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WITNESS PRINTING HOUSk', MONTREAL. 
 
m- 
 
 
7^ 
 
 ■L u C^ 
 
 <ir 
 
 "C..:^ 2/. 
 
 ALL ABOUT 
 
 CANADA. 
 
 BY REV. D. V. LUCAS, M.A. 
 
 MONTREAL : 
 "witness" printing house. 
 
 1883. 
 
 - ■■-"'■'"^ ■■- 
 
Entered at Stationers' Hall, London, and at the Office of the Minister 
 
 of Agriculture, Ottawa. 
 
ALL ABOUT CANADA, 
 
 r^I^lHIS little book is intended for a pocket reference. 
 JL The writer is not aware of any work of the kind 
 having as yet bc^n published. The paragraphs are 
 purposely made short, and numbered and indexed, that 
 the enquirer for facts respecting Canada may turn in a 
 moment and get in few words the desired information. 
 
 If it should, even in a small degree, prove a benefit to 
 his native land, — the land he so much loves, the land of 
 his fathers for three generations past, — the author will 
 rejoice that he has been permitted to join the company 
 of those who are patriotically extending the name and 
 the fame of this " brightest jewel of the British Crown " 
 among the millions of the Mother Land, that those of 
 them who contemplate seeking a home beyond the sea 
 may be induced to follow the dear old flag — that emblem 
 of honor, liberty and power — to that part of this broad 
 continent where they may be Britons still. 
 
 It is no small matter that a father anxious for the 
 temporal welfare of his children, in an overcrowded 
 country, finds upon careful enquiry that he can remove to 
 a land several thousands of miles away where he can 
 provide comfortable and happy homes for them all, and 
 yet live with them in the enjoyment of the same political 
 
 2 
 
ALL AnOUr CANADA. 
 
 and religious privileges, and under the shadow of the same 
 flag he has loved from the days of his boyhood. 
 
 1. The Dominion of Canada embraces all the North- 
 ern half of the Continent of North America. It is 
 bounded on the South by the United States ; on the 
 North by the Arctic Ocean ; on the East by the Atlantic, 
 and on the West by the Pacific Ocean. 
 
 2. From East to West, measuring in a straight line, 
 it is (in round numbers) 3,000 miles. From South to 
 North, 1,500 miles. Its total area is 3,500,000 square 
 miles. It is very nearly as large therefore as the whole 
 of Europe, which is said to measure 3,800,000 English 
 square miles. As will be seen from the figures here 
 given, and from the map on the next page, the Dominion 
 of Canada is as large as the United States. In fact it is 
 considerably larger, if we exclude Alaska, and although 
 the climate of Canada is more rigorous, the soil is more 
 productive, and the climate more favorable to the growth 
 of the most valuable and marketable grains and animals, 
 while the forest and mineral resources of the Dominion 
 are no less extensive and valuable than those of the 
 American Republic. 
 
 3. Her resources of the soil, forest, mine, and water, 
 are very great, and cannot fail, when their extent 
 and value are well known in England and Europe, to 
 secure the practical attention of capitalists and persons 
 intending to emigrate. The productiveness of her soil ; 
 the purity of her atmosphere ; the healthfulness and 
 wealth of her waters, and the grandeur and beauty of her 
 scenery cannot be surpassed in any part of the globe. 
 She is easily capable of sustaining luxuriously a population 
 
f the same 
 
 le North- 
 
 :a. It is 
 
 ; on the 
 
 Atlantic, 
 
 ight line, 
 South to 
 00 square 
 he whole 
 English 
 ires here 
 dominion 
 fact it is 
 although 
 is more 
 ; growth 
 animals, 
 minion 
 of the 
 
 water, 
 
 extent 
 
 [■ope, to 
 
 )ersons 
 
 5r soil ; 
 
 Iss and 
 
 of her 
 
 [globe. 
 
 ilation 
 
i. 
 
 ■fi-'' 
 
 •/ r -.>.:>■ •" 
 
 ">-v . 
 
 K, 
 
 
 I 
 
 2. 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 . ,-,.A 
 
 
 u 
 
 I 
 
 t. ••• 
 
 '^ 
 
 >'---• A .11/i aMA H TfiOK 
 
 ^,.. .-..* — , ^— ■ , ■■— »■ 
 
 >W*N«*^*«aii«"Wi«!i«« 
 
 ■i—nii I ^ ^iiiiitiiii 
 
.^uw^ ; 
 
 < 
 
 ^ M 
 
 v-< 
 
 OK 
 
 PEOPLING THE COUNTRY. | 
 
 of not less than ONE HUNDRED MILLIONS OF 
 SOULS. 
 
 4. The peopling of a vast continent by immigra- 
 tion from older countries may be compared to the com- 
 ing in of the tide. Those portions nearest the sea, or 
 nearest to the points of emigration, are first seized upon 
 and then the tide rolls slowly back towards the higher 
 and more valuable parts of the territory. Such has been 
 the law, at least in the past. Had the same facilities for 
 the settling of new territories, however, which exist to- 
 day, been in existence at an earlier date, those rich por- 
 tions of the northern part of the continent of America, 
 which are just now being taken up by immigrants, would 
 have been settled long ere this. Moreover, the British 
 North American possessions have been, until quite lately, 
 separated into isolated colonies and provinces with 
 numerous and clashing interests, which, from want 
 of a common aim, have operated rather against than 
 for general prosperity. Now, they are united into 
 on^ Dominion, with a central Government, which is, 
 emphatically, patriotic and progressive, and are there- 
 fore making more rapid growth than they have done 
 hitherto. 
 
 The union of all the older provinces, together with the 
 vast unsettled territories in the North-West, has had the 
 effect of arousing the Canadians to a greater apprecia- 
 tion of their rich heritage. 
 
 5. The older Provinces consist of Ontario, Quebec, 
 New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and 
 British Columbia. 
 
 These contain in all about 700,000 square miles. 
 
 The new Provinces, Manitoba and Keewatin, with the 
 
" 
 
 4 ALL ABOUT CANADA. 
 
 rich, arable territory West, between them and the 
 Rocky Mountains, embrace about 1,000,000 square 
 miles. 
 
 North of these is the great Arctic region which, while 
 too cold for the profitable growth of grains, may be 
 regarded as valuable on account of the fur-bearing 
 animals which have their home there. This vast region, 
 together with the lakes and great rivers of the Dominion, 
 gives us over one million seven hundred thousand square 
 miles more. 
 
 SOIL AND PRODUCTIONS. 
 
 6. The greater part of the older provinces, and almost 
 the entire of the vast territories lying between Lake 
 Superior and the Pacific Ocean, are admirably adapt- 
 ed for agricultural pursuits. 
 
 The soil is exceedingly fertile, and capable of a high 
 degree of cultivation. The great wealth of the province 
 of Ontario, the banner province of the Dominion, is the 
 richness of its soil and the favorable nature of its 
 climate for agricultural operations. In the Southern part 
 of this fine province, peaches, grapes, apricots, quinces, 
 pears, strawberries, and all other kinds of Northern fruits, 
 are grown in great abundance, while throughout the 
 whole of the province, apples of almost every variety, 
 plums, grapes and berries, are grown with equal success. 
 The latter part of the above proposition is applicable to 
 nearly all the grain producing portions of the Dominion. 
 
 Throughout the greater part of the Dominion, especi- 
 ally in the old provinces, and the extensive tracts now 
 being surveyed for settlement in the North-West, cereals 
 of every variety, hay, ruta-bagas, sugar beet, carrots, 
 
1 and the 
 »o square 
 
 lich, while 
 s, may be 
 ur- bearing 
 ast region, 
 Dominion, 
 ind square 
 
 md almost 
 een Lake 
 bly adapt- 
 or a high 
 J province 
 )n, is the 
 re of its 
 hern part 
 quinces, 
 em fruits, 
 lOut the 
 variety, 
 success, 
 cable to 
 ominion. 
 1, especi- 
 acts now 
 :, cereals 
 carrots, 
 
 SOIL AND PRODUCTIONS. $ 
 
 parsnips, cabbages, cauliflower, onions, beans, turnips, 
 and all the most serviceable and profitable horticultural 
 productions are successfully grown. 
 
 In addition to wheat, barley, rye, oats, pease, potatoes, 
 hops, hemp and flax, and others named above, there are 
 some very remunerative products of the soil which can- 
 not be raised in England, such as maize or Indian corn, 
 tobacco, &c., &c., the climate of Canada being more 
 favorable to the growth of a larger variety. 
 
 7. The North-Western portion of the Dominion is 
 destined to become the great wheat producing country 
 of the Western hemisphere. The soil is a rich alluvial 
 deposit of black mould resting on clay, generally from two 
 to four feet deep, though there are large districts of many 
 square miles in extent where the deposit is much deeper, 
 and the soil so rich and so thoroughly provided with all 
 the 1 ecessary elements for the growth of wheat, that for 
 20 years in succession from 30 to 40 bushels to the acre 
 have been taken from the same fields without manuring. 
 
 The wheat producing power of North-Western Canada 
 is not, and cannot be excelled or even equalled by any 
 country known to man. 
 
 It is not at all an unusual thing to harvest 35, 37, 40, 
 and sometimes 50 bushels to the acre. From 123 farms 
 scattered throughout the new province, Manitoba, taking 
 the lowest with the highest, the yield of wheat 
 
 In 1877 averaged 26| bush. 
 
 '• 1878 " z6A *• 
 
 " 1879 " 26J " 
 
 " 1880 " 29^ " 
 
 '• 1881 •' 28 •♦ 
 

 6 ALL ABOUT CANADA. 
 
 During the same period the average yields in the fol- 
 lowing States of the American Union were, — 
 
 Minnesota 17 bush. 
 
 Illinois 17 ** 
 
 Dakota 16 •' 
 
 Wisconsin 16 " 
 
 Iowa ID " 
 
 Kansas 10 *' 
 
 The average yield of oats in the Canadian North-West 
 for 1880, for 116 farms, taking the lowest yield with the 
 highest, was 57 bushels to the acre, against 
 
 37 bush, per acre for Minnesota, U.S. 
 28 " ** '♦ ** Iowa 
 23 ** " " '♦ Ohio 
 
 Barley averaged the same year in the Canadian North- 
 West' 40 bushels to the acre ; peas, 35 bushels, and 
 potatoes 350 bushels to the acre. 
 
 The highest and lowest yields were as follows : 
 
 Wheat, lowest, 8 bush. ; highest, 45 bush. 
 
 Oats " 20 " " 150 " 
 
 Barley " 10 " " 80 
 
 Peas ** 10 " " 68 " 
 
 Potatoes " 50 " •' 600 " 
 
 The low yield may often be accounted for by the fact 
 that it was produced the first year of cultivation, the 
 strong, stiff sod of the prairie not yet having become suf- 
 ficiently rotted, or the ground so thoroughly mellowed as 
 was necessary for a good yield. 
 
 The flour made from the first-class wheat of the North 
 is rated at $2.00 more per barrel than the highest rating 
 
in the fol- 
 
 sh. 
 (I 
 
 brth-West 
 with the 
 
 .S. 
 <( 
 
 (( 
 
 an North- 
 hels, and 
 
 ;h. 
 
 K 
 (( 
 
 the fact 
 Ltion, the 
 :ome suf- 
 lowed as 
 
 he North 
 St rating 
 
 SOIL AND T>RODUCTION. 7 
 
 of the flour from wheat grown further South. In classi- 
 fication by experts for foreign markets, the Northern 
 wheat has the advantage. Northern wheat graded at 
 Duluth gave from every loo bushels, 
 
 No. 1 87 bush. 
 
 •• 2 II " 
 
 " 3 » " 
 
 Rejected i ** 
 
 Southern wheat grown in the United States, say in 
 Iowa, Kansas, Nebraska, Texas and Illinois, graded at 
 Chicago, gave from every loo bushels, 
 
 No. I I bush. 
 
 *• 2 53 " 
 
 " 3 34 •' 
 
 Rejected 12 " 
 
 The difference in price between No. i and No. 2 is 
 about 14 cents. 
 
 The wheat raised in the North weighs from 62 to 66 
 pounds to the bushel. 
 
 If we take, therefore, the average yield per acre, or 
 weight per bushel, or higher price for the market, or 
 superior quality of the flour, we see the advantage which 
 the producer of wheat in the North has over his com- 
 petitor of the South. 
 
 In speaking of Northern wheat, I do not mean exclu- 
 sively wheat grown in North-Western Canada. 
 
 The soil and climate of the Northern parts of Dakota 
 and Minnesota, in the United States, are quite equal, I 
 dare say, to our North-West, for wheat producing pur- 
 poses. Whatever is good in this respect however, South 
 of the national line, we have a hundred-fold more of than 
 
ALL ABOUT CANADA. 
 
 our Republican neighbors possess ; and it appears, for 
 the experimen t has been tried, that the farther you go 
 North, for 600 miles at least, from the national line, this 
 excellence of soil and climate for wheat raising, increases 
 rather than diminishes. I regard the Peace River district 
 equal if not superior in every respect to that of the Red 
 River. 
 
 It costs in Manitoba to produce an acre of wheat about 
 $6.50, (^i 6s.) At an average of 20 bushels to the 
 acre, this would be about ^^ cents (is. 4d) per bushel. 
 At an average of 28 bushels it would cost 23 cents (iid) 
 to produce one bushel. 
 
 " A harvest has been reaped of such an abi'^dant 
 character, as to prove beyond all question that Manitoba 
 is entitled to take the highest rank as an agricultural 
 country " — Lieuienant-Governor, at opening of Parliament. 
 
 The testimony of our highly esteemed and popular 
 Governor, the Marquis of Lome, and of his popular pre- 
 decessor. Lord Dufferin, in numerous speeches is equally 
 strong respecting Canada as a great wheat producing 
 country. 
 
 That the reader may have the opportunity of satisfying 
 his mind more fully respecting the yield of wheat and 
 other products* in our Canadian North-West, I subjoin 
 the names and addresses of a goodly number of wheat 
 growers in that country, anyone of whom will gladly re- 
 spond, I am sure, to enquiries sent through the mail con- 
 cerning the statements made above. 
 
YIELD OF WHEAT PER ACRE. 
 
 pears, for 
 er you go 
 1 line, this 
 increases 
 er district 
 ' the Red 
 
 leat about 
 Is to the 
 :r bushel. 
 ;nts (i id) 
 
 abi"^dant 
 Manitoba 
 l^ricultural 
 rliamcnt. 
 
 popular 
 )ular pre- 
 is equally 
 producing 
 
 atisfying 
 leat and 
 [ subjoin 
 of wheat 
 ladly re- 
 lail con- 
 
 TESTIMONY OF FARMERS AS TO THE YIELD 
 OF WHEAT PER ACRE, 
 
 Namk. 
 
 A. McDonald 
 
 .fno. Kelly 
 
 D. Gillespie 
 
 Robt. Adams. . . . 
 
 A. P. Stevenson.. 
 
 J, Appleyard. . . 
 
 J. D. Stewart. . . . 
 
 Kd. Scott 
 
 P. FerfjTuson 
 
 C. Logan 
 
 Max. Wilton. , . 
 
 J. Trooi) 
 
 A. Dawson 
 
 A. D. CadenheaJ. 
 
 A. J. Hinker 
 
 K. Ogletree 
 
 T. H. Brown 
 
 U. A Tucker.... 
 
 A. V. Beck.stead. 
 
 A. C. Harvey. ,. . 
 
 I). G. Lowe 
 
 A. J. Nugent ... 
 
 W. B. Hall 
 
 P. McKay 
 
 .1 . Lowrie & Bros. 
 
 Chas. Begg , ., 
 
 .\ngus Poison . . . , 
 
 (t. (iranby 
 
 \. Poison, Jun.. . , 
 
 (J.Tidsbury 
 
 T. B. Robinson... 
 Neil Henderson . . . 
 
 Thos. Sigsons 
 
 J as. Munroe. 
 
 J. F. Vidal 
 
 J. Taylor 
 
 T. Dalzell 
 
 AODilRBH. 
 
 Manitobu, Civnada. 
 Pott offlcf. 
 
 A. Nel.wn 
 
 J. J. p]dward 
 
 R. Sutherland 
 
 <i. Starajer 
 
 Wm. Hill. 
 
 W. A. Mann 
 
 Neil MacLeod.... 
 
 F.B.Allan 
 
 J. Davidson 
 
 Henry Hodgson . . . 
 
 John Fraser 
 
 Alex. Adams 
 
 (Jladstone 
 
 Morris 
 
 Plynii)ton. . . . 
 
 High Bluff.... 
 
 Nel.sonville, . . . 
 
 Stonewall . ... 
 
 Cook's Creek. . 
 
 Port'e-La-1'rairie 
 
 (ilad.stonc , 
 
 Portage-La-P... 
 
 High P,luif 
 
 Portage-La-P... . 
 
 Headingly 
 
 Scratching River. 
 
 (ireun Ridge. . . , 
 
 Portuge-La-P . . . 
 
 Poplar Point. . . , 
 j Portage-La-P.. . . 
 
 Knierson 
 
 [Poplar I'oint. . . . 
 
 St. Agathe 
 
 West Lynne, . . . 
 
 Headingly 
 
 Portage-La-P 
 
 Morris 
 
 Stone Fort . ... 
 
 Kildonan 
 
 HighBlutf .... 
 
 Kildonan , 
 
 High Bluff 
 
 Rock wood ... 
 Cook's Creek. ., 
 Portage-La-P... 
 
 Kildonan 
 
 Headingly 
 
 Headingly 
 
 High Bluff 
 
 Stonewall 
 
 Poplar Point. . , 
 Portage-La-P... 
 Poplar Point. . . 
 Woodland 
 Bird's Hill .... 
 
 Victoria 
 
 Stonewall 
 
 High Bluff 
 
 Springfield 
 
 Kildonan 
 
 Clear Simngs.. . 
 
 Yield 
 
 per 
 
 acre 
 
 1M77. 
 
 30 
 
 io' 
 
 H3 
 20 
 
 25 
 30 
 
 30 
 25 
 30 
 
 25 
 25 
 
 30 
 25 
 30 
 30 
 30 
 20 
 20 
 30 
 
 Yield 
 
 per 
 
 acre 
 
 1878. 
 
 :i5 
 
 27 
 
 23 
 24 
 
 30 
 
 25 
 
 30 
 
 30 
 
 15 
 
 20 
 
 28.\ 
 
 40" 
 
 28 
 
 15 
 
 25 
 25 
 
 24 
 
 38 
 
 30 
 37 
 28 
 2() 
 30 
 1() 
 
 27 
 21» 
 
 34 
 '36" 
 
 17 
 38 
 20 
 27 
 35 
 35 
 22.1 
 
 20" 
 
 30 
 
 30 
 
 20 
 
 30 
 
 24 
 
 25 
 
 30 
 
 25 
 
 28 
 
 30 
 
 28 
 
 30 
 
 10 
 25 
 2() 
 40 
 30 
 15 
 20 
 10 
 
 25 
 
 25 
 35 
 
 Yield 
 per 
 aere 
 
 1879. 
 
 40 
 35 
 35 
 28 
 12 
 22 
 37 
 2«) 
 28 
 40 
 
 36' 
 
 25 
 
 23 
 
 3() 
 
 18 
 
 27 
 
 28 
 
 33 
 
 25 
 
 18 
 
 15 
 
 .32 
 
 25 
 
 32 
 
 21 
 25 
 2n 
 20 
 30 
 35 
 34 
 
 8 
 33 
 28 
 40 
 29 
 22 
 15 
 18 
 
 30 
 
 37i 
 22" 
 30 
 
 Yield 
 
 per 
 
 acre 
 
 1880. 
 
 30 
 40 
 25 
 40 
 30 
 
 '25' 
 33 
 35 
 30 
 35 
 30 
 .30 
 30 
 25 
 30 
 27 
 23 
 35 
 
 40 
 
 3." 
 
 30 
 30 
 20 
 35 
 35 
 30 
 34 
 
 15 
 
 20 
 30 
 
 15 
 25 
 25 
 .30 
 20 
 25 
 37 
 25 
 40 
 
 AY'rage 
 weij^nt 
 
 par 
 buaiiel 
 
 02 
 ()2 
 04 
 00 
 ()() 
 ()0 
 0<> 
 05 
 (55 
 04 
 02 
 
 (50 
 03 
 ()5 
 00 
 ()0 
 03 
 (55 
 ()3 
 (52 
 58 
 00 
 02 
 ()0 
 
 00 
 00 
 02 
 (55 
 (52 
 01 
 05 
 (52 
 04 
 (52 
 GO 
 04 
 
 64 
 02 
 01 
 (52 
 01 
 63 
 67 
 60 
 66 
 61 
 62 
 
10 
 
 ALL ABOUT CANADA. 
 
 i I 
 
 I I 
 
 TESTIMONY OF FARMERS AS TO THE YIELD 
 OF WHEAT PER kC^V.— Continued. 
 
 Name. 
 
 John Currie 
 
 Wm. Ellison 
 
 W, Aylmer 
 
 Jas. Dodds 
 
 John Honrie 
 
 J. F. Galbraith... 
 
 C. Stewart 
 
 L. Diensing 
 
 E. M. Maley, 
 
 W. A. Farmer . . . 
 
 R. Bell 
 
 John George 
 
 Chas. Cuthbert. . . . 
 H. C. Graham . . . . 
 
 (xeo. Jenkhia 
 
 Jas. Bedford 
 
 Geo. Ferris 
 
 E. Bnrnell 
 
 Sam. J. Parson . . . 
 
 D. McDougall... 
 
 J. D. McEwan 
 
 J. Whimster . . . . 
 
 J. Stewart 
 
 J. H. C. Hall 
 
 R. Bell 
 
 Wm. Start 
 
 Henry West 
 
 D. Chalmers , . , 
 
 Jas. Sinclair 
 
 D. R. McDowell.. 
 R. S. Jackson. ... 
 
 R.H. Palmer 
 
 R. Morgan 
 
 M. Ferris. ... ,. , 
 
 J. W. Carlton 
 
 M. Owens 
 
 N. Brown 
 
 R. P. Bradley. . . . 
 John McKinnon . . 
 James King J. Mc- 
 Kinnon 
 
 Addrrss. 
 Manitoba, Canada. 
 
 Victoria 
 
 Nelsonville 
 
 St. L(<on 
 
 Sunnyside 
 
 St. Anne 
 
 Nelsonville 
 
 Meadow Lea .... 
 
 Emerson 
 
 Morris 
 
 Headingly 
 
 Rockwood 
 
 NeLsonville 
 
 High Bluff 
 
 Stonewall 
 
 St. Agathe 
 
 Emerson 
 
 St, Agathe 
 
 Nelsonville 
 
 Springfield 
 
 Meadow Lea . . . 
 
 Meadow Lea 
 
 High Bluff .... 
 High Bluff .. .. 
 Scratching River. 
 
 Burnside 
 
 Assiniboine 
 
 Clear Sin-ings.. . . 
 St.AnnePt.D.C. 
 
 (Jreenwood 
 
 Cook's Creek .... 
 
 St Agathe 
 
 Cook H Creek . . . 
 
 Headingly 
 
 Burnside 
 
 Clear Sjjrings 
 
 High Bluff 
 
 High Bluff 
 
 St. Pie. . 
 
 Portage- La-P 
 
 Yield 
 per 
 acre 
 
 1S77. 
 
 Oberon. 
 
 20 
 21 
 28 
 25 
 
 Yield 
 per 
 acre 
 
 1878. 
 
 27 
 
 25 
 
 •>5 
 
 29i 
 
 30 
 
 35 
 32 
 
 27' 
 
 10 
 20 
 26 
 
 2K ' 
 
 m 
 
 25 
 25 
 30 
 2(5 
 30 
 30 
 
 19 
 
 23 
 34 
 
 28i 
 25 
 
 18 
 25 
 25 
 25 
 28 
 20 
 27 
 20 
 25 
 25 
 25 
 
 35 
 27 
 
 "36* 
 
 10 
 25 
 10 
 
 27" 
 
 40 
 
 24 
 
 15 
 
 32 
 
 2(5 
 
 32 
 
 30 
 
 Yield 
 per 
 acre 
 
 1879. 
 
 1(5 
 15 
 2(5 
 
 27 
 18 
 
 '26' 
 
 2(5 
 20 
 
 27h 
 
 32 
 
 25 
 25 
 20 
 30 
 30 
 on 
 
 37 
 33 
 
 ■ • • • 
 
 30 
 25 
 lit 
 
 17 
 1(5 
 37 
 20 
 10 
 35 
 20 
 40 
 30 
 
 30 
 
 Yield 
 per 
 acre 
 
 1880. 
 
 25 
 20 
 40 
 30 
 30 
 20 
 15 
 
 20 
 25 
 25 
 25 
 
 "20 
 
 35 
 40 
 30 
 20 
 30 
 38 
 30 
 33 
 18 
 27 
 30 
 22 
 15 
 15 
 15 
 30 
 
 25 
 20 
 37 
 30 
 25 
 30 
 
 1877. 
 per acre. 
 
 Average yield according to 
 
 the above 26^^ 
 
 Av'riiife 
 weight 
 
 per 
 bimhel 
 
 70 
 (54 
 U2 
 
 <51 
 63 
 
 (55 
 
 (53 
 (52 
 (52 
 61 
 (52 
 (52 
 (55 
 (50 
 
 <52 
 (50 
 62 
 62 
 
 54 
 
 iii' 
 
 62' 
 
 60 
 
 60 
 
 63 
 
 61 
 
 64 
 
 60 
 
 65 
 
 63 
 
 64 
 
 1878. 
 
 1879. 
 
 1880. 
 
 per acre. 
 
 per acre. 
 
 , per acre 
 
 26/3 
 
 26^ 
 
 29/3 
 
 J I 
 
HE YIELD 
 tued. 
 
 I Yield 
 
 Av'riufe 
 
 per 
 
 weigut 
 
 acre 
 
 per 
 
 . 1880. 
 
 bimhel 
 
 25 
 
 70 
 
 20 
 
 <)4 
 
 40 
 
 02 
 
 30 
 
 
 30 
 
 01 
 
 20 
 
 
 15 
 
 63 
 
 20 
 
 
 25 
 
 (55 
 
 -. 25 
 
 
 25 
 
 03 
 
 
 (52 
 
 20 
 
 (52 
 
 
 (51 
 
 35 
 
 (52 
 
 40 
 
 (52 
 
 30 
 
 (55 
 
 20 
 
 (50 
 
 30 
 
 
 . 38 
 
 
 30 
 
 (52 
 
 33 
 
 (50 
 
 . 18 
 
 (52 
 
 27 
 
 (52 
 
 30 
 
 
 22 
 
 54 
 
 . 15 
 
 
 15 
 
 01 
 
 15 
 
 
 30 
 
 62 
 
 
 60 
 
 
 60 
 
 25 
 
 63 
 
 20 
 
 61 
 
 37 
 
 64 
 
 30 
 
 60 
 
 25 
 
 65 
 
 30 
 
 63 
 
 
 64 
 
 879. 1880. 
 ' acre. , per iK-re 
 
 5^ igy'i 
 
 YIELD OF OATS PER ACRE. I I 
 
 TESTIMONY OF SETTLERS ON YIELD OF 
 OATS PER ACRE. 
 
 Namk. 
 
 (4eo. A. Tucker. . . 
 A. V. Beckstead . . 
 
 A. C. Harvey 
 
 I). G. Lowe 
 
 A. J. Nugent 
 
 H. B. Hall 
 
 Phillip McKay.... 
 
 And. Dry den 
 
 Jae. Laurie & Bro, 
 
 Angus Poison 
 
 G. Gran by 
 
 Alex. Poison, jr. . . 
 Geo. Tidsbury.... 
 Neil Henderson . . . 
 
 T.H.Ellison 
 
 Thos. Sigsons 
 
 Jas. Munroe 
 
 J. F. Vidal 
 
 Jno Taylor 
 
 Thos. Dalzell 
 
 John Mathewson . . 
 J. J. Edwards. .. 
 
 R. Sutherland 
 
 G. Stanyer. ..... 
 
 William Hill 
 
 Neil McLeod 
 
 F. B.Allen 
 
 J. Davidson. . . . 
 Henry Hodgson . . . 
 
 Alex. Admas 
 
 J. Currie 
 
 M. Ellison 
 
 Jas. Dodds 
 
 Jno. Hourie 
 
 J. F. Galbraith... 
 
 Chas. Stewart 
 
 L. Dieusing 
 
 E. M. Maley 
 
 W. A. Farmer. . . 
 
 Robt. Bell 
 
 Jno. George 
 
 Chas. Cutnbert 
 
 H. C. Graham 
 
 Geo. Jenkins 
 
 Jas. Bedford 
 
 Geo. Ferris 
 
 E. Bumell 
 
 S. J. Parsons 
 
 I). McDougall 
 
 ADDRK!(8. 
 
 ManitobA, Canada. 
 Pott Office 
 
 Portage- La-P. . . 
 
 Pinierson 
 
 Poplar Point. . . . 
 
 St. Agathe 
 
 West Lynne .... 
 Headingly ... . 
 Port-^e-La-P. . 
 St. >.gathe. ... . 
 
 Morris 
 
 Kildonan 
 
 High Bluff 
 
 Kildonan 
 
 High Bluff 
 
 Cook's Creek. . . . 
 ScratchingRiver. 
 Portage-La-P. . . 
 
 Kildonan 
 
 Headingly . , , . 
 
 Headingly 
 
 High Bluff 
 
 Emerson 
 
 Salsbury 
 
 Portage-La-P. . . 
 Poplar Point. . . . 
 
 Woodlands 
 
 Victoria 
 
 Stonewall 
 
 High Bluff 
 
 Springfield 
 
 Clear Springs . , 
 
 Victoria 
 
 Nelsonville 
 
 Sunnysido . , , 
 St. Anne's .... 
 
 Nelsonville 
 
 Meadow Lea. . , 
 
 Emerson 
 
 Morris 
 
 Headingly 
 
 Rock wood 
 
 Nelsonville 
 
 High Bluff 
 
 Stonewall 
 
 St. Agathe 
 
 Emerson 
 
 St. Agathe. .... 
 
 Nelsonville 
 
 Springfield 
 
 Meadow Lea. . . 
 
 Tteld 
 per 
 acre 
 
 1877. 
 
 60 
 75 
 45 
 .50 
 50 
 80 
 63 
 
 50 
 65 
 40 
 50 
 75 
 50 
 60 
 90 
 35 
 25 
 95 
 
 25 
 
 75 
 
 (50 
 
 CO 
 50 
 
 40 
 
 70 
 35 
 
 n2h 
 
 60" 
 
 60 
 
 33 
 
 Yield 
 per 
 acre 
 
 1878. 
 
 40 
 100 
 ,56 
 50 
 50 
 80 
 55 
 
 .50 
 45 
 70 
 .50 
 60 
 
 62 
 75 
 40 
 30 
 80 
 
 71 
 30' 
 
 50 
 
 74.i 
 
 60 
 (56' 
 
 51 
 
 65 
 50 
 30 
 80 
 100 
 45 
 40 
 
 Tield 
 per 
 acre 
 
 1879. 
 
 50 
 90 
 42 
 70 
 (50 
 80 
 54 
 60 
 60 
 45 
 73 
 .50 
 
 52 
 60 
 
 25* 
 
 75 
 
 50 
 
 73 
 
 40 
 30 
 
 .50 
 
 75 
 TO 
 (55 
 27 
 20 
 (58 
 40 
 30 
 60 
 
 70 
 50 
 40 
 .50 
 70 
 40 
 45 
 80 
 1.50 
 50 
 40 
 
 Yield 
 
 per 
 acre 
 1880. 
 
 60 
 60 
 
 60 
 100 
 
 80 
 
 65 
 .50 
 60 
 
 20 
 65 
 60 
 40 
 30 
 60 
 
 45 
 
 40 
 70 
 50 
 80 
 60 
 70 
 50 
 15 
 70 
 40 
 40 
 20 
 
 60 
 60 
 50 
 60 
 
 .50 
 
 80 
 
 50 
 '(50" 
 
 Av'rsffe 
 welffht 
 
 per 
 b' shel. 
 
 37 
 
 40 
 
 35 
 38—40 
 
 34 
 
 40 
 
 40 
 
 36 
 34—40 
 
 36 
 
 38 
 
 38 
 
 37 
 34—40 
 
 36^40 
 40 
 
 3.5 ' 
 ,40i 
 34 
 3(5 
 38 
 32 
 
 40^45 
 
 3(5 
 48 
 58 
 3(5 
 43 
 38 
 
 36 
 
 36—46 
 
 38 
 40 
 
 40 
 36 
 38 
 
12 
 
 ALT. AHOUT CANADA. 
 
 TESTIMONY OF SETTLERS ON YIELD OF 
 OA rS PER K.r_,^Y.. —Continued. 
 
 
 ADDRB88. 
 
 Yield 
 
 Yield 
 
 Yield 
 
 Yield 
 
 Ar'nafi 
 weight 
 
 Namk. 
 
 
 
 per 
 
 p«T 
 
 per 
 
 per 
 
 Manitoba, (Canada. 
 
 acre 
 
 acre 
 
 acre 
 
 acre 
 
 per 
 
 
 Pott Office 
 t 
 
 1877. 
 
 1878. 
 
 1879. 
 
 1880. 
 
 buBliel. 
 
 J. D. McEwan. . . . 
 
 Meadow Lea. . . . 
 
 
 
 
 60 
 
 80 
 
 
 J. Winster 
 
 High Bluff 
 
 8.5 
 
 80 
 
 85 
 
 
 J. Stewart 
 
 High Bluff 
 
 (>5 
 
 75 
 
 75 
 
 75 
 
 4i 
 
 J. H. C. Hall 
 
 ScratchingRiver. 
 Burnside 
 
 
 
 
 40 
 75 
 
 33 
 
 Robt. Bell 
 
 75 
 
 75 
 
 75 
 
 36 
 
 Wm. Start 
 
 Assiniboine 
 
 
 
 ()0 
 
 80 
 
 
 Jas. Sinclair 
 
 (ireenwood 
 
 45 
 
 50 
 
 50 
 
 55 
 
 40 
 
 R. S. Jackson 
 
 St. Agathe 
 
 
 
 .30 
 .'iO 
 
 30 
 
 40 
 
 R. Morgan 
 
 Headingly 
 
 Burnside 
 
 Clear S )ring8 . . . 
 
 High liluff 
 
 High Bluff 
 
 25 
 
 30 
 
 30 
 
 M. Ferris 
 
 50 
 35 
 
 45 
 40 
 
 50 
 45 
 
 46 
 35 
 
 40 
 
 J. W. Carlton 
 
 36 
 
 M. Owens 
 
 70 
 
 80 
 
 40 
 
 80 
 
 (JO 
 (50 
 
 57 
 50 
 
 42 
 
 Nelson Brown. ... 
 
 34 
 
 R.P.Bradley. ... 
 
 St. Pie 
 
 GO 
 
 80 
 
 00 
 
 70 
 
 40 
 
 Jno. McKinnon . . . 
 
 Portage-La-P . . . 
 
 50 
 
 50 
 
 50 
 
 GO 
 
 38 
 
 Jas. King and J. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 McKinnon 
 
 Oberon 
 
 
 75 
 
 GO 
 
 75 
 
 40 
 
 
 
 
 
 1877. 1878. 1879. 1880. 
 per acre, per acre, per acre, per acre. 
 
 Average yield according to 
 
 the above 59^ 
 
 sm 58 57% 
 
 The comparison between the Canadian North West 
 and some of the American States as respects the yield of 
 oats, is as follows : 
 
 Canadian North-West say average 57 bush, per acre. 
 Minnesota " " 37 ** 
 
 Iowa " " 28 " " 
 
 Ohio " " 23 " " 
 
 Barley is grown very successfully as will be shown by 
 the following table. The quality of the grain is excellent 
 as a rule, and its color fine : 
 
 1877. 1878. 1879. 1880. 
 Average yield per acre 40^ 63 37^ 41 
 
 Compared with the American States average yields for 
 the same years are as follows : 
 
 Canadian North- West say 40 bush. 
 Minnesota " 25 " 
 
 Iowa " 22 " 
 
 Wisconsin " — " 
 
 Ohio '* — " 
 
 20 
 19 
 
:ld of 
 
 Yield 
 per 
 
 AT'ra«e 
 weight 
 
 acre 
 
 per 
 
 1880. 
 
 buahel. 
 
 60 
 
 
 80 
 
 
 75 
 
 41 
 
 40 
 
 33 
 
 75 
 
 36 
 
 80 
 
 
 55 
 
 40 
 
 30 
 
 40 
 
 
 30 
 
 40 
 
 40 
 
 35 
 
 36 
 
 57 
 
 42 
 
 50 
 
 34 
 
 70 
 
 40 
 
 GO 
 
 38 
 
 75 
 
 40 
 
 79. 1880. 
 lore, per acre. 
 
 8 573/ 
 
 orthWest 
 e yield of 
 
 er acre. 
 
 a 
 a 
 a 
 
 shown by 
 excellent 
 
 9. 1880. 
 yields for 
 
 YIELD OF POAIOE.S l»ER ACRE. I J 
 
 TESTIMONY OF SKTTKKRS ON YJELI) OF 
 POTATOES PER ACRE. 
 
 
 Addkbbs. 
 
 Yield 
 
 Yield 
 
 Yield 
 
 Yield 
 
 At 'rare 
 woixnt 
 
 Namk. 
 
 
 
 per 
 
 per 
 
 per 
 
 per 
 
 Mnnitobu, (.'anadu. 
 
 acre 
 
 acre 
 
 iiore 
 
 uore 
 
 per 
 
 
 Po$t Office 
 
 1877. 
 
 187a 
 
 1871). 
 
 1880. 
 
 buahel. 
 
 Alex. AdaiiiH 
 
 Clear Sprini^H. . . 
 
 100 
 
 120 
 
 TOO 
 
 
 60 
 
 Jno. Currie 
 
 Victoria 
 
 
 
 250 
 300 
 
 250 
 
 
 W. Avlmer.. .... 
 
 Job. Dodds 
 
 St. Ldon 
 
 Smmyaide 
 
 
 366" 
 
 
 400 
 
 
 Jno. Hourie 
 
 St. Anne 
 
 150 
 
 200 
 
 126 
 
 . • • • * 
 
 56 
 
 J. F. (iaibraith.... 
 
 Nelsonville 
 
 300 
 
 200 
 
 250 
 
 300 
 
 
 C. Stewart 
 
 Meadow Lea. . . . 
 
 
 .500 
 400 
 
 400 
 
 300 
 300 
 
 
 E. M. Maley 
 
 Morris 
 
 
 
 Robt. Bell 
 
 Rock wood 
 
 Nelson villc 
 
 200 
 
 
 
 
 
 Jno. George 
 
 H. C. Graham .... 
 
 200 
 
 200 
 
 200 
 350 
 
 
 Stonewall 
 
 . 
 
 ■ • • • • 
 
 Geo. Jenkins 
 
 St. Agathe 
 
 Emerson 
 
 200 
 
 375 
 2.50 
 
 375 
 
 
 
 Jas. Bedford 
 
 300 
 
 • • • • . 
 
 Geo. Ferris.. . . ... 
 
 St. Agathe 
 
 
 150 
 350 
 
 200 
 400 
 
 '425" 
 
 64 
 
 E. Bnmell 
 
 Nelsonville 
 
 4(>0 
 
 
 S. J. Parsons 
 
 Springfield 
 
 Meadow Lea. . . . 
 
 ■ • • ■ 
 
 400 
 
 500 
 
 300 
 
 
 D. McDougall 
 
 J. D. McEwan 
 
 
 
 
 400 
 300 
 
 
 Meadow Lea 
 
 
 
 •■•••> 
 
 
 Jas. Stewart 
 
 High Bluff 
 
 350 
 
 350 
 
 3.50 
 
 
 55 
 
 Wm. Start 
 
 Assiniboine .... 
 St.AnnePt.D.C. 
 
 
 
 350 
 
 600 
 400 
 
 
 D. Chalmers 
 
 
 400 
 
 
 Jas. Sinclair . . 
 
 Greenwood 
 
 300 
 
 
 
 100 
 
 
 U. R. McDowell.. 
 
 Cook's Creek 
 
 600 
 
 
 150 
 
 200 
 
 
 R. S. Jackson 
 
 St. Agathe 
 
 
 
 240 
 
 • • • . » • 
 
 • • • . • 
 
 R. Morgan 
 
 Headingly 
 
 ioo 
 
 120 
 
 130 
 
 
 61 
 
 W. Ferris 
 
 Burnside 
 
 Clear Springs 
 
 High Blufif 
 
 140 
 300 
 300 
 
 150 
 275 
 250 
 
 160 
 250 
 300 
 
 266 
 
 
 John W. Carleton. 
 
 
 Mat Owens 
 
 250 
 
 60 
 
 Nelson Brown 
 
 High Bluff 
 
 400 
 
 400 
 
 400 
 
 300 
 
 
 Robt. P. Bradley. . 
 
 St. Pie 
 
 400 
 
 420 
 
 300 
 
 250 
 
 • • • > 
 
 John McKinnon.. 
 
 Portage-La-P... . 
 
 300 
 
 300 
 
 400 
 
 300 
 
 60 
 
 Jas. King. Jas. Mc- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Kinnc n 
 
 Ober<jn 
 
 
 400 
 
 300 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Average yield according to 
 above 
 
 1877. 1878. 1879. 1880. 
 per acre, per acre, per acre, per acre. 
 
 304 308 302 
 
 31 
 
 8 
 
 In roots and vegetables we produce the following evi- 
 dence of what has been done by a few of our farmers : 
 
 W. H. J. Swain, of Morris, 
 
 Has produced 800 to 1000 bushels of turnips to the 
 acre, and 60 bushels of beans has also been raised 
 by him per acre. 
 
H 
 
 ALL AIJOUT CANADA. 
 
 r. 
 
 S. C. Higginson, of Oakland, 
 
 Has produced cabbages weighing 17^ lbs. each. 
 Allan Bell, of Portage-La-Prairie, 
 
 Has had cabbages 45 inches around, and turnips weigh- 
 ing 25 pounds each. 
 Thos. B. Patterson, 
 
 Has realized 40 tons of turnips to the acre, some of 
 them weighing as much as 20 pounds each. 
 Robt. E. Mitchell, of Cook's Creek. 
 
 Raised a squash of six weeks' growth, measuring 5 
 feet 6 inches around the centre. 
 Wm. Moss, of High Bluff, 
 
 Has produced carrots weighing 1 1 pounds each, and 
 turnips measuring 36 inches in circumference. 
 James Airth, of Stonewall, 
 
 States that the common weight of turnips is twelve 
 pounds each, and some of them have gone as high as 
 thirty-two and a half pounds. 
 Isaac Casson, of Green Ridge, 
 
 Has raised 270 bushels of onions to the acre. 
 John Geddes, of Kildonan, 
 
 States that he has raised 300 bushels of carrots and 800 
 bushels of turnips per acre. 
 John Kelly, of Morris, 
 
 Has produced from 800 to 1000 bushels of turnips to 
 the acre. 
 Joshua Appleyard, of Stonewall, 
 
 Also states his crop of turnips to have been 1000 
 bushels per acre the common weight being 1 2 lbs. 
 each. 
 Ed. Scott, of Portage- La- Prairie, 
 
 Raised 400 bushels of turnips from half an acre of land. 
 
. each, 
 urnips weigh- 
 
 icre, some of 
 lach. 
 
 measuring s 
 
 Is each, and 
 erence. 
 
 ps is twelve 
 ne as high as 
 
 ere. 
 
 rots and 800 
 
 ■ turnips to 
 
 ibeen 1000 
 ing 12 lbs. 
 
 PRODUCE OF ROOT CROPS. 
 
 15 
 
 :re of land. 
 
 W. H. J. Swain, of Morris, 
 
 Had citrons weighing 18 pounds each, 
 Francis Ogletree, of Portage-La-Prairie, 
 Produced onions measuring 4J inches through the 
 centre 
 A. V. Beckstead of Emerson, gives his experience as fol- 
 lows : 
 
 Mangel VVurzel weighing 27 lbs. each. 
 Beet *' 23 
 
 Cabbages ** 49 •* 
 
 Onions each 1 ^ pounds in weight. 
 W. B. Hall, of Headingly, 
 
 Has raised carrots 3 inches in diameter, beets weighing 
 20 pounds each, and gives the weight of his turnips 
 generally at 1 2 pounds each. 
 Philip McKay, of Portage- La- Prairie, 
 
 Too).. 200 bushels of turnips from one-quarter of an 
 acre of land, some of them weighing 25 pounds each. 
 He has produced carrots 4 inches in diameter, and 
 14 inches long, has had cabbages measuring 26 
 inches in diameter, solid head and 4 feet wide with 
 the leaves on. His onions have measured 16 inches 
 in circumference, and cauliflower heads 19 inches in 
 diameter. 
 Jas. Lawrie, and Bro., of Morris, 
 
 Have produced turnips 30 inches in circumference, on- 
 ions 14 inches and melons ^o inches. He had one 
 squash which measured about the same size as an 
 ordinary flour barrel. 
 James Owens, of Point Du Ch^ne, 
 
 Had turnips 30 pounds each, onions 14 inches round, 
 and cucumbers 1 8 inches long. 
 
i6 
 
 ALL ABOUT CANADA. 
 
 Neil Henderson, of Cook's Creek, 
 
 Has rai'^^ed looo bushels of turnips to the acre, carrots 
 5 inches in diameter and i8 inches long, while his 
 onions have frequently measured 5 inches through. 
 Jas. Bedford, of Emerson, 
 
 Has raised 1000 bushels of turnips to the acre. 
 
 It must be remembered, however, that none of the 
 farmers mentioned above used any special cultivation to 
 produce the results we have described, and out of nearly 
 200 reports which we have received from settlers concern- 
 ing the growth of roots and vegetables in the Canadian 
 North-West, not one has been unfavorable. 
 
 Much of this valuable land is being given away to actual 
 settlers, and other portions are being sold at such rates as 
 to bring the possession of large farms within the reach of 
 even poor men. The Canadian Government is not only 
 encouraging railway enterprises for the opening up of this 
 rich country, but is doing everything in its power to assist 
 settlers in securing for themselves and their families com- 
 fortable homes and remunerative employment. The Brit- 
 ish emigrant should not let this golden opportunity slip. 
 
 m 
 
 CLIMATE. 
 
 8. The climate of Canada is more agreeable than per- 
 ri/HS living outside of the Dominion suppose. 
 
 So wide a territory will, of course, present a great vari- 
 ety of temperature. 
 
 The climate of Nova Scotia, for instance, which is 
 thought by those who live on the other side of the ocean, 
 to be terribly severe, considering its northern latitude, 
 is extremely temperate. The climate of Prince Edward 
 
 14 L.v. 
 
 u^.. 
 
e acre, carrots 
 :ong, while his 
 :hes through. 
 
 acre. 
 
 none of the 
 
 cultivation to 
 
 I out of nearly 
 
 tiers concern- 
 
 the Canadian 
 
 away to actual 
 t such rates as 
 1 the reach of 
 t is not only 
 ing up of this 
 ower to assist 
 'amiiies corn- 
 It. The Brit- 
 rtunity slip. 
 
 le than per- 
 
 |a great vari- 
 
 le, which is 
 If the ocean, 
 [rn latitude, 
 ice Edward 
 
 THE CLIMATE OF CANADA. 
 
 n 
 
 Island is still milder and remarkably salubrious. The win- 
 ters of the Province of Quebec, where the writer has lived 
 for the past six years, are cold, but the atmosphere is dry 
 and exhilarating. The cold is not at all unpleasant. On 
 the contrary, the winters of Quebec are very enjoyable ; 
 much more so than in countries where, during the cold 
 season, the atmosphere is humid. 
 
 The climate of Ontario is milder than that of Quebec, 
 or of the more easterly provinces. 
 
 In the province of British Columbia, where th6 writer 
 resided for some years, hardy flowers, such as marigolds 
 and pansies, &c., bloom in the open air through the entire 
 winter. 
 
 In our North-western provinces and territories, the 
 thermometer shows a lower record during the winte«- 
 months, but all persons residing there testify to the supe- 
 rior nature of the climate for health and enjoyment. In 
 fact, over vast portions of that great country, cattle feed 
 out of doors during the whole winter, and most reliable 
 witnesses testify that cattle and horses turned loose in the 
 late fall, poor, when taken in the spring, for spring and 
 summer work, are rolling fat, in some instances ** too 
 fat for work." 
 
 It is over these wide fields that millions of the finest 
 buffalo have roamed for ages, fat the year round. 
 
 The summers throughout the whole of Canada are 
 very fine. 
 
 The heat, accompanied by occasional showers of rain, 
 is just about wliat is necessary to hasten vegetation, and 
 to mature roots and cereals of all kinds, bringing them to 
 as high a degree of perfection as any climate in the world 
 can, and the climate of any country which perfects the 
 3 
 
. ., 
 
 l8 ALL ABOUT CANADA. 
 
 > 
 
 production of the most valuable grains, grasses, fruits, 
 plants, timber and animals, cannot be a very objection- 
 able climate. 
 
 9. The snow of Canada is a source of both pleasure and 
 profit. Young and old, especially the former, hail with 
 delight the first approach of the winter's snow. There 
 is more real merriment in Canada in Winter than in 
 Summer, although in both seasons the Canauians are a 
 very happy people, " You may well, indeed, refer with 
 pride to Canada as your home, for in no country in the 
 world that I have ever visited, have I seen so many happy 
 and contented homesteads, or so few signs of destitution 
 or distress." — Lord Dufferin. 
 
 The winter sports, such as toboganning, snow-shoeing, 
 skating, sleigh-riding with a tandem team, a spanking 
 span, or a four-in-hand, is something to be experienced, 
 not adequately described. WrLpped in warm robes, with 
 agreeable companions, dashing away up hill and down, 
 across frozen rivers and lovely lakes, or over the plain, or 
 
 through evergreen groves, along the hill sides, but 
 
 you must come and see and know for yourself. 
 
 I have said that the snow is a source of profit as well 
 as pleasure. It is a fertilizer to the land, while the frost 
 which accompanies it also affects the land beneficially. 
 
 Without the snow the large timber trade, which is such 
 a source of wealth to Canada, would be almost entirely 
 at a standstill. The lumber which might find its way to 
 market without the aid of snow to move the logs and 
 heavier pieces of timber would do so at a much greater 
 cost to the producer, and also therefore to the consumer. 
 
 Viewed from all points, therefore, the winters of 
 Canada, with their frost and snow, are a help rather than 
 
rasses, fruits, 
 ry objection- 
 
 1 pleasure and 
 ler, hail with 
 now. There 
 inter than in 
 nauians are a 
 ed, refer with 
 :ountry in the 
 D many happy 
 of destitution 
 
 mow-shoeing, 
 
 1, a spanking 
 
 experienced, 
 
 m robes, with 
 
 1 and down, 
 
 the plain, or 
 
 ides, but 
 
 llf. 
 
 )rofit as well 
 Ihile the frost 
 meficially. 
 Ikvhich is such 
 lost entirely 
 id its way to 
 le logs and 
 inch greater 
 le consumer, 
 winters of 
 rather than 
 
 THE TIMBER OF CANADA. 
 
 19 
 
 
 a hinderance to the health, happiness, and prosperity of 
 the inhabitants. Persons who have been born and reared 
 in the British Isles prefer the Canadian climate when 
 they have been long enough in the land to have become 
 familiar with its peculiarities. 
 
 TIMBER. 
 
 10. Canada's most important export trade, outside of 
 grain and dairy exports, is that of lumber and timber. 
 Next to our fertile lands, our magnificent forests are our 
 greatest source of wealth. *' Canada has timber enough 
 of various kinds to set up the world in building material." 
 — Lord Dufferin, 
 
 We produce 70 different kinds of wood ; among these 
 are white pines, red pine, cedar, tamarac, oak, maple, 
 elm, ash, chestnut, butternut, walnut, hickory, poplar, 
 birch, basswood, &c. 
 
 The white pines of our Pacific province (British Colum- 
 bia) are, some of them in very truth, giants of the forest. 
 The writer has stood upon a solid pine stump 1 1 feet 
 across. 
 
 Some of these pines are 300 feet in height. Lord and 
 Lady Dufferin went to the forest to see one of these huge 
 monsters felled. 
 
 Prof. Dawson, of the Dominion Geological Survey, 
 reports that the forests of British Columbia are of vast 
 importance. The annual product for the province is 
 about 200,000,000 of feet. He estimates that timber 
 :overs 1 10,000,000 of acres. The white pine is the most 
 valuable commercial tree. It frequently exceeds eight feet 
 n diameter, and rises to a height of from 200 to 300 feet. 
 
2 ALL ABOUT CANADA. 
 
 The pine prepared in the lumbering districts of Canada 
 for exportation is made into squared timbers, measuring 
 from 60 to 70 feet in length, and sometimes 100 or 120 
 feet. From 300,000 to 400,000 of these squared pieces 
 are produced during a winter in the Ottawa district 
 alone. 
 
 One of our most interesting sights is the passage of 
 huge rafts containing 150,000 cubic feet of timber, de- 
 scending our great rivers for hundreds of miles to Que- 
 bec city, from which the timber is shipped to various 
 parts of the world. 
 
 As these great rafts sometimes require several weeks 
 in their passage, and a score or more of men to manage 
 them, they are dotted all over with board houses for the 
 protection and comfort of the raftsmen, and from the 
 peaks of these diminutive habitations bright streamers 
 are flying, giving the raft and its "jolly crew" the ap- 
 pearance of a floating village enjoying a holiday. 
 
 While pine is the principal wood shipped, our oak, 
 elm and ash, walnut, basswood, cedar and tamarac, for 
 the home manufacture of ships, furniture, carriages, agri- 
 cultural implements, railway coaches and railway ties, are 
 of immense value. 
 
 Our lumber trade is widening. Great Britain and the 
 United States have been for many years our principal 
 markets. To these countries we shipped, from Ottawa 
 alone, last year, 321,000,000 of feet, valued at ^4,173,000. 
 Our shipments of lumber to South America is a trade 
 rapidly growing and assuming now important proportions. 
 The growth of this important trade, is, to say the least, 
 interesting. 
 
)f Canada 
 neasuring 
 00 or 120 
 ed pieces 
 a district 
 
 )assage of 
 
 mber, de- 
 
 to Que- 
 
 o various 
 
 ral weeks 
 o manage 
 es for the 
 from the 
 streamers 
 the ap- 
 
 our oak, 
 larac, for 
 es, agri- 
 ties, are 
 
 and the 
 principal 
 1 Ottawa 
 173,000. 
 a trade 
 portions, 
 he least, 
 
 MAPLE SYRUP, MAPLE SUGAR, FISH. 2 I 
 
 We shipped from Montreal to South America in 
 
 1 877 8,800,000 feet, 
 
 1878 10,800,000 ** 
 
 1879 I 2,500,000 " 
 
 1881 16,200,000 " 
 
 1882 24,500,000 ** 
 
 It is all the more important because it is only one 
 branch of a large trade springing up between Canada and 
 the tropics. 
 
 Our total export of lumber and timber amounts to 
 ^18,000,000. Our annual production is about $30,000,- 
 000. 
 
 MAPLE SYRUP AND MAPLE SUGAR. 
 
 11. One of our most valuable kinds of wood is our 
 hard or sugar maple. We produce at present about 20,- 
 000,000 of pounds of this sugar, besides not less than 
 5,000,000 gallons of maple syrup. 
 
 There is no reason why this branch of industry might 
 not be greatly enlarged. There are millions of acres in 
 the province of Quebec alone, almost entirely covered 
 over with large and thrifty maple trees, which, as yet, 
 have not been taken up for settlement. This land can be 
 bought direct from the government at from 30 cents to 
 ^i.oo per acre. 
 
 FISH. 
 
 12. Our waters everywhere abound with fish, of which 
 we have a very great variety. Our almost innumerable 
 small inland lakes and streams produce every kind of 
 trout, bass, pike, pickerel, maskinonge and white-fish, 
 
22 
 
 ALL ABOUT CANADA. 
 
 giving unlimited opportunity to the most enthusiastic 
 angler, while our larger rivers and bays along our coasts 
 are, in many places, literally alive with salmon, cod, her- 
 ing, mackerel, sturgeon and whales. There are other kinds, 
 some of which are, or will be in time, of as great value 
 commercially ; among these is the ** oolahan," of British 
 Columbia, which is as productive of nutritive oil as the 
 famed cod liver. Some medical gentlemen who have ex- 
 perimented and tested the properties of " oolahan " oil, 
 do not hesitate to pronounce it superior to cod liver. The 
 fisheries of Canada are the finest in the world. They are 
 almost illimitable and inexhaustible. 
 
 The following statement of exports for 1881 will show 
 the wide extent of our fisheries through the Dominion, no 
 province being destitute of this important article of com- 
 merce and means of subsistence : — 
 
 Ontario ^ 51 0,000 
 
 British Columbia 1,454,000 
 
 P. E. Island 1,955,000 
 
 Quebec 2,751,000 
 
 New Brunswick 2,930,000 
 
 Nova Scotia 6,2 14,000 
 
 These are the exports for the year from these several 
 provinces. 
 
 The actual value of the entire product of our fisheries 
 for the year 1882 was $16,088,672. 
 
 About 1,500 decked vessels, and 17,000 open boats are 
 engaged in our fisheries, employing about 42,000 men, 
 and supporting directly as an industry 200,000 souls. 
 
 That the supply of fish, especially in our small lakes 
 and streams, may not give out, we have kept up at the ex- 
 
enthusiastic 
 g our coasts 
 n, cod, her- 
 5 other kinds, 
 s great value 
 /' of British 
 e oil as the 
 k'ho have ex- 
 )lahan " oil, 
 d liver. The 
 1. They are 
 
 1 1 will show 
 ►ominion, no 
 cle of com- 
 
 ,000 
 ,000 
 ,000 
 ,000 
 ,000 
 ,000 
 
 ese several 
 
 IT fisheries 
 
 n boats are 
 000 men, 
 souls, 
 mall lakes 
 at the ex- 
 
 THE RIVERS AND LAKES OF CANADA. 
 
 23 
 
 pense of the general Government, in different parts of the 
 Dominion, fish hatcheries, from which were turned into 
 these inland waters in 1882 young salmon, trout and 
 white-fish to the number of fifty-five millions. 
 
 THE RIVERS AND LAKES OF CANADA. 
 
 1^. The lakes of Canada cover an area of 700,000 
 square miles. Our principal lakes are : 
 
 Superior, 345 miles long, 160 broad. 
 
 Huron, 280 *' " 190 " 
 
 Erie, 240 " '* 80 
 
 Ontario, 180 " " 65 
 
 Regarding these lakes as wide parts of our great rivers, 
 we have in these immense arteries, flowing from the heart 
 of our Continent, a source of wealth, beauty and conve- 
 nience, the value of which cannot be over-estimated. The 
 St. Lawrence, traced from its mouth to its rise, is over 
 2,000 miles long. By means of canals, which the gov- 
 ernment of Canada has constructed at great expense, 
 around the celebrated Niagara Falls, a ship of a thousand 
 tons burden can be laden in a British port, and taken 
 without breaking bulk through this great water-way a 
 distance of over 2,000 miles from the Straits of Belle Isle 
 through Canadian waters. 
 
 The 'isheries of the St. Lawrence are of great value to 
 those who dwell along its shores. Its value to the carry- 
 ing trade is of the greatest importance. 
 
 Its beauty, whose pen or pencil can sufficiently portray ? 
 Many thousands of tourists every year from all parts of the 
 American Continent and from all parts of the world visit 
 this famous river to look upon its fairy land and romantic 
 
1 
 
 24 ALL AHOUT CANADA. 
 
 scenery. From Kingston at the foot of Lake Ontario, to 
 the Straits of Belle Isle, a distance of over 1,000 miles, it 
 is an ever changing- panorama of beauty and grandeur. 
 First, the wonderful "Thousand Islands. " Then come 
 the beautiful towns of Brockville and Prescott, and then 
 the far-famed rapids, and the city of Montreal, with her 
 Victoria Bridge, and Mount Royal, her stately churches 
 and palatial residences, her busy factories and growing 
 commercial enterprises. Two hundred miles further down 
 is the grand old city of Quebec, with her lofty hills, mag- 
 nificent harbor, beautiful terraces, historic monuments 
 and lovely drives. 
 
 Then come Montmorer^y Falls, and then on to the 
 sea, green hill sides, beautiful groves, lofty hills, charm- 
 ing little villages, all objects changing till you reach the 
 broad ocean. 
 
 In the North we have the mighty Mackenzie River, 
 which begins its long journey at the foot of Mount 
 Brown, one of the lofty peak? of the Canadian Rocky 
 Mountains, 16,000 feet high. Flowing North East under 
 the name of Athabasca River, it empties its waters into 
 Athabasca Lake ; thence North, its waters having been 
 enlarged by the waters of the Peace River, on till it flows 
 into Great Slave Lake ; thence on again till its volume 
 is once more increased by the waters of Great Bear Lake, 
 and then onward till these immense waters are poured 
 into the Arctic Ocean, having come from their farthest 
 source at the foot of Mount Brown, a distance of over 
 2,500 miles. 
 
 The Hudson Bay Company are building a steamer at 
 Fort Chipewyan, near the junction of the Peace River 
 with the Athabasca River, to be used in transporting the 
 
intario, to 
 D miles, it 
 grandeur, 
 hen come 
 and then 
 , with her 
 churches 
 growing 
 her down 
 ills, mag- 
 onuments 
 
 )n to the 
 s, charm- 
 reach the 
 
 ie River, 
 Mount 
 n Rocky 
 ast under 
 iters into 
 ing been 
 it flows 
 volume 
 ar Lake, 
 e poured 
 farthest 
 of over 
 
 amer at 
 
 e River 
 
 ting the 
 
 THE RIVERS AND LAKES OF CANADA. 
 
 25 
 
 Hudson Bay Company's goods for the Athabasca and 
 Mackenzie River districts. She will have a run of about 
 300 miles down the Athabasca and Great Slave Rivers, 
 and about 200 up the Peace River. The rapids on the 
 Great Slave River extend about 1 3 miles, and from there 
 a steamer of the largest size could go clear to the Arctic 
 Ocean. Were there a canal made around the chute on 
 the Peace River the Athabasca boat could go right to the 
 foot of the Rocky Mountains, about 700 miles from Fort 
 Chipewyan, having good navigation all the way. 
 
 The Peace River, one of the tributaries of the Mac- 
 kenzie, over 1,000 miles long, is navigable almost its 
 entire length, with deep water. 
 
 It flows through a country whose fertility and beauty 
 cannot be surpassed. I regard this region as the richest 
 and most valuable part of our great North- West. It is as 
 yet unsurveyed. It is said to embrace a territory of not 
 less than 500,000 square miles in extent, wood and prairie 
 interspersed. 
 
 The Ottawa River, one of the tributaries of the St. 
 Lawrence, is over 800 miles in length. It drains a terri- 
 tory of 100,000 square miles in extent, and is so rich in 
 resources, agricultural and mineral, that it can with ease 
 sustain a population of 8,000,000 of souls. 
 
 Want of space will not permit me to do more than 
 mention the name of the Frazer in our Pacific province, 
 flowing over golden sands, from whose banks and adjacent 
 streams millions of dollars' worth of {>recious metals have 
 already been taken, and where millions more await the 
 miner; or of the Thompson, or the St. John, or the far- 
 famed Saguenay, the Richelieu, the Assiniboine and the 
 Church-hill, and many others. 
 
1 
 
 2 6 ALL ABOUT CANADA. 
 
 Look for a little, however, at the Saskatchewan, flow- 
 ing through that rich country which is just now being 
 settled up, where hamlets and permanent dwellings and 
 villages and cities are growing up aimost as rapidly as 
 Jonah's gourd. The northern branch of the Saskatch- 
 ewan is 772 miles long; the south branch 810 miles. 
 From the junction to where the united waters enter Lake 
 Winnipeg the distance is 282 miles, or 1864 miles of 
 river in all, which is 184 miles longer than the Ganges ; 
 251 miles longer than the Danube; 1 164 miles longer 
 than the Rhine ; 1634 miles longer than the Tiber ; 1649 
 miles longer than the Thames. Or if you regard Lake 
 Winnipeg as simply a wide part of this large river and 
 follow Saskatchewan waters through the Nelson River to 
 Hudson's Pay, 500 miles, you have a river right in the 
 heart of this great and rich country 1600 miles longer 
 than the Rhine, 2000 miles longer than the Thames. 
 
 Look at these thousands of rivers and tributary streams 
 flowing in all directions through this wide Dominion, giv- 
 ing abundance of the purest water to herds and flocks, and 
 moisture to the atmosphere affecting the pastures along 
 their banks, and as they flow with greater or lesser swiftness 
 down steep hill sides or over gentle slopes through scenery 
 unsurpassed, off'ering in their course, to the enterprising 
 capitalist and manufacturer, illimitable mill power for the 
 manufacture of material of every sort. 
 
 IRON. 
 
 14. It must be remembered that from want of com- 
 bined eff'ort, and for various other reasons, the resources 
 of Canada have hardly yet begun to be developed ; nor 
 have they scarcely more than begun to be known. There 
 
an, flow- 
 
 ow being 
 
 lings and 
 
 rapidly as 
 
 Saskatch- 
 
 10 miles. 
 
 nter Lake 
 
 miles of 
 
 Ganges ; 
 
 ies longer 
 
 )er ; 1649 
 
 ard Lake 
 
 river and 
 
 I River to 
 
 it in the 
 
 2S longer 
 
 mes. 
 
 ' streams 
 
 ion, giv- 
 
 cks, and 
 
 es along 
 
 wiftness 
 
 scenery 
 
 rprising 
 
 for the 
 
 )f com- 
 
 [sources 
 
 |d ; nor 
 
 There 
 
 CANADA S IRON MINES. 
 
 27 
 
 are many thousands of square miles as yet unexplored. 
 We cannot, therefore, know the extent of our mineral 
 resources until more extensive geological surveys and 
 examinations have been made. 
 
 That Canada is possessed of an abundant supply of 
 good iron, is, however, beyond a doubt. More extensive 
 explorations may reveal larger deposits than are yet 
 known. Some 300 miles below the city of Quebec there 
 is a deposit of magnetite in the form of black sand, which 
 is free from sulphur or phosphorus, and from which are 
 being manufactured the finest steel and edge tools of 
 every sort. This mine is estimated to contain 20,000,000 
 tons of this valuable iron. 
 
 Iron is found in very much larger quantities in many 
 other parts of the Dominion. At Hull, near Ottawa, the 
 capital of the Dominion, there is a bed 90 feet thick, said 
 to contain not less than 250,000,000 tons of excellent 
 iron. 
 
 There is also a bed of iron ore near the Rideau canal, 
 about one hundred miles from Ottawa, two hundred feet 
 thick, estimated by the Government geologists capable of 
 yielding between five hundred and six hundred millions of 
 tons, and at Marmora, not far from the city of Kingston, 
 there are five beds, which are computed to contain in the 
 aggregate over 1,000,000,000 of tons. 
 
 These deposits are all of the magnetic species, and 
 yield from 55 to 70 per cent, of pure iron. All these are 
 found in the same geological formation from which the 
 celebrated Swedish iron is taken. 
 
 Iron is found also in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, 
 and in the North-western part of the Dominion. 
 
 A company of capitalists has been incorporated in New 
 
 >0'\ 
 
28 
 
 ALL AHOUT CANADA. 
 
 Jersey, U.S., for the manufacture of iron from tlie ore in 
 Canada, l^he company will incorporate under the law.s of 
 the Dominion. Their works, which are to be upon a 
 large scale, are likely to be located in Belleville, Ontario. 
 
 The Canadian Steel Association which has been organ- 
 ized in Buffalo, U.S., is likely also to be located in Belle- 
 ville. This flourishing city is quite near the large Mar- 
 mora mines referred to above. 
 
 Many thousands of tons of CaLsidian ore from these 
 mines have been shipped to the United States during the 
 past few years, for the purpose of improving the quality 
 of Pennsylvania iron. 
 
 Chromic iron, employed in the manufacture of chrom- 
 ates of potash and lead, and for the production of many 
 beautiful green, red and yellow colors, is found in large 
 quantities in the province of Quebec. 
 
 Iron ochres associated with bog iron ores, quite equal 
 in quality to the iron ochres of France occur in many 
 parts of the Dominion. 
 
 CANADA'S FUTURE AS A STEEL PRO- 
 DUCER. 
 
 This was the title of a paper sent in by Mr. Edward 
 Haycock, President of the Ottawa Iron and Steel Maufac- 
 turing Company. In speaking of the future of Canada, 
 with reference to her wooded lands, he found it necessary 
 to bring forward two principal factors in that future, in- 
 timately connected with each other, viz : wood for char- 
 coal making and iron ores. In the manufacture of high 
 grade iron the charcoal fuel will be used, in fact, so far as 
 our present knowledge of such manufacture goes, cannot 
 
 ^.u1,.lA1.i^. 
 
 r>. 
 
CANADA AS A STEEL I'RODUCER. 
 
 29 
 
 ;he ore in 
 the laws of 
 )e upon a 
 ;, Ontario. 
 len organ- 
 1 in Belle- 
 irge Mar- 
 
 'om these 
 iuring the 
 le quality 
 
 Df chrom- 
 
 of many 
 
 i in large 
 
 ite equal 
 in many 
 
 PRO- 
 
 Edward 
 IMaufac- 
 
 Canada, 
 lecessary 
 |ture, in- 
 
 >r char- 
 lof high 
 
 \o far as 
 cannot 
 
 be dispensed with. The present has been well- termed 
 the " steel age." A very large proportion of articles form- 
 erly made from incarbonized iron arc now made of steel. 
 Still the employment of steel is probably only in its in- 
 fancy. If, in the manufacture of steel for the future, wood 
 charcoal is a necessity, here is it to be found and what 
 steps are to be taken to protect the supply from destruc- 
 tion ? He ventured to assert that Canada would be the 
 future field from which the largest part of the world will 
 have to draw their supply of steel and steel-making irons. 
 The Dominion had been called a wooden country, and, 
 Canadians were proud to accept the term ; for they 
 were prepared to "how that our forests, extending through- 
 out the country's vast extent, were intimately connected, 
 through the Laurentian rocks, with the richest and purest 
 class of iron ores. Among others take the valley of the 
 Ottawa River and those of its tributaries, the forests might 
 be counted in square miles by hundreds of thousands. Much 
 of this was pine held by lumbering firms, who, in their 
 large undertakings, were adding to the wealth of the coun- 
 try. The wealth to be acquired in the future in connec- 
 tion with the iron ores would fully equal this if not ex- 
 ceed it. In connection with these lumber lands, and in 
 vast independent tracts, are forests of the finest maple, 
 beech, birch and other hardwoods of the greatest value to 
 the Dominion for the production of charcoal, and if, as is 
 the case in many portions, iron ore is found on the same 
 lands, it is easily understood how valuable they become. 
 The cut from these lands will range from 20 to 80 cords 
 of wood to the acre, say an average of 50 cords, making 
 40 bushels of coal to the cord ; thus, four cords of wood 
 will make one ton of iron, or 12 tons to the acre, showing 
 
30 
 
 ALL ABOUT CANADA. 
 
 its value and importance to the country. If proper care 
 be given the supply of wood for fuel is practically inex- 
 haustible, and fully establishes the fact of a great future. 
 Wood charcoal to become valuable must be within a rea- 
 sonable distance from the ore it is required to smelt. He 
 then instituted a comparison between Canada and other 
 countries, Spain, Algeria and the Mediterranean islands, 
 with their rich ores had no wood, England ditto, and 
 Norway nearly so. Sweden, where the present great steel 
 producing iron is made, is rapidly approaching the same 
 position. Germany and France, also the United States, 
 with their vast consumptions and rapid increase of char- 
 coal blast furnaces, would hardly be able to keep up their 
 supply many years. Russia's freights and internal dis- 
 sensions killed the possibility of a supply being drawn 
 from her. Where, then, could the age derive its steel from, 
 unless from Canada with her extensive woodlands and 
 rich ore beds ? He did not allude to the waste in saw- 
 mills, and in clearing up new lands, but this was a point 
 that should be improved on while considering charcoal 
 making. The legislature should adopt measures that 
 would prevent waste. He concluded by a few friendly 
 words to those who had come from across the lines. 
 
 RICH MINING REGION. 
 
 Prof. Bell, in a report just published, says that round 
 James' Bay, and up the eastern shore of Hudson's Bay, 
 deposits of coal and iron lie closely packed together in 
 seams and veins of surpassing richness. Vast tracts of 
 forest also exist there with deposits of silver, copper and 
 molybdenum. The region, in fact, so Prof. Bell thinks, 
 
MICA AND OTHER MINERALS. 
 
 I« 
 
 •oper care 
 ally inex- 
 eat future, 
 lin a rea- 
 Tielt. He 
 and other 
 in islands, 
 ditto, and 
 jreat steel 
 
 the same 
 id States, 
 
 of char- 
 p up their 
 3rnal dis- 
 ng drawn 
 teel from, 
 mds and 
 in saw- 
 a point 
 
 charcoal 
 
 res that 
 friendly 
 
 es. 
 
 t round 
 's Bay, 
 
 ther in 
 acts of 
 )er and 
 
 [thinks, 
 
 will be the future Pennsylvania of the North American 
 continent. 
 
 OTHER MINERALS. 
 
 15. Mica is found in abundance and of superior quality 
 in both Quebec and Ontario. A valuable mica mine has 
 been found on the farm of Mr. W. Hall, in the township 
 of Darling, Lanark County. It is beautifully transparent 
 and clear, and possesses a feature that was not noticed in 
 other mica, namely, here and there faint colored tints that 
 in a certain light add much to its attractiveness. Blocks 
 of sixty pounds weight have been taken out at a depth of 
 four feet. Mr. Hall has sold one-half of the mica bed for 
 a little more than the whole cost him, and a royalty of 
 ^800 per ton. The mine will be worked by a company 
 from the States. He has also sold one-half the remainder 
 of the property for J 12,500 and a royalty of $400 per ton. 
 
 There are also extensive deposits of phosphate of lime 
 near Brockville, Ontario, with iron pyrites near at hand. 
 For some years past there has been in this locality, the 
 manufacture of sulphuric acid, to some considerable ex- 
 tent, as also the converting of phosphates of lime into 
 super-phosphates for manure. 
 
 In several parts of the Dominion there are also in con- 
 siderable quantities, antimony, magnesia, manganese, 
 plumbago, sulphate of barytes, soapstone, lithographic 
 stone, tin, zinc, and bismuth. 
 
32 
 
 ALL ABOUT CANADA. 
 
 CANADIAN APATITE. 
 
 The following is from the New York Engineering and 
 Milling Journal : — The numerous openings made by 
 prospectors and miners in the phosphate regions of the 
 Provinces of Ontario and Quebec have afforded excellent 
 opportunities for the study of the Laurentian minerals 
 and their mode of uccurrence. The crystalline limestones 
 of the Laurentian series are remarkable for their great 
 extent and for the variety of crystalline minerals which 
 they contain. They are interstratified with beds of 
 dolomite, which sometimes contain a portion of carbonate 
 of iron, and inclose serpentine, tremolite, quartzite, and a 
 little white mica, but are generally less abounding in 
 foreign minerals than the pure limestones. Several min- 
 eral species might be mentioned as marking bands in the 
 stratification. Among these there are apatite, chondrodite, 
 pyroxene, magnesian mica and graphite. Apatite or 
 phosphate of lime is one of the principal features of the 
 limestones of the Laurentian series. It is found in a variety 
 of colors and shapes, sometimes in rare crystals dissemi- 
 nated throughout the veins ; at others, in solid masses, in 
 veins of great width. Sometimes it is in the form of prisms. 
 These are generally rough, Lut often terminated, and always 
 have their angles rounded. Apatite is generally associated 
 with pyroxene, which has also been found in large 
 crystals. 
 
 Apatite is used in the arts for the manufacture of phos- 
 phoric acid and phosphorus, and enters largely into the 
 composition of certain porcelains. It is besides very 
 extensively used as a fertilizer of the soil. Phosphates 
 are among the minerals most essential to vegetation, and 
 
 
MINING AND QUARRYING OF PHOSPHATES. 
 
 33 
 
 mng and 
 made by 
 IS of the 
 excellent 
 
 minerals 
 mestones 
 leir great 
 lis which 
 
 beds of 
 carbonate 
 ite, and a 
 mding in 
 eral min- 
 pds in the 
 jndrodite, 
 
 Datite or 
 es of the 
 a variety 
 dissemi- 
 
 nasses, in 
 
 if prisms. 
 
 nd always 
 
 issociated 
 in large 
 
 ; of phos- 
 into the 
 
 des very 
 osphates 
 
 tion, and 
 
 are removed from the earth in large quantities by growing 
 crops. The importance of a supply of phosphates to the 
 soil is made very evident by the fact that the mineral 
 constituent of the bones of animals is for the greater part 
 phosphate of lime. This material, whether in the form 
 of bones, coprolites, or apatite, is seldom applied to the 
 soil in its insoluble state, as it is then comparatively un- 
 available for the nutrition of plants. To render it fit for 
 agricultural purposes, it is converted into a soluble salt, 
 which is known as a superphosphate of lime. 
 
 Of late years, the increasing demand for phosphates as 
 fertilizers has drawn attention to the use of the crystaline 
 mineral phosphate of lime, or apatite, of which large 
 quantities have been imported from Norway into Eng- 
 land, and attention has recently been turned to the 
 abundant supplies of this substance found in Canada, and 
 large importations have recently been made from the 
 Canadian phosphate regions into England. The present 
 price for apatite in England is one shilling and five 
 pence per unit, or about ^30 per ton, for a first-class 
 grade. Capital is slowly investing in the phosphate lands 
 of Canada. Railroad enterprise is moving for the pur- 
 pose of transportation, and the time is drawing near when 
 the mining or quarrying of phosphates will be one of the 
 largest and best-paying industries in Canada. The cost 
 of production being small, but very little capital is neces- 
 sary, and the large and continued demand fixes the price 
 for which the mineral can be sold at such a figure that 
 as a profitable undertaking, not a doubt remains. 
 
 4 
 
34 AIL ABOUT CANADA. 
 
 MARBLE. 
 
 1 6. Beautiful serpentine and verd antique marbles are 
 found in afferent parts of Quebec. 
 
 ! In Cape Breton there is a marble mountain which con- 
 tains the finest specimens of white and colored marbles. 
 
 j The Canadian Geological Museum, formerly at Montreal, 
 
 j now at Ottawa, is well worthy of a visit from those who 
 
 ! have the opportunity. Even Canadians who have not 
 
 j visited the Museum before will be astonished when they 
 
 I do so, at the specimens there displayed, particularly by 
 
 j the beauty and variety of Canadian Marbles. 
 
 ' COAL. 
 
 17. Canada has a very great abundance of coal. It is 
 found in nearly every part of the Dominion. 
 
 In British Columbia and the North-West territories, 
 Nova Scotia and Nev Brunswick, coal occurs in almost 
 immeasurable quantities. 
 
 Queen Charlotte's Island, B.C., produces anthracite 
 
 coal of excellent quality. There is a constant demand 
 
 for this coal in California at very remunerative prices. 
 
 The coal of Vancouver Island is bituminous. It is 
 
 superior in quality to any other coal produced along the 
 
 Pacific Coast. 
 Tested by United States army officials, 1,800 lbs of this 
 
 coal were found equal for steam-producing purposes to 
 
 2,200 lbs. of " Bellingham Bay" coal. 
 
 2,400 '• " Seattle, W.T. 
 
 2,500 " " Rocky Mountains, Wy. Ter. 
 
 2,600 " " Coos Bay, Origen. 
 
 2,600 " " Mt. Diabolo, Cal. 
 
THE COAL FIELDS OF CANADA. 
 
 35 
 
 larbles are 
 
 which con- 
 d marbles. 
 t Montreal, 
 those who 
 D have not 
 when they 
 ;icularly by 
 
 coal. It is 
 
 ion. 
 territories, 
 s in almost 
 
 anthracite 
 mt demand 
 [tive prices, 
 lus. It is 
 
 along the 
 
 lbs of this 
 rposes to 
 )al. 
 
 "er. 
 
 All these five coal mines mentioned above are in the 
 United States. As the report is from U. S. officials, and 
 so largely in favor of the Canadian coal, we may reason- 
 ably suppose the report to be trustworthy. The writer 
 has not only used this coal for two years, while residing 
 in Victoria, but has also, in the early years of mining 
 operations there, explored the largest of the Nanaimo 
 mines, and is prepared therefore from personal experi- 
 ence to confirm the reports made respecting the excellence 
 of the coal here referred to. It is estimated by our 
 official geologists that the coal beds of Vancouver Island, 
 extending from Nanaimo to Comax, embrace 300 square 
 miles of territory, and their report estimates 16,000,000 
 of tons to the square mile, or nearly 5,000,000,000 tons 
 in all. 
 
 The coal fields of our great North-West are much 
 larger. Commencing at a point 150 miles East of the 
 Rocky Mountains they extend, at a width of nearly 
 300 miles, right through sixteen degrees of latitude to 
 the Arctic Ocean. 
 
 " The route of the Canadian Pacific Railway is indicated 
 as the natural pathway of commerce by the vast and 
 inexhaustible coal beds through which it runs for over 
 two hundred miles. 
 
 '• Frorr geological reports, and the engineer's surveys, 
 the district through which it passes possesses one of the 
 largest coal fields in the world. 
 
 •• Between the 59th parallel and the North Sea, it has 
 been calculated that there cannot be much less than 
 500,000 square miles that are underlaid by true coal. The 
 average breadth of this belt is about 280 miles. In 
 
36 
 
 ALL ABOUT CANADA. 
 
 addition to the coal, this country contains rich deposits 
 
 of iron ore. 
 
 " On the North Saskatchewan River, coal prevails with 
 
 little interruption in beds two and two-and-a-half feet 
 
 thick on the bank of the river, from a little below 
 
 Edmonton, upwards for two hundred miles. 
 
 " On the Pembina River, 70 miles to the West, there 
 is a seam ten feet thick, of a very superior quality. On 
 the Battle River it is also noted, and in the Red Deer 
 Branch of the South Saskatchewan, 170 miles from its 
 mouth, are extensive deposits of coal, and at 100 miles 
 further up it is there in beds so close, that, of 20 feet of 
 strata exposed, 12 feet are coal. 
 
 •' Specimens of coal from various sections of the 
 
 Saskatchewan country were recently forwarded for analysis 
 
 to Professor Haanel, of Victoria College, Ontario, with 
 
 the following result. He says : 
 
 "The specimens were the out-crop in each case, and taken from 
 points at least 300 miles apart. The accompanying table of assays of 
 coal from some of the principal mines of the United States and Nova 
 Scotia are highly valuable for comparison, and when it is remembered 
 that their samples were taken from the bed of the mine, and my speci- 
 mens from the out-crop, the superior quality of the Saskatchewan coal 
 is fully established." 
 
 ANALYSIS OF PROF. HAANEL, VICTORIA COLLEGE. 
 
 LOCALITY 
 
 I 
 
 II 
 
 Ill 
 
 IV 
 
 Maryland 
 
 Pennsylvania 
 
 Virginia 
 
 Joggins 
 
 Springhill 
 
 District of Pictou 
 
 Same locali'y to t'p b'nch 
 District of Richmond. . . 
 
 Spec. 
 
 1-375 
 
 1-375 
 1.340 
 
 1-337 
 
 Mois- 
 ture. 
 
 11.88 
 
 II.41 
 
 6.69 
 
 6.89 
 
 1-25 
 0.82 
 1.64 
 2.50 
 1.80 
 
 1-750 
 1.500 
 
 •30 
 
 Vol. 
 Matter 
 
 28.66 
 29.07 
 33-70 
 
 33-S7 
 15.80 
 17.01 
 36.63 
 
 36-30 
 28.40 
 
 25-875 
 24.800 
 
 -25 
 
 Fixed 
 Ca'bon 
 
 57-25 
 
 56.94 
 
 53-25 
 50.90 
 
 73-01 
 
 68.82 
 
 50.99 
 56.00 
 56.60 
 61.950 
 51.428 
 56.40 
 
 Ash. 
 
 2.21 
 
 2.58 
 
 6.36 
 
 8.64 
 
 9-74 
 
 13-35 
 10.74 
 
 5.20 
 
 13.20 
 
 10.425 
 
 22.271 
 
 13.35 
 
 100.00 
 100.00 
 100.00 
 100.00 
 99.80 
 100.00 
 100.00 
 100.00 
 100.00 
 100.00 
 100.00 
 
 N. 
 
 t 
 
:h deposits 
 
 revails with 
 a-half feet 
 ittle below 
 
 ^est, there 
 lality. On 
 
 Red Deer 
 ;s from its 
 fc 100 miles 
 
 2 feet of 
 
 ns of the 
 for analysis 
 itario, with 
 
 d taken from 
 
 e of assays of 
 
 s and Nova 
 
 remembered 
 
 nd my speci- 
 
 chewan coal 
 
 tOLLEGE. 
 
 sh. 
 
 
 .21 
 
 
 
 58 
 
 100.00 
 
 
 36 
 
 100.00 
 
 
 64 
 
 100.00 
 
 
 •74 
 
 100.00 
 
 
 35 
 
 99.80 
 
 
 74 
 
 100.00 
 
 
 20 
 
 100.00 
 
 
 20 
 
 100.00 
 
 25 
 
 100.00 
 
 71 
 
 100.00 
 
 
 bs 
 
 100.00 
 
 THE COAL FIELDS OF CANADA. 
 
 37 
 
 " The numbers I. to IV. are as follows : 
 
 " The Pembina coal, 100 miles N. W. from Edmonton — I. 
 
 '* That from near Belly River, South Saskatchewan — II. 
 
 "That from Belly River— III. 
 
 " That from Saskatchewan River, near Fort Edmonton, 900 miles 
 N. N. W. of the city of Winnipeg, in Manitoba — IV. 
 
 " I. and II. are bituminous coal>, of a Ijright lustre, irregular fracture 
 showing, to judge from the small specimens sent, no distinct lamination, 
 of a high spec. gr. 1.375, comparatively free from sulphur, and giving 
 but little tarry matter upon coking. 
 
 " If the specimens are compared among themselves, I. and II. prove 
 the best, IV. the poorest, yet by no means a poor coal. None of the 
 specimens contain inspissated pyrites, and are comparatively free from 
 sulphur. 
 
 "I. and II. contain all the qualities to render them superior coal 
 for heating purposes, and III. and IV. are much better than a great 
 deal of the coal from Pennsylvania, such as we are often obliged to 
 burn. 
 
 '* For comparison, I add some assays of Pennsylvania, Maryland 
 and Virginia coal, quoted from Dana, and Joggins and Springhill coal, 
 from the Cumberland coal field ; from the carboniferous district of 
 Pictou, and from the district of Richmond. These last quoted from 
 Dawson's Acad. Geol. 
 
 ** Many other seams are found over a wide extent of country, and it 
 is but reasonable to infer that several of these will yield excellent fuel, 
 for even in the richest coal countries there is no such abundant out- 
 crops as here. 
 
 " Surely with these riches and its vast agricultural resources, there 
 is a great future in store for the North- West of Canada. Fortunate, 
 therefore, will be the descendants of those who may now obtain a foot- 
 hold within its gigantic borders, possessing as it does all the true 
 elements of future greatness and prosperity." — -Thonixs S pence's Prairie 
 Lands of Canada. 
 
 The coal-fields of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick 
 cover an area of not less than 10,000 square miles, con- 
 taining enough coal to supply the entire steam navy of 
 Great Britain for many centuries. The most important 
 mines are those of Pictou and Sidney, Cape Breton. Our 
 
38 
 
 ALL ABOUT CANADA. 
 
 output which has steadily increased for several years past, 
 is now nearly one and a half millions of tons. As our 
 manufactories and railways increase, and as our supplies 
 of wood near large cities have become less, our demands 
 for coal must increase, especially will it be required as 
 our prairie lands are settled. 
 
 PEAT. 
 
 1 8. There are now no less than 60,000 acres of peat lands 
 in the Province of Quebec. In the Island of Anticosti 
 there is an equal amount, and 30,000 acres in the Pro- 
 vince of Ontario. In many of the bogs it has a depth of 
 from 10 to 20 feet. 
 
 In the North-West where everything is on a large scale 
 there are immense deposits. In many places it has only 
 to be cut out in square lumps and dried. It burns slowly 
 and gives off a great quantity of heat. It is identical 
 with the '* turf" taken from the peat bogs of Ireland and 
 Scotland. When used in a box stove the heat is greater 
 than that of coal. 
 
 The estimated cost of preparation of peat in Canada, 
 
 for consumption is one dollar per ton, and a ton is said 
 
 to be equal to one and a quarter cords of hard-wood for 
 heating purposes. 
 
 PETROLEUM. {Rock Oil or Coal Oil.) 
 
 19. Oil springs occur in several localities in the South 
 West part of Ontario, and from the wells of those regions 
 many millions of gallons of oil have been taken. 
 
 The oil-bearing rock extends over a large portion of 
 the country indicated. Although much has been done to 
 
 de^ 
 
 timl 
 
 pro! 
 
years past, 
 As our 
 ir supplies 
 r demands 
 equired as 
 
 peat lands 
 Anticosti 
 the Pro- 
 
 1 depth of 
 
 arge scale 
 has only 
 
 rns slowly 
 identical 
 land and 
 s greater 
 
 Canada, 
 
 is said 
 
 /ood for 
 
 HI) 
 
 le South 
 regions 
 
 Irtion of 
 done to 
 
 GOLD MINES, CATTLE AND SHEEP. 
 
 39 
 
 develop this valuable product it will probably be a long 
 time before it is exhausted, as but a small portion of the 
 productive district has as yet been worked. 
 
 GOLD. 
 
 20. Gold is found in many parts of Canada. The gold 
 fields of Nova Scotia extend over an area of b,ooo square 
 miles. 
 
 It is found also in the North-West at Athabasca and 
 Pembina Rivers. At Edmonton a miner will often wash 
 out from $3.00 to $12.00 per day. Experienced miners 
 who have visited these mines speak of them as being rich. 
 
 The most important gold-fields of Canada, however, 
 are those of British Columbia. 
 
 Gold has been found so far in 116 different localities 
 in British Columbia, principally along the banks of small 
 streams and gulches. 
 
 The highest yields for any one year since the mines of 
 the province were first operated is $3,750,000 and the total 
 yield something over $40,000,000. 
 
 CATTLE AND SHEEP. 
 
 2 1 . Our climate with our rich pastures and our abun- 
 dant pure water makes Canada a good country for the 
 production of cattle and sheep. 
 
 Because of the purity of our Northern atmosphere and 
 other favorable elements, our cattle so far, at least, have 
 been kept free from those diseases by which so many 
 animals have been destroyed in the United States during 
 the past few years. The Canadian Government has 
 moreover exercised great precaution in this respect and 
 
40 
 
 ALL ABOUT CANADA. 
 
 has by wise measures prevented the importation of 
 diseased cattle into Canada, so that if the same pre- 
 cautionary measures are continued our cattle are likely to 
 be exempt from disease. 
 
 The result has been an increased demand for Canadian 
 beef abroad, as consumers are finding more and more 
 every year that beef from Canada is safer and purer than 
 that exported from the United States. 
 
 •* The quality of beef and mutton raised upon our 
 Northern grasses has been pronounced of superior ex- 
 cellence. 
 
 "Among the peculiar advantages of our North-West 
 for stock raising and wool growing, the most prominent are: 
 
 '* The luxuriance and richness of our native grasses. 
 
 *' The vast extent of the territory for unlimited pastur- 
 age for many years to come. 
 
 "The remarkable dryness and healthfulness of the 
 winter. The cold air sharpens the appetite and promotes 
 a rapid secretion of fat. 
 
 " For sheep and wool growing the undulating character 
 of the prairies, the richness of the grasses and the purity 
 of the waters offer encouraging inducements. 
 
 " Sheep in this region are entirely free from the 
 diseases to which they are so subject in more Southern 
 parts of the Continent. 
 
 " The dryness of our Northern winters not only protects 
 them from those casualties to which they are exposed 
 in moister winter climates, but stimulates them to a more 
 healthy and vigorous growth. 
 
 " An experienced settler in the North-West says, ' My 
 sheep have been troubled with no disease.' 
 
DAIRY PRODUCTS AND HONliY. 
 
 4» 
 
 tation of 
 same pre- 
 e likely to 
 
 Canadian 
 and more 
 urer than 
 
 upon our 
 lerior ex- 
 
 )rth-West 
 inentare: 
 
 rasses. 
 id pastur- 
 
 s of the 
 romotes 
 
 :haracter 
 le purity 
 
 [rom the 
 Southern 
 
 [protects 
 exposed 
 a more 
 
 rs, ' My 
 
 •' I believe that in this branch of industry, this country 
 has few equals and no superior on the globe." 
 
 DAIRY PRODUCTS. 
 
 2 2. This industry in Canada has been characterized 
 for the last few years by very rapid growth. 
 
 In 1874 we produced twenty millions of pounds of 
 cheese, for which we found so encouraging a demand in 
 England that in 1878 we produced forty millions, and in 
 188 1 sixty millions of pounds and the industry continues 
 to increase. 
 
 We manufacture, according to population, just tw ice as 
 much cheese as the American Republic, and six times as 
 much butter. 
 
 If our butter and cheese makers continue to turn out 
 dairy products of the same excellence of quality as in the 
 past, and no one need have any doubt in this respect, 
 this remunerative industry must be very greatly enlarged 
 in Canada, for as the people of the old land become 
 better acquainted with these Canadian productions they 
 will be satisfied with no other. 
 
 HONEY BEES. 
 
 23. These industrious little insects are successfully 
 farmed in almost all parts of Canada. There are now 
 in the Dominion about 200,000 hives which produce over 
 two millions of pounds of honey annually. 
 
 There is no reason why this industry may not be large- 
 ly increased. All those sources from which bees extract 
 honey — the best honey — are and may be kept abundant in 
 the Dominion. 
 
42 
 
 MA. AHOUT CANADA. 
 
 The ordinary farmer can keep bees without much 
 trouble and with almost absolutely no expense at all. 
 
 I observe however that among our French Canadian 
 habitants in the province of Quebec, that from lack of 
 improved hives the honey is taken at the expense of the 
 lives of the honest little toilers who made it, which is not 
 only killing the goose that laid the golden egg, but is also 
 an act of ungrateful murder, for which any man ought to 
 be severely punished. The keeping of bees is as 
 pleasant and in Canada almost as profitable an occupa- 
 tion as any to which a man of small means can turn his 
 attention. 
 
 POULTRY AND EGGS. 
 
 24. There is a lively and a growing trade in poultry 
 and eggs. There is an increasing demand in the U. S. 
 Prices have been very high for two or three years past 
 with an apparent probability of continuing high. We 
 shipped to the U. S. during the past year about 2A millions 
 of dozens of eggs and about 650 tons of poultry. 
 
 GAME. 
 
 Canada has been justly called " The Sportsman's 
 Paradise." 
 
 Through many parts of the older provinces, especially 
 Ontario and Quebec are hundreds of small lakes and 
 mountain streams which abound with almost every species 
 of trout, bass, maskinonge, pickerel and other fish, while 
 in our rivers and prairies and Northern lakes, are found 
 wild duck of every variety, wild geese, swans, plovers, 
 prairie chickens, grouse, quails, wild turkeys, woodcock, 
 snipe, and pigeons. 
 
 :i 
 
SHIPPING AND MANUFACTURES. 
 
 43 
 
 : much 
 
 all. 
 
 anadian 
 lack of 
 ; of the 
 h is not 
 I; is also 
 ught to 
 \ is as 
 occnpa- 
 turn his 
 
 poultry 
 
 e U. S. 
 
 irs past 
 
 We 
 
 illions 
 
 sman s 
 
 ecially 
 is and 
 pecies 
 while 
 found 
 overs, 
 Icock, 
 
 Our wild animals are black bear, grizzly bear, wolf, 
 buffalo, deer, panther, moose, cariboo, antelope, mountain 
 sheep, black, red and silver grey fox, wild cat, wolverine, 
 beaver, musk-rat, weasel, rabbit, squirrel, martin, raccoon, 
 mink, skunk, seal, ermine, fisher, otter, porcupine. 
 
 Among the wild birds not mentioned above are robins, 
 larks, blackbirds, owls, ) iwks, eagles, wrens, sparrows, 
 whippoorwills, blue birds, kites, bitterns, herons, crows, 
 cranes, swallows, kingfishers, yellow-hammers, loons, 
 wood peckers, &c. &c. 
 
 SHIPPING. 
 
 Canada has a greater raarine tonnage according to her 
 population than any other country in the world. Small 
 as her population is compared with older States she ranks 
 fourth among the nations as a maritime power. Her 
 ship building has grown during the past 30 years with a 
 wonderful rapidity. 
 
 In 1850 she had 61,000 tons only. 
 
 In 1877 " " 1,310,000 " 
 
 In 1880 " " 1.500,000 " 
 we built in t88o, in all, 55 Steamers of various kinds, 
 and 242 sail vessels. 
 
 We have 7,500 vessels of all kinds representing a capital 
 of over $45,000,000, or 9 millions sterling, which is a 
 little over;^2 per head or about 30 per cent higher than 
 the average in Great Britain. 
 
 MANUFACTURES. 
 
 27 The principle articles manufactured in Canada are, 
 in Ontario and Quebec, cloth, linen, cotton, ready-made 
 clothing, boots and shoes, furniture, leather, sawn lum- 
 
4+ 
 
 ALL AHOUT CANADA. 
 
 ber, cliemirals, glass, dclf and chinaware, hardware, 
 sewing machines, steam engines, locomotives, agricultural 
 implements of all descriptions, flour, meal of all kinds, 
 canned meats and fruits. 
 
 In new Brunswick and Nova Scotia, sawn lumber, 
 cotton and woollen goods, boots and shoes, furniture, 
 leather, nails, machinery, gunpowder, paper &c. 
 
 RAPID GROWTH OF INDUSTRIES. 
 
 28. In the manufacture of leather, cotton and woollen 
 goodsour increase alone in 1881 over 1878 was ^5,500,000. 
 
 In the manufacture of cotton we imported in 1878, 
 seven millions of pounds of raw material. In 1881 we 
 imported si.xteen million pounds, last year over eighteen 
 millions. 
 
 At the beginning of 188 1 we had 180,000 spindles in 
 active operation in our cotton mills, we have now, only a 
 little over one year later, no less than 400,000 cotton 
 spindles at work. 
 
 We employ in our factories 30,000 more hands than we 
 employed in 1878. 
 
 ENTERPRISE. 
 
 29. In 1850 Canada's total trade was a little over 
 $29,000,000. In 1859 it was $58,000,000. 
 
 In i860 it was very nearly $69,000,000 and in 1869 
 $130,000,000, and in 1873 it had risen to $217,000,000, 
 
 The enterprise and pluck of Canadians Mvere best seen 
 at the time of the abrogation of the Reciprocity Treaty 
 by the United States in 1866. Our people saw more 
 
 1 
 
ENIERPKISE. 
 
 45 
 
 clearly than ever before the necessity for a union of all the 
 provinces into one strong Dominion, and for winter out- 
 lets to the sea, and for a larger trade abroad. 
 
 The Intercolonial Railway, intended for a winter link 
 between the heart of the Dominion and the Atlantic 
 Ocean, at Halifax, was undertaken at once, at a cost of 
 ^20,000,000. Our canals were improved. Our shipping 
 enlarged. The result of the abrogation of the Treaty, 
 which the Canadians looked upon as an attempt on the 
 part of the Republic to force annexation, was an incalcul- 
 able benefit to Canadian enterprise. Our annual volume 
 of trade immediately rose from J^r 20,000,000, in 1867, the 
 year the confederation of all the British North American 
 possessions was consummated, to $217,000,000, in 1873 
 as stated above ; that is an annual increase of nearly one 
 hundred millions in six years. Our trade last year ran 
 up to very nearly two hundred and twenty- two million 
 dollars. 
 
 So Canada is bound to make good the words of the late 
 Hon. Mr. Seward, Secretary of State for the United 
 States, under Mr. Lincoln's administration. 
 
 " Hitherto in common with most of my countrymen," 
 says Mr. Seward, " I have thought Canada, or, to speak 
 more accurately, British America, a mere strip lying north 
 of the United States, easily detached from the Parent 
 State, but incapable of sustaining itself, and therefore ul- 
 timately, nay right soon, to be taken on by the Federal 
 Union, without materially changing or affecting its own 
 development. I have dropped the opinion as a national 
 conceit. I see in British North America, stretching as 
 it does across the continent from the Atlantic to the 
 
46 
 
 ALL ABOUT CANADA. 
 
 Pacific, and occupying a belt of the temperate zone * * * * a 
 region grand enough for the seat of a great empire — in its 
 wheat fields ir. the West, * * * * its invaluable fisheries 
 and its mineral wealth. I find its inhabitants vigorous, 
 hardy, energetic and perfected by British constitutional 
 liberty. Southern political stars must set, though many 
 times they rise again with diminished splendor, but those 
 which illuminate the pole remain for ever shining, for 
 ever increasing in splendor." 
 
 RAILWAYS. 
 
 30. We have 58 different lines of railway in Canada, 
 which have very nearly 8,000 miles of road in actual 
 operation besides hundreds of miles more under con- 
 struction, making 10,500 miles in all, and Engineers are 
 busy in many parts of the Dominion running lines and 
 locating contemplated railways for the greater convenience 
 of the older and populated parts of the country, and also 
 for the opening and settling up of those vast portions 
 hitherto occupied solely by savage aboriginal tribes, and 
 wild beasts, more especially those portions of our wide 
 territory where our richest wheat lands are just now being 
 offered gratuitously and for sale to actual settlers, many 
 thousands of whom are availing themselves of this golden 
 opportunity to secure for themselves and their families 
 homes of comfort and wealth. There is invested in 
 railways already completed and in operation capital to 
 the amount of ^400,000,000. Over these were carried 
 in 1 881, over 5,600,000 passengers and over 9,700,000 
 tons of traffic, about one million passengers more than 
 were carried the preceding year and one and a half mil- 
 lions of tons of trafiic over preceding year. 
 
CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY. 
 
 47 
 
 — in its 
 sheries 
 >orous, 
 utional 
 1 many 
 t those 
 ng, for 
 
 anada, 
 
 actual 
 
 r con- 
 
 :ers are 
 
 les and 
 
 nience 
 
 d also 
 
 rtions 
 
 s, and 
 
 r wide 
 
 being 
 
 many 
 
 olden 
 
 milies 
 
 ed in 
 
 tal to 
 
 rried 
 
 0,000 
 
 than 
 
 mil- 
 
 The total earnings of one line alone for the same period 
 was over ^10,500,000, which is an increase of more than 
 a million dollars over 1880. 
 
 The total earnings of all the roads was a little over 28 
 millions, which is about 8 millions over the entire operat- 
 ing expenses for the year. We regard our railway 
 enterprises therefore as being in a very healthy and satis- 
 factory condition. 
 
 A specimen of Canadian enterprise in railway building 
 may be seen in an item clipped from one of the United 
 States papers. 
 
 CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY. 
 
 RAPID WORK BEING ACCOMPLISHED. 
 
 St. Paul, Minn., July 27. — Some of the most rapid 
 railroad building ever done is now in progress on the 
 Canadian Pacific, and before next spring the iron track 
 will penetrate a distance of 663 miles west of Winnipeg. 
 Mr. D. C. Shepard, of the contracting firm of Langdon, 
 Shepard & Co., has just returned from the scene of 
 operations on the extreme northern route, and where the 
 firm has a 500 mile contract which is to be completed 
 this year. In February last Mr. Shepard contracted to 
 construct 500 miles of road for the Canadian Pacific, and 
 to complete the work during 1882. The grading is pro- 
 gressing at the rate of six miles per day, and the iron is 
 being placed at the rate of three miles per day. The 
 contractors have 4,200 men at work, including teamsters, 
 and 1,600 teams. The present rate of track- laying, how- 
 ever, will soon be increased by four miles per day, two 
 gangs of men being put on in reliefs, and work fifteen 
 
I^i! 
 
 48 ALL ABOUT CANADA. 
 
 hours out of the twenty- four instead of eleven hours, as 
 at present. They will show a record at track-laying which 
 has never been surpassed on this continent. 
 
 In fact, the iron now is going down just as fast as it 
 can be pulled from the cars. Notwithstanding the adverse 
 in^uences encountered early in the Spring, the contractors 
 expc^. to complete the 500 miles of grading before it 
 freezes up, and perhaps fifty miles more. The track- 
 laying will go on all Winter, the grade will be all ironed 
 by Spring, a distance of 653 miles west of Winnipeg. 
 Not only that, but it is hoped to carry it fifty miles fur- 
 ther beyond the crossing of the Saskatchewan River. 
 
 PUBLIC WORKS. 
 
 31. Our public works involve capital to the amount 
 of four hundred and twenty-five millions of dollars. 
 
 Our public works include 220 miles of Canal, through 
 which our great lakes are connected by navigable water. 
 
 By means of a portion of our canal system a ship 
 drawing 1 2 feet of water can be taken with a full cargo, 
 from the Straits of Belle Isle, our Atlantic gateway, a 
 voyage of more than 2,000 miles through Canadian waters 
 right into the heart of the Continent of America. The 
 reader will form some idea of our inland traffic from the 
 number of vessels passing through these canals during the 
 year 1881. 
 
 Canadian Vessels and Steamers 23,225 
 
 U. S. " " 4,411 
 
 Making a total of. 27,636 
 
 craft of all kind representing a tonnage of 4,283,8 17 
 
BANKING. 
 
 49 
 
 lOurs, as 
 g which 
 
 fast as it 
 3 adverse 
 itractors 
 )efore it 
 i track- 
 11 ironed 
 innipeg. 
 iles for- 
 mer. 
 
 amount 
 ,rs. 
 hrough 
 
 water. 
 
 a ship 
 1 cargo, 
 eway, a 
 
 waters 
 The 
 om the 
 ing the 
 
 ■5 
 I 
 
 ;6 
 
 7 
 
 By Canadian enterprise the River St. Lawrence has 
 been made an unbroken waterway, (/. e. without canals) 
 for a distance of 900 miles in from the ocean, capable of 
 admitting in and out, with perfect safety, for the entire 
 distance, ships of over 5000 tons burden. 
 
 BANKS. 
 
 32. The growth of banking capital and the increase in 
 deposits, especially those of a permanent character on 
 which interest is paid, are excellent indications of the 
 progress of the country. The following comparative 
 statement, referring only to the banks of the Provinces of 
 Quebec and Ontario, shows the paid-up capital, the de- 
 posits requiring notice, and the note circulation, on May 
 31, 1867, and on September 30, 1874: — 
 
 BANKS. 
 
 May 31, '67. 
 
 Capital paid up ! .$29,346,863 
 
 Deposits at call 14,256,764 
 
 Deposits requiring notice; 13,983,680 
 
 Note circulation 8,444,787 
 
 Sept. 30, '74. 
 
 ^56,906,418 
 40,183,880 
 35,223,967 
 25,912,212 
 
 Increase. 
 
 127,559,555 
 25,927,116 
 21,238,387 
 17,467,425 
 
 The foregoing figures are evidences of a growth the 
 rapidity of which has, probably, never been equalled in 
 any other country of the world ; and they furnish an in- 
 fallible index to the accumulation of wealth by the people 
 at large. 
 
 By a wise provision on the part of the Legislature, the 
 banks of the Dominion are obliged to make monthly re- 
 turns to the Government, that stock and bill holders may 
 be prevented from very serious loss in the event of the 
 condition of any one of the banks, being found unsatis- 
 factory. The general result is the creation and preserva- 
 5 
 
50 ALL ABOUT CANADA. 
 
 tion of a most satisfactory healthfulness in our banking 
 
 system. 
 
 The total liabilities of Canadian Banks in the month of 
 
 February, 1883, was $145,603,000 
 
 Total Assets 226,843,000 
 
 Excess of Assets over Liabilities. . $81,240,000 
 Notes in circulation February, 1883 $34,044,000 
 
 POST OFFICE SAVINGS BANKS. 
 
 33. That poor men who may be endeavoring to save 
 up their earnings for the purchase of a homestead or for 
 other purposes, and for others who may desire perfect 
 security with a moderate rate of interest rather than a 
 doubtful investment of any kind, the Government offer 
 the security of the Dominion by means of Post-office 
 Savings Banks, under the control of the Government, and 
 management of the Post-ofHice officials. 
 
 The very satisfactory condition of the laboring man, 
 and others of small means, in Canada may be seen from 
 the following figures. 
 
 The monthly deposits in our Post-office Savings Bank 
 over withdrawals for the year 1881 was $400,000. 
 
 During the past three years there has been deposited 
 by our poorer people in these banks $13,000,000 over 
 and above what has been drawn out, while the deposits 
 of those of larger means, in our other banks, over and 
 above withdrawals for the year amounts to $23,000,000, 
 making a total of $39,000,000 now in the banks as 
 deposits over withdrawals, and all this while industries 
 and new enterprises are springing up on every hand, in 
 all directions, in which large sums are being invested by 
 
POSTAL SERVICE, ETC. 
 
 51 
 
 banking 
 
 lonth of 
 
 603,000 
 843,000 
 
 ,240,000 
 044,000 
 
 s. 
 
 to save 
 d or for 
 
 perfect 
 r than a 
 nt offer 
 )St-office 
 ent, and 
 
 ig man, 
 |en from 
 
 Bank 
 
 [posited 
 )o over 
 leposits 
 rer and 
 
 )0,000, 
 
 Inks as 
 lustries 
 md, in 
 Ited bv 
 
 the Canadian people. This fact alone is sufficient to 
 convince any one, of the happy condition of the people 
 of Canada financially. 
 
 POSTAL SERVICE. 
 
 34. Canada enjoys the great advantage of cheap postage 
 and a perfect system of postal communication. 
 
 A letter under half an ounce is carried from any 
 place in the Dominion to any other place in the Do- 
 minion or the United States for three cents. 
 
 Less important and shorter matter may be sent more 
 cheaply by means of the one cent post-card. 
 
 There are in the Dominion 6,171 post-offices and 
 41,681 miles of postal route. 
 
 The number of letters sent by post in 1882 was 
 56,200,000, and of post cards 11,300,000. 
 
 TELEGRAPHS. 
 
 35. There are five telegraph companies operating in 
 the Dominion. The largest of these has 31,673 miles of 
 line and 2,000 offices. Telephones and electric lights 
 are now becoming very common in all our large cities. 
 
 EDUCATION. 
 
 36. In the Province of Ontario the schools are free, 
 supported by Provincial grants and local taxes. 
 
 The education of children is compulsory on parents 
 and guardians. 
 
 Ontario has 4,600 public schools ; 102 grammar or high 
 schools ; 300 private schools and academies ; 20 colleges 
 and universities ; a college of technology, and a Provin- 
 cial ftiodel farm with a college or school of agriculture. 
 
52 ALL AKOUT CANADA. 
 
 The educational institutions of the Province of Quebec pi 
 
 are divided into Superior, Secondary, Normal, Special qi 
 
 and Primary. 
 
 The first division comprises the universities and As 
 
 schools of theology, law and medi ine. Hj 
 
 The second, classical colleges, industrial colleges and 
 academies. th^ 
 
 Under the head of special, come asylums for the deaf 
 and dumb, the agricultural colleges, and Board of Arts 
 and Manufactures, and under the head of primary all the 
 elementary and model schools. 
 
 There are 4,000 schools of all kinds in the Province. 
 Nova Scotia has 1,600 schools, in which are over 
 100,000 pupils. Education is not compulsory but is free 
 to all classes. 
 
 In New Brunswick the school trustees are bound by 
 the Provincial Act of 1871 to provide school accommo- 
 dation for all persons in the district between the ages of 
 five and twenty years free of charge. 
 
 The educational institutions supported exclusively by 
 the Government are a Provincial University, a Normal 
 School, and high schools or grammar schools. 
 
 The schools of Prince Edward Island, as also of 
 British Columbia, are free to all children. 
 
 Manitoba, our new Province in the West, is also pro- 
 vided with an excellent school system. 
 
 INDIANS. 
 
 37. There are in the whole Dominion about 100,000 
 Indians. The principal tribes or nations in the older 
 
f Quebec 
 , Special 
 
 ties and 
 
 eges and 
 
 the deaf 
 i of Arts 
 ry all the 
 
 Dvince. 
 are over 
 ut is free 
 
 >ound by 
 ccommo- 
 ! ages of 
 
 iively by 
 Normal 
 
 also of 
 
 so pro- 
 
 INDIAN TRIBES. 
 
 S3 
 
 100,000 
 
 le older 
 
 provinces are the Iroquois, Chippewas, Mohawks, Algon- 
 quins and Oneidas. 
 
 In the North-West, the Sioux, Blackfeet, Crees and 
 Assiniboines. In British Columbia, the Ahts, Cowichans, 
 Hydahs, Tsimpsheean, and the Mainland Bands. 
 
 All Indians in Canada are peaceably inclined toward 
 the white people. 
 
 The Canadian Government has always dealt in an 
 honorable way with these aboriginal tribes, and have 
 thereby won their respect and confidence. 
 
 There are in various parts of the Dominion about fifty 
 schools exclusively set apart for the education of Indian 
 children. 
 
 Several thousands of the Indians are members of the 
 various Christian churches of the land. 
 
 There is a growing competition among the churches in 
 their commendable efforts to rescue these aborigines 
 from their pagan superstitions. 
 
 Many of these, somewhat advanced in civilization, 
 find profitable employment as farm hands in the East, as 
 stock herders and trappers in the North-West, and as 
 assistants in the fish canning establishments in British 
 Columbia. While not a few of the Indians, in many 
 parts of the Dominion, are becoming settled and success- 
 ful agriculturists. From none of the Indians of Canada 
 has the quiet and peaceable settler anything to fear. 
 
 RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS. 
 
 38. There is no State religion in Canada. All denomina- 
 tions are equal in the eyes of the Government. 
 
54 
 
 ALL ABOUT CANADA, 
 
 The adherents of the various sects are : 
 
 Roman Catholic, - - . 1,700,000 
 Protestant, . . . 2,225,000 
 
 The greater portion of the Roman Catholic population 
 is found in the Province of Quebec where the inhabitants 
 are mostly of French origin. The leading Protestant 
 Denominations rank as follows, according to their num- 
 bers — 
 
 Methodist, 
 
 Presbyterian, 
 
 Episcopalian, 
 
 Baptist, 
 
 Lutheran, 
 
 Congregationalist, 
 
 All these denominations support large and well equip- 
 ped universities and theological schools and colleges. 
 
 CITIES AND TOWNS. 
 
 39. The population of a few of the larger cities and towns 
 of the Dominion, together with their growth during the 
 past ten years, are given below : — 
 
 Montreal, 
 
 Toronto, 
 
 Quebec, 
 
 Hamilton, 
 
 Halifax, 
 
 Ottawa, 
 
 140.747 
 86,415 
 
 62,446 
 
 35.961 
 
 36,100 
 
 27,412 
 
 Many others might be named, all characterized by a 
 steady growth. The most remarkable growth of all, 
 however, is that of the City of Winnipeg, Manitoba, 
 
 Pop. of 1871. 
 107,225 
 
 56,092 
 
 59.699 
 26,716 
 29,582 
 
 21.5+5 
 
WINNIPEG AND ITS PROGRESS. 
 
 55 
 
 >o 
 
 )0 
 
 opulation 
 habitants 
 ^rotestant 
 eir num- 
 
 which had, in 1871, only 241 inhabitants, but which has, 
 at the close of the year 1882, no less than 25,000, with a 
 very strong probability apparently of still more rapid 
 growth during the next ten years. As this is the chief 
 business centre of our North-West country, and as its 
 growth is a fair indication of the rapid progress which is 
 now being made in opening up and settling the North- 
 western portion of the Dominion the following facts and 
 figures will be interesting to the reader. 
 
 WINNIPEG. 
 
 PROGRESS OF THE CITY. 
 
 ;11 equip- 
 eges. 
 
 nd towns 
 ring the 
 
 ed by a 
 
 of all, 
 
 anitoba. 
 
 40. Ten years ago Winnipeg was a mere hamlet, a 
 trading post of the Hudson's Bay Company, hundreds of 
 miles from railway communication, and almost an equal 
 distance from the borders of civilization. To-day it is 
 one of the most progressive cities on the continent, with 
 a population of 25,000, an assessment of ^30,000 '''oo. 
 and a civic revenue of ^300,000, while the public de^t of 
 the city is only ^1,200,000. The growth of the corpora- 
 tion has fully kept pace with the marvellous progress of 
 the city in all other departments. It was incorporated 
 in 1874 — only eight years ago. In 1881 the city proper 
 covered an area of twelve square miles, divided into four 
 wards. Now it covers an area of twenty square miles, 
 divided into six wards. 
 
 The following shows the value of foreign imports, in- 
 cluding free goods, for each month, compared with 
 1881 :— 
 
56 
 
 ALL ABOUT CANADA. 
 
 Month. 
 
 January 
 
 February 
 
 March 
 
 A})ril 
 
 May - 
 
 June 
 
 July 
 
 AujfUHt 
 
 September - 
 October - 
 November - 
 December 
 
 1881. 
 $ 70,021 
 
 174, 2G() 
 188,137 
 384, 5im 
 4G(),344 
 200,272 
 2i>2,75(; 
 
 - 290,207 
 2r)7,3!K) 
 
 . 237,925 
 220,808 
 
 $2,837,431 
 
 1882. 
 
 .«103,21)C 
 413,384 
 494,247 
 440,014 
 711,253 
 
 1,074,388 
 929,267 
 9()8,532 
 
 1,335,189 
 094,908 
 512,310 
 4.50,000 
 
 Total for year, $2,837,431 iiii8,222,918 
 
 Total foreign imports, 1882 - - - $8,222,928 
 Total foreign imports, 1881 - - - 2,837,431 
 
 Increase, 1882 over 1881 .... 5.385,497 
 
 THE DUTY COLLECTED. 
 
 For the year 1882 $1,587,327 
 
 For the year 1881 051,892 
 
 Increase, 1882 over 1881 - - - - 935.435 
 
 It is understood that there is a very large quantity of 
 goods in bond, and the Customs officials express the 
 opinion that the duties collected next year will as far 
 exceed those of 1882 as they exceed the receipts of 1881. 
 The amount of Customs duties collected at the port since 
 
 its estalbishment 1872 is as follows : — 
 
 1872 $ 47,840 
 
 1873 48,074 . 
 
 1874 07,474 
 
 1875 ..... 171,421 
 
 1870 253,040 
 
 1877 192,480 
 
 1878 223,530 
 
 1879 2(15,828 
 
 1880 ....... 310,718 
 
 1881 051,892 
 
 1882 ■ - 1,587,327 
 
 Total for ten years - - $3,825,630 
 
 Of the total foreign imports, it is .estimated that the 
 
 proportion is about equally divided between the imports 
 
 from Great Britain and the United States. But while the 
 
 foreign imports have attained extraordinary dimensions, 
 
 h 
 
 Sl 
 
 b 
 
 
 I •>'/>•• A* 
 
IH4 
 !47 
 >14 
 
 •na 
 
 188 
 167 
 132 
 8!) 
 08 
 10 
 00 
 
 18 
 
 28 
 31 
 
 1)7 
 
 27 
 35 
 
 antity of 
 ress the 
 1 as far 
 f i88i. 
 )rt since 
 
 at the 
 mports 
 le the 
 sions, 
 
 IMPORTS AND LABOR. 57 
 
 they are nothing to be compared to the enormous trade 
 with the Eastern Provinces — a trade which is increasing 
 month by month. The statistics furnished by the Cus- 
 toms authorities shows that the imports from the East 
 for the fiscal year ended June 30th aggregated $10,575,- 
 770. There has been a large increase during the past six 
 months, so that the aggregate of inter-provincial trade 
 for the calendar year will amount to at least $12,000,000, 
 estimated as follows : — 
 
 Dry Goods $2,000,000 
 
 Groceries 1,500,000 
 
 Liquors 300,000 
 
 Settlers' Effects 008,400 
 
 Machinery, lmi)leinentH, etc. - - - 1,000,000 
 
 Manufactures of Leather • - - 200,000 
 
 Hardware 2,000,000 
 
 Miscellaneous goods .... 4,400,000 
 
 The miscellaneous goods comprise lumber, ready-made 
 houses, breadstuffs, furniture, animals, etc., etc. This 
 shows the total trade of the city for the past year to have 
 been : 
 
 Foreign inijiorts - - - - $ 8,222,928 
 
 Inter-provincial trade - - 12,000,000 
 
 Total trade for the year - - - .f20,222,928 
 
 THE LABOR MARKET. 
 
 There has been abundant employment during the year 
 for all who were willing to work, at the following scale of 
 wages : — 
 
 Carpenters, $3 to $4 per day. 
 
 Bricklayers, $3.60 to $6 -^'^.r day. 
 
 Stonecutters, $4 to $5 per day. 
 
 Machinists, $3.50 to $4 per day. 
 
 Moulders, $3 to $3.50 per day. 
 
 Shoemakers, $2.50 to $3 per day. 
 
58 
 
 ALL ABOUT CANADA. 
 
 Blacksmiths, S2.50 to $3 per day. 
 Teamsters, railroad, S35 to S40 per month. 
 Teamsters, city, $2.50 per day, $4.50 board per week 
 Teamsters, city, jjbo per month. 
 Laborers, $2.50 to JJ3 per day. 
 Tailors, $2.50 to J3 per day. 
 Farm laborers, $40 to ^45 per month, and board. 
 Railroad laborers, $2.25 to $2.50 per day ; $4.50 
 board. 
 
 Brickmakers, $2.50 to J4 per day. 
 Board in camp, $4 to $4.50 per week. 
 Board in city, $4.50 up and lodging. 
 
 When the frosts set in, the brickyards, railroad work, 
 and outside work closes, leaving a large number unem- 
 ployed for a day or so, until they received their wages, 
 and on receipt of the same all those who were accustomed 
 and those desirous of going to the bush were immediately 
 placed at tie cutting, cordwood chopping, or lumbering. 
 A large number also have returned East to their homes, 
 with the intention of returning in the spring and bring- 
 ing their families out with them to settle in the Province 
 or the North-west. The wages paid during the summer 
 months, as will be seen by the above list, has been better 
 than in any city in the Eastern Provinces, as men could 
 save out of their weekly wages, after paying their board 
 and lodging, from $12 to ^18 per week. The winter 
 work consists chiefly in the bush, and has given a great 
 deal of employment for those who desire to remain in the 
 country. Winter wages are as follows : — 
 
 Carpenters, $2.50 to $3.50 per day. 
 Stonecutters, J3 to $4 per day. 
 
ler week 
 
 rd. 
 
 •so 
 
 id work, 
 
 r unem- 
 
 f wages, 
 
 istomed 
 
 jdiately 
 
 jeriniif. 
 
 homes, 
 
 bring- 
 
 rovince 
 
 lummer 
 
 better 
 
 could 
 
 board 
 
 winter 
 
 . great 
 
 in the 
 
 THE LAHOR MARKET. 
 
 59 
 
 Machinists, J3 to JJ4 per day. 
 
 Shoemakers, $2.50 to $3 per day. 
 
 Blacksmiths, S2 to S2.75 per day. 
 
 Teamsters, bush, S35 per month and board. 
 
 Swampers, bush, S3 5 per month and board. 
 
 Choppers, bush, $30 to S35 per month and board. 
 
 Tie cutting by piece, 8 to 12c. per tie. 
 
 Wood chopping per cord, 85c. to $1 per cord. 
 
 Cooks (men), S45 to $75 per month. 
 
 Hewers, S45 to $50 per month and board. 
 
 Board in camps, $4 to $4.50 per week. 
 
 It is estimated that 18,000,000 bricks were manufac- 
 tured in Winnipeg last season against 7,000,000 in 1881. 
 
 The record of manufactures shows that in this depart- 
 ment of industry Winnipeg is making great progress. 
 The manufactures include furniture, tent factory, iron 
 industry, Portland stone, cement, pipes, lumber, planing 
 mills, biscuit and confectionery and flour milling, that of 
 Messrs. Ogilvie & Co. being specially mentioned. This 
 massive mill at Point Douglas was established 1882, and 
 cost ^200,000. It took nearly one year to erect the 
 structure. The capacity of the mill is 750 barrels of flour 
 per day, and the largest engine in the country, a Reynold's 
 Corliss engine, is used. It is of 350 horse-power. About 
 60 men are employed. 
 
 During the year the number of men employed by the 
 Board of Works has run as high as 300, with 40 teams. 
 The wages ranged from ^2.50 to S7 a day. The average 
 monthly pay roll was $18,000. The salaries of civic 
 officials paid in 1881 amounted to $22,405. In 1882 
 they amounted to $83,970, an increase of $61,565. Not 
 a bad showing for an eight-year-old city ! 
 
60 ALL ABOUT CANADA. 
 
 The assessment and population of the city made an 
 extraordinary increase in the year, as shown by the fol- 
 lowing official statistics : — 
 
 Year. Population. Assessment. Rate. 
 
 1870 - - ,300 
 
 1871 - - 500 
 
 1872 - - 1,000 
 
 1873 - - 1,500 
 
 1874 - - 2.000 - - $ 2.670,018 
 
 1875 - - 3,000 - - 2,635,805 
 
 1876 - - 4,000 - - 3,031,685 
 
 1877 - - 5,000 - - 3,097,824 
 
 1878 - - 6,000 - - 3,216,980 
 
 1879 - - 7,000 - - 3,415.065 
 
 1880 - - 8,000 - - 4.000,000 
 
 1881 - - 9,000 - - 9,028,495 
 
 1882 - - 25,000 - - 30,418,968 
 
 The assessment of the first three years was exclusive 
 of the school rate. The assessment for the present year 
 does not include the new buildings erected, nor the addi- 
 tions to the city of Fort Rouge and Ward 6. which, it is 
 estimated, will bring the assessment of next year up to 
 at least $40,000,000, and, perhaps, ^45,000,000. 
 
 PEOPLE'S SAVINGS. 
 
 The Dominion Government Savings Bank was first 
 established in Winnipeg in January of 1S72. The busi- 
 ness done during the first year or two was chiefly amongst 
 the soldiers of the garrison then stationed here. 
 
 The balance at the credit of the depositors on the 30th 
 June was as follows : 
 
 Year. Amount. 
 
 1872 $ 18,731 
 
 1873 58,974 
 
 1874 60,504 
 
 1875 .--.... 44,191 
 
 18''f> - 40,685 
 
 1877 32,053 
 
 1878 41,506 
 
 1879 ....... 75,264 
 
 1880 118,299 
 
 1881 192,511 
 
 1882 572,841 
 
PEOPLE S SAVINGS. 
 
 6l 
 
 an 
 fol- 
 
 isive 
 year 
 iddi- 
 it is 
 ip to 
 
 first 
 lusi- 
 igst 
 
 loth 
 
 I 
 
 and on the 31st inst. there will be $630,000. The fol- 
 lowing shows the deposits and withdrawals for each fiscal 
 year since 1868 : 
 
 Year. Deposits. 
 
 1878 S63,146 
 
 1879 
 1880 
 1881 
 1882 
 
 108,157 
 
 208,830 
 
 310,129 
 
 1,018,051 
 
 W'hdrawl's. 
 
 76,018 
 168,650 
 239,937 
 662.027 
 
 There are about 2,200 depositors, who are almost exclu- 
 sively mechanics and railway men. The deposits are 
 mostly made weekly in sums ranging from $5 to $20. 
 Sometimes a railroad man, who has been absent from the 
 city for a few months, comes in and deposits $400 or 
 $5.00 There are very few deposits as high as $3,000 — 
 the largest sum permitted. The average deposit is about 
 $300. This does not, of course, by any means represent 
 the total savings of the working class of Winnipeg. 
 Large sums are on deposit at commercial banks ; some 
 are out on mortgage and other loans ; and probably 
 three times as much has been sent down East to support 
 the families of workmen. 
 
 BUILDING AND REAL ESTATE 
 OPERATIONS. 
 
 A summary of the building operations during the year 
 shows that the actual outlay on buildings amounted to 
 
 THE LUMBER TRADE. 
 
 Mr. Reading Crowe, of Boyd & Crowe, timber dealers 
 in an interview with a Sun reporter, said he thought the 
 estimate that 75,000,000 feet of lumber had been l^-^ndled 
 
62 ALL ABOUT CANADA. 
 
 by Winnipeg dealers this season was a correct one. Its 
 
 average value was $30 per 1,000, and the aggregate value 
 
 of business done $2,220,000. The quantity handled by 
 
 the various dealers is estimated as follows : — 
 
 Dick & Banning 20,000,000 
 
 Jarvis & Berridge 15,000,000 
 
 Boyd & Crowe 10,00C',000 
 
 All others 30,000,000 
 
 Of the total quantity, about 50,000,000 feet was manu- 
 factured in the North-West, less than 5,000,000 imported 
 from Ontario, and the remainder from Minneapolis. 
 This does not include the importations by the Canadian 
 Pacific Railway, which would be from 3,000,000 to 5,000,- 
 000 feet. The 55,000,000 feet were manufactured at 
 Keewatin. Fort Francis, Whitemouth, Lake Winnipeg 
 and the city of Winnipeg. 
 
 MILITIA AND DEFENCE. 
 
 40. Canada has a large volunteer force brought into 
 existence by a statute of the first Federal Parliament 
 passed in March i 868, " to provide for the defence of the 
 Dominion." By the terms of the Act, the militia consists 
 of all male British subjects between the ages of eighteen 
 and sixty. 
 
 The militia is divided into an active and a reserve 
 force. A general order from the Militia Department, in 
 1874, reduced the active force for purposes of drill and 
 pay to 30,000 officers and men. A large number of com- 
 panies were removed by this order from the active militia. 
 Two schools of military instruction for infantry are estab- 
 lished in each of the provinces of Ontario and Quebec 
 and one in each of the provinces of New Brunswick and 
 
)ne. Its 
 ate value 
 ndled by 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 00 
 00 
 
 IS manu- 
 imported 
 [leapolis. 
 Canadian 
 )S,ooo,- 
 tured at 
 Winnipeg 
 
 :ht into 
 iament 
 of the 
 :onsists 
 ghteen 
 
 reserve 
 ent, in 
 11 and 
 com- 
 nilitia. 
 estab- 
 )uebec 
 :k and 
 
 HUDSON S BAY ROUTE. 
 
 63 
 
 Nova Scotia. The loyalty and bravery of Canadian volun- 
 teers were seen in 1866, when no less than 40,000 were, 
 at one time, under arms to repel the invasion of the 
 Fenians, who had armed and drilled in the United States 
 for the purpose of righting Ireland's " lurongs " by attack- 
 ing Canada. Not only were all the able-bodied men in 
 Canada ready for the fray, but hundreds of young Cana- 
 dians employed in the United States threw up their situa- 
 tions and hastened home to defend their native land. 
 
 HUDSON'S BAY ROUTE. 
 
 41. The great North- West passage from Europe to 
 Asia, after which bold navigators and arctic explorers 
 have sought for ages, is to be found only across the 
 Northern part of the Dominion of Canada. Whether the 
 Hudson's Bay is navigable through say one-half of the 
 year has been a disputed question for some years past. 
 If it can be shown that large ships can pass safely in and 
 out through Hudson's Straits and Hudson's Bay for one- 
 half of each year, all doubts respecting this route becom- 
 ing a popular and important one between the Old World 
 and the New are at an end. 
 
 The Superintendent of the Observatory at Toronto 
 lately received from York Factory at Haye's River the dates 
 of the opening and closing of navigation for the past 
 fifty- two years. 
 
 The information is valuable in view of the proposition 
 to establish a steamship line via Hudson's Bay to Europe. 
 The average date of the opening of navigation has been 
 May 30th, the extremes being May 7th and June ist. 
 The average date of closing has been November 22nd, 
 
64 ALL ABOUT CANADA. 
 
 the extremes being November 3rd and December 9th. 
 Six months of the year are therefore open on the average. 
 
 Over a large part of the Hudson's Bay region, there is 
 a temperate climate and large tracts of land are fertile, 
 and iron and coal are found in close proximity and in 
 considerable quantities. The engineer of the Nelson 
 Valley Railway Co., has pronounced the route from 
 Churchill, (the most accessible and safest harbor on 
 Hudson's Bay) to Winnipeg, to be an easy and inexpen- 
 sive one for a railway. 
 
 The route is very highly spoken of for persons coming 
 into the North-western part of Canada from Europe. 
 
 As a through route from Europe to Asia, not only is 
 there a saving of 1000 miles of travel over any route 
 across the United States, but the passage of trains through 
 the Rocky Mountains is over much lower gradients than ^ 
 
 farther South. 
 
 In the winter the trains are much less likely to be im- 
 peded by snow than the trains of the Northern or Union 
 Pacific Railways of the U. S. so that European passengers 
 desiring to cross the Continent in win*^er can land at 
 Halifax, Nova Scotia, and cross by the Canadian Pacific 
 Railway with greater speed and comfort than by either of 
 the lines to the South of us, the line being considerably 
 shorter in addition to the other advantages mentioned. 
 
 VICEREGAL OPINIONS OF CANADA. 
 
 30. Their Excellencies Lord Dufferin and the Marquis of 
 Lome have most energetically employed their influence 
 to forward Canadian interests, and have by their efforts 
 laid the Dominion under lasting and grateful obligations. 
 
 Lord Dufferin visited many portions of the Dominion. 
 
VICEREGAL OPINIONS. 
 
 65 
 
 )e im- 
 ^nion 
 mgers 
 id at 
 ^acific 
 ler of 
 ;rably 
 [ed. 
 
 k. 
 
 [uisof 
 Me nee 
 efforts 
 Itions. 
 linion. 
 
 After an extensive tour in the summer of 1874 he gave 
 expression to the result of his observations as follows. 
 ** Everywhere I have learnt that the people are satisfied : 
 satisfied with their own individual prospects and with the 
 prospects of their country, satisfied with their government 
 and the institutions under which they prosper ; satisfied 
 to be the subjects of the Queen ; satisfied to be members 
 of the British Empire. I cannot help thinking that quite 
 apart from the advantages to myself, my early journeys 
 through the provinces will have been of public benefit, 
 as exemplifying with what spontaneous, unconcerted 
 unanimity of language, the entire Dominion has declared 
 its faith in itself, in its destiny, in its connection with the 
 Mother Country and in the well ordered freedom of a 
 constitutional monarchy. Words cannot express what 
 pride I feel as an Englishman in the loyalty of Canada to 
 England. Nevertheless I should be the first to deplore 
 this feeling if it rendered Canada disloyal to herself, — if 
 it either dwarfed or smothered Canadian patriotism, or 
 generated a sickly spirit of dependence. Such is, how- 
 ever, far from being the case. 
 
 The legislation of the parliament of Canada, the atti- 
 tude of its statesmen, the language of its press, sufficiently 
 show how firmly and intelligently its people are prepared 
 to accept and apply the almost unlimited legislative 
 faculties with which it has been endowed, while the 
 young heart of the confederated commonwealth has 
 begun to throb with the consciousness of its national 
 existence. 
 
 At this moment, not a shilling of British Government 
 
 money finds its way to Canada ; the interference of the 
 6 
 
66 ALL AbOtTT CANAtJA. 
 
 Home Government with the domestic aflfairs of the Do- 
 minion has ceased, while the imperial relations between 
 the two countries are regulated by a spirit of such mutual 
 deference, forbearance and moderation, as reflects the 
 greatest credit upon the statesmen of both. Yet so far 
 from this gift of autonomy having brought about any 
 divergence of aim or aspiration on either side, every 
 reader of our annals must be aware that the sentiments 
 of Canada towards Great Britain are infinitely more 
 friendly now than in those early days when the political 
 intercourse of the two countries was disturbed and com- 
 plicated by an excessive and untoward tutelage. Never 
 was Canada more united than at present in sympathy of 
 purpose and unity of interest with the mother country, or 
 more at one with her in social habits and tone of thought, 
 more proud of her claim to share in the heritage of 
 England's past, or more ready to accept whatever obliga- 
 tions may be imposed upon her by her partnership in the 
 future fortunes of the empire." 
 
 His Excellency Lord Lome has not only travelled 
 more extensively than his predecessor throughout the 
 Dominion, but has manifested, if that were possible, even 
 a deeper interest in everything pertaining to the growth 
 of Canada's industries and development of her vast re- 
 sources. At a banquet tendered his Excellency by the 
 Manitoba club, at Winnipeg on the 9th of Oct. 1881, his 
 Excellency, who had just completed a long journey 
 through the North-West was in a position to give an in- 
 telligent opinion of the vastness of the extent, the 
 grandeur of the scenery, the richness of the soil, and the 
 almost immeasurable capabilities of this great country. 
 
VICEREGAL OPINIONS. 
 
 67 
 
 celled 
 the 
 even 
 owth 
 re- 
 y the 
 , his 
 irney 
 n in- 
 the 
 the 
 ntry. 
 
 In his Excellency's opinion all indications point to Ma- 
 nitoba and the North-West Territories being, at no distant 
 day, the favorite spot whence Old World agriculturists 
 will direct their steps on their arrival on the Continent. 
 
 To quote his own words on the occasion referred to 
 above, he says : " Nothing can exceed the fertility or 
 excellence of the land along almost the whole course of 
 that great river (the Saskatchewan) and north of it, in 
 the wide strip belting its banks and extending up to the 
 Peace River there will be room for a great population 
 whose opportunities for profitable cultivation will be most 
 enviable." 
 
 Concerning His Excellency's visit in the North-West, 
 a correspondent writes : ** The interest shown by His 
 Excellency in everything pertaining to the prosperity and 
 welfare of the settlers has left a lasting imp'^ession on 
 them. He at all times took every opportunity of visiting 
 their homes and conversing with them on their personal 
 welfare and their plans for the future. His visit will ever 
 be remembered by them with feelings of loyalty and 
 pride." Amongst the Indians, too. His Excellency's 
 visit has been productive of much good. As the direct 
 representative of Her Majesty the Queen, His Excellency's 
 presence in their midst, and the trouble and care taken to 
 enquire into their wants, has had the effect of strongly 
 impressing the Indian with the kindness of the Great 
 Mother (the Queen) towards her red subjects. 
 
 Since the i vurn to Canada of Her Royal Hig.. jS, 
 the Princess Louise, after the painful accident by which 
 the lift Her Royal Highness was endangered and her 
 health impaired, His Ej^cellenc^ and tier Royal Highness 
 
68 
 
 ALL ABOUT CANADA. 
 
 have visited our Pacific Province, British Columbia, where 
 the Viceregal party have been received most loyally. 
 
 His Excellency travelled into the interior of the Pro- 
 vince, came in contact with the settlers, learned from their 
 own lips the story of their condition and prospects, and 
 with that eminently practical turn of mind, with which 
 he is so greatV endowed, gave to the world the result of 
 his investigations in an admirable speech delivered at a 
 public dinner at which he was entertained by the people 
 at Victoria. *' The visit of Lord Lome, (says the Mon- 
 treal Gazette) has been most opportune and will do much 
 to dissipate the false impressions which political ignor- 
 ance and malice have combined to create in relation to 
 this valuable Province." 
 
 Extract from a Letter of the Lieut- Governor of Ontatio, 
 
 Government House, 
 
 Toronto, November ist, 1882. 
 
 My Dear Pope, — 
 
 4^ 4» « 4^ « « 
 
 And now, before finishing my letter, let me add that 
 which you may have seen in the newspapers, that I have 
 lately returned from a trip to Manitoba and the North- 
 West territory, tempted to do it so speedily after my return 
 from England owing to the many enquiries made of me 
 when there respecting it. 
 
 Having seen it for myself, I am able to give a ready 
 answer to all enquiries about this portion of our Dominion, 
 now attracting so much attention. I must say that no 
 better land purchase was ever made on this continent 
 than when our Government by a payment of ;^ 300,000, 
 acquired this magnificent I'erritory. One little town in 
 it now, is worth what was paid to acquire the whole. 
 
 Judging from what I saw myself, and from what I 
 heard from others conversant with the territory whom I 
 was continually meeting, its agricultural area is almost 
 
GUBERNATORIAL OPINIONS. 
 
 69 
 
 unlimited, the fertility of its soil unequalled, producing 
 crops, such as I, a native of this Province, or the Ontario 
 farmer never saw before. I met a great many I had 
 known in Ontario, and others as well, settled all over this 
 new country, and never heard a complaint from one of 
 them ; all speaking as if they individually had made the 
 best selection, and that their particular location or grant 
 from the Government, was the best. I never met a more 
 contented or hopeful lot of men, and well they may be, 
 for they have the finest land under heaven as a free gift, 
 ready by nature for the plough, and safe by the industry 
 of a few years to place themselves and families in com- 
 fortable circumstances for the rest of their days. I saw 
 several whose first year's crop had so gladdened their 
 hearts, that they already fancied themselves above all 
 want. Two friends, lately from England, accompanied 
 me, and liked this grand country so much that they 
 bought land for their sons, intending on their return to 
 send the boys out next spring ; and they are men who 
 have seen many countries, and are consequently well able 
 to choose and judge for themselves. I left that section 
 of the North-West, say, 400 miles West from Winnipeg 
 and the Qu'Appelle valley nearer Winnipeg, towards the 
 end of October The weather was bright and clear; the 
 mildness of it astonished me. No one could wish for 
 better ; it was thoroughly enjoyable, and just the climate 
 for strong exercise without fatigue. I do not know if you 
 care to hear it, but may as well tell you, of that which 
 pleased our English friends who love sport so much — 
 that game, such as snipe, duck and prairie grouse were 
 abundant, and that we were all well supplied with these 
 luxuries on the Prairies. 
 
 I liked Manitoba and the North-West so much, and 
 was so greatly struck with its fertility and climate, that I 
 look forward with much pleasure to paying it another 
 visit. In truth, no one can realize its immense advan- 
 tages till they see it for themselves, which, when oppor- 
 tunity permits, you should do. 
 
70 
 
 ALL ABOUT CANADA. 
 
 Two months of the dry air of the prairies would set 
 you up for many a year. Very truly yours, 
 
 J. B. ROBINSON. 
 The Hon. J. H. Pope, 
 Minister of Agriculture, Ottawa. 
 
 Extract from a Letter of late Governor Seymour ^ of N.Y. 
 
 *• I saw thousands and thousands of acres of wheat, 
 clearing 40 bushels to the acre, weighing 63 and 65 
 pounds to the bushel, and was assured by undoubted au- 
 thority that on Peace River, 1,200 miles north-west of 
 where I was, wheat could be produced in immense quan- 
 tities equal to the best I saw in Winnipeg, while great 
 herds of cattle were being fed without cost on as fine 
 grassy land as the world affords. In short, between our 
 north-western line of 45 degrees and 54 degrees 40 
 minutes (General Cass' fighting point) there is a country 
 owned by England with greater grain and stock-growing 
 capacity than all the lands on the Baltic, the Black Sea 
 and the Mediterranean combined. The land laws of 
 Canada v^re now as liberal as ours as to the homestead, 
 pre-emption and free claims. People are crowding there 
 rapidly, and towns are springing up as if by magic. The 
 great railway will reach the Pacific at the grand harbor of 
 Puget Sound before our Northern Pacific will, and it will 
 be extended eastward promptly to Montreal. The distance 
 to Liverpool will be 600 miles shorter than any American 
 line can get the wheat of Dakota there." 
 
 The following is a letter which has been received after 
 the preceding pages had been sent to press, and is valu- 
 able as containing United States testimony. The writer 
 of the letter is the Attorney-General of the State of Wis- 
 consin ; to which is added a corroboration from the 
 Governor of that State. From geographical position, the 
 relations of Wisconsin have natural sympathy with the 
 North-West. Nothing can be more frank than the state- 
 ments of the Attorney-General. He makes a clear 
 distinction between what he has seen and knows himself, 
 
GUBERNATORIAL OPINIONS. 
 
 7» 
 
 I, 1882. j 
 
 and what he has heard ; but the observations and the 
 testimony coincide : — 
 
 Letter from the Attorney-General of the State of Wisconsin. 
 
 State of Wisconsin. 
 
 Office of A ttorney- General, 
 Madison, Sept. 23rd, 
 
 Dear Sir, — Yours of the 8th inst., asking me to give 
 expression to the opinion formed of the country and its 
 resources, from my recent excursion into the British Do- 
 minion, to your city and vicinity, was duly received. A 
 pressure of business has prevented an earlier reply. 
 
 My visit was made under the most favorable circum- 
 stances, — bright skies and pleasant weather, with a joyous 
 company surrounding me, — and I may not have seen or 
 comprehended the disadvantages, if any, which attend the 
 emigrant who seeks a home within your borders, since I 
 saw nothing that did not indicate thrift and prosperity. 
 The city of Winnipeg is a marvel of modern times ; its 
 ■^ rapid growth, its large and costly business blocks filled 
 with the choicest and richest goods of a metropolitan 
 city, its fine dwellings with their beautiful surroundings, 
 the thousand tents sheltering the immigrant while engaged 
 in erecting the more substantial place of abode, and the 
 many long and heavy laden trains which came and went, 
 impressed me with the conviction that the country sur- 
 rounding must be rapidly improving and settling up. The 
 many and large wheat fields which I saw in the Red 
 River Valley — certainly, this year — indicate that for wheat 
 raising, no place in the North-West can excel it. 
 
 So far as one could judge from a hasty view of the 
 country surrounding your city, it seems to me that it must 
 attract the emigrant hither, who is seeking a new home 
 in the far west. 
 
 Of the climate, but little can be said from actual ob- 
 servation of a couple of days ; but from conversations had 
 with intelligent gentlemen who have spent some years 
 in your city, 1 am led to believe that it is favorable to ag- 
 ricultural pursuits, and withal healthful. On the whole, I 
 
72 
 
 ALL ABOUT CANADA. 
 
 formed a very favorable opinion of the resources and pro- 
 ductiveness of your country. I have the honor to be, 
 
 Yours very truly, 
 W. C. B. Grahame, Esq. ^ (Signed,) L. F. Frishy, 
 &c., &:c., &c., > A//y. Gen/. 
 
 Winnipeg, Manitoba. j Wis. 
 
 Corroboraiion by the Governor of the State. 
 
 Executive Office. \ 
 
 Madison, Wis., Sept. 23, 1882. ) 
 I fully concur with General Frisby in the foregoing 
 statement. (Signed), J. M. Rusk, Governor. 
 
 How TO GET Information. 
 Any persons in the United Kingdom desiring to get 
 fuller and further information respecting Manitoba and 
 the Canadian North-West ; or information respecting 
 routes, or prices of passage ; or when or how to go ; or 
 what to take with them ; or maps or pamphlets ; — should 
 apply to the office of the High Commissioner for Canada, 
 or to any of the agents, at the subjoined addresses, either 
 personally or by letter : — 
 
 LONDON Sir Alexander T. Galt. G.C.M.G., &c., 
 
 High Commissioner fortheDominion, 
 
 10 Victoria Chambers, London, S.W. 
 
 Mr. J. G. CoLMER, Secretary to the High 
 
 Commissioner's Office, [address as 
 
 above.] 
 
 LIVERPOOL. .Mr. John Dyke, 15 Water Street. 
 
 GLASGOW. .. .Mr. Thos. Grahame, 40 St. Enoch 
 
 Square. 
 
 BELFAST Mr. Charles Foy, 20 Victoria Square. 
 
 DUBLIN Mr. ThomasConnolly, Northumberland 
 
 House. 
 
 BRISTOL Mr. J. W. Down, Bath Bridge. 
 
 (Jif'Persons in Canada or the United States desiring 
 fuller information respecting Manitoba and the Canadian 
 North-West, can have Maps and Pamphlets furnished to 
 them gratis, and post free, by applying to the •' Depart- 
 ment OF Agriculture, Ottawa, Canada." 
 
 
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