidelity; that I have not paid or contributed, or promised to pay or contribute, either directly or indirectly, any nuiney or other valu- able thing, to procure my nomination or election, except for necessary and pro[»er expenses, expressly authorized by law; that I have not knowingly violated any election law of thii; territory, or procured i*^ to be done i)y others in my behalf; that I will not knowingly receive, directly or indirectly, any money or other valuable thing, for the performance or non-performance, of any act or duty pertaining to my office, other thau the cuuipeasatiou ftllowed by law. Montana Jour. House, IbH^J, 2. CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION. 787 curns. A law reapportioning the loinjislativc assembly of Montana was also enacted at tliis session, which ex})ired March 14t]i, havinj^ i)a.ssed in both houses a memorial to congress relating to admission into the union. A few days later, congress passed the enabling act authorizing a constitutional convention. By the election of November 1888, Thomas H. Carter, republican, was chosen delegate to congress. ^^ Subsecpient to the adjournment of the legishiture Benjamin F. White of Dillon was appointed gover- nor '" by President Harrison. The [)assage of an enabling act by a republican congress also gave to Montana politics a new, and, b}- nmny, an untlesircd turn. However, the people were nearly unanimous in favor of state government, and proceeded with great good humor to the election of their constitution- nmkers. The convention assembled July 4t]i at Helena, electing William A. Clark president,'^ and " W. A. Clark, democrat, was opposed to Carter. The vote was '2'2, 4(!!! for Carter, ami 17,300 for Clark. '^ H. V. Wliito was born in Mass, in 1838. When 20 years of auo hu 8hip|icd as a seaman before the mast for a voyage to >San Francisco, ami lik- ing California, remained there, finding employment on a fruit-farm in Najta CO. until ISlit), when he went to Idaho, wliure he was api)ointed clerk of tliu V. H. district court, which position he lillcd until 1878, when he rumoveii to Montana, settling at Dillon, iu Heavcrheail co. He was elected to tin- terri- torial legislature in 1882, serving one term. On the orgaui/ation of the l''ir>t National bank of Dillon lie was elected casliier. He was appointed goverucpr in .March 188i). He is descril)ed in the Xorf/iim-nt Miiijuziiii' of May ISSDas being 'a man of distinguished appearance. His thin face, gray hair, nious- taclie, and imperial give him the look of a French general.' " Clark was also president of the constitutioiiiU convention of 1884. He was born near Connellsville, Fayette co., I'a, and educated in the publi-.- 8choniseeuted for two years, after which he again restorted to teaching. In \f>&2 lie drove a team across the plains to the .South I'ark, Colorado, and worked in the ipiartz mines at Central City until 180.3, when he came to Montana, arriving at Han- nack July 7th, sixty-five days from ('entral City, with an o.\-teaiii. His career in Montana has been one of remarkable activity and .sueee.s.s. .Miriin;.', freighting, merchandising, mail-contracting, cattle-trading, gold-dust Imyiiig ami selling, and all the various avocations of a new country were in turn made to yield their profits, ami sometimes also their lo.sses. In I SOS he formed a partnership with 11. \V. Donnell of New York, and opened a whole- sale mercantile house at Helena, which was removed in 1870 to Deer LodL't:, and cuusulidated with a large house owned by Douuull, wheu 8. K. Larabie II 'ill Mm wMw Mi ni ijlHjl 788 rROORES'S AND STATKIfOOD, William IT. Totld cliiof clerk. Its lujitciial was of tlio i)t;st of both i>olitifal i)artit3S, who worked to- |L5(-'tlier harmoniously, and " o;rateful to almiij[hty G(»d for the hlessiiu'S of lihertv," ordained and es- tahlished in due time the constitution of the state of Montana.** was admitteil to the firm, anil a banking-house cstahlislicil by thorn, to whioli, tituliiig it necesnary to givi; tlieir wliolu attuiitioii, tliey sold out tlic inereliuri- dise, and in 187U orgaiii/i'd a national bank, of wiiiuii Clark was electod ju'im- ideiit. In 187S tliuy surri'iKlurod this chartiT, and continuuil tiin business under the former name and «tyle, with a l)ranch at l{\itte, where they erected an clet^ant bank buililing. In I8S4 Clark and I^rabie purchased Uonnell's interest in all their Montana business. Mr Clark had in the mean time become interested in the (juartz mines of Butti!, owning in the Original, Colusa, Mountain Ciiief. and (lamlietta mines, and had sj)ent a year in tlie school of mines of Columl)ia College, New York, where he acijuired a knowledge that was of the j^jreatest service to him in his subseijucnt extensive experience in mining. In 187!' he orgaiiizeil the Colorailo and Montana Smelting company. He later became part owni'r in about fifty mines of coiiper, silver, and gold, and of very valuable con- centrating, calcining, and smelting work.s, and also owner of a one-tlnrd interest in the Shoshone Falls property in Idaho; besides having large inter- ests in water and electric-liglit companies ami real estate. The olHees held by him at various times were that of state orator to represent Montana at the cen- tennial exhibition in Pliila; of grand master of masons; of major of the Hutte battilion of volunteers in the Nez Perce war of 1877; president of the state convention of 1884; commissioner to the world's industrial and cotton ex|)o- sition at New Orleans in l8So; and lastly, president of the state constitu- tional convention of ISS'J. He is very wealthy, and having been the maker of his own fortune by legitimate means, is justly regarded as a shining exam- ple of a 'great westerner.' '* The following persons were members of the constitutional convention: William A. Clark, Walter M. Bickford, J. F. Brazelton, Peter Breen, K. 1). Aiken, Simon R. Buford, William Mason Bullard, Walter A. Burleigh, Alex. F. Burns, Andrew J. Burns, Kdward Burns, James Edward Cardwell, B. Piatt Carpenter, Milton Canby, William A. Chessman, Timothy E. ("ollins, Charles E. Conrad, Walter Cooper, Thomas F. Courtni^y, Arthur J. Craven, W. W. Dixon, 0. M. Durfee, Wdliani L>yer, WilliamT. Field, (Jeorge O. Eaton, J. E. Ciaylord, Paris (iiljson, Warren C. tiillette, O. V. (Joddard, Fielding L. tJraves, R. E. Hammond, Charles S. Hartuian, Henri J. Haskell, Luke 1). Hatcli, Lewis H. }lirshtield, Richard O. Hickman, S. S. Hol»s. J. K. Toole was born in Savannah, Mo., in 1851. He received his edu- cation in the schools of St Joseph and tlie western military academy at Newcastle, Ky, after which he studied law in that state, and came to Moii taua iu 16uU, where be was admitted to the bar, aud commenced the practice CO\STITUTION-\L PROVISIONS. 789 Tills instrument possesses, in the main, tlie same features which distiuijfuish the constitutions of all the (if liis jirnfc'ssion. In 1872 he w.-ia flocteil district attorney, wliich otru-i^ he }icl(l for jfuvt-ral tt-rina. Ho wus fK'uteil to servu at the twflftli Mt'«.sion ol the territorial lc;.'islatiirt', and ciioseii president of tlie council. He was cliited a niuinlici' of tlie constitutional convention of l.SiS4, and in the autniiin ol that year was chosen delegate to congress to succeed Murtiu Maginnis, and re- elected in l.SSO. J. K. Itickards was born in Delaware in 1848. In 1873 ho went to Colo, where he resided \intil 1S7D, wlien he removed to San Francisco, remaining; there until 188'.', when he came to Montana, niakini; his iionie at Jiutte. He was chosen a mcniijcr of the Butte City council in 188."), and elected nietnlter of territorial senate in 1887. He was, after the ado|)tion of tiie constitu- tion, a candidate for the place of licutenaiit-novcrnor, whicli he olitaiiied. \V. W. l)ixon was born in Brooklyn, N. Y., in 18.'{8, and migrated with his jiarcnts to 111. in 1842. He received his eibication at Quiiicy, 111., and Keokuk, la. In I8(i2 he went to Nov., where he remained until 18lj(i, when lie came to Montana, and entered ujion the practice of the law. He was a niember of the legislature in 1871, and of the state convention of 1881. Al- thougli interested iu uiining, later he continued to practise his profession, avuiiling otlice. John K. Toole, born in Maine in 1849, removed with his parents to Madi- .son, Wis., in |8."io, where he was educati.'d. In 187.'{ he went to Utah, where he worked in the mines for live years, uoing to Idalio in 1878, where he a^aiu mined until 1884, when he came to .Montana, si'ttlin>r at Anaconda, Deer Lod^e CO., his present home. In l>8t> he was elected to the territorial lec;i.>|ature, reelected iu 1888, and was noininatcd for the state legislature in 18S'J. H. Kni]ipciiberj,', born in CJcirmany in 184.'1, immigrated with his parents to the IT. S. in 1848. He was a niaiinfacturer in Indianapolis, M'lien, in 1881, he acc(!|ited the [losition oi superintendent of the Hecla mines, in Beaverhead CO. When he came to Montana the Hecla Company was ^77,0()0 in debt. Under his inanageiiient the coin|iany built 5>;iOO,(>(>\( worth ot improvunu nts, and [laiil dividends of over §l,r)Ol),()lJO in cash. He made his residence at • ilcndale, Beaverhead co. Ivlwanl Cirdwell, born in Wellington co., Canada; in 1841 went to Miciiigaii, and in 1878 to Utah, wlicnee he soon came to .Montana. He first mined at Virginia City for six years, after which he settled ou a ranciio on the Vellowstone, near Stillwater. Hiram Kimwles, born in Hamiiden, l'enobs<'ot co., Me, in 18:U, removed with his [larcnts to that part of Hancock co., HI., which is now Warren co., but aftervanls to Iowa, troin which state, in I8.")0, he went with his father to Cal., returning the following year to lvi;okiik. la. In I8.")4 he entered Den- mark acadi my, and snbseijiu'iitly Antioeh college, aiter which Ur studied law with .luili;e .Miller of Keokuk, and was ailinitted to the bar in 18.">'.). He atteiideil lectures at Cambridge law school, graduating in ISt»((, when he began practice. In 18t)2 ho went to Dayton, .\lo , and was appointed dis- trict attorney for Hu.iiboldt co., and elected probate jiiilge. In I8(i."> he removed to Maho City, but the following year I'anie to Montana and en- gaged in mining for a few months, when he rcturniMl to Keokuk to practise law. In 1 8ti8 he was appointed one of tlie sU|ireiiii' jiidgisof .Montaiia, \\hicli position he tilled with distinction until I87'.(. In I.S?)I lie fmiiicil a law part- uership with .John F. Fi>ibis of Butte, and took up his residence there. L. H. Hershtield, born in Oneida co., N. V., in IMJti, went to St Louis in 18r)4, and in 18.")',> to Leavenv orth, Kan., whence he migrated with tiic gold- BcekiTS to Colo, going into im '•cliandising at Central City. In 18(14 In.' e.inio to Muntauii with a train of 2t) wagous, which he sold out uu arriving at Vir- 790 PROuIiESS AND STATEHOOD. 3'ouni]fcr states, wliich are even more jealous of their liberties than their elders. While restrietinjj Ici^isla- ginia City, to eng.igo in Iniying gnld-dust. In 18C5 he established his present hiinkin^' l>UMin('.><.-4 in Helena, buin^ alMo at the head of the tirni of L. H. Ilei-Mli- ticid it Co., i(f \'irnini» City. In \i>S'2, with his brother, lie organized the Nereliants' N.itif>nal !>ank, with a capital stock of ifloO.lHK). He also, in 1880, established a liank it Benton, and in l(S8S another at White Sulphur Springs, in which property l:o is largely interested. He became one of the chief capi- talists of Nloiitana. Martin Ma^'innis, a native of Wayne cc, N. V., was bom in 1840, but removed to Minncs<-ta when young, where ho was eilucatetl by an iicademic and university cours.3. He left college to take charge of a democratic journal, but when the relnUiou broke out, left his desk to join the union army, enlist- ini^ as a jtrivate in the 1st Minn. vol. inf. in ISiil. After the battle of liull Kuii lie was commissioiH'd '2d lient; promoted to Istlieut in IK()2, and to cap- tain in I8(i3. In ISI)4 he was connnis.sioned major of the 11th Minn. vol. inf., and transferred to the army of the Cinnberland, serving under (Jen. Tliiunas until nuL-tered out in ISli"). The following year he came to Montana and edited and published the llilnni (luzdle, a political paper, through which nif.ins he was elected to the 4Hd congress in 1872, remaining in this olHce until 18S.">, when he was succfcded by .1. K. Toole, another ilemocrat. Conrad Korhs, born in llol.stein, Cermiiny, in 18;C>, shi[)ped as a sailor in IS.'i'J, reaching New York and locating in Pavenport, la, in the following jcar. In 1S.")7 he removed to Cal., and in I81>'2 to Montana, 'where he en- gaged in buying, sollii.g, and imtchering cattle for market. That he was suc- cessf\d in acijniring fi fortune was apparent by the following general inven- tory of his i)roperty in Montana: 840 acres of land adjoining I)eer Loilge, 2,r)00 aires of stock range, ). (KM) acres, 4 miles above l)eer Lodge, of ricli iiottom land, :«)0 sliorthorn cattle, A.OUO to l(),(M)0 connnon stock worth .*i*J8 to .^W per liead, imported bulls Worth .S'J.TiOO, a herd of sev 'al thou.sand sheep, and a band of tine horses. Hysides, he owns shares in the largest ditch ever constructed in the country for mining purposes, and in the mines oper- ated by it. Mr Korhs was tjlected county connnissioner in 18(it>, and helped to bring the county f)ut of debt by ai)le management. I'erry \V. MeAdow, born in 18;J8, in Mason co., Ky, of Scotch ancestry, in |s;{'.( removed with his j>arents to the I'latt l'urcha.se. Mo., and in I8.")0 to California, but his father dymg. Perry returned to Mo. and entered the Ma- sonic college. In 18.")7 lie went to Fo"t Bridger, joining Uen. Johnston's ex- pedition to Utah in 18.'{S, where he >mtered the service of (lilbert & der- vish as salesman until 18()0, when he again returned to Mo. In the spring of 18(il he took passage on a Missouri r.ver steamer for Fort Benton, which caught tiro and exi)loded at the mouth of l'oi)lar river, 3.50 miles below that place. By this disaster he lost all he ])ossessenteliess CO., N. Y., ill KS.'H. He graduated from Union college in 18.")7, and in 18.')8 was admitted to the bar. In the same year he was elected dis- trict attorney of Dutchess CO., aiiil in 18(>4 was ajipointed internal reveniu! assessor for the ll'th (now Kith) congressional district, holhng the oHice until IStJ'.l. Hi' was elected a member of the N. Y. state constitutional convention, and in Is7'2 of the repuldican state convention at Utica, where his talents attracted the attentiou of the party, which published his speech as a cam- CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS. m per- peil iCT- lid) that k-alk k'i'iit luro ited 'ly, well ord, S.")7, (lis- MlUC iiitil ion, lllt!» tui- tion ami extravaj^ant appropriation of public moneys, the interests of labor were carefully protected. It declared th H the lej^islature niii^ht provide for a bureau of aij^riculture, labor, and industry to be located at tho capital, and under the control of commissioners ap- pointed by the governor, subject to tho approval of the senate. It was made unlawful for the warden of the penitentiary, or any officer of any reformatory institution in the state, or for any state officer, to let prisf)n labor by contract. With regard to revenue and taxation, the revenue necessary for the support of the state was to be pro- vided by a uniform rate of assessment upon a just ^ iluation of all property, except in cases provided; and a license-tax upor persons and corporations might be imposed by the 1%'^islature for state purposes. The property of the Uni^>.J States, the state of Montana, of counties, cities, to/.ns, school districts, municipal corjiorations, and public libraries should be exempt; and such property as should be used by agricultural and horticultural societies, or for educational purposes, pluc'j i of religious worship, hospitals, places of sepul- ciw ■, and charitable institutions of a public nature, were also exempted. All mines and mining claims, both placer and rock in place, containing gold, silver, copper, lead, coal, or other valuable minerals, after purchase from the Uni- paign flnciiment of that year. In 1875 he was elected state sonator, and in ], 21st regt 111. vols — Gen. (Jrant's old regi- ment — rising to the rank of colonel, and part of the time commanding a brigailc. He came to Montana in 1871, and served several years a territorial secretary. In 1S84 he was electeil a memlier of the house of repre.sentativea from .Madison co., of which he was elected speaker, enjoying the distinction of lii'ing tiie first republican who ever presided over a legi-ildtive body in MuuUiua. 792 PROfJRESS AND STATEHOOD. ¥' ti'd States should 1)g taxed at the price paid the United States, uidess the surtaec-j^rouiid had a separate value lor other than niinin«( purposes, when it should he taxed aeeordinjj^ to its independent value; all ma- chinery used in mining, and all property and surface improvements havin<^ a value se|)arate from mines or miniiiLj chiims, were suhject to tax as provided hy law, as was also the annual net proceeds ot" all mines and minin;^ claims, ^Tunicijial corporations only could levy taxes lor municipal puqmses; and taxes tor city, town, and school purposes might be levied upon all suhjects and objects of taxation, but the valuation t)t' such propi'rty should not exceed the valuation of the same property for sUite and county purposes; and no county, city, or town should be released from its pro- porHonate share of state ttixes. The power to tax corporations or corporate propi^rty should never be relin(|uished or susj)ended, and all cor- porations in the state, t)r d()ing business therein, should be subject to taxes for state, county, school, munici|al, ami other purposes, on real or personal property owned by them, and not exemj»ted by the constitution. J^'ivate jiroperty should not be sold for corporat*' (K;bts, but tlu; h'nislature shouM provide by law for the funding of such indel)tedness, and the pay- ment thereof, by taxati()n of all private pioperty not exempt within the limits of the territory, over which such corporations had autlu>rity. The rate of taxation in any one year should n.;»t exceed three mills on each dollar of valuation; and wlu'never the taxable property in the state shall amount to $100, ()()(), 000 the rate should not ext't-ed two and one ludf mills on each dollar, a'ier ol siiares owned liy liiui in sneii man. ner as lie should see tit. All railroad, transportation, and cxjiress companies were declareil coinnion carriers, suUiect to legislative eonlrol; were eoni|"'lh'd to eoiiii.it with railroads of other states at tJie state lioundary. to permit intersecting ruadsto cross their lines, and wu!-<- (orl-iildeu to eon^olidatc with any parallel line, or loiite its liusiiLiss or < 'irnings; nor Hhonld any ollieer of one tran>portation company act aa aii .iliieer of any other such company having a parallel or competing lino. Diseriniination was forhidden; Imt s|ieeial rates might he given to exeiirsionists, provided they were the saiiie to all iiersons. No transportation company shoull ho alli wed, tinder penalties to lie prescrihed liy the 'euislatnre. to charge or receive any greater toll for carrying passengers or Irci^ht a short dist inc than for it lon;;cr one; nor should any preference lie gill n to any individuai, association, or corporation in furnishing cars or motive power, or for the transportation ol nioii' y or otncr express nialtir. No railroad, ex[>ress, or other transportation eoinpany in cMsteiice at the time of the adoption of the eonstiliition should have the lieni'*it of any Intnre legislation, without first tiling in tin.' ollice of th<^ secretary of .itate an accept- ance of the provisions of the con»)itution iik hinding foriii. 'I'lie richt of eminent doniain shouM never he aliridu'cil, nor so coiistriii d as to prevent the legislative assemlily froui taking the properly and franchises of iiicm porated eonipanies, and suhjeetiiig tliein to the piililic use in the s.'iiiu' niaiiner as tiie jiropirty of individuals; nor the police powers of the state lie .■iliiid;_'ed or so eonstriied as to permit any corporations to condiiet th-ir liiisiness in such a inaniier its to infringe the eipial rights of iadividiiaU, or tliu gunurul well lieing of the statu. No eorporation rhould issue stocks or liondM, except for a real consuuni. tiou iu lulior, property, or nioiiuy, and tictitiuuit iMsuuduf ittoukithould bu void, i 794 PROGRESS AND STATEHOOD. The article on elections declared that an elector must be a male person of legal age, a citizen of the United States, have resided in this state one year, and in the county, town, or precinct such time as tiie law prescrihed, not a felon; but no person having the right to vote at the time of the adoption of the constitution should be deprived of the right to vote on the adop- tion. And it was provided that after the ex[)iration of five years no person except citizens of the United Stat«'S should have the right to vote. No person should be elected or appointed to any office in the state who was not a citizen of the United States, and who had not resided one y«:ar in Afontana. The legislature should have the power to pass registration and other laws necessary to secure the purity of elections. Wonitm shoukl be eligible to hold the ofHce of county sr? peril! teiident, or any school district (►ttice, and have the riglit to vote at any sciiool district election. And Uj)on all <|uestlons submitted tf) tiie tax-payers of the state, or any political division thereof, women who were tax-payers, and possessed of the qualifications for the right of suttrage n'quired of men by the constitu- tion, should, ecjually with men, have the right to vote. In all elections by the people, the person receiving the higlu ,t number of votes should be declarjd elected. The question of the ).ernianent location of the capi- Tho Htot'k of cDriinr.'itionx hIioiiM not l>e ineroaHtiil except in iiiirRiianco of a {{fneriil law, imr without thf coiiMMit of it uiiijority of tlm utofklioliltTs. For- ei),'ii cdriioratioiiri must liavc oiu* or iiioru known iilaciM of hiixincHH, niitl an niitliori/.cil a^'i>nt or auciitx u|>on whom pioousM ini^ht Itu Ncrvcil, and Hhouiil not III- allowi-il to L-xrrci.Ho or unjoy ^rjatcr ri^htx or privih-^'oH than thoiio onjoyt'il hy nthur corporationH cruatiMl uitiler thu lawx of thu Htntu. It waa niaili' uiiiawfiil for any "orporatioii to rciiuiru nf its itm|>loyiV>*, aH a coiulition of thi'H' i-tnphiymont, if otlii'rwini>, 'iny contract or af^ici^mcnt rt-luaHing the company from liahility or rcHpouMiliility on account of pcrHoiial injuricH re- ceivtil liy them wliih.' in their hervice dy reaHou of tho ne({li^encu of the co;iipany or itH a^entn, an le of commeree, or of flic proihict of the soil, for consumption Ity the pi opie. Thi- itkiislaturo HhouM cauHe adeipiate iieiialties to he enforeeil to tile extent, if lieccHKaiV, of the forfeiture of their property nnd IrtneliiMiH, and in the cui«e of foreign uur[n)rutiuuii, prohibitiug tUum from carry in>i uu busiuuM iu the Ntate. Th CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS. m Ipo- lull- lets Ifiir Irty luiii tal should be subniittod to the quahfied electors in the year 1892, after which it would require a two-thirds vote of the electors to change it, and the lc<^islature should make no ap[)roi)riations for capitol buildings until the seat of government should be pernianently l(»cated. Ample provision was made for a school fund. The legislative and executive departments of the government had their powers carefully defined and guan' ', The session of the state legislative assembly should meet at noon on the first Montlay of January, 181)0, and each alternate year thereafter, except the first, which should be determined by the proclamation of the governor after the admission of the state irto the union, but not more than fifteen nor less than ten days thereafter. The executive department should consist of a governor, lieutenant-govc'rnt>r, secretary of state, attorney-general, state treasurer, ..tate auditor, and superintendent of public instruction, each of whom should hold office four years, or until his successor was elected, lu-giiming on the first Monday of Januaiy next sticceeding his election, except that the terms of office «)f those cho.sen at the first election should begin when the state was an of state ofllceis, and the adoption or rejection of the constitution, was the 1st of ( )ctol)er. The election took place under the election laws passed by the sixteenth le^islutuie re.|nirin^- registration and proofs of citizenship. T. ] I. ( 'alter, the recently elected deh's^ate to coni^ress, was the rej>ublican nondnee for coni^ressman. T. C l*ower" was candidate for governor on the same '" It is iiiiiiDssililc ill the liiiiit.s to wliii'li 1 am ciiii(ini!il to k'v<.' .'i nmro i>\- toiiili'il i-cvii'w ol till! Miiiit!iii:i uimstitiitioii, only xoiiiu of itt v\\h'S Icutiiro!! bcinu .iclocluil an iu'^tancu!) ol' the sit^.iuity ot its iiiitlioi-H, wliicit in i^verywliurt- aiipai-i'iit. ■'■ T. C. I'owtT wiis liorn at Duliiii(iiu, Iii, in \H'M, uiul recfivuil ills pri' piiraloiy t'lliicatioii in that xtiitc, wiiii;h wiia coiii(ilt!toil ut SiiitiniMa .Mniiiiil coUi'^u, in WiNi'ciiiiiiii, whcru liu Htuilicil (.'ii^inuiriii^ iiiiil took a Niii'iitilii: coui'nt'. l''ioiii Ih.'iH to INt*'_* hi! was uiiuaiL'i'il ill tuai'lilii^;, imttiii^' in hi.'< niiiii- iiiL'i' vacation Ity Hiirviyiii;; in Iowa ami Oiikola. Ilu lollowiil survey iiii,' tor ttcxt'ial years, trailing nie.iiiwhili' in laiiil-w.irraiitti until INOii, wlicii lu' lii'tuicliai«u(l tlio Htuaiuer liUtck UilU. Mr I'owoi iutruduuud the lii-»t T. IK' ■\- (•".'•J ■11' III- l(.r Mil tirl • •. ill ELECTIOX OF ST AXE OFFICRRS. 797 ticlvct, and J. E. Hickards for lioiitcnant-ijovernor; tor Hocivtaiy of state, L. Kotwitt ; for treasunr, 11. C Hickman; for auditor, E. 11. Kinney; for attorney- jLi^eneral, Henry J. Haskell; for superintendent of public instruction, J. (faiuion; for chief justice, H. N. J^lake; for as.sociato justice for the lon<; term, W. H. ])e Witt; for associate justice for the short term, E. N. Harwood; for oK'rk of the supreme court, W. J. Kemiedy, — computed the repuhlican ti<'ket. The democratic candidate for contj^ressman was ^faitin ^Ta'jinnis; for ijovenior, J. K. Toole; for lieutenant-jj^overnor, C. E. Conrad; secretary of state, J. A. Browne; state treasurer, T. E. Collins; state auditor, Fitzgerald ; attorney-general, W. Y. Pemher- ton ; superintendent of public instruction, 1*. Kussell; chief justice, 8te|)hen J)e Wolfe; associate justice for tlie long term, VV'aller M. Hickf<»rd; for the short term, V. K. Arm.str«>ng ; clerk of the court, Cojuf. The ele« tion gave a veiy large majority for the con- stitution ; gave ^[ontana a repuhlican congressman,'^ i ' a (.lemocratic governor ; a repuhlican lieutenant- governor, and all the otlu-r static otticers re|>ultliean. That, however, was not so much a matter of concern to the political paities as the complexion of the legis- lature, which was to elect two senattds to the congress of the l'^nite[ontana, wlmsc Kad- ers were among the wealthiest and most entiM'prising citizens, naturally wen- avers*; to see the scej)tre pass- m'jf from tl le ir grasp,' wliue tlie r(>pnt)iicans, liavmg hli h i'i'a)M'rs ami iiiowith in Moiituiiii. Ilr liml a liiiMincss liiiiiMi' in Mo/' mail, .iinl Ml I'STS <'stiililiili(-il a xtii^'c liiiu ti'Miii lli'li-iia to Hiiitnii, and liui lirtii a snc- ri' sliil NtiK'k raJKur. He wan n iiii'iiiliir nt tlie lirst i'iiii.ititiiti. CartiT inajnrit I t\iH; T.iolf's, 7"i4; Uickaril'M, I. .'WO: liniwittV, l..'>H4; ^a^l; ||l,'kii>u i.-.".i:»; LiiiiK'y s, i.oi; ■ allllnii M, IV.I; IU.iU'h, I,».V>; I>.' WittV, 47;I: Umi'w.hmI'm, h7I ; Ki.'iiiu'.ly .1, l,.">7:t. ii should in- rt'iiiarki^d iliat tlii'-ir ani appri'Ximalt! tiiinre-*, tin* t'lci'tioii liuiii^; I'oiili'stiid; iiul iii'.w (iiioii^li to MJiow tliul till, statt' Wfiit rc)iiililii';iii. I'l ic iiaiiii's I) f Ml ni'iiadw.iti't'. Were fn'i|iii'iitiy Daly. T. II lIUl r. W. .\. Clark, and C ttid jurty III Miiiiti UM tnan:it,'i'l'.H if tl II! ilt'iniirratU! il d\irini{ tlii.t (di^otion < n'lv owniTi lit't-aiiK' known m tlio ' liijj; t'.iur.' The Itiittu /fl^r^'.l/oH/(^«>l iiayii uf thuiii: 'TIiuhv t'oiir inci :l 1 i' !i 1 1, ' 1 i'l 1 798 PROORESS AND ST 'KHOOD. || wrung victory from their powerful hold** by the hardest, were equally deterinined not to lose the ground heretofore gained, but to add to it the choice of United States senators. The election of represcn- tativtjs was, therefore, the field on which the hardest battle was to be fought. The most serious charge brought against the repub- licans previous to election was, that tlie sixteenth legislature, which was republican, had passed a regis- tration law, which they denominated "an infamous thing," although at the time it was passed both democrats and republicans had voted for it. Now it was called an act to disfranchise the farmers, miners, and stockmen of Montana, who were, nevertheless, counselled to register, and thus rebuke the party which enacted the law. On the other hand, the republicans claimed to be in possession of information that in one county a large number of miners who had been brought in from abroad had been furnished with declarations of inten- tion to become citizens, which would entitle them to vote, and were instructed to vote for certain candidates. are the , I'Jti ru|uihliean majority. They are very wealtliy men. Tliero iH iiotliiiiK that can ho Maid a^ainat them personally Every one of them came up from the runlcM hy superior merit ami hunl lieka. I<^ieh haa IkmI the control of lar^'e eiiterpri-sea ami of eoii.siiKTahle hotliea of men. Aeciixtomeil all their auceesMful husineaa livea to hamlle men, to expeut (ihedicnce, to en- force ilisei])lino, these four men have carried into the politica uf Montana the ideas which iiave licen inL;rained hy their hnaineHH experience. There in the evil. MesHra. Daly, Hauaer, Clark, and Broadwater are not leadera in their party. They are antocrati -hoaaea of tlie atrongeat type. It ia only nat- ural that they ahotdd lie ho, hut that does not make the aituation any the less unfortunate. The theory of the millionaire employer that ho can com- mand tiu! Hutfra^ea aa well as the aervicea of the employed ia had; and at- tempts to carry out auch a theory are to he condcnnied, whether they occur in I'eiinsylvania or Montana.' "' .Marcua l>aly, perhaps the largeat capitaliat in Montana, raid manager of tlie Anacoiiila mine and amelter, was horn in Ireland in IH42. lie came to .Montana in ISTii, and waa appointed general manager of the Alice ailver mine at liutte, after which ila^'gin and Tevia made him manager of the Ana- conda mine, tie ia a practical miner and aaaayer, and an unerring jndKe of mines and mineral lamia. He waa elected a niemher of the constitutional convention of I8H4. Even the repuhlican papera admitted Italy's greatness of character aa well oa of fortune, and were loth to connect him with tli« alleged frauds in his district. Atuicomla Review, i:ie|>t 12, IMtt. CONTEST OVER THE ELECTION. 709 These persons, h(»l(liiii^ questional >le certifiontes, could, under the registration law, be cliallon«jfed, and it" clial- len«;ed, the law required the voter to produce his (juali- fication. Several hundred challenifes were filed on the ground of the issuance of illej^al certificates. This was the position of att'airs when the election took place, which resulted, if the returns as first an- nounced were correct, in a democratic niajority in the lejjislature of from three to five, l^ut now the re- publicans refused to accept the count in Silver How county, alle«jfin«^ that in one precinct, which returned 174 votes, 171 were democratic, and that these 171 were instructed by their employer to vote that ticki't or be discharjLfed; also that the count in this pricinct was illej^al, beinj^ dotie by the board of judj^es of elec- tion in secret, and certified to by the county clerk, who had no authority in the matter. The canvass! n*^ board threw out the vote of this precinct, which action gave the republicans a small majority in tlu^ Kj^isla- ture.'^^ Jiut it was not onlv the democrats who were accused of takin<; rn state, in wiiich the canvassing board of Silver 1J«)W county finally obeyed a prrtinp- tory mandate of the court, but not until after the " The Htato Itnard couaistud uf Qoveruur Wiiite, Chief Justiuu liluku, aud S«cruUry Walkur. 800 PROORESS AND STATEHOOD. stato oanvassinj^ board liad countletod its Inlmrs with the disputed prcciiiet left out. Tlic result of this "muddle," as the press very [)roperly nniiud it, was tliat there were two sets of representatives fioni Silver ]^ow, one with state-board eertitieates, and the other with eertitieates from the clerk of Silver J >ow county; one inakinjjj the house democratic, the (tthcr making it re]iul)lican. Judi^e l)e Wolfe was said by one party to have ,lij,Mot.,| liis judicial ermine in the mire, anil the repuhlican newspapers held up to public view the ini(piity of a combination between the Northern I'aei- tie railroad and the "big four" of Montana, by which the ^rontanaca])italists expected to get into the Ignited States senate, and the railroad exjiected to s( cjire the mineral lands in its grant through their intluence; while the democratic [)apers dencmnei'd the outrage peipi^trated upon the party by the attempt of the republicans to "steal the state of Montana." Some fear was entertainid that the contest over the election would delay statehood, but as there was no doubt of the acceptance of the ct)nstitution, J'lcsident liarrison, on the Hth of Xoveinber, issued his piocla- matiou admitting Montana into the union. The news was received at 10:40, A. M., by telegra|>h from Secre- tary lilaine. There was no j»ublic diinonstratioii of joy, and no parade accompanying the inauguiation of (rovernor Toole. Judge Sanders, j>olice magistrate of HeKna, achninisteii'tl the oath of olHee to Chief flustiee niiike, in the poliet' court-room, in presence of few witnesses, at I'JSSO o'(;loek of the Htli. A despatch had bi'en sent to (jrovernor White at Dillon, who could not, h(>wever, arrive to turn over the oHiee to his successor before the Uth; but Toole was inaugu- rated at two o'clock in the governoi's otHee, in the presence of a number of citizens, the oath being ad- ministered by Chief Justice Blake." After half an ■'^ AfttT Pt'fiiis r. WiuU?, till! fliiuf jiiHtices of Mitntaiia, w)io liatl asso- cuit«(i witli tiiiu during liiN luHt term J. il, McLuary, W. U, UalUailb, aud T. De INAUGURATION OF GOVERNOR TOOLE. M hour of receiving cono^ratulations, Governor Toole telegraphed Secretary Jilaiue of the oatli-taking, and T. C. Bach, the next chief justice was N. \V. McComiill 1887, with the Hame a»Hociates. In 1888 St.i)heii iJe Wolfe, Moses J. Li.l.l.II, and T. C. Bach were associates. In 18SS) Henry N. Blako waa chief justice, with Ifcich, l>e \Voll'e, an;e, N. H., graduating in 1857. He studied law at I'iltshurg, I'a, and was admitted to the liar in 18til, but enlistetl in the union army as a private in the Pith rest I'a vols. In Sei)t. he was comuiissioiied 1st lieut of company U, 78th Pa vols, and transferred in Nov. to the U. S. signal corps, in whiiii he served until Nov. 18t>4. He wa.s captureil at Chat- tanooga, and held prisoner in Macon, Madison, Libby, l{it'hiiiond, ;inil other prisons until exchanged. In 18U5 he opened a law-otlice in Oil City, I'a, where he practi.ted until 1872, when ho removed to Nebraska, and practised there 2 years, and was in Cherokee cc, la, when appointed to the juilgcship in the '2d judicial district of Montana in 1879. He was reappointed in 188:{. StejiluMi |)e Wolfe was Imrn in Hawkins co., Tenn., in 18:i.'<, and educated at the i'ennsylvania university at Gettysburg, and Jefferson college-. Cannons- burg. H(! studied law at Lexington, Mo., and Leltauon law school, gradu- ating in I8.*i7, and commencing practice at Lexington, .Mo. In 18.VJ he went to Halt Lake City iis agent for Uussell, Majors, and Waddell, army coutrac- tors, and subscipiently took the editorial management of the VnUeij Tan. His otiicc was destroyed by a mob for )>ulilisliiiig an account of the .Moun- tain Mi'adows massacre, the tirst one given to the world. He then cngiigod in live-.stcick l>usiness in Cal., but returned to Salt Lake City as U. S. attor- ney for Utali. In 1879 he settled in Butte, Mont., was elected representa- tive in 1881, and ran for councilman in 188:i, but was defeated. He waa appointed to the .supreme bench in 1888. William 11. De Witt was born in New York in 1855. educated at Hamil- ton college, graduating in 1875, after which he took a regular course at the Colnnii)i.i law school or New York, received his degree, and was admitted to practie(' iiy the supreme court of that city. He practincd his profession in New York until I87*J, when he canic to Helena. In 1881 he removed to Butte. He was appointed U. S. district attorney in 1883, and was justly classed among the leading attorneys of tlie territory. W. Y. l'eiul)erton, d(Mnocratic candidate for attorney-general, was born in Nashville, Tenn., in 1842, was educated at the Masonic college. Mo., read law at till! Lebanon law school of (Uunbcrland university, graduated in I8GI, and was aduiitted to practice the same year. In 18U:{ he came to Montana, forming a law partnership with K. W. Toole at Virginia City, where he re- niaineil 2 years, when the firm removed to Helena, where he was appointed by Gov. Kducrtcm lirst district attorney of Helena district. In 18(18 he wei.t tf> Texas, wiiere he remained until 1880, when he nturneil to Helena, and removed hence to Butte '2 years later, where he was elected district attor- ney. In 188:i he was elected a niend)er of the constitutional convention of 1884. The oHice of attorney-general was createil by an act of the extra session of the legislature of 1887, and it was provided that the governor shotdtl ap- point this oliicer by and ' ii,h the consent of the council. The governor mailc a nomination, but the legih'ature adjourned M'ithout having ratified it. The first term of the supreme court after tiie adjournment of the extra session was Jan. 1S8S, and the cimnty attorneys being exempted by the new law from appearing; as counsel for the territory in the supreme court, the gov- ernor comniis.sioned William E. CuUen of Helena to act as attorney general until the close of the next regular session of the legislature, in 1881*. Qoa. Mess. I88'.>, 20 21. UisT. Wash.— Bl 802 PROGRESS AND STATEH(X)D. entered upon his duties as executive of the state of Montana, his first otticial act being to issue a procla- n)atir>n convening the legislature on the 23d of the niontl). Montana never having had a capitol hullding, there had been certain halls and rooms in Helena's superb court-house fitted up for legislative uses by the terri- torial secretary in territorial times. }^ut when re- publican State Secretary Rotwitt applied to the county commissioners for possession of the rooms, he was refused, and the rooms were let to democratic (jrov- ernor Toole. Further, the chairman of the board of county commissioners pocketed the keys and placed a guard in the halls, while (governor Toole issued a proclamation on the 22d declaring that only menjbers of the legislature with county certificates would be admitted to the hall, to which ho, by his agents, held the key. Then State Auditor Kinney, whose duty it was to call the house to order, having been refused the keys by the connnissioners, issued a notice to the members of the house of representatives calling upon them to meet in the Iron block, on Main street, at noon on the 2.'}d, which was Saturday. At the appointed hour the republicans met in the [)lace indicated by the auditor, and the democrats repaired to the court-house. The republicans had thirty-two members, two more than a quorum, and were called to order by the auditor, sworn in by CMiief Justice Blake, and their organization perfected, A. C. Witter of Beaverhead county being elected speaker. The democrats also organized, and elected C. P. Blakely of (iallatin speaker, the members being sworn in by a notary public, the doors being guarded to admit no one not holding a certificate of election from county clerks, although, according to the con- stitution adopted by the people, the state board only had authority to issue certificates of this election, the validity of the action turning u[)on the opinion of the courts, not yet obtained, as to the moment when th w sio LEOISLATIVE TllOUBLra. tho provisions of t.'ie constitution wont into operation, wlictlior on the day of adoption, or the day of a(hnis- sion into the union. Th(» senate met at the court-house, except tht; democrats, who absented Mieinst-lves, and as the senate consisted of ei«(ht rej>ul)lican8 and ei^ht democrats, there was no quorum. Jjieutenant-<^ovenu>r Kickards calh'd the senate to order, and the eiu^ht memhers i)resent weres\V(»rn in bv District J ud^je \V. H. Hunt,""^' after wliich they adjourned to tlie 25th. In a caucus that evcninuf, tlie repul)licans, on their |)art, determined to stand on the proposition that only such as were ft)und to be members by the state canvassintr boanl Were entitU'd to seats in the leijislature, and that all ])owcr to determine further ri«.^]its resided wholly in the two branches, and not in the governor. On tho 25th, both lower houses sent connnittees to the gov- «'rnor with information of their or<»anizatioji, but the republicans were told that since he had desiijjnated in a proi'lamation the place of meetinu^, and they Acre not there, he could have nothing to say to them. The rival body was recognized, and adjourned for the ciav Xo change in the position of legislative afl'airs occurred for some time. The republican senators cc m- " In district No. I, Lewin and Clarke, W. H. Hunt, R., was uluctcd over (!ei)rge F. Sheldon, I>., by a niiijurity of '2('ui. In di.striet No. S, Deer Lod^'t^ Theodore Brantley, H., waa elected over l)aviraith, R., was elected < .loyes, l»., liy a majority of 1,")S. In district No. <>, (iailatin, .Meagher, and Park, Frank lienry, R., was elected over Mo.sum J. l.iddell, l>y a majority of '2'2',i. In district No. 7, Vellow.stone, ( 'u.ster, and iJawson, Walter A. Burleigh, R,, was elected over (ieorge R. Mdliurn, I)., hy a majority of "I'A, III district No. 8, Ciiscade, Choteau, and Fergus, (J. 11. Benton, R., was elected over Jere Leslie, 1)., hy a majority of KM. In district No. 'J, .Silver Bow, the election being contested, and Judge |)e Wolfe having commanded the disputed precinct counted in, .lnhii •!. .Me- llutton, democrat, ^i'ant-ut-ann.s to come in. Tht) two sfpuratu low(!r houses met at their respective halls, uuahle to do more than make a pretense ot" busi- ness, wliile tfie wheels of government were firmly blocked, and the state remained unrepresented in the national senate. Thus matters stood for two or three weeks, when legal process was resorted to as a means of conveniny iniricrs, wlm thought littli! of aiiytliin^ Imt ^atluMiii^' up llic HistMoii M Hpoilit auil luiHtctiinK Itatk to lioniii anil trii'nilx in till' I'.kst, or \«lio loanicil away to nrwt'r ({ulil liiliU on cvory frusli cxi-itrUK'nt. Till- Miiiitan.'i ni'W.spapi'rH coiitain an uniiHiial amount of ^ooil niaturial in tiu- Ncriptivi- anil .slatiHtii'ai niatttvr furiii.Hlifil l>y tlu'ir cilitorii ami corri'^poniliMitit. In ISi>7(J. ('. Swallow, at the rcijurHt ol' linvi'rnor Smith, ina'lr a riport upon till' rrNimrri-.s of thu country, wliii'h w in nicntioni'il in thf I'ioiiin'i I'ily /'<«/, Ort. I!(, lMi7. Miiaulior visitiMl ttwry part of Mc'iana, ami wrotr liiM 'Hull's tliroiii^li Montana for llmyirH Miuitlitfi, IHtiT. i ■ its wroti' t'Xocl- Ifiil mimHa|i(i''< nil till) comlitioii of llii-ooiiiitry. Military n'. n I'oiitnluUi'il nut a llttli' to rasti'in JournalM ooi, i'<'rninK the unexpei-ti'il r\ii'lli'ni'i:s of mill ami climate in Mont.in.i, of whom trniiiin waM one ol the niimt interi'stiil. Mul- lan, fr.iiii whom I have aliitaily i|iiiitei| ai« an authority on WaHliiiiutoii aini (ilaJio, also iiii'iitiiiiis Montana hrirlly in Mimii' iiml Trmullni' ilniili; ,1. liii.iM liiowin-, ill his rc'port on the Mimrnl /{imi^iiiiim, jjives a riirtaihil hiHtory of till' iliHciivriy anil wnrkiiiK of the inineM ol Muntaiia; lioihlanl, in hii* Wliiur lit Kiiii^liiilf, Isd'.t, t^ivi'H reports* upon tin; aj^rii'ultiii.il ami miiiiiit{ re- Houri'es of Miiiitana; in ll'iU'n
  • 'ii M'.i/, IHtil, 47 ■">•■ in a nii'iilnni mI Mi>n- tana's re^oiireeh; h'rii* lliiiili' .Icciw* tin I'liuni eontaiiiM no iimri'; the Mun- tiiiiii Shirnlii-iil Altiiiiitiic mid Villi Imnk iif /-'iii'li. pulili-'hiil liy li.iNsett, .Ma>{i'e, ami Company of lli'leiia in iMi!), wan a valnalile eolh'etion ol I'urly hi.Htiinial matter; h'in/irr'M AilrnliMiwi Uiwlr, Ihti'.l, eontaineil Hketrhes uf tliti priiHipal towiiN ill tiie country; I'limfi's . I );«,/•'''/( YiiirliiMik', »onir ri'inirkM on the mini'ral resoiireex of the xame, p. .'MHt; ilii-liiiiil»iiii'i< Jii i/oml (In- Min- MiHsififii, Noiiie travellers' talen anil oliservatnuiH; Iv W \ Carpenter, in the Oriiliiiiil Mimllilii, ii., ,'lN,'i, ^rivHH a fair aeei»>iit of Montana as it appi .ireil to him at that perioil. I have alii'iiily ipmteil ■■). It. Neally, who wrote an article lor the Atliinlir Mmitlilii in Istili, nesi iihinu a year's ohscrvationit ill the country at that early pcrinil, with nimli aliility. In |Hli7 A. K. Mel 'lure III I'a visiteil Montana, ainl iliiriiiK that year correMpomliil with the A'l »' Ymk T liliii III- ,ii\i\ h'riiiiklin //(ji'm/Vo/i/, enteriiiK into the ti'i'liii, ^lon ami natiuiiil p.iik. .\l the I I lli hosinn of till' .Montana Ic^i^latiii . an act was p.iiscil ,iutlii>i'i/iii|{ the piililn atum ainl eiri'iilatiiin of a painphlei l>y Uoliert K. Stialinrn, winch ^a\e the lirst cm- nei'ti'il. Well arraii({i'il, ami .'iiiihentic acinunt nl the phssictl f< itiiri's ami niatei'i.il I'l'soiirces of the I'liiintry, from which I have i|iiiite ehipiir, anil eiiliiiKcil his liiiok, Mmil'iiiii mi't lln XiiIhhkiI I'ltik, wlinli was repiilili'heil at Kan'..is City in JS.Sl, with illiistratioiis. In IHVJ Uolieii I'. I'oriir, special afjeiit of the loth census, pillilislieil Ins otiserv.lt lolls nil the ll|i|ll>t I'l.ll, social, I'oninierclal, ailil political id V elnplnellt of the west, in .l Nnluille ol over I'lO't pitfi's. III winch he ilcvoti'i .1 hrii't chapicr to Montana's .illitinlcH, climate, ami piipiilitloii. In l^>.'l V, .\. Karnier piililishcil a Voliiiiic ol '.'DO pa^es ii|ii>ii the liiMiiHirtM ij/' till liiiiky Mimnliuiut, wliicli iiiilurally incluiled Mitutan.i, duvot- ii;! 806 ing a (1 PROfiRKSS AND STATKHOOD. vlil.f I'l " W" ^ * gu'iTiil HtatoMieiit of tin- roH.mrc.'u of tli;it .oiuitry. In JB8J ll»-iiry .1. \N iiiftor jhiIiIihIkmI .in illuMtntt.iil tliiiilr UUlif X.„ll,n„ IWiji,- ly iiifommtioii .I.tIv.-.I froin vnrlmraml writU-n'ruLolloctioUH uuVl Huiemeuu lJ«re, M i;l.-,Lwhi.ru, iu nil my hwtoricttl writings. . Ill irijir INDEX. Alxfriu'tliy, A. S., legislator, i>H; c.iii- (liiliitu t'lir (■(iii^rreHH, '2U4; biog., 'M'f, lircr-t <)>' coiiviiiitioii, 'Ml. Al)uriiutliy, TlioniUM, Huttled at N. Diiii^i-utms, '21. 'Activ.T,' survey ntcamer, 90, ]'2l\. Ailii foiiiity. I<1., civatiiil, 458, 4U."»; liiMt. nl, Ml -7; Htuckraiaiiig in, n44. Ailiiii. - comity, Wiixh., croatod, .'{71. AdaiDM, .1. .M., ri'fuivfr, 'MS. Ailkiiis, |j. H., l>iot{., 'Mi'y Axiutw, (•., land claim, 'Miii. Anri. 74'J :», ".V.». '.i.rii. I'., I'tof vols, 1(17; liio«., :W5. AlitaiiiliMi, catliolic iiiiHHitiii, IIMI; lud. littlit at, I lo; iiiisH. cHtalilislicd, .'I7'J. Aiii'iog. etc. of, :. Alliiiaii, .lolin ('., land claim, M>. Allyii, Kpliraiiii, aids in road-iiiakinf{, oil. Allyn, F., aHunc. jiid;,'r, :WX». Allyu, .lainuH II., aiils in roailinaking, O.--). AUtoii, VAw. v., l>iog., 0<.t4. AltiiriM county, Id., Iiiiiindarii.>s of, 444-.'i; aaiiio and ilescnpt. , .">47. Alvurmiii, Jaiiiex, aidn in road-mak- ing, 0."i. Alvord, (iuii., coin'd of dint, '2'2'J; on- taliliHiicN )i(mt, 4S.'i. Anaconda mine, liiMt, of, 7iof^., :il7. AndcrMon, .1. M., dep. cidlectoi', fate of, •J'.'4. AnderHoii, .1. I'.itti'ii, a|i|ioiiiteil L'. .S. inarHlial, ii'2; del. to emiureHM, 'JOj. .AndrowM, L. It., ilel. to ennvcn., '.".M. Aiigelo, C. A., /././/«., 4t».'i. Aram, .lolin, liiojh^. , it'<'.\. ArniMtron^, Maj., li^lit witli Indit, 1 1.*>; cam|iai)4.">. ' in, WM\. K.i^'li'y, ('. li., ritv. ('i)ll(!ctor, 207. lU^ar I^Jiki' county, hi., i-riiiitril, MV>; liiili^y, Cli.-iM, niurilcr of, *.>•'>. hixt., ,'14^ *,•. liailtiy, Kiilit S., Hi-ttluii on Wliiilltoy |{i'iir rivi-r viiUcy, MiMla HpringM in, hI., :<(): uxplorationH, U84i. i :ii)S. IlikiT, .1. .\., l.ioK., 77(1. Hiar Paw Mtn, ln;i 4, l'-'4. Halt'li, iinfayfttt!, ttHtjililiMlit^H Port licavi-r ( 'ity. Iil., foumlcil, 4'.'H. Stcilat-iMiMi, IM; in railriHul untur- lit-aviTlirail i-ounty, rit-liiit'SH of inincM, prist', 'JTO. 4I-; oriiiiti'il, 4i.'i; Mkilch of, Ti'i.H. Kali, Srr>{t Kiiii^i!kIi.> I'ity), '-'8 loiiiiilcil, 4()7; legislature at, I>14; Itcll, Wni N., settler at Alki I'oint, sketch of, 7."»:». ••*• liaiinack nunc, v.ilac of, . { 'J; Ind. ilepredations, '.15 ( Hi'll, W. N., sijjiiH liieiii. to con^rci'M, 5;j. Itcnian, Fred., in attaek at tliu Cim- c.ides, 151. Kaiita, K. S., liio^.;., 74>>, It.irliiiiir, .v. K., lii"H., 770. IViri'l.iy, Korlie-i, land claim, Hi\. Ilirlow, Corp I .1. T., death of, !M. ,.....-., ..... li.ii'klrotli, Oaliriel, land claim, 8'>{). It.irr.'ick, .liwi'ph, liio^., .550 -^ ■^•^. " "I'-. • • ■ Id'iinctt, 'I'hos \V., gov. Id., hiog., 47'J. It.tli.li'li, .itiii'|*il, iilii^., .i.ni, *tjM. l<.irriti)., t'orp'l, killing of, I'.Ni. Kemier, .1., liioK-, 'M\\. hirst, .liMi'pli, settled at 'riiiiiwatcr, 5. Ilij; Camas prairie. Id, ilescript. < '. liirstow. .V. C.. Ind. comiiiiM . 40S. ;i<»5 0, 547; name, :HI7. ILii'mIuu, Cipt. It. I>., settler at Wind- Itigelow, Daniel It, settles at Olyin- liey ihI., ,'ll. pia, .55; tor. auditor, 85. Itlsll, C,, eolleeliir of ellstoiiis, •_".17. ItlgeloW, I >. K., leglslat'T, "iW; eollllly lt.i?.il, Nelsiiii, settled on Wlildlicy isl., treasurer, 78; dist all y, 85. no. Iligelow, U. II., discovers coal, 'AM. It.iHii'it, W. I''., ferry right, '-'51. Itigholc river, K"'d discoxiTcd, &s2. It.iii'4, .1. !{,., legislator, '218; liridgo Itighorn City. .Mont., map of, Oltl. iiijlit, 'J5I. Itighorn county, organi/.ed, 445. It.itty, Ceil., l.iiid el.iini, 81). Itighorn river, fort limit at mouth, Iteaeliy, Mill, estahlishcM stage line, tloh gold diMcovcred, li.'il 'i. 4:15 li. Itig Stiir, .Spokanu chief, siirreiidiirH, Itc.im, Ceil. W.. settled on Wlildlicy ItM. isl., ,'ll ; capt. of vols, l.'iO, iri7. Itig Thunder, Neie I'orcv chiuf, 48:i et Hear creek, gohl diHCovcred at, 414. hci[. m :>' lH>l. INI»KX. HI I HilcH. r.. i> 1 •-'(•.:». Hii.M, r. N.. I.I..K., •.'((:» Kili-s, |>. K., \>u>n., *.'t):i. of. :.».•>. Kointi river, |iri>H|M'i'tiii;{ nii, 'jri'l. Hili'M, .rtnii'M, HcttlfH al Tiimwatrr, |{>>tH<'< Uimt Mining uml Kxiiloriiig !■'>. iiriHii, 'J7(l. itiiinfiirl jirairu), HuttlrrM on, 'M't. HiiiiH, .1. {)., itigiitlaUir, I'Jt; litnil of Itolaii, A. J., Ir^ixliitor, Til; Ii:4l. voU, lt;7. KilU, jjtiiiiui'l, liio^., :ui«i. UK'Mit, IM, aolioiiM, l(K); iiiiiriliirt'il, no. HiiiKliaiii, Liitiit, at Fort C F. Smitli, IV>Utfr, II , l>ui){., •'i'.K.' 1H»7. HiiiK'li \V.. I >io){., Xti. Ilinl, K/.M, liiou., r>r>M. Uinl. I-'. \V , liio^ , ;{'J|. Itiriiio, Marci'l, ilrl. to ooiivoiilion, VX Idilloii, Win, Mt'tlleM at Sti'ilaotMiii 17. I'.l; l.ion;.. :«!<•.. Itiiiiii K L, l.i(.«.. TCS. Idillii. .1. N., //m/i);i/ (>/'* 'i'/n;'i«/ii, i>li\, MS. (U». iioiiswi II. si'iiii'ii oil wiiiditi'v kI.. :io. ItiHliop, It. It., ,stittlt>K at ( 'iiMcaili', :i7; ItoiiiMiinaiii, Kiroti ile, l»og., nlo. jIlHllni of pcier, ~H. '',\~ S. liittcr-rodt valley, Mont., TiUI; uiiti- IttHincville, Id., foiniileil, .||*.). Horcier, l'et., xetthm at Alki I'oiiit, Uiirst. .Icmclili. ilel. to eon vent loll, lit. HioiiarieH in, M'.i, Itivdim, I). M., l>ioK., .Vitl. Kl.i.k. F. T., l.ioj^., 715. ItUfkliiini, .1. T , liio^., :t'JI. I Itlaekfaii. i'. T., Iiio^.. :WI. Itlaekfoot nation, treaty with, KfJ; liostwiek, •loiiii II., iliHcovei'M Salnioit himtility, 41-.!; in Mont., tKN) -t. 7tK) river iiiiiiex. -Jiri. Illaekniaii. H., l.'UiMlalor, Ino^., '.>•.)■.>. Ilotliell, <; . liny., :fJI. Ill.uk riviT valley, Hettleiiientn in. Itow.iii. .\. O.. nliei itl, 4.'>S iHt Hiake, A. S., tiiiniii),' al liolil ereek, Ito/elillll, Mont., i|eNei'i|it. of, 7<'ili liowan, 'I'lioi A., ai>["'l'il >{ov. M.. ••7'J. ill (il7; ex|ie(l., (I'JM. I<.i .1. M , I. ii:j-J Itliike, lleiir) N., aHNoe. jinltie, .Mont., lio/einiui route, tilKi. lili fllief jlistiee, 7'.t7. >t«H> '.». Itra.l. lliieft, nu'elVi r. •J".>8. Mlakely, t '. I'., H|.e,iker, MCJ It II , I :i'-'l HiMiifonl \ Co., trailiii); at tin i'm- einles, I l.'i; store att.ieki'il, I Hi S. lirailford, l>aiiiel F., nettles al t'as- Kl.iloek, N. «;., I.io^., •MM. Klanelietl, I. mil elaiiii, Mi; Imi4|io|i of cmiIc, ;i7: le^iHliitor, 7-<. Walla Wall... :»7'-r. Illi'ilsoe, U., le^'lsl.itor, I i.'l. liraufonl, I'litnian, mittluH ut (.'aHeaile, HloeU li :«7 I'ti'il. I-.M: Itridlev. .loliii, ilil. t< »!•: lloeli houses, nilinlier erecteil, , .. -. -. - - . \it<\ ■ iir^es plan for. K'lli. slii'i'iH. .I'.l; sent willi i|(">|i.itelies, HI Is, liiil. tnlie, li'.tl; hostility of, II'.). ti'.tl. UlM.lsliaW, f. M . setlle.l lit N l>.lll 'Mine Wiii^,' Hl.ip, niyxtitrioiis ilisap- ^eness. 'J7; le>{isl.iiiir, 'Jii7; io^., 77<> <>. of vols. hi<>. Itoiitllllin. W., Ni.'ltleil in I'livallllp hriltl, < ieo.. sellled at 'riiiiiu.ilei. S. valley, t'lli. Ih.tniiaii, .lo-iepli, loiiiuU sellleineii'.,, Iloilljsli, «' I'., liio((.. .M.'i. )!)). lioise li.'iNin. map. 4118; iiiiniiiK in. 4ll'.l Kiaiuiaii. \\ . II.. toiinil.i Heitlenieiit, III; eleetioii in IHtkt. 44:i; crime in, l>«i: iiiiirl) 7. Hranstetlitr, Joseph, ili.\. |il , 474; 4.'i7 IMI; vigilantes, 451. l.'iS i>0; priieliuiahon, .>4II tfolil pro'l., 5115; ileieripl , ."i4!l ."lO 'tieek, (ieo., Iiloi; , 7 i8. Itoise iiiiiies, iliseoveiy and value, I'll' , l'J 01, 400 7, 413' 14. iluU'gatu to conti . M, S07. Ill ij.t 812 INDEX. Rri.lall. E. J., l.ioK.. 300. Hliv^i. AlU-rt, loL-ateii clbiiii, 'JO; co. ciiiii., M. Bri^liC, Goii., Buiit with duitpatflioH, IIU. liriMliiii, ffcn., cnin]mif;n of, 717. iirixtol, Hhorlook, iiiiiiing ailvuiiturim, 4IKM0; IiiikI ilaiiii, i-tu., Ml. Kromlwiifrr, •'. A., l)iog., T7'2. Bro.!k, Hull), inarriaj^c of, 9. BriMlnruik, ('., asitoc. ]ii. Hniwii, H.W., ina«saurutl with family, U*>. Tii'irwii, (ic(>., justice of {R'ace, 7M; iiiiii'ilcroil, 05. Hrnuii, J. C., 8etth*il at N. Duiit{i!- nvH, *27j t'o. aMHCHMor, 79; attuckcil liy I ml I, iK!; (!X|ihiratioii, mi. Bmwri, .liii'l L., Hitttluil on Shoalwatur lia>', .'i.'); uxiihtritM roiitti, IMU. Brow!i, .1. S , liioK.. :WI. BriiM'ii, L. v., iugiiilator, 470; hing., Bniwn, Win, Kettlitr in Dwarrash val., 'JO; at Bullinuhain liay, ',{2, Browiiu, (iuo., l)io){., >'{*J!I. Bniwiie, ■). ., oiog., Mil. Buchanan, H., tMittltul on BoiHfort piMlrii-, 11(1. Bufk, N. , iMfloc. judne, I.S84, MX Biii-kh^y, (loo., HcttJcil at Si-attUt, '.'H Biickluy, .1., ucttlur in DwaniiHli val , •J(l Biii'kniinHtcr, in attack at thu Cuh- cat Ion, 1(8. HiK-na ViHUTity, M., f..iiiii|...l, 44», itullnril, iloul, Muttluil (III .SliiNilwatcr Lay. :<.V Biillaril, Mark, wittluil on iSliay, ;i"». Bullion iliHtriot, M., iiiinu* otc. of. Biillio'i, pro liicttoii of, Wa'th., 'M',1; ii , .VW; Moiit.. ;->H. Hiiiin. W M. Ko« l>l., tHH4, 4N0. BiiiitoH, .Ian. f>, killing ••! (jiiioiiiutli, \:4 HiiiIm'- .I- 0; bioy., 371. Cain, •!., Ind. agent, 177. Callahan, T. T., biog., 747. Calhiway, J. E., biojj., 701. C'aniax I'rairio and V olcano dist, of, AIS. Camp Bidwcll, Id., estab. IMU), 433. Can<|iltell, E. T., biog., 747. CiiiiiplH;ll, J. L., Idi\:u> mill Moiitmiii, ilto, CiiiiplHill, MarHhall, Hctthr at W hid- beVlHl.,31. <'annon, A. .M., bio^., ■•'.»2. Cannon, C, W., Iimij , 770. Cirdwell. E., b'og , TMt. C.irilNio iiiiiu'.N, diMcov. of, '233; do- Ncript., Mii. Cirltoii. .r. M l.ioK . IW :iO Carnotix, \ l» wllloi .»i 'ruinwator, H; Haw-iinll, 1* CwriiH, Willi'., Uog., 38(1. Car|mntcr, B. Itatt, gov. of M«Nit., IMO; biog.. iM» I. Carr, .1. 1»., coiiimet oi', 440. 'C*rrHi Uavim,' Mteanu'r. '270. Carniiijton, < 'ol H. B, i-.>pt>d. of, tMW> U. Cartoo, ii, F., viiit'varil «f, biog., 544; MiirvcN or uoii., .'idl. Carter, T. 11., dclc^alu to toug., A7, 70U. knap INDEX. 813 kiiap 433. itiiiiii, liitl- lie- itt-r, .It... ..f. VM; Carter, Wm R„ J>iog.. (W4. Carver's map, I77H, (UK). CaKcatis county, Mtxit., croateil, 1887, 770. < 'ai»cMil««, attack on the, 144-5'J; do- Hcnimtl, 145-0; map, l.VJ. ('axL'ailo iiitM, roa; ni^jiiH iiiuiniirial tii I'oiig., 53; lugiMlator, M, l:i; l.iog., .170. <'avaiiaiiuli, , dul. to cougruitH, U(i8; hiog,, 008 i». C'ayuHUM, Hign truaty, 101. Cuntruvillu, Id., dvHoript. of, 4'.'l. CVntralia, niuiit. ol, 'AW. Chaddook, 4 'apt. J. .S. S., takus [mm- ■ON.iion of I'liNtom-hoUMi*, '^Jl\. Challia, co. Nuat Ciisior, Id., iVi'i. ChaiidM-rlain, .lat-nli B., biog., m'.\. ChaiiilHTM, .\ndru\v, Mottluu at Turn- wat«ir, l»iog., 8. ('liainlMTM, iJavid, Hcttlcd at Turn- water, luog., 8; foiiiity roin., 7H, ('haiiduTH, 1. .M., (tottloK ist Tuinwa- tt.'r, liiog., 8; did. to coiivuiiti'iii, 411; county com., Ml. C'hanilicrM, riicnuH.t.l., Huttlodat Tuai- wiitcr, l»ioi{. , S. I'haiiip, .lohn W., Rottlud at. Mhoal- water liay, 34 Chance, .lohn, in attack at the < 'an- cades, U.S. ChancUer, \V. K , chief jnxtice, I8.S4, Id., 4.S(). Chapni.'iu. .lohn Kutler, laid not Clui- lialit J'il\, :U»; Hchumo of, 47; ilul. to i'(Mi\ intion, 4U. < 'hapiti.iii, John .M., KglHlator, 7'i, •J IS Ch.irltoii, Cham hiog., 74S. Clidiali.i Cit>. WuHh., laidnut. 'Mt Chehalii i-ount,> , crcs'ited, 77; •iiliiudi, 7'!: ;;c.oiint"of, 3(i'.». Che'iaiiH ViiMey, HcttlnrM in, .17. < III 'ht, I'lerro, Hcttlo. Clark, Maleolni, ileath of, 7tHi Chirk, \\ . A.. prcHt coiiitit. cuiiveiit., 787; liiog., <87-»i U. S. «eii.aor elect. SiHi. Clarke CO., otiiciaU of, 78; voI'I'h «n- r..lled, 113. Clarke, A. C., biog., 7Im. Ci.tr-ke, A. K., hlog., 3'J'J. Chirke, K. A., MigiiN iiK'iii. to cniigrcHi, o3; lejL;i>4.4tor, 73, DS; dixl pioi. atty, H.". Clarki . Niwiii.kii S., coiiid if I'acilic delit, I7<>; viiilit Ciiliiliihia, 177; lioidi ■■iiiiiicil, IH3; on liid. truatlci, lINi; aiNigiied to t al , l'.)7. C1.'|)'Imu. .Imd, atlai'ki'd by liid->, >l,*i; iiarrnw escape, IIW. , Cbiiili', H , MottlcH at ()lym|ii.i. t'lT. I Cli'.»r« >l' r ;. iilu 'leldn, ilLtioveiy nf, value, •.';« 7. Clears iter river, lerrv rightit, 251; hid. battle, ."107 8. Cli'iiiim, .lohn, liiog., '.^^2. ( lill I'hIu, Mont., dlmiiv., etc., nf, 7J4. ( limite, I.I Id , .VC 40; Muiil, .V.Kl. Cliudinning, J., biog.. ^S, 814 INDKX. ('line, Kliot, Rottled nt N. Diingonoos, M; Irgialittor, liio^., '2i*2. CliiigLT, .1. (•., lociitvM oLtiiii, 19, 'M. I'loiigli, .Idliii P., Iiiog., 55(i. Clou^li, \.. )i., Iiiog., :{I7. C'(Mil iiiiiicH, Waith., 'M0-'2; M., 536; Mont., Ttii* ;*. ( iH-liran, .lauifH, di'I. to cimvcntiou, 4!>. ('., UioK.,ete., 410. <'(). Cidiimbia Ti'ani»{Hirtution Co., incor- loratcil, '.'70. IgnatiUH, reacued frnni Iiids, f»7. Coiiii'(iy«, 7. Coinstock, 11. M., niiiiiiig advciituren, •J-)7. Coiifcdernte gnlcli, Mont., dinvov., -•2-2. Council, M., killed, 118. Conner, .). >«., luog., .'1(17. Connor, Cci., Ind. liglitH, (>.'(7, l>9,'). Conrad, ('. K., Iiiog.. 770. 'CoiiHfitntion,' Htcanicr, fate of, '.i7l. Constitutional eonventioii, WaMli., :K»I 14; Id., im-:>; .Mont,, 7HI 2, 7N7 H. Cook, Krancin 11,, prext of council, bioK . '-•iM '2. CiMik, Win, ter. treisiiror, S.5. Cook, S ,S.. I.io.r., :«•.••.'. 1 t'uuku, Cliii4 1'., Iiioj., :)57. I porat I'olvin, Cool, Sami, HPttled at Tumwnter, 6. Cooper, K., foUlidH Hcttlcllielit, Oti. CcMijter, •). (i., in U. It. burveying party, 71. CooiHif, Simon, murdered. 170. CopIHT, deituaita in Id., r>.'<4i. CoquiUon, in coin'd nf Ind. force, 1*25. Coray, tlolin, killing of, 4')H. CorlisH, (Jeo. W., biog, 'JIW. CorneliuH, Thoniaa U., col Or. volii, I4*J; inoveinciitij, 144; returuii to i'ortlund, \M. Cornwall, .F. .M.. liiog., 322. Cory, I). A., liiog., 770-71. Cimton, I. N., l>iog., 640. Counties of WaHli., 354-71; Id., r>4l-«0; .Mont , 7r.l H. Couiie, Capt. TliomaH, itetllud on \V liidlMiy inland, 'Mi. Cover, 'llioM, expcd., etc., of, 028. Covington, Kictiard, judge, 44; en. <'lerk. 4."i; railroad eiiterpriHe, 270. Cowan, Andrew, Itiog., OIUJ. Cowan, .lohn, diHcovera LnHt Clmncu gulch, 721. Cowlitz, ptihlic meeting at, 40. Cowlitz, county, WomIi., created, T7; otIicialH, 7t); nketch of, 370. Cowlit/ river, Htts'tmerti on, 200-70. Cowlitz valley, Hcttlem in, 37. Cox, \V. A., founded Hettlenient, ('At. (.Vaig, Win, liiog., KMt; aitp't'd uid to gov., 142; Ind. agent, \il. ( 'rainey, 'rhoinax, Kottler on Whidliey i.sland. 31, Crane, C.ipt., reeonnaiNMince of, 385. Crane, II. ( '., liiog., ri4li. Cranny, T. , mention of. 337. Crate," Will !•'., land cliiini, 80. Cr:iwf(S., gov. of Moat., (>88. Crowh-y, 1). ,1., lii5J)-fil. ' (/'urry, flii- miitioii, 144; huriiiouy witli (tuv. Stt'VUIIM, ItiO. ('urtiM, E. J., net. gov., III., 472. j CiiKliiiiaii, JiMvph, iMog., T2. I ( 'uniting, Win, Huttletl ou \ViU(>i>ah riviT, 'M. CuHtiT, K4)str(n, kilKnl, 714. CuHtor, dipt., killfci with ".) 10; il«). font and iloath of, 7 Hi- 15. I'uHtur .Mini!, lil., ilvMcript. of, fi.'i'J. ( uttiir, II. L., Iiiog., :MU. 'i'ynimuru,' Hliip, Ul, Duly, MarcHs, l)iog., 79S, Dallam, F. M., I>i<.^'., »ll. Damly, liUnitC. H., in Wright's cam- pai){M, IHli. Dunii'l.H, W. IV, acting gov., I|inlarity, (47. Darwin, * '. \i , jmiicial ilist. of, 278; L'hnractirr, '^7'.'. Daviilsiin, Lunit, in Murveying oxpcd., IN) I. Davin, (ti-n., nicnt. of, 4JI7. Davi.i, .Mix., I.iikI ilaini, 8. Daviii, Daviil '1'., orclmril of, 544. Davis, 'I'ho.i .S., HLttU'S on W'hidbey iitl, :io. Diivii, Wni A., Itiog., 740. Dawson I'oiinty, organized, 445; gki'.li'li oi, 75S Dvy, II. It., l.iog.. .TJ2. Day Ion, oo. Hi>at, Columbia, Wiuih., ;iV(, Hkiitcli of, 371. Duan, E. II., Iiio^., »22. ' Docatiir, ' NJdop of war, IIH, IIS; plot to (Mplnrc, I '.'5 0. Doer Loilgo City, .Mont., di-scriiit. of, 751 '.'. !3oor Lodgo ronnty, created, 44."); Hkiitch of, 751-2. iKier l..odn»! I'ity, dosoript, of, clc., 670. 7ti,S. Doer l..oil«o valley, 5»l. «25t5. Dogan, Hunt, luog., 7 IS. Do Uey, W. \V.. f.rry right, 2.11; exiK!cl., *>;<:<; map, ti;<,'i-40; chief eiigiitour of mililia, OW. Delin, Nicholon, claim of, 07. Deinont, Lieut .lohii, reiteiie.s captive gold-seukerx, 5(i. iHtniiiHoii, A. 1'., liid. agent, 177. Ik'iiniMon, B. F., university regent, 2Hi; com. to reviHo laws, 273; chief juHtice, 27!l; del. to convent ion, 2'.M. Denny, A. A., Hetties at .-Mki I'oiiit, 22; judge, 5l;Higiii ineiiiorial to eongresH, 511; co. com., .V.!; legisl.t- ture, 7:i, SIS; lieut of Vols, I Hi; do- nation tonniverHity, 215; university regent, 2lt); del. to coiigreiiM, 21)5; K. K. enterprise, 270. Denny, David T., nettles at .AIki I'oiiit, 22. Dent, ('apt., ereets Idoek lionse, lli5; in Wright's campaign, I S,'> 7. De Chutu falls, tloiiiing-iniU erected, ». De .Smot, P. .1., explor. of, (j(>2 'X Deiiter, ('has W., nettled in .^hoal- water hay, 35. iKiWare, .1. M., logiidatnr, liiog., 2t>2. IK) Wolf, S., career of, 7»» SOI. De Witt, W. H., hiog,, hOl; iwsociate judge, 707. Diukeiison, John, settliMl on Wliidliev Jul., Mi. Dickey, .S. A., l.ioi,'., 'MX Dillenliailgh, A. li., del. to eoiiveli- tion, 40; signu mem. to congress, 53. Dillingham, Hhoritr, death of, Ii:i0. Dilley, S. U., mining pioneer, ,'t.s:i; h'gislator, 4.'<3-4. Dilliiii, Win II., land claim, 1>io^., .Sii. Ditnsdale, painpidet, etc., of, (ill. Discovery liar, mining at, 4IS. Dittes, .rohii K., biou'., (i02. Divoreet, bills relating to, 274 5. Dixon, .Fneob, lynching' of, 4lil. l)i\oii, W. W., bioK'., 7sit. Dodge, F. A., in l)e Laoy'n ixped., .582. Dod^'e, .1. W., killing of, 400. Di.lan, .li'liu, h.'inueil, 501. Doiie^iin, .liijin, biog., 740. Dolielsiiii, I. lent .V. 1., Mirveys K. U. route, 71. Doiinell, .Inliii, settleil al N. Diiiige. ness, 27. Doty, .lames, treaty witii Inds, 101; exped., 007. Dou;;lHTty, Will, eo. eoiiiniis''.', 50, 7H. Doiiu'l'is county, Wa^ii , created, 37. Douglas, (iiiv. , lames, ai'tioiis in .S.iii .liiaii troiiMe, S7; hoiiiU ntuainur lu l*ii;;et Sound, 121 2. Douthitt, 1a!VI, liiog., 3(15. : I 818 INPEX. piiylt', r;itri<'k, m'ttlcd on WliiilUi-y ; Klikiikali, onptnroH T.(«i«olii, 171. l>n\lr. i:. I, , M'ttl.-.l (III Whi.llx'y iiil., ;iO; I. ni.|.it..l. '.IH. |)i'i'vv, (ifci,, IkiiiiiIh ( ';iHi'itilu, ii7; J ' Klli'ii M;tria,' hIii|>, niyHtiTimiH |t)'ariiiu'i', '2\'2. 'Kli7^i AikIvI'huii,' Htt'iiiiicr, '.''J'.', 271- KIk <'itv. fiiiiiMl.-'l. '-'M. Ih'.'W, M. S . In..- . ;»•_••■' iM'lliii, II. InoL,'., :, oiit|>ilt etc, lit, 7(>.S i Kliiioro Minn, .^ri- KiiiiiHi'k Miue. DiiIhih, K. T , ili'l. to I'liii),'., r»t>8, M'.X. Klihfr, K., l>i<'g., 71"> Kll.iwlmrn. lire itr. INS'.t, ,m. Klln.lt, T. 1.., coMiM ill V.iiuiiuvor, "77. Du.lli'y. .S. i; . Itnislatiir, lung., l'y.». lUlkf.s, lie.). 1... I>i.>){., 7'Xi 7. Iliiiiliar, I''. .!., Iiin^., (il!4. Piiiii.ar, It. ()., liKi^., :<0S; Hup. ct jiulni', ."ill. huiiiMii, l.ii'iit •loliiiMoii K., Biirvoya riiilrnad rniitc, 71. Diiiiliaiii, Will II., iiiaater <)f the 'Or- 1>it,' 15; .liMtli, Hi. Diiinvay. Mis A. S., nunt. of, 21)0. I>iiiila]i, It. \V., Iiin;;., 'M'A. Diliinivcii. 1,'iKil Piriilf, S07. i>M'aiiii!
  • ii Wliiillxy isl., :ui. KiiKlixli, Wm .1., liinK-, li.'tii 7. ' Kiit«'ri»ri.s»',' Htcaiiu-r. •-'70. F^iiii'i'altla, <■<>. Nt'.it .Miiir.'iM, l(l.,647> Kilirlmail. J. T.. l.ini.., :i(IS. Kthui'illKtoil, ('., Iiin^;., Illili. Ktliri!i', ('tiiirllaiiil, nf navigation f.i,., '210. Kiin-ka «'ity, Iil.. fmin.l.Ml, 420. KvaiiH, KIwiMxl, ilf|). rullei'tiir. l>iog., r>4; liiHioriciil imitiN mi Mctili-iuijit, firi; M»M'. of turr.. 'Jl!», cniii. In ruviite laws, 273; h'ginlalnr, 'J>S, KvaiiH, .Inim, in H. K. Hiiivuying par- ty. 71. Kvitnnn, JoHrph, l>ing., 635-0. •Exaut,'iihip, 22, &&. Ka^li' from tho Ligl't, Ni-z Perc< .111. I. J.S2 «t M'(|. Kastfi'ii (lii'i{i.ii, iiiap of, r>2l. Fulton, (.'iiiiii'.., i-a|it. ill IikI. war, I3U. Katoii, C'li.irli'ij II., settled at Tutu- wal.T. limn., .'). Kitoii, OM. foiimlM scttliMiiftit, (ilt. EU-y, I. N , i>iiriliaH<'» Hit- 'Orliit,' IB; Kairohil.l, .1. H., I»in>;., 774 naiiu's Olyiin.i.i. Hi; |nf!itf« rlaiiii, Fairw«aiher, H. W., Imoi; , ;M)9. 18; liioy., •_'!•; |m-.is. ally, ."il; Ifj^iit- K.iirwiMtluT, Win, «'X|ic.|. ol, (>28, lalnr, ."»!•: .•nllrctor, I'li^jct mniiitl, »i2; ' Kairy,' »toaiii jtaikct, (is. acts ill .S. .Iiiau all.iir, St. 7; iiiiir- , FariiuT, K. .1.. Hfjiiiiiiri': •>/ the Roekff ilunil, i;t7 .S; capt. ill iinl. war, j .1//.*, .MiT 8. Failing, Win, attai-koil by Inda, 932, FariiHWortli, Ijovi, Icgi.slatnr, l>iog., 2'.t2. EU-y. .fac.li. liiog., 2J>, Kl> y, WiMli.i.l .S., Hotll.r nil Wlii.l Karrinti'. W., l>iog., H'^'J. licy i>\., :il. FirriM, A. .1., l>iog,, ;{I7. K.ldv, A. II.. l)io>,'., :f_'2. K.U'iiH, .1. .1., l.u.u., ;f.'2. Kiljjar, lly., i'X|ic(l, ol, (i'JS. KillJ.ir. .Inllll, llfl. to OnllVl'lllioll, 40 'Katliioii,' Htimnipr, I." I. Kay. ('. r., I.iog.. 'MX Fay, l>. ('., in I'li.ir):"' ni |n<1 I'lK-amp- int'iit, 121; liid. 11^. 'lit, 177. r.i.i.l vifwi'r, Ii4; ('X|iliii'atiiiii!i, ItMi. i Fcigliaii, .1. \V., lii.it;., n'J E.lu.'rt.iii, ^i.liu>y, diHl. jiidgi'. 111 444; p>v. I.I Moiit., Ii4:{: l>ioK., 7 Foiry, Kli.slia P., mirvi y..i ):.ii., 279; Sov. ol Wawli., US-J. .'tit: lulu, 2J»2- i l«uda aruis to Idalm, 4'JU. w INDKX. 817 92. rainp- ciin- riiijet llriiin '-'79; K.'H.rrmn. C„\, .Lath fif, 098. FinIhT, .lnl>. I.llhl cIlMII, H{\. FiHh.ih's, W.ish., :m:i '.». FiNh.TVlll.-. III., fnlltlil.xl, 4'.>H. FiHk, .laiiiii-t L., <\|><>cls III, &22, ftll 7; tcir. aiiililiir, (i7'». Fit/«ir.iM, M.ij., iirrivoH at Tla- hnll-N. I Hi. Fit/. I •ililiiiiii, iMiinlcr l>y, 4r>8. Fit/hiiKli, K. ('., Iinl. ngclit, IV>I, 177; l>i; Kiiv III W.ihIi,, '21\K Flitiiilfi'H, . I'luiiiiiiirii-ll. I' II , liiiiu.. :t'J3. FoxiiM, I). II., ili.ii'iivurc'il Uuiati miiieit, '-».V.», KMi Fiirlii^H, rii iM, trill of, AIM). FiirliiH. .1. \V., liiiiK., 7(ili. Fiiril, .SiciiHv ,S., Hi'ttli-il .-it TiuiiwatiT, 1.5; ili'l. to I'lilivrlitiiili, 49; jii;ii, 51; Migiis iiiriii. to I'lingri'HM, i'lU; cnpt. of Kov.H ^uiiril, 14'.'; Iji!.>trlii Niirrt-iiiliTs lo, 171; liul. •tK*'"ti 177. Fonl, Shlih'y S., .Ir, ri'.iciicd from IiiiIm, .'i7: i-\|>liiratiiiiici, :<')<>. ForiMti III 111.. o'.V.t. Forri'Ht, I.K lit, ill IikI. li^lit, i:<0 7. Forrii.it, \V. T., iii.iit. nl, :il4. Fornytlii!, r. K.. bio;.., ai8. Fort AMtMi, limit, I.V.». Fort A.ssiiiiilioiiii', Miiiit., 719. Fort Hriitiin, .Mont., iiiiiiii({r.'iiitH at, 4i:<; Hki'trli of, 7.'i'-' .'t; iluHcript., 774 .'>; yi'lcl (li«i'ov., lil'^. Fort lioisr, M , I'ltuliliihiMl, 411 I'J. Fort I '. I''. Siiiitli, u.staliliHiii'il, U97; IiiiIm .ittiii k, 1199. Fort Clii'lialiH, f{ovt l)uililings fiotil, '-'77. Fort Colvillf, yolil fiiunil i'liar, lOS; (•Htllll|l.slll!ll, '.'ill. Fort Cu.itor, Moiit., uiitultliHhoil, 71i\ 719. Fort Fli/.alifth Monglior, catnli., 701. Fort Mull, uiiniiJoiiu.l, 140. Fort Uiiyn, i-Ktal>li.ili<' Fort Taylor, limit, I, 1H4; aliaii>loiioil, 19.'). Fort TiUoii, Imilt, 159. Fort I'nioii. .Mont., liOl, )M)9, ri9:t. FoMtir, «'. K., iiion , :w:i. I FoMti-r, .1. .1., Ifninhitor, Ition., '.'ifj. I FoMti'r, 'i'liomax, Muttlril at Shoal- I water liay, 'M. FowliT, K .s., Hi-ttl<'H at I'ort Town- muikI, '.1); K It. iiiiti-riiriiv, '.'7U; 1'. S. .Sti'am Nav. to., '.')'-'. Franklin i-o., rroafeil, .'171. Frary, T. <'., li-uiHlator. Iiioff., '292. Fra.siT rivi-r, miniiii; rxriti'iiiiMil, 'J09, Fri-iog., ;r>i». Fricml, Unu, Huttlud on Wliiillicy ihI., Front, Morris H., colluctor, *ilU; liiii;{., :ioj{., 74ti. tiariu'tt. Maj., rxpnl. a^'ainiit Yaki- i iiiaM, iH.'i; I'ainpaiuii, I9t(. (larry, rlm-l of .S|iiikaiirH, 1(19. liaMtoti, {.lent \V., in .Stcptoo I'am- I pllrill. ISII; kllli'il, IHI. jtiiary, K |{., triMty witli Imli, '.'.'Ui. (JcoKhi'nan, .1. I)., Iiio^;., iW.'l. (iror»{u, W. A., iliil. to convention, 'dcorno F.inory.' nliip, H- tlc'or^i', .Ir.iHi', ir .S. marilial, '2\)1. 'tiiHir^iana,' NJiip, wreiki'd, 5.'J, .''ill. (ierri.sli, (ti'o. H , NDttli'il at N. Dun- HiMliMS. '.'7; jllxtii'e of prari', 79. (ierrislt, Oliver F , iiniverHit> reyent, '.'hi; v. S. Steam NttV. Co., •.'7'-'; biug., 'Mii, IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 1.25 (50 ^ IIIIM ui m ^ m 2.5 2.0 1.6 V] <^ /} a ci ^ Photographic Sciences Coiporation v .^> ^ O \:% 33 WEST MAIN blRffCT WEBSTER, N.Y. )4:.iV> (716) 872-4503 ? <° MP '.0 m^- i/.s ^ ^ ;\ \ '% /«^ ►^^ 6^ k 818 INDEX. Gholson, Rich. D., gov. 1859^1, 211; admini.st., 211. Gibbon, Gen. John, in pursuit of Jo- seph, 510; campaign of, 712-15. Gibbs, Benj., settler at Port Discov- ery, 28; rescued from Inds, 57. Gibbs, G., explores route, 38.3. Gibbs, Rich., rescued from Inds, 57. Gibson, Lieut H. G., in Wright's campaign, 186. Gibson, Paris, biog. etc., 773-4. Giddings, Edw., biog., 275-6; as- sessor, 280. Gideon, Solomon S., rescued from Inds, 57. Gig harbor, Ind. rendezvous, 121. Gil'jreth, S. L., biog., 355. Gilchrist, Chas, biog., 323. Gilfoil, O. D., biog., 318. <{imple, Peter, discovered mine, .387. (j-ilmore, S. M., del. to convention, 291. Gilson, Horace C, acting gov., de- falcations by, 4(33. Given, Sam'l R., biog., 551. (Jlascock, B. B., bios;., 309. Glasgow, Thomas VV., explor. tour, 10. (ileason, H., biog., 748. Glendive, Mont., descript. of, 758. ine, value, 528. (Joldsborough, H. A., biog., 48. Goodell, W. B., starts passenger line, 64. Goodman. M. M., biog., .309. Gordon, Bcnj., settled at Tumwater, 6. Gore, Sir Geo., exped. of, 609. Gosnell, W. B., Ind. agent, 177. Goudy. Geo. B., biog., 77; capt. in Ind. war, 139. Gould, A. S., starts the Golden Age, 262. Oowey, John F., biog., 311, (jraham, Chas, biog., 364. (rraham, W., mining at Gold creek, 617: legislator, 683. Graml)rinus lode, discov. etc. of, 416. Granite creek, gold discov. at, 414; quarts- mill, 429. Granite Mountain mines, richness etc. of, 767. Grant, F. J., biog., 323. Grant, J. F., settled at Gold creek, 015. Gray, W. H., gold discovery, 63. Gray harbor, gov. building sold, 277. Great Consolidated Boise River Gold and Silver Mining co., mines, 415; mill of, 429-30. Great Falls, descript., 770-3. Greathouse, H., biog., 423. Greene, Rodger S., assoc. judge, 279; chief justice, 293, 297. Gregg, Lieut, in Steptoe's campaign, 180. Grenman, Lawrence, setttler at W^hid- bey isl., 31. Grey, Thcmas, com'd at Camp. Steel, 277. Grier, Maj. W. N., in Wright's cam- paign, 185, 191. Grimes, Geo., discovered Bois(S mines, 406, 407, 410. Griswold, Geo., living at the Cascades, 145. Gros Ventres, character, 691. Grover, Lieut Cuvier, in Stephens' party, 606. Grubb, S. G., biog., .323. Grut, Edw., settler at Whidbey isl., 31. Gulches and lodes, Mont., 1865, 630. Guun, L. C, app't'd collector, 223. Guernsey, D. C, legislator, biog., 292, Guess, Mason, biog., 306. Hadley, Thomas, settles in Puyallup valley, 66. Haidahs, capture gold-seekers, 56; outrages by, 90, 212. Hailey, J., delegate, 1872, 473; con- gressman, 567. Hailey, co. seat etc. Alturas, Id., 547-8. Haines, Joseph, biog., 749. Hale, Supt., averts Ind. war, 484. Hale, C. H., signs mem. to congress, 53; legislator, 73; university regent, 215. Hale, S. C, biog., 558. Haley, Thomas, biog., ,356. Hall, discovered Salmon river mine, 245. Hall, Henry, death of, 94. Haller, Maj. G. 0., exped. and defeat of, 108, 111-13; biog. of, 150. Hamilton, escapes from the Cascades, 151. Hamilton, H., biog., 323. Hamilton, John, arrival, 64; death, 94. INDEX. 819 I mine, lefeat badea, leath, Hammond, J. S., biog., 765. Hancock, Sam'l, settles at Tumwater, ti; bi()g., 7; brick-making, 9; settles on Whidbov isl., 31; trading-port, JK)-1; Inds threaten, 92; mention of, 340. Hanks, W., biog., 775. Hanna, Lieut, in Kght with Inds, 115. Hanna, Tliomas J., Ind. agent, 177. Hannah, D. B., del. to couvention, •291. Hanson, John, biog., 747. Hardie, Capt. J. A., in Wright's cam- paign, 186. Harmon, Hill, terr. treasurer, 282; biog., 306. Harney, Gen. W. S., assigned to Or. dept., 197; order of, 197-8. Harney depot, established, 199. Harper, J. B., fight with Inds, 519. Harper, M. V., legislator, biog., 292. Harvey, J., settler in Dwamish val., 2(5. Harwood, E. N., associate judge, Mont., 797. Haskell, H. J., att'y-gen., Mont., 797. Hastie, Thomas, settled on Whidbey isl., 30. Hastings, L. B., lays out town, 19-20; signs mem. to congress, 53; county com., 59; probate judge, 79; biog., 366. Hatch, E. A. C, Ind. agent, 692. Hatliawfiy, Capt. Eli, settled on Whidbey isl., 30. Hathaway, J. S., biog., 365. Hanscr, Sam'l T., gov. of Mont., 689; biog., (189; delegate, 782. Hawaiian islands, recipr. treaty with, 273. Hay den, Capt., in fight with Inds, 115. Hay den, J. R., mention of. 298. Haydon, John M., candidate for con- gress, 72. Hays, Gilinore, candidate for con- gress, 73; biog., 73; capt. of vols, 113; in Ind. war, 122, 138; major, 159, 16G; ferry right, 251. Hays, Isaac, capt. in Ind. war, 138. Hays, J. B., chief justice, 1886, 583. Hayton, T., biog., 313. Hay ward, G., settled in Puyallup val., 66. Hazen, Inspector Gen., at Ft Philip Kearny, 697. Hualy, John J,, discovered Salmon river mines, 245. Hedges, Cornelius, biog., 780. Heebe, Hy., biog., 030. Helena, capital of Mont, etc., 605, 670, 721-2; descript. of, 755-6, 769, 780; constit. convent, at, 1884, 781-2. Helena mines, descript. of, 768-9. Hellgate valley, Mont., name, 591; settlers in, 026-7. Hendricks, Chas, rescued from Inds, 57. Henley, J. C, biog., 545. Henness, B. L., legislator, 98; capt. in Ind. war, 138, 159, 166; fight at White river, 164. Henry, Francis, biog., 309. Heriflf, E. L., rev. collector, 297. Herren, L. C, biog., 324. Herman, James, in attack at the Cas- cades, 148. Hershfield, L. H., biog., 789-90. Hewett, A. S., biog., 324. Hewett, Hy., settled at Bellingham bay, 32. Hewitt, C. C, buries victims of Inds, 119; in Ind. war, 122-3, 139; judge, 250, 278; character, 279. Hibbard, A., mention, 352. Hicks, Gwin, biog., 307. Hicks, W. E., biog., 73; co. auditor, 78; in Ind. war, 164, 167. Hickman, R. C, treas. of Mont., 797. Higgins, C. P., biog. etc., 784. Hdl, Emmerson, biog., 748-9. Hill, Humphrey, settled on Whidbey isl., 30; biog., 30. Hill, N. D., settled on Whidbey isl., .30; charge of Ind. camp, 121. Hill, Robert C, settled on Whidbey isl., .30. Hdlyer, Rich., settled at Shoalwater bay, 34. Himes, Tyrus, claim of, 67; biog., 67. Himrod, C, treas., 584. Hindbaugh, settler Whidliey isl., 31. Hiiigate, J. A., biog., 313. Historical soc. of Mont., incorporated, 040. Hockensmith, J. H., biog., 555-6. Hodgdon, Steven, biog., 304. Hofen, Leo., biog., 552. Hoge, W. L., biog., 707. Hogine, A., settler in Dwamish val., 20. Holbrook, del. to congress, 470; biog. , 470. Holbrook, John, murder by, 458. Holbrook, Rich. B., settled on Whid- bey isl., 30. Holgite, Mis Elizabeth, biog., 21. Holgate, Miltou, killed at Seattle, 130. 820 INDEX. Hollister, M. E., chief justice Id., 473. Holme harbor, Iiid. fight at, 93. Holmes, Chas, biog., 747. Holmes, Sam'l, biog., 3()4. Holter, A. M., biog., 771. Hood canal, explored, 11. Hoover, Wm F. O., biog., 364. Hopkins, G. B., marshal, 2g., 285, Judson S., biug. of, 324. s Kamiakin, Yakimas chief, 101; home, 109; hostility, 110, 169; refuses to attend council, 194-5; goes to B. C, 195. Kanascut, Klikitat chief, 122. Kandle, G., biog., 324. Kautz, Lieut, fight with Inds, 1G3. Kautz, Fred., plot of, 172-3. Kaymer, James, settler at Port Dis- covery, 28. Keeney, Jonathan, biog., 545. Kellet, J. H., biog., .364. Kellogg, John, settled on Whidbey isl., 30. Kellogg, J. C, biog., 311. Kelly, A. M., first mayor of Lewis- ton, 262. Kelly, Lieut-col James K., move- ments of, 140-2. Kelly, Serg't M., at Cascades fight, 145, 150-1. Kelly, W., biog., 305. Kendall, B. F., librarian, 85. Kendall, B. S., opposes Stevens, 203-4; biog., '203. Kennedy, Chas, settled at Seattle, '2ij. Kennedy, \V. J., elk supr. ct, 797. Kennedy, W. K., biog., 324. Kenneth, John, settled on Whidbey isl., 30. Kent, James, biog., 746. Kenyon, F., career of, 447. Ker.se, R. P., bravery in Ind. fight, 181. Kessler, Nicholas, biog., 636; legis- lator, 684. Keys, Capt. E. D., in com'd at Steila- coom, 123; actions against Inds, l'24-5; visits Puget sound, 1'26; builds Fort Taylor, 184; in Wright's campaign, 185-7. Kilborn, W. K., at Cascades, 145; escape from, 151-2. Kinoaid, Wm N., settled in Puyallup val., 66; biog., .366. Kindred, John, settled at Tumwater, 8. Kindred, Mrs Tabatha, biog., 4. Ki\ig CO., created, 59; otKuials, 78. King, (Juo. K, murder of, 119. Kinna, .lolin, 771. Kiniie, 11, R., registrar, 298. Kinnear, J, K., biog., 308. Kinney, E. H., audt. of Mont., 778, 81)2. Kiiired, David, settled at Puget sound, 3. INDEX. Kip, Lieut L., works of, 181. Kipxap, Indian, warns settlers, 119. Kirklanil, M., foun<1eii settlement, 66; escapes from Inds, 119. Kitsap CO., Wash., hist, of, 361. Kitsiip, Klikitat chief, 1*22; killed, 174. Kittitass co.. Wash., hist, of, 356-7. Kleinschmidt, T. H., hiog., 770. Klickitat co., Wash., hist, of, 357-8. Klickitats, attack on the Cascades, 146-5*2; surrender, 166. Klowowit, NisquuUy chief, 122. Knapp, H. H., Statement, MS., etc., 415-21. Kneeland, W. H., biog., 318. Knight, K. W., biog., 771. Knippenbcrg, H., biog., 789. Knowk's, Hiram, assoc. judge, 661; biog., 789; delegate, 782. Kootenai CO., created. Id., 465; sketch of, 553-4. Korhs, C, biog., 690. Krattcar, (i. VV., biog., 746. Kress, Capt., exped. against Inds, 523. Kuhn, J. A., biog., 324. Kussass, Cowlitz chief, death, 175. Laroy, O. P., del. to convention, 291. Ladd, A. Cr., biog., 774. La Barge city, Mont., founding of, 623-6. La Conner, town of, 367. La l)u, J. IJ., legislator, biog., 292. Ii.'iiitoh CO., created, 465. Lake, Joseph, founded settlement, 66; attacked by Inds, 119. Lake, Donald, founds settlement, 66. Lrunbert, John, in Stevens' survey party, 71. Lancaster, Columbia, obstinacy of, 46; legislator, 59; del. to congress, 70-1; politics, 201; university re- gent, 215; R. R. enterprise, 270. Lander, Edw., chief justice, 62; com. to prepare laws, 76; biog., 80; ar- rested, 203; donation to university, 215. Lander, F. W., in R. R. surveying party, 71, 382-3, 556; erects block- house, 165; biog., 218. Landes, H., biog., 318. Land laws, acts of legislature, 81-2. liand-olKce, established, 206. Landon, lude mining at, 429-30. Lane, actions in congress on dividing Oregon, 60-1. Lane, (Jov., prompt measures of, 14. Lane, Daniel, settles in Puyallup val., 66. Lane, Rich., judge, 44, 45. Langford, W. (r., assoc. judge, 300. Lansdale, R. H., locates claim, 18; biog., 29-30; co. com., 59; Ind. agent, 177; explores route, 382. Liipwai, Ind. council. Id., 106, 482-90. Lamed, Maj., death of, 94. Larrabee, Chas H., del. to conven- tion, 291. Last (.'hance, Mont., gulch discovered, 721. Laugh ton, C. E., lieut gov. Wash., 314. Lawrence, .T. C, biog., 318. Lawson, Lieut, in surveying exped., 90-1. Lawyer, Nez Perce chief, 238; averts war, 483 et seq. liayton, Maj., light with Inds, 165. Leary, Joseph, settled at N. Dunge- ness, 27. Leaming, M. J., delegate, 782-6. Leavitt, E. D., biog., 764-5. Leavitt, E. N., resolution of, 645. Lee, Wm H., biog., 749. Leech, discovered Salmon river mines, 245. Lees, Hy., death of, 94. Leig'iiton, Joseph, settled at N. Dun- geness, 28. Leiser, J. J., biog., 770. Legislature, first in Wash., 73; gov. message, 74-6; measures, 76-9, 267, 274-8, 288, 386-8; memberis, 218, 282; Id., measures, 444-6, 464-77, 564-5, 578-81; member.s, 444. 465- 6, 470, 477-80, 564-5, 567; Mont, measures of, 644-50, 662-86, 7H3; members, 644, 649, 662, 669, 672- 5, 679-89, 783-4. Lemhi co.. Id., created, 465; sketch of, 554-6. Lemmon, I., settled in Puyallup val., 66. Lemp, John, biog., 546. 'Leonesa,' ship, 27. Leschi, attempted arrest, 124; attack on Seattle, 128-33; capture, 171; trial and execution, 172-3. Leslie, H. P., gov. of Mont. 1886, 782-3. Lewis CO., meeting against claim- jumping, .39; oUicials, 44-6, 78. Lewis, J. R., assoc. judge, Wash., Id., 279, 473; chief justice, 285. INDEX. 823 Lewis and Clarke co., Mont., settlers in, 63G-7; sketch of, 754-G. Lewis and Clarke's map, 1806, 606. Lewiston, Id., founded, 2.'1S; inun- dated, 256; incorporated, 26'2; trade o', 407 9; vigilauts, 452-5; capital removed, 464-5; sketch of, 556. Libbey, 8ain'l, settled on Whidbey isl., 80. Libraries, Wash., 376-7. Lifeboat stations, establishment of, 336. Lichthouses, Wash., 89, 335-6. Liil, Edw., biog., 366. Lillis, Hill, biog., 313. Liuie, works etc., 352. Lincoln co., created, 371. Lincoln, Pres., calls for vols, 228. Lindsay, James, in attack at the Cas- cades, 148. Lindsley, A. A., biog., 311; treas. Wash., 314. Lionnet, Father, miss, to Chinook, 372. 'Live Yankee,' ship, 68. Lloyd, C. F., biog., 766. Lockey, U., biog., 770. Logan, J. B., settled at Tumwater, 8. Logan, J. L., assoc. judge, 1888, 583. Logan, Robt, settled at Tumwater, 8. Loio trail, map of, 506. Long, J. H., biog., 319. Long, Ransom, biog., 356. Looking-glass, treachery of, 105-G; Nez Perce chief, 198, 482 et seq. Low, John N., founds New York, 21- 3; biog., 21. Lowery, Christopher, murder by, 452-4; execution, 455. Luce, F. H., biog., 319. Ludlow, Col Wni, exped. of, 657-8. Lugenbeel. Maj. P., com'd at Harney depot, 199; establishes Ft Boise, 411. Lull, A. B., ment. of, 324. Lumber, mill at Tumwater, 9; early trade at Seattle, 24; mills at Bel- lingham bay, 32; hist, and value of trade, 337-40; product etc., Mont., 760. Luminii river, reservation, 99. Lyle, T., settler at Whidbey isl., 31. Lyndo, Walter, settled iu Shoalwater bay, 35. Lyon, Caleb, governor, 446; arrival, 448; biog., 448; departure of, 465; reapuointed 1865, 466-7. Lyon, Lieut H. B., in Wright's cam- paign, ]S6. Lyons, Haze, trial of, 639. M Maclay, E. G., biog., 774. Macunil)er, Archie, biog., 634. Maddox, Mrs Rebecca, settled on Wludbey isl., 30. Madison, B. I., settled at New Dun- geness, 27. Madison co'ty, created, 445; settlers of, 635-6; sketch of, 753-4. Maginnis, Martin, del. to congress, 677; biog., 790; U. S. senator elect, 806. Magruger, Lloyd, murder of, 452-4. Mahard, Wm, rescued from Inds, 57. Mails, tirst contract. Wash., 64; in- adequacy of service, 273. Maize, H. B., prospecting etc., 418. ' Major Tompkins,' steamer, 96-7, 271. Makahs, small-pox among, 92; fight with, 92; treaty, 100. Malade City, co. seat etc. Oneida, Id., 559. Malheur river, gold discovored, 230; fight at with Inds, 3/9. Maloney, Capt., com'd Steilacoom, 113; despatches to gov., 119; fight with Inds, 120; arranges campaign, 122; expds, 124, 162; erects block- house, 165. Mammoth dist. Id., discov., 1864, 432. Manning, W. C. M., com'd at Colville, 277. Mansfield, Col, inspects army, 195. Mantle, Lee, biog., 766; delegate, 782; prest. of convention, 786. Manufactures, Wash., 351-3. Maps, attack on Seattle, 127: Cas- cades, 152; Wright's campaign, 193; Walla Walla valley, 197; Puget sound, 329; King co'ty coal-fields, 342; east Washington, 343; Haro archipelago, 360; railroad, e. Wash- ington, 363; Idaho, 1863, 402; Idaho counties formerly in Wash., 403; Boise basin, 408; Jordan creek, 417; seal of Idaho, 414; the Lolo trail, 506; (7amas prairie and vol- canic dist., 518; east Oregon, 521; s. w. Idaho, 629; Wood river mineral dist., 531; Boise and Payette val- leys, 545; south-eastern Llaho, 548; Carver's, 1778, 600; Mont, moun- tain passes, 594; Lewis and Clarke's, 1806, 606; Rector's, 1818, 607; Fin- ley's, 1826,558; trading forts, IH07- 60, 610; gulciies and lodes, I8li5, 630; Bigliorn city, 631; Ue Laey's expd., 633; seal uf Moat., 645; INDEX. Bozeman route, 695; Ft Philip Kearny, 697; battles of east Mont., 716; Butte and Summit val. mining dist., 739. Maple, Jacob, settled in Dwaraiah val., biog., 22. Maple, Sam'l, killed at Dwamish val., 22. Marly, S. H , biog., 312. Marsh, A. (Jr., receiver. 298. Marsh, £(lwin, biog., 364. Marsh, H. J., biog., 635. Marshall, (ieo. W., biog., 746. Marshall, Stephen, settled in Shoal- water bay, 34. Marston, Gilman, app't'd gov. Id., 472. Martial law, proclaimed, Wash., 165. Martin, Abner, biog., 336. Martin, H., biog., 36o. 'Mary,' steamer, in Kght at Cascades, 145-lS; escapes, 148; at The Dalles, 154; takes relief to Cascades, 155. 'Mary Dare,' ship, seizure of, 53-4. Mason, C. H., sec. of Wash, ter., 62; gives name to co'ty, 77; acting gov., oflf'l acts, 96-7, 118; death, 21 Ij biog., 211. Mason, Col, Nez Perce campaign, 507-8. Mason co'ty, created, 77; officials, 77; sketch of, .327. 'Massachuset^is,' U. S. steamer, 134, 136-7. Matthias, F., settles at Seattle, 26; university regent, 216; adj.-geu., 228. Mattice, Henry, killed by Inds, 111. Mayflower mine, LI. , yield etc. of, 530. Maylor, Sam'l, settled on Whidbey isl., 30. Maynard, D. S., settled at Seattle, biog., 24; del. to convention, 49; signs mem. to congress, 53; in cliarge of Ind. camp, 121. McAdow, P. W., mining at Gold creek, 617; legislator, 684, 689; biog., 690. McAllister, James, settler at Puget sound, 3; rescued from Inds, 57; county com., 78; lieut of rangers, 114; killed, 118. McCarty, I., settled in Puyallup val., 66. McCarver, M. M., biog., 362. McClellan, Lieut G. B., explor. route, 71. McClellan gulch, discovery of, 722. McClure, A. K., works of, 405, 653-4, 807. McClurg, Henry, settler at Whidbey isl., 31. McConaha, G. N., settled at Seattle, 26; pres. of convention, 52; signH mem. to congress, 53; road viewer, 64; legislator, 73; death, 73. MuConnel, W. J., forms vigilance com., 4.56-7. McConville, Capt., operations of, 504. MuCorkle, W. A. L., signs mem. to congress, 53; capt. in Ind. war, 139. McCormick, W. J., delegate, 782. MeCroskey, J. P. T., biog., 310. McCurdy, S., mention of, 336. McCutcheon, I. D., biog., 769. McDermitt, Chas, comniaud etc. of, 433. McDonald, Angus, at Ind. council, 104. McDonald, B. F., rescued from Inds, 57. McDonald, S. P., biog., 365. McDougall, David, com'd of the ■John Hancock,' 134. McElroy, T. F., publishes the 'Colum- bian,' 51. McEwen, Duncan, rescued from Inds, 57. McFadden, 0. B., assoc. judge, 62; acting chief justice, 172; legislator, 264; del. to cougreiis, 281; death, 281. McGavin, .John, disc'v's placers, 621. McGill, Henry M., acting gov., 211; adminis., 1860-1, 211-17; biog., 217; calls out militia, 228. Mc(ilynn, John, legislator, biog., 292. McKibben, Lieut, plot of, 172-3. McKenzie, Kenneth, biog. etc., 601. McKimens, Wm, biog., 745. McKinaey, Geo. E., biog., 6.36. McLean, Alex., settled at Belling- ham bay, 32. McLean, Sam'l, del. to congress, 644. McLeod, John, arrest of, 202. McLougldin, John, influence on immi- gration, 1; treatment of Puget sound settlers, 5. McMullan, D. J., biog., 768. McMicken, Wm, sucvoyor-gen., 297. McMullin, Fayette, appeal on behalf of Inds, 172; gov., 209; admiuis., 1857-8, 209-11. McQueen, P., biog., 416-17. McRea\ry, J., biog., 324. Meacham, A. B., meni. of, 424. Mead, W. J., biog., 324. Meagher county, Mont., sketch of, 768. INDEX. iig. 11- zet Mcacrlier, T. F., terr. sec, Mont., 64;{; atling gov., 047-5*2, CGO, 701; l)ios{., 702. Mc'iluiiir, a., \,\ofi., 324. MegkT, J. a., l)i()g.. 3'J5. Meigti, (i. A., university regent, 215. Melville, Daviil, niurilered by Inds, 9.-). Meiiefce, Kobert P., biog., 625. Meuoiiiy, John B., biog., 5r>8. Mercer, A. 8., imports ahipload of unniarrictl women, 275. Mercer, Thomas, Hetties at Seattle, 2G. Merritt, S. A., elected delegate, 472-3. Merry man, Lieut J. H., in charge of custom-house, 221-2; arrested, 223. Meter, H., founds setthvnent, 66. Mica «k'[)o.sit8 in Id., 537. Miles (-'ity, Mont., descript. of, 757; shipping centre etc., 776, 779. Miles, -91; peace with Coeur d'Aleues, 15(4; gold discovered on reservation, 234, 450; allow founding of Lewis- ton, 238; expel Mormons, 403; ne- gotiations with, 481-94; war with, 500-14, 718. Nez Perce co., Id., created, 404; sketch of, 555-8. Nims, L. B., biog., 325. Nisquallies, attacked by Stikines, 135. Nisqually, Ind. rendezvous, 121. Nisqually, claim, dispute over, 40. Nitinats, jilot of, 91. Nix, II., settlers in Puyallup val., 66. Noggle, David, chief justice Id., biog., 473. North bay, Ind. rendezvous, 121. Northcraft, Wm. killing of, 162. North Pacific railroad, 387-8, 390, 566, 682-3, 75.3-61, 786. Norton, I., biog., 365. Nugen, Lieut John, in com'd at Fort Steilacoom, 120. Oak harbor, Ind. rendezvous, 121. Oaks, D. W., biog., 360. O'Brien, P. M., biog., 336-7. Odell, J. v., del. to convention, 291. O.lenal, Supt., conference, 494-5. Odle, James, biog., 553. Ogalalaco., Id., organized, 445. ' Okanagan, ' steamer, 237. Okanagau river, Garnett's march to, 196. Oliphant, W. S., biog., .325. Olney, Ind. agent, off'l actions of, 139-40. Olympia, named, 16; winter at, 5.'>; legislature at, 71; temp, seat of govt, 79; custom-house removed, 96; capital, 213-14; constit. con- vention at, 1889, 307-14; sketch of, 362-4. Ouderdouk, J. L., Idaho, 405. INDEX. 390, Fort , 291. s of, , 55; It of )ved, coii- hof, Oneida co'tVi I<1.) organized, 444; sivetch of, 558-'J. Oneida aalt works, Id., product, etc., 53G. Opliir gulch, discov. of, 722. 'Orbit,' first Amer. ship at Puget sound, 15; hist., 16-17. Oregon department, created, 197. Oregon Railway and Navigation co., hist, of, 888. Oregon Road, Bridge, and Ferry co., incorporated etc., 180,'), 437. 'Oregon Spectator,' newspaper, sus- pended, 45. Oregon Steam Navigation co., opera- tions of, 209-70. Oregon & VV. T. R. R., hist, of, 389. Oregon Transcontinental R. R., hist, of, 388. Oregon troops, campaign of, 140-4. Oro Fino City, founded, 239. Oro Fino Gold and Silver Tunnel co., incorporated, Id., 431. Oro Fino mines, Id., discov. and hist. of, 239, 528, 579. Orr, Geo., exped. etc. of, 628. Ostrander, B. R., biog., 325. Ostrander, N., signs mem. to con- gress, 53; proi)ate judge, 78. 'Otter,' H. B. co. steamer, 87, 122. Owen, J. & F., settle ia Bitterroot val., 005. Owen, Thomas, settles in Fuyallup val., 60. Owhi, in com'd of Ind. force, 125; attack on Seattle, 128; death, 195. Owings, N. H., ter. sec, 283, 293, 297, 300; biog., 319. Owyhee co'ty, Id., organized, 444; sketch of, 559. Owyhee mines, hist, of, 528-9. Owyhee river, mining at, 417-19. Oyster-beds of Shoalwater bay, 34. Pacific City, Wash., estab. of, 33. Pacific CO., oilicials, 78; sketch of, 309-70. Packwood, Elisha, settled at Turn- water, 6, 7. Packwood, William, settled at Tum- water, 7, 8; actions against agric. assoc., 40; surveys road, 65. Page, H. C, settled at Bellingham bay, 32; co. com., 77. Page, Wm, in Magruder murder, 452-4; murder of, 455. Paige, O. A., rescued from Inds, biog., 57; Ind. agent, 177. Painter, J. C, biog., 325. Palouses, hostility of, 178; campaign against, 178-83; surrender, 195. Parclien, H. M., biog., 770. Parks, S. C, judge, Id., 444. Parker, John G., establishes express line, biog., 64. Parkinson, W. J., biog., 319. Parrish, J. L., gold discovery, 63. Patkanin, attempt to exterminate settlers, 11-12; causes outijreal., 13-14; stipulation with authorities, 134; supports whites, 159; services accepted, 161; tight with Leschi, 101-2; death, 174. Patterson, F. J., murder by, 458-9; killed, 460. Patterson, Ira, land claim, 86; legis- lator, 98. Pattle, VVm, discovers coal mine, 31. Payette, Id., vig. com., formation of, 457. Payne, D. S., U. S. marshal, 446; re- moved from office, 402. Payne, Thos, biog., 319. Peabody, R. V., of Whatcom Milling CO., 32; CO. com., 77; capt. of vols, 107; enrolling officer, 229. Pearcy, Edmund, biog., 558. Pearson, Wm C, biog., 553-4. Pease, com'd of the 'Jefferson Davis,* 113. Peck, C. F., mining, discov. of, 431-2. Peers, Henry N., elected to legisla- ture, 44. Peers, H. W., capt. in Ind. war, 138, 167. Pemberton, W. Y., biog., 801. Penaluna, John, biog., 749. Penitentiary, location of, 213; estab., 275-0. Penn cove, Ind. rendezvous, 121. Percival, I). F., legislator, 294; biog., 292, 354. Perkins, F. K., biog., 364. Perkins, J. A., legislator, biorr., 292. Perry, Capt., Ind. campaign ot, 501) -4. Persham, A. S., settles in Puyallup val., 66. Person, J. T., biog., 325. Peterson, O., biog., .325. Pettygrove, F. W., lays out town, 19-20. Peupeumoxmox, death of, lOG, 141; hostility, 139. Phillips, David, set. at Seattle, 25-6. Phillips, John, prospecting on Boise river, 259. 828 INDEX. Phillii>3l)nrg mine, descript. of, 7C5-7; [ naiiiu, TUT. Pickerull, K. It., biog., 325-6. Pickering, Win, app't'd gov., 18G2-7, 21'J; biog., 219; removed, 2tiU. PiegaiiH, treaty with, C02; war with, OO.'i; character, (<9i. Pierce City, aituatiou of, 23ti. Pierce co., created, 59; otiiciah, 78; mills, 130. I'iorce, J. B., legislator, 4C5-fl; biog., 54(5-7. Pierce, T. B., settles at Cascade, 37; wounded, 152. Pinkham, Sumner, sheriff, 448; murder of, 459. Piuney, James A., biog., 546. Pioneer City, Id., founded, 407; pop- ulation, etc., 1864, 421. Pioneer mine, richness of, 415. Placers, see Mining. Placerville, Id., founded, 407; popu- lation, etc., 1864, 421; incorp., 445. Plomondon, iSimon, brick-making on farm, 9; lej,'i8lator, 45; del. to con- vention, 49; signs mem. to con- gre^.s, 53, Pluiiimer, A. A., lays out town, 19- 20; biog., 19; probate clerk, 59; CO. auditor, 79; capt. in lud. war, 139. Plununer, A. A., jun., biog., 326. Plummcr, U., career and death, 462, 638-41. Poe, Alonzo Marion, settled at Tum- water, 6; sheriff, 45; del. to con- vention, 49; CO. auditor. 77; legis- lator, 98; lieut of ranger.*), 114. Poisell, Francis, bravery in Ind. tight, 181. Folatkin, Spokane chief, surrenders, 190-1; released, 193. Pooruiau Mines, Id., discov. and hist, of, 431-2, 528, 579-80. Port Angeles, removal of custom- house, 220; destruction of, 224-5. Port Blakely, saw-mill at, 33. Port Discovery, settlers at, 28. Porter, Dana H., settler on Whidbey isl., 31. Porter, J. W., biog., 545. Porter, James, settled in Cowlitz val., 37. Porter, R. P., works of, 807. Port Gamble, saw-mills, 32-3; Ind. fight at, 135-7. Portland, mining co. organized at, 232; advantage to, of gold discov- ery, 243; headquarters Columbia dept, 277. Port liudlow, sawmill erected at, 32. Port Madi.son, saw-mills at, 33, 229. Port Orchard, saw-mill removed to, 33; Ind. rendezvous, 121. Port .Steilacoom, established, 18. Port Townsend, founded, 20; co. seat, 69; custoni-hou.se. 96, 220-2, 225; mills at, 229; sketch of, 366. Potts, Benj. F., gov. of Mont., 674- 88. Powell, John \7., discovers mines, 622. Power, J. N., biog., .326. Power, J. VV., biog., 776. Power, Jas, biog., 310. Power, T. C, biog., 796-7; U. S. sen- ator-elect, 806. Powers, Isaac, settled on Whidbey isl., 30. Preston, P. A., biog., 319. Price, K., settled at N. Dungeness, 28. Price, E. G., killing of, 122. Price, John, settles at Port Town- send, 20. Prickett, H. E., dist judge Id., 47.S-4. Pride, D. P. ii., delegate for Id., 1884, 480. Prosser, W. F., biog., 308. Protection Island, settler on, 28; ori- gin of name, 28. Proux, Chas, biog., 365. Puget Sound, first settlers at, 3; ori- gin of name, 3; men-of-war at, 134; war on, 134-56, 174; map, 329. Puget Sound Agricultural Association, settlers vs, 40-3; memorial C()ncern- in 83-4. Pug' Sound and Columbia River Kadroadco., incorporated, 270, 388. Puget Sound Milling co., formed, 9. Puget Sound mounted volunteers, or- ganized, 113. Puget Sound Navigation co., incor- porated, 271; reincorporated, 272. Puget Sound Transportation co., in- corporate! I, 272. Purcell, Albert, settled on Boisfort prairie, 36. Purdy, B. F., biog., 326. Purdy, F. C, legislator, biog., 292. Purdy, O. H., mining exped., 416. Puyallup, fight with Inds near, 122-3. Puyallup river, survey of, 271. Puyallup valley, settlers in, 66. Qualchin, hanging of, 195. (^uallawort, execution of, 13i INDEX. 829 incor- 1, 272. bo., iii- |292. no. 1122-3. Qnartzbnrg, founded, 416. i Qucoa Charlotte island, acc't of gold expeil. to, 55-8. Quiainak, Nisqiially chief, 122. (juiemiiuth, chief, outrages by, 163; killi-d, 173-4. Quilluliuyte co., organized, 278. R Rahboson, Antonio B., settled at Tumwater, biog., 6; saw-mill, 9; carries mails, 64, 119; capt. of vols, 159, 166; in White river ti^ht, 164. Rabjohn, Fred., settled at Steilacoom, 17. Rahmig, Carl, biog., 635. Railroads, Wash., 70-1, 251-2, 283, 380-90; Id., 532-3, 576; Mont, 679-87, 752-62. Raines, G. I., exped. against Inda, 111; brig, gen., 114; campaign, 114-18. Rains, S. M., deulii of, 303. Randall, D. B., encounter with Inds, 503 I Randall, M. R., biog., .326. Raville, Father, at Ind. council, 104. Raymond, W. W., quartz-mill of, 429. Rawn, Capt., Nez Perce campaign, 509. Rector's Map, 1818,607. Redfield, A. H., Ind. agent, 692. Redford, James, biog., 625. Redpath, James, settled in Cowlitz val., 37. Reed, Chas B., biog., .356-7. Reed, James, train, etc., of, 622. Reed, J. M., biog., 312. Reed, T. M., auditor, 314; biog., etc., 312, 314, 466; representative, 443. Reese, John £., biog., 625. Remenyi, A., in Stevens' survey party, 71. Reniley, John, rescued from Inda, 57. Reno, Maj., campaign of, 713-15. Reynolds, John, prospecting on Boise river, 259; discovers Boise mines, 406. Reynolds, W. F., exped. of, 616. Rhoades, F. M., legislator, biog., 292. Ricard, Rev. Pascal, establishes mis- sion, 10, 372. Richard, Nez Perce chief, 184. Richardson, E., claim of, 340. Richt«r, Christopher, biog., 636. Rickards, J. E., biog., 789; lieut gov. of Mont., 797. Riddle, Robt, biog., 745-6. Riugs, H. C, legislator, 465-6, 4'70; lays out Boise City, 542; R. R. in- corporator, 564. Rinehart, W. V., biog., 319. Ringer, L. M., biog., 292, 354. Ritz, Pliilip, U. S. marshal, biog., 279. Roads, Waish., laying out of, 1852-3, 6;i-6; hist. 381-6; Id., 425-6, 435- 40. ' Robert Bruce,* achr, 34. 'Robert Campbell,' steamer, 413, 609. Roberts, Geo. B.,Jiecotlectioiis, etc., of, 12. Robertson, A., biog., 326. Robertson, Capt. Win, settled on Whidbey isl., 30; biog., 31. Robie, A. H., Ind. agent, '77; biog., 546. Robinson, R. S., settled ui Chimacum val., 28. Rock creek, saw-mill at, 145; guld discovered, 233. Rocky Bar, Id., 415, 547. Roder, Hy., forms niiUin.^ co., 31-2; biog., 31; legislator, 292. Rodgers, David, propecting on Boise river, 259. •Rogers,' steamer, 413. Rogers, B. B., discovered Salmon river mines, 245. Rogers, Wm, biog., 635. Rolfe, H. P., biog., 774. Romaine, James, murder by, 452-4; execution, 455. Rooney, Lawrence, killed at the Cas- cades, 151. Ross, Benj., settles at Port Townscnd, 20. Ross, Charles, death of, 94. Ross, Col Samuel, supt of Indian affairs, 279; biog., 279-80. Ross, R. W., settles at Port Town- send, 20. Rossi, cure of Pnget sound, 372. Rotwitt, L., sec'y of Mont., 797, 802. Rotch, F. J., biog., 326. Rothschild, D. C. H., biog., 366. Roundtree, T. R., biog., 369. Rowland, Wm, rescued from Inds, 57. Ruby City, Id., founded, 419. Russell, S. W. settled at Seattle, 26; founded settl. nent, 66; justice of peace, 79. Russell, T. S., settled at Serttle, 26. Rutter, W. C, biog., 326. J 830 INDEX, St .Tolin, A. E., settled in Slioalwater bay, :i'}. Salmon City, Id., sketch of, 554-5. Salmon river, gold discov., etc., 244-9, 534; ferry rights, 251; hardships at mini's, 252-0; phenomena, 18G4, 31)6-7; massacre at, 49S). Salomon, Kdw. S., app't'd gov., 281. Salt, prodnct in Id., 530. Sanders, Wilbnr, vigilant, 640; legis- lator, 680-6; Nolen, MS., 655-7; delegate, 782; U. S. senator-elect, 806. Saiiford, — , Ind., operations of, 525. San Juan co., hist, of, SOO-?!. San Juan tnuible, 86-8. Sankster, actions ill S. Juan trouble, 87. Sands, A. J., discovered mine, 419. 'Saraii Stone,' sliip, 26. Sargent, Asher, rescued from Inds, 57; biog., 364-5. Sargent, E. N., rescued from Inds, 57. 'Satsall,' steamer, 270. Saw-mills, early erections, 32-3, 230. Saw Tootli dist, Id., mines of, 531-2. Saxton, Kufus, surveys K. R. route, 71. Say ward, W. T., builds saw-mill, 32; biog. and bibliog., 32; legislator, 73; sheriff, 79; Puget Sound S. Nav. Co., 272. Scammon, J. L., settled on the Che- lialia, .S6; justice of peace, 78. Schools, see Education, Schroeder, fate of, 212. Scott, E., sup. ct judge, 314. Scott, .los., biog., 777. Scott, Tiios v., opis. bishop, 374. Seaborg, B. A., biog., 319. Seal of, Wash., 76; Id, 446; Mont., 645. 'Sea Serpent,' schr, .34. Seattle, chief, character, 23; death, 174. Seattle, founded, 23; early settlers, 2;i-7; county seat, 59; lud. rendez- vous, 121; citizens uneasy, 124; attack on, 125-34; map, 127; forti- fications erected, 133; university, 213; anti-Chinese riot at, 294-5; sketcli of, 3(il. Seattle and Northern R. R., hist, of, 3,S9. Seattle, Lake Shore, and Eastern R. R., hist, of, 388 9. Seattle and Si^uuk Railroad oc, hist, of, 388, Secley, J. R., killing of, 458. Seligman, A. J., biog., 771. Sells, D. M., Ind. agent, 492. Semnies, Lieut, in Ind. light, 136-7. Sem]de, Gov. E., app'tm't, etc., of, 298. Servis, Francis G., assoc. judge, 062. Sewell, John Y., settler in Wliidboy isl., 31. Seybert, Chas, settled on Whidbey isl., 31. Shafer, J. K., elected delegate, biog., 471. Sharkey, F. B., biog., 556. Sliarp, J. P., biog., 326. Sharpe, John P., biog., 358, Shaw, A. F., biog., 326. Shaw, B. F., settled at Tumwater, 8; saw-mill, 9; purchases the Orbit, 15; aids road-making, 65; Ind. agent, 114; lieut-col vols, 159; legis- lator, 218; biog., 292. Shaw, Joseph, biog., 364. Shazar, Geo., settled at Tumwater, 8j surveys road, 05. Shelton, David, legislator, 73. Siielton J. M., biog., 358. Shelton, Levi, biog., 304. Siieppard, Wm, biog., 746. Sheridan, Lieut Philip, at Vancouver, 115; attacks Inds at Cascades, 153-4. Sherwood, B. F., biog., 300. Shinn, VV. A., biog., 326. Shipping, Wash., list of arrivals, 1851, 53. Ship-building, etc.. Wash., 328-32. Shipwrecks, Wash., 333-5. Slioalwater bay, settlements at, 34-6; surveyed, 90. Shoshone co.. Id., created, 40>i, 569; sketch of, 560. Shoshones, hostility to miners, 247: attack miners, 2,')9-60; troubles with, 433, 615-16; invade Mont., 692-3. Shoup, Col G. L., exped., 511; biog., etc., 554-5; gov. of Id. 1880, 583-4. Shoudy, John A., biog., .1.58. Show, Daniel, rescued from Inds, 57. •Shreveport,' steamer, 413. Si.lebotham, R. A., sec. of Id., 474-5. Silver Bow county, Mont., sketch of, 752; election, 799-800. Silver City, Id., founded, 419. Silver hill, mining at, 429. Simcoe val., fight in, 115. Similkameeu river, gold disooT,, 232; exciteuieut, 232-3. INDEX. 831 nog., 11880, ^57. 174-5. Hi of, 1232: Simmons, Andrew J., located claim, 10; si;;ii» iiiciii. to congress, 5;{. Siimiioiis, t'liristophur, first Am. born ill Wasli., '2. Simmons, L., expcd., etc., of, G'28. Simmons, M. I., candidate for con- yrtss, 71-'_': duatii, 7'2. Simmons, M. T., at Ft Vancouver, 1-2; character, 2; settles on Tuget sound, ;i; sawmill, D; store at Olympia, 10; actions against agric. assoc, 40; dist judge, 44; del. to convention, 4!); signs mem. to con- gress, 5;{; organizes road co., ii'.i; Ind. agent, 1)4, 121, 177; visit to I'nget sound, 12(5. Sinclair, James, killed at the Cas- cades, 147. Sin-.lair, W. B., biog.. 308. Singiser, T. V., sec. of Id., 475; con- gressman, 5G7. Siou.x, hostilities with, 413, 693, 718. Sitting Hull, campaign against, etc., 712-10. Skakig county, created, 371. Skamania county, created, 77; aketch of, 3r)8-0. Skookuni creek, block-house erected, 14. Slack, .To.sei)h K., discov. placers, 622. Klatcrville, founded, 237. Slaugliter, Lieut, e.xped. of, 122; death, 123. Sliiggia, captures Loschi, 171; death, 174. Small-pox, ravages among Inds., 91-2. Smitii, A. (.'., biog., etc., 369-444. Smitii, C. Do Witt, acting gov. Id., 46:{. Smitii, E. L., sec. of ter., 206. Smith, Urcen (Jlay, gov. of Mont., 662 6; Ind. campaign, 703-4. Smitii, Henry, arrest of, 202. Smitii, II. A., settled at Seattle, 26; surg )t' vols, 106; legislator, 2H2. Smitii, h., biog., 354. Smith, .lames A., biog., 748. Smith, Joliii A., biog., 624. Smith, .lo.sepli 8., settled on Whidbey isl., 30. Smitii, Levi L., biog., 15-16. Smitii, L. 1*., legislator, bi..g,, 292. Smith, Lyon A., arrest of, v;i)2. Smitii, Nathan, discovered Salmon river mines, etc., 245, 534. Smith, U. t'., settled in Cowlitz val., 37. Smith, Rufus, biog., 747. Smith, Samuel, discovered Salmon river mines, 245. Smith, Victor, collector, 220; charges against, 220-3; arrest of, 223; death, 225. Smithers, E. M., settled at Seattle, 26. Snake river. Id., fort built, 184; ferry rights, 251; descript. of, 394-7; surveyed, 437; mining, 529-35. Sno(jualimich pass, blocliaded, 159. Snoipialimichs, outbreak of, 13-14. Snow, J. M., biog., 319. Snyder, Alfred, legislator, biog., 292. Soda, deposits in Id., 536. South Boise, Id., mining, etc., at, 431. Southeastern Idaho, map of, 549. South ford, gold discovered, 240-1. Sonth pass, height of, 395. Southwestern Id., map of, 529. Sparling, F. W., register, 298. Spaulding, Henry 11., biog., 354. Spencer, I'. K., biog., 326-7. S perry, Cajit, death of, 522. Spillman, C. W., execution of. 019- 20. Splane, Moses, discov. Boise mines, 259. 406. Splawn, A. .T., biog., 355. Spokane co'try, counsel at, 104-5, Spokane falls, hist, of, 391. Spokane rirer, gold discovered, 63; bridge across, 251. Spokancs, (}ov. Stevens' dtjalings with, 104-6; cam))aigiis against, 178-96; treaty with, 195. Spotted Kagle, capt. of Nez Perce vols, 139. Spreading Eagle, Nez Perce chief, 184. Squire, W. C, gov. Wash. 1884, 293; biog., 293-4; adminst., 293-8. Stalii. chief, outrages by, 163. Staiiduer, Jefferson, capt. of vols, 411; U. S. sen., 316. Stanton, A. K., biog., 621. Stanwood, Ingersoll, biog., 305. Starr, L. M. and E. A., steamboat contractors, 272. Steamboats, on rivers, 2(t9- 72; (irst charter to co., 269. Stearns, H. N., settled on Boisfort prairie, 36. Steilacoom, Ind., rendezvous, 121; insane asylum, 273 4, 366; coal mines, .309; hist, of, 303. Steinberger, Justin, sent to raise regi- ment for regular service, 228; com- mand at Vancouver, 229 Stcptoe, Col, campaign of, 178-83j defeat of, 182. Sterling, F. P., biog., 770. |.» 832 INDEX. Sterrett, coinM of the 'Decatur,' 113. Stevens co., Iiist. of, H54. Stevens, I«i;io Ingalls, gov. Wash, terr , (il-'2; character and biog., 70, '204-.-), 20S-9; R. R. survey expi'd., 71, 55(5; messages, 74-t5; 98-0; 1 J7-S; report on H. B. co's property, Sii; l<-..vea for Washington city, 8S; acts in Intl. affairs, 03- 107; visits Puget sound, 120; at Or. vols camp, 142; reception at Olympia, 143; plan of canip:iign, 100; takes the held, 102; orders troops to the sound, 103; proclaims martial law, l(i5; liolds council with Inds, 108-70; unpopular, 202; del. to congress, 205-7; career dur- ing civil war, 207-8; death, 208; ex- ped., 000-9. Stevens, James H,, biog., 358. Stevenson, gov. of Id., proclani. 1889, 584. Stevenson, G. H., biog., 327. Stewart, Ueo. H., speaker of house, 280; biog., 292. Stickney, \Vm, Ind. coniis., 498. Stikines, hostilities of, 134-7. Stiles, I. L., biog., etc., 310; sup. ct judge, 314. Stimpson, Tiiomas, biog., 306. Stinkingwatcr creek, rich diggings at, 412. Stock-raisins;;, Wash,, 349-51; Mont., 734-8; 759-00. Stodden, Wni, biog., 748. Stone, David, settled in Cowlitz val., 37. Stone, Nathaniel, settled in Cowlitz val., 37; signs mem. to congress, 53; justice of peace, 78. Storms, D. J., legislator, biog., 292. Strahorn, 11. K., w(U-ksof, 405; panii)li- let, etc., of, 807. Straigiit, (J. K., biog., 327. Straugiiii, J. C, surveyor gen., 584. Strong, juilge, contlict of jury with, 50; presiding at Olympia, 55; can- diilate for congress, 73; com. to prepare laws, 70; capt. in Ind. war, 114, 138. Struve, H. (i., pros, of council, 267. Stuart, Ciias, settled on Shoalwater bay, 35. Stuart, (r., cxped. of, 613-17; biog., 77t)-7. Stuart, ' Cr. It.., del. to convention, 291. Stuart, J. , expods. of,C13-17; 627-8; 030-3; i)iog., 013; aheriif, 019; legis- lator, 044, Sucklcy, G., in Stevens' survey party, 71. Suksdorf, H. F., biocj., 312. Sidlivan, E. H., biou'., 311. Sullivan, Jas, biog., 770. Sullivan, Jere, l>io;,'., 770. Sullivan, M., mention, .■!44. Sullivan, P. C, lung., 313. Sully, Gen., campaign against Sioux, 093. Sulpiiur, deposits in Id., 537. Sununit City, Id.. founiUul, 428. Sumner, Gen. E. V., com'd of Pacific dept, 227. Sumner, G. W., settled on Wliidbey isl., 30. 'Susan Sturgis,' sliip, attacked by Inds, 90. Swanish co., see Mason co. Swan, James G., settled in Slioal- water bay, 35; biog. and works, 35; explorations, 380. Swartout, Sam'l, com'd of the ' Mas- sacliusetts,' 134; actions against Stikines, 1.34-7. Sweeny, Samuel, settled in Shoal- water bay, 34. Sweet, W., assoc. judge, 18S9, .^SS. Swiudal, C. \V., capt. of scouts, 159- 07; fight at White river, lt)4. Syford, Otto, in Ind. fight. 478. Sylvester, Edmund, settled at Turn- water, biog., 0; saw-mill, 9; pur- chases tlie Orbit, 15; aids road- making, 03. Symes, Geo. G., assoc. judge, 002. Tabotte, Henry J., killing of, 420. Taftetson, Christian, biog., 308, Taftson, Martin, settled on Whidbey isl., 30. Talbot, H. E., biog., 540. Tappan, Wm H., legislator, 73; Ind. agent, 94. Taylor, Geo. S., biog., 355. Taylor, Geo W., biog,, 774. Taylor, J. A., legislator, l)iog,, 292. Taylor, Capt. O. H. P., killed, 181. Taylor, Thos T., biog., 741). Taylor, W. H., biog., .392. Teeumseh, in attack on Seattle, 128. Temple, Fred., biog., 034. Territory, petition for establishing, 48-59, .59-00. Terry, Gen., campaign of, 713-15. Terry, C. C, founds New York, 21- 3; saw-mill, 33; signs mum. to ouu- INDEX. 833 15. I. 21- uuu- gress, 53; legislator, 98; donation to university, 215. Terry, Mr.s Grove, settled on Whid- l)ey isl., 30. 'Tiie Columbian,' newspaper estab., 51. The Dalles, army headquarters at, 117. Thomas, Cr. F,, biog., 423. Tliomas, John, settloil at Seattle, 20; founds settlement, (iO. Thompson, Chas, settler at Whidbey isl., 31. Tliompson, D. P., gov. Id. 1876, 474; biog., 474. Tliompson, (i. F., biog., 320. Thompson, Gideon, biog., 3t>4. Thompson, James, in attack at the Cascades, 148. Thomi>son, L. P., biog., 320. Thompson, \V. (j., chief justice Id., 187!), 480. Thompson, W. J., biog. and ment. of, of, 31 5-1 1). Thornton, John, settled at N. Dunge- ness, 27; rescued from Inds, 57. Thornton. \V. M., l)iog., 771-2. Tin-ee Feathers, Nez Perce chief, 184. TInirston co., created, 51; officials, 78; vols enrolled, 113; under mar- tial law, 203. Til)bal3, H. L., of P. S. Steam Nav. CO., 272; biog., .300. Tilley, M. R., legislator, biog., 292. Tilton, surveyor-gen., 11.3. Tilton, James, app't'd adj. -gen., 114. Tiiikh'iin, A. VV., in Stevens' survey party, 71. Titman, H., biog., 554. Tobin, H. H., founded settlement, 00; Ind. agent, 121. Toolo, J. K., delegate to cong., 782; biog., 788-9; gov. of Mont., 797, 800-4. Toole, J. R., biog., 789. Towns, Wash., hist, of, 361-71, 390-2. Townsend, A., Ind. agent, 177. Trading forts, Mont., map of, 010. •Traveller," steamer, 130, 271. Travis, ,1. J., biog., 313. Tripp, A. G., biog., 305. Troy, S., legislitor, biog., 292. Truett, H. B., biog., 720-7. Trutch, J. W., surveys R. R, route, 69. Tucker, A. H., legislator, biop., 292- 3. Tucker, James, settler at Port Dis- covery, 24; murder of, 28. UisT. Wash.— 58 [ Tucker, J. E., biog., .327. Tukey, John F., settler at Port Dis- covery, 28. TuUis, A. F., settled on Boisfort prairie, 30; legislator, biog., 292. Tumwater, first suttlumcnt at, 4; early annals, 5-8; saw-mill, 9; block-house erected, 14; public meeting, 1848, 39; mauufac. at, 305. Turnbull, James, biog., 305. Turner, G., assoc. judge, 297, 300; biog., 310. Turner, J. C, biog., 327. Turney, L. .J. S., app't'd sec. of terr., 211; acting gov., 219. Twiss, C. P., legislator, biog., 293. U Um.atillas, loyalty of, 521; in Wheat- on's campaign, 525. 'Una,' ship, wrecked, 53. Union Lake, named, 20. Ui)dyko, David C, lynching of, 401. Utah Northern K. R., 083-0, 752 -.3. Utes, outbreaks among, 719. Utter, Wm, settled at Bollingham bay, 32. Van Assalt, Hy., settled on the Dwa- mish, 22. Van Houton, B. C, biog., 320. Van Name, J. F., biog., 308. Vancouver, co. seat, 77; alarm at, 152-3; penitentiary, 213; arsenal closed, 27iS; conventions at, 284; sketch of, 305. Vancouver co., created, officials, 44-5. Vansycle, J. M., lays out Wallula, 255; biog., etc., 371. Van Wie, Vroman W., biog., .354. V^aslion island, Ind. rendezvous, 121. Vaughn, Alfred J., Ind. agent, 625, 091-2. Vaughn, Wm, biog., 035. Vestal, S., biog., 320. Vigilance committees, see Popular 'Iribunals, this series. Vincent, CiBur d'Aluno chief, 180j makes poaoe, 194. Virginia City, foun. congress, 218; gov. of Idaho, 442 et seq. Wallula, town laid out, 255. Warbass, E. D., founds town, biog., 37: del. to convention, 49; capt. of vols, 167. Warbass, W. G., legislator, '218; biog., 364. Warbassport, founded, 37. Ward, Samuel, delegate, 782. Ward, D. B,, legislator, biog., 293. Ward, Ira, legislator, 73. Warner, C. H., biog., 310. Warner, D., settles in Puyallup val., 66. Warren, C. S., biog., 765-6. Warren, Hy. L., chief justice, 661. Warren, James, discovers mines, 258. Warren, town of. Id., 552. Warwick, Isaac, murder by, 420. Washington, first settlements, 1845- 53, 1-38; effects of Gal. gold discov- ery, 12-13; development, 1845-53, 39-69; terr. named, 61 ; population, 1853, 62; seal, 76; Ind. census, 1853-4. 89-90; Ind. wars, 1855-8, 108-200; war expenses, 175; thro' four admin., 201-26; mail communi- cations, 222; mining, 1861-3, 230- 63; town-making, 231-62; gov'm't and development, 1863-86. 264-303, codif. of laws, 299; enabling act, 304-7; statehood, 317-27; timber and ship-building, 32S-3:?; marit. commerce, etc., 333-5; light-h.ouses, etc., 335-6; exports, 337-40; coal- mining. 340-2; gold and silver, 342-3; agric, etc., 343-5; f'.heries, 345-9; stock-raising, 349-;')!; manu- fact., 351-3; counties and towns, 354-71, 390-2; churches, 372-4; education, 375-6; libraries, 376-7; journals, ."177-80; Ind. reserv.. .180-1 ; roads, 381-6; railroads, 386-90. Washington co., created, 465; sketch of, 560. Washington lake, named, 26. 'Water Lily,' steamer, 97. Watkins, li. W., attacked by Inds, 92. Watkins, James, wounded in the Cas- cades attack, 149. Watt, A., biog., 320. Waunch, Geo., settled at Puget sound. 4. Weatherford, A. H., biog., 327. Webber, J. B., stationed at S. Juan island, 88; in charge of Ind. camp, 121; R. R. enterprise, 270. Webster, Wm, settles at Port Town- send, 20. Weed, Chas, rescued from Inds, 57. Weir, Allen, sec. state Wash., 314. Weir, H.W., chief justice 1888, 583. Weir, John, exploration, 386. Weisenburger, J. J., biog., 311. Welcher, Benj., settled on Whidbey isl., 30. Welcher, Lewis, settled on Whidbey isl., 30. Weldon, David K., settled on ShoaK water bay, 35. Wenatchee river, gold discovered, 230. West, A. J., biog., 309. Westenfeldten, Jacob, prospecting on Boise river, 259, 406. West Granite mines, ment. of, 767. Whalley, J. T., biog., 320. Wham, Lieut J. W., Ind. agent, 492. Whatcom co., created, 77; officials, 77; mil. co. raised, 229; sketch of, 359. Wheaton, Gen., Ind. campaign of, 521-6. Whidl)ey island, Ind. council at, 11; settlements, 12, 28-31; Ind. out- rages, 137. < INDEX. 835 : on 192. als, of. of, 11; put- Whipple, Capt., operations of, .'502-3. Whitcoinl), .John, setted on Protection island, 28. Whitcoinl), J. Henry, settled on Shoalwater bay, 35; biog., 3G. White, B. F., gov. Mont. 1889, 787; biog., 787. White, C. F., settled on Boisfort prairie, 36; legislator, 98. White, Christian, killed at Seattle, 130. White, Cyn.s, settled on Boisfort prairie, 3o. White, Elijah, founds Pacific City, 33. White, Lieut J. L., in Wright's cam- paign, 185. White, John, discovers placers, etc., «21. White, Capt. Joseph A., fight at White river, 163-4. White, W. H., legislator, biog., 29.3. White Bird, Nez Perce chief. 499-500. White river, settlements founded, 66; massacre at, 118-20; fight at, 162-3. White River valley, see Dwamish valley. Whitesell, H., settles in Puyallup val., 66. Whitlach, James W., discovers quartz mine, 72.3. Whitlach mine, descript. of, 72.3-4. Whitman co., hist of, .354. Whitman, P. B., Ind. interpreter, 484, 491. Whitson, Wm G., dist judge, Id., 473; biog., 473. AVhitworth, G. F., biog., etc., 373. Wickershain, J. H., comptroller, 584. Wiley, J. W., publi-shes the 'Colum- bian,' 51; biog., 77. Willamette valley, mining rush to, 108; gold discovery, 243. Willard creek, gold discovered at, 621. Willard, DrG. K., biog., 364. Willhf.-d. John, biog., 635. Willi? -mos, biog., 747. Willia.ji?, tSam'l H., rescued from Inds, 57. Williams, Sergt Wm C, bravery in [nd. tight, death, 181. Williamson, J. R., settled at Seattle, 26. Williamson, N., exped., etc., of, 614. Willison, H. C, biog., 309. Williston, L. P., assoc. judge, 643-4. Willopah river, settlers on, 36. Willson, B., biog., etc., 649. Wilson, E. J., biog., 320. Wilson, Lieut, belligerent acts of, 221-2. Wilsor, Fi'ed. A., collector, 220; biog., 366. Wilson, Henry C, settles at Port Townsend, biog., 18; del. to con- vention, 49; signs mem. to congress, .53; sheriff, 59. Wilson, J. L., congressman, 314. Wingard, S. C., assoc. judge, 285. Wisconsin gulch, iiiiiiing at, 630. Witherbee, F. S., biog., 769. Withington, L. P., biog., 556. Witten, M., biog., 747. Witter, A. C, speaker, 802. Wolfe, H. H., biog., 320. Wolverton, W. M., ment., .300. Woman suffrage. Wash., 290, 298. Wood, H. C, Ind. coinniis., 498. Wood river dist, mines of, 529-31; map, 531. Wood, W. D., biog., 321. Woodard, A., settled on Wliidbey isl., 30 Woodard, John, in attack at the Cas- cades, 148. Woodhig. C. F., biog., 321. Woodward, H. R., biog., 364. Woodward, Sain'l, settled on Shoal- water bay, 35. Wool, Geu., at Vancouver, 116; tjuar- rel with officers, 117; recall, 176. • Woolery, A. H., settled in Puyallup val., 66. Woolery, Isaac, settled in Puyallup val., 66. Word, Saml, biog., 770. Word, S. E., biog., 635. Wren, Chas, arrest of, 202. Wright, Col Geo., arrival of with troops, 116; exped. to Cascades, 154-6; campaign, etc., of, 183-95; coin'd of Pacific dept, 227-8. Wright, I. H., settled in Puyallup val., 66. Wright, Moses, biog., 356. Wriglit, T. R., settled in Puyallup val., 66. Wyche, James E., chief justice, biog., 250; dist of, 278. Yakima co., hist, of, .355. Yakima river, gold discov., 63; sol- diers drowned, 115; mil. post on, 117; ferries, 251. Yakimas, sign treaty, 101; hostility, 880 INDEX. 109; campaign against, 110-13, 196; attack at Cascades, 146-52; expel Leschi, 171; exped. against, 183- 96. Yankee Fork dist. Id., mines of, Yantis, B. F., biog,, 64; surveys state road, 65; legislator, 73. Yeaiian, Jacob, biog., 556. Yellow.stoue basin, Mont., descript. of, Yellowstone co., organized, 443; sketch of, 757-8. Yellowstone river, gov. cxped. on. 710-11. ' ^ Yesler, Henry L., settled at Seattle, 24-5; CO. auilitor, 78-9; contrib- utes to Seattle fortifications, 133; R. R. enterprise, 270. 'Yf.iing America,' steamer, fate of, 271. Young, Lieut, sent to attack Inds, 135. Young, Brigliam, visits colony in Idaho, 402-3. Young, Wm, killed by Inds, 93. • on, ittle, trib- 133; '. of, iida, ' in