HISTORY 
 
 OF THR 
 
 ettkttwnt 4 Mi^pr (^mU% 
 
 (ONTARIO,) 
 
 WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO 
 
 THE BAY QUINTE. 
 
 BY 
 
 WM. CANNIFP, M.D., M.R.C.S.E., 
 
 PKOPESSOR OP SURGBRT UNIVERSITY VICTORIA COLLKOK, AUTHOR OP THB 
 "PRINCIPLES OF SURGERY." 
 
 TOEONTO: 
 
 DUDLEY & BURNS, PRINTERS, VICTORIA HALL. 
 
 1869. 
 
r 3 254-997 
 
 ■A 
 
TO 
 
 THE HONORABLE 
 
 SIR JOHN ALEXANDER MACDONALD, K.C.B.,>D.C.L., M.P., 
 
 PREMIER OP THE DOMINION OP CANADA, 
 
 \ 
 
 THIS VOLUME IS BY PERMISSION RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED, 
 
 AS 
 
 A RECOGNITION OF HI8 ABILITIKS AS A CANADIAN STATESMAN, 
 
 AND AS A TRIBUTE TO A LONO STANDING INHABITANT OF BAY QUXNTB, WHO HAS GIVEN 
 
 BIB TALENTS AND ENERGIES TO LAY A SUBB FOUNDATION FOR 
 
 "a GREAT NORTHERN NATION." 
 
 BY HIS RESPECTFUL ADMIRER, 
 
 I 
 
 WILLIAM CANNIPP. 
 
 ■■* .■■■-• ,■ 
 
 % 
 
f •» ; ' '.| ^! ^' 
 
 I ((U ^.!"< 'I'r.rW'.' 
 
 
 ': ■ -■■•■■I,' U.>v.Ai^Aii •' M.i :i^^Jvi-j>; '-J ii:in:--v.'x ^-;i.^.>-^ ^.i L ■ ^ : 
 
 ,V. ■^.'. ■■> .(Mi'f .(■."I'' ! '-'I'-.H -.l..lf ('.'I'V »'( n.f..l /.!< .-^t' 
 
 I 1 
 
 :j'</r''.-"ioii^-:i !>" .f -<.Ui;.,t'.v ,/;■(• . i: 
 
 \»''^<K ,\>r.'i ■<-■' ■•■■' '''lA ■■■.'■JX r-^ ■•■:■, •■ 
 
 rX.GqAiq ol'i^'-'i- Hoh^Jf i?0i-5W od^ vJ'^""'''* '^^■''^ ^'^ i^^'^npD-r 70^ a A 
 
 f}-^ TrHrfW'Tii-'Jff ,0HiV<->l!Vi cl.8^>R«l-1'^?. "Kkt f^ijiHiji f;lsi KfM 'ijlfk^ i^i t'.'J.;-S 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 In tho year 18G1 a mooting was convened at the Education 
 Office, Toronto, with tho view of oatablishing an Historical Society 
 for Upper Canada. TIio writer, as an Upper Canadian by birth, 
 and deeply interested in his country with respect to tho past as well 
 as tho future, was present. The result of that meeting was the 
 appointment of a Committee to frame a Constitution and By-Laws, 
 and take tho necessary stops to organize the proposed Society, and 
 to report three weeks thereafter 
 
 The Committee consisted of tho Hon. Mr. Merritt, Eev. Dr. 
 Eyerson, Col. Jarvis, Mr. DevTrassi, Mr. Merritt, J. J. Hodgins, Dr. 
 Canniff and Mr. Coventry. For reasons unknown to the writer, 
 this Committee never even met. The following year the writer 
 received a printed circular respecting an " Historical Society of 
 Upper Canada " which had been established at St. Catharines, of 
 which Col. John Clarke, of Port Dalhousio, was President; Hon. 
 Wm. H. Merritt, Vice-President, and George Coventry of Cobourg, 
 Secretary. 
 
 "HONORAIIY MEMBERS." 
 
 " Chief Justice Sir John Beverley Rob- Henry Ruttan, Esq., Cobourg, 
 
 inson, Bart., The Venerable Lord Bishop of Toronto, 
 
 Colonel Jarvis, Toronto, . , Alfio DeGrassi, Esq., Toronto, 
 
 Doctor Canniflf, " J. P. Merritt, St. Catharines, 
 
 Henry Eccles, Esq., Q.C., Thomas C. Kcefer, Esq., JVA-- Me, 
 
 William H. Kittson, Esq., Hamilton, Hon. George S. Boulton, Cobourg, 
 
 David, Burn, Esq., Cobourg." 
 
 At the request of this Society the writer undertook to prepare 
 a Paper upon the Settlement of the Bay Quinte. Having been 
 induced to take up his abode for a time at Belleville, near which he 
 was born, the writer availed himself of every opj)ortunity he could 
 
croato whilo on^agod in his profosaional dutios, during a period of 
 five yourrt, to collect facts pertaining to the subject. After some 
 months of labor, he was advised by frienda, in whose judgment ho 
 hatl contidenco, to write a History of the Bay (iuint*), for publication. 
 Acting upon this advice, he continued, with increased energy, 
 to collect and elaborate material. In carrying out this object, ho 
 not only visited difterent sections of the country and many indivi- 
 duals, but consulted the libraries at Toronto and Ottawa, as well as 
 availed himself of the private libraries of kind friends, especially 
 Canniff Ilaight, Esq., of Picton. As the writer proceeded in his 
 work, he found the subject assuming more extended proportions 
 than he had anticipated. lie found that, to write an account of 
 the Settlement of the Bay Quinte, was to pen a history of the 
 settlement of the Province. Finally, he has been induced to desig- 
 nate the work " A History of the Settlement of Upper Canada." 
 
 The labor, time and thought which has been given to the 
 subject need not to be dwelt upon. Every effort has been made, 
 consistent with professional duties, upon which the writer's family 
 is dependent, to sift a mass of promiscuous material which has 
 come under investigation, so that grains of truth alone might fill 
 the measure which this volume represents. ' *'" ' "" 
 
 Various sources of information have been duly indicated in 
 the text; but there are a largo number of individuals, ft*om whom 
 information has been obtained, whose names could not be recalled. 
 
 This work has been one of love as well as labor ; yet time and 
 again the writer would have relinquished it had it not been for the 
 words of entouragoment, volunteered by his friends. '''. \ 
 
 The writer has explained the cause of bis writing this volume. 
 He now presents it to the reader — to Canadians — to the world. 
 He lov'is his country so well, that he regrets an abler pen had not 
 undertaken the task, that justice might be more fully done to the 
 
 J . . ' 1 1 >4 VJIJ J J > .» > ! f * -.' . I '. ^j i»V I l\, •* w - lifi^rt ■.' i t ■,».,- r^»\ : J i«^ i '.I., -■ ri^,i \ 'tp.'-.-. , 
 
 _ ,jWPr y* •• '<^ >■' • 'l'« •!■'<••>■ ■■'•■ ?■'■' J. 1 :; .'.i .. I V 1- rl.'.,.I •.. "r. ...• '....I 
 
 ,!. Fault may be found because of repeated and earnest protests 
 j^agaiust-tho^t^tud^ai . a^sunxed, J^y the, IJnited , ^.tate^i : , th© domm^nts 
 
PREFAOK. m 
 
 ma<lo in rospoct to ihoir history: the conlrivHt drawn upon tho 
 subject of Liberty nnd Krbedom. Tho wviter offerH no oxcubo. 
 Ho has ondoavorod to adhoro to truth. It in true those pa^es havo 
 boon written during a period of gi-eat irritation to Canadians, from 
 the hostile and uggi-ossivo spirit which tho United States havo dis- 
 phiyod towards us ; but a record has boon mado which, it is trusted, 
 will stand tho tost of tho closest examination. 
 
 As to tho work, ai)art from its historical character, no remark 
 is offered, except that tho writer is perfectly conscious of errors 
 and imporfoctions. Time has not boon allowed to polish; and 
 while the pages havo boon going through the press, other necessary 
 duties havo j)rovontod that dose and undivided attention which tho 
 work demanded. But subscribers to the volume wore urgent in 
 their requests to have tho work without further delay. The reader 
 is referred to a page of Errata. 
 
 A concluding chapter it has boon found necessary to omit, in 
 consoquonco of tho size already attained. J n this it was intended 
 to discuss tho future prospects of the Dominion. Tho writer has 
 unbounded faith in tho Confederation scheme. Before this scheme 
 was initiated, the writer, in a lecture delivered to a Toronto 
 audience, uttered those words. Pointing out the elements 
 which constitute the fabric of a great nation, he remarked that ho 
 " loved to contemplate the future, when all tho British American 
 Provinces would be consolidated into a grand whole ; when, from 
 the summit of the Rocky Mountains, would bo seen — to the East 
 along the magnificent lakes and river to the Atlantic, and down 
 the western slopes to the Pacific — the ccasoloss industry of tho 
 Canadian beavei*, and the evergreen Maple Leaf overshadowing the 
 peaceful homes of Canada." Tho prospects now are fHr brighter 
 than when those words were spoken ; and notwithstanding the 
 obstacles — an unpfitriotic company ofEnglishmen, the unscrupulous 
 designs of covetous Americans, and the apathy of the British Gov- 
 ernment — the belief is brbad and strong that the dream of tho 
 future will be realized. There is life in the tree whose seed wtis 
 
vm VRKKACB. 
 
 planted eighty yoarH ago, and an it han in thu past continued to 
 grow, HO it will in the future. 
 
 In concluding thoHo prefatory remarkH, wodoHiro to tender our 
 thankH to all who have aHHistod uh directly or indirectly, by sup- 
 plying information, and by encouraging words. Particularly wo 
 thank those gentlemen who gave their namew an Hubscribors, Homo 
 of them voluntarily, years ago, before the work was fairly com- 
 menced ; also the ]Ion. Lewis Wallbridgo, for procuring for us, 
 when Speaker, copies of manuscript in the Parlianioutary Library, 
 at Ottawa. 
 
 Finally, wo express our obligations to the Publishers and 
 Printers. 
 
 Toronto, 27th March, 1869. , 
 
 , iCopy Right uourad. 
 
 ^f ,.') .-I. - .lij >"•■"' ■ ■' '" '• ■ ' '' •■ '■ ' 
 
 j,(-, . ( ^.^^>,,'JU . ,, 'i: iKf.'J. .'IdlO'il ■. ■■ '. ,' ••■ '. ' 
 
 ,: ' . • :l .1,1 ■ ■ • ■ 
 
 ■1^;. I 
 
 , • ','t' > ,1 ' " t.'il- IS'''. ' '.'''' 'I'l , I ■!. ' ' ' 
 
 ■ . r .,,-—' i< ■ ■'■■"■' 
 
 : Jill"; 'Ml!' 
 
 .vd— -^'Kf ■•' »'■'' <■■' I, ^ ■>•:">■•',■ -^''f ->,'i.r' ' , ■ ■■ :'■•' ■ _ 
 
 ._:ii,lw**eJi ,) ■»';.■•■; r — »;■••!.' ■■■i.r-. i-rL—tiiiiUvU- .• .'i.V'i »'> ■.■',•'■• 
 'itj .f.>Vrr..ii'/.i ■■.*■■" ' ■t"tiiq.,H''-../('»"/ •••; l^«(. ^r*! U,<,,;'i\^ ■ ; ..;•!.'• ■>(>■ ■ .'1,: 
 
 ■^«^'t>-,. -j.iw-'o'j d^vr^srt; pTrrvjF;----titiMt-i-r-i^'.^5*i'i>.. 
 
'.. M 
 
 i|V» 1 ... ■! \ " 
 
 »>• ■ 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 . , i« I ij..' ' / 
 
 " .,'• 
 
 A BKRTCII 1>F FIU.NCO-CANADIAN II18T0RY. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 PAQI 
 
 ntiquarianlHTO — Rooords of tho Karly Nations — Tradition — The ProsB— 
 Tlie Enatorn World — Tho WcHtcrn World — I mpoit<ui(«! of History- 
 Columbus — Colonizivtioii — (.'iiimdii — America — (^'artier — French Cana- 
 dian writers — Cartioi-'s lirnt visit — Huguenots — Cartier's second visit — 
 Jean Francois — Sir (Jk'orge K. Cartii-r — Estublislimeut of the Fur Trade 
 — Champhiin — Discovery of Lake Ontario — liny of Quinte — Quebec 
 founded — First lightintc with Indians — First taliing of Quebec by the 
 British — Uoturned to Franco — The Uecollots and Jesuits — Death of 
 Champluin — F(>undation of Montreal — Emigration from France — The 
 Carignan Regiment — DoCourcelle— Proposal to found a Fort at Lake 
 Ontario — Frontenac — Fort at Cativraqui — La Salle — Fort at Niagara — 
 First vessel upon the Lakes — Its fate — Death of La Salle, the first 
 settler of Upper (Janada — Founder of Louisiana — Discoverer of the 
 mouth of the Mississippi , 1 
 
 CHAPTER 11. 
 
 [itaraqui Fort strengthened — Keute Indians seized and carried captive to 
 France — Massacre of Lachine — Commencing struggle between New 
 England and New France — Siege of Quebec by Sir Wm. Phipps — De- 
 struction of Fort Cataraqui — Its re-erection — Treaty .of Ryswick— ■ 
 Death of Frontenac — Iroquois in England — Another attempt to cap- 
 ture Quebec — Decline of French power — Population of Canada and of 
 
 New England — Continuation of the contest for the fur trade Taking 
 
 of Fort Louisburg — Col. Washington, dishonorable conduct — Inconsis- ; 
 tency of Dr. Franklin — Commencement of seven years' war — Close of ' 
 first year — Montcalm — His presentiment —Taking of Fort Oswego— 
 Of Fort William Henry — Fearful massacre — Tlie state of Canada- 
 Wolfe appears — Taking of Frontenac — Duquesne — Apathy of Franco 
 — The Spring of 1759 — Reduced state of Canada — Overthrow of French ■'' 
 power in America — The resul<>— Union of elements — The capture of 
 Quebec — Wolfe —Death of Montcalm — Fort Niagara — Johnson— Effort ' . 
 to retake Quebec — Wreck of the French army — Capitulation at Mon- - * 
 treal — Population — The first British Governor of Canada — The Cana- 
 dians as British subjects— The result of French enterprise — Rebellion 16 
 
Z CONTENTS. 
 
 * »" , ,. DIVISION I. ,. 
 
 , , ,[ , THR BEBEtUON OF 1776 — TUB THIRTEBN C0L0NIB8. 
 
 CHAPTER III. . 
 
 PAUI 
 
 First American rebellion— 'Iudependenc<! — Traitors made heroes— LoyalistR 
 driven away to found another colony — The responsibility of rebelling 
 — Treatment of the Xjoyalists — The Hevera! colonies — The first Eng- 
 lishman in America — llecoivcs XIO — English colonization — Virginia 
 — Convicts— Extent of Virginia — First Governor — Virginians not 
 'vvilling to rebel — Quota supplied to the rcibel army — New York — 
 ■:> Hudson — The Dutch — New Netherlands — Price of New Amsterdam 
 (New York) — First Legislative Assembly — Not quick to rebel — Quota 
 of rebel troops — Gave many settlers to Upper Canada — New Jersey — 
 Its settlement — A battle ground — Gave rebel troops ; also loyal troops 
 — Furnished settlers to Upper ('anada — JIassachusettb — Captain Smith 
 — New England Puritans — The " Mayflower " — First Governor — Cruel 
 treatment of Indians — Mofisachusetts takes the leiul in rebelling — 
 Troops — LoyalistR — New IT.impshire — Troops — Delaware — Settlement 
 — Quotf* of rebel troops — ( .'onnecticut — Education — Troops — Roman 
 Catholics — Toleration — Rhode Island — Providence— Inconsistency of 
 the Puritans— Roger Williams — North Carolina — Inhabitants — South 
 Carolina — Many Loyalists — Pennsylvania — William Penn — Conduct 
 toward Indians — The people opposed to rebellion— Georgia — Ogle- 
 thorpe — Policy of New England — Now England, ,^,,j,^ ;. a.«*.v. » v »•> ♦* '^ 
 
 C,5 Minia«'»H'''KiT--lK,l'.iwl>-:it; CHAPTER IV, ,j ■^v.,.^iu.-A flil'l— jn jouu;- - 
 
 American writers—Sabtne — Loyalists had no time to waste — Independence 
 not sought at first — Adams— Franklin — Jay— Jefferson — Washington 
 — Madison — The British Government — Ingratitude of the Colonists — 
 Taxation — Smugglers — Crown officers — Persistence — Superciliousness 
 Contest between Old England and New England 41 
 
 The signers of the Declaration of Indep^indence — Their nativity — Injus- 
 tice of Americau writers for 80 years— Cast back mis-statements — The 
 Whigs had been U. B Loyalists — Hancock — Oificc-seekers — Malcon- 
 tents stir up strife — V/^hat the fathers of the Republic fought for — 
 Rebel committees— Black mail — Otis, John Adams, Warren, Washing- 
 ton, Hsnry, Franklin- — What caused them to rebel — What the American 
 revolutionary heroes actually were — Cruelty, during and after the war 
 —No Freedom — The political mistake of the rebels in alienating the 
 loyalists — The Consequence — Motives of the loyalists — False charges 
 -i-Conscientious Consetvatives — ^Rebellion not warranted— Attachment 
 to the old flag — Loyalists driven away — Suppressio veri — Want of noble 
 spirit towards the South — Effects — Comparison between loyalists and 
 rubel8r~£duoation' — Religion — The neutral — The professiouB, 46 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 y ; 
 
 Kepublicanism — The lesson of the first rebellion — The late civil war — Th« 
 Loyalists ; their losses and hardships — Ignored by Americans — Unre- 
 corded — The world kept in ignorancei — American glory — Englishmen 
 — Question of. Colonial; treatment — The reason why Great Britain 
 failed . to B\ihdjuetljLerel?ieJiiion--Chai:act^^ rebel bravery— The 
 
 .„ great result-— Liberty in England aad United States contrasted-M 
 
CeNTENTS. XI 
 
 PAOI 
 Slavery — The result to IT. E. Loyalists — IJurgoyne — Molwcracy— 
 Treatment from "Sons of Liberty" — Old mon, women and children — 
 Instances of cruelty — Brutality — Itapacity — Torture — The lower elassos 
 — <' Swamp Law" — Fiendish cruelty — Worse than Butler's Hangers— 
 Seward and the Fenians —Infamous falsification— Close of the war — 
 Recognition of independence by Great Britain — Crushed hopes of the 
 Loyalists — In New York — Their conduct — Evacuation day — The ' ' 
 position of the Loyalists — Confiscation — " Attainting" — Seizing Estaten 
 — Paine — Commissioners at Paris — British Ministry — Loyalists' petition 
 — King'., speech — Division of claimants — Six classes — The number- 
 Tardy justice — Noble conduct of South Carolina — Impostors — Loyal- 
 ists in Lower Canada — Proclamation — The soldiers' families — Journey- 
 ingfi— Meeting of families -, ,-. . iv;'. .-. .' i '.; V. ...;..,; . ; ; . . 52 
 
 •v ..- -.r, .-/..^ -.nl.r. .,. CHAPTER VII. ....••. v 
 
 spirit of strife — Tha French war — British American troops — Former 
 comnii'.es opposed — Number of U. E. Loyalists in the field — General 
 Burgoyne — Defeat — First reverse of British arms — The campaign-— 
 Colonel St. Leg;r — Fort Stanwix — Colonel Baume — Battle of Ban- 
 nington — General Herkimer — Gatei- — Schuyler — Braemar Heights— 
 Sarato;;a — Surrender — The result upon the people — Sir .John Jolinson 
 — Sir William— Sketch — Indian Chief — Laced coat — Indian's drearn — 
 It comes to p-isii — Sir William dreams — It also comes to pass — Too 
 hard a dream — li'ir John — Attempt to arrest — Escape— Starving- 
 Royal greens — lohason's losses — Living in Canada — Death — Principal 
 Corps of Royalists — King's Rangers — Queen's Rangers — Major Rogers 
 — Simcoe — The Rangers in Upper Canada — Disbanded — The Hessians. 63 
 
 ■■ rn'v'iil u^fiui— --*■•'; ■■•" -■•■" '-■-''■'—■■ ■■■■ " '■■- 
 
 . . ; , •*.._r ^ ,^v<»-,' CHAPTER VIII. f't-' -"'■''^ '" idrjiKi.-! Joft 
 
 Indian names — The Five Tribes — The Sixth — Confederation — Govern-' 
 ment — Sub-divisions— Origin — Hendrick — Death-— Brant — Birtli— s 
 Education — Married — Teaching — Christianity — Brant elected Chief — 
 Commissioned a British Captain — Visita England — Returns — Leads his 
 warriors to battle — Efi'orts of Rebels to seduce Brant to their cause — 
 Attempted treachery of the Rebel Herkimer — Border warfare — Wyom- i.vr 
 ing— Attempt to blacken the character of Brant — His noble conduct- 
 Untruthful American History — The inhabitants of Wyoming — The 
 Rebels first to blame — Cherry Valley — Van Schaick — Bloody order»->-»r 
 Terrible conduct of the Rebels, Helpless Indian families— Further- 
 deeds of blood and rapine by the rebel Sullivan — A month of horrible 
 work — Attributes of cruelty more conspicuous in the Rebels than in 
 the Indians — The New Englander — Conduct toward the Indians — In- 
 consistent — The " down trodden " — The Mohawks — Indian agriculture 
 — Broken faith with the Indians — Noble conduct of Brant— After the 
 war — His family — Death — Miss Molly — Indian usage — The cliaracter l 
 of the Mohawk — The six Indians as Canadians — Fidelity to the British 
 — Receiving land — Bay Quinte — 'Grand River — Settling— ^ Captaia 
 Isaac, Captain John — At present — Mohawk Counsel tl 
 
 CHAPTER IX. . , „ . ... „ 
 
 llndividuals — Anderson — Bethune — Bnrwell -^Bailer — Canliff — Clati^— •" 
 Coffin — Donne — Jarvis — Jones— McDonald — Mc<Jill— McGilles-— Mer-"* 
 lit — Munday— Peters — Robinson — Sihgleton — Boss — McNah— AllenTT-- 
 Alli8on— Ashley— Bell— Bnvritt--^k8Cy— CawcalliOla-Tehttp-i^^ 
 —Crawford— Dame— Daly— Diamond' ...........;::/.;:;. .".'?.\ :^7l '■ 86 
 
XU CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 PAOB 
 
 Ferguson — Frazer — Gerollainy — GoldHmith — Harrison — Hudgins — Hicka 
 Howell — HoTor — Hoglc — Ham — Herkimer — Holt — Jones — .Johnson — 
 Ketcheson— 'Loyst — Myers — McArthur — Miller — Mordeus — McDonald 
 — McDonnell — McDonell-rOstrom — Peterson lOO 
 
 CHAPTER XI, - - 
 
 Rogers' family — Ryerson — R<idner — Sherwood — Taylor — Van Dnsen — 
 Williambiirgh — Wright — Wilkins — Young — Officers who settled in 
 Niagara District 117 
 
 ■-■.i'1,— --|-;-:ry '-iiunu']', i:\\>4^ A ■-,•1 ^\^ I „ i-., ,))i ). . /,,i , .i ., ;. u.i' ,(1. ' 
 '■'•'•"•'' ■■■'"nu>'i i;- T... ,.„>,'( „,,., J ;,:,„.,i.. 1^ (,, ,i,ji ,.: 
 
 Mil.; J,i'r--;.j<.('.i.) n.n „: ^lu/' ^..i,i( (■-... ..i,„ ! ,.11 
 
 '■••'•<.—> .-vv-r'-"" ■"--■: - * ■ •■ / .,.(/; ' -^Ha.Mii >'■- r '.!' 
 
 DIVISION II. 
 
 TRAVKLING IN EARLY TIMES ORIGINAL ROUTES. 
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 
 Indian paths — Portages — Original French routes — Merde Canada — Original 
 names of St. Lawrence — Ontario — Huron — Route by Bay Quint6 — Old 
 French maps — Original English routes — Four ways from Atlantic to 
 the Lakes — Mississippi — Potomac — Hudson — Indian name of Erie — 
 From New York to Ontario — The Hudson River — Mohawk — Wood 
 creek — Oneida Lake — Oswego River — The carrying places — West 
 Canada Creek — Black River — Oswegotchie — The navigation — Military 
 highway — Lower Canada — An historic route — The paths followed by 
 the Loyalists — Indian paths north of Lake Ontario — Crossing the Lake 
 — From Cape Vincent to the Bay Quints — From Oswego by Duck 
 Islands — East Lake — Picton Bav — Coasting Ontario— Two vrays to 
 Huron — By Bay Quint6 and Trent; by Don River — Lake Simcoe — 
 Point Traverse — Loyalists — Travelling by the St. Lawrence — First 
 road — Long remembered event..,, .'...';....;'. ^.... ... .i. ..'. 129 
 
 -iuri'i .1i \f(,\fuiy. (Wii't i , UM Ar i Jliiv JLlli,*,,. j( (,,'i"i-rM ■■ f-ti-^n 
 
 Indians trav :jlec' by foot or by canoe — Secreting canoes — Primeval scenes 
 — Hunting expeditions — War path — In 1812 — Brock — A night at 
 Myers' Creak—Important arrival — The North West Company — Their 
 canoes — 'Route — Grand Portage — The Voyageurs— The Batteaux — Size 
 — Ascending the rapids — Lachine^A dry dock — Loyalists by batteaux 
 — Durham boats — Difficulties — In 1788, time from Lachine to Freder- 
 ieksburg— Wfliting for batteaux — Extracts from a journal, trayeling in 
 
 K'.i 1811 — From Kingston to Montreal — The expenses — The Schenectady 
 boats — Trade between Albany and Cataraqui — The Durham boat — 
 Duncan — Description of flat-bottomed boat by " Murray " — Statement 
 ofFinkle — Trading — Batteaux in 181 2 — Rate of traveling — The change 
 in fifty years — Time from Albany to Bay Quinte — Instances — Loyalists 
 traveling in winter — Route — Willsbury wilderness — Tarrying at Corn- 
 wall — The " French Train " — Traveling along north shore of Ontario 
 
 - —Indian path-— Horseback — Individual owners of batteaux — Around 
 
 Bay Quinte — The Last regular batteaux — In 1819 — "Lines" from 
 magaEine ...n*. >,.,*,!(■,,,»*, ...j,,k,.>j. ....,..i,j, ,.,.»,. <),j,_,^^,-«.,j_.^^,j,j^_,^.. 135 
 
CONTENTS. im 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 PAOB 
 
 The first Vessel— The B'leneh— La Salio— The Griffon— Vessels in 1770— 
 During the Rebellion — Huilding at Carleton Island — Captain Andrews 
 The Ontario — Col. Burton — Loss of the Ontario — The Sheehans — Hills 
 — Givins' — Murney's Point — Schooner ' Speedy ' — Mohawlv — Missis- 
 sauga — Duke of Kent — Capt. Bouchottc — Paxton — McKenzie — 
 Riciiardson — Earle Steele — Fortiche — The Governor Simcoe — Sloop 
 ' Elizabeth ' — First vessel built at York — Collins' Report upon 
 Navigating the Lakes — Navy in Upper Canada, 1795 — Rochfoucault 
 — Capt. Boufhctte — Officers' Pay — York, the centre of the Naval Force 
 — Gun Boats — The Loss of tlie " Spcsedy " — Reckoner — Dr. Sti achan — 
 Solicitor-Gen. Gray — Canada took the lead in ouilding A'^essels — First 
 Canadian Merchant Vessel — Tlie York — A Schooner on runners round 
 the Falls — Sending Coals to Newcastle — Upon Bay Quinte — The Out- 
 skirts of Civilization — "Tht Prince Edward" built of Red Cedar— In 
 1812 — Schooner " Mary Ann " — 1817— Capt. Matthews 147 
 
 .11 Y.OiblVJAi 
 
 /i'f/.')i . i.'r V' ' ■■ — ■■ ,<; nvf t,.| ; ■ ; ■. 
 
 . t«.f^Mv.ii...n DIVISION III. ,,;,„......,,, 
 
 !■:•'•■ -■^^ai■ ' *'^. ,^ ■ • 
 
 i.i i!«f.J fl THK LOYALISTS AS PIONEERS — THE ORIGINAL SURVEY. ^j ' 
 
 'f>f'''-' •■ -■ ~-,.,..^-i-.i...-.v..<f,. r . 
 
 »,„,..fl- ,.,,.„., ,r,' ., :.; • CHAPTER XV. T'^ /; ^- ,; ,' 
 
 Major Gen, Holland — Surveying on Atlantic Coast — An adherent of the 
 Crown — Removal to Montreal — Death — Major Holland — Information 
 " Maple Leaves " — Holland Farm — Tach^ — First Canadian Poem — 
 Head Quarters of Gen. Montgomery — Hospitality — Duke of Kent — 
 Spencer Grange — Holland Tree — Graves — Epitaphs — Surveyor Wash- 
 ington — County Surveyor — Su. veyors after the War — First Survey in 
 Upper Canada — Commenced in 1781 — The Mode pursued — Information 
 
 , f in Crown Lands Department — The Nine Townships upon the St. 
 Lawrence — At the close of the War — Non-Professional Surveyors — 
 Thomas Sherwood — Assisting to Settle — Surveying around the Bay 
 Quinte — Bongard — Deputy-Surveyor Collins — First Survey at Fron- 
 tenac — Town Reserve — Size of Township — Mistakes — Kottye — Tuffy 
 — Capt. Grass — Capt. Murney — Surveying in Winter — Planting Posts 
 — Result — ^Litigation — Losing Land — A Newspaper Letter — Magis- 
 trates — Landholders — Their Son's Lawyers — Alleged Filcliing — Spec- 
 ulators at Seat of Government — Grave Charges — Width of Lots — 
 Mode of Surveying — Number of Concessions— Cross Roads — Survej'- 
 ors Orders — Numbering the Lots — Surveying around the Bay — The 
 ten Townships — Their Lands — The Surveying Party — A Singer — State- 
 ment of Gourl(iy..., 154 
 
 :.....h,^H CHAPTER XVI. ■ ••■ 
 
 The teiift 'Cdticession — First Concession of Land in Canada — The Carignan 
 Regiment — Seigniories — Disproportion of the sexes — Females sent 
 from France — Their appearance — Settling them — Marriage allowance 
 — The last seigniory — New Longeuil — Seigniory at Prontenao — Grants 
 to refugees — Officers and men — Scale of granting — Free of expense — 
 Squatting — Disbanded soldiers — Remote regions — A wise and benefi- 
 cent policy — Impostors — Very young officers — Wholesale granting of 
 
XIV CONTENTS. 
 
 PAOB 
 land — Republicans coming over — CovctouH — FiiIhc pretensions — Gov- 
 ernment had to discriminate — Rules and regulations — Family lands — 
 Bounty — (Jertificatcs — Soiling claims — Rear conccskiions — Transfer of '* 
 location ticket — Land board — Tardiness in obtaining titles to real 
 estJite — Transfer by bond— Jobbing — Sir Wm. PuUency — AVashington 
 — Giving lands to favcn-itcs — Reserves — Evil results — The Family 
 Compact^ — PJxtract from Playt( r — Extract from Lord Durham — From 
 Gourlay — Recompense to Loyalists — Rations — Mode of drawing land 
 — Land agent — Broken front— Traitor Arnold — Tyendinaga 164 
 
 vir^jlr-^.itM-iiV.wiV. CHAPTER XVII. ..,r/,i.J if M.iUo' ;i'<i!' 
 
 Lines — Western Settlement, 1783 — Population — Settlement upon St. Law- 
 rence and Bay — Number, 1784 — Procla; tion to Loyalists — Society 
 disturbed — Two kinds of Loyalists — St. i^awrence and Bay favorable 
 for settlement — Government provisions — State of the Loyalists — Serv- 
 ing out I tions — Clothes — Utensils for clearing and fencing — The axe 
 — Furniture — Attacking a last enemy — Tents — Waiting for their lots 
 — " Bees " — Size of dwellings — Mode of building — Exchanging work 
 — Bedsteads — Clearing — Fireing trees — Ignorance of pioneer life — 
 Disposing of the wood — No beast of burden — Logging — Determina- 
 tion — All settlers on a common ground — Additional refugees — Advance 
 — Simcoe's proclamation, 1792 — Conditions of grants — The response — 
 Later settlers — Questionable Loyalists — Yankees longing for Canada 
 —Loyalty in 1812 ..... ,;. ;;,.., .T;. ' 181 
 
 ^^uu(.■•^-• , ^ I i.t;^. —1:; ..-.^i 
 
 "titmb. — soinwdjsl/ Jfifii'.titi)! -^jfur-iyf ,d'I~-v,Uir,t.l>z'jti iliivj iLb-»iO— ' 
 —Roilaid aobo(>W — luiyjii c--, ,.■■)'-: L\., ,. ■', — Krt.8ila-.uii') ■.iino'.':/<l'~:ija-'>i. 
 to Hl'i-yjC'! — xlhiX'/rM ;iuy,ibii.I— riqtii.-.ia/Jf vjdi-'> —eno'^qP^ -^OAAf^f 
 Bfljaibili iWilitinU— ■•■iTJ'^T ■.""•H?r"--T'. . ...i;;;;rj5jtaia<iiW t..l:l iioqii I*KlV.-.lA 
 iuo'Ja JifjfuoJwtft ''1' \5!:ibiii-.t;jb (aooioW— 
 
 /ifiV) hi'nan.iu}<i-~ D I V I j8 I O N ■ I-y-i''''^ '' -'^ j»i!M:aKi:W ciaiUii 
 -83 vio-nr,A—Hunii-'jv*[ vr-j j-^ J;*jc',,'.l. bl; ,V*— b'-...r,v;a'd8 ,vJii'^i hiO 
 •Mh&'l Ut .)j/. ' ' ?(:u.iJi,bj:i.-'Al— 89qi:--. 
 
 ' -ol — vxtKf/bal ii, »iw.., Jv :■.. j,vv>.t/.3 aiil' — lt3Jii.'jJiic<; 
 
 I?fJ , ^f^^■.7CHAPTER XVIII.;T;,h--;-.-!...fiof>: a:c'=j;^f;,-j. 
 
 Father Picquet — Provision of Forts in Upper Canada just before conquest 
 — Frontenac — Milk — Brandy— Toronto— The several forts — Detroit — 
 British garrisons — Grasping rebels — Efforts to starve out Loyalists in 
 Canada — Worse treated than the Acadians — Efforts to secure Fur 
 Trade — The frontier forts — Americans' conduct to Indian^— Result — 
 Conduct of British Government — Rations for three years— Grinding 
 by hand — "Hominy blocks"— " Plumping mill"— -The women — Sol- 
 dier farmers— The Hessians — Su^'ering— The " Scarce Year" Charge 
 
 . against the Commisijariat officers — Famine — Cry for bread — Instances 
 " of suffering — Starving children — No salt — Fish— Game — Eating young 
 grain — Begging bran — A common sorrow — Providential escapes — 
 Eating buds and leaves — Deaths—Primitive fishing — Catching salmon 
 — Going 125 miles tp mill— Disconsolate families — 1789 — Partial 
 relief — First beef slaughtered in Uppet Canada— First log bam — A 
 «'Bee," what they ate and drabk — Tea introduced — Statements of 
 Sheriff Sherwood— Rogei' Botes — John Parrott— Col. Clark— Squirrel 
 swfinmiTig Niagara — Maple sugar — How it was made— Women assist- 
 ing— Made dishts of food — Pumpkiii loaf— Extract from Rocfaefoucault 
 
 - 1795'^— Quality of grain raised;— Quinte Bay — Cultivation— Com 
 
 exported — Th6 grain dealers— Price of flour — Pork — Profits of the 
 mwchantr: ? -i^i^ . . . V/;ir;.;^i^:l';V^i£. . .^ ;vH';l^':;;;;i;;;'vf ;^vv-^^-^ '191 
 
CONTENTS. XV 
 
 .;.,■. I .fM '.f. CHAPTER XIX. o„ fn,> . ini;--' 'mtOT — I 
 
 PAOB 
 
 Kingston Mills — Action of Government — Tlie Millwright — Situation of the 
 first Mill — Why Selected — Tlie Machinery — Put up hy Loyalists — No 
 Toll — Only Mill for three years — Going to Mili, 1784 — The Napanoo . 
 Mill — Comraenced 1785 — Kobert Clarke — And old Book — "Appenea" 
 Falls — Price of certain articles — What Rum cost, ai\d was used for — - 
 The Mill opened 1787 — Sergt.-Major Clarke in charge — Indian Corn — 
 Small Toll — Surveyor Collins in charge — Becomes the property of R. 
 Cartwright, 1792 — Rebuilt — Origin of Napanee — Price of Butter, 1'88 
 — Mills at Four Mile Creek, Niagara Falls, Fort Erie, and Grnnd River 
 — Mills on the St. Lawrence — The Stone Mills — VanAIstine — Lake of 
 the Mountain — 179(3 — Natural Beauty, t rsun Utility — The Mill — Van 
 Alstine's Death-:- Wind l^Iill — Myef's Mill— Mill at Consocon. ...,.., 206 
 
 '•'•i/rif- '«i ^•!\i] f,()j( n"., -...•'■.»<■• i!-! -.t!"l/. y,, I ^(, ^l ,r)>| O'W I'. — |. )fll<.)<! ,. 
 
 ./•(ur' -Ji-»fiilJ!y' I "*'*» CHAPTER XX. ijmirr./.)r>— 1'i->iii M.ffn r-! 
 
 Clothing — Domestic and Farming Implements — Style of Dress eighty years 
 ago — Clotldng of the Refuges — Disbanded Soldiers — No Fresh Supply 
 Indiaa Garments of Skin — Deerskin Pants — Petticoats — Bed Coverings 
 — Cultivating Flax — Sheep — Home-mode Clothes- — Rude Implements . f 
 — Fulling — French Mode — Lindsay Woolsey — The Spinning-wheel — , 
 Young men Selecting Wives — Bees — Marriage Portion — Every Farmer 
 his own Tanner and Shoemaker — Fashions—How odd hours were spent .. i 
 — Home-made Shoes — What Blankets \v( re made of — Primitive Bed- 
 stead — Nakedness — Bridal Apparel — No Saddles — Kingston and Newark 
 —Little Money — Bartering — Merchants from Albany — Unable to buy 
 — Credit with Merchants — The Results — Itinerant Mechanics — Amer- 
 icans — Become Canadians — An old Stone-mason — Wooden Dishes — 
 Making Spoons — Other Hardships — Indians Friendly — Effects of 
 Alcohol upon the Mississaugas — Groundless Panic — Drunken Indians 
 — Women, defending Themselves — An erroneous Statement aboat 
 Indian Massacre in " Dominion Monthly Magazine " — Statement of an 
 Old Settler, Sherwood — Wild Beasts — Few Fire-arms — Farrow Es- 
 capes — Depredations at Night — Destroying Stock — An Act of Parlia- 
 ment—" A traveller's Statement — The Day of Small Things — Settlers 
 Contented — The Extent of their Ambition — Reward of Industry — ^Po- 
 pulation in 1808 — Importations — Money — The Youth 211 
 
 —iioiloU— aJwl ta' CHAPTER XXI. .h0fn,<l-~>{|iM -oijnoJmnU— 
 
 Sweat of the fcrow— ifo beiist of burden — No stocki--Excep^ t)y afc^--_'^|r 
 Horses and qxen — From Lower Canada — York State — Late comerd,^ /'' , 
 brought some — No fodder — First stock in Adolphustown — Incidents ' 
 —Cock and hens — " Tipler " — Cattle driving— -Fir^t cow in Thurlow — ' j 
 First house in Marysburgh — The first ox,en7— No market for butter and V; 
 cheese — Sheep — Rev. Mr. Stuart, as an Agriculturist — Horses at Nap- ' 
 anee — An offer for a yoke of steers , . . , , , 220 
 
 -'??iqj3oa9 luiiiT'bi'roiH' — //oTiO!^ rioijitrro't /•. — njntf ^ar5j;g')a — it\m-^ 
 i.?irriji>( aiitiiv^KO— qnhfCtHAPTER XXII..r(~- ^■)/ivj'l bnxi Hbuci y/K:»it''{. 
 
 Old channels of trade, and travel — Art and Hcience— New enannels— Thai^.^ 
 wilderness — Loyalists Travelling on foot, from Kingston to York— ^j „ 
 Formation of roads — Act of parliament — 1 793— Its provisions — Crooked (g 
 roads — Foot-pa,th — Bridle-path— King's highway from Lower Canadft'^y 
 —When surveyed— Road fronj Kingston westwardr-Jts course — Simcoe'a '.^ ■ 
 military road-r-Dundas 3treet>— Asa DanfortliTr-Contract with Boy-^'__ 
 ernment — Road from Kingston to Ancaster— Danforth road^ — 1799—^^ 
 r Misunderstandings — Danforth's pamphlets — Slow improvemen(i--ijgj 
 
XVI CONTENTiS. 
 
 I'AOI 
 Cause — Extract from Oourlay — ThomaH Markland's ntport — Ferries — 
 1796 — ActH of parliament — Statute labor — Money grantH — ComniiH- 
 Bioners — Midland di8tri<:t — Distribution — The Cataraipii Bridge Com- 
 pany — Tlio ptftitionerrt — An act — The provisions — Tlio plan of build- 
 ing — The bridge — Toll — Completing the bridge — Improvements of 
 roads — McAdam — Declinea a knighthood 224 
 
 'w.J,in jJii-liMO; ;!>^. CHAPTER XXIII. ..i.u i.Ur/ .-.■•■/ .: 
 
 Ode to Canada — Early events— First English child in America, 1587 — In 
 New England— First French child, 1621— First in Upper Canada, 1783 
 — In Prince Edward — Adolphustowu — Ameliasburgh — North of the 
 Rideau — Indian marriage ceremony— Difficulty among first settlers to 
 get clergymcu— First marriage in America, 1608 — Fiist in New Eng- 
 land, 1621 — First in Canada, 1621 — Marriageable folks— No one to tic. 
 the matrimonial knot — Only one clergyman — Officers marrying— 
 Magistrates empowered— Legislation, 1793 — Ita provision — Making 
 valid certain marriages — Further Legislation, 1798 — In 1818 — 1821 — 
 1831 — Clergymen of all denominations permitted to marry. — Methodist 
 ministers — Marriage license, 1814 — Five persons appointed to issue — 
 A noticeable matter — Statements of Bates — Mode of courting in the 
 woods — Newcastle wedding expeditions — Weapons of defence — Ladies' 
 dresses — The lover's "rig" — A wedding ring — Paying the magistrate 
 — A good corn basket — Going to weddings — " Bitters "—Old folks stay 
 at home — The dance, several nights— Marriage outfit— Frontier life — 
 
 "^ Morals in Upper Canada — Absenct; of irregularities — Exceptional 
 instances — Unable to get married, Peter and Polly — A singular witness 
 — Rev, Mr. Stuart— Langhorn — McDowell — How to adorn the bride — 
 What she wore — A wedding in 1808 — On horseback — The guests — The 
 wedding — The banquet— The game of forfeits — The night— Second day 
 wedding — The young folks on horseback— -Terpischorean — An elope- 
 ment by canoe— The Squire — The chase^Tho lovers successful — The 
 Squires -who man-ied, ,^,... ,,.......;,.,,,, , 
 
 Burying places — -How selected — Family burying place — ^^For the neighbor- 
 hood — The Dutyh — Upon the Hudson — Bay Qtiinto — A sacred spot to 
 the Loyalists — Ashes to ashes — Primitive mode of burial — The coffin 
 — At the grave — The father's i^marks— -Return to labor — French Bury- 
 ing-place at Frontenaq— Its site— U. E. Loyalists' burying place at 
 Kingston — The " U. E. burying-ground," Adolphustown — Worthy sires 
 of Canada's sons — Decay — Neglect of illustrious dead — Repair wanted 
 — Oldest burying-ground in Prince Edward — Ross Place — At East 
 Lake — Upon the Rose faam — " Tlie Dutch burying-ground " — Second 
 growth trees — In Sophiasburgh — Gronk farm — In Sidney — Rude tomb 
 8to)ies — Burial-place of Captain Myers — Reflections — Dust to dust — 
 
 ''■' In Thurlow — "Taylor burying-ground" — The first person buried — 
 Lieut. Ferguson — An aged female — Her work done — Wheels stand 
 
 ■'- still 
 
 omou oi b:.n. ,nn lo I 
 
 232 
 
C0NTKNT8. ZVll 
 
 ; ,.o. : : DIVISION V. i 
 
 I ■■ ■'J'"V,;'' '■' TUB BARLY OLBBOYMKN ANP CHUKCIIKH. ',■" ^ '}' " 
 
 ■ ^ •'^^>-'"'-' - CHAPTER XXV. ' ' "*'•" '^ "«' ' -••^' 
 
 PAOI 
 
 French miHRionarics — FirBt in 1615 — Recollcts — Witli Chaniplain — JcRuits, 
 in 1625 — Valuable retards — Bisliopric of Quebec, 1674 — KirHt Bishop 
 of Canada, Laval — Rivalry — .Power of JoHuits — Number of miHsiona- 
 ries — Their "relations" — Fii-st mission field; Bay Quintc region — 
 " Antient mission " — How founded — First missionaries — Kleus, Abbe 
 D'Urfe — La Salle to build a church — The ornaments and sacred vessels 
 — The site of the "Chappol" uncert^dn — Bald Bluff, Carrying; Place — 
 Silver crosses — Mission at Georgian Bay — The "Christian Islands" — 
 Chapel atJMichilmioinac, 1679 — The natives attracted — Subjects of the 
 French King — Francois Picquet — La Presentation — Sof-yasti — The 
 most important mission — The object — Six Nations — The missionary's 
 living — "Disagreeable expostulations" — Putting stomach in order — 
 Trout — Picquet's mode of teaohiug Indians — The same afterwards 
 adopted by Rev. W. Case — Picquet's success — Picquet on a voyage — 
 At Fort Toronto — Mississaugas' request — Picquet's reply — A slander — 
 At Niagara, Oswego — At Frontenac — Grand reception — Return to La 
 Presentation — Picquet in the last French war — Returns to France — 
 By Mississippi — " Apostles of Peace " — Unseemly strife — Last of the 
 Jesuits in Canada 24i» 
 
 „.v::.:..u;,..ml..'/.! -^"-^^''-^cHAPTER XXVI. 'i ''' 
 
 First church in New York, 1633— First Dominie, Rev. Everardus Rogar- 
 dus — The Dutch, Huguenots, Pilgrims — ^Transporting ministers and 
 churches — First Rector of New York, Wm. Vesoy — Henry Barclay, 1746 
 — First Catholic Bishop in America, 1789 — Episcopalian Bishop, 1796 
 — Moral state of Pioneers in Canada— Religion— No ministers — No 
 striking immorality— Feared God and honored their King— The Fath- 
 ers of Upper Canaila— Religious views — A hundred years ago— " Ca- 
 rousing and Dancing "-Rev. Dr. .John Ogilvie - First Protestant 
 clergyman in Canada— Chaplain, 1769, at Niagara — A Missionary Suc- 
 cessor of Dr. Barclay, New York — Death, 1774 — Rev. .Tolin Doughty — 
 A Graduate ordained — At Pcekskill — Schenectady— A Loyalist — A 
 Prisoner — To Canada — Chaplain— To England— Returns— Minsionary 
 Pi'^signs— Rev Dr. John Stuart — First clergyman to settle — His memoir 
 
 — The " Father of the U. C. Church " — Mission work — Tlie five nations 
 — 'i'lie Dutch — Rev. Mr. Freeman — Translator — Rev. Mr. Andrews — 
 R«'V Mr. Spencer Woodbridge, Howley — New England missionaries 
 
 — II v. Dr. Whelock — The Indian converts— The London society 
 — iCev. Mr. Inglis — .John Stuart selected missionary — A native of Penn- 
 syhania — Jrish descent — A graduate, Phil. Coll. — Joins Church of 
 Lii^iland — To England — Ordination — Holy Orders, 1770 — Pinters upon 
 
 hih work .-; i;'yi«.'; ...^i% . . . .^ 255 
 
 CHAPTER XXVII. 
 
 At Fort Hunter — Mr. Stuart's first sermon, Christmas — Officiates in Indian 
 tongue — Translates — The rebellion — Prayers for the King — The John- 
 sons — Rebels attack his house — Plunder — Indignity — Church desecra- 
 ted — Used as a stable — A barrel of rum — Arrested — Ordered to come '^ 
 before rebel commissioners — On Parole — Limits — Idle two years — To 
 Albany — Phil — Determines to remove to Canada — Not secure — Ex- 
 
, P&OI 
 
 chauf^ing — Hccmity— tteal CHtntu fbrlbiicd— Uouto — Negroe*— Tho 
 journey, tliroo wfloicK— At St. .Iohn'«— Chargo of Publiu School — Chap< 
 lain — At the iloueof tho war — Three Protostant lariwhcH — Dutorminos 
 to Hettlo at (-'fttmqui — Chaplain to OarriHra — MiHsionary — iJiHhop of 
 Virginia, Dr. (Irillitli — ViHitii Mr. Stuart---'.uvitatloa to Virgiua declin- 
 «;d — "lilvctted prcjudicee," satisfled — "The only refuge clergymen" — 
 Path of duty — Visits the suttlomcuts, 1784 — Mohawks, Grand river — 
 Ucccption of thiir old pastor— First ciiurch— Mohawks, Bay of Qiiinte 
 — UemainK in Montreal a year — AHsistant — Komovcs toCataraqui, 17fi5 
 —His land— Siunbor of houses in Kingston— A short cat to Lake 
 Huron — Kortiinato in land -5Q00 settlers — Poor and happy- -Indus- 
 trious — Around his Parish, 1788— Two hundred miles long— Uy battoau 
 — Brant— New Oswego — Mohawk village chnrch,Bteeple,and bell — First 
 in Upper Canwla— Plate— Organ — ^Furnituro— Ilfcturns— At Niagara- 
 Old parishiontirH — Toinptcil to move — Comfot'table, not rich — Declines 
 a judgoship -New Mccklonburgb — Appointed (?liaplain to first House 
 of Assembly -Mohawk Mission — At Maiysburgh -Bogree of D.l). — 
 Prosperity — Happy -Decline of life -Ilia duticH—IllntSH, Dcalth, 1611 
 • • — His appearanco— '< The little gentleman "—His manners -llonorablo 
 
 trtlo~His children llcv. O^Kill Sturtrt 260 
 
 : ''I CHAPTER XXVIII. 
 
 A Missionary -(Chaplain at Niagara — ^Pastors to the Hettlei* — Chaphtin to 
 Legislature— ViKits (rrand river — Ortlciatcs— A land speculator— Re- 
 ceives a pt'nsion, £50 — 1823 — Rev. Mr. Pollard — At Araherstburgh — 
 Mr. Langboru — A missionary — Little education — Useful — Odd — On 
 Bay Quintc in Evneattown— Builds a chrtrch — At Adolphustown— 
 Preaches at Hagerman's — Anptheir chiurch — A, diligent pastor — Pioneer 
 preacher around the bay — Christening—Marrying— Particular — His ap- 
 pointments—Clerk's Fees-^Genorosity — Present to bride — Faithful to 
 sick cAlls — Frozen feet — No stockings — Shoo buckles — Dress — Books 
 — Peculiarities— Fond of the water— Charitable— \Var of 1812— Deter- 
 miijed to leave Canada— Thinks it doomed— Singular notice — Returns 
 to EuFope — His library — Present to Kingston — Twenty years in Canada 
 —Extract from Gazette— No one immediately to take his place— Rev. 
 John Bethunc— Died 1815— Native of Scotland— U. E. Loyalists- 
 Lost Property — Chaplain to 84th Regiment — A Presbyterian— Second 
 
 p. Legal Clergymen in Upper Canada — Settled at Cornwall — Children — 
 The Baptists — Wyner — Turner — Holts Wiem — Baptists upon river 
 Moira — First Chapel — How built — Places of preaching — Hayden's 
 Corners — At East Lake-r The Lutherans — Rov. Schwerdfeger — 
 Lutheran settlers — County Dundas — First church east of Kingston — 
 Rev. Mr. Myers lived in Marysburgh — Marriage — His log church — Re- 
 moves to St. Lawrence — Resigns— To Philadelphiiv — Mr. Weant — 
 Lives in Ernesttown — Itemov^s to Matilda — Not supported — Secretly 
 joins the English church — Re-oixlained — His society ignorant — Sus- 
 picious— Preaching in shirt sleeves — Mr. Myers' return, by sleigh — 
 
 f;;: Locking church door — 'the thirty-nine articles — Compromise— Mr. 
 Myers continues thiTce years a Lutheran — He secedes — The end of both 
 secedei's — Rev. I. L. Sepderliug — Rev. Herman Hayunga — Rev. Mr. 
 Shorts — Last Luthcrai) minister at Emefittown, McCarty — Married. .... 26i 
 
 'f;!-—<:} ■ -3i!b:i,4v^)liC!HAiP'rER XXtX. ' '■■' 'bM ..iii..a^.aA 
 Jl ■'•ifjOid a 71. :'>s i'h..r 1 .•.■/ — 
 
 Bishop Strachan — A teacher— A preacher — A student — Holy Orders — A 
 Presbyterian — Becomes an Episcopalian— A supporter of the " Family 
 compact"— -Sincere— His opinion of the people — Ignorant — Unprepared 
 for self-government — Strachan's religious chart— He was deceived— 
 
OONffUNTt" 
 
 The MntIiorfi«t«-Anoinii!onH ronncrtfon— A ..im.nMhrir.ir i„.<,„le— 
 RepnM1rnni«n rp:otlHtiVul_Loyftlty of the Woth<Kli«tH. -Atiiorioftr. 
 
 iwl'*- » n"T /'"i^'.^^' ThooIoRy-Co.nc« to t!»n.ufft_\ .tu.lmt of Dr. 
 
 4 W " Deiicon— A mJuMlonary at Cornwall- -Urc^tor at Vork 
 
 -A nhdcftrnn BJr1u»p otTomTit,._(<oml.iutor-I),.|ith- \ pnbMr J.i.rlftl 
 
 vZ\^!; M'-I^"^':f -»""'♦ l'r(,H»,yt«rinn at Day y..Jnto-h,rit<-,l by 
 
 H^cirouit-A worthy min ster-FtilHIlinK J>iH i»i««ion~TravrHn(<on 
 foot— lo York— Marrying tljo poopU— HiH deatli— Hi« doBccnduntH^ 
 Placos of preaching- A CalviniHt— Invlteg rontrovorHy— Mr. (NxiUt 
 accepts tho challcngo-The dl«putation-Kxcitement - The r.HiiIt 
 ,Au- Mr. Smart-Called hy Mr. McDowoll-Pr.^8. clcrgynmn at Brock- 
 vlllo_F!lty years -An carngstChriKtian-A dcsJro to write -'• Ohsor- 
 uJ^^^,'^ '■'^ ''•*""" "*" "'g'-ct- -Not cxtrcmo-Mr. Smart's viewH 
 on polltlcB^---Tho maftsoH inicdtlcatcd - The " FatnUy Compact" -Rise 
 of rcsponRlbIn government- The BHwcII-h Credit to Pr. Strachan- 
 Brock s funeral Hcrmon -Foundation of Kfngston gaoI-Maitland.. . 
 Demonstration -Shcrwood'a statement.... 079 
 
 • '•'.'■■ UA 'u .' .)i-- .. ...ill. i.. '.1.11 . r,IJ;. 
 
 CHAPTKH XXX, 
 
 The Qu»kers_-Among the Sottlors-From Pcnn-.Duche88 County-First 
 Mceting-house-David Sand-Elijah Hick -Visiting Canmial-Jaraes ' 
 Noxoo-A first settler -Their mode of worship-In Sopl,iusl.urg_Thc 
 moettng-houfio-Joseph Leavens— Hicksites-Traveling-Deatlj.agod 
 92— iLxtract, Picton Sun— Tlic first preachiaig phices-Flrst Englieh 
 church-Iu private houses-At Sandwioh-Thc Indian church at the; 
 hay-Krnesttown— First Methodist church— Preaching at Nineaja- 
 tirst church in King8ton-,At Waterloo_At Niaganv-Churches at 
 , o\T *".' ,^,«^^--I» Hallowoll-Thurlow-Methodist meotiug-housos. 
 1816-At Montreal-Building chapels in olden times-Occupying the 
 frame- rho old Methodist chapcls-Ju llallowell towuHhip-Iu the 
 fifth town-St. Lawrence-First English Church, BcUevi lie-Mr.'! 
 Campbe l-First time in the pulpiU-How he got out-The old church * 
 supersedcd-Church, front of Sidney— Rev. John Cochrane-Rov. Mr 
 
 ^"^'■"^^iu*'.^''"^^'?^*'*"'^" ^^"'■''■'» '■'^ Belleville -Rov. Mr. Ketcham-r' 
 first Methodist Church in Belleville— Healey, Puffcr—Thc sito of the 
 church-..A second one ..,....,.,.' . . 279 
 
 *:£i-i,v „H -. u<uri'.i,9T.i M .9 .,„js;^ .,; f„;j ' v,oH-b.,Vd;j iJlvK^mMH 
 
 --iK.tapfH/{ ...j^, ,i;>.., , . ,,,,,o!W.,.>ci4,,, n-nnOiTl 
 
 The flrst MetlrAdfst Preachers— The army— Oapt. Webb— Tnffoy-George 
 Neal— Lyons— School-teftclier— Kxhorter— McCarty— Persecution— ' 
 Bigotry- Vagabonds- Mccarty kn'estM- TMal— At Kingston—' 
 Banished—" A martyr"- Doubtful—Losee, first Methodist mLssionarV . 
 1 790— A minister— A loyalist— Where ho first preached—" A curiogf ty" ; 
 —Earnest pioneer Methodist— Class-meetings— Suitable for all clnsses' 
 Losee's class-meetings- Determines to build a niceting-house— Built in 
 . Adolphustown— Its size— The subfecrihers— Members, amount— Em- 
 bury—Those who subscribed for first church in New Yoi-k— Same names' 
 —The centenary of Methodism— New York Methodists driven away- 
 American Methodist forgetful-^Embury and Heck refugees— Ashgrove 
 —No credit given to British officers— Emburvs brother— The rigging 
 loft, N. Y.— Barbara Heck— Settling in Augusta— First Methodist f ., T 
 Church m America— Subscribers— « Lost Chapters"— The Author's 
 silence— What is acknowledged— "Seveie threats"— Mr. Mann— To 
 Nova Scotia— Mr. Wluiteley " admires piety"— Not " loyalty"— Second 
 
IX CONTENTU. 
 
 PAOB 
 
 »■ ■ 
 
 i'hftp«'l, N. Y,— A(tol|)hnHt«)wn Miiliiwrlborii — (Conrad Van DuHon — EU». 
 ilublin — Hull' — Ruttaii — ThoHodotiil MttthodiNtchiiiiol — Thu nubMcrilMtrH 
 — €oniiiinac<!tl May, 17U6 — Oirpuntoi'H WHgi'H — MuinbcrH (jiitjimqui 
 Circuit — UuiuK to Confurouce — lUituruH-^lMriivH Dunhiuii — riiyHiiiiiii— 
 KIrHt (|Uiirtcrly iiiuctinK — AuottlotoH — Hringing a " «llMh doth"-*-" (jloun 
 up" — 'I'hf new intid(! 8<|uire — Asm-H — Unclean HpiritR — Lohoo dlHcon- 
 tinu»!H pniuhinf; — ('hiihc— DiHappuintnicnt — Uotiirn to New York — 
 Dunham imeful — SrttloH — I'rwiohors travelling — Haddle-lwiKH — Metluxl. 
 imni among loyaliiitii — (jamp-moctinKH — Whore tirMt huld in (Janada — 
 WorHhipping in tlie woo(U — Mnaliing up— Killing the Dovil — FirHt 
 Canadian preacher — .louruvy from Now York '28S 
 
 Henry Ilyan — RyauitoH — Ho comes to Canada — His aH«ociato, (Jauo — At 
 KingHton — A itinger — rrcaching in the markot-j)lace — Their treatment 
 — In oftiee — HiM eircuit — 1000 miles — What ho r(!<;eived — KIder — 
 SuperHeded — Prubablc cause — A KrltiHh subject — During tlic war of 
 1812— ProHideut of Conferonco — " High-minded " — TlHeful— Acceptable 
 to the people — DeHired independenf.o by the CauadiauR — How he wa« 
 treated — IIIh labors — Brave — Witty — "Fatherless children" — " Impu- 
 dent scoundrel " — Muscular " Methodists' bull " — " Magistrate's goat " 
 
 — Uyan seeks separation — JJreckenridge — Conduct of "the Aracric^an 
 Conference — Ryan's agitation — Eflfoct upon the Bi8hoi)s — First Canada 
 Conferenoe — At Hallowoll — Desire for independence; — R(!aHons, cogent 
 — Fruit of Ryan's doings — The way the Conference treated Ryan — 
 Withdraws — No faith in the United States Conference— Ryan sincere 
 — " Canadian Wesleyans " — The motives of the United States Confer- 
 ence questionable — The wrong dt>nc Ryan— H(!cond Canada Conference 
 — Case, (irst Superintendent — Visit of Bishop Asbtiiy-Account by 
 Henry Ba;hm — Asbury an Englishman— During the rebellion — A 
 BUbop — His journey to Canada— Crossing the St. Lawrence— Travel- 
 ing in Canada — An upset — "A decent people" — His ojjinion of the 
 country — The Bishop 111 — At Kingston —Btohm at Kmbiiry's — A field 
 meeting — Riding all night— Crossing to Sackett's harbor— Nearly 
 wrecked 295| 
 
 y y y ,. ,,,,.( . . 
 
 .,^..t.i,,.. ,,„^ .,.,/...,;,„, CHAPTER XXXII, 
 
 
 McDonnell— First R, Catholic Bishop — A "Memorandum" — Birth-place — 
 in Spain— A priest— In Scotland- Qlengary Fcnciblcs— Ireland, 1798 
 — To Canada— Bishop — Death in Scotland— Body removed to Canada 
 , , , — Funeral obsequies — Buried at Kingston — Had influence — Member of 
 Canadian Lrgislative Council — Pastoral visitations, 1806— A loyal 
 man — A pioneer in his church — The Bishop's Address, 1836 — Refuting 
 Mal-charges — Number of the R. C. clergy in 1804 — From Lake Supe- 
 rior to Lower Canada— Traveling horseback— Sometimes on foot — 
 Hardships— Not a politician— Expending private means— Faithful 
 services— Acknowledged — Roman (!atholic U. E. Loyalists — First 
 church in Ernesttown- McDonnell at Belleville— Rev. M. Brennan — 
 First church in BelKsviHe — What we have aimed at — The advantages 
 to the Unglreh Chui'ch-— The Reserves— In Lower Canada— Dr. Moun- 
 tain — Number of English clergymen, 1793^— A Bishop — Monopoly 
 Initiated — Intolerance and exclusion swept away-^An early habit at 
 Divine Service.v'.'V'.' . . '.'s'-''^*^^ ".iiV.'/.i'. ii'.'l".'.'n'l.i :'^''\W.>ii;iViiWi^ 
 
 aniid— ii'iuiov/ 'lo anoiioijj.V ,• -coif looif-*.— nut-uff!-- 
 
 .vuo,.! li.iv A .-.h,,u.,j[;H^pTER xxxiiL ;^r ,r"^''-*''r^'«'?lf 
 
 First .Sabbath tiaacUin^IIannab BelT, 1769— School established, 1781— 
 
 .^.y Raikes — Ti^psley— -Fir^tln United Statijs — First In Canada— Cattrick 
 
 — Moon- Common in' l^i4— First in Belleville— Tumbull— Cooper— 
 
CONTENTri. HI 
 
 )^' 
 
 PAfll 
 
 MnrNlmll l*ri/cri,whowon tli«'in -Mr. Tiiriilinll'Miloiitli tii(i'in|ifranc6 
 — Firnt tcmpcmiKCHorirticd ('linriKO ot'iMiHtoiu -Ruin IncnmMiiiK'in* 
 tiMnpcmncc Tlic tiiHtcH of tho pioticfM- 'IVinp«riincc, not t<>«(otnliHiii 
 Finit Hucicty in (Jiinada— DriukR at miMingH luid buuM — Hociutj at ilaU 
 lowol 308 
 
 .. .7 ;../ "'"■'•• CIIAI'TEUXXXIV."'"*'"- •''•"'"■ " "' 
 
 The Six NftUonB - Folthful EriKliMh AIUpr -Society for rropiigfttlon of 
 OoBpel— rirHt nilHHiomiry to frocmois— .fohn ThornaH, flmt convert— 
 Visit of ClilofH to HnRliind Tlulr niimo« -Thoir portraits Attention 
 to thtiut — Awkjug for iuHtructor Quoen Anno — Coiiuniinion iService — 
 During tlut llolx-l Hun -Burying tlus plate -Uecovercd -DIvlMion of the ' 
 artick'H— Siicrilfgu of the llehelH U<.'-l)rinting Prayer Hook -Mr. Stuart, 
 miHsionary — The women and children -At Lachiue- Attachment to 
 Mr. Stuart — Touching instance -Mr. Stuart's Indian sister-Church at 
 Tyendinaga — Sdiool teacher to the Mohawk — .tohn Uininger -First 
 tt'at:hur_ The Hininger family— The Moravian Society Count Zinnen- 
 dorf— Moravian church at New York— First minister, Abraham Itinin- 
 gor— Friend of Kmbury -An old account hook — .lohn Hiningcr Jour- 
 neying to Canada— Living at Hay Quiute—Ilemuves to Mohawk villago 
 —Missionary spirit — Abraham lliningcr's letters — The directions- 
 Children pleasing parents — "(lalloping thoughts" — Christianity- 
 Canadian Moravian misHionaries— Moravian loyalists— What was neat 
 from New York—" Hest Treasure "—The " Dear Flock "—David Zies- 
 hagcr at the Tlkamus -J. Itiniuger acceptable to Mohawk — Abraham 
 Biningtir desires to visit Cana<la — Death of Mrs, Hiningor— "Tendor 
 mother "—Hiningcr and Wesley—" Oaritson " — " Lohw. " — " I^nnon "— 
 Bticonciled to Methodists— Pitying Losee — Losee leaving Canada- 
 Ceases to bo teacher — Appointing a successor — William Bell— Tho 
 salary — Tho Mohawks don't attend school—An improvement — The 
 cattle may not go in School-house — The sdiool discontinued... '|.,',,, 312 
 
 *'" • , • . ■ . , , lj!»il:,)nv/ 
 
 CHAPTEU XXXV. 
 
 M 
 
 The first Church at Tyendinaga grows old — A Council — Ask for assistance 
 — Oov. Bagot — Laying first stone of new Church — The Inscription — 
 Th6 Ceremony— The new Church — Their Singing — The surrounding 
 Scenery — John Hall's Tomb— Pagan Indians— Red Jacket— His Speqch 
 — Uefleution nponChristians-Iudians had nothing to do with murdering 
 tho Saviour. ...... ....•••••••••••• •••••••••••• • •• • • • •. • • • •,• : •, • ,•.• : '^^^ 
 
 iiUlidaH -. U^'Hl ,H«j.nt»iiA (iqoti'iiH 'xfT. il .ii;r('> Hid /li t'tnno'ti '■. ouirr 
 
 .«WH ')Af.d m-yi'-i ^OHf CHAPTER XXXVIw) rxfrnifT' -«'>aii.(f .-iiiW 
 
 ■hv.ii no- >.';iiii,i'>iiii(<-<— i,fij^rf_,i'i •»..•/..> i ,.t ■,,,;-. 
 
 MissigHanga Indians — Father Picqnet's opinion — Remnant of a targe trite 
 — Their land — Sold to Government— llev. Wm. Case — .John Sunday — 
 A drunkard— Peter Jones— Baptising Indians — At a camp-meeting — 
 Their department — Extract from Pluyter— William Beaver — Conver- 
 sions — Jacob Peter— Severe upon white christians — Their worship— 
 The Father of Canadian missions — Scheme to teach Indians — Grape 
 Island— Leasing Islands— Tho parties — "Dated at Belleville" — Con- 
 
 !i)fi structing a village — The lumber— How obtained — Encamping on Grape 
 Island — The method of instrucMon — The number — Agriculture — Their • 
 singing— School house — Tho teacher — Instructions of women— Miss ' 
 Barnes — Property of Indians— Cost of improvements — A visit to Gov- 
 ernment — Asking for land-H-" Big Island " — Other favors- Peter Jacobf ..^ 
 at New York — Extracts from Playter — Number of Indian converts, 
 - 1829— River Credit Indians— Indians removed to Alnwick 323 
 
HU OONTKNTH. 
 
 > >• DIVISION VI. 
 
 U/U- / . 1.'/-. .imi.u, eHAI'TEU XXXVIJ. „.',r . ,., . .. ' 
 
 PAOB 
 
 Education amuiiK ihp LoyiilintH— KflVot of thu wnr— No oppoituaity for 
 KdmaUon — A tnw KducaUxl — At li^ith — A coiiiiiimm Iwlicf— What wan 
 roquisito for fminiiit,' — Learning at lionu; — 'I'lio mliool tomhern — Tlioir 
 r|iiallfU!atioiiH^[lt)V. Mr. Htiiart an a tcaclutr — Acuclciny at KiiiKHton — 
 Flrgt Canjuliun P. I).— Mr. Clark, Teujiier, 1780— Donovan— (larriHoii 
 Hchoolt*— (-o<ki»rcll — MyorB — Blantiy — Mithaol — AtkliiH — KlngHton, 
 170S— LyonH— MrH. (Jranahan— Tn A<lolpliii8town — Morduh— Faiilkl- 
 h«'r — Tho HI Iiool bookn — Evtiiiinn HthoolR — McDoiiKall — O'llclley — 
 Mc(!ornii('k-~l<Mo|{Ki>iK — Saliflbiiry — JainoH — Potter — Wright — Watkin 
 — (HbHon — SinitM — Wliolan — Articlt'S of Af^rcoutcnt — Uccolloctionii— 
 Hoarding roiir»l — AnioriciiQ tcttchcvK — School books — The letter Z . . . .129 
 ■- ■ ■'■. ' ''- . .: .;.. . i. ..Ui. '.,. 
 
 '11.-1 i,„i"l . .V, .1- I'HArTER XXXVIlt. 
 
 1... ,. . . . I j • _ I. . 
 Mr. StuttlTH' Hfihool SImcod— Mtate Churdi and f 'ollpt^e - (hammar gchooln 
 — Hon. 11. flamllton ChalnierH Stracbnn — ComcHto ('anada — Edu- 
 cational hiRtory — Arrival at Kinnnton — Tho pupiln — Fees — RritioroH 
 to Cornwall — FupilH follow — Htra(:han,aCanadiiin — MurrioH — Interview 
 with Hiwhop Strachan — His diKiii)pointm(!nt — A wtranger — What he 
 for80ok — 300 pupils — Their auctieH8-^8tuy at (Jornwall — A))po!ntnient« 
 at York — A lecturer — At Kingnton — Member of IjogiHlativo (Jouncil — 
 Politician — r^lerj,'y UeHCi-vo« — FnundH King's (N)llegi' — The thirty-nine 
 nrticloR — 'Monopoly swept away — VoluntaryiHin — Founds Trinity (!ol- 
 lege — Bishop Strachan in 1800 — What lie had acoonipliBhcd- Thos« ho 
 tntored — Setting up a high standard — " llcckoner " — Sincerity — LegiH- 
 lation, 1797 — Address to the King — Grammar Schools — Grant, 1798 — 
 Board of Education — Endowment of King's (Joilege — Its constitution 
 — Changes — ITitper (Canada College — Endowment — " A spirit of im- 
 provement " — Gourlay — Tho second academy — At Ernesttown — The 
 trustees — Bidwell — Charges — Contradicted — llival school — Bidwell's 
 8on — (Conspicuous character — Bidwell's death — Son removes to Toronto 
 — Academy building, u barrack— Literary spirit of BatU — Never ro- 
 vhrcd— York. . . . v. '.'•.'. : .-. i";;: -v K, , '.'I'jV. :.'iiVA.-,'iVl V\Vl\. .^V'ivm'. 334 
 
 ■1-' -- "" ■ ■■■ '■JiUM-A*-'' '.'1 - ilaifii ;»ilj /ii !i V)niij)j0')^ ' 
 
 ■mil ' — (lyauqjik, >ji ' oe.V • :. „:j .> ],r.(n\'. » \ium\iN "— ' »af)tnb 
 
 ' ii«!>nf>iiiA (Uio>r "— OHAfiTER X3tXIXi.J)if«j-; '- -^d P— " mrh.vi 
 
 'b/-. U'jJilTt'r ''-— ■.tM>i(yi I Mil-ii'i -^■,-,,,y'H .,( j).iuV/' II " t-yr,! 
 
 ( u 
 
 Extract from Cooper — Educational Institutions — Kingston— Queen's College 
 — Owti'b Ileal Kstato — Kt^giopolis College — Itmntui Catholic — Grammar 
 School-.— Attendauc<! — (school bonnes — Library— Separate School — Priv- 
 
 ^iy. ate Schools— The Quaker School—William Pcnu — Upon tho Hudson — 
 Near Bromflold — Origin of school— G urnay — His offer — Manngement of 
 school — The teaching— Mrs. Crombie's school — Fiction ladies' Academy 
 — McMullen, proprietor — Teachers — Gentlemen's department — Popular 
 — The art of printing — In America — Book publishing — First in Amer- 
 ica — Books among the loyalists— Few — Passed around — Ferguson's 
 books — The bible — Libraries at Kingston and Bath — Ijcgislation — In 
 Lower Canada^Ileading room at Hallowell — Keserves for education — 
 Upper Canada in respect to education — Praiseworthy — Common School 
 system bill introduced 1841 — Amended, 1846 — Dr. Ryerson's system — 
 
 "_L Unsurpassed 341 
 
CONTINTH. x^^[i 
 
 I 1' 
 
 CHA1TKU XL. 
 
 PAOI 
 
 Flr«t N(!WK|>H|)crH, 1457— Yfiu, OO— Mn^liHh N<>wH|Mt|)«TM— In AmorliA — In 
 (.'annda — 'Unaettv' — Fuiiniior — I'u|mth ht 175H — (Jiivbci' <H<>i'aM' — 
 Montreal ' (JiiHittti) ' — • Le IVnipH '— (jiu-boc ' Morciiry '—Canadian 
 'C'ourant' — < Itoyal (iitxrtte'— Firnt in Nowroiindliind— ' U. C (iaKottc* 
 — Fiht jmiii'i— Hiil)M(iilM'rM — lIp|ior Ciinmla MJiiiiiiliun ' — Wiliox — Mr. 
 Thorpo — ()p|M>HiUou — Mbel — Klcttml t<» I'mlianiunt — York Juil--> 
 Leader — In IU12— Dowrted — York <«)ttc<<tt»' — KinKHtuQ 'UMettu'-*.- 
 Oaly ra|>er— -X«WH fdxty ytarM iiKo—In Midland Diiitriut — U«v. tAt. 
 MiloH— l'ioii«tfr of .lournaiiHin — HIn Uirtliplaco — LiiarnH the printiiiff 
 l)ii*in«Mi — Mow«r — Muntronl ' Cln/etUi ' — Kendall-^ I'artnurKiiip — To 
 Kin)]:Hton in I8lo — Tii« printing ottluc — Kil^^'HU>n < (iu;iutto'-~ALr. Milim 
 m-.\U out— Tiie conoern piinlmwd — Mr. Miles ankud to be Kditor— 
 'I'lit'ir kindnoKK — (lrntlttidt> — St'( ond Volmne — Kxtruet fr*)ni MJazettn' 
 —The Prici' — KInKHtoii ' (.'lironicio '—Upper (.'iinnda ' Herald '— 
 ■(Canadian VViitclinmn ' — Mr. MIIoh at PrcBCott — lleturiiH to KinKHton 
 — EntefM till* Ministry— Loyal Hubjixit — In 1H13— On Duty — Arch- 
 deation Htnnrt — <'<d. Cartwri^bt — (.'ontributorH to ' (ioaj-tto'—Uur 
 ThankH — A Wat<b — FaitbfuhuiKH — " A Uood t'banto " — .SulmcribwrH at 
 York — KinKHton ' Spuctator ' — ' i'atriot ' — ' Argus ' — ' Commercial Ad- 
 vertluer'— ' HritJMb WIiIk — ' Clironlclo ' and 'News '— First Daily in 
 Upper Canada — I'aper HoxeH — UrockvilJu ' Uecorder ' — A Hefonn paper 
 — .McLcitid — Orcuviliv ' Uaviotte '— I'rcucott ' Tt'legraph '— ' ChrlsUfrn 
 Uuoi'dian ' — Reform JournalH. . ..,„,, ^.^j^. ,,,.,,, !^60 
 
 iTjllf'ij.'lJ I— '(..,,,.■• , ■ , . . 
 
 1 •■ lildV/ li-iu;.».. / - -).f,..ll.lic...i, . .■ i, r.ni — lUlli'.J/U", iji.ilHiM iljiw 
 
 :U>M)r\0'nK Ih.v^ni''- CHAPTERfXLTi .ri'-- "iJij.-.f ( 'ir...,(..,,.,:o'! 
 
 ^•in^ff^M .i''li/:r:>t^'!^.T \i i.ii,Tk..,.r /i i-., '/■-■. 
 
 Flrat paper between KiiiKHton niui York — Hallowell "Free Prow" — 'th* 
 Editor — " Redime" — FruitleHH eflfortu — Proprietor — Wooden press — Of 
 iron — "Free Presg," independent— -Tbo "Travoilor" — Presu removed 
 to Cobourg — " Prince Kdward (Jaaette " — " Picton Gazette "— " Pictoa 
 Sun"—" Picton IMmea"—" New Nation "_" Oobourg H tar "—" Anglos 
 Canadian " at Bellovillo—Tlio K<lltor— Price— The " Plionnix "—Slice* 
 — «« Canadian WeHleyau" — « HiistingH Timos" — Tlio "Reformer" — 
 The "Intelligencer" — Uoorgo Btnjumin — Tbe "Victoria Obronicio'' 
 — "Hastings Chronicle" — Extract from Playtt»r — "Colonial Advocate'* 
 — " Upper Canada Herald "— " Barker's Magazine "— " Victoria Maga* 
 zine "—Joseph Wilson — Mrs. Moodie — Sheriti" Moodie — Pioneer in 
 Canadian literature — Extract from Morgan — "Literary (jittrland"-«»V 
 "Roughing it in the Bush" — " Eclectic Magazine" — " Wilson's Expe- 
 riment "— " Wilson's Canada Casket"— The " Bee " at Napanoe— " Em- 
 porium"— The " Standard "—The " Reformer "—" North American"— 
 " Ledger" — " Weekly Express"- '• Chrintian Casket"—" Trenton Ad- 
 vocate'— " British Ensign "—The " Canadian Gem"- "Maple LMrf'HJ-.i 
 — Papers In 1853 — Canadian papers superior to American— -Death >»M 
 Boston — Berczy — Canadian idioms — Accent — Good English — Supovati- 
 tion — Home education — Fireside stories — Traditions , . * ♦ , . , 358 
 
 '^^ ' -l<fl.'lii.'l.''Tfi,H'i;;: _. .; , 
 
 . -i^qrA n! t>tTr'H.:_^i,fri-^ii(.lr>tI (A ill- ;\«ltrthc] ^o i-iw;6tfT— , 
 
 -■•■:TO«*irr)(t «'uor(!)x^f l >itrfi- ''oilf;( IL 
 " i •r^f^"'^' V.'.ijti'iV'j- V • • ••-'••••••• k ■ - -A . .. Ijose;..... . ! 
 
XXIV OONTKNTS. 
 
 DIVISION VII. 
 
 •• - THE TBBRITOBy OF DPPKB CANADA — THIS BAY gi'lNIK. 
 
 ' - • . CHAPTER XLII. 
 
 PAoa 
 
 The Indians — Their origin- -Pro-iiiHtoric Canadd — Indian relics — Original 
 inhabitants — Les Iroquois du nord — Original names — Peninsula of 
 Upper Cannda — Charaplain exploring — Ascends the Ottawa — His route 
 to Lake Nipissing — To Lake Huron — B'rench river — The country — 
 Georgian Bay — Lake Simcoc — Down the Trent — A grand trip — Bay 
 Quinte and Lake Ontario discovered — War demonstration — Wintering 
 at the Bay — A contrast — Roundabout way — Erroneous impressions . . . 366 
 
 " ' ^S, CHAPTER XLin. I ' 
 
 Name — Letter, " Daily News" — "Omega" Lines — The writ^n- — Conjecturofi 
 — ^Pivc Bays — Indian origin — Rentes — Villages — Les Gouis — Modes of 
 spelling — Canty — The occupants, 1783 — Mississaugas — Origin — With 
 the Jroquois — The Souter — Mississaugas, dark — At Kingston — Bay 
 Quinte — Land bought — Reserves — Claim upon the islands — Wappoose 
 Island — Indian agent — Indians hunting — Up the Bagonaska— Making 
 sugar — Peaceable — To Kingston for presents;^* '. . ;'; K'i i ; '.' VVi-tvrt '.''\ vV. 374 
 
 ':T.^^?":"^:r '""^r^^HAPTER xLiv. '^'^7:'\-:^ ^^^^^^^'^ 
 
 Appearance — Mouth of Bay — Length — The Peninsnlii of Prince Edward — 
 ' Width of Bay — Long Reach-^'omse of Bay — The High Shore — Division 
 of bay — Eastern, central, western — Taking a trip — Through the Reach 
 — A picture — A quiet spot— Lake on the mountain — A description — 
 Montreal Gazette — Beautiful view — Rhine, Hudson — Contrasl^— Classic 
 ground' — A sketch — Birth place of celebrated Canadians — Hagerman — 
 A leading spirit — Sir J. A. McDonald — Reflections — A log house — 
 Relics of the past — Lesson of life — In the lower bay — Reminiscences— 
 The front — Cradle of tho province — Shore of Marysburgh — In the 
 Western Bay — Cuthbertson — Up the bay — A battle ground — Devil's 
 Hill— In the depths — Prosperity — Geological sujyposition — Heail of bay 
 
 "riout.i>u.j5 i, -fi,v'ffjii ic,ii-CHAPTER XLV;'<fJ1>-d ,isMlM«at?;>it"iixa«!j 
 
 The " Big Bay "— Musketoe Bay— Mohawk Buy— Hay Bay—" Eastern Bay' 
 — Site of Ancient Rentes — The name — Old Families — An Accident, 
 1819 — Eighteen Drowned — Extract from Playtcr — Searching for tl 
 Bodies — Burying the dead— PictOu Bay — Appearance — The " Gran 
 Bay "— ;Upper Gap — Lower Gap — Kingston Bay — A Picture — Rec lei 
 tipftfi-rrA, Cpntract — Ship Yards — Extract from Cpoper — Inland Lakes, f- 
 
 Islands— Pbss'efesed by ' Indians — The "Thousand Islands ' — Oarleton Ip- 
 land — History of Island — During the rebellion — Wolfe Island — The 
 name — Howe Island — Old name — County of Ontario — Garden Island — 
 Horseshoe Island— Sir Jeffry Amherst— The size — Indian name — 
 " Tontine " — Johnson's Island-^The Island won— Present owner — 
 First settler — The three brothers— Small* Islands — Hare Island — Nut 
 Island- Wappoose Island — Indian rendeavous — Captain John's Island 
 — ^Bartering — Hunger Island— Big Island — First settlers — Huft''8 
 Isljiiid — Paul Huff— Grape Island— Hog Island — Smaller Islands — 
 ^^ Mi'SsfsfeHiga IslAtid — A tradition-*— The carrying place — ^Its course — 
 ^^^ Original survey — Historj- — American prisoners— Col Wilkins 402 
 
CONTENTS. XXV 
 
 DIVISION VIII.. 
 
 THE FIRST TEN TOWNSHIPS IN THE MIDLAND DISTRICT. 
 
 CHAPTER XLVI. 
 
 PAQB 
 
 The French — Their policy — Trading posts — Cahiaqne — Variations — Name 
 of river — Fonndation of Fort Frontenac — A change — Site of old fort — 
 La Salle's petition — A Seigniory — Qovornora visiting — War Expedition 
 — Fort destroyed — Rebuilt — Colonial wars — Taking of Fort Oswego— 
 Frontenac taken-^End of French domination... i-i* ..<ii'«>.<««'<'.v^^w' 410 
 
 ■"' -—.i.Ht'lJii'j.i At— <_«it K»,U -. 
 
 CHAPTER XLVII.4 ., 
 
 Cooper's Essay — Loyalists miming places — King's Town — Queen's Town — 
 Niagara — Spanish names — C taraqui from 1759 to 1783 — Desolation — 
 The rebellion — Station, Carleton Island — Settling — Refugees at New . 
 York — Michael Grass— Prisoner at Cataraqui — From New York to, 
 Canada — Captain Grass takes possession of first township — First land- 
 holders — A letter by Captain Grass — Changes — Surveying forts and 
 harbors — Report to Lord Dorchester — Kingston, verms Carleton Island 
 — The defenses — Troops — King's township — First scitlers — "Plan of 
 townsh'p No. 1 " — First owners of town lots — Names — Settlers upon 
 the front — First inhabitants of Kingston — A naval and military station 
 The Commodore — Living of old— Kingston in lait c««<wry— New for- 
 tincations ..••.,;/». r^i^ t->it.< i. »•» #,;«,■< ^»ir^>;^«..»>^^>r^»M- »:fB»il*-«-^«ii''wr-t;K>f> "**•* 
 
 -o-.cujiiwr.L A— nimc CHAPTER XL VIII. '""'(' /=-••;:'♦ 'iq A-- 
 
 The situation of Kingston — Under military influence — Monopolist — Early 
 history of legislation — In 1810 — Gour]aj''s statement— Police — Modern 
 Kingston — liord Sydenham — Seat of government — Perambulating — 
 Surrounding country — Provisions— An appeal for Kingston as capital 
 — Barriefield — Pittsburg — Building of small crafts — Famous — Roads- 
 Waterloo — Cemetry— Portsmouth — Kingston Mill — Little Cataraqui— 
 
 ' •■ ' Collinsby — Quantity of land — Early and influential inliabitants— rPost 
 masters — "Honorable men" — Deacon, Macaulay, Cavtwright, Ma-kland, 
 Cummings, Smiths, Kerby — Allen McLean, first lawyer — A gardener — 
 Sheriff McLean — " Chrys " Hagerman — Customs — Sampson, shooting a 
 smuggler — Hagerman, M.P.P. — Removes to Toronto. 'jl/.^v.i^y.toiU.. 430 
 '"' -- •■ -; - ■ ,;;■,,.;,,; ;(.^.i.)lrA V) :t.i!^--- 
 
 ■■■■'- ;.ilT--:vK.iiTiv.i,|jCHAJ?TEB.:?£LLjC.:.,l. ■ 
 
 "he second towa— Ernest's town— -King 'trcorgc — His children — ^Settlers of 
 Ernesttown — Disbanded soldicr^- — .Johnson's regiment— Major Rogers' 
 corps — The " IloU '" — Number — rBy wJiom enlisted— An old book--:,^ 
 Township surveyed — Settling — Tmvciing — Living in tents-r-A, change 
 — Oilieers — .Names-r-Occupants of lots — Mill Creek-r-'I'iic descendants 
 — Quality of land — Village — The settlers in l^ 1 Ir^The main road-r-tar 
 cocpoiutiou of Bath — Trading— Fairft eltlT-rThe library ^-Bath by; Gomt . 
 lay-^Bath of the pre»ent-^Bath veyajw iSTaiJanee— In 1812-T-AmerictHji . 
 Fleet— Wonderful achie vem*}ntr^Safq 4i8taiit;« from shore— rThird townr 
 ship— Fredericksburgh — After Duke of Sussex — Surveyed by Kotte-^, 
 
 j^V A promise to the disbantied soldierH^-Johnson — FredefjckaVurgl^addip 
 tional— A dispute— Quantity of land — Extract from Mrs. Moodie — Ee- 
 !e* serve for village— Second surveys.. ...jj.,;*,.^.,,^, .f.m^rv 439 
 
 -i^to L 
 
»V1 CONTENTS. 
 
 ' OHAPTISR L. 
 "'" PAGE 
 
 The fourth township — Adolphustown — After Diike of Cambridge — Quantity 
 of Land — Survey — Major VanAlstine — Refugees — From New York — 
 — Time — Voyage — Their Fare — Names — Arrived — Hagerman's Point — 
 In Tents— First Settler— Town Plot— Death— The Burial— A Relic- 
 Commissary — Dispute of Surveyors — The Settlers — All things in com- 
 
 'w ' mon — An aged man — Golden rule — Old map — Names — Islands — The 
 township — Price of land — First " town meeting " — Minuteg — The Of- 
 ficers Record — Inhabitants, 1794 — Up to 1824 — First Magistrates — 
 Centre of Canada — Court Held in Barn — In Methodist Chapel — " A Den 
 of Tlueves " — Court House erected— Adolphustown Canadians — Mom- > 
 hers of Parliament— The Courts — Where first held — Hagerman — Trarel- 
 ers tarrying at Adolphustown 448 
 
 -i'iiui''. ■! ••-ir-lvisT ailoT, — .■, "" " ha<>ll't ;,f._iiri'-Mrii.;j yitbiuV 
 
 ScqiyutJJW' — iaaikjiii. iiMqv (^jj^pter lI '^.'"f "■'•>^!'5^ — ''llfyyU^I 'In 
 
 utij.-il y.it .iiolh'iui') -■;/i/.''. ' ''-■bU),M 
 
 Marysbufgli-^Origifi^Ohce'Iiftk of a Seigniory— Survey — Hessiai&^Md' 
 map — The lots — Officers of the 84th Regt. — Original landowners — 
 Indian Point — McDonnell's Cove — Grog Bay — " Accommodating Bay" 
 — " Gammon Point" — Black River — " Long Point" — Reserves— Course 
 pursued by the Surveyor — Number of Hessians — Their sufferings — Dark 
 tales — Discontented — Retm-ning to Hesse — A suitable location — NotU. 
 E. Loyalists — Re(;eived land gratis — Family land — Their habits — Capt. 
 McDonnell — Squire Wright — Sergt. Harrison — The Smith's — Grant to 
 Major VanAlstine — Beautiful Scenery — Smith's bay — " The Rock" — 
 
 -,,,y i^ver a prccipiQe.. ..■.'. v. rMi*..^..../^«'t.**«'-.«t«-k**'a-.. .'.'•■.'(..■•. ^. t*i«. 4Do 
 
 , ■ :- ry ^, ■■; I ft :, • - 
 
 , , , ,. •WAP'TERLil. , , ', , , . 
 
 Sixth t<)wuBi)ip-T-j(^<>---pui:v^ for ^ettlenxcntr— First ^ettley^' 
 — A remote township— Wliat was paid for lots — " Late Loy^list8"-r™ 
 Going to Mill — (ieblogical formation — Along the fronts— High shpye-p^ 
 Grassy Point — Its history — Marsh front^Ce^utral plact, ^Sticki^ey'i^ 
 f, Q^ Hill— Foster's Hill — North port— Trade — .lames Cotter — Gores — D^m- 
 erestville — The name — "Sodom" — First records — Township meetings 
 — The Laws of the township — Divided into parishes — Town clerk — 
 Officers — The poor — The committee — Inhabitants, 1824 — Fish Lake — . 
 Seventh Township — The name — Survey by Kotte — At the Carrying 
 Place — Surveyor's assistant — No early recorc's — First settlers 465 
 
 t:'' ■■ ', .■.'■;.■• ■ ■ " ' '■'-• 
 
 ^ ^CHlPTEft Llil! '^ 
 
 Prince Edward — The name— .Rich land-*-Bize of peninsula — Shape — Small 
 Lakes — Sand hills — The Ducks — Gibson's rock — The past — First 
 settler — Col. Young — Prospecting — iDiscovery of East Lake — West 
 Lake- — Moving in — Settlers in 1800 — East Lake — Capt. Richardson — 
 " Prince Edward Division Bill"— Office seekers-^Townshjp of Hallowell i; 
 — Th« name — Formation of Township — First records 1798— The officers 
 —The laws— Magistrates— Picton — Its origin — Halloweii village — Dr. 
 Austin — Gea. Picton — His monument— Naming the villages — A con- 
 test — The Court house — An oiler — ^Enterprise — Proposeed steamboat 
 jrrGhueehea+n-Re^i Mr. Maeaulajw-rJieVf i 14r, fijasei" — Rev. H^ri i<Aior... 476 
 
OONXXKTS. jqiTU 
 
 CHAPTER LIV. 
 
 PAGB 
 
 Eighth Township — Sidney — Name — Survey — Settlement, 1787 — Letter 
 from Fergusbu — Trading — Bftrter — Potatoes — Building — Cows— No 
 salt to spare — First settlers — Myers — Re-surveying — James Parley- 
 Town Clerk at first meeting — William Ketchesou — Gilbert's Cove — 
 Coming to tho front — River Trent — Old names — Perry — Bridge — Tren- 
 ton — Its settlement — Squire Bleekcr 485 
 
 " vV Wis * .'"^la, 'ill 1.1.1 ii..-r' ^^li**-.' • ■"■iiii-ttt *v f v.\i i"'''M"^""»'^ "■■■■' 
 
 CHAPTER LV. ■ ' ""[ 
 
 Ninth town — Thurlow — Name — When surveyed — Front — Indian burying 
 gronnd — Owner of first lots — Chisholm— Singleton— Myers— Ferguson - 
 
 r.. / Indian traders — To Kingston in batteuu — Singleton's death — Ferguson's 
 death — Distress of the families — Settled, 1789 — Ascending tho Moira — 
 Taking possession of land — Fifth concession — ,Iohn Taylor — Founder 
 of Belleville — Myers buying land — Settlers upon the front — Municipal 
 record — Town officers — 1 798 — Succeeding years — Canifton, its founder 
 — Settling — The diet — Building mill — Road — River Moira — Origin of 
 name — Earl Moirftr— Indian name — Indian offering — " Cabojuuk " — 
 Myers' saw-mill — Place not attractive — First bridge — The flouring-mill 
 — Belleville-r-Indian village — Myers' Creek — Formation of village — 
 First Inn — Permanent bridge — ^Bridge Street — In 1800 — Growth—^ 
 second mill — McNabb's — Sad death — Captain Mcintosh — Pcfcrie — In- 
 habitants, 1809 — Dr. Spareham — Naming of Belleville — Bella Gore — 
 By Gore in council — Petition — Extract from Kingston Gazette — Sur- 
 veying reserve — Wilmot — Mistakes — Granting of lots — Conditions — 
 
 0,1 ^ Board of Police — Extent of Belleville — Muddy streets — Inhabitants in 
 . ' H24 — Court-house — First Court, Quarter Sessions — Belleville in 1836. 489 
 
 CHAPTER LVI. 
 
 <). 
 
 Tenth township — Richmond — Origin — Quantity of land — Shores of Mo-, 
 hawk Bay — Village on south shore — Original land holders— Names — 
 Napanee— The falls — The mill — Salmon River — Indian name — Source 
 of Napanee River — Its course — Colebrook — Simcoe Falls — Name — 
 Clarke's MiUs— ;l>fewburgh-— Academy-^The^settt^ ClarkvjUe"— 
 
 ^9 record^ . , ^^ j^,y;.^j, v,^. ^s^jifL* rf,hM,j«*.?Ji»^ft,>iVf »,?r$'-^i4nf^l?'>^ * ^^^ 
 — ;t)-)['.i iiwoT — •^'>ff^iTij3!roJ0! hsbi^r't — i{fil«iT-w(.>i -^iIt to HVinI sfIT- — 
 — 9>lflv.I t1<j!'i~{i:8ri'*nflif'i,nK/tT--'^^i ft ,«(•)'> 'irfT — "jooq srlT—'aift'vfftO 
 ■ '^mrniitO «){j JA^-^otto>l- '{il-*-t— -j-twin ^idT— ({irisiiiwo'P ifJxfft^H 
 
 ^*!>^ ^vM.hi? i^xW — iilnoyj'i ,_,:, ■ ■■/. — JmiJ^fr.^ii ■<:■^l)■|^^'^^<.^r!■ — r.u- .' 
 
 DIVISION IX. 
 
 isA% — iaitq !>iiT )i->'yi yao-m^'t}' — «J iMfl ;)(ii -v,'Utt bofi'l- — «i(jiii;(J.' 
 
 n%ff'ft — '■^MA iai»ai 'id v"? CHATPTER LVIIi'Ti~->*^"« •' .iuL>-r~iuUJ »«• 
 
 — r'f,>pi!nmfr>iH -itiB; )—•)?( nj ii --ii'tijj"!^— n.i "jfrrv^W — •,>/!«!l- 
 
 Military nil«--^ImiM;rliVl Act, 1 774>^French Canada — Refugees — Military 
 
 G^feftiment la Upper Canada— New Di^ricts— Lunenburgh— Meek* 
 
 l«nbur!afh-^Nag«»ti"--Hi38«e — The Jiidge» — Dunoan — Gartwrighfc— Ham- 
 
 iltoa-^Robertsbn — Oonrt in Meofttenlwirgh — ^Civil Ijaw — .fudge Dusoan 
 
 ^.i — ijtidge Cftrtwright — Punishment inflictod — First c«ecution — New 
 
 OV Constitution of Quebec — 1791, Quebec Bill passed — Inhabitants of 
 
 Upper Canada , 506 
 
zxnii corrTENTs. 
 
 CHArTEU I. VIII. 
 
 PAQR 
 
 8imcoe — His arrival iu Canada — Up the St. Lawrence — An old houHc^ 
 '• Old BreechcH' River " — Simcoe's attendants — The old veterans — 
 " Good old cause '' — " Content " — Toasting — Old officers — Executive 
 Council of Upper Canada — First entry — ^Simcoo inducted to office — 
 
 •''•'' Religious ceremony — " The proceedingp '' — Those present — Oath of 
 
 office — Orga' ization of Legislative Council — Assembly— Issuing writs "i 
 for elections- -Membera of Council — Simcoe's difficulty — At Kingston 
 Division of Province— The Governor's officers — Rochfoucault upon 
 Simcoe — Simcoe's surroundings — His wife — Opening Parliament in 
 1795 — Those present — Retinue — Dress — The nineteen counties — Sim- 
 
 • - coe's designs — Visit of the Queen's father — At Kingston — Niagara — A 
 
 war dance 509 
 
 •l^nlHtARWuiHirr—Tsv/y (.CHAPTER LIX. -MJnhtJ) mi bmroT/i -^m ■•< 
 
 General Hunter — ^I^eter Russell — Francis Gore, 1806 — Alex. Grant — Brocli 
 — 1812 — United States declare war — Prompt action — Parliament — Pro- 
 clamation — The issue — Second proclamation — General Hull — His pro- 
 clamation — Bombast and impertinonc^—The Indians— Proclamation 
 answered — Hull a prisoner — Michigan conquered — To Niagara — At 
 
 Iti ; Queenston heights — " Push on York Volunteers "—Death of Brock- 
 McDonnell — War of 1812, the Americans — Extract from Merritt — What 
 Canadians did — Brock's monument — General Sheaflfe — General Druni- 
 mond — Invading the States — What Caitada will do— Lord Sydenham 
 — A tribute by Dr. Ryerson — Union of the Provinces 517 
 
 ,A-.K— "-^niiao'l JwtlinflK '•— bwifrrufi ariiiMiaaiA — S.I6; n't wwUhV. :.'.if<or'.T 
 — '{yta'A-il^.uQ'ial — i-jutoii ->■■■•■ ' ' ' ' iil)ih A — zamhiil >fw£it 
 . — noiimiuilomq '*'-^'^*^'^"~ CHAPTER LX '^'■''^ — H'yj&ffiA iffl;»nMmA 
 
 Kingstoii— I'irf^l WpiUi-Ui^if^'ktt bf |<jvcril& 
 
 capital — Niagara in 1 788 — Carrying place — Landing place — Newark — 
 In 1795— Mr. Hamilton— The inhabitants— Little York— The Don— 
 The Harbor — Survey — De la Trenche — London — Inhabitants of the 
 Don — Yonge street, a military road — Governor at York — Castle Frank 
 —York in 1798— The Baldwins— In 1806— Buffalo— York, 1813— 
 Taken by the Americans — The Combatants — Toronto — " Muddy York " 
 — ^A monument required 526 
 
 . , :l^CHAPTER LXI.^ U 
 
 Parliament — Simcoe's Proclamation — Nineteen counties formed — Names 
 and boundaries — First elections — Names of members — Officers of the 
 House — A Quaker member — Chaplain— Meeting of Parliament — The 
 Throne, a camp stool — Address — To both houses — Closing address — 
 Acts passed — Simcoe's confidential letters — ^A contrast — A blending— •,.,,? ^ 
 2nd Session — The Acts — Quarter Sessions — 3rd, 4th, 6th Sessions — New ' / 
 division of Province— 1 788 — Modes of punishment— Burning the hand 
 — Whipping — Salaries of officers— Revenue first year — The members of 
 Parliament — Education— Offering for Parliament — A " Junius " — Early 
 administration of justice— " Heaven-born lawyers " — First magistrates. 533 
 
CONIKKTS. ZZIX 
 
 DIVISION X. 
 
 - SiwVjoi'ly ■ ''"■ "ABI-V MILITIA OF UPPBH CANADA. U ' ViJl LtO ' ' 
 
 ■ ... -n„ ,.ff};-i:_,r..«;*.t .,■,, CHAPTER LXII./,;,:,-,-,'*'". ■^■''' •■:.:; ■. 
 
 PAGB 
 
 Militia Act, 1792— Simooe — No faith in the Americans — His views — Mili- 
 tary RoadB — Division of Districts — Military purposes — The officers — 
 Legislation — The expenses — Repeattid Legislation — Aggressive spirit ' 
 
 — The Enrolment — Hastings Battalion — " Something brewing " — List 
 of Officers — Col. Ferguson— Col. Bell — Lecids Militia — Officers' clothing 
 — The Midland District— -Prince Ed waadT-Trainiug Places. ,,... , . . , .,, 534 
 
 u. -. '. CHAPTER LXIIL ''.' 
 
 In 1812, around Bay Quinte — The declaration of war — The news at King- 
 ston — The call to arms — Hastings — Events at Kingston — In 1813 — 
 Attack upon Backet's Harbor — Oswego — American fleet before King- i'» 
 ston — Royal George — Kingston prepared — Chrysler's farm — A " Post- 
 script" — Along the St. Lawrence — Ribaldry — The Commissary — Capt. 
 Wllkins — Quakers — ^Rato of pay — American prisoners — The Wounded 
 -—Surgeons, Dougal, Meacham — Jonathan Phillips — Militiamen's 
 reward — Militia orders — Parliamentary grants 561 
 
 -lOinQ Iin:.i('»;.i — ••fiHOflH |. i-.tMM.,. ttT-^-r: :'ont r'jI toifl — hib HiuMmn', > 
 {jwiiuc'bxri LnoJ:-!rOi|t,,Uj.x2HAPTER LXIV/i-'-^'r' «<<l,awb/5/yi!lr- i^jM<i^. , . 
 
 The Six Nations in 1812 — American animus — "Manifest Destiny" — Mo- 
 hawk Indians — A right to defend their homes — Inconsistency — 
 American savages — Extract from Playter — Brock's proclamation — 
 Indian character, conduct, eloquence — Deserters in 1812 — Few of 
 them — Court-martials— The attempts at conquest by the Americans-^ -, 
 The i^umbers — Result of war — Canadians saved the country — And can ' 
 do so— Fraternal kindness .tfrritMifltrtf Min*^^r.Tf:tmW»T-'.ttv^£^>rT''',i^. ^^^ 
 
 ' Aic> I {bbr/M-"— rijff.ni)T-»-^. - i )iii ! li!i ! iUM" > m { ('— aifjiohoirr A y ^* yd iwH&'V 
 ^i3 . r .,,,.... , J)'jfiiip',n Jii'jimmora A— 
 
 DIVISION XL 
 
 samr.'irl — bojtnol Ji!)!}!' advanob op civimzat[on.')i'1 a'ooortti^! — )n;im«ihjjS[ 
 f>riJ )o Hi^KjrftO — Biadrtii: m > JriI'*! — Kohisbmiod bxia 
 
 ailT — inflijjistli«<l lo H'*'J*-»CHAPTER LXV,"^"''^'" t»^b«',> A — rt?.r».>H 
 
 !-.r<f; jiftirol" ' . ■ ,• . rX> 
 
 Canada's fii'Mr'^te^ iii'Clvilization—Slav*fty in America — By whom Introt 
 duced — False chal'ge — Slavery in Canada^History — Imperial Acts^ 
 Legislation in Canada — The serefal clauses — In Lower Canada -i' 
 ':'■' Justice Osgood — Slavery at the Rebellion — Among the U. E. Loyalists 
 :, — Those who held slaves— Descendants of thfe 8laTe*^<'A British 
 * * slave " — " For sal e " — <' Indian slavfe " — Upper Canada's Records- 
 Compared with the States — Liberty — Why the United States abol- 
 ished slavery — Honor to whom honor is due 569 
 
ittat oonnsNTs. 
 
 CHAPTER LXW; 
 
 PikGS 
 
 Ileturag to the Pioneer— iiaor il«Kion— (iiurdun ot C«uuuliv>~ClogB— FaIrc 
 views of settlerB — licBult— iNew bloo<l — Good examplu — Anecdote — 
 The "ForaiJy Compact "-J»artialitjr— Origin of the Compart^Theiv 
 
 ,, conduct — The evil they did— A proposed Canadian Aristocracy— What 
 
 it would have led to»— What may como-t-" Peter Fuuk»" . *^, ((•,^,.»^.^.-,<^>0 
 
 CHAPTER LXVII. 
 
 .Ui. 
 
 Agriculture — Natural Products — Rica— Ginseng— Orchards — Plows — Reap- 
 ing — Flax — Legislation— Agricultural Society organized by Simcoe- 
 A Snuff Box — Fogies — Silver — Want of help— Midland District taking; :>»JoW' 
 the lead — Societies— liegislHtivo help — Prince Edward — Pearl Ashes— - 
 Factoriei'-— Tanneries-Breweries, Carding Machines — Paper — Lumber'' 
 — First vehicles — Bloighs — Waggons — Home-made — Road»— First 
 Public Conveyances — Stages — Fare — Building Greater— Rawing Mills 
 introduced by the Dutch^First Brick Building — Myers" House— Its 
 .K past history — ^Furniture from Albany — Currency — Paper Mooey-~ 
 
 Banks — First Merchants — Bi\rter— Pedlars— On the Bay 587 
 
 M«»-:)l, --•■. »«ri<iJ ir. •4.'>>. 
 
 CHAPTER LXVIII. 
 
 Steam vessels — Crossing the Atlantic in 1791— First Steam Vessel — Hud- 
 son — The second on the St. Lawrence — First across the Atlantic — 
 In Upper Canada — Frontenac — Built in Ernesttown — The Builders — 
 Finkle's Point — Cost of Vessel — Dimensions — Launched — First Trip 
 — Captain McKonzie — 'W(tik'in-4hey Water' — ^^tuen Charlotte- — How Built 
 —Upon Bay Quints — Capt. Dennis — .First year — Death of Dennis — 
 Henry Qilderslieve — What he did— 'Other Steamboats— Canals— 'First 
 
 ^'''' in Upper C»i»da*— Welland Canal-~;DesjprHin-jRideau — Ua object*—* ''' 
 
 i- Ati. Col. By— 1-A proposed C'aniil — Railroads — rThe first in the world— Pi o^^ .,jj. 
 
 posed Railway from Kingston to Toronto, 1846 — In Prince Edward 
 
 i«< , District— Increase of Population — Extract from Dr. Lillie — Compario-^v 
 son with the United States — Favorable to Canada — False Cries — The 
 French— Midland District, 1818 599 
 
 T^ri 
 
 DIVISION XII. 
 
 THK 0NITKD 8MPIRE L0YAII8T8 — THB rATHERS OF UPPER CANADA. 
 
 CHAPTER LXIX. 
 
 Definition — A division— Their principles — Out position — Ancestry— Dutch 
 —Puritans — ^Huguenots — New Rochelle — English writers — .Talbot — 
 Falsehoods — Canadian and English ancestry — Howison — Maligner — 
 Gourlay's reply — Palatines — Old names 616 
 
00NTXNT8. XXZl 
 
 chai'tkh lxx. 
 
 < PAKI 
 
 [Character— HoKpitftlity — At home — Fireside — Vlfiitors — Rees — RaiHingH-— 
 Eaator Eggs — Dancing — Hovlngton IIouhc — Canto — Drinks — Horae- 
 racing — Boxing — AmiiHriinontR — La Crosse — Dnels — Patriotism — An- 
 nexation — Froodoni — Egotism— Tlio Loyalists — Instances — Longevity 
 
 ;. V —Climato of Canada->A quotation — Long lived— The children — The 
 present race — A nationality — Comparison — "II. E. Loyalist" — Their 
 Privileges — Order of Council — Diswitisfaction 624 
 
 rtV7 T iT'^rM/.H) 
 
 If',:!-. .vr.,r'^. .;'t-;-'-n CHAPTER LXXI. --r':r-'T 'rr-T^ •-•":■ :|VI^ 
 
 Notice of a Few— Booth— Brock— (B«ifltt-»*<3otter — Cartwright— Conger 
 — Cole — Dempsoy — Detlor— Fraser — Finkle — Fisher — Fairfield—, t 
 Grass— 43amblc — Hagerman — Johnson's — " Bill " Johnson — MacAuIay i 
 — The Captive, Christian Moore— P»rtlnm«nt— Morden'^-Roblins— ■' 
 Simon — Van Alstine — Wallbridge — Chrysler —White — Wilkins — i , , i 
 Stewart — Wilson— Metcalf — Jayue — Mcintosh— Bird— *Ocrow— Van* ' 
 'kleek--4P«rry*-*fr William Johnson's childfen' .•■,.j\UJ'Vifl^tVvriA .Ui 642 
 
 '■;_■,' _ ,, ;. , ■_ • , .■,.'.■ '..«jf..i.- I iM.iui. — .i(iu>nji-)iA -l«i< '( — i»;ta«j.'. 
 
 ,',' • l.«-i '• >; ■ (, i\.-i'.jiii'...n''i ti\>.<^ I 1/1 ,^l.■l ,).'•! -,',,•) 
 '"./> 'tVii ■■ijiiri-iii III iiiinimn iiiii Miiiiii I ..fi i'::i'. , Mvf i^rl Ji. , :i'i\i'', 
 
 ••->Uii«JJA o:lt Hmvifi )^t'Oi,-'hiioTnv..l .i'i odi '.to iifio'^'*s niif—arn 
 
 qh'V iviV't—hMhrtrsaJ- - - - ' Y:Vj 49t>l<'-n^*6{'>*l e'oWgilt, .; 
 
 Hfifff Y/oH,-- ?»«(jV-.R,\0 >s'A P P E N D I X ^ — ■i';sa->>h)M niA'tfl*'^- 
 
 — ?.;n^^^ft•'V(^' (5^£MT. .■•fff'^t •^n-'i-..-..;.-,.'. .•! Ui^r^'^^ith40 '■^t^^i r«St^->-' " 
 
 Roll of the 2nd Battalion King's Royal Regiment r.i^»ii »tiJtk)^tu**>T¥M'tTf oo? 
 
 The Governors of Canada.^^^j. ;,tf;tvSr6'r'<3i'^f(J/'«i^h'i5* •6K*<\' Vft^^iWIi' tM'> ^'^^ 
 TnHiATi ntttiAu - J- ' ••'■I >r.vra h'i'7,f'/r'l — -'-f'liuilfi.iv'i '.•> ■.'■nvii./i'..[-- . '■''■«)-.!■. : 071 
 
 • ci3 > , ,.....♦., ... ...... ^*»)i:#H*;»i u»i.iAX8^ t^oiiJHJll iiiia\\>UL'-Aom\A>r. 
 
 . t ■ ■ , ;■ ■ ^» 
 
 ■...■Hr;.!;,-. f-.rfy._., ,<ii:irh:T,...'/r,;.i ^'Vi.; 
 
tKtr. '■■^-i-\/ > 
 
 ■i.i-f,,) . ,4J. ,'J>' ■'•<•• ' /.) . ./il.- •: ' '...1 '. --Ik'n/i'l, .•,■. <* • 
 
 .,, !• -. , .1, . ..' ;•{ , ' .'. - ... .)■■ ■ .- • ' '■ " ' •''"■• •■' 
 
 .. ,t, J... •.jfu.i'.../'*.! ■. E E R A T A .."^'•-.i.'''>'>'l- ■•••'•■'■ ' '• ."■ ■ i; . 
 
 Ui ■ "■ ■■ 
 
 .« .1, 
 
 Page 29, 12th line from top, instead of" 1859," read <' 1789." 
 Page 80, 4th line from botton, instead of " arc equally," read " were equally." 
 
 Page 102, I6th line from bottom, insteiid of " removed to the town," read "to 
 . the fifth town." 
 
 Page 104, instead of " Hodgins," read " Hudgins," 
 
 Page 104, 16th line from top, instead of" 1859," read " 1809." 
 
 Page 130, 4th line, 2nd paragraph, instead of " South," read " North." 
 
 Page 138, heading of page should be " Voyaging." 
 
 Page 192, bottom line, intitead of " dispersed," read "dispossessed." 
 
 Page 257, 19th line, " gloomy," read « glowing," 
 
 Page 288, 19th line, " glowing a picture," should have " of" following 
 
 Page 293, instead of " Wesleyanism," read " Wesleyans." 
 
 Page 371, 14th line, instead of " 181 5," read " 1616." ^ . ., 
 
 Page 437, 10th line from l)ottom, instead of " Lawer," read " Lawyer." 
 
 Page 585, 15th line, after " Governor," read they were generally. 
 
 Page 596, 3rd line, after " often," r^^ad ii\ferior. 
 
HISTORY 
 
 or ' . 
 
 THE SETTLEMENT OF UPPER CANADA, 
 
 WITH SPECIAL REFERKNCE TO THE RAY OF QUINT^. 
 
 .ATAflJf 5i 
 
 ",«WTi ii ,'l'>* aiotl 'jxtil difA ,85 05/1'i 
 
 niAPTh-T? I 
 i^n«<fiv» ftww»> ftfl.i 'V- '^^'■'^-^ -^'■'^'' .-^-a, ,tiot*r«-f moi'> mil rfi^ j<>« oj^aT 
 
 .m% ".a-ltut oca M ' • T N T U D U C T I OT?.' ^"Ot* <"^'f ^^'^^ •.''''^^ '•^'''' 
 ^ A SKETCH OF FRANCO-CANADIAN HISTORY, awii ,*.iU ujjJt'i 
 
 Contents — AntiqiiarianiHin — Ilecords of tho Early Nations — Tradition — Tho 
 Press — The Eastern World— Tlio Western World — Importance of History— 
 CoIumbuH — Colonization — Canada — America — (Jartii-r — Fronch ('unadiau 
 writers — Cartier's first visit — Hnf,'uenots — (^artier's second visit — Jean 
 Francois — Sir Oeorjje E. Cartier — Establishment of the Fur Trade; — Cham- 
 plain — Discovery of Lake Ontario — Bay of Quint6 — Qaoboc founded — First 
 fighting with Indians — First taking of Quebec by the British — Returned to 
 France— Tho Recollets and Jesuits — Death of Champlain — Foundation of 
 Montreal — Emigration from Franco — The Carignau Regiment— De(Joureelle 
 — Proposal to found a Fort at Lake Ontario — Frontenac — Fort at Cataraqui 
 — La Salle — Fort at Niagara — First vessel upon the Lakes — Its fate 
 — Death of La Salle, the first settler of Upper Canada — Founder of Louiai-. 
 ana — Discoverer of the mouth of the Mississippi. 
 
 There exists, as ono characteristic of tho nineteenth century, 
 
 an earnest desire on the part of n. .ay to recall, and, in mind, to live 
 
 over the days and years that are pa.st; and manj' there are who 
 
 occupy more or less of their time in collecting the scattered relics 
 
 f)f by-gone days — in searching among the faded records of departed 
 
 pears, to eagerly catch the golden sands of facts which cling to 
 
 egendary tales, and to interpret the hieroglyphics which the foot- 
 
 teps of time have well-nigh worn awa3^ To this fact many a 
 
 nuseum can bear ample testimony. The antiqxiarian enjoys intense 
 
 atisfaction in his labors of research, and when he is rewarded by 
 
 he discovery of something new, ho is but 'stimulated to renewed 
 
 sxertion. In the old world rich fields have been, and are now being 
 
 xplored ; and in the new laborers are not wanting. , 
 
2 1>ISC'(>VKIIV or A.MKRiCi.V. 
 
 HInco tho (luyH vvIumi man first trcxl the virgin soil of thU 
 glolto, ho lias nvDi" l)()un acciistoiiuMi to |)roNcrvo \hv inoro iniportant 
 ovoiitH of his liti), and, by tradition, to hand thiMn down to his chil- 
 divii.s' childfon; and lik-owiso lias il hoon with (lonininnities and 
 nutionH. Evory jjooplo who aro known to havo occupied a jilaco 
 U|>iiii tho oarth, havo loft somo indication of thoir origin, and the 
 part thoy playod in tho world's great drama. In rocont days, facts 
 l)ci-taining to nations and particular individuals are prcsorvod in all 
 their amplitude, through tluMigoncy of the I'ress. Hut in form'>'- 
 cculuries, only a low .synihols, perhaps rudely cut in solid ist<;no, 
 commemorated events of tho most important kind. Tho historians 
 of Kastorn nations havo had to look far back into tho misty past, 
 to loarn tho facts of thoir birth and infant days; while tho dark 
 days of barbarism hang as a thick veil to obstruct tho view. Tho 
 middle agos, liko a destructive flood, swept away, to a great extent, 
 the records previously in existence. But out ol" tho dcltn's has been 
 oxhumod many u precious relic; and tho stono and tho marble thus 
 obtained, have supplied valuable material on which to base trust- 
 W(jrthy history. 
 
 In recording tho events which belong to the Western world — 
 this broad American continent — the historian has far less of toil 
 and research to undergo. It is true the native Indian, who once 
 prouilly ruled the vast extent of tho new world, has a history yet 
 ujideveloped. An impenetrable cloud obscures the facts appertain- 
 ing to his advent upon this continent. The nature of his origin is 
 buried in the ocean of pro-historic time. But in reference to tho 
 occupation of America by Europeans, the subjugation and gradual 
 extermination of the Indian, tho life of the pioneer, the struggles 
 for political independence, the rapid growth and development of 
 nations ; all these results, embraced within tho space of a few 
 centuries, are freely accessible to the American historian. 
 ■ The importance of history cannot be questioned; the light it 
 aflfords is always valuable, and, if studied aright, will supply the 
 student with material by which ho may qualify himself for any 
 position in public life. In the following chapters it is intended to 
 draw attention more particularly to tho now world, and to examine 
 a few pages in the history of North America. 
 
 In the absence of»any data upon which to base statements 
 relating to the aborigines, we may say the history of the new 
 world begins with the memorable and enterprising adventures of 
 Christopher Columbus, in 1492; although there is evidence that 
 
CANADA — AMERIOA. 8 
 
 Amoricft hud boon previously viHilod by tho poojtlo of Northern 
 Kuropc, iilxmt the your lOOO. The Hteady'flow of eini^rui\tH whieh 
 comineiiced a century Uiter, from the old world to the new, of bold, 
 energetic jjeople, in u H])ectucle of grand import. 
 
 Almost every nation of Kurope has contributed to the coloniza- 
 tion of America. All, however, were not at tlrst actuated by tho 
 same motives in braving the perils of the deoj) — then far greater 
 than at (he present day — and the dangers of the wilderness. The 
 Spaniards were searching for the ))recious gold. The English 
 desired to acquire territory; tho Dutch sought to extend their 
 commerce; and the French, it is said, wore, nt first, intent only on 
 converting the pagan Indians to Christianity. — (Garneau.) Space 
 will not permit to trace the course of events in connection with 
 the first settlements in America; tlio history of the several colonies, 
 the bloody Indian wars, the contentions between the ditt'erent 
 colonizing people, the rebellions of tho colonies and their achieve- 
 ment of independence. We shall mainly confine ourselves to those 
 events which led to, and accompanied tho settlement of Upper 
 Canada. 
 
 Canada, the coast of which was first discovered by John Cabot, 
 in 1497, is an honorable name, far more ho than America. It has 
 been a cause of complaint with some that the United States should 
 appropriate to their exclusive use the name of America. But it is 
 quite right they should enjoy it. It is after a superficial impostor, 
 Amerigo Vespucci, who availed himself of. the discoveries ot 
 Columbus, to vaunt himself into renown. 
 
 Tho word Canada is most probably derived from an Iroquois 
 word, signifying Cabin. It has been stated on the authority of a 
 Castilian tradition, that tho word was of Spanish origin. Tho 
 Spaniards, looking after gold, ascended tho St. Lawrence, but failing 
 to find the precious metal, exclaimed " Aca nada," (Hero is nothing.) 
 The natives hearing the land thus called, when Europeans again 
 visited them, upon being asked tho name of their country, replied 
 "Canada," in imitation of tho Spaniards. Again, Father Hennepin 
 asserts that the Spaniards, upon leaving the land, gave it tho appel- 
 lation "El Cape di nada," (Capo nothing,) which in time became 
 changed into Canada. But Charlevoix, in his " Histoire de la Nou- 
 vello France," says that Canada is derived from tho Iroquois word 
 "Kannata," pronounced Canada, which signifies " love of cabins." 
 Duponcion, in the ^'Transactions of the Philosophical Society of 
 Philadelphia," founds his belief of the Indian origin of the name 
 
4 JAUQUI8 OARTIMR. 
 
 Canada, on tho fact that, in tl»« IrHnMlntion of tho Oogpcl hy St. 
 Mutthow ihto tho Mohawk tonkin', hy Hrant, tho word (Janada U 
 alwayn mmlc to Hi^tiify a viUa^o. Takinj^ tho wholo nuittor into 
 coHHidoration, thoro appoui'H tho host of roaHonn to concludo that 
 Canada, u tiatno now |»ro|torly hontowod upon tho Dominion, iH of 
 Indian origin, and Hi^niHoH tho country of a |»t)oplo who arc 
 accuHtomod to livo in viila>(OH or jjoruianont cahiiiH, iiiHtoiwi of in 
 touts and coriHtantly (diarij^in^ from ono phu-o to atiothor. 
 
 TIjo history of Fronch Canada isono of unuHual intorost — from 
 tho timo Jao(iuoH Cartior, in 1534, with two vohhoIh of Iohh than 60 
 tons hurdon oach, arid 122 mon in all, onlorod for tho Hrst timo tho 
 Gulf of Ht. Lawronco — up to tho proHont day. It was not until tho 
 first docado of tho 17th oontury, noarly a hundrod yoars aftor 
 Cartior Hrst landed, that HUcoosHful colonization by tho Fronch 
 was accomplishod. Novortholoss, Canada has as oarly a place 
 amon^ij tho colonioH of America afl Now Nothorlands or Vii/^inia, 
 which aro tho oidcHt StatoH of tho noi^'hboring Union. Virginia 
 was planted in 1(508; Now Nothorlandrt (now Now York,) was not 
 Bottled until 1614. Prior to that, in 1609, Hudwon had aHcondod 
 tho river now bearing his name, im fur as tho ])roHent site of 
 Albany; but at the same timo tho intrepid Champlain was travers- 
 ing tho wilds of tho more northern part of tho territory to tho 
 Bouth of Lake Ontario. 
 
 Although tho history of Now Franco is ono of groat interest, 
 yet, in this local history, space can only bo allowed to glanco at 
 the course of events' in connection therewith. But French Canada 
 is not in danger of suiforing for want of historians to pen tho 
 events of her life. Already enthusiastic countrymen have done 
 justice to tho patriotism, valor and ability of tho Franco-Canadian 
 race. And, at tho present time, earnest workers are in tho field, 
 searching among tho records of tho past, stowed away in Paris, 
 with the view of making known all that can bo learned of their 
 sires. Wo find no fault with the intense love they bear to their 
 language, their laws, their religion, their institutions generally. 
 Such is characteristic of a high-spirited race; and, as common 
 Canadians we rejoice to have so devoted a people to lay with us the 
 foundation of our northern Dominion. 
 
 It has already been said that Jacques Cartior first landed in 
 Canada in 1534. At this time the pent up millions of Europe, 
 lying in a state of somi-bondago, were prepared U) strike off the 
 chains which had hitherto bound them, both in mind and body, to 
 
rilUlT WINTKtt IN OANADAf 5 
 
 tho Holoct onoH, who clnitnod that prerogative, m of Dlvlno origin, 
 and to uvnil thomMolvoH of tho vuHt territory which ColuinhiiH hiid 
 rocovorod from oblivion. Then wum tho futuro pro^nHnt with ovotit« 
 of tho nioHt Hturtliii^ niiture — ovonts fniu^ht with iiitcroHtH of tho 
 moHt ('oUoHHul magiiitudo. Wl»ihi Amoricu whk to open up u now 
 fiold for Hctivo hihor, whoroin all nii/^fht pluck wealth, tho art of 
 |>rintin/jf, ho hooii to ho in active operation, was to oinanoipate tho 
 mind, and cast broadly the seeds of universal liberty. Already 
 was beiii;^ broken tho fallow ground, in tho rich soil of whi(di was 
 to gerniinato the /L?reat truths of scionce. 
 
 In May, 15.'{6, Cartior sot out on his second voyage to tho New 
 World, in •* La (Jrando Jlerniion," a voshoI of 1 lO totis, accomi»anied 
 by two otiior vessels of smaller size, with 110 men altogether. 
 Keaching Labrador in July, ho on Ht. Laurence Day entered St. 
 John's Kiver; and thus arose tlio name of St. Lawrence, afterward 
 applied to tho mighty river now bearing tljat name. (Juided by 
 two luitivos, Cartior ascended the St. Jjawrenco as far as tho Islo 
 d'Orhjans, whore ho was received by the Indians in a friendly 
 Hpirit. Cartior having determined to stay tho winter, moored his 
 vessels in tho St. Charles Kiver, with the Indian village of Slada- 
 cone U[)on the heights above him. Tho same autumn ho ascen<led 
 with IV small party to visit Ilochelaga, now Montreal. Here ho 
 found a considerable village of fifty wooden dwellings, each fifty paces 
 long, and twelve and fifteen broad. This village was fortified. An 
 aged and withered chief accorded Cartior a distjijguished reception ; 
 after which Cartior ascended to tho top of tho mountain, to which 
 he gave the name Mont Real, or Royal Mount, a name subsequently 
 given to the village which has become tho commercial ca])ital of 
 tho Dominion, and which is destined to rival oven New York. 
 
 Cartior's stay in Canada during tho winter was attended with 
 much distress, and the loss by death of twenty-six of his men ; 
 while most of tho rest were almost dying, being, it is related, saved 
 by tho medical skill of tho natives. In tho Spring ho returned 
 to Franco, carrying with him several Indians. It was five years 
 later before another visit was made to Canada, owing to tho civil 
 and religious wars existing in Franco. It was tho cruel laws 
 enacted and put in force at this time in Franco that expatriated 
 80 many noblo Iluguonots who wore dispersed throughout Groat 
 Britain, Ireland, and afterward America, tho blootl of whom yet 
 flows in the veins of many of tho doscondonts of the loyal refugees 
 from the rebelling States of America. In the Summer of 1641 
 
6 FAILURE TO COLONIZE. 
 
 • 
 
 Cartior again sot sail for the St. Lawronco. He was to have boon 
 accompaniod by ono Joan Francois do la Roque, a bravo and faithful 
 servant of the king, to whom had been conceded the privilege of 
 raising a body of voluntoors to form a permanent settlement upon 
 the St. Lawronco. But unforsoon difficulties prevented his sailing 
 until the following year. In the meantime Cartior, to whom had 
 boon given command, with five ships, had, after a tedious passago> 
 reached Canada, and ascended to Quebec, The intending colonizers 
 immediately wont ashore and commenced tho work of clearing the 
 land for cultivation. The winter was passed in safety, but in the 
 spring, tii'od of waiting for tho Governor, who ought to have fol- 
 lowed him tho year before, and discovering signs of hostility on 
 the part of tho savages, ho determined to return to France. So he 
 embarked all the men and set sail. Before ho had reached the 
 Atlantic, however, he met la Eoquo, with some two hundred more 
 colonists, who desired Cartior to return, but ho continued his course 
 to France. Joan Francois landed safely at Quebec. In the autumn 
 he sent home two vessels for provisions for the following year, 
 while he prepared to undergo tho severity of the coming winter, 
 a season that brought severe trials, with the death of fifty of his 
 men. Tho following year he set out with seventy mon to seek 
 fresh discoveries up the river, but he was unsuccessful. France > 
 again immersed in war, paid no attention to tho request for succor 
 in the New World, but ordered Cartior to bring back the Governor, 
 whose presence as a soldier was desired. With him returned all 
 the colonists. Thus the attempt to establish a settlement upon tho 
 St, Lawronco failed, not, however, through any want of courage^ 
 or ability on the part of Cartior, tho founder of Canada. The name 
 thus immortalized and which disappeared from tho history of 
 Canada for many years, again occupies a place. And, Sir George 
 Etienno Cartior, of to-day, although not a lineal doscendent of the 
 first Cartior, holds a position ")f distinction ; and, as one who 
 has assisted in effecting the Cr ifederation of the provinces, Jiis 
 name will ever stand identified, as his great predecessor and name- 
 sake, with the history of our Canada, 
 
 In 1549, Jean Francois a second time, set out for Canada with 
 his brother, and others, but they all perished on the way. This 
 disaster prevented any further immediate attempt at settlement in 
 Canada. 
 
 The comxQencoment of the seventeenth century found France 
 again in a state suitable to encourage colonial onterprize, and she* 
 
CIIAMPLAIN — FOUNDATION OP QUEBEC. 7 
 
 in common with other European nations was directing her attention 
 to the yet unexplored New World. At this time one Poni-Gravu, 
 a merchant of St. Malo, conceived the idea of establishing a fur 
 trade between Canada and France ; and to this end ho connected 
 himself with one Chauvin, a person of some influence at court, 
 who succeeded in obtaining the aj)pointment of governor to Canada, 
 with a monopoly of the peltry traffic, These two adventurers, with 
 a few men, sot out for Canada, but arrived in a state of destitution. 
 Chauvin died, while the others wore preserved alive by the kind- 
 ness of the natives. Chauvin was succeeded by Do Chastes, 
 Governor of Dieppe; and Ca])t*in Samuel Champlain, who had 
 distinguished himself as a naval officer, was appointed to command 
 an expedition about to proceed to the New "World. 
 
 The name of Champlain is indelibly fixed u])on the pages of 
 Canadian history. It was ho who traversed trackless forests 
 ascended ,the most rapid rivers, discovered the Lake of Ontario, 
 by way of Bay Quintd, and gave his name to another lake. It was 
 in 1603 that Champlain set out upon his voyage, lie had but three 
 small vessels, it is said, of no more than twelve or fifteen tons 
 burden. He ascended as far as Sault St. Louis, and made careful 
 observations. He prepared a chart, with which he returned to 
 France. The king was well pleased with his report, and De Chaste 
 having died, Governor de Monts succeeded him, to whom was 
 granted, exclusively, the fur trade in Canada. But their operations 
 were confined, at fii'st, to Acadia, now Nova Scotia. In 1607 De 
 Monts abandoned Acadia and directed I'ir- attention to Canada. 
 Obtaining from the king a renewal of his privileges, he appointed 
 Champlain his lieutenant, whom he despatched with two vessels- 
 The party arrived at Stadacone, on the 3rd of July. The party 
 commenced clearing land where the lower town of Quebec now 
 stands, and erected cabins in which to live. Having determined 
 to make this the head-quarters of his establishment, ho proceeded 
 to build a fort. Thus was founded the ancient capital of Canada 
 upon the Gibraltar of America. The powers granted to Champlain 
 were ample, whereby he was enabled to maintain order and enforce 
 law. During the well nigh one hundred years that had passed 
 av/ay since Cartier attempted to colonize, great changes, it would 
 seem, had taken place among the Indians. Altogether different 
 tribes occupied the Laurentian valley; and the former Indian 
 villages of Stadocone, and Hochelaga had been entirely destroyed, 
 Champlain found the Indians of this place, the Algonquins, at 
 
8 DISCOVERY OP LAKE ONTARIO. 
 
 enmity with other tribes to the west, the Iroquois. The Algonquin? 
 wore glad to form an alliance with him against their long standing 
 enemy. It suited the purpose of Champlain to thus ally himself; 
 but the policy may well be.questioned ; at all events it inaugurated 
 a long course of warfare between the French and the Iroquois, 
 which only terminated when Canada became a British depondenc}-. 
 He, no doubt, was ignorant of the great power and superiority of 
 the confederated five nations which formed the Iroquois people. 
 The first encounter between Champlain and the Indians took place 
 the 29th of July, 1609, by the lake Avhich now bears his name, 
 which had been known by the Indians as Lake Corlar. The 
 Iroquois, who had never before seen the use of fire-arms, were 
 naturally overwhelmed with surprise at this new mode of warfare, 
 by which three of their chiefs were suddenly stricken to the earth ; 
 and they beat a hasty retreat, leaving their camp to the pillage of 
 the enemy. The following year Champlain again set out with his 
 Indian allies, and a second time drove them from the well contested 
 field by the use of fire-arms. It was on this occasion he first met 
 the Ilurons, which were to become such fast allies, until almost 
 exterminated. But the time came when the Iroquois, supplied 
 with arms and trained to their use, by the Dutch, became better 
 able to cope with the French. In 1612 Countde Soissons succeeded 
 De Monts. Champlain, who was again engaged in war, was at the 
 same time endeavoring to advance the peltry traffic, a trade that 
 had many vicissitudes, owing to the changing opinions at home, 
 and the uncertain suppoi't of merchants. He commenced the 
 erection of a fort at Montreal, and formed an alliance with the 
 Huron Indians. 
 
 In the year 1615, the Iroquois were collected near the foot of 
 Lake Ontario, a body of water as yet unseen by Europeans. At 
 the request of the Indians, it has been said Champlain set out to 
 attack them, after having ascended the Ottawa. The course 
 taken by him, and the disastrous result are given in connec- 
 tion with the discovery of the Bay Quinto. The year 1628 saw 
 Canada, as well as the colony of Florida, pass under the power of 
 the "Company of the Hundred Partners." The same year saw 
 Quebec in a state of great distress, the inhabitants almost starving, 
 and a fleet of British war vessels at the entrance of the St. Law- 
 rence demanding the surrender of the fort. War was then existing 
 between England and France, arising out of the intestine war of 
 Krance, between the Huguenots and the Catholics, which had 
 
FOUNDATION OP MONTREAL. 9 
 
 resulted in tho subjugation of the former, many of whom had 
 sought refuge in England and entered her nervice. Two of tho 
 vessolH now threatening French Canada were commanded by 
 Huguenots, one Captain Michel ; the other David Kertk. The 
 latter demanded tho surrender of Quebec, butChamplain concealed 
 tho great straits to which ho was reduced and bravely withstood the 
 famine and cold through the long winter, in tho hopes of relief in 
 tho spring, which was destined never to feach him. Instead of 
 relief, tho spring brought three vessels of war, f-ommanded by 
 Kertk's, two brothers, Louis and Thomas. Tho demand to sur- 
 render could no longer be refused, and upon the 29th July, 1618, 
 the English took possession of Quebec. Louis Kertk became 
 Governor, while Champlain accompanied Thomas Kertk to Europe. 
 Quebec remained in British possession until the treaty of St- 
 German-en-Laye, signed 29th March 1632, by which England 
 renounced all claims upon New France. 
 
 Quebec was governed by Louis Kertk during the three years 
 it was in possession of England, and he returned it to the French, 
 it was alleged, a heap of ruins. On the ensuing year, the " Hun' 
 dred Partners" resumed their sway, and Champlain was re-ap- 
 pointed Governor, Avho came with much pomp and took possession 
 of Fort St. Louis with the beating of drums. Hereafter emigration 
 from France was accelerated. Even some of tho higher classes 
 sought in Canada, repose from the troubles incident to religious 
 and domestic war, although Catholics. The Jesuits were now 
 superseding the order of Recollets, and were earnestly seeking to 
 convert tho Hurons; and at the same to secure their trusty allegi- 
 ance. For two years prosperity continued to smile upon tho pro- 
 vince, and in 1635 the Jesuits laid the foundation stone of the 
 College of Quebec. Bilt tho same year took from New France its 
 chief and its greatest friend. Champlain died on Christmas day 
 in Quebec, after " thirty years of untiring efforts to establish and 
 extend the French possessions in America." This great discoverer, 
 and founder of Quebec left no children, his wife remained in 
 Canada four years, when she returned to Franco. 
 
 Following the death of Champlain was the terrible onslaught 
 by the Iroquois upon the Hurons, whom they entirely destroyed as 
 a nation, leaving but a remnant under the protection of the French. 
 In 1642 M. de Maisonneuve laid the foundation of Montreal, the 
 village consisting of a few buildings with wooden palisades, was 
 then called " Ville-Marie." Maisonneuve gathered here tho con" 
 verted Indians to teach them the art of civilization. 
 
10 aOVERNOR FRONTENAO. 
 
 Tho BUC(3088or to Champlain was M. do Chatomifort : but wo 
 cannot continue to ovon sketch tho history of tho several Govornors, 
 and tho successive stops in Canadian development only so far as 
 they bear upon our subject. 
 
 In 1663 tho population along tho St. Lawrence numbered to 
 between 2,000 and 2,500. In 1G65 tho number was increased by 
 emigration, and by tho arrival of tho Carignan regiment, a veteran 
 body of men who becan^e permanent settlers, and who aided much in 
 controlling tho Indians and maintaining the power of tho French. 
 The same year live stock was introduced, and horses for tho first 
 time wore soon in Canada. About this time commenced, in earnest, 
 the struggle between England and Franco for the supremacy of the 
 fur trade. The viceroy, M. do Tracy, began to erect regular forts 
 upon the Richolou. In 1671 there was a rendezvous of Indian Chiefs 
 at Sault St. Mario, and through tho influence of Father AUoucz, the 
 several tribes consented to become subjects of Franco. In tho same 
 year M. de Courcelles, now Governor, in pursuance of the attempt to 
 govern tho fur trade, conceived tho idea of planting a fort at tho 
 foot of Lake Ontario. But he left before the work had commenced, 
 and was succeeded b}'' Louis do Buade, Conte de Frontonac, after 
 whom the fort, subsequently erected, was called. 
 
 As tho founder of the first settlement in Upper Canada, whoso 
 name is now so familiar, as belonging to a County, we may make 
 space to say of Frontonac, that ho was a gentleman of good birth, 
 and Ijad gained groat distinction, having attained to tho rank of 
 Brigadier-General. Ho was somewhat proud and haughty, but 
 condescending to his inferiors. His instructions from his mastor.tho 
 King, on coming to the Canada, were to secure the aggrandizement 
 of France. Imigration in large numbers from France having boon 
 forbidden, he was to seek the increase of numbers in New France 
 by stimulating early marriages. And to this day, tho rate of 
 increase by birth, among the French, is considerably greater than 
 with the Anglo-Saxon. 
 
 He was to foster agriculture, the raising of stock, to increase the 
 fishing operations, and the trade abroad ; and ho was instructed to 
 take measures to construct a lughway between Canada and Acadia, a 
 plan which is only now about to be accomplished in the Intercolonial 
 Eailroad. Frontenac, likewise received very explicit instructions as 
 to his procedure towards the Jesuits and Recollects; and he was 
 charged " to administer justice with the strictest impartiality." The 
 Colony being at peace, Frontenac's principal difficulty was in dealing 
 
FIRST LAND-HOLDER OP U. 0. 11 
 
 with the Church, and ho found it necessary to take high-handed steps 
 to bring the Clei-gy into subjection to tlie State. There liad been lor 
 years a struggle with respect to the liquor traffic among the Indians • 
 the Bishops being opposed to it, while the Governor favored it for 
 the purpose of furthering the trade in furs. The dissentions between 
 parties became so great, and representations to tlie home authorities 
 became so frequent and vexatious that Frontenac and the Intendant 
 were both recalled in 1 682. But during the ingumbency of Frontenac, 
 explorations had continued in the west, and the fort at Cataraqui 
 had been fully established ; and the Mississippi had been discovered 
 by Pdro Marquette and M. Joliet, in 1 673. That same year Frontenac 
 set out 29th of June, from Montreal, with an expedition for Cataraqui, 
 arriving there 1 2th July. There was at this time one Robert Cavalier 
 de la Salle, a native of Rouen, who had come to Canada when a young 
 man, full of a project for securing a road by a northwestern passage 
 to China. He was a man of ability and energy, but without means. 
 But he managed to obtain the favorable notice of Governor Frontenac, 
 who regarded him as a man after his own heart. 
 
 In the time of de Courcelles he opened a trading post near Mon- 
 treal, now Lachine, so called from La Salle's belie! that a pathway to 
 China would be found thence across the Continent by the waters of 
 the Ottawa or Upper Lakes. The discovery of the Mississippi caused 
 no little sensation in Canada ; and La Salle lost no time in asking per- 
 mission and assistance to continue the western explorations, declaring 
 his belief that the upper waters of the Mississippi would, if followed 
 to there source, lead to the Pacific Ocean. He consequently submitted 
 a petition for a certain grant of land at Cataraqui to the king, Louis 
 X. (See under history of Kingston.) 
 
 Thus it seems that La Salle, a name greatly distinguished in 
 connection with the discovery of the mouth of the Mississippi, stands 
 connected very intimately with the foundation of Kingston. For 
 him a Seigniory was here erected, and from this point he went forth 
 on his eventful voyage. He was a man of much energy and lost no 
 time in setting out. His boats laden with goods, and likewise with 
 material for constructing a brigantine, and a fort, set sail for the 
 Niagara River. The first steps La Salle prepared to take was to erect 
 a second fort at Niagara, and then to build his vessel upon the waters 
 of Lake Erie. 
 
 The construction of the defensive work of the fort, however^ 
 suited not the views of the Indians, so he satisfied himself with a 
 palisaded storehouse. In the winter the vessel was commenced, six 
 
12 TUB MISSISSIPPI. 
 
 miloB above the Falls. By the middle of summer it was ready to be 
 lauiiciied, which was done with a salute of cannon, and the chanting 
 of a Te dcum, amid great rejoicing. There was also great demonstra- 
 tion among the Indians, ^ho designated the French " Otkou," or 
 ** men of a contriving mind." The vessel was named Griffon, and on 
 the Tth August, 1679. with seven guns, and small arms, and loaded 
 with goods she entered Lake Erie. A few day's sail and Detroit, or 
 the strait was reached}* and on the 23rd August, she was cutting 
 the waters of Lake Huron. In five days Michilmicinac was gained ; 
 then the voyageur proceeded to the western shore of Michigan,where 
 he cast anchor. The wonder of the Aborigines, as they witnessed 
 this mounted craft, and heard the thunder tones of the cannon, iuay 
 be conceived. But this first vessel upon the western lakes, which had 
 at first so prosperous a voyage, was doomed to early destruction. 
 Men of enterprise and success invariably have to encounter enemies 
 born of incapacity and jealousy, who in the absence of the victim, 
 may sow the seeds of evil. La Salle had not a few of such enemies, 
 it would seem, to encounter. After his departure his creditors had 
 seized his possessions, and he, as soon as he heard of it, loaded the 
 Griffon with peltries and despatched her for Niagara. But the Griffon 
 never reached Detroit, the waters of Lake Huron swallowed her up, 
 and all on board. La Salle proceeded with thirty men to the 
 lower end of Lake Michigan, and laid the foundation of another fort. 
 He then continued westward to the Illinois Eiver, and formed still 
 another fort. But this chain of forts thus established by La Salle, 
 was not destined to accomplish the great end aimed at. Among the 
 opponents of La Salle, were not only those jealous of his success, but 
 likewise rival merchants, who were ill pleased to see the fur trade 
 monopolized by one ; and then, there was the growing trade by the 
 English. These many obstacles and the loss of his vessel with its 
 cargo, and of a second one, in the Gulph of St. Lawrence, about this 
 time, valued at £22,000, had the eflfect of seriously crippling him; 
 yet his was a nature not easily overcome. Leaving Father Hennepin 
 to explore the Illinois River and the Upper Mississippi, he set out 
 March 2nd, 1680, for Montreal, accompanied by four whites and an 
 Indian guide. 
 
 Two years later and the indomitable La Salle, nothing daunted, 
 who had compounded with his creditors, and suffered repeated disap- 
 pointments, is found traversing the f orest,for the Mississippi, to descend 
 that stream to its mouth. He reached the Mississippi, 6th Feburary, 
 1682. Descending the stream he stopped at the mouth of the Ohio 
 
FRENCH TERRITORY, 1684. 13 
 
 to erect a fort. He then continued his easy course down the Father 
 of rivers, and reached its mouth on the 5th April, and took formal 
 possession of the territory in the name of the king, calling the place 
 after him, Louisiana. The glory tlms won by La Salle, was not to 
 be crowned with the success, financially, that ought to have followed. 
 At this juncture Governor Fronteuac, seemingly the only friend La 
 Salle had, was called home to be followed by M. do la Barre. A con- 
 tinuation of the persecutions and misrepresehtations of his conduct, 
 led to the sequestration of Fort PVontenac, as well as Fort St. Louis, 
 and in the following year he was called upon to defend himself at 
 fcourt, whioh he was able to do. The result was an order to reinstate 
 the founder of Louisiana on his return, in Fort Frontenac, and to re- 
 pair all damages which his property had sustained in that locality. 
 
 La Salle was graciously received by the king on account of his 
 discovery of the mouth of the Mississippi, and was commissioned to 
 begin a colonization of Louisiana. The same unfortunate luck con- 
 tinued to attend him. He sailed July 24th, 1684, from La Eochelle 
 mth two ships of war and two other vessels, having some 600 persons 
 in all. The fleet was commanded by M. de Beaujeu. Between the 
 commander and La Salle, a misunderstanding arose which ended in 
 decided aversion. One of the 8hij)8 was captured by the Spaniards, 
 and the others overpassed the mouth of the Mississippi by many 
 leagues. The commander instead of assisting to carry out La Salle's 
 object, did all he could to thwart him. One of the vessels was run 
 upon the reefs and lost. Finally Beaujeu left La Salle with his people 
 upon a desert shore without provision, and put out to sea. Although 
 120 leagues distant from the Mississippi, in Texas, La Salle set some 
 of his people to cultivate the land, and began to construct a fort. But 
 the craftsmen were deficient. The seed sown did not grow, the 
 savages became troublesome, and one evil after another rapidly suc- 
 ceeded imtil his men were mostly all dead. As a last resort La Salle 
 determined to set out for Canada to proceed to France. It was early 
 spring and the indomitable discoverer found but sIoW progress ; at 
 last some of those accompanying him, mutinied together and resorted 
 to force, during which La Salle was mortally wounded. Thus per- 
 ished the discoverer of the mouth of the Mississippi, the founder of 
 Louisiana, as well as the first land owner of LTpper Canada. It is 
 worthy of note here how great was the territory of France in America 
 at this time. It was a vast region, embracing within its limits the 
 Hudson's Bay lerritory, Acadia, Canada, a great part of Maine, por- 
 tions of the States of Vermont and New York, with the whole of the 
 
14 FRENCH FORTB. 
 
 valley of the Missisaipj)!. And a groat portion of this ought, to-day, 
 to form part of Canada, Home of which would, were it not for the 
 indifTeronce, or stupidity of English commissioners, and the con- 
 temptible trickeiy of Americans, such as the act of concealing the fact 
 of the existence of a certain map by Daniel Webster, Avhich would 
 prove adverse to his pretentions. 
 
 It has been deemed appropriate to follow La Salle in his steps, 
 not alone because ho was the first settler in Upper Canada, who held 
 land property; but because we learn of the way in which the French, 
 originally struggling to gain a footing in the Lower St. Lawrence, 
 gradtially extended westward, carrying in one hand the Cross, and 
 with the other, planting forts for the purpose of trade, and erecting 
 such defences as the uncertain character of the natives rendered neces- 
 sary. Wo learn how it came, that fort after fort, whose ruins may 
 yet be traced across the continent, were planted along a route which 
 commenced at the mouth of the mighty St. Lawrence, extended along 
 the western lakes, and then turning southward terminated at the 
 mouth of the majestic Mississippi. 
 
 >!! 
 
 
 
 
 "■.{ U;^'\' y. >>' 
 
 
 .# 
 
INDIANS DECEIVED. 15 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 (CONTISnBD.) 
 
 ? ':■ ' CHAPTER II. 
 
 Contents : — Cntaraqni fovt stronntlicnod— Kcnte Indians seized and tarried cap- 
 tive to France — MunHacro of Laeliinc — (.'omnieucing struggle between New 
 England and Now France — Siege of (jui.bee 1)}' Sir Wm. Phipjjs — Destruc- 
 tion of Fort C'atiuacpii — Its re-erection — 'I'leutv of Uyswicli — Death of Fron- 
 tonac — Irofjuois in England — Anotlier attempt to eaptm-e Quebec — Decline 
 of French power — Population of Canadii iind of New England — Continuation 
 of the contest for the fur trade — Taking of Fort Louisburg — ("ol. Washington, 
 
 • I dishonorable conduct — Inconsistency of Dr. Franklin — L'onnnencement of 
 seven years' war — Close of first year — Montcalm — His iiresentinient — Taking 
 of Fort Oswego — Of Fort William Henry — fearful massacre — The state of 
 •'. Canada — Wolfe appears — Taking of Frontonac — Duquesne — Apathy of 
 France — The spring of 1759 — Ilcduced state of Canaiia — The overthrow of 
 French power in America — Tlie result — Union of elements — The capture of 
 Quebec — Wolfe — Death of Montcalm — Fort Niagara — .Johnson — Effort to re- 
 take Quebec — Wreck of the French army — Capitulation at Montreal — Popu- 
 lation — The first British Uovernor of Canada — Tlie Canadians as British 
 subjects — The result of French enterprise — Kebellion. 
 
 In 1685 Marquis DoNonvillo became Govei*nor, and brought 
 with him to Canada 600 regular troops. The Iroquois had become 
 allies of the English, with whom they preferred to trade. DeNon- 
 ville ascended to Cataraqui with two thousand men. Arrived at 
 Cataraqui, he tried, by gentle means at firnt, to obtain certain 
 terms from them, but the Iroquois were insolent, being supported 
 by the English traders. DeNonville wrote to Paris for more 
 troops, and, in the mean time, proceeded to accumulate stores 
 at Cataraqui, and to strengthen the fort at Niagara. The King sent 
 to Canada, in 1687, 800 soldiers, to assist in subduing the Iroquois. 
 DeNonville becoming bold, and in his increased strength, pursued 
 a course of trickery which has been branded by all w-iters as anti- 
 christian, and more savage than anything pertaining to the savages 
 (so-called) of America. Pdre Lamberville, a missionary among 
 the Iroquois, caused a certain number of chiefs to congregate at Fort 
 Prontenac, to confer with the governor, and when they were within 
 the precincts of the fort they were seized and carried captive in 
 chains, even to France, and there sent to the galleys. Draper says 
 that these were Indians of the tribes called Ganneyouses and Kentes, 
 
16 INDIAN MA8MACRE. 
 
 and that about 40 or 60 men, ntul 80 women and children wore 
 Hoizod, who wort) forwarded to Franco. The attitude of the In<liann 
 under Huch trying circumstances, towards the missionary among 
 thorn, standw out in prominent contrast to the vih) conduct of the 
 Froncdi governor. The missionary, summoned by the chief, was 
 tlius addressed : " Wo have every right to treat thee as our foe, but 
 we have not the inclination to do so. Wo know thy nature too 
 well ; thine heart has had no share in causing the wrong that haw 
 been done to us. We are not so unjust as to punish thee for a crime 
 that thoii abhorrest as much as we." Then the aged chief informed 
 him that the young men of the tribe might not feel so lenient, and 
 that ho must leave, at the same time causing him to be conducted 
 by a safe path from their midst. 
 
 For a time DeNonville somewhat curbed the Iroquois; but in 
 the end he failed completely to hold the ground which had pre- 
 viously been acquired. For four years ho continued to govern ; 
 matters continually growing worse, until, in the spring of 1689, 
 1,400 Iroquois made an onslaught on the island of Montreal. 
 The inhabitants, in the depth of sleep, knew nothing of their 
 danger, until the fearful whoop and the bloody tomahawk and 
 scalping knife were already at work. The butchery was most 
 fearful ; the cruelties to women and children most revolting. 
 Besides those in.stantly killed, 200 were burnt alive, and others 
 died under prolonged torture. This was called the massacre 
 of Lachine. The governor was paralyzed, and no step was taken 
 to redress the groat evil. 
 
 It was under such circumstances that he was recalled, and 
 superseded by De Frontenac, who had again been requested to bo- 
 come governor. Frontenac landed at Quebec on the 18th October, 
 1689, and was received with every demonstration of joy. 
 
 Frontenac entered upon his duties shortly before the renewal 
 of hostilities between England and Franco. All of Protestant 
 Europe, indeed, were enlisted in the war which had, to a great 
 extent, arisen from the cruol course pursued by France towards the 
 Huguenots. Frontenac, whose master foresaw the war, which was 
 declared in the following year, brought with him full instructions 
 to prepare for a vigorous warfare all along the frontier of New 
 France, even to the Hudson Bay territory. By this time the Eng- 
 lish settlements upon the Atlantic coast had attained to no incon- 
 siderable strength, and were already engaging in trade by water, 
 as well as with the Indians in peltries ; and already it had become 
 
FRONTIKR LIFK. 17 
 
 a question of coiwjUOHt by Now Kn/^liind or by Now Frnnco. Tho 
 proHont juncturo Hoomod one fhvorHl)lo fl-r bold monsuros on tho 
 |mrt of tlic Afi^'lo-Anioricjuis. Tlioy bjid rapidly advanced in ma- 
 terial Hli'cn^tli, wliik> tlio Krmudi had ratlior dcfdiiiod, owin^^ to tho 
 want of immigration and to tbo fV(M|Uont <loHtrii('tivo incui-HionH of 
 tho lio(|UoiH. Tliodocdaration of war botwocn Knglaiid and France, 
 in Juno, 1(589, saw tho colon ist8 j)ro])arod to contoHl tho /ground for 
 Hupr<*ma(!y, and monoj)oly of tho fur trade. Tho Krone h, notwith- 
 Htandin/^ their limited nnmorical ntrongth, hoHitatcd not to enter 
 tlio Hold, and made up their want of numbers by Huporior and do- 
 terniinod bravery. JUd'ore Do Frontenac had arrived, overything 
 was K"'"K ''" badly with the Caiuidians. M. DoNonvillo had, bo- 
 fore hiH departure, instruetod Honor do Valrouvo, commandant at 
 Catarar[ui, to blow up the fort, whieii had been acc,ordin<^ly done ; 
 and the country abandoneil to tho fndiaiiH, who now rani^ed the 
 country, to the very entrance of Montreal. Hut Fronteiuic deter- 
 mined to take bold and active measuroM to carry the war into the 
 onomicH country, notwlthHtandinic the odds against the FnMich. 
 Organized planw of attack, at different points, were arranged, one 
 of which, in its carrying out, was quite as cruel and barbarous as 
 tho Lachine masHacro, which it was intended, as aftoi'wai-ds stated, 
 it should revenge. A party of French and Indians wore led in tho 
 irection of Albany. Ox\ their way,one night, about eleven o'clock, 
 they attacked tho sleeping town of Scdienectady, and put. the de- 
 tonceless inhabitants to the sword. Those acts cannot bo justified 
 in Europeans, and show the fearful spirit of barbarity which reigned 
 in those early days of America. Tho ottect produced by the bands 
 of raiders that swept over tho British colonies along the frontier, 
 and here and there, into tho very interior, was salutary to tho 
 French interests, and the spring saw the French flag much more 
 respected by the Indians than it had lately been : yet tho Iroquois 
 earnestly and boldly strove to carry death to the door of every Ca- 
 nadian hamlet. The energetic measures adopted by Frontenac 
 Vustrated all their attempts; yet it was unsafe for the husbandman 
 to go to the field, so that famine began to appear. The spring of 
 1691 saw, however, instead of a repeated invasion of New England, 
 extensive preparations in the latter country to invade Canada. Sir 
 V7illiam Phipps was preparing to sail from Boston, with a squad- 
 on, to capture Quebec, and General Winthrop, with forces from 
 !Ionnecticut and New York, was mustering his militia, to invade 
 )y land. The latter marched to, and encamped upon, the banks of 
 
16 FRUITLEIW HIBOE8 0¥ QUEBEC. 
 
 IjaVv George, whoro ho waited for tho nppciiranco of Phipps, by tho 
 St. Lawrence; Itiit, in tho moiintinu', diHoiiHO jittaokod hiw lroo|)«, 
 and he wuh (>hli|rod to retrace hiH Hteps to Alhatiy. Kcarcoly had 
 Winthrop (h*pnrtod when the fleet under PhippH entered the waterH 
 of tho St. Lawrence, and UNoendod, to invoHt tho City of Quehoc, 
 a})pt^aring in Hi|<ht on tho Idth of October. Phipps demanded n 
 Burrender; but Frontenao, although with an inferior j^arrJMOn and 
 but few trtKtps, j^avo a Kpirittnl refuHal ; and ultimately, before tho 
 cloHo of tho month, Phipps found it expedient to retire. Thus tor- 
 miiuited tho first Hioge of (iuobec. 
 
 Tho ensuing four yearn prosenlod one continuouH Mcono of bor- 
 der warfare. WhiU) hoHtilitioM in Europe wore exhauHtin/^ tho 
 re»ourco8 of France, Cana<bi, under Frontenac, wan more than 
 hohlinj^ itrt own. Tho British Americans vainly tried a^ain to bo- 
 Hie^o (^uoboc, making an attack by land ; but each attempt was at- 
 tended with diHaHter. PVontenac, recognizing tijo importance of 
 Catara(|ui as a place of defence, sent 700 men to ro-oroct tho fort 
 In this ho was opposed by the Intondant, M. do Champigny, and 
 oven by tho home government; but ho had the work completed in 
 1695, before orders camo to abstain Irom erecting it. Frontenac 
 had submitted a report giving tho reasons why the fort should 
 exist, namely: in time of peace for trade, and to repair hatchets 
 and arms; and in time of war to atlbrd a place of retreat, and to 
 give succor and provisions ; also a place to organize expeditions 
 against the Iroquois, and to receive the sick and wounded on re- 
 turning from expeditions. On the other hand, Do Champigny re- 
 ported that the trade would not be much in time of peace, as the 
 Iroquois would prefer to deal with tho English, who would give 
 more ; that the Indian should carry tho beaver skin to tho French, 
 not tho French go for it ; that the fort was out of the direct course 
 of trade, some thirty or forty leagues ; that the force necessary to 
 curr}' provisions would at any time bo cajjablo of proceeding against 
 tho enemy. It would bo better to take a more soutliorl}' course 
 from Montreal into the enemy's country, while Cataraqui is situated 
 ui)Oii the opposite side of the lake ; that it was an unfit place for 
 sick and wounded, being " very unhealthy, oighty-bovon having 
 died there in one year, out of tho hundred who composed the gar 
 rison." "Tho swamp poisons the garrison," which is so situated 
 that it allords no protection except to tho men within it, who migl.t 
 as vvoll lo in a prison, llo counselled thi^t the fort should be 
 abandoned, as it was useless and cxijcnsivo. Frontenac, however. 
 
IlKATII or rRONTENAC. 19 
 
 having ori>(tto<l Iho fort, ^nrriHoncd it with 4fi HoldiopH. Tho oxponno 
 of ro-OHtul)IiHhin^ tlio tort iitid hupplyiii^ tho nocoHHary proviMions 
 cOHt Homo £700. At thin juncturo tho Krcncli had ontorlHiriod tho 
 idoA of calling in tho outpoHtH aion^jf tho wostorn inkoH and upon 
 thu MiHHiHHippi, hut it was roprOHontod that tr> do no was to open 
 tho way for tho oxeluHivo trade of tho IndianH witli tho Kii/^liwh. 
 But Frontonac adviHod no Huch moaHuroH. llo, by hiH (U>tormifiod 
 bravor}', Huccoodi'd in brin^in^ thr InxpioiH to rospoct tho French 
 name, and ho ollon carried tiro and death into thoir very country. 
 When tho war terminated, tho old lK)un(larioH of tlio ProvineoM had 
 boon fully ro-OHtabliuhed, and honors were conferred upon tho gov- 
 ernor by his royal master. In 1H97 tho war terminate*! by tho 
 treaty of Kj'HwicIc, Hif^ned September 11, by which the French 
 were to restore all ])laco,s taken froni the BritiHh in America; and 
 it was Htipulated that a commiHsion whould bo appointed to deler- 
 mino tho respective boundarie.s of the ProvincoH. 
 
 In tho year 1698, on the 28th November, Count do Frontonac 
 died, a^od 77, much beloved by tho Canadians, after havin;^ raised 
 Now Franco from a low condition to a high state of material ad- 
 vancement. J}nt against him was too truly said that ho encouraged 
 the dreadful traftic of liquor among the Indians, in or<ler that 
 advantageous trading, in winch tho governor allowed himself to 
 meddle, might bo carried on. ■ ' 
 
 On 2Gth May, 1703, M. do Calli6re, who had been the sjiccesaor 
 of Frontonac, died, and tho governor oi Montreal, who was tho 
 Marquis dc Vaudrcuil, was nominated as successor. 
 
 This appointment, made at the instance of tho colonists, was 
 conferred with hesitancy, the reason being that his Countess was a 
 native-born Canadian ! Not only in that day but in later <lays, and 
 under other circumstances, wo have seen tho belief obtaining that 
 natives of Canada must, from tho natufo of thoir liirtli-])lace, lack 
 those (jualifications for distinguished positions with which tlioso 
 from homo are supposed to be so eminently endowed. 
 
 Tho British Colonists by this time began to entertain desires 
 to conquer Canada, and steps were taken to accomplish the talcing 
 of Quebec. Among those who took an active part by raising pro- 
 vincial troops, and in visiting England to obtain assistance, was 
 General Nicholson, whoso descendants to this day live in the vici- 
 nity of tho Bay Quinto, and in tho Lower Provinces. In 1710 
 he visited England, in company with five Iroquois chiefs, who wore 
 presented to Quoon Anne, and who received distinguished attention. 
 
20 TREATY OP UTRECHT. 
 
 being convoyed to the palace in royal coachoH. It was following 
 this that the Quoon proBonted those interesting pieces of Commu- 
 nion plate to the five nations, part of which may bo seen at Tyen- 
 dinagua, and part at the Grand Eiver. A futile attempt was made 
 by Nicholson, with a floot under Admiral Walker, in 1711, to take 
 Quebec. The whole enterprise not only failed but was attended 
 with great disaster. General Nicholson, with his army at Lake 
 Champlain, had to give up his desire to capture Montreal and 
 Quebec. 
 
 On March 30, 1713, was signed the treaty of Utrecht. In this 
 treaty abridgement of French territory in America was eftected- 
 Acadia, Hudson's Bay territory and Newfoundland wore ceded to 
 Britain. French power was on the decline both in America, and 
 Europe. Vainly the French tried to regain what they had lost in 
 Newfoundland and Acadia, by founding an establishment at Cajje 
 Breton, and in the foundation of the historic fort of Louisburg. 
 
 In 1714 Governor Vaudreuil went to Franco, where he 
 remained until September, 1716. He then returned to Canada, and 
 set about improving the state of affairs generally. Quebec, at the 
 present day such an impregnable fortress, was not, in any respect, 
 regularly fortified before the beginning of this century. To the 
 natural strength of the place was first added artificial aid, in 1702. 
 To this again were added, in 1712, other defences, and in 1720, by 
 the approval of the home government, the fortification was syste- 
 matically proceeded with. At this time the colony was divided 
 into three distinct governments, those of Quebec, Three Eivers, 
 and Montreal ; and the whole was sub-dividided into eighty-two 
 parishes. The whole population was estimated at 25,000 ; whilst 
 at the same time the British colonies had 60,000 males able to bear 
 arms. The governor, aware of this, already began to fear a success- 
 ful invasion of Canada. ,,,.»..i, ., _ ,. ,,. ,, i,.. v.. .. , 
 
 M. de Vaudreuil died October 10, 1725, having been governor 
 twenty-one years. He was succeeded by the Marquis de Beauhar- 
 nois, who arrived at Quebec in 1726. The contest for the supre- 
 macy of the fur trade continued. The British seeing the advantage 
 of the line of forts held by the Fi'onch determined to erect a fort 
 also, and selected the mouth of the Oswego for its site. As an off- 
 set to this aggression on the part of the British, against which the 
 French vainly protested, the French fort at the mouth of the Nia- 
 gara waa erected, with defences ; and orders were given that a 
 stone fort sl^ould replace the one originally constructed of wood, at 
 
PORT LOUISBURG. 21 
 
 Catnraqui. In 1731, Fort Frederick was also erected, at Crown 
 Point, on Lake Champlain. This year, Varronnes, Sieur de la Ver- 
 endrye, urged by the governor, sot about to discover a route to the 
 Pacific ocean ; but ho only reached tho foot of the Eocky Moun- 
 tains, being tho first white man to discover them. About this time 
 the fort at Toronto (Lake) is, for tho first time, referred to. For 
 more than a decade tho strife for the peltry traffic continued to be 
 waged, yet without any actual warfare. It was seen by all that 
 peace could not continue, and New England and New France were 
 all tho time anticipating the conflict. In 1745 war broke out in 
 Europe, and immediately extended to America. It will be remem- 
 bered that tho Fi'onch were dispossessed of Acadia, but had subse- 
 quently ei'ected a fort upon Capo Breton, Louisburg. From this 
 naval stronghold they wore able to send privateers and men-of-war. 
 The English, in the meantime, seeing this evil, and that this was a 
 protection to the only entrance to French territory, determined to 
 possess it promptly, if it were possible. To carry out this project, 
 which originated with Governor Shii-loy, of Massachusetts, 4,000 
 militia, levied in Mass., New Hampshii'o, Maine, and Connecticut, 
 under Colonel Pepperol, sailed from Boston in March. The attack 
 upon this strong fort was so well planned and carried out, that full 
 success was the result. Admiral Warren arrived with ships to give 
 assistance, and captured a French ship of 64 guns, with 560 soldiers 
 and supplies. Already the Anglo-Americans were beginning to 
 display the energy (derived from an energetic race) which was to 
 overturn British domination in the Atlantic States. But in the first 
 place it was necessary that England should extinguish French 
 power. The brilliant nature of the attack and taking of Fort Louis- 
 burg was recognized by the granting of baronetcies to Governor 
 Shirley and Colonel Pepperol. This success hastened the determi- 
 nation to conquer Canada — a desire already existing in the hearts 
 of the Anglo-Americans ; and Governor Shirley applied to the 
 British government for regulars and a fleet for that purpose. 
 Meanwhile, a fleet, with several thousand troops, sailed from 
 Franco, with a view of re-taking Cape Breton and Acadiu ; but tem- 
 pest and disease destroyed the force, until it was no longer able to 
 invade. . _ 
 
 From the year 174S border warfare con tinuallj' blazed along 
 the frontier. The French, with their savag? allies, carried the 
 scalping-knifo and the torch into tho British settlements, captured 
 Fort Massachusetts and Fort Bridgman, and gained other victories, 
 
22 MASSACRE BY WASHINGTON. 
 
 and the luckless settlers liiul to seek safety in the more largely-set- 
 tled parts of the country. 
 
 Again came temporary peace to the colonists. In 1748, upon 
 the 7th of October, the treaty, was signed at Aix-la-Chapelles, by 
 the terms of which Capo Breton reverted to the French. This 
 treaty was, however, but a lull in the struggle in America, which 
 was destined to end in conquest. 
 
 The French continued to strengtlion their outposts. Detroit 
 was garrisoned, and forts of stone were built at Green Bay, Toronto, 
 and La Presentation. . In 1756, Fort Duquesne, at Pittsburgh, was 
 established. It was in this year that Washington first came before 
 the public as an actor. He led a considerable force to the west, 
 with the view of destroying Fort Duquesne, and encountered a 
 small body of French. The man who subsequently became a hero 
 by concurring events, as well as by his own energy, did not, on this 
 occasion— if we may credit history — act a very honorable part. In- 
 formed of the camping ground of the enemy, he marched all night, 
 to attack them in the morning. Junonville, the commander, when 
 aware of the proximity of VVasliington, made known to him by a 
 trumpeter that he had a letter to deliver, and when Junonville had 
 begun to read his letter firing was suddenly re-commenced. The 
 painters of AVashington's character have tried to cover this stain; but 
 unbiassed recorders think he was by no means blameless. But Wash- 
 ington's humiliation rapidly followed this unmanly procedure.. The 
 main force of the French, hearing of the massacre by Washington, 
 advanced to revenge it ; and, attacking him in his own chosen posi- 
 tion, succeeded, after ten hours' fighting with muskets alone, against 
 cannon, in driving Washington from his position, and compelled him 
 to make an inglorious retreat. 
 
 At the beginning of 1755, England sent out additional soldiers 
 and means of war, and appointed General Braddock, who had distin- 
 guished himself as a soldier, to act as military chief. 
 
 At this time, " Dr. Franklin estiniat d the whole English provin- 
 cials at a total of 1,200,000; whilst the whole number of people in 
 Canada, Cape Breton, Louisiana, &c., was under 80,000 souls."— 
 QGameau). At the same time France was weak, by the presence of 
 an indolent King, who allowed himself and kingdom to be governed 
 by a courtesan, Madame de Pompadour. Religious dissensions and 
 stagnation of trade, all contributed to place France in but a poor posi- 
 'tion to engage in war. Great Britain, on the contrary, was in all 
 respects prosperous. At such a favorable time it was that the Anglo- 
 
THE SEVEN YEARS' WAR. 28 
 
 Americans urged the mother country to carry on, with tlie utmost 
 rigor, a war for the subjugation of Canada. Franklin, a8 astute a 
 politician as clever in science, was their principal mouthpiece. He 
 who, twenty-five years thereafter, ^'epaired to Paris, to arouse the 
 public feeling of France and entire Europe against Britain; tiie same 
 who came to Canada to revolutionize it in 1770, was, in 1754, the 
 greatest promoter of the coming invasion of the French [)ossession8 
 in North America. " There need never be permanent repose expected 
 for our thirteen colonies," urged he, " so long as the French are mas- 
 ters of Canada." Thus was inaugurated what is known as the seven 
 years' war. -.^i ■." f <•■[■:"■ .,,)• . , - c ,,,:,■'■-,■ 
 
 The respective combatants marshalled their forces for the con- 
 flict. The French, nothing daunted, took energetic measures to 
 repel the foe, and strike blows here and there, as opportunity aflibrded. 
 A force was sent to take Fort Oswego from the English, while John- 
 son, a name to be mentioned hereafter, was despatched to attack Fort 
 Frederick. The first great battle was fought in the Ohio valley, by 
 General Braddock. Here the French gained a signal victory, with 
 but a few men, and utterly put to rout their enemy. At Fort Ed- 
 ward, the French, under General Dieskau, were less successful 
 in an encounter with Johnson, the French commander being taken 
 prisoner. 
 
 The close of the first year saw Forts Frederick, Niagara and 
 Duquesne, still in the hands of the French, while bands of savages 
 and Canadians travei'sed the British settlements, massacreing and 
 burning all before them. 
 
 The ensuing year witnessed more elaborate arrangements to con- 
 tinue the war. France sent to Canada soldiers, provisions, war 
 material and money; and, also, the Marquis de Montcalm was selected 
 to take charge of the army. Montcalm had seen i-ervice, and with 
 him came other officers likeAvise experienced. ' . , , 
 
 Proceeding to Montreal, he conferred with the Governor, and it 
 was detei'mined to form two principal camps, one at Ticonderoga, 
 the other at Frontenac, and a battalion was despatched to Niagara. 
 
 The British, at the same time, made extensive prejjarations, both 
 in the colonies and at home, and the Earl of London was appointed 
 
 generalissimo, ii^ i<i';i fiui'' ;f-i:Jv<snn>n'wnf(p ..f'-/y >,>,u'a i•^l>.?<ln,fr .^, 
 fT It is a remarkable fact that Montcalm had from the first a fatal 
 presentiment as to the issue of the war ; yet he, all the same, took 
 every step that prudence and energy directed, to secure the success 
 of his army. There was also a cooluess bet>yeeo hiin and the Gover- 
 
24 CANADIANS IN DISTRESS, BUT SUCCESSFUL. 
 
 nor, who manifested a determination and energy worthy of him. It 
 was determined that fresh attempts should be made to possess Fort 
 Oswego, and General Montcalm arrived at Fi'ontenac for that pur- 
 pose on the 29th of July. Upon the 11th August they reached 
 Oswego and invested the Fort, which was obliged to surrender on the 
 14th, the commander, Colonel Mercer, having been killed. Tho Fort 
 was razed to the ground. The Canadians then withdrew to their 
 homos carrying the prisoners of war, and the guns of the Fort, and 
 provisions with them. This was the principal event of this year. The 
 winter saw the Canadians suffer from famine and small-pox. During 
 the winter 175 7-8, there was continued hostility, and in the following 
 year Montcalm succeeded in taking Fort William Henry, after a siege 
 of four days. Colonel Munroe commanded the Fort, and he trusted for 
 support to General Webb, who failed to afford it, but instead sent a 
 message to Munroe to retire, which note fell into the hands of Mont 
 calm. Munroe on the morning of the 9th, displayed his flag of truce 
 The events of this capitulation have ever been held in remembrance, 
 because of the fearful massacre which the Indians made of the Eng- 
 lish, who had surrendered, and who marched out without their arms, 
 in full confidence in the integrity of the victorious besiegei'S. Stern 
 history has cast no little blame upon Montcalm, for at least I'c lissness 
 of duty ; and the pen of historic fiction has found it a fruitful theme 
 with which to weave a story, and record thrilling events. 
 
 The ensuing winter was one of great privation to the Canadians) 
 the harvest had failed ; and everything began to look dark indeed for 
 the devoted French ; yet four years of war had given all the advantage 
 to their arms. The continued ill-success of the British, caused them 
 to raise inci'eased numbers of men, so that by numerical force they 
 might overwhelm the French. In tho spring of 1758, 80,000 British 
 combatants were residy to march. Wliile such was the condition and 
 war-like sj)irit which obtained upon the British side, a far different 
 state of afi:airs existed with the French. Success had so far attended 
 the gallant feats undertaken by them. All along the lengthened 
 border the foe had been defeated, or had gained but scant victory 
 Again, the Iroquois nation, impressed with the success thus obtained 
 by the French, and gratified to have the Fort of Oswego, always 
 nnpleasent to them, destroyed, seemed inclined to take sides with 
 them, certainly did not favor the English. But, when so much has 
 been said the extent of French power in America has been stated. 
 Canada was no longer receiving support from France. The colonists 
 had been weakened by continual warfare and repeated crop-failures. 
 
THE STRUGGLE. 25 
 
 But undeterred by the dark clouds that continued to tliicken, 
 the Canadians buckled on their armor to fight till the very last. 
 Says Montcalm to the Minister at home, " We shall fight and Ave shall 
 bury ourselves, if need be, under the ruins of the colony." Again the 
 tide of war ebbed and flowed with fearful power. Carillon was made 
 red with British blood, as vain endeavors were made to capture that 
 French strong hold. Against Louisburg, Cape Breton, Carillon, Lake 
 Champlain, and Duquesno in the Ohio Valley, the English arrayed 
 their fleets .and armies. In the attack now made upon Louisburg, for 
 the first time appears the name of Wolfe, who distinguished himself 
 by scaling a rock, with a hundred men, which had hitherto been 
 regarded unaccessable. After a spirited defence, the French surren- 
 dered the Fort, a perfect wreck, July 26. About this time Cape 
 Breton passed into British hands, and thus was opened to the English, 
 the Fort of Quebec. 
 
 In the mean time the attack upon Fort Carillon by General 
 Abercromby, with a strong •army, had proved a complete failure. 
 The French, although few, desperately met the repeated assaults 
 made during half a day, and Abercromby, cut up and ashamed, was 
 forced to relinquish the matter. This battle was fought July 8thi 
 in which 3,600 men struggled successfully for six hours against 
 15,000 picked soldiers, (fiameau). De Levis, who had been in com- 
 mand at Fort Frontenac, was called by Montcalm to take part in 
 the defence of Carillon. This left Fort Frontenac comparatively 
 weak, and Abercromby, having learned the fact, despatched Colonel 
 Bradstreet, who had taken an active part in the battle, to capture 
 the Fort. Bradstreet sot out with 3,000 men, 11 guns and mortars. 
 The invading force reached its destination August 35. The Fort 
 had been left with 70 men under the command of M. de Noyan, 
 notwithstanding, the Fort was bravely defended for a time. " The 
 victors captured many cannons, quantities of small arms, boats of 
 provisions and nine nowly armed barques, — part of the trophies 
 brought from Oswego wlien captured. After loading his barges to the 
 waters-edge, Bradstreet released his prisoners on parole, burnt the 
 Fort, also seven of the barks, and returned to his country." 
 {Gamecm.) This was a severe blow to the struggling Canadians. 
 The Governor had ordered the farmers from the field, and all the 
 
 avages he could command, to march to the assistance of Fort 
 Frontenac ; but when the party reached Fort Presentation, (Ogdens- 
 burg), it was learned that Frontenac was already destroyed. To 
 
 dd to the misfortune of the French, the same autumn, General 
 
26 THE BPRINO OF 1769. 
 
 Forbes, notwithstanding a part of his force had boon previously 
 defeated, secured the destruction of Fort Duquosno on the Ohio. 
 This closed the engapjements for the year 1748, and everything 
 looked for tho French, most discouraging. The winter was 
 spent by tho English in preparing for a still moz'o determined con. 
 tinuation of the war; while the French wasted their energies in 
 domestic dissention. Tho GfovernorM. de Vandreuil and Montcalm 
 ceased not to quarrel, and to charge each other with incompetency) 
 and oven crimes. At tho same time the moans of tho country was 
 absorbed by unpatriotic merchants, who availed themselves of the 
 circumstances of the country to amass fortunes by illegal traffic in 
 furs with the Indians. 
 
 Tho Government at home, although informed by Montcalm that 
 Canada would be conquered if help were not sent, took no step to 
 assist the devoted Colonists, who, although disheartened were not 
 disposed to surrender allegiance to their native country, even 
 when all but forsaken. The spring of 1759 beheld them standing 
 to thoir arms with calm detoi'mination, awaiting tho onset of the 
 foe. The British as in previous years prepared to invade Canada 
 simultaneously at three different points. There was no fortress in 
 the Lower St. Lawrence to obstruct their advance by water, so 
 Quebec was the point at which, to the oast, the attack would bo made. 
 A corps of 10,000 men commanded by General Wolfe, who we have 
 seen, distinguished himself at the taking of Louisburg, prepared to 
 ascend tho St. Lawrence to invest the capital. Another force 
 12,000 strong under General Amherst, a name we shall have to 
 speak of hereafter, was to pass by Lake Chamjilain to descend the 
 Richeleu and to join Wolfe at Quebec. And a third force, under 
 General Prideaux, with savages under Sir William Johnson, wore 
 to possess Fort Niagara,and then descend to tho capture of Montreal, 
 Opposed lo tho numerous and well appointed armies of invasion, 
 there was, according to Garneau, all in all of Frenchmen, between 
 the ages of 16 and 60, capable of bearing arms, but a little over 
 15,000. In the early sjiring, one M. de Corbiere, ascended with 
 the view of rebuilding Fort Frontonac. 300 men were also sent to 
 repair and defend Nirgara. But it soon was deemed expedient to 
 recall them and to concentrate their forces. Every man from even 
 the more remote parts, presented himself to tho nearest place of 
 rendezvous. In the latter part of May, word came that the enemies 
 ships were coming. 
 
 («.>.^.-U ' \-Ji 
 
WOLFE BEFORE QUEBEC, 87 
 
 Tho events connected with the overthrow of French wupremacy 
 in Canmla cannot fail to impress the student of Canadian history. 
 
 Tho capture of Quebec, and, as an inevitable result, tho con- 
 quest of Canada are events of great intei'est ; but the space cannot 
 be allowed hero to more than refer to the thrilling scenes of valor 
 displayed by tho victors and tho vanquished. As Canadians of 
 British origin wo recognize tho event as one not to bo deplored, how- 
 ever Franco-Canadians may regard tho question. The conquest of 
 Canada, was to add a new element to that of the British American 
 which was destined to grow, and to act no moan part in respect to 
 British interests in America,and we believe, ultimately to completely 
 amalgamate with a portion of the older elements, and thus to beget 
 a race, under Confederation, none the less noble, none tho loss 
 stable, and none the less glorious, than that race (a prototype of 
 this) — the Original Anglo-Saxon derived from tho Norman, who 
 came to England with William tho Conqueror, as well as tho Saxon 
 elements. 
 
 More than a hundred years have passed away since tho fall of 
 Quebec. Tho centenary anniversary of tho event has been cele- 
 brated with an amount of enthusiasm which probably Quebec never 
 witnessed before. Since tho American Eovolution, when the 
 French Canadians fought by tho side of the American Loyalist to 
 defend Quebec, the former have ceased to be a conquered people — 
 Sequestrated from Franco, they have escaped all the horrors which 
 have since swept over that people, while they have I'etained their 
 language, religion, and laws. A hundred' years has ei'adicated or 
 rather changed all the feelings which burned so fervently in the 
 French Canadian heart, except their love of Canada ; and they 
 have joined heartily with the Anglo-Saxon to erect a joint monu- 
 ment which commemorates at once tho heroism of Wolfe, and the 
 gallantry of Montcalm. 
 
 Although the forces invading under Wolfe, exceeded in num- 
 ber those who defended tho citadel, yet, tho gi-eatest heroism was 
 displayed in its taking. The British fleet of " 20 ships of the line 
 with frigates and smaller war vessels," and transports, reached tho 
 Isle of Orleans, June 25, where the land force disembarked and 
 proceeded deliberately te invest the stronghold, finding a more 
 difficult task than had been expected. Bepoated attempts and 
 assaults were made with the result of showing Wolfe how strong 
 was the po'-'i.ion his youthful ardor would fain secure. Not alone 
 was he baffled thus, but a severe illness prostrated him to death's 
 
28 UPON THE PLAINS OP ABRAHAM. 
 
 door, whoso portalH wore so soon to bo oponod to him, by another 
 moans. In his moments of discouragemont he had written home 
 in a spirit not calculated to att'ord liope. The plan which resulted 
 in success, it is said was suggested by his three faithful Generals* 
 Monkton, Townshend and Al urray. 
 
 The night before the 13th of September, 1750, tlus day upon 
 which Wolfe was to win imperishable kurols, and to hiy down hi s 
 life, he felt a presentiment that his end was near, and carefully ar- 
 ranged all his worldly affairs. On the evening of the l2th he invited 
 Cai)tain John Davis (afterwards x\dmiral. Earl St. Vincent), of the 
 Porcupine slooj) of war, to spend an hour or two on board the Suth- 
 erland." "Wolfe, in the course of their conversation, said that he knew 
 he should not survive the morrow ; and M'hen they were about to 
 separate, he took from his bosoni the picture of Louther and delivered 
 it into the hands of his friend, whom he requested, should his fore- 
 boding be fulfilled, to restore the pledge to the lady on his arrival in 
 England." 
 
 Having previously made disposition of his forces to prepare 
 the way for the final attack, and, as well in some instances, to 
 deceive the enemy as to his intentions, Wolfe finally, at one o'clock, 
 upon the morning of the 13th September, set out in flat bottomed 
 boats to make his landing at Fuller's Cove, thereafter to be called 
 after himself. The night was dark, and other circumstances being 
 favorable the landing was safely effected, the heights ascended, and 
 at the break of day Montcalm learned with the utmost astonish- 
 ment that the enemy was upon the heights of Abraham in battle 
 array. Montcalm hastened to drive away the venturesome foe, but 
 this was not to be accomplished; a few hours brought a realization 
 of his early presentiment. After a spirited struggle the French 
 were to be seen running, the announcement of which made Wolfe 
 die happy; and, Montcalm was wounded unto death. Ho died on 
 the 14th. The defeat of Montcalm secured the capture of Quebec, 
 yet it was not until the 18th September that the city surrendered, 
 and French writers would make it appear that even then it were 
 not necessary. 
 
 The command of the Fionch army after the death of Montcalm 
 devolved upon Gen. de Levis, who had been absent up the St. Law- 
 rence. He returned to Montreal only in time to hear of Mont- 
 calm's defeat. He hastened to the rescue of the beleaguered city, 
 but ho reached the vicinity, not until Quebec had passed into the 
 hands of the British. 
 
CAPTURE OF FORT NIAGARA. 29 
 
 During tho time these exciting sconeH had been tranHpiriiig at 
 Quebec, Gen. Ainheivt had been conl'ronting Boulania(juo, upon 
 tho bhores of Luke Champlain; whom he had compelled to return, 
 and to dotttroy Fort Frederick and to retire to Ule AuxNoin. Iti tlie 
 west, at Niagara Gen. Prideaux and Sir Wm. Johnson had been 
 succCBsful in taking tho Fort from Pouchot. By this, Lake 
 Ontario with its northern shore, as well aw the region of tho Jiayof 
 Quinto came into tho ponseHsion of tlie Uritinh. 
 
 The expedition to capture Fort Niagara, taken at the urgent 
 request of tho Governor of New York, was under the command of 
 Generlfl Prideau.,:. The attacking party landed at Four Mile Creek 
 almout four miles east of the Fort, on the Gth July, 1859. Fort 
 Niagara was garrisoned by 48G men according to Pouchot, the 
 French commander, but according to English statements 600. 
 General Prideaux forces numbered, according to Capt. de Lancy, 
 1,200, and 1,000 Indians, as said by Sir William Johnson. Pouchot 
 discovered their approach the following day. " lie despatched 
 couriers to Presquo Isle, to Fort Machault, at tho mouth of French 
 Creek, Pa., and to the commander of tho Fort at the " Carrying 
 Place " for assistance. Reinforcements were sent, numbering about 
 600 French, and 100 Indians. They resembled when passing down 
 the rapids, " a floating island, so black was the river with batteaux 
 and canoes." They landed a few miles above the falls and pro- 
 ceeded to Lewiston and thence to relieve Pouchot. In the mean 
 time tho siege had been pressed with vigor. Prideaux, the English 
 General, had been killed and the. command had devolved on Sir 
 W, Johnson. The English learned of the approach of the reinforce- 
 ments, and Captain James de Lancy was despatched to a position 
 in ambuscade above the present site of Youngstown. Tho French 
 discovering the English in ambush, made an impetuous attack upon 
 them, but the English withstood the assault, and eventually turned 
 tho tide against the enemy, who were put to flight, 200 being 
 killed, and 100 taken prisoners. Pouchot learned of the disaster 
 about two o'clock; and, two hours after Sir W. Johnson demanded a 
 surrender. That same evening, or on the following morning he com- 
 plied ; but he has stated that he would not have done so had it not 
 been ^or the mutiny of the Germans who formed a part of the 
 garrison. On the 26th the garrison left the fort to be transported 
 to New York. Thus was the power of the Fi-ench broken in the 
 west, and the English became masters of the key to the North- 
 west. 
 
d6 
 
 SURRENDER OF CANADA. 
 
 Tho following spring CJon. do L<Svlfl dotormlnod to mnko an 
 effort to rotako (Juoboc, nnd upon tho 28th of April, tho plains of 
 Abraham wore again rod with Mood, and tho British, under Gon. 
 Murray, woro compollod to sook Hafoty within tho walls of tho city, 
 whoro thoy woro bosiogod until tho 9th, when a British frigate 
 arrived and gave succor. 
 
 On tho 14th July (Ion. Murray, with a largo sailing force, 
 commenood tho ascent of tho St. Lawronco. At tho same time 
 Gen. Amherst, with a considerable force was commencing a descent 
 from Oswego. Tho two woro thus advancing toward Montreal, 
 each subduing on tho way such forts and garrisons as were doomed 
 of sufficient importance. By tho first of Soptomber, the city of tho 
 Eoyal Mountain, containing tho wreck of tho French army was 
 encompassed on either hand. Tho Governor, upon tho night of tho 
 6th, hold a council of war, at whichit was determined to capitulate. 
 Tho celobratod act was signed on tho 8th September, 1760, and tho 
 Bamo day tho English took possession of tho city. Thus Cannda 
 passed into the possession of the British. Tho terms of capitula- 
 tion were more favorable to the French than thoy had any reason 
 to expect, and those terms have over boon fulfilled. 
 
 Tho Governor, Gon. de Levis, tho ofHcors, and a largo number 
 of men, women and children returned to France. At tho ^imo of 
 tho taking of Montreal, thoro remained at Detroit some throe or 
 four hundred families. This Fort and others around the lakes yet 
 held b}' the French were surrendered to Major Rogers, a person 
 again to be spoken of. The population according to the Governor, 
 left of l^Vench origin, was 70,000. 
 
 Tho Canadians who did not" return to France repaired to their 
 homes and renewed their peaceful avocations. 
 
 The first British Governor, Sir Jeffry Amherst, entered upon 
 his functions 1763. 
 
 Wo have now very cuf'sOf ily indeed, noticed tho history of the 
 French Canadians up to the time they became British subjects. 
 Wo have seen they did not willingly become such ; yet scarcely 
 fifteen years were to pass away before their loyalty to the British 
 flHg was to be tested ; not indeed to decide whether they should 
 again become a part of France, rather than remain British, but 
 whether their condition as Bi'itish subjects was so intolerable that 
 they should seek other protection of a foreign origin. 
 
 Wo shall see that although promises were held out of great 
 political advantage they preferred to remain as they were. There 
 
THE I'RENCH IN AMERICA. 31 
 
 remained in tho hcnrtM of th« Canadian French, not ho much n (\i»- 
 liko to England as u dotcHtation to the Now Knj^landor. llonce it 
 was that when the rebel banner was unfurled in 1770, with tho 
 declaration of Americon Independence upon it, no Canadian rallied 
 around it. Although commiHsionorB from tho rebel congroHS viHited 
 them with honied wordH and fair proniiHcs, they received no friendly 
 welcome. Tho Canadians regarded their old enen>icH as onemiei* 
 still, and they turned their backs upon the revolting provinces and 
 their faces toward old England for protection. Tho commissioners 
 to the Cantulians, composed of Dr. Bonj. Franklin, Samuel Chase and 
 Charles Carrol, with his brother, a Jesuit Priest were appointed to 
 this mission, on the 15th February, 1776. The same Franklin 
 who now offered tho French " freedom," had urged upon tho 
 British in 1753 tho expediency of reducing Canada ! I 
 
 For a century and a half Franco endeavored in vain to erect 
 a power in America ; but shall wo say that it was all in vain ? 
 
 The monument although broken, so far as Franco is concerned 
 yet stands a lasting memorial of French energy, of religious fervor, 
 stern dotermination, and indomitable valor. And, when tho wave of 
 revolution passed ovei 'ho thirteen British Colonies, the column was 
 conspicuous enough to be seen by refugees ; the protection Canada 
 offered was sufficient for the homeless families of U. E. Loyalists. 
 Canada was a sacred spot, although French. Jt constituted a 
 nucleus, around which collected those who preferred order to 
 rebellion. Those who had fought as opi^oncnts at Duquesno, at 
 Niagara, at Frontenac, at Tyconderoga, and upon the Plains of 
 Abraham, were Joined together. Tho heol, which had assisted to 
 crush the Canadian French, now sought and found a resting place 
 among those who had been overcome. Thus was to be laid the 
 foundation of the Dominion of Canada, whoso future is to bo great. 
 Stretching from seaboard to seaboard, it is destined to become, ere 
 it has reached tho present age of tho United States, the Russia of 
 America, with tho purest principles of government the world has 
 ever known. 
 
 We now approach tho period of time whon another element of 
 discord was to appeai" among the races which inhabited Amei,*ica. 
 Bloody Indian wars had in the past swept back and forth across 
 the woody land, liival colonizers had resorted to strife, to extend 
 territorial power. European weapons had been transported to 
 wage wars of extermination. Conquest and subjugation of Indians 
 and rivals had been witnessed j but now Eobellion, a term that has 
 
32 KKUKLLION uv 177G. 
 
 received fVowli Hi^niflciuico In the lato civil war in the TJnllod 
 StatUH, wuH to 1)0 initiatod. The BriliKh bloo<liin(i nionuy which had 
 boon Ittvirthly Hpoiit for tho An^lo-Ainoricans, hiui only proparod 
 thoHo coloniHlH to Huck othor advantu/y^oH. Tho Indiana hold in Muh- 
 joction, tho Fronch conquorod, tho mothor country itnolf must now 
 bocoorcod to givo full roin to tho Hpoilod and waywai*d oll'Hprin^'. 
 
 —9— 
 
 DIVISION I. 
 
 THK UEDELLION OP 177G— THE THIRTEEN COLONIES. 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 Contents : — Flrnt AmoricJin lU^bcllion — Indopcndcncc — TmitorR maflo HcrocH— 
 LoyaUstH driven away t<> found anotht^r Colony — Tlie roHponHil)ility of 
 rebelling — Treatment of the LoyaliHtK — Tho Hoveral (JolonioH — The first 
 EnglJHhman in America— UecoivoH jElO — EnKliHli Colonization — Virginia— 
 ConvictH — Extent of Virginia — BMrst Oovernor — Virginians not willing to 
 rebel— Quota supplied to tho rebel army — New York — Hudson — Tho Dutch 
 —New Netherlands — Price of New Amsterdam (Now York) — First Legisla- 
 tive Assembly — Not quick to rebel— Quota of rebel troops — Oave many 
 settlcrB to Upper Canada — New Jersey — Its settlement — A battle ground- 
 Gave rebel troops ; also loyal troops — Furnished settlers to Upper Canada — 
 Massachusetts — Captain Smith — New England Puritans — The " Mayflower" 
 —First Governor — Cruel treatment of Indiana — Massachusetts takes the lead 
 in rebelling — Troops — Loyalists — New Hampshire — Troops — Delaware — 
 Settlement — Quota of rebel troops — Connecticut — Education — Troops- 
 Roman Catholics — Toleration — Khode Island — Providence — Inconsistency 
 of the Puritans — Roger Williams — North Carolina — Inhabitants — Soutli 
 Carolina — Many loyalists — Pennsylvania — William Penn — Conduct toward 
 Indians — The people opposed to rebellion — Georgia — Oglethorpe — Policy of 
 England — New England. 
 
 In the introductory chapters a brief sketch has been given of the 
 settlement of America. We now approach the important events 
 which belong to the first great American rebellion, which culminated 
 in the Declaration of Independence by the thirteen British American 
 Colonies, and terminated in the recognition of their independence by 
 the parent State. The rebellion had resulted in a revolution, and 
 traitors were made heroes ! 
 
Tlir, TiriKTKKN COLONIES. X\ 
 
 It foriiiN a purl of t.lic prcst'iii iin<lcrtiikiii^' to i-fcord noiiumiI' the 
 factH rolutivti to thu hU\\)h l»y wh'uih tlio now powcifiil rnitt-d StiitoH 
 wer«, BH a wliolo, iiNhert'd into the nrrna of imtiotiK, and hy which n 
 nrj^t' v\niiH of Ann'ricanH, true to thi-ir Uritinh alh-j^iaiur, wtsro ooin- 
 iplhjd to Icavi) lh«'ir native country to fomid another (polony in tho 
 northern wil(h'rneHH. To he juHfifled in reheiiini^' aifainst tlie eonsti- 
 tuted anthoriticH tlier«f nniHt he the most eoj^ent reaNoriH ; to take up 
 irias a;j[ainHt th(! Slatt' — to iiiitiutc a civil war, it* asHUtnin^ tliu most 
 fearful (!onNe<|uenuoH. 
 
 To present even a brief a'K'ount of tlie cireumstanoes which h-tl 
 to the settlement of Upper Canada, it l)eeomcH necessary to dwell for 
 a time upon the great rebellion of 17Y0, the result of which was ad- 
 verse to those Americans who adhered to tlu! old flai^ imder which 
 they had been born, had come to the new world, and had prospered ; 
 i rebellion which was att<'nde<| and followed by piirsecution and vio- 
 lence, imprisomnent and confiscation, banishment, and, too often, 
 loath; which caused a streatn of refugee loyalists to set in toward tho 
 wilderness of ('anada. 
 
 At the time of tin; rebellion of the English (iolonists in America, 
 tlioy consisted of thirteen provinces. Massachusetts, with her colony 
 t Maine, New IFampshire, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, 
 Xew Jersey, remisylvania, J-)elaware, Maryland, Virginia, North 
 Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. It may be well to briefly 
 notice these several states, and the part eacli took in tho war for In- 
 iependence. 
 
 The first Englishman to set foot upon the continent of America 
 was John Cabot, who discovered Newfoundland, and probably tho 
 ailjacent nuiinland, June 4, 149Y. Tho event is noticed in the Privy 
 Purse expenditure thus : "1497, Aug. 10 — To liym that foimd tho 
 lew Isle, jEIO," which seems to Imve been a grant for his services. 
 
 ■ vmcftNTA. ' , 
 
 In the year 1578, Sir II. Gilbert endeavoured to establish a set- 
 lemeut at the mouth of the lloanoke. P^ailing in his undertaking, 
 lis half brother. Sir Walter Raleigh, made a similar effort tho foUow- 
 ug year, which likewise failed. It was Sir Walter Riileigh who gave 
 ihe name to Virginia, in honor of Elizabeth, the virgin Queen. A 
 bird and successful effort was made to coloni/e in 1607-8, at Jamos- 
 own. This dates the coraraencoment of English colonization of 
 America. Some time later, America was looked upon as » country 
 
84 VIRGINIA — NEW YORK. 
 
 quite beyond tho ]»alo of civilization, even as IJotany Bay was at a 
 still later period; and in the year 1621, tho British Government 
 transported to Virginia 100 cDnvicts. But notwithstanding, "Vir- 
 ginia," to use the words of Morse's Geograpliy, " the birth-place of 
 Washington, has given six Presidents to the Union." 
 
 Tlie colony of Virginia was originally indefinite in its boundary; 
 and, judging from old maps, it would seem to have included all of 
 North America. But a map dated 1614 shows the more northern 
 part as New England. The first Governor of Virginia eutere«l upon 
 his duties in 1619. 
 
 This State was by no means quick to sever the connection with 
 the mother country. Many of her sons stood up for the crown, and 
 very many families became refugees. Washington said of Virginia, 
 in a letter, that " the people of Virginia will come reluctantly into the 
 idea of independence." But in time, by the specious representations 
 of Washington and others, the State produced a certain number of 
 rebels. The quota demanded by the rebel congress was 48,522, She 
 supplied, in 17V6, 6,181 ; and afterwards 20,491. 
 
 NEW YORK. 
 
 In the year 1609 Hendrick Hudson, an Englishman, in the 
 employ of Holland, first explored the great river running through 
 Now York State, which now bears his name. He, on behalf of the 
 Dutch took possession of the country. Settlement first took place 
 in 1614, and by 1620, a considerable colony was planted. The 
 island of Manhatten, where now stands New York City, was honestly 
 purchased of the Indians for twenty-four dollars. The village thus 
 founded was called New Amsterdam, and the colony was designated 
 New Netherlands. 
 
 Having been taken by the English in 1674, tho name of the 
 territor}'- was changed to New York, aftar James, Duke of York, 
 brother to Charles II. The first Legislative Assembly for this 
 Province, met in New York, 17th October, 1683, just one hundred 
 years before Upper Canada began to bo settled. 
 
 The State of New York was not among the foremost in rebelling. 
 Tho Dutch element which prevailed, was not given to change. 
 Some of the most exciting events and battles of the war were 
 enacted in this State. Eight royally did the people take iTp arms 
 against the robolh and drive Wa.shington from Manhatten. Batta- 
 lions and rogimonts were repeatedly raised and organized in this 
 State. The valleys of tho Mohawk and Hudson became historic 
 
NEW JERSEY — MASSACHUSETTS. 35 
 
 grounds, nero was witnessed the ignoble failure of Burgoyno's 
 Campaign, which was the commencement of the decline of British 
 power ; ami the City of New York was the last ground of the States 
 occupied by British troops, until the war of 1813. New York 
 furnished troops for the rebel cause, in 1775, 2,075 ; in 1776, 3,G2[) ; 
 and subsequently 12,077. 
 
 Of all the States, New York gave the largest number of 
 pioneers to Upper Canada. 
 
 NEW JERSEY. 
 
 New Jersey was settled in 1620 by the Dutch and Swedes. 
 Having been taken by the English, it was given by Charles II. to 
 the Duke of York. Retaken by the Dutcirin 1673, it was bcmght 
 by Wm. Penn and liis friends. At one time it was divided into 
 East Jersey and West Jersey, East Jersey belonging to Penn. 
 Ib 1702 the two Jersies were united under one government, and 
 received the name of New Jersey. 
 
 Upon the grounds of this State were fought some of the most 
 decisive battles of the war. 
 
 Of the Rebel troops Jersey supplied in 1676, 3,193. The quota 
 required afterwards was 11,596-of which she granted 7,534. But 
 Jersey also gave a large number of Royal troops. 
 
 New Jersey furnished a good many settlers to Upper Canada, 
 of whom one of the most distinguished is the Ryerson fan^ly 
 Many of the settlers along the bay retain interesting traditions of 
 their Jersey ancestry. 
 
 MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 The territory of this State was originally discovered by the 
 Cabots in 1497, anJ visited by Capt. John Smith in 1614, by whom it 
 Avassaid to have been named NewEngland. Itconsisted of the jiresent 
 States of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Rhode Island, Connec- 
 ticut, and Massachusetts. In 1620, upon 22nd December, the 
 Puritan Fathers landed upon the Plymouth Rock, some 30 miles 
 from Boston, and planted the first of the New England States. 
 The " Mayflower," by which they had traversed the Atlantic was 
 only 180 tons burden. She sailed from Southhampton with 102 
 emigrants. Half of this number died from cold and hardship the 
 first year. They selected for their first Elder one John Garner, 
 who as chief officer had great control. He has consequently been 
 called the first Governor of 'ifew England. The territory had been 
 granted by James I. to the '< Plymouth Company." Althoucrh the 
 
36 NEW HAMPSHIRE — DELAWARE — CONN. 
 
 Puritans had left their homes because they did not enjoy their 
 rights, they forgot the Golden Rule in their forest homes. They 
 failed to remember that the Indian had rights. The untutored 
 native thought he had a right to the soil, and as the Puritans? 
 unlike Ponn, were umvilling to recognize his rights, but undertook 
 to appropriate the territory, there ensued bloody Indian wars. 
 The Puritan revenged himself, and the native retail iated. So, for 
 many years border massacres were common and terrible. 
 
 Massachusetts with the other New England States, took the 
 lead in rebellion, and by great pains succeeded in indoctrinating 
 the midland and«Southern States. The first blood of the rebellion 
 was shod in this State, at Lexington and Bunker Hill. The State 
 supplied troops in 1775, 16,444 ; in 1776, 13^72. The quota subse- 
 quently required was 52,728, of which 38,091 was furnished. 
 
 But Massachusetts had not a few true-hearted loyalists of whom 
 a considerable number became settlers in Upper Canada. At the 
 evacuation of Boston " 1,100 retreated in a body with the Eoyal ai-my. 
 Altogether there left Massachusetts at least 2,000 United Empire 
 Loyalists." The Colony of Maine also had a good many adherents 
 of the crown — (Sabine.) 
 
 NEW HAMPSHIRE. 
 
 This Province was first colonized by emigrants from Hamp- 
 shire, England, in 1623. Subsequently it was peopled by English 
 fron4 other parts, and by Scotch. 
 
 New Hampshire supplied in 1775, 2,824 troops; in 1776, 3,012. 
 Her quota was [10.194. Granted 6,653. We are at the same time 
 assured by Sabine that New Hampshire had many and powerful 
 opponents of rebellion. 
 
 DELAWARE. 
 
 Delaware was originally settled by Swedes and Finlanders in 
 1627. Became a part of New Netherlands in 1655, and in 1664 fell 
 ■ to the English. It was included in the grant of Wm. Penn in 1682, 
 In 1701 it was erected into a colony for legislative purposes. 
 
 She supplied rebel troops in 1776, 609. Her quota fixed was 
 3,974. Supplied 1,778. -vi;-.r -v ' ',\: ' 
 
 .■,'..•,• -v. ,,-.Tvv.r.-> :-; CONNECTICUT. .'/"''' 
 
 Connecticut was first occupied by emigrants in 1631. The 
 Charter was granted by Charles II., which continued in existence 
 until 1818, when fitjjyas superseded by the existing constitution. 
 Connecticut " has uniformily been a nursery of educated men of 
 
MARYLAND — RHODE ISLAND. 37 
 
 every class " for the Union. And, it may bo added, a number found 
 their way to Ui)per Canada, as school teachers, subsequent to the 
 Revolution. And there was a certain number of the people of Con- 
 necticut among the Loyalists. Sabine says a good many. 
 
 This State furnished for the rebel war in 1775, 4,507; in 1776. 
 6,390. The quota fixed was 28,336, of which was given 21,142. 
 
 MARYLAND. 
 
 Maryland was granted to the second Lord Baltimore, a Roman 
 Catholic, by Queen Mary, in 1632 or 4. He colonized the Province 
 with a company of Co-religionists of the higher class of English 
 gentry. It was named after the English Queen, Henrietta Maria. 
 " In 1649, it was made, as has been well said, ' a land of sanctuary,' 
 by the toleration of all religious denominations, but the Puritans, 
 expelled from Virginia, made great trouble in the Colony." 
 
 The State supplied troops in 1776, 637. Quota fixed by congress 
 26,608, of which she supplied 13,275. 
 
 RHODE ISLAND. 
 
 Massachusetts, planted by Puritans, who came to secure liberty 
 of conscience, would not allow certain individuals in their midst to 
 enjoy like religious liberty, and hence the foundation of Rhode 
 Island. Providence, its original name, was^ thus significantly called, 
 because here the Baptists, under Roger Williams (oppressed by the 
 Puritans of Plymouth), found a pi'ovidential asylum. Tliis was in 
 1636. In how short a time (16 years) had the oppressed learned to 
 act oppressively ! 
 
 A charter was granted to Roger Williams in 1642. The govern- 
 ment continued to exist under this charter until 1842, a period of 200 
 years. 
 
 Rhode Island gave troops to the number of 1,193 in iTVo, and 
 798 ill 1776. Quota demanded, 5,094 ; furnished 3,917. 
 
 • •• NORTH CAROLINA. ;, ■ < • ■ 
 
 This colony was planted in 1653 by the older colony of Virginia 
 The colony at first included both North and South Carolina, which 
 continued until 1693, when the south part was erected into a sejjarate 
 colony, under the name of South Caiolina. The inhabitants of North 
 Carolina consisted, in part, of refugees from England at the overthrow 
 of the Stuarts. These mainly remained loyal to the crown, and were 
 destined to again become refugees. At the commencement of the 
 
38 CAROLINA — PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 rebellion the peo})Ie of this colony were about equally divided between 
 the adherents of the crown, and the rebels. The loyalists were a 
 devoted band. At the same time, the rebels — at least some of them — 
 took extreme steps. They formally demanded a separation from 
 Great Britain in May, 1175, fourteen months before the 4th July 
 declaration of 1776. The State provided, in 1776, 1,134 rebel troops. 
 The quota asked for was 23,994, but only 6,129 was granted. 
 
 rp 
 
 SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 South Carolina was first settled in 1070. 
 
 "The great body of the people were emigrants from Switzerland, 
 Germany, France, GreatBritain, and the northern colonies of America, 
 and their descendants, and were opposed to a separation from the 
 mother country;" yet South Carolina furnished troops for the rebel- 
 lion, in 1776, to the number of 2,069. Subsequently she gave 4,348 ; 
 although her quota, as fixed by Congress, was 16,932. 
 
 In this colony, were many who could not see the justice of a 
 rebellion. Yankee descendants may say they "bowed their necks to 
 the yoke of colonial vassalage," but it was a wise spirit of conserva- 
 tism which is expressed in the desire to " look before you leap." 
 " Persons who had refused to enlist muler the whig banner, flocked to 
 the royal standard by hundreds." " Sir Henry Clinton informed the 
 British Government that the whole State had submitted to the royal 
 arms." This general attachment to the British crown made the rebels 
 vindictive and bloodthirsty, and they sought to drive away the loyal 
 and peacable by a vengeful shedding of blood. Consequently, the 
 tories retaliated, and Chief Justice Marshall said, " the whigs seem 
 determined to extirpate the tories, and the tories the whigs ; some 
 thousands have fallen in this way in this quarter." " Being almost 
 equally divided, reciprocal injuries had gradually sharpened their 
 resentment against each other, and had armed neighbour against 
 neighbour, until it became a war of extermination." Now, it is sub- 
 mitted that rebellion can hardlj'' be justified when the people are so 
 equally divided. Sabine remarks that *' after the fall of Charleston, 
 and until the peace, the tories were in the ascendant." 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 This splendid colony was granted to AVilliam Penn, the Quaker 
 -lid philanthrophist,who was the son of Sir William Penn, an eminent 
 English admiral. Sir William held a claim against the British 
 government for £'16,000 ; and, some time after his death, his son 
 
HYLVANIA. 89 
 
 liavintr his attention dircclo.; lo llio new wDvld, ohtaincil. in lieu 
 of tliat amount, the i-raiit of land now i'orniin<jf tliis State. The 
 charter was granted by Charles II. in 1081. Penn songlit the new 
 world to escape the persecutions inflicted upon liini at homo. This 
 he had brouglit ujmn himself, by freely expressinji his decided sec-- 
 tarian views, and by writings, disseminating tlie teachings of George 
 Fox, also by attacking the Established Church. He was rei)eatedly 
 imprisoned in the Tower, and even in Newgate for six months. I'enn, 
 on procuring the grant of land, determined to make it " a home for 
 his co-religionists, where they might preach and practice their con- 
 victions in unmolested peace." To the territory he gave the name of 
 Sylvania; but afterwards King Charles insisted that Penn should be 
 prefixed, making it Pennsylvania. Penn sailed from England, with 
 several friends, in August, 1682. On reaching America he found 
 that some Swedes amd Finns had settled along the banks of the Del- 
 aware. Although Penn had a charter by which he could possess the 
 land, yet, as an European, he did not forget the original and rightful 
 owners of the soil. Penn's conduct in this respect stands out in strik- 
 ing conti-ast to the course pursued by the Puritans. It was on the 
 30th November, 1682, that William Penn held his famous interview 
 with the Indian tribes, when he ettected a straightforward treaty 
 with them, never to be broken or disturbed, so that he secured per- 
 petual peace and respect. By this humane course with the Indians, 
 and by encouraging emigration of all classes, securing to them the 
 fullest liberty of conscience by a wis constitution, he succeeded, 
 with his co-religionists, in building up a most flourishing colony. 
 Subsequently the population was enlarged by numerous accessions 
 from Scotland and Germany. 
 
 The government of Pennsylvania was proprietary, and continued 
 such until the revolution swept away the charter, and made the chil- 
 dren of WilUam Penn outcasts from the land they and their fathers 
 had made fertile. At the time of the revolution, John Penn, son of 
 Richard Penn, who was the grandson of William Penn, was the Gover- 
 nor of the colony. He, with the masses of the people in the middle 
 States, was opposed to tlie rebellion. It is said there were tliousands 
 01 loyalists in this State who desired and offered to serve the crown, 
 but whose services were lost through bungling by those in office. 
 Yet the State gave troops to the rebel cause ; 400 in 1*775, and in the 
 following year 5,519. The quota allotted was 40,416; granted, 
 19,689. ..,1 ji: ..ui. .u-.i -....-,v-- . -.-Y.nr:vr- .. :v^,.,-v.. 
 
40 OEOROIA— NEW ENGLAND. 
 
 OEOROIA. 
 
 This was the last of the thirteen colonics CRtablisherl. The 
 founder was Oglethorpe, who eiFected a settlement in 1773, and who 
 lived to see the colony a State. The colonists landed at Charleston in 
 January, 1733. 
 
 When the rebellion broke out, this colony was " justly regarded 
 as highly loyal." She refused to send delegates to the first rebel 
 congress ; "and that she was represented in the second was owing to 
 the zeal of a native of Connecticut, Dr. Seymour Hall. It required 
 time and labour to organize a party of * liberty men ' to complete the 
 Confederacy." The number of troops supplied in 1775 was 350 ; the 
 quota was fixed at 3,974, and there was suppHed 2,328. 
 
 The history of England between the periods when Virginia and 
 Georgia, the oldest and youngest of the colonies bat rebelled, were 
 founded, was one of turmoil and strife, of religic .is contentions and 
 civil war ; and the colonists cast off during this hundred years car- 
 ried with them, across the Atlantic, heartfelt bitterness, and many of 
 them no little passion for evil. Notwithstanding, we have seen that 
 the Southern States, with Pennsylvania and New York, did not seek 
 to divide their connection with the parent State. It was generally 
 admitted that the policy of England towards them "had been mild — 
 perhu])s liberal." But, as we have seen, iMew England, with a few 
 malcontents in other states — envious office-seekers, managed to dissem- 
 inate the principles of rebellion — principles that New Englaiul has 
 quite forgotten in her treatment of the South. 
 
 NEW ENGLAND, 
 
 Of the aforementioned colonies, they all had received and had 
 secured to them by charter, from an indulgent mother country, gov- 
 ernments of the most liberal nature. Civil and religious liberty were 
 fully enjoyed. Says Mr. Sabine : " Virtually, republican cliarters ; 
 subject only to the appointment of a governor on the part of the" 
 Crown. Every colony was, practically, a State within itself ; and it 
 is a suggestive fact that the very earliest assertion of legislative sujie- 
 riority on the part of the mother country only operated negatively, 
 by forbidding every colony to make laws repugnant to those of 
 England." 
 
 Certain of the British colonies were, together, called "New 
 England," and since the Independence they are known as the New 
 England States. They consist of New Hampshire, Vermont, Massa- 
 
AMERICAN WRITERS. 41 
 
 chusetts, Elu)(lo Island, Connecticut, and Maine, whicli was tlien a 
 colony of MaasachuHotta. This region was granted by James I. to 
 the Plymouth Company in 160(5. It was called North Virginia, but 
 it was changed some years later, before it was actually settled. It 
 wa« the people of those States to whom the term "Yankee" was ori- 
 ginally applied ; and now, in the United States this epithet is used 
 solely in reference to these States ; but in Canada and England the 
 word is applied very generally to :ill Americans. The origin of the 
 word Yankee is probably traceable to the Indian appellation " Yengee,'' 
 for English, or Anglais, after tiie French. 
 
 CHAPTEE IV. 
 
 CONTKNTS :— American Writors—Sabine— Loyalists had no time to wasto—Inde- 
 pencionce not Bought at first—AdaniB— Franklin— Jay— Jefforson—Washin'^- 
 ton— MadiRon—The British Oovernment— Ingratitude of the Colonists-"- 
 1 axation — Smugglers — Crown Officers — Persistance— Superciliousness— 
 Contest between Old England and New England. 
 
 It is most refreshing to one who has been accustomed to see 
 American school books, and even religious American tracts thickly 
 strewn with the most fulsome self-praise, and wordy accounts of Bri- 
 tish tyranny, and of American purity and valor ; to read the speeches, 
 and listen to 4th of July orators, who, with distorted history and 
 hifalutin panogyi-ies, have not ceased to wrap their country in a 
 blazing sheet of glory. After suffering all this, ad nmiseum, it is most 
 agreeable to road the writings of one American author upon the 
 Mibjoct of their Independence, who can do some justice to the 
 Loyalists. Reference is made to Lorenzo Sabine, the author of 
 "Royalists of the. American Revolution." Considering the 
 prejudices which exist throughout the United States against every 
 thing British, and the over-weening vanity of the people in respect 
 to the success which crowned their ettbrts to dismember the British 
 Empire; it is a matter for grateful recognition that a native of 
 ^ew England should take iTp his pen to write redeeming words on 
 behalf of the Loyalists whom they had been taught to stigmatize, 
 to be read by his fellow countrymen. Living upon the borders, 
 
42 WHAT THE PKOPLK WISHED. 
 
 boyond which ho could soo tho Hcttlod rofuKooH workini^' out Ihoir 
 destiny, under iwlvorso circuinstiuu'.os,und hiyin^ thu Ibuiidationot'ii 
 nation, ho look up hin i)on, wliilo tho U|)|)or (JaiiudiunH were yol 
 8trUf,'MiinK with tho forest, und without time to {gather uj) the ro(!oriis 
 of their wroni^s, their losses, their persecutions, and inoro than all, 
 the malicious charges aj^ainst them ; and hiu-1 them back at thoir 
 Iniducers. On behalf of .those who will accept tho writer as a 
 representative of tlu^ United Knii)ire Loyalists, ho thanks Lorenzo 
 Sabine, iov what he has said, lle.has said nothing hut tho substantial 
 truth in our favor, and in saying that, lie has said very much, hi 
 his prefatory remarks, after referring to thoir deficiency of know- 
 lodge of the " Tories " ho says . '< Tho reason is obvious. Men who, 
 like tho Loyalists, separate themselves from ^thoir friends and 
 kindred, who are driven from thoir homos, who surrender the hopes 
 und expectations of life, and who become outlaws, wanderers, and 
 exiles,— such men leave few memorials behind them. Thoir pajtors 
 are scattered and lost, and their very names pass from human 
 recollections." 
 
 Before considering tho question, whether tho American colonies 
 were justified in takingjan extreme stop ; it is most necessary to 
 state that, at tho first there were but an insignificant number of th 
 colonists who hold the belief that armed rebellion was demanded 
 Even among those who, with no mild-toned language denounced th 
 mother country for enacting laws oppressive to tho commerce and 
 industry of tho Americans, no one was found to advocate separation; 
 on the contrary to use tho words of Sabino " Tho denial that inde- 
 pendence was tho final object, gwas constant and general. To obtain 
 concessions and preserve the connection with England, was affirmed 
 everywhere ; and John Adams,gyoars after the peace, went further 
 than this, for ho said ' There waslnot a moment during the RevoMm 
 when I ivouUl not have given everything J possessed for a restoration t) 
 the state of things before the contest began, provided ice could have hada 
 sufficient security for its 'continuance: Again, Franklin's testimony, 
 a few days before the affair at Loxingto\i, wjis, that he had "more 
 than once travelled from one end of tho continent to tho other, and 
 kept a variety of company, eating, drinking, and conversing with 
 them freely, and never had heard in any conversation from any person 
 drunk or sober, the least expression of a wish for separation, or a hint 
 that such a thing would be advantageous to America'' Mr. Jay is 
 quite as explicit. "During the course of my life and until the 
 
 le 
 
 iC 
 
RELATION BETWEEN PARENT STATE AND COLONY. 43 
 
 second ])cliti()n of Conpfross in 1775, / neoer did hear an American of 
 any class, of any description, cvpress a wish for the independence of the 
 colonics. It luvs ahvays, uiid .still in, my opinion and holiof, that our 
 country wuh iM-ompted and inii)ollod to indopcndcnco by necessity, 
 and not by choice." Says Mr. Jetioi-son, " What, eastward of Now 
 Yorlv, might havo l)oon tho dis|)OHitions toward Enghmd bolero the 
 comnuMiconiont of ho.stilitios, I Icnow not, but before that I novor 
 hoanl a whisper of n disposition to separate from (Jreat Britain, and 
 after that, its possibility was contomplated with aftliction by all," 
 Washington, in 1774, sustainod these doclaratioi.H, and, in tho 
 "Fairfax County Resolves" it was complained, that ''malevolent 
 falsehoods'' were i)ropagated by tlio ministry toprejudico tho mind 
 of tho king ; particularly that thoro is an intention in tho American 
 colonies to set vp for independent States; and Washington expressed 
 a wish that the " dispute might bo left to posterity to determine." 
 Mr. Madison was not in public life until May, 177G, but ho says, 
 "It has always been my impression, that a re-establishment of the 
 colonial relations to tho parent country, as they were previous to the 
 controversy, was tho real object of every class of tho people, till the 
 despair of obtaining it." 
 
 Tho testimony of these Fathers of tho Republic, cannot bo 
 impeached ; and, wo must, therefore, seek for tho cause of tho 
 rebellion in some other place. Wo havo soon how tho Jiritish 
 colonies wore planted^ In connection with thom, two loading 
 influences may bo discovered constantly at work, one of a personal 
 nature ; tho other referring to tho State. Individuals would not 
 sever the ties of homeship and bravo the wide ocean, to expose 
 themselves to the varied dangers of tho wilderness, did they not 
 have good reason'to expect due returns. Tho Governmont would 
 not afford ships and means to send her sons to distant shores, unless 
 the colony would become serviceable to tho parent State. Tho 
 British Government had enabled many a hardy son to lay tho 
 foundation for substantial wealth. More than all, tho colonies of 
 America had been assisted to put under their foot their French 
 rival. For their benefit tho Crown expected, and undertook to 
 enforce some tribute. But tho colonists would not recognize the 
 right of the Crown to tax them for their labor. For all tho British 
 Government had done for the colonies, for all the money spent, 
 she required that the colonists should bo taxed. Laws were 
 enacted, and officers and revenue collectors appointed to enforce tho 
 laws. It was required that these colonies should not trade, with- 
 
44 BMUOOLINO. 
 
 out cortiiin rostrictionm, with foreign natioiiH; but tho inorcluvnlh 
 of MasHftchUMcrts, huviriff fistod tho Hwootw of unrostrictod trado 
 wore UTiwillin/^ to pay n>voniu> to tho Crown, although tradiiii.' 
 nndor tho protjction of tho ({ritiwh flag. And ho it cumo that when 
 royal col'octorn of ciiHtomH woro sont out; when mon of war 
 coasted tho Nhoros of. MaHsachuwettM to provont smuggling, liy 
 Hancock and others, there was no disposition to suhraitto Imperial 
 taxation. For years the law relating to revenue had heen a dead 
 letter almost, the smugglers having used hush money. Hut at last 
 Government determined to put down illieit trade, it is true tlie 
 co'onies did not object without a special plea, which was *' no taxa- 
 tion without representation." But tho real point-* at issue were 
 whether contraband commerco should continue and increaso, or 
 tho Crown receive the duos- demanded by law. 'Nine-tentb 
 probably, of all the tea, wine, fruit, sugar and niolasses, consumed 
 in the colonies w<'i-o smuggled. To put this down was the dotir- 
 mined purpose of the ministry. Tho commanders of the ships ot 
 war on tho American station wore accordingly commissioned a> 
 offlcers of tho cistoms ; and, to quicken their zeal, they wore tn 
 share in tho proceeds of tho confiscations ; tho courts to decide 
 upon tho lawfulness of seizures, were to bo composed of a sinfj'k' 
 judge, without a jury, whwe emoluments were to bo derived from 
 his own condeni'iations ; tho Governors of tho colonies and tin' 
 military oiflcers were to be rewarded for "their activity by swear- 
 ing also, either in the pi'operty condemned, or in tho penalties 
 annexed to tho interdicted trado." And was not thei Crown correct 
 in enforcing laws intended for the public woal ? Il'id hostile fleets 
 approached Boston harbour to inviide, instead of smuggling crafts, 
 freighted with liLxuries, would not the colonist have called loudly 
 for Imperial help to protect ? B'lt if the Govoinmont had the bcs 
 of rights to onforco the laws, it certainly displayed much want of 
 judgment in the mode adopted to carry out its demands. Tl 
 foregoing, from S ,bine, recalls to us at once the canse why resist- 
 ance was strenuously male. Tho mode of pay'ng their Crown 
 officers was \vell calculated to kindle feelings of the most deter- 
 mined opposition on the part of the illicit traders, such as John 
 Hancock, .'ohn Langdon, Samuel Adams, William Whipjdc, Cleorge 
 C'ymer, Stephen Hopkins, Fi'ancis Lou's, Philip Livingston. 
 Eldridge 'Tcrry, Joseph Hewes, George Tajior. Roger Sherman, 
 Button Gurnett, and Robert Morris, all signers of the declaration 
 of independence, — all smugglers I 
 
REAL OAUHK OF REUELLION. 45 
 
 And thus it caino alxmt. Tlio Crown was dotorminod to exact 
 taxos, and i^niorant of tho fooling of tlio colonists; and tlio 
 colonists, grown rich by unroHlrictcd trade- by Hn»ug/,'IinK. ^'ntcrod 
 into a contract, which was only to ond in diHniombcrnicnt of tho 
 British Enipiro. Side issues wore raised, cries of oppression 
 hhouted, tho love of liberty invoked and epithets bandied ; but 
 they wore only for etfoct.to inllanie the public mind, of which there 
 was much wavering. Of course, there were oiher things whic'i 
 asHistod to ripen rebellion, at least were so represented, that they 
 nddod to tho growing discontent. (.'olonios, when they have 
 lecomo developed by age, and powerful by local circumstances, 
 ivillnaturally lose the interest which animates the subject at home. 
 It is in the nature of things that the love of country should gradu- 
 ally ciiange from the old home to the new. The inhabitants of the 
 colonies wore in iruvny cases but descondanls of J^^uropoan nations, 
 who could not bo oxpet-ted to retain the warmest attachment to 
 tho parent country. Tho tide of war had changed the allegiance 
 of many a one. The heterogeneous whole could not be called 
 English, and honco it was more easy to cast aside the noble fooling 
 ;illod patriotism. Then there were jealousies of rhe Crown oiHcors, 
 and everything undertaken by the home government, having tho 
 iippoarance of change, was promptly suspected as bcdng intended 
 to degrade them. The e.xclusivoness of tho regular army and 
 superciliousness to tho provincial troops, during the French war, 
 aused nmny a sting, and the thought of insult to the provincial 
 officer remained to rankle and fester in the mind of many a mili- 
 tary aspirant. Tho proposal to introduce Episcopal Bishops, to 
 ^'ivo precedence to the Established Church, had its oftoct upon 
 many, yot many of the non -conformists were equally loyal. 
 
 Tho contest was originally between Now England and Old 
 England. While the Middle and Southern States were for peace, 
 or moderate measures, the north sedulously worked to stir up strife 
 n- disseminating specious statoiiionts and spreading abroad partisan 
 entiments. Massachusetts took the load. Founded by Puritans, 
 [who, themselves were the most intolerant bigots and became the 
 greatest persecutors America has seen,) these States possessed the 
 proper elements with which to kindle discontent. 
 
 Thus -,ve have learned that independence was not the primary 
 object of revolt, and wo have seen that the leaders in rebellion 
 ifere princii>ally New Englanders, and were actuated mainly by 
 mercenary motives, unbounded selfishness and bigotry. 
 
46 TIIK MOTIVKM. 
 
 ('irAt»TKR V. 
 
 (.'ontcnlc ; — Tim Hlf^noiH of tli«i Dctliimtloii <>( IrHli'inTidciui — Tliiir rmtivlty— 
 Injimtlci^ (if AiiK'iii'ftn wrltfiH for ho vi-iirM — i'lwi Imck iiiiH-Mtiitcmt'ntH — 'I'lu' 
 wliiKH liiid lutdi II. K. l.oyiiliMtM — llumcdk— Olllin-Mi-ckurN — MiilcoiittntM Htir 
 lip Htiift — Whiit till! futlioiH of till! Ilt|iiil)lic fr)iij,'lit for— lli'lud conimittiu'H— 
 IMiick nmil— OtiK, .lolin Adimis, Wiukmi, VViihliiiiKtoii, II«!iuy, l''riiiikliii— 
 What cttiiHcd tlii'iii to rtilicl — VVliiit the Aiiirricaii rovohitioiiiiry Ihmih-h ik tii- 
 ally wcri' — ('niclty, iliiriiin luid iiftor tlu' win— No frnodoiii — Tlio politiciil 
 inJHtftk*' of till' rclii'lH iniilicimtijiK till' loynllNls — The coiiHoiinuncf! — Mi»tlv<n 
 of tilt! loyrtliKtH — FiiIhi' rhurKi'M — ('oiiMrit-ntioiiH conHcrviitivi'H — KclM'lllon not 
 wiiniinttid — Altiirliim-iit to tin- old IIuk — Loyalintu drivni iiwuy — Sup/irmntn 
 i<,,i — Wiiiit of iioiili' rtpirit toNviirdrt tins Smith — Ktl'citH — CoiiipiiriHoii bi-twiii'ii 
 loyaliBtH mid ri'beln — Ediuution — Utdlgion — Tlio noiitriil— Tho piofi'MnioiiH. 
 
 Of the tifty-Hix rtignorH of tho Dpclanition of Trulopendomo 
 niiio were born in Ma«Hat' lm.se LtH, Movon in Virj^iniu, nix in Miiry- 
 liuul,Hvo in Connocticut, foui' in Now Jcrwoy, four in I'onnwylvuniii, 
 four in South Curolinu, three in New York, three in Delaware, two 
 in Ilhode Ishinil, one in Maine, three in Ireland, two in Kngiantl, 
 two in Sc'othmd, and one in WaloH. Of these twenty-one were 
 attornieH; ten niei-chantH; four phyMiciaiis; three farmers ; ono 
 clergyman; ono printer ; and ten men of fortune. 
 
 TIIK MO'flVKS. 
 
 But lot us more carefully couHidor tho motives in connection 
 with tho rebellion of '76. So awHiduously have our fathorS; tho IJ. 
 E. Loyalists, been braruled by most American writers ns altogether 
 base, that it becomes us to ca«t bacrk tho mis-statements — to tear 
 away the specious covering of tho American i-ovolutionary heroes, 
 and throw the sunlight of truth upon their character, and dispel 
 tho false, foul stigma, which tho utterances of eighty years have 
 essayed to fasten upon tho noble band of Loyalists. 
 
 Up to 1776, tho whigs as well as the torios wore United Em- 
 pire Loyalists ; and it was only when tho king's forces required 
 taxes; wlion the colonists were requested no longer to smuggle; 
 when they could not dispossess the tories of the power and emolu- 
 ments of office — it Was only then that the Declaration of Indopcn- 
 denco was signed by those more ]>articularly interested. John 
 Hancock, whoso name stands first upon tho document, in such bold 
 characters, had been a successful smuggler, whereby he had 
 acquired his millions, and no wonder ho staked his thousands on 
 tho issue. Evidence is not wanting to show that many of the 
 leaders of tho rebellion, had they boon holders of office, would have 
 
REVOHrxioNARY HEHOK!*. ' 47 
 
 l»con »H IriM' to tlio MritiHli Crowi) aw \vor« (Iiomo wlmin tlicy envied. 
 Evi'ry nmn who took piirt on tho rolx'l hU\> has Ih'oii written ti 
 [uM'o; hilt it in jiHkin^ too much to riKiiu'st uh to holievi' that all tho 
 holdoi'H of'olHeo woro baHo, uiul h)st to tho t'oolin|i^H ot natural indo- 
 piin<lonci! and patriotisni ; tnoro oHpct-ijillj' when a iar^e proportion 
 of iheni woro, a<lniitto<ily, educated and relijuinus uwu; whiU', on 
 the contrary, tho rehoU ah)no woro ucfuatod hy palriotinni and tho 
 iKthler foolin^H of manhood. Apart from tho moritH or demerits of 
 lliuir canso, it must ho udntittod that tho cireumstaneos of the 
 times force upon us tlio thought that a comparatively fwvv needy 
 otHcc-seokers, or lookors-after other favors from the Crown, not 
 boin^' ahle to olitnin tho h)aveH atid Hshos, lio^an to stir up stilfo. 
 A few, possessed of suflScient education, ijy the aid of the wealtliy 
 contraband traders, woi'e (Muiblod, by jxtpular st«nsational speechos 
 iiiui infhimmatory pamplilots, to arouse the feeling's of tlio unedu- 
 cated ; and, finally, to create such a current of political hatred to 
 tho Crown that it could not be stayed, and which swept away the 
 tics that naturally attached them to (Ireat Britain. 
 
 Wo may easily imagine the surprise which many ox])orienced 
 in after days, when the war Iwul ended and their independence was 
 acknowledged, to find thomselvos heroes, and their names c(jm- 
 memorated as fathers of their country ; whereas they had foui^ht 
 only for money or plunder, or smuggled goods, or because they 
 had not office. In tiot a few cases it is such wlioso names have 
 served for the high-sounding fourth of July orators ; for the bun- 
 combo speochitier and tho tlii)pant editor, to base their eulogistic 
 momoriams. Undoubtedly there are a few entitled to tho place 
 they occupy in the temple of fame ; but the vast majority seeni to 
 have boon actuated by mercenary motives. We have authenticated 
 cases whoro prominent individuals took sides with the rebels be- 
 cause they wore disappointed in obtaining oliice ; and innumerable 
 instances whoro wealthy persons woro arrested, ostensibly on sus- 
 picion, and compelled to pay large tines, and then set at liberty. 
 No feudal tyrant of Eurojje in tlie olden times enforced black mail 
 from the traveller with less compunction than rebel "committees" 
 exacted money from wealthy individuals who desired simply to 
 remain neutral. o '.»;>» f > u, . 
 
 It has been said that Otis, a name revered by the Americans, 
 actually avowed that he ** would set Massachusetts in a flame, 
 though he should porish in tho tiro." For Avhat ? Not because he 
 wanted liberty, but because his father was not appointed to a vacant 
 
48 ' REBELS AND TORIES IN THE BALANCE. 
 
 judgeship ! It is alleged that John Adams was at a loss which 
 side to take, and finally became a rebel because ho was refused a 
 commission in the peace ! It is said that Joseph Warren was a 
 broken-down man, and sought, amid the turmoil of civic strife, to 
 bettor his condition, And the immortal Washington, it is related, 
 and has never boon successfully contradicted, was soured against 
 the mother county because he was not retained in the British army 
 in reward for his services in the French war. Again, Eichard 
 Henry vvjis disappointed in not receiving the office of stamp distri- 
 butor, which he solicited. Franklin was vexed because of opposi- 
 tion to his great land projects and plans of settlement on the Ohio. 
 Indeed it is averred that mostly all the prominent whigs who sided 
 with the rebels were young men, with nothing to lose and every- 
 thing to gain by political changes and civil war. Thus it will be 
 seen that the so-called American revolutionary heroes have not al- 
 together clean hands, however much they may have been washed 
 by their descendants. The clothing placed upon them may conceal 
 the dirt and dross and blood, but they are indelibly there. 
 
 It is not alone the motives which constituted the mainsprings 
 of the rebels' action that we place in the balance, but their conduct 
 towards thoso who differed from them. Individual instances of 
 cruelty we shall have occasion to introduce ; but it may here be 
 said that it was the tories wlio acted as the conservators of peace 
 against a mobocracy, and consequently were made to suffei' great 
 afflictions. It was because of this they were forced away to live 
 and die as aliens to the land of their birth. The tories were Ameri- 
 cans as well as the whigs ; and when at last Great Britain ceased 
 to try to coerce the colonies, and their independence Avas secured, 
 then a nobler spirit should have obtained among the conquerors, 
 and no one, because he had conscientiously been a conservative, 
 should have been treated with opprobrium. It always becomes the 
 victorious to bo generous ; and we, with all respect to many Amer- 
 ican friends, submit that, had patriotism alone actuated the revolu- 
 tionary party, the American loyalists would have been invited to 
 join with the whigs in erecting a mighty nation. Had freedom, 
 indeed, been the watchword then, as it has flauntingly been since, 
 it would have been conceded that the tory had a right to his opinion 
 as well as the whig to his. Do the Americans descant upon the 
 wisdom and far-seeing policy of those who signed the Declaration 
 of Independence and framed the constitution of the Union ? Mon- 
 roe, we doubt not, had a different opinion when he begot the doc- 
 
MOTIVES OF LOYALISTS. 49 
 
 trijie "Amon'ca for tlio Amon'cans." Hud the U. E. Loyalists been 
 treated honorably ; had they hcen allowed but thoir rights • had 
 they not been driven away ; then the name British American would 
 forever have passed away; and instead of a bolt of British province^ 
 on thoir north, to constitute a ceaseless cause of misun.lerstandin.r 
 with England, the star-spangled banner would, doubtless, long ago"* 
 have peacefully floated over all our land. Looking at the subject 
 from this (an Aj^ierican) stand-point, we see that a shortsighted 
 pohcy-a vindictive feeling, a covetous desire for the property of 
 the tones— controlled the movements of the hour; and when the 
 terms of peace wore signed the birthright of the American tory was 
 signed away, and he became forever an alien. But, as we shall see 
 he, in consequence, became the founder of a Province which like a 
 rock, has resisted, and ever will resist, the northward extension 
 of the United States. 
 
 MOTIVES OP THE LOYALISTS. 
 
 Whatever may have been the incentives to rebellion, yielded 
 to by those who revolted, there cannot rest upon the mind of the 
 honest reacfer of unbiassed history a doubt as to the motives of the 
 loyalists. The home-spun eulogists of the United States revolution- 
 ary soldier have never ceased to dwell upon the principles which 
 bred the ; roasts of the patriots, and nerved thoir arms to deeds' of 
 danng and successful warfare; all the time observing Hileuce res- 
 pecting the bravery of those who, from the same walks of life 
 er^aged in the strife as the determined antagonists to rebellion' 
 Ihey have again and again charged upon the "king's men " that it 
 was because they were servants of the Crown and feeders at the 
 government stall that loyalty was assumed and fought for But 
 facts, when allowed to stand out uncovered by the cant of 
 hberatists, declare, in words that may not be gainsayed, that there 
 were a vast number who held no ajipointment under the Crown yot 
 who, from first to last, were truo-natui-ally true-to their king and 
 country. The great mass were essentially conservatives, Called 
 tones. They held the opinion that to rebel was not only unne- 
 cessary but wrong. They believed that the evils of which the 
 colonists had just reason to complain were not so great as to justify 
 the extreme step taken by the signers of the Declaration of Lide- 
 pendence ; that any injustice existing was but temporary and Would 
 when properly and calmlj- represented to the home government bo 
 •emedied ; that to convulse the colonies in war was an unjustifiably 
 
 «>1£i,. 
 
50 FEELINGS OF NATIONALITY. 
 
 hai-Hh procedure ; and, entertaining such a bclict; it is submitted 
 that they were noble indeed in standing up for peace-l.n- more 
 moderate measures. Moreover, not unlilvcly, many were impressed 
 with tlic view that the disaftccted were hiboring under an errone- 
 ous idea of oppression ; that the training incident to pioneer liie, 
 the previous wars with the Fi-ench Canadians, the constant conten- 
 tions with the Indians, had begotten false views of their rights, and 
 made them too quick to discover supposed wrongs. Candidly im- 
 pressed with such thoughts, they could not be otherwise than true 
 to the natural instincts of their heart, and refuse to take part, or 
 acquiesce in throwing overboard the government of England and 
 so become aliens to the flag under which they were born and had 
 lived, and for which they had fought. Not r.iany may cast aside 
 their feelings of nationality ; not many can forget the land ol their 
 birth • not a lai-ge number will bury the associations of a liie-timc 
 without the most potent causes. And, doubtless, tho Anglo-Ameri- 
 can who faithfully adhered to the old flag possessed all the ardor ot 
 a lofty patriotism. But the American writer has forgotten all thi.s. 
 In the broad sunlight of national success he has not discovered the 
 sacred longings of the U.E. Loyalists for tho Union Jack. Lookmg 
 at tho events of '76 by the lurid glare of civil war, his eyes are 
 blinded to tho fact that a noble band, possessing equal rights with 
 the rebels, loved England, notwithstanding all her faults, and lor 
 that love sacriflced their all of worldly goods. The citi.enH of tho 
 United States would prefer to have it said in history that the \J.r. 
 Loyalists, in every instance, voluntarily left their homes during the 
 war, or at its close. The loyalists are thereby, no doubt, made to 
 appear more devotedly attached to the British Crown But it i. 
 r ght to have it distinctly stated that American writers mostlj 
 make themselves guilty of suppressio verL The latest instance o 
 This is seen in a report to the Hon. Hugh McCu lough, Soci-etary d 
 the Treasury, prepared by E. H. Derby, Commissioner ot the Tie ■ 
 sury Department, dated January 1st, 1866, who, m remarking upon 
 thcRntlh Colonial policy from 1776 down to 1830, ^ake« occasion 
 to say that, " at first there was little fellowship between the United 
 States and the Provincialists, many of whom were descended from 
 the loyalists who folhrced the British troops from our shores. Jh 
 fact is, however, that many of them were driven away. The tone 
 were not loyal without sense ; and when the fortune oi ;^'''^»- ^ad tune 
 against them, they would, in'great numbers, have made the best o 
 their changcHi condition, and have lived to become true ciUzens ot the 
 
THE EDUCATED, LOYALISTS. 51 
 
 new-l)orn nation. But this was not to bo. Tho loyalists Avero to be 
 made feel that thoy were outcasts. It is the same ignoble and nn- 
 statesmanlike coin-se which is now being pursued toward the subdued 
 South. They must needs be made to know they are rebels. It is a 
 shortsighted policy, even as the former was. The former led to the 
 establishment of a nation to their north, which will stand, even after 
 the Union lies in fragments ; the latter fosters a feeling of ali(>nation, 
 whicli will speak upon the first opj)ortunity, in the thunder tones of 
 war. 
 
 If a comparison is instituted between the rebels of 1776, and those 
 who were conservators of peace, the contrast is foiuid to be very 
 great. It is charged against the loyalists that all office-holders were 
 tories ; but is this more worthy of remark than the fact that many 
 became rebels because they could not obtain office. Nay, the latter 
 is infinitely more heinous in its nature. If we look at the two par- 
 ties, with respect to education and, it may be added, religion, it is 
 found that the great bulk of the educated and refined, the religious 
 classes, especially the clergy, the leading lawyers, the most prominent 
 medical men, were all loyalists. It was not because they were office- 
 holders, it was because they possessed a moral and elevated mind, 
 educated to a correct standard. Then, again, there was a large class 
 of citizens who loved retirement, and who begged to be allowed to 
 remain neutral, but who were actually compelled to take sides with 
 the rebels or be driven away. 
 
 The peaceably inclined, who looked for guidance to their spiri- 
 tual instructors, generally beheld them, if not actually advocating the 
 interests of the crown, at least setting an example against rebellion, 
 and they were thus strengthened in their feelings of loyalty, or deter- 
 mination to remain neutral. The flame of patriotism was kei)t aglow 
 in many a heart by the earnest prayer of the gospel minister. Says 
 Sabine : "From what has now been said it is evident that a very con- 
 siderable proportion of the professional and editorial intelligence and 
 talents of the thirteen colonies was arrayed against the popular move- 
 ment." Again : " a large number of the clergy were United Empire 
 Loyalists." Also, " the giants of the law were nearly all loyalists." 
 The physicians were mostly tories, but were, as a general thing, not 
 molested. "A few were banished; others became surgeons in the 
 army." 
 
 ■Vi Jfi,- 
 
&2 THE RESULT. 
 
 CHAPTEE VI. 
 
 Contonts : — RopiihlicaniRin — TIk; IcisKon of tho firHt rebellion — Tho late civil war 
 — Tliu Loyaiints ; tlieir losses and hardshipH — Ignored by Amcri ans — Un- 
 recorded — The world iiopt in ignorance — American glory — English- 
 men — Question of Colonial treatment — The reason why Great Britain 
 failed to subdue the rebellion — (/'liaraeter of the rebel bravery — The 
 great result — Liberty in England and United States contrasted — Slavery — 
 The result to U. E. Loyalists — liurgoyne — Mobocracy — Treatment from 
 " Sons of Liberty" — Old men, women and children — Instances of cruelty — 
 Brutality — Rapacity — Torture — The lowijr c^-'sses — "Swamp Law" — Fiend- 
 ish cruelty — Worse than Butler's llangtMs — Seward and the Fenians — Infa- 
 mous falsification — Close of the war — llecognition of independence by Great 
 Britain — Crushed hopes of tlie Loyalists — In New York — Their conduct — 
 Evacuation da)' — The position of the Loyalists — Confiscation — "Attainting" 
 — Seizing estates — Paine — Commissioners at Paris — British Ministry — Loy- 
 alists' petition — King's speech — Division of claimants — Six classes — The 
 number — Tardy justice — Noble conduct of South Carolina — Impostors — 
 Loyalists in Lower Canada — Proclamation — The soldiers' families — Journey- 
 ings — Meeting of families. 
 
 THE RESUIT. 
 
 Almost a hundred years have passed away since the war-cloud 
 arose which swept away thirteen of Britain's colonies upon the uncer- 
 tain and tempest- tossed ocean of Republicanism. That storm is long 
 since stilled, as well as the hearts of those ^vho took part therein. 
 
 While the statesman and politician m.^y, with advantage, study 
 the lesson then read, and which has been but lately annotated by the 
 United States civil war, by the determined subjection of eight mil- 
 lions of Southerners, who desired freedom to establish a new govei"n- 
 ment, let it be our humble occupation to record some of the immediate 
 individual results of that great tempest, of which American writers, 
 with but few exceptions, have never spoken fairly. Writers among 
 them are not wanting to give lively pen pictures of their revolutionary 
 heroes ; not only forgetting the sufferings of the loyalists — tho devo- 
 ted ones, who gave up all — property, homes, friends, all the associa- 
 tions of a birth-place, rather than bow the knee to Baal ; but who have 
 wilfully misrepresented them ; have charged them with crimes, at 
 once atrocious and unfounded. The sufferings, the losses, the hard- 
 ships, incident to pioneer life, with the noble purposes and undevia- 
 ting loyalty of the British American tories, have never been fully 
 related — never engaged the pen of the faithful historian. American 
 writers, on the contrary, have recorded in glowing colors the deeds 
 and actions of the " fathers of the Kepublic." To this no objection 
 can be made ; but may we not charge those historians with unchari- 
 tableness, with unnecessary neglect of the claims of the loyalists to 
 
CAUSE OF SUCCESS. 53 
 
 pure motives, with i,£,moring their brax-e deeds, their devoted suffer 
 ii.gs,and with unduly ancribing to the "king's men" motives base 
 and cruel But the suffering.;, of the U. E. Loyalists are .mrecorded. 
 Ihe world has rarely been told that they were i.ersecuted, their homes 
 piliaged, their persons maltreated, their valuables seized, their housr^s 
 made desolate, their n^al estate taken from them, without legal pro- 
 ceedmgs. The world has been so flooded with the writinc^s of Ameri- 
 cans, describing their own excellencies and eulogizing their own 
 cause, that no space has been found to do simple justice to tlie noble 
 ones who preferred British rule to the uncei'tain and untried. 
 Indeed, so strongly and for so long a time has the current been flow- 
 ing to swe 1 the ocean of American glory, that hardly a voice or pen 
 IS found doing service for the unfortunate loyalists, who chose to 
 endure a little rather than rush into the vortex of rebellious strife. 
 J^ven Englishmen have so long listened to one-sided statements, that 
 no one of them can be found to say a word for the old tory party of 
 America Hence it is that the U. E. Loyalists are very imperfectly 
 known; their history unwritten, their tales of sorrow unattended to, 
 their noble doings unsung. Had there been a hand to guide a describ- 
 ing pen,-.to picture the doings, the mifferings, the self-denying 
 heroism of the loyal barty ; to recount the motives underlyin ' all 
 they did; and had there been ears as willing to listen, and eye's to 
 read, and hearts to receive the facts as those of a contrary nature have 
 obtamed, then a far different impression would have been made, and 
 nxed upon the world. 
 
 That the British Government was right or wise in its treatment 
 of the American colonies we now have every reason to doubt. At the 
 same time that England might havc^ subdued that rebellion, had she 
 put forth her midivided strength, there is but little reason to question. 
 Had she not been engaged in a formi.lable Avar with France ; or even 
 with that, had her statesmen acquired a correct knowledge of America 
 as to topography, and as to the feelings and wishes of the people and 
 their just complaints; or had able generals been entrusted with the 
 command of the armies, instead of incompetent favorites ; or had a 
 ittJe diplomacy been practiced, and the ringleaders of the whi- fac- 
 tion-oft^n hungry agitators--been conciliated by office; in either 
 event the rebellion might have been nipped in the bud, or easily over- 
 come. The American ^public owes its independence to the circum- 
 tancesm winch Great Britain was then placed, and the incapacity of 
 a few of the British Generals, rather than to superior bravery, eJtZ 
 ordinary mihtary talent, or any high-toned longing for liberty ' No 
 
54 EFFECT UPON THE LOYALISTS. 
 
 doubt many oi the rebolling party Avere brave ; but it was often the 
 bravery of (he guerilla, or the desperate adventurer. 
 
 Of the great result— the recognition of the independence of the 
 rebelling provincoH by the mother country— we design not to speak 
 at length. It will always, remain a question, whether it would not 
 liave been better for the Statesjthemselves, and the world at large, if 
 they had renuiined a part of the British Empire. That the evils of 
 which they comi)lained would, in due time, have been removed, upon 
 proper representation, there is no substantial reason to doubt, ^ That 
 the principles of true freedom would have advanced and spread quite 
 as rai.idly, and that, to-day, liberty, in the broadest sense, would have 
 reigned in the world fully as triuniphaat, the whole history of Eng- 
 land and the United States sufficiently attest. It was many long years 
 after Britain had struck off the chains of slavery bofore the United 
 States reached the same point ; and then only because it became a 
 "military necessity." Looking at the two nations to-day, and judging 
 by the utterances of the two respective people, whether enunciated in 
 the halls of legislature, by the head of the nation, by the bar, in the 
 pulpit, by the press, or from the platform ; or if we be guided by the 
 public deeds of each, it is submitted tliat the more genuine ring of 
 the metal sounds from beneath the wide-spreading banner of old 
 
 England. 
 
 The effect of the successful rebellion, to Avhich it is intended to 
 refer, has reference to the Unitedp^:mpire Loyalists of America. And 
 first, the eflect upon them during the Avar. 
 
 The defeat of Biu-goyne was the first event Avhich immediately 
 led to severe disaster of the loyalists. This general, with more assu- 
 rance than foresight, and perhaps more courage than military skill, 
 succeeded, not only in leading his army to destruction, but in placing 
 the friendly inhabitants on his. route in such a position that no mercy 
 was subsequently extended to them by the ruthless rebels. When he 
 surrendered, instead of securing for them immunity from any hafra, 
 he entirely neglected their interests ; notwithstanding they had sup- 
 plied his troops with provision. The relentless conduct of the rebels 
 in arms and the Avhig government was bloodthirsty and vindictive. 
 Their hate towards those who would not take sides with them, 
 whether in arms for the Crown or not, was barbarous. Persons sus- 
 pected of sympathy with the tories were subjects of continued moles- 
 tation. Mobocracy reigned. Vagabond bodies of men were sent 
 abroad to range the country, to lay waste and destroy the property of 
 the loyalists, imprison the suspected, and seize the goods of the un- 
 
THE "SONS OF LIBERTY." 55 
 
 protected. Tnrrinj; niid F<;illierinur wns of coinnioti occurrence. 
 MusHaclr.i setts especially .i^aiiicd a name for cruelty fai' exceedlnsr ju,y 
 whicli has been applicl to tlie Indians, witli all tlieir barbaHsni. 
 Tiiero M'as a villainous band who called themselves the "Sons of Lib- 
 erty," who carried fire and sword— not a,i>;ainst an open enemy in the 
 light of day, but to peaceful firesides in the dai-kness of ni^ht. Their 
 victims were the old nu-n, the women aii<l children, and the defence- 
 less. Old men and children were driven to the woods for shelter, or 
 I)Iaced in a closed room, and, with chimney stopped, smoked to sull'o- 
 calion. Females were subject to insult and the most fiendish treat- 
 ment. Dwellings were fired at night, and tlieir occupants left liouse- 
 less, and ex])osed to the fncleniency of the weatlier. 
 
 Suspected persons were arrested ajid i)ut to terrible torture, such 
 as attaching ii rope to the neck and liauling the individual through 
 the water till insensible ; or.suspending him to a tree till life was al- 
 most gone. This was frecpu-ntly done with the object of extracting 
 infoi-mation a.s to the whereabouts of a father or a bi-other, or a.s to 
 the ])lace where money and valuables were concealed. The tales of 
 cruelty the writer has lieard related concerning the treatment the 
 loyal party were exposed to, would liarrow up the soul of any one 
 possessing feelings of pity and commiseration. 
 
 Tlie loyalists who immediately suffered, that is, while the war 
 was in progress, were many. Military forts wei-e established liere 
 and there, to which many fled precipitately from the several States. 
 It is a matter of extreme astonishment how men who set 
 up the standard of revolt under the sacred name of liberty, 
 could so far ignore the lirinciples of liberty in the treatment of 
 innocent old men, women and children, as wo find stated by honest 
 witnesses. The darkest tales of savage dealing come to us from 
 our fathers. Families, whose solo offence consisted in being unwill- 
 ing to rebel, and in being desirous to remain faithfully neutral, 
 were the objects of the rapacious prey ot a brutal soldiery. Their 
 substance when not available for the rebel horde, was scattered to 
 the winds. Devouring fire was cast into peaceful homes. How 
 gross the hypocracy, how base the motives that actuated very many 
 of the adventurers in rebellion. The most hellish means w^ere 
 adopted at times, to force away persons of property, that the so- 
 called " Sons of Liberty" might enjoy their substance and homes. 
 Attending these scenes of desolation and refined crulty, their 
 imprisonments and torture, were incidents of thrilling interest, of 
 fearfui suffering, of hairbreadth escapes, of forlorn rescues. 
 
6G CRUELTY TO WOMEN. 
 
 Tho lowoi' clawHOM of Ihoso who roboUcd wore moii of hold and 
 lawk^sH nature : whothor wo pass aloii/,' tho HhorcH ofiVew Hn^land, 
 arnon/^ tho fishcrmou, or travel thorough the woods oi" Maine and 
 New Jlanipsliire, and become aerjuaintod with woodmen of the 
 forest, or an they wore called "Lopj^ers and SawyerH." The Hpirit 
 that animated tho merchanlH of Boston and Halem, in their extended 
 operations of .sniug;:;ling, lived, also, in tho reckloss fishermen and 
 woodmen ; and for years belbre the rebellion really commenced they 
 had boon resisting, even by jjhysical force, tho reveniio officers, 
 who were often expelled from the woodfi by what was called 
 "swamp law." Men with such nature, finding that their lawlcss- 
 ncsH had become popular, and that steps wore being taken to resist 
 tho government on a general plan, were not slow to act their part. 
 One result of the rel)ollion was a determined and systematic course 
 of retaliation upcm those who had rocogni/Asd the majesty of the 
 law. A continued and uncompromising persecution was entered 
 upon toward them. 
 
 No history can parallel the deeds of atrocity enacted by the 
 villanious "Liberty men." Said an old lady, on the verge of the grave, 
 and with voice trfcmulous in remembrance of fiendish acts she had 
 witnessed. "The Rebels, on one occasion entered a house and 
 stripped it of everything, even the bed on which lay a woman on 
 the point of confinement. But a single sheet was loft to cover the 
 woman upcm a winters night, who, before morning became a 
 mother." In 1776, there arrived at Fort George, in a starving 
 state, Mi's, Nellis, Mrs. Secord, Mrs. Young, Mrs. Buck and Mrs. 
 Bonnar, with thirly-one children, whom the circumstances of the 
 rebellion had driven away. Talk about the ci-uclty of Indians and of 
 Tory oppression. The unprincipled rebels did well to try to hide 
 their ignominious deeds behind the fabrications respecting the 
 doings of Butler's Rangers, and the noble-minded Brant. May we 
 notecase to wonder that the dcsccndents of the i-ebcls in the year 
 1866, endeavour to hound on a pack of thieves and murderers to 
 possess themselves of tho homos our fathers sought out for us. The 
 self-applauding writers of the revolutionary war, found it convenient 
 to forget the doings of the " Sonsof Liberty " and of Sullivan, while 
 they laid to tho charge of Butler's Rangers and the Indians, acts of 
 inhumanity (which we are informed on good authority are unfounded, 
 Butler having never abused woman or child.) In the same manner, 
 Secretary Seward found it desirable to falsify dates, by saying the 
 Fenians invaded Canada on tho 6th of June, that it might appear he 
 
RECOflNlTION OV INDEl'KNDENCK. 67 
 
 hod vlndifutoU promptly their nuutrnlity liiW8 ;" wl.emis tl.oy actu- 
 ttlly croHsod, and ongu^rod ii, Imtdo, on tho morning of tl»o 2nd. 
 But HH timo will fully bring out the fuct« connected with the fu-Ht 
 Amcricun rebellion, und place them face to face with ono-sidod 
 hiHtory, HO will faithful histo.-y record the whole truth of the 
 infamouH invasion of our country hy a hand of American citizens 
 with United States arms in their hands. Those deeds of blood 
 enacted by men under the hypocritical cry of liberty have not been' 
 forgotten by the United Empire Loyalists, but have been handed 
 down to U.S, to place on record against the cruel actors. 
 
 Hostilities ceased 19th April, USH, and on the 20th September, 
 the independence of tho Ujiited States was acknowledged. 
 
 The recognition of independence by Great Britain, was the 
 (loath knell to the cherished hopes ol" the loyalists. Many had 
 escaped into the provinces, and many were in the army, and not a 
 im wore in England. Although the majority of them had been 
 driven away, a few still remained in those places, yet held by the 
 British forces, as New York. "When tho news of peace became 
 known, tho city presented a scone of distress not easily described. 
 Adherents to tho Crown, who wore in the army, tore the lappels 
 from their coats and stamped them under their feet, and exclaimed 
 that they wore ruined; others cried out they had sacrificed every- 
 thing to prove thoir loyalty, and wore now left to shift for them- 
 selves, without the friendship of their king or country. Previous to 
 the evacuation, and in September, upwards of 12,000 men, womeft, 
 and chidren, embai-ked at the city, at Long and Staten Islands, for 
 Nova Scotia and the Bahamas,' and for Canada. "Some of these 
 victims to civil war tried to make merry at their doom, by sayiug 
 they wore bound to a lovely country, where there are nine months 
 winter and three months cold weather every year, while otliers, in 
 thoir desperation tore down their houses, and had they not been 
 prevented, would have carried off the bricks of which they were 
 built." The British luul possessed New York since 15th September, 
 1776, and on the 25th November, 1783, yielded it up to tho 
 Americans. This is " Evacuation day." 
 
 When Cornwallis surrenderetl he vainly tried to obtain a 
 promise of protection for the Loyal Americans", who, in part, formed 
 his army. Failing in this, he sent an armed vessel away with a 
 largo number. 
 
 At this time, beside the many who had become refugees, there 
 
ft8 CONFIHOATINO PROPKRTY. 
 
 vroro womo loyaliHtw Hc^ittc^cd llirou/rli tli»* Statos. Mnny of thoHO 
 renmiricfl in tlio now IndcpoiKlont, StiiloH, und many of tliom 
 would havoi'oluniod, to h»HM)mo faithAil citizotiH iindortlKMicw order 
 ol'tliiii^H, hu«l tlioy boi'ii ullowod ho to do. Hut tlu^youu^ Kcfpuhlic 
 know not how to bo ma/jfnannnouH to thoHO whom 1h«« I'ortunoH of 
 war hud loft in ^roat dintroHH — whom thoy had conciuonid, and tho 
 Unitod Kinpiro Lo3'uliHfs woro mado alioim from thoii- native 
 honu^s. Thoir ]>ro])Ofty must ho confincatod, and many \n)ii\}f lar^o 
 land ownoi'H, rioh pri/iOn woro thuH Kocunvj. Whilo tho conflict 
 continued to i-a^o thoro was Homo oxcuho, hut wh<!n warha<l coaMod, 
 and (^'orythin^ had hccMi accompliHhod that the moHt cravinf^ rohol 
 could wish, it was a ruthless, an un/^enorous, nay, a l)aHO ]>ro('ood- 
 \nfr on tho part of tho revolutionists, to force away thoir vory 
 brothron, oflon rolatotl by tho ties of consanguinity. Hut it was Ji 
 spirit as unprinciplod as this, which instigated tho i-ehollion, and 
 which characterized the vast nuijority of tlu)so who fought 
 under the sacrod name of liberty, and such was tho spirit of the 
 conquerorH. 
 
 Tho Huccossful rolnds determined to possess them.solvoH of tho 
 lands and property of the loyalists, oven in violation of treaty. The 
 action of Congress was sufftciontly high-hiinded and wanting in 
 generosity ; hut tho proceedings of tho State Legislatures, with a 
 fow exceptions, were oxocrable — characterized by ignoble and 
 vindictive ])a88ion. 
 
 Tho Legislatures of each state took oarly stop.s to punish the 
 adherents of Britain, to dispossess them of their property, and to 
 banish them. Massachusetts took the lead in dealing severely 
 against tho loyalists. A rebel magistrates' warrant was sufficient 
 to banish one. Hundreds of Massachusetts Loyalists woro prohi- 
 bited from returning on penalty of imprisonment and ovon death. 
 And tho other States woro active in " attainting " and confiscating, 
 often without the form of trial. Each State carried on its function 
 as a government, and trials ought to have boon granted, in common 
 justice to every one. But tho Whigs woro intoloront, hot-hoadcil, 
 malevolonc, unforgiving. It has boon said that " if it be concoded 
 that rebellion against England wai* right, then every stop necessary 
 to success was justittablo. Tf wo grant all this there remains the 
 fact that after success had crowned rebellion, persecution and con- 
 fiscation continued. Now York, on tho 12th May, 1784, passed " An 
 act for tho spcody sale of the confiscated and forfeited estates 
 
TIIK TIIKATV (»!■' I'AIIIS. 59 
 
 within tho HtatcH." TIki powors consiMtivl in tho appoinfmont of 
 "coinmiHMionorH of (orCcilin-oK." Amoii/^' tlioHO who lost thoir land 
 was ono Davoo. Ilo liad .'iOO lu-ros near Now York, twonty niiloH, 
 which waH coiiflHcatod and ^Mvon to tho notoriouH Tom I'aino, tho 
 intidoi, whoHo oxtroino lihoral viows oxproHHod in his work, «< Com- 
 mon HonHo," mado him tho IViond of VVaMhiriKlon, and rovoliitioniHtB 
 gom^ially. I'aino, aftoi- talcing' part in tho Kronch Ilovoiiitions, 
 camo, in 1802, to his ](lac«> in Now York, whoro Ik^ onjoyod tho 
 JoyaiiHtH' (HMiHsoatod proporty until his death, Mth Juno, ISUlf. 
 
 In tho torms of poaco Hi^niod at Paris, tluii-o was no Hociirity 
 ctfoctod for tho Iohsos Hustainod hy tho Amorican Loyalists. 
 
 As Hur^royno at his in/^lorious surrondor at Sarato^'a, thou^'ht 
 not of tho innocont inhahitants of tlio Mohawk and Hudson, who 
 liad.indontit'od thomsolvoH with tho loyal causo, and suppliod hiH 
 troops with provisions, and loft thorn to tho niorciloss "Sons 
 of Liborty," to bo dospoilod of thoir all, and oxposod to foarful 
 miolty, MO at tho last, whon tho Mritish (iovornmoni rolinquishod 
 tho attompt to wulxluo robollion, tho Amorioan Jjoyalists woro of 
 romoto considoration. Wo oan ^aithor now but tho ontlinos of tliis 
 groat wron^ dono unto noblo mon. Tho partioulars aro buriod in 
 tho wreok of fortuno, and of haj)pinoHs, ro8poctin<,' all worldly 
 mattors. Tho aftor lifo of the loyalists was of too oarnost a nature 
 to allow timoto place on record tho sut!(U'in^'s, and tho wandcu-ings 
 of tho disiidioritod. Tho lost causo did not stimulate men to draw 
 upon ima;L,Mnation, such as may be found in gaudy-huod descriptions 
 of Amorican revolutionary heroes, male and fomalc. But there is 
 sufficient of facts recorded, and engraven by the iron pen of 
 extreme anguish upon hearts, that were of flesh, to stamp tho 
 persecutors with infamy, andj mark the refugees, that clustered 
 around tho border forts, and found homos at Sorol, Lacliino, and 
 Montreal, with tho highest attributes of patriotism and love of 
 country. 
 
 The conduct of the ministry, and the commissionors at Paris is 
 open to the soverost.censure. Thoy left the claims of tho loyalists 
 to be decided by the Amorican Congress. We may allow them 
 the credit of having hold the belief, that this body would bo 
 actuated by a feeling of justice and right, but tho error was a 
 frravo one, the wrong grievous and harti to bo endured. In pursu- 
 ing this course, tho British ministry did not escape condemnation 
 by members of Parliament, and a feeling of sympathy was evoked 
 
CO THE BRITISH PARLIAMENT. 
 
 that led to a tardy dispensing of justice. Lord North said " that 
 never were the honor, the principles, the policy of a nation, so 
 grossly abused as in the desertion of those men, who are now 
 exposed to every punishment that desertion and poverty can 
 inflict, because they were not rebels." Mr. Sheridan *' execrated 
 the treatment of those unfortunate men, who, without the least 
 notice taken of their civil and religious rights, were handed over 
 as subjects to a power that would not fail to take vengence on 
 them for their zeal and attachment to the reUgion and government 
 of the mother country," " and he called it a crime to deliver them 
 over to confiscation, tyranny, resentment and oppz'ession." Lord 
 Loughborough said that " in ancient nor modern history had there 
 been so shameful a desertion of men who had sacrificed all to their 
 duty and to their reliance upon British faith." Others, in terms 
 of equal severity, denounced the ministry in Parliament for their 
 neglect. The ministry admitted it all, but excused themselves by 
 the plea that " a part must be wounded, that the whole of the 
 empire may not perish " — that they " had but the_alternative, 
 either to accept the terms proposed, or continue the war." '■' 
 
 " A number of loyalists in England, came to the United States 
 to claim restitution of their estates, but their applications were 
 unheeded," except to imprison, and banish them. 
 
 The treaty of peace signed, without any provision for the 
 suffering loyalists, they at once took steps to petition the Imperial 
 Parliament for justice. " They organized an agency, and appointed 
 a Committee, composed of one delegate, or agent from each of the 
 thirteen States, to enlighten the British public." " At the opening 
 of Parliament the King, in his speech from the throne, alluded to 
 the ' American sufferers ' and trusted generous attention would be 
 shewn to them.' " An act was consequently passed creating a 
 "Board of Commissioners " to examine the claims preferred. The 
 claimants were divided into six classes. 
 
 *' First Class. — Those who had rendered service to Great 
 Britain." 
 
 *' Second Class. — Those who had borne arms for Great Britain. 
 '' Third Class.— Unitorm Loyalists." 
 
 " Fourth Class. — Loyal British subjects residents in Great 
 Britain." 
 
 " Fifth Class — Loyalists who had taken oaths to the American 
 States, but afterward joined the British." 
 
TARDY REMUNERATION. 61 
 
 ''Sixth Class. — Loyalists who had borne arms for the American 
 States, and afterwards joined the British navy or army." 
 
 The claimants had to state in writing, and specifically the 
 nature of their losses. Great and unnecessary caution was observed 
 by the Board. The rigid rules of examinations caused much dissat- 
 isfaction and gave the Board the name of" Inquisition." "'-' 
 
 The 26th of March, 1784, was the latest period for presenting 
 claims, which was allowed, and on or before that day, the number 
 of claimants was two thousand and sixty-three. A ''second report 
 which was made in December of the same year, shows that one 
 hundred and twenty-eight additional cases had been disposed of." 
 In May and July 1865, one hundred and twenty-two cases more 
 were disposed of. In April 1786, one hundred and forty more 
 wore attended to. The commissioners proceeded with their inves- 
 tigations during the years 1786 and 1787." " Meantime " and to 
 her honor be it said " South Carolina had restored the estates of 
 
 » 
 
 several of her loyalists." 
 
 Years passed away before the commissioners had decided upon 
 all the claims, and great and loud was the complaint made by the 
 claimants. The press was invoked to secure a more pi'ompt con- 
 cession of justice, pamphlets were published on their behalf, and 
 one printed in 1788, five j^ears after the peace, contained the 
 following : " It is well that this delay of justice has produced the 
 most melancholy and shocking events. A number of the sufferers 
 have been driven by it into insanity, and become their own 
 destroyers, leaving behind them their helpless widows and orphans 
 to subsist upon the cold charity of strangers. Others have been 
 sent to cultivate a wilderness for their subsistance, without having 
 the means, and compelled through want, to throw themselves on 
 the mercy of the American States, and the charity of their former 
 friends, to support the life which might have been made comfortable 
 by tne money long since due from the British Government, and 
 many others, with their families are barely subsisting upon a 
 temporary allowance from government, a mere pittance when 
 compared with the sum due them." 
 
 The total number of claimants w8s 5,072, of whom 924 with- 
 drew or failed to make good the claim. The sum of money allowed 
 was £3,294,452. We have seen there was, in addition, given to the 
 widows and orphans, between 20,000 and 30,000 pounds. 
 
 There is no doubt that a certain number of the claimants were 
 
62 LOYALISTS IN CANADA. 
 
 impostors, while many asked romuneration above what their losses 
 had actually been, and this caused the commissioners to examine 
 more closely the claims proffered. But it is submitted that they 
 ought, in dealing with the money already granted by a considerate 
 Parliament, to have leaned on the side of clemency. 
 
 At the close of the contest there were a large number of 
 Eefugoes in Lower Canada, especially at Fort 8t. John, about 
 twenty-nine miles from Montreal. In the main these were Ameri- 
 can born, and principally from the New England States; yet there 
 were representatives from England, Ireland, Scotland and Germany. 
 Besides the Refugees, there were several Provincial Corps, which 
 were no longer to be retained in the service, but to be disbanded. 
 Of these there was the 84th, often called Johnson's regiment, this 
 was 800 strong, mostly Dutch, from the Mohawk, and Hudson, 
 descendants of the old stock. This regiment consisted of two corps, 
 one under Major Jessup, stationed at St. John's, and the other 
 under Eogers, a part of which at least, was stationed at Fort 
 Oswego, Jessups corps became the first pioneers upon the St. Law- 
 rence, and Rogers among the first along the Bay of Quints. Both 
 settled in 1784. There were other troops stationed at St. John's, 
 and likewise not a few who had discharged irregular, but important 
 duties, as scouts, and in other ways. 
 
 It has been generally estimated that at the close of the struggle, 
 and as a result, there were distributed of American Loyalists upon 
 the shores of Canada, about 10,000. At the first, most of these 
 were in Lower Canada, but there were likewise a few at the 
 frontier forts upon the Upper waters, and a few detached squatters. 
 Then, " there was not a single tree cut from the (present) Lower 
 Province lino to Kingston, 150 miles ; and at Kingston there were 
 but a few surrounding huts; and from thence all around Lake 
 Ontario and Lake Erie, with the exception of a few Indian huts on 
 some desolate spot of hunting ground, all was a dense wilderness." 
 (Ex Sheriff Sherwood.) 
 
 "A proclamation was issued," says Croil in his history of 
 Dundas, " that all who wished to continue their allegiance to Britain, 
 should peaceably rendezvous at certain points on the frontiers. 
 These were, Sackets Harbour, Carleton Island, Oswego and Niagara, 
 on the Upper Canada confines ; and Isle Aux Nois, on the borders 
 of Lower Canada. Jessup's Corps was stationed at Isle Aux 
 Nois, and late in the autumn of 1783, the soldiers were joined by 
 their wives and little ones, who had wandered the weary way on 
 
AMERICAN TROOPS. 0g 
 
 loot, to Whitehall, through nwamps and foroHt,— besot with diffi- 
 cultioH, dangers, and privations innumerable. The soldiers met 
 them there with boats, and convoyed them the rest of their journey 
 by water, through Lake Champlain. Imagination fails us when 
 we attempt to form an idea of the emotions that filled their hearts, 
 as families, that had formerly lived happily together, surrounded 
 with peace and plenty, and had been separated by the rude hand 
 of Avar, now met each others embrace, in circumstances of abject 
 poverty. A boisterous jmssage was before them, in open boats, 
 exposed to the rigors of the season— a dreary prospect of the 
 coming winter, to be spe.it in pent up barracks^ and a certainty 
 should they bo spared, of undergoing a lifetime of such hardships, 
 toil and privation, as are insepcrablo from the settlement of anew 
 country." As soon as the journey was accomplished, the soldiers 
 and their fiimilies, wore embarked in boats, sent down to Eichelieu 
 to Sorel, thence to Montreal, and on to Cornwall, by the laborious 
 and tedious route of the St. Lawrenne. (See settlement of Ernest 
 town.) 
 
 
 ,,■> ■...-- 
 
 SJ.) 
 
 ; !!.»» 
 
 l':X,:. 
 
 i. t 
 
 
 
 
 t. 
 
 ^ 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 ContcMits.— A «pint of stnfe-The French war-B'ritish American Troops-For- 
 rnor comrades opposed-Number of U. E. Loyalists in the field-General 
 Burgoyne-Defea^F irst reverse of British arms-The campaign-CoS 
 bt.Leger-FortStanwix-Colonel Baume-Battle of Bennington-Gener^ 
 
 ?h?r'ir^**'lr'^'^"^^''-^.^''*^'°'^^ Heights- Saratogai Surrender _ 
 
 * The result upon the people-Sir John Johnson-Sir William-Sketch-In- 
 
 dian Chief— Laced coaf^lndian's dream— It comes to pass— Sir William 
 
 frrTV* '"''^ ir ''> P'^'^'^''^ ^'^'•^ '^ <lream-Sir John-Attemp t™ 
 arrest-Escape-Starving- Royal Greens- Johnson's losses- Living in 
 Canada^Death-Pnncipal Corps of Royalists-King's Rangers-Queen's 
 
 LS-^.^hrnesSr'^'"^^^-'^'^ "^"^^'-^ ^"'^pp- '-^^-^^- 
 
 The seven years' war between Canada and New England, in- 
 which a large number of the Colonists were engaged, had created 
 not a few officers of military worth and talent, while a spirit of 
 strife and contention had been engendered among the people gen- 
 erally. The Colonial war, carried on with so much determination, 
 was stimulated, not so much by the I'.nglieh nation at home as by 
 New Englanders. It was they who wore chieliy interested in the 
 
d^ INCOMPETENT GENERALS. 
 
 overthrow of French pf)wer in Canada. While money and men had 
 been freely granted by the Imperial flovernment, the several colo- 
 nies had also freely contributed. They "furnished in that war quite 
 twenty-eight thousand men, in more than one of the campaigns, 
 and every year to the extent of their ability." *'0n the ocean, full 
 twelve thousand seamen were enlisted in the Eoyal Navy and in 
 the Colonial Privateers." In this manner had been formed a taste 
 for military life, which waited to be gratified, or sought for food. 
 When, therofcro, the unsavory acts of England wounded the Colo- 
 nial vanity, and demagogues traversed the country to embitter the 
 feelings of the mass against the king, the hot-hea/lod were not slow 
 to advise an appeal to arms. At the .sp.me time, the loyal in heart, 
 the conservators of Imperial interest, viewing with wonder and 
 alarm the manifestation of fratricidal war — of rebellion, felt it their 
 duty to take up arms against the unprincipled (and often dishonest) 
 agitators, and endeavor to crush oat the spirit of revolt. And thus 
 it came, that very many who had fought side by side at Ticonder- 
 ago, Crown Point, Du Quesne, Niagara, Oswego, Fi-ontenac, Mont- 
 real, and arojnd Quebec, under a common flag, were now to-be 
 arrayed in hv jtile bands. Not state against state, nor yet merely 
 neighbor against neighbor, but brother against brother, and father 
 against son I Civil war, of all wars, is the most terrible : in addi- 
 tion to the horrors of the battle-field, there is an upheaving of the 
 very foundation of society. All the feelings of brotherhood, of 
 christian love, are paralyzed, and the demon of destruction and 
 cruelty is successfully invoked. 
 
 Behold, then, the British Americans divided into two parties; 
 each buckling on the armor to protect from the other, and sharp- 
 ening the weapons of warfare to encounter his kindred foe. The 
 contest of 1776-83 is most generally looked upon as one between 
 the English and Americans ; but in reality it was, at first — so far 
 as fighting went — between the conservative and rebel Americans. 
 In an address to the king, presented by the loyalists in 1779, it is 
 stated that the number of native Americans in his service exceeded 
 those enlisted by Congress. Another address, in 1782, says that 
 " there are more men in his Majesty's provincial regiments than 
 there is in the continental service." Sabine says that " there wer6 
 25,000, at the lowest computation." If such be the case, the ques- 
 tion may well be asked, how came it that the rebels succeeded ? 
 Looking at the matter from our distant stand-point, through the 
 light of events we find recorded, there seems but one conclusion at 
 
burqoyne's campaign. 05 
 
 which wo may arrive, namely, that the diHaHtor to the Britimh arm« 
 was duo— altogether due— to the incapacity of certain of the gen- 
 erals to whom was intrusted the Imperial interests in America. 
 
 ,.( ,„,, : ,,, ! "THE COMBATANTS— BURGOYNE. 
 
 The most notable instance of mistaken generalship was that of 
 Burgoyne. His campaign in the summer of 1777, and the final 
 overthrow of his army and surrender at Saratoga, will engage our 
 particular attention; inasmuch as it was the first decided reverse 
 to the British arms, and by giving courage to the rebels, assisted 
 much to further their cause. Thereby their faith was strengthened, 
 and the number of rebels increased from no inconsiderable class[ 
 who waited to join the strongest party. Again, the scone of this 
 campaign was close to the borders of Canada, and there followed a 
 speedy escape of the first refugees from the Mohawk valley and 
 the Upper Hudson to the friendly shores of the St. Lawrence. 
 
 A year had elapsed since the Declaration of Independence, 
 and England had sent troops to America, with the view of assisting 
 the forcep there to 3ubdur> the malcontents. In the early part of 
 July, Burgoyne sec out from Lower Canada with about 8,500soldiers, 
 600 Indians, and 160 Canadians, intending to traverse the country 
 to Albany, possessing himself of all rebel strongholds on the way, 
 and thence descend along the river Hudson, to New York to 
 form a junction witL General Howe, that city having been captured 
 from the rebels the 15th September previous. Passing by way of 
 Lake Champlain, he encountered the enemy on the 6th July, and 
 captured Ticonderoga and Mount Independence, with 128 cannon 
 several armed vessels, a quantity of baggage, ammunition and pro- 
 visions. "This easy conquest inflamed his imagination." The first 
 step towards the defeat of his army was the unsuccessful attempt 
 of Colonel St. Leger, with 800 men, who ascended the St. Lawrence 
 to Oswego, and thence up the river, to take Fort Stanwix (Eome), 
 intending to descend the Mohawk and join Burgoyne -with his main 
 force, as he entered the head of the valley of the Hudson. Colonel 
 St. Leger arrived at Fort Stanwix on the 3rd August, 1777. For a 
 time he was the winner; but for some reason, it is said that the 
 Indians suddenly left him, and his troops, seized with a panic, fled. 
 In the meantime. General Burgoyne was pursuing his way, having 
 driven General Schuyler from Lake St. George to the mouth of the 
 Mohawk river. 
 
 Burgoyne, flushed with this renewed success, after his late cap- 
 
66 ... AT SARATOGA. 
 
 turo of Ticondoroga and Mount Indopondonco, vainly supposed he 
 could advance steadily down the Hudson. Ho sent a body of men, 
 600 strong, under Colonel Baumo, into the interior, eastward, with 
 the view of encouraging the inhabitants to continued loyalty, and 
 of arresting the machinations of the rebels. Near Bennington the 
 rebels had an important post, with magazines, and a large force 
 under General Stark. Baume, ignorant of their strength, rushed 
 headlong against the enemy. Nothing daunted, he led on his 600 
 brave men. For two hours he contended with the unequal foe, 
 when his troops wore almost annihilated, and he fell from his horse, 
 mortally wounded. But few escaped to tell the tale. Meanwhile, 
 Burgoyno, apprised of the danger surroimding Baume, had sent 
 assistance under Colonel Breynan. Un fortunately, the/ had not 
 much ammunition, and, after lighting until all was exhausted, they 
 had to flee. These three reverses paved the way for the tinal over- 
 throw of Burgoyne. He was still marching forward, bent on reach- 
 ing Albany, to accomplish the object of the campaign— a juncture 
 with the army of General Howe. But now in his rear, to the west, 
 instead of Colonel St. Leger descending the Mohawk, was General 
 Herkimer, who had dispersed St. Leger's force ; and to the east 
 was General Stark, flushed with his victories over Baume and 
 Breynan. Burgoyne met Gates at last on Braemar heights, and 
 again, and for the last time, led his troops on to victory, although 
 the contest was well sustained. General Schuyler had intrenched 
 his forces at the mouth of the Mohawk, and Burgoyne, having 
 waited until his provision was exhausted, at last resolved to make 
 an assault.. It waf bravely made, but without success; and before 
 night-fall the army was retreating. Night, instead of enabling 
 them to regain their spirits and renew their ardor, only brought 
 the intelligence of the defeats previously sustained at Stanwix and 
 Bennington. This was the 7th October. Flight now was the only 
 possible chance for safety. The touts were left standing ; his sick 
 and wounded forsaken. But the en my now surrounded him ; the 
 places he had taken were already re-taken ; and upon the 10th of 
 the month he found himself helpless upon the fields of Saratoga, 
 where he surrendered. The whole of the men were sent to Boston 
 and other places south, there to languish in prison. 
 
 Thus it came that the inhabitants in this section of the country 
 came under the power of the rebels, and those who had adhered t» 
 the loyal side were mercilessly driven away at the point of the 
 bayonet. The writer ha« heard too many accounts of the extreme 
 
SIR WILLIAM JOHNSON. 67 
 
 cruelty practiHod at this time to doubt that Huch took place, or 
 question the fiondiwh nature of the acts practisod by tbo succoHsful 
 rebels agaiimt, not foes in urmn, but the bolpIesH. Many thuH driven 
 away (and these wore the first refugees who entered (Canada) suf- 
 fered great hardships all through the winter. Most of the men 
 entered the ranks subsequently, while not a few, from their know- 
 ledge of the country, undertook the trying and venturesome 
 engagement of spies. The families gathered around the forts upon 
 the borders had to live upon the fare supplied by the commissariat 
 of the army. A large number were collected at Mishish ; and the 
 story goes that a Frenchman, whoso duty it was to deal out tho 
 supplies, did so with much of bad conduct and cruel tx'eatmont. 
 
 (','*" SIR JOHN JOHNSON. 
 
 Among the officers who served with General Burgoyne was 
 Sir John Johnson, who had been tho first to suffer persecution, the 
 first to become a refugee, and who became a principal pioneer in 
 Upper Canada. 
 
 " His father. Sir William Johnson, was a native of Ireland, of 
 whom it was said, in 1755, that he had long resided upon the Mo- 
 hawk river, in the western part of New York, where he had acquired 
 a considerable estate, and was universally beloved, not only by the 
 inhabitants but also by the neighboring Indians, whose language 
 he had learned and whoso alfections he had gained, by his humanity 
 and affability. This led to his appointment as agent for Indian 
 affairs, on the part of Great Britain, and he was said to be * the 
 soul of all their transactions with the savages.' " 
 
 Of Sir William's talents and shrewdness in dealing with the like- 
 wise shrewd Indian, the following is found in Sabine : "Allen relates 
 that on his receiving from England some finely-laced clothes, the Mo- 
 hawk chief became possessed with the desire of equalling the baronet 
 in the splendor or his apparel, and, with a demure face, pretended to 
 have dreamed that Sir William had presented him with a suit of the 
 decorated garments. As the solemn hint could not be mistaken or 
 avoided, the Indian monarch was gratified, and went away, highly 
 pleased with the success of his device. But alas for Hendrick's 
 shortsighted sagacity ! In a few days Sir William, in turn, had a 
 dream, to the effect that the chief had given him several thousand 
 acres of land. 'The land is yours,' said Hendrick, 'but now. Sir 
 William, ' I never dream with you again, you dream too hard for 
 me.'" 
 
W HIR JOHN jnilNSON. 
 
 At the breaking out of the revolutionary war, Sir John, who had 
 succeeded to hiHf'nther'H title, appearH, also, to have inherited h\» inliu- 
 enco with the Indians, and to have exerted that influence to the 
 utmost in favor of the Royal cause. By this means he rendered 
 liiniBclf particularly obnoxious to tlie continentals, as the Americans 
 were then called. Accordingly, in 1776, Colonel Dayton, with part 
 of his regiment, was sent to arrest him, and thus put it out of his 
 power to do further mischief. Ueceiving timely notice of this from 
 his tory friends at Albany, he hastily assembled a large number of 
 his tenants and others, and made preparations for a retreat, which he 
 successfully accomplished. 
 
 " Avoiding the route by Lake Champlain, from fear of falling 
 into the hands of the enemy, who were supposed to be assembled in 
 that direction, ho struck deep into the woods, by way of the head 
 waters of the Hudson, and descended the Raquette river, to its con- 
 fluence with the St. Lawrence, and thence crossed over to Canada. 
 Their provision failed soon after they had left their homes. Weary 
 and foot-sore, numbers of them sank by the way, and had to be left 
 behind, but were shortly afterwards relieved by a party of Indians, 
 who were sent from Caughnawaga in search of them. After nineteen 
 dayb of hardship, which have had few parallels in our histoiy, they 
 reached Montreal. So hasty was their flight, that the family papers 
 were buried in the garden, and nothing taken with them but such 
 articles as were of prime npcessity." Soon after his arrival at Mon- 
 treal he was '* commissioned a colonel, and raised two battalions of 
 loyalists, who bore the designation of the Royal Greens. From the 
 time of organizing this corps, he became one of the most active, and 
 one of the bitterest foes that the whigs encountered during the con- 
 test. So true is it, as was said by the wise man of Israel, that ' a 
 brother offended is harder to be won than a strong city, and their 
 contentions are like the bars of a castle.' . Sir John was in several 
 regular and fairly conducted battles. He invested Fort Stanwix in 
 1777, and defeated the brave General Herkimer; and in 1780 was 
 defeated himself by General Van Eensselaer, at Fox's Mills." 
 
 The result of his adherence to the Crown was, that his extensive 
 family estates upon the Mohawk were confiscated; but at the close of 
 the war he received large grants of land in various parts of Canada, 
 beside a considerable sum of money. He continued to be Superin- 
 tendent of Indian aSairs, and resided in Montreal until his death, in 
 1822. 
 
TlIK ROYAL RE0IMEN1.<. 69 
 
 TIIK LOYAL rOMIUTANTS. 
 
 The following arc the principal corps an<l rogimeiits of loyalists 
 who took part in the war against the rebels, and who wore mainly 
 Americans: 
 
 " The King's Rangers ; the Royal Fencible Americans ; the 
 Queen's Rangers ; the New York Volunteers j the King's Aiuerican 
 regiment ; the Prince of "Wales' American Volunteers ; the Maryland 
 Loyalists ; Do Lancey's Battalions ; the Second American regiment ; 
 the King's Rangers, Carolina ; the South Carolina Royalists ; the 
 North Carolina Ilighlatul liegiment ; the King's Amari(;an Dragoons ; 
 the Loyal American Regiment ; the American Legion ; the New 
 Jersey Volunteers ; the British Legion ; the Loyal Foresters ; the 
 Orange Rangers; ^he Pennsylvania Loyalists; the Guides and Pion- 
 eers ; the North Carolina Volunteers ; the Georgia Loyalists ; the 
 West Chester Volunteers. These corps were all commanded by colo- 
 nels or lieutenant-colonels; and as DeLancey's battalions and the 
 New Jersey Volunteers consisted each of throe battalions, there wore 
 twenty-eight. To these, the Loyal New Englanders, the Associated 
 Loyalists and Wentworth's Volunteers, remain to bo added. Still 
 further, Colonel Archibald Hamilton, of New York, commanded at 
 one period seventeen companies of loyal Militia." 
 
 Respecting the oflicers and more prominent men of the corps, 
 who settled in Canada, wc have succeeded in collecting the following 
 aooount. 
 
 ■ »> — ' ■■ 
 
 THE queen's RANGKR.S. 
 
 This corps acted a very conspicuous part during the war. It 
 was raised by Major Robert Rogers, of NewHampshire, son of James 
 Rogers. He had served during the French war, with distinction, as 
 commander of Rogers' Rangers, and was, "in 1*776, appointed 
 Governor of Michilimacinac. During the early part of the rebellion 
 he was in the revolting states, probably acting as a spy, and was 
 in correspondence with the rebel Congress, and with Washington him- 
 self. He was imprisoned at New York, but was released on parole, 
 which, it is said, he broke (like General Scott in 1812), and accepted 
 the commission of colonel in the British army, and proceeded to raise 
 the corps mentioned." About 1777 " he went to England, and Simcoe 
 succeeded him as commander of the Queen's Rangers." 
 
 Sabine, speaking of John Brown Lawrence, says ho was impris- 
 oned in the Burlington gaol, New Jersey, and that " Lieut. -Colonel 
 John G. Simcoe, commander of the Queen's Rangers, was a fellow- 
 
70 Till rORRKtN LEGION. 
 
 priH<)t»(!r, and when t'XclianKcd Haid, at parting, * I «hall never forpjet 
 yotir kindiuiHH.' JIu did not: and when appointed Lieiitenant-Gover- 
 nor of Ui>jH!r C'anuda, he invited Mr. liawronce to nettle there," and, 
 through the (iovornor, he accpiirod a large tract of laniL 
 
 Tlie Queen'H Jtjuigcrs were (]iHbande(l in 1802, having been awo- 
 ciatc<l with the evontH of the firHt government of Upper Canada, their 
 colonel (Siincoe) having been the first (Jovernor. A detachment of 
 this regiment were Htationed upon the banks of the Don, before there 
 was a Hiuglu white inhabitant where now stands Toronto. 
 
 '": t 
 
 I ■ r " ♦■■ 
 
 ' ." • ' FBRQUBON's RANOEnS. ' ' 
 
 This corps formed a part of Burgoyne's army at the time of sur- 
 rendering, and, " with other provincial prisoners, retired to Canada, 
 by permission of Gates." 
 
 THE HESSIANS. ' ' \\ 
 
 The British Government, during tho course of the war, ])rocured 
 some foreign troops from one of the Gorman I'rincipalities iipon the 
 Ehine, mostly from Hesse-Hamburg. This foreign legion was under 
 the command of General Baroti de Keidesel, of their own coimtry. 
 It would seem from the testimony of their descendants in Marysburgh, 
 that the British Government employed the men from the Government 
 of the principality, and that the men did not voluntarily enter the 
 service, but were impressed. These Hessians were drilled before 
 leaving their country. They were comjjosed of infantry, artillery, 
 and a rifle company, " Green Yongers. " They were embarked for 
 Canada, by way of Portsmouth, and reached Quebec in time to 
 join the British army, and meet the enemy at Stillwater. Conrad 
 Bongard, of Marysburgh, informs us that his father was one of the 
 company under General Reidesel. He was in the artillery, and 
 accompiinied Burgoyne in his eventful campaign ; was at the battle 
 of Tyconderoga ; and, with the rest of the Hessian troops, was taken 
 prisoner at Saratoga. They were taken down to Virginia, and there 
 retained as prisoners of war for nearly two years. Being released on 
 parole, many of them, with their General, were conveyed back to 
 Germany ; but some of them, having the alternative, preferred to 
 remain in America, to share with the loyalists in grants of laud. (See 
 Marysburgh, where the Hessians settled). Conrad Bongard became 
 the servant of Surveyor Holland, and was with him as he proceeded 
 up the St Lawrence, to survey. Bongard married a widow Carr, 
 whose husband had been in the 24th regiment of Royal Fusiliers, and 
 
THE IROqCOIrt. ' 71 
 
 had (lied while the pr'sonorH were retaimnl in Virpfinia. He eventually 
 nettled in the fifth towi'Hhip, wliere h« <lied, January, 1840, ajfed 83. 
 HiH wifv, SuHan, died Fthniary, 1846, a^ed U8. Hoth were nieniberB 
 of the Lutheran church. Mrs. B. wa« n native of Philadelphia. ^. ■ - 
 111© wife of the Genenl, Baroness de Keidosel, has left an inter- 
 esting record of the battles prior to Burgoyno's surrender. "■', ,■ 
 
 CllAPTiiR. VIII. 
 
 C0NTBHT8.— Indian NftmeH— The Fiv« TribcH-The Sixth—Confederation— 
 Government— SulxliviHlonH—OriKin—. Hendritk—Dcatli— Lnint—Biitli— 
 Education— Married—TeacliinK— Christianity— Urant elected Chief— Com- 
 misHioned a British Captain— ViHits EnnJand— KetumH— LeadH hiH warriorg 
 to battle— Efforts of Rebels to Bediicc! Urant to their cause— Attempted 
 treachery of the Rebel Herchimer— Border warfare— Wyoming— Attempt to 
 blacken the charact<'r of Brant— Hi« noble eonduct— Untruthful American 
 History— The inhabitants of Wyoming— The R.bels first to blame— Cherry 
 Va ley— Van Hehaick— Bloody orders- Terrible conduct of the Rebels, 
 Helpicss Indian familien— Further deeds of blood and rapine by the rebel 
 I Sullivan— A month of horrible work— Attributes of cruelty more ronspl- 
 CU0U8 in the Rebels than in the Indians— The Now Englander— Conduct 
 toward the Indians— Inconsistent— The "down trodden "—Tiie Mohawks- 
 Indian agricnlture— Broken faith with the Indians- Noble conduct of 
 Brant— After the war— His family— Death— Miss Alolley— Indian usage— 
 rho character of the Mohawk— The six Indians as Canadians— Fidelity to 
 the British- Receiving land— Bay Quints— Grand River— Settling— Captain 
 Isaac, Captain John— At present— Mohawk Counsel. . 
 
 This onco powerful Confederacy styled themsolvos Kan-yo-a-ko ; 
 also, they sometimes called themselves Aganuschioni ov Agnanuschioni, 
 which signifies united people. The French designated them Iroquois, 
 from a peculiar sound of their speech. The English knew them 
 as the Five Nations, and Six Nations, more generally by the latter 
 term.* The original five tribes that formed the Confederacy, 
 were the Mohawks, Oneidas, Cayugas, Onondagas, and Sonocas. 
 Subsequently in 1712, the Tuscaroras camo from the south, North 
 Carolina, and made the sixth nation. But according to some 
 authority, there were six nations before the Tuscaroras joined them. 
 However, we learn from several sources, that up to 1712, the Eng- 
 lish, in speaking of them, referred to only five nations. The Oneidas 
 seem, at one time, to have been omitted, and the Aucguagas 
 inserted in their stead. The oldest members of the confederation 
 
72 ORIGIN OF THE SIX NATIONS. 
 
 were the Mohawks, Onondagas, and Senecas. The union of those 
 three ti'ibes took place prior to the occupation of America by the 
 Europeans. The time at which the confederation of ijho five 
 nations was formed is uncertain, but it is supposed to have been in 
 the early part of the sixteenth century. The league binding 
 them to|;other was rather of a democratic nature. 
 
 Each tribe was represented in the great council of the nation 
 by one principal sachem, with a number of associates. 
 
 They wore always deliberate in their councils, considerate in 
 their decisions, never infringing upon the rights of a minority, 
 and dignified in their utterances. They were noted, not only as 
 warriors, but as well for their agriculture, their laws, and their 
 oratorical ability. 
 
 Each tribe was subdivided into classes, and each of these had a 
 device or " totem," namely, the tortoise, the bear, the wolf, the 
 beaver, ^:he deer, the falcon, the plover, and the crane. 
 
 They were for hundreds of years the terror of the various 
 Indian tribes peopling North America, and most of the time could 
 at will, roam the wide expanse between the Hudson Bay and the 
 Carolinas. Other tribes, too weak to oppose them, were from time 
 to time completely exterminated. Of these was the Erie tribe, 
 which had enti" ely disappeared by the year 1653. Of those 
 who stubbornly resisted the Six Nations, were the Hurons, the 
 Adirondaoks, of the north, the Delawares, the Cherokees, and the 
 Mohicans. 
 
 Smith, an historian of New York, says that in 1766 "Our Indians 
 universally concur in the claim of all the lands not sold to the 
 English, from the mouth of Sorel Eivcr, on the south side of Lakes 
 Erie and Ontario, on both sides of the Ohio, till it falls into the 
 Mississippi ; and on the north side of those lakes, that whole 
 territory between the Outawais Eiver, and the Lake Huron, and 
 even beyond the straits between that and Lake Brie." 
 
 " When the Dutch began the settlement of New York, ail the 
 Indians on Long Island, and the northern shore of the Sound, on the 
 banks of the Connecticut, Hudson, Delaware, and Susquehannah 
 rivers, were in subjection to the Five Nations," and in 1766, "a little 
 tribe, settled at the Sugar-loaf Mountain, in Orange County, made 
 a yearly payment of about £20 to the Mohawks." 
 
 Among the traditions of this people is one that they had a 
 supernatural origin from the heart of a mountain, that they then 
 migrated to the west, where they lived for a time by the seashore. 
 
THAYENDINAQBA. 73 
 
 Then, in time returned to the country of the lakes. A country 
 now passed into the hands of the white man, who paid no just 
 price. But the names of many places yot indicate the history of 
 the ancient owners of the soil, 'n «iU? : 'ifii^i.*; i*;f -r .^h,*- 
 
 '' Among the Mohawks, in the beginning of the eighteenth 
 century, was a chief known as Old King Hendrick, or Soi-eiigarrah- 
 ta, renowned for eloquence, bravery, and integrity. Ho was 
 intimate with Sir William Johnson, and it was between them 
 that the amusing contention of dreams occurred, that has been 
 narrated. 
 
 In 1755, a battle was fought at Lake Georgo, between the 
 French, under Baron Dieskati, and the English, under Johnson, 
 resulting in the defeat of the French. The French and English 
 were supported by their fespective allies. At this engagement Old 
 King Hendrick, then seventy years old, but still full of energy and 
 courage, was killed. Strangely enough it was at this battle that 
 Brant, then only thirteen years ''Id, first took part with his tribe 
 in the contest. The mantle of Soieagarahta fell upon the youthful 
 Thayendinagea. " ■ ' ""*" " '' '*' 
 
 Thaymdinagea, or Joseph Brant, wan born upon the banks of 
 the Ohio, in the year 1742, while his tribe was on a visit to that 
 region. According to Stone, his biographer, he was the son of 
 " Tehowaghwengai'aghkwin a full-blooded Mohawk, of the Wolf 
 tribe." 
 
 After the battle at Lake George, Brant continued with his 
 people under Johnson till the close of that bloody war. At its 
 close, about 1760, Brant, with several other young Indians, was 
 placed by Johnson at Moor School, Lebanon, Connecticut. After 
 acquiring some knowledge of the rudiments of literature, he left 
 the school to engage in active warfare with the Pontiacs and 
 Ottawas. " In 1765, we find him married and settled in his own 
 house at the Mohawk Valley. It is said he was not married, except 
 in the Indian mode, until the winter of 1779, when at Niagara, 
 seeing a Miss Moore, a captive, married, he was also thus married by 
 Colonel John Butler, to a half-breed,the daughter ol Colonel Oroghan, 
 by an Indian woman. Here he spent a quiet and peaceful life 
 for some years, acting as interpreter in negotiations between his 
 people and the whites, and lending his aid to the efforts of the 
 missionaries who were engaged in the work of teaching and 
 converting the Indians. th 
 
7tf GENERAL HERKIMER. 
 
 "Those who viwitcd his house, spoke in high terms of his 
 kindness and hospitality." Sir William Johnson died in 1774, and 
 was succeeded by his son-in-law. Colonel George Johnson, as 
 Indian agent, who appointed Brant his Secretary. The same year 
 Johnson had to flee from, the Mohawk, westward, to escape being 
 captured by a band of rebels. He was accompanied by Brant and 
 the principal warriors of the tribe. The rebels vainly tried to win 
 the Indians to their side ; but excepting a few Senecas, they pre- 
 ferred their long tried friends. The regular successor of Old King 
 Hendrick, was " little Abraham." It is said ho was well disposed to 
 the Americans, probably through jealousy of Brant. At all events, 
 Brant, by universal consent became the principal chief. He pro- 
 ceeded with the other chiefs, and a large body of Indian warriors 
 to Montreal, where he was commissioned as a captain in the British 
 army. '* In the fall of 1775, he sailed for England to hold personal 
 conference with the officers of government. He was an object of 
 much curiosity at London, and attracted the attention of persons 
 of high rank and great celebrity." Brant retiirned to Ameiica in 
 the spring following, landed near New York, and made his way 
 through his enemy's country to Canada. He placed himself at the 
 head of his warriors, and led them on to many a victory. The 
 first cf which was at the battle of " the Cedars." 
 ■ But the rebels did not cease endeavoring to seduce Brant to 
 their cause. In June, 1777, Groneral Herkimer of the rebel militia 
 approached Brant's headquarters with a large force, ostensibly to 
 treat on terms of equality. Brant had reason to auspect treachery, 
 and consequently would not, for some time, meet Herkimer. 
 After a week, however, he arranged to see Greneral Herkimer, but 
 every precaution was taken against treachery, and it appears that 
 not without cause. Brant and Herkimer were old, and had been 
 intimate friends. Brant took with him a guard of about forty war- 
 riors. It would seem that Herkimer's intention was to try and 
 persuade Brant to come over to the rebels, and failing in this to 
 have Brant assassinated as he was retiring. Says an American 
 writer, Brownell, " We are sorry to record an instance of such 
 unpardonable treachery as Herkimer is said to have planned at 
 this juncture. One of his men, Joseph Waggoner, afftrmed that 
 the General privately exhorted him to arrange matters so that 
 Brant and his three principal associates might be assassinated." 
 Well does it become the Americans to talk about savage barbarity. 
 Brant thwarted the intentions of his old friend by keeping his forty 
 
. WYOMINO. 75 
 
 warriors within call. During all of tho repeated attempts to get 
 the Mohawks they never swerved, but reminded the rebels of their 
 old treaties with England, and the ill-treatment their people had 
 sustained at tho hands of the colonists. ,., ^. 
 
 The head-quartors of Brant was at Oghkwaga, Owcgo, upon 
 tho Susquehanna. During the summer of 1777 while Bnrgoyne was 
 advancing, tho Mohawks under Brant rendered important service. 
 In the attempt to capture Fort Stanwix, they took a prominent part. 
 In the summer of 1778 tho Indians, vrith Butler's Eangers were 
 engaged principally in boi-der warfare. It was during this season 
 that the affair at Wyoming took place, which event has been so 
 extravagantly made use of to blacken the character of the Indians 
 and vilify the " tories." That Brant was not inhuman, but that he 
 .vas noble, let recent American writers testify. Brownell says : 
 " many an instance is recorded of his interference, ovon in the heat of 
 conflict, to stay the hand uplifted against the feeble and helpless." 
 
 It was in tho latter part of June that a descent was planned upon 
 the settlements oi Wyoming. Of this event, again we will let 
 Brownell speak : — "It has been a commonly received opinion that 
 Brant was tho Chief under whom the Indian portion of the army 
 was mustered, but it is now believed that ho had as little share in 
 this campaign as in many other sceAes of blood long coupled with 
 his name. There was no proof that he was present at any of the 
 scenes that we are about to relate." <miW.h- ni>m-'- 
 
 "No portion of the whole history of the revolution has been so 
 distorted in tho narration as that connected with the laying waste of 
 the valley of Wyoming. No two accounts seem vO agree, and histo- 
 rians have striven to out-do each other in the violence of their expres- 
 sions of indignation, at cruelties and horrors which existed only in 
 their imaginations, or which came to them embellished with all 
 the oxageration incident to reports arising amid scenes of excite- 
 ment and bloodshed. 
 
 Wyoming had, for many years, been the scene of the bitterest 
 hostility between the settlers under the Connecticut grant, and 
 those from Pennsylvania. Although these wai-like operations were 
 upon a small scale, they were conducted with great vindictiveness 
 and treachery. Blood was frequently shed, and as either party 
 obtained tho ascendency, small favor was shown to their opponents, 
 who were generally driven from 4heir I ornes in hopeless destitu- 
 tion. Wo cannot go into a history of thost early transactions, and 
 only mention them as explanatory of th'i feelings of savage 
 
76 ENQAOKMENT AT CHERRY VALLEY. 
 
 animo8ity which were exhibited between neighbors, andet^en nidm- 
 bers of the Hamo family, who had espoused opposite interests in the 
 revolutionary contest." Such, be it noted, was the character of the 
 inhabitants of Wyoming valley, who have been so long held up an 
 innocent victims of Indian barbarity. By the above, we learn that 
 prior to this, there had been contentions between the loyalists and 
 rebels. The party who entered Wyoming to attack the Fort, wore 
 under Colonel John Butler, and was composed of some 300 
 British regulars and refugees, and 500 Indians. Now, it 
 would seem that the depredation which was committed after Colo- 
 nel Zebulon Butler, the rebel leader, had been defeat* ', and the 
 Fort had capitulated, was to a great extent due to retaliatory steps 
 taken by the loyalists who previously had been forced away, and 
 had seen their homes committed to the flames. Such was the bor- 
 der warfare of those days. It was not Indian savagery, it was a 
 species of fighting introduced by the "Sons of Liberty." And if 
 we condemn such mode of fighting, let our condemnation rest tirst, 
 and mainly upon those who initiated it. Not u]5bn the Indians, for 
 they were led by white men — not upon Brant, for he was not there 
 — not so much npon the loyalists, for they had been driven away 
 from their homes ; but let it be upon those who introduced it. 
 
 The rebel i were not slow {o seek retribution for their losses at 
 Wyoming. Aided by a party of Oneidas who lent themselves to 
 the rebels, " Colonel Wm. Butler with a Pennsylvania regiment, 
 entered the towns of TJnadilla and Oghkwaga, and burned and 
 desti-oyed the buildings, together with large stores of provisions 
 intended for winter use." In turn, Walter Butler led a party of 
 700, a large number being Indians under Brant, to attack a fort at 
 Cherry Valley which was "garrisoned by troops under Colonel 
 Ichabod Alden." It will be seen that the Indians and loyalists 
 did not enter an unprotected place to burn and destroy. They 
 attacked a garrison of troops. But the Indians exasperated by the 
 cruel procedure at Oghkwaga, became ungovernable, and about fifty 
 men, women and children fell by the tomahawk. This was the 
 retaliation which the Indian had been taught to regard as justifia- 
 ble for the wrongs which had been inflicted upon his dwn tribe— 
 his little ones ; yet be it remembered, and later American writers 
 admit it, that the commanders, Butler and Brant, did all they could 
 to restrain the terrible doings of^ the exasperated men. " Specific 
 instances are reported in which the Mohawk Chief interfered, and 
 successfully, to avert the murderous tomahawk." 
 
THE REBEL SULLIVAN. 77 
 
 And now begins the bloody revenge which the robolH deter- 
 mined to inflict upon the Indians, without respect to tribes. In 
 April, 1779, Colonel Van Schaick was despatched with a sufficient 
 force for the purpose, with instructions " to lay waste the whole of 
 their towns, to destroy all their cattle and property." " The 
 Colonel obeyed his orders to the letter, and loft nothing but black- 
 ened ruins behind him." It was merely a march of destruction, for 
 the Indians were not there to oppose their steps. The villages 
 and property that were destroyed belonged to the Onoudagas, 
 although they had not taken a decided stand with the loyalist 
 party. It was enough that they were Indians, and would not join 
 the rebels. But this was merely a prelude to what was preparing, 
 in pursuance of a resolution of the rebel congress. The infamous 
 duty of commanding this army of destruction, town destroyers the 
 Indians called them, was entrusted to General Sullivan, whose 
 nature was adequate to the requirements of the command. 
 
 On the 22nd ^August, 1779, five thousand men were concen- 
 trated at Tioga, upon the Susquehanna. The men were prepared 
 for their uncivilized duty by promises of the territory over which 
 they were about to sow blood and tire. The Indians had no ade- 
 quate force to oppose their march westward over the Six Nations 
 territory. Brant with his warriors, with the Butlers and Johnsons 
 made a gallant resistance upon the banks of the Chemung, near 
 the present town of Elmira. But, after suffering considerable loss, 
 the vastly superior force compelled them to flee, and there 
 remained nothing to arrest the devastating rebel army, and during 
 the whole month of September they continued the work of des- 
 poliation. 
 
 It has been the custom of almost all American historians to 
 give the Indians attributes of the most debasing character. At 
 peace, unworthy the advantages of civilization ; at war, treacherous 
 and ferociously cruel. For this persistent and ungenerous proce- 
 dure it is impossible to conceive any cause, unless to supply an 
 excuse for the steady course of double-dealing the Americans have 
 pursued toward the original owners of the soil, and provide a cov- 
 ering for the oft-repeated treachery practised toward the credulous 
 Indian by the over-reaching new Englander. To the Mohawk 
 Nation particularly, since they proved true allies of the British, 
 have American writers found it agreeable to bestow a (jharacter 
 noted for blood and rapine. Nothing can be more untrue than the 
 character thus gratuitously portrayed, nothing more at variance 
 
f^ CONDUCT rOWARD THE INDIANS. 
 
 with the essential nature of the Indian, when free from European 
 intrigues, and the cursed fire-water. The aboriginal races of 
 North America are not by nature, blood-thirsty above Europeans. 
 That they are honest, just and true, capable of distinguishing 
 between right and wrong, with a due appreciation of well-kept 
 faith, is well attested by the conduct which has ever been observed 
 by them toward, not alone the Pennsylvanians, but every man 
 found to be a quaker. No instance can be found recorded through- 
 out the long bloody wars of the Indians, where a hair of the head 
 of a single man, woman or child of that denomination was injured 
 by the Indian ; and thus because the upright Penn never defrauded 
 them. The Americans, while British colonists, with the exception 
 alluded to, made themselves obnoxious to almost all Indian tribes. 
 They never secured that hearty and faithful alliance that the 
 French did. There seemed to be something in the air, especially 
 of the New England States, which in a few generations blinded 
 the eye, by which the golden rule is to be obsei^ed. 
 
 The Americans, who have ever set themselves up as the cham- 
 pions, par excellence, of liberty, to whom the " down-trodden of the 
 old world " could look for sympathy, if not direct support, have 
 signally failed to observe those lofty principles at home toward 
 the natives of the soil, while they continued for eighty years to 
 keep in chains the sable sons of Africa. They have found it con- 
 venient and plausible to prate about the political " tyranny of 
 European despots;" but no nation of northern Europe has shown 
 such disregard for the rights of their people as the United States 
 have exhibited toward the original owners of the soil. Avarice has 
 quite outgrown every principle of liberty that germinated ere 
 they came to America. The frontier men, the land-jobber, the 
 New England merchant, as well as the Southern Planter, have 
 alike ignored true liberty in defrauding the Indian, in sending out 
 slavers, and in cruel treatment of the slave. Then can we wonder 
 that the noble-minded Indian, naturally true to his faith, should, 
 when cheated, wronged,— cruelly wronged, with the ferocity 
 natural to his race, visit the faithless with terrible retribution ? 
 
 The unbiassed records of the past, speak in tones that cannot 
 be hushed, of the more noble conduct of the natives, than of those 
 who have sought to exterminate them. The Mohawks, although 
 brave warriors, fought not for the mere love of it. They even at 
 times strove to mediate between the French and New Englanders. 
 
 To the Mohawks, the American writer has especially bestowed 
 
TUB TOWN DEBTROYERS. 79 
 
 a name bloody and ignoble. And all because they listened not to 
 their wily attempts to seduce them to join the rebels, but pre- 
 ferred to ally themselves with the British. No doubt the Indian 
 had long before discriminated between the rule of British officers, 
 and the selfish policy of local governments. And hence, we find, in 
 every scrap of paper relating to the Mohawks, unfounded accounts 
 of savage doings. But taking, as true, the darkest pages written 
 by the Americans against the Six Nations, they present no parallel 
 to the deeds of brutal vengeance enacted by the American army 
 under Sullivan, when he travcx-sed the fruitful country, so long the 
 home of the Iroquois. Says an American writer : " When the army 
 reached the Genesee Valley, all were surprised at the cultivation 
 exhibited, by wide fields of corn, gardens well stocked, their cattle, 
 houses, and other buildings, showing good design, with mechanical 
 skill, and every kind of vegetable that could be conceived. Beau- 
 tiful as was the scene in the eyes of the army, a few daj's changed 
 it to utter desola^on ; neither house, nor garden, grain, fruit tree 
 'or vegetable, was left unscathed." 
 
 Says Stone: "Forty Indian towns were destroyed. Corn 
 gathered and ungathered, to the amount of 160,000 bushels, shared 
 the same fate ; their fruit trees were cut down ; and the Indians 
 were hunted like wild beasts, till neither house, nor fruit tree, nor 
 field of corn, nor inhabitant, remained in the whole country." 
 And the poor Indian women, and children, and old men, were thus 
 left at the approaching winter to seek support at the British 
 garrisons. Truly the rebels of '76 were brave and civilized I 
 
 Thirteen years after, one of the chiefs said to Washington, 
 "Even to this day, when the name of the town-destroyer is heard, 
 our women look behind them and turn pale, and our children cling 
 close to the necks of their mother ; our sachems and our warriors 
 are men, who cannot be afraid, but their hearts are grieved with 
 the fears of our women and children." Thus the brave Sullivan, 
 with his thousand rebels, made wai* against old men, women and 
 children, who were living in their rightful homes. This was 
 fighting for liberty ! 
 
 The blood of the Indian, as well as the slave, has risen up to 
 reproach the American, and it required much of fresh blood to 
 wash away the stains remaining from their deeds of cruelty and 
 rapine, inflicted dui-ing their revolutionary war, under the name of 
 liberty. The soldiers of Sullivan were stimulated in their evil 
 work by promises of the land they were sent to despoil j and the 
 
'00 INDIAN OIVIUZATION. 
 
 cloBO of tho war saw them return to claim their promises, while the 
 rightful owner was driven uway. A c ortain portion of tho Six 
 Nations havinpf received piodgos from the United StRces Govora- 
 ment for their welfare, remainer' to become subjects of the new 
 nation. But excepting Washington himself, and General Schuyler, 
 not one heeded thoir promises made to tho Indian. The most 
 unjust proceedings wore begun and ruthlessly tarried on by indi- 
 viduals, by companies, by legislators, by speculators, to steal every 
 inch of land that belonged by all that is right, to the Sonecas. 
 How unlike the benignant and faithtVil conduct of tho British 
 Government in Canada. 
 
 Brant continued during the war to harass the enemy in every 
 possible way, and in the following year, August, planned a terrible, 
 . but just retaliation for the work of Sullivan's horde. It was now 
 the turn of the rebels to have thoir houses, provisions and crops, 
 despoiled. 3ut all the while "no barbarities wore permitted upon 
 the persons of defenceless women and children, but a large number 
 of them were borno away into captivity." Again, in October,' 
 Johnson and Brant, with Corn Planter, a distinguished Seneca 
 chief, invaded the Mohawk Valley. In this foray, the same conduct 
 was observed toward women and children. On one occasion, 
 Brant sent an Indian runner with an infant, that had boon uninten- 
 tionally carried from its mother with some captives, to restore it, 
 Still, again the following year, the Indians under Brant, and 
 the Royalists under Major Eoss, were found over-running their 
 old homes along the Mohawk and Schoharie. On this their last 
 expedition, they were met by the rebels in force under Colonel 
 Willet, with some Oneida warriors, and defeated them. Colonel 
 Walter N. Butler, whom the rebels have so often tried to malign, 
 waa shot and scalped by an Oneida Indian, under the command of 
 the rebel Willet. 
 
 We learn by the foregoing that the Iroquois were not only brave 
 as warriors, but they had attained to a much higher position in 
 the scale of being then other tribes inhabiting America. They 
 ' were not ignorant of agriculture, nor indifferent to the blessings 
 derived therefrom. The rich uplands of the country lying to the 
 north of the Alloghanies, were made to contribute to their wants, as 
 did the denizen of the forest. They are equally at home, whether 
 upon the war path, the trail of the deer, or in the tilling of land. 
 The plow of the Anglo-Saxon has not in seventy years completely 
 effaced the evidences of their agricultural skill. And not less were 
 
brant's death. 31 
 
 thoir Hachoms noted for wisdom in council, and for eloquence Not 
 only corn, but bcanHand olhor coroaJH wore cultivated, particularly 
 by the Six Nations. Fruitn and edibles, introdued by the Euro- 
 poauH, wore propagated by the natives, and when the rebel 
 Sullivan, in accordance with orders from Washington, swept over 
 thoir country, large orchards of excellent fruit, as well as fields of 
 grain, were met with and ruthlessly destroyed, as wore the 
 women and children, with their peaceful homes. 
 
 According to Rochefoucault, Brant's manners were half 
 European ; he was accompanied by two negro servants, and 
 was, « in appearance, like an Englishman." Brant visited Kn'gland 
 in December 1785, and was treated with groat consideration. 
 
 After the close of the war, Brant settled at Wellington Square, 
 upon land conferred by the Crown, where he lived after the English 
 mode. He died hero 24th November, 1807. His wife, who never 
 took to civilized life, after her husband's death, removed to the 
 Grand River, and lived in her wigwam. Some of her children 
 remained in the " commodious dwelling," and others accompanied 
 her to the life of the wigwam. • According to Weld, Brant had at 
 one time thirty or forty nogro slaves, which he kept in the greatest 
 subjection. He also says that Brant's half pay as a captain, and 
 his presents yearly received, amounted to £500. 
 
 His last days were made unhappy by a debased son, who, 
 after threatening his father's life, was at last killed by him, in self 
 defence, by a short sword which Brant wore at his side. Eospecting 
 another of his sons, the Kingston Herald, September 5th, 1832, says : 
 
 ''It is with unfeigned sorrow tiiat we announce the death of Captain 
 JOHN Brant, Cliief of the Six Nations Indians. He died of Cholera, at Brant- 
 lord on the 27tli ult after an illness of only six hours. Mr. Brant was the son 
 01 tiu) celebrated Indian Chief, whose memory was unjustly assailed by Campbell 
 the Poet, and for the vindication of which the subject of this notice some y.-ars 
 ago purposely visited England. Possessing the education, feelings, and manners 
 Ota gentleman, he was beloved by all who had the pleasure ofliis acquaiut^ince 
 ana his death cannot fail to be deeply and very generally regretted." ' 
 
 Wo have spoken of the intimacy that existed between the 
 Mohawks and Sir William Johnson, the Colonial Agent of England. 
 This, be it remembered, was more than a hundred years ago, and 
 great changes have taken place in the opinion of many with 
 regard to certain irregularities of society. We cannot excuse 
 the conduct of Sir William, when he had lost his European wife, in 
 taking the sister of Brant, Miss Molly, without the form of matri- 
 monial alliance ; but we must concede every allowance for the 
 times in which he lived. But while grave doubt may rest upon 
 
THE LOYAL M(mAWKK. 
 
 the n,oral principle dinphiyod by him, wc boo no F«t "c'.so" to 
 rofloctin any way up<.,. tho Indian fomale. M.h« Mo y took up 
 her alxKlo with Hir William, and lived with him an uta.thful spouHe 
 until ho died. Howovor. this must not ho roK'>"-dod an indicating 
 depravity (m the part of tho Himplo-mindod native. It must b. 
 remembered that the Indian's mode of marrying' eoimistH «>f b.it 
 little more than tho youn^ squaw leavit.K thi, fathorH w.^wuni, 
 and rcparing to that of her future huHband, and there is no rou8oi, 
 to doubt that Mis« iVlolly was ever other than a virtuouH woman. 
 And this belief is corroborated by the fact that four daughters, the 
 i«BU*' of this alliance, were most respectably married. v^' ^ 
 
 Of tho Six NationH, this tribe always wtood foremost m bravo 
 and uncompromising adherents to the British Government, not 
 withstanding tho utmost endeavors of the rebels to win them to 
 their Hide. It becomes, consequently a duty, and a pleasing duty 
 to refer more particularly to this race, a remnant of which ycl 
 lives upon tho shore of tho bay. Among the Mohawks are, how- 
 ovei-, remnants of some of tho other tribes. 
 
 Tho tribe is so-called, after tho river, upon whoso banks they 
 80 h)ng lived. Thoy did not formerly acknowledge tho title, but 
 called themselves by a name which intorprotod, moans "just such 
 a people as wo ought to be." This name is not known, unless it 
 may bo Agniors, a name sometimos applied by the French. 
 
 This tribo was tho oldest and most important of tho Six 
 Nations, and supplied tho bravest warriors, and one of it^ chicf^ 
 was usually in command of tho united warriors of all tho tribes. 
 
 It must not be forgotten that tho Mohawks, who came to 
 Canada, and other tribes of the Six Nations, were to all intents, 
 Uni -I Empire Loyalists. At the close of the struggle, wo have 
 soon olsowhero, that tho commissioners at Paris, in their unseoinlj- 
 haste to contract terms of peace, forgot how much was duo to the 
 loyalists of America, and urged no special terms to ameliorate 
 the condition of tho many who had fought and lost all for the 
 maintenance of British power. Likewise did thoy forgot the 
 aboriginal natives who had equally suffered. Tho fact that the^e 
 Indians were not even referred to, gave Brant a just cause of com- 
 plaint, which he duly set forth in a memorial to the Imperial 
 Government. But, as the British Government and nation subse- 
 quently strove to relieve the suffering condition of the refugees, 
 80 did they afford to the loyal sons of tho forest every possible 
 facility to make themselves comfortable. Indeed, the BntisH 
 
LAND (JRANTH TO MOIIAWKrt. 98 
 
 offlcorH in comnmud, at the first, ^uvo a j)l(>(l^ro that all that thoy 
 lost Hhoiild 1,0 roHtorod. The promiHO tluiH ^ivcii hy Sir (iiiy 
 Cftrlcton, vvuH nititlml l»y his HUccoHHor, (ioiioral llaldiniand, in 
 1779, Captain (Jonoral and Conunandor-in-Chiof in Canada, and 
 conflrniod l.y Patent, under tlu- (JrcMit Soal, January 14, 170;}, 
 iHsuod by Governor .Simcoc. , 
 
 At the eloso of tho war. a portion of die Mohawks wore 
 temporarily roHidini,' on the Amorican nide of Niagara Rivor, in the 
 vicinity of the old landing' place above the Fort. The Sonoc'as, who 
 seem to have been at thiHtime more closely allied than other tribes 
 to the Mohawks, ottered to them a tract of land within the territory 
 of the United .StatCN. But the Mohawkn would not live in the United 
 States. They declared they would "nink or swim with En^Mand." 
 
 Brant proceeded to Montreal to confer with Sir John 
 Johnson, General Superintendent of Indian affairs, "The tract 
 upon which the chief had Hxod his attention, was situated upon the 
 Bay do Quinte." General llaldiniand, in accordance with this 
 wish, purchased a tract of land upon the bay from the Mississaugas, 
 and convoyed it to the Mohawks. Subsequently, when Brant 
 returned to Niagara, the Senocas expressed their desire that their 
 old and intimate friends, the Mohawks, should live nearer to them 
 than upon the Bay do Quinto. Brant convened a council of the 
 tribe to consider the matter, the rosu.t was, that he went a second 
 time to Quebec to solicit a tract of land less remote from the 
 Senecas. Haldimand granted this request, and the land, six miles 
 square, upou the Grand Eiver, was accordingly purchased from the 
 Mississaugas, and given to them, forty miles off from the Senecas. 
 The above facts are taken from Brant's MS. and History. We may 
 infer from this fact, that the party who did come to the bay under 
 Captain John, felt less attachment to the Senecas than the other 
 portion of the tribe. The quantity of land on the bay originally 
 granted was 92,700 acres ; but a portion has been surrendered. 
 
 In the early part of the rebellion, the Mohawk families fled 
 from their valley with precipitation. They mostly went to Lachine, 
 where they remained three years. They then ascended the river 
 m their canoes, and probably stayed a winter at Cataraqui, the 
 winter of 1783-4. The whole tribe was under Brant. Second in 
 command was Captain John, a cousin of Brant, and his senior in 
 years. 
 
 In the spring, a portion of the tribe entered the Bay Quinte, 
 
g4 MOIIAWKH CrON BAT QUINTE. 
 
 and na«Hoa up tothoproMont township of Tymi.linaKa. The majority, 
 led by Brant, paHHO.1 up ftlon^ tho Houth nhoro of Lako Ontivrio to 
 Niagara. 
 
 TUB MOHAWKH A8 CANAIHANH. , 
 
 Do8Condttnt8 of tho bravoHt of all tho hravo Indian warrlorn of , 
 Amorica, wo tind thorn poacoablo and in most roHpootHinibihinK tho 
 Hpirit of tho day. Evor sinco tho party nottlod on tho bay, 
 thov havo maniloHtod no turbulont npirit, nono of thono wild 
 fttti-ibutos natural to tho wil.l-woods Indian, toward thoir white 
 noighborH. Among thomHolvort thoro has boon ono occaHion ol 
 diHturbanco. This aroHo from tho quarroUomo nature ot one 
 Captain Isaac Hill. This Chief, with his people, formed a part ot 
 Brant'K company that settled on the (Jra.ul lliver. Alter a few 
 years, having disagreed with his nation, and become exceedingly 
 disagreeable from his ottlcious an<i selfish conduct, ho removed to 
 tho bay, and united himself with Captain John's party, which 
 received him. But he failed to live peaceably with them. 
 Eventually the disagreement resulted in a serious hostile 
 entragement between tho two branches, who fought with tomahawks 
 and knives. But one person was killed, a chief of Capain Jolui s 
 party, Powles Claus, who was stabbed in tho abdomen. But 
 subsequently Captain Isaac Hill became a worthy inhabitant, llis 
 house still standing, then considered large, was frequently open to 
 the more festive, across the Bay in Sophiasburgh. 
 
 Out of tho six hundred Indians, now living upon the Eeserve, 
 there is only one with pure Indian blood. His name is David 
 Smart It has been elsewhoro stated, that the custom pre- 
 vailed'among the Mohawk nation, to maintain the number of the 
 tribe, by taking captive a sufficient number to fill the vacancies 
 caused by death of their people. The result was, that those 
 captives marrying with Indians,thoy gradually underwent a change, 
 and the original appearance of tho Mohawk has lost its character- 
 istic features. The circumstances of tho Indians during the 
 revolutionary war, and subsequently in settling in Canada, led to 
 frequent unions between tho white men of different nationalities 
 and the Indian women. Therefore, at the present day there 
 remains but little more than a trace of tho primal Indian who 
 lorded it, a hundred years ago, over no inconsiderable portion of the 
 North American Continent. 
 
 When visiting the Indians, on our way, we mot some eight or 
 ten sleighs laden with them, returning from a funeral. We were 
 
INDIVIDUAL C0MBATANT8. 85 
 
 which "'Zf l"""' "'" "I'l*-"™"™ "f "Oli'l. «"-,n...|ik. <.„,„f,„.i 
 which Mwu K,.™, un,l ,„„voynnr,.« oxhihilcd, «, well m Ihov 
 lhorn»olve« .11,1 i„ il,.,i,. huirca,„„|i„„ <in.»H ^ 
 
 Wh.lo .lrunko„n,.»» h.„ |,r<,v,uU,l ..moiiK th„ „l,l„r l,„li«„, it 
 .« ,.U.~..nK t„ l<„„w that tho y.,„„«„,. „„„, „J; „„ ,„„„, ^ ^ .' 
 
 Zi T '"■ ";""■ '""' '"■"""'" ''""^"•'- They huvo I«oo „cr„, of 
 land. They „u.„U,i- li.Kl, „,„| ,„.„ i„„,„„i„„ ..o,,rly 
 
 The «,„l „(■ ,!,„ M„hn„l< ()„„„.d ,„„y h„ „om, with tho Rov 
 Mr And.,™,,,. Th„ ,.,„,„ri„| t„„ri„K« L,»i.t „f ,1,., w I, t^J 
 bear «„d ho turtle, Theno «„in,nl-, in the order here g v„ " 
 mheate, not tnho-, „„r (Umili„„ oxaetly, but rnnU. The w!l U 
 U^h.gho«t el««., the boar next in rank, and the turtle tho owe 
 
 grade. 
 
 
 ' ;I',V <,.'(■• .,. .•....•:. ♦,«,..■... . . . 
 
 . ' vi1«V.', " -vr > »^, CHAPTEK IX. 
 
 INDIVIDUAL COMBATANTS. 
 
 1 17^^ i™'"«f«t«Jy following notices of the CDmbatants who settled 
 m Upper Canada are extracted from Sabine. 
 
 "At the beginning of the revolution, Samuel Anderson, of New 
 York, went to Canada. He soon entered the service of the Crown 
 and was a captain under Sir John Johnson. In 1783 he settled nea; 
 
 c V 1 offices : those of Magistrate, Judge of a district court, and asso- 
 oiate Jus ice ot the Court of King's Bench, were among ^hem. He 
 
 nt 1 T f "P'" *'" "'""^ "^^^ ^^^"^^«"' ^« UPP«^ Canada, 
 
 until his decease in 1836, at the age of one hundred md one. His 
 
 property in New York was abandoned and lost " 
 
 Af , '7'"'"^^^"'^"':'°"' "«"*«°a"t in the King's regiment. New York. 
 At the peace he retired to Canada. He died near Cornwall, Canada 
 West, m 1853, aged ninety. He drew half pay for a period of about 
 
 W2ts''"- """' '' ^'^ '^' ^™^^' '^ ^^^ United Emp 
 
JOHN BUTLER. 
 
 "John Bethune, of North Carolina, chaplain in the Loyal Militia. 
 Taken prisoner in the battle at Cross Creek in 1776. Confined in 
 Halifax gaol, but ordered finally to Philadelphia. After his release, 
 his continned loyalty reduced him to great distress. He was appointed 
 chaplain to the 84th|reginient, and restored to comfort. At the peace 
 he settled in lT))per Canada, and died at Williamstown in that colony, 
 in 1815, in his sixty-fifth year." 
 
 "James Burwell, of New Jersey, born atEockaway, January 18, 
 1 764. Our loyalist enlisted in his Majesty's service in the year 1776, 
 at the age of twenty-two, and served seven years, and was present at 
 the battle of Yorktown, when Lord Cornwallis surrendered, and was 
 there slightly wounded." 
 
 " Came to Upper Canada in the year 1796, too late to obtain the 
 King's bounty of family land, but was placed on the United Empire 
 list, and received two hundred acres for himseU and each of his child- 
 ren. He removed to the Talbot settlement in the year 1810. He 
 died in the County of Elgin, Canada, July, 1863, aged ninety-nine 
 years and five months." 
 
 "John Butler, of Tyron, now Montgomery county, New York. 
 Before the war, Colonel Butler was in close official connection with 
 Sir William, Sir John, and Colonel Guy Johnson, and followed their 
 political fortunes. At the breaking out of hostilities he commanded 
 a regiment of New York Militia, and entered at once into the mili- 
 tary service of the Crown. During the war his wife was taken 
 prisoner, and exchanr,ed for the wife of the whig colonel, Campbell. 
 Colonel John Butler was richly rewarded for his services. Succeeding 
 (in part) to the agency of Indian affairs, long held by the Johnsons, 
 he enjoyed, about the year 1796, a salary of £600 stg. per annum, 
 and a pension, as a miUtary officer, of £200 more. Previously, he 
 liad received a grant of 500 acres of land, and a similar pro\ ision for 
 his children. His home, after the war, was in Upper Canada. He 
 was attainted during the contest, and his property confiscated. He 
 lived, before the revolution, in the present town of Mohawk." 
 
 '♦Joseph Canliff, in 1781 a lieutenant in the first battalion Nev/ 
 Jersey Volunteers." This person is probably of the same lineage as 
 the writer of this work, great confusion often existing with regard to 
 the spelling of names in the eariy days of America. 
 
 •' Daniel Claus. He married a daughter of Sir William Johnson, 
 and served for a considerable time in the Indian Department of 
 Canada, under his brother-in-law. Colonel Guy Johnson.*^ 
 
COFFIN — DOANE. ' ' 87 
 
 "William Clans, Deputy Superintendent General of Indian affairs, 
 was his son." 
 
 Coffin— There were several of this name who took part in the 
 war against the rebellion. Of these, the following are connected 
 with Canadian history : ' 7 ; '• ' 
 
 " Sir Thomas Aston Coffin, baronet, of Boston, son of William 
 Coffin. He graduated at Harvard University in 1772. At one period 
 of the rebellion he was private secretary to Sir Guy Carleton. In 
 1804 he was Secretary and Comptroller of Lower Canada." After- 
 wards Commissary General in the British array. 
 
 "Nathaniel Coffin, of Boston. After the revolution he settled in 
 Upper Canada." Served in the war of 1812. " For a number of 
 years was Adjutant-General of the Militia of Upper Canada. Died at 
 Toronto in 1846, aged 80." 
 
 " John Coffin : was Assistant Commissary General in the British 
 army, and died at Quebec in 1837, aged 78." 
 
 " Doano, of Bucks County, Pennsylvania. Of this family there 
 were five brothers, namely : Moses, Joseph, Israel, Abraham, Mahlon. 
 They were men of fine figures and address, elegant horsemen, great 
 runners and leapers, and excellent at stratagems and escapes. Their 
 father was respectable, and possessed a good estate. The sons them- 
 selves, prior to the war, were men of reputation, and proposed to 
 remain neutral : but, harassed personally, their property sold by the 
 whigs because they would not submit to the exactions of the time, 
 the above-mentioned determined to wage a predatory warfare upon 
 their persecutors, and to live in the open air, as they best could do. 
 This plan they executed, to the terror of the country around, acting 
 as spies to the royal army, and robbing and plundering continually ; 
 yet they spared the weak, the poor and the peaceful. They aimed at 
 public property and at public men. Generally, their expeditions were 
 on horseback. Sometimes the five went together, at others separately, 
 with accomplices. Whoever of them was apprehended broke jail . 
 whoever -^f them was assailed escaped. In a word, such was their 
 cours'-., aut 'I .vard of £300 was offered for the head of each. 
 
 " I ! ^in ?.[ ly, three were slain. Moses, after a desperate fight, was 
 shot by his captor ; and Abraham and Mahlon were hung at Phila- 
 delphia. 
 
 " Joseph, before the revolution, taught school. During the war, 
 while on a marauding expedition, he was shot through the cheeks, 
 tell from his horse, and was taken prisoner. He was committed to 
 jail to await his trial, but escaped to New Jersey. A reward of $800 
 
88 JARVI8 — jr.NES — m'donald. 
 
 was offered for his apprehension, but without success. He resumed 
 his former employment in New Jersey, and lived there, under an 
 assumed name, nearly a year, but finally fled to Canada. Several 
 years after the peace he returned to Pennsylvania, ' a poor, degraded, 
 broken-down old man,' to claim a legacy of about £40, which he was 
 allowed to recover, and to depart. In his youth he was distinguished 
 for great physical activity." 
 
 The only separate mention of Israel is, that "in February, 1783, 
 ho was in jail ; that he appealed to the Council of Pennsylvania to be 
 released, on account of his own sufferings and the destitute condition 
 of his family, and that his petition was dismissed." 
 
 " Stephen Jarvis, in 1782 was a lieutenant of cavalry in the South 
 Carolina Eoyalists. Ho was in New Brunswick after the revolution, 
 but went to Upper Canada, and Jied at Toronto, at the residence of 
 the Eev. Dr. Phillips, 1840, aged eighty-four. During his service in 
 the revolution he was in several actions." 
 
 " William Jarvis, an officer of cavalry in the Queen's Hangers. 
 Wounded at the siege of Yorktown. At the peace he settled in Upper 
 Canada, and became Secretary of that Province. He died at York in 
 1817. His widow, Hannah, a daughter of the Eev. Dr. Peters, of 
 Hebron, Connecticut, died at Queenston, Upper Canada, 1845, aged 
 eighty-three." 
 
 " David Jones was a captain in the royal service, and is supposed 
 to ' have married the beautiful and good Jane McCrea, whose cruel 
 death, in 1777, by the Indians, is universally known and lamented.' 
 According to Lossing, he lived in Canada to an old age, having never 
 married. Jane McCrea was the daughter of tiie Eev. James MoCrea, 
 of New Jersey, loyalist." 
 
 " Jonathan Jones, of New York, brother of Jane McCrea's lover. 
 Late in 1776 he assisted in raising a company in Canada, and joined 
 the British, in garrison, at Crown Point. Later in the war he was a 
 captain, and served under General Frazer." 
 
 McDonald — There were a good many of this name who took 
 part as combatants, of whom several settled in Canada. 
 
 Alexander McDonald was a major in a North Carolina regiment. 
 " His wife was the celebrated Flora McDonald, who was so true and 
 80 devoted to the unfortunate Prince Charles Edward, the last Stuart, 
 who sought the throne of England. They had emigrated to North 
 Carolina, and when the rebellion broke out, he, with two sons, took 
 up arms for the Crown." 
 
 Those who settled in Canada were •* Donald McDonald, of New 
 
M'aiLL — MERRIT — ROBINSON. 89 
 
 York. He served under Sir John Johnson for seven years, and died 
 at the Wolfe Island, Upper Canada, in 1839, aged 97." 
 
 " Allan McDonald, of Tryon, New York," was associated with 
 Sir John Johnson in 1776. "He died at Three Ei vers, Lower Canada, 
 in 1822, quite aged." 
 
 " John McGill.— In 1782 he was an officer of infantry in the 
 Q'.een's Rangers, and, at the close of the war, went to New Bruns- 
 wick. He removed to Upper Canada, and became a person of note. 
 He died at Toronto, in 1834, at the age of eighty-three. At the time 
 of his decease he was a member of the Legislative Council of the 
 Colony." . y 
 
 " Donald McGillis resided, at the beginning of the revolution, on 
 the Mohawk river. New York. Embracing the royal side in the con- 
 test, he formed one of a 'determined band of young men' who 
 attacked a whig post and, in the face of a superior force, cut down 
 the flag-staff, and tore in strips the stars and stripes attached to it. 
 Subsequently, he joined a grenadier company, called the Eoyal 
 Yorkers, and performed efficient service throughout the war. He 
 settled in Canada at the peace; and, entering the British service 
 again in 1812, was commissioned as a captain in the Colonial corps, 
 by Sir Isaac Brock. He died at Eiver Eaisin, Canada, in 1844, aged 
 eighty years." 
 
 " Thomas Merrit, of New York, in 1782 was cornet of cavalry in 
 the Queen's Eangers. He settled in Upper Canada, and held the 
 offices of Sherift of the District of Niagara and Surveyor of the 
 King's Forests. He received half pay as a retired military officer. 
 He died at St. Catharines, May, 1842, aged eighty-two." ^^ 
 
 "Nathaniel Munday, in 1782 was an officer in- the Queen's 
 Rangers. He was in New Brunswick after the revolution, and 
 received half pay ; but left that oolony and, it is believed, went to 
 Canada." 
 
 " John Peters, of Hebron, Connecticut ; born in 1740. A most 
 devoted loyalist. He went to Canada finally, and raised a corps, 
 called the Queen's Loyal Hangers, of which Lord Dorchester gave 
 him commanfi. with the rank of lieutenant-coloneL" 
 
 " Christopher Hobinson, of Virginia, kinsman of Beverley. En- 
 tered William and Mary College with his cousin Eobert ; esci|>ed 
 with him to New York, and received a commission in the Loyal 
 American regiment. Served at the South, and was wounded. At the 
 peace he went to Nova Scotia, and received a grant of land at Wilmot. 
 
90 SINGLETON — ROSS — M'NAB. 
 
 He soon removed to Canada, where Governor Simcoe gave him the 
 appointment of Deputy Surveyor-General of Crown Lands. His 
 salary, half pay, and an estate of two thousand acres, placed him in 
 circumstances of comfort. He was the father of several children, 
 some of whom were educated in the mother-country. He died in 
 Canada. His widow, Esther, daughter of Rev. John Sayre, of New 
 Brunswick, died in 182V. His son, Beverley Eobinson, who was born 
 in 1V91, was appointed Attorney-General of Upper Canada in 1818 ; 
 Chief Justice in 1829 ; created a Baronet in 1854; and died in 1863." 
 
 " Singleton — A lieutenant in the ' Royal Greens,' was wounded 
 in 1777, during the investment of Fort Stanwix." Probably Captain 
 Singleton, who settled in Tliurlow, Upi)er Canada, was the same per- 
 son. 
 
 " Finley Ross, of New York, was a follower of Sir John Johnson 
 to Canada in 1776. After the revolution he served in Europe, and 
 was at Minden and Jena. He settled at Charlotteburgh, Upper Canada, 
 where he died, in 1830, aged ninety." 
 
 "Allan McNab, a Lieutenant of cavalry in the Queen's Rang- 
 ers, under Colonel Simcoe. During the war he received thirteen 
 wounds. He accompanied his commander to Upper Canada, then 
 a dense, unpeopled wilderness, where he settled. He was appointed 
 Sergeant-at arms of the House of Assembly of that Province, 
 and hold the office many years. His son, the late Sir Allan 
 McNab, was a gentleman who filled many important offices in Up])er 
 Canada." 
 
 The Hamilton Spectator, speaking of the death of Sir A. N. Mc- 
 Nab, says : "The Hon. Colonel Sir Allan Napier McNab,Bart., M.L.C., 
 A. D. C, was born at Niagara in the year 1798, of Scotch extrac- 
 tion, — his grandfather, Major Robert McNab, of the 22nd regi- 
 ment, or Black Watch, was Royal Forester in Scotland, and resided 
 on a small property called Dundurn, at the head of Loch Earn. 
 His father entered the ai'my in her Hajesty's 7th regiment, and 
 was subsequently pi'omoted to a dragoon regiment, He was 
 attached to the staff of General Simcoe during the revolutionary 
 war; after its close he accompanied General Simcoe to this country. 
 When the Americans attacked Toronto, Sir Allan, then a boy at 
 school, was one of a number of boys selected • as able to carry a 
 muOTet ; and after the authorities surrendered the city, he retreated 
 with the army to Kingston, when through the instrumentality of 
 Sir Roger Sheaif, a friend of bis father's, he was rated as mid-ship- 
 man on boaixl Sir James Teo's ship, and accompanied the expedi- 
 
CAPTAIN JOSEPH ALLEN. 91 
 
 tions to Sackott's Harbor, Genesoo, and other places on the Ameri- 
 can 8lde of the lake. Poinding promotions rather slow, he left the 
 navy and joined the 100th regiment under Colonel Murray, and 
 was with them when they re-occupied the Niagara frontier. He 
 crossed with the advanced guard at the storming and taking of Fort 
 Niagara. Fop his conduct in this affair he was honored with an 
 ensigncy in the 49th regiment. He was with General Eyall at 
 Erie, and crossed the river with him when Black Rock and Buffalo 
 were burned, in retaliation for the destruction of Niagara, a few 
 months previous. After the termination of this campaign. Sir 
 Allan joined his regiment in Montreal, and shortly after marched 
 with them to the attack of Plattsburg. On the morning of the 
 attack he had the honor of commanding the advanced guard at the 
 Saranac Bridge. At the reduction of the army in 1816 or 1817, 
 he was placed on half-pay. 
 
 It is impossible at this time to give anything like a history of 
 the disbanded soldiers who settled on the shores of the Bay and the 
 St. Lawrence. There could not be allowed the space necessary to 
 do justice to the character of each. But even if such were possible 
 we are wanting in the essential matter of information. We pro- * 
 pose, however, to insert the names of every one known to have 
 been a loyal combatant, whether an officer or private, with such 
 statements relative to his history as we possess. Wo shall not con- 
 fine ourselves to this particular region of the Province, but include 
 those who settled at Niagara, and in Lower Canada. And while 
 we may not supply a complete account of any one, it is trusted 
 that the instalment will not be unacceptable to the descendants of 
 those to whom we refer. We shall arrange them alphabetically 
 without reference to rank or station. 
 
 Captain Joseph Allen, formerly Captain Allen of New Jersey, 
 hold a commission in the British Army at New York for some 
 time during the war. Ho owned extensive mill property, and was 
 regarded as a very wealthy person. All his possessions were f^on- 
 fiscated, and he in 1783, found his way, among other refugees, first 
 to Sorel, where he stayed a winter, and finally to Upper Canada. 
 His family consisted of two sons, John and Jonathan, and three 
 daughters, Rachel, Ursula, and Elizabeth. Captain Allen was one 
 of the first settlers in Adolphustown, and his descendants still live 
 in the township, among whom are Parker Allen, Esq., J.D. Watson, 
 Esq., and David McWherter, Esq. Captain Allen had extensive 
 grants of land in Adolphustown, and in Marysburgh, and else- 
 
92 ALLISON — ASHLEY. 
 
 where ; as well m his children. Jonathan Allen, succoedod hi« 
 father upon the homestead, and was for many years an acceptable 
 Justice of the Peace. His brother, Joseph Allen, moved to Marys- 
 burgh, and was a Captain of militia during the war of 1812. Cap- 
 tain Allen brought with him several slaves, " who followed his for- 
 tunes with peculiar attachment, oven after their liberation." 
 
 We have seen that the rebellion led to the divisions of familiea. 
 It was 80 with the Allison family of Ilaverstraw, New York. 
 There wore seven brothers, two sided with the rebels. One Ben- 
 jamin, being a boy, was at home, while the other four took part 
 with loyalists. One settled in New Brunswick, probably the 
 Edward Allison Sabine speaks of, who had been captain in Do 
 Lancey's third battalion, and who received half-pay, and after 
 whom Mount Allison is called. 
 
 Joseph Allison was living at Ilaverstraw, New York. lie was 
 for a time engaged in the navy yard at New York. At one time 
 he and another entered the rebel camp, and after remaining a few 
 days availed themselves of a dark night and carried off five excel- 
 lent horses belonging to a troop of cavalry. They were pursued 
 and barely escaped. Allison took these horses in return for the 
 loss of his house and other property which the rebels had ruthlessly 
 burned. He was at the battle of White Plains, and had narrow 
 escapes, his comrade beside him was shot down, and his canteen 
 belt cut in two by a ball. As he could not carry the canteen, he 
 ^ took time to empty that vessel of the rum which it contained. 
 
 His neighbors at Haverstraw were exceedingly vindictive 
 against him. After several years, he visited there to see his aged 
 mother, when a mob attempted to tar and feather him, and he had 
 to hide in the woods all night. Allison came to Canada with Van 
 Alstine, and drew lot 17, in Adolphustown. A strong, healthy and 
 vigorous man, ho contributed no little to the early settlement. 
 Died upon his farm, aged eighty-eight. His wife's name was Mary 
 Richmond, of a well-known quaker family. His descendants still 
 occupy the old homestead, a most worthy family. Benjamin Allison, 
 the youngest, came to Adolphustown in 1795. 
 
 William Ashley, sen., was born in the city of London, Eng- 
 land, in the year 1749, and joined the army at an early age. 
 
 During the American Revolotionary war, he came out under 
 General Howe, serving in all his campaigns until the close of the 
 struggle. He had two brothers also in the army with him, one of 
 whom returned to England, and the other settled somewhere in the 
 
THE ASH LEYS. 
 
 United States, the exact locality not now bein^' known. General 
 J. M. Ashley, llopublican member of Congresa from Ohio, is, so 
 far as can be ascertained, a descendant of this brother. 
 
 After the termination of the war, William Ashley came 1o 
 Canada, and first settled in the township of Loborough, county of 
 Frontenac, where he married Margaret Buck, the daughter of a 
 U. B. L., and one of the first settlers in this part of Canada. He 
 resided here until about 1790, when he removed to Kingston, 
 whore he followed the employment of a butcher, and was the first 
 butcher in Kingston, a fact he often mentioned in his old age. He 
 built a house of rod cedar logs, cut from the spot, which continued 
 to stand ui^til 1868, when it was taken down and a small brick 
 building, the •' Victoria Hotel," built on the site. When removed 
 the logs were found in a perfectly sound condition, they having 
 been covered with clapboards many years ago, which preserved 
 them from the weather. 
 
 This house stood on Brock street, near the corner of Bagot 
 street. At the time of its erection there were scarcely twenty 
 residences in the place, and that part of the city now lying west of 
 the City Hall was then covered with a dense forest of pine, cedar 
 and ash. William Ashley lived to see this pass away and a flour- 
 ishing city spring up. He died in 1835, leaving a family of ten 
 children— Margaret, Maiy, Elizabeth, William, John, James, 
 Thomas, Henry, Adam and George : all of whom are now dead 
 excepting Thomas, who resides near Toronto. 
 
 James also died in 1835, and Henry, who was the first gaoler 
 in Picton, died in 1836, at the early age of thirty-one. 
 
 William Ashley, Jun., married Ann Gerollamy, daughter 
 of an officer in the British army, serving through the 
 Revolutionary War, and acting as Orderly in the war of 1812. 
 He left Kingston in 1830, and resided until 1842 near the mouth of 
 Black Eiver, in the township of Marysburgh, and then returned, 
 and continued to reside there, teaching, and filling various offices 
 until his death, August 16, .1867. 
 
 The British Whig newspaper when recoi-ding his death, 
 remarked, "Mr. Ashley was one of our oldest citizens, and has 
 lived to witness' many changes in his native place. He was born 
 on the very spot where the British Whig office now stands." The 
 last sentence is a mistake, he was not born in the city, but in the 
 township of Loborough; although the building containing the 
 British Whig office still belongs to the 'Ashley property' on Baeot 
 Street." ^ i j s 
 
BELL — BURRITT. 
 
 John Asliloy was ^aolor in Kingston for a number of years 
 when the gaol Btood noar tlio site oi the present Post Office, and 
 tilled public situations tVom the time ho was nineteen years of ago 
 until his death in 1858. He was a prominent member of the 
 County Council for nearly twenty years, and was Colonel of the 
 militia at the lime of his death. 
 
 Adam and (rcorgo Ashley both died in 1847. 
 William Boll— We shall have occasion to speak of William 
 Bell in different places in those pages. He was born August 12, 
 1758, in County of Tyrone, Ireland. 
 
 At the time of the Ilevolutionary War ho was a sergeant in 
 the 53rd regiment of the lino. Some time after the close of the 
 war, ho succeeded in procuring his discharge from the service, at 
 Lachine, and came to Cataraqui, sometime in 1789. Ho was on 
 intimate terms with John Ferguson, and, we believe, related by 
 marriage. It was at Ferguson's solicitation that Bell came to the 
 Bay. We have before us an old account book, by which we learn 
 that Ferguson and B<^U commenced trading on the front of Sidney 
 in the latter part of 1789. They remained hero in business until 
 1792. Subsequently Boll became school teacher to the Mohawks, 
 and seems to have done business there in the way of trading, in 
 1799. In 1803 we find him settled in Thurlow. Ferguson, who 
 was living at Kingston, had been appointed Colonel of the Hast- 
 ings Militia, and Bell was selected by him to assist in organizing 
 the body. He was commissioned captain in December 1798, Major 
 in August 1800; and in 1809 Lieutenant-Colonel, Colonel Bell 
 was well known as a public man in Thurlow. He was appointed 
 to several offices— Magistrate, Coroner, and finally Colonel of the 
 Hastings Battalion. As magistrate he took an active part in the 
 doings of Thurlow and Belleville for many years. Ho was also an 
 active person in connection with the agricultural societies, until a 
 few years before his death, 1833. The papers loft by Colonel Bell 
 have been of great service to us. His wife's name was Rachel 
 Hare, who died 1853, aged eighty-one. 
 
 Colonel Stephen Burritt took part in the war against the 
 rebels, being seven ^ ears in the army, in Roger's Rangers. He 
 settled upon the Rideau, the 9th of April, 1793. In the same year 
 was born Colonel E. Burritt, who was the first child bom of white 
 parents north of the Rideau. This interesting fact was given to the 
 writer by Colonel E. Burritt in 1867. Colonel Burritt is a cousin 
 of the celebrated Learned Blacksmith. 
 
CA8BY — 0AR80ALLIAN — CHURCH. Vi 
 
 VVillot Cusoy was born in Rhoclo Island. IHn father was killod 
 in battle during the war. At the cIoho of the war lie Hottlod near 
 Lake Champlain, upon what he supposed to be British territory, 
 but tindin/.( such was not the case, and although he bad made con- 
 siderable clearing, ho removed again. Turning his steps toward 
 Upper (/anada with his aged mother and wife, ho reached in due 
 time, the 4th township. Tho family, upon arriving, found shelter 
 in a blacksmith's shop until a log hut could bo built. Three months 
 afterwards the old mother died. VVillet Casey had a brother in a 
 company oi^iiorsomen, who ibught for the Bntish. lie remained in 
 the States and wont South. It is probably tho descendants of this 
 Casey, who took an active part in tho late civil wai in the United 
 States, 
 
 The writer has seen the fine, erect old couple that camo to 
 Canada, when on tho verge of eighty, and two nobler specimens of 
 nature's nobility could not be imagined. 
 
 Luke Carscallian was an Irishman by birth, and had served in the . 
 British army; ho had retired and emigrated to the American colonies 
 prior to the rebellion. He desired to remain neutral, and take no 
 part in tho contest. The rebels, however, said to him that inas- 
 much as he was acquainted with military tactics he must come and 
 assist them, or be regarded as a King's man. His reply was that 
 he had fought for thg king, and he would do it again, consequently 
 an order was issued to arrest him ; but when they came to take him he 
 had secreted himself. The escape was a hurried one,and all his posses- 
 sions wore at the mercy of the rebels — land to the amount of 12,000 
 acres. They, disappointed in not catching him, took his young 
 and tender son, and threatened to hang him if he would not reveal 
 his father's place of concealment. The brave little fellow replied, 
 hang away ! and tho cruel men under the name of liberty carried 
 out their threat, and three times was he suspended until almost 
 dead, yet he would not tell, and then when taken down one of the 
 monsters actually kicked him. 
 
 Oliver Church was Lieutenant in the 84th regiment. He set- 
 tled with the many other half-pay officers, on the front of Freder- 
 icksburgh, three miles west of Bath. He had three sons, and three 
 daughters, who settled upon the Bay, but are now dead except one 
 daughter. Lieutenant Church died in 1812, and hie wife some 
 -jears later. They were both very old when they died. 
 
 A grand-child of the old veteran, Mrs.H. of Belleville informs 
 
99' OLABK — ORAWrOBD — DAHI. 
 
 UH that hIio hftH ofYon hoani about hor j;frandfath«r havlnpf to crush 
 grain hy hand, and spending a wook K^^in^ to tho KingHton mill. 
 
 Robert Clark, lato of tho TownHhip of FrnoHt town, in 
 tho County of Addington, was born March 15, 1744 on (Jiiakor 
 Hill, DuchoHH County, Province of Now York. Ho loarnod 
 tho trade of carpenter and millwright, of a Mr. Woolly. He lefl 
 hiH family and joined the British ntandard in tho revolution- 
 ary war, was in fJonoral Burgoyne's army, and was rofiuostod by 
 tho General that ho and other Provincial volunteorH, Hhould leave 
 the army and go to Canada, which place he reachodi'Bfler Home 
 weeks of groat Huft'ering and privation. Tho day after he left 
 (October 17, 1777,) General Burgoyne capitulated, and Hurrendorod 
 his arms to tho American Generals Gates and Arnold. Robert 
 Clark subsequently served two years in his Majesty's Provincial 
 Rogiii, i called tho Loyal Rangers, commanded by Major Edward 
 Jessup, and in Captain Sabastian Jones' company, and was diH- 
 chargod on tho 24th Docombor, 1783. Ho owned two farms in 
 Duchess County, one of 100, tho other of 150 acres, both of which 
 wore confiscated. He was employed by tho government in 1782-3 
 to erect tho Kingston mills, (then Cataraqui) proparatoiy to the 
 settlement of the loyalists in that Koction of Upper Canada, at 
 which time his family, consisting of his wife and three sons, arrived 
 at Sorol in Lower Canada, where they all were afflicted with the 
 small nox, and being entirely among strangers they were com- 
 pelled to endure more than tho usual amount of suffering incident 
 to that disease, their natural protector being at a distance, and in 
 tho employ of tho government, could not leave to administer to 
 their necessity. In 1784, his family joined him at the mills, after 
 having been separated by the vicissitudes of war for a space of 
 seven years. In 1785 he removed with his family to lot No. 74, 
 Ist concession Ernest town, in which year he was again employed 
 by government to erect the Napaneo mills. Ho was appointed 
 Justice of tho Peace for the district of Mecklenburgh, in July 1788, 
 and a ca2)tain in tho militia in 1809, and died 17th December, 1823. 
 
 John C. Clark was married to Rachel Storer, and had a family 
 of ten sons and three daughters. 
 
 Captain Crawford, of the Rogers corps, settled on lot No. 1 of 
 Fredericksburgh. Became a magistrate, and lived to bo an old 
 man, was also colonel of militia. 
 
 George Dame was the son of Theophilus Dame, evidently a 
 veteran soldier, from the copy of his will now before us. He gave 
 
TUB DAMKS. q-j 
 
 to hiH '< Hon Goorffo Dnme. the „„o-httlf of ,ny (hi.) .vnl ostato In 
 )ovo,. h„^Man.l, t„ hohl to hi.n forov.r," hIho hiH vvoari,.^ nnparol 
 bookM. goM wutoh, «iIt-hou.loa cn„o. ho.MOH, sloi^h a..d UaLsJ, 
 unci one hundred d<.Ila,..." Jio bequoutho.l to hiH KrandHon, John 
 Prodenck i>ame, Iuh camp hodsteml, and c.rtainH and valence foi- 
 carriaKO of camp Mstcml, and hJH Hilvor-mounte.l hanger. To his 
 KrandHon Augustus J^amo, hin fuHoe, gorget, arul Hmall Hoal skin 
 runk. lo Another grandson he left his doublc-barrellcMl piHtoI 
 l}y reference to those items wo learn that Thoophilus Dame must 
 have been a British officer of some standing. 
 
 His tun, George Dame, followed in the footsteps of his father 
 in pursuing the proferision of arms. Wo have before us a docu- 
 mont, dated 1765, which declares that "Ensign George Dame of 
 the 8th or King's Own Eegiment of foot, was admitted burgess of 
 the Burgh of Dumfries, with liberty to him to exercise and enioy 
 the whole immunit.es and privileges thereof, &c." For some reason 
 this commission in the 8th regiment was relinquished; but ton ■ 
 years later wo find he has a commission from General Carleton 
 Major-Goneral and Commander-in-chief of Ilis Majesty's forces in 
 the Province of Quebec, and upon the frontier thereof, appointinir 
 him "Ensign in the Hoyal Begiment of Highland Emigrants com- 
 manded by Lieutenant Colonel Commandant Allan McLean " 
 - Given under my hand and seal at the Castlo of Saint Lewis in 
 the city of Quebec, 21st of November, 1775." In 1779 he received 
 a commission from Frederick Haldimand, Captain-Goneral and 
 Governor-in-Chief, &c, appointing him "Captain in a corps of 
 Bangers raised to serve with the Indians during the rebellion 
 whereof John Butler, Esq., is Major Commandant". 
 
 After the close of the war, Captain Dame lived at Three Rivers 
 Lower Canada, where wo find him acting as Returning Officer in 
 1 «92, Mured Clarke being Lieutenant Governor. Ho died at Throe 
 Kivers, April 16th, 1807. 
 
 An official paper before us sets forth that « Guy, Lord Dorches- 
 ter, authorizes Frederick Dame, 'by beat of drum or otherwise' 
 forthwith to raise from amongst the inhabitants of Upper and Lowe'r 
 Canada, as many able-bodied men as will assist the completing of a 
 company, to be commanded by Captain Richard Wilkinson. This 
 company to be mainly provincial, and for the service of Canada, and 
 to serve for the space of three years, or during the war. This order 
 shall continue in force for twelve months." Dated at the Castle of St 
 Lewis, Quebec, 2l8t June, 1 7U6. This is signed « Dorchestbk " 
 
98 CAPTAIN DALY. 
 
 The Bame yonr, bearing date tho 17th DMomhor, \n a oommifwion 
 from Robert Prcscott, E«q., l.ioutonant-(Jovonior, appointing l'>0'»- 
 crick Dmne onHJgn to the Hccon.I battalion Royal Canadian Vohint«<,rH. 
 In th(^ year 1802 John Freaericl« Dame received hiH oonuniHsion 
 an Surveyor of Lan<l« in Upper and Lower Canaila, from Robert Shore 
 MihioR Lieut«-nantrGovernor, upon the certificate of Joseph Rouchotte, 
 Esq., Deputy Surveyor-Genorul. Up to this time it would seora he 
 had been living at Tliree Rivcrn. 
 
 Allan Dame, a Hon of tlu; aforementioned, is now residing m 
 MaryHburgh, not far from McDonald's Cove. He is now in the neigh- 
 borhood of sixty : this is his native place. Ito is a fine specimen of 
 an English Canadian farmer ; and well he may be, being a descendant 
 of a worthy stock, of English growth. He is married to the ^grand- 
 daughter of Colonel McDonald. 
 
 Daly— P. K. Daly, Escj., of Thurlow, has kindly furnished us 
 with the following interesting account : « r^ i 
 
 Captain Peter Daly, my grandfather, was the son of Cai>t. Daly, 
 of an Irish regiment, that was stationed in Now York for some years 
 before the outbreak of the old revolutionary war, but was called home 
 to Ireland before the commencement of hostilities ; and finally fell a 
 victim to that cruel code of honor which oblige<l a man to fight » 
 
 At the earnest solicitation of a bachelor friend, of tho name of 
 Vroman,.ho had been induced to leave his son Peter behind. Mr. 
 Vroraan resided upon the banks of the Mohawk, where the city of 
 Amsterdam now stands. He was a man of considerate wealth, all ot 
 which he promised to bestow upon his son, Peter Daly; a promise he 
 would, in aU probability, have kept, had circumstances permitted; 
 but he was prevented by the stern realities of the times-those stern 
 realities that tried men's souls, and called upon every man to declare 
 himself The subject of this sketch could not dishonor the blood 
 that flowed in his veins, and, although but 16 years of age, he clung 
 firmly to the old flag that, for " a thousand years had braved the bat- 
 tle and the breeze.'.' He joined a company, and followed the destiny 
 of his flag along the shores of Lake Champlain, where, in one night, 
 he assisted in scaling three forts. He assisted in taking Fort Tycon- 
 deroga, and gradually fought or worked his way into Canada. The 
 war closing, he, in company with other loyalists, came up the Bay ot 
 Quinte, and subsequently married and settled in the second concession 
 of Ernest town, in the vicinity of the viUage of Bath, where, by culti- 
 vating his farm, and by industry, he secured a comfortable living. 
 
DIAMOND — I.OYHT. 00 
 
 He was ic'nmiko<l throuuh lifo for IiIn strictly hoix.ruMo .U.alinff, 
 and IwH aahoroiim* to " th« oil rtag." In rullj^ion hu whm h tlini l»roM. 
 bytoriuiL From his ol.l proti'ctor, Vroinun, \w twvvr liuanl anything 
 definite. Ho oaro.l Imt littlo for tht. lan.l that had driven him into 
 exUo, to dwell amonj.^ the wild lieaNtH of the unbroken foroHt. 
 
 It \H HtippoHod that Vronian, in IiIh deelininj< yearH, gave IiIn pro- 
 perty lo Honio other favorite. He timt as it may, Peter Daly Haw nono 
 of it, but eame into tluM <!ountry naked, an it were; earved out of the 
 foreHt hiH own fortune, and left a numerous and respecled family. 
 There are now only two of Iun sour living, ThomaH and (Jharles, who 
 live on the old farm, near Bath. IIIh oldeHt daughter, Mrs. Aikens, 
 is still living, in Sidney. My father, Philip, was the eldest. lie died 
 at Oak Shade, in Ernest town, in I HOI, in the tist year of his age. 
 David, the next son, lived and dio.l at Waterloo, near Kingston ; and 
 Lewis livo<l and died at Storrington. The first wife of Asal Rockwell, 
 of Ernest town was a daughter of his. Jacob Shibly, Esq., ex M.P.P., 
 married another daughter ; and the late Joshua Boatto another! 
 Their descendants are numerous. 
 
 John Diamond was born in Albany, with several brothers. An 
 elder brother was drafted, but he tried to escape from a service that 
 was distasteful to him ; was concealed for some time, and upon a sick 
 bed. The visits of the doctor led to suspicion, and the hoiiso was 
 visited by rebels. Although he had been placed in a bed, and the 
 clothes so arranged that, as was thought, his presence would not be 
 detected, his breathing beU-ayed him. Thoy at once require<l his 
 father to give a bond for $1,200, that his son should not he removed 
 while sick. He got well, and, some time after, again sought to escape, 
 but was cauglit, and handcuffed to another. Heing removed from one 
 place to another, the two prisoners managed to knock their guard on 
 the head, and ran for life through the woods, united together. One 
 would sometimes run on one side of a sapling, and the other on the 
 opposite side. At night they managed to rub their handcuffs off, and 
 fiually escaped to Canada. Of the other brothers, two were carried off 
 by the rebels, and never more heard of. John was taken to tlie rebel 
 army when old enough to do service; but he also escaped to Canada, 
 and enlisted in liogers' Battalion, with which he did service until the 
 close of the war, when he settled with the company at Fredericks- 
 burgh. 
 
 John Diamond married Miss Loyst, a native of Philadelphia, 
 whose ancestors were German. She acted no inferior part, for a 
 woman, during the exciting times of the rebellion. They married 
 
f(ij© JOHN FEROUSON. 
 
 in Ix)\ver Canada. Thoy spent their first summer in Upper Canada, in 
 clearing a little spot of land, and in the fall got a little grain in the 
 ground. They slept, during the summer, under a tree, but erected 
 a small hut before winter set in. 
 
 CHAPTEE X. 
 
 CoNTKNTS.-Fcrguson-B^iazcr-Gerollcmy- Goldsmith- Harrison— Hodgins- 
 Hicl«-Howell-PIovcr— Hogle-Ham-Herkimer-Holt-.Jories-John8on 
 —Ketcheson—Loyst— Myers— McArtlmr—Miller— Mordens— McDonald- 
 McDonnell— McDonell—Ostrora-Pcterson. 
 
 INDIVIDUAL COMBATANTS — CONTINUED. 
 
 Among the early and influential settlers upon the bay, was 
 John Ferguson, It has been our good fortune to come into pos- 
 session of a goed many public and private letters penned by his 
 hand, and invaluable information has thus been obtained. The 
 following letter will inform the reader of the part he took in the 
 service during the war. It is addressed to Mr. Augustus Jones. 
 
 fr*^ KiNQSTGN, 22nd July, 1792. 
 
 Dear Sir, — 
 
 Inclosed is my old application for the land on the carrying 
 place, which I send agreeable to your desire. I need not attempt 
 to explain it better, as you know so well what I want. I wish, if 
 consistent, that land, 200 acres, Mrs. Ferguson is entitled to, 
 might be joined to it. If I cannot got a grant of the carrying 
 place, will you be so good as to let me know what terms it may be 
 had on. I have it in my power to settle the place immediately, 
 had I any security for it. I am certain Mr. H; ailton will interest 
 himself for me, but I am loth to apply to him .. present, as in all 
 probability he has too much business to think of besides. hould 
 it bo asked how and where I served, I will mention the particulars. 
 The 24th June, 1174, I was appointed, and acted as barrack- 
 master until 24th March, 1778, when I was ordered to Carleton 
 Island, being also commissary at the post. Thirteenth 
 April, 1782, 1 was appointed barrack-master of Ontai-io, where I 
 remained until ordered to Cataraqui in September, 1783, and acted 
 as barrack-master for both posts, until 24th June, 1785, when 1 
 
FRAZKR. 101 
 
 was obliged to relinquish it, having more busineHK in the commis- 
 Hary's department than I could well manage, with the other 
 appointment, occasioned by the increase of loyalists settling in 
 this neighborhood. Twentj'-fifth Feburary. 1778, my father then 
 being commissary of Oswegotchie, delivered the stores to me, as 
 he was unable to do the duty himself He died 13th Mnrch, 
 following, when I was appointed his successor. 
 
 The 13th April, I was ordered to Carleton Island to assist Mr. 
 McLean in the transport business. In November, 1778, I was again 
 sent to Oswegotchie, where I remained commissary of the post until 
 24th June, 1782, when I was soi.t to Ontario to take charge there, 
 from thence I was sent to this place, 24th September, 1783, where I 
 remained until a reformation took place in the commissary depart- 
 ment, and I was on the 24th June, 1787, served like a great many 
 others, .^ent about my business without any provision, after having 
 spent ' y best days in His Majesty's service. 
 
 You see I was eleven years barrack-master, and nine years a 
 commissary, I was also six years in the Commissary General's 
 oflOice at Montreal (a clerk,) during which time my father was 
 permitted to do ray duty as barrack-master. I will write you again 
 by next opportunity. 
 
 Your very humble servant, 
 
 (Signed) John Ferguson. 
 
 f 
 
 Ensign Frazer, of the the 84th regiment settled at the point 
 of Ernest town. Had three sons. His widow married Colonel 
 Thompson. 
 
 The Cornwall Freeliolder, notices the death of Mr. Frazer, of 
 St. Andrew's, C. W., the discoverer of Fi-azer river, and of Mrs. 
 Frazer, who departed this life a few hours afterwards. Mr. Frazer 
 was one of the few survivors of the find old " Northwesters," and 
 his name, as the first explorer of the golden stream which bears it, 
 will be remembered with honor long after most of the provincial 
 cotemporaries are forgotten. The Freeholder says : " Mr. Frazer 
 was the youngest son of Mr. Simon Fi*azer, who emigrated to the 
 State of New York, in 1773. He purchased land near Bennington ; 
 but upon the breaking out of the revolutionary war, he attached 
 himself to the royal cause, and served as captain, at the battle of 
 Bennington ; where he was captured by the rebels. He died in 
 Albany jail, about thirteen months afterwards, his end being 
 hastened by the rigorous nature of the imprisonment. He was 
 
102 QEROLLAMY. 
 
 married to Isabella Grant, daughter of Daldregan, and had issue, 
 four sons and five daughters. The widow, with her children, came 
 to Canada after the peace of 1783. vSimon Frazer, the older, the 
 father of the object of this notice, was the second son of William 
 Frazer, the third of Kilbockie, who, by his wife, Margaret, daughter 
 of John McDonoU, ot Ardnabie, had nine sons : — Ist. William, the 
 fourth of Kilbockie : 2nd, Simon, who came to America, as we have 
 seen ; 3rd. John, who was captain in Wolf's army, shared in the 
 honors of the capture of Quebec, and was subsequently, for many 
 years, Chief Justice of the Montreal district ; 4th. Archibald, who 
 was Lieutenant in Prazor's regiment, under General Wolfe, was 
 afterwards captain of the Glengarry Fencibles, and served in Ireland 
 during the rebellion in '98; 5th. Peter, a doctor of medicine, who 
 died in Spain ; 6th. Alexander, who served as captain in General 
 Caird's army, and died in India; 7th. Donald, a Lieutenant in the 
 army, who was killed in battle in Germany ; 8th. James, also a 
 Lieutenant in the army, and one of the sufferers in the Black Hole 
 of Calcutta, in 1766 ; 9th. Eodcrick, who died at sea." 
 
 Mr. J. B. Ashley, a native of Marysburgh, to whom much 
 valuable information we possess is due, says: "Mygi'eat grand- 
 father, James Gerollamy, was but seventeen years of age when he 
 joined General Clinton's army in 1779, and remained in the service 
 until the virtual close of the war in 1782, when he came from New 
 York to Quebec, and thence to Bath, where he settled, on what was 
 until lately known, as the " Hichcock Farm." He afterwards 
 removed to the town, and settled on lot No. 11, 1st concession, lake 
 side. He received from government certain farming implements, 
 the same as before mentioned. A part of them coming into the 
 hands of my father, Augustus Ashley, of Marysburgh. The 
 hatchet, I have often used when a young lad in my childish 
 employments. It is now lost. The share and coulter belonging to 
 the plough, remain among a collection of old iron in my father's 
 woodshed until the present day. James Gerollamy, married Ann 
 Diilraage, the daughter of Thomas Dulmage, who came with him 
 to Canada and settled near him at Bath, in the second town, and 
 subsequently moved to lot No. " D," at the head of South Bay, in 
 the township of Marysburgh, where he died. The graves of himself 
 and wife being still under a large maple tree, close to the site of 
 his house. 
 
 James Gerollamy, and his two sons, James and John, served 
 through the war of 1812, under General Provost, Brock and 
 
GOLDSMITH — HARRISON. 103 
 
 Drummond. Tho old man holding the rank of Orderly, and his 
 son James that of Lieutenant. The latter i-eceived a grant of 
 1000 acres of land for services as a " spy," he was one of tho 
 number who planned the successful attempts upon Oswego, Black 
 Kock and Buffalo, and at the battle of Niagara, generally known 
 as " Lundy's Lane." He fought in the company or regiment 
 known as " Grenadiers," which, in their mancouvering were 
 compelled to run and wallow over a field of corn with mud ankle 
 deep. 
 
 Tho whole family were remarkable for large size, being over six 
 feet in heigh t,of great strength, and heal thy, with robust constitutions 
 The old gentleman was acknowledged the surest marksman in this 
 section of the country, and his "fusil," was his constant companion. 
 He died about ten years ago, aged about ninety-five years, being 
 in full possession of his faculties until the last. I can well remem- 
 ber seeing him sauntering through the garden, bent with his 
 weight of years, and leaning on his staif. 
 
 Thomas Goldsmith, a native of Ulster Co., Montgomery town, 
 New York. He was engaged as a spy, and discharged important 
 and successful duties, in carrying information from Gen. Burgoyne to 
 Lord Cornwallis, and returning with despatches. He frequently pass- 
 ed the guards of the Continental army, and often was subjected to a 
 close search, but succeeded in eluding detection. Goldsmith owned 
 one thousand acres of land, on which was a flom-ing mill with two 
 run of stones. Also, a sailing vessel launched, but. not entirely 
 finished, for the West India trade. The boat was sacrificed. The 
 produce of his farm was paid for in Continential bills. The maila- 
 ble iron of his mill was taken to make a chain to put across the 
 Hudson to stop boats. His neighbors, the rebels, catching him one 
 day from home, covered him and his horse and saddle, with a coat of 
 tar and feathers. After the close of the war, he was compelled to part 
 with his land to get away. It was sold for a mere trifle. He came 
 into Canada in 1786, bringing with him some cattle, most of which 
 died for want of something to eat. He was accompanied by David 
 Conger, and reached Kingston, June 24. Settled at first in tho 
 fourth township ; but soon after removed to Holliwell, where he 
 received a grant of 400 acres of land, 1st. con., lot 9. Here he 
 lived and died, aged ninety. 
 
 Sergeant Harrison was a native of Ireland, and served for 
 many years in the fifty-third regiment. For some time during the 
 revolutionary war, he was in the Quarter-master's store, and post 
 
' HObGINS — HICKS. ■' 
 
 office. Ho was jiltogethor twonty-eight years in the service. At 
 the close of the war, he settled in Marysburgh, with the first band, 
 not connected with the Hessians, and was probably under Wright 
 in the commissary department for the settlement. He settled on 
 lot nine, oast of the Rock. 
 
 William Hodgins was born on a small island, known as Ginn's 
 Island, lying about three and a half miles from the Virginia shore, 
 in Chesapeake bay, where his father, Lewis Hodgins, had a farm 
 of two hundred acres. He joined the Eoyal army with his younger 
 brother Lewis, in 1778, serving in the regiment known as the 
 Queen's Eangers, under Lord Cornwallis; where he held the rank 
 of sergeant, and his brother that of corporal. At the battle of 
 Yorktown, he was wounded and taken pi*isoner, and his brother was 
 killed. After his exchange he came to New Brunswick, and settled 
 about thirty miles above Frederickton, on the St. John's river, 
 where he lived until 1859, when he removed to Canada. First 
 settling in Adolphustown, near what is known now as Cole's Point. 
 He joined the incorporated militia during the war of 1812, serving 
 under Colonel McGill, and Colonel Shaw. He received the right 
 to considerable land ; but after the capture of York, now Toronto, 
 by the Americans in 1813, and the consequent destruction of pro- 
 perty, the documents pertaining to the same were burnt, and he 
 could not, as a consequence, get his grant. Immediately after the 
 war of 1812, he removed to Marysburg, where he remained until 
 his death. 
 
 The above infoi-mation is i*eceived from Mr. William Hodgins, 
 son of the above mentioned William Hodgins, who is now an old 
 man, he having served with his father in the war of 1812. 
 
 " It would have done you good to have heard the old gentleman, 
 with his silver locks flowing in the wind, whitened with the frosts 
 of four-score winters, as he descanted upon scenes and incidents in 
 connection with the war, through which he served, and to have 
 witnessed his eye twinkle with pride, when he referred to the 
 loyalty of his honored parent." — (Ashley.) 
 
 Edward Hicks, who settled in Marysburgh, was placed in 
 prison with his father. His father was taken out and hanged 
 before his window upon an apple tree, (a piece of refined cruelty 
 worthy a rebel cause). This aroused Edward to a state of despera- 
 tion, who with manacled hands, paced his cell. To carry out 
 his intention, he feigned illness, and frequently required the guard 
 to accompany him to the outer yard. At night fall he went out 
 
UOWELL. 105 
 
 accompanied by the guai-d. Watching the opportunity, ho drew 
 up his hands and sti'uck a furious blow upon the head of the 
 soldier with his hand-cuffs, which laid the man prostrate. Edward 
 dai'tod away to a stream which ran near by, and across which was 
 a mill-dam and a slide. He rushed under this slide, and before a 
 cry was raised, he concealed himself under the sheet of water. He 
 could hear the din and tumult, as search was everywhere made 
 through the night. Cold, wet, benumbed, hungry and hand-cuffed, 
 ho remained in his hiding place until the following night, thirty- 
 six hours, when ho crept out and escaped to the woods. After nine 
 days of fasting he reached the British army. Edward Hicks did 
 not forget the death of his father. He " fought the rebels in nine 
 battles afterward, and still owes them gx'udge." 
 
 Joseph, Joshua and Edward, belonged to Butler's Rangers, and 
 saw no little service. They were from Philadelphia, and left con- 
 siderable property. They had granted them a large tract of land 
 west of Niagara, whore sprung up Hicks' settlement. Joseph Hicks 
 afterwards settled on lot six, Marysburgh, west of the Rock. — 
 (Ashley.) 
 
 Edward Hicks is represented as having been a voi-y powerful 
 man, often perfoi-raing remarkable feats of strength, such as lifting 
 barrels of flour and pork to his shoulders, and such like. 
 
 He went to Boston in 1778, in the character of a spy, and was 
 detected by the Americans, and taken prisoner. He represented 
 himself as a young man searching for his mother, who had 
 removed to that section of the country ; but it is supposed that his 
 captors considered him as rather too smart looking a young man 
 to be lost in any enterprise, he being of fine build, standing good 
 six feet, and possessing an intelligent countenance, and at his trial, 
 condemned him as a spy to be dealt with accordingly. — (Ashley.) 
 
 John Howell, a son of Richard Howell, from Wales, was bom 
 in New Jersey in 1Y53. When 24 years old he took up his residence 
 at Johnstown, on the Mohawk river. At the commencement of hos- 
 tilities, in 1776, he joined Sir John Johnson's 2ud battalion, and was 
 raised to the position of serjeant-major. His name appears as such 
 upon the battalion roll, now before the writer. He remained in the 
 army during the war, doing duty at St. Johns, Coteau du lac, and at 
 many other places. When his company was disbanded at Oswego, 
 in 1782, he came immediately to Kingston, and tl.ance to Fredericks- 
 burgh, where he settled upon his lot of 200 acres. By adhering to 
 the loyal cause. Sergeant Howell suffered serious loss in real estate. 
 
106 THE WINDMILL. 
 
 The pleasant town of Eorae now stands upon the land which was his. 
 His valuable property was not yielded up to the rapacious rebeU 
 without a legal effort to recover possession. The case was in coprt 
 for many years, and Sergeant Howell spent $1,400 in vain efforts to 
 recover. No doubt it was pre-judged before he spent his money, 
 An event in Howell's life during the war is not without a touching 
 interest. Before joining the regiment, he had courted and won the 
 heart of a fair lady at Johnstown. While stationed at Coteau du lac 
 he obtained permission during the winter, when hostilities were sus- 
 pended, to go to Johnstown to obtain his bride. Guided by seven 
 Indians, he set out to traverse a pathless wilderness, on snow-shoes. 
 The wedding trip had its perils, and almost a fatal termination. On 
 their return they lost their way in the interminable woods, and soon 
 found themselves destitute of food. ,For days they were without 
 anything to eat. One day they shot a squirrel, which, divided among 
 them, was hardly a taste to each. The thongs of their shoes were 
 roasted and eaten, to allay the pangs of hunger. At last they suc- 
 ceeded in shooting a deer, which had well nigh proved the death of 
 some, from over-eating. Two of the men were left behind, but they 
 subsequently came in. 
 
 Sergeant Howell's loss as a loyalist was great ; but, so far as 
 could be, it was made good by Government. He drew 1,200 acres of 
 land as an officer, and the same quantity for his family. At an early 
 date after his arrival at the Bay he was appointed Commissioner in 
 the Peace ; and subsequently he was made Colonel of the Prince 
 Edward Militia. 
 
 Soon after settling in Fredericksburgh he built a windmill, pro- 
 bably the first mill built by an individual in the Province. He after- 
 wards sold it to one Kussell. The remains still mark the spot. 
 
 He finally settled in Sophiasbnrgh, while it was yet considered 
 by the infant colony as the backwoods of the settlement. He was a 
 man of liberal education for the times, and was conversant with the 
 Dutch and French languages, and understood the Indian dialect. 
 From his former connection with the Johnson settlement upon the 
 Mohawk, and his close contiguity to the Mohawk Indians upon the 
 Bay, he held a high place in their regard. He often visited them ; 
 and their chiefs as often paid him state visits. They often called 
 upon him to settle their disputes, which he never failed to do by his 
 sternness and kindness combined. His presence was sufficient to in- 
 spire awe amongst them when disposed to be troublesome, which was 
 increased by his long sword which he would hang to his side. 
 
IIOVBR — HOGLK. 107 
 
 Honry Hover was quite a boy when the rebellion was progressing, 
 being about sixteen when the Declaration of Independence was signed. 
 Living along the Hudson, near New York, he went out one day for 
 the cows, when ho was caught by some rebels and carried to Lancas- 
 ter jail. After being in prison for some time he Ava? released, and 
 permitted to go to New York. Ho some time after, by some means, 
 enlisted in Butler's Eangers, and set out, with four others (one his 
 brother), to traverse the wide country on foot, from New York to 
 Fort Niagara, the head-quarters of the company. Lying one night 
 under the tiees, they were suddenly attacked by a scouting party of 
 rebels, by being fired upon. One was killed, and the rest taken pri- 
 soners. Henry Hover remained in prison, in chains, until the close of 
 the war, nearly two years. The hardships and cruelties he endured 
 were, indeed, terrible. When he was taken prisoner ho had on a pair 
 of linen trowseis ; no others were ever given him ; and when he was 
 released these were hanging in shreds upon him. They had nothing 
 to lie upon but the cold brick floor, two persons being chained 
 together. Years after, a stranger called one day at Hover's in Adolph- 
 ustown. Hover not being at home, the man wrote his name, " Green- 
 way," the man to whom Henry had been chained for many a weary 
 day and month in prison. Hover being released at the close of the 
 war, reported himself at Niagara, and was discharged with the rest 
 of his company. He received all his back pay, while in jail, and a 
 grant of land at St. Davids ; but his father, Casper Hover, a refugee, 
 had settled in Adolphustown, having come in Major VanAlstine's 
 corps. Henry wished to see his parents, from whom he had been so 
 long separated, and sought a chance to go down from the Niagara 
 frontier. He entered on board an old "hulk," an old French vessel 
 coming down the lake, and so got to Kingston, which place he reached 
 soon after VanAlstine's company had settled in the fourth Township. 
 Henry set out from Kingston on foot, along the bay, through the 
 woods. In time ho arrived at the third township. He was misdi- 
 rected across to Hay Bay. Following its shores, he met Holland's 
 surveying party, who told him that he was astray, and put him on the 
 correct track. Henry Hover determined to remain at the bay, 
 and was included among the original settlers under VanAlstine, 
 drawing land like the rest, being the only one who did not belong to 
 that company. He sleeps from his warfare — from his long life of 
 well-spent industry, in the " old U. E. burying ground," at the front, 
 in Adolphustown. « 
 
 Among those who fought the unequal battle of Bennington waa 
 
108 IIARTMAN — HAM — HERKIMER. 
 
 Captain Iloglo, who was Hhot dead. Ho was a native of Vermont. 
 He loft a widow and three sons, who wore yet young. They were 
 under the neceHsity of leaving their valuable posseRsions and removing 
 to Canada. Theyi buried plate in the garden, which was never 
 regained. At the expiration of the war they settled in Ernest town. 
 
 David Hartman — was present at the battle of Bennington, and 
 was shot through the chest. Notwithstanding, he lived for many 
 years. He settled in Ernest town. 
 
 John iram,^the founder of the Ham family of Canada, so well 
 and so favorably known in different sections of the Province. He was 
 boi'n near Albany. His father was a native of Crermany, although of 
 English parentage. John Ham was a soldier during the war, and in 
 one of several engagements ; was wounded in the leg. 'f he ball, lodg- 
 ing in the calf, was cut out, and, at the request of the suffering but 
 brave hero, was shot back at the foe. He was one of the company 
 who settled in Ernest town. He had a family of ten children, eight 
 of them being sons, namely : John, Henry, Peter, George, Jacob, 
 Philip, Benjamin, and Eichard, all of whom lived and died in Canada. 
 
 The name of Herkimer is engi'avod upon the history of America, 
 both in the United States and in Canada. " Colonel Hanjost Herki- 
 mer , or John Joost, was a son of Johan Jost Herkimer, one of the 
 Palatines of the German Flats, New York, and a brother of the 
 rebel general, Nicholas Herkimer." *' His property was confisca- 
 ted. He went to Canada, and died there before 1787." — (Sabine.) 
 Prior to the war ho had occupied several public offices. He served 
 as an officer in Butler's Rangers. We find his name inserted for 
 lot 24 of Kingston, on which now stands part of the city. His son 
 Nicholas settled upon the Point now bearing the family name. He 
 married a Purdy, and had several children. His end was a sad one, 
 being murdered by a blacksmith, named Eogers, who escaped. A 
 daughter was married to Captain Sadlier, another to an officer in 
 the army, and a third to Mr. Wartman. 
 
 The old family place in New York State is yet indicated by the 
 name of Herkimer County. 
 
 " William Johnson Holt was ensign in Ferguson's Eangers. This 
 corps formed part of the army of Burgoyne at the time of his sur- 
 render, and, with other provincial prisoners, retired to Canada, by 
 permission of Gates. The subject of this notice settled in Montreal, 
 where he held the lucrative office of Inspector of Pot and Pearl 
 Ashes, and received half pay for nearly fifty years. He died at 
 Montreal, in 1826. By his first wife (Euah Stevens, of Pittsfield, 
 
HOLT — JONES — JOHNHONU. 109 
 
 MiiHHHchuHottH), ho was tho fathor of u lar^o family of Nons and 
 (laughtorH ; by his sccoml wife (Elizabeth Cuylor) ho loft no isMue. 
 ilJH Bixth Hon, Charles Ad()l[)hu8,alono has surviving nuilo chiklron, 
 of whom tho oldest, Charles Gates Holt, is (18G4) a distinguished 
 counsollor-at-law, and a gentleman of tho highest respectability, at 
 Quoboc. In February, 1864, ho was appointed one of " Her Majesty's 
 Counsel, learned in the law," and thus entitled to wear tho " silk 
 roljo." 
 
 " John Jones, of Maine, captain in liogers' liangors. Being of 
 a (lark complexion, ho was called 'Mahogany Jones.' Prior to tho 
 war he lived at or near Pownal borough, and was Surveyor of tlio 
 Plymouth Company. As tho troubles increased, the whigs accused 
 him of secreting tea, and broke open his store. Next, they fastened 
 him to a long rope, and dragged him through tho water until be 
 was ncai'ly drowned. Finally, to put an end to his exertions against 
 the popular cause, he was committed to jail in Boston. He escaped, 
 went to Quebec in 1780, and received a commission in the Rangers. 
 In Maine, again, before tho peace, he annoyed his personal foes 
 repeatedly. Among his feats was the capture of his ' old onemy,' 
 General Charles Cushing, of Pownal borough. Jones, immediately 
 after tho peace, was at tho Bay of Fundy, and interested in lands 
 granted on that island to loyalists. In 1784 he resumed his business 
 as surveyor, on tho river St. Croix. jg|f| At length, * his toryism 
 forgotten,' he removed to the Kennebec. He died at Augusta, 
 Maine." , 
 
 Captain William Johnson, of the King's Eoyal regiment, after- 
 wards colonel of the Militia of Addington. Besides the celebrated 
 Sir John Johnson's family, there were a large number of combatants 
 and loyalists of this name, and mostly all of them were conspicuous 
 for their gallant deeds in arms. Captain William Johnson settled 
 some miles west of Kingston, on the front. Loft one child, a daughter, 
 who married McCoy. They removed to Toronto. It is said by Mr. 
 Finkle that the first militia mustered in Upper Canada was by Col. 
 William Johnson, at Finkle's tavern. 
 
 •' The name of Johnson has become somewhat famous in Canadian 
 history. James Johnson, an Irishman, was a soldier in Rogers' 
 Battalion. He came to Upper Canada with the first settlers of 
 Ernest town, and waa captain of the cattle-drivers that came at that 
 time, or a year later. He got his location ticket at Carleton Island. 
 He had a family of seven sons and six daughters. Six of the sons 
 names were : Daniel, James, William, Matthew, Jacob, Andrew. 
 
110 , KBTOHESOIf. y- 
 
 Tho lasi-raontionod Huppliuo uh with the abuvu information. IIo is 
 now upwardH of ono hundred years of ago. — (Soo U. E. LoyalistH). 
 
 "William Kotchoson, of Sidney, who waw born September, 1782, 
 at Bedford, Now York, says that his father, William Kotchoson, was 
 a native of England, and came to America with hiu grandfather, his 
 father being dead. They settled in South Carolina, and lived there 
 until tho rebvdlion broke out. William Kotchoson, sen., was then 
 about Hoventoen ^lars of ago, and entered tho British service as a 
 dragoon, under Lord Cornwallis. He served during the war; took 
 part in many engageiaents, and was wounded in the thigh. Shortly 
 before the close of hostilities ho was married to Mary Bull, daughter 
 of John Bull, a loyalist. After tho peace ho went to Nova Scotia, 
 and engaged in fishing for a while ; lived in a shanty at a rock-bound 
 place, called Portoon. Afire ran over the place, burning up mostly 
 everything, and almost our informant, who was then only about 18 
 months old. He and his mother were put on board a boat and 
 taken to New York. The father remained to settle his affairs at 
 Nova ScDtia, and then came on into Canada, alone, in 1786. He 
 worked a farm on shares, in the third township, belonging to John 
 Miller. Raked in the grain ; went for his family, and then subse- 
 quently worked Spence's farm on shares for many years. Finally 
 moved to Sidney, in 1800, and settled in the fifth concession. 
 
 " John Waltermoyer a tory partisan leader. He was noted 
 for enterprise and daring, but not for cruelty or ferocity. In 1781, 
 at the head of a band of Tories, Indians, and Canadians, he 
 attempted to carry off General Schuyler, whose abode at that time 
 was in the suburbs of Albany. The party entered the dwelling, 
 commenced packing up tho plate, and a search for the General. 
 But that gentleman opened a window, and, as if speaking to an 
 armed force of his own, called out, — "Come on, my bravo fellows; 
 surround the house, and secure the villians who are plundering." 
 The happy stratagem caused Waltermeyer and his followers to 
 betake themselves to flight." 
 
 The foregoing statement is taken from Sabine, we shall now 
 give information derived from Captain Myer's descendants, and 
 others who knew him well. It is without doubt correct. 
 
 Captain Myer's father and brother identified themselves with 
 the rebel party, and we have heard it stated that he was at first, a 
 rebel also, but not receiving promotion as he expected, forsook the 
 cause, and upon the offer of a captaincy in the British forces allied 
 himself to them. That this was the pure invention of his enemies 
 
OAPT. UYKRa. " > 111 
 
 \n sufflcionli^ plain. At tho beginning of the robolllon CaptHin 
 llyovH, with hiH luthor, was a farmor in the vicinity of Albany, 
 and eouid have had no reason for promotion. Ah to the ca|.tain(!y*. 
 wo find that ho did not receive it until 1782, when the war had 
 virtually closed, m tho following HhowH : 
 
 Frederick Haldimand, Captain-lienoral and (iovornor-in-Chiof 
 of the Province of Quebec and torritorioM depending thereon, 
 Ac, &c., &c. General and Commander-in-Chief of HiH MajeHty'd 
 forces in said Province and territories thereof, &c., &c., &o. 
 
 TO JOHN WALTER MVKU8, ESQ. : 
 
 By Virtueor the power and authority in me vested, I do hereby 
 constitute, appoint you to be captain in tho corps of Loyal Hangers 
 whereof Edward Jessup, Esq., is Major-Commandant. You are 
 therefore caroftilly and diligently to discharge the duty of 
 captain by exercising and well disciplining both the inferior officers 
 and soldiers of the corps, and I do hereby command them to obey 
 you as their captain, and you are to observe and follow such orders 
 and directions as you shall from time to time receive from me your 
 Major, Major-Commandant, or any other of your superior officers, 
 according to the rules and discipline of war. In pursuance of the 
 trust hereby reposed in you. Given under my hand and seal at 
 Arms, at the Castle of St. Imiis, at Quebec, this thirtieth day of 
 May, one thousand seven hundred and eighty-two, and in the 
 twenty-second year of the reign of our Sovereign, Lord George 
 the Third, by the Grace of God, Great Britain, Prance and Ireland, 
 King Defender of the Faith, and soforth. .J,,, 
 
 (Signed) Fred. Haldimand. 
 By His Excellency's Command, 
 
 E. Mathews. * 
 
 It is true that during the war he made the attempt to take 
 General Schuyler a prisoner. He went with ten men to Albany for 
 the purpose of seizing the General, and carrying him away cap- 
 tive. On entering the yard at night, they looked through the 
 window and saw the object of the expedition, but when they had 
 entered the house he could no where be found, although search was 
 made from cellar to garret. But in the garret were a number of 
 puncheons turned up side down. Some of them were examined, 
 but not all. After the war had closed, the Governor called on 
 Myers and told him that had he turned over the other punch. 
 
112 m'aRTIITTR— MILLKn. 
 
 eonN ho would have f'ouiul him. A i'nithHil fDinalo Hhivo hud 
 phu'od him thoro. The mon with Myorn had inntrin^tion t<) touch 
 nono of tho (rovortior'H proporty, ulXvir leaving th« pinco, Ijowovor, 
 ho found ono of th(( mon in poHHCHHion of n Hilvor cup. This was 
 sent liack lo th(< (Jovornor jiftorwurd. 
 
 During tho war, Myor« on ono oc(;iwion, porhapH whon he was 
 return in/^ from hin attempt to taico Hchuylor, wan iioarly Htarvod to 
 doath. IIo had with him u favorite do^, which bocamo Hick for 
 want of food. ]lo carried tho do>? for dayH, not knowing but ho 
 would havoto kill him for food. But thoy all ^ot Hafoly out of it, 
 and ho rotainod tho do/^ for many a day, and on ono occaHion ho 
 Hhowod him to Schuyler. Aftor tho war Captain Myorn onjoyod u 
 pension of 6h. 6d. a day. lie lived in Lower Canada two yoarH. A 
 cortirtcate of Masonry informs us that ho was in Quebec in 1780. 
 llo frequently carried despatches to Now York, in tho first years of 
 tho war; upon ono occasion he was in a friend's house when tho 
 rebels camo up, ho jumped out of tho back window and ran to tho 
 woods, he was soon, and persons on horseback camo rapidly to tho 
 woods, and tied thoir horses, to pursue him on foot, which they 
 hastily did ; Myers had, howovor, hidden himself close by, and 
 when thoy had fairly entered tho woods in pursuit of him, he 
 jumped up and doliborately selected the best horse, upon which ho 
 mounted, and so made an easy escape to New York. 
 
 Ho came up tho bay at an early date, and it would seem 
 squatted on tho front of tho ninth town before it was surveyed. 
 He then moved up to Sidney where he lived until 1790, whon he 
 returned to the Moira River. 
 
 Captain Myers was a bold man, with limited education, but 
 honest, and, like many others of the Dutch Loyalits, given to groat 
 hospitality. He was a pioneer in mill building, in trading, and in 
 sailing batteaux and schooners, up and down tho bay. 
 
 Charles McArthur, a native of Scotland, came to America 
 before the rebellion, and settled upon tho Mohawk Eiver. Took 
 part in the war, in Burgoyne's army. Lived for some time atOswe- 
 gotchie, when he removed to head of the bay. There were living 
 then west of the Trent River only the following families : Peter 
 Huffman, Donald McDonoll, John Bleekor, Esq., and John 
 McArthur. A daughter of Charles McArthur still lives at Belle- 
 ville, having been born at Oswegotchie, now aged 78, (Mrs. 
 May bee.) 
 
 Ensign Miller, of Jessup's corps, was a native of Duche.ss 
 
OODEN — MORDBN— m'DONAI,1». . 1|8 
 
 0)iinty. JIo hftd a brother an vimf^u, who livo<l and died ut Moii- 
 troBl. H«ttled in Frodorirlwh.irKh, udjaront AdclphuMtown ; drew in 
 all 2,000 acroH of land, in .liHownl, phues. Diwl 1805, a^od thrty- 
 «ov«n. Auothvr brotlior r.anu> u, tju) IVovinco tiio yoai- attci- tho 
 U. K. liHt hiul dwtxi. H(< wiw tho lathyr of Jtov. Gilbort Miller of 
 Picton, ami diud at tlio ago of ninety. Mr. (i. Millor informs us 
 that two groat unclo«, uamod Oncden, woro with the iJriti«h troops 
 At tho tal<ing of Fort Frontonnc 
 
 All of thiH naniu (Ogdon) aro wnppoHcd to be relatod. Thoy woro, 
 it \h thought, ol" WoUii origin. Ono of that namo aottled upon tho 
 Dtdawai-o Rivor previ(.u.s to tho robollion. It in not quito oorUiin 
 whether thiH iir«t Ogd^Ju died by tho bankn of tho Uolawaro, or as \h 
 thought owno to tho j{ay Quinto. Jlo had throo Hon«, one of whom 
 died bofbro thqir roir)oval, leaving four wdh. Thoy, with their 
 unglos, vuine ata voryowly datoto UainiUon, but tho four nophews 
 rpmovod to tho JJay (^uiuto ,ibout 1700. Thoir juanios were Jamon 
 John, JvHoph wjd ]U(duu"d. The uunjorous body living around tho 
 bay of this waino, Jiayo all wprung from tho«o four brothers. CMur- 
 »h»l R. Moi-don.) 77 ' ^ 
 
 Mr. JwneaMojidpn wasa private in Uis Majewty's Provincial 
 Begiment, Kiqg'H lioyal of New York, Sir J. JphnMon Commander 
 Discha;-god LI^S.^tiMpiitreial, at the age of ^we^ty, ^ftving served 
 three yeai*8. 
 
 , Cohujel McDonald, as ho was subsoqueutly called, as an ofticer 
 of militia, served umlor Sir John JoJaison. Jlo was ono of the iirst 
 settlors of the fifth towiiwhip at t^o Bay Quinto. Jlo landed first 
 in tho cove bearing his name, npar Mount ,Plqasant, 1784. Wo 
 havo stood upon tho, spot y^hore ho first set foot upon tlie ly^d, and 
 pitched his teut. This ^ovo is marked japon some of tho old maps 
 as Grog Bay, but in reality, Grog Bay was a small inlet from tho 
 cove. CoU)jiol McDonald lived to be eighty-five years old. He 
 <htow l^rgo quantities of lajid, besides receiving mapy other favors 
 from govonxmont. Jlo loft l^ut one Qfisiiring, a d^uglj^ter, who 
 married a native of Fj;anco named Prixiyoa, whose descendants are 
 worthy inhabitants of the pli^co. 
 
 We find the following newspaper record : " Died on tho 3rd 
 October, 1815, Sergeant Alexander McJPpnald; in his 78th ypar. 
 This worthy veteran enlisted in 1767 in the 78th or Frft^er's regi- 
 raont, in which he served at the taking of Lquieburg «nd Quebec. 
 In 1763 he waa .drafted into the 60th, and served in the active cam- 
 paigns .during the Am«rican war, under the late General Provost 
 8 > 
 
M^ J. m'donenll. 
 
 in Carolina and Georgia. In 1799 ho was drafted from the 60th 
 into the 41«t regiment, in which he served till August 1811. when 
 he wan discharged, after a faithful service of fifty-five years .; . 
 
 The Canadian Coiirant spoke of J. McDonnell, as follows :- 
 "The subject of this memoir was born in Glengary, in the High- 
 lands of Scotland, about the year 1750. His father was principal 
 tackman on the estate. The spirit of emigration preyaied very 
 much in Scotland, and particularly in the High ands a littl. befo^ 
 the commencement of the American war. The father oi Mr. R. 
 McDonnell partaking of the feelings of his clan, and anticipating 
 many advantages in this new world, accompanied a considerable 
 emigration from Glengary estate, of which he was «"« of the pnn- 
 cipal leaders. Mr. E. McDonnell landed at New York with his 
 father and a number of the same name, in 1773, but the dis- 
 putes between Great Britain and the colonies having assumed a 
 very serious appearance, it was thought prudent to send him into 
 Canada. Being designed for commerce, he was placed m a count- 
 ing house, but the war breaking out, the spirit of his ancestors burst 
 forth vith an ardor which could not be restrained. He joined the 
 Royal Standard, and was immediately appointed to an ensigncy, m 
 the 84th regiment. In this subordinate situation he did not fail to 
 distinguish himself by his bravery and good conduct, and on one 
 Bingular and trying occasion he exhibited the greatest intrepidity 
 and coolness. He was advanced to the command of a company in 
 Butler's Rangers. Many of your readers still remember tha the 
 services required by this regiment were of the most arduous kind 
 Thev were sent out on scouting parties, and employed in pidaii< 
 UP intelligence, and in harrassing the back settlements ot the 
 enemy. As their marches lay through pathless forests, they were 
 frequently reduced to the greatest necessities, nor had they evea. 
 while on service, any of those comforts which are so common in 
 regular camps. In the many expeditions and contests mwh.c 
 this regiment was engaged, dui-ing the war, Captain McDonnell 
 l>ore a distinguished part, but the great hardships which he had t. 
 surmount, undermined a constitution naturally excellent, ami 
 entailed upon him a severe rheumatism which embittered the 
 
 remaining part of his life. „ , • f 
 
 ^{^ Daring some time he acted as Pay-master of the regimen 
 
 :> and by his own care and attention he found himself at the end ol 
 
 the war in the possession of a small independence. This he con 
 
 sidered equally the property of his father, brothers and sister-s a- 
 
m'donnell. 115 
 
 hi8 own, and proved by his generosity tl.at his filial love and 
 brotherly affection were equal to his other virtues. In 1794 when 
 It was thought proper to levy a regiment in this country to remedy 
 the groat desertion which attended regiments Irom Europe he 
 raised a company. ,,,v. ; ,,i, .,,,;. 
 
 " In 1795 he was promoted to the majority, and the regiment 
 baymg been divided intr. two battalions, he became Lieutenant- 
 Colonel of the 2nd, in 1796. 
 
 -HecommandedatNiagaraduringthebuildingofFortGeorge 
 und in 1802 he again retired on half-pay, the Eoyal Canadian Regi^ 
 ments havmg been mo.st injudiciously reduced daring the continu- 
 ance of the ephemeral peace of Amiens. While at Fort George 
 he married Miss Yates, a lady from the States, whose amiable and 
 obliging manners gained the esteem of all who had the honor of 
 her acquaintance. By this lady, in whom the Colonel enjoyed all 
 that has to be wished in a companion and friend, he has a son a 
 promising boy, who, it is to be hoped, will inherit the virtues of 
 his father. The Colonel's active benevolence was known touU 
 and experienced by many of his friends. 
 
 " There was something so generous, so noble in his manner of 
 doing a kindness of this sort, as to give it a double value. 
 
 " In 1807 he was appointed Paymaster to the 10th Royal Veteran 
 Battalion, a situation certainly far below his merits-but his cir 
 cumstances, which, owing to his generous disposition, were by no 
 means affluent, induced him to accept it. 
 
 "He had been exceedingly infirm for many years, and perhaps 
 he severe climate at Quebec was too much for his weak constitu- 
 tion. Certain it is that this city has been fatal to several resnect- 
 
 m in the beginning of November, 1809, accompanied with a 
 
 olent cough and expectoration; he was not, indeed, thought 
 
 dangerously ill, till within a short time of his death, but his feeWe 
 
 ZTt^Zl ''"'"^ "'' '"^'^''' '^' ''"^^' '"^^ ^'^ '""^'''^ •^^ '^' 
 " Such are the scanty materials which I have been able to collect 
 respecting the life of a most excellent officer and honorable man 
 who became dearer to his friends and acquaintances the longer he' 
 (vas known to them. hunger ne 
 
 " He was rather below the middle size, of a fair complexion, and 
 n his youth, uncommonly strong and active. For some time past 
 i>8 appearance was totally altered ; insomuch that those who had 
 
lit) NICHOLSON — OSTROM — PETERSON. 
 
 not seen him for many years, conld not recognize a single feature 
 of the swift and intrepid captain of the Hangers. » K'.r 
 
 ' An acute diweaHo made it frequently painful for him to move a 
 liml>, even for days and weeks together, but though his body suf- 
 fered, his mind was active and benevolent, and his anxiety to 
 promote the interests of his friends ceased only with his life." 
 
 Among those who took part in the unequal engagement at 
 Bennington, was Alexander Nicholson, a Scotchman, who came to 
 America shortly before the war broke out. He enlisted as a 
 2)rivato under Burgoyne; but before the close of the war, receiveri 
 a commission. He was one of a company which was all but anni- 
 hilated at Bennington. He stood by his Colonel when that 
 officer was shot from his horse. Vainly trying to get him re-horsed, 
 that officer told him it was no use, that he had better flee. The 
 day being evidently lost, he proceeded to escape as best he could. 
 With his arm wounded, he managed to escape through a field ot 
 corn to the woods. Coming to a river, he was arrested by an 
 Indian upon the opposite bank, who, mistaking him for a rebel, firod 
 at him. The Indian being undeceived, he forded the river. 
 Making good his escape, he, with many others, wandered for days, 
 or rather for nights, hiding by day, as scouts were ranging the 
 woods to hunt out tiie tories. There were, however, friends who 
 assisted to conceal them, as well as to furnish them with food. 
 He often spoke of his sufferings at that fearful time; lying upon the 
 cold ground without covering, and sleeping, to wake with the hair 
 frozen to the bare ground. Subsequently Nicholson was attached 
 to Eogcrs corp's. He settled in Fredcricksburgh, at the close of 
 hostilities, and subsequently removed in 1809, to the township ot 
 Thurlow. ,j,;.:j aaj'Mo,. K-iy?s.i^.-;4' 
 
 Ostrom was engaged to carry despatches through the enemy'?' 
 line. On one occasion he had the despatch in a silver bullet, which 
 he put in his mouth. Having reason to believe he would be dili- 
 gently examined, he took it from his mouth as he would a quid of 
 tobacco, threw it in the fire and thus escaped, 
 ,^j, Nicholas Peterson, with his three sons, Nicholas, Paul and 
 Christopher, were living near New York, and took a part in the 
 war. 
 
 They assisted in fighting one of the most remarkable battle-' 
 of the revolution. It took place on the west side of the North Eiver, 
 opposite the city of New York, when seventy-five British Militia- 
 men resisted an attack made by 5,500 rebels, for several hours. 
 
THE ROGERS' FAMILY. 117 
 
 The British had a Blook JIouHe, made of lo^^s, with a hollow exca- 
 vation behind, and in tl)iH hollow they loaded their guns, and 
 Avould then step forward and discharge them at the enemy. Only 
 throe of the British were slain ; the rebels lost many. These 
 Petersons lost everything of any importance, when they left Now 
 York. Some of their valuables they bui-ied to pi'cserve them fj-on\ 
 the enemy, and the rest they left to their use. 
 
 Nicholas and Paul settled on lots No. 12 and 13, in the first 
 coiicession of Adolphustown, south of Hay bay. 
 
 ,;,,H.i- "i:- ■ ■.■''t'«^' -/.i'.-/. ' ■>■■ I'r:- ■ .■^^■.^^■i. i i\, i ■'•■•'■■ ■ -t , ,. < ^. ■ v' •.• ; 
 
 ■:"S.^"', ■"■■"'', ",i' ''V' V.' .■'..'; I-;'';'-, ..,."■?■;-' ■" •■ <;." ( .' ' • : ,:'/ 
 
 r. ■:'■'- .■•■.,rv - ' iA '' ^ , . ', - : 'l.T :', ■:'■'■ •'■:, ',■:■■ '^ ■ \ '■ ' '■.'. "" ■•■^r' -■_■ 
 
 ';.'..'..'!' !'..'"' t,'".? CHAPTER XI. ;.,,'"'' ''''''''\ 
 
 Contents. — Rogers' family — Ryci-soii — Roduer — Sherwood — Taylor — Vfiii Jjiiscmi 
 — Willi.amburgh — Wright — Wilkins — Young — Otlifcr.s wlio stttU'd in 
 Niagara District. 
 
 Under Queen's Rangers will be found some account of Major 
 Rogers, derived from Sabine. We here give further information, pro- 
 cured from Robert!). Rogers,Esq., and Di*. Armstrong, of Rochester, 
 New York, who is a native of Fredericksburgh, and who, for many 
 years, practised his profession in Picton and Kingston, i -; 
 
 Robert D. Rogers, of Ashburnham, writes : " My grandfather, 
 James Rogers, settled tirst in Vermont, and had several large tracts 
 of land there, he, and his brotliors were officers in the Queen's 
 Rangers, of which his brother Robert was the chief officer; they 
 were employed in the wars of the French and Indians, until the 
 taking of Quebec by the British, after which the said Robert Rogers 
 was ordered by General Amherst to proceed westward and take 
 possession of all the forts and places hold by the French, as far 
 west as Detroit and Michilimicinac, which he did in the fall of 
 1760; and he afterwards wont to England, whore he published a 
 journal kept bj* him during the French and Indian wars, and up to 
 1761, which was published in London 1765. HealsoAvrote another 
 book, giving a description of all the North American Colonies. 
 My grandfather continued to reside in Vermont, until the time of 
 the revolution, when ho joined the British army, and after [jeace 
 was proclaimed, settled near the East Lake in Prince Edward. 
 I have heard that he was buried in Fredericksburgh, but do not 
 
118 ■■•'■ ROGERS. 
 
 know tho place. My father roproscnted Prince Edward in the first 
 Parliament of Upper Canada, of which he was a member for twenty- 
 six years." 
 
 From Dr. Armstrong, wo learn that " Major Eogers was born 
 in Londonderry, Now Hampshire, about tho year 1728. His wife 
 was the daughter of the Eov. David McGregor, pastor of tho Pres- 
 byterian church, Londonderry, of which his father, tho Rev. James 
 McGregor, formerly of Londonderry, Ireland, was tho founder, 
 April 12, 1719. Major Eogers was the father of three sons and 
 three daughters. Ho removed with his family to Vermont, 
 where he had become the proprietor of a largo tract of lund, 
 Hero he lived until tho breaking out of tho rebellion, (see Queen's 
 Eangers.) Aftor the conclusion of the war. Major Eogers, aban- 
 doning his property in Vermont, much of which had been destroyed, 
 his herds of cattle driven off and appropriated to their own use by 
 his neighbors, removed with his family to Canada and settled in 
 Frodericksburgh. That he ha<l been there previously and explored 
 tho countr}', and that he had taken with him a corps of soldiers, is 
 altogether probable, for I Avell remember to have seen in my 
 earlicHt boyhood, evidences of previous military strife, such as 
 numerous broken guns, swords, and other worn-out weapons. At 
 Fi'cdericksburg, Major Eogers erected, as he had done before at 
 Londonderry, Vermont, the first frame house in the township. 
 How long ho remained here I am unal)lo to say, but probably 
 several years. My own birth place, August 29, 1789, was in a 
 little village one or two miles below his residence, and as I was 
 Qncof his legatees, he probably remained therefor some time after 
 that event. I find no record of his death, but it probably took 
 place about tho year 1792. He was buried in Frodericksburgh, as 
 were his widow and eldest daughter (my mother), 1793. His 
 eldest son James, returned to Vermont and recovered a con- 
 siderable portion of the land in Londondeny. Ho afterward, in 
 1819, removed with his family to Haldimand, where he died several 
 years ago. His second son, David McGregor, familiarly known alf>o 
 as " Major Rogers," remained in Canada up to the time of his 
 death, about 1823. While quite a young man, he was elected a 
 member of the first Parliament of Upper Canada. He then resided 
 at Little Lake in the township of Hallowell. He aftcrwai*d3 
 removed to Cramahe, whore I found him in 1803, engaged as a 
 merchant, holding the office of clerk of the Peace, clerk of the 
 District Court, and Eegistrar of Deeds, besides being a member of I 
 
PETERS — RYER80N. 119 
 
 Parliament, and carryincj on a farm. His name is pretty closely 
 identified with the early luHtory of Upper Canada. He was a man 
 of groat energy of character and sound judgment, was highly 
 respected and esteemed, and died greatly lamented. After remain- 
 ing in Fi-edericksburgh several years, the family of the late Major 
 (James) Rogers removed to the " Little Lake," so called. This 
 was the scone of my earliest recollectionB. In the same neighbor- 
 hood had resided Mr. Peters, and his family. He was a native of 
 New England, remained loyal to the Crown, became an officer in 
 the Queen's Rangers, and was among the early refugees to Canada. 
 He afterwai*ds became sheriff of Newcastle, having removed from 
 the Little Lake, first to the Carrying Place, and afterwards to 
 Cramahe, about the year 1804, where he died many years ago. 
 
 Joseph Ryerson, of New Jersey, one of the five hundred and 
 fifty volunteers who went to Charleston, South Carolina. For his 
 i^ood conduct in bearing despatches one hundred and ninety-six 
 miles into the interior, he was pi-omoted to a Lieutenancy in the 
 Prince of Wales' Volunteers. Subsequently he was engaged in six 
 battles, and once wounded. At the peace he went to Ne a^ Bruns- 
 wick, thence to Canada, Avhere he settled and became a Colonel in 
 the militia. In the Avar of 1812, he and his three sons were in arms 
 against the United States. He died near Victoria, Upper Canada, 
 in 1854, aged ninety-four, one of the last of the "old United 
 Empire Loyalists " — (Sabine.) 
 
 One of Captain Ryerson's old comrades, Peter Redner, of the 
 bay, says, he was " a man of daring intrepidity, and a great favorite 
 in his company." He often related an instance when Captain 
 Ryerson, commanding a scouting party, for which peculiar service 
 he was eminently fitted, ventured to crawl up to a tent of American 
 officers, and discovering one standing in the door who saw him, he 
 walked boldly up, thus lessening suspicion, and drawing his bayonet 
 immediately ran him through the body, and escaped before his 
 companions had sufficiently recovered from the shock to give 
 pursuit. He represented Captain Ryerson as being one of the 
 most determined men he ever knew, with the service of his 
 country xippermost in his mind, he often exposed himself to great 
 danger to accomplish his desires. 
 
 Samuel Eyerson, of New Jersey, brother of Joseph, joined the 
 Royffl Standard, and received a commission as captain in the Third 
 Battalion of New Jersey Volunteers ; went to New Brunswick at 
 the peace, thence to Canada, where ho settled. 
 
190* REDNER — RUTTAN. . 
 
 Potor Hcdiior, a native of Now Jersey, was connoctod with the 
 service for some time. He was in the same division as Captain 
 Eyerson, and during his subsequent life was always delighted to tell 
 of the incidents in connection with the several campaigns through 
 which ho passed, especially such as related to "his friend llyerson," 
 to whom he was much attached. 
 
 At the close of the war ho went to Nova Scotia, where he 
 drew land ; but not liking the place, ho disposed of his land and 
 came to Canada. He purchased lot ninety-four in Aiuoliasburgh 
 for a small consideration, from William Fox, a United Empire 
 Loyalist, of Pennsylvania, who had drawn it. — (Ashley.) 
 
 Walter Hoss — He arrivetl, an emigrant from Scotland, at Que- 
 bec, the night before the fall of Montgomery. He, with others 
 from the ship, immediately toolc up arms, and assisted to repulse 
 the enemy in a most distinguished manner. He subsequntly lived 
 with Major Prazer, and became so great a favorite that the Major 
 assisted him to an ensigney. After the close of the war he 
 married Miss Williams, of Ernest town, and settled in Marysburgh, 
 c»u the lake shore. 
 
 The Kuttans were descendants of the Huguenots. Says 
 Sheriff Ruttan : "My grandfather emigrated to America about the 
 time of Sir William Johnson, Bart., in 1734, and settled at a town 
 called New Eochelle, in Westchester county, New York. This 
 town, or tract of land, was pui-chased in 1G89, ex])ressly for a 
 Huguenot settlement, by Jacob Leister, Commissioner of the Admi- 
 ralty, under Governor Dongan of New York. It soon increased, 
 and in 1700 had a vast number of militia officers, loyal to the back- 
 bone. To this settlement my grandfather repaired soon after hh 
 arrival. My father and uncle Peter were l)orn here about 1757, 
 and 1759. Both entered the army in the 3rd battalion of Jersoy 
 volunteers, one as Lieutenant, the other as Captain. This was 
 about the year 1778. In the year 1778, my uncle Peter accom- 
 panied Brant from New York to Western Canada, on a tour of 
 observation, being a great favorite, so much so that he named hi* 
 son Joseph Brant Ruttan, as a token of his friendship. As a further 
 token of his esteem. Brant, at parting, prosenteil him with a hand- 
 some brace of pistols, which he valued highly. At his decease, 
 they came into my possesion. My father and uncle had grant* of 
 1200 acres of land each, at Adolphustown, in the Midland DisWrt. 
 this was in 1783 or 1784." 
 
 Sheriff Ruttan, when a child, met with a slight accident which 
 probably turned the current of his life from one of comparative 
 
SCHEaMERIIORN — .SPBNOER. 121 
 
 obscurity to notoriety. Ilonry Ruttan wont out with his brother 
 one Hpring morning to tap trees for sugar raaici ng. Accidentally 
 two of Honry'H fingers were severed from his hand by an unto- 
 ward stroke of the sharp axe. This loss led his father to send him 
 to school, as he could not perform manual labor. Ilespecting his 
 education, the reader is referred to the division on "Early Educa- 
 tion." With the education obtained in Adolphustown, ho wont to 
 Kingston and was apprenticed with John Kerby, a successful mer- 
 chant. By industry as well as talent, Henry advanced to bo a 
 partner, and was entrusted to open a store in the "new township " 
 near Grafton, in Newcastle. Subsequently, he distinguished him- 
 self as a soldier, in 1812, then as a member of Parliament, as 
 Speaker, and for a long time as Sheriff. Latterly his name is 
 associated with Inventions for ventilation of buildings and cars. 
 
 Captain Schermerhorn was among the first settlers upon the 
 bay.Quinte. Respecting the nature of his services during the war wo 
 have no record, nor have wo learned in what regiment ho served ; 
 but most probably in Johnson's. The writer has in his possession a 
 portion of an epaulet which belonged to this officer. He drew 
 largo quantities of land in the western part of the Province, as 
 well as a lot in I^^edoricks burgh. He died in 1788 when on a visit 
 to Montreal to procure his half-pay. His widow and eldest son 
 died soon after. His youngest son, John, settled on lot 95, 9th 
 concession Ameliasburg. — {,J. B. Ashley.) vA i> j ;, ,r V' .■ 
 
 " Colonel Spencer " was an officer in Roger's Battalion, settled 
 on lot 9, 1st concesHion Fredericksburgh additional. He died 
 shortly after the commencement of the war of 1812, having been 
 Colonel of the militia, and active in preparing to meet the foe. He 
 was buried, with military honors, upon his own farm. 
 ' His brother Augustus was an ensign, and settled at East Lake, 
 on half-pay. His wife, Sarah Conger, lived to be ninety-four years 
 old. ■■-.,.*.:-.. .r,.v:, . 
 
 In the former part of last century there were born three 
 brothers, Seth, Thomas, and Adiel Sherwood, in old Stratford, in 
 the Province of Connecticut. The three brothers removed, 1743, 
 to New York State, five miles north of Port Edward, within a 
 short distance of the spot where Burgoyno surrendered. At the 
 coinmencement of the rebellion, Seth and Adiel identified them- 
 !»el^s with the rebel party, becoming officers in the army, while 
 Thomas adhered to his Sovrveign. It was probably after the defeat 
 of Burgoyne, when lie proceeded to St. John, Lower Canada, and 
 
128 HHERVVOOD — TAYLOR. 
 
 was Bubsoquontly employed by the British (Tovornmont on Hocret 
 service in the revolting State. His knowledge of the country 
 enabled him to bring from the territory of the enemy not a few who 
 were desirous of serving in the British army. In 1779 his family 
 removed to 8t. Johns, and he received an appointment as subaltern 
 in Major Jossup'fs corps. 
 
 At the close of the war, Thomas Sherwood came with his corps 
 to the St. Lawrence, and became the first actual settler in the 
 county of Leeds. Ho was well known as an active public man, 
 " he was over ready to give assistance and instructions to the new 
 comers.'" He also assisted in the first survey of that part. He was 
 among the first magistrates. He lived on his farm forty-two years, 
 and died, aged 81, in peace. 
 
 Adiel Sherwood, from whom wo receive the foregoing facts, was 
 the son of Thomas, and was born at the homestead in New York 
 State, 16th May, 1779, shortly before the family left for Canada. 
 Ho says : " I remained with the family at St. Johns until May, 
 1784, when wo came in the very first brigade of batteaux to the 
 Upper Province, where my father pitched his tent, about three 
 miles below Brockville, so that I may say I saw the first tree cut, 
 and the first hill of corn and potatoes planted by an actual settlor." 
 Mr, Adiel Sherwood at an early date, 1706, was appointed an ensign 
 in the first regiment of Leeds Militia. He was promoted from 
 time to time until he became Colonel. He was commissioned a 
 Magistrate, Clerk of the Peace, Commissioner of Land Board, and 
 finally Sheriff for the district of Johnstown. Ho was connected 
 with the militia fifty years, when he retired on full rank. Was 
 Treasurer of the District twenty-five years, and Sheriff thirty-five. 
 Mr. Sherwood still lives, an active, genial, and christian-minded 
 gentleman, and we take this occasion to express our feelings of 
 gratitude for his assistance and sympathy in this our undertaking. 
 
 There were a good many of the name of Taylor among the 
 loyalists residing at Boston, New York, and New Jersey. They 
 were all in the higher walks of life, and some filled high public 
 stations. One family, consisting at the time of the rebellion, of a 
 mother and three sons, has a tragic and deeply interesting history. 
 For many of the particulars I am indebted to Sheriff George 
 Taylor, of Belleville, a descendant of the youngest of the 
 brothers. 
 
 Sheriff" Taylor's father was named John, and was born upon 
 the banks of the Hudson, of Scotch parents. He was fourteea 
 
A SPY OP Till: REVOLUTION. 128 
 
 yours old when the robollion broke out. IHh two brothorH were 
 officers in the British array, and were employed in the hazardous 
 dutiew of spies. The only knowledge ho has of his uncles, is that 
 they were both caught at diflforent times, one upon one side of tho 
 Hudson and tlie other the opposite side ; both wore convicted and 
 executed by hanging, one upon tho limb of an apple tree, tho 
 other of an oak. John Taylor was at home with his mother upon the 
 farm, at Kindorhook. But one day he was carried off while from 
 the hou8«;. by a press gang, to Bnrgoyne's army. lie continued 
 in the army for seven years, \intil the end of the war, when ho 
 was discharged. During this time he was in numerous engage- 
 ments, and received three wounds at least, one a sabre wound, and 
 a ball wound in the arm. It is stated on good authority, (Petrie) 
 that he once carried a despatch from Quebec to Nova Scotia, fol- 
 lowing the Bay of Fundy. His mothei* in the meantime was 
 ignorant of his whereabouts, and held the belief that hi! Avas dead, 
 or carried off by the Indians. At the expiration of the war ho 
 went to New Brunswick by some moans, subsequently he under- 
 took to walk on snowshoes, with three others, from St. Johns to 
 Sorel, which he accomplished, while the three others died on the 
 way; ho saved his life by killing and eating his dog. He procured 
 bis discharge at Sorel. In 1783 he came up the St. Lawrence to Cata- 
 raqi*, and thence walked up the bay as far as the mouth of the 
 Moria'Rivor, occompanied by one William McMullen. Ascending 
 the Moria he chose tho land, where is now the 4*h concession of 
 Thurlow, the "Holstojul farm." Ho lived here a few months, but 
 the Indians drove him away, declaring the river belonged to them. 
 He then bought lot No. b, at tlie front, of Captain Singleton, pro- 
 perty which yet boars his name. John Taylor married the daughter 
 of h U. E. Loyalist b}"^ the name of Russell. v.' KJ'-im. », >,i..: 
 
 Two or three vears after he came to Thurlow, he visited his old 
 home at Kinderhobk, to see his mother, who knew not he was alive. 
 She accompanied him back to Canada, although hard on ninety years 
 old. She did not live long in her new home. 
 
 Two intiujute comrades of John Tiiylor irj the army, were 
 Merritt and Soles, father of D. B. Soles, formerly of Belleville. 
 
 Eespedting t}\e brothers of John Taylor, the following appeared 
 in the Hastings Chronicle of Belleville, 13th November, 1861. 
 
 "A Spy of the Revolution. — In the year 1776, when 
 Governor Clinton resided in Albany, there came a stranger to his 
 house one cold Avintry morning, soon after the family hsid breakfasted. 
 
124 <JEN. CLINTON AND TAYLOR. 
 
 He WRH welcomod by thi* liouHehold, and hoH])itHl>ly <)nturtiiincMl. A 
 hreakftiHt wtxs ordorod, and tiie Govenioi*, with lii.s wife and daui;htvi' 
 cniployod in knitting, was Hitting iK'fore tho firo, and ontored into 
 convcrHation with him about the a/RiirH of the country, whicli natui- 
 ally led to the cn(|uiry of what waH his occupation. The caution 
 and hcHitancy with which the stranger sjtokc, aroused the kcen-8ighte<l 
 Olintoji. Ho conininnicated liiH suspicion to his wife antl daughter, 
 who closely watched iiis civery word iuid action. ITnconscious of 
 this, but finding that he ha<l fallen among enemies, the stranger wa.s 
 seen to take something froiii his pocket and swallow it. Meantime 
 Madam Clinton, with the ready tact of a woman of those troublesome 
 times, went (piietly into the kitchen, and ordered hot cofteo to bo 
 immediately made, and added to it a strong ilose of tartar emetic. 
 The stranger, delighted with the smoking beverage, partook freely 
 of it, and Mrs. Clinton soon had the satisfaction of seeing it produce 
 the desired result. From scri[)tui-o out of his own mouth was he 
 condemned. A siver bullet appeared, which upon examination was 
 nnHcrewe<l and found to contain aw important despatch from 
 Burgoyne. Ho was tried, condemned and executed, and the bullet 
 is still preserved in the family." 
 
 ''The foregoing article we clip from the Boston Free Fla<j of the 
 2nd November, 1861,thi8,thero is reason to infer, is a special reference 
 to a relative of one of the oldest families in this part of Canada. 
 John Taylor in his life time, well known to the first inhabitants of 
 Belleville, had two brothers employed uj)on seci'ot service for the 
 British Government during the American revolutionary war, their 
 names were Neil and Daniel. At different l^mcs they were each 
 apprehended and suffered the sca ere penalty of the l.aw. A tradi- 
 tion of the Taylor family of this i)lace, agi'ees in all particulars with 
 the above article, and points to one of the Taylor brothers as the 
 person therein alluded to." 
 
 Si^bino says that " Daniel Taylor in 1777, was disj)atched by Sir 
 Henry Clinton to Burgoyne, with intelligen(!e of the capture of Fort 
 Montgomery, and was taken on his way by the whigs as a spy. 
 Finding himself in danger, he turned aside, took a small silver ball 
 or bullet from his pocket and swallowed it. The act was seen, and 
 General George (!)linton, into whose hands he had fallen; ordered a 
 severe dose of emetic tartar to be adminis- ttn'od, which caused him 
 to discharge the bullet. On being unscrewed, the silver bullet was 
 found to contain a latter from the one British General to the other, 
 which ran as follows : 
 
VANDUKEN — WILLIAMADirROII. 125 
 
 Four MoMTOOMHRY, October 2, 1777. 
 
 Nous uoiiU—nnd ii(>thins»betw(»tiii \\h Imt Gates. I Hinwrcly hope 
 this littlo NiicooRs of ourH may facilitiite your**i||^ationH. In arwwer 
 to yotir letter of 28th of Beptembcr, by C. C, I shall only siiy, I 
 cftiinot prL'suine to order, or even adviHc, for. roasonn obxious. I 
 h«'artity wish you huoo^hb. 
 
 Faithfully yourn, 
 
 H. Clinton. 
 
 . .,>it .. i» ....:! » ••...111;;. ,ti , 1/ tin- . . . 
 
 To General l^urgoyne. ;,..,.,,,.,,;., i,;^. ,.„., . 
 
 Taylor wuh tried, conviotod, and oxccutod, shortly after his 
 Aletoction." 
 
 Conrad VanDuBon was a native of Duchens County, N. Y., 
 born 23rd April, 1761. Ilia father was IJobert VanDuHen. At the 
 commencement uf the rebellion he was in businoHS as a tailor, in New 
 York City. He served during the whole of the war, seven years, in 
 Butlei"'s Kaugerw. During this time, his wife, who was also from 
 Duchess County, formerly a Miss Coon, carried on tlie tailoring 
 business in New York, and succeeded in saving fifty-three 
 guineas. On leaving for Canada with VanAlstine, they brouglit 
 with them two largo boxes of clothing. They also had some 
 
 jCWellry. ,, ^ , ... l ,u, ,,'. > :■, . : it ;.-• ■ .i[. ■'■,■■,,.>, ":.■•/,:■,; .V .J., 
 
 During the war VauDusen Avas sometimes employed upon secret 
 ♦"jivioe, and upon one occasion was caught, and condemned to be 
 hanged. Upon leaving the room in which he had been tried, he 
 managed to convey to a woman present, whose earnest demeanor 
 led him to believe she was friendly, a gold ring, a keep-sake of his 
 wife. Uy some means VanDuson escaped, having concealed himself 
 in a svvmnp under water, with his face only above water, and in after 
 years he was surprised and rejoiced to receive by letter the i<lenticai 
 ring, which ha<l been sent to him by the woman into whose hands he 
 had so adroitly placed it. She had directed the letter to Catai'aqui. 
 
 The close of the war found VanDusen at 'Sew York, and he 
 joined VanAlstine's band of refugees, and settled in Adolphustown. 
 Subsequently he removed to Marysburgh, lot No. 0, where he -died, 
 aged seventy-six years and seven months.* Ho lies buried in the 
 IT. E. burying ground, Adolphustown. 
 
 Frederick Frank Williamsburgh, at the time of the war lived 
 upon the Susquehanna, and owned a thousand acres of land. He 
 was a sickly ttian. His family consisted of a' son eleven years old, 
 and three da^hters. O&e day he went some distance to a mill, 
 
It6 WRKJIIT — WILKINH. 
 
 talcing his ohiMron with him, and lenving hln wife nn<l inother At 
 homo. That <lay tho rolx^li ituulo a raid, aiul he waH tal<on prinoiior 
 from hlH cliildren ui^yie road ; and (roiniti^ to IiIh burn, it, witli all 
 hiH )/ruin wan l>urnod up. 1 1 in wifu an<l old mother 8ouglit Hul'ety in 
 .the woodH, and the Iiounc wanNtrippcd oi' overytliin)<. Tlu; children 
 arriving homo without tlieir father, found no mother, or grand 
 mother, only the Hinoking ruiuH of the liarn and the dismantled houHo. 
 Frightened almoNt to death, and expecting to ho killed helore mor-n 
 ing, tlioy lay down on tiio Hoor. About midnight came a knock at 
 the door, after a time tliey Hunuuoned sut!iciont courage to ask who 
 waH there, wiien it waH found to be neighbor who had been hunted 
 in tho woods for three «hiys and who was almowt .starved, lie wa.s 
 admitted, and having wlopt for a Hhort time, he proceeded to prepare 
 a raft upon tlu; river ; upon this he pluce<l some flour he had con- 
 cealed in the woodH, and the children, with himHclf, and floated 
 down the river. Hut the morning brojight the enemy, and they were 
 taken. The chihlron were conveyed to a place where tliey fotind their 
 mother ; but tho father having been thrown into a prison, in three 
 montliH his weak constitution succumbed to the cruelty of his prison 
 house. 
 
 Tlie family found their way to Lower Canada, after a time, livinij; 
 upon tho rations dealt out from day to day from tho commissariat 
 department. They, after a time, went to Montreal, and one son, 
 when twelve year old, enlisted. For a time he acted as tailor to tho 
 regiment, but subsequently became a favorite with tho Dolonel and 
 was promoted. Tiie descendants of this William WiHiamslturgh now 
 live in Belleville. 
 
 Soigeant Daniel Wright was born Ui the city of London, 1741. 
 He was sergeant in tho 74th regiment. Sergeant Wright was ))resent 
 at the battle beiore Quebec, when Montgomery was killed. Ho 
 settled in Marysburgh in 1784. He was commissary oflicer for the 
 fifth townsliip, and was subsequently api)ointed magistrate and then 
 registrar, which office he hold for upwards of thirty years. Was Lieut. 
 Colonel in tho Prince Edward Militia. " Old Squire Wright " was jv 
 man of education and gentlemanly deportment, strictly religious, and 
 noted for his urbanity J*ho obtained the soubriquet of " Squire civil." 
 It is said he was never known to smile. Unlike other retired officers, 
 it is said, he did not seek to acquire extensive tracts of land. Died 
 April, 1828, aged eiglity -seven. 
 
 The following is from the Kingston Chronicle : " Died at the Car 
 rying Place, 27th February, 1836, liobert Wilkins, Esq., in the ninety 
 
> COL. voirNo. 'it J HT 
 
 fourth year of IiIh a.i<o. Wo vuUm'd tlu- army at tin* oarly a^o of 
 ■I'vontcen, in tlio iVtIi LiL;ht Dra^ooiiH, then o»niinnui»h)<l by tho lato 
 Colonol Kale. Soon alter hu joiiu'd thv roj^iwcut it wan or<l«)n»<l to 
 ScothuKl. Thoro it did not hnig roninin ; tlio " Wliitehoy " con- 
 ii|>iraoy had boon fornuMl in Ireland. From Iifhuid h« Hailed with* 
 tho samo diHtinguiHhed regiment for the British American ('olonios, 
 then raining the Htantlard of revolt, landed at MoHton, and a few days 
 nftor bore a conspicuonH part in the battle of Bunker'H Hill, on whioh 
 occaHion he had two horHes Nhot tui<h>r him. He was present at 
 moHt of the engagomcntH in the northern colonies. At the battle of 
 White I Mains, he was one of tho forlorn hope, where ho recoive<l n 
 Novoro conttision on the br(«ast, and lost the thnmb of his right hand. 
 After recoveiing from his wonnds, he retired from the army, and 
 entered into mercantile pursnits in the city of New York. There ho 
 carried on a prosperons bnsinosH nntil ]>oace was concluded ; but 
 whon that city was evacuated by tho British troops (in lY83)ho was 
 too strongly attached to his king to remain behind. He then accom- 
 panied thorn to Shelburno, Nova Scotia. In the imjirovements of 
 that luckless place, he expended a largo sum of money, Imt finding 
 that the place Avoiild not succeed, ho left, and in 17H9, returned to 
 his native country, fnnn which, three years after, he was indticod to 
 follow Governor Simcoe to this colony, just after it had received its 
 constitution, and bccam(! a distinct government. From that time he 
 remained in Upper Canada, and nu)st of the time at this i)lace. Of 
 Christian doctrine and Christian duty, he had a much deeper sense 
 tiian was obvious to occasi(mal visitors. His hospitality was prover- 
 bial, and never under his roof was the ]ioor refused food or shelter. 
 His ronniins w(a*o followed to the church, and thence to the house 
 appointed for all living, by not less than 300 of his friends and 
 neighbors." f(,.Mt-i ♦•ii«ii :aj''rf'i'-. Mirti»;.">.' 
 
 For an account of the son of the above, see notices of U. E. 
 Tioyalists. 
 
 Col. II. Young — His father wa.s a native of Nottingham,England, 
 and came to Now York whon eighteen years old, and settled at 
 Jamaica, Long Island. He was a gunsmith by trade. Subsequently 
 ho lomovod to Husack, northern Now York. Ho had four sons, 
 George, Henry, William, John, and two daughters. His second son 
 Henry jWas born at Jamaica, 10th March, 1737. At the age of eighteen 
 lie joined tho British army, as a volunteer. He was present at tho 
 Imttlo of Tyconderoga, under General Aborcrombie. He was also 
 with tho army under General Amhei*st, which wont from Albany 
 
'128 FIRST SETTLRRS IN UPPER CANADA. 
 
 to Montreal, to Join the nrmy from Quebec, under General Murray. 
 Continued in the army until 17(31, when he returned home, married 
 a MissCampman, and lived in peace until the rebellion broke out. 
 Ho again joined the Britinh army an a private, and was at the 
 
 , battle of Bennington, but lie ko distinguished himself that he was 
 promoted to an onsigncy in the King's Eoyal Keglment, of New 
 York. During the war ho took part in seventeen battles, but 
 escaped with one wound in the hand. In the year 1780, he wa« 
 sent with Major Boss to Carleton Island. For three years he was 
 at this place, or Oswego. In 1783 he wjis discharged on half pay, 
 and received grants of land — 3,000 acres, with the privilege of 
 selecting the place. Immediately after his release he set out, 
 sometime during the summer or autumn of 1783, to prospect for 
 land. In a small canoo, he, with a brother officer, named, it is said, 
 McCarty, proceeded up the bay Quinte, and into Picton bay to its 
 rhead, thence to East Lake. Having decided to take land here, he left 
 his son during the winter. In the following spring 1784, he brought 
 
 I his family from St. Johns, where they had been staying. (See 
 
 Y,.sottlement of Prince Edward). Colonel Young died at East Lake. 
 
 ,.3rd December, 1820, aged eighty-three years and nine months. 
 
 Daniel Young was in the Engineer Department during the 
 latter part of the revolutionary war. He died at East Lake, 30th 
 September, 1850, aged eighty-five. v'vf ;■>,. >.VCr"v •,,!., 
 
 Henry Young was Ijioutenant of Militia in the war of 1812. 
 Went to Kingston on duty, where ho died, latter part of December, 
 1812. 
 
 Among the first settlers of the Upper Province, especially upon 
 the St. liawrence, and who took part in the war, may be mentioned, 
 
 I Captain Thomas Frazer, Captain William Fraaer, Lieutenant 
 Solomon Snider, Lieutenant Gideon Adams, Captain Simon 
 Covelle, Captain Dnimmond, Ensign Dulmage, Ensign Sampson^ 
 Lieutenant Farrand, Captain Amberson, Lieutenant McLean, 
 Lieutenant James Campbell, Lieutenant Alexander Campbell, 
 
 J Sergeant Benoni Wiltsie, Ensign E. Bolton, Captain Justus Sher- 
 wood, Captain John Jones, Lieutenant James Breakenridge, of 
 
 . EogCr's COl'pS. JC^»*Hvi: ,w*>v«^-'r 
 
 Colonel Clarke, of Dalhousie^ gives a " list of half pay officers 
 , who settled in the Niagara District after the rebellion of the 
 r, colonies:" 
 
 ^ Colonel John Butler, originator of Butler's Bangers, an Irish- 
 
 ^ man, a connection of Lord Osmore; Captain Andrew Brant, 
 
THAVELINO BY THE INDIANS. 129 
 
 Butler's Eangcrs ; Captain B. Fry, Captain P. Hare, Captain Thos. 
 Butler, Captain Aaron Brant, Captain P. Paulding, Captain John 
 Ball, Captain P. Ball, Captain P. Ton Brock, Lieutenant E. 
 Clench, Lieutenant Wm. Brant, Lieutenant Wm. Tweeny, 
 Lieut. Jocal Swoos, Lieut. James Clements, Lieut. D. Swoob, all of 
 Butler's Eangers; Captain James Brant, Indian Department; 
 Captain H. Nelles, Captain James Young, Captain Eobert Nelles, 
 Captain Joseph Dockater, Captain C. Eyman, Lieut. J. Clement, 
 Lieut. W. B. Shuhm, Lieut. A. Chrysler, Lieut. S. Secord, Lieut. 
 F. Stevens, Surgeon E. Kerr, Commodore T. Merritt, father of the 
 late Hon. W. H. Merritt, all of the Indian Department. ., .: r'-^ 
 , ,,_., ,,, .,,-,;v"VViT.v.j.. ^;v^''-- :^»,'^:, •"^■^ ^■'.•^''.•; 
 
 .>..■■>•: i ^ i'. ■, I. v'j^i, ■;..,,- J*'*.' ^.■n'.i-hj ■' •'■' '■ '•' ■■• •'■■•' ^•' :»-■ ■■■ 'O! 
 
 ^ . - ■»■» . 
 
 l:.,.iu^.^^:,r.^- DIYISI0:N" II. ^v.;'.<,.'^.v*^'^'?^-v<U 
 
 TEAVELING IN EAELY TIMES-OEIGINAL EOUTES. 
 (jn^^c.^ CHAPTEE Xn. t.fiAyv-.'^ /> ' -- 
 
 C0NTBNT8 — Indian paths — Portages — Original French routes — Mer de Canada — 
 Original names of St. Lawrence — Ontario — Huron — Route by Bay Qnint6 — 
 Old French maps — Original English routes — Four ways from Atlantic to 
 the Laices — Mississippi — Potomac — Hudson — Indian name of Erie — From 
 New York to Ontario — The Hudson P'ver — Mohawk — Wood creek — Oneida 
 Lake — Oswego River — The carrying places — West Canada Creek— Black 
 River — Oswegotchie — The navigation — Military highway — Lower Canada — 
 An historic route — The paths followed by the Loyalists — Indian paths north 
 of Lake Ontario — Crossing the Lake — From Cape Vincent to the Bay 
 Quints — From Oswego by Duck Islands — East Lake — Picton Bay — Coasting 
 Ontario — Two ways to Huron — By Bay Quints and Trent ; by Don River- 
 Lake Simcoe — Point Traverse — Loyalists — Traveling by the St. Lawrence — 
 First road — Long remembered event. 
 
 Although the European found the American continent a vast 
 unbroken wilderness, yet the native Indians had well defined 
 routes of travel. Mainly, the long journeys made by them in their 
 hunting excursions, and when upon tl.e war path, were by water 
 ap and down rivers, and along the shores of lakes. And at certain 
 places around rapids, and from one body of water to another, their 
 9 
 
130 oaiaiNAL names. 
 
 froquont journoyings created a well marked path. Those portages 
 
 or carrying places may even yet, in many places be traced, ami 
 
 /are still known by such appellations. The arrival of the European 
 
 in America was followed by hiK p-^netrating, step by step, to the 
 
 further recesses of the north and wes,. The opening of the ifur 
 
 : trade with the Indians led to increa'jod travel along ^ome of the 
 
 . original paths, and probably to the opening of now ones. While 
 
 the French by the waters of the Lower St. liawrenoe, found it con- 
 
 . v«oionb to ascend by the great streams, the English hati to travorso 
 
 ••ihe 1 high lands v/hich separate the sources of the rivers which 
 
 empty into the Atlantic, from those which rise to flow to the lakes 
 
 and rivers of fresh water to the north. 
 
 The original routes of travel taken by the French were up 
 the St. Lawrence, at first called the " Grand Eiver of Canada," 
 while the gulf is marked Galpo di Canada O'S Larenzo. The 
 water of the Atlantic, south of the Chesapeake Eiver to Newfound- 
 land and the gulf, was known as the Mer de Canada. From the sea- 
 boai'd the traveler sometimes, having ascended to the mouth of 
 the Sorel Eiver, turned west to lake Champlain, and thence into 
 the western part of the present New York State, or continuing up 
 the St. Lawrence to its confluence with the Ottawa, or as it was 
 sometimes called Grand Eiver, selected one or the other of these ma- 
 jestic streams, by which to continue the journey westward. Follow- 
 ing the Ottawa, the way led to the north as far as Lake Nippissing, 
 and thence westward to theGoorgiaa Bay. Sometimes the voyager 
 would continue to ascend the St. Lawrence to Lake Ontario, a por- 
 tion of the St. Lawrence sometimes called Cataraqui Eiver, or the Iro- 
 quoia Eiver, that is to say, the river which leads to Cataraqui, or the 
 -Iroquois country. Lake Ontario was called by Champlain, Lake 
 St .Louis, and subsequently for a time it was known as Lake Fronto- 
 -nac. According to a map observed in the French Imperial Library 
 \h& Lidian name of Ontario was Skaniadono, 1688. 
 
 From Lake Ontario to Lake Huron, at first named Mer Douce, 
 and, then after the Huron Indians, who were expelled from that 
 region by the Iroquois in 1650, a very common route was up the 
 JBfty Quinte, the Eiver Trent, Iiake Simcoe, and to Georgian Bay. 
 defeat itbis was a nottunfi^quent way is -well exhibited by the old 
 rS^enoh maips, which, pixjpafed to indicate the principle waterways 
 rto the teaveler, had the waters of the Bay and Trent, even to its 
 . i9QUi;Qe,/ma(ie bj»OAd,;so th«t the observer might imagine that the 
 (lagy.andtho Kivenw^ro one ootutinuous bay of navigable waters. 
 
ROUTES FROM ATLANTICJtO ONTARIO. 131 
 
 As this route was adjacent to the territory of the Iroquois nation, it 
 was only when the French wore at peace with thorn that this 
 course was taken, until tiio establishment of the fort at Cataraqui. 
 Again, the French occasionally followed the south shore of Lake 
 Ontario to the Niagara River and ascended it to Lake Erie, and 
 thus approached the far west. " 
 
 While the French with comparative ease, reached the vast 
 inland seas, the English by more difficult channels sought the 
 advantages, which^intercourse with the lake Indians afforded. An 
 early writer of American history, Isaac Weld, says : " There are 
 four princiijal channels for trade between the ocean and the lakes. 
 One by the Mississippi to Lake Erie, a second by the Potomac and 
 French Creek to Lake Erie. (Lake Erie was at first called 01^- 
 wego, and the territory to the south of Lake Erie was sometimes 
 called Ontario Nous.) A third by the Hudson, and a foui-th by the 
 St. Lawrence." A later writer says: '• It is worthy of notice, that 
 a person may go from Quebec to New ^Orleans by water all the 
 way except about a mile from the source of Illinois River." The last 
 mentioned route we have seen belonged to the French, and was the 
 best to follow, as well as the most direct to Europe. Of the other 
 throe, we have only to speak of that by the Hudson. 
 
 The distance from New York to Lake Ontario is laid down as 
 being 500 miles. From New York Bay to Albany, the Hudson is 
 navigable, 180 miles. Ton miles north of Albany the river divides 
 into two branches. The western branch is the Mohawk and leads 
 to Rome, formerly Fort Stanwix. A branch of the Mohawk, Wood 
 Creek, loads toward Oneida Lake, which was reached by a portage. 
 A branch of Wood Creek was called Canada Creek, and led 
 toward Lake Champlain. From Oneida- Lake, the larger lake, 
 Ontario, is reached by the Oswego River. Weld probably refers 
 to this route when he says that the distance over which boats had 
 to be hauled by land, (perhaps, from New York to Ontario) was 
 altogether thirty miles. This was no doubt the most speedy route 
 by which to reach Upper Canada from the Hudson. Frequent 
 reference is made to it, in the accounts of journeying, by the U. E. 
 Loyalists, which have come under notice. It was by far the most 
 commonly traveled way, taken by those who came into Canada 
 after thef close of the wai . And, it is stated, 1796, that the chief 
 part of the trade between New York and the lake is by this way. 
 nBut sometimes, the traveler up the Mohawk, instead of turning into 
 Vilcrik, or Wood Creek, would continue to ascend the Mohawk, 
 
132 DIFFERENT ROUTES— LOYALISTS. 
 
 which turned more toward the east; and then into a branch some- 
 timoB called, 1756, West Canada Creek, by which he was brought 
 contiguous to the head waters of the Black River, which omptios 
 into the lake at Sackot's Harbor, But the Black River was some- 
 times reached by asceiiding the Hudson, above the mouth of the 
 Mohawk, away eastward to the Mohegan mountains, where the 
 Hudson rises. Crossing these mountains ho would strike the 
 Moose River, which is a tributary to the Black River. Occasion- 
 ally, instead of Moose River, the Oswegotchie was reaehod, and fol- 
 lowed to its mouth at La Presentation, the present town of Ogdens- 
 burgh. That this route was well known, is shown from the state- 
 ment of Weld, that, " It is said that both the Hudson and Obwegot- 
 ehie River are capable of being made navigable for light batteaux 
 to where they approach within a short distance, about four miles." 
 All of these branches of the Hudson are interrupted by falls. 
 
 Still another way was now and then taken, after having 
 crossed the Mohegans, namely, by Long Lake which feeds Racket 
 River, that empties into the St. Lawrence, at St. Regis, opposite Corn- 
 wall. Again, numerous accounts have been furnished the wi-iter, in 
 which the traveler followed the military highway to Lower Can- 
 ada, by Whitehall, Lake Champlain, Fort Ticonderoga, Platts- 
 burgh, and then turning northward proceeded to Cornwall. But this 
 way was the common one to Lower Canada, and by the Sorel. This 
 historic route was no doubt long used by the Indians, before the 
 European trod it, and Champlain at an early period penetrated to 
 the lake, to which his name is forever attached. Along this road 
 passed many a military expedition ; and during the wars between 
 the colonies of France and England, here ebbed and flowed the 
 tide of strife. The rebellion of 1176 witnessed Burgoyne with his 
 army sweep by here westward to meet his disastrous fate ; and 
 thereafter set in the stream of refugees and loyalists, which ceased 
 not to flow for many a year, along this path. 
 
 ; M';; While the great majority of the loyalists who came to Canada, 
 
 followed one or other of the routes above mentioned, there were 
 
 some who came around by the Atlantic, and up the St. Lawrence, 
 
 There were at 1 H two companies, one under the leadership of 
 
 4. Captain Grass, le under Captain Van Alstine, who sailed from 
 
 4 New York in under the protection of a war vessel, shortly 
 
 ^a^before the evacuation by the British forces in 1783. 
 
 Directing our attention to the territory north of Lake Ontario, 
 and the Upper St. Lawrence,'we find some interesting facts relative 
 
INDIAN ROUTES AROUND BAY QUINTE. 133 
 
 to the original Indian paths ; sometimes, followed on hunting and 
 fishing expeditions, and sometimes in pursuit of an enemy. There 
 is evidence that the Mohawks, upon the southern shore of Lake 
 Ontario, were accustomed to pass across the waters, to the northern 
 shores by diiferont routes. Thus, one was from Cape Vincent to 
 Wolfe Island, and thonco along its shore to the west end, and then 
 either to Cataraqui, or up the Bay Quinte, or perhaps across to Am- 
 herst Island, whore, itseems, generally resided a Chief of considerable 
 importance. A second route, followed by them, in their frail bark 
 canoes, was from a point of land somewhat east of Oswego, called 
 in later days Henderson's Point, taking in their way Stony Island, 
 the Jallup Islands, and stretching across to Yorkshire Island, and 
 Duck Island, then to the Drake Islands, and finally to Point 
 Traverse. Following the shore around this point, Wappooso Island 
 was also reached ; or, on the contrary, proceeding along the shore 
 westward they reached East Lake. Prom the northernmost point 
 of this lake they directed their steps, with canoes on their heads, 
 across the carrying place to the head of Picton Bay, a distance of 
 a little over four miles. It is interesting to notice that upon the 
 old maps, by the early French navigators, the above mentioned 
 islands are specified a "aw des Couis;''^ while at the same time the 
 Bay of Quinte bears the name of Couis, showing unmistakably that 
 the Mohawk Indians passed by this way to the head waters of 
 the bay and to the Trent River. Herriot designates one of these 
 islands. Isle do Quinte. Two maps in the Imperial library of Paris, 
 give these islands, above mentioned, the name of Middle Islands, 
 and the waters east of them are named Cataraqui Bay. It is 
 not at all unlikely that Champlain, when he first saw Lake 
 Ontario, emerged from the water of East lake. Again, instead of 
 entering the Bay Quinte with a view of passing up the River Moira, 
 or Trent, they would continue along the south shore of Prince 
 Edward, past West Lake and Consecon Lake, and proceed westward, 
 sometime;^ to the river at Port Hope, sometimes further west, even 
 to the Don, and ascend some one of the rivers to the head waters 
 of the Trent or Lake Simcoe. The early maj)« indicate Indian 
 villages along at several points. Owing to the dangerous coast 
 along the south shore of Prince Edward, sometimes they chose the 
 longer and more tedious route through the Bay Quinte to its head. 
 That here was a common carrying place is well attested by the state- 
 ments of many. Indeed, at this point upon the shores of the lake 
 was an Indian village of importance. An old graveyard here, upon 
 
1*84 PROM ONTARIO TO HURON. 
 
 being plowed, lias yielded rich and important relics, showing that 
 the Indians were Christianized, and that valuable French gifts had 
 been bestowed. 
 
 It would Hcem from a letter of DoNonville, that there were two 
 ways to roach Lake Huron from Lake Ontario : one by the Bay 
 Quinte and the Trent; the other by the way of the Don River and 
 Lake Simcoo, called by him " Lake Taranto." In the selection of 
 routes they were guided by Indians. 
 
 The route by the Trentjand the Bay Quinto was for many a day 
 regarded as the most direct, and the best route to Lake Huron, even 
 since the settlement by Europeans. Its supposed importance was 
 sufficient to load to the attempt to construct a canal with locks, to 
 make it navigable. Gourlay says, sometime after the war of 1812, 
 that " in course of time it may become an object of importance to 
 connect Eice Lake by a canal with Lake Ontario direct, instead of 
 following the present canoe route by its natural outlet into the Bay 
 f^ Quinte." "• ' ' ' ' ' ' 1 ' 
 
 The Marquis DeNonville, in 1685, moved on the Five Nations 
 with his little army in canoes, in two divisions. On the 23rd June, 
 one-half proceeded on the south side from the 'fort Cataraqui, and 
 the other on the north side of the lake, and met near Oswego. 
 Now, there can be no doubt, that the latter party crossed the bay 
 . to Indian Point, passed along its southern shore, then across the bay 
 by Wappoose Island, and then around, or crossing Point Traverse 
 struck far into the lake, by the islands which constituted the guides 
 of this early Indian route. It may be that this was so commonly 
 traveled that the old namejof Point Traverse was thus derived. 
 
 "Wo have indicated the several routes followed by the Indians, 
 the French, the English, and finally by the Eefugees, so far as 
 relate to the territory now comprising Upper Canada, that is by 
 which it was originally|reached and settled. Besido, there were 
 some who found their way hy land from the head waters of the 
 Susquehana to Lake Eric and Niagara. But the vast majority of 
 pioneers of Upper Canada entered by the channels aforesaid. 
 
 For many years, the only road from Lower Canada was by the 
 St. Lawrence, ascending wearily up the dangerous rapids in canoes 
 and batteaux; and it will be found that the lots in the first town- 
 ships were surveyed narroAV in order to secure a water frontage to 
 as many as possible, because there was no other means of transit 
 than by water. But those who settled in the second conopssions, a 
 year or two later, were obliged to tread the length o'f the long front 
 
TBAVELINO BY OANOB. 135 
 
 Jots, in order to roach the water. At the same time the com- 
 munication with Lower Canada, up and down the rapids, was 
 attended with many hazardH and inconveniences. It conseq^uently 
 became a matter of no little importance to have a road through 
 the settlements to Montreal, which might bo traveled by horse, 
 a King's highway from the eastern Provincial line. It was, 
 however, some years after the first settlement before this was 
 secured. The original survey for a road was made by one 
 Ponair, assisted by one Kilborno. ''The opening" Sherwood 
 says, <' of this road from Lower Canada to Brookville and thence to 
 Cataraqui, a distance of U5 miles, was an event long remembered 
 by the pioneers. At the end of each mile was planted a red cedar 
 post with a mark upon it indicating the number of miles from the 
 Provincial line."— (See First Years of Upper Canadar-Constructioa 
 of Eoads). . . , • 
 
 / ' ■ ■•■ ■ ''■■■ ' ■■'■ * '•' ■ "■• ' . • '*Mivw. 
 
 'jA;,/irr,vr:!;vj« rc'tui Oi'! it.'ff* .'ji,'m tin )ft.'6fij :i( bfih<iVMyur 'V::c.-n". 
 ^],^m') -^iibi' .torn i.^ CHAPTER Xni. hod ^tii no -t^ilu^ -il' 
 
 CONTBKTS— Indians traveled by loot or by oanoe— Secreting canoes Primeval 
 
 scenes—Hunting expeditions—War path— In 1812— Brook— A night at 
 
 '' Myers' Creek— Important arrival— The North West Company— Their canoeg 
 
 { — Route—Grand Portage— The Voyageurs— The Batteaux— Size— Ascending 
 
 the rapids—Lachine- A dry dock— Loyalists by battoaux— Durham boats— 
 
 ? Difficulties—In 1788, time from Lachine to Predericksburgh— Waiting for 
 
 batteaux— Extracts from a journal, travelling in 1811— From Kingston to 
 
 . Montreal— The expenses— The Schenectady boats— Trade between Albany 
 
 » and Cataraqui— The Durham boat— Duncan— Description of flat-bottomed 
 
 > boat by " Murray "—Statement of Finkle—Trading— Batteaux in 1812— Rate 
 
 of traveling— The change in fifty years— Time tfrom Albany to Bay Quint6 
 
 —Instances — Loyalists traveling in winter— Route— Willsbury wilderness 
 
 t —Tarrying at Cornwall— The " French Train "— Traveling along north 
 
 shore of Ontario—Indian path— Horseback— Individual owners of batteaux 
 
 —Around Bay Quints- The last regular batteaux — In 1819—" Lines " from 
 
 magazine, m mvr.iimr'/i .flffm-i: i'Vl. ; }.«* ?}{*fr»f ■■>^r«fT c4 i^n • 
 
 ,iivi».V!Jn?' TRAVKLING BY CANOE, ff*) '^'Xf fH l^i fV-*,i(^>- > 
 
 "'- Having pointed out the several general routes by which the abori, 
 gines and the first Europe ans in America, were wont to traverse the 
 country from the seaboard to the f ai* west ; and indicated more parti- 
 cularly the smaller paths of the Indians around the Bay Quinte and 
 Lake Ontario, we purpose glancing at the means by which they made 
 their way through the wilderness. 
 
136 BROCK TRAVELING BY CANOE. 
 
 Tho Native hadhut two moflos of transporting himself from place 
 to place ; namely, by foot and by tho oanoo. He was trained to make 
 long expeditions ii|)on the war-i)ath, or after prey. When his course 
 lay along a water way, ho employed his birch canoo. This being 
 light, he could easily ascend rapids, and when nccessaiy, lift it from 
 the water, and placing it, bottom upward, upon his head, carry it 
 around tho falls, or over a portage with the greatest facility. When 
 upon the chase, or about to attack a foe, the canoo was so carefully 
 secreted, that the passing traveler would never detect its whereabouts. 
 The French and English at tho first followed this Indian mode of 
 traveling. From tho graphic descriptions which are given to us by 
 the early writers, of this Indian mode of traveling in America, ere 
 the sound of the axe had broken upon tho clear northern air, and 
 while nature presented an unbroken garment of green, it is not diffi- 
 cult to imagine that scones of Indian canoe traveling wore in the 
 extreme picturesque. It is not necessary to go beyond the Bay 
 Quinte, to find a place where all the natural beauty was combined with 
 the rude usages of the aboriginal inhabitant, to create a picture of 
 rare interest and attraction. In those primeval times there was no 
 regular passage made between one part of the country and another. 
 The Indian in his light canoe glided along here and there, as his 
 fancy led him, or the probability of obtaining fish or game dictated. 
 At certain seasons of tho year there was a general movement, as they 
 started off on their hunting expeditions ; and at other times the 
 warriors alone set out, when only intent upon surprising the hated 
 foe. On these occasions one canoe would silently and swiftly follow 
 in the wake of the other, until the place of debarkation was reached. 
 For a long time the birch canoe was the only mode of traveling, and 
 when the French came with their batteaux, the canoe continued for 
 a long time the principarmeans of transit. Even so late as the war 
 of 1812, canoes were employed, and many of the gallant ones who 
 fought and conquered the conceited ajad unscruf>ulous Yankee 
 invader, found their way to tho front by the swift birch bark. 
 Company after company of Eed Coats were to bo seen plying the 
 trim paddle as the canoe sped on its way. We have it on good 
 authority that Major General Brock, at the reception of the intelli- 
 gence, that the United States had declared war against Great Britain, 
 set out from Lower Canada in a birch canoe, and with a companion 
 and their boatman, journeyed all the way to York, followed by a 
 regiment of soldiers. Incidents of this passage are yet related by 
 the living. He reached Belleville, or as it was then called 
 
BBOCK AT MYERS' CREKK. 137 
 
 Myers' Creok, lato ono night, after having boon traveling for some ■ 
 time without rest. With his companion, ho wont asliore and sought 
 
 a place to sleep. They entered the public house of Captain Mo , 
 
 and after examining a room, decided to sleep there the night. But 
 the host, hearing an unusual noise, rushed into the room demanding 
 who was there. The C4enorar8 companion, with the quickness, and 
 in language somewhat characteristic of the army of that time, told 
 him he would kick him to h-ll in a minute. Captain Mc some- 
 what disconcerted at the threat and tone of authority walked out, 
 and meeting the boatman, ask him who the parties were. Upon 
 being informed, ho rushed away in a state of great alarm, not daring 
 to shew himself again to the General. The house is still standing. 
 The following notice is from the Kingston Gazette. '^' i»i"'w^ ? *- 
 
 " YoKK, April 29, 1815." 
 " On Sunday evening last arrived in this town from Burlington, 
 in a birch canoe, Lieutenant General Sir Greorge JNIurray Knight," 
 &c., &c. _*■' ■•jtffi,yr-ii.- ,■■:• ••(titJ'.'.irH:"')' lr"i*''r.'*>«.'r''.'i.<tt'i.vi»#r!jH' ? 'biif '«».'< 
 
 tt cv«7'' ' BArrEAUX — SCHKNECTADY BOATS — DURHAM BOATS. f JTihi 
 
 Gourley, speaking of Lachino, says tiiat " from Lachine the 
 canoos employed by the North West Company in the fur trade take 
 their departure. Of all the numerous contrivances for transporting 
 heavy burthens by water, these vessels are perhaps the most extra- 
 ordinary : Scarcely anything can be conceived so inadequate from the 
 slightness of their construction, to the purpose they are applied to, 
 and to contend against the impetuous torrent of tbe many I'apids that 
 must be passed through in the course of a voyage. They seldom 
 exceed thirty feet in length, and six in breadth, diminishing to a sharp 
 point at each end, without distinction of head or stern ; the frame is 
 composed of small pieces of some very light wood ; it is then covered 
 with the bark of the birch tree, cut into convenient slips, that are 
 rarely more than the eight of an inch in thickness ; these are sewed 
 together with threads made from the twisted fibres of the roots of a 
 particular tree, and strengthened where necessary by narrow strips of 
 the same materials applied on the inside ; the joints in the fragile 
 planking are made water-tight, by being covered with a species of 
 gum that adheres very firmly, and becomes perfectly hard. No iron- 
 work of any description, not even nails, are employed in building 
 these slender vessels, which, when complete, weigh only about five 
 hundred weight each. On being prepared for the voyage, they 
 
IM- VOYAOINO TO THE PAR W18T. 
 
 roccive thoir Imliiij?, that for tho couvoiiionco of oarryiiitf aorosH tho 
 port'iges iH mado up in packages of about throe-quartorH of a hundred 
 weit^ht each, and amounts altogether to five tonn, or a little more, 
 incltiding provisions, and other ncoesHarios for tho men, of whom from 
 eight to ten are employed to each canoe; they uHually set out in 
 brigatles like the b.ittcaux, and in the course of a summer, upwards 
 of fifty of these vessels are thus dispatched. They jirooeod up tho 
 Grand, or Ottawa Iliver, so far as tho south-west branch, by which, 
 and a chain of small lakes, they reach Lake Nippissing ; through it, 
 and down the French Kiver into Lake Huron ; along its northern 
 coast, up the narrows of St. Mary, into Lake Superior, and then, by 
 its northern side, to the Grand Portage, a distance of about 1,100 
 miles from the place of departure. The difficulties encountered in 
 tliis voyage are not easily conceived ; the great number of rapids in 
 tho rivers, the diftbrent portages from lake to lake, which vary from 
 a few yards to three miles or more in length, where the canoes must 
 be unladen, and with thoir contents carried to the next water, 
 occasion a succession of labors and fatigues of which but a poor 
 estimation can be formed by judging it from the ordinary occupa- 
 tions of other laboring classes. From the Grand Portage, that is 
 nine miles across, a continuation of tho same toils takes place in bark 
 canoes of an inferior size, through the chain of lakes and streams 
 that run from the height of land westward to the Lake of the Woods, 
 Lake Winnipeg, and onwards to more distant establishments of the 
 company in the remote regions of the north-west country. The men 
 are robust, hardy, and resolute, capable of enduring great extremes 
 of fatigues and privation for a long time, with a patience almost 
 inexhaustible. In the large lakes they are frequently daring enough 
 to cross the deep bays, often a distance of several leagues, in their 
 canoes, to avoid lengthening the route by coasting them ; yet, not- 
 withstanding all the risks and hardships attending their employment, 
 they prefer it to every other, and are very seldom induced to relin- 
 quish it in favor of any more settled occupation. The few dollars 
 they receive as the compensation for so many privations and dangers, 
 are in general, dissipated with a most careless indifference to future 
 wants, and when at an end, they very contentedly renew the same 
 series of toils to obtain a fresh supply." +{#*{*; 't\m^i en'-p- i^^i^fi > 
 
 "The batteaux," says Ex-Sheriff Sherwood, "by which the 
 refugees emigi'ated, were principally built at Lachine, nine miles 
 from Montreal. They were calculated to carry four or five families, 
 with about two tons weight. Twelve boats constituted a brigade, 
 
BATTEAUX ON THE ST. LAWRENCE. 139 
 
 and each bripjide had a condtictor, with flvo men in each boat, ono of 
 whicli Btoercd. The duty of the conduotor was to crive <lirootion« for 
 the safe managtMuent of the boatu, to koe|> thorn toi^ether ; and when 
 they oanio to u raj)i«l they left a j)ortion of the bontH wifh one man 
 in oharge. The boats asoondinj? wore doubly manned, an<l drawn by 
 a rope fastened at the bow of the boat, leuvin*? four men in the boat 
 with setting poles, thus the men walked alonpf the side of the rivoT, 
 sometimes in the water, or on the vd^e of the bank, as circumstances 
 occurred. If the tops of trees or brush were in the way they would 
 have to stop and c\it them away. Having reached the head of tho 
 rapid the boats were left with a man, and tho others went b»ck for 
 others," and so they continued until all the rapids wore mounted. 
 Lachino was the starting place, a place of some twertty dwelling 
 bouses. Here Mr. Grant had a dry dock for batteaux. 
 
 It was by these batteaux, that tho refugees, and their families, 
 as well as the soldiers and their families passed from the shores of 
 Lake Champlain, from Sorel, and the St. Lawrence, where they had' 
 temporally lived, to the Upper Province. It was also by these, of 
 the Skenectady, or tho Durham boat, that the pioneers made their 
 transit from Oswego. ^ .-./.n, .....,;; i» . mikv i% i" i 
 
 Thus it will be seen that t<> gain the northern shore of tho St. 
 Lawrence and Lake Ontario, w.is a task of no easy nature, and tho 
 steps by which they came were taken literally inch by inch, and were 
 attended with labor hard and venturesome. Records are not wanting 
 of tho severe hardships endured by families on their way to their 
 wooded lands. Supplied with limited comforts, perhaps only the 
 actual necessaries of life, they advanced slowly by day along danger- 
 ous rapids, and at night rested under the blue sky. But our fathers 
 and mothers were made of ftem stuff, and all was borne with a nobld 
 heroism. 
 
 This toilsome mode of traveling continued for many a year. 
 John Ferguson, writing in 1788, from Fredericksburgh to a friend 
 in Lower Canada, Lachine, says of his jouniey, " after a most tedious 
 and fatiguing journey I aa*rived here — nineteen days on the way- 
 horrid roads — sometimes for whole days up to the waist in water Or 
 mire." But the average time required to ascend the rapids with a 
 brigade was from ten to twelve days, and three or four to descend. 
 ^ One can hardly conceive of the toihome hours formerly spent in 
 passing from Kingston, or tho seventh and eight townships of the bay 
 to Montreal, and back. Before setting out, the traveler would make 
 elaborate preparations for a journey of several weeks. There was no 
 
140 A TRIP IN 1811. 
 
 rOf2;ulnr traffic, nml only nil nconiiional bnttonux, laden witli dimple 
 nrtioluH of murchaniliHc, would Htart for thu hund waturH of tlu; l>ay. 
 IndividuaU would often wait, HoniotiineMa lonj< tinus for these oppor- 
 tutittien, and th(>n would work their paHsap^e, by taking n hand at tho 
 oarH. Even up to tho prcHent century, it waH tho ouHtom. 
 
 Tho following m n niOHt interenting iuHtanco of hatteaux traveling 
 which hn« boon placed in our Imnds by tho liev. Mr. Miles. It gives 
 one an o.xcullent iilea of traveling at tho beginning of tho proHont 
 century. "I left Kingston on the 0th of April, 1811, but an tho 
 traveling then wan not us it is now, I did not arrive in Montreal till 
 the 18th. I will just copy vorbutiin, tho journal I kept on my pass- 
 age. Durham boats wore suarco on the Canada side at that time, 
 but it was thought if I could got to tho American shore, I would find 
 one on its way to Montreal. Well, I found a man in Kingston, just 
 from Grindstono Island, who had brought up some shingles and tar 
 to sell, and ho told me if I could get to Briton's Point, several miles 
 down the river from Cape Vincent, and to which place ho would take 
 me, that he thought I would find a Durham boat there, and tho 
 tho following is my journal on that route. 
 
 "Grindstono Island, April 11th, 1811. — Left Kingston yesterday, 
 April 0th, at 3 p.m.. in an open skifT, with R Watson, a clork in 
 Dr. Jonas Abbott's 8tore,and two hands belonging to the skill' — head 
 wind — rowed hard till about eight in the evening, when having 
 blistered both hands, and being very much fatigued, we drew our skiff 
 on shore, and campod on the shore of Long Island, about five miles 
 above Grindstone Island — wind strong from the north — very cold 
 and without victuals or fire — foet wet — slept some, walked some, and 
 by daybreak was somewhat chilled. Strong head wind. Stuck close 
 to our dear lodgings till about oiglit, when the wind abated, and we 
 stuck to our oars till about eleven o'clock, when we made Grindstone 
 Island, weary, and very hungry — eat a hearty dish of " sapon " and 
 milk — rested about an hour— set off for Briton's tavern on the 
 American shore, where we arrived about 4 p.m., the water being 
 entirely calm. Had not been on shore ten minutes, as good luck 
 ■would have it, before we engaged a passage for Cornwall in a Durham 
 boat, and a breeze coming up directly from the south, our Araericaa 
 boats immediately hoisted sail and proceeded about thirty miles, 
 when the wind changed, and we put into a bay on Grenadier Island, 
 about nine in the evening — eat some supper at a house owned 
 by Mr. Baxter — spread a sail upon the floor, and seven boatmen and 
 four passengers campod down before tho Are. In tho morning I felt 
 
80IISNICTADT AND DURHAM DOATH. 141 
 
 my honcH nn thoiij^h they ha«l boon lylnpf on tli« noft hu\v f n Imrd 
 rough floor. A|)ril H, lu-ml wind Htill. WIhIu'cI inyH«ll either lit 
 KiijgHton or Montronl. Ai>ril 0, utill u lii'ftd wind. MuHt tako it as 
 it comcH. Ut'a«ling and writing tlio order of tlio day. At 7 p.m., 
 boiHted Hail. At ono a.m., arrived at a Iiouho on the Canada shoro, 
 and Hh'pt on the floor till daylight. April 10, left for OgdenHhurg, 
 whore wo arrivetl at n p.m. Found an old ac(juaintanco and paHHcd 
 the afternoon quite agreeably. A|)ril 11, hud a good niglit'H roHt. 
 Still a head wind. Found the printing otliee and conipOHed typoH tho 
 greater part of the day. April 12, utill a head wind. April l.'J, h-ft 
 Ogdenshurg and arrived at Cornwall. April 1 4, left Cornwall and 
 arrived at M'Gce's, Lake St. tVanciB. April 16, left M'Goe's and 
 arrived at Montreal about 8 p.m. Traveling exponflos from Kingston 
 to Montreal ^9 75." 
 
 With the later coming rofHigeoH was introduced another kind 
 of flat bottomed boat. It was gonorally small and rigged with an 
 ungainly sail. It was gonorally built at the Town of Schenectady, 
 and henco tho namo. Schenectady is a Uorman word, and moans 
 pine barren. Families about to come to Canada would build ono or 
 more to moot thoir roqiremonts. There was novor a largo number 
 of this particular kind of boat. Those that wero to bo seen, viroro 
 upon tho bay. 
 
 With tho opening up of trade between Albany and Upper Can- 
 ada, was introduced still another kind of vessel, which was adapted 
 to tho use of merchants, engaged in tho carrying trade. Ono of the 
 earliest traffickers from tho Mohawk Eiver to tho lakes by tho Dur- 
 ham boats was Duncan, of Augusta, who was, as will be seen, one 
 of tho first Legislative Councillors of Upper Canada. Ho finally re- 
 moved to Schenectady. It is said that ho introduced tho trade 
 between the Mohawk and Buffalo which led to tho construction of 
 the Erie Canal. 
 
 A wi'itor, speaking of the boats used by tho Canadians, says^ 
 tho largest boats used by tho Canadian boatmen is called tho Durham 
 boat, " used here and in tho rapids of the Mohawk. It is long, 
 shallow, and nearly flat bottomed. Tho chief instrument of steerage 
 is a polo ten feet long, shod with iron, and crossed at short intervals 
 with small bars of wood like tho feet of a ladder ; the men place 
 themselves at the bow, two on each side, thrust thoir poles into the 
 channel, and grasping successively tho wooden bars, work their 
 way toward the stern, thus pushing on the vessel in that dirofttion," 
 (Murray). . 5,./^.o . 
 
.J42 i'ifcST TRADE WITH YOEK. 
 
 Mr. Flnkle remarks that " the first mode of conveyance for 
 travelers from Montreal to Kingston, after the settlement of Upper 
 Canada, was by Canadian batteaux laden with merchandize (at this 
 time there was no separate conveyance). The return cargo con- 
 eisted of barrels of flour, peas, potash, north-west packs of furs, 
 &c. ; the men and conductors employed in this business were Low^r 
 Canadians. This mode of conveyance continued without intenTup- 
 tion until 1809, when the Durham boats came from the Mohawk 
 Biver and embarked in the cax'rying trade only between Montreal 
 iftnd Kingston. Being of commodious size, far above the batteaux, 
 they materially interfered with them and lessened the trade by the 
 ibatteaux. The men who managed the Durham boats came with 
 them from the MohaAvk Kiver, these boats were entirely n^anned by 
 men from that country. 
 
 The flat bottomed boat continued in use until some tin\B after 
 rthe war of 1812. Until the canal along the St. Lawrence was 
 constructed it was the only wfty by which merchandize could be 
 tKUisported to the Upper Province thorough the rapids of the St. 
 X/awronce. After the establishment of York as the capital of Upper 
 Canada, there sprung \ip naturally, a trade between Kingston and 
 the " muddy" capital, and regular batteaux communication was, after 
 a little, established. Once a week the solitary boat left Kingston, 
 and slowly made its way by oars, up the bay to the Carrying Place 
 over which it was hauled by Asa Weller, a tavern keeper, upon low 
 wheels or trucks drawn by oxen, and then continued its way along 
 the shore of Ontario, to its destination. These boats carried not only 
 merchandize but passengers. Beside the regular batteaux there were 
 occasionally others, owned by small merchants and pedlars. It was 
 by the flat bottomed boat and canoe that many of the troops 
 ascended to the head of the lake in 1812, and by which many of 
 the lOOli prisoners taken at Detroit were conveyed to Quebec. The 
 rate of speed of the batteaux or Durham boat, as well as the 
 Skenectady boat, can be approximated from the statement ot " A 
 traveller"' writing in 1835. He says, " the line of boats which start 
 ■from Albany to Skenectady, on their way to Upper Canada, go two- 
 and-a-half miles an hour, taking in stoppages — charging one-and-a- 
 half cents per mile, including board. This mode of traveling is 
 preferred by large fkmilies and piiident settlers, t >.k:; ^>-. i- ^^irr: - 
 
 The conveniences of traveling then, as well as the time required, 
 are so widely different from what we are accustomed to in this day, 
 that we have to pause and wonder at the change which even fifty 
 
REFUGEES TRAVELING. 148 
 
 • 
 
 and sixty years have wrought. Even after Upper Canada had be- 
 come somewhat settled, it was a momentous matter for a family to 
 set out from the Hudson for Cataraqui, or the Bay Quinte, as they 
 generally called the settlement in those days. For instance, Mr. 
 Lambert, of Sophiasburgh, who came in 1802, was six weeks on the 
 way between Albany and the bay, coming by the Mohawk and 
 Oswego Rivers, and crossing from "Gravelly Point" to "Isle 
 Tanti." We will give another instance : — Nichohw L., came from 
 New Jersey with seven sons and two daughters. It took a month 
 to come. Having i-eached Schenectady they waiteu to build a 
 batteaux. This completed, they stored away provisions to last them 
 until Cataraqui was reached. They also brought with them iron 
 kettles, with which to make maple sugar, and "a churn full of 
 honey." Mr. L., being a fanning mill maker, he brought also a 
 quantity of wire guaze. At Oswego, the fort there being still held 
 by the British, they were strictly questioned as to the uae intended 
 to be made of the kettles and gau^e. Satisfaction being given on 
 this point, the family continued thojr tedious journey along the 
 shore towai'd Kingston. Barely escaping being wi-ecked off Stony 
 Island, they at last reached the north shore. Three days more of 
 weary rowing up the bay, and Hay Bay was reached, where they 
 settled. 
 
 The loyalists not alone came in summer, by batteaux or the 
 
 Schenectady boat; but likewise in winter. They generaWy followed, 
 38 near as possible, some one of the routes taken in summer. To 
 undertake to ti-avorse a wilderness with no road, and guided only by 
 rivers and creeks, or blaaed trees, was no common thing. Several 
 families would sometimes join together to form a train of sleighs. 
 They would carry with them their bedding, clothes, and the neces- 
 sary provisions. We have received interesting accounts of winter 
 journeyings from Albany along the Hudson, across to the Black 
 Eivor country, and to the St. Lawrence. Sometimes the train would 
 follow the " military road " along by Champlain, St. Greorgc, and 
 as far as Plattsburgh, and then turn north to the St. Lawrence, by 
 what was then called the Willsbury wilderness, and "Chatagueo " 
 woods. At the beginning of the present century there was but one 
 tavern thraugh all that vast forest, and this of the poorest character. 
 Indeed it is said that while provision might bo procured for the 
 Horaes, none could be had for man. Those who thus entered Canada 
 in winter found it necessary to stay at Cornwall until spring. Two 
 .or more of the wen would walk, along tlie St. Lawrenyo to the bay 
 
144 TRAVELING ALONO LAKE ONTARIO. 
 
 Quinte, and, at the opening of navigation, having borrowed a batteaux 
 doBCond to Cornwall for the women, children, and articloH brought 
 with them. Often, indeed generally unacquainted with the use of 
 the boat, the paHsage up and down the river waa tedious and toil- 
 some. While the families and nleighs wore transported in the 
 batteaux the horses were taken along the shore by the larger boys, 
 if such there were among them. The "French train" was occa- 
 sionally employed in their winter travels. It consisted of a long 
 rude sleigh with several horses driven tandem style, this allowed 
 the passage among the trees to bo made more easily. 
 
 Many very interesting reminisences are known of traveling 
 along the bay by the pioneers. A few are adduced. ,.<(,, ,i.»;,f 
 
 ^l TRAVELING TO YORK AND QUEEN8T0N. 
 
 Travelers from Montreal to the west would come by a 
 batteaux, or Durham boat, to Kingston. Those who had business 
 further west, says Finkle, " were conveyed to Henry Finkle's in 
 Ernest town, where they commonly stopped a few days. Thence 
 they made their journey on horse back. A white man conducted 
 them to the Eiver Trent, where resided Colonel Bloecker who was 
 at the head, and had control of all the Mississauga Indians, and 
 commanded the entire country from the Trent to Toronto. At 
 this place the traveler was furnished with a fresh horse and an 
 Indian guide to conduct him through an unsettled country, the road 
 being little better than a common Indian path, with all its windings. 
 The road continued in this state until about the year 1798. Some- 
 times the traveler continued his way around' the head of the lake on 
 hoi'se back to Quoenston, where resided Judge Hamilton. 
 
 During the time the surveyors were laying out the townships 
 of the bay, batteaux occasionally passed up and down, supplying 
 the staff with their requirements, or perhaps with some one look- 
 ing for a good tract of land a J jy^' >•'<?'•' .':;•> 
 
 In 1790 a batteaux was owned by Mr. Lambert, of the eighth 
 township, and Mr. Ferguson, writing fVom Kingston to Mr. Bell, 
 wished him to borrow it, to come to Kingston. 
 
 Among the first to use batteaux as a mode of traffic, was Cap- 
 tain Myers. He sailed one up and down the bay to carry, not only 
 his own freight, but for the accommodation of others. He fre- 
 quently went to Kingston, and now and then to Montreal, tlio 
 mode pursued, was to ' harge for freight down, and then give tho 
 passenger a free passage back. This was followed for many years, 
 
THE LAST OV THE BATTEADX. 145 
 
 with great profit. The Captain was acoiistomod to make the 
 journey as plcanant an poH8iblo to the pas^eiigeTH. Ho alwayw kept 
 his gi'og in his "caboose," and would deal it out to all. There was 
 no doubt much of jollity and pleasant yarn-spinning, during the 
 long passages upon the tran(iuil waters of the bay. Captain Myers 
 subsequently owned a schooner." 
 
 A letter written 11th November, 1790, by John Ferguson, to 
 Wm. Bell, of Sidney, says, "As 1 suppose Mr. Lounsbury's boat is 
 idle, I woukl be glad that you would endeavour to borrow or hire it 
 and Sherrard's son and come down to the third township. 
 
 When persons had gone down the bay, and were expected to 
 return upon a certain night, there would often be a fire kindled on 
 the shore to guide them homeward. In dark nights this was really 
 necessary. Many were the expedients resorted to make short cuts. 
 The feat of swimming horses over the bay was now and then 
 resorted to by the Wallbridges after they settled in Ameliasburgh. 
 Wishing to go to Kingston, they would go down to the point where 
 the bay is narrow, and swim the horses across to Ox Point, and then 
 ride to Kingston by a bridle path. Itwould now and then happen at 
 a late period, that a traveler passing to his place of settlement would 
 have a lumber waggon. This would be ferried across the bay by 
 placing it across two log canoes. Keferring to swimming the bay by 
 a horse, a colored man, yet living within the neighbourhood of 
 Belleville, remembers when a boy, to have been put upon a horse, 
 and then to have obeyed orders to swim him across the bay. This 
 occurred near Belleville. 
 
 Long after steamboats were started on the bay, the batleaux 
 continued to ply between Ikdleville and Montreal. The'last to sail 
 these was Fanning and John Covert. In 1830, Fanning arrived at 
 Montreal from Belleville so early as to present his bills of laden 
 upon the first of April. The following business notice cannot fail 
 to be interesting : 
 
 . "The subscribers having established a line of Durham Boats 
 from this place, propose forwarding from the different ports of the 
 lake to that of Montreal, on the following terms, vi?. : 
 
 " From York, Niagara, Queenston, and the head of the lake, for 
 each barrel of F'lour delivered at the Port of Montreal, 58. and 6d. 
 
 "From Kingston, to the Port of Montreal, for each barrel of 
 Flour, 48. and 6d. 
 
 " From York, Niagara, Queenston, and the head ofthe lake, for 
 each barrel of Potash delivered at the Port of Montreal, 12b. and 6d, 
 

 149 CANADIAN HATTEAUX. 
 
 "From Kingston to tho Port of Montreal, for each barrel of 
 Potash, IOh. 
 
 " From York, Niagara, QuoenHton, and tho head of tho lake, for 
 oach barrel of Pork delivered at tho Port of Montreal, 8.s. and 3d. 
 
 "From Kingston to tho Port of Montreal, for oach barrel of 
 Pork, 6h. and 9d. 
 
 "Merchandize will bo transported by tho same meauB from 
 Lachine to Kingston, at tho rate of 5h. per cwt. 
 
 " An elegant Pawsage Boat will also loavo Kingston every tenth 
 day for Montreal, which will bo fitted up in tho most commodious 
 manner and prevent any delay t<3 passengers leaving the upper part 
 pf tho lake in the Steam Boat y*>on^enac, it having been built for tho 
 purpose of leaving this place imriiediately after her arrival. 
 
 " Those arrangements will take cttbct at the opening of tho navi- 
 gation, and bo continuftd during tho season. 
 
 • , y , "Thomas Markland. 
 «< Peter Smith. 
 
 ./ ■.,,.,»■-,' ' . :.' i i'' " Lawrence Herkimer. 
 
 ' '- -^ "John Kerry. ;-'' 
 
 " William Mitchell. ;o vv'j; 
 « Kingston, February, 1819." ,^ ^ , , ^,,^,^ ,^^^,, ,.,.<„; 
 
 Eespocting the Canadian Battoaux, tho following is from the 
 Boston Weekly Magcuine of an old date. 
 
 "Linos written while at anchor in Kingston liarlx>ur. Lake 
 Ontario, on hearing from several Canadian boats entering from tho 
 St. Lawrence — their usual songs. ,. , , 
 
 Hark I o'er the lakes unruffled wave, , ^ , ., , 
 
 : ^0 ai/l^^ 0? • A diHtant Holcmn chant ik wped ; ■■'>'■''■ '" '" ■ ^-^ '^ oot. KH) 
 ',".,' , ^;. Is it some requiem at tho grave ? f'jftir,'>{i! 'j-'.HUn'?. iTiM 
 
 •; 'tJ S » f;!; Some last kind honor to the dead? jr . ,^ ,.. 
 
 V-J! 7/0'.i h- 'Tls silent all— again begin ; ■'■— ^l (vAiUiy i^Ht^i^^M- . 
 ■'",.■ (*\' It is the wearied boatman's lay, ' ifi' fji ^5;5?iI V'r>? .ff-!. 
 ■"'' ^''"^ ,^ That hails alike the riwing sun, ..^ ' . . ,.i<..,., 
 
 >,.o> 'to l.rA . And his last soft departing ray. > •*"^' ■i'^'^ -^'i' t '^'\' 
 
 i a» 5.'."hTj ' Forth from yon island's dusky side, . .,,„ ,.4+ „• 
 '■{* noqn 1 The train of batteaux now appear, '^ ,"'-'"V''/v f^J* .>ai By 
 
 "] 1^ And onward as they slowly glide, ,a:-«jfx. 
 
 'y'O .:i>^ ii More loud their chorus greets the ear. , I ,^K' 
 
 But, ah ! the charm that distance gave, ''•*•'■•' ''■' *" *^ ^■'^' 
 
 i ' When first in solemn sounds tholr song tfftfi ofi» oW 
 
 -i<:'J.nJ gn-''*'^ Crept slowly o'er the limpid "waTC, ^\ -; •..,'c.M?'V'r 
 
 Is lost in notes full loud and strong. /- .. ^ 
 
 , fh Mt^^ * B<*^i brothers row, with songs of joy, - -: - , i v -f^ 
 
 ^flj Ji»»*^^.- For now in view a port appears; .jwt"" ar««»bi.f'" 
 
 , • '- No rapids here our course annoy ' 
 
 J u.fi. No hidden rocks excite our fears, ,.,1 ov. 
 
 rr^OOIl ^»,j« Be this sweet night to slumber gi von, . t ,- » 
 
 "^'f^JTlfstrjil . Aad when the morning lights the wave ""^ ' <; / 
 
 •kwA "^ J W'J J!^*'^^ S^^® °^'' ""'*■'" songs to heav'n, { liiiteii OslJ iO .v 
 
 • 'plift i)4»-i — ^ Qyj course to bless, our lives to save. :,r t-f} • ;4 l^jBffA'^' 
 
 
FRENCH SAILING VESSELS. 147 
 
 ClIAPTKJi XIV. 
 
 . _ .. ..-■.. i t ■-, i .•' .■• 
 
 C0NTHNT8. — The first VoHRel — The French — La Salle — The Griffon — Vcssela in 
 1770 — During the Ildiellion — Huildingfvt C'arlt.ton iKhmd — Ciiiitiiin Andrews 
 Tho Ontnrlo— Col. Burton — Losh of the Ontario— The ShcoiianM — HillH— 
 Givins' — Mnmey's Point — Schooner ' Speedy' — Mohawk — MissisfiauKa — 
 Duke of Kfjnt— Capt. Rouchette — Paxton — McKonzie — ItichardKon — Earle 
 Steele — Fortiche — The Governor Kinicoc — Sloop < Elizabeth' — First vessel 
 built at York — Collins' Report upon Navigating the Lakes — Navy in Upper 
 Canada, 1795 — Ilochfoucault — Cai)t. Bouchettc — Officers' Pay — York, the 
 centre of the Naval Force — Gun Boats — Tho Loss of the " Speedy" — Ilock- 
 oncr — Dr. Strachan — Solicitor-Gcn. Gray — Canada took tho lead in building 
 Vessels — First Canadian Merchant Vessel — The York — A Schooner on run- 
 ners around tho Falls — Sending Coals to Ncnvcastle — Upon Bay Quinte — 
 The Outskirts of Civilization--" The Prince Edward" bpilt of lied Cedar-- 
 ia 1812~Schooncr " Mary Ann"— 1817~Capt. Matthews, 
 
 „; . . TIIK FIRST SAILING VESSELS. 
 
 Tho first vossols, with sailH, which nuvigatcd the waters of tho 
 iaJ<os, wore built by tho French, to pursue their discoverioH, and to 
 carry on tho fur trade. Tho first sailing vessel launched upon tho 
 Lakes, was built by LaSalle. He, with Father Ucnnepin and Che- 
 valier do Tonti, set sail from Cataraqui, on the 18th November, 
 1678, for tho mouth of the Niagara river, having on board his bark 
 goods, and material for building a brigantine on Lake Erie. During 
 tho winter tho vessel was commenced, six miles above the Falls, 
 and was launched by tho middle of summer, amid great display and 
 ceremony. Tho vessel was named " Griifon," according to Garneau ; 
 but Father Hennepin says " Cataratiui.*' " She was a kind of brig- 
 antine, not unlike a Dutch galliot, with a broad elevated bow and 
 Btcrn, very flat in the bottom ; she looked much larger than she 
 really was. She was of sixty tons burden. With the aid of tow- 
 lines and sails the Niagara river was, with diflSculty, ascended ; and 
 on tho Ith August, 1679, the first vessel that ever sat upon the 
 lakes, entered Lake Erie." The end of this Vi3gsel was a sad one. 
 (See Introc.uction). -■ = -.- - .....i-. .,.- i»^ '.<i!i 
 
 We are indebted to tho Detroit Tribune for the following inter- 
 esting statements : aivxfivi'yoUI.i'li*;4vtt ''^M'^ *i • :> , 
 
 "In 1766 four ve.ssels plied upon Lake Erie. These were the 
 "Gladwin," « Lady Charlotte," «* Victory," and " Boston." fr-rvr,/; 
 
 "The two latter laid up in the fall near NaVy Island, above 
 Niagara Falls, and one of them was burned accidentally, November 
 30, of the same year. A ver-.3ol called tho " Brunswick," owned and 
 commanded by Captain Alexander Grant, made her appearance on 
 
148 LOSS OF THE " ONTAttlO." 
 
 tho lakes during the year 1707, and wns loHt Home time during the 
 Hoason following. Captain (Jrant was tho Conunodoro of tho lakes 
 for two or throo yearw. Jn 1769 Sterling and PorleouH built a vcssol 
 at Detroit, callod tho " Enterpriwe," Itichard Cornwall, of Now York, 
 being the carpenter. Tho. boatmen, who wont from SchenoctJidy 
 with the rigging and tstoroH for this vossel to Detroit, were to have 
 eaeh £20, and ten gallons of rum. Thoy were seventy days on 
 Lake Erie, and two of the number perished from hunger, and their 
 bodies wore kept to decoy eagles and ravens. Thoy returned to 
 New York in February, 1760, by way of Pittsburg, then callod Fort 
 
 Pitt. '♦•*• ^:'''-:l"li.-Cr,(U ■:' t:.,,. . . 
 
 ■ > ♦' In May, 1770, a vessel of seventy tons burthen was launched 
 at Niagara, called the "Charity." Tho same year the Duke of 
 Gloucester, Secretary Townsend, Samuel Tutchet, Henry Baxter, 
 and four others, formed a company for mining co])per on Lake 
 Superior. In December thej' built at Point Aux Pins, a barge, and 
 laid the keel for a sloop of forty tons burthen. Of the success of 
 this enterprise we are not informed. Subsequent to the above 
 period very little was accomplished in the construction of craft for 
 lake navigation, and the few that came into commission were used 
 solely as traders, as were in fact, all those previously named. A 
 short time after, 1770, batteaux from Montreal and Quebec, employed 
 by the Hudson's Bay Fur Company, made thoir annual tours west- 
 ward, gathering largo quantities of furs, and returning homeward 
 in the fall. It has been stated that the first vessel built on Lake 
 Ontario was in 1749, but this, wo have reason to believe, is not 
 correct." 
 
 During the Revolutionary War, tho British Government built 
 at Carleton Island, a few vessels to carry troops and provisions from 
 place to place along the Lake, from Carleton Island to Niagara. 
 The first Commissioner at the Dock Yard was Commodore James 
 Andrews, Lieutenant in tho Eoyal Navy. The " Ontario," a war 
 vessel of considerable importance, carrying 22 guns, was built at 
 Carleton Island. This vessel was commanded by Capt. Andrews. 
 Some time between 1780 and 1783, as the "Ontario"' was proceeding 
 from Niagara to Oswego with a detachment of the King's Own 
 regiment, commanded by Colonel Burton, with other officers, a 
 storm arose at night, and the vessel was lost with all on board. Col. 
 John Clark, in his memoir.s, whose father bolongei^l to tho 8th regi- 
 ment, says this event happened in 1780 or '81, in which belief he is 
 supported by Mr. Sheehan, a descendant of Capt. Andi-ews: but other 
 
FIRST SURVEY OP LAKES. 149 
 
 nuthority Im.s it Ihat llic event took plat'O in 1783. At all ovejits, 
 the ocoiirronoo produced a niolnncholy effect, which long remained 
 in the minds of those acquainted with the circumstances. Captain 
 Andrews left a widow, a son, and two daugliters. The son returned 
 to Scotland, the dauifliters married and settled in Canada. The 
 Shoehan'f'., Ilill's, and Givins' are descendants of Captain Andrews' 
 daughters, whose husbands had been in the army. 
 
 After the settlement of Kingston, the Government built vessels at 
 Murney's Point, and at Navy Point. Among the first built here was 
 the Schooner " Speedy," and also the " Mohawk" and '^Missisagua," 
 and " Buke of Kent." Among the first commanders of vessels, 
 most of whom were of the Royal Navy, were Capt. Bouchottc, Capt. 
 Paxton, Capt. McKenzio, Capt. Richardson, Capt. Earlo, Capt. 
 Steele and Capt. Forticho. 
 
 "The first vessel built for trade upon Lake Ontario," that is 
 after Upper Canada was settled, ** may have been the ' Governor 
 Simcoe,' for the North West Company ; after she was worn out and 
 laid up, Judge Cartwright, who was agent for the Company at 
 Kingston, built another for that Comjiany, and one for himself, both 
 built at the same time, side by side, on Mississauga Point, at the 
 mouth of Catai-aqui Creek. Both were launched on the same day; 
 the one for the Company named " Governor Simcoo,"and the other 
 "Sloop Elizabeth." These were built during my stay with Judge 
 Cartwright, in 1808. ' i • ■• '■ '' ■n•^l :yj..i' •;xi ;;; .ji,*.:/.i, .i.ii,v.- 
 
 ** The first, and on!}'- vessel for many years, built at York, was a 
 small schooner about forty-five tons. Built by two brothers named 
 Kendrick."— (i'7nW6'). 
 
 The survey made by Deputy Surve3'or-Goneral Collins, at the 
 request ofLoi-d Dorchester, in 1788, included an examination of 
 the lakes and harbors from Kingston to Michilmicinac. In refer- 
 ence to the lakes and vessels, the Surveyor says : — " Vessels sailing 
 on these waters being seldom for any length of time outof sight of 
 land, the navigation must bo considered chiefly as pilotage, to which 
 the use of good natural charts are essential and therefore much 
 wanted. Gales of wind, or squalls, rise suddenly upon the lakes, 
 and from the confined state of the waters, or want of searroom, (as 
 it is called), vessels may in some degree be considered as upon a lee 
 shore, and this seems to point out the necessity for their being built 
 •on such a construction as will best enable them to work to windward. 
 Schooners should, perhaps, have the preference, as being rather 
 safer than sloops, they should be from 80 to 100 tons burthen on 
 
160 ROYAL NAVY IN 1795. 
 
 Luke Oritario, aiui 50 toiiH Imrthoii on LakcH Kri(5 and JIuroii; but 
 if not iiitcndeil to coiumuiiicuto botvveon thoHO two laken, tlioy may 
 then bo the Huino hIzo as on Lako Ontario; and if thin HyHtom is 
 ajiprovcd thoro can bo no neeostsity to doviato from it unlosH un 
 inoniy wliould build voshoIh of greater magnitude or force j but 
 aw the intent of bringing any such forward, at ieawt tho building of 
 them can never remain a Kecret, there may be always time to coun- 
 teract HUf'h a design by preparing to meet them at least on equal 
 tormx. It does not seem advinable, nor do I know any reason to 
 continue tho practice of building vesHels flat bottomed, or to have 
 very little draft of water, they are always unsafe, and many of tho 
 accidents which have happened <m tho lakes, havo perhaps, in some 
 degree been owing to that construction. On the contrary, if they 
 are built on proper ])rinciples for burthen as well as sailing thoy 
 will be safer, and will find sufficient depth of water proportioned 
 to any tonnage which can be rociuisite for them upon those lakes." 
 Respecting tho navy in Upper Canada, Rouchfoucault writes 
 in 171)5: " Tho Royal Navy is not very formidable in this place; 
 six vessels comjjo.se the whole naval force, two of which are small 
 gun-boats, which we saw at Niagara, and which are stationed at 
 York. Two small hcliooners of twelve guns, viz., tlie "Onondago," 
 in which we took our pa.ssage, and tho *' Mohawk," which is just 
 finished ; a small yacht of eighty tons, mounting six guns as tho 
 two scliooners, which lias lately been taken into dock to be repaired, 
 form tho rest of it. All these vessels are built of timber fre.sh cut 
 down, and not seasoned, and for this reason last never longer than 
 six or eight year.-*. To preserve them, oven to tliis time, requires a 
 thorough repair ; they must bo heaved down and caulked, which 
 costs at least from ono thousand, to ono thousand two hundred 
 guineas. This is an enormous pi-ice. and yet it is not so high as on 
 Lake P]ric, whither all sorts of naval stores must be sent from 
 Kingston, and wlioic tho price of labor Is .still higher. The timbers 
 of the Mississauga, which was built three years ago, are almost all 
 rotten. It is so easy to make provision for ship-timber for many 
 year.s to come, as this would require merely the felling of it, and 
 that too at no great distance from the place where it is to bo used, 
 that it is difficult to account for this precaution not having been 
 adopted. Two gun-boats, which are destined by Governor Simcoo 
 to serve only in time of war, are at present on the stocks; but the 
 carpenters who work at thorn are but eight in number. The extent 
 of the dilapidations and embezzlements, committed at so great a 
 
CAPTAIN nOUCHKTTE. IBl 
 
 ilistanco Iroin tins mother country, mny ho easily ooncoivwl. In 
 the courso of last winter n jutlifial enquiry into a charge of thin 
 nature was InHtituted at Kingston. The CominiHHioner of the navy 
 and the prineipal Hhip-wri;^ht, it was aHHortod, had clearly collndod 
 a^aiuHt the Kinj^'H interewt; hut interewt and protection aro*ftB 
 po\v«»rfnl in the new world uh in the old; for hoth the CommiHHionor 
 !ind 8hip-wright continue in tluMr placeH. 
 
 "Captain Bouohettc coniniiuids the naval force on Lnke Ontario* 
 and JH at the head of all the marine establirthments, yet without the 
 least i)Ower in money matters. Thin gentleman posflosHOS the con- 
 fidence both of Lord Dorchester and C4overnor Simcoe ; he is a 
 Canadian by liirth, but entered the Britisl' service when Canada 
 fell into the power of Kngl:uid, 
 
 " While Arnold and Montgomery were besieging (Juebce, liOrd 
 Dorchester, disguised as a Canadian, stole on board his ship into 
 that city, on which occasion he displayed much activity, intrepodity, 
 and courage. It is not at all a matter of surprise that Lord Dor- 
 chester should V)ear in mind this eminent service. By all accounts 
 he is altog(!ther incorruptible, and an officer who treats his inferiors 
 with great mildness and justice. 
 
 " In regard to the pay of the Royal Marine force on Lake Ontario, 
 ;i captain has tt;n shillings a day, a lieutenant six, and a second lieu- 
 tenant three shillings and sixpence. The seamen's wages are eight 
 dollars per month. The masters of merchant-men iiavo fwonty-five 
 "lollars, and the sailors from nine to ten dollars a month. 
 
 " Commander Bouchette is among those, who most strcntiously 
 oppose the project of moving to York, the central point of the force 
 on the lake ; but his family reside at Kingston, and his lands are 
 situated near that place. Such nuasons are frequently of sufficient 
 weight to determine i)olitical opinions. " ■■'" ' "" ; • ]"'■'"■ 
 
 Again, siiys the same writer, " Govenior Rimcoc inten'!h to maire 
 York the centre of the naval force on Lake Ontario. Only four gun- 
 boats are at present on this lake,two of which are constantly employed 
 in transporting merchandise ; the other two, which alone arc fit to 
 carry troops and guns, and have oars and sails, are lying under 
 nhelter until an occasion occurs to convert them to their intended 
 purpose. It is the Governor's intention to build ten smaller gun- 
 boats on Lake Ontario, and ten on Lake Erie. The ship carpenters, 
 who construct them, reside in the United States, and return home 
 every winter." 
 
 " On the 7th October, 1807, Mr. Justice Cochrane, Mr. Gray, the 
 
162 THE LOSS OF THE "SPEEDY." 
 
 Solicitor Goncml, mid Mr. Akiium iMc-Dorjald, umlwirkod tit York, 
 with Hovernl other piissciii^tM-h in the Speed!/, a ;4ovt.'rimiont HclKxmor, 
 commanded l)y Captain Ta-vton, for tlie piirposooi' j^oiMt,'to Newcastle 
 where the Assizes were to ho held on the 10th. The vessel waH seen 
 a few miles from her destined ))ort on the evenin<» of the 8th. The 
 wind commenced to blow, and the schooner was nover heard of more. 
 There were pieces picked up on tlio opposite shore. Mr. Cochrane 
 was young in years, hut not in pioty." The above is extracted from 
 the Kingston Gazette, written by " Keckoner," which was the name 
 under which Dr. Strachan contribute<I to that paper. Colonel Clark, 
 of Dalhousie, says " I recollect the loss of the Sjicedy,'''' and he 
 remarks of Solicitor General (^ray, that ho was "a noble character, 
 noted for his sympathy on behalf of abolishing slavery." He says 
 that there were upwards of twenty passengors, among them he 
 mentions Jacob Jlerkinier, a merchant of York. 
 
 It will be seen that Canada took the lead in building the early 
 vessels upon the lakes. The first American ship that navigated Lake 
 Erie, was purchased from the British in 1790. She was called the 
 Detroit. Tlie first vessel built by the Americans, for the lakes, was 
 constructed in 1797. The first Canadian merchant vessel built uj>on 
 Lake Ontario, was by Francis Crooks, brother of the lion. James 
 Crooks. It was built to the east of the present United States fort, at 
 the mouth of the Niagara river, in 1792, and was called the "York." 
 She was Wrecked at Genesee river. In 1800 a schooner of about 75 
 or 100 tons, was brought to Clifton, and during the winter of 1801 she 
 crossed by the portage road on immense runners to Queenston, where 
 she again found her native element in the Niagara river." She was, 
 in 1804, lost in brixiging a cargo to Niagara, with all on board, — 
 
 It is a curious fact that in the American war of 1812, the British 
 " Admiralty sent out the frame work, blocks, &c., of the Psyclic fri- 
 gate, which could have been procured on the spot in the tenth of the 
 time and a twentieth part of the oxi)ense. At the same time there 
 was furnished to each ship of war on Lakt'i Ontario, a full supply of 
 water casks, with an apparatus for distilling sea water," forgetting the 
 fact that the waters of the lake were of the ])urest quality. 
 
 Directing our attention to the waters of the bay Quinte, it is foimd 
 that until after 1812, but few sailing vessels entered the upper waters, 
 although found east of Picton Bay. Strange as it may apj)ear at the 
 present day, there was a time when the head of Picton Bay, or Hay 
 Bay, Avas ivigarded as the head of the bay, and the very outskirts of 
 
A RRU rKDAll SrilMONKR. 163 
 
 civili/atioii, wlillo tfoin^np tho TiOni» llt'iicli, to tlioMoliawk tract was 
 look upon like t^oiiitj; to tlu' KcmI Kivrr at tlu' j>n.'Neiit day. Tho 
 settlers above were too few, and their reciuirc^neiitH too limited for a 
 Hailin;^ vtiHsol to aseond, tmloMH oeonnionally to tho Napanee niills. 
 But as time passed, sloops and schooners, as well as hatteatix found 
 employment aloni* tlie westeni townships. 
 
 In the first year oC the pnssont ciMitury, there was built in tho 
 township of Marysburgh, a short (listaiuse west of the Stone niillH, a 
 schooner of some celebrity. It was built by Captain Mtinu-y, father of 
 tho lato lion. Edward Murney, of Belleville. Captain Munu'y camo to 
 Kingston in 1707, at the solicitation of Mr. Joseph Forsytli. It was 
 constructed for himself, and was made altogether of red codar, a kind 
 of wood formerly very plentiful along tho bay, and which jmssesses a 
 most agreeable odor, and is extremely durable. Tho vessel was 
 named the Prince Edward. John Clarlc, of Dalhousie, says of this 
 vessel, that he was on board tho following year of her building, and 
 that slio was a '* staunch good ship, witli an able captain." Her size 
 was sufficient to allow 700 barrels of flour to bo stowed beneath hor 
 hatches. She ran upon Lake Ontario for many years, and made for 
 her owner a small fortune. She was in good condition in 1812, and 
 was employed by government as an armed vessel. A schooner called 
 Prince Edward, probably tho same, Captain Young, was tho first 
 vessel to land at the pier when erected at Wellington. ' • "■ 
 
 Tho Kingston Gazette, April 12, 1817, says: «' On Thursday, 
 20th inst. at three o'clock p.m., arrived at ErnesttOM'n, in the Bay of 
 Quinte, the schooner Mary Ann, Captain J. Mosier, in twenty hours 
 from York, and at this jiort yostei'day afternoon with fourteen pas- 
 sengers, of whom eleven were members of the Provincial Parliament. 
 This is the seventh voyage this vessel has made this season, to the 
 great credit of hor master. The Mary Ann sailed again in about 
 half an hour for the Bay (Jui lite. • i ' 
 
 One of the arly vessels upon the bay wns commanded by 
 Matthews, father of the rebel of 183(5, who was executed. 
 
 ■' ■ -rfv.r.iUt .1 j»'?f oii' iAi.M i''' M'f-'; v '.:J*;i '>^;^'■^1 i''r<''ffr':,.lt it.di ?■>: . 
 
 ■-: , ,. , . . f 'i. , ..«^|>(Vy)l'-i .;-.,(. .!;■ 
 

 ij'.;"'!)! 'li/:';*':-',!!' 
 
 ;,.gl^-.f.i,«OiJ,:iiv^>i^^ 
 
 THE LOYALISTS AS PIONEEES— THE ORIGINAL SURVEY. 
 
 lal .'«M U l»), ««<f\rli rJiV ■ -fid 
 
 CHAPTER XV. 
 
 Contents — Major Gen. Holland — Surveying on Atlantic Coast — An adherent of 
 ,i3c the Crown — Removal to Montreal — Death — Major Holland — Information 
 jj ., from " Maple Leaves" — Holland Farm — Tach6 — First Canadian Poem — 
 *' Head Quarters of Gen. Montgomery — Hospitality — Duke of Kent — Spencer 
 K : Grange — Holland Tree — Graves — Epitaphs — Surveyor Washington — County 
 ^^, Surveyor — Surveyors after the War — First Survey in Upper Canada — 
 
 Commenced in 1781 — The Mode pursued — Information in Crown Lands 
 
 W* Department — The Nine Townships upon the St. Lawrence — At the close of 
 
 -, the War — Non-Professional Surveyors — Thomas Sherwood — Assisting to 
 
 , Settle — Surveying around the Bay Quints — Bongard — Deputy-Surveyor 
 
 '^P- Collins — First Survey at Frontenac — Town Reserve — Size of Township — 
 
 • Mistakes — Kottie— Tuflfy — Capt. Grass — Capt. Murney — Surveying in Winter 
 
 — Planting Posts — Result — Litigation — Losing Land — A Newspaper Letter— 
 '.■ Magistrates — Landholders — Their Sons' Lawyers — Alleged Filching — Spec- 
 {>^ ulators at Seat of Government — Grave Charges — Width of Lots — Mode of 
 
 Surveying — Number of Concessions — Cross Roads — Surveyors Orders — Num- 
 ^'' bering the Lots — Surveying around the Bay — The ten Townships — Their 
 4K. Lands — The Surveying Party — A Singer — Statement of Gourlay. 
 
 5ijiifci?if4 1>K' swi a; ^?^;Q;.«•'^?'f- 
 
 ** ; THE FIRST SURVEYS IN UPPER CANADA. ■ , , *( . , 
 
 Among those who distinguished themselves at Loiiisburg and 
 on the Plains of Abraham under General Wolfe, was Major Samuel 
 Holland. Sabine says, he was " Surveyor-General of the Colonies 
 north of Virginia." In 1773 he announced his intention to make 
 Perth Amboy, near Jersey, his head-quarters, and wrote to a gen- 
 tleman there to inquire for houses to accommodate himself and his 
 assistants. He then completed the surveys a^ far west as Boston. 
 Proposed in 1774 to get round Cape Cod, and to Now London, and 
 said it would be at best six years before he should be able to finish 
 his labors. In 1775, he wrote Lord Dartmouth that he was ready 
 to run the line between Massachusetts and Now York. By a com- 
 munication laid before the Provincial Congress of Massachusetts in 
 July, 1775, it appears that he had loaned to Alex. Shepard, Jun., 
 who was also a surveyor, a plan or survey of Maine, which Shepard 
 disliked to return, fearing that it might be used in a manner pre- 
 judicial to the Whig cause, as Holland was an adherent of • the 
 Crown, and then in New Jersey. Congress recommended to 
 
THE HOLLAND TREE. 155 
 
 Shepard to retain Holland's plan. Major Holland wont to Lower 
 Canada, where ho resumed his duties of Siu'veyor-General, in which 
 capacity he served nearly fifty years. He died in 1801, and at the 
 time of his dec ase ho was a member of the Executive and Legis- 
 lative Councils." ,:. ^ _^ , .\f'nt :* t V 
 
 It was under Surveyor Holland that the first surveys were made 
 upon the banks of the St. Lawrence and the Bay of Quinte. Major 
 Holland was a gentleman of education, and known for hig social and 
 amiable qualities. We are indebted to the author of "Maple 
 Leaves," J. M. LeMoine, Esq., for information respecting Surveyor 
 Holland. Extending from the brow of St. Foy heights along St. 
 Lewis Eoad at Quebec, was a piece of land of 200 acres which was 
 known as the Holland Farm. This farm had belonged to a rich 
 merchant of Quebec, Mon. Jean Tache, who wrote the first Cana- 
 dian Poem, "Tableau de la Mer." He was the ancestor of the late 
 Sir E. Tache. About the year 1740 he built upon an eminence a 
 high peaked structure, which, during the seigo of Quebec, was the 
 head quarters of Gen. Montgomery. This place was bought by 
 Gren. Holland in 1780, who lived there in affluence for many years, 
 subsequent to the close of the war, 1783. The elite of Quebec were 
 wont to resort here to enjoy his hospitality, and in 1791, he enter- 
 tained Edward, afterward Duke of Kent, the father of our Queen. 
 This place is now known as Spencer Grange ; but the old building 
 has long since been removed to be replaced by tho present well- 
 known mansion. From the St. Foy Eoad may be seen a fir tree 
 known as the Holland Tree. Under that tree are several graves, 
 which some years ago were inclosed with a substantial stone wall, 
 with an iron gate. But now only the foundation remtins. Two of 
 the graves had neat marble slabt, with the names of Samuel Holland 
 senior, and Samuel Holland, junior. "Here rest Major Surveyor 
 Holland, and his son, who was killed in a duel at Montreal, by Major 
 Ward of the 60th Regiment," by a shot from one of a brace of 
 pistols presented to MajoB Holland by Gen. Wolfe. This farm is 
 now in possession of the military authorities. 
 
 At the time of the rebellion tho land of the thirteen Colonies 
 was, in many cases, still unsurveyed, or so imperfectly laid out that 
 frequent demands were made for the professional surveyor. In the 
 very nature ofthingspertainingto the settlement of America, there 
 was a general demand for surveyors. The country was constantly 
 being opened up. Some of the most prominent men of the day had 
 been sm-veyors. Gen. Washington commenced life as a country 
 
X56 SURVEYING UPON THE ST. LAWRENCE. 
 
 surveyor. In the war, both on the rebel and British sides, were to 
 be found professional survoyoi _ engaged in fighting. Consequently 
 when the war terminated, there was no lack of surveyors to carry 
 on the work of surveying the wilderness of Upper Canada. We 
 have saen that Major Holland held the position ofSurveyor-Groneral, 
 and there was duly appointed a certain number of deputies and 
 
 assistants. ;';,.i __. ^/.,, ... . ,:.'^f^, ;,/_ '. r/''' ' ''"~'' '\' ^\'" ''^'.J'''''''''"^. 
 
 Even while the war was in progress, steps selem io have been 
 taken to furnish the refugee Loyalists with new homes, upon the 
 land still lying in a state of nature. The land in Lower Canada being 
 in the main held by the French Canadians, it was deemed expedient 
 to lay out along the shores of the upper waters a range of lots for their 
 use. In pursuance of this, the first survey of land was made by order 
 of Gen. Clarke, Acting Governor, or Militai-y Commander, in 1781. 
 Natvirally the survey would commence at the extreme western point 
 of French settlement. This w^as on the north bank of Lake St. 
 Francis, at the cove west of Pointe an Bodet, in the limit between 
 the Township of Lancaster, and the seigniory of New Longueil. 
 
 Wo have reason to believe that the surveyor at first laid out 
 only a single range of lots fronting upon the river. In the first 
 place a front line was established. This seems to have been done 
 along the breadth of several proposed townships. In doing this it 
 was desirable to have as little broken front as possible, while at the 
 same time the frontage of each lot remained unbroken by coves of 
 the river or bay. We are informed by the Crown Land Department 
 that in some townships there could, in recent days, be found no 
 posts to indicate the front line, while the side lines in the second 
 concession were sufficiently marked. 
 
 The original surveyor along the St. Lawrence evidently did not 
 ' extend his operations above Elizabeth town, which was called the 
 ninth township, being the ninth laid out from New Longueil. This 
 is apparent from the fact that while Elizabethtown was settled in 
 1784, the next township above, thatof Yonge, was not settled until 
 two years later. The quality of the land thence to Kingston was 
 not such as would prove useful to the poor settler, and therefore was 
 allowed for a time to remain unsurveyed. Hence it came that Cat- 
 araqui was the commencement of a second series of townships dis- 
 tinguished by numbers only. These two distinct ranges of town- 
 ships, one upon the St. Lawrence numbering nine, and one upon the 
 Bay numbering ten, were, when necessary, distinguished apart by 
 the designation, the " first," "second," or" third" Township "upon 
 
SURVEY AT FRONTENAC. 157 
 
 the St. Lawrence," or "upon tho Bay of Quinte," as the case might 
 be. 
 
 It is impossible to say how far the work of surveying had pro- 
 gressed i'rom Lake St. Francis westward, before the close of the 
 war ; it is very probable, however, that only a base line had been 
 run, and some temporary mark placed to indicate the corners of 
 each township. Such, indeed, is shown to bo the case by the state- 
 ment of Sheriff Sherwood, who says that his father Thomas Sherwood, 
 who had been a subaltern in the 84th Reg., and who actually located 
 on the first lot in the first concession of Elizabethtown, " was often 
 called upon to run the side lines of the lots" for the settlers as they 
 came one after another, and " to shew them their land." Mr. Sher- 
 wood was not a professional surveyor, but " he had the instruments 
 and practically knew well how to use them, and he was ever ready 
 to give his assistance and instructions to the new comers." 
 
 ."'■'■■TJi- ,'">'■ • 
 
 ■"•"•-'-,-'- SURVEYING AROUND BAY QUINTE. tr"'/w H-< r •'^'^f'* V 
 
 In the year 1783, Major Holland, Surveyor-tieneral of Canada, 
 received instructions from Sir Frederick Ilaldimand, Governor of 
 the Province of Quebec, to proceed on duty to Western Canada. 
 Prior to this, we have observed, there had been commenced a range 
 of lots laid out at the easternmost limits of what now forms Canada 
 West, to the extent of nine townshijDS. Yet evidence is v^anting 
 that this range had been completed at the period stated. Holland 
 set out with a sufficient staft' of assistants and attaches, to simul- 
 taneously lay out several of the proposed townships along the St. 
 Lawrence, and the Bay of Quinte. The party passed up the St. 
 Lawrence, ascending the rapids in a brigade of batteaux manned by 
 French boatmen. Surveyor Holland had, as his personal attendant, 
 ^*^— -Bongard, who had been in the artillery under General Reidezel, 
 of the Foreign Legion. From the son of this person, now living 
 in Marysburgh, valuable information has been obtained, much of 
 which has been substantiated by legal documents, published in con- 
 nection with the law report of the trial respecting the Murney estate 
 and the town of Kingston. Mr. Bongard says that Holland, as he 
 passed up, detailed a deputy to each of the townships, stopping first 
 at Oswegotchie, opposite Prescott, and that he passed up as far as 
 the fourth township upon Bay Quinte, where he pitched his tent, 
 and where he continued to hold hi n head-quarters, receiving the 
 reports of the various Deputy-Surveyors as they were from time 
 to time brought in. While it seems most probable that Holland 
 
1B8 TROUBLE ABOUT LOT TWENTY-FIVE. 
 
 camo to the Upper Province in 1783, it is possible that ho remained 
 in Lower Canada until the spring of 1784, having deputed Surveyor 
 Collins to commence a survey westward from the fort at Fron- 
 tenac ; or perhaps he visited that place with Collins whom he loft 
 to carry on the work during- this first year. " *'.**' ' '• '*" ' 
 
 Whether Surveyor-General Holland visited Fort Frontonac in 
 tho year 1783, or not, it was Deputy-Surveyor John Collins who 
 made the first survey of the first township, and of the original town 
 plot of Kingston.-: -According to tho sworn testimony of Gilbert 
 Orser, who assisted Collins, in the year 1783, as well as others, tho 
 township was surveyed first, and the town plot afterward ; although 
 it appears that Holland's instructions were, first " to lay out proper 
 reservations for the town and fort, and then to proceed and lay out 
 the township, six miles square." The lots were to contain each 
 200 acres, to be 25 in number, each range. Mr. Collins placed a 
 monumnnt, it is averred, " at the south-east angle of lot 25, from 
 which a line was run northerly the whole depth of the Township, 
 six miles, where another stone monument was placed, making a 
 line of blazed trees throughout." From this, it would seem, he con- 
 tinued to survey the township, leaving the land/or the town, which 
 he, no doubt, thought extensive enough, to be laid out into town 
 lots, and leaving 40 feet of land, which was to form a road between 
 the town and township. Eespecting this line and lot 25, there has 
 been a great deal of litigation. As nearly as tho facts can be 
 gathered, the following statement maybe regarded as correct: , .^^ 
 
 After Collins had completed the survey of the township, and 
 had even made his returns, to the eifect that it contained 25 lots, of 
 200 acres, he was importuned, or * induced by the Commanding 
 Officer at Fort Frontenac,' to make lot 25 contain only 100 acres, 
 that more ground might thereby be had for the proposed towri."" 
 More than this, it seems that there was some mistake in the said 
 eastern side line, so as to subsequently limit lot 25 to even lessV., 
 than 100 acres. And, Capt. Michael Grass, when he took possession 
 of this lot, in 1784, found that this line was inaccurately run. 
 Deputy-Surveyor Kotte was requested to examine it ; and finding 
 there was an err^r, made representations to Gbvernraent, who sent 
 persons to oorfect it. One Deputy-Surveyor Tuffy was directed to 
 re-Burvey the line, and he gave more land to lot 25. However, 
 there was yet some error, which was a source of great trouble. 
 Capt. Michael Grass sold this lot to Capt. Mumey, who, subsequently 
 finding it did not contain the amount of land which the patent 
 assumed, applied legally for his rights. 
 
IRBEOULARITIES IN SIDE LINES. 151) 
 
 Tho surveying party, among whom woro some of those who 
 subsequently settled in the township, and who must have belonged 
 to Capt. Grass' company of refugees, returned to Sorel, whore they 
 spent the winter. At least this is the testimony of one of the 
 grand-children of Capt. Grass. But if the surveying party did, 
 this winter of 1783-4, retire from their work to Lower Canada, it 
 appears unlikely they did the following winter. Indeed there are 
 indications that surveying went on during the winter. In laying 
 out tho Townships, special attention was given to make the lots 
 front squarely upon tho Bay. In tho winter the base line could be 
 more closely run by tho water edge upon tho ice, than in summer, 
 through the woods. Wo are informed, at the Grown Lands Depart- 
 ment, that in some townships no posts or other marks had at first 
 been found in tho re-survey, although such were to be found in the 
 2nd concession. Tho inference was, that the posts planted in 
 winter by the water, had, in the spring or summer been washed 
 away, in the course of time. This, as may bo supposed, led in time 
 to great confusion, and no little litigation. J^r many years there 
 was much trouble to establish the land marVii all along the front; 
 and cases are not wanting where it has b'^eii. charged that fraudu- 
 lent removals of posts were made. The straightforward settler, 
 while engaged in his daily and yearly round of toil, thought not of 
 the side linos of his farm, fully believing that a survey had been 
 definitely fixed by marks that could not be altered, and too often 
 when plenty and comfort had come, he was startled to find some 
 one claiming some of his cleared or uncleared land. Although con- 
 scious that such and such were the boundaries of the land granted 
 to him, it was not so easy to prove that such was the case. The 
 annoyances of these direct and indirect attempts to disinherit, 
 may easily be imagined. In this connection, the following letter 
 may be given as exemplifying the feelings, if not the facts— per- 
 haps both — which belonged to those days. It appeared in the 
 Kingston Gazette in 1816, over the signature "A." • .«4tjjiiftyi m- 
 
 " Sir, — ^The situation of the old settlers in the Province of 
 Upper Canada, is truly deplorable. These people settled in the 
 wilds of Canada, then the Province of Quebec, under the surveys 
 made by the acting Surveyor-General. Lwidmarks being estab- 
 lished for the guidance of their improvements : no deeds were givea 
 them until the Parliament of Great Britain altered the Quebec bill, 
 arraoged a new constitution, similar to that they had lost during 
 the rebellion, in the Promnoe of New York, from whence they 
 
160 ALLEGED FRAUD. 
 
 chiefly cnmo to sottlo at Prontenac, now Kingwton. After cultiva- 
 ting tho country agreeably to those surveys for twenty years or 
 more, deeds are issued to cover those lots, drawn and cultivated as 
 above mentioned. The Surveyor-General, David William Smith, 
 Speaker of the llouse of Assembly, knpwing tltat these deeds were 
 filled up by guess, the survey never having been made complete^ 
 wisely provided an Act of the Legislature to prevent the 
 deeds from moving the old land-marks. This Act provides that 
 when thirty freeholders apply to tho Magistrates in session they 
 shall make an assessment and collect the money to enable the 
 Surveyor-General to erect monuments, in order to preserve their 
 ancient land-mari<s and boundaries. What is the reason that this 
 Act has not been complied with ? Are the Magisti'ates all land- 
 holders and their sons Lawyers ? 
 
 " An order from the Governor has lain in the Surveyor-Gen- 
 eral's office ever since the year 1801 for monuments to be erected 
 in the Township of Kingston, agreeable to the intention of that Act. 
 Why will not the Magistrates do their duty? Tho consequence 
 is, that the licensed Surveyor, John Ryder, is running new lines every 
 day, and moving the land-marks of tho old settlers. People who 
 have come into the country from the States, marry into a family, 
 and obtain a lot of wild land, get John Eyder to move the land- 
 marks, and instead of a wild lot, take by force a fine house and 
 barn and orchard, and a well cultured farm, and turn the old Tory, 
 (as he is called) out of his house, and all his labor for thirty years. 
 
 ** These" old settlers have suffered all that men could suffer ; first 
 in a seven years' rebellion in the i*evolutionized colonies; then came 
 to a remote wilderness, some hundred miles from any inhabitant — 
 not a road, not a cow, or an ox, or a horse to assist them ; no bread 
 during the winter, they wintered first at Cataraqui. A little pease 
 and pork was all they could get until the ice gave way in the spring 
 of 1785. 
 
 " The King, as an acknowledgment and mai-k of his approbation 
 for the loyalty and sutterings of his faithful subjects, ordered lands 
 to be granted them free from expense, and marked each man's 
 name with the letters U. E., with a grant annexed to each child as 
 it became of age, of two hundred acres of the waste lands of tho 
 crown. 
 
 " Now these children cannot get these lands agreeably to the 
 intention of Government. They must sel' their right to a set of 
 speculators that hover round the seat of Government, or never get 
 
THE 00N0E8BI0N. 161 
 
 located. Or if thoy should Iiave the fortune to get a location 
 ticket, it \H situated on rocks, and lakes, and barren lands, where 
 they are worth nothing' at all ; the good lots being marked by the 
 Surveyors, and located by those U. E. rights they have so i)urohascd. 
 
 "Now, Sir, was I a scholar, I might draw you a much bettor 
 description of this wickedness. But I have lived to see thirteen 
 colonies, now States of America, severed from the British empire by 
 the mal-administration of justice in the civil government of those 
 colonies; the people's minds were soured to that degree that a few 
 designing men overthrew the Govornment." 
 
 " After the conquest of Canada, the king ordered a thousand 
 acres of land to be granted to each man. The land was granted ; but 
 the i)eopIo to whom it was granted were deprived by a set of specu- 
 lators, from ever getting a foot, unless they became tenants to those 
 who, in a manner, had robbed them of their rights." 
 
 While the lots were generally made twenty chains in width, a 
 few of the first townships were but nineteen, and consequently of 
 greater depth to make the 2Q0 ^ores, aud the concessions were pro- 
 portionally wider, --^f ---;vc'*/'»^t' ;-'-'^''*;»^ V 
 
 ; The base line being established, a second one, parallel thereto, was 
 made at a distance generally of a mile and a quarter, allowance being 
 made in addition, for a road. It is more than likely that in many 
 towunhips the second line, or concession, was not immediately run out. 
 The settlers 'could not easily traverse even a mile of woods, and for a 
 time accommodation was made only at the front. But within a year, 
 in most townships, the second row of lots had been «urveyed and 
 partially occupied. At the front line was always an allowance for a 
 road of sixty feet, as well as at tho second line for one of forty feet. 
 The range of lots between the front and the second lines as well as be- 
 tween the second and third, and so on, was called a Concession, a term 
 derived from the French, having reference to their mode of conferring 
 land in the Lower Province, aud peculiar to this counrty. Each conces- 
 sion was divided into lots of 200 acres each, the dividing lines being at 
 right angles with the concession lines, and a quarter of a mile distant 
 from each other. At intervals of two or three miles, a strip of forty 
 feet between two lots was left, for a cross road. In Ameliasburgh it 
 seems that this was neglected. The number of concessions depended 
 on circumstances. Along the St. Lawrence, they numbered to even 
 fifteen or sixteen. Along the bay they were seven and eight. Adolphua- 
 town has only four. The irregular course of the Bay Quinte, and the 
 fronting of the townships upon its waters, gave rise to great irregu- 
 
162 THE HURVBTOR's 00UR8E. 
 
 lanty in the interior lots, and produced a largo number of Gores. 
 This niiiy be noticed more eHi)ecially in Sophiasburgh, and indeed 
 throughout all of Prince Kdward district. 
 
 Respecting the provision made for cross roads, Alex. Aitkins, 
 who was Deputy Surveyor of Midland district for many years, says 
 under date, 1797, in respect to the township of Sophiasburgh, " Mr. 
 Kotte's orders 1785, were from Deputy Surveyor General, Mr. Collins, 
 who was then at Kingston, to lay off cross roads between every six 
 lots as he liad done in the eastern part of the j)rovince, from town- 
 ship number one, now Charlotteburgh, to township number eight 
 Elizabethtown, and, of no doubt, they would be found at the waters' 
 edge on the Bay Quinte." 
 
 By looking at the township maps of the bay, it will bo seen that 
 the lots of the first three townships, are inunbere'd from west to east, 
 while as we have seen, the townships were numbered from east to west. 
 It is inferred from this fact that the surveyor conducted his survey along 
 the front, planting posts to mark the division of lots, and leaving 
 allowance for roads, but did not complete the concessions imtil the 
 breadth of the townships had been determined, when it was done 
 from west to east, the lots being numbered accordingly. 
 
 The surveyor continued to chain the front, u})on the north shore of 
 the bay, until he reached the turn in the bay at the western point of 
 Adolphustowu. Thi.s portion of territory was divided into four town- 
 ships. ' Z 
 
 The surveyor then crossed the bay and proceeded from the 
 "Upper Gap, to4ay out lots in an irregular manner upon the water, along 
 the bay and the lake to, and around Smith's Bay, and along Black 
 Creek ; also upon the east shore of Picton Bay. This constituted the 
 fifth township. Follo\v^ing tlie bay shore of Prince Edward peninsula 
 from Picton Bay, along the High Shore and around Green P(>i ^t, an- 
 other, the sixth township, was laid out ; the lots always fronting on the 
 bay. Still following the bay, the seventh township was created, the 
 western boundary of which brought the surveyor to the head of the 
 bay, or Carrying Place. 
 
 Turning eastward along the north shore of the bay, the eight 
 township was laid out. Likewise, the ninth township, which brought 
 the surveyor to a tract of land which had been reserved for, and given 
 to the faithful Mohawk Indians. Passing by the present township of 
 Tyendinaga, still another township was laid out fronting upon the 
 Mohawk Bay, and Napanee River. This constituted the tenth town 
 ship, Richmond. Thus the sui*veyors had Tuade a complete circuit ot 
 
THE TEN " TOWNS." 163 
 
 the bay. These townships wore, for many a day, (losignated by the 
 numeral prefix ; even yet may bo found i^ray haired individuals wlio 
 speak of them in no other way. Subsequently, however, those town- 
 ships had given to them respectively, the royal names of Kinirston, 
 Ernest t/)wn, Fredericksburgh, Adolphustown, Marysburgh, Amelias- 
 burgh, Sophiasburgh ; and the noble ones of Sidney, Thurlow 
 and Richmond. * 
 
 There would at the present time, bo nothing so interesting to the 
 settlers of the bay, than to read a diary of the events connected with 
 the original survey. Surveying the wilderness is weary w()rk at any 
 time; but when the persons who take part in striking the linos 
 and fixing the boundaries, have constantly in mirid that when their 
 survey is completed, they cannot return to riivilization and the com- 
 forts of a home, but that they have to remain to become citizens of 
 the forest, they must experience many a lieart pang. Yet 
 there seems to have been a lightheartedness with most of them. The 
 camp fire at night witnessed many pleasant hours of jovial passtime. 
 Singing, stoiytelling, wiled away agreeably many an hour. Accom- 
 panying Collins' surveying party, was one Purdy, who gained no 
 little renown as a capital singer. 
 
 We will close our remarks upon the original survey by giving 
 the statement of Gourlay. He says that " such was the haste to get 
 land surveyed and given away, that ignorant and careless men were 
 employed to measure it out, and such a mess did they make of their 
 land measuring, that one of the present surveyors informed me that 
 in running new lines over a great extent of the province, he found 
 spare room for a whole township in the midst of those laid out at an 
 early period. It may readily be conceived, upon consideration of 
 this fact, what blundering has been committed, and what mistakes 
 stand for correction." 
 
 r^z- 
 
1G4 THE CARKINAN REGIMENT. 
 
 .. ; , ,v;j, , , CIFAPTRR XVI. * * . 
 
 CoNTEKTR — Tlio term ConceMnInn — FirHt ConroHHion of Lnnd In Canada — The 
 ('RriKiiiiii Ut'KinK'iit — Hdjrniorit'H — DiHpropoitiou uf tht^ hoxoh — Kemalos 
 Hciit I'limi Fmnce — 'I'hcir iippciirnncc — Si'ttling tlu-in — Marringo allowance — 
 Till) lant HoJKalory — New 'hdngciiil — Seigniory at Frontcnar — GrantH to 
 Utfiig<M'K^ — OfHctTH and men — Hcal« of Kruntlnp; — Free of ((xpcnsf — Squatting 
 — l)jHliiin<l('d Holdicrn — ilcniotc ref^ions — A wIhc; an<l benefKu-nt policy — 
 InipoHtorH — Very yonii^ ollicfiH — Wlioltmiic jj^mntin^f of land — Ucpublicang 
 coniinp over — CovetoiiH — Falm- pretentioiiH — Oovttrnnient ha<l to dlKcrimi- 
 nuto — KulcB and regulittioiiN— Family Ihm<Ih — Bounty — Certitt'atcH — Selling 
 clniinH — Hear concesnionH — TranHfer of locution ticket — Land board — Tardi- 
 ncMH in obtaining tltlen to real PHtnto — TranHfer by bond — lobbing — Sir 
 Wm. Pullency — Washington — (living IuikIh to favorites — Uoservou — Kvil 
 results — The Family (!onii)act — Kxtmct from I'layter — Extract from Lord 
 Durham — From (lourluy — Ueconipenso to Loyalists — Rations — Mode of 
 drawing land — Land Agent — Urukun front — Tnvitor Arnold — Tyundinaga. 
 
 • ,.:.l'-;i, '•■■' ■ 
 
 •■'■S;i>n>"\^ CONCEHSION OF LANDS TO THE FRKNC!!!. 
 
 It hiiH been stated that the term conoesHion, as well as the system 
 of ^,ranting land to disbanded soldiers, was derived from the French. 
 The first concession of lands to soldiers took place in 1665, to the 
 Carigiian JReginient, a name derived from a Prince of the house of 
 Savoy, which came to New P'nmce with the first Viceroy, It was a 
 distinguished corps in the French Infantry, having won renown on 
 many a bloody field, and carried death to many an Iroquois Indian. 
 The Indians having sought peace from the French, leave was p^i anted 
 to this regiment to permanently settle in the New World. Titles to 
 land was conferred according to rank, and as well, sums of money to 
 assist in the clearing of land. " The officers who were mostly 
 noblesse obtained seigniories with their late soldiers for vassals." The 
 settlement of this body of men increased the disproportion between 
 the males and females in Canada. The home government consider- 
 ately took steps to remedy this abnormal state of things and despatched 
 " several hundred from old France." They " consisted of tall, short, 
 fair, brown, fat and lean." These females were oltered to such of 
 the men as had means to support a wife. In a few days they were 
 all disposed of. The Governor-General then distributed to the newly 
 married ones " oxen, cows, hogs, fowls, salted beef," as well as 
 money.— (Smith.) % . • 
 
 The original grants <jf land by the French Government under 
 the feudal system, was into seigniories. These were subdivided into 
 parishes, " whose extents were exactly defined by De Vandreuil and 
 Bigon, September 1721." For these grants of seignioral tenure, certain 
 acts of fealty were to be performed, pursuant to the custom of Paris. 
 
EKMOTR PARTS. ^ 166 
 
 After the T^rltlsh siipromaoy, j^runts of laii<l wiTo ntill made l»y govern- 
 iiM'ut in Lower Ciumda. The last seii^niory \vi\h conferred by the 
 French in April, 17.'U, to (Mu^viilier d(^ Loni^e\iil, and is known ns 
 New Longenil. It constitutes the western bontuhvry of the Lower 
 Provinge. 
 
 ' C0NCK8SI0N OK LANDS TO TIIK I.OYALISTH. 
 
 WchftvoelHewhure seen that tlie first porHon, other tlinn the natives, 
 to poasesH land in TTpper Canada, was De la Salle, the discoverer of 
 the Mississippi River, to whom was ufranled a, seigniory at Cataracpii, 
 of four leagues, including the fort, and the islands in front of tho 
 four leagues of territory. Wolfe, (Jage and Aniherst Islands. '"^ '• 
 ' At the close of tho war in 1783, it was doterniincd ])y govern- 
 ment to confer grants of land to the refugee loyalists in Canada, on 
 the same scale to officers ami men as had been done after the conquest 
 of Canada, 1 763, with the exception that all loyalists luuler the rank of 
 subaltern were to receive 200 acres. The grants to tho disbanded 
 soldiers and loyalists, were to be made free of eveiy expense. .' f' 
 « In some of the townships, tho settlors were sipiatting along the 
 St. Lawrence and Bay Quintt';, until late in the summer and fall of 1784, 
 waiting to know the location of their lots. This might easily be, as 
 although the forest had boon surveyed, the lots had not been n\imbered. 
 So, although the refugee soldier had his location ticket for a certain 
 lot, it was often a long tedious time before he could know its precise 
 situation. 
 
 »; The front part of the first, second, third, fourth and fifth town- 
 ships npon the bay were definitely disposed of to disbanded soldiers 
 and refugees, formed into companies. But the lands, then considered 
 more remote, as along tho north shore of Hay Bay, in the third and 
 fourth towns ; in some j)art8 of the fifth ; and more particularly along 
 tho shores of the western extremity of the bay, were at the service of 
 any one who might venture to settle. It was considered quite in the 
 remote part of the earth. Even the head of Picton Bay was considered 
 a place which would hardly be settled. The result was, that many of the 
 choice lots were taken up in the eight .and ninth towns, before they 
 were surveyed. 
 
 The policy pursued by the British Government, in recognizing the 
 services of those who served in the British array against the rebels* 
 and in recompensing the losses sustained by those who adhered to the 
 British Crown in America, was most wise and beneficient. There 
 were a few deserving ones in suffering circumstances, who failed to get 
 
166 YOUNG OFFICERS. 
 
 the bounty so wisely granted. This sometimes was the result of the 
 individual's own neglect, in not advancing his claims; sometimes the 
 fault of an agent who, too intent in getting for himself, forget those 
 entrusted to his care. While a small number thus remained without 
 justice, there were on the other hand, a large number who succeeded 
 unworthily in obtaining grants. It is no cause for wonder, that out of 
 the large number who composed the U. E. Loyalists, there would be 
 found a certain number who would not hesitate to so represent, or mis- 
 represent their case, that an undue i-eward would be accorded. Finding 
 tlie government on the giving hand, they scrupled not to take advan- 
 tage of its parental kindness. In later days we have seen the United 
 States, when in the throes of a great civil war, bleeding at every poiot 
 of the body politic, by the unprincipled contractors and others, who 
 the most loudly proclaimed their patriotism. In 1783, when a rebel- 
 lion had proved successful, and so had become a revolution, and the 
 nation, from which a branch had been struck off, was most anxious to 
 repay those who had preferred loyalty to personal aggrandizement, 
 we may not wonder that there were some willing to take all they 
 could get. 
 
 It is also related that certain officers of the regiments were in 
 the habit of putting each of their children, however young, upon the 
 strength of the regiment, with the view of securing him land, and 
 hence arose an expression the " Major won't take his paj)," and 
 " half pay officers never die," as the officer placed on half pay 
 when a year old, would long enjoy it. But it will be often found 
 that this mode was adopted by those in authority, as the most con- 
 venient to confer favors upon the chief officers, although a very 
 lidiculous one. 
 
 For many a year no strict rules for discrimination, were 
 observed in the granting of lands in Canada, and the petitions 
 which literally crowded upon the government, were, in the main, 
 promptly complied with. The time came, however, when more 
 care had to be observed, for not a few of those who had actually 
 rebelled, or had sympathized with the rebels, finding less advan- 
 tages from republicanism than had been promised, and with chagrin, 
 learning that those, whose homesteads and lands they had assisted 
 to confiscate, had wrought out new homes upon land, conferred by a 
 government more liberal, and of a nobler mind than the parvenu 
 government, which had erected a new flag upon American soil, 
 looked now with longing, covetous eyes toward the northern country, 
 which those they had persecuted, had converted from a wilderness 
 
IMPOSTORS. 167 
 
 to comfortable homes. The trials of iho first settlement had been 
 overcome. The oc'casional visit of a Canadian pioneer to his old 
 home in the States, where he told the pleasing tale of success, not- 
 withstanding their cruelty, caused some to envy their hard earned 
 comforts, and even led some who had been the worst of rebels, to 
 set out for Canada with a view of asserting their loyalty and, thereby 
 of procuring lands. Not a few of such unworthy ones succeeded for 
 a time in procuring lands. It therefore became necessary, on the 
 part of the government, to exact the most searching examination of 
 parties petitioning for land. No reference is here made to those 
 who came into the province in response to the invitation proclaimed 
 by Governor Simcoe ; but to those who entered under false colors, 
 prior to the time of Upper Canada being sot apart from Lower 
 Canada. ,,^^.j;y,.. 
 
 Extracts from the Rules and Begulat ions for the conduct of the Land 
 Office Department, dated Council Chamber, 11th February, 1789, 
 for the guidance of the Land Boards. . , 
 
 " 4th. The safety and propriety of admitting the petitioner to 
 become an inhabitant of this Province being well ascertained to the 
 satisfaction of the Board, they shall administ*3r to every such person 
 the of.ths of fidelity and allegiance directed by law; after which the 
 Board shall give every such petitioner a certificate to the Surveyor 
 General or any person authorized to act as an Agent or Deputy 
 Surveyor for the district within the trust of that Board, expressing 
 the ground of the petitioner's admission, and such Agent or Deputy 
 Surveyor shall, within two days after the presentment of the certi- 
 ficate, assign the petitioner a single lot of about two hundred acres, 
 descibing the same with due certainty and accuracy under his 
 signature. But the said certificate shall, nevertheless, have no 
 efiect if the petitioner shall not enter upon the location, and begin 
 the improvement and cultivation thereof within one year from the 
 date of such assignment, or if the petitioner shall have had lands 
 assigned to him before that time in any other part of the Px'ovince. 
 
 *' 7th. The respective Boards shall, on petition from the Loyalists 
 already settled in the Upper Districts for the allotment of .lands 
 under the instructions to the Deputy Surveyor General of the 2nd 
 of June, 1787, or under prior or other orders for assigning portions 
 to their families, examine into the grounds of such requests and 
 claims, and being well satisfied of the justice thereof, they shall 
 grant certificates for such further qualities of lands as the said 
 
168 DUTY OF LAND BOARDS, 
 
 instructiohH and ordors may warrant to the acting Surveyorn of 
 their Districts respectively, to be by them made effectual in the 
 manner before mentioned, but to bo void, nevertheless, If prior to 
 the passing the grant in form, it shall appear to the Government 
 that such additional locations have been obtained by fraud, and that 
 of these the Boards transmit to the office of the Governor's Secre- 
 tary, and to each others, like reports and lists as hereinbefore, as 
 to the other locations directed. 
 
 " 8th. And to prevent individuals from monopolizing such spots 
 as contain mines, minerals, fossils, and conveniences for mills, and 
 other similar advantages of a common and public nature, to the 
 prejudice of the general interest of the settler, the Surveyor-Gene- 
 ral and his Agents or Deputy Surveyors in the different districts, 
 shall confine themselves iu the location to be made by them upon 
 certificates of the respective Boards, to such lands only as are fit 
 for the common purpose of husbandry; and they shall reserve all 
 other spots aforementioned, together with all such as may bo fit 
 and useful for ports and harbours, or works of defence, or such as 
 contain valuable timber for ships, building or other purposes, con- 
 veniently situated for water carriage, in the hands of the Crown, 
 and they shall, without delay, give all particular information to the 
 Governor or Commander-in-Chief for the time being, of all sucji 
 spots as are hereinbefore directed to be rosei-ved to the Crown, that 
 order may be taken respecting the same. And the more eftectually 
 to prevent abuses and to put individuals on their guard in this res- 
 pect, any certificate of location given conti'ary to the true intent 
 and meaning of this regulation is hereby declared to be null and 
 void, and a special order of the Governor and Council made neces- 
 sary to pledge the faith of Government for granting of &ny such 
 spots as are* directed to bo reserved. 
 
 FAMILY LANDS AND ADDITIONAL BOUNTY. 
 
 " Certificate of the Board appointed by His Excellency the Gov- 
 ernor, for the District of , in the Province of Quebec, under 
 
 the rules and regulations for the conduct of the Land Office 
 Department. 
 
 " Dated, Council Chamber, Quebec, 17th February, 1789. 
 
 '* The bearer , having on the day of , pre- 
 ferred to the Board a Petition addressed to His Excellency the 
 Governor in Council, for a grant of acres of land in the Town- 
 ship of in the District of . We have examined into 
 
SELLING CLAIMS. . 169 
 
 his character and pretentions, and find that he has received 
 
 acres of land in the Township of , in the District of- 
 
 and that ho settled on and has improved the same, and that he is 
 
 entitled to a further assignment of acres, in conformity to 
 
 the seventh articles of the rules and regulations aforementioned. 
 
 " Given at the Board at this day of , one thousand 
 
 seven hundred and . 
 
 ^. «To j 
 
 " Acting Surveyor for the District of . 
 
 CERTIFICATE OF THE ACTING SURVEYOR. 
 
 "I assign to the bearer the lot No. in the Town- 
 ship of , in the District of , containing acres, 
 
 chains, which lands he is hereby authorized to occupy and improve, 
 and having improved the same, he shall receive the same grant 
 thereof, to him and his heirs or devisee in due form on such terms 
 as it shall please His Majesty to ordaiu, and all persons are desired 
 to take notice that this assignment and all others of a similar nature 
 are not transferable, by purchase, donation or otherwise, on any 
 pretence whatever, except by an act under the signature of the 
 Board for the District in which the lands are situated, which is to 
 be endorsed upon this Certificate. 
 
 " Given at ^f—, this day of , one thousand 
 
 seven hundred and . 
 
 To 
 
 Acting Surveyor for the District of- 
 
 ■'t: 
 
 But there were many a one who drew land, and never even 
 saw it. It was quickly, thoughtlessly sometimes, sold for little or 
 nothing. Sometimes for a quart of rum. The right jolly old sol- 
 dier would take no thought of the mori'ow. A few did not retain 
 their lands, because they were of little value for agricultural pur- 
 poses ; but the majority because they were situated in that remote 
 region in the 4th or 5th concession of the third town, or away up 
 in the 2nd concesssion of sixth town, or a long way up in the 
 eighth town. Rear concessions of even the first and second 
 townships were looked upon doubtingly, as to whether the land was 
 worth having. Often the land would not be looked after. It not 
 unfrcquently was the case that settlers upon the front who had drawn 
 land also in the "ear townships, disposed of the latter, not from any 
 indiifference as to its future value, but to obtain the immediate 
 
170 LARGE LAND OWNERS. 
 
 necessaries of life, as articles of clothing, or stock, or perhaps foo d, 
 or seed grain, and now and then in later days to pay taxes. The 
 certificates of the children, entitling them to land when of ago, were 
 often disposed of. Even officers found it convenient, or necessary 
 to sell rear land to new comers, for ready money. 
 
 Thus it came to pass that a good many never took possession of 
 tiiu land which a prudent Government had granted them. The 
 statement has been made that persons holding prominent positions 
 {vt the time, and possessed of prudent forethought, as to the value- 
 which would in the future attach to certain lots, stood ready not 
 only to accept offers to sell, but to induce the ignorant and careless 
 to dispose of their claims. Consequently when patents were issued, 
 several persons became patentees of large tracts of land, which had 
 been drawn by individual Loyalists, whose names never appea.ed 
 in the Crown Land Office. The transfer of a certificate or 
 "location ticket," consisted in the seller writing his name 
 upon the back of the ticket. Occasionally a ticket would 
 exchange hands several times, so that at last when it was presented 
 to obtain the deed, it was difficult to determine who was the owner. 
 The power to thus transfer the certificates, was allowed for several 
 years. But in time Government discovered the abuses which had 
 arisen out of it, and decided that all patents should, thenceforward, 
 be in the name of the person who originally drew the land. Not 
 unfrequently these certificates were lost. T^g losers, upon claiming 
 land, could not establish their rights ; but Government, to meet 
 this misfortune, created a Land Board for each Township, whose 
 duty it was to examine and determine the claims of all who pre- 
 sented them. 
 
 The following extract of a letter will explain itself: 
 ^' For the Kingston Gazette, June 1st, 1816." 
 
 " It has long been a subject of deep regret in the minds of 
 judicious persons, that the inhabitants of this Province should be 
 so neglectful as they are in securing their titles of real estate. 
 When the country was first settled, the grants of land from the 
 crown, on account of the existing state of the Province, could not 
 be immediately issued. The settlers, however, drew their lots and 
 went into possession of them, receiving only tickets, or certificates, 
 as the evidence of their right to them. In the meantime, exchanges 
 and sales were made by transfers of the possession with bonds for 
 conveyances when the deeds should be obtained from the Crown 
 Office. 
 
RESERVES — EVIL EFFECTS. 171 
 
 " This practice of transferring land by way of bond, being thus 
 introduced, was continued by force of unage, after the cause of its 
 introduction was removed. In too many instances it is still con- 
 tinued, although, by the death of the parties, and the consequent 
 descent of estates to heirs under ago, and other intervening priva- 
 tions, many disappointments, failui*es, and defects of title, are 
 already experienced ; and the evil consequences are becoming still 
 more serious, as lands rise in value, become more settled and 
 divided among assignees, devisees, &c. In a few yeai's this custom, 
 more prevalent perhaps in this Province, than elsewhere, will prove 
 a fruitful source of litigation, unless the practice should be discon- 
 
 In connection with free grants of land, and a certain degree of 
 indifference as to the value, there must necessarily arise more or 
 less speculation or land-jobbing. 
 
 Sir William Pullency has been called the first land-jobber in 
 Canada. In 1791, he bought up 1,600,000, at one shilling per acre, 
 and soon after sold 700,000 at an average of eight shillings per acre. 
 But land-jobbing is not peculiar to C aada, nor has its practice 
 militated against the public character of eminent men, either here 
 or abroad. Greneral Washington was not only a Surveyor, but an 
 extensive land-jobber, and thereby increased immensely his private 
 fortune. 
 
 I We have seen elsewhere, that a few private individuals were 
 wont to buy the location tickets of all who desired to part with 
 them, or whom they could induce to sell. In this way a few indi- 
 viduals came to own large quantities of land, even from the first. 
 Afterward, there was often conferred by the authorities, quantities 
 of land upon those connected with influential persons, or upon 
 favorites. Subsequently the mode of reserving Crown and Clergy 
 lands increased the evil. And it was an evil, a serious drawback; 
 not alone that, but favorites procured land without any particular 
 claim or right. The land thus held in reserve, being distributed 
 among the settled lots in the several townships, was waste land, and 
 a barrier to advancement. Each settler had to clear a road across 
 his lot; but the Grovernment lots, and those held by non-residents, 
 remained without any road across them, except such paths as the 
 absolute requirements of the settlers had caused them to make. In 
 this way, the interests of the inhabitants were much retarded, and 
 the welfare of the Province seriously damaged. The existence of 
 the Family Compact prevented the removal of this evil, for many 
 
172 INVESTIGATION PREVENTED. 
 
 a year, while favorites enjoyed choice advantivgCH. In 1817, 
 "The Hoiwe of Assembly in Upjier Canada took into consideration 
 the state of the Province, and amon^ other topics, tlio injury arising 
 from the reserve lands of the Crown and the Clergy." In laying 
 out the townships in later. years, "The Government reserved in 
 the first concession, the 5th, 15th, and 20th lots ; and the Clergy 
 the 3rd, 10th, 17th, and 22nd. In the second concession, the Crown 
 reserved the 4th, 11th, 21st, and 23rd; and the Clergy, the 2nd, 
 9th, and 16th. And thus in every two concessions, the Crown 
 would have three lots in one, and four in the other, or seven in all ; 
 and the Clergy the same ; or 14 lots reserved in every 48, or nearly 
 one-third of the land in each concession, and in each township. The 
 object of the reservation was to increase the valiyj of such land by 
 the improvements of the settlers around it. The object was selfish, 
 as the reserve lands injured all those who did them good. It was 
 difficulty enough to clear up the forests ; but to leave so many lots 
 in this forest state, was a difficulty added by the Crown. To have 
 one-third of a concession uncleared and uncultivated, was an injury 
 to the two-thirds cleared and cultivated. Large patches of forest, 
 interspersed with cultivated land, obstructs the water courses, the 
 air, and the light; nurtured wild animals and vermin destructive to 
 crops and domestic creatures around a farm house; and especially, 
 are injurious to roads running through them, by preventing the 
 wind and the sun from drying the moisture. Besides, no taxes 
 were paid by these wild lots for any public improvements ; only from 
 cultivated lands. The Assembly, however, were cut short in their 
 work of complaint, by being suddenly prorogued by the Gover- 
 nor, whose Council was entirely against such an investigation. 
 Here was the beginning of the Clergy Eeserve agitation in the 
 Provincial Parliament, which continued for many years." — 
 (^Playter). 
 
 In this connection, the following extract from a report of Lord 
 Durham, will be found interesting: 
 
 " By official returns which accompany this report, it appears 
 that, out of about 17,000,000 acres comprised within the surveyed 
 districts of Upper Canada, less than 1,600,000 acres are yet unap- 
 propriated, and this amount includes 450,000 acres the reserve for 
 roads, leaving less than 1,200,000 acres open to grant, and of this rem- 
 nant 500,000 acres are required to satisfy claims for grants founded 
 on pledges by the Government. In the opinion of Mr. Kadenhurst, 
 the i-eally acting Surveyor-General, the remaining 700,000 consist 
 
RETARDING IMPROVEMENTS. 173 
 
 • 
 
 for tho most part of land inferior in positfon or quality. It may 
 almoHt bo waid, theruforo, that the whole of the public lands in 
 Upper Canada have been alienated by tho Government. In Lower 
 Canada, out of 6,169,963 acres in the surveyed townsliips, nearly 
 4,000,000 acres have been granted or sold; and there are unsatisfied 
 but indisputable claims for grants to the amo".nt of about 500,000. 
 In Nova Scotia nearly 6,000,000 acres of land have been granted, 
 and in the opinion of tho Surveyor-CJoneral, only about one-eighth 
 of tho land which remainsto tho Crown, or 300,000 acres is available 
 for the purposes of settlement. Tho whole of Prince Euward's 
 Island, about 1,400,000 acres, was alienated in one day. In New 
 Brunswick 4,400,000 acres have been granted or sold, leaving to 
 the Crown about 11,000,000, of which 5,500,000 are considered fit 
 for imraodiato settlement. 
 
 " Of the lands granted in Upper and Lower Canada, upwards 
 of 3,000,000 acres consist of ' Clergy Reserves,' being for the most 
 part lots of 200 acres each, scattered at regular intervals over the 
 whole face of tho townships, and remaining, with few exceptions, 
 entirely wild to this day. The evils produced by the system of reserv- 
 ing land for the Clergy have become notorious, even in this 
 country; and a common opinion I believe prevails here, not only 
 that the system has been abandoned, but that measures of remedy 
 have been adopted. This opinion is incorrexjt in both points. In 
 respect of every new township in both Provinces reserves are still 
 made for the Clergy, just as before ; and the Act of the Imperial 
 Parliament which permits the sale of the Clergy Eeservos, applies 
 to only one-fourth of the quantity. The select committee of the 
 House of Commons on tho civil government of Canada reported 
 in 1828, that " these reserved lands, as they are at present distri- 
 buted over the country, retard more than any other circumstance 
 the growth of the colony, lying as they do in detached portions of 
 each township, and intervening between tho occupations of actual 
 settlers, who have no moans of cutting roads through the woods and 
 morasses, which thus separate them from their neighbours. This 
 description is perfectly applicable to the present state of things. 
 In no perceptible degree has tho evil been remedied. 
 
 " The system of Clergy Reserves was established by the act of 
 1791, commonly called the Constitutional Act, which directed that, 
 in respect of all grants made by the Crown, a quantity equal to 
 one-seventh of tho land so granted should be reserved for the clergy. 
 A quantity equal to one-seventh of all grants would bo one-eighth 
 
174 Durham's objections. 
 
 of oacli lownship, or of all tho public land. Instead of thiw propor- 
 tion, tho practice has bcc.j, over Hinco the act paHsod, and in tho 
 cloareHt violation of its jjrovisions, to set apart for tho clcryy in 
 Upper Canada a seventh of all the land, which is a quantity equal 
 to a sixth of tho land granted. There have been appropriated for 
 this purpose 300,000 acres, wb^'ch legally, it is manifest, belong to 
 tho public. And of the amount for which Clergy Reserves have 
 been sold in that Province, namely, £317,000 (of which about 
 £100,000 have been ah-tady received and invested in the English 
 funds,) tho sum of about £45,000 should belong to tho public. 
 
 " In Lower Canada, the same violation of the law has taken 
 place, with this difference — that iipon every sale of Crown and 
 Clergy Resorves, a fresh reserve for the Clergy has been made, 
 equal to one-fifth of such reserves. The result has been the appro- 
 priation for the clergy of 673,567 acres, instead of 446,000, being 
 an excess of 227,559 ata-es, or half as much again as they ought to 
 have received. The Lower Canada fund already produced by sales 
 amounts to £50,000, (if which, therefore, a third, or about £16,000, 
 belong to tho public. If, without any reform of this abuse, tho 
 whole of the unsold Clergy Reserves in both Provinces should fetch 
 the average price at -which such lands have hitherto sold, the public 
 would bu wronged to the amount'of about £280,000; and the reform 
 of this abuse will jn-oduce a certain and almost immediate gain to 
 the public of £60.000. In referring, for further explanation of this 
 subject, to a paper in the appendix which has been drawn up by 
 Mr. Hanson, a member of the commission of inquiry which I 
 appointed for the colonies. I am desirous of stating my own convic- 
 tion that the clergy have had no part in this great misappropriation 
 of the public property, but that it has arisen entirely from heedless 
 misconception, or some other error, of the civil government of 
 both Provinces." 
 
 " The great objection to reserves for the clergy is, that those 
 for whom the land is set apart never have attempted, and never 
 could successfully attempt, to cultivate or settle the property, and 
 that, by special appropriation, so much land is withheld from 
 settlers, and kept in a state of waste, to the serious injury of all 
 settlers in its neighborhood. But it would be a gi-eat mistake to 
 suppose that this is the only practice by which such injury has 
 been, and still is, inflicted on actual settlers. In the two Canadas, 
 especially, the practice of rewarding, or attempting to reward, 
 public services by grants of public land, has produced, and is still 
 
THE QUANTITY GRANTED. 175 
 
 producing, a dogroo of injury to actual BCttlers which it is difficult 
 to copcoivo without having witnossed it. The very principal of 
 such grants is bao, inasmuch as, under any circumstances, thoy 
 must load to an amount of appropriation beyond the wants of the 
 community, and greatly beyond the proprietor's means of cultiva- 
 tion and settlement. In both the Canadas, not only has this prin- 
 ciple been pursued with reckless profusion, but the local executive 
 governments have managed, by violating or evading the instructions 
 which theyrocoivod from the Secretary of State, to add incalculably 
 to the mischiefs that would have arisen at all events. 
 
 '' In Upper Canada, 3,200,000 acres have boon granted to " U. 
 B. Loyalists,", being refugees from the United States, who settled 
 in the province befbre 1787, and their children ; 730,000 acres to 
 Militia men ; 450,000 acres to discharged Soldiers and Sailors ; 225,- 
 000 acres to Magistrates and Barristers ; 136,000 acres to Executive 
 Councillors, and their families ; 50,000 acres to five Legislative 
 Councillors, and their families; 36,900 acres to Clergymen, as 
 private property ; 264,000 to persons contracting to make surveys ; 
 92,526 acres to officers of the Army and Navy ; 500,000 acres for 
 the endowment of schools; 48,520 acres to Colonel Talbot; 12,000 
 acres to heirs of General Brock, and 12,000 acres to Dr. Mountain, 
 a former Bishop of Quebec ; making altogether, with the Clergy 
 Reserves, nearly half of all the surveyed land in the province. In 
 Lower Canada, exclusively of grants to refugee loyalists, as to the 
 amount of which the Crown L.^nds' Department could furnish me 
 with no information, 460,000 acres having been granted to Militia- 
 men, to Executive Councillors 72,000 acres, to Governor Milne 
 about 48,000 acres, to Mr. Gushing and another, upwards of 100,000 
 acres (as a reward for giving information in a case of high treason), 
 to officers and soldiers 200,000 acres, and to •< leaders of townships" 
 1,457,209 acres, making aUogother, with the Clergy Reserves, 
 rather more than half of the surveyed lands originally at the 
 disposal of the Crown. 
 
 " In Upper Canada, a very small proportion (perhaps less than 
 a tenth) of all the land thus granted, has been even occupied by 
 settlers, much less reclaimed and cultivated. In Lower Canada, with 
 the exception of a few townships bordering on the American frontier 
 which have been comparatively well settled, in despite of the pro- 
 prietors, by American squatters, it may be said that nmeteen- 
 twentieths of these grants are still unsettled, and in a perfectly wild 
 state. 
 
176 LAND 8PE0ULATOEH. 
 
 " No Other result could have been oxpcctcd in tlio cane of those 
 classes of gruiitees whose station woultl preclude them from seltling in 
 the wilderness, and wliose means would enable theni to nvoid exertion 
 forgiving immediate value to their grants; and unfbrtuiuitely, the 
 land which was intende<l for persons of a poorer order, who nughtbo 
 expected to improve it by their labor, has, for the most part, fallen 
 into the lian<ls of land-jobbers of the class just mentioned, who have 
 never thought of settling in person, and who retain the land in its 
 present wild state, speculating upon its accjuiring a value at some 
 distant day, when the demand for land shad have increased through 
 the increase of population. 
 
 ; ^_j " In Upper Canada, says Mr. Bolton, himself a great speculator 
 and holder of wihl land, " the plan of granting largo tracts of land to 
 gentlemen who have neither the muscular strength to go into the 
 wilderness, nor perhaps, the pecuniaiy means to improve their grants, 
 has been the means of a large part of the country remaining in a state 
 of wilderness. The system of granting land to the children of U. E 
 Loyalists has not been productive of the benefits expected from it. 
 A very small proportion of the land granted to them has been 
 occupied or improved. A great propor ion of such grants were to 
 unmarried females, who very I'eadily disposed of them for a small con- 
 sideration, frequently from £2 to £5 for a grant of 200 acres. The 
 grants made to young men were also frequently sold for a very small 
 consideration ; they generally had parents with whom they lived, and 
 were therefore not disposed to move to their grants of lands, but 
 preferred remaining with their families. I do not think one-tenth of 
 the lands granted to U. E. Loyalists has been occupied by the persons 
 to whom they were granted, and m a great proportion of cases not 
 occupied at all." Mr. Eauden'mrst says, " the general price of these 
 grants was from a gallon of rum up to nerhaps £6, so that while 
 millions of acres were grai.>ted in thi^ way, the settlement of the 
 Province was not advanced, iior the advantage of the grantee secured 
 in the manner that we may svippose to have been contemplated by 
 government." He also mentions amongst extensive purchasers of 
 these grants, Mr. Hamilton, a member of the Legislative Council, who 
 bought about 100,000 acres. Chief Justices Emslie and Powell, and 
 Solicitor General Gray, who purchased from 20,800 to 50,000 acres ; 
 and states that several members of the Executive and Legislative 
 Councils, as well as of the House of Assembly, were " very large 
 purchasers." 
 
PTIRTIIER IBRKOULARITIKS. JJ^ 
 
 "In T.ow(>r Cnnmlji, the irranfN to "Lonflorf^ mid A«Hoolnto« " 
 woro niado by an ovaHion (•! ingtrucUons which (lost-rvc a particular 
 (loRcription. 
 
 *^1 "By instructions to the Local Kxccutive imnicliatcly after the 
 paHsin^r of the ConHtitutional Act, it wao directed that " hecauso 
 gi-eat inconvenionceH had theretofort* ariHen in many of the colonie« in 
 America, trom the ,j?rantin<,' exceHsive (|uanlitieH of land to particMilar 
 persons wlu) have never cultivated or Hettle<l the same, and have 
 thorohy prevented otherH more induNtrioiiN, from improviiijr Hiich 
 lundM ; in order, therefore, to prevent the like inconveniences in future, 
 no fnrm-lot should he jrranted to any person beini,' master or mistress 
 of a family in any township to belaid out which shouM contain more 
 than 200 fvcres." The instriictions then invest the governor with a 
 discretionary power to {?rant additional quantities in certain cases, not 
 exceeding 1,000 acres. According; to these iiiNtruittions 200 acre* 
 should have been the general amount. 1 ,200 th(! maximuu), in special 
 cases to b(. granted to any individual. The greater part, however, 
 of the laml (1,457,200 acres) was granted, in fact, to Individ mils at 
 the rate of from 10,000 to 50,000 to each person. The evasion of 
 the i-egtdations was managed as follows : A petition, signed by from 
 10 to 40 or 50 jjcrsons, was presented to the Executive Council 
 praying for a grant of 1,200 acres to each person, and promising to' 
 settle the land so applied for. Such petitions were, I am informed 
 always granted, the Council being perfectly aware that, under a pre- 
 vious agreement between the applicants (of which the form was 
 prepared by the then Attorney General, and sold publicl- by the law 
 stationers of Quebec), five-sixths of the land was to be'conveyed to 
 one of them, termed leader, by whose means the grant was obtained. 
 In most cases the leader obtained the most of the land which had been 
 nominally applied for by fifty persons." 
 
 Upon this subject we further give as worthy of attention, although 
 wo will not endorse all that is said, the remarks matle by Mr. Robert 
 (iourlay in his " Statistical Account." Ho says, " when we look 
 back into the history of old countries, and observe how landed pro- 
 perty was first established ; how it was seized upon, pulled about 
 given away, and divided in all sorts of ways, shapes, and quantities;' 
 how It was bequeathed, burthened, entailed, and leased in a 
 hundred forms; when we consider how dark were the days of 
 antiquity,_how grossly ignorant and savage were our remote fore- 
 fathers, we cannot be so much surprised at finding ourselves heirs 
 to confusion; and, that, in these old countries, entanglement con- 
 
178 aoiIBLAYH ttTATKMRNTM. 
 
 tinucB lo bo Uio onlor of tlu^ dsiy. Hut wht'ii (livilizwl mon were 
 quiotly and |)Ottcoubly lo ontor into tho occu|uincy olii now ru^ion, 
 whoro all could bo udjuHtcd by tho H(|uuru and conipuHH ; und whoii 
 order, iVoni tho beginning, could have provonted lor over all pos- 
 dibility of doubt, and diHputo, and diHturbanco; how deplorable \n 
 it to know, that in Iums than a life-timo, even the MimpIoHt atVairm 
 should gut into cont'u8ion ! and ho it In alruiuly in Upper Canada 
 to a lamentable degroo. JioundarioM of land are doubiful und <li8- 
 putod : deodM have boon iniHluid, loHt, unfounded, forged : they have 
 boon paoHod again and again in review before commiHMionerH : thoy 
 have been blotted and blurroU : they have got into the ropoHitorioH 
 of attornies and [)ettilogging lawyers; while courtB of juHtico are 
 every day adding doubt to doubt, delay to delay, and confuHion to 
 cojifuwion ; with coHtH, churgoH, cheating. 
 
 " ThingH are not yet beyond the reach of amondmont, even in the 
 old HOttlomontH. In the new, what a gloriouu tauk it is to dovise 
 planH for hwting peace and prosperity I — to arrange in Huch a way, 
 us to bar out a world of turmoil in timoB to come I 
 
 " The ])reHent very unprofitable and comfortless condition of 
 Upper Canada must be traced back to the first operations of Si mcoe. 
 With all his honesty, and energy, and zeal for settling the Province, 
 ho had really no sound views on tho subject, and ho was infinitely 
 too lavish in disposing of tho land— infinitely too mucn hurried in all 
 his proceedings. In giving away land to individuals, no doubt, ho 
 thought ho would give these individuals an interest in the improve- 
 ment of tho country, — an inducement to settle in it, and draw to it 
 settlers; but ho did not consider the character and condition of 
 most of his favorites; many of them officers in the army, whose 
 habits did not accord with business, and loss still with solitude and 
 tho wilderness ; whose hearts were in England, and whose wishes 
 wore intent on retirement thither. Most of thom did retire from 
 Upper Canada, and considering, as was really tho case, their land 
 grants of little value, forgot and neglected thom. This was attended 
 with many bad consequences. Their lands became bars to im- 
 provement ; as owners thoy wore not known ; could not be heard 
 of; could not be applied to, or consulted with, about apy measure 
 for public advantage. Their promises under the Governor's hand, 
 their land board certificates, their deeds, were flung about and 
 neglected. But mischief greater than all this, arose, is, and will 
 be, from tho badness of surveys. Such was the haste to get land 
 given away, that ignorant and caroless men wore employed to 
 
KKlTIHil (tOVKRNMRNT CONHiriKltATK. 179 
 
 moiwur« It out, iin<l Hiioh a m«HH <li<i tlu»y rnnUo of their liind-rntmnur- 
 in^, thftt onoof tlio preHtMit Kiirvi'yorH iiitbriucd mo, thiii in running 
 now iinoM over a jijrout oxtont of the Province, ho found spuro r(M)in 
 for ft wholo townnhip in tho inidnt of tho«o laid out lit nn curly 
 period. It nifty romlily bo concoivod, upon coiiHidorrttion of this 
 fact, whftt hlundcring has hc»Mi conunittod, and what niislakos stand 
 lor correction. Houndary lines in the wiUlorncHs aro niarlcod by 
 blazing, an it ,!« called, that is, chopping otl'with an axo, a littlo 
 hark from Huch trooH as stand nearest to tho line. Careless sur- 
 voyorH cftn readily be supposed to depart wide of the truth with 
 this blazing: their measuring ehains eatit)ot run very Htraight, and 
 their com pftss needles, where these are called in aid, may bo greatly 
 divertijd fi'om tho right direction by ferruginous substances in tho 
 nei^'hbourhood, as spoken of. In short, numerous mistakes and 
 errors of survey have been made and discovered: much dispute has 
 arisen thorotVom ; ftnd I have been told intinito mischief is still in 
 store. It occurred to me, while in (Janada, and it was one of tho 
 objects which, had a commission como homo, J meant to have 
 pressed on the notice of government, that a complete new survey 
 nnd map of the Province should bo executed ; and at tho same time 
 a book, after the manner of Doomsduy-book, written out and pub- 
 lished, setting forth all the original grants, and describing briefly 
 but surely all property both public and private. I would yet most 
 seriously recommend such to be sot about. It might be expensive 
 now, but would assuredly save, in time to come, a pound for every 
 penny of its cost." 
 
 Wo have seen elsowhoretiiat, in thd terms of peac6 tnAdo atl^rtnfi 
 when hostilities ceased, justice was not done to the American Loyal- 
 ists. But subsequently, v/hen their claims became known to the 
 British public, there was uttered no uncertain sound, upon the floor 
 of Parliament, respecting tho duty resting upon England towards the 
 devoted but distressed loyalists who had laid all upon tho altar of 
 patriotism ; and to the honor of Knglantl be said, every stop was now 
 taken to provide some recompense for tho United Empire Loyalists. 
 It is true, the old homes with their comforts and associations could 
 not be restored ; tho wilderness was to be their homo, a quiet con- 
 science their comfort, and their associations those of tho pioneer for 
 many a day. But, what could be done, was done by the Crown to 
 render their circumstances tolerable. Extensive grants of land 
 were granted, not alono to the disbanded soldier according to rank, 
 but to every one who had become a refugee. Throe years supply 
 
180 THE BROKEN FRONT. . . 
 
 of rations were allowed to all, as well as clothing; and certain imple- 
 ments were furnishtjd with which to clear the land and prepare it 
 for agriculture. The scale of granting lands was, to a field officer 
 5000 acres, captain 3000, subaltern 2000, private 200. The loyalists 
 were ranked, with the disbanded soldiers, according to their losses, 
 and services rendered, having taken the usual oath of allegiance; 
 and all obtained their grants free of every expense. In 1798. com- 
 plaints having been made to the Imperial Government respecting 
 the profuse manner of gran ting lands, royal instructions were given 
 to Gen. Hunter to limit the allowance to a quantity from 200 to 
 1,200. The grants of land when large, were not to be in blocks ; but 
 few secured more than 200 acres upon the front townships. The 
 original mode of granting lands, at least to the soldiers, was by lot. 
 The process was simple. The number of each lot, to.be granted in 
 each concession, was written on a separate piece of paper, and all 
 were placed in a hat and well shaken, when each one to receive 
 land, drew a piece of paper from the hat. The number upon the paper 
 was the number of his lot, Ho then received a printed location 
 ticket. In drawing lots, no one felt any particulM* anxiety. They 
 were yet unacquainted with the country, they had not seen the 
 land, and one number was as likely to prove as valuable as another. 
 
 It would seem that the Surveyor acted as Land Agent. Having 
 surveyed the lots, he prepared the ballot, and arranged the time 
 and place for the settlers to draw. It was no doubt this original 
 mode of drawing by lottery, which gave the provincial term draw- 
 ing land. We have the testimony of Ex-Sheriff Sherwood, that the 
 Surveyor discharged this oflBce. He recollects " Esquire Collins ;" 
 he was at his father's house, and his father assisted in the matter of 
 drawing with those who had assembled for the purpose. The Sur- 
 veyor had a plan by him, and as each drew his lot, his name was 
 written immediately upon the map. Many of the plans, with names 
 upon them, may be seen in the Crown Land Department. Some of 
 the settlers upon the front acquired much more land than others by 
 rv^ason of the "broken front." It often happened that the base line, 
 running from one cove of the Bay to another, left between it and 
 the water a large strip of land. This " broken front" belonged 
 to the adjacent 200 acres, so that often the fortunate party possessed 
 even 50 or 100 acres exti*a. 
 
 One of the noted individuals to whom land was granted in 
 Upper Canada, was Arnold the Traitor. 18,000 acres was given 
 him, and £10,000. 
 
' TYENDINAOA, 181 
 
 The tract of land now constituting the Township of Tyendi- 
 naga, having been purchased from the Mississaugas, was deeded to 
 the Mohawks. The deed bears the date of 1804. Tlie land is 
 granted to " the chiefs, warriors, people, women of the Six Nations." 
 The chief, at the time they settled, was Capt. John Deserontyon. 
 
 CHAPTER XYII. 
 
 » 
 
 Contents — Lines — Western Settlement, 1783 — Population — Settlement upon St. 
 Lawrence and Bay — Number, 1 784 — Proclamation to Loyalists — Society dis- 
 turbed — Two kinds of Loyalists — St. Lawrence and Bay favorable for Settle- 
 ment — Government Provisions — State r f the Loyalists — Serving out Rations 
 . — Clothes — Utensils for clearing and farming — The Axe — Furniture — At- 
 tacking a last enemy — Tents — Waiting for their Lots — " Bees" — Size of 
 dwellings — Mode of building — Exchanging work — Bedsteads — Clearing— 
 Fiteing trees — Ignorance of Pioneer Life — Disposing of the Wood — No beast 
 of burden — Logging — Determination — All Settlers on a common ground — 
 Additional Refugees — Advance — Simcoe's Proclamation, 1792 — Conditions of 
 Grants — The Response -Later Settlers — Questionable Loyalists — Yankees 
 longing for Canada — Loyalty in 1812. 
 
 THE SETTLEMENT OP UPPER CANADA. 
 " CANADA." 
 
 BY ALGXANDBR M'LACHLAN. 
 
 Land of mighty lake and forest ! 
 Where the winter's locks are hoarest ; 
 Where the summer's leaf is greenest ; 
 
 And the winter's bite the keenest ; 'l'\ 
 
 Where the autumn's leaf is searest. 
 And her parting smile the dearest ; 
 Where the tempest rushes forth. 
 From his caverns of the north, 
 With the lightnings of his wrath, 
 Sweeping forests from his patii ; 
 Where the cataract stupendous 
 Lifteth up her voice tremendous ; 
 Where uncultivated nature 
 , Rears her pines of giant sfaiture ; 
 
 Sows her jagged hemlocks o'er. 
 Thick as bristles on the boar ; 
 Plants the stately elm and oak 
 Firmly in the iron rock ; 
 * Where the crane her course is steering, 
 
 And the eagle is careering, 
 Where the gentle deer are bounding. 
 And the woodman's axe resounding ; 
 Land of mighty lake and river, 
 To our hearts thou'rt dear forever 1 
 
182 POPULATION, 1783.- ■ 
 
 Thou art not a land of story ; . ,;..-' ■/J'l 
 
 Thou art not a land of glory ; 
 No tradition, talc, nor song, 
 To thine ancient woodii belong ; 
 
 No long line of bards and sages . ,j.^ 
 
 Looking to us down the ages ; nWTr'y •, 
 
 No old heroes sweeping by, .^,^.ff,,yi;', 
 
 In their warlike panoply ; • 
 
 Yet heroic deeds are done, 
 Where no battle's lost or won— . 
 In the cottage, in the woods, 
 In the lonely solitudes- 
 Pledges of affection given, 
 That will be redeemed in heaven. 
 
 In 1783, when a regular survey and Bettloment of Western 
 Canada commenced, the inhabitants of the Lower Province exten- 
 ded westward, only a few miles above Coteau du lac, upon the St. 
 Lawrence, at Lake St. Francis ; but not a house was built within 
 several miles of the division line of the two Provinces, which is 
 above Montreal, about 40 miles, on the north shore. On the south 
 side there was the Fort of Oswegotchie. Besides the squatters 
 around the military posts at Carleton Island, Oswego, and Niagara, 
 there were a few inhabitants at Detroit and Sandwich, of French 
 origin, where a settlement had sprung up in 1750. 
 
 The entire population of all Canada at this time, has been esti- 
 mated at 120,000, including both the French and English. Al- 
 though refugees had squatted here and there upon the frontier, near 
 to the several militaiy posts, it was not until 1784 that the land, 
 now surveyed into lots, was actually bestowed upon the Loyalists ; 
 yet it was mainly disbanded soldiers that received their " location 
 tickets" in the year 1784. The grants were made to the corps 
 under Jessup, upon the St. Lawrence, and under Eogevs upon the Bay; 
 and to Butler's Rangers at Niagara, at the same time, or very nearly. 
 During the same season, a settlement was made upon the Niagara 
 frontier and at Amherstburgh, by the Loyalists who had found 
 refuge at the contiguous Fort.s. It is supposed that the number 
 who became settlers this year, 1784, in Upper Canada Avas about 
 10,000. Thus the Province of Upper Canada was planted ; thus the 
 Eefugees and disbanded soldiers found themselves pioneers in the 
 wilds of Canada. Was it for this they had adhered to the Crown — 
 had taken up arms — had sacrificed their all ? 
 
 At the close of hostilities, a proclamation was issued to the 
 Loyalists, to rendezvous at Sacket's Harbour, or Carleton Island, 
 Oswego, Niagara, and Isle aux Mois, the principal military posts 
 upon the frontier. 
 
FAVORABLE PLACES FOR SETTLEMENTS. 183 
 
 Tho tempest of war which had swept across the Aniorican 
 Continent, seveiring thirteen Colonies from the parent trniik, had 
 roughl}' disturbed the elements of society. It resulted that the 
 cessation of hostilities left a turbulent ocean, which required time 
 to compose itself. There were Loyalists who would not live under 
 a flag alien to Britain. There were those Whose circumstances 
 would have induced them to abide the evil that had overtaken them 
 in the dismemberment of the British Empire; but the fierce pas- 
 sions of the successfVil rebels rendered a peaceful or safe existence 
 of the Loyalists among them impossible. Driven they were, away 
 from their old homes. There were those who had been doable 
 minded, or Avithout choice, ready to go with the successful party. 
 Such wandered here and there looking for the best opportunity to 
 secure self aggrandisement. It is of the first two classes we speak. 
 
 Forced by cruel circumstances, to become pioneers in a wilder- 
 ness, there could not be found in America, a more favourable place 
 whereupon to settle than along the banks of the St. Lawrence, and 
 around the irregular shores of Bay Qninte, with its manj' indenta- 
 tions. They had to convert the wood-covered land into homes. 
 The trees had to be felled, and the land prepared for grain, .-md the 
 fruit of the soil to be obtained for sustenance within three years, 
 when Government provisions would be discontinued. It can readily 
 be understood that a water commuaication to and from tho central 
 points of settlement, as well as access to fishing waters, was most 
 desirable. The smooth waters of the upper St. Lawrence and the 
 Bay Quinte constituted a highway of the most valuable kind, 
 for tho only mode of travel was by the canoe, or flat-bottomed 
 batteau, which was supplied by the Government in limited num- 
 bers ; and in winter by rudelj- constructed hand-sleighs, along the 
 icy shores. 
 
 THE FIRST SETTLERS. 
 
 The settlers of Uppei* Canada, up to 1790, may be divided into 
 those who were forced away from the States by persecution, during 
 and after the war ; the disbanded troops ; and a nobler class, who 
 left the States, being unwilling to live under other than British 
 rule. 
 
 To what extent were these pioneers fitted and prepared to 
 enter upon the truly formidable work of creating homes, and to 
 secure the necessaries of life for their families. But few of them 
 possessed ought of worldly goods, nearly all were depending upon 
 
184 .; GOVERNMENT IMPLEMENTS. , ^•. 
 
 the bounty of Govornmont. In tho first place, they were supplied 
 with rations ; which consisted of flour, pork, ^vnd a limited 
 quantity of beef, a very little butter, and as little salt. Wo find in 
 Rev. Mr. Carroll's ** Past and Present" that " their mode of serving 
 out rations was rather peculiar." " Their plan was, to prevent tho 
 appearance of partiality, for tho one who acted as Commissary, 
 either to turn his back, take one of the articles, and say, ' who will 
 have this?' or else the provisions were weighed, or assorted, and 
 put into heaps, when the Commissary went around with a hat, and 
 received into it something which he would again recognize, as a 
 button, a knife, &c. ; after whick he took the articles out of the hat, 
 as they came uppermost, and placed one on each of the piles in ro ■ 
 tation. Every person then claimed the parcel on which ho found 
 the article which he had thrown into the hat." 
 
 They were also supplied with " clothes for three years, or until 
 they were able to provide these articles for themselves. They con- 
 sisted of coarse cloth for trowsers and Indian blankets for coats, and 
 of shoes ; beside, each received a quantity of seed grain to sow 
 upon the newly cleared land, with certain implements of husbandry. 
 To each was allotted an axe, a hoe, and a spade ; a plough, and one 
 cow, were allotted to two families; a whip and cross-cut saw to 
 every fourth family; and, even boats were provided for their use, 
 and placed at convenient points,;" and " that nothing might seem 
 to be wanting, on the part of the Government, even portable corn 
 mills, consisting of steel plates, turned by hand like a coffee-mill, 
 were distributed among the settlers." Wc have learned they were 
 also supplied with nails, hand-saws and other materials for building. 
 To every five families were given a " set of tools," such as chisels 
 and augers, of various sizes, and drawing-knives; also pick-axes, 
 and sickles for reaping. But, unfortunately, many of these imple- 
 ments were of inferior quality. The axe, with which the burden 
 of the work was to be done, was unlike the light implement now 
 in use, it was but a short-handled ship axe, intended for quite a 
 different use than chopping trees and clearing land. Notwith- 
 standing, these various implements, thoughtfully provided by Gov- 
 ernment, how gi'eatly must they have come short in meeting 
 the varied wants of the settler, in his isolated clearing, far 
 separated from places whereat things necessary could be procured. 
 However, the old soldier, with his camp experience, was enabled by 
 the aid of his tools, to make homely and rude articles of domestic 
 use. And, in farming, he constructed a rough, but servicable plow, 
 and harrow, and made fiandles for his scythe. 
 
INSTITUTION OP " BEES." llji^ 
 
 Thus provisioned and clothed, and thus armed with implomonts 
 of industry, the old soldiers advanced to the attack of a last enemy, 
 the wild woods. Unlike any previous warfare, waa this lifetime 
 struggle. With location ticket in hand, they filed into the batteaux 
 to ascend the rapids. A certain number of batteaux joined together, 
 generally about twenty or twenty-five, formed a brigade, which was 
 placed under the command of a suitable oflflcer ; if not one who had 
 in previous days, led them against the foe. It is quite impossible 
 to conceive gf the emotions which found a place in the breasts of 
 the old veterans as they journeyed along wearily from day to day, 
 each one bringing them nearer to the spot on which the tent was 
 to be pitched for the last time. Eagerly, no doubt, they scanned 
 the thickly wooded shores as they passed along. Curiously 
 they examined the small settlement, clustering around Cata- 
 raqui. And, it cannot be doubted, when they entered the 
 waters of the lovely Bay Quinte, the beauty of the scene created a 
 feeling of joy and reconciliation to their lot, in being thus cast upon 
 a spot so rich in natural beauty. These disbanded soldiers, at least 
 each family, had » canvass tent capable of accommodating, in a 
 certain way, from eight co ton persons. These were pitched upon 
 the shore, at first in groups, until each person had learned the situation 
 of his lot, when he immediately removed thereto. But there were 
 by no means enough tents to give cover to all, and many had only 
 the friendly trees for protection. The first steps taken were to clear 
 a small space of trees, and erect a place of habitation. We have 
 seen what were the implements he had to work with — the materials 
 he must use to subdue the forest tree standing before him. 
 
 Here, at the very threshold of Upper Canadian history, wag 
 initiated the " institution" of " bees." " Each with his axe on his 
 shoulder, turned out to help the other," in erecting a log shanty. 
 Small and unpretending indeed, were these humble tenements first 
 built along the shores of the bay. The size of each depended upon 
 the number to occupy it. None were larger than twenty by fifteen 
 feet; and an old man tells me that his father, who was a carpenter, 
 built one fifteen feet long and ten feet broad, with a slanting roof 
 seven or eight feet in height. The back-woodsman's shanty, which 
 may yet be seen in the outskirts of our country, is the counterpart 
 of those which were first built ; but perhaps many of our readers 
 may never have seen one. " Eound logs," (generally of basswood,) 
 "roughly notched together at the corners, and piled one above 
 another, to the height of seven or eight feet, constituted the walls. 
 
196 THS OLD LOO HOUSE. 
 
 Openings for a door, «nd one small window" (always beside the 
 door) "designed for four lights of glass, 1 h 9, were cut out," (Gov- 
 ernment had supplied them with a little glass and putty) ; " the 
 spaces between the logs were chinlcod with small splinters, and 
 carefully plastered outside and inside, with clay for raortar. Smooth 
 straight poles were laid lengthways of the building, on the walls, 
 to servo as supports of the roof This was composed ' of strips of 
 elm bark, four feet in length, by two or three foot in width, in layers, 
 overlapping each other, and fastened to the poles by withs." 
 (The roof was some times of black oak, or swamp oak, bark,) " with a 
 sufficient slope to the back, this forme<l a root" which was proof againct 
 wind and weather. An ample hearth, made of flat stones, was then 
 laid out, and a fire back of field stone or small boulders, rudely built, 
 was carried up as high as the walls. Above this the chimney was 
 formed of round poles, notched together and plastered with rowd. 
 The floor was of the same materials as the walls, only that the logs 
 "were split in two, and flattened so as to make a tolerably even sur- 
 face. As no boai'ds were to be had to make a door, until they could 
 be sawn out by the whip saw, a blanket suspended from the inside 
 for some time took its place. By and by four little pains of glass, 
 were stuck into a rough sash, and then the shanty was complete." — 
 (jUroil) 
 
 ^ .-t.:.. Furniture for the house was made by the old soldier ; this was 
 generally of the roughest kind. They had the fashion of exchanging 
 work, as well as of having bees. Some of them had been mechanics 
 in other days. A carpenter was a valuable acquisition, and while 
 others would assist him to do his heavy work, he would in return do 
 thgse little nicer jobs by which the household comforts would be 
 increased. No chests of drawers were required ; benches were made 
 of split basswood, upon which to sit, and tables were manufactured in 
 the same style. The bedstead was constructed at the end of the 
 cabin, by taking poles of suitable size and iiiserting the ends between 
 the logs which fonned the walls on either side. These would be 
 placed, before the cracks were filled in and plastered. 
 
 CLEARING THK LAND. 
 
 A log hut constructed, wherein to live ; and such plain rough arti- 
 cles of furniture as were really necessary provided, the next thing was 
 to clear the land, thickly covered with large trees and tangled brush. 
 Many a swing of the unhandy axe had to be made ere the trees 
 could be felled, and disposed of ; and the ground made ready for the 
 grain or root. 
 
THE WORK OP OLBARING. 187 
 
 A few years later, and the settler would, in the dry Bummer season, 
 fire the woods, so as to kill the trees. By the next year they would have 
 become dry, so that by setting fire again they would bum down. In 
 this way much labor was saved. But sometimes the fire would prove 
 unmanageable and threaten to destroy the little house and log barn, 
 as well as crops. Another mode of destroying the large trees, was to 
 girdle them— that is, to cut tln-ough flio bark all around the tree, 
 whereby it was :Jllod, so that the following year it would like>vi8e 
 burn down. 
 
 A portion of the disbanded troops, as well as other loyalists, had 
 been bred to agricultural pursuits ; and some of them, at least those 
 who had not been very long in arms, could the more readily adapt 
 themselves to their new circumstances, and resume their early occu- 
 pation. The axe of the woodsman M'as soon swung as vigoi'ously 
 along the shores of the well wooded river and bay, as it had been in 
 the forests years before, in the backwoods of New England. 
 
 It is no ordinary undertaking for one to enter the primeval forest, 
 to cut down the tough grained trees, whose boughs have long met t^e 
 first beams of the rising sun, and swayed in the tempest wind ; to 
 clear away the thick underbrush, which impedes the step at every 
 turn ; to clear out a tangled cedar swamp, no matter how hardy may 
 be the axe-man — how well accustomed to the use of the implement. 
 With the best mode of proceeding, with an axe of excellent make, 
 and keen edge ; and, combined with which, let every other circum- 
 stance be favorable ; yet, it requires a detennined will, an iron 
 frame and supple muscle, to undertake and carry out the successful 
 clearing of a farm. But, the refugees and disbanded soldiers, who 
 formed the pioneers of Upper Canada, enjoyed not even ordinary 
 advantages. Many of the old soldiers had not the slightest know- 
 ledge of the duties of pioneer life, while others had but an imperfect 
 idea. Some scarcely knew how to fell a tree. Hardy and deter- 
 mined they were ; but they possessed not the implements requisite to 
 clear off the solid trees. We have seen that the axe funiished by 
 government was large and clumsy, and could be swung only with diffi- 
 culty and great labor, being nothing more than the ship axe then in use. 
 Slow and weaiisome indeed, must have been the progress made by the 
 unaccustomed woodsman in the'work of clearing, and of preparing 
 the logs for his hut, while he had, as on-lookers, too often a feeble 
 wife and hungry children. 
 
 The ordinary course of clearing land is pretty well known. At 
 the present day the autumn and winter is the usual time, when the 
 
188 CONQUERINO. 
 
 wood is cut in nleigh lotigths for home use, or made into cord wooi^ 
 for the market. Tlie brush is piled up into huge hea})s, and in the 
 following seswon, when sufficiently dry, is burned up. Now, wood, 
 except in the remote parts, is very valuable, and for those Avho can 
 part with it, it brings a good income. But then, when the land was 
 everywhere covered with wood, the only thought was how to got rid of 
 it. The great green trees, aft^r being cut down, had to lie until they 
 had dried, or be cut into pieces and removed. Time was necessary 
 for the first. To accomplish the second, involved labor with the 
 unwieldly axe ; and there were at first, no beast of burden to haul the 
 heavy logs. The arm of the pioneer was the only motor power, and 
 the trees had to bo cut in short lengths, that they might be carried^ 
 To overcome the more heavy work connected with this, the settlers 
 would have logging bees from place to place, and by united strength 
 subdue the otherwise obstinate forces. Mainly, the trees were burned; 
 the limbs and smaller portion first, and subsequently the large trunk. 
 The fire would consume all that was flamable, leaving great black 
 logs all over the ground. Then came " logging," that is, piling these 
 black and half burned pieces into heaps, where, after a longer time 
 of drying, they might be consumed. A second, perhaps a third time 
 the pieces would have to be collected into " log heaps," until finally 
 burned to ashes. It was by such means, that slowly the forest along the 
 St. Lawrence, and surroundng the Bay Quinte, as well in the adjacent 
 townships melted away before the daily work of the aggressive settler. 
 Although deprived of all those comforts, which most of them had en" 
 joyed in early life in the Hudson, and Mohawk valleys,and fruitful fields 
 of Pennsylvania, they toiled on determined to conquer — to make new 
 homes ; and, for their children at least, to secure comforts. They rose 
 early, and toiled on all day, whether long or short, until night cast 
 its solemn pall over their rude quiet homes. The small clearing of a 
 few acres gradually widened, the sound of the axe was heard ringing 
 all the day, and the crash of the falling tree sent the startled wild 
 beast to the deeper recesses of the wild wood. The toilers were not 
 all from the same social rank, but now in the main, all found a com- 
 mon level ; the land allotted to the half pay ofllcers was as thickly 
 covered with wood. A few possessed limited means, and were able 
 to engage a help, to do some of the work, but in a short time it was 
 the same with all ; men of education, and who held high positions, 
 rightly held the belief that it was an honor to be a refugee farmer. 
 
 At the close of the war a considerable number of the refugees 
 found safety in New Bnmswick and Nova Scotia. But a certain 
 
simcoe'b proclamation. 189 
 
 minibor, not finding wuch prospects as tl»oy had hoped, resolved to try 
 Caniida. Consequently, for five or six years after the peace, this class 
 continued slowly to flow, to swell the number of inhabitants of Upper 
 Canada. Some of them tarried, or remained in Lower Canada ; but 
 the majority ascended the Hay Quinte, and settled the new townships 
 at the head of the bay ; not n few would remain for a year or two in 
 the townships already settled, working farms on shares, or 'living out,' 
 until the future homo was selected, A good many of the first settlers 
 in the sixth, seventh, and eight townships, had previously lived for a 
 while in the fourth township. 
 
 The advance of the settlements was along the bay, from Kingston 
 township and Ernest town, westward along both sides. When 
 the settlers in the first, second, third and fourth townships, 
 had, to a certain extent overcome the pioneers first difficulties, those 
 in the sixth, seventh, eight and ninth, were yet undergoing mostly all 
 the same hardships and trials. Far removed from Kingston, they 
 could, with difficulty, procure necessities, and consequently endured 
 greater piivation, and experienced severer hardships ; but in time these 
 settlers also overcome, and ended their days in comparative comfort. 
 
 Gen. Simcoe, after he became the first Governor of Upper 
 Canada in 1792, held the opinion that there remained in the States 
 a largo number of Loyalists, and conceived the idea of affording 
 them an inducement to again come under British rule, as they were 
 British in heart. He, by proclamation, invited them to free grants 
 of the rich land of Upper Canada, in the following words : 
 
 <' A Proclamation, to such as are desirous to settle on lands of 
 the Crown, in the Province of Upper Canada, By His Excellency 
 John Graves Simoob, Esquire, Lieutenant-Gt)vernor and Com- 
 mander-in-Chief of the said Province, and Colonel commanding His 
 Majesty's Forces, &c.,&c. Be it known to all concerned that His 
 Majesty, both by his royal commission and instructions to the Gt)v. 
 ernor, and in his absence, to the Lieutenant-Governor of the said 
 Province of Upper Canada, gives authority or command to grant 
 the lands of the Crown in the same by patent under the great seal 
 thereof. I do accordingly make known the terms of grant and set- 
 tlement to be:" &c. 
 
 Without introducing the somewhat lengthy terms given under 
 the heads, it is sufficient to say that they were most liberal ; in the 
 meanwhile reserving what was necessary to maintain the rights 
 previously granted to Loyalist settlers. No lot was to be granted 
 of more than 200 acres, except such as the Governor might other- 
 
190 VEBJURY BY YANKEBK. 
 
 wise desire, but no one was to receive a quantity oxcoeaing lOOO iicroa. 
 Every one hatl to make it appear that ho, or Hhe waH in a coiwlition 
 to culllvatu uuvl l.upiuvo the land, and " beaido taking the usual 
 oatlis, subscribe a declaration, vix : I, A. B. do promise and declare 
 that I will maintain and defend to the utmost of my power, the 
 authority of the king in his parliament as the supreme legislature 
 of this province." These grants were free excepting the fees of 
 oflice, "in passing the patent and recording the same." The 
 proclamation was dated 7th February, 1792, Thomas Talbot, acting 
 
 Secretary. 
 
 It was obligatory on settlers to clear five acres of land, to build a 
 house, and to open a road across the front of his land, a quarter of a 
 
 mile. 
 
 Whether Siracoe was right in his opinion, that many loyalists 
 remained in the States, ready to av.^l Lhemselves of a judicious 
 opportunity of becoming citizens of British territory, may be ques- 
 tioned ; that there were some, cannot be doubted. Not a few res- 
 ponded to his invitation, and entered the new province. The 
 recall of Simcoe led to the abroi^'iition of the terms specified in 
 the aforementioned proclamation, and some of the new comers were 
 doomed to disappointment. As may naturally be supposed, these later 
 comers were not altogether regarded with favor by the first settlers, 
 who now regarded themselves as lords of the soil. The old staunch 
 loyalists were disposed to look upon thonias Yankees, who came only 
 to get the land. And it seems that such was often the case. We 
 have the impartial statement of Rochefoiicault, that there were t^ome 
 who "falsely profess an attachment to the British monarch, and 
 curse the Government of the Union for the mere purpose of getting 
 possession of lands." Even at this early day, they set about taking 
 possession of Canada ! Indeed, it was a cause of grievance in Wal- 
 ford township, Johnstown district, that persons from the States 
 entered the country, petitioned for land, took the necessary oaths- 
 perjured themselves, and having obtained possession of the land resold 
 it, pocketed the money, and left to build up the glorious Union. 
 
 But, white so much has to be said of some Americans, who took 
 land in Canada for mercenary motives, and committed fraud, it is 
 pleasing to say likewise, tiiat a large uuuiber of settlers from the 
 States, who came in between 1794 and 1812, became worthy and 
 loyal subjects of the Crown. How far all of them were at first 
 Britons in heart, may be questioned. But the fact that the first 
 settlers regarded them with doubtful eye, and often charged them 
 
'" YANKIK 0ANADIAN8. iiM. 
 
 with boiua TatikonH, led many, lor very peacc-Mnko, to jliHplny their 
 loyalty. Bat at laMt, when tliowarof 1812 l>roki(out, thty exhihit('<1 
 unmistjvkeable attachment to the BritiNh (Jrown. To their honor bo 
 it said, thoy wore as active in (lefen<ling their homes m any clnHs. 
 The number who desertetl from Canada, waH (piito inBiffnificant. As 
 would bo expoetwl, the war of 18 12 arrested the stream of emii,'ralion 
 from the States. Th(^ (lovernnxint of Canada thereafter disooun- 
 tonanced it, and insteud, made nome effort* to draw British European 
 emigrants. 
 
 «•» 
 
 DlYifcilOK LV. 
 
 THE FIliST YEARS OF UPPEB CANADA. 
 CHAPTER XVUI. 
 
 Contents— Father Picriuet— Provision of Forts in Upper Canada juKt bofore Con- 
 quo8t_li rontonac~Milk_Brundy— Toronto— Tho Several Forts— Detroit— 
 BntiHli GuvriHoiu^— Grasping Kebols— Efforts to Starve out Luyalists in 
 Canada— ^\orse Treated tluin tlie Aeadiaii;-— EHorts to Seeiire Fur Trade— 
 The Frontier Forts— Amerieans Conduct to Indians—Result;— (Jondnd of 
 British aovernmeut— Itations for Throe Years— arinding by Hand— "Hominv 
 Blocks"— "I'Junpii.K Mill"— TJie Women— Soldier Farmers_The Hessians— 
 auffering- rhe "Scarce Year"— Charge against the Commissariat Cfflcers- 
 famine— Cry for Bread— Instances of Suffering— StarvinK Children— No 
 Salt-tisJi—GaiTK— Eating Young Grain— Begging Bran— A Common Sor- 
 i'f.^^T^'""^'^*^^"*"'' EseapcK- Eating Buds and Leavee— Deaths- Primitlvo 
 i! ishmg— Catohing Salmon— Going 125 miles to mill— Disconsolate Fami- 
 lies— 1789— Partial Relief- First Beef Slaughtered in Upper Canada— First 
 
 %f "'?— ^. ^''"' ''''"^* *^''y ''^*« '^"^^ Dranl<— Tea Introduced— St-;tements 
 of Sheriff Sherwood— Roger Bates— John Parrott— Col. Clark— Squirrell 
 Swimming Nia^^ara— Maple Sugar— How it was made— Women assisting— 
 Made Disiies of Food— Pumpkin Loaf— Extract from Rochefoucanit— 1795 
 — guBlity of Grain Raised— Quint(5 Bay— Cultivation- Corn Exported— The 
 Grain Dealers— Price of Flour— Pork— Profits of the Merchants. 
 
 MODE OF PKOCURINQ FOOD. 
 
 We have seen with what spirit and determination the loyalists 
 «ngaged in the duties pertaining to pioneer life ; how they became 
 domiciled in the wilderness and adapted themselves to their new 
 
MB EFP0RT8 TO HTARVE TUB LOYALIHTH. 
 
 and >iyin^ Hituation. Thus, wan laid tho foundation of tho Province 
 of U'»]HU' (laiimlu, now Ontario. Upon this foundation wii» to b« 
 eri)Ci,«d tjio HU|MM"rttructuro. L«t uh proceed to uxuniinu the cir- 
 cumatancoH of tho flrMt yoarw of Uppor ('anadiun iifo. And HrHt 
 with roHpoct to /oo(/. 
 
 f.jl Father Picquot viHltod tho Bay und Lako Ontario, ham La 
 Presentation — 0/^denHhur|^h, the year of the Confjuent. Jle n|)oakH 
 of hirt viwit to Fort Frontenac, and roinarkH, "Tho brojul und milk 
 there, wore Uul ; they had not even brandy there to ntjunudi u 
 Wound." By which we learn that tho French garrison hiid a cow, 
 although hIio i^avo inditferent milk; and that oven brandy ibr medi- 
 cinal purpoHOH could not be had. The miHsionary proceeded to F'ort 
 Toronto which wan Hituated upon Lake Simcoo, no doubt ancend- 
 in^ by tho bay (^uinto and Trent. Here ho found " ^ood breiid und 
 good wine "and " everything roijuiHite for trade" with the Indians. 
 Tho coHsion of Canada to the Britinh by the Froneh had been fol- 
 lowed by a withdrawal of lioopn tVoni many of the forts, around 
 which b:«i cluBterod a few hamlols, Hpockn of civilization in a vast 
 wilderness, and in most places things had lupsod into Ihoir primal 
 Btate. And, when rebellion broke out in the Colonies of Britain, there 
 wore but a few posts whereat were stationed any soldiers, or whore 
 clustered tho white settlers. There were a few French living at 
 Detroit, ar»d at Michilmicinac, and to the north-east of Lako Huron. 
 Wo have seen that during tho war, refugees found safety at the 
 soveral military posts. The military rations wore served out to 
 those loyal men in tho same proportion as to the soldiers, and when 
 the war closed the {garrisons continued to dispense the necessaries 
 of life to the settlore upon the north shores of tho lake, and St. 
 Lawrence. 
 
 For ten yeai's, after tho terras of peace was signed between 
 England and the Independent States, the forts of Oswego, Niagara, 
 Detroit, and Michilmicinac, with the garrison on Carloton Island, 
 remained in the possession of the British troops. To this the 
 grasping Americans warmly took exceptions. Although it would 
 have been next to impossible to supply these places with provisions 
 for troops of their own, they nevertheless wished to dispossess the 
 Royal troops; we learn that tho object was to starve out the rofugeoB 
 who had fotnd shelter upon the borders, and who would bodepond- 
 ing for years to these forts, for the very necessaries of life. In this, 
 their cruelty exceeded that practisetl towards the Acadians. Having 
 driven away the loyalists and dispersed them at home, they would 
 
TOWNHIIIi> OOMMISMARY. 
 
 m 
 
 hftvo followed thorn to tholrnowwil(lorno*N home, thoro to cnt off thoir 
 ijuppiioH uiul liwivo them to iKirihli. Thoy winhed to olttuiii possos- 
 81011 of'tho fortu not only to^lut their ven^olul feeliri<^ ui^ainNt tho 
 torieH, hut to Hocuro tho truffle earrioil on with tlio IndiuiiH. Dreams 
 of iigK^'tii^izomont floated throu/]Ch their nvurieiouH mindn. It was 
 rejjjardod an oxcollont wtroko of policy to turn tho current of tho 
 ftir triulo from tho St. Lawrence, and Htarve out hy dogroos tho 
 rofu/^ecH, and tho French who would have noneof M«'/r " Liherty." 
 llenco their dosiro to f^et possesMiori of the frontier fort.s. Hut it 
 wnH destined that tluH valuahle trartlc should never como into tho 
 hands of tho United States; or rathor it should ho said, the Ameri- 
 cans hiul determined to pursue a course which would completelv 
 alienate the Indian tribes from them. Under auch circumstancos 
 no possession of the forts could have turned tho trade from its 
 natural channel by the St. Lawrence, across tho continent to Now 
 York. 
 
 The British Government never desired to stint tho loyal rof\i- 
 goos and tho disbanded soldiers. At the close of hostilities it was 
 dotormined that both alike, with thoirfamilies, should receive while 
 traveling, and for a period of three years, such rations as arc allowed 
 daily to the private soldier. And the Commissariat Department 
 was instructed to make the necessary provision to have transported 
 to each township by batteau, what should bo requisite. Depots 
 wore established, in addition to tho different garrisons, in each town- 
 ship, to which some prominent and trusted refugee of their number, 
 generally a Imlf pay officer, was appointed as Commissary, and at 
 which ample provisions of tho specified kind, as well us certain 
 implements, it was ordered should bo stored, to bo dealt out with 
 regularity and fairness to each family, according to the number of 
 children. In some of tho townships two battcaux were provided to 
 bring the provisions from Montreal. Besides tho focxl thus 
 obtained, thoy wore often enabled to freely supply themselves with 
 gamo of different kinds. Tho greatest trouble of all was to got tho 
 grain supplied to them, ground into flour. According to Carroll and 
 Croil, tho townships upon the St. Lawrence, were supplied with stool 
 mills for grinding grain ; but no word of such indifferent conve- 
 nience for tho settlors of tho Bay,ha8 by us boon received ; tho settlers 
 had to get tho grain crushed as best thoy could. Various modes were 
 adopted to do this ; but in all cases the wprk was done by hand. 
 Sometimes the grain was crushed with an axo upon a flat stone. 
 Many prepared a wooden mortar, by cutting a block, of suitable 
 13 
 
■jg^ PRIMITIVE CORN MILLS. 
 
 Icnirth, about four feet, out Of the trunk of a largo tree, oak or 
 maple. Sometimes it was the stump of a tree. In this a cavity 
 was formed, generally by heating a piece of iron, and placing it upon 
 the end. In some quarters, a cannon ball from the Garrison was 
 used. By placing this, rod hot, upon the wood, a hollow of suffi- 
 cientdopth could be made. ' These mortars, sometimes called " Hom- 
 iny Blocks" and sometimes " Plumping Mill," varied in size ; some- 
 times holding only a few quarts, sometimes a bushel, or even more 
 The pestle or pounder, wa:i raade of the hardest wood, six or eight 
 feet long, and eight inches in diameter at the bottom end ; the top 
 sufficiently small to be spanned by the hand. The pestle was some- 
 times called the stamper ; and the stump or block, with the pestle 
 was called the stump-mortar. Generally, it was by the unaided 
 hand that the grinding was done ; but after a time a sweep pole was 
 arranged, similar to a well polo, and a hard weighty substance boing 
 attached to the pole, much less strength was required to crush the 
 grain; at the same time a larger quantity could be at once done. 
 The work was generally done by two men. The grain thus pounded 
 wasgenerallylndianCorn, and occasionally wild rice. To crush 
 wheat required much more labor, and a small mortar. The bran 
 was separated from the flour by a horse-hair sieve, one of which 
 generally served a whole community, as they were possessed only by 
 a few This rude method continued for many years, especially in 
 thosetownships remote from the flouring mills. Frequently, an 
 iBdiviiual would possess a large mortar, that would be used by a 
 whole neighborhood. Mr. Diamond, of Belleville, a native of 
 Fredericksburg, remembers when a boy, to have accompanied his 
 father " to mill." The mill was one of these larger mortars which 
 ' would contain a bushel of grain when being ground, but which 
 would hold, even measure, two bushels. The grain was crushed by 
 ' a sweep with a weight attached, of ton or twelve pounds. 
 
 But grinding grain in this rude manner, was very frequently 
 done by the women; and was but one of the difficulties attending 
 the production of meal. It was a hard task to prepare for use the 
 corn supplied by Government; but when that supply was cut off, and 
 the settler had but his own raising, it became much worse. Else- 
 where we have seen the difficult process by which seed was planted, 
 and the fruit of the soil reaped, and then thrashed. It had boon 
 thought by the Government that three years would suffice to give 
 the settler ample time to reap sufficient grain for their sustenance. 
 In most cases, industry and aright application of labor, enabled the 
 
GOVERNMENT RATIONS DISCONTINUED, 195 
 
 farmcrtoaccompllsh what was expected of him. But the habits 
 which some of the soldiers had acquired durin- the war, were hiirhly 
 detrimental to regular industry. When tlie throe years' supplies 
 were discontinued, many found themselves unprepared to meet the 
 requirements of their now condition. It is said that some of them 
 entertained the belief that " Old George," as they familiarly called 
 the King, would continue to feed them, for an indefinite i^eriod of 
 time upon the bread of idleness. The Hessians, who had settled in 
 the fafth township, who had no idea of pioneer life, were great suf- 
 ferers, and it is stated that some actually died of starvation. Again 
 there was a considerable class who had not had time to prepare the 
 land, and reap the fruit of the soil, prior to the supplies being stop- 
 ped ; or who could not procure seed grain. These were likewise 
 placed ) 1 the most distressing circumstances. The fearful suffering 
 experr. jced in consequence will bo mentioned under the head of 
 the "Scarce Year." 
 
 Notwithstanding, that Government supplied the settlers with 
 provisions for- three years, and also with spring wheat, peas, corn 
 and potatoes for seed, and took steps to furnish them, first with one 
 mill at Kingston, and then asecond one at Napanee, at the expiration 
 the three years, there were many unprepared. The mills were 
 almost deserted, and the hearts of the people were faint because 
 there was no grain to grind, and famine began to rest upon the 
 struggling settlers, especially along the Bay Quinle. It has already 
 been said that with some of the disbanded soldiers, there was some 
 degree of negligence, or, a want of due exertion to obtain hoilie 
 raised grain before the Government supplies were discontinued j also' 
 that there was a certain number, who came with their families two' 
 or three years after the first settlement, who were not entitled to get 
 trovernment rations, and who had not had time to clear the land 
 Many of these brought provisions with them, but the long distances 
 traveled / them through a wilderness, allowed no large quantity 
 of stores t^. be transported. And within a few months, or a year 
 their store of food was exhausted. But the greatest evil of all 
 It 18 averred, was the failure on the part of the Commissary Depart- 
 ment to bring up from Lower Canada, the supplies which were 
 required by those yet in the service, and who rightly looked to that 
 sourc^ for the bread of life. And, it has been alleged that some 
 ^ho had charge of military stores forgot this public duty, in their 
 anxiety to secure abundant supplies for their own families. And a 
 i>pint of cupidity has been laid to the charge of one or two for 
 retaining for private use the bread for which so many were famish- 
 
196 ,, , THE " 8C/.R0E YEAR.' -. 
 
 ing. At this romoto period it is impossible to arrive at positive 
 conclusions relative to the matter. We can only examine the cir- 
 cumstances, and judge whether such a thing was likely. Of course 
 the Commissary officers, whoso duty it had been to distribute food 
 in the several townships, .would not be likely to disburse with a 
 hand so liberal, that they should thomsolvea become destitute ; yet 
 the fact that such had food, while others had none, would naturally 
 create an erroneous impression. But the famine was not limited 
 to the Bay region ; although, being remote from Montreal, it was 
 here the distress was most grievously felt. Throughout Lower 
 Canada the pinch of famine was keenly experienced. Even there, in 
 places, corn-meal was meted out by the spoonful, wheat flour was un- 
 jknown, while millet seed was ground for a substitute. Still more, the 
 opinion is given, that the accusation against certain parties is con- 
 ia-ary to the spirit which pervaded the refugee settlers at that time. 
 That they had laid up stores, and looked indifferently upon the 
 general sufl'ering, is contrary to the known character of the parties 
 ftccusod. In after days, as at the present time, there were aroused 
 potty jealousies, as one individual exceeded another in prosperity. 
 JFamily jars sometimes rise to feuds, and false surmises grow into 
 untruthful legends. 
 
 The period of famine is oven yet remembered by a few, whose 
 memory reaches back to the immediately succeeding years, and the 
 descendants of tho sut!Jbrers, speak of that time with peculiar feelings, 
 imbibed from their parents ; and many are the touching stories even 
 yet related of this sad first page in the history of Upper Canada, 
 when from Lower Canada to the outskirts of the settlement was 
 heard the cry for bread ! oread ! bread ! 
 
 The year of tho famine is spoken of sometimes as the "scarce 
 year," sometimes as the "hungry year," or the "hard summer." 
 The extreme distress seems to have commenced in the year 1787. 
 . With some, it lasted a part of a year, with others a year, and with 
 others upwards of a year. The height of the distress was during 
 the spring and early summer of 1788. But plenty to all, did not 
 como till tho summer of 1789. The writer has in his possession 
 accounts of many instances of extreme suffering, during tho famine, 
 and for years after, through the ten townships. A few will here 
 be given, as briefly as may be possible. 
 
 One, who settled in tho Sixth Township, (who was subsequently 
 a Member of Parliament for twenty years,) with wife and children, 
 endured groat suffering. Their flour being exhausted he sent 
 
WHAT THIY LIVED TTPON. 197 
 
 money to Quebec for some more flour, but his money was sent back; 
 there was none to bo had. The wife tried as an experiment to 
 make bread out of some wheat bran, which was bought at a dollar 
 a bushel. She failed to make bread, but it was eaten as a stir-a-bout* 
 Upon this, with Indian Cabbage, or "Cale," "a plant with a large 
 leaf," also wild potatoes or ground-nuts, the family lived for many 
 a week. In the spring they procured some potatoes to plant, but 
 the potatoe eye alone was planted, the other portion being reserved 
 for food. One of the daughters, in her extreme hunger digged up 
 for days, some of the potatoe rind and ate it. One day, her father 
 caught her at it, and seized hold of her arm to punish her, for for- 
 getting the requirements of the future, but he found her arms so 
 emaciated that his heart melted in pity for the starving child. 
 Others used to eat a plant called butter-nut, and another pig-weed. 
 Children would steal out at night with stolen potatoes, and roast 
 them at the burning log heap, and consider them a groat treat. 
 One individual has left the record that she used to allay the pangs 
 of hunger by eating a little salt. But the majority of the settlors 
 had no salt, and game and fish, when it could be caught, was eaten 
 without that condiment. Even at a later date, salt was a scare© 
 and dear article as the following will show : " Sydney, 20 th Novem- 
 ber, 1792— Eeceived from Mr. John Ferguson, one barrel of salt 
 for which I am to pay nine dollars." (Signed), John German! 
 Often when fish or game was caught, it was forthwith roasted, 
 without waiting to go home to have it dressed. As spring advanced, 
 and the buds of the trees began to swell, they were gathered and 
 eaten. Boots were digged out of the ground ; the bark of certain 
 trees were stripped off and consumed as food. One family lived 
 for a fortnight on beech leaves. Everything that was supposed to 
 be capable of alleviating the pangs of hunger, whether it yielded 
 nutriment or not, was unhesitatingly used ; and in the fifth township 
 some were killed by eating poisonous roots. Beef bones were, in 
 one neighbourhood, not only boiled again and again, but actually 
 carried from house to house, to give a little taste to boiled bran, 
 until there remained no taste in the boiling water. In the fourth 
 township, upon the sunny side of a hill, was an early field of grain, 
 and to this they came, from far and near, to eat the milk-like heads of 
 grain, so soon as they had suflaciently grown, which were boiled and 
 eaten. The daughter of the man who owned the field, and gladly 
 gave to all, still remains with us, then, she was in the freshness of 
 girlhood ; now, she is in the autumn of a green old age, nearly a 
 
DIVIDING THE LAST LOAF. 
 
 hundred. She romomberH to have seen thorn cutting the young suc- 
 culent grain, to use her own words " as thick as stumps." This young 
 ^rain was a common dish, all along the Bay, until it became ripe. 
 One family lived several month.s solol}' on boiled oats. One day, a 
 man came to the door of a house in Adolphustown, with a bag, and 
 a piece of " calamink," to exchange for flour. But the flour was lowi 
 and the future doubtful, and none could be spared. The man 
 turned away with tears of anguish rolling down his face. The kind 
 woman gave him a few pounds of flour ; he begged to be allowed to 
 add some bran lying on the floor, which was permitted, and ho 
 went his way. 
 
 There were, scattered through the settlements, a few who never 
 were entirely out of provisions,but who had procured some from Lower 
 Canada, or Oswego. Many of these, even at the risk of future want) 
 would give away, day after day, to those who came to their door, 
 often a long distance, seeking for the very bread of life. A piece of 
 bread was often the only thing to give ; but thus, many a life was 
 saved. These poor unfortunates, would offer various articles in 
 exchange for flour or food. Even their lands — all they had, were 
 offered for a few pounds of flour. But, mth a few execrable exceptions, 
 the last loaf was divided ; and when flour was sold, it was at a fair 
 valuation. A common sorrow knit them together in fraternal rela- 
 tionship. The names of some are handed down, who employed others 
 to work all day for their board, and would give nothing for their 
 famishing ones at home. One of them also, sold eight bushels of 
 potatoes for a valuable cow. In some instances, families living 
 remotely, forsook their houses and sought for food at Kingston. One 
 family in Thurlow, set out for Kingr.ton, following the bay shore on 
 foot. Their only food was bran, wliich, being mixed vvith water, was 
 cooked by the w.ay, bj- heating flat stones and baking thereupon. As 
 before stated, the settlers of the fifth township suffered fearfully, and 
 it is stated, that some of them actually died. Mr. Parrott says, that 
 he has heard it stated that pei'sons starved to death. And the extra- 
 ordinary statement is found in the M.S. of the late Mr. Merritt, that 
 one old couple, too old to help tliemselves, and left alone, were pre- 
 served providentially from starvation, by pigeons, which would 
 occasionally come and allow themselves to be caught. The fact is 
 stated by others, that pigeons were at times, during the first years 
 of settling, very plentiful, and were always exceedingly tame. Another 
 person remarks, that although there was generally plenty of pigeons, 
 wild fowl, fish and partridge, yet, they seemed to keep away when 
 most wanted. 
 
DEATH PROM STARVATION. tOfr 
 
 One family, four in niunber, subsisted on the smnll quantity 
 of milk given by a young cow, with leeks, buds of tiecs, and often 
 leaves were added to the milk. A barrel of bran served a good 
 purpose for baking a kind of cake, which made a change on special 
 occasions. At one time, Eoed, of Thurlow, offererd a three year old 
 horse for 50 lbs of flour. This family would, at one time fictually 
 have starved to death, had not a deer been miraculously shot. They 
 often carried grain, a little, it is true, to the Napanee mills, following 
 the river, and bay shores. And when they had no grain, articles 
 of domestic use were taken to exchange for flour and meal. 
 A woman iised to carry a bushel and a half of wheat ten mile? to the 
 Napanee mills, and then carry the flour back. 
 
 Ex-Sherifi" Ruttan says of his father's family, with whom his 
 uncle lived, "We had the luxury of a cow which tiie family 
 brought with them, and had it not been for this domestic boon, all 
 would have perished in the year of scarcity. The crops had failed 
 the year before, and the winter that followed, was most inclement and 
 severe. The snow was unusually deep, so that the deer became an 
 easy prey to their rapacious enemies, the wolves, who fattened on 
 their destruction, whilst men were perishing for want. Five indivi- 
 duals, in difterent places, were found dead, and one poor woman also, 
 with a live infant at her breast ; which was cared for and protected." 
 " Two negroes were sent to Albany for corn, who brought four 
 bushels. This, with the milk of the cow dealt out day by day in 
 limited quantity, kept them alive till harvest." "The soldiers' rations 
 were reduced to one biscuit a day." Referring to other days after the 
 famine he says : " Fish was plentiful" — the " fishing tackle was on a 
 primitive plan ; something similar to the Indians, who fixed the bait on 
 part of the back bone of the pike, which would catch these finny tribe 
 quite as expeditiously as the best Limerick hook ; but our supply was 
 from spearing by torchlight, which has been practiced by the Indian 
 from time immemorial ; from whom we obtained a vast deal of practical 
 knowledge." 
 
 Roger Bates, near Cobourg, speaking of the first years of Upper 
 Canada, says that his grandfather's family, living in Prince Edward 
 for a while, " adopted many ingenious contrivances of the Indians 
 for procuring food. Not the least simple and handy was a crotched 
 pole, with which they secured salmon in any quantity, the creeks 
 being full of them." He removed to the township ol Clarke, 
 where he was the first white settler, and for six months saw no 
 white person. "For a long time he had to go to Kingston, 125 
 
200 FIRST UPPER CANADIAN BEEP. 
 
 miles, with his wheat to bo ground. Thoy had no other conveyance 
 than battoaux ; the journey would Rometimes occupy five or six 
 weeks. Of an evening they put in at some creek, and obtained 
 their salmon with case, using a forked stick, which passed over 
 the fish's back and hold it fivst. Sometimes they were so long gone 
 for grist, in consequence of bad weather, that the women would 
 collect together and have a good cry, thinking the battoaux had 
 foundered. If their food ran short, thoy had a dog that would, 
 when told, hunt a doer and drive it into the water, so that the 
 young boys could shoot it." 
 
 The summer of 1789 brought relief to most of the settlers, — 
 the heaviest of the weight of woe was removed. But, for nearly a 
 decade, thoy enjoyed but feAv comforts, and were often without the 
 necessaries of life. The days of the toiling pioneers were numbering 
 up rapidly, yet the wants of all wero not I'olieved. Those whose 
 industry had enabled them to sow a quantity of grain reaped a 
 goodly reward. The soil was very fruitful, and subsequently for 
 two and three years, repeated crops were raised from a single sowing. 
 But flour alone, although necossaiy to sustain life, could hardly 
 satisfy the cravings of hunger with those who had been accustomed 
 to a different mode of living. It was a long way to Montreal or 
 Albany, from which to transport by hand, everything required, even 
 when it could be had, and the settler had something to exchange 
 for such articles ; beside the journey of several weeks. Game, 
 occasionally to be had, was not available at all seasons, nor at all 
 times ; although running wild, ammunition was scarce, and some 
 had none. We have stated that Government gave to every five 
 families a musket and forty-eight rounds of ammunition, with some 
 powder and shot, also some twine to make fishing nets. Beef, 
 mutton, &c., were unknown for many a day. Strangely enough, a 
 circumstantial account of the first beef slaughtered along the Bay, 
 probably in Upper Canada, is supplied by one who, now in her 90th 
 year, bears a distinct recollection of the event. It was at Adolphus- 
 town. A few settlers had imported oxen, to use in clearing the 
 land. One of a yoke, was killed by the falling of a tree. The 
 remaining animal, now useless, was purchased by a farmer upon the 
 Front, who converted it into beef. With the hospitality character- 
 istic of the times, the neighbors were invited to a grand entertain- 
 ment; and the neighborhood, be it remembered, extended for thirty 
 or forty miles. A treat it was, this taste of an article of diet, long 
 unknown. 
 
INTRODUCTION OP TEA. 201 
 
 Tho samo person tolls of tho occasion when the first log barn 
 was raised in Adolphustown, it was during the scarce period. Tho 
 '* bee" which was called, Lad to bo entertained, in some way. But 
 there were no provisions. The old lady, then a girl, saw her mother 
 for weeks previous carefully putting away the eggs, which a few hens 
 had contributed to their comfort ; upon the morning of the barn rais- 
 ing, they were brought forth and found to amount to a pailful, well 
 heaped. The most of tho better-to-do settlers always had rum, which 
 was a far different article from that sold now-a-days. With rum and 
 eggs well beaten, and mixed with all the milk that could be kept 
 sweet from the last few milkings, this, which was both food and drink 
 was distributed to the members of the bee, during tho time of 
 raising the barn. 
 
 Tea, now considered an indispensable luxury by every family, 
 was quite beyond the I'pach of all, for a long time ; because of its 
 scarcity and high price. Persons are yet living who remember 
 when tea was first brought into family use. Various substitutes 
 for tea were used, among these were hemlock and sassafras ; there 
 was also a plant gathered called by them the tea plant. 
 ' Sheriff Sherwood, in his most valuable memoirs, specially pre- 
 pared for the writer, remarks, " Many incidents and occurrences 
 took place during the early settlement which would, perhaps, at a 
 future day be thought incredible. I recollect seeing pigeons 
 flying in such numbers that they almost darkened the sky, and so 
 low often as to be knocked down with polos ; I saw, where a near 
 neighbor killed thirty at one shot, I almost saw tho shot, and saw 
 the pigeons after they were shot." Ducks were so thick that when 
 rising from a marsh " they made a noise like the roar of heavy 
 thunder." "While many difficulties were encountered, yet we real- 
 ized many advantages, we were always supplied with venison, 
 partridge, and pigeon, and fish in abundance, no taxes to pay and 
 plenty of wood at our doors. Although deprived of many kinds of 
 fruit, we had the natural production of tho country, strawberries, 
 raspberries, gooseberries, blackberries, and lots of red plums, and 
 cranberries in the various marshes all about the country, and I can 
 assure you that pumpkin and cranberries make an excellent substi- 
 tute for apple pie." Mr. Sherwood refers to their dog"Tipler," 
 which was invaluable, in various ways, in assisting to procure the 
 food. He also speaks of " Providential" assistance. *' After 
 the first year we raised wheat and Indian corn sufficient for 
 the year's supply for the family; but then we had no grist mill 
 
202 ABUNDANCE OF OAME. 
 
 to grind it; we made out to got on with tlic Indian corn very 
 well by pounding it in the mortnr, and made wliat wo called xamp, 
 which made coarHe bread, and what the Dutch called sup-pawn; but 
 let me tell you how we made our mortar. We cut a log oft' a large 
 tree, say two-and-a half feet through and about six feet long, which 
 wo planted firm in the ground, about four feet deep, then carefully 
 burnt the centre of the top and Bcrapod it out dean, which gave us 
 a large mortar. We generally selected an iron-wood tree, from six 
 to eight inches through, took the bark oflfcleau, made the handle to 
 it of suitable length, this was our pestle ; and many a time have I 
 pounded with it till the sweat ran down merrily. But this pound- 
 ing would not do for the wheat, and the Government seeing the 
 difficulty, built a mill back of Kingston, where the inhabitants, for 
 fifteen miles below Brockville had to get their grinding done. In 
 our neighborhood they got on very well in summer, by joining two 
 wooden canoes together. Three persons would unite, to carry each 
 a grist in their canoes, and would perform the journey in about a 
 week. But in winter this could not bo done. After a few years, 
 however, when some had obtained horses, then a kind Provi- 
 dence furnished a road on the ice for some years until a road was 
 made passable for sleighs by land. And it has not been practicable, 
 indeed I may say possible, for horses with loaded sleighs to go on the 
 ice from Brockville to Kingston, fifty years past." 
 
 Eogor Bates says that "the woods were filled with deer, bears, 
 wolves, martins, squirrels, and rabbits." No doubt, at first, before 
 fire-arms were feared hy them, they were plentiful and very tame. 
 Even wild geese, it would seem, were often easily shot. But powder 
 and shot were expensive, and uidess good execution could be made, 
 the charge was reserved. Mr. Sherwood gives a trustworthy account 
 of the shooting of thirty pigeons at one shot ; and another account 
 is furnished, of Jacob Parliament, of Sophiasburgh, who killed and 
 wounded at a single shot, four wild geese and five ducks. These wild 
 fowl not only aiforded luxurious and nutritious diet, but their 
 feathers were saved, and in time pillows and even beds were thus 
 made. Mr. John Parrott, of Ernest Town, descendant of Col. Jas. 
 Parrott, says, " there were bears, wolves, and deer in great abund- 
 ance, and there were lynx, wild cats, beavers and, foxes in every 
 directions; also martins, minks and weasels beyond calculation. In 
 this connection, we may record a fact related by Col. Clark, respect- 
 ing the migration of squirrels in the early part of the present cen- 
 tury across the Niagara river, from the States. He says, "an 
 
SUGAR MAKING. ' 
 
 immonso immigration of squin'ols took place, and «o numerous woro 
 they tliat the people stood with HticlcH to destroy them, as they 
 landed on the British shore, which by many was considered a 
 breach of good faith on the part of John Bull, who is always ready 
 to grant an asylum to fugitives of whatever nation they may 
 belong to," 4 "w 
 
 ' MAPLE SUGAR. 
 
 « Soon tho blue-birdR and the bcoa 
 f O'ertlie stubblo will bo winging; 
 
 So 'tis time to tap the trees 
 And to set the axe a-ringing ; 
 
 Time to sot the hut to rights. 
 
 Where the girls and boys together 
 Tend the furnace fire o'nights 
 
 In the rough and rainy weather; 
 
 Time to hew and shape tlie trough, 
 
 And to punch tho spile so hollow, ■•'^Hiv^J . 
 
 For the snow is thawing off <*:'»' •:f:f*A'^>'- ft) - ♦»!■?<*"'<*>■*' • 
 
 And the sugar-thaw must follow. , , . t ^^ 
 
 Oh, the gladdest time of year ...js ■ l*l^ff# '^y^^tH-^ir^] 
 
 Is the merry sugar-making, \ ^ 
 
 When the swallows first appear 
 And the sleepy buds are waking !" 
 
 In the great wilderness were to bo had, a few comforts and 
 luxuries. Sugar is not only a luxury, but is really a necessary 
 article of food. The properties of the sap of tho maple was under- 
 stood by the Indians, and the French soon availed themselves of tho 
 means of making sugar. To the present day, the French Cana- 
 dians make it in considerable quantities. At first, the settlers of 
 Upper Canada did not generally engage in making it; but, after a 
 time a larger number did. Tho maple, tho monarch of the Cana- 
 dian forest, whose leaf is tho emblem of our country, was a kind 
 benefactor. In the spring, in the first dayu of genial sunshine, 
 active operations for sugar making were commenced. Through the 
 deep snow, the farmer and his sons would trudge, from tree to treo, 
 to tap them upon their sunny side. Tho " spile" would be inserted 
 to conduct the precious fluid into the trough of bass-wood, which 
 had been fashioned during tho long winter evenings. A boiling 
 place would bo arranged, with a long pole for a crane, upon which 
 would be strung the largest kettles that could be procured. At 
 nighty the sap would be gathered from the troughs, a toilsome job, 
 and put into barrels. In the morning a curling smoke would rise 
 from amidst the thick woods, and the dry wood would crackle 
 
204 CANADIAN FOOD. ' ^ 
 
 cheerily under the row of kottloH, all the sunny spring day ; and 
 night would show a rich dark syrup, colloctod in onoHinallorkottlo, 
 for the more careful work of being converted into sugar. Fre- 
 quently tlio tiro would be attondeil by the women ; and the men 
 would come to gather the tjap in the evening. In this way many u 
 family would be provided with abundant sugar, at all events it had 
 to serve them for the year, as they felt unable to purchase from 
 the merchant. In another place, wo have related how a few made 
 a considerable quantity of sugar and sold it all, to pay for a farm, 
 doing without themselves. 
 
 The absence of various articles of food, led the thoughtful house- 
 wife to invent new made dishes. The nature of these would depend 
 in part upon the articles of food most abundant, and upon the habits 
 peculiar to their ancestry, whether English, Dutch or some other. 
 The great desire was, to make a common article as tasty as possible. 
 And at harvest time, as well as at bees, the faithful wife would 
 endeavour to prepare something extra to regale the tired ones. 
 There was, for instance, the " pumpkin loaf," a common dish. It 
 consisted of pumpkin and corn meal made into a small loaf, and 
 eaten with butter. Anotl>er dish which seems to have been derived 
 from the Dutch, was Pot Pie, which was always, and is even yet in 
 many places, made to feed the hands at bees and raisings, and oven 
 was generally made to grace the board on a wedding occasion^. 
 "We cannot give the space, if, we felt prepared to speak, of the 
 several made dishes commonly in use among the older Canadians of 
 Upper Canada. Many of them are truly excellent in taste and 
 nutritious in quality. They are often similar to, or very like the 
 dishes in the Now England and Midland States. 
 
 This subject will be concluded by giving a few extracts from 
 Eochefoucault who wrote of what he saw and learned in Canada in 
 1795, and who may be regarded as quite correct. 
 
 He says, "It is asserted" (by Simcoe) "that all Canada, pro- 
 duces not the necessary corn for the consumption of its inhabitants, 
 the troops are supplied with flour from London, and with salt meat 
 from Ireland." But Simcoe then thought that Canada was capable 
 not alone of feeding her inhabitants, but of becoming the granary 
 of England, and receiving commodities in Exchange. Speaking of 
 Forty Mile Creek, ho says : " Before it empties itself into the lake, 
 it turns a grist mill and two saw mills, which belong to a Mr. Green, 
 ,a loyalist of Jersey, who, six or seven years ago, settled in this 
 part of Upper Canada." "Land newly cleared yields here, the 
 
PRODUCE OF HAY QUINTE, 1705. 
 
 first your, twonty bushels of corn. They ph)Ugli tlio hind after it 
 huH jiroduced three or four crops, but not very doop. Tlio price of 
 flour is twenty-two shillings per hundred weight, thut of wheiit from 
 seven to eight shillings per bushel. Laborers are Hcarce, and nro 
 paid at the rate of six shillings a day. Wheat is generally sown 
 throughout all Upper Canada, but other sorts of grain are also cul- 
 tivated." " Mr Green grinds the corn for all the military jjosts in 
 Upper Canada." 
 
 Approaching Kingston by water he remarks that "on the left 
 is Quinto Bay, the banks of which are said to bo cultivated up to a 
 considerablo extent. The eye dwells with pleasure once more on 
 cultivated ground. The country looks pleasant. The houses lie 
 closer than in any of the now settled parts of Upper Canada which 
 wo have hitherto traversed. The variegated verdure of tho corn- 
 fields embellishes and eni'ichos the prospect, charms tho eye, and 
 enchants tho mind." nwv'wi'i lU .'< :'u 
 
 " This district not only produces the corn requisite for its own 
 consumption, but also exports yotjrly about 3 or 4000 bushels. 
 This grain, which, in winter, is conveyed down the river on sledges, 
 is bought by tho merchant, who engage, on the arrival of tho ships 
 from Europe, to pay its amount in such merchandise as the sellers 
 may require. The merchants buy this grain for government, which 
 pays for it in rea^y money, according to tho market price at 
 Montreal. Tho agent of government causes part to be ground into 
 flour, which ho sends to the different ports in Upper Canada, where 
 it is wanted; and tho surplus he sends to England. The price of 
 flour in Kingston is at present (12th July, 1795; six dollars per 
 barrel. The distri(;t of Kingston supplied, last year, tho other parts 
 of Canada with large quantities of pease, the culture of which, 
 introduced but two years ago, proves very productive and successful. 
 In tho course of last year, 1000 barrels of salt pork, of 208 pounds 
 each, were sent from Kingston to Quebec ; its price was eighteen 
 dollars per barrel. The whole trade is carried on by merchants, 
 whoso profits are the more considerablo, as they fix the price of the 
 provisions which they receive from Europe, and sell without the 
 least competition." Indeed, the profits of the dealers must have 
 been immense. They sold to the military authorities at a rate 
 which would remunerate them when the provisions came from 
 England ; and when tho farmers of Canada began to raise grain to 
 sell, they bought it, or exchanged merchandise for it, upon which 
 they fixed the price, and continued to sell tho flour at the same 
 price to the military authorities. 
 
4Ni TII£ MILL AT CATAUAQUI. 
 
 CHAPTKR XiX. 
 
 t'osTiNTH — KifiKi'toii Milln — Action of Cloviirniiu'nt — Tho Mlllwrinht — Hltimtlon 
 of the (liHt Mill—Why Selected— Tin- Miicliincry— I'ut ii|> l.y LoyallHtM— No 
 T( II— (tiily Mill for thr<'0 y.-uiH—doiiiK to Mill, 17H4— Tho Nii|)(in.'o Mill— 
 (JumiiiuiK'ctl 1785 — Uohert (Jliirkt; — An old Hook — " AjjponcH" FiiIIh— I'rico 
 ofccrtftin luticlcH — What itiini v.Dni, and wuh iiMe<l for — Tint Mill opcnud 
 1787 — Hcrj^t.- Major ( -'lurk e in cliarK<' — Indian Corn — Small Toll — Surveyor 
 ColllnH in charKt! — IKcoincH tho Troperty of 11. CartwrlKht, 17y2— Kehuilt— 
 Origin of Napanee — Price of Hntter, 1 7HH — MIIIh at Four Mile Crock. Niagara 
 FallM, Fort Krie, and (»nind Kiver — MilU on tht; St. Lawr-nce— Tno Htono 
 MillH — V'anAlHtine — Lake of tho Mountain — 17l)fi — Natural Xoaiity, verfui 
 Utility— Tho Mill— Van Alntino'H Death— Wind Mill— Myor'H Mill— Mill at 
 Cousccon. 
 
 THE PinST PLOITRINO MILLS. 
 
 Govornmont was not an indilVeront spectator of tlio difficulty 
 Bpokon of UH to tho grinding of^niin — tho })rooiirin^ of flour, and 
 at an early day, ordered mcauH to meet the roqulromentH of tho 
 pioncerH. Wo have tho certain statement of John C. Clai'k, of 
 Ernest town, now doud, written ten years ago, that his father, 
 Eobort Clark, who was a 7iiillwright, "was employed by Govern- 
 ment, in 1782-3, to erect tho Kingston Mills preparatory to tho 
 settlement of tho Loyalists in that section of Upper Canada." Tho 
 place selected for erecting the mill, was upon tho Cataraqui River, 
 Bovon miles north of tho Fort, now the entrance of tho Ridoau Canal, 
 where are situated tho tirs^ locks of that artificial water way. 
 When in a state of nature, tho place must have boon strikingly 
 boautif\il ; it is so at tho present time, when tho achievements of 
 art give variety of attraction. This situation, selected for the first 
 flouring mill, was central to the jwpulation strung along tho banks 
 of tho St. Lawrence, and Bay Quinte. Every thing required for 
 tho consti'uction of tho mill, was furnished by Government, such as 
 the mill stones, and tho machinery. The rougher work, tho walls 
 of tho building, was done by men detailed for the purpose, from the 
 companj'^ of soldiers. Tho structure consisted of logs, or timber 
 roughly squared, and was erected, as well as the mill house, by the 
 combined, oiforts of the soldier settlors, collected for the purpose. 
 All tho settlers had their grists gi-ound without paying toll. The 
 original building was standing as late as 1836. 
 
 lor nearly three years, tho Cataraqui Mill was tho only one in 
 Central Canada. The settlers came from Cornwall in the east, and 
 tho most remote settlement up the Bay, At the present day, when 
 railroads and swiftly running steamers assist so materially to anni- 
 hilate space as it were, and bring distant places into close relation" 
 
KAIMINO THE NAI'ANKr; MILL. 207 
 
 ship, it would IxM'ogunli'd u iimttt>r ol" no littU' truuMu mid incon- 
 vt'nictK'O, to carry ^raiii from C'oruwullon tlio one hand, and Sidney 
 on the other, to Kingston, and wait to have it ground into flour; 
 but how intinitoly greater the difficulty, wh<ui a tracklosn wocxIh 
 covorcd the intorvoning Hpacen, when the only mode of carrying 
 anything was upon the back, or in a canoo, or battcnux, or up<m u 
 raft, in summer; and ui)on a hand-sloigh in winter, drawn througli 
 deep Hnow, i'oUowing the wiiidingH ol'thouhoro along many a dismal 
 mile. 
 
 The incroaaing poi>ulation around tlio Bay, cauHcd the outho- 
 rities to sook a ])roper wito for a second mill. The Napanee River, 
 with its natural falln, otVorcd an advantageous ])laco upon wliich to 
 erect aHOcond mill for the Hottlors, upon the Bay. Wo have been 
 fortunate, through the kindness of Mr. 1*. Clark, of Collinsby, in 
 being permitted to examine an account book kept b}-^ Kobert Clark, 
 the millwright, of both the Kingston and Napanee mills. By this, 
 wo learn that in the year 1785, llobert Clark, who had completed 
 the Kingston Mill, removed to the second township, and, according 
 to instructions received from Government, j)r()ceeded to construct a 
 mill upon the Najjanee River, at the site of the natural falls. In 
 the absence of the full particulars relating to the building of the 
 Napaneo Mills, the following cannot fail to be of interest. In the 
 account book aforementioned, the following references to the build- 
 ing of the mill, are found recorded : , ^^.j ^ ,,( , ^ .^, i^.^^-^, 
 "An accompt of articles bouglit frir the use of the works, No- 
 vember 8." '* To 4 Augers of ditl'erent size, from Mr. Phillips, car- 
 penters at Catariqui, 138, 8d. To 3 quires of Writing Paj)er, Ss. 
 December 6, To 20 lbs. of Nails, £1 ; December 22, To 6 Whip 
 Saw Files, 3s. 9d." Omitting some items, and coming to March 23, 
 1786, wo find " For Eaising the Saw Mill," "2 gallons and 3 pints 
 of Rum, 17s 6d." " April 20th, To 1 quart of Rum, 2b." On the 
 "25th May, To 4 gallons and 1 quart of Rum, for Raising the Grist 
 Mill, at 7s. 6d." The " 26th, To 1 quart of Rum for the People 
 at work in the water at the Dam." By this we learn the day upon 
 which the Napanee mill was erected. On the 20th July, Govern- 
 ment is again chai'ged with '* 3 pints of Rum for raising the 
 fendorpost," &c. On the 27th, a pint was again required, but 
 for what special purpose is not mentioned. In December, 1786, we 
 tind " To making Bolt Cloth 15s." " To Clearing one acre and 
 three-quarters of Land for a mill, at seven dollars per acre, £3." 
 And we find that the iron or smith work for the mill was done 
 
208 '" ' ArPENEA. •*'" 
 
 by David Palmer and Conly. From the fact that the bolting cloth 
 was not made until December, 1786, wo may infer that the mill 
 did not commence operations until the beginning of 1787. The 
 mill was a great boon to the inhabitants around the Bay Quints, 
 not only because they had a shorter distance to travel, but the 
 amount of work pressing upon the Kingston mill, made it very 
 uncertain'as to the time one would have to wait, to get his gristing 
 done. Consequently many came from the Lower Bay, and the 
 dwellers upon the South Bay in Marysburg, who followed the 
 shores around Indian Point and up the Bay Quinte, To those living 
 in Thurlow, Sidney, and at the Carrying Place, the mill was a great 
 blessing. 
 
 The father of the late Col. John Clark, of Port Dalhousie, who 
 had been Sergeant Major in the 8th Eegiment, and who had, from 
 1777, been clerk and naval storekeeper at Carleton Island, removed 
 to within three miles of Napanee, the same year the mill was built, 
 to take charge of the works, in addition to his other duties. John 
 Clark, who was then a small boy, says in his memoirs ; the grain 
 principally brought to be ground, was* Indian corn ; but as the 
 clearances increased, wheat became more plentiful. He also speaks 
 of the great industry which characterized the settlers. *' A small 
 toll was exacted to pay for the daily expenses of the mill, but this 
 was a mere trifle, considering the advantages the settlers derived 
 from loss of time in proceeding to Kingston." From this we infer 
 that no toll w^as demanded at the Kingston mill. "When my 
 father," continues Col. Clark, " was ordered to Niagara, the mill 
 was delivered up to surveyor Collins, under whose directions it 
 was continued in operation for many years, and then the mill site 
 became the property of the Hon. E. Cartwright of Kingston." But, 
 we find the statement elsewhere made that the land was originally 
 granted to Captain McDonald of Marysburg, who sold it to Cart- 
 wright. 
 
 Eobert Clark, in his account book, says, " Commenced work for 
 Mr. Cartwright at the Napanee mills, the 28th August, 1792." This 
 was probably the time when Cartwright became the owner. In the 
 Bame year, reference is made to timber, for the "new mill," by which 
 we learn that Mr. Cartwright found it desirable to re-build. The 
 iron work for the new mill came to £14. 
 
 By the book, from which we have made extracts, we see that 
 the name is spelled in dift'ercMit ways, the first being Appenea. For 
 many years the name was spelled Apanee. It has been said that it 
 
FIRST FLOURING MILLS. 209 
 
 was an Indian name, signifying flour, and was /.jiven by the 
 Misfiissaiigas, from the cxiatenee of the flouring mill. iN'apanee may 
 signify flour, in the Indian language, but the infereuce drawn 
 cannot be correct, as we find the name Appenea Falls given to the 
 place in 1785, before the mill was commenced. 
 
 Cartwright having rebuilt the mill put in one run of stone at 
 first, shortly after two, and then three. Eobert Clark was th^ 
 millwright, and one Prefect was in charge of the works. The mill 
 seems to have been constructed with some care, and Gourlay says, 
 in 1817, that the Napanee mill is the best in the Province. The old 
 account book from which we have gleaned, gives the price at which 
 certain articles were vended. Thus, we learn that in June, 1787, 
 and July 1788, butter sold at Napanee for Is. per pound. p 
 
 Some time after the erection of the Kingston and Napanee 
 mills, others were erected in other parts of the Province ; one 
 at Four Mile Creek, one at the Niagara Falls, one at Fort Erie, 
 another at the Mohawk Village, Grand River; and still later, 
 one at Twelve Mile Creek. "In the year 1788, the first grist 
 mill in Dundas wiis built by Messrs. Coons and Shaver in Matilda. 
 It contained but one run of stone, and had a saw mill attached. It 
 stood about a mile above the present village of Iroquois. It could 
 grind 100 bushels of wheat per day, and turned out good flour. 
 Soon after, another mill was built on a much larger scale, by John 
 Munroe, also in Matilda, which had three run of stone." There was 
 also a gang of saws. The machinery was driven by the St. Law- 
 rence waters. At a still later pei'iod Van-Alstine's mill was erected, 
 at the Lake on the Mountain. 
 
 The events connected with Captain, afterwards Major Van- 
 Alstine, as asettlei*, are I'ecordedin thet^ettlemeiitof Adolphustown. 
 Directly opposite the rich and sloping land on the north shore, on 
 which be settled, is a high prominent hill, which stands boldly up 
 against the buy. This " mountain" is famous on account of the 
 lake upon its summit, a particular account of which is given else- 
 where. It is referred to here in a practical sense. While, upon the 
 hill-top is the work of nature, presented in a striking manner; at 
 its feet is the work of man, which, particularly in the past, was of 
 no little consequence to the well-being of the settlers of the Bay. 
 About the year J796, the third flouring mill of the bay was erected 
 at this place by VanAlstine, to whom had been granted a large tract 
 of land. The surplus waters of the lake, in primeval days, made 
 their escape over the cliff, falling into the bay, and forming, it must 
 14 . 
 
210 .A WINDMILL. .., 
 
 havo boon at times, a beautiful cascade. But,- if Captain VanAltstino' 
 had a taste for the beautiful in nature, lie also had'a just appreci- 
 ation of the wants of the people, and he proceeded to utilize the 
 falling water. A canal was cut down the mountain side, to form a 
 channel for the water to descend, and at the bottom was erected a 
 mill, the machinery of which was to be propelled by the descending 
 stream. From that day to this the work of grinding had been 
 carried on. However beautiful the lake above, and delightful the 
 prospect, they cannot exceed in interest the foundation of this mill. 
 Imagination would almost give words to the sound of the mill, 
 which so peacefull}' clicks the daily round of work. The down- 
 rushing waters by the artificial channel would seem to utter reminis- 
 cences of the past — regrets that they may no longer tumble headlong 
 over the hill-side to form a lovely cascade ; but the water-witch has 
 •been driven away by the spirit of utilitarianism. This conspicuous 
 \n\\ has often been the point of hope, the goal to which the farmer 
 turned his little bark, containing, it is true, but a few bushels of 
 grain, yet so precious, and about which the hungry ones in the little 
 log house, thought so frequently, with bodies long accustomed to 
 suffer for the want of enough to eat. And, often this mountain 
 stood up as a guide to the settler, as he trudged along wearily 
 through the thick snow with a bag or two of grain upon a hand- 
 sleigh. Although not the very first mill, it dates back to the last 
 century. 
 
 The Kingston Gazette of the 16th April, 1811, contains an 
 advertisement, signed by the executors of the deceased Major Van 
 Alstine's will, namely, George W. Myers, Cornelius VanAlstine, 
 and Thomas Borland, in which it is stated that the mill contains 
 two run of stone, one superfine and two common bolts. 
 
 A windmill was built at a somewhat early period, by Sergeant 
 Howell, nearly opposite the Upper Gap, in Fi'edericksburgh. It 
 was sold to one Russell, who was an Engineer in Kingston, in the 
 war of 1812. The wind-mill was never much used, if at all. 
 
 About the beginning of the century, 1802, Capt. Myers built a 
 floui'ing mill upon the Moira. (See Thurlow.) It seems to have 
 been a good mill, for persons came a long distance to get grinding 
 done. For instance : Isaiah Tubs, who lived at West Lake, would 
 come, carrying a bag of grain upon his back. 
 
 In the year 1804, Mr. Wilkins says, a gristing'mill was built at 
 Consecon, to the south of the Carrying Place. Consecon is an Indian 
 name, from Con-Cou, a pickerel. 
 
PRIMITIVE ELEGANT ATTIRE. . 211 
 
 *''■"•'•■'"''''' CHAPTER XX. ' ■^;-! :,,•-;■■', 
 
 CoNTBNTS — Clothing — Uoincetic and Farming Implements Style of Dre8i 
 
 eighty yesirs ago— Clothing of thu RcifugoiiS— Disbanded Soldiers— N,. Fredi 
 Supply— Indian Garments of Skin— Deerskin Pants— Petticoats— Bed Cover- 
 ings—Cultivating Flax— Sheep- Home-made Clothes— Rude Implements— 
 Fulling— French Mode— Lindsay Wools(!y— The Spinning-wheel— rjidustrv— 
 Young men Selecting Wives— Bees— Marriage Portion— Every Farm;rhis own 
 
 Tanner and Shoemaker — Fashions — How odd hours were spent Home-made 
 
 Shoes— What Blankets were made of— Primitive Bedstead— Nakedness— Bridal 
 Apparel~No Saddles— Kingston and Nowark— Little Money --Bartering— 
 Merchants from Alhany-Unable to buy— CredH; with Misrchants— The Ilesults- 
 Itinerant Mechanics— Americans— Become Canadians— An old Stone-mason- 
 Wooden Dishes— Making Spoons— Other Hardshijis— Indians Friendlv— 
 Effects of Alcohol upon the Mississaugas— Groundless Panic— Drunken Indians 
 —Women, defending Themselves— An erroneous Statement about Indian 
 Massacre in "Dominion Monthly Magazine"— Statement of an Old Settler 
 Sherwood— Wild Beasts— Few Fire-arms— Narrow Escapes— Depredations at 
 Night— Destroying Stock— An Act of Parliament—" A Traveller's" Statement 
 —The Day of Small Things— Settlers Contertcd— The Extent oi' their 
 Ambition— Reward of Industry— Population in 1808— Importations— Monev— 
 The Youth. ♦ " 
 
 CLOTHING — FURNITURE — DOMESTIC AND PARMINQ IMPLEMENTS. 
 
 The Style of clothing worn by the refugees and disbanded 
 soldiers was such as prevailed eighty years ago in England. A 
 certain difference, no doubt, existed between the English and the 
 Colonists, yet mainly the style was the same. Among the first 
 settlers upon the bay were those who had fetched with them, and 
 wore, at least occasionally, garments of fashionable cu^and appoint- 
 ments. Tight knee-breeches and silver buckles would decorate the 
 bodies of some, who had in other days mixed in the fashionable 
 throng, perhaps luxuriated in the gay city of New York, where 
 the presence of British soldiers always gave life and gaiety. Indeed 
 some of the inhabitants had been commissioned officers in the 
 regular army. Dr. Dougall, who had been in the navy, and who 
 had settled in the sixth Township, is remembered as a wearer of 
 " tights" and silver buckles. Also, Major VanAlstine wore this 
 elegant attire, and the M'Leans, of Kingston. Those who left their 
 homes hurriedly during the course of the war, and fled to Lower 
 Canada and the several British Forts, brought only what was upon 
 their backs. Those who came more leisurely might have a little 
 more; but the distance to travel on foot would deter from under- 
 taking to bring more than supplies of food. The disbanded soldiers 
 had no more than what belongs Jto a soldier's kit, and no doubt the 
 close of the war left many of them with well worn garments. A 
 few year's of exposure to the wear and tear of pioneer life would 
 
212 I'RIMITIVE USEFUL ATTIRE. 
 
 quite destroy tho best supplied wardrobe, however carefully hus- 
 banded, or ingeniously mended by the anxious wife. To replace 
 the clothing was far from an easy matter to the settlers, many of 
 whom hud no money, certainly no time for a long journey to Mon- 
 treal or Al bany. After a few years, Kingston became a place of 
 trade, but tho supply of clothing was scant and dear, placing it 
 beyond the reach of mostly all. Tho result was that tho vast 
 majority of the inhabitants had to look to the production of their 
 lands wherewith to cover the nakedness of their families. Those 
 living up the bay continued to w^nt for clothing for a longer time, 
 being unable to exchange with the merchants of Kingston, until 
 peddlers began to visit the more remote settlers. 
 
 The faded garments, patched until the original material could 
 no longer be distinguished, ultimately succumbed to the etfects of 
 time and labor. .it 
 
 The Indians, who as a general thing were friendly and kind, 
 when they visited the settlement, gave to the settlors the idea of 
 manufacturing garments out of deer skin. They, now and then 
 exchanged skins for articles, the settlers could part with, and taught 
 them how to prepare the fresh pelt so as to make it pliable. The 
 process consisted in removing the hair and then working the hide 
 by hand with the brains of some animal, until it was soft and white. 
 Trowsers made of this material were not only comfortable for 
 winter, but very durable. A gentleman who recently died in 
 Sophias burgh at an advanced age, remembered to have worn a pair 
 for twelve years, being repaired occasionally, and at the end they 
 were sold for two dollars and-a-half. Petticoats for women were 
 often made of the same material. Eoger Bates says " My grand- 
 mother made all sorts of useful dresses with these skins, which 
 were most comfortable for a country life, and for going through 
 the bush, could not be torn by the branches." Also, moccasins were 
 procured from the buck-skin, and some had enough deer-skin to 
 make covering for beds. But deer-skin was not sufficiently abun- 
 dant to give covering to all, such as it was ; and, certain clothing was 
 required, for which it was unlit. Thus left to their own resources 
 the settlers commenced at an early period to cultivate flax, and as 
 soon as possible to procure sheep. For many yeai*s almost every 
 family made their various garments, for both sexes, of the coarse 
 linen made from the flax, and cloth from wool raised at home and 
 carded by hand. Preparing tho flax for weaving, as well as spinning 
 were done by hand, with inferior implements rudely made. But 
 
WANTING CLOTHING. 213 
 
 in later years, occasionally spinninj^j wheels and looms were broiiijht 
 in by settlers. There were no fiiUinif mills to complete the fabric. 
 Even the mode adopted then, in Lower Canada, was not practised, 
 which was as follows: A meeting of young folks, similar to a beo, 
 was held from house to house, at whicli both sexes took part. Tho 
 cloth to be fulled was placed in large tubs, and bare-logged youths 
 would step in and with much amusement dance the fulling done. 
 In Upper Canada, both high and low were glad to be able to don 
 the home-made linen, and the linsey-woolsey petticoat. 
 
 "The growth of flax was much attended to as soon as lands were 
 cleared and put in order." " Then spinning-Avheels were all the go, 
 and liome-made linen, the pride of all families, manufactured substan- 
 tial articles that would last a lifetime." The young men of industry 
 would look for the spinning-wheel and loom before selecting a wife. 
 " A young farmer would often be astonislied to find on his marriage 
 that his fair partner had got a good supply of linen for her marriage 
 portion. I have known as mudi as sixty yards spun and manu- 
 factured at one bee or gathering." — Clark. 
 
 When the skins of sheep, and of calves and beef become avail- 
 able, every farmer became his own tanner, and dressed his leather; 
 and then his own shoemaker. Fashions did not change, except as 
 the continued practice of making for an increasing family, gave the 
 maker ability to make something more like a boot than a moccasin. 
 Eainy days, and the nights, were spent in doing such kind of work, 
 not by candle light, but by the hearth tire. It was at the same 
 time that an axe-helve, a wooden plow, a reaping cradle, a wooden 
 fork, &c., were made. But many a child, whose ^rand children are 
 now occupying positions of wealth and influence, stayed in the log 
 cabin the winter through, because he had nothing with which to 
 protect his feet from the snow. The writer's father was not a shoe- 
 maker by trade ; but he remembers when a boy to have w^orn shoes 
 made by him. They were not conspicuous for their beauty, but it 
 was thought by the wearer they would l&st for over ; within his 
 recollection there was not a shoemaker in Thurlow. 
 
 Much ingenuity was displayed in making clothes and blankets. 
 What was called the *' Kearsy " blanket was made at an early date ; 
 tho writer has seen the first one said to have been manufactured in 
 Upper Canada, certainly the first on the Bay Quinte. It is yet in 
 use and belongs to one, nearly one hundred years of age, who is the 
 daughter of the maker, whom wo remember to have seen when a 
 
214 NO FURNITURE. 
 
 boy, who, although then in the scni' and yellow leaf, was as tall and 
 erect as if untold hardships had not crowned her life. Within fifteen 
 miles of Be leville, across the Bay, was a log cabin, the occupants of 
 Avhich luid for their first blanket, one made out of hair, picked out 
 of the tanner's vat, and a helup-like weed growing in the yard. The 
 hair was first cleaned by whipping it; then it was carded and 
 woi-ked up with the hemp, and then spun. It Avas afterward doubled 
 and twisted, and finally woven into a blanket. Tlie individual whose 
 wife did this, and whose descendants are among the most wealthy 
 farmers, bought his farm for a horse. For many a day, they had no 
 furniture, not even a chair, and the bedstead was made out of two 
 poles, driven between the logs of the shanty; andbassv/ood bark was 
 twisted so as to bind them substantially together. Clean straw xipon 
 this, wai5 really the only thing they had in the house. And so it was 
 Avith very many, the exceptions being, sonie half pay officers, Avho 
 had brought a table, or a chest of drawers. In 1100, the brother of 
 an individual, holding an important post in Kingston, was near the 
 head of tlie bay, staying at a house in a state of nakedness ; in which 
 condition his brother writes, '* ho must remain until I am able to go 
 up." "I have agreed to put him to trial with a carpenter to learn 
 the trade," ho must therefore have been a large boy. 
 
 It was not until the close of the last century, that Avearing arti- 
 cles, oth-: than those made out of fiax and avooI, Avere to be obtained* 
 A calico dress Avas a decided luxury. Tlie petticoat, and short gOAvn 
 of linen, was more common, A long chintz dress to go to meeting, 
 Avas the height of many a damsel's ambition, or a grogran dress and 
 short petticoat. As years passed aAvay, and a grown up daughter Avas 
 about to be married, efforts Avould be made to array the bride in 
 fitting costume. Often a dress, AAorn by the mother in other days, 
 amid other scenes, Avhich had been laid carefully away, Avas brought 
 forth to light, a;id made by suitable alterations to do renewed service* 
 although the Avhite had assumed a yelloAV oast, and had lost its lustre. 
 
 As late as 1 8 1 6, a farmer OAvuing land in Sidney, and Avho died rich, 
 made in winter a journey to Kingston Avith flour, Avearing noth- 
 ing on his feet, but a pair of shoes, and A\'ho had his troAA'sers strapped 
 down to keep his ankles Avarm. Leg boots took too much leather- 
 It was many years before a bridle and saddle Avero knoAvn, and then> 
 l)ut a feAv possessed such a convenience. Bare-back, or on a deer skin 
 Avas the primitive mode. 
 
 After the erection of Upper Canada into a separate province ', 
 both Kingston and NcAAark, Avliei-e there were ahvays troops, and Avhere 
 
THE PEDLARS. 215 
 
 articles of clotlilng were to b(( purohased tVoni :i few, who Imd cjone 
 into the mercantile biisineHs, exhibited a degree of comfoTt and even 
 gaiety in dress. 
 
 At tlie first there was but little money in circulation. Bnt few 
 of the refugees, or disbanded soldiers had any when they entered the 
 wilderness. The government were constantly paying a certain sum 
 to the troops at Kingston and Newark, and likewise to the retired 
 half pay otficers. The few who could command money, were placed 
 in a position of greater comfort, as soon as articles of provisions 
 and merchandise, were brought to the new settlement. Mainly, 
 however, trading Avas carried on by exchanging one coinmodity 
 for another. Prol)ably the first articles for trade, was the ti(?ket 
 for grants of land in the back concessions, often parted with so 
 cheaply. The settlers required clothing, grain for sowing, and stock;, 
 these wants in time, led to trade, two kinds of which were introduced. 
 One carried on by merchants established at Kingston, the other by 
 pedlars, Yankee pedlars, who would come from Albany with their pack 
 in a canoe or small batteau, and who plied their calling along the bay 
 shore from clearing to clearing. Both the merchant at Kingston, who' 
 waited for his customers to come to him, and the pedlar who sought 
 customers, asked for their wares, only grain or any other produce. 
 But wheat aviis desired above all others. It was an event of no little 
 hiterest to the back woodsman's family, when the pedlar's canoe or 
 batteau came along, and halted before the log house, by the shore. 
 And, even when their circumstances would not permit them to buy, it 
 Avas a luxury to have a look at the things, which were so temptingly 
 displayed. The toil-woni farmer, with well patched trowsers, would 
 turn with an inward sigh from the piece of cloth, which although so 
 much wanted, could not be got. Tiie wife looked longingly at those 
 little things, Avhich would just suit baby. The grown up daughters 
 gazed wistf ully,but hopelessly at the bright calico prints, more valuable, 
 in their eyes than the choicest silks are to their descendants to day. 
 But a calico dress was a thing not enjoyed, but by few, until it was 
 bought for the wedding dress. Frequently some articles of family use 
 was exchanged for goods, which were deemed of more use. The trade 
 of merchants at Kingston steadily increased ; but not a cash business. 
 A credit system was initiated and curried on. Goods would be 
 purchased with an engagement to pay in wheat or potatoes, or some- 
 thing else, at a certain time. Here and there along the bay were 
 Indian fur traders. They, also, began to exchange with the settlers. 
 While this was a great convenience, and gave immediate comfort to 
 
W19 TRAVELLING MECHANICS. 
 
 many a fivniily, it, at tlio same time, knl to serious results with many. 
 JJisappointotl in the return of cro|)s, or in some otiicr way, tlic pay- 
 ment could not be made. ProiuisHory notes were given at interest; 
 and, after a few years, sueing and seizing of stock was the result. 
 Sometimes even the farm went to satisfy the creditor. Unfortunately, 
 there are too many such cases in the records of the settlers of the bay. 
 Not alone did pedlars come from the States, to pick up the fruit of 
 the industry, of tliose they had driven away ; but there wore itinerant 
 Yankee mochanics wlio would occasionally come along, looking for a 
 job. Carpontei'fl, Alasons, &o., after a few years, found much to do. 
 We would not speak disi)aragingly of these Americans, because they 
 served a good turn in erecting buildings, as houses, barns, (kc. They 
 also hitroduced many valuable articles of luisbandry and domestic use. 
 And finally, many of them forsook their republican government, and 
 pennanently settled under the King, and became the best of subjects. 
 Even in the first decade of the present century, mechanics would go up 
 and down the bay seeking work. For instance, there was one 
 Travers, a atone mason, who found employment along the bay, and 
 'even up the lake. Of this we are informed by one of his apprentices 
 who is now upwards of eighty years old. (We make place in om* 
 Eoview to state that John W. Mayboe, referred to, aged 88, died 
 7th February, 1869.) 
 
 ' A hundred things enter into the list of what constitutes home 
 comforts. But spare, indeed, were the articles to be found upon the 
 kitchen shelves. Plain enough, was the spread table, at which the 
 family gathered morning, nooh, and night. Many had but one or 
 two dishes, often of wood, rudely made out of basswood ; and spoons 
 of the same material. Knives and forks in many families were 
 unknown. A few families had brought a very limited number of 
 articles for eating, relics of other days, but these were exceed- 
 ingly scarce. The wooden spoon was the most common table 
 article with which to carry food to the mouth. By and by the 
 pedlar brought pewter spoons, and once in a while the settler procured 
 pewter and moulds and made spoons for himself. 
 
 VAUIOUS HARDSHIPS. 
 
 Apart from the suffering arising from want of food, and clothing 
 to wear, and furniture to make the house comfortable, there were 
 others of more or less magnitude. It would naturally be' expected 
 that one of the first dangers in entering a wilderness, would be from 
 
ALCOHOL AND INDIANS. 217 
 
 tho Indians, whose territory was being occupied. But in the main 
 this evil whh not added to their other distress. The considerate and 
 just policy pursued by tho British Government, left the Indians 
 no cause of complaint, and they did not at any time a.s8ume 
 an hostile attitude toAvai-d tho infant colony. But that curse of 
 the hinnan race,— baneful curse to the Indians, alcohol, came with 
 the white man ; and, too often, tho unscrupulous trader, and merchant 
 would, not only sell the fire water to them, but rely ujion its intoxi- 
 cating qualities, to consummate more excellent bargain.s for furs. 
 The evil thus inflicted upon the Indian, returned in some oases, upon 
 innocent pioneers. The Indians imder the influence of liquor are par- 
 ticularly savage and ungovernable ; prone to exhibit their wild nature. 
 Thirsthig for tho liquor, they would ; ometimes enter dwellings, when 
 they new the men were absent, and endeavour to intimidate the women 
 to give them rum. A few instances of alarm and actual danger, come 
 to us, among the bay settlers. At one time particularly, there arose 
 a wide spread-alarm, (long remembered as the " Indian alarms,") that 
 tlie Indians were, upon some fixed night, when the men were away to 
 Kingston mills, going to massacre the settlers. This arose from some 
 remarks, let fall by a half drunken Indian. A few of the settlers, did 
 actually leave their homos, and sought protection in a more thickly set- 
 tled locality,while active steps were taken to defend their homes against 
 the Indians. Mrs. Dempsey, of seventh township, gathered up what 
 she couhl, and with her children crossed in a canoe to tho eiirht town- 
 ship. On another occasion, when her husband was absent, several half 
 dnmken Indians came to the house, and one stepping up to where she 
 sat, trembling with fear, and with her little ones nestling close to her, 
 drew his knife, and cutting a piece from the palm of his hand, held 
 the bleeding wound before her face, crying out " look, look^ Indian 
 no fraid." Then he brandished his knife in the most menacing man- 
 ner. She hearing the sound of a passing team, got up and slowly 
 walked backwards to the door, looking tho savage bravely in the eye 
 all tho time. Her husband had opportunely arrived, in time to save 
 his family, which he did by a free use of the hor.se-whip. On another 
 occasion, Mrs. D. savod her life and the childrens from drunkeu 
 Indians, by rushing up a ladder with them, into the garret, which 
 could only be reached by a small opening through the ceiling, and 
 then hauling the ladder up. The Indians endeavoured to assist each 
 other up, and through the entrance, but she having a knife succeeded 
 by cutting their fingers, when they attempted to get up, in keeping 7 
 them back. These hostile attempts were exceptions, and always the 
 result of intoxication. f 
 
218 WILD BEASTS. 
 
 Since writing the nbovo, nn article has been pnbliHhod in the 
 Dominion Monthly Magazine, in which it is stated tliat a family of 
 fiettlers were massacred by the Indians upon the banks of the St. 
 Lawrence in 1796. This statement is at variance with facts known 
 to us, and witli the tostiraony of one who cannot be mistaken. His 
 statement is as follows : 
 
 JJrockville, 13th April, 1868. 
 Mr Deak Sir, — 
 
 I am in receipt of your note of this date, adverting to the 
 statement of tlie massacre of a family in Upper Canada, by the 
 Indians in 1Y95. I noticed the same statement in some paper I have 
 lately read, and at the time I thought it to be a mistake in the date, 
 or an entire fabrication. I am not awaro of the least hostility shewn 
 by the Indians to any of the U. E. Loy.ali.sts since 1784, eleven years 
 ])revious to date stated, and I do not believe a syllable of it. 
 
 Yours truly, 
 
 .}^.M^;^'^-.'>'vMw'..|..>v^.,. * '■•■'■' AdIEL SUERWOOD. "■ 
 
 Although tlie native Indians did not, as a general thing, alarm 
 the settlor, there were wild beasts that did. For years the wolf, and 
 tlic boar, and other ferocious animals were a source of terror and 
 suffering. These animals, un.accustomed to the sight of man, were at 
 first exceedingly tame. The settlers had but few fire-arms, and 
 ammunition was very scarce ; and the beasts knew no terror of them. 
 They would even by day, come to the very door of the cabin, ready to 
 seize the little child, or the scanty stock of poultry, pigs, or sheep, or 
 calves, or salted provisions which had been left exposed, government 
 stores, &c. And at night they made the most hideous and incessant 
 howls, until morning. Many instances of their rapacity in robbing 
 the scanty yard of the settlers, and of hair breadth escapes of indivi- 
 duals from wolves and boars, are mentioned. The destruction of stock 
 by the wolf especially, caused the government of Canada, at an early 
 date, (1793,) to legislate, with a view of gradually exterminating them; 
 and an act was passed, granting a premium of four dollars to every 
 
 , one who should bring a wolfs head to the proj^er officer ; and two 
 dollars for a bears. It was withdrawn with regard to bears, in 1796. 
 " A traveller," writing in 1835, remarks that in Kingston, resided a 
 person who privately bred wolves to obtain the rewavd. But whether 
 such an enterprising citizen did actually live in the good old town the 
 writer saith not. Instances of narrow escapes from the wild beasts 
 
 ''are still remembered, for instance, Lewis Daly, of Ernest town, was 
 
0OMPOIIT8. 219 
 
 suddenly attacki'(l by a boar within n mile of homo. lie sprung up 
 n small troo, whioU bending over, ho was in monu'iitary danger of 
 being reached. Ilis cries brought hcl)). 
 
 In thoHe early days, the Hctl ler, loolced not for great things ; 
 Bchooled by the hardHhips of civil war, ain^ inured to want, and half 
 starvation, they asked not for riches. Enough to eat, and to be 
 warmly clad, and housed from the winter's cold, was the groat point 
 to which they stretched their longing hopes. I'lcnty in the future for 
 the little ones, and for themselves, when thoy had growii old, was the 
 single puri)osc of their toilsome lile. A descendant of a first 
 settler nj)on the front of Sidney, tells of his grandmother whom he 
 had heard say, that her great ambition at first, was to raise vegetable, 
 onions and other useful articles in her garden bed ; to have poultry 
 then, about her. After years she got the fowls ; but a mink, in a 
 single night killed them all. Then, again, they hatl got a breeding 
 sow, and one morning a bear walked out of the woods, and with one 
 hug destroyed all their hopes of future porkers. 
 
 Gradually, as years i)as8ed away, comforts began to reward the 
 patient and industrious pioneers ; acre after acre was brought under 
 cultivation. The log house received an addition, a little stock was 
 procured, and the future brightened up before them, and by the year 
 1808, tlio settlements in Uppor Canada were increasing in number, 
 and spreading in every direction. "'Tlio frontier of the country was 
 fast filling up. Persons were taking up land several milos from the 
 water's edge. Some had ventured to take up land in the second tier 
 of townships, in the midst of the wilderness, and many miles from 
 any habitation. The population was now increased to about 70,000 
 80ul8. The importations was chiefly li(piors and groceries, which by 
 the St. Lawrence and the United States, brought a revenue of nearly 
 £7,000. The bulk of the inhabitants manufactured and wore their 
 own clothing. The way of trade was mostly by barter, as gold and 
 silver were scarce, and there wore no banks to issue paper currency. 
 Intemperance was very prevalent, and schools were scarce. The 
 youth were too fond of foolish amusements." — (^Playter.) 
 
BRA8T8 OF IIURDEN. 
 
 (HIAITKR XXI. 
 
 CoNTBNTH — Hwoftt of till) Urow— No HoaHt of Jliiidcn — No Htotk — Kxcept by n 
 Fow — HornoM uiul Oxiii — Kioiu I.dwt-r Caniida — York Htiitc — I.uUt coinori, 
 broti^lit Hoinc — No Kodili-r — Kirnt Httxk in AdolphuHtown — Iik iderttM — Cock 
 imd llfii — "Tiplcr" — (.'iittlc. Driving — Firnt (nw in Tlmrlow — First Houho in 
 M»ryHl)urKli — Tlin Firnt Oft.-ii — No Market for Hiittor and ('luii'Mf — Sla't.«|)— 
 It(!V. Mr. Stuart, hh un AgrkultiiriHt — lIomtiH at Napancc — An uflcr for n Yoko 
 of KteurH, 
 
 INTRODUCTION 01' STOCK AND DKASTS OV BURDEN. 
 
 Wo littvo seen that the refugees and disbai'dod Holdiors who 
 ontorod Canada, brought but a limited number of implements, and 
 thoHO of an imperfect nature. The most of them had no moans of 
 loHHoning lalior, no beasts of burden. All the work had to bo done 
 by the sturdy arm, and l)y the sweat of the brow. For yoanj, 
 mostly all aliUo thus labored, and for many years the increasing 
 number continued to toil, being unable to jn'ocure boasts of burden, 
 or any stock. The distance to go for them was too far, and the way 
 too diftlcult to bo undertaken easily. But, a greater difllculty, an 
 insurmountable reason was that they had not tho means to purchase, 
 until years of struggling had extracted from the ground, covered 
 with stumps, produce to exchange for tho much ro(iuirod help, in 
 tho form of boasts of burden. Some of tho half-jjay oflicers, and 
 other persons, favored by those holding some situations in tho gov- 
 ernment, were enabled to got beasts of bui-dcn at tirst, or within a 
 year or two. There were a few old soldiers who had a little money, 
 received at being discharged ; and again, some sold their location 
 tickets of a portion of their land, and thereby wore enabled to 
 make purchase of cows or oxen. 
 
 For beasts of burden, they, as a general thing, preferred oxen 
 in preference to horses, to work among the stumps with. Both 
 oxen and hor-sos were brought from Lower Canada and York State. 
 Tho later comers, especially, fetched with them horses, oxen and 
 cows from the latter place. 
 
 A few of tho very first settlers, perhaps, brought one or more 
 cows. Wo find it stated that tho disbanded soldiers had a cow 
 allotted to every two families ; those must have been procured at 
 Lower Canada, perhaps a few by way of O.swego, whore were 
 stationed some troops. Sheriff Euttan, speaking of the famine, 
 says : "Wo had tho luxury of a cow which the family brought with 
 them." Thomas Goldsmith camo in 1786, and drove a I:* 
 of cattle to the Bay : but he could not get enough for them to eat 
 
FIRST ilORSCS AND CATTLE. 221 
 
 nnd thoy Htnrvo<l to (loath, oxcoptln^ om« hoifor and a yoko of oxtuj. 
 TholVtorsoMH, who settlod in tho Fourth Toun in 17H5, and (doarod 
 u Hmall lot of hind, wont " tho Col low in/if year to Montroal and 
 brou^'ht up Homo horHcw and threo cowi*, which coinpriwod tho piiu- 
 cipal Htock thon in tho Townnhip." 
 
 After a fow yoarH, whon tho HottlorH had bccomo Homowhat 
 ostahliwhod, HtopH woro taken more ^'onorally, to procure Htock, so 
 nctossary to /rivo ordinary comfort to their familios; while thoHO 
 who now entered the country hrou^r|,t cows with them. Althou^^h 
 the cows and oxen vrore procured occasionally from Lower Canada; 
 the moat of thorn wore obtained from tho States; but the horses 
 were in the main at tirst, brought from Lower Canada. Many inci- 
 dents attending the long and devious journey through the wilderness, 
 are still told. Thomas (loldsmith, before mentioned, who settled in 
 Prince Kilward, came into Camula by way of tho Mohawk, Wood 
 Creok, Oneida Lake, and Oswego river, thonco to Calaracjui. Ho 
 undertook to drive some cattle through tho woods to Cape Vincent, 
 piloted by a friendly Indian, to swim them across tho St. Lawrence. 
 In this journey ho sutt'ored almost every privation — hunger, fatigue, 
 exposure. Resting one night in the ordinary manner, with his 
 head slightly raised, upon the root of a tree, with no other covering 
 than tho tree's branches, and sleeping very soundl}* after a day's 
 walking, ho became benumbed from exposure, and knew not of the 
 rapidly descending rain, which had actually covered his body when 
 he awoke. Yet this man lived to be ninety years old. Driving 
 cattle through tho woods was no easy matter, and dogs were often 
 employed for that purpose. P^x-Sheritf Sherwood, in his valuable 
 memorandum, relates an incident which throws light upon those 
 primitive days. After remarking how well he recollects tho 
 pleasure, he and an elder brother experienced fVom a present made 
 them of a cock and hen, no common luxuries then, and with what 
 care thoy watched over them, he says : " lot mo tell you tho tragic 
 story of our little ' Tipler,' she Iiad become famed for driving 
 cattle, and we thought much of her. Two persons, one named 
 Urehart, from the Bay Quinto , and tho other Booth, started to go 
 through the woods to Fort Stanwix for cattle, and prevailed upon 
 my father to let them take poor little ' Tipler.' We saw them safe 
 across tho river; but, sad to say, neither the men nor Tipler were 
 ever heard of after." 
 
 John Ferguson, Avriting from Sidney, in July 1791, says that 
 he cannot get horses for the farm until winter. 
 
THE CATTLE, 1795. 
 
 In tlio summer of 1787, Elisha Miller and Col. Richoy brought 
 from Saratoga County several cattle and horses. They were driven 
 by way of Black Eiver, and swam the St. Lawrence at Gananoque. 
 
 The Reeds, who settled in Thurlow, in 1789, had a cow, which 
 afforded the principal means of sustenance. This, with basswood 
 leaves and other greens, constituted their food for many a day. 
 
 Mr. Harrison, now living in Marysburgh, tells of the first 
 horse " below the rock." It was brought, and owned by Colonel 
 McDonald. This, and another wore the only ones for many years. 
 Afterward, oxen were brought in, at; well as cows, by drovers from 
 Lower Canada. 
 
 Rochfoucault says, 1795: "The cattle are not subject to con- 
 tageous distempers; they are numei'ous, without being remarkably 
 fine. The finest oxen are procured from Connecticut, at the price 
 of seventy or eighty dollars a j'oke. Cows are brought, either from 
 the State of New York, and these are the finest ; or from Lower 
 Canada ; the former costs twenty, and the latter fifteen dollars. 
 These are small in si/.o, but, in the opinion of the farmers, better 
 milch cows, and are, for this reason, preferred. There are no fine 
 bulls in the country; and the generality of farmers are not sensible 
 of the advantages to bo derived from cattle of a fine breed. In the 
 summer, the cattle are turned into the woods; in winter, that is, six 
 months together, they are fed on dry fodder. There is no ready 
 market at which a farmer can sell that part of his cheese and butter 
 which is not wanted for the use of the family. Of cheese and 
 butter, therefore, no more is made than the family need for their 
 own consumption." Sheep are more numerous here than in any 
 part of the United States, which wo have hitherto traversed. They 
 are eitlier procured from Lower Canada or the State of New York, 
 and cost three dollars a head. They thrive in this country, but are 
 high-leggea, and of a very indifferent shape. Coarse wool, when 
 cleaned, costs two shillings a pound." 
 
 The above information was derived, the writer says, from Mr. 
 Stuart, the Curate of Kingstou, " who cultivates, himself, seventy 
 acres of land, a part of 2,000 acres which had been granted him as 
 a Loyalist. Without being a very skilful farmer, he is perfectly 
 acquainted with the details of agriculture." These statements refer 
 no doubt, to the settlements of the Bay. There is reference to 
 horses, by Col. Clarke, whose father, living at the Napanee Mills in 
 1788, had two favorite horses. Jolly and Bonny. 
 
 In an old account book, now before us, for which we are 
 
THE FIRST HORSES. 223 
 
 indebted to Mr. P. C. Clarke, of Collinsby, and which belonged to 
 his grandfather, Eobert Clarke, who built the Napanoe Mills, we 
 find the following entry, 
 
 " Appenea Falls, 23rd November, 1785. 
 
 " Acct. of work for Adam Bowcjr with his horses. Dec. 3, To 
 " day's work, do., &c. Ho continued to work for sixty-two days 
 with his horses." • ,. •.. . 
 
 The following supplies valuable information : ';'j '" , /) 
 
 " Appanno Mills, 3rd Axig. 1788. 
 
 " Messrs. Collins and Frobisher, Dr." &c. (They must have been 
 agents for the Government), 
 
 "Aug. 2l8t. To David Bradshaw, one day with his oxen, 6s. 
 "June 11. To Samuel Broweon, Jun'r., 2 days work with two 
 " yoke of oxen, at 10s. March 28th. To 11 J days, Adam Arehart, 
 " with a span of horses, at 68. . , ;./ ; <, , ,, i ..• 
 
 u " 1789. Oct. 1. To Asa Richard; 9 days work with a pair of 
 "horses anda woman, at 9s. . ,,,_. :;• „ ; . ,•..•%' ,= ;:: 
 
 There is a memorandum in Eobert Clarke's book, as follows : 
 " Mr. Joseph Crane got at Canada" (it will bo remembered that the 
 first settlers spoke of the Lower Province as Canada) " a bay horse 
 six years old. A brown mare four years old. Second Township 
 13th March, 1787." 
 
 f The Dempsey's drove in, 100 miles, some cattle in 1789 to 
 Ameliasburgh. He was offered 200 acres of land for a yoke of 
 four-year-old steers, which offer he refused. At another time h. 
 was offered 100 acres for a cow. ,/■ .^ ,, i: 
 
224 ROADS. 
 
 CHAPTEKXXII. ; ; .( . 
 
 CONTENTB— Old Channels of Trade, and Travel— Art and Science— New Channels 
 —The Wilderness— LoyaliKts Traveling on Foot, from Kingston to York- 
 Formation of lloadK— Act of Parliamtnt— 1793— Its Provisions— Crooked 
 ■ Boads- Foot-path— Bridle-path- King's Highway from Lower Canada— 
 .' When Surveyed— Roiid from Kingston Westward- Its Course — Sinicoe's 
 Military Road— Dundas Street— Asa Danforth— Contract with Government 
 —Road from Kingston to Ancaster— Danforth Road— 1 799— Misunderstand- 
 ;. . ingg— Danforth's Pamphlets— Slow I mprovemcnt.-CauHe— Extract from 
 - Gourlay— Thomas Markland's Report— Ferries— 1 79G— Acts of Parliament- 
 Statute Labor— Monev Grants— Commissioners-Midland District— Distri- 
 ■ bution— The Cataraqui Bridge Company— The Petitioners— An Act— The 
 ', Provisions— The Plan of Building— The Bridge— Toll— Completing the 
 Bridge— Improvement of Roads— McAdam—D«!clines a Knighthood. 
 
 THE CONSTRUCTION OP ROADS THROUGH THE WILDERNESS. 
 
 The channels followed by the Europeans, as they penetrated 
 the unknown wilderness of America, were those indicated by the 
 Indians^, who h A themselves for centuries followed them, in their 
 pursuit alter the chase, or when upon the war path. The great 
 routes mentioned elsewhere, are the natural ones, and no other 
 could have been pursued. It was only when art and science fol- 
 lowed emigration to the new world that new channels were opened 
 up, and the canal and railroad superseded the old devious ways 
 along the windings of rivers. 
 
 Prior to the visiting of Europeans, the Indian paths were more 
 or less trodden as the requirements of food and the existence of 
 prey led the hunter here or there, or the war cry led them to the 
 deadly encounter. But when the Europeans initiated trade by 
 giving for furs the attractive trinkets, and such articles as contri- 
 buted to the Indian taste of comfort and grandeur, then there wore 
 more regular and frequent travelings from the sea-board to the far 
 
 west. '.'-'■'-"' - '•- ■'■'-■ '- '^ ?■' --^-r 
 
 The occupation of Western Canada found the country in its 
 primeval state ; a vast wilderness, and no roads. The only way 
 of traveling from one clearing to another was by the canoe and 
 batteau, or by foot through the trackless woods, guided by the 
 banks of the bay, or a river, or the blazing of the trees. For 
 a long time not even a bridle-path existed, had there been horses 
 to ride upon. Even at a late date, journeys were made on foot 
 from Kingston to York along the lake shore. The formation of 
 roads was a very slow process. In the year 1793, an act was passed 
 «' to Regulate the Laying out, Amending, and Keeping in Repair, 
 the Public Highways and Roads." The roads were to be not less 
 
HOW ROADS WERE FORMED. 225 
 
 than thirty feet, nor more than sixty wide. Each settler was under 
 obligation to clear a road across his lot; but there was the reserve 
 lands for the Clergy and Crown, which were not provided with 
 roads. Any one traveling the older settled districts will be struck 
 with the devious character of the highways. The configuration of 
 the Bay Quinte, and the mode of laying out the lots to secure a 
 frontage upon the water, tended to cause this irregularity. The 
 settlements being apart, when a communication took place between 
 them the shortest cut would bo taken, so far as hill, and marsh, and 
 creek would permit. The consequences wore that many of the 
 roads were angular with the lots, or running zigzag. In later 
 years, some of these rgads were closed up, but many remain to 
 mark an original foot-path. The banks of the bay and of creeks 
 and rivers were naturally followed, as sure guides, or perhaps as an 
 Indian path. And thus sometimes the road was made not direct, 
 but round-about. In the survey of the concessions, provision was 
 made for roads between the concessions, and cross-roads were to be 
 left between every fifth and sixth lots. ' ">■'■" '■' '' " - > 
 
 Many of the main roads were at first marked by the blazing of 
 the trees, when made through the woods, after a while a foot-path 
 could be seen, and then boughs were trimmed off, that one might 
 ride on horseback ; and in time the sleigh was driven, and finally a 
 waggon road was made. ■';•,--''■ 'i>'r''': 
 
 * Government was slack in giving funds to open up the country, 
 and the legislation, for many years, in reference to the subject, 
 seemed as if it was intended to do as little as possible, forgetting 
 the fact that "the first improvement of any country should be 
 the making of good roads." But it soon became important to 
 have a mail road between Montreal and Kingston, and between 
 Kingston and York, and then by way of Dundas to the Thames, and 
 to Niagara. Says Mr. A. Sheerwood, " I recollect when the King's 
 highway was established from the Provincial line to Kingston, the 
 line was run by a surveyor named Ponair, with a surveyor under 
 his direction by the name of Joseph Kllborne. The distance from 
 the Provincial line to my father's farm, three miles below Brock- 
 ville, was ninety-five miles, and from Brockville to the fort, this 
 side of Kingston, fifty miles, at the end of each mile was planted a 
 red cedar post, marked on it the number of miles from the Pro- 
 vincial line, this line of road was made some years after the first 
 settlement, but I have forgotten the year." The original mail road 
 between Kingston and York did not altogether follow the present 
 
226 THE DANl'OBTH ROAD. 
 
 line. AL tii-Mt, from KingBton, the road followed the bay whore to 
 Bath, and continued along- the shore to Adolphustown to Borland's 
 Point, where was established a ferry to eoinmunicate with Marys- 
 burg at the Lake of the Mountain ; thence the road followed the 
 shore to the head of Picton Bay, and soon to Bloomfold, Wellington, 
 Consccon, by the Carrying Place, and continued to closely follow the 
 lake shore. Subsequently this groat highway was called the York 
 Eoad when going towards York, and the Kingston Road when 
 going towards Kingston. 
 
 Gen. Simcoe intended to have a grand military road from one 
 end of the Province to the other. This he lined out and gave it 
 the name of Dundas Street. But he left the Province before his 
 intentions were carried out, and but a small portion was then con- 
 structed ; while settlers had located here and there along the pro- 
 posed road, and had cleared land and built with the full expectation 
 that the great thoroughfiu-c would shortly be opened up. But 
 years passed away, before this was done. Piece after piece was 
 hero and there made passable, until at last the road was made 
 through the length of the Province. 
 
 Tlie late Mr. Finkle of Ernest Town writes : " An American 
 gentleman came into Canada, 1798, by the name of Asa Danforth, 
 and made a contract with the Upper Canada Government, to open 
 a road from Kingston through to Ancaster, at the head of Lake 
 Ontario, which road he completed. Danforth's home was at my 
 fathers (Henry Finkle), before and after the contract was taken. 
 The work commenced in 1798, and was finished in three years 
 time." This road passed through Prince Edward by Wellington. 
 Danforth " became dissatisfied with the government when the settle- 
 ment took place, and left Canada with a bitter feeling, so much so, 
 that he, some time after, sent to my father a package of pamphlets, 
 he had published to shew the injustice of the government transac- 
 tion. He desired they should be circulated through the country 
 along the road. However, the pamphlets were not distributed, and 
 the fact never became generally known." For many years the main 
 road was called the Danforth Eoad. 
 
 As time advanced, the road between York -^nd Kingston was 
 gradually improved. The great hindrance to - making is suffi- 
 
 ciently indicated by the following, taken fror a-lay. It is the 
 
 expression of a meeting of yeomen, held at tiit v^niage of AVaterloo, 
 Kingston, February 2, 1818, Major John Everett in the chair. 
 Among other things it is asserted that what retards the progress !■; 
 
ACTS OP PARLIAMENT. 227 
 
 that "great quantities of land in the fronts and public situation.s, 
 that remain unimproved, by being givQn very- injudiciously to 
 persons who do not want to settle on them, and what is most shame- 
 ful and injurious, no law is made to compel them to make or work 
 any public road ; but this is to be done by industrious people, who 
 settle around. Such lands remain like a putrid carcass, an injury 
 and a nuisance to all around: at the same time, to the owners, this 
 land increases in value, without their being made to contribute 
 towards it, at other men's expense. Our worthies, a few years ao-o, 
 passed an act, that required a poor man to work three days upjn 
 the public roads, and these overgorged land-owners but twelve 
 days, and others, with twenty times as much property, doing no 
 more. It would excite surprise at Governor Gore's signing such a 
 bill, if it was not known that the Parliament voted him £3,000, to 
 buy a piece of plate." '"''"^' ' ■-^-'-5''*'«--'f*'w .^>i.i i o »;t 
 
 Says Thomas Markland, in a General Report of Midland 
 District: / , , . . ,. ' ,,.--- -.-^^.j .;-.j^, 
 
 
 "The same cause which has surrounded Little York with a 
 desert, creates gloom and desolation about Kingston, otherwise most 
 beautifully situated ; I mean the seizure and monopoly of the land 
 by people in office and favour. On the east side, particularly, you 
 may travel miles together without passing a human dwelling; the 
 roads are accordingly most abominable to the very gates of this, 
 the largest town in the Province ; and its market is often supplied 
 with vegetables from the United States, where property is less 
 hampered, and the exertions of cultivators more free, accordingly.'" 
 
 In 1797, Parliament passed an Act, which was the first " for the 
 regulation of ferries." :. ..., . -...,.,,...; ., „. ^.,„.,.j ^„<,,i hrc^.i 
 
 In 1794, an Act was parsed "to make further provisions 
 respecting Highways and Roads." An Act was passed, 1798, 
 respecting " Statute duties on Highways and Roads." In 1804 an 
 Act was passed "granting £1,000 for repairing, laying out new 
 roads, and building bridges in the several districts." Again, in 
 1808 £1,600 Avas granted for the same purpose; and again the same 
 sum in the following j-ear. In 1811, £3,450 tvas granted. In 1812, 
 an Act was passed " to prevent damage to travelers on the highways 
 of the Province. All persons meeting sleighs or waggons to turn 
 out to the right, and give half the way. Two or more bells to be 
 attached to every sleigh. Jia«t4»^i-n¥«.^«!s&«fr:^ 
 
 In 1812, it was found that "many roads* were unnecessarily 
 
228 COMMISSIONERS, l826. 
 
 laid out ; to remedy this, every one hud to bo confirmed by Justices 
 of the Peace, and^if this wore not done, the party who applied for 
 the survey should pay for .the wame. 
 
 In 1814, £G,000 was granted for Highways and Bridges; and 
 the year following, " £20,500 to bo appropriated," and Commis- 
 sioners were appointed on the road, to receive £25 each. Again, 
 the year after, £21,000 was granted. 
 
 In 1819, Parliament passed an "Act repealing and amending 
 certain portions of previous Acts," by which a more elaborate pro- 
 vision was made to secure statute labor. This was again amended 
 in 1824. In 1826 was enacted to grant £1,200 for making and 
 reparing roads and bridges — Item : " In aid of the Society for 
 improving the Public Eoads," in apart of Ernesttown and Kingston. 
 In 1830, £13,650 was granted " for the improvement of Eoads and 
 Bridges," of which the Midland District received £1,900, to be 
 expended as follows, by contract after public notice: "On the 
 Montreal road, between the Town of Kingston, and the limits of 
 the County of Frontonac, the sum of fifty pounds. Joseph Franklin, 
 Elijah Beach, and James Atkinson to be Commissioners for expend- 
 ing the same : On the road loading from the Town of Kingston, to 
 the Village of Waterloo, the sum of fifty pounds; and that Samuel 
 Askroyd, Horace Yeomans, and Benjamin Olcott, be CommissionorK 
 for expending the same. On the loading road from Kingston to the 
 Village of Bath, the sum of one hundred pounds, and that Henry 
 Lasher, Joseph Amy, and Prentiss J. Fitch, be Ccmmissioners for 
 expending the same. On the road leading from the Village of 
 Waterloo to the Napanee Mills, the sum of three hundred and fifty 
 pounds ; and that tho Treasurer and Trustees of the Kingston and 
 Earnesttown Road Society bo Commissioners for expending the 
 same. On the road leading from Loughborough to Waterloo, the 
 sum of fifty pounds ; and that Samuel Aykroyd, John Campbell, 
 and Henry Wood be Commissioners for expending the same. On 
 the road leading from the fifth Concession of Portland to the third 
 concession of the Township of Kingston, fifty pounds ; and that 
 Jacob Shibly, Byron Spike, and Thomas Sigsworth, be Commissioners 
 for expending the same. On the road leading from Bath to the 
 Township of Camden, the sum of fifty pounds; and that Ebeney^er 
 Perry, Benjamin Clarke, and John Perry, bo Commissioners for 
 expending the same. On tho road leading from Wessel's Ferry, in 
 Sophiasburg, to Deraorest's Mill, tho sum of one hundred pounds 
 and that Abraham VanBlaricum, Daniel B. Way, and Guilliam 
 
MONEY EXPENDED. 229 
 
 Domorost, bo Commissioners for oxponding the samo. On the road 
 between tbo widow M'Croady's and tbo north-cast of Chrysler's Creek 
 Bridge, in the seventh concession of Thurlow, the sum of twenty- 
 five pounds. On the road in the township of Huntington, loading 
 to the township of Madoc, and sui'veyed by W. Ketcheson, in one- 
 thousand eight hundred and twenty -eight, seventy-five pounds, and 
 that Jacob Jowngs, of Thurlow, Garret Garritson, of Huntingdon, 
 and James O'Hara, of Madoc, be Commissioners for expending the 
 same. On the road leading from the Napanee Mills to Belleville, 
 the sum of eight hundred pounds, and that Allan McPherson, John 
 Turnbull, William Post, David B. Soles, and John Mabee, of Thurlow, 
 be Commissioners for expending the same. On the road leading 
 from VanAlstine's ferry to the Carrying Place, the sum of two 
 hundred pounds, and that f imeon Washburn, Esquire, Charles Biggar, 
 Esquire, and Jesse ncadcison, be Commissioners for expending the 
 same." 
 
 During the same session, " there being reas. i to believe there 
 would not bo enough moans on hand to meet the grant, "an Act 
 was passed to raise by loan £8000. The year after another Act 
 was passed to raise by debenture the sum of £40,000 more to be 
 appropriated to the several districts. The Midland district to 
 receive £2,200. Among the specifications, were "in the Indian 
 woods" £200 for the bridge at the mouth of the little Cataraqui, 
 £50 " to assist in erecting new bridge across Marsh Ci*eek, near 
 William Brickman's, in Ameliasburgh," £20. "To erjct a bridge 
 across East Creek, at the east end of Bast Lake, £50." " On the 
 road leading from Belleville to the Marmora Iron Works, £250. 
 
 In March, 25, 1828, there was passed an Act respecting "a 
 road between Ernesttown and the Gore of Fredericksburgh." 
 
 The Preamble says, " whereas, in consequence of a dispute 
 having arisen between the Justices of the Peace of Ernesttown and 
 Fredericksburgh, respecting the right of eithei* party to take 
 charge" of the road, and to which party the right of repairing it 
 belongs, "in consequence of which dispute, the aforesaid road 
 though much traveled from necessity, is dangerous and difficult to 
 travel, on account of being left, in a great measure, for a long time 
 past, without being mended," &c. It was enacted that the two 
 townships should equally take charge and keep in repair the said 
 road, certain portions being allotted to each. 
 
 In 1827 an act was passed to incorporate "The Cataraqui 
 Bridge Company." Up to this time the communication between 
 
230 CATARAQUI BRIDGE COMPANY. 
 
 Kingston and tho opposite point of Frederick, was only by boat.. 
 The Act, or some portions of it cannot but be interesting : " Whereas 
 John H. Glover, John Marks, John Macaulay, John Kerb}'^, 
 Christopher Alexander Ilagerman, Michael Sproatt, John P. Ilaw- 
 kin.M, Robert Moore, Charles Jones, Stephen Yarwood, Augustus 
 Barber, George Calls, Richard Williams, James B. Forsyth, George 
 McBeath, Adam Krieu, John S. Cartwright, Robert D. Cartwright, 
 Alexander Anderson, George O'Kill Stuart, Laughlin Currin, 
 Donald McPhorson, James Jackalls, the younger, Francis Archibald 
 Harper, John Gumming, James Sampson, Elizabeth Ilerchmer,. 
 Catharine Markland, Anne Macaulay, John Jenkins, and Edward 
 Fors^'th, have petitioned to be incorporated," &c. (This furnishes 
 us with tho names of tho more prominent persons at that time 
 interested in Kingston). "And whereas, they have represented, 
 by their agents, that they have made arrangements with His 
 Majesty's Government, in case the object above recited be carried 
 into effect, for the passage of Military 'and Naval stores, and of the 
 officers and men belonging and attached to the various Military 
 and Naval departments, for a certain consideration to bo annually 
 paid by the Government, and that for the purpose of this incorpo- 
 ration, they have subscribed stock to the amount of £6000." r^^^^; ^ 
 ;» „ The Act of Incorporation provided that " the said Company arc 
 authorized and empowered, at their own cost and charges, to erect 
 and build a good and substantial bridge over the great river Cata- 
 raqui, near the town of Kingston, from the present scow landing 
 on the military reserve, opposite to the north-east end of the con- 
 tinuation of Front Street to the opposite shore on Point Frederick, 
 at the present scow landing on the Military Reserve, adjoining the 
 western addition of the Township of Pittsburgh, with convenient 
 access thereto at both ends of the bridge, to and from the adjacent 
 highways, at present in use ; that the said bridge shall be at least 
 twenty-five feet wide, and of sufficient strength for artillery car- 
 riages," &c., &c. ; they shall also be at liberty to build toll- 
 houses, and toll-bars ; Provided always, that there be a draw-bridge 
 not less than eighteen feet, in some part, for the passage of all 
 vessels, which bridge shall be opened at all hours required without 
 exacting toll, and a space for rafts between the piers, forty feet." 
 
 The amount of toll to be demanded from man and beast, and 
 vehicle, was fully specified in the Act. 
 
 a^t Tho Company was to be managed by five Directors, Stock- 
 holders to hold office for one year from each last Monday in January. 
 The bridge was to be completed within three years. 
 
M" All AM. 231 
 
 It was pi'ovi«locl that no f'orry hIiouUI bo allowed, nor other 
 barge 
 
 The final elaiiso enacted that after fifty years W\h Majesty 
 might assume the possession of the bridge, u])on paying to the 
 Company the full value thereof, to bo ascertained by three arbi- 
 trators. ., , . ' ' '. -" '- •' 
 
 March 20, 1829, an Act was passed extending the time for 
 completing the bridge, two years from the passing of the Act, 
 
 We have seen how the roads throughout Canada, wore gradually 
 constructed. As time advanced steps were taken, sometimes how- 
 over very tardily, to place public thoroughfares in a more passable 
 condition. We believe the road from Kingston to Napanoe, was 
 the first to bo macadamized, which for many long years was the 
 exception in an execrable road, stretching between Kingston and 
 York. The originator of macadamized roads was John Loudoun 
 McAdam. Ho was born in Scotland in 1756 ; emigrated to New 
 York when a latl, and remained in that City throughout the Eevo- 
 lution. Under the protection of the British troops, he accumulated 
 a considerable fortune, as agent for the sale of prizes. At the 
 close of the war he returned to his native land, with the loss of 
 nearly all h\fi property. His system of making roads is too well 
 known to require description. The British Clovernment gave him 
 £10,000, and tendered the honor of knighthood, which he declined, 
 but which was conferred on his son, James Nicholl McAdam. He 
 died at Moffat, County of Dumfries, in 1836, aged eighty years. 
 
 J^i).>ft(,''^ •■'niJ imni ■.>'(i}y»ji •.^■^I'h'j >;); h) -^Im-' ii'.r'^Ui ■f■.^■^•■)•.^^f .«;,,■• 
 ■:Ku>>i jii .U liiuU i.%tff*:.<\ hin-: 'li^ ynt\i ■: o^M lU ^mon'rii^ -tM ,^ nrrni-.i'r.- 
 ■Xi.': '■!T.'\\rnis.r^i>X.il^■•J■,^v^■^.h iiU-u;jUJM TO ^ •«.«*; ^ifhr/f J'jiii ovit yjitr^v. 
 
232 CANADA 
 
 CnAI»TEU XXIII. 
 
 CoNTiNTH. — Ode to Cftiiftdn — Karly evcntfi — First Kiif^linh child in Amoricn, 1587— 
 In New Knpliind — Firnt Frt-nc h child, 1021 — FirHt in I'ltiu'i- C'anadii, 1783 
 — In I'rlncc Edwnid — AdolphuHtown — Anic'liuHbuigh — North of the lUdcau 
 — Indian marrinfie cereinony — Difhoulty among flrnt Hettlcrw to pet clergy- 
 men — First miirriiige in Americti, 1008 — First in Now EnKhmd, l(i21 — First 
 in('anadu, lO'JO — MarriuKcalilc t'olkH — No one to tie the matrimonial knot- 
 Only one clergyman — Otheers marrying — MagiRtmtes empowered — Logisla- 
 tion, 1703 — Its provision — MaJiing valid certain marriages — Fnrther legiHla- 
 tion, 1798 — In 1818 — 18'21 — 1831 — Clergymenof all d(!nominations permitted 
 to marry — Methodist miniHtors — Marriage liconse, 1814 — Five perBong ap- 
 pointed to issue — A noticeable matter — St^itements of Hates — Mode of court- 
 ing in the woods — Newcastle wedding expeditions — Weapons of defence- 
 Ladies' dresses — The lover's " rig" — A wedding ring— I'aying the magistrate 
 — A good corn basket — doing to weddings — "Hitters" — Old folks stay at 
 home — The dance, several nights — Marriagi; outtit — Frontier life — Morals iu 
 Upper Canaua — Absence of irregularities — Exceptional instanccg— Unable t<j 
 get married, Peter and Polly — A singular witness — Kcv. Mr. Stuart — Lang- 
 horn — McDowell — How to adorn the bride — What she wore — A wedding iu 
 ' 1808 — On horseback — The guests — The wedding — The banquet — The game 
 
 . , of forfeits — The niglit — Second day wedding — The young folks on horseback 
 — Terpischorean — An elopement by Canoe — The Squire — The chase— The 
 lovers successful— The Squires who married. ^" '' 
 
 J^, ^._^ ,. .;,;. ,. ,^;: _^,, .;,,., _.. .,,...,^,. , _, . , lifl^O 
 
 e.iv,,,nAVi ^fn^:-- - *« ODE TO CANADA." "^-^ ^)»-'>'i- »<'^ '^''-^^'i 
 «•..■•!.;< -SiW ?J ' /: .^r.^^r.>]^^*^^1^i^.:'iJA'■h 
 
 Canada faithful 1 Canada fair ! • ' 
 
 Canada, beautiful, blooming and rare 1 iuui MW' t :iniUii 
 
 vn\i-t):i'u: 'til Canada, happiest land of tlie earth ! 'ji^/rjA . o ui*-' ;d 
 
 . Hail to thee, Canada! laud of my birth ! ' ,, / 
 
 «.)!,;; t'idi U) Land of fair freedom, whore l)ought not anij sold, * "'■ -^ 
 
 ' Vj?jiavlMvr Are sinews and sorrows, for silver and gold! , t,i i?^ li'S 
 
 • ,- ^ ' Land of broad lakes, sweet valleys and plains ! ^ ,/.;■,; „i 
 
 ...nil iM J Land wliere justice for rich and poor reigns ! '. ' ^ i«v''i!*S 
 
 .■;'. ,':'l.t ,/' Land of tall forests, fnmed rivers and rills I - M"j>.t Inj;, J,! 
 , : , ^ \'. Land of fair meadows, bold mountains and hills! r ,^„^r<',/U 
 *' ' ' '''^*'* ' Land where a man is a man, though he toil ! '.' ' ' 
 
 i'J\^v^^'iir■\ ^ri Land where the tiller is lord of the soil ! l^^.l(.»/1.;J^»,i •■; ,>?.n?:-.) 
 *•( ,,; '-., Land where a people are happy and free — „, i, , ,. i. ;i-,,i-y 
 Where is the land that is like unto thee ? - 
 
 ,«?--4! hmi /J Thou hast for the stranger that seekoth thy shore ''^'f* ii if'«^ 
 'i'iid* } -j.jjij; A smile, and a cheer, and a welcome in store ; ,,...: /.a1';> 
 
 The needy, relief ; and the weary repose ; . '^ 
 
 ^'-i> I ' ",«YiV A home for thy friends ; and a grave for tliy foes. •'■S'vi 
 
 jj Yi'i lidtZV- ^'^y nobles are those whose riches in store Trrt'if . (vflfci^ 
 
 " " ' Is the wealth of the soul, and the heart's hidden lore ; ^. •, « 
 
 They cringe to no master, they bow to no lord -^"-^ v •;«. 
 
 piiCtjnft 10 It- ^^^^ Heaven's, each night and each morhing adored. ' f / 
 Land of swift livers, sweet-gliding along ! ^'i .vc4 
 
 Land of my pride, and land of my song ! ^•' " •' ' - 
 
 'i«2|ik5 t'ltiflVf Canada, prosperous I Canada, true I ■ r- 
 
 .,«^ . , J ,f Canada loyal, and virtuous, too ! , ll.. ,t 
 
 J a ■a- Canada, happiest land of the- earth! 
 r^i^AE Hail thee, forever, sweet land of my birth I 
 
NATIVB CAItADIAXS. 233 
 
 THE FinST NATIVKS OF UPPEU CANADA. 
 
 Wo turn from tho Hml pictures vvhicli have been truthiully, if 
 imperfectly done, whicii reproHeut the darker Hide of the pioneer 
 life of the rcfiijj^'c.s, to otberH more plonsiuuf. In those primitive 
 times, events whicii now seem trivial to a general puhlic, were of 
 general interest, and the recollection cherished l)y a whole commmuty. 
 In the absence of those stirring events which characterize the present, 
 incidents of comparative unimportance, became household words, 
 and recollections. Hence, it comes that posterity may, in some 
 instances, know who were first married in certain places in America, 
 of the first bi'th, and who first died. .1 ., ^ • , ,, ,,i / ; 
 
 "The first child born of English parents in America, was a 
 daughter of Mrs. Dore, of Virginia, October 18, 1587." "There 
 is now standing in Marshalfi eld, » Cape Cod, a portion of a house 
 built by Perigrino White, the first male child born of English parents 
 in New England.' According to the testimony of the registrar 
 of Quebec, the first white child born in Canada, was upon the 24th 
 October, 1621, which was christened the same day by the name of 
 Eustache, being the son of Abraham and Margaret L'Anglois ; 
 Abraham was a Scotchman, named Martin Abraham. He was king's 
 pilot, and married to Eustache. The plains of Abraham derive their 
 name from him. ■....<....>;,.. j,.i/..,. - . 
 
 In the obituai*y notice of Eev. Mr. Pringle, a Methodist preacher, 
 it is stated that he was born in Prince Edward, in 1780, but this must 
 be a mistake. There is sufficient proof that the first settlement at 
 Smith's Bay commenced in 1784, when the first part of Prince 
 Edward became settled. Perhaps, indeed, very likely, the first 
 children born of European parents, was the late Colonel John 
 Clark, of Dalahousie, and an older brother and sister. Hifc father, an 
 Englishman, came to Quebec, attached to the 8th regiment in 1708. 
 From a sergeant-major, he was appointed in 1776, clerk and naval 
 store keeper at Carleton Island. Here, Sarah and William Clark 
 wore born during the progress of the war. Col. Clark says, " I was 
 born at Frontenac, now Kingston, in 1783, and was baptized by the 
 Rev. Mr. Stuart. 
 
 The Rev. Mr. Pringle, before alluded to, was the first, or among 
 the first-bom in Prince Edward. ii . „ * 
 
 A son of Thomas Borland, claimed to be the first Avhite child 
 born in the fourth township ; but the honor was disputed by Daniel 
 Peterson. Mrs. Wm. Ketcheson, now living in Sidney, daughter of 
 
 ■#•'?'' 
 
234 THE FIRHT MAURI AHE. 
 
 Elizabeth Hohlin, of AdolphuHtown, was l»orn tlujic^ in 17H4. Sho 
 inuHt liavo Ijt'oii ono of tlio vory first, us the first si'ttlcrs eamu that 
 sumo year. On the 16th Januury 1785, Ilonry VanDusen was boni 
 in A<lol|(hustown, heini; one of tiu* first nativon. ■ ' i •' - ^•' 
 
 Upon tlio 20tii April, 1868, was huriod Mrs. Bush, slio was tlic 
 first fotnale horn in Ameliashurgh. Mr. Bleeker, yot living at Tren- 
 ton, was the first male eliiiil born in Ameliasburgli. Mrs. Covert, 
 was also one of tlu; first [)ersons born in Ameliasbnrgh. 
 
 The first person said to have been born in Toronto, waa Mr. J. 
 Cameron, of Yongo Street, in 1798. ' ' > •■•n ..' • 
 
 The first child born of white parents north of the Rideau, was 
 Colonel E. Burritt, liurritt's Rapids, a relative of Elihu Bnrritt. ■ 
 
 ■ i' '■ " 
 
 "^ MARUYING IX EARLY TIMES. . . 
 
 The native Indians of America practiced no important ceremony 
 ineonnection with marrying. Certuin steps had to bo taken by the 
 ono who njight desire to have a certain female as his partner, a»ul 
 those procoodings were always strictly attended to. But the final 
 ceremony consisted in little more than the affianced one, leaving the 
 wigwam of her father and repairing to that of her fnture lord and 
 maHter. In many cases the first settlors of America experienced some 
 difficulty in obtaining the services of a Christian minister to solemnize 
 matrimony. In French Canada there was not this tliificulty, as from 
 the first the zealous missionary was ever beside the discoverer as he 
 pressed on his way. 
 
 The first Christian marriage solemnized in America, took place 
 in Virginia in 1608, between John Loyden and Ann Burras. The 
 first marriage in New England was celebrated the 12th May, 1621, 
 at Plymouth, between Edward Waislow and Susannah White. The 
 first marriage in the colony of French Canada, was between Guillauuie 
 Couillard and Guillmet Ilebert, July 1620. This is found in the first 
 p.arish register, which was commenced this year, 1020. 
 
 Among the pioneers of Upiier Canada, were persons of every 
 class as to age, from the tender infant at the breast, to the gray-headed 
 man. There were young men and young women, as well as the aged, 
 and as hopes and desires exist to-day in tho breast of the young, so 
 did they then. As the gentle influence of love animates at the pre- 
 sent time, so it did then. But there was a serious drawback ; the 
 consummation of courtship could not easily be realized. Throughout 
 the vast length of the settlements there were but few clei'gymen to 
 celebrate matrimony, and many sighing swains had to wait months, 
 
WHO PEHFORMKD THE CEREMONT. 23ft 
 
 and oven ycnrH of wcarisotno tiino to liiivo performotl tlio tnatrimonitil 
 cerctnoiiy. At the Hi'st, wlioii i\ cliuplain was uttacluMl to a regiment, 
 ho was called upon, but when the Hettlers eomnience<l to clear, there 
 waH no chaplain connected with the rej^iinent. Indeed, Mr. Stuart, of 
 Kingston, waH tho only clergyman in all Upper Car.ada for a few 
 yearH. But the duticH of the chaplain were l'rc(iuently attended to by an 
 officer, especially at Niagara, and many of tlu; first marriagcK in the 
 yoimg colony were performed by a colonel, an adjutant, or a surgeon. 
 SubRe<iucnlly, magiHtrates wero ap])oiuted, who were comuiiMHioned 
 to tie the nuptial knot. " • .,..,...: 
 
 In tho Hocond session of tho first Parliament, 1703, was passed 
 '* An Act to confirm and make valid certain marriages heretofore con- 
 tracted in the country now comprised within the Province of Canada^ 
 and to provide for the future solemnization of marriage loithin the 
 same." i^. ,. ' ■ l , ■ -^ i ,,,, _ , ' . , ■ ,. ..r , ,. . 
 
 i " Whereas many marriages have been contracted in this Province 
 at a time when it was impossible to observe tho forms prescribed by 
 law for the solemnization thereof, by reason that there was no Pro- 
 testiuit parson or minister duly ordained, residing in any i)art of tho 
 said Province, nor any consecrated Protestant church or chapel 
 within tho same, and whereas the pai'ties having contracted such 
 marriages, and their issue may therefore bo subjected to various 
 disabilities, in order to qtiiet tho minds of such persons ami to pro- 
 vide for the future solemnization of marriage within this Province, 
 be it enacted and declared by the King's Most Excellent Majesty, by 
 and with the advice and consent of tho Legislative Council and 
 Assembly of tho Province of Upper Canada, that the marriage and 
 marriages of all persons, not being under any canonical disqualifica- 
 tion to contract matrimony, that have been publicly contracted before 
 any magistrate or commanding officer of a post, or adjutant, or sur- 
 geon of a regiment, acting as chaplain, or any other person in any 
 public office or employment, before the passing of this Act, shall be 
 confirmed and considered to all intents and purposes as good and 
 valid in law, and that the parties who have contracted such mar- 
 riages, and the issue thereof, may become severally entitled to all 
 the rights and benefits, and subject to all tho obligations arising 
 from marriage and consanguinity, in as full and ample a manner as 
 if the said marriages had respectively been solemnized according 
 to law. 
 ii " And be it further enacted, that in order to enable those persons 
 
236 GIVING NOTTCIC. 
 
 who luay be desirous of preserving the testimony of such marriage, 
 and of the birth of their children, it shall and may be lawful at any 
 time, Avithin three years from the passing of this Act, for any magis- 
 trate of the district where any such parties as may have contracted 
 matrimony as aforesaid, shjall reside, at the I'eqnest of cither of said 
 parties, to administer to each an oath that they were manned on a 
 certain day, and that there is now living issue of the marriage. This 
 attestation to be subscribed to by the parties and certified by the 
 magistrate. The Clerk of the Peace recorded these certificates in a 
 register for the purpose, which thereafter was considered suflicient 
 evidence of such matters. 
 
 It was further enacted, " That until there shall be five parsons 
 or ministers of the Church of England, doing duty in their respec- 
 tive parishes in any one district," persons " desirous of intermarrying 
 with each other, and neither of them living within the distance of 
 eighteen miles of any minister of the Church of England, may 
 apply to any neighbouring Justice of the Peace," who should affix 
 m some public place, a notice, for which he should receive one 
 shilling, and no more. The purport of the notice was that A. B. 
 and C. D. wore desirous of getting married, and there being no 
 parson within eighteen miles, if any person knew any just reason 
 why they should not bo married, should give notice thereof to such 
 magistrate. After which a form of the Church of England was to 
 be followed, but should a minister reside within eighteen miles of 
 either parties the marriage was null and void. ' 
 
 It is related that those notices of marriage were often attached 
 to trees by the road side, and as it was considered desirable in those 
 days to keep intending marriages secret, not nnfrequently the in- 
 tending parties would watch and remove the notice which had 
 been put up. 
 
 In the year 1798, an Act was passed to e"tend the provisions 
 of the fii-st Act, which provided that " it shall be lawful for the 
 minister of any congregation or religious community of persons, 
 professing to bo members of the Church of Scotland, or Lutherans, 
 or Calvanists" to marry according to the rights of such church, and it 
 was necessary that one of the persons to be married sliould have been 
 a member of the particul<.r church six months before the mamage. 
 The clergyman must have boon regularly ordained, and was to 
 appear before Six magistrates at quarter sessions, with at least 
 seven members of his congregation, to prove his office, or take the 
 oath of allegiance. And then, if the dignitaries thought it expo- 
 
LECilSLATION. 237 
 
 (iicnt, they might grant him a certificate that ho was a settled 
 minister, and therefore could marry, having published the intended 
 marriage upon three Sundays previous. 
 
 In November, 1818, a brief act was passed to make valid the 
 marriages of those who may have neglected to preserve the testimony 
 of their mamage. 
 
 In the year 1821, an act was passed " for the more certain pun- 
 ishment of persons illegally solenmizing marriage, by which it was 
 provided, that if persons, legally qualiiied to marry, should do so 
 without *he publication of banns, unless license be first had, should be 
 guilty of a misdemeanor." !.'.:.< i. , /• .•r.vi-i',. 
 
 There was no further legislation until 1831, when provision was 
 again made to confirm marriages contracted " before any justice of 
 the peace, magistrate, or commanding; officer of a jjost, or minister 
 and clergyman, in a manner similar to the previous acts. It was at 
 this time enacted that it should be lawful for ministers of the church 
 of Scotland, Lutherans, Presbyterians, Congi-egationalists, Baptists, 
 Independants, Methodists, Menonists, Tunkers, or Moravians, to 
 solemnize matrimony, after having obtained certificates from the 
 quai'ter sessions. According to the act of 1798, only the <burch of 
 Scotland, Lutherans, and Calvinists, beside the English cli oh, were 
 permitted to marry persons. So it will be seen hy this act of 1831, 
 important concessions were made to different denominations. This 
 act wa« by the Methodists, especially regarded as a deserved recogni- 
 tion of the constantly increasing number of that denomination. It 
 certainly, at this time, seems remarkably strange, that so obvious a 
 right, was for so long a time withheld, not alone from them, but other 
 denominations. But the effort was strong, and long continued to 
 build up the church of England to the exclusion of all others. 
 
 The restriction upon the Methodist ministers was to them greater 
 from the fact, that for a long time they were members of a Conference 
 existing, where all denominations were alike endowed with the power 
 to perform the marriage ceremony. And it is recorded, that in a few 
 instances, the ministers stationed in Canada, either forgot the illega- 
 lity of marrying, or felt indisposed to submit to the unjust law, and 
 did actually marry some persons. Elder Eyan was one, and was 
 consequently banished ; but was shortly pardoned by government, 
 because of his known loyalty. His son-in-law, Eev. S. B. Smith, was 
 another ; but he defended himself at the trial and got free. Another 
 was the Eev. Mr. Sawyer, wnu ixi once, on being accused, fled tho 
 country for a time. 
 
23R COURTINO IN THE OLDEN TIMK. 
 
 It npponvH that on the 3lHt May, 1814, govtjriiinoiit ai»|K)intc(l 
 five pcrHoriH to iHHiio mnrrifi^fe liccriKCH. One at QuccnHton, one at 
 York, ono at KingHtoii, one at William.shurgli, anrl one al Cornwall. 
 John Ciunminp^ was appoiiitiMl for KingHton. Prior to tliiH, liron.seH 
 had lH!on ocicawlonally iH.siiod, probably, however, only by ap[>liration 
 to government. Marrying by liccn.si! was ho noticeable an event, that 
 it was considered elegant to Htate in the maiTiage notice, " married 
 by licenHO." ■ ' '^i^' -' •*"•' ' " '' "'' '' i:- ^'''" ''J ^•"'••' ■ - •• ••'-^.'•r;, 
 
 Accoi'diiig to a letter in onp pOH.scHHion, KometiTneH the iHHner of 
 licetiHc M'onid be without any, wh(fn he would give a certificate to the 
 applicant, by which the party could get manned, and HuVwerjucntly he 
 woidd fiirniHh liim with the ruiftiiHi!. 
 
 Having given tlu! legal and legislative facts relative to marrying 
 in early times, it may not be inappropriate to adduce some items of 
 a social nature. " -^'- '-«*.■....•,. | .m.j m .^,.,, .,,,,,:.,-, vim 
 
 Roger liates, of Newcastle, in his memoir at the parliament 
 library, speaks thus ))leaHantly Miid graphically in refetrlng to his 
 father's courtsliip and marriage, wliich took j)lace at the commence- 
 ment of the j)reHent vdi.Uiry. " The mod(! of courting in those days 
 was a good fleal of tlic Indian fasliion. The buxom daugfiter would 
 nm through the trees and bnsiies, and pretend to get away from the 
 lover; but somehow or other lie managed to catcli her, gave her a kiss, 
 and they soon got marri<?d, I rather think by a magistrate. Time 
 was too valuable to mak(! a fuss about sudi matters." Whether this 
 mode of courting was practiced elsewhere, than in Newcastle, it 
 may be doubted. Hpeaking of the weddings, and the journey to 
 get the knot tied, he say;4, " they generally furni.Hhed themselves 
 with tomahawks and implements to defend themselves, and to 
 camp out if required. The ladies hwl no white drosses to spoil, or 
 fancy bonnets. With (l(!or skin petti(;oatH, home-spun gowns, and 
 perhaps squiiTcl skin bonnet, they looked charming in the eyes of 
 their lovers, who were rigged out in similar materials." Again, 
 about the wedding ring, which could not then \)o procu -ed, ho says, 
 "I have hoard my mother say, that undo Ferguson, a magistrate, 
 rather than disappoint a happy couple, who hml walked twenty 
 miles, made search throughout the house, and luckily found a pair 
 of old English skates, to which was attached a ring, with this he 
 proc(!cded with the ce^'cmony, and fixing the ring on the young 
 woman's finger, rcmincicd her, that though a homoly substitute, she 
 must continue to wear it, otherwise the ceremony would be difl- 
 Holved. That curious token was greatly cherished, and is still 
 among the family relics." 
 
I'HIMITIVK WEliMNOH. 239 
 
 Mr. Sheriff Sherwood, nixjaking of hiM fhthor, oiio of the fir«t 
 ma^intraUis ttj)]ioirit(!(l by Sijiu;o<!, Htiyn " hv, jiroluifjly joijied inoro 
 individualH to/^othcr in tho liappy hoiidH of rnalrimony, than any 
 otlior porHon over haH, in tho (iounty of LcodH. J havo oft(!n hoard 
 liim mention tho circuinHtancc of u yoiin/jjinan asking him tomarry 
 him, but who Haid, J cannot got tho monoy to ]my you, but J will 
 mako you a good wJioat fan, wJiicdi horoa<lily accoptod, an it was an 
 nrticl(! mucli UHC'd at that timo. At another time an »;hl man camo 
 on tho wame errand, and Haid to him. I cannot got tho monoy to pay 
 you, but I will mako you a good eoi'n baHkot, with oak HplintH, and 
 HO tight that I will waiTant it to hold water, and tho old man 
 punctually fulfilled niw promiwo." ( ,,!4 •,:,..•■, d (,;.-m' .Ah. 
 
 We havo Homo intorosting information from an old latly who 
 Hcttled in AmoliaHburgh, and who Htill lives. Getting married at 
 tho beginning of tho prowont century wan a groat event. Tho 
 Carrying Phuie was tho usual plac^o of resort. "They placed in a 
 lumber waggon, a number of chairs, and each gallant was supposed 
 to support his partner upon his knee, and thus economise room. 
 "IMttors " Wore indulged in, but no fighting allowed. If one began 
 that, }io was put out. Keeping goo^l naturod was u point of duty 
 insistod upon. Noold ])or«on8 went to tho wedding, but they joined 
 in the dance, when tho youngsters got back. A wedding without 
 a dance was considered an insipid alfair; and it was generally kept 
 up two or throe successive night« at ditferont places. Francis 
 Woose's was a halfway liouso botwoon McMan's corners, (Rodncr- 
 ville^, and tho Carrying Place. Wooso was a distitiguished player 
 upon tho fiddle, and tho wedding parties often stayed with him tho 
 first night. 
 
 "A yoke of steers, a cow, three or four shoop, with a bed, table, 
 two dozen chairs, was regarded a very decent setting out for the 
 bride. And if the groom was heir to 50 or 100 acres of land, with 
 a little cleared, ho was thought to have tho worldly "gear," to 
 constitute a first-rato match." 
 
 Tho hist-f)ry of i'rontior life; of tho advance body of pioneers 
 in tho far west, frequently exhibits great irrogularitiy in morals ; 
 a non-f)bsorvanco of God's commandmonlH. But tho record of the 
 first settlors of Upper Canjwia is remarkably bright. When it is 
 recollected thatthoy were but scattered sottlomontsin n wildei'noss; 
 far away from civilized life; excluded Irom tho world, and rcjnoved 
 from tho influence of the salutary power of public opinions, it is a 
 matter of wonder, that great and frequent violation of God'8 law. 
 
240 AN EXCEPTION. 
 
 with regard to marring did not tako place. But such was not tli^ 
 cane, as a general tiling; the holy bonds of matrimony, wore 
 employed to bind man and woman together, whether through the 
 officer, the magiwtrate or the clergyman. For yoara there was but 
 few clergymen to mai-ry, and also but few magistrates, and there 
 were secluded settlements where the clergyman or magistrate 
 came not, and from which the inhabitants could not go, perhaps for 
 man miles to get married. But a few, and they are very 
 few instances, are recorded where parties deviated from the right- 
 eous v':<,y. Upon the shore of the bay, in a remote locality, about 
 the year 1796, lived two individuals, whom we will call respectively 
 Peter and Polly. They woi'e living in the same family, she has a 
 "help," and ho has a hired man ujjon the farm. This couple had 
 desired to enter the bonds of matrimony ; but the ministers and 
 squires lived some distance off, and they could not get away to bo 
 married, so they had to wait for the coming of one who would mai*ry 
 them ; they liad to wait, it would seem for several years, in the 
 mean time they consoled themselves with genuine, and no doubt 
 honest love. At last it came to pass that a Squire visited that 
 neighbourhood, and stopped at the house where they lived. 
 
 The family bethought them of the wishes of Peter and Polly ; 
 and that now was the time to have the legal knot tied. So Polly 
 was called from the kitchen just as she was, and Peter from the 
 field besmeared with sweat, and clean dirt, and the two were made 
 one. Among the witnesses of the interesting ceremony, was a 
 bright eyed boy who trotted unceremonously from the bride to the 
 groom, calling thom respectively "mozzer" and " faddcr." The 
 time came when this same boy was the owner of the land wheroon 
 he had been born. This fact, from excellent authority, stands out 
 as an exception to a general .rule, although there is not about it 
 that flagrant violation of moral principle which is too often scon 
 at the present day, under other circumstances which afford no 
 excuse. 
 
 The Eev. Mr. Stuart, living at Kingston, was not often called 
 upon to marry, by persons outside of that village, and persons 
 rarely found time to go all the way to him. When Mr. Langhorn 
 came and opened a church at Adolphustown, and Bath, a more 
 central place was supplied, and he consequently was often employed. 
 But Mr. McDowell was the one who most frequently was required 
 to mar^v. Being a minister of the church of Scotland, he enjoyed 
 the J, .:o of marrying, and unlike Langhorn, he would marry 
 
A WEDDING IN 1807. 241 
 
 them ttt their homoH. 80 when making his rouiulM throuirh the 
 country, 011 his ])reuehin/^' excurHionH, ho W!is frequently called upon 
 to ofticiato in this cuimclt}'. 
 
 In tho region of the Bay, wore Homo who had in ])revious 
 dayH, lived in comfort, had not wanted all that belonged to the well- 
 to-do inhabitantH along the Ifudson, and at Now York. In some 
 cases, those familicH brought with them the fine clothes that had 
 adorned their bodies in former times. Not oidy was it difficult for 
 them, in many cases, to get some one to perform the mai-riagc coro- 
 raony; but to tho fomalo, especially, it was a grave matter how to 
 adorn tho brido with that apparel which Itecomes tho event. In 
 those ca.sc,s whore rich clothes, which had boon used by parents, 
 were st/)i-ed away, they were brought forth, and by a littlo altera- 
 tion, made U) do sorviw ; but by and by these relics of bettor days 
 were beyond tlieir power to renovate, and like others, thoy had, if 
 married at all, to wear tho garb mentioned by Roger Bates, or 
 some other plain article ; a calico print, bought of a pedlar, or a 
 calami nk, or linsey-woolsey petticoat, or a woolen drugget, were 
 no common luxuries in tho wilderness homo. An old lady who i» 
 still living, tolls us that she was married in 1807, and wore tho last- 
 mentioned ; and was thought very extravagant indeed. A vener- 
 able lady, a native of the jiay, and now well-nigh eighty, remom- 
 bers to have attended a wedding about the year 1708, up tho i-iver 
 Moira. She was living with her uncle. Col.' C. Tho wedding was 
 one of st)mo im])ortance, as both parties were well-to-do. There 
 was but a path along the banks of tho river, and thoy went on 
 horse back. At that time riding on horseback was a common 
 practice, not a single person merely, but in couples. It was no 
 unusual thing to see man and wife riding along together, also 
 brother and sister, and as well lovers. The guests to this weddino- 
 all came on horse back, generally in paii-s. Thoy assembled early 
 iti the forenoon, and the happy pair weio soon united. The bride's 
 dress was unusually grand, being of lawn ; the two bridesmaids 
 graced tho occasion by being diossod in mi.-slin. She bears a dis- 
 tinct recollection of the entertainment. The banquet was crowned 
 with a majestic chicken pie, in a pan capable of holding some 
 twelve quarts; by roast goose, and with pi:.- and cakes of all sorts, 
 in abundance. The bride's father was the deacon of a church, and 
 did not allow dancing, buithe afternoon and evening wore sijont in 
 joyous mirth and jovial "plays" in connection with which forfeits 
 were last and redeemed. But, however much these plays may havo 
 16 
 
342 AN EKOPCMKNT. 
 
 (Jo^ciioruUid in n-cetit diiyn, they wcro flum i.ondudod with jjurily 
 of lh«Mi/<lit, and iiinoconco of mu.\. Tht; parly did not, br»;uk uf» tho 
 iii-Ht, day. Half of thci oonipany ropaiicd U> t,ho Ikmiho of tho ^room'M 
 liith<!r, whoro hcdw wor(3 arrun^od tor th<iin. In tho morning tlxjy 
 went, buck to th« M<'.one of the wedding, upon \\w ImrdcHof the river, 
 whi<'h at thiH point in pttrlicidariy attractive. After hnakfaHt, the 
 yoiiu^ people, with th<5 iHiwiy married pair, Mctout for the front, to 
 the mouth of the river. Tliey i'ovmwi a joyf)iiH, and it niUHt have 
 been a [»ictureH<juo cavaleade. I'Jich /^entlianan wdeeted his fair 
 partner, and having mounted \i\n horse, Hhe was duly Heated l»(diiiid 
 him. And thuH tJiey net out for thoir dewtination. i.'leaHant, 
 indeed, munt liave been the ride; Htrikin^ the Heene, ftH they 
 wonded their way along the running water, an<l the bright autumn 
 Mun Mhono upon thcin through the variegaloti ioavoH wliich clothed 
 tlio thickly Htanding trees. This night was Mpent at Myers' OVeok, 
 in following the notes of the fiddle with the nimble feet. ThiH 
 terniinateil tJio wtxlding party. This is wiductxl an an illustration 
 oj' marrying in early times. Another will be briefly given, it whm 
 a case of elopement, and occurred many years bcdore the wedding 
 nbovo mentioned. A certain S<iuire had been for many years in the 
 enjoyment oi' wedd(Ml bliss. His wife wjw th(! daughter f)f Capt. 
 
 , a half-pay officer, an honest l>ut vvaywanl I)ut<diman. The 
 
 Hquire's wife died, and, in due time, he sought the hand of another 
 daughter of the Captiiins, But this the latter would not listen to; 
 he was determined they should not marry ; because she was his 
 late wife's Bistor. The worthy H<juire could not see the fbnjoof tjhe 
 objection, and the lady in rjuestion was likewise blinded by love. 
 They resolved to run away, or rather to piuldle away, iti a conve- 
 nient canoe. Clandestinely they set out upon the heiwl waters of the 
 bay, inteiuling to go to Kingston to obtain the services of a clergy- 
 man. But tlie Captain learned the fact of their diiparture and 
 fltartc<l in j»ursuit with hirt battoau and oarsmen. According to 
 one account, the flying wr>uld-be groomsman, who was paddling his 
 own canoe, saw the angry purentcoming, arul mfwie haste to quicken 
 hiH speed, but finding that ihity would be overtaken, they landed 
 upon an island in the bay, and hauled up the canoe ; and concealed 
 it with themselves, in a cavity n]xm the islan<l ; and, after the 
 Capluin ha<l passed, returned h'.>meward and procured the services 
 of a H(piire to marry thorn. But, according U) another statement, 
 the lovers set out while the Captain was absent at Montreal, and i 
 arrived at Kingston, unfortunately, as ho was returning home. 
 
I>KATII AM(tN(» IMONKKHS. 2^5 
 
 Seeing' t)w .Sqtiirn, ho hfid his HUMpicioiiH uroiiHcjil, and he/^uji l<» look 
 nUmi for his duii^'htor. She hu.I, however, coriceHh'-l herHolf hy 
 throwin;,' iiri Iii<liiifi hliinket iihout her perHon, itrid over her head, 
 iirid hy Hittin/,' down nwou^f Horne HqiijiWH. The Hfutirriienl /,'oeH, 
 that itwnH well (ho ihi\,Ui\n did not find her, um ho would, uh mooiI 
 iiH not, have nhot the S<|iiire. Tho im\ of it wuh, they were inarriod, 
 U) live II lon^ und happy dornoHtie life. i\lthou/^'h (here may he a 
 little doiiht aH to the <h'tJiilH of this early elopement on the hay, 
 there is no doiiht that It took place in Home Hiieh manner an dcf.serihed. 
 Among theH(piireH upon tho Buy, the following wcne thcmoHt 
 frequently ealled upon to marry : Young, of the Carrying T'lace ; 
 Bleekor, of tho Trent; Im/.wt, of 8oi)hiaHhurgh. The Tnagistraton 
 rcHiding nearer KingHton and AdolphuHt^)wn had Iobm of this to do^ 
 m clergymen could there he more (fUHiiy ohtainod. 
 
 > -' . •v-.t -.i.t «, • , J-:/- M:.i i' ,-• ; w mV; .11 '».;;) ^^1■*/'n .'I 
 
 ■ •■W t-'.i'f'". <V ^ V. ■/••■'l' -■• ' '" ' ,-!',' , ■♦(, ,' • f .[}'{, '<■■/• .< 'i ' vu'wf ' 
 
 ■' • . ■ I'M ,' : I ,., ,7, . 
 
 ' C'lIAPTKK XXIV. Mo,,, ) v., 
 
 '■ . .,,, .: .. .,,,. ,•!.,■ . 
 
 CoJiVKNTH— RiirylriK Vhrv.n—Uow Holi-ct-d— Kmnily I'.uryini? I'Iiucm— Kor fli- 
 N.!lKli).oiirhoo(l— The UwUh—Upnu thi; TfiulMf)n— Mriy giiint(V— A Su. r,-f| 
 Hpot to f,h« Loyftli»t.K— AhIioh to AwhcK—l'riniitivu Mrxlo of Uiiri(il--Th(i 
 t'oliiti— At tho (Jmvo— Thi! i<'(ithc'i'H lU-m(irk»— Uctiiru to Lal.or— Kr;-ii. 1, 
 l)iirylnK-i)lm;() at Kronb-njif — Hh Sito— tl. R. LoyiiliHtH IliirviiiK-r)la< .• ,if, 
 KliiKttton— ThC'lI. K Huryfrirc Oroimfl," AdolpJiiiHtowri—WoVthy Sir.-H of 
 Canmlii'HKoiiK—Dbray— Neglect. (jt I IIUHtrioimd.wJ—Ucpuir W'niil. r|. - OldcHt 
 liiiiyiriK (Jroiind in I'ritico Kdward— Kohh I'la<o— At Kast I^ak.-— Ujion tlic 
 JloKi! Fnriri— "Tho Diit.h iJiiryinpc (Jround "— Socoriil (Jrowth Trocil-In 
 SopliiaHburKh— fnmk Kan.i— In Hidiioy— Undo Tomb Storic«-dJ«rial-plac.' 
 of(;apt.. My.rK— U,dli( tioiiH— DiiKt to DiiHt— In TliiiHow—" Taylor JiiirviriL' 
 Oroitnd"— Th(! rir«t IV-rnon Bnri.'<!— Lieut. Fv-ranmiir^An A«^d i^./milc— 
 Her Work Dom—WhccUStnud Still. .,.,;,- n:nior, ; »#; > jn.-t ,,,=,•, 
 
 TJIB KAIILY HUItyiNU PLAOKH UPON TUB HAY QUINTE. 
 
 ■■" 
 
 'U 
 
 ^V',: 
 
 '■ / T 
 
 ( 
 
 ■ 
 
 !' 
 
 ^ 
 
 I'- 
 
 J . ,^ /I . 
 
 
 1! 
 
 i 
 
 " your /"afhc-rt, where are they ?" ., 
 
 •<U «V, n';^ 
 
 Hurying j)la('OH in all the now HOttlomotitH were, aw a gonoral 
 tiling, Hclected hy tho family to which death inight first come. 
 ThiH was true of every part of America. Ere the fonnt hiuJ /all<;n 
 '"fore tho hand of tho axeman, or while the roots and Htumps of 
 the treoH yet thickly encumhered the ground, before the scythe had 
 I'tiOti UHed U) cut tho firHt productw of t}io Hoil, tlio great reaper 
 Jt-ath pasHod by, and one and another of the number were cut 
 
244 A DUTCH CUSTOM. 
 
 down. Some suitable place, under the circunistances, was (^elected 
 for the grave, and quietly the body was laid away. In time, a 
 neighbour would lone a member of the family, and the body would 
 be brought and laid benide the fii-wt buried. And bo on, until a 
 certain circle would be. found burying in a common place. But 
 Homotimes families would prefer to have a private burial ground, 
 Bomo conHpicuou8 npot being selected upon the farm, where the 
 ashcH of the family might be gathered together, m one after 
 another jjaswed away. The Dutch are particularly attached to this 
 custom. This may be seen even yet in thoHO old sections of New 
 York State, where the Dutch originally settled, especially at 
 Hoboken, opposite Now York City. Sacred spots were appropriated 
 by each family upon the farm, in which the family was buried. The 
 descendants of these Dutch who became such loyal subjects, and 
 guttering refugees who settled around the bay, followed the same 
 practice. These spots may be seen along the Hudson, and the ]ky 
 Quinto, which may be regarded as the Hudson of Canada, and arc 
 indicated by the drooping willow, or the locust or cjTpress. Some 
 from whom reliable information has been received, state that the 
 spot selected on the Bay Quinte was often that, whore the family 
 had first landed— where they had rested on the bare earth, beneath 
 the trees, until a hut could be erected. This spot was chosen by the 
 refugee himself as a suitable place to take his last rest. Indeed, 
 the devotion of the settler to the land where ho luul wrought out 
 his living, and secured a comfortable homo, was sometimes of an 
 exalted character. One instance by way of illustration :— There 
 came to the shores of Hay Bay an heroic woman, a little rough 
 perhaps, but one whose soul had been bitterly tried during the con- 
 fliot between her king and the rebels. Her husband had been on 
 many a battle-field, and she had assisted on many an occasion to 
 give comfort to the British troops. The log hut was duly erected, 
 and day after day they went forth together to subdue the wilder- 
 ness. In the sear and yellow leaf, when competence had been 
 secured and could be bequeathed to their children, when the first 
 log tenement had fallen to decay, she caused her children to promise 
 that her ,bo4y. should be laid upon the sj)ot where that old hut had 
 
 stood. r V •'■ •,*: '• f ■'•■" ■.■..y->v--;-r^f r;: •'■;;'';''{^' '-■•;l-v fi;??)'?";' 'v. 
 ., ,/ The mode of burial was often simple and touching, often there 
 was no clergyman" of any denomination; no one to read a prayer 
 over the dead for the benefit of the living. Frequently, in the hush 
 of suspended work, through the quiet shades of the trpQswhost; 
 
ILLirsTRIOUS DEAD. 245 
 
 boiiKhs Highod jv requiem, like as if un^'ols whispered peace to the 
 8a<l and toju-fnl mourners who silently, or with sui)pressod sobs 
 followed the coffin of the plainest kind, often of rou/,'h construction,' 
 which contained the remains of a loved one to the grave, in somJ 
 spot selected. The rude coffin being placed in the grave, those 
 present would uncover, and the father, in sad tones, would make a 
 few remarks respecting the departed, offer a few thoughts which 
 the occasion suggested, and then the coffin was hidden out of siglit 
 The men would return to thoir labors, and tho women to their 
 duties. _ , . . . ,.1 .,, , ,•; 
 
 We learn, on excellent authority, that tho burial place for 
 the Froncli, at Fort Prontooac, was where tho barracks now stand 
 near the bridge. But not unlikely tho French, when one died away 
 from the fort at any distance, committed the dead to tho earth in 
 Indian burial places. The first burial place for tho U. R Loyalists 
 in Kingston, was situated where St. Paul's Church now stands, on 
 Queen Street, which was formerly called Grove Street. ' ' -li' '' 
 
 No township is more rich in historic matters, pertaining to 
 Lliu a. E. Loyalists than Adolphustown. Hero settled a worthy 
 band of refugees whose lineage can be traced back to noble names 
 in France, Germany and Holland. Here was the birth-place of 
 many of Canada's more prominent and wortliy sons, and here 
 repose the ashes of a largo number of the devoted pioneers. 
 
 As the steamboat enters to the wharf at Adolphustown, the 
 observer may notice a short distance to the west, upon tho summit 
 of a ridge, a small enclosure in which are a number of second 
 growth trees, maple and oak. He may even see indistinctly a few 
 marble tombstones. If he walks to tho spot he will find that the 
 fence is rough, broken, and falling down. Casting his eye over 
 the ground he sees tho traces of numerous graves, with a few 
 marble head-stones, and a long iron enclosure within which are 
 buried the dead of the Casey family, with a marble slab to the 
 head of each. Tho ground generally is covered with the debris of 
 what once tormcd enclosures of individual graves or family plots 
 When visited by the writer, one grave, that of Hannah Vandusen* 
 had growing out of its bosom a largo poplar tree, while the wooden' 
 lonce around was falling and resting against the tree. The writer 
 gazed on these evidences, not alone of decay but neglect, with 
 great regret, and with a sigh. For here, without any mark of 
 their grave, lie many who were riot only noble U. E. Loyalists 
 hut who were men of distinction, and ibo fathers of men well 
 
24C RECJUIKHCAT IN I'ACK. 
 
 known in Canadian IliHtory. Mr. Josepli Jl. Allison, uccoini.ttiiiwl 
 iih, iind ])()int('(l out tlio Hovmul upotw whoro ho hud Huon buriod 
 th(!H() illiiHlrioUH dcud. 
 
 In the noith-wt'Ht corner oftlio ground, with notrnco ovon of a 
 ^'ravD to nuulf tlio Hpot, IIch the old Miijor who convnmndod the 
 fonipuny. Mr. Alli.son wuHproKunt, ullhouKh a littlo boy at hiw burial. 
 The ovont is fixed upon his mind by the (act tlio militia turned out 
 and buried him with military honors. We stood on the sjiot ovor- 
 ^rn.wu with thorn trees, and felt a pan^' that his name waH thus 
 Jor;;ottcn, and liiw name almost unknown. (Jloso by is tt neat 
 ma'rbic headstone to a frrava, uj.on which is the following': 
 "Ifcnn/ Hover, departed this life, Awjust 23rd, 1842, ayed 79 years, 5 
 months and n days " Nobleman! Impriwmmont with chains for 
 nearly two years, with man} hardships during, and after the war, 
 did not mak(! his life short, and we were thankful ho hml left des- 
 cendants who forgot not to mark his resting-place. For account of 
 this person see under '« lloyal Combatants." , . , < :«, > . 
 
 The entrance gate to the ground is at the east sido. To the 
 right on entering, a short distance otV, is an oak tree. Between the 
 gate and tree was laid the body of Nicboliis llagerman. Sad to say, 
 nothing indicates the reHting.])l!ice of the earliest lawyer of the Pro- 
 vince, and the father of Ju<lge Jlagerman. (See distinguished Loy- 
 aliBts). In the middle of the ground roHts the dead of the Casey 
 family. The; two old couple whom wo remember to have seen when 
 a boy in their green old age, lie here. " Willet Casey died aged 80. 
 Jane, his wife, aged 93." W<^ would smv to all here buried, Requiesmf 
 injjace. IJut the very cnunblings of the enclosures which were put 
 around the graves by sorrowing friends wluiU they died cry out against 
 the neglected stale of the ground. The elforts which have rei)eat- 
 edly been made to put the place in rei»aii- ought to be repeated, and 
 a stone wall at least made to eHectually inclose the sacred dust. 
 
 The oldest burying jilace, we believe, in Prince Edward, is sonic 
 distance from Indian Point, upon the Lake Shore, and east of the liock, 
 coniinonly known as Ros.s's Burying Ground. In this sj.ot nrc 
 buried some of the. Hrst and most distinguished of the iirst settlors 
 of Marysburgh. ■ ■ > •■ ''■•-■' • v ■"••" '-- ■' t'**' '•''-' 
 
 Another old burying plact; in Princic Edward is at East Lake, 
 at the commencement of tlu; Carrying Place. Here may be found 
 the graves of some eighteen persons who made the first settlement ot 
 East Lake. The lot upon which it is situated belonged to Mr. 
 Dyse. It is no longer used, but is parti :'lly in a I>lo»Slit!d field, niul 
 partially covered by a second growth o- trees. 
 
OM) nriivrv(» plaoks 247 
 
 Upon tho ivm«l jilon^' flio Hoiitli hIidpo of Mnryfthiif^', n hliort 
 .listniico woftt of tli<> ]{4)vk, ii|)Oii f|i(! Him' farm, nin to bo hocii tho 
 liiiKoriii/^ rcMiaiiiH of tho Hrst cliiirch of thin fowiiHhip. It was 
 «n!C'to(l at an onrly date, iind waH twenty four foot Hquaro. lloro 
 W(fant wan wont to proach to hiH ttoc.k of LnthoranM, an<l honi at 
 timoH Fian^rhorn from Huth alno hold forth. Tho Hituation i.«* 
 pl»!a«an(, upon IIk* l)n»w of a oomparalivoly Mrvp hill, ovorlookini^ 
 li ploasiint IowImihI, with th(! HJiinin/-- Ontiirir), and l.onp; Point 
 Ktrotchint? away into itn wat»!rM; whilo lo thc! ri^'ht \h tim woll 
 Hlicltorod VVajipooHo iKland. Miit anotlxM' objoct attraotH oni- atton- 
 tion. Almost immcdiatoly fronting: hh upon a Hand-hill oIoho by tho 
 \vat(!r'H od^ro is to Ix, hooii " tho old batch burying' i^roimd." It Ih 
 about half.a-milo from the road, and w(^ will doHcond tho hill and 
 tako tho road Ihrough tho lioldH alon/^ tho thm-c, the? way by wlii(di 
 HO many hav(^ pasHod to their lon^ homo. Tho old graveyard i« 
 ovorftha(h)Wod by good Hi/.od woond ^'rowth jiinoH, wIioho waving 
 lopH sigh not unharmoniouNly over tho aHh«(s of th(!old irossinn and 
 Dutch HottlorH. Tho adjacont Hhoro waHhod by tho over throbbing 
 iaicc gives forth to day tho gontlost Hounds. Thoso old burying 
 placoH remind one that Canada is <!Vt)r growing old. Hero lio, not 
 ulono tho oarly pionoors, but thoir gratjd-childron ; and over tho spcjt 
 cloarcd aro now good si/.od Hocond growth troos. Tho hoad boards 
 tiro fallen in decay, tho fonoc aroiuul th<! plots have criunblod in 
 the dust. . ,. . ,. . ., , . ; , , 
 
 Tho oldost burying placo in Bophlasluirgli is upon'thc Cronk 
 farm oast of North j)orf. 
 
 Nearly midway botwoon Jiollovillo aiul Trenton is situalcid 
 tho oldest burying ground of Sidney. It is pleasantly located 
 upon an eminence by tho bay shore, and alloi-ds a lino view of tho 
 bay, and opposite sliore. Tl»o visitor will Ik; struck with tho 
 iiTogularily of tho graves in the placo ])rimarily used, as if tho 
 graves had been dug among the stumps. Sorn oC them aro almost 
 north and south. At tho ends of mostly all aro i)lacod st(uios, rough 
 they are, but lasting, and have, in a large number of (!asos, moi-o 
 permanent iy indicated the position of the graves. Upon some of 
 those rough stones aro rudely cut tho initials of tho occuj)ant of tho 
 gmvo. in a great number of cas<is tablets ])aintod on wood have 
 been placed to commomorate tho individal deceased. Hut these aro 
 UAiiWy ol)litoi-ated, and the wood is falling U) decay. Probably tho 
 temporary mark of affectionate sorrowing was as lasting as the life 
 of the bereaved. We lingered auiong tho graves hero, and they 
 
 ,• fc- 
 
248 TAYLOR BURYING GROUND. 
 
 are numerous. We see the name Myers. And we know that oUl 
 Capt. Myers was buried here, after an eventful life. Around him 
 also repose his old acquaintances and fi'iends — and enemies. They 
 are gone with the primeval woods that covered the slopes by the 
 Bay Quint(J — gone with the hopes and aspirations, and prospects, 
 and realizations that crowned their trying and eventful life — gone 
 so that their ashes can no longpr be gathered, like the old battoau 
 which transported them thither — gone like their old log houses 
 whose very foundations have been plowed up — gone like their 
 rude implements of agriculture — gone by the slow and wearisome 
 steps of time which marks the pioneer's life. 
 
 It is gratifying to see that while the ground has been extended, 
 a new fence has been built, and elegant tomb-stones, 1868. 
 
 The first place set apart in which to bury the dead, in the town- 
 ship ot Thurlow was the " Taylor Burying Ground." It is situated 
 in Belleville, at the east of the mouth of the Moira, in view of the 
 bay. The first person committed to the earth here was Lieut- 
 Ferguson, who had been associated with Capt. Singleton. The 
 second individual is supposed to have been the mother of John 
 Taylor. She had been brought to the place by her son, her only 
 son, two having been executed by the rebels during the war, when 
 almost ninety years of age. But her stay on earth had alrtiost 
 ended; not long after, she was one day engaged in spinning flax, and 
 suddenly ceased her work, and told them to put away the wheel, 
 as she would spin no more. A few minutes after she ceased to 
 live, and the weary Avheels of life stood still. For many years this 
 ground was the repository of the dead, about the mouth of Myers' 
 Cree(k. , , _ , ..,.,. .. ,;J* 
 
 ' l^-f^aolod hn'n ,fedmmt{iiTiiC>]:'e'fb-?/ ^^oiiT llJlcif Vn'^^/iii: 
 iJOC'a* i ,ttt^ii^'rfainj&i|8 1p ,a^^ ^!^I"iu jtoij-io.ajli' 
 
\::r,'\ : ■ ■ >,i'-,>j •^' ff ,;{ jf. , ^ 
 
 ■ •■•» 7.)' Wini^: ''mT '•■•^■'''- "r^-- fV;-'*» ;■' "f- 'i '^r■>^(■i^j•^.■t^ vtv?- ?{ij'^ ifiJl '•>' 'r- 
 
 ' ,' ' THE EAELY CLERGYMEN AND CHUECHES. '*""-"' 
 ' ''; " "!.' '':' ' CHAPTER XXV. "f-'^' •'■'''^-^^'^'^t'^ V-v,tv 
 
 Contents.— French Missionaries— First in 1615-— Recollets— With Champlain— 
 Jesuits, in 1625 — Valuable records — Bishopric of Quebec, 1674 — First 
 Bishop of Canada, Laval— Rivalry— Power of Jesuits— Number of Mission- 
 aries — Their " Relations" — First mission field ; Bay Qninte region — " Antient 
 mission" — How founded — First missionaries— Kleus, abbe D'Urfe— La 
 Salle, to build a church— The ornaments and sacred vessels — The site of the 
 " Chappcl," uncertain— Bald Bluff, Carrying Place— Silver crosses— Mission 
 at Georgian Bay— The " Christian Islands "—Chapel at Michilmicinac, 1679 
 —The natives attracted— Subjects of the French King— Francois Picquet — 
 La Presentation — Soegasti — The most important mission — The object — Six 
 Nations— The Missionary's living-" Disagreeable expostulations— Putting 
 stomach in order— Trout — Picquet's mode of teaching Indians—The same 
 afterward adopted by Rev. W. Case— Picquet's success-Picquet on a voyage 
 —At Fort Toronto — Mississaugas request — Picquet's reply — A slander — At 
 Niagara, Oswego— At Frontenac— Grand reception— Return to La Presenta- 
 tion— Picquet in the last French war — Returns to France— fly Mi8> 'ssippi — 
 " Apostles of Peace "—Unseemly strife — Last of the Jesuits in Canada. 
 
 s/,ii«^'.>-i. '■'HE FIRST FRENCH MISSIONARIES. '. ,^j . 
 
 In inti*oducing this snbje .t, we propose fii-st to glance at the 
 original French Missionaries and then at the first Protestant 
 Missionaries and clergymen, who labored in the Atlantic Provinces. 
 
 The first missionaries of Christianity to America, came to 
 Canada in the year 1615. They wore four in number, and belonged 
 t'Uhe order of Recollets, or Franciscans, of Spanish origin, a sect 
 who attended to the spiritual wants of the people without accepting 
 any reraunevation. Four of these devoted men attended Champlain 
 on his second visit to Canada in 1615. Three years later the Pope 
 acco 'lod the charge of missions in Canada to the Recollets of Paris. 
 In 1625 members of the society of Jesus likewise entered the mis- 
 sion of America. Ignatius Loyola founded the Jesuit society in 
 1521. Theao two orders of Roman Catholics, especially the Jesuits, 
 contributed much to the advancement of French interests in Canada, 
 and by their learning assisted greatly to elevate the people. Side 
 
250 FIRST MISSION FIELD. 
 
 by side they traversed the vast wilderness of America, with the 
 intrepid explorers, and by their close observations, committed to 
 paper, they have left most valuable records of the country in its 
 primeval state ; and the different tribes of savages that held posses- 
 sion of the country, l'. '/■'^■'■'^f JU .l.i;^,V'!;i .: >:! -v ,;u:J >nw 
 
 Canada was "constituted an apostolic vicariat," by the Pope, in 
 1657 ; and became an episcopal see, named the Bishopric of Quebec, 
 about 1673. The first bishop of Canada was Pi-ancis de Laval, of the 
 distinguished house of Montmorency. The rivalry which existed 
 between the Jesuits and the Eecollets, led to the withdrawl from 
 the country of the lattei-. But they returned again about 1669. 
 They were welcomed by the people, who preferred their self-sup- 
 porting principles to the Jesuits, under Laval, who required susten- 
 tation from them, which was exacted by a system of tithes. The 
 Jesuits became a very powerful ecclesiastical body, and commanded 
 even sufficient political influence to secure the recall of the Governor, 
 who was obnoxious to them, in 1665. Yet the people did not like 
 them, in their usurpation of temporal power. The second bishop 
 of Canada was M, de Saint Vallier, who was elevated to tliat position 
 in 1688. 
 
 •'Between the years 1635-1647, Canada was visited by eighteen 
 Jesuits missionaries." It was due to these missionaries, who 
 remained with, and adapted themselves to the Indian tribes, that 
 Canada held such a position among the Aborigines. The relations 
 of these missionaries are of thrilling interest, and deserve the 
 attention of all who desire to become a student of history. 
 
 When there were no more than sixty inhabitants at Quebec, in 
 1620, the Eecollets had begun to erect a convent and chapel ?ipon 
 the banks of the St. Charles Kivcr, *..,;. 
 
 The Bay Quinte region may be regarded as the earliest mission 
 field in America. Of the four Missionaries who came with Cham- 
 plain from France, in 1615, one at least accompanied him in his 
 journey up the Ottawa, across to Georgian Bay, and down the 
 Trent to the Bay. This was in July, and Champlain was under the 
 necessity of remaining in this region until the following spring, 
 in the meantime visiting several of the tribes all along the north 
 shore of Lake Ontario. During this period the zealous EccoUet 
 earnestly labored to lay the foundation of Christianity among the 
 natives, and planted the " antiont mission" spoken of by father 
 Picquet, 1751. We have positive statement to this effect. Probably 
 when Champlain returned to Montreal, in the spring of 1616, he was 
 
" THE ANTIENT MISSIONS." 86J 
 
 not accompanied by the missionary ; who stayed to estr.blish the 
 work ho had commenced. We find it stated that the earliest mis- 
 sionaries to this region were M. Dolliero de Kleus, and Abbe 
 D'Urfe, priests of the Saint Sulpico Seminar3^ Picquot remarks 
 that the ancient mission at the Bay Quinte was established by 
 Kleus and D'Urfe. ^^i- i,..^i;j;7,4, ■■, -^ , ,,„ ijf,>;,,^ 
 
 In June, 1571, DeCourcelles, as we have seen, visited Lake 
 Ontario, coming directly up the St. Lawrence. On this occasion, it 
 is recorded, he sent messages from Cataraqui " to a few mission- 
 aries residing among the Indians." Two years later, when Fron- 
 tenac came, with a view of establishing a fort, we find it stated 
 that as he approached Cataraqui, he was met by a canoe with the 
 " Abbe D'Urfo, and the Captains of the Five Nations." The fol- 
 lowing year, 1674, LaSalle, in his petition for the grant, of Fort 
 Fi'ontenac. and adjacent lands, projwsed " to build a church when 
 there will be 100 persons, meanwhile to entertain one or two of the 
 RecoUet Friars to perform divine service, and administer the sacra- 
 ments there." In the reply to this petition by the King, it was 
 stipulated that LaSalle should " cause a church to be erected within 
 six years of his grant." 
 
 When Bradstroet, nearly a hundred years later, in 1751, cap- 
 tured Fort Frontenac, the Commandant, M. de Moyan, obtained the 
 promise from Brudstreet, to <' permit the ornaments and sacred 
 vessels of the chappel to bo removed in the luggage of the Chaplain." 
 '■]: By the foregoing, we learn the interesting fact, that for 150 
 years before the captui'o of Canada by the English, and nearly 170. 
 before Upper Cajiada was first settled, there existed at the Bay 
 Quinte an active mission of Eoman Catholic Christianity. The exact 
 location of the " chappel" cannot bo fixed ; but there is every reason 
 to suppose that it was upon the shores of the Bay, at some distance 
 westward from Cataraqui, inasmuch as reference is made to the 
 chapel as quite apart from the Fort, at Cataraqui. ^<% ^wi\,:,i..,..ir 
 
 From the nature of the relics found in the Indian burying 
 ground, near the Carrying Place, at Bald Bluff, by Weller's Ba}^ it 
 might even have been situated there. Silver crosses, and other 
 evidences of Roman Catholic Christianit} , have been found in this 
 place. Father Picquet remarks that the laud was not good, but the 
 quarter is beautiful. 
 
 Tliere seems every probability that not muny years after the 
 establishment of the mission by the Bay Quinte, another was estab- 
 lished in the neighboi-hood of Lake Huron, or Georgian Bay. 
 
252 LA PRESENTATION. 
 
 Upon the river Wye, Kome 'six miles north of Penetanguishene, 
 Pc-na-tang-que shine, so called by the Indians upon first seeing the 
 sand banks, meaning " see the sand is falling," was established a 
 French fort, at an earl}^ date, the foundation of which may yet be 
 seen. It appears likely that at this point, at the Christian Islands, 
 (a significant name,) situated between the Manitoulin Islands and 
 the mainland; and also at Michilmicinac, were commenced mis- 
 sionary labors b}' the Eecollets and others. We find it stated that 
 in 1679 there was a chapel at Michilmickinjic, which may refer 
 to the Christian Islands. Here LaSallc, on his way westward, 
 
 stopped and attended mass, with the celebrated Eecollet, Pere 
 Hennenin "''^■''^''^■^' ''^^'^■^ «<'»!?»>.«■, '>'ff ;.'.-..?•! ,«•'■.•;;•?»>. Y^'fttn? -^r^ a ».vc>'i?' 
 
 The natives were strongly attached to these French mission- 
 aries. Presents of porcelaine beads to make wampum, with a kind 
 t:'emeanor, soon won many of them to become Eoman Catholics ; and 
 the cross was set up in their midst. And the time came when they 
 wore willing to acknowledge themselves under the protection of, 
 and subject to the French King. 
 
 At the present site of Ogdensburgh, in the year 1748, " Francis 
 Picquet, Doctor of the Sarbonne, King's Missionary, and Prefect 
 Apostolic to Canada," began to found the miBsion of La Presentation. 
 By the river Oswegotchie, then called by the Indians Soegasti, he 
 succeeded in planting a mission, which became the most important 
 in all Canada, The object was to convert the Six Nations to Eoman 
 Catholic Christianity, and thereby to win them from their connection 
 with the English, M. Picquet was a devoted man. " He received at 
 that time neither allowance nor presents. From the King he had 
 but one half pound of pork a day, which made the savages say, 
 when they brought him a buck and some partridges, " We doubt 
 not, Father, but that there have been disagreeable expostulations 
 in your stomach, because you had nothing but pork to eat. Here 
 is something to put your affairs in order." They sometimes brought 
 him trout weighing eighty pounds. - *^^^- - 
 
 In 1749, when French interests were declining in the new world, 
 and w^hen every effort to secure the alliance of the Iroquois was 
 devised, Governor de Veudreuil sent the Eev. Abbe Picquet of the 
 missionary house at La Presentation, he being well and favorably 
 know among the Five Nations. The object was to draw within the 
 bounds of La Presentation many of the families, where they should 
 not only be taught the Catholic religion, but also the elements of 
 husbandry. It was somewhat the same idea Wi that which led the 
 
l'abbe picquet. 263 
 
 Eev. William Case, in latci- days, to domesticate the Mississaugas on 
 the Graj^e Island. L'Abbe Picquet was successful in his mission, 
 and in 1751, he had 396 heads of families living at the place. 
 Among these were the most distinguished and influential families 
 of the Iroquois. The settlement was divided into three villages, 
 and much taste and skill were displayed in the planning. Great 
 attractiveness characterized the place up to the conquest of Canada. 
 
 In the month of June, 1751, Father Picquet set out upon a 
 voyage up to Fort Fi-ontenac, and thence up the Bay Quinte, and 
 the Eiver Trent to Fort Toronto, and so on around Lake Ontario. 
 He embarked in a King's canoe, accompanied by one bark, in which 
 were five trusty savages. The memoir of this trip is curious and 
 edifying. . , . ■ / 
 
 Proceeding to Fort Toronto, by way of the Trent, then an im- 
 portant trading post with the Indians, he found Mississaugas there 
 who flocked around him ; they spoke first of the happiness their 
 young people, the women and children, would feel, if the King 
 would be as good to them as to the Iroquois, for v hom ho procured 
 missionaries. They complained that instead of building a church, 
 they had constructed only a canteen for thtm. Abbe Picquet did 
 not allow them to finish, and answered them, that they had been 
 treated according to their fancy ; that they had never evinced the 
 least zeal for religion; that their conduct was much opjjosed toit;— 
 that the Iroquois, on the contrary, had manifested their love for 
 Christianity, but as he had no order to attract them to his mission, 
 he avoided a more lengthy explanation," (Paris Doc). This con- 
 duct on the part of Abbe Picquet must be regarded as heartless in 
 the extreme. Such language ought not to come from the lips of a 
 missionary. It shows that the Iroquois, because of his relationship 
 with the English, had souls of far more imijortance th :a the Mis- 
 aissauga, whose character for peace rendered him of mi ii or import- 
 ance. The reflection upon the character was uncharitable; and, 
 judging by the light supplied by later daya, it wau untrue— shame- 
 fully untrue. That the Mississauga Indians acquired a taste for 
 the brandy vended to them by the French trader was certainly a 
 fact; but that did not indicate an unwillingness on their part, to 
 become christians. Missionaries, of the present centurj^ have 
 succeeded in raising the Mississauga, not alone from paganism, but 
 from a degrading love of spirituous liquors acquired of the French, 
 to a distinguished place among converted Indians. 
 
 Abbe Picquet went from Fori, Toronto, probably by the River 
 
254 THE LAST OP THE JESUITS. 
 
 Don, and thonco across tho lake, to Fort Niagjira, to negotiate with 
 the Sonocas. Passing along tho south shore, ho visited tho English 
 fort at the mouth of the River Oswogo, called Clwneguen, He also 
 visited the River Gascouehogou, (Genesee) and returned to Fron- 
 tenac, where a grand reception awaited him. "The Nippissings and 
 Algonquina who wei'e going to war, drew up in a line of their own 
 accord above Fort Frontenac, where three standards were hoisted. 
 They fired several volleys of musketry, and cheered incessantly. 
 They were answered in the same style from all the little crafts of 
 bark. M. dd Verchere, and M. de la Valtrie, caused the guns 
 of the fort to be discharged at the same time, and the Indians, 
 transported with joy at tho honors paid them, also kept up a con- 
 tinual fire with shouts and exclaraations which made every one 
 rejoice. The commandants and officers received our missionary at 
 the landing. No sooner had he landed than all the Algonquins and 
 Nippissinga of the hike came to erribrace him. Finally, when he 
 returned to £a Presentation, he was received with that affection, 
 that tenderness, which children would experience in recovering a 
 father whom they hsid lost." Three years later war was, for the 
 last time, in progress between the French and tlnglish in America. 
 Father Picquet contributed much to stay the downfall of French 
 domination. He distinguished hifnsel^in all the principal engage- 
 ments, and by his presence animated the Indian converts to battle 
 for the French King. At last, finding all was lost, he retired on 
 the 8th May, 1760. He ascended the Bay Quinte and Trent by 
 Fort Toronto, and passed on to Michilmicinac, and thence to the 
 Mississippi ; and then to Now Orleans, where he stayed twenty-two 
 months. Died 15th July, 1781, called tho " Apostle of the Iroquois." 
 During the Fi-onch domination in Canada, the dissent' ots 
 between the Recoll^ts and Jesuits were almost incessant. .'fow 
 the one was sustained and patronized by the governor regnant, now 
 the other, and many wore the struggles between Church and 
 State. Tho closing days of French rule witnessed scenes of un- 
 seemly strife between the clergy and the governors. The last of 
 the Jesuits in Canada, Father Casat, died in 1800, and the whole of 
 their valuable possessions came to the government. 
 
PR0TB8TANT CLERGY. ^ 
 
 CHAPTEE XXVI. ' ' " , 
 
 djJrcho^FirHt bS oTK Yo^kf W^^^^^vT^^^^^^^^^^^ -'' 
 
 First Citholic Bishop in America 1780 Vn,-«™r b-^ Barclay, 1746- 
 stato of Pioneers in CanadH etig oS^^o^Ste?^^^^^^ .HOG-Moral 
 
 Rev Joijn Doughtyri o'^lX oTd LKfi^Xur^^^^^^^ 
 
 Nations-Tlio I)utch-~Ilev Mr F, ir!:' <^^"^1^ '-MiSBlon Work-The Fire 
 
 Dr. Whelock— Tho Indian Vanv^rtl %Z r .^nglan^ Missionaries— Rev. 
 
 -John Stuart selector Im^sRiZrv^^^ *''• !«?"« 
 
 ' cent-A Graduate P 11 STn;;«r?**'r ""l P^n^y'vania-Irish des- 
 
 Ordinatlon-Holy-OnS l^ll^rl:'^':^^^^^'''-- ■''' "°^^^'^^- 
 THE FIRST PROTESTANT CLERGYMAN IN AMERICA. -'^^^''^ ^ 
 
 According to the Rev. J. B, Wakley, "The Keformed Dutch 
 Church w,,. the first orga„i,.od in New Amsterdam, (New Yo"kT 
 
 (Manhatten). It was built on what is caUed Broad Street It »-,^ 
 a «ma 1 frail wooden building. The n.ame of the first D™ „ie pT 
 
 Zt ,^'" "'^r'"'*" ""«"'^"^- H« «»">« over from hX 
 w> h the cdebrat^d Wanter Van Twiller. The Dutch and the Hu:,^ 
 
 nots as weU as the Pilgrims, brought the church, the schoolmlsC 
 and «,e,r bible, with them. They erected a dwdlin; t Eev 
 M . Bogardu, to res de in. This was the first parsonage b ilfon 
 fte island, if not m America. This first minister in New Imsterdam 
 « vthasadend. After spending some year, in the new world 
 m r tnmmg ,„ his native land, he, with eighty-one others was lost 
 «. coast of Wales The Bogarts are proUly descc-Zf ot 
 th. pioneer mm.ster, he having left children behind him in America 
 «>„,e near connection The first KeC^r of the Church of E^g nd 
 
 Sv S T l^\- '^"'"'" ^°"^' ""'"' "' ^"""^ Church 
 "eiiev.D,. Henry Barchay was the second Eector, who ha.) pre 
 
 »«ame Hector October 22, 1746. "He was the father of the l-ite 
 I^«s Barclay Consul-General of His British Majesty ^n h 
 United Slates, and gr.andfather of Mr. Anthony Barclay, late British 
 
266 I'iKTY. 
 
 Consul at New York, who was under the necessity of r-turniiighome 
 during the Russian war, in consequence of the jealousy and partiality 
 of the American Government. i ' ' --i' 
 
 We find it stated that Dr. Carroll, of Maryland, was the first 
 Catholic Bisliop in America, 1V89. 
 
 Dr. Seabury, Bishop of Connecticut, was the first Episcopalian 
 Bishop of that State, he died in 1790. 
 
 The circumstances of the settlers in Upper Canada were not 
 such as would conduce to a growth of religion and morality. Apart 
 from the eftect upon them resulting from a civil war,and being driven 
 away from home— isolated in a wilderness, far removed from civiliza- 
 tion ; there were circumstances inimical to the observance of religious 
 duties. The earnest contest for life, the daily struggle for food, 
 and more especially, the absence of ministers of the gospel, all 
 combined to create a feeling of indifference, if not a looseness of 
 morals. In a few instances, there was on the part of the settlers, 
 a departure from that strict virtue, which obtains at the present 
 time, and in which they had been trained. But on the whole, there 
 was a close adherence, and a severe determination to serve the God 
 of their lather's. From many a log cabin ascended the faithful prayer 
 of the foUowers of Luther ; of the conscientious Episcopalian, and the 
 zealous Methodist and Baptist. Yet, for years, to some the word of 
 life was not preached ; and then but rarely by the devoted missionary 
 as he traveled his tedious round of the wilderness. After ten yem, 
 the average ol inhabitants to the square miles, was only seven. This 
 paucity of inhabitants, prevented regular religious sermons by clerg)'- 
 men, as it did the formation of well taught schools. This absence ol 
 educational and religious axlvantages, it might be expected, would 
 naturally lead to a demoralized state of society, but such was not the 
 case with the settlers of the tea townships. This sparseness of popu- 
 lation, arose in part, it must be mentioned, from the system pursued 
 by government, of reserving tracts of land, of granting to the clergy, 
 and to non-resident owners, all of which remained to embarrass the 
 separated settlers, and prevent advance of civilization, by begetting 
 io-norauce and indifl^erence to religion. 
 ' ■ * When it is remembered how great had been the trials of the 
 refugees during the continuation of the war ; when we call to ramd 
 the school of training belonging to a camp life ; and still more, when 
 it is taken into consideration to how great an extent the settlers were 
 removed from the salutary influences of civilized life, it at once strikei» 
 the thoughtf'd mind as surprising, that the early colonist did not 
 
FIRST PROTKSTANT CLERGYMAN. 257 
 
 relapse into a «tnte of non-rolicrion and cfi-oss imnionditv. But it is a 
 re7narkal)Ie fact that the loyalists who j)lant.'(l Upper Canada not 
 only honore<i their King, bnt feared (4od, and in a very eminent 
 degree fnlfilled the lat^'r commandment to love one another. Cer- 
 tainly there wore excei)tions. Even yet are remembered the names 
 of a few who availed themselves of their neighbors' necessities to 
 acquire proj^erty ; and tlie story still floats down the stream of time 
 that there were those who ha.l plenty and to «pare of gover.nnont 
 Htores, while tlie people were enduring tlie distress of the " Hnn-^ry 
 Year." But even these reports lack confirmation, and even if true 
 are the more conspicuous by their singularity. There is no intention 
 or desn-e to clothe the founders of Upper Canada >vith a character to 
 which they are not entitled, to suppress in any respect facts that 
 would tend to derogate the standing of the loyalists. This is unne 
 oessary to phice them upon an elevated ground, but were it not it 
 would b. contrary to the writer's feelings, and unfair to the reader' 
 There will be occasion to alhide to a few instances, where <rross evils 
 manifested themselves, yet after all, they are but the dark corners 
 which only serve to bring ont the more gloomy colors of the picture 
 presented. In arriving at a just estfmate of their state of morals it 
 18 necessaiy to take into consideration, that many of the views held 
 by truly religious men a hundred years ago, dkered widely from 
 those held by many to day. Eeforence is made to certain kinds of 
 amusements then unhesitatingly indulged in, which to-day arc looked 
 npon as inimical to sound christ-anity. One of these is the habit of 
 using mtoxicating liquors. It was also charged against them that 
 they were " wofully addicted to carousing and dancing.'' - »- ' . - 
 
 'm^mam'^fimH^s^^ kev. john ooilvik, n.Oi, .i, , .<.■. 
 
 ■^- This divine was probably the first Protestant clergyman that 
 ever ofKciated In Canada. He did so in the capacity of chaplain to a 
 ^ntish Regiment in an expedition to Fort Niagara, in 1759 when 
 that trench stronghold was surrendered. Dr. Ogilvie, was a 'native 
 of New York, and a graduate of Yale college. He was employed by 
 the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign parts as a 
 missionary with success. In 1 165 he succeeded the Rev. Dr Barclay 
 as Rector of Trinity Church, New York. Ho died in 1774 ^^ a 
 portrait of him is still preserved in the vestry office of Trinity Church " 
 The next Protestant clergyman we believe, was the Rev John 
 Doughty. ' 
 
 "An Episcopal minister. He graduated at King's College, New 
 
258 ' RKV. JOHN 8TUART, D.D. 
 
 York in 1 770. He waK ordained in England for the church at Peeks, 
 kill bnt wan Hoon transferred to Schenectady. In 1775 political 
 troubles put an end to divine service, and he suflered much at the 
 hands of the popular party. In 1777, he obtained leave to depart to 
 Canada, (after having been twice a prisoned where he ^ec'^"-' « '^P" 
 lain of the "Kings Koyal Beginient." of New York. I" 1^«1 /'« 
 went to England; but returned to Canada in 1784 andofticiatedaB 
 missionary at Sorel. He resigned his connection with the society tor 
 the propagation of the gospel in foreign parts, in 18O3."-0Sa6m6.) 
 
 The first clergyman to settle in Canada, and one ot the refugee 
 pioneers at the first settlement of Kingston, was the Eev. John 
 Stuart. We are fortunate in having before us a transcript of the 
 memoir of this distinguished person. 
 
 u Memoirs of the Eev. John Stuart, D.J)., father of the Upper Canada 
 Church. He opened the first academy at Cataraqm— Kingston 1186. 
 The last missionary to the Mohawks." 
 
 "The conversion and civilization of the American Indians, 
 engaged the attention of Europeans at an early date." The Jesuits 
 first gave attention to the Mohawks, 1642, a few years later, father 
 Jovnes laid down his life on the Mohawk Eiver. The first colonizers, 
 the Dutch did not give the subject much attention. "The govern- 
 ment of New York, did not make any effort to christuMUze the live 
 nations, further than to pay, for some time a small salary to the clergy- 
 man, at Albany, to attend to the wants of such Indians, as might 
 apply to him " The Eev. Mr. Freeman, translated into the Mohawk 
 language, the Church of England Prayer Book, with some passages 
 of the Old and New Testament. " In 1712 Mr. Andrews was sent as 
 a missionary to the Mohawk, by the society, for propagating the 
 eospel, and a church was built at the mouth of the Schoharrie creek, 
 but that missionary soon abandoned the place. As he was the first, so 
 he was the last that resided among them for a great many years. 
 After that the only ministration was at Albany. In 1748, the Kev. 
 Mr Spencer, Mr. Woodbridge and Howly, were sent successively by 
 the people of New England," to this field of labor. 
 
 The French war soon interrupted this, and not until 1761, was 
 anything more done, when the Eev. Dr. Wheelock, directed his atten- 
 tion to that quarter, with missionaries, and schooknasters. The testi- 
 mony mainly of aU these mentioned, who labored among the Indians 
 is to the effect that, although they were quick to learn, and would to 
 a time live a christian Ufe, they mostly all lapsed into their forraer 
 
RB0KIVB8 HOLY 0RDBR8. 259 
 
 mvHire 8tate. " The neocHHity of Imving missionai-ioH of the Church of 
 E norland, resident amonff tlie MohawkH, was atrain brought before 
 the Hociety for promoting of the gospel, a few years before the revo- 
 hjtion, both by 8ir William Johnson, and the Rev. Mr. Inglis, of 
 Now York, the last of whom also laid the subject before the govern- 
 Jiient of England, in the form of a memorial. In 1770 the society 
 again consented to ordain a missionary for the exclusive service of the 
 Mohawks. John Stuart, who was selected foi this purpose, was born 
 at Ilarrisburgh, in Pennsylvania, in 1730. The family mansion in 
 which he was bom was still standing in 1836." His father, an Irish- 
 man, came to America in 1 730. John Stuart had two brothers who 
 sided with the Americans. When he " graduated at the college of 
 Philadelphia, he made up his mind to join the communion of the 
 Church of England." His father being a Presbyterian, this was 
 extremely distasteful to him. But his father finally consenting, he 
 proceeded to England for ordination, and received Holy Orders in 
 1770, and was appointed missionary to the Mohawks at Fort 
 Hunter. 
 
260 Av A MISSIONARY. -»f= 
 
 '-/<rt^r»^r?^vt/^-i- t".- CHAPTER XXVII. ^^fff^nq^t^^a t^^xi-j*^^'"^^ 
 
 CoNTKNTs— At Fort Himtcr— Mx. Stuart's first sermon, Christmas — OfBciates in 
 Indian tongue—Translates — The Kebellion— Prayers for the King — The 
 
 «■ Jolinsons — Rebels attack his house— Plunder— Indignity — Church dese- 
 crated — Used as a stable — A barrel of rum — Arrested — Ordered to come be- 
 
 ' fore Rebel Commissioners — On Parole — Limits— Idle two years — To Albany 
 Phil — Determines to remove to Canada — Not secure — Exchanging — Secu- 
 
 V rity— Real estate forfeit>.d— Route— Negroes— The journey, three weeks— 
 At St. John's — Charge of Public School — Chaplain — At the close of the wai 
 —Three Protestant Parishes— Determines to settle at Cataraqui— Chaplain 
 to Garrison — Missionary — Bishop of Virginia, Dr. Griffith— Visits Mr. Stuart 
 —Invitation to Virginia Declined—" Rivetted prejudices," satisfied-" The 
 only refugee clergyman"— Path of duty— Visits the settlement, 1784— Mo- 
 Jiawks, Grand River— Reception of their old Pastor— First Church— Mo- 
 hawks, Bay of Quints— Remains in Montreal a year— Assistant— Removes 
 to Cataraqui, 178.5— His land— Number of houses in Kingston— A short cut 
 to Lake Huron — Fortunate in land — 5000 settlers — Poor and Happy — Indus- 
 trious — Around his Parish, 1788 — Two hundred miles long — ByBatteau— 
 Brant — New Oswego — Mohawk Village church, steeple, and bell— First in 
 Upper Canada— Plate— Organ— Furniture— Returns — At Niagara— Old Pa- 
 rishioners—Tempted to move — Comfortable not rich — Declines a Judgeship 
 —New Mecklenburgh— Appointed Chaplain to first House of Assembly- 
 Mohawk Mission— At Marysburgh— Degree of D. D.— Prosperity— Happy 
 —Decline of life— His duties— Illness, Death, 1811— His appearance— 
 "The little gentleman" — His manners — Honorable title — His children- 
 Rev. O'Kill Stuart. ^ 
 
 MEAIOIES OP DR. STUART CONTINUED—" FATHER OP THE UPPER CANADA 
 
 ,i:i^.j;j^ CHURCH." 7>t/jf<i^ -^A.: '■ :;Kffin;«:* 
 
 ■*-i'' Mr. Stuart immediately returned to America and procc(}ded to 
 his mission, preaching his first sermon to the Mohawks on Christ- 
 mas of the same year, 1770. He preached regularly every Sunday 
 after the service had been read in Indian. In the afternoon ho 
 officiated in the Mohawk chapel to the whites, mostly Dutch.- " In 
 1774 he was able to read the liturgy, baptize ahd marry in the 
 Indian tongue, and converse tolerably well with them. He subse- 
 quently, assisted by Brant, translated parts of the Bible. After 
 the commencement of the rebellion, until 1777, Mr. Stuart did not 
 experience any inconvenience," although in other places the clergy 
 had been shamefully abused ; he remained at Fort Hunter even 
 after the Declaration of Independence, and constantly performed 
 divine service without omitting prayers for the king. Mr. Stuart's 
 connection with the Johnson family, and his relations to the Indians 
 rendered him particularly itoxious to the Whigs. Although they 
 had not proof of his being active in aiding the British, everything 
 was done to make his home unbearable. " His house was attacked, 
 
SACRILEGE BY RHBELS, 26t 
 
 his property plundered and every indignity offered his pei-son, 
 His church was also plundered and. turned into a tavern, and in 
 ridicule and contempt, a barrel of rum was placed in the reading 
 desk. The church was afterwards used as a stable, July, 1778. 
 He was ordered by the Board to detect conspiracies, to leave hia 
 home and repair forthwith with his family to Connecticut uitil his 
 exchange could be procured." He was to leave within four days 
 after receiving the orders, or be committed to close confinement. 
 "Mr. Stuart appeared before the Commissioners two days after 
 receiving the above order, and declared his readiness to convince 
 them that he had not corresponded with the enemy, and that ho was 
 ready and willing to enter into any engagement for the faithful 
 performance of such duties as may be enjoined him." The Board 
 took his parole, by which he was obligated to abstain from doing 
 anything against the Congress of the United States, or for the 
 British, and not to leave the limits of Schenectady without per- 
 mission of the Board. Soon after he writes there are only three 
 families of my congregation, the rest having joined the King's forces, 
 nor had he preached for two years. In the Spring of 1780, the 
 Indians appeared in the county infuriated because of the conduct of 
 General Sullivan the previous year. Mr. Stuart had to abandon his 
 house and move to Albany. So imminent was the danger that the 
 fleeing family could see the houses about in flames, and hear the 
 report of arms. At Albany, Mr. Stuart received much civility from 
 General Schuyler, and obtained permission to visit Philadelphia, 
 Having returned, he made up his mind to emigrate to Canada, and 
 communicated his resolution as follows : " I arrived here eight days 
 from the time I parted with you (at Philadelphia) and found my 
 family well, and after being sufficiently affrighted, the enemy having 
 been within twenty miles of this place, and within one mile of my 
 house in the country, considering the present state of affairs in this 
 part of the Province, I am fully persuaded that I cannot possibly 
 live here secure, either in regard to ourselves or property during the 
 ensuing season ; this place is likely to be a frontier, and will pro- 
 bably be burnt if the enemy can effect it. For these and other 
 weighty reasons, materially weighed, I have resolved, with the appro- 
 bation and consent of Mrs. Stuart, to emigrate to Canada, and having ' 
 made an application for an exchange, whicli I have reason to believe;"* 
 will be granted. 
 
 Mr. Stuart applied by letter to Governoi- Clinton, to be ex- 
 changed, March 30, 1781. His application received prompt attention. 
 
262 EXCHANGED — THE CONDITIONS. 
 
 and he was the same day allowed permission on certain conditions, 
 
 which are stated by Mr. Stuart in a letter to Rev. Mr. White, of 
 
 Philadelphia. The letter is dated Schenectady, April 17, 1781. 
 
 " Being considered as a prisoner of war, and having forfeited my 
 
 real estate, I have given £400 security to return in exchange for 
 
 myself, one prisoner out of four nominated by the Governor, viz.: 
 
 one Colonel, two Captains, and one Lieutenant, either of which will 
 
 be accepted in my stead ; or if neither of the prisoners aforesaid can 
 
 be obtained, I am to return as a prisoner of war to Albany, when 
 
 required. My personal property I am permitted to sell or carry with 
 
 me, and I am to proceed under the protection of a public flag, as 
 
 soon as it will be safe and convenient for women and children to 
 
 travel that course. We are to proceed from here to Fort Arin in 
 
 waggons, and from thence in Batteaux." The danger of the journey 
 
 was adverted to, and the probability of obtaining a chaplaincy in 
 
 Sir William Johnson's 2nd Battalion of Eoyal Yorkers, which is 
 
 nearly complete on the establishment. " My negroes being personal 
 
 property, I take with me, one of which being a young man, and 
 
 capable of bearing arms. I have given £100 security to send back a 
 
 white person in his stead." 
 
 " Mr. Stewart set out with his family, consisting of his wtfe 
 and three small children, on his long and tedious journey, on the 
 19th of Sept., 1781, and arrived at St. Johns on the 9th of the fol- 
 lowing month, thus accomplishing the journey in three weeks, 
 which is now done in twelve or fifteen hours. As there was no 
 opening in Montreal, ho took charge of a public school, which, with 
 his commission as Chaplain, gave him support." In a letter to Di-. 
 White, dated Montreal, October 14, 1783, he says : *' I have no reason 
 hitherto to dislike my change of climate ; but, as reduction must 
 take place soon, my emoluments will bo much diminished, neither 
 have I any flattering prospect of an eligible situation in the way of 
 my profession, as there are only three protestant Parishes in this 
 Province, the Pastors of which are Frenchmen, and as likely to 
 live as I am. " Soon after, Mr. Stuart determined to settle at Catai- 
 aqui, where was a garrison, and to which a good many loyalists had 
 already proceeded. He was promised the chaplaincy to the garri- 
 son, with a salary of one thousand dollars a year, and ho writes, "I 
 can preserve the Indian mission in its neighborhood, which, with 
 other advantages, will afford a comfortable subsistence, although I 
 wish it laid in Maryland. After the acknowledged independence of 
 the United States, and the separation of the Episcopalian Church 
 
A TRUE LOYALIST. 263 
 
 of America from the mother Church, Dr. Griffith, the Bishop elect 
 of Virginia, invited Mr. Stuart to settle in his diocese ; hut Mr. 
 Stuart declined. He writes, "The time has been when the chance 
 of obtaining a settlement in that part of Virginia would have 
 gratified my utmost desire ; but, at my time of life, and with such 
 rivotted principles in favor of a Government totally different, < it 
 is impossible.' " Though Mr. Stuart did visit Philadelphia in 
 1786, he never seems to have repented his removal to Canada. Yet 
 the isolation in which he sometimes found himself, would sometimes 
 naturally call up memories that could not fail to be painful. " I 
 am," he writes, '' the only Eefugee Clergyman in this Province, 
 &c." As a relief from such thoughts, he turned to the active duties 
 of his calling. " I shall not regret," said he, " the disappointment and 
 chagrin I have hitherto met with, if it pleases God to make me the 
 instrument of spreading the knowledge of His Gospel amongst the 
 heathen, and reclaiming only one lost sheep of the house of Israel." 
 In this spirit he set out on the second of June, 1784, to visit the new 
 settlements on the St. Lawrence, Bay Quinte, and Niagara Falls, 
 where he arrived on the 18th of the same month. Already, 3,500 
 Loyalists had left Montreal that season for Upper Canada. His 
 reception by the Mohawks, ninety miles from the Falls, was very 
 affectionate, even the windows of the church in which he officiated 
 were crowded with those who were anxious to behold again their 
 old Pastor, from whom they had been so long separated." This 
 church was the first built in Upper Canada, and it must have been 
 commenced immediately after the Mohawks settled on the Grand 
 River. He officiated also at Cataraqui, where he found a garrison 
 of three companies, about thirty good houses, and some 1,500 souls 
 who intended to settle higher up. He next proceeded to the Bay 
 of Quinte, where some more MoJiawks had settled, and were busy 
 building houses and laying the foundation of their new village, 
 named Tyendinaga. Though Mr. Stuart had now received from 
 the Society, whose missionary he continued to be, discretionary 
 powers to settle in any part of Canada, he remained in Montreal 
 another year, as assistant to the Eev. Dr. DeLisle, Episcopal Cler- 
 gyman of that town. He finally removed to Cataraqui, in August, 
 1785. His share of the public land was situated partly in Catar- 
 aqui, aud partly at a place, which, in memory of the dear old place 
 on the Mohawk Eiver, was now called Now Johnstown. Sometime 
 in 1785, Mr. Stuart says, "I have two hundred acres within half a 
 mile of the garrison, a beautiful situation. The town increases fast ; 
 
264 ■■■ HIS PARISH. - 
 
 there are already about fifty houses built in it, and some of them 
 very elegant. It is now the port of transport from Canada to 
 Niagara. We have now, just at the door, a ship, a scow, and a 
 sloop, beside a number of small crafts ; and if the communication 
 lately discovered from this place by water, to Lake Huron and 
 Michilmackinac proves as safe, and short as we are made to believe, 
 this will shortly be a place of considerable trade." Eeference here 
 must be made to the i-oute up the Bay and Kiver Trent. " I have 
 been fortunate in my locations of land, having 1,400 acres at differ- 
 ent peaces, in good situations, and of an excellent quality, three 
 farms of which I am improving, and have sowed this fall with thirty 
 bushels in them. TH a number of souls to westward of us is more 
 than 5,000, and we gain, daily, new recruits from the States. We 
 are a poor, happy people, industrious beyond example. Our gi-acious 
 King gives us land gratis, and furnishes provisions, clothing, and 
 farming utensils, &c., until next Sej)tember, after which the gene- 
 rality of the people will be able to live without his bounty." The 
 above must have been written in 1786, as in May, 1786, he opened 
 an academy. In the summer of 1788, he went round his Parish, 
 which was then above 200 miles long. He thus describes his voyage 
 on this occasion. *' I embarked in a batteau with six Indians, com- 
 manded by Capt. Brant, and coasted along the north shore of Lake 
 Ontario, about 200 miles from the head of the lake ; we went 
 twenty-five miles by land, to New Oswego, the new Mohawk village 
 on the Grand Eiver ; these people were my former charge, and the 
 Society still styles me their Mohawk ViU. Missionary. I found 
 them conveniently situated on a beautiful river, where the soil is 
 equal in fertility to any I ever saw. Their village contains about 
 700 souls, and consists of a great number of good houses, with an 
 elegant church in the centre ; it has a handsome steeple and bell, 
 and is well finished within." By this we learn, that not only was 
 the first Protestant Clmrch built at the Grand P'ver, but as well 
 here was the first steeple to contain a bell, which was the first to be 
 heard in Upper Canada. Brant, when in England, collected money 
 for all this. With the above, they had the service of plate, pre- 
 served from the rebels on the Mohawk ; crimson furniture for the 
 pulpit, and " the Psalmody was accompanied by an organ." "This 
 place was uninhabited four years ago." " I retui*ned by the route 
 of Niagara, and visited that settlement. They had, as yet, no 
 clergyman, and preached to a very large audience. The increase of 
 population there was immense, and indeed I was so well pleased 
 
HIS PROSPERITY. 265 
 
 with that country, where I found many of my old Parishioners, 
 that I was strongly tempted to remove my family to it. You may 
 suppose it «ost mo a sti'uggle to refuse the unanimous and pressing 
 invitation of a large settlement, with the additional argument of a 
 subscription, and other emoluments, amounting to near £300, York 
 currency, per annum more than I have here. But, on mature reflec- 
 tion, I have determined to remain here. You will suppose me to 
 be very rich, or very disinterested ; but, I assure you, neither was 
 the case. I have a comfortable house, a good farm hero, and an 
 excellent school for my children, in a very healthy climate, and all 
 these I could not have expected had I removed to Niagara. But, 
 that you may be convinced that I do not intend to die rich, I have 
 also declined an honorable and lucrative appointment. Our new 
 settlements have been divided into four districts, of which this place 
 is the capital of one, called New Mecklenburgh, and Courts of Justice 
 are to be immediately opened. I had a commission sent me, as first 
 Judge of the Court of Common Pleas. But, for reasons which 
 readily occur to you, I returned it to Lord Dorchester, who left 
 this place a few days ago."vi- , .ru ,.:... v.: > ; .^. *^ . • 
 
 In 1789, Mr. Stuart was appointed BfshOii'e CommissiOnftry fbr 
 the settlements from Point au Boudette to the western limits of the 
 Province, being the district now constituting Canada West. Though 
 this appointment added nothing to his emoluments, it increased 
 considerably his duties. At the meeting of the first Session of 
 Parliament in 1792, he was named Chaplain to the Upper House of 
 Assembly, an appointment which required for a time his preseuce 
 at Niagara. " He occasionally visited and officiated for the Mohawk 
 Village, at the Bay of Quinte. But, notwithstanding the laudable 
 exertions of the society, and the partial indulgence of the British 
 Government to this tribe, no flattering accounts can be given either 
 of their religious improvements, or approach to civilization ; on his 
 return he usually stopped at Col. McDonnell's, Marysburgh, and 
 preached in his house. In the year 1799, the degree of D. D. was con- 
 ferred on Mr. Stuart, by the University of Pennsylvania, his Alma 
 Mater, a complement he appreciated from his native state. About 
 the same time he received the appointment of Chaplain to the 
 Garrison of Kingston. " He had secured about 4000 acres of valu- 
 able land to which ho occasionally made additions." In his pros- 
 perity and wealth he exclaimed: " How mysterious are the ways 
 of Providence ! How short-sighted wo are! Some years ago I 
 thought it a great hardship to be banished into the wilderness, and 
 
266 HIS WORK FINISHED. 
 
 Avould have imagined myself completely happy, could I have ox- 
 changed it for a place in the City of Philadelphia, — now the best 
 wish we can form for our deai'est friends is to have them removed 
 to us." It must be remarked that the above is taken from letters 
 written to a friend in Philadelphia, and no doubt, being private and 
 social in their nature, there is often a coloring favorable to the 
 States which eminated from no love to that country. " The re- 
 mainder of Dr. Stuart's life seems to have passed in the routine of 
 his duties, interrupted however by attacks of illness, to which the 
 increase of years, and the fatigue attendant on a mission in so new 
 a country, could not fail to subject him." Dr. Stuart departed this 
 life on the 15th of August, 1811, in the seventy-first year of his 
 age, and was buried at Kingston, where he lives (says one of his 
 cotemporaries) in the heart of his friends. *' He was about six feet 
 four inches in height, and from this circumstance, was known among 
 his New York friends as "the little gentleman." His manners were 
 quiet and conciliating, and his character, such as led him rather to 
 win more by kindness and persuasion, than to awe and alarm them 
 by the terrors of authority. His sermons were composed in plain 
 and nervous language, were recommended by the affectionate 
 manner of his delivery, and not unfrequently found a way to the 
 conscience of those who had long been insensible to any real re- 
 ligious convictions. The honorable title of Father of the Upper 
 Canada Chiu'ch, has been fitly bestowed on him, and he deserves 
 the name not more by his age and the length of his services, than 
 by the kind and paternal advice and encouragemeat, which he was 
 ever ready to give those younger than he on their first entrance on 
 the mission." " By his wife, Jane O'Kill, of Philadelphia, who 
 was boi'n in 1752, he had five sons and three daughters." All of 
 his sons subsequently occupied distinguished positions. His eldest 
 son George O'Kill, graduated at Cambridge, England, in 1801, 
 entered Holy Orders, and was appointed missionary at York, now 
 Toronto, from whence he returned on his father's death to Kingston, 
 where he became Archdeacon. He died in 1862, at the age of 
 eighty-six. 
 
REV. MB. ADDISON. 267 
 
 
 J- - , . . I- > :,i\"/iX) 
 
 ',';«■ .,»*•, 
 
 CHAPTEE XXVIII 
 
 CoNTKNTB— A Missionary— Chaplain at Niagara — Pastor to the Settlers — Chaplain 
 
 >, to Legislature— Visits Grand River — Officiates— A Land Speculator— Re- 
 
 . ceives a pension, £50— 1823— Rev. Mr. Pollard— At Amherstburgh— Mr. 
 
 Langhorn — A Missionary — Little Education — Uselul — Odd — On Bay Quint6 
 
 i In Ernesttown — Builds a Church— At Adolphustown- Preaches at Hager- 
 
 man's- Another Church— A Diligent Pastor— Pioneer Preacher around the 
 
 Bay— Christening— Marrying— Particular— His Appointments— Clerk's Fees 
 
 ." —Generosity— Preserit to Bride— Faithful to Sick Calls— Frozen Feet— No 
 
 ,, Stockings—Shoe Buckles— Dress—Books—Peculiarities— Fond of the Water 
 
 —Charitable— War of 1812— Determined to leave Canada— Thinks it doomed 
 
 —Singular Notice— Returns to Europe— His Library — Present to Kingston 
 
 —Twenty Years in Canada— Extract from Gazette— No One Immediately to 
 
 take His Place— Rev. John Bethune— Died 1815— Native of Scotland 
 
 U. E. Loyalists — Lost Property — Chaplain to 84th Regiment — A Presby- 
 terian — Second Legal Clergyman in Upper Canada— Settled at Cornwall — 
 Children— The Baptists— Wyner— Turner— Holts Wiem— Baptists upon 
 River Moira^First Chapel— How Built— Places of Preaching— Hayden's 
 Comers — At East Lake — The Lutherans — Rev. Schwerclfeger — Lutheran 
 Settlers — County Dundas — First Church East of Kingston — Rev. Mr. Myers 
 Lived in Marysburgh— Marriage— His Log Church— Removes to St. Law- 
 rence — Resigns — To Philadelphia — Mr. Weant — Lives in Ernesttown — 
 Removes to Matilda— Not Supported— Secretly Joins the English Church— 
 Re-ordained— His Society Ignorant — Suspicion- Preaching in Shirt Sleeves 
 —Mr. Myers Returns, by Sleigh— Locking Church Door— The Thirty-nine 
 Articles — Compromise — Mr. Myers continues Three Years a Lutheran— He 
 Secedes — The End of both Secedcrs — Rev. I. L. Senderling— Rev. Herman 
 Hayunga — Rev. Mr. Shorts — Last Lutheran Minister at Ernesttown, McCai-ty 
 — Married. 
 
 n, 
 THE FIRST EPISCOPALIANS, CONTINUED — PRESBYTERIANS, BAPTISTS, . 
 
 AND LUTHERANS. ■ 
 
 The Rev. Robert Addison came as a missionary from the 
 Society for Propagating the Gospel in Foreign Parts, in 1790. He 
 probably discharged the duties of chaplain to the troops stationed at 
 Niagara, and also was Clergyman, and officiated as such, to the 
 settlers. When the government was formed at Niagara, in 1792, 
 Mr. Addison, was appointed Chaplain. Ho occasionly visited 
 the Grand River Indians, officiating though an interpreter, and 
 baptizing and marrying. Col. Clark says, Mr. Addison was a land 
 speculator. In 1823, an act was passed by Parliament, granting 
 Mr. Addison a pension of £,50 per annum during life, for service 
 rendered as Chaplain to the House of Assembly for thirty years. 
 Another Episcopalian Clergyman, who came to Canada about the 
 same time, was the Rev. Mr. Pollard, whoso station was at Am- 
 herstburgh. 
 
 A fourth Church of England Clergyman, and one with whom 
 
268 REV. MR. LANOUOaN. 
 
 we must become more familiar, was the Rev. Mr. Langhorn. Ac- 
 cording to the statement made to us by the late Bishop Strachan, 
 Mr. Langhorn was sent to Canada as a missionary by a Society I.i 
 London, called "The Bees," or some such name. Ho was a Welsh- 
 man by birth, possessed . of but little education or talent, yet a 
 truthful, zealous, and useful man. Odd in his manner, ho never- 
 theless worked faithfully among the settlers from Kingston to 
 Hay Bay. Upon arriving he took up his abode in Ernesttown, 
 living at Hoyts, the present site of Bath. Here he was instru- 
 mental in having, before long time, erected an English Church. 
 Soon after coming he visited Adolphustown, and preached at Mr. 
 Hagerman's, where Mr. Stuart had previously occasionally held 
 service. Stops were at once taken to build a church also at 
 Adolphustown, and Mr. Langhorn came to hold service regularly 
 every second Sabbath. Mr. Langhorn was a diligent pastor in his 
 rounds among his flock, over an extensive tract with great regularity, 
 and once in a great while he went as far as the Carrying Place, 
 where it is said he preached the first of all the pioneer ministers. 
 He likewise occasionally visited Prince Edward, and preached at 
 Smith's Bay, and at Congers, Picton Bay. He was very careful to 
 have all the children christened before they were eight days old, and 
 never failed to question the larger in the catechism. Marriage he 
 he would never perform but in the church, and always before 
 eleven in the morning. If the parties to be joined failed to reach 
 the church, by the appointed time, he would leave; and would 
 refuse to marry them, no matter how far they had come, generally 
 on foot, or by canoe. Sometimes they were from the remote 
 townships, yet were sent away unmanned. After performing the 
 marriage ceremony, ho would insist on receiving, it is said, three 
 coppers for his clerk. For himself he would take nothing, unless 
 it was to present it to the bride immediately. Seemingly he did 
 not care for money ; and ho would go in all kinds of weather when 
 wanted to officiate, or administer to the wants of the sick. One 
 person tells us that he remembers his coming to his father's in 
 winter, and that his feet were frozen. No wonder, as Mr. Langhorn 
 never wore stockings nor gloves in the coldest weather. But his 
 shoe buckles were broad and bright ; and a broad rimmed hat turned 
 up at the sides covered his head. Upon his back ho generally carried 
 in a bag some books for reading. Wo have referred to his pecu- 
 liarities ; many extraordinary eccentricities are related of him, 
 both as a man and clergyman. He was very fond of the water, both 
 
REV. JOHN BETUUNS. 260 
 
 in Mimmer and Avinter. "Tn summer," (Playtor says,) " ho would, 
 at times swim from a cove on the main nhoro tx) a covo in the 
 opposite island, three miles apart, and in winter, ho would cut 
 a hole in the ice, and another at some distance, and would divo 
 down at one hole, and come up the other. He had some occentrici- 
 ties, but he seemed to be a good and charitable man." ''»'*>1^WJ!, '• . 
 Mr. Langhorn, when the war of 1812 commenced, acquired the 
 belief, it is said, that Canada would be conquered by the United 
 States, and so determined to escape. The following somewhat 
 singular " Notice" appeared in the Kingston Gazette :— " Notice- 
 To all whom it may concern,— That the Eev. J. Langhorn, of 
 Ernesttown, intends returning to Europe this summer, if he can 
 find a convenient opportunity; and all who have any objections to 
 make, are requested to acquaint him with them, and thej^ will much 
 oblige their humble servant,— J. Langhorn,— Barnesttown, March, 
 1813." The Kev. gentleman did go home, and some say that he was 
 again coming to Canada, and was shipwrecked. Before leaving 
 Canada, ho made a valuable present to Kingston, as the following 
 notice will show : .v .,..,- ,>..,, .,..\ ,-/.>;.•: 
 
 " The Rev. Mr. LangWn, of Ernesttown, who is about return- 
 ing to England, his native country, has presented a valuable collec- 
 tion of books to the Social Library, established in this village. The 
 directors have expressed to him the thanks of the proprietors for 
 his liberal donation. Many of the volumes are very elegant, and, 
 It is to be hoped, will, for many years, remain a memorial of his 
 liberality and disposition to promote the diffusion of useful know-" 
 ledge among a people, with whom he has lived as an Episcopal 
 Missionar}" more than twenty year^. During that period his aets 
 of charity have been frequent and numerous, and not confined to 
 members of his own church ; but extended to indigent and merito- 
 rious persons of all denominations. Many who have shared in his 
 bounty, will have reason to recollect him with gratitude, and to 
 regret his removal from the country. " — (^Kingston Gazette'). 
 
 After his departure, the churches where he had preached were 
 vacant for many a day; and, at last, the one in Adolphustown went 
 to decay. 
 
 There died, at Williamstown, U. C, 23rd September, 1815, the 
 Kev. John Bethune, in his 65th year. He was a native of Scotland. 
 Came to America before the rebellion, and was possessed of pro- 
 perty, all of which he lost, and was thereby reduced to great distress 
 for the time being. The foundation was then laid for the disease of 
 
270 BARLY OLBROYMBN. 
 
 Which he died. During tho robellion, lie was appointed Chaplain 
 to the 80th Eogimont. At the close of the war he settled in Canada. 
 Ho left a widow and numerous family. 
 
 Ex-Sherilf Sherwood, of Brockville, says that "the Kev. Mr. 
 Bethune, a Presbyterian Clergyman, was the second legalized Cler- 
 gyman in the country. He settled at an early period at Cornwall 
 He was father of the Rev. John Bethune, now Dean of Montreal, 
 (1866)." 
 
 ' " BAPTISTS— WYNER, TURNER, HOLTS, WIEM. 
 
 ' The first Ministers of this sect were Elders Wyner and Turner, 
 a brother of Gideon Turner, one of tho first settlors of Thurlow. 
 One Elder Holts, also preached around the Bay, but a love of brandy 
 hindered him. Yot ho was an attractive preacher. This was pro- 
 bably about 1194. 
 
 A considerable number of Baptists settled up the river Moira, 
 in Thurlow. Tho first chapel built hero was for that denomination, 
 in the fifth concession. Its sizo was thirty feet square. But, prior 
 to the building of this, a dozen or so would meet for worship at the 
 house of Mr. Eoss. Tho chapel was , nainly built by each member 
 going to tho place and working at the building, from time to time, 
 
 until it was completed. . 
 
 Mr. Turner traveled through different sections, preaching 
 wherever he found his fellow communionists. He occasionally 
 preached at Capt. Mcintosh's, at Myer's Creek, and now and then 
 at the head of the Bay. The Baptists were, probably, the first to 
 preach at Sidney, and Thurlow. Myer's Creek was not a central 
 place at which to collect the scattered settlers until it becanie a 
 village. Before that, the preaching place of the Baptists, and after- 
 wards of the Presbyterians and Methodists, was up at Gilberts 
 house, in Sidney, or at Col. Bell's, in Thurlow. When the village 
 grew, services were held at Capt. Mcintosh's and Mr. Mitz s, at the 
 mouth of the river, by different denominations, and still later, in a 
 small school house. Preaching also was held up tho river, at Eeed s 
 and Hayden's Corners. 
 
 The first Baptist Minister that preached at East Lake, Halio- 
 well, was the Eev. Joseph Wiem. Not unlikely, he and Elder 
 Wyner are the same. ^ 
 
 THE LUTHERANS— SOHWERDBRaiR, MYERS, WBANT. 
 
 Among the early ministers of religion who attended to the 
 spiritual interests of the pioneers, were several of the Lutheran 
 
8BOK8SION. 271 
 
 ChurcL. Of this denomination, there waH a conHidoiablo number 
 in the County of DundaH, chiefly Dutch. There were also a com- 
 munity of them in Ernenttown, inid another in MaryHburgii. The 
 first church built in Upper Canada, east of Kingston, perhaps the 
 next after the one built at Tyendinnga, was erected by the Luther- 
 ans. It was put up in 1790, named Zion's Church, and a Mr. 
 Schwerdfoger, who resided near Albany, was invited to be their 
 Pastor. This invitation was gladly accepted, as he and his family 
 bad suffered severe persecution from the victorious rebels. Ho died 
 in 1803. 
 
 ! At an oaly period, indeed it would seem probable before Mr. 
 Schwerdfeger came to Canada, although the time cannot be posi- 
 tively fixfid, the Rev. Mr. Myers, from Philadelphia, lived in Marys- 
 burgh and preached to the Lutheran Germans of that Township. 
 He married a daughter of Mr. Henry vSmith, one of the firstsettlers 
 there, where stood his log church, about twenty-four feet square, 
 upon the brow of a hill overlooking a lovely landscape. Mr. Myers 
 removed to the St. Lawrence, and "in 1804 became Pastor of the 
 Lutheran churches there." (History of Dundas). He resigned 
 in 1807, not being supported, and removed to Pennsylvania. 
 
 The second Lutheran clergyman to preach upon the Bay, was 
 the Eev. Mr. Weant. He lived a short distance below Bath, and 
 went every four weeks to preach at Smith's Bay ; and, in the mean- 
 time, preached to the Lutherans of Ernesttown, where he built a 
 log church, the first there. In 1808, he received a call from 
 the Lutherans of Matilda, " which he accepted, and for some time 
 preached acceptably, residing in the parsonage. Ho, too, seems to 
 have been inadequately supported by the people, and yielding to 
 inducements, too tempting for most men to resist, he, in 1811, 
 secretly joined the Church of England, and was re-ordained by 
 Bishop Mountain, in Quebec. Upon his return, he pretended still 
 to bo a Lutheran minister, and preached, as usual, in German exclu- 
 sively. Suspicions, however, soon arose that all was not right, for 
 he began to use the English Book of Common Prayer, and occasion- 
 ally to wear the surplice, practices which gave such offence to his 
 former friends, that they declared they would no longer go to hear 
 a man who proclaimed to them in his shirt sleeves. A few were 
 persuaded by him to join the Church of England. The majority 
 remained faithful. In 1814, the Lutherans again invited the Rev- 
 Mi-. Myers ; upon his consenting to come, they sent two sleighs, in 
 the winter, to Pennsylvania, and brought him and his family to 
 
272 LUTHERANS. > 
 
 DnnduH. But Mr. Wennt would not give up the pat^onngo and 
 globe, und put ft padlock on Iho church door, and torbado any one 
 to enter, unlosBaoknowledgintctlio thirty-nine urticlos of the Church 
 of Kngland. A compromiHe resulted, and the LutheranH wore per- 
 mitted to UKO the building (»nco in two weeks. For throe years. 
 Mr. Myorn continued his njinintrationH as a Lutheran, in the moan- 
 timo being in straitened cirenmHtancos. In 1817, stmngbly 
 enough, Mr. Mj'ors also fornook the Lutheran Church, and oon- 
 i'ormed to the Church of England. (Hist, of Dundas. ) The end of 
 Mr. Weant and Mr. Myers, according to accounts, was not, in either 
 case satisfactory. The latter died suddenly from a fall, it is said, 
 while ho was intoxicated, and the former was addicted to the same 
 habit of intomporanco. 
 
 The successor of Mr. Myers was the Rov. I. L. Sendirlino. He 
 came in 1825, and stayed only a short time. 
 
 In ia2(), Rov. Herman Hayunioa became the Pastor ; and suc- 
 ceeded, after many, years, in restoring to the church its former 
 prosperity, notwithstanding much that opposed him. He had a new 
 church erected. His succcssoi- was the Rev. Dendrick Shorts. 
 
 The Kingston Gontte contains a notice of perhaps the last 
 Lutheran Minister at Ernest town. "Married. In Ernosttown, 
 29th Jan, 1816, the liev. Wm. McCarty, Minister of the Lutheran 
 congregation, to Miss Clarissa Fraliok." 
 
HTRACIIAN H RELIGIOUS CHART. ' 27.'^ 
 
 .>7')-' '.,'".'.5,,..., , . ■■./'.<.,, ■ , . 
 
 , ,. .. .-. , CIIAITKR XXIX. . ,.,. , , 
 
 CoNTENTM— ni«liop Striuluiii— A tciiclu!!— -A prcii(li.i_A 8(u(icnt— Holy Ovdor* 
 
 —A rrcHbytorinn— Bi'couicH an KpiHcojmliiui— A Hiipportcr of tli-.'" Kamily 
 
 coini)att"—Sinffre-.HiM opinion of the puopic— iKiiomiit—Uniucpnr.Ml for 
 
 8clf-goveiniiU'iit--Htmrhaii'H rt'ligious tliait — \h^ was (lc(eived--Tlif Milho- 
 
 (iist— AnomiilouH coiuicction—A filiilaistciirii,' people — Ilepul.licaniHiu o^'o 
 
 tirttical —Loyalty of Met}io(li8tH~AiiuTiian miiuHteiH— Dr Stiiiilian'H powi- 
 
 tion—HiH birth place— His education— A. M., 17'J3— HtiidyinK ThcoloKV— 
 
 ComeH to Canada— A Htiident of Dr. HtuartH— Ordained Deacon— A niisHion- 
 
 ; nry n« Cornwall— Hector at York— Arclideacon— HiHhop of Toronto— Coad- 
 
 . jiitor— Death— A public burial— licv. Mr. McJ)owell— FirHt Presbyterian at 
 
 ■• Bay Quint('--Invited by VanAlstine- On hiH way— At Hrockville-SetHes 
 
 • in second town— His circuit— A worthy ininister—FidflllinK IiIh nilHHion— 
 
 Traveling on foot— To York— Marrying tlie people— His death— His dosccn- 
 
 dants— Places of Preaching— A CalviniHt— Invites controverHy— Mr. Coatc 
 
 accepts the challonge— The disputation— Excitomont— The result— Itcv. Mr. 
 
 « Smart— Called by Mr. McDowell— Pr(!S. clergyman at Brockville— Fifty 
 
 years— An earnest Christian — A desire to write—" Observer" A pioneer— 
 
 A cause of regret — Not extreme— Mr. Smart's views on politics— 'I'he masses 
 une«lucated— The " Family Compact "—Rise of responsible government 
 —The Bidwells— Credit to Dr. Straclian— Brock's funeral sermon- 
 Foundation of Kingston gaol— Maitland — Demonstration — Sherwood's 
 statement. 
 
 UISHOP STRACHAN RKV. MR. MCliOWELL AND RKV. MU. SMART. 
 
 ' Having elsewliere spoken of thiis distinguislied man as tlie first 
 teacher of Higher Education in Upper C^anada, it is intended to give 
 him H proper place among the first who preached the Gospel. Dr. 
 Strachan, who had studied Divinity at Kingston, under the guidance 
 of Mr. Stuart, took Holy Orders while engaged in teaching at Corn- 
 wall. Although he had been brought up in the Presbyterian faith, he 
 deliberately connected himself with the Church of England, as the 
 church of his choice. 
 
 From the first. Dr. Strachan took a decided stand in favor of the 
 exclusive power claimed by the government and the " Family Com- 
 pact." This step was no doubt, deemed by him the very best to 
 secure the interest of the rising country, believing as he did, that the 
 people generally were unfitted by want of education to perform the 
 duties of legislation and self-government. His devotion to the 
 government, led doubtless, in some instances, to errors of judgment, 
 and on a few occasions placed him in a false position. Yet he was 
 always seemingly conscientious. The course pursued by him, in pre- 
 paring, and sending to the Imperial Government (a religious chart, 
 which subsequent investigation proved to be incorrect, had, at the 
 
 time, an unfortmiate effect. But it is submitted, that it has never 
 lo 
 
274 AMEEICAN METHODIST MINISTERS. 
 
 been shewn, that Dr. Strachan was otherwise than deceived when 
 preparing the document. He ma^e statements of a derogatory 
 nature with respect to the Methodist body ; but can it be shewn that 
 there was no reason whatever for his statements. The history of the 
 Methodists of Canada, exhibits a loyalty above suspicion. But was 
 there no gi-oundon which to place doubts respecting the propriety ot 
 any body of Canadians receiving religious instruction from men who 
 were subjects of another oountry-a country which was ever threat- 
 ening the province, and who had basely invaded an inoffending 
 people— a country that constantly encouraged her citizens to pene- 
 trate the territory of contiguous powers with the view of possessing 
 it While there is sufficient proof that the Methodist rainiste.s who 
 came into the country were actuated by the very highest niotives, it 
 cannot be denied that any one taught in the school of repubhoanism 
 will carry with him wherever he goes, whether among the courtly of 
 Europe, the contented and happy Canadians, or the blood-thirsty 
 Mexicans, his belief in the immaculate principles of repubhcamsm. 
 He cannot, even if he would, refrain fi'om descanting upon the supe- 
 riority of his govei-nment over all others. The proclamation of Gen. 
 Hull at Detroit, and of others, shews that the belief was entertained 
 in the States, that many Canadians were favorable to the Americans- 
 Whence could have arisen this belief ? Not certainly from the old 
 U E Loyalists, who had been driven away from their native counti7.' 
 
 Not surely by the English, Irish, or Scotch ? Dr. Strachan, with the 
 government, could not close their eyes to these facts, and was it 
 unnatural to infer that American-sent Methodists had something to da 
 
 Bishop Strachan was a man of education, and as such, he must 
 be judged in reference to his opinion that Methodists were unqual- 
 ified to teach religious truth, from their imperfect or dehcient 
 education. We say, not that much book learning is absolutdy 
 essential to a successful expounding of the plan of salvation, although 
 it is always most desii-able. But having taken our pen to do justice 
 to all of whom we have to speak, we desire to place the reader so 
 far as we can upon the stand of view occupied by the distinguished 
 
 Divine and Scholar. , a -i i 't'th 
 
 Dr. Strachan was born at Aberdeen, Scotland, I2th April, 1778. 
 He was educated at the Grammar School, and at King'^s CoUege, at 
 
 that city, where he took the degree of M. A., in 1793. 
 removed to the neighborhood of St. Andrews, and studied ..^^ 
 as a Presbyterian. As stated elsewhere, he cume to America m 
 
FIRST PRESBYTERIAN MINISTER. 275 
 
 reaching Canada the last day of the year. Disappointed in his expec- 
 tations respecting an appointment to establish a college, he became a 
 school teacher in Kingston, and at the same time a student of Divinity, 
 imder the guidance and fri(mdship of Dr. Stuart. He prosecuted his 
 Theological studies durmg the three years he was in Kingston, and 
 in 1803, was ordained Deacon, by Dr. Mountain, the first Protestant 
 Bishop of Quebec. The following year he was admitted to Holy 
 Orders, and went as a missionary to Cornwall. Here he continued 
 nine years, attending diligently to his duties as a minister, all over 
 his widening parish ; and also conducted a Grammar School. In 1 8 1 2 
 he received the appointment of Eector at York, the capital, and in 
 1825 he was made Archdeacon. Enjoying political appointments with 
 these ecclesiastical, he finally, in 1839, was elevated to be the first 
 Bishop of Toronto. Dr. Strachan discharged the duties of his high 
 office with acceptability. In 1 860 Archdeacon Bethune was appointed 
 as Coadjutor Bishop, the venerable prelate beginning to feel that his 
 tune was almost done. He died 1st November, 1867, having attained 
 to his ninetieth year, and was accorded a public funeral. No higher 
 marks of esteem and veneration could have been exhibited than were 
 displayed by all classes at the death of this Canadian Divine, j.c ta?i'^ 
 The most of the settlers from the Hudson, not Lutherans, were 
 Presbyterians, or of the Dutch Keformed Church. Mr. McDowell 
 was the first Presbyterian minister to visit the Bay. He came about 
 1800, perhaps before; when yet there were but few clergymen m 
 the provmce. We have seen it stated that he was sent for by 
 Major VanAlstine, who was a Presbyterian. On his way he tarried 
 a day in the neighborhood of Brockvillc. Adiel Sherwood was then 
 teaching school, in connection with which he was holding a public 
 exhibition. Mr. McDowell attended, and here first took a part as a 
 mmister, by offering his first public prayer in the country. He pro- 
 ceeded to Kingston, and settled in the second township. But his 
 circuit of travel and places of preaching extended from Brockville 
 to the head of Bay Quinte. The name of this worthy individual is too 
 little known by the inhabitants of the bay. No mancontributed more 
 than he to fulfill the Divine mission " go preach ;" and at a time when 
 great spiritual want was felt he came to the hardy settlers. The spirit 
 of Christianity was by hun aroused to no little extent, especially among 
 those, who in their early days had been accustomed to sit imder the 
 teachings of Presbyterianism. He traveled far and near, in all kinds 
 of weather, and at all seasons, sometimes iit the canoe or batteau, and 
 sometimes on foot. On one occasion he walked all the way from Bay 
 
276 REV. MR. SMART.'- ' 
 
 Quiiile to York, following the lake shove, ami swimming the rivers that 
 could not be otherwise forded. Ho probably married more persons 
 while in the ministerial work tkan all the rest in the ten townships 
 aromid the bay. This arose from his being the only minister legally 
 qualified to solemnize matrimony, beside the clergymen of the English 
 Clmr(!h, Mr. Stuart, of Kingston, and Langhorn, of Fredericksburgh. 
 Persons wishing to be married repaired to him from all the region of 
 the bay, or availed themselves of his stated ministerial tours. The 
 writer's parents, then living in •Adolphustown, were among those 
 married by him, the cerificate of which now lies before him. Mr. A. 
 Sherwood thus speaks of him, " He lived to labor many years in 
 the service of his Master, and after an honorable and good old ag(i 
 he died highly esteemed by his friends and much respected by all who 
 knew him." '• Mr. McDowell had at least two sons and a daughter. 
 The last is Mrs. Carpenter, now living at DemorestviUe. One of his 
 sons removed to New York and there established a Magdalene Asy- 
 lum Mr. McDowell, used to pass around the bay twice or three 
 times a year. He was one of the first, to preach at the extreme 
 head of the bay, the Carrying Place, and for that pui-pose occupied 
 a barn. Another of his preaching places was in Sophiasburgh. 
 on the marsh front. He preached here four times a year. He 
 was a rigid Calvinist, and preaching one Sabbath at the beginning 
 of the present century in the Court House at Adolphustown, he 
 offered to argue with any one publicly the question of Calvanism. 
 The Methodist minister of the bay, the Eev. Samuel Coate, was urged 
 by his societv to accept the challange, and after a good deal of hesi 
 tation did so. So a day was appointed for the discussion. The 
 meeting took place at a convenient place, three miles from Bath, in 
 the Presbyterian church . The excitement was great ; the inhabitants 
 coming even from Sidney and Thurlow. Mr. McDowell spoke first 
 and occupied half a day. Then followed Mr. Coate. After he had 
 spoken two hour.s Mr. McDowell and his friends left; why, it is not 
 said Mr. Coate continued speaking until night. We have the state- 
 ment of the Methodists, that Mr. Coate had the best of it, but wi 
 never learned the belief of the other party. Mr. Coate's sermon wa« 
 published by request, and thereafter, it is said Presbytenamsm 
 
 waned in the locality. ,. i • • *«, 
 
 Kev Mr. Smart,— This truly pious man, and evangelical minister, 
 came to Canada in 1811. He never a<jtually lived within the pre- 
 cincts of the Bay; but he was called to the wilderness of Upper 
 Canada bv the Rev. Mr. McDowell at least he was chiefly mstru- 
 
" THE FAMILY COMPACT." 277 
 
 raental in bringing him out, even before his student days were ended. 
 For upwards of fifty years he discharged the duties of Presbyterian 
 clergyman at Brockville, the first clergyman of any denomination 
 within fifty miles. We shall ever remember the kind genial person 
 with whom we spent a few pleasant hours in the evening of his 
 eventful life, a life spent earnestly in the service of his Master, 
 and for the welfare of his family, for, to use his own words, " In his 
 day it was no easy matter to live and rear a family." This he said 
 not complainingly, but because it hindered him from indulging a 
 desire he once felt to do something with his pen — to record, as he 
 was desired to do, the events connected with his early life in Upper 
 Canada, and his cotemporaries. At first he did contribute to the 
 Kingston Gazette, over the cognomen " Observer." But other things 
 pressed upon him, and when repose came he fancied the fire of his 
 early days, for scribbling, had too far sunk. This is much to be 
 regretted, for as a close observer and upright man, and living in 
 eventful times of Canadian history, he was pre-eminently qualified to 
 treat the subject. Mr. Smart was always distinguished for moderate 
 and well-considered views upon Religion, Political Government and 
 Education. He lived when the battle commenced between the 
 "Family Compact" and the people. While he fii-mly set his face 
 against the extreme stand taken by the Rev. Mr. Strachan, he never 
 identified himself Avith the party that opposed that worker for, and 
 with the Government. On this point, Mr. Smart makes judicious 
 remarks. In speaking of the rise and first days of the Province, he 
 says, *'it was necessaiy tht. Government in Council should create 
 laws, and govern the people, inasmuch as the vast majority of the 
 inhabitants were unlettered, and unfit to occupy places which required 
 judgment and discrimination. There were but few of the U. E. 
 Loyalists who possessed a complete education. He was personally 
 acquainted v^ith many, especially along the St. Lawrence, and Bay of 
 Qiiinte, and by no means were all educated, or men of judgment; 
 even the half-pay officers, many of them, had but a limited education. 
 Many of them were placed on the list of officers, not because they 
 liad seen service, but as the most certain way of compensating them 
 for losses sustained in the Eebellion. And there were few, if any, 
 of them fitted by education for office, or to serve in Parliament 
 Such being the case, the Governor and his advisers were at the first 
 necessarily impelled to rule the country. Having once enjoyed the 
 exclusive power, they became unwilling to share it with the repre- 
 sentatives of the people. But the time came when the mass, having 
 
brock's funeral sermon. 
 
 acquired some idea of Eesponsible Government, were no longer to 
 ho kept in obscurity, and thence arose the war between the Toiy and 
 the Eadical. In all the contentions arising therefrom, Mr. Smart 
 teld an intermediate position witli the Bidwell's and others. In 
 speaking of aU this, Mr. Smart is particularly anxious to give credit to 
 Dr. Strachan for his honesty of purpose, saying that the Colony is 
 much indebted to him in many ways. 
 
 Mr. Smart was called upon to preach the funeral sermon of 
 Canada's great hero, General Brock. 
 
 He also delivered an address on the occasion of laying the foun- 
 dation stone of the gaol in Kingston, in presence of the Governor, 
 Peregrine Maitland, who was down from York, on which occasion 
 there was great demonstration of Free Masons, and the farmers of 
 
 the Bay. 
 
 Mr. Sherwood thus speaks of Mr. Smart : " On his arrival, he for 
 some little time made his home at my house, he was then 23 ♦j-ears 
 old, he has now (1863) entered his 78th year, has retired from a 
 public charge, and is now residing quietly, and I trust comfortably, 
 at Gananoque ; and I feel quite sure, all that know him throughout 
 the whole Province, will join with me, in wishing him long life and 
 happiness, both here and hereafter." 
 
QUAKER WORSHIP. 279 
 
 CHAPTEE XXX. ' 
 
 Contents — The Quakers — Among the SettUii-s — From Penn. — Duchess County — 
 First Meeting-house— Dnvid Sand — Elijah Hick — Visiting Canada — James 
 Noxen — A first settler — Their mode of worship— In Sophiasburgh — The 
 meeting 'house — Joseph Leavens — Hicksites — Traveling — Death, aged 92 — 
 Extract, Picton Sun — The first preaching places — First English church — 
 In private houses — At Sandwich — The Indian church at the, bay — Ernest- 
 town — First Methodist church — Preaching at Niagara — First church in 
 Kingston — At Waterloo — At Niagara — Churches at Kingston, 1817 — In 
 Hollowell — Thurlow — Methodist meeting-houses, 1816 — At Montreal — 
 Building chapels in olden times — Occupying the frame — The old Methodist 
 chapels — In Hollowell township — In the fifth town — St. Lawrence — First 
 English Church, Belleville — Mr. Campbell — First time in the pulpit — How 
 he got out — The old church superseded — Church, front of Sidney— Rev. John 
 Cochrane — Rev. Mr. Grier — First Presbyterian Church in Belleville — Rev. 
 Mr. Kotcham — First Methodist Church in Belleville — Healey, Puffer — The 
 site of the church — A second one. 
 
 THl EARLY CLERGYMEN AND CHURCHES OP UPPER CANADA. — THE 
 QUAKERS. — NOXEN, LEAVENS, HICKS, SAND. 
 
 Anjong tne early settlers of tlie Bay wore a good!}' number of 
 the Society of Friends, Some of them were natives of Pennsyl- 
 vania; but the majority were fi'om the Nine Partners, Duchess 
 <3ounty, New York, where had existed an extensive communit}^ of 
 the follr. wers of Fox. The fii'st meeting-house built by the Quakers 
 in Canada was in Adolphustown upon the south shore of Hay Bay, 
 toward the close of last century. 
 
 About 1790, two Quaker preachers of some note visited Canada, 
 they were David Sand and Elijah Hick. By appointment they 
 held service in Adolphustown ; it is uncertain whether this was 
 before, or after the building of the meeting-house. The first and 
 principal preacher among the Quakers was James Noxen, one of 
 the first settlers of Adolphustown, under whom the Society was 
 organized. He subsequently in 1814 removed to Sophiasburgh, 
 where he died in 1842. 
 
 The worship of the Quakers consiets in essentially spiritual 
 meditation and earnest examination of the inrao^<t soul, a quiet 
 holding of the balance, to weigh the actions and motives of every- 
 day life. To the proper discharge of these duties no place can bo 
 too quiet, too far removed from the busy haunts of men. 
 
 The sixth township, or Sophiasburg had among its settlers a 
 good many of this sect, which at first had meetings at Jacob Cronks, 
 until the year 1825, when they erected a meeting-house upon the 
 northern front of the township. 
 
280 JOSEPH LEAVENS. 
 
 Two inilcs bolow the village of Northport, isfiituated a Friends' 
 meeting-house. Hero twice a week, on Thursdays and Sundays> 
 congregate few, or many of the adherents of this persuasion, to 
 commune with their God. The mooting-houso, reposing upon the 
 very verge of the shore, and half shJKlowed by beautiful maples and 
 evergreens, is a fit place in which to submit oneself to strict self- 
 examination. There is nothing here to disturb the supreme quie- 
 tude of thp place, unless, the gentle ripples of the water, or the 
 more restless murmuring of the wave. ?• *' ■ ■ ,i. '■ - ■ 
 
 Joseph Leavens "was an early settler of Canada, an emigrant 
 from New York," he was for many years an esteemed preacher of 
 the Hicksite branch of Quakei*s, and was accustomed to travel from 
 place to place, to talk to his co-religionists. He had a place for 
 preaching in a loft of his brother's store in Belleville. He was one 
 of the first Quaker preachers in Canada and travelled through all 
 the townships at the Bay, and to East Lake. 
 
 "Died in the township of Hallowell, about the 24th of May, 
 1844, the venerable Joseph Leavens, in the 92nd year of his age. 
 He was amongst the early settlers of the Canadian forest, and 
 emigrated from New York State, and probably was a native of 
 Nine Partners District. He had long been a Preacher in the 
 Eeligious Society of Friends, and though not possessed of more than 
 one talent, yet it is believed that, as he occupied that to his Maker's 
 glory, his reward will be as certain as though he had received ten 
 talents. He was a diligent reader in the sacred volume. He wa& 
 much beloved both by his neighbours and friends, and it is desired 
 that his gospel labours may be profitably remembered by them and, 
 his relatives." — (Picton Sun.) 
 
 In sjieaking of the individual clergymen Avho first came to 
 the Province we have referred to many ol' the fii'st preaching 
 places and churches: but there remains to be added some further 
 remarks. 
 
 We have seen that the first church erected in Western Canada 
 was at the Mohawk settlement. Grand River, which was built the 
 first year of their habitation in that place — 1785-6. Strange that 
 the natives of the wood, should take the lead in erecting places of 
 worship. It was several years later before even log meeting- 
 houses were put up by the loyalists. For many years the pioneer 
 clergymen or preachers officiated in private houses. Now the ser- 
 vice would be at the house of one, to which a considerable number 
 
THE FIRST CHURCHES. 281 
 
 could como from a circuit of ten or fifteen miles, then it would be at 
 the place of some settler whose larger log house aifordod a more 
 commodious place of worship. 
 
 A church was built at an early date at Sandwich, but the year, 
 we know not. The first church erected upon the Bay, the Rev. 
 Mr. Smart thinks, was at the Mohawk village, Tyendinaga. At an 
 early period a log church was built in Krnesttown by the Lutherans 
 and another Tv South Bay; one also for Mr. Langhorn to 
 preach in, and then another in Adolphustown. The first Methodist 
 church was built in Adolphustown in 1792, and a second one a 
 month later in Ernesttown.j^v ^im/si ivivj^* . 
 
 The Eev. Mr. Addison, went to Niagara in 1792. When 
 Governor Simcoe lived in Navy Hall, the Council Chamber a 
 building near the barracks it was said, was used alternately by the 
 English Church, and Church of Eome. 
 
 The first English Church was erected in Kingston in 1793, and 
 up to 1810 it was the only one. A Methodist church was built at 
 a very early date at Waterloo, it was never finished, but used for 
 many years. The fii-st at Niagara, was in 1802. 
 
 In November 28, 1817, there were in Kingston, "four 
 churches or meeting-houses, viz: 1 Episcopalian, 1 Roman Catholic 
 and 2 Methodists ; there were 4 professional preachers, viz : 1 
 Episcopalian, 1 Presbyterian and 2 Methodists. This enumeration 
 does not include a chaplain to the army, and one to the royal navy." 
 In Ernesttown there was one resident professional preacher, a 
 Methodist. 
 
 In Sophiasburgh there were no churches ; but the Quakers, 
 ]^[ethodists and Presbyterians had meetings at private houses. 
 
 In HoUowell, says Eben. Washburne, " we have one Methodist, 
 and one Quaker meeting-house ; preparations ai-e making also for 
 a Presbyterian meeting-house. The former is attended by a circuit 
 preacher every two weeks ; the latter by a Quaker every Sabbath. 
 
 In Thurlow, " the Gospel is dispensed almost every Sabbath of 
 the year, in different parts of the township, by itinerant preachers 
 of the Methodist and Baptist sects. 
 
 In 1816, there were eleven Methodist meeting-houses in 
 Canada. These were all of wood excepting one in. Montreal, built 
 in 1806, which was of stone. "The mode of building chapels in 
 the olden times was by joint labor, and almost without the aid of 
 money. The first step was for scores of willing hands on a 
 given day, to resort to the woods, and then fell the trees, and 
 
282 ERECTING CHURCHES. 
 
 square the timber ; others, with oxen and horses, drawing the 
 hewed pieces and rafters to the appointed pl?.;;e. A second step 
 was to call all hands to frame the building, selecting the best genius 
 of the carpenter's calling for superintendent. A third step was a 
 "bee" to raise the building; and the work for the first year was 
 done, The next year, the frame would be enclosed, with windows 
 and doors, and a rough floor laid loose. As soon as the meeting 
 house was thus advanced, it was immediately used for preaching, 
 prayer meetings and quarterly meetings. Some of the early 
 chapels would be finished inside ; others, would be used for years 
 in their rough, cold, and unfinished state. The people wei*e poor, 
 had little or no money, but loved the Gospel, and did what they 
 could." 
 
 The oldest of the eleven chapels is the Adolphustown, on the 
 south shore of the Hay Bay, and on the old Bay of Quinto circuit. 
 " The next for age is the chapel in the fourth concession of 
 Brnosttown. It was not erected here at first, but on the ftont of 
 the township, lot No. 27, and close to the Bay of Quinte. After 
 some years, (some of the principal Methodists moving to the fourth 
 concession), the frame was taken down, drawn to the present site, 
 and put up again. It stands on the public road, leading from 
 Napanee to Kingston, and near the village of Odessa. A rough- 
 cast school-house, now stands on the old site, east of Bath. Some 
 challenge the antiquity of the Ernesttown, with the Adolphustown 
 chapel; but both were commenced at about the same time, by 
 William Losee; the latter was first erected. As the travelei- 
 passes, he may look on this old and useful meeting-house, still used 
 for public worship, and see a specimen of the architecture of the 
 pious people settled in the woods of Ernesttown seventy years ago. 
 
 " About nine miles from Odessa toward Kingston is the village of 
 Waterloo, and on the top of a sand-hill, formerly covered with lofty 
 pines, is a well proportioned and good looking Wesloyan stone 
 church. It is on the site of an ancient frame meeting-house, decayed, 
 and gone, which bore an antiquity nearly as great as the other two 
 chapels. The meeting-house in the Township of Kingston was an 
 unfinished building, a mere outside, with rough planks for seats. 
 
 " Two miles fi-om the Town of Picton, and in the first concession 
 of the Township of Hollowell, is still to be seen one of the oldest 
 Methodist chapels in Upper Canada. The ground and the lumber 
 were the gift of Steven Conger. The first work was done in June, 
 1809. An account book, now existing, shows the receipts and pay 
 
FIRST OHUROH IN BELLEVILLE. 283 
 
 monts for tho building. Some paid subscriptions in monoy, some 
 in wheat, some in teaming and work; and one person paid ono 
 pound "by way of a turn." The first trustees were named Conger, 
 Valloan, Vanblaricura, Dougal, German, Benson, Wilson, and Van- 
 dusen. They are all dead, but children of some'of them are still 
 living in the vicinity. Tho building is square, with pavilion roof, 
 of heavy frame timber, yet sound, having a school-house on ono 
 side, and a mill on the other. Here is a burying ground attached, 
 in which lie many of the subscribers to, and first worshippers in, 
 the chapel. It is still used as a place of worship, and for a Sabbath 
 school. Those four chapels were all in the old Bay of Quinte 
 circuit. 
 
 " In the fifth township east of Kingston is another relic of the 
 times of old, called the Blizabethtown chapel. It is now within the 
 boundaries of the village of Lyn, about eight miles from BrocLtville, 
 and near tho river St. LaAvrence. A chapel jiarticularly remark- 
 able for the assembling of the Genesse conference in 1817, and 
 the great revival of religion which there commenced." ' 
 
 The first English Church erected west of Adolphustown, was 
 at Belleville. It was commenced in 1819, and finished tho next 
 year. The Kev. Mr. Campbell was the first clergyman, and came 
 to the place some little time before tho building was completed. 
 An anecdote has been related to us by one who saw the occur- 
 rence, whi^h will servo to illustrate the character of those days. 
 Mr. Campbell one day entered the church, when near its comple- 
 tion, and walked up a ladder and entered the pulpit ; immediately 
 one of the workmen, named Smith, removed the ladder, leaving the 
 Eev. gentleman a prisoner ; nor Avould they release him until he 
 had sent a messenger to his homo for a certain beverage. This 
 church when erected was an ornament to the place, and is well 
 remembered by many, having been taken down in 1858, the present 
 handsome structure being completed. Mr. Campbell continued in 
 charge until his death in 1835. During this time he caused to be 
 erected a church at the front of Sidney, midway between Belleville 
 and the Trent, and he held seiwices there every second Sabbath, in 
 the afternoon, for a time ; but the congregation was never large. 
 Methodism seemed to take more hold of the feelings of the people. 
 Mr. Campbell's successor was the Rev. John Cochrane, who was 
 pastor for three years, when the present incumbent, tho Rev. John 
 Grier, who had been at the Carrying Place for some years, took 
 charge. 
 
, 284 KIR8T WKbLEYAN GUUaCU. 
 
 The rirst Presbyterian clergyman of Belleville, was Mr. 
 Ketcham, under him the first church wa« built. 
 
 The first Methodist church to bo built in the woHtorn part of 
 the Bay country was at Belleville. It was probably about the 
 beginning of thin century that the itinerant Methodist began to 
 vieit the head of the Bay Quinte. They wore accustomed to preach 
 in private houses, and barns, hero and there along the ft'ont, and 
 up the Moira River, and at Napaneo. 
 
 Ilealy and Puffer were accostomed to preach at Col. Bell's, 
 Thurlow. 
 
 Belleville was laid out into lots in 1816 ; Mr. Ross applied to 
 government for one, as the society was disqualified from holding 
 landed property until 1828. The land was accordingly granted to 
 him, and recorded, January 7, 1819. A frame building was im- 
 mediately commenced 60 by 30 fee ; , ' 5efore it was inclosed, servico 
 was held within the frame. The building was never completed. 
 The pulpit was of rough boards, and the seats were of similar 
 material, placed upon blocks. In 1831, a second chapel was com- 
 menced, and the old one removed. :.: 
 
 
 J::.,*.,. 
 
METHODIST BRITISH OFFICERS. 286 
 
 CHAPTER XXXI. , ,.« 
 
 (JoNTRNTH. — The first Mt'thodiHt ProacherH — Tlic iiriny — Oiipt. Webl> — Tnffey — 
 
 Ooorgo Ncal — Lyonn — Scliool-teachor — Exhortor — McCarty ^I'orfiucution 
 
 '^■' — Bigotry — Vagabonds — McCarty arrcstod — Trial — At Kingston — Kanished 
 ;f — "A martyr" — Doubtfid — Losee, first Methodist nuHsionary, 170() — A niiti- 
 i istcr — A loyalist — WJioro ho first preathcd — " A curiosity" — Earnest pioneer 
 Methodist — Olass-mectings — Suitable for all classes — JiOsee's class-meetings 
 Determines to liuild a meeting-house — Huilt in Adolphustown — Its si/e — 
 i,' The BubHeriberB~.Member8, amounts — Embury— ThoHo wlio sulmcribed for 
 •^ first church in New York — Same names — The centenary of Methodism — 
 New York Methodists driven away — American Methodist forgetful — 
 ^■- Embury and Heck refugees — Ashgrove — No credit given to British 
 officers — Embx;ry's brother — The rigging loft, N. Y. — Barbara Heck — 
 Settling in Augusta — First Methodist Church in America — Subscribers — 
 ,: " Lost Chapters" — The Author's silence — What is acknowledged— -" Severe 
 threats" — Mr. Maun — To Nova Scotia — Mr. Whately " admires piety" — 
 *' not "loyalty" — Second cluipcl, N. Y. — Adolphustown subscribers — Con- 
 •f»' radVanDusen- Eliz. Roblin — Huff— Ruttan — The second Methodist chapel — 
 1 The subscribers — Commenced May, 1792 — Carpenters wages — Members, 
 ' Cataraqui Circuit — Going to Conference — Returns — Darias Dunham — Phy- 
 *i sician — First quarterly meeting — Anecdotes — Bringing a "dish cloth" — 
 " Clean up'' — The new made squire— Asses — Unclean spirits — Losee discon- 
 tinues preaching — Cause — Disappointment — Return to New York — Dunham 
 useful — Settles — Preachers traveling — Saddle-bags — Methodism among the 
 ," loyalists—Camp-meetings — Where first held, in Canada — Worshipping in 
 ; the woods — Breaking up — Killing the Devil — First Canotlian preacher — 
 
 Journey from New York. 
 
 1. - ' '■■\ ,' .; ' :■(■ '■.; '. -I" .,••■ ■• ' -ji 
 
 '■V '" - 
 
 , ; •. THE FIRST WKSLEYAN METHODISTS IN CANADA. 'i' . '?'^ 
 
 The first Methodist Preachers both in Lower and Upper Canada 
 were connected with the British Army; also, the second one in 
 America, who was Capt. Webb. "In 1780, a Methodist Local 
 Preacher, named Tuftey, a Commissary of the 44th, came with his 
 regiment to Quebec. He commenced preaching soon after his arrival, 
 and continued to do so at suitable times, while he remained," or 
 until his regiment was disbanded in 1 783. The second Methodist 
 Preacher in Canada was George Neal, an Irishman. During the 
 war he was Major of a cavalry regiment He " crossed the Niagara 
 river at Queenston on the 7th October, 1786, to take possession 
 of an officer's portion of land, and soon began to preach to the 
 new settlers on the Niagara river — his labours were not in vain." 
 -(Playter). 
 
 " In 1788 a pious young man, called Lyons, an cxhorter in 
 the Methodist Episcopal Church, came to Canada, and engaged in 
 teaching school in Adolphustown." He collected the people 
 together on the Sabbath, and conducted religious services. " In 
 the same year came James McCarty, an Irishman, to Ernesttown."- 
 
286 WILLIAM L08KX. 
 
 ilo was a follower ot'Whitfiold, but acted with the MothodiHt, holding 
 religious meotingH. His preaching caused severe persecution 
 against him on the part of* certain loyalists, who held the doctrine 
 that none could ho true subjects who adhered not to the Church of 
 England; but to o])p()8e the Church was to oppose the King. 
 Advantage was taken of this loyalty to try to prevent tlie intro- 
 duction of any other roligious denominations. A law had been 
 enacted by the (jrovernor in Council, that persons wandering about 
 the country might bo banished as vagabonds. McCarty was arrested 
 on a charge of vagabondism in Adolphustown, and brought before 
 a magistrate at VanDusen's tavern, at tho front, who i-emanded 
 him to Kingston. According to Playter, ho was preaching at 
 Robert Perry's when arrested ; our informant is tho Rev. C. Van- 
 Duson, at whose father's he was first arraigned. After being 
 released on bail, ho was finally tried before Judge C, and was sen- 
 tenced to be banished, tradition says, upon an island in tho St. 
 Lawrence. At all events he was placed in a batteau and taken 
 away by French l)oatmen. McCarty has obtained the name of 
 martyr, but it is the belief of unbiassed persons that he was not left 
 upon the island, but was conveyed to Montreal. 
 
 William Losee was the first regular preacher of the Methodist 
 denomination in Canada. He first visited the country in 1790, 
 preached a few sermons along the Bay of Quinte and St. Lawrence, 
 eud returned with a petition from tho settlers to the Conference, to 
 send him as a preacher. In February, 1791 he again came, as an 
 appointed mihister from the Methodist Episcopal Church of the 
 United States. ''Losee was a loyalist, and knew some of the 
 settlers in Adolphustown, before they left the United States. He 
 desired to see them and preach to them the glad tidings of salva- 
 tion. Had he been on the revolutionary side, tho warm loyal iete 
 would not have received him — rather would have driven him from 
 the country." — (Playter). One of the first places at which he 
 preached, was at the house of John Carscallian, in Fredericksburgh. 
 The tavern of Conrad VanDuson, in Adolphustown, was another, 
 and at Paul Huff's, on Hay Bay, another. "A Methodist Preacher 
 was a cui'iosity in those days, and all were anxious to see the phe- 
 nomenon ; some would even ask how he looked, or what he was 
 like ! A peculiarity in Losee, too, was, that he had but one arm 
 to use, the other being withered." A true pioneer Methodist, he 
 set earnestly to work to form class-meetings and organize societies, 
 and "during the summer his circuit embraced the settlements in 
 
TUK bmbuhy'h. 287 
 
 tho TowiiMhip of KingHton, Krnowttown, FrodorickHburgh, Murys- 
 burgh, ami ovoti SophiuHburgh. Olusn- moo tings form tho cornor 
 Htone of Wosloyau MothodiMm. But littlo undorHto(xl, ofton 
 entirely miHundorHtood by othors than MothodirttH, thoy aro genor- 
 fllly rogai-dod as tho abode of cant or of prioHtly control. No greater 
 error could exist. Rightly conducted thoy aro invaluable as » 
 means of training tho religious mind, and ontablishing it upon tho 
 Eock of Ages. It has been said that thoy aro only suitable for tho 
 uneducated; not so, they are alike beneficial to the peasant and the 
 noble, tho clown and the litterateur. Losee, in accordance with the 
 principles of Methodism, at onco sot to work to create classes, and 
 on tho Sabbath of February 20, 1792, in the 3rd concession of Adol- 
 phustown, at Paul llutf' s house, ho established tho first regular 
 class-mooting in Canada. Tho second class was formed on tho 
 following Sabbath, in Ernesttown, four miles from Bath. 
 
 A third class was formed in March, at Samuel Detlor's, three 
 miles from Napaneo. The following year tho congregation had so 
 increased, which met at Paul Huff's house, that a determination 
 was formed to erect a meeting house. A paper was drawn up, in 
 which was set forth tho great blessing of God in sending a minister 
 to their wilderness home, that a " Meoting-house or Chui'ch" is 
 requisite. Then follows an agreement of the subscribers to build 
 a Church, under tho direction of Losee ; to bo thirty-six feet by 
 thirty feet, two stories high, with a gallery. "Said house to be 
 built on the north-w^st corner of Paul Hutt's land, lot No. 18, third 
 concession. Fourth Town; " and promising to pay the sums of 
 money annexed to their respective names. This interesting docu- 
 ment, with the names of subboribers, and tho subscription of each, is 
 to be found in Playter's History of Methodism, a work thatought to bo 
 in the hands of every Canadian, no matter what his creed, because 
 of the fund of general knowledge upon Canada it contains. The 
 total number of subscribers was twenty-two ; the amount subscribed 
 was £108. Among the names are those familiar to every inhabi- 
 tant of the Bay, some known throughout Canada. To one, espe- 
 cially, reference must be made, Andrew Embury, a name of historic 
 interest in connection with Methodism in America. It is a remark- 
 able fact, that this and other names are to be found among those 
 who planted Methodism in New York. The celebration of the 
 centenary of Methodism in America, in 1866, was marked by fre- 
 quent and glowing accounts of those who introduced Methodism 
 into America. Too much credit, too much honor could not be given 
 
f 
 
 IfH; AMERICAN METHODIST ORATORS. 
 
 to tlie Emburys, the Hecks and others, which was was quite correct. 
 But no reference was made in the United States, nor in Canada for 
 that matter, to the dark days of the infant Society in New York, 
 when the cruel rebellion interrupted the meetings in that place ; 
 and where persecution followed the retirement ofthe British forces, 
 1783. It is a page of history in connection with that body, which 
 American writers of Metliodism endeavor to wipe out, when the 
 very founders of the Church in America were made to flee from 
 their homes ; and had all their property sacrificed. The names of 
 Embury and Heck ; of whom bO much was said, were among the 
 refugees from rebel oppression. No word has been said of the 
 cause of the removal of these persons to the wilderness of Canada. 
 Barbara Heck, who enjoys the everlasting honor of causing Philip 
 Embury to begin Preaching, was driven away from his Methodist 
 home. Philip Embury was not likewise treated, because death had 
 sealed his eyes a year before the declaration of independence, ere 
 the demon of rebellion was evoked by the spirit of radicalism, and 
 unhallowed desire fur neighbor's goods; otherwise his bones, the 
 resting place of which they have given so glowing a picture, would 
 likewise be sleeping in ora' midst, in the quiet shades of the Cana- 
 dian forest, as do those of Paul Heck, who died in 1788 ; and of his 
 wife, Barbara, who died in 1804. The remains of Philip Embury, 
 instead of being urnod, as they were, in 1822, in Ash Grove, Wash- 
 ington County, New York, after lying buried for fifty-seven years 
 in the old burying ground of Abraham Beninger, should have 
 found a burying place on Canadian soil, where rests his widow, the 
 place to which his brother and the Hecks were driven. We have 
 listened to some of the American orators, and read more of their 
 speeches, and could not help noticing that they forgot to mention 
 that their impetuous rebellion drove away from them the founders of 
 Methodism ; ihey forgot to give any credit to Capt. Webb, who was 
 the second Methodist preacher in America ; forsooth, because he 
 was a British officer, and it would be unpleasant to associate such 
 with centenary orations in this their day of Anglophobia. 
 
 Upon the north shore of Hay Bay, in Fredericksburgh, settled 
 David Embury, brother of Philip, who officiated as a Methodist Minis- 
 ter in New York, in a Eigging Loft, on William St., about 1766. To do 
 this he was urged by Barbara Heck, wife of Paul Heck, both of whom 
 were among the first to settle on the St. Lawrence, in Augusta, in 1785. 
 The first Methodist Church erected in America, was in 1768, on John 
 Street, New York. Among the 250 subscribers, was the name of 
 
THE LARGEST CONTRIBUTOR. . 289 
 
 David Embury, the same who settled on Hay Bay; he gave £2. 
 Also, the name of Paul Heck, who contributed £3 5m. Twenty-four 
 years later, and among the twenty-two subscribers to build the first 
 Methodist meeting-house in Canada, again appears the name of 
 Embury— Andrew, son of David Embury. The author of the " Lost 
 Chapters of Methodism," gives interesting accounts of the forma- 
 tion of the Methodist Society in New York ; but he is remarkably 
 silent in this instance, an others are, about the treatment they 
 received from the Americans; not a word to make it known that 
 they were driven into the wilds of Nova Scotia and Canada uy a 
 relentless people. Yet, at the conclusion, he acknowledges this 
 much : He says, " At the conclusion of the Revolutionary war, 
 severe threats having been thrown out against the Loyalists who 
 had taken refuge within the British lines, Mr. Mann thought it his 
 duty to embark, with a considerable number of the Society, for the 
 wilds of Nova Scotia." Mr. Mann was a class leader, and local 
 preacher, and, during the war, at the request of the Trustees, kept 
 the chapel in John Street open, after the regular preacher had left 
 "We see what became of a part of the Society, in John Street! 
 Some of them had been so loyal to their sovereign, they were afraid 
 they would suffer if they remained." Of course they were, and 
 had they not sufficient reason from the "threats" which had' been 
 " thrown out." Mr. Wakely, the author, continues, '« We can 
 admire their piety without endorsing their loyalty." How kind 
 The second Methodist Church of New York was built on the land 
 of DeLancy, who had his immense property confiscated. 
 
 Of the subscribers to the chapel in Adolphustown, Conrad Van 
 Dusen gave the largest amount, £15. He had been a Tavern 
 keeper on the front, and was one of the first fruits of Losee's 
 missionary labors. " He lived a little east of the Court House. Of 
 liim many pleasing and amusing anecdotes are told; though a 
 taverr . peper, as well as a merchant, he opened his house for the 
 Gospel, and when that Gospel entered his heart, he deliberately 
 took his axe and cut down his sign posts."— (P%?er.) 
 
 The second largest contributor, was Elizabeth lioblin, who gave 
 £12. She was the widow of Philip Roblin, who died 1788. They 
 Jad been among the first settlers of Adolphustown. (See U. E. 
 Loyalists.) Mrs. Eoblin afterwards became the wife of John 
 Camiiff, the founder of Caniftou, and her remaius now rest on the 
 l>ill m the old family burying ground, in that village. She was the 
 ifrand-parent of John P. Eoblin, of Picton, "a man who has served 
 
FIRST METHODIST CHURCHES. 
 
 his country in scvoral Parliamonts of Upper Canada. Her daughter 
 Nam;}', born in 1781, is the mother of a large branch of the 
 Ketcheson family in the County of Hastings." — (Playter.) She, 
 will) her husband, still live in the fifth concession of Sidney, yet 
 hale and hearty, in the Jiutumn of their genial, though toilsome, 
 life. '' The subscription of the widow was liberal ; indeed, the 
 Koblins of the Bay of Quinte have always been a hospitable and 
 liberal minded people." Paul Huff and William Ruttan, each gave 
 £10. The others gave smaller sums ; but, considering the date, it 
 is noteworthy that so much Avas contributed. 
 
 The same month, it is said, Losec nndertook to build a second 
 Church in Krncsttown, a short distance below Bath. "The prin- 
 cipal persons who aided in building this meeting-house were James 
 Parrot, John Lake, Eobert Clarke, Jacob Miller, and others. There 
 is cvidoiice iji the account book of Eobert Clarke, who was a car- 
 penter, that the chapel was commenced May, 1792. He credits 
 himself with then working twelve and a-half days; and with 
 working in October twelve and a-half da^^s, at five shillings and 
 six-pence per day, which shows carpenter's wages at that time. But 
 like a good hearted man, seeing the building fund^not too full, he 
 reduced his wages to two shillings and nine-pence per day. His 
 paymmit to the chapel was £10. James Parrot received the sub- 
 scriptions. The two buildings were to be of the same size and form. 
 As soon as these two chapels were inclosed, the congregations sat 
 on boards to hear the preaching. They were the first Methodist 
 Churches in Canada. At the end of the year Mi*. Losee had 
 165 members enrolled in the "Cataraqui Circuit." He set out 
 on his long journey to attend conference at Albany. Mr. Losee 
 returned the following year, accompanied by Eev. Darius Dunham. 
 The latter took charge of the Bay of Quinte district — the " Catar- 
 aqui Circuit," while Losee went to the St. Lawrence to organize a 
 new society — this was called the " Oswegotchie" circuit. 
 
 On Saturday, September 15, the first " Quarterly" meeting 
 was held, in Mr. Parrot's barn, Ist Con., Ernesttown, to which many 
 of the settlers came from the six t/)wnships. Darius Dunham was 
 a Physician by profiession. "He was a man of strong mind, 
 zealous, firm in his opinions." He labored well on the Cataraqui 
 Circuit, and was in high repute by the people." — (Playter). 
 
 Many anecdotes are told of Dunham, On account of his quick 
 and blunt way of speaking and rebuking evil doings, he acquired 
 the name of " Scolding Dunham." Withal, he was witty, and ho 
 
DARIUS DUNHAM. 291 
 
 loved, it would socm, next to Godliness, cleanliness, so ho would, if 
 at a house, Avhere it wore not observed, according to his ideurand'as 
 there was only the one room, he could see the whole process of 
 preparing for the table,) he would tell the housewife that the next 
 time he came lie would " bring a dish-cloth along," or perhaps, he 
 would bluntl}- tell the woman to "clean up." CaiToirrelales'the 
 following .story, yet often told and lauglietl at by the old settlers of 
 thcT^ay. " His reply to the newly appointed magistrate's banter 
 ing remarks, is widely reported. A new-made 'Squire' rallied 
 Dunham before some company, about riding so fine a horse, and told 
 him he was very unlike his humble blaster, who was content to 
 ride an ass. The preacher responded with his usual impcrturable 
 gravity, and in his usual heavy and measured tones, that he agreed 
 with him perfectly, and that he would most assiiredly imitate his 
 Master in that particular, but for the difficulty of finding tlie animal 
 required— the Government having made up all the asses into luagis- 
 trates." " A person of the author's acquaintance, informed him 
 that he saw an infidel, who was a fallen Lutheran clergyman, endea- 
 voring, one night while Dunham was preaching, to turn the whole 
 into ridicule. The preacher affected not to notice him, but went on 
 exalting the excellency of Christianity, and showing the formidable 
 opposition it had confronted and overcome ; when, all at onoe he 
 turned to where the scoffer sat, and fixing his eyes upon him, the 
 old gentleman continued : " Shall Christianity* and her votaries, 
 after having passed through fire and water," &c.— " after all this| 
 I say, shall the servants of God, at this time of day, allow them- 
 selves to be frightened by the braying of an ass." In those days it 
 was believed, by some at least, that unclean spirits and devils might 
 be cast out by the jiower of God through the faithful Christian, and 
 Dunham had the credit of having, on several occasions, cast out 
 
 devils. - ■--:': ./ ,.,;.:./. ) . . 
 
 : .;^. ^-t.\ •*'.- 
 
 Mr. Loseo remained a preacher only two years, when he 
 became mentally unfit, having encountered a disappointment of a 
 crashing nature. The uncertainty of the cause of his dis- 
 continuing to jireach, has been dispelled by Playter, in the 
 most touching language, "He was the subject of that soft, yet 
 powerful passion of our nature, which some account our weakness, 
 and others our greatest happiness. Piety and beauty wore seen 
 connected in female form then as well as now, in this land of woods 
 and water, snows and burning heat. In the family of one of his 
 bearers, and in the vicinity of Napanee river, was a maid, of no 
 
292 A TRUE LOVE STORY. * 
 
 little moral and personal attraction. Soon his (Losee's) attention 
 was attracted ; soon the seed of love was planted in his bosom, and 
 soon it germinated and bore outward fruit. In the interim of 
 suspense, as to whether he should gain the person, another preacher 
 came on the circuit, visits the same dwelling, is attracted by the 
 same fair object, and finds in his heart the same passion. The two 
 seek the same person. One is absent on the St. Lawrence ; the 
 other frequents the blest habitation, never out of mind. One, too, 
 is deformed, the other a person of desirable appearance. Jealousy 
 crept in with love. But, at last, the preference was made, and 
 disappointment, like a thunderbolt, overset the mental balance of 
 the.tirst itinerant minister in Canada." Ho subsequently removed 
 to New Yoi'k, where he continued to live for many years, and 
 recovered his mental health. He had purchased lots in Kingston, 
 which ho returned to sell in 181t» ; at this time he was perfectly 
 sound in mind, and was a good man. He visited Adolphustown, 
 and other places, preaching here and there, and finally returned to 
 New York. 
 
 Mr. Dunham proved a useful man, especially among the settlers 
 of Marysburgh. He ultimately in the yeai* 1800, retired from the 
 ministry and settled near Napanee, having married into the Detlor 
 family. But he continued to act as a local preacher. 
 
 The eai'ly preachers often traveled from place to place on 
 horseback after a bridle-path had been made, with saddle-bags, 
 containing oats in one part, and a few articles of wearing 
 apparel in another, perhaps a religious book; thus the zealous 
 preacher would travel mile after mile through interminable forests. 
 Indeed there are plenty to-day who have done likewise. 
 
 There is one fact connected with the early Methodist preachers, 
 which requires a passing notice. 
 
 The settlers were all intensely loyal ; yet when the Yankee 
 Methodist preacher came in their midst he was gladly received ; it 
 is true Losee the first who came was a loyalist ; but many who 
 followed were Americans and republicans. Although the Lutheran, 
 Presbyterian, and English churchmen had preceded the Methodistii 
 into Canada, neither seemed to obtain that hold upon the hearts of 
 the plain U. B. Loyalists, that the Methodists did. The people 
 of every denomination as well as those belonging to none, flocked 
 to hear them, and many stayed to become followers. These 
 Americans Avere always regarded with suspicion by government, 
 and serious doubts were entertained whether those who became 
 
ORIGIN OP CAMP-MEETINGS. 293 
 
 Methodists wore loyal. But the war of 1812, exhibited in a thrill- 
 ing manner the old fire of attachment to their sovereign the King. 
 Their seemed to be an adaptability between the Methodist mode of 
 worship and the plain old settlers, and for years there were many 
 who left the church of their fathers, and joined the more demon- 
 strative society of Wesleyanism. Not only was this mode of 
 ordinary worship followed by • the Methodist congenial, but 
 especially the camp meeting engaged their hearty attention. This 
 mode of worshipping in the woods was first known in Kentucky in 
 1801, and was initiated by two brothers named McGee, one of whom 
 was a Methodist, the other a Presbyterian. There are many who 
 regard the holding of camp-meetings as very questionable, even in 
 the past. Whatever may be said about the necessity of such 
 meetings at the present day, they were it is thought, highly appro- 
 priate in the infant da^'s of the country. At the fii-st, and for many 
 long years, there were but few churches of any size. Then, the 
 inhabitants had been buried as it were in the primeval forests, left 
 to meditate in its deep recesses, far away from the busy haunts of 
 men. Xo doubt the solemn repose, and silent grandeur awoke in 
 their minds feelings of awe, and of veneration. Just the same as 
 one will feel when gazing along the naves of some old grand 
 cathedral, with its representations of trees and flowers. It is not 
 difficult to understand that the mind, trained by habit to meditation 
 in the woods, with its waving boughs telling of other times, and of 
 a mysterious future, would naturally find worshipping in the woods, 
 congenial to the soul,— find it a fit place for the higher contempla- 
 tion and worship of the great God. The first camp-meeting held in 
 Canada was in 1805, on the south shore of Hay Bay, near the chapel. 
 The meeting was attended by some from the distant townships, 
 who went down in batteaux. This was a great event to the settlers. 
 Its announcement, says Dr. Bangs, "beforehand excited great interest 
 far and near. Whole families prepared for a pilgrimage to the 
 ground, processions of waggons, and foot passengers wended along 
 the highways." The ministers present were Case, Eyan, Pickett 
 Keeler, Madden and Bangs. The meeting commenced on the 27th 
 of September; the whole was characterized by deep reli. 
 
 joy " 
 
 "'1 
 
 gious feeling as well as decided demonstration, and the 
 comfort of believing, which ought always to be present with the 
 Christian, was generally experienced, while there was an absence 
 of that outside exhibition, too ofter seen in later years, around the 
 camps. We quote from Carroll respecting the ending of this meeting. 
 
294 ' END OF A CAMP-MBETING. • 
 
 Tho account is from Dr. Bangs, "The time was at hand at last for 
 the conclusion of the meeting. Tho last night was the most 
 awfully impressive and yet most delightful scone my eyes ever 
 beheld There was not a cloud in tho sky. Tho stars studded the 
 firmament, and the glory of God filled tho camp. All the neigh- 
 bourinc- forest seemed vocal with the echo of hymns. Turn our 
 attention which way we would, we heard the voice of prayer and 
 praise 1 will not attempt to describe the parting scene, for it was 
 indescribable. The preachers, about to disperse to their distant 
 fields of labor, hung upon each other's necks, weeping and yet 
 rejoicin..-. Christians from remote settlements, who had here 
 formed holy friendships, which they expected would survive in 
 heaven, parted probably to meet no more on earth. As the hosts 
 marched off in dil^rent diroctipns^tl^c songs of vict9ry rolled along 
 
 the high wJiys." ' ■'■''--■• [■ \, ,, 
 
 \l)ropos of Methodist camp-meetings, Carroll tells an anecdote 
 characteristic of the times, and as well of the honest Dutch. One 
 of these old settlers was speaking of a recent camp-meeting from 
 which ho had just come said, " It was a poor, tot tuU time, and no 
 goot was tone, till tat pig Petty (the Eev. Elias Pattie) come ; but 
 mit his pig fist, ho did kill te tuval so tet as a nit, and ten te work 
 proke out. The.Methodists of that day were fond of the demon- 
 strative." ;•':;''•;;■, , ,. , . ^^''^'t .a 
 In tho year 1806, a native of Prince Edward district entered 
 the Methodist ministry. He was the first native Canadian preacher 
 of any denomination, bin name was Andrew Pringle. 
 
 The same year Thomas Whitehead was sent by the Inow lork 
 Conference. He was six weeks on the road through the woods 
 with his wife and six children, "and during mostef the time they 
 subsisted on boiled wheat." i,^: 
 
 .'■^'Ai-- 
 
t: < THE RYANITES. 295 
 
 i.'.^'V'ii :■;;.«;.; :;,i-,; rti,.VT .,'•' '■•■1 •-' : ,i^^|.^Vt>;-/'->'.'j:f, '^, i , 
 
 ; ' CHAPTER XXXI. ' ^n-^ '^'^'•^^'Jti"..;-»«nv. 
 
 CoNTBNTS— Henry Ryan— IlyanituH— Ho comes to (,'nnadii— HIk associuto, Case— 
 At KingKtoii— A Siiigor— PivaohiiiK in the Markot-place— Tlicir ticatinent 
 ■y- —In office— His circuit— 1000 miles— yi^liat ho roceivi^d- -Elder— Snpor- 
 ;i.. aeded- trobablo cause — A British subject — During the war of 1812— I'resi- 
 ^^ dent of Conference— "High-minded"— Useful— Aec.-ptable to tlie peojde— 
 ■' Desired Independence 1)y the Canafiians— How lie was treated- His labors— 
 . . Brave— Witty— " Fatherless cliildren "— " Impudent scoundr.d "—Muscular 
 ^ — " Jlethodists' Bull "—" Magistrate's Goat" — Ryan seelts separation— 
 •^ Ereakonridge— Condn<t of the American Conference- Ryan's agitation— 
 ■.. Effect upon the Bishops— First Canada Conference- At Hoilowell— Desire 
 ., for independence— Reasons, cogent— Fruit of Ryan's doings— The way tiie 
 Conference tnjated Ryan— Withdraws -No faith in tlie United States Con- 
 ference— Ryan sincere—" Canadian Wesleyans "—The motives of tlie United 
 >,, Sttites Conference questionable— Tiio wrong done Ryan— Second Canada 
 Conference— Case, first Superintendent— A'"isit of Bisliop Asbury— Account 
 r by Henry Boehm— Asbury an Englishman— During tlie rebellion— A Bishop 
 —His journey to Canada— Crossing the St. Lawrence- Traveling in Canada 
 ;^ An ups(!t— " A decent i)eople "—His opinion of tlie country— Tlie Bishop ill 
 —At Kingston— B(Ehm at Embury's— A field meeting— Riding all night — 
 i; Crossing to SacJ<etts harbor— Nearly wrecked. - -hl-.;ri,.Vu".) 
 
 SOME ACCOUNT OP HENRY RYAN. 
 
 ■ u' ;:• -J 
 
 A sketch of the early ministers who preached around the Bay 
 Quinte, would be incomplete without a somewhat extended notice 
 of Elder Ryan, after whom was called, a certain number of non- 
 contented Methodists, Rijanites. ^^t^^iWT - .. «:.;•«: v:* 
 ;■ Henry Ryan, an Irishman, "of a bold energetic nature, with a 
 powerful voice," commenced preaching in 1800. He was for five 
 years stationed in the States. In the year 1805, he, with the Rev. 
 Wm. Case, was appointed to the Hay Quinte circuit. It was they 
 who arranged and conducted the first camp meeting. Carroll, writ- 
 ing of that period, says, " there was no society (of Methodists) then 
 in the Town of Kingston, and its inhabitants were very irreligious. 
 The ttfarket house was the only chapel of the Methodists, Case and 
 his colleague (Ryan) made a bold push to arouse the people. Some- 
 times they went together, Ryan was a powerful singer too. They 
 would ride into the town, put their horses at an inn, lock arms, and 
 go singing down the streets a stirring ode, beginning with ' Como 
 let us march to Zion's hill.' By the time they had reached the 
 market-place, they usually hatl collected a large assembly. When 
 together, Ryan usually preached, and Case exhorted. Ryan's sten- 
 torian voice resounded through the town, and was hoard across the 
 adjacent waters. They suffered no particular opposition excepting 
 it little anjioyauco from some of the baser sort, who sometimes tried 
 
296 
 
 DURING THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 to trip them off the butcher's block, whicli constituted their rostrum ; 
 ,ot fire to their hair, and then blew out their candle if it were in 
 the night season." Proof was subsequently given that this preach- 
 ing was not without effect. ^ ■' •* '' ^'•' '.-''^ 
 Mr Evan continued-ten yoarsatthoBayQuinte.and then thiee 
 
 years in the west at Long Point and Niagara. In 1810, ho was 
 presiding Elder. His duties, as such, was to visit every part of 
 the Province, from Detroit to Cornwall. « Allowing for his renirns 
 home, he traveled about 1000 nales each quarter in the year, or 
 4000 miles a year. And what was the worldly gain ? The pre- 
 .Siding Elder was allowed $80 for himself, 060, for his wife and 
 what provisions he would need for his family. His entire allow- 
 ance might have been £60 a year. Such was the remuneration, 
 and such the labors, of the presiding Elder " of the Methodists fifty- 
 three years ago— (Playter). 
 
 Henry Eyan continued a presiding Elder, for many years, m 
 the whole of Upper Canada, a few years in lower Canada, and then 
 when the Bay of Quinte district was set apart by division he was 
 appointed Elder to it. But in 1834, for some reason, Mr. Eyan 
 was superseded in office. The reason of this can only be guessed. 
 He was an Irishman by birth, and although sent to Canada by an 
 American body, he seems to have been more a British subject, a 
 Canadian, than American. During the war of 1812, he remained 
 in Canada attending to his duties, with three other faithful men, 
 Ehodes, Whitehead, and Pringle. More than that, as presiding 
 Elder, he assumed the oversight of the preachers at the close of the 
 first year. Others had been stationed in Canada who were British 
 subjects, but they ceased before the war had closed, to discharge 
 their duties. The Americans feared to come, or, having come, were 
 warned off by proclamation. Those who continued in the minis- 
 terial field met under the presidency of Eyan. In the year'of the 
 commencement of the war, the conference was to have met at 
 Niagara, in Upper Canada; but war was declared by the United 
 States a month previous, and instead of venturing into the country 
 where their fellow countrymen were about to carry the midnight 
 torch, they turned aside to another place to hold their conference. 
 « None of the brethren laboring on the Canada side went over, it 
 is probable, although we are not certain, that they met at the place 
 appointed, where some sort of deliberations would take place. 
 The Eev. John Eyorson says Mr. Eyan " held a conference, and 
 held three conferences during the war, the principal business oi 
 
•' ^ ^ HIS CHARACTER. 297 
 
 which was t'mplo3'in<< preachors, and appointing thorn to their 
 different fields of labor." The Eev. Ezra Adams says, the second 
 conferonco was held at Matilda," and "in 1814, it was hold at 
 the Bay of Quinto, at Second or Fourth Town " — Carroll. Mr. 
 E^'^an was impulsive and authoritative, at least the ministers 
 thought so, and the rule of " Harry Ej-an " was called *' high-handed." 
 The end of it all was that, although ho was useful and liked by the 
 people, his ministerial brethren in Canjida did not like him, and 
 the conference seemed glad to supersede one, who no doubt already 
 manifested his desire that the Canadian Methodists should become 
 independent of the Americans. In view of the political state of 
 affairs, the objection felt by the government to have American 
 preachors giving religious instruction to Canadians, — in view of 
 the course pursued by Eyan during the war of 1812 — in view of his 
 whole career up to this time, the belief is forced upon the mind 
 that it was not, only when Eyan had been superseded that he began 
 to agitate for a separation. His labors during the war were severe 
 and continuous, says a preacher of the times, " Ho used to travel 
 from Montreal to Sandwich, to accomplish which he kept two horses 
 in the Niagara district, and one for the upper part of the Province, 
 and another for the lower. As his income was very small, he eked 
 out the sum necessary to support his family by peddling a manu- 
 facture of liis own in his extensive journe3's, and by hauling with 
 his double team in winter time, on his return from Lower Canada, 
 loads of Grovernment stores or general merchandise. Mr. Eyan, by 
 his loyalty, gained the confidence and admiration of all friends of 
 British suj)remacy, and by his abundant and heroic laborS) the 
 affections of the God-fearing part of the community." Much more 
 might be said in the same vein, but probably enough has been said 
 to establish his claim to the sympathy of every Bay of Quinte in- 
 habitant, where he so long labored and where most of his subsequent 
 followers lived. It may be added that he was brave and witt}', and 
 " had a ready answer for every bantering remark. Some wicked 
 follows are said to have asked him if lie had hcai-d the news ? What 
 news ? Why, that the devil is dead. Then said he, looking around 
 on the company, ho has left a groat many fatherless children. On 
 another occasion, on entering a piiblic house, a low fellow, knowing 
 him to be, from his costume, a minister, remarked aloud, placing 
 his hand in his jiocket, " There comes a Methodist preacher ; I 
 must take care of my money." Eyan promptly said, " You are an 
 impudent scoundrel." "Take care," said the man, "I cannot 
 
298 FIRST CANADA CONFERENCE. 
 
 swallow that," "ThcMj chow it till 3'ou cnn," was the fearless reply. 
 — (Carroll 1. At camp meetiiit^s, when it came to pass that indi- 
 viduals came to create diHturbance, and when there was no police to 
 take care of rowdies, Mr. Kyan has been known to display his 
 muscular power by at-tually throwin/^ the guilty individuals over 
 the enclosure to the camp ground. ,.,, ^,.i> 1 ;>iji^ >ri 
 
 Mr Ilyan preat^hed occasionally at Vandusens' tavern in Adol- 
 phustown. After one of his thundering sermons, a neighboring 
 squire who was a daily visitor at the tavern, and who had recently 
 attempted to cut his own throat, wrote upon the wall of the bar- 
 room, "Elder Ryan, the Methodist bull, preaches hell and damnation 
 till the pulpit is full ;" whci-euponsome one wrote below it, "Bryan 
 
 C d, the magistrate goat, barely escaped hell and damnation by 
 
 cutting his throat." 
 
 Mr. Ryan, upon his return from the General Confoence in 
 1844, commenced an agitation for indc})endence of the Canadian 
 Methodists, and from Port Hope Creek t(^ the Ottawa, he continued 
 to urge the necessity of such an end. iiiiVv{,rii<* 
 
 " While not much liked by the preachers, Ryan was very popular 
 among the people," especially along the Bay (Jiiinte. Captain Break- 
 enridge, a local preacher, living on the St. Lawrence, joined him, in 
 holding conventions, and in procuring largely signed ])etitions, pray- 
 ing for separation. Ryan and Breakenridge, went to the (leneral 
 Conference, bearing these petitions, and were not received. But 
 these petitions were the commencement of the separation, which it 
 was quite time should take j^lace for the well being of both ])arties. 
 Concessions were made — a Canada conference was formed through 
 the instrumentality of Elder Ryan ; but under the superintendency 
 of the United States conference. This did not satisfy Ityan, and his 
 followers in the Bay Quinte circuit. Meetings were held at which it 
 was resolved they would " break ojf " fi*om the American Church 
 without permission. For four months Ryan energetically appealed 
 to the people. To allay this the Bishop liad to come and say to the 
 Canadians, that if they wished independence, the next general confer- 
 ence, whieh would meet in 1828, would no doubt grant it. The 
 following year the first Canada conference was held at the village of 
 Hollowell, (Picton). It was opened on the 25th August. There 
 were thirty preachers present, and they continued in session five 
 days. The agitation initiated by Ryan, had done its work, " a gen- 
 eral desire existed, that the Canada body shouM become an indepen- 
 dent body, not later than the general conference of 1828," and a 
 
A NEW SOCIETY, 299 
 
 inenuMMiil wu.s prepurt'tl to bo subniilteil to that body. At'tor roquest- 
 iiig to bo set iipiirt an iiulupomlent botly, the followhig rcaHon, with 
 others was given. " The state of society requires it. The first 
 settlers having eiaimetl the proteotion of Ilis Britannic Majesty in the 
 revohitionary war, were driven from their former possessions to 
 enchire great hardships in a remote wilderness. Time, however, and 
 a friendly intercourse, had worn down their asperity and i)rejndico, 
 when the late unha])py war revived their former feelings ; attbrding 
 what they considered, new and grievous occasion for disgust against 
 their invading neighbors. The prejudices thus excited would prob- 
 ably subside if their ministry were to become residents in this country, 
 as would be the case in the event of becoming a separate body." 
 The fact that government regarded with dislike the connection was 
 adverted to, also that they were not allowed to solemnize nuitrimony. 
 Such was the fruit of Elder Eyan's i)roceedings, and to him belongs 
 great credit, however much his motives may have been iiui)ugned. 
 It has been acknowledged that he was disliked by the preachers, and 
 this dislike was manifested this year by sending him as a missionary 
 to the Indians. No wonder he was dissatisfied. Not because he was 
 placed in a humble position, after acting nearly a quarter of a century 
 as presiding Elder; but because of the aninius of those who did it. 
 And moreover, he entertained the belief that the general conference 
 did not intend to give independence. The next year Ryan was placed 
 among the superannuated ministers, and thus remained two years, the 
 next yeai 1827, he withdrew, and resumed the agitation for indepen- 
 dence, lie had no faith in the United States conference, the cry was 
 raised, Loyal Methodism against Republican Methodism. In this 
 Ryan was countenanced by (-Tovernment and the English Church, and 
 Playter says. Dr. Strachan sent him XoO to carry on the work of 
 separation. 
 
 The whole previous life of Ryan, lead us to believe that he 
 was siiicei'e and honest in his movements and statements, but 
 it is said he was greatly mistaken. The people generally said, wait 
 till we see what the general conference does. The preachers have 
 said they will give us independence, pause till we see. The result 
 of the conference was as had been promised ; Avhile already 
 Ryan had separated, and, with a limited number of followei-s, mostly 
 along the bay and St. Lawrence, had foi-med a new body with 
 the name of Canadian Wesleyan Methodist Church. But it will always 
 remain a question whether the general conference would have con- 
 ceded the independence had it not been well known thatJByjiu would 
 
300 SEPARATION. 
 
 take almost all if they were not ma«lo free. It is not an unknown 
 thing lOr a perHon who has worked tor nomo public /jjood to bo robbed 
 of the credit in a snrreptitions manner. Ryan was deceived, and his 
 kind thoti^h impulsive natun* resented the wrong done him. Though 
 his name has been [)laced under a shadow by tliose who were indebted 
 to him, yet his memory is even yet green and 8weet in the hearts of 
 some of the old settlers. Well might Elder Ryan, select as liis text 
 at the time, " I have raised tip children and they have rebelled." 
 
 The general conference assembled at Pittsburgh, Ist May, 1828. 
 The memorial from the C-auada conference was duly considered, and 
 whatever may have been the reasons, they granted in the most kindly 
 spirit, the decided request of the C'anadiau Methodists, llyan, it is 
 said when he heard of it, '* looked astonished, trembled and could 
 scarcely utter a word." !'t > ' ''"^ ■ ' *'"- • ' i^V;"^' •. 
 
 The second Canada conference met at Erncsttown, the 2nd 
 October, 1828, in Switzer's chapel. " Bisliop Hedding came for the 
 last time, and [)rcslded over tlie conference. No United States Bishop, 
 no Bishop at all, lia.se''er presided since." This year, Andrew Pringle, 
 the first native Methodist preacher, was placed on the superannuated 
 list. After due deliberation the conference resolved to organize into 
 an independent body, and adopted the discipline of the Methodist P'pis- 
 copal Church, as the basis of their own. The Rev. Wm. Cme was 
 appointed General Su))orintendent until the next conference. 
 
 It is not pofslble, nor would it be proper to give a connected 
 history of Methodism, or any other religious denomination. But the 
 aim of the writer is to supply facts relative to those who have lived 
 and acted a part in connection with the early history of the bay, with 
 such other tacts as will throw light upon the matter. With this 
 object in view, we will here introduce, in conclusion, a brief notice of 
 the visit of Bisliop Asburv to Canada in 1811. The account is from 
 the pen of the Rev. Henry Bcehm, with remarks by Mr. Carroll. 
 Reading this account, it called to our inind the account given to us 
 by Father Bo'hm, in 1854, while sojourning at Staten Island, New 
 York, where we had the great pleasure of frequently meeting him 
 and of enjoying the hospitality of his genial family. Mr. Bcehm 
 was the traveling companion of Bishop Asbury when he visited 
 Canada. 
 
 Bishop Asbury, the cotemporary of the Wesley's, being one whom 
 Wesley ordained to preach, he came to America in 1771, as a mis- 
 sionary, being 25 years old. Of .all the English preachers in the 
 revolting colonies, he alone remained during the revolutionary war, 
 
BIBHOP ASBURY. 801. 
 
 ami was under the necessity of conoeuling liiinHelf in Di'lftWJire. 
 Created a Bishop by Dr. Coke, in 1786, ho (continued for ni.uiy years 
 in the oversigiit of the Metliodist Church in America and in Canada. 
 But although Metiiodisni wnH planted in Canada in 17U2, it wan not 
 until the year nicntioned that a BIhIioj) found hiw way to the remote 
 settlements of Canada. Bishop Asbury, however, had for years a 
 desire to see Cana(hv. Two years before he came he wrote, " t shall 
 see Canada before I die." Says H(juhm. 
 
 *' Wo hud a sovoro time on our journey. We crossed Lake 
 Champlain, and Mr, Asbury preached in a bar-room in Plattsburgh. 
 The roads through the woods, over rocks, down guUoys, over 
 stumps, and through the mud, were indescribable. They wore 
 enough to jolt a halo bishop to death, let alone a poor, infirm old 
 man, near iho grivo." "On entering the village (of St. Kogis) 
 as Mr. Asbury was loading his horse across a bridge made of 
 poles, the animal got his foot between them, and sunk into the 
 mud and water. Away went the saddle-bags; the books and 
 clothes were wet, and the horse was fast. We got a pole under 
 him to pry him out; at the same time the horse made a leap, and 
 came out safe and sound.- We crossed the St, Lawrence in romantic 
 style. We hired tour Lidians to paddle us over. They lashed 
 thi'oo canoes together, and put our horses in them, their tore feet 
 in one canoe, their hind feet in another. It was a singular load ; 
 three cahoos, three passengers, the bishop. Smith and myself, 
 throe horses and four Indians, They were to take us over for three 
 dollars. '• it was nearly three miles across to whoro we landed" — 
 " did not reach the other side till late in tlie evening." The 
 Indians claimed another dollar, because three could not be easily 
 divided between four, this was "cheerfully paid," "We arrived 
 in Caniula on July Ist, 1811, landing at Cornwall, and about mid- 
 night reached the hospitable house of Evan Koise, who hailed the 
 bii^hop's arrival with joy, and gave him and his companions a 
 welcome worthy of patriarchal times." " We found it warm in 
 Canada, and the Bishop suffered greatly. Here Henry Eyan, 
 Presiding Elder of Upper Canada, mot us. The next day Bishop 
 Asbury preached," the day after the Bishop preached again and 
 there was a love-feast, and the Lord's Supper," Proceeding up 
 the River St, Lawrence, arrived at the eastern line of Matilda, 
 " the Bishop rode in Brother Glassford's close carriage, which he 
 called a ' calash,' and he inquired how they would got out if it 
 Upset, He had hardly asked the question before over went the 
 
302 A LAND THE LORD HATH BLESSED. 
 
 carriage, and tlio venerable Bishop was upset, but fortunately no 
 bones were broken ; the saplings along side the road broke the fall. 
 On Friday the Bishop preached in Matilda chapel, in what was 
 called the German settlement. I followed, preaching in German. 
 The Bishop %vas delighted with the people, he wrote, "here is a 
 decent loving people. I called upon Father Dulmage, and Brother 
 Heck." We tarried over night with David Breackenridge. He 
 married and baptised a great many people, and attended manj- 
 funerals. In 1804 he preached the funeral sermon of Mrs. Heck, 
 who died suddenly, and it is said she claimed to be the person who 
 stirred Philip Embury to preach the Gospel. On Saturday we 
 rode twelve miles before breakfast to Father Boyce's, where we 
 attended Quarterly Meeting. Bishop Asbury preached a thrilling 
 sermon. " The Bishop greatly admired the country through which 
 we rode. He says ' Our ride has brought us through one of the 
 finest countries I have seen. The timber is of noble size; the 
 cattle are well shaped, and well looking ; the crops are abundant 
 on a most fruitful soil. Surely this is a land that God, the Lord 
 hath blessed.' " (Such was the testimony of one who liad traveled 
 all over the United States, concerning a country eighty yeavB 
 younger than the older States of the Union. Such the testimony 
 respecting the pioneers of the country who twenty-five years pre- 
 vious came thereto into an unbroken wilderness — respecting the 
 men the Americans had driven away and stigmatized by the appli- 
 cation of the most degrading names). "On Monday we proceeded 
 to Gananoque Falls, to Colonel Stone's. Father Asbury was very 
 lame from inflammatory rheumatism. He suffered like a martyr. 
 On Tuesday we visited Brother Elias Dulmage, a very kind family, 
 and Bishop Asbury preached in the first Town Church" (Kingston 
 Church). E. Dulmage, one of tho Palatines, lived afterward a long 
 time as jail-keeper." — (Carroll). The Bishop was so poorly he 
 could not proceed on his journey, and was obliged to lie up and 
 rest. He remained at Brother Dulmage's, where he found a very 
 kind home, and I went with Henry Eyan to his Quarterly Meeting, 
 in Fourth or Adolphustown, Bay of Quinte. On Friday we rode 
 to Brother John Embury, Hay Bay. Ho was a nephew of Philip 
 Embury, the Apostle of American Methodism. On the Loi-d's day 
 we had a glorious love-feast, and at the Lord's Supper He was 
 made known to us in the breaking of bread. In a beautiful grove, 
 under the shade of trees planted \)y God's own hand, I preached 
 to two thousand people, John Eeynold's, afterward Bishop Roy- 
 
FIRST ROMAN CATHOLICS. 303 
 
 iiolds, of Belleville, and Homy Hyan exhorted. (Exhorting after 
 sermon was a common practice among the Methodif>ts in those 
 days). Mr. Boehm had to return to Ki:;gston the same night, in 
 order that the Bishop might get to the Conference to be held in 
 the States immediately. To do so they rode all night — 35 miles. 
 •'To our great joy we found Fatlier Asbury better" — "he had sent 
 around and got a congregation to whom ho preached in the chapel. 
 He also met the Society and baptized two children. Wo were in 
 Canada just a fortnight. The Bishop was treated everywhere as 
 the angel of the churches. The Bishoji preached six times in 
 Canada, besides numerous lectures which he delivered to societies." 
 The Bishop and Mr. Boehm set out on the Mondaj^ for Sackett's 
 Harbour, in a small sail boat. There was a heavy storm, and they 
 were nearly wrecked. On the water all night without a cabin. 
 Spent a fearful night, and reached Sackett's Harbour the next 
 afternoon. 
 
 ' /■'":■ ' . v:'- ;■' ■'' '•■^•^•,:- '' ■■• ■■■•' '^- "-'' " • /•■■-f '- 
 : ' '• CHAPTER XXXII.^' ''' '^' ■' ' ' ■ 
 
 ' "' ..,.'-'■ k'>''" i ' •'■(■. ' " .'■•'1, . ■ 
 
 Contents— McDonnell— First R. Cntholic Bisliop— A " MemoianiUira''— Birth, 
 place — In Spain — A Priest— In Scotland— Gleugary Fencibles— Ireland, 
 1798— To Canada — Bishop— Death in Scotland— Bod}-- removed to Canada — 
 Funeral obsequies— Buried at Kingston— Had influence — Member of Cana- 
 dian Legislative Council— Pastoral visitations, 1806— A loyal man — A 
 Pioneer in his Church— The Bishop's Address, 1830 —Refuting mal-charges 
 — Number of the R. C. Clergy in 1804 — From Lake Superior to Lower 
 Canada— Traveling horseback— Sometimes on foot — Hardships — Not a 
 Politician — Expending private means— Faithful services— Acknowledged — 
 Roman Catholic U. E. Loyalists— First Church in Emesttown— McDonnell 
 at BelleviJle— Rev.M. Rrennan— First Church in Belleville— What we have 
 aimed at— The advantages to the English Church— The Reserves — In Lower 
 Canada— Dr. Mountain— Number of English Clergymen, 1793 — A Bishop- 
 Monopoly initiated— Intolerance and E.xclusion swept away — An early habit 
 at Divine se^ice. 
 
 THE ROMAN CATHOLICS — BISHOP MCDONNELL. ■. . \i.....~r' 
 
 We are much indebted to J. P. McDonnell, Esq., of Belleville, 
 for a " Memorandum of his grand-parent, the Eev. Alex McDonnell, 
 first Bishop of Upper Canada." ^:. *«;•*• v-'r-nn't^^rij; h i ,.. 
 
 " He was born in the year 1760, in Glengary, in Scotland, 
 educated for the Priesthood at Valladolid College, in the Kingdom 
 of Spain; for, at this time no person professing the Eoman Catholic 
 
304 BISHOP m'donnell. 
 
 faith could be allowed to be educated in any part of the British 
 empire. Ho was ordained Priest before the year 1790. Then 
 came back to Scotland, his native country, and officiated as a 
 Priest in Badenoch, a small district in North Scotland, also in 
 the city of Glasgow; afterwards joined, in 1798, the Glengary 
 Fencibles, then for duty in Ireland, under the command of Lord 
 McDonnell, of Glengary, who was Colonel of said Fencible Regi- 
 ment. He came to Canada in the year 1804; was consecrated first 
 Bishop of Upper Canada in the year 1822, titled as the Bishop of 
 Kingston." He died in Dumfriesshire, a County bordering on 
 England and Scotland, in the year 1840. His body was laid in St. 
 Mary's Church, Edinborough, until removed to Canada, in 1862. 
 His remains was taken from the cars at the station at Lancaster, 
 and carried to St. Eaphael's Cathedral ; in which Church he had 
 spent some of his most useful days, administering the consolations 
 of his religion to his numerous co-religionists throughout the Pro- 
 vince of Upper Canada. His remains were escorted by thousands 
 of people, of all denominations, from St. Raphael's Church to St. 
 Andrew's Church, and thence to Cornwall depot, in order to convoy 
 his remains to Kingston, the head of his See ; where his remains 
 now lie in the vaults of the Cathedral of that ancient city, in which 
 he, as Bishop, officiated for years, a favorite of both Protestants 
 and Catholics. 1 may here remark, that no other man, either 
 clergyman or lay. ever had more influence with the Government, 
 either Imperial or Colonial than Bishop McDonnell. In fact he 
 established the Catholic Church in Western Canada. All the lands 
 that the church now possesses were ]irocured by his exertions. The 
 Bishop was a member of the Legislative Council for years in con- 
 nection with the Venerable Bishop Strachan, of Toronto. About 
 the year 1806, he passed on his way from Toronto, then York, to 
 Kingston ; celebrated mass at his relation's. Col. Archibald Chisholm, 
 whose descendants are now living on Lot. Nos. 8 and 9, 1st Con., 
 Thurlow, adjoining the Town of Belleville— carried his vestments 
 on his back most of the way from Toronto to Kington ; and he 
 took passage in a birch canoe from his friend's, Col. Chisholm, to 
 another relation. Col. McDonnell, (McDonald's Cove,) on his way 
 to Kingston. 
 ; " Although his religion was then proscribed by the British Gov- 
 ' ernment, and he was compelled to go to a foreign country to bo 
 educated, no more loyal man to the British Crown lived ; no other 
 ; man over conduced more to the upholding of British supremacy in 
 North America than he, and helped to consolidate the same. 
 
ADDRESS TO SIR FRANCIS BOND HEAD. 305 
 
 We are also indebted to Mr. McDonnell for other valuable docu- 
 ments concerning the Bishop, who may be regarded the father of his 
 Church in Upper Canada. >t least, he was the pioneer of that 
 denomination in the Bay region. To a great extent, his history is 
 the early history of his Church. The worthy prelate will npeak for 
 himself, when at the advanced age of seventy-four, and ho spoke 
 under circumstances which precluded the possibility of any state- 
 ment accidentally creeping in, which could not be fully substan- 
 tiated. 
 
 Eeferring to an address of the House of Assembly, 183G in 
 which his character had been aspersed, and his motives assailed' he 
 m a letter to Sir Francis Bond Head, asks ''the liberty of making 
 some remarks on a few passages" thereof, and, among other things, 
 says, '< As to the charges brought against myself I feel very little 
 affected by them, having the consolation to think that fifty years 
 spent in the faithful discharge of my duty to God and to my country 
 have established my character upon a foundation too solid to be 
 shaken by the malicious calumnies of two notorious slanderers " 
 To the charge that he had neglected his spiritual functions to 
 devote his time and talents to politics, he, by plain declaration 
 refutes their "malicious charge," stating the following facts, which 
 relate to the country from the year he entered it, 1804. He says 
 "There were then but two Catholic clergymen in the whole of 
 Upper Canada. One of these clergymen soon deserted his post ; and 
 the other resided in the Township of Sandwich, in the Western 
 District, and neverwent beyond the limits of his mission; so that 
 upon entering upon my pastoral duties, I had the whole of the Pro- 
 vince beside in charge, and without any assistance for the space of 
 ten years. During that period, I had to travel over the country 
 rem Lake Superior to the Province line of Lower Canada, to the 
 discharge of my pastoral functions, carrying the sacred vestments 
 sometimes on horseback, sometimes on my back, and sometimes in 
 Indian birch canoes, living with savages-without any other shelter 
 or comfort, but what their fires and their fares, and the branches of 
 he trees aiforded ; crossing the great lalcen and rivers, and even 
 descending the rapids of the St. Lawrence in their dangerous and 
 wretched crafts. Nor were the hardships and privations which t 
 endured among the new settlers and emigrants less than what I 
 m to encounter among the savnges themselves, in their miserable 
 Chanties ; exposed on all sides to the weather, and destitute of every 
 comfort. In this way I have been spending my time and my health 
 
30(> LOYAL ROMAN CATHOLICS. 
 
 year after year, since I liavo been in Upper Caiiuda, and not 
 clinging to a seat in the LegisUuive Council and devoting my time 
 to political strife, as my accusers are pleased to assert. The erec- 
 tion of five and thirty Churches and Chapels, great and small, 
 although many of them are in an unfinished state, built by my 
 exertion ; and the zealous services of two and twenty clergymen, 
 the major part of whom have been educated at my own expense, 
 afford a substantial proof that I have not neglected my spiritual 
 functions, or the care of the souls under my charge; and if that be 
 not sufficient, 1 can produce satisfactory documents to prove that 1 
 have expended, since I have been in this Province, no less than 
 thirteen thousand pounds, of my own private means, beside what I 
 received from other quarters, in building Churches, Chapels, Pres- 
 byteries, and School-houses, in rearing young men for the Church, 
 and in promoting general education. With a full knowledge of 
 those facts, established beyond the possibility of a contradiction, 
 my accusers can have but little regard fior the truth, when they tax 
 me with neglecting my spiritual functions and the care of souls. 
 The framers of the address to His Excellency knew perfectly well 
 that I never had, or enjoyed, a situation, or place of profit or 
 emolument, except the salary which my sovereign was pleased to 
 bestow upon me, in reward of forty-two years faithful services to 
 my country, liaving been instrumental in getting two corps of my 
 flock raised and embodied in defence of their country in critical 
 times, viz., the first Glengary Fencible Eegiment, was raised by 
 my influence, as a Catholic corps, dm-ing the Irish rebellion, whose 
 dangers and fatigues I shared in that distracted country, and con 
 tributed in no small degree to repress the rapacity of the soldiers. 
 and bring back the deluded people to a sense of their duty to then' 
 sovereign and submission to the laws. Ample and honorable testimo- 
 nials of their services and my conduct may be found in the Govern- 
 ment office of Toronto. The second Glengary Fencible Eegiment 
 raised in the Province, when the Government of the United States of 
 America invaded, and expected to make a conquest of Canada, was 
 planned by me, and partly raised by my influence. My zeal in the 
 service of my country, and my exertions in the defence of this 
 Province, were acknowledged by his late Majesty, through Lord 
 Bathurst, then Secretary of State for the Colonies. My salary was 
 then increased, and a seat was assigned for me in the Legislative 
 Council, as a distinguished mark of my sovereign's favor, an honor 
 I should consider it a disgrace to resign, although I can hardly 
 
THE FAVORED CHURCH. 3O7 
 
 expect over to sit in the Council, nor do I believe that Lord Glenel^r, 
 who knows something of me, would expect that I should show m 
 much imbecility in my latter days, as to relinquish a mark of honor 
 conferred upon mo by my sovereign, to gratify the vindictive 
 malice of a few unprincipled radicals. So far, however, from 
 repining at the cruel and continued persecutions of my enemies I 
 pray God to give me patience to suffer, for justice sake, and 'to 
 forgive them their unjust and unmerited conduct towards me. I 
 have the honor to be Sir,— Your most obedient and very humble 
 servant,— (Signed)— Alex. McDonnell. To T. Joseph, Esq., Sec'y 
 to His Excellency, Sir Francis Bond Head, &c., &c., &c." 
 
 There were a number of Roman Catholics among the U. E. 
 Loyalists. Among them were the Chisholm's on the front of 
 Thurlow, to whose house Mr. McDonnell came to preach as he made 
 his annual round. I am told by an old settler, that a very old 
 Eoman Catholic Church existed in Ernosttown west, a short distance 
 from Bath. Probably Mr. McDonnell travelled all around the Bay, 
 visiting members of his Church. There were several in Marys- 
 burgh. He was the first to preach in Belleville, Avhen it had become 
 a village. But the Eev Michael Brennan, who still lives, and is 
 highly respected by all classes, was the first priest located in Belle- 
 ville; he arrived in 1829. The frame of a building which had been 
 erected for a Freemason's Lodge, was moved to the lot which had 
 beeen received from Government, and was converted into a Church. 
 The present Church was commenced in 1837, and completed in 
 1839. 
 
 , • ■■-.:■.. .>..L ^il. 
 
 We have now adverted to the several early clergymen of the 
 different denominations in the young colony of Upper Canada, and 
 have dwelt upon those facts, and related those events, which apper- 
 tain to the work we have in hand. We have essayed to simply 
 write the truth, without reference to the interests of any denomina- 
 tion, either by false, or high coloring, or suppression of facts. ' ' ' 
 
 From what we have recorded, it is plain that the Church of 
 England stood the best chance of becoming the religion of Upper 
 Canada. The seventh part of the lands were reserved "for the clergy, 
 and it was determined to erect an Ecclesiastical establishment in 
 the Province. In Lower Canada the Koman Catholics had been 
 secured by Act of Imperial Parliament. In Upper Canada it was 
 resolved that the English Church should occupy a similar position. 
 The Eev. Dr. Johoshaphat Mountain was sent out from England in 
 n93, having been consecrated the first Bishop of Quebec, to take 
 
308 AN IRREVERLNT HABIT. 
 
 charge of the English establishment in all Canada. There were 
 then in both Canadas five clergymen of the church. The monopoly 
 thus instituted continued for many years, and other denommations 
 could not even hold land upon which to build a place of worship. 
 But time swept all intolerance and exclusivenoss away. In the 
 year 1828, was passed " An act for the Belief of Eoligious Societies" 
 of the Province, by which it was authorized "That whenever any 
 religious congregation or society of Presbyterians, Lutherans, 
 Calvinists, Methodists, Congregationalists, Independents, Ana- 
 baptists, Quakers, Menonists, Tunkers, or Moravians, shall have an 
 occasion to take a conveyance of land, it shall be lawful for them to 
 appoint trustees," which body should hold perpetual succession, &c. 
 Bufit was also enacted that no one Society should hold more than 
 
 five acres. ... -i. e 
 
 This subject will be concluded by the following, the writer ot 
 which we fail to remember. It is within our own recollection when 
 this habit still existed : ..v:., <..;w- (^. . ^;V !.v-r.;;,i;f, ..i b>7« '0 
 An early writer, a visitor to the Province of Canada, speaking 
 about religious denominations says, "The worshipping assemblies 
 appear grave and devout, except that in some of them it is custo- 
 mary for certain persons to go out and come in frequently m time 
 of service, to the disturbance of others, and the interruption of that 
 silence and solemnity, which are enjoyed by politeness, no less 
 than a sense of religion. This indecorous practice prevails among 
 several denominations." rf^.K.-.w:.'. --,-., >-..?r..v',...., ;..-,. , ,t 
 
 ,.. ,...!,,,.„,.-: -*.; ,, ,^...; ■■l-;;-'*i'^ •.'' -, :< ; ''■■■■■■■ ^>-l /'ifftV 
 
 ■^■'•'■'vT, *i\*^ li'f^ r(^ -.h;-, r'l/ ■..•-;'i-l// ■)';-v.r>* .-i r, t r ■if.f;,ftXt,'fi''^ ■ ^' ~ it*<''l '•'^h' '.r"i'- 
 
 .vt.,„^-:^:^^--r'- CHAPTER XXXIII. -' '^r-,r..U...v,y^^ 
 
 CONTENTS-Fivfit Sabbath teaching- Hannah Bell, l^eO-Schoolestablifihed 1781 
 CONTENTS ru States-First in Canada^Cattrick,Moon- 
 
 ' rommo'l^isS-First in Bc41eville_Turnbull-Cooper_Marshall-Pn.e8, 
 ^ lhowon"hem-Mr. Turnbull's death-Intempcranoe-First Tempemnc 
 , Societies- Change of custom-Kum-Incieasing mtemperance-rhe tastes 
 of the PioneersiTemperance, not teototnlism-First Society m Canada- 
 > Drinks at Raising and Beos-Socicty at Hollowell. 
 
 • ««i*^trri^g(,arlie8t attempt known to teach children upon the Sabbath 
 was in 1769, made by a young lady, a Methodist, by the name of 
 Hannah Bell, in England, who " was instrumental in training man} 
 children in the knowledge of the Holy Scriptures. In 1781, while 
 
FIRST SABBATH SCHOOLS. 309 
 
 another Methodist young woman (afterward the wife of the colo- 
 bratod lay preacher, Samuel Bradburn) was conversing in Gloucester 
 with Robert Raikes, a benevolent citizen of tJiattown, and publisher 
 of the Gloucester Journal, he pointed to groups of neglected children 
 in the street, and asked: ''What can we do for them?" She 
 answered: " Let us teach thorn to read and take them to church ! " 
 "He immediately proceded to try the suggestion, and the philan- 
 thropist and his female friend attended the first company of 
 Sunday-scholars to the church, exposed to the comments and 
 laughter of the populace as they passed along the street with their 
 ragged procession. Such was the origin of our present Sunday- 
 school, an institution which has perhaps done more for the church 
 and the social improvement of Protestant communities, than any 
 other agency of modern times, the pulpit excepted. Raikes, and 
 his humble assistant, conducted the experiment without ostentation. 
 Not till November 3, 1783, did he refer to it in his public journal*. 
 In 1784, he published in that paper an account of his plan. This 
 sketch immediately arrested the attention of Wesley, who inserted 
 the entire article in the January number of the American Magazine 
 for 1785, and exhorted his people to adopt the new institution." 
 
 In 1786, they wore begun in the United States by the Methodist 
 Bishop, Francis Asbury, in Virginia. In 1790, the Methcdi&t con- 
 ference "resolved on establishing Sundaj^-schools for poor children, 
 white and black," since which time they have been in operation. 
 
 The first notice found of a Sabbath-school in Upper Canada is 
 in June, 1817, when a Rev. Mr. Cattrick proposed at Kingston to 
 organize one. A communication from Wm. Moon, in the Gazette 
 expreses great pleasure thereat, and Mr. Moon offers for the purpose 
 his school-room, and likewise his services. In 1824, "Sunday- 
 schools were common in the old settlements, and were valued and 
 encouraged by all classes of people, Not only did private benevo- 
 lence contribute to the schools, but the Upper Canada Parliament 
 granted £150, for the "use and encouragement of Sundaj^-schools," 
 and of indigent and remote settlements, in the purchase of 
 books and tracts— (Play ter). A Sabbath-school was established 
 in Belleville about 182G, by John Turn bull, Dr. Marshall, and 
 Dr. Cooper who taught in the school. Some religious society 
 granted books and tracts to schools. Pour prizes were granted for 
 good attendance and behaviour, consisting of two P=bles and two 
 Testaments. They were awarded, the first to J. II. Meacham, who 
 IS now Postmaster of Belleville; the second to his sister, Anna 
 
gfj.^ THE QUESTION OP TEMPERANCE. 
 
 Meacham, the third to Matilda McNabb,the fourth to Albert Taylor. 
 While these pages are going through the press, we receive the sad 
 intelligence that John Turnbull, Esq., last living of the three men- 
 tioned, has passed away, at the beginning of this new year, 1869, 
 after a life of well-merited respect, and honor. The writer feels he 
 has lost a ft-ie.id. ?<.'-< :iruM:.iu*--.u •**..., .;....,-.,, «. ■ ; ., v..-.^.. 
 " Intemperance.— Total abstinence or tectotalism was unknown 
 when Upper Canada was first settled. The first temperance 
 society ever organized was at Moreau, Saratoga, County, New 
 York, in 1808. 
 
 To taste and drink a glass of wine or grog, was not regarded 
 as a sin by any one of that day. To the soldiers and sailors grog 
 was dealt out as regularly every day as rations. Eum was the 
 liquor more generally used, being imported from Jamacia, and infi- 
 nitely purer than the rum sold to-day. It has to be recorded that 
 at a comparatively early date, breweries and dii-tilleries were 
 erected, first in one township then in another, so that after a few 
 years the native liquor was much cheaper than rum, and then fol- 
 lowed the natural result— namely, increasing intemperance. It is 
 not difficult to understand that the old soldier would like his regular 
 glass of grog. In the long and tedious journeys made by boat, when 
 food perhaps was very limited in quantity, the conveniently carried 
 bottle would take its place, and extraordinary labor and severe 
 exposure would be endured by the agency of unnatural stimulus. 
 The absence of teetotal principles, the customs of the day ; want 
 of food; frequent and severe trials and exposures, would lead 
 even the best of men to partake of spirituous liquors. As we see it 
 "to-day, so it was then, abuse arose from moderate use, and those 
 who had no control over the appetite, or who loved to forget the 
 bitterness of the day by inebriation, would avail themselves of the 
 opportunity to indulge to excess. The mind naturally craves a 
 stimulant. If this desire be not fed by legitimate food, it is too 
 likely to appropriate the unnatural. The excitement of war had 
 passed away ; but had left in its wake the seeds of longing in the 
 breast of the old soldier. The educated man shut out from the 
 world, had but little to satisfy the usually active mind. With some, 
 the remembrance of old scenes— of old homesteads, and their belong- 
 ings, were forgotton in the stupifying cup. When all these facts 
 are considered, is there not abundant reason to wonder that intem- 
 perance did not prevail more extensively. But it is a question 
 after all, whether the loyalists became more addicted to the cup 
 
FIRST SOCIETIES IN CANADA. 311 
 
 after they settled, than when at the old homes. Those who have 
 charged the old settlers with the vice of drinking, have forgotten to 
 look at them in comparison with other countries at that day, instead 
 of the light set up at a later period. ,, .. ..( .:i>... 
 
 But while the pioneers preserved themselves fi-om unusual indul- 
 gence, it is to be regretted that their children too often forsook the 
 path of soberness, and in losing their right minds, lost the old farm 
 made valuable by their fathers' toil. It was often a repetition of 
 what occasionally occurred when the soldiers wore disbanded. 
 They would often sell a location ticket, or two or three acres of 
 land for a quart of rum i the sons would sell the fruit of a father's 
 liard work of a life time. 
 
 One of the first temperance societies formed in Canada was in 
 Adolphustown, on the 4th January, 1830. On this occasion the 
 Eev. Job Deacon, of the Church of England, delivered an address, 
 after which a respectable majority and three out of five magistrates 
 present, adopted resolutions condemning the use of ardent spirits, 
 and unitedly determining not to use or furnish drink for raisings, 
 bees, and harvest work. At the same meeting a temperance 
 society was formed and a constitution adopted under the title of 
 "The Adolphustown Union Sabbath School Temperance Society." 
 They pledged themselves not to use ardent spirits for one year. 
 According to the Hollowell Free Press, a tempercnce society 
 was formed at Hollowell, in 1829 ; for it is annouuced thit the 
 " Second Anniversary " will be held 3rd June, 1831. It is announced 
 April 12, 1831, that a temperance meeting will be held in the 
 Methodist Chapel, when addresses will be delivered by Dr. A. 
 Austin. The officers elected for the ensuing year are Asa Worden, 
 Esq., M.P.P., President ; Dr. Austin, Vice President; P. V. Elmore, 
 Secretary and Treasurer, „ ., •;,;,..;..;} ,,;f .,v f ,j:^ .^,, ,^;.^,,,,|>;..V- 
 
 Ofij'Rf ' "ff ■ ^<^t> -.;.!>r,-r;-r^:*.' ■'/,( 
 
 '»'t liT'^'AlS'^iijf!- 'W 
 
 
 ^nspy-rf^ff,' J)ixh'^ •,^. :)■,,: ./f!,;...r. .,rit ifp.br.r. ->'.[T|if 1:!i''f)iiH .i,y4H-^' 
 
H 
 
 vtf 
 
 mOQL'OIS IN ENGLAND 
 
 M:M^»^>^^v;-,,.• ,^ CHAPTER XXXIV, -^ -v ' ?•" -;"^-:;;^--; 
 
 CoNTKNTS — Tlic Six Nations — Faitliful EnKliHh Allies — Society for the Propaga- 
 tion of GoHpcl — First mitisionary to Iroquois — .fohn Thomas, first convert— 
 
 ;' Visit of Chiefs to England — Tlieir names — Thoir portraits — Attention to 
 them — Asking for instructor — Queen Anne — Connnunion Service— During 
 the Rebellion — Burying the Plate — Recovered — Division of the articles — 
 Sacrilege of the Rebels — Uc-printing Prayer Rook — Mr. Stuart, missionary 
 — The women and children — At Lacliine — Attachment to Mr. Stuart- 
 Touching instance — Mr. Stuart's Indian sister — Church at Tyendinaga— 
 School teacher to the Mohawk— John Bininger — First teacher — The Bininger 
 
 , . family — The Moravian Society — Count Zinzendorf — Moravian church at New 
 York — First minister, Abralinm Bininger — Friend of Embury — An old 
 account book — John Bininger journeying to Canada — Living at Bay Quints 
 — Removes to Mohawk village — Missionary spirit — Abraham Bininger's 
 letters — The directions Children pleasing parents " Gallowping 
 
 '• thoughts " — Christian!ty — Canadian Moravian missionaries — Moravian 
 loyalists — What was stmt from New York — " Best Treasure " — The " Dear 
 Flock " — David Zieshager at the Thames — J. Bininger acceptable to Mohawk 
 — Abraham Bininger desires to visit Canada — Death of Mrs. Bininger— 
 
 :• " Tender mother "— Biningerand Wesley — " Garitson " — " Losne " — " Dunon" 
 — Reconciled to Methodists — Pitying Losee — Losco leaving Canada — Ceases 
 to be teacher— Appointing a successor — William Bell — The salary — The 
 Mohawks don't attend school — An improvement — The cattle may not go ia 
 
 , school-house — The school discontinued, ri .,,,., .j,^ , ,. ^j. ,• r.. 'i./yf 
 
 .■■■ '« jjjj; gjx NATIONS — CONVERSION TO CHRISTIANITY. 
 
 Fi'om the first occupation of Now York by the English, tlio 
 Six Nations had almost always been thoir faithful allies. This 
 devotion did not remain unnoticed. Returns were made not only 
 of a temporal nature, but in respect to things spiritual. So early 
 as 1702 the Society for the Propogation of the Gospel in Foreign 
 Pai'ts, the next year after its organization, sent a Missionary 
 (Eev. Mr. Andrews) to the Mohawk Valley. Under his direction 
 in 1714, the Church of England Common Prayers, was translated 
 into their tongue. The first convert to Christianity was christened 
 John Thomas, who died in 1727, aged 119. ' ■^v:.* vr- .•.,:/. 
 
 It is said the English in their determination to secure the 
 alliance of the Iroquois against the French prevailed upon certain 
 chiefs to visit the Court of Queen Anne, in 1710, thinking that 
 the greatness and splendour of England, would firmly fix their 
 attachment. 
 
 There were four of them who crossed the water, and who 
 were treated with distinction. Their names were " Te Yee Nem 
 Ho Ga Prow, and Sa Ga Yean Qua Proh Ton, of the Maquas ; 
 Elow Oh Roam, and Oh Nee Yeath Ton No Prow, of the River 
 Sachem. Portraits were taken of these four kings and placed in 
 
THE QUEKN'8 oift. 313 
 
 tho British Mu80um. When pronontod to the Quoen they made an 
 elaborate Hpooch, iu whicii thoy spoko of their desire to nee their 
 " great Queen ;" of the long tedious French war in which tliey had 
 taken a ])ai't ; they urged the nccesHity of reducing Canada, and 
 closed by expressing a wish that tlielr "great Queen will be pleased 
 to send over some person to instruct " them in a knowledge of the 
 Saviour. Consequently the (iueen caused to bo sent to tho Mohawk 
 church just erected among them, a valuable sacramental service of 
 plate, and a communion cloth. This royal gift was ever held in 
 tho most fervent esteem by tho tribe. The part taken by tho 
 noble Iroquois during the cruel rebellion of 1776-83 is elsewhere 
 detailed; but in this coRnection is to be noticed an in^^ident of a 
 touching nature. Tho rebel commander of a blood-thirsty gang, 
 stimulated by promises of the land which they were sent to despoil, 
 came upon tho tribe at an unexpected moment. Tho valuable — 
 the costly — the revered gift from the Queen was in danger of being 
 seized by the lawless horde which was appi'oaching. Not forget- 
 ting them — not unmindful of things sacred, some of tho chief 
 members of the tribe decided to conceal them by burying them in 
 the earth, which was accordingly done, the plate being wrapped 
 in the communion cloth. These doubly valuable articles remained 
 buried until the close of th(; war, when thoy were recovered. The 
 plate had suifered no injuvy. but the cloth had been almost 
 destroyed by the damp earth. These precious relics were divided 
 between those who settled upon the Grand Eiver, and the smaller 
 branch that remained at the Bay. They ai'o to this day used on 
 sacramental occasions. Upon each of tho articles, sacred to 
 memory, and sacredly employed, is cut the following words : <> , , 
 
 " The Gift of Her Majesty Queen Anne by the Grace of God of 
 Groat Britain, France and Ireland, of Her Plantations in North 
 America, Queen of Iler Indian Chappel of the Mohawk." u^jiuw 
 
 When the lawless rebels came into their settlement, they 
 destroyed the translated Pi-ayor book. The Mohawks apprehensive 
 that it would bo lost, asked the Govei'nor (Haldimand) to have an 
 edition published. This was granted by printing a limited number 
 in 1780 at Quebec. In 1787 a third edition was published in Lon- 
 don, a copy of which before us, supplies these facts. In connection 
 with it there is also a translation of the Gospel according to St. Mark 
 by Brant. It is stated in the Preface that n translation of some 
 other parts of tho Now Testament may soon be expected from 
 Brant. But such never appeared. j*4iJ 
 
314 INDIAN ATTACHMENT. 
 
 • Tlio mi'^wionni-y omjiloyod nt the commciioomont ol' tlie rol»ol- 
 Hon, by tl)0 Society for the Propogation of tho (iospel in Foroi^m 
 PnrtH, waH the Kov. Jolin Stuart. "In 1710, ho was appointed to 
 the MisHion at Fort irunter. He Hoon prepared a Mohawk transUi- 
 tion of the Gospol hy Mark, an exposition of the Church catochium, 
 andacompondioimlliHtory of the Bible. lie was undisturbod in 
 hiH hihorn, until after after the Declaraticjn of Independence, though 
 <' he constantly performed divine sorvico without omitting prayers 
 
 for the King." 
 
 The women and children of the Indians when hurried away from 
 their homes repaired to Lauhino, where tho>^mostly remained until 
 the end of the war. The particulars of the liistory of their mis- 
 sionary is elsewhere given. There was a sincere attachment 
 between hi.n and the tribe, an instance of which is supplied by the 
 conduct of a sister of Cajytain Johns. Mrs. Stuart had an infant 
 child which was deprived of its natural food. The Indian woman 
 weaned her own child that she might thereby bo able to supply the 
 missionary's child with food. This child was Charles O'Kill Stuart. 
 When ho became the Venerable Archdeacon, ho did not forget the 
 act of motherly kindness bestowed upon him. The faithful breast 
 upon which he had nestled, had long since closed its heaving by 
 death ; but the daughter whom she had put away from the breast 
 still lived. Dr. Stuart visited the Indian woods every year, and 
 invariably went to see his sister, as he called her. '<Vv 
 
 - Early steps were taken to have built a church in which they 
 miglit worship. The Eev. John Stuart had his home in Kingston, 
 yet ho often visited the Indians. 
 
 The first church was erected on Grand River by Brant in 
 1786, and as nearly as wo can learn the plain wooden building at 
 the settlement upon the Bay was, at the same time, or shortly after 
 erected, ■'ft' ■■v.-/^',"! ?.'.',-.**.».'■ ,}*-. v'-'-*,^if' -r,'/ ■^-ky •■> '>^ •. ^>rr^.■^>y^rfrlf.■.f,'A■ 
 :,, The Society for the Propagation of tlie Gospel in Foreign Parts, 
 not only employed the Eev. Mr. Stuart, as a missionary, to labor 
 witli tho Mohawks, but likewise set apart a sum of £30, as a salary 
 to a teacher to instruct the children of the Indians upon Bay 
 Quinte. Mr. Stuart lived at Kingston, however, and could but 
 visit the Indian village occasionally. But a catechist was employed 
 by him to supply spiritual nistruction. Mr. Stuart also had the 
 appointing of a school-teacher. The precise time when this school 
 was opened, it is impossible to determine. The first reference we 
 find to it is in a letter, (one of many kindly entrusted to us by Mr|. 
 
THE MORAVIAN SOCIETY. 315 
 
 Biniiv^ov oF R^llevillc) writton by John Binin;cfov, then living in 
 Atlolphnstowii, to his father, the Rov. Ahralinin IJinliiijer of Oaniden, 
 New York, Moravian missionary. The letter is (late<l 1 Hth Septenil>er, 
 1792, an<l says, "beinpj at Kingston, I heard as it were accidently, 
 thnt the Rev. Mr. John Stuart wanted, on belinlf of the society in 
 England, to hire a teacher for the Mohawks ui> this bay, accordingly, 
 I made an offer of my services." This may have been the commence- 
 ment of the school. Mr. Stnart, not long after, accepted the offer, 
 and John Bininger says he gave his employers notice that ho should 
 leave them. We learn that he was at that time, or had been a short 
 time before, engaged as a book-keejier in Kingston. He was detained 
 tor two months before his employers would release him, immediately 
 after which he removed to the Mohawk village. ' - >'i: > .u r'nr), 
 
 Before proceeding with the record of the Mohawk school, we 
 shall ask the reader to listen to a few of the facts in the histoiy of 
 the liininger family. 
 
 The Moravian Society was founded by Count Zinzendorf. He 
 visited New York in 1741, and seven years later, 1748, a Moravian 
 Church was established in New York. The first or principal Mora- 
 vian minister was Abraham Biniiiger, a native of Switzerland, from 
 the same town where the immortal William Tell lived. — (Wakeley.) 
 He was the intimate friend of Embury and the other early Methodists 
 in America. 
 
 Of the sons of the Rev. A. Bininger, we have only to notice 
 John. Before us is an old account book in which is found the follow- 
 ing memorandum: " 1791, May 30th, Moved from Camden in Salem, 
 Washington County ; June 2nd, Arrived at St. John's, Canada ; June 
 8th, Arrived at Lachine for Kingston; 24th, arrived at Kingston, 
 Upper Canada ; July 2nd, Arrived at John Carscallians, Fredericks- 
 burgh, Bay Kanty ; October 2nd, Moved from Fredricksburgh to 
 Adolphustown, 1792; November l.'Hli, Moved from Adolphustown 
 to Mohawk Village." A letter written by John Bininger to his 
 father, is in a fine distinct hand, and indicates both learning and piety, 
 and that he was actuated, in taking the situation of teacher to the 
 Mohawks, by a missionary spirit. His father wrote to him from 
 time to time, the letters are dated at Camden, and usually refer to 
 family affairs ; but each has a lai'ge portion devoted to Christian 
 advice, simply and touchingly, and sometimes quaintly given. They 
 are signed Abraham and Martha. The first letter is addressed to 
 " Caterockqua," and the request is made upon the corner of the 
 letter to " please forward this with care and speed," " also to the care 
 
316 bininqer's letters. 
 
 of Mr. John CavscalUan, or Lieutenant Carscallian.' The rest of the 
 letters are addressed to Adolphustown, o,ud the Mohawk Village, 
 "Bay Quinte." 
 
 In one letter he says " Remember children never please parents 
 more than when they are willing to be guided by them ; self-guiding 
 is always tlie begimiing of temptation, and next comes a fall that we 
 must smart for it ; we are to work out our own ealvation (not with 
 high gallowping thoughts) but with feave and trembling." In this 
 way every letter beams with pure and simple Christianity. After 
 his childreus' personal well-being, he is concerned about the Moravian 
 missionaries in Canada, and also a considerable number of Moravian 
 Loyalists who had settled upon the Bay Quinte, after whom he fre- 
 quently inquires. In one letter he says " remember me to all my 
 friends, in particular to old Mr. Carscallian and wife." One letter 
 says, " We send you with Mr. McCabe a lag. cheese, weight five pounds 
 and three-quarters, about h;ilf-a-pint of apple seed, from Urana's 
 saving. I also send you part of my best treasure, the Daily Word 
 and Doctrinal Texts, for the year 1792. The collection of choice 
 hymns and sixteen discourses of my very dear friend, Count Zinzen- 
 doi'f." lie says, " I would heartily beg to make Inquiry and friend- 
 ship with the bretliren among the Indians. They are settled in the 
 British lines, I dout know the name of the place." Again he ex- 
 presses a wish that he should inquire for the brethrens' settlement, 
 and " make a correspondence with them," to think it liis " duty to 
 assist them in the furtherance of the Gospel, both on account of 
 yourself and on account of your old father. If you can get any 
 intelligence pray let me know, I am often concerned in my mind for 
 the dear flock that believe in the Lord Jesus Christ. I think if cny 
 gentleman in your parts can give information, it is the Eeverend Mr. 
 Stuart, a minister of the Church of England, he is a gentleman that 
 I have great esteem for, I know he will give you all the intelligence 
 he possibly can." Subsequently, 1794, he wishes his son to corres- 
 pond with the brethren at the river LaTrenche (the Thames). Asa 
 result of this request, we see a letter received from David Zeisherger, 
 dated at River Thames, 20th July, .1794, eighty miles from Detroit. 
 
 John Bininger was acceptable to the Mohawks of the Bay, 
 as an instructor. His father writes 5th January, 1 794, " It was a 
 real satisfaction to me to see Mr. llekenalder in New York, and 
 more so when I heard the good character of the Indians of your place 
 living among them." Writing February 23rd, he says, " was I able 
 to undergo the hardships, I would certainly join with you and tell 
 
SENDING PRESENTS TO CANADA. 317 
 
 the poor Indians of God their Saviour, that would be the highest and 
 happiest employ for me." In August, he says I would have ventured 
 the hardships of the journey, but mother and Isaac wont approve of 
 it , they think I am too old and feeble. I know that if I was with 
 you I should have more contentment than I have here." 
 
 The last communication we have is dated February, 1804, in 
 Avhich the good old Moravian says to his children, John and Phcebe, 
 that there " dear tender mother went happy to our dear Saviour ;" at 
 the funeral was so many, he wondered how so many could collect. 
 
 The Rev. Abraham Bininger was intimate with Wesley, whom 
 he accompanied to Virginia. He also was familiar with Philip 
 Embury, and Mr. " Garitson " who bapti/ed his grand-child. The 
 first two Methodist preachers in Canada were well known to him. 
 Several letter!:, back and forth, are " per favor of Loseo." In one 
 letter lie says, " Don forget to remember my love and regards to Mr. 
 Dunon (Dunham) and Mr. Loese." The postscript of another letter 
 says, " Isaac intends to send a young heifer, two pound of tea, a 
 gammon, and a pise of smokt beef. Mother sends her love to Dunon 
 and Mr. Loese." A letter dated April l2th, 1792, says John Switzers' 
 son " was baptized by Mr. Garitson. Mr. Garitson is well ai)proved 
 of in these parts. I heartily wish, as much as I love him, that he 
 were in your parts. I am of late more reconciled to the Methodists 
 than I was before, I see they really are a blessing to many poor 
 80uls." 
 
 Writing 2nd August, 1794, he says *'I heartily pity Mr. Losee 
 for withdrawing his hand, he is now to be treated with jiationce and 
 tenderness. I have sent last part of a discourse which I translated 
 from the brethrens' writing. I did it chiefly on account of Mr. Lv ''ee, 
 if you think proper send him a copy with a tender greet from me." 
 John Bininger, writing January 12, 1795. remai-ks, Mr. Losee is just 
 setting out for the States. 
 
 Mr. John Bininger ceased to be teacher to the Mohawks some- 
 time in the latter pai't of 1795, or first part of 179G. 
 
 There are several lott<5rs before us, written by Mr. Stuart, in 
 reference to the appointment of a successor to Mr. Bininger, the 
 first one is directed to " Mr. William Bell, at the head of the Bay of 
 Quinte, and dated at Kingston, September 26, 1796." He says " I 
 received your letter respecting the Mohawk school ; I can give you 
 no positive answer at present : because I have agreed, conditionally 
 with a school-master at Montreal, that is, if he comes up, he is to 
 have the school ; I expect daily to hear from him, although I do 
 
318 THE MOHAWK SCHOOL. 
 
 not think he will accept of the employment. Some time ago Mr. 
 Ferguson mentioned you as one who would probably undertake 
 that charge. I told Captain John that if the person from Montreal 
 disappointed me I would talk with you on the subject. The salary 
 is £30 sterling, with a house to live in, and some other advantages 
 which depend wholly on the pleasure of the Mohawks— but the 
 teacher must be a man, and not a woman, however well qualified." 
 The teacher from Montreal did not come, and Mr. Bell was ap- 
 pointed. The following seems to have been a copy of Mr. Bell's 
 first call for payment, the half-yearly instalment. - ■;- . 
 
 "Mohawk Village, Bay of Quinte, July 5, 1197— Exchange for 
 
 £15 sterling. 
 
 Sir,— At thirty days sight of this first of exchange, please to 
 my to Mr. Robert McCauley, or order, the sum of fifteen pound.s 
 sterling, bei g half-year's salary, from the 15th day of November, 
 1796, to the 15th day of May, 1797, due from the Society, without 
 further advice, from. Sir, &c., (Signed), William Bell, school-master 
 to the Mohawks. To Calvert Chapman, Esq., Treasurer to the 
 Society for the Prop:i--ation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts— Duke 
 Street, Westminster." 
 
 The Mohawks, it seems, did not appreciate the advantages 
 which the establishment of a school among them was intended to 
 afford, and Mr. Stuart is found writing as follows: "Kingston, 
 August 18, 1799— Sir,--Unless the Mohawks will send such a num- 
 ber of their children to school as will justify me in continuing a 
 school-master, in duty to myself, as acting for the Society, I shall 
 be under the necessity of discontinuing the payment of your salary 
 after the expiration of the present year. This information I think 
 proper to give you, that you may govern yourself accordingly. I 
 am, Sir," &c., (Signed), John Stuart. : , ' : ; ..„„..-: 
 
 But \n-iting again, March 16, 1800, Mr. Stuart says, "I am happy 
 to hear that the school is now furnished with a dozen or more 
 scholars, and it is expected you will be very strict in your disci- 
 pline, and SC3 that prayers are read night and morning ; that the 
 children are taught the Lord's Prayer, and the Commandments- 
 that children may not be sent homo even if their parents do not 
 send wood at the stated times ; that the tattle may not be allowed 
 to go into the school, but that it be kept clean, and the wood belong- 
 ing to it may not be used unless in school hours." 
 
 Writing again, September 11, 1801, Mr. Stuart says, "I have 
 waited with patience to see whether tUe Mohawks would send their 
 
SCHOOL DISCONTINUED. 319 
 
 chiklrcn more regularly to school, but if the accounts I receive are 
 true, tlie money is expended to no purpose. I um told that there 
 has not been a scholar in school since last spi-ing. And, as I never 
 found that the fault was on j^our side, I cannot, in conscience, allow 
 the salary of the Society to be paid for nothing. Therefore, imless 
 Capt, John and the chief men of the village will promise that the 
 school shall be furnished with at least six scholars, I must dismiss 
 you from their service— as soon as you receive this notification. I 
 hope you will see the reasonableness of this determination of mine, 
 and you may show this letter to Capt. John and the Mohawks, by 
 which they will see that the continuance or discontinuance of the 
 school depends wholly on themselves." 
 
 The final letter upon the subject is dated "Kingston, 26th 
 August, 1802," and says, "I have not yet received any letter from 
 the Society; but, for the reasons I mentioned to you, I think it 
 will bo expedient to let the Mohawk school cease, at least for some 
 time. I therefore notify you that after 3'our present quarter is 
 ended you will not expect a continuance of the salary." (Signed), 
 " John Stuart." " To William Bell, school-master to the Mohawks, 
 Bay of Quinte." 
 
 CHAPTEK XXXV. '• " " " 
 
 Contents— The liist Church at Tyeudinaga grows old— A CoimciI_Ask for 
 Assistance— Gov. Bfigot— Laying first stoncof new Church— The Inscription 
 —The Ceremony- The new Church— Their Singing— The surrounding 
 Scenery—John Hall's Tomb— Pagan Indians— Red Jacket— His Speech- 
 Reflection upon Christians — Indians had nothing to do with murdering the 
 Saviour. 
 
 BUILDING A NEW CHURCH. 
 
 Their original edifice of wood, having served its purpose, and 
 l>cing in a state of decay; it was deemed necessary to have erected 
 a now and more substantial building. They, consequently, held a 
 Council, at which the Chief made the following speech, after hearing 
 all the ways and means discussed—" If we attompc to build this 
 church by ourselves, it will never bo done. Let us, therefore, ask 
 oar father, the Governor, to build it for us, and it will be done at 
 once." Reference here was made, not to the necessary funds, for 
 they were to be derived from the sale of Indian lands ; but to the 
 
320 THE INDIAN CHURCH. 
 
 experience requisite to carry out the project. Sir Charles, Bagot, 
 the Governor, was accordingly petitioned. "The first stone was 
 laid by S. P. Jarvis, Esq., Chief Superintendent of Indians in 
 Canada ; and the Archdeacon of Kingston, the truly venerable G. 
 O. Stuart, conducted the usual service ; which was preceded by a 
 procession of the Indians, who, singing a hymn, led the way from 
 the wharf" " The following inscription was placed in this stone : 
 
 TO 
 
 The Glory op God Our Saviour 
 
 THE EEMNANT OF THE TEIBE OF KAN-YE-AKE-HAKA, 
 
 IN token op their preservation by the divine mercy 
 
 THEOUGH JESUS CHEIST, 
 
 In the sixth year of Our Motlier Queen Victoria : Sir Charles 
 
 Theopholus Metcalf, G.C.B., being Governor General 
 
 of British North America ; 
 
 The Eight Eev. J. Strachan, D.D., and [LL.D., 
 
 Being Bishop of Toronto : 
 
 AND 
 
 the rev. saltern givins, being in the thirteenth year 
 
 OP HIS incumbency. 
 The old wooden fabric having answered its end, 
 
 THIS CORNER STONE OP 
 
 CHEIST'S CHUECH TYENDINAGA, 
 
 WAS LAID 
 
 In the presence of the Venerable George O'Kill Stuart, LL.D., 
 
 Archdeacon of Kingston; 
 By Samuel Peter Jarvis, Chief Superintendent of Indian 
 Affairs in Canada, assisted by various Members of 
 
 the Church, "■ •-' 
 
 ' " ON TUESDAY MAY 30th, A. D., 1843. ^"^ '"'\' 
 
 ", ,, ". . :. , .^-., ,. , &C., «!fec., &C. 
 
 A hymn was sung by the Indians, an an children of the 
 
 school. The Eev. Wm. Macauley, of Picton, delivered an address, 
 which was followed by a prayer from the Eev. Mr. Deacon."— (^«r 
 RicMrd Henry Bomycastk.) 
 
MOHAWK CATECIIIST. 321 
 
 This edifice, with four Inncot windov/s on each side, presents 
 to the eye a very pleasing appearance upon approaching it. While 
 the interior may not altogether appear so attractive, it is sufficiently 
 interesting. There is the elevated desk, and the more elevated 
 pulpit ; and upon the wall, over the altar, are the ten command- 
 ments, in the Mohawk tongue. Here is grandly united the Mother 
 Church, and the devoted piety of the once great ■\Iohawk nation. 
 Opposite the altar is a gallery, across the end of the building, in 
 which is an organ. Therefrom proceeds, Sunday after Sunday, 
 rich notes of tuneful melody, blending with the stout voices of the 
 singers. From this church ascends, have we not reason to believe 
 the adoration of hearts warmed into spiritual life by the pure 
 principles of Christianity. 
 
 The view from the church upon the surrounding scenery is very 
 pleasant, and, in the quietness of a summer day, one may linger 
 gazing and meditating upon the past history of the race whoso 
 dead slumber hard by. The visitor's attention will be directed to a 
 fiat tomb, of blue stone, inclosed by a low stone wall, overgrown 
 with shrubs. Upon the face of the tomb are the words : 
 
 " This tomb, erected to the memory of John Hall, Ochechusleah, 
 by the Mohawks, in grateful remembrance of his Christian labors 
 amongst them. During thirty years, he served as a Mohawk 
 Catechist, in this settlement, under the Society for Propagating the 
 Gospel, adorning the doctrine of God, his Saviour, and enjoying the 
 respect of all who knew him. He died, generally regretted, June, 
 1848, aged 60 years." This stone also covers the remains of " Eloner^ 
 the exemplary wife of the Catechist, who died in the Lord, Mav 7 
 1840, aged 50." ' 
 
 ^Yhile the Mohawks always manifested a desire to learn the 
 truth, as taught by Christians, there were some of the Six Nations 
 who believed not, and steadfastly turned their backs upon the mis- 
 sionaries of the Cross. Among these stood prominent the Seneca chief 
 Sagnoaha, or Eed Jacket, one well known as an eloquent Sachem 
 m all the Councils of his peojile. A Seneca council was held at 
 Buffalo Creek, in May, 1811, when Red Jacket answered the desire 
 of a missionary that they should become Christians, as follows :— 
 " Brother !— We listened to the talk you delivered to us from the 
 council of black coats in New York. We have fully considered your 
 titlk, and the oftors you have made us. We now return our answer, 
 which we wish you also to understand. ^ In making up our minds 
 we have looked ba-k to remember what 'has been done in our days, 
 and what our fatherfii have told us was done in old times. 
 
 MX 
 
322 PAGAN INDIANS. 
 
 "Brother! — Groat numbers of black coats have boon among 
 the Indians. With Hwoct voices and smiling faces, they oiferod to 
 teach them the religion of the white people. Our brethren in the 
 Ea«t ii.stcncd to them. Thoy turn from thcreligionof their fathers, 
 and look up the religion of the white people. What good has it 
 done ? Arc they more friendly, one to another, than wo are ? No, 
 Brother! They are a divided people; we are united. They quarrel 
 about religion; we live in love and friendship. Besides, they drink 
 strong waters, and they have learned how to cheat and how td 
 practice all the other vices of the white people, without imitating 
 their virtues. Brother! — If you wish us well, keep away ; don't 
 disturb us. Brother! — We do not worshij) the Great Spirit as 
 the white people do, but we believe that the forms of worship are 
 indiiForent to the Great Spirit. It is the homage of sincere hearts 
 that pleases him, and we worship him in that manner." "Brother! 
 For these reasons wo cannot receive your offers. Wo havo other 
 things to do, and beg you will make your minds easy, without 
 troubling us, lest our heads should bo too much loaded, and by and 
 by burst." At another time, he is reported to have said to one 
 conversing with him upon the subject of Christianity, that the 
 Indians were not responsible for the death of Chri.st. "Brother," 
 said ho " if you white people murdered the Saviour, make it up 
 yourselves. We had nothing to do with it. If he had come among 
 tis, we should have treated him better." 
 
 0/ h'fft'j fii-"'} I J'fKi i>>>;) Ofivi ,;-Atl.,l.r:;K ,:'l'!ivrj ,Jlli»!, l.>Xi-iXdf'''<>-' 
 
 l^.di '•i fii'*iTi'jn j;6rlT' ::-)i\i i)Ay)\-hi: :^«i; i;<;.uiitboffl;iTij.':>iii; ittt.^,-)- 
 . ,. :■• ■- ■■ . . - - ■ ■ y ■ ■ .■• ■. ;:..Ur :=^, ,:.> ■ 
 
PREACHING TO THE INDIANS. 323 
 
 .•ij i~ 
 
 > .. : 
 ( 
 
 CHAPTER XXXVI. ' 
 
 U. •% ..'.-'it .' .-.! 
 
 CoNTBNTs-Mississauga Indians— Fatlier Picquet's opinion—Remnant of a largo 
 tribe— Iheir Land— Sold to Goverinnent—Ilev. Win. Case-^Tolin Sunday— 
 A drnnkard— Peter Jones— Raptisin-- Indians— At a cainp-ineetin--— Tlieir 
 departnient- Extraet from Playtur— William Beaver— ClonversionsT— Jacob 
 1 etcr— bevere ujjon wlute eiiristians— Tlieir worship— The Father of Cana- 
 dian missions— Scheme to teach Indians— Orape Island— T.easin" islands— 
 The parties-^' Dated at Belleville "— Constructing a village— The hiniher— 
 How obtained— Encamping on Grape Island— The; metliud of instruction— 
 ' The number— Agriciiltnre— Their singing— School house— The t-acher— 
 In,structions of women— Miss Barnes-Property or' Indians-Cost of imiirove- 
 meats— A visit to Government— Askini;- for land-" Big Island "—Other 
 favors— 1 eter Jacobs at New York— Extracts from Playter— Number of 
 Indian converts, 1829- Uver Credit Indians-Indians removed to Alnwick. 
 
 THE MISSISSAUQA INDIANS— THEIR CONVERSION TO CHRISTIANITY. 
 
 We have learned that the French missionary, Fatlier Picquct 
 did not entertain a very high opinion, at least he professed not to, 
 of the moral character of the Mississaugas, and their susceptibility 
 to the influence of Christian religion. We will now see what was 
 accomplished by the agency of the Eev. William Case. We refer 
 to that branch at present called the Mississaugas of Alnwick, 
 and formerly known as the Mississaugas of the Bay of Quinte! 
 They were the remnant of the powerful tribe, which ceded a large 
 tract in the Johnstown, Midland and N^ewcastle districts to the 
 Oovornment. This block contained 2,748,000 acres, and was 
 surrendered in 1822, for an annuity of £642 10s. 
 
 In 1825 the Rev. William Case visited the Bay. Among the 
 first to come under the influence of religion, from the preaching of 
 the Methodists was John Sunday. The writer has conversed with 
 many, who remember Sunday as a very filthy drunkard. Peter 
 Jones and John Crane, Mohawks who had been converted to 
 Methodism at the Grand River, visited Belleville. Peter Jones 
 with simple eloquence, soon reached the hearts of the Mississaugas. 
 The writer's father has heard Peter Jones jireach to them in Indian 
 near the banks of the Moira, just by No. 1 school-house in Belle- 
 ville. In the si)ring of 1826 Case baptized 22 Indian converts, 
 while 50 more seemed under the influence of religion. In June, a 
 camp-meeting was held in Adolphustown, the Mississaugas attended. 
 Special accommodation was afforded ihem. Their arrival is thus 
 graphically given by Playter, and it supplies an excellent idea of 
 Indian character in connection with religion. 
 
324 INDIANS AT CAMP-MEETING. 
 
 " A mossago came that the MisHisBauga fleet was in sight. A 
 few repaired to the shore to welcome and conduct the Indians to 
 the ground. The bark canoes contained men, women and children, 
 with cooking utoiiHils, blankets, giuiH, Hpearw, provisions, and bark 
 for covering their wigwams. The men took each a canoe reversed 
 on his head, or the guns and spears; each bn[iiaw a bundle of 
 blankets or bark. The men marched first, the women iiv the rear> 
 and in file they moved to the encamjiment, headed by two preachers. 
 The congregation seeing the Indians passing through the gate, and 
 so equipped, was astonished. Reflecting on the former condition 
 and the present state of these natives of the woods, gratitude and 
 joy tilled every bosom. Ood was praised for the salvation of the 
 heathen. After the natives had laid down the burdens, they all 
 silently prayed for the blessing of the Great Spirit, to the surprise 
 and increased doligbtof the pious whites. The Indians next buih 
 their camp, in the oblong form, with poles, canoes, and bark. The 
 adults numbered 41, of whom 28 had given evidence of a converted 
 state, and the children were 17 : in all 58. The natives had private 
 meetings by themselves, and the white?; by themselves ; but in 
 preaching time, the Indians sat on the right of the preaching 
 stand. At the close of each sermon, William Eeaver, an Indian 
 exhorter, translated the main points for the Indians, the other 
 Indian exhorters, Sunday, Moses, and Jacob Peter spoke to their 
 people on diflerent occcasions. Beaver's first exhortation was on 
 Friday, and produced a great efi'ect on the natives. >• .-■'-' 
 
 On Sunday Beaver spoke to his people with great fluency. 
 Upon being asked what he had been saying, " I tell 'em," said he, 
 "they must all turn away from sin ; that the Great Spirit will give 
 'em new eyes to see, new ears to hear good things; new heart to 
 understand, an^ sing, and pray; all new I I tell 'em squaws, they 
 must wash 'em blankets clean, must cook 'em victuals clean, like 
 white women ; they must live in peace, worship God, and love one 
 another. Then," with a natural motion of the hand and ai*m, a:* 
 if to level an uneven service, he added, " The Good Spirit make the 
 ground all smooth before you." 
 
 "On Monday, the Lord's supper was given to the Indians and 
 the whites, of the Indians 21 were also baptized, with ten of their 
 children. The whole number of the baptized in this tribe was now 
 43, 21 children. As yet those Indians know but one hymn, " for 
 a thousand tongues to sing, my great Redeemer's praise," and one 
 tune. This hymn they sung, over and over, as if always new, and 
 always good. " 
 
A REBUKE. 325 
 
 It has boon the custom, of not alone the United States, but 
 Bomo in our midst, to regard the Indians as altogether degraded 
 bolow the whites in intelligence, in natural honesty, and in appre* 
 elation of right and wrong. At the camp-meeting above referred 
 to, there was a convert by name of Jacob Peter. He is described 
 as *' a sprightly yOuth of 18 years." At some subseqent date during 
 the same year, the Indians lield a prayer-meeting at the village of 
 Domorestville. " Mr. Demorest being present with other white 
 inhabitants, to witness the Indian's devotion, requested Jacob to 
 speak a little to them in English; which he thus did : 
 
 "You white people have the Gospel a groat many years. You 
 have the Bible too: suppose you road sometimes — but you very 
 wicked. Suppose some very good people : but groat many wicked. 
 You got drunk — you tell lies — you break the Sabbath." Then point- 
 ing to his brethren, ho added, "But these Indians, they hear the 
 word onlj' a little while — they can't read the bible — but they be- 
 come good right away. They no more get drunk — no more tell 
 lies — they keep the Sabbath day. To us Indians, seems very 
 strange that you have missionary so many years, and you so many 
 rogues yet. The Indians have missionary only a little while, and 
 we all turn christians." • : ' i ■ 
 
 "The whites little expected so bold a reproof from a youth 
 belonging to a race which is gonorally despised." — (Playter). 
 
 Camp-meetings were peculiarly calculated to impress the 
 Indians with solemn thoughts. These children of the forest deemed 
 the shade of trees a fit and true place in which to worship the true 
 God, just as seemed to the first settlers Avho had for so long a time 
 had their homes within the quiet glades. And no more inconside- 
 rate step could have been taken than that pursued by Governor 
 Maitland, who, at the instigation of others, forbad the converted 
 Indians at the Eiver Credit to attend camp-meetings. The conver- 
 sion of the Mississaugas at Belleville, and the Credit, soon became 
 known to the other branches of the tribe scattered throughout 
 Canada, and in time the whole nation was under the influence of 
 Methodist teaching. Their change of life was as well marked as it 
 has been lasting. 
 
 The Eev. William Case, " The father of Canadian Missions," 
 
 determined to permanently settle the tribe, to teach them the 
 
 I quiet pursuits of agriculture, and their children the rudiments of 
 
 I education, as well as of christian knowledge. To this end the plan 
 
 t; was adopted, of leasing two islands, situated in Big Bay, which 
 
326 GRAPE ISLAND. 
 
 belonged to the tribe, and eHtabliHh thereupon the converted Indians. 
 The parties to whom the tribe granted the lease for 999 years, for 
 the nominal Hiim of five shillings, were "John Reynolds, Benjamin 
 Ketcheson, Penuel G. Selden, James Bickford, and William lloss." 
 The Chiefs, Warriors, and Indians conferring the lease, and who 
 signed the indenture, were "John Sunday, William Beaver, John 
 Simpson, Nelson Snake, Mitchell Snako, Jacob Musguashcum, 
 Joseph Skunk, Paul Yawaseeng, Jacob Nawgnashcum, John Salt, 
 Isaac Skunk, William Boss, Patto Skunk, Jacob Sheepegang, James 
 Snake." It was " signed, sealed, and delivered in the presence of 
 Tobias Bleaker, and Peter Jones." Dated Belleville, 16th October, 
 1826. The islands thus leased were Huff's Island, then known as 
 "Logrim's," containing about fifty acres, and Grape Island with 
 eleven acres. . ' ' ' ' '"^ 
 
 Steps were promptly taken to carry out the object aimed at by 
 the projectors, and arrangements wore made to construct a village 
 upon Grape Island. The lumber for the buildings was obtained 
 by cutting hemlock saw logs upon the rear part of Tyendinaga, by 
 the river Moira, under the direction of Surveyor Emerson, which 
 were floated down to Jonas Canniif's saw n ill, and there sawed 
 into suitable pieces. These were again floated down in small rafts 
 to the island. During the ensuing winter, the buildings not being 
 as yet erected, a large number encamped upon Grape Island, while 
 the rest went hunting, as usual. Instructions commenced immedi- 
 ately. Preachers visited them from lime to time, and two inter- 
 preters. William Beaver and Jacob Peter taught them the Loi-d's 
 Prayer and Ten Commandments. In January the hunting party 
 returned, and "a meeting, lasting several days, Avas held in the 
 chapel in Belleville, to instruct them also." "The tribe mustered 
 about 130 souls, and the Society embraced every adult, about ninety 
 
 persons." '^"=^ "■' '- ••'^". 
 
 A branch of the tribe living in the roar of Kingston, forty in 
 number, came in May, the following Spring, and joined those at the 
 island, and became converts. " In this month the buildings were 
 commenced, and some land ploughed and planted. The condition 
 of the people was every day improving. As many as 130 would 
 assemble for worship. Their voices were melodious, and delight- 
 ful was the singing. A school and meeting-house was built in July, 
 30 feet by 25 feet. William Smith was the first school-teacher, 
 having thirty scholars in the day school, and fifty in the Sabbath 
 school. The farming operations were under the superintendence 
 
DEPUTATION TO YORK. 327 
 
 of K. Phelps. The girls and women wore instnictod in knitting, 
 sewing, making Htriiw huts, and other work, by Mis.s K. Barnes. 
 
 " The public properly of the Indians comjjrised a yoke of oxen, 
 three cows, a sot of farming tools, and material for houses, as 
 lumber, nails and glaas, — contributions of the benevolent. The 
 improvements of the year were expected to co.st £250, to be mot 
 by benevolence in the United States and Canada. In Octobei', the 
 meeting-house was seated, in connection with which was a I'oom 
 provided for a study and bed for Iho teacher. The bodies of eleven 
 log houses were put up ; eight had shingled roofs, and they were 
 enclosed before winter." — (Playter). 
 
 Soon after, a deputation from Grape Island visited York, with 
 a deputation from Eice Lake, and the Credit Indians, to seek an 
 audience with the Government. A council was hold with the 
 Government officers on the 30th January, 1828. The speeches woro 
 interpreted by Peter Jones. John Sunday, after referring to their 
 conversion, and having settled by the Bay Quinte, said, "that when 
 they considered the future welfare of their children, they found 
 that the island they claimed would not afford them sufficient wood 
 and pasture for any length of time, and that they had now come to 
 ask their great father, the governor, for a piece of land lying near 
 thorn." "lie then proceeded to ask the Government in what situa- 
 tion Big Island was considered ; whether or not it belonged to the 
 Indians? and, if it did, they asked their father to make those 
 who had settled on it without their consent, pay them a proper 
 rent, as they had hitherto turned them off with two bushels of 
 potatoes for 200 acres of land. In the last place, he asked permis- 
 sion of their great father to cut some timber on the King's land 
 for their buildings." — (Peter Jones). 
 
 In April of this j^ear, Mr. Case, with John Sunday and Peter 
 Jacobs, attended the anniversary of the Missionary Society in New 
 York. The manifestation of Christianity displayed by these sons 
 of the forest touched the hearts of the people present, and led to a 
 considerable augmentation of the contributions previously supplied 
 by private individuals. They visited other parts of the United 
 States, and returned to the bay, May 12, "accompanied by two 
 pious ladies. Miss Barnes, and Miss Hubbard." " The ladies came 
 with the benevolent design of assisting the Indians in religion, in- 
 dustry, and education." : , , , ^ „i.„.,^.Ai, -.'-, .,; 
 
 '' In the tour Mr. Case received many presents of useful articles 
 for the Indians; and among the rest ticking for straw beds. This 
 
328 THE NUMBER OP CHRISTIANS, 
 
 WiiK <livi(le<l lunoiig twenty i'amilies, and mjulc the first beds they ever 
 slept upon." Among the eonversions of this year, was an Indian 
 woman, j^ractising witchcraft, as the people believe, ami a Roman 
 Catholic." ■ . 
 
 The people were not only persevering in religious duties, but 
 made progress in industry. Mr. Case collected the Indians together 
 one evening, to show what they had manut'actured in two weeks. 
 They exhibited 172 axe handles, 6 scoop shovels, 57 ladles, 4 trays, 
 44 broom-handles, 415 brooms. The Indians were highly commended 
 for their industry, and some rewards were bestowed to stimulate 
 greater diligence." — (Playter). ' ' ' ■.,'"•' 
 
 According to the Annual Rci)ort of the Missionary Society of 
 the Methodist Episcopal Church of the United States, there were 
 "two hundred and twenty natives under the Christian instruction of 
 one missionary, one hundred and twenty of whom are regular com- 
 municants, and fifty children are taught in the schools." Lorenzo 
 Dow visited Grape Island, and writing July 29, 1829, says, "viewing 
 the neatness and uniformity of the village — the conduct of the chil- 
 dren even in the streets — and not a drunkard to be found in their 
 borders. Surely what a lesson for the whites ! " 
 
 The other communities of the Mississaugas that came under the 
 religious teaching of the Methodists are the River Credit Indians, 
 the Rice Lake Indians, and those at Schoogog, Siracoe, and tho 
 Thames River. .-'!■,•/'-■;'-; ■•.;!;.;•.: ^- [•,• ' .■'<■:<■■ : •■" j n:; .-•hi^..-> 
 
 When«the Indians from the Bay Quinto, an(J from Kingston, left 
 Grape Island, they removed to Alnwick. A Report on Indian Aflfairs, 
 of 1858, says, "they have now a block of laud of 2000 acres divided 
 
 into 25 acre fai'ms." 
 
 , i;f .;;':> ( :■"; ■'■:■■■ ;.•-.. :■...■ .;' r. . -' ■:7(y 
 
 '; , -J .'/'. "'•!(( ,,;.;/.' H 'I'l ly" '[■'■' •■'• j ; ■>■!!'. ,. •!,•■!■ I 
 
 ■•'.'.' V' ''I' '!•' ^'i > '•; .1..- " I'v I' .; ■ i .;j; , ■ ' '■ j' ■-■ {',■'.. !<■ > (KM;ii: 
 > vj;^: i; ''lit; ■.-:*':■' A-:)'/.,) .') • '-m' i..ii . •.,: :> ■'••il ':■''■ '.^"' u. !-;■>;;! 
 
 • Mi, if;h.i V' -r'^'hiM/;; n(/-;l'.H.)'i .;'.''^'/ ••.>../;[' ,i!i>iA„ui 71 'h.i ^r^^rAlyi ..(.11 
 
 ■-•:f.f!<'fi .t.i'>i^rfbfii:ii;t }hi.\di\sU -:4\\h V\ , —■'(•■|-< :••';.<',• .-.iKaJhtHi;:! ii'>'' 
 
 -^•^h:^ -Jffoiluv/.TiniijIi^jt'j^J^iLoit^. b ir^; .r ■■ ;' *■■ 'T ■ '■ ■■'• '^ 
 
\i;i I I 
 
 DIVISION' VI 
 
 •f.', i:'i.': 
 
 .! 
 
 EAELY EDUCATION IN UPPEll CANADA. , 
 ' " CHAPTER XXXVII. 
 
 .'I* 
 
 
 CoNTKNTN — ?Muinti<tii (imonR tho LoyalistH — Etfoct of tlic War — No o|)i>f»rtiiinty 
 for Ediioivtif)!! — A fuw EdiuiitiMl — At l^iith — A common belief — \Vlmt wiis 
 requisito for fiirminK — liearning at liome — Tlio Hcliool IV^achorH — Their 
 qualificationK — lUiv. Mr. IStuart as a Teacher — Academy at KingHton — First 
 Canadian D.T). — Mr. Clark, Tcaciier, 1786 — Donovan — Garrison He hools — 
 Cockerell — MycrH — Wnney — Michael — Atkinw — Kingston, 1 795 — I^yons — 
 MrK. Cranahan — I»i AdolphuKtown — Morden — Faulkiner — The School Bo(»kK 
 — Evciung Schools — McDougall — O'Ueilcy — McCormick — Flogging — Salis- 
 bury — Jam(^H — I'otter — Wright — Watkins — Gibson — Smith — AVhelan — 
 Articles of Agreement — Recollections — Boarding round — American Teachers 
 —School Books— The Letter Z, 
 
 '"■ " '"''•' THE FIR?*T 8C1I00LS AND TEACIIEItS. ' "' '' ' ^ ' 
 
 • . yr<'-' . ■ 'U' '' 
 
 The majority of tho refugees poBseHsod but limited education. 
 There were a very wmali number whoso education was even 
 oxcoUent ; but tiie greater portion of LoyaliHtH from tho revolting 
 Colonies, had not enjoyed opportunities for even a common educa- 
 tion. The state of society, for many yoar.s, precluded tho teaching 
 of youth. During tho civil war, tho chances for learning had been 
 exceedingly slender. Apart from this, there did not exist, a hun- 
 dred years ago, the same desire to acquire learning which now 
 prevails. Tho disbanded soldiers and refugees, even some of the 
 half-pay officers, were void of education, which, even in the back 
 woods, is a source of pure enjoyment. There was, however, an 
 English seminary at Quebec, and at Montreal, at which a few were 
 educated during the war; for instance, Clark, who was a naval 
 store-keeper at Carleton Island, had his children there at school. 
 At tho village of Kingston, there were a certain number of educated 
 persons; but around the Bay there was not much to boast of. As 
 their habitations were sparse, it was difficult for a sufficient number 
 to unite to form good schools. Among the old, sturdy farmers, who 
 themselves had no learning, and Mdio had got along without much, 
 if any learning, and had no books to road, there obtained a belief that 
 it was not only unnecessary, but likely to have a bad effect upon 
 
330 THE FIRST COLLEQIATE HONOR. 
 
 the youttg, disqualifying tliem for the plain duties of husbandry. If 
 ono conld road, Hign hiH own name, and caat intcrent, it was looked 
 upon as quite buflicient for a farmer. But gradually there sprung 
 up an increased deniro to acquire education, and a willingness to 
 supply the means therefor. In most places, the children were 
 gla<lly sent to school. And, moreover, in some cases, eldorpersons, 
 without learning, married to ono possessed of it, would spend their 
 long winter evenings in learning from a willing i)artner, by the 
 flickering fire light. Says Ex-Shoritt'Ilutlan, then living at Adolphus- 
 town, "As there were no schools at that period, what knowledge I 
 acquired was from my mother, who would, of an evening, relate 
 events of the American rebellion, and the happy lives people once 
 led under British laws and protection previous to the outbreak." 
 "In a few years, as the neighborhood improved, school teaching 
 was introduced by a few individuals, whose individual infirrailios 
 prevented them from hard manual labor." We find it stated that 
 the first school teachers were discharged soldiers, and generally 
 Irish. 
 
 The Rev. John Stuart, subsequently D.D., (Sec first clergyman) 
 was the first teacher in Upper Canada. So early as 1785, the year 
 he settled at Cataraqui, as he called the place, ho says, in a letter 
 written to an old friend in the States, "The greatest inconvenience 
 I feel here, is there being no school for our boys ; hut, wo are now- 
 applying to the Legislature for assistance to erect an academy and 
 have reason to expect success ; If I sncooed in this, T shall die here 
 contented." "In May, 178C, he opened an academy at Kingston;" 
 writing in 1788, ho remarks, I have an excellent school for my 
 children," that is the children of Kingston. — (Memoirs of Dr. 
 Stuart). The degeeo of 1). I)., which was conferred upon Mr. 
 Stuart, in 1799, by his Alma Mater, at the University of Pennsyl- 
 vania, was the first University degree of a.iy kind conferred upon 
 a Canadian, probably to any one of the present Dominion of Canada. 
 
 While the Rev. Mr. Stuart was engaged with the first school in 
 Kingston, Mr. Clarke was likewise employed in teaching upon the 
 shores of the Bay, probably in Ernesttown or Fredericksburgh. 
 " We learn from Major Clark, now residing in Edwardshurgh, that 
 his father taugh* tho iirst regular school in Dundas. lie arrived 
 with his family in Montreal, in tho year 1786, and proceeded to the 
 Bay Quinte. lie remained two years at the Bay, emph)ycd in 
 teaching. In 1788, he came to Matilda, at the instance of Captain 
 Frazer, who, at his own expense, purchased a farm for him, at the 
 
THE FIRST PEDAGOGUES. SSI 
 
 cost of one hundred dollars. A few of the neighbors assisted in 
 the erection of a school house, in which Mr. Clark taught for several 
 years, lit) was a native of Perthshire, Scotland." — (^History of 
 Dundas). 
 
 One of the first teachers at Kingston, Avas one Donovan. 
 
 As a general thing, all the British garrisons had, what was 
 called, a garrison school, and many of the children at first derived 
 the rudiments of education from these; that is, those living conve- 
 nient to the forts. The teachers of these army schools, no doubt, 
 Avere of questionable fitness, probably possessing but a minimum 
 of knowledge, next to actual ignorance. However, there may 
 liavo been exceptions. Possibly, where a chaplain was attached to a 
 garrison, he taught, or superintended. 
 
 Col. Clark, of Dalhousie, sr/s, "The first rudiments of my 
 humble education I acquired at the garrison school, at Old Fort, 
 Niagara, When we came to the British side of the river, I went 
 to various hchools. The best among them was a Itichard Cockcrell, 
 an Englishman, from the United States, who left tJie country during 
 the rebellion," lie also speaks of D'Anovan of Kingston, as a 
 teacher, and likewise Myers, Blaney, ^h: Michael, Irish, and 
 another, a Scotchman, This was before 1800, 
 
 A memorandum by Ilobert Clark, of Napanoe, says, " My boys 
 commenced going to school to Mr. Daniel Allen Atkins, 18th 
 January, 1791." 
 
 Eochofoucault says, in 1705, speaking of Kingston, "In this 
 district are some schools, but they are few in number. The children 
 are instructed in reading and writing, and pay each a dollar a month. 
 One of of the masters, superior to the rest, in point of knowledge, 
 taught Latin ; but ho has left the school, without being succeeded 
 by another instructor of the same learning." 
 
 '* In the year 1788, a pious young man, called Lyons, an 
 oxhorter in the Methodist Episcopal Church, came to Canada, and 
 engaged in teaching a school in Adolphustown," " upon Hay Bay 
 or Iburth concession." — (Playtcr). Ex-Sheriff liutl an tells um, that 
 " At seven years of age, (1790), he was one of those who patronized 
 Mrs. Cramihan, who openc^d a Sylvan Seminary for the young idea, 
 (in Adol})hustown) ; from tlience, I wont to Jonathan Clark's, and 
 then tried Thomas Mordon, lastly William Faulkiner, a relative of 
 the Ilagermans. You may suppose that these gra<liiations to Par- 
 nassus, was carried into effect, because a large anumnt of knowledge 
 could be obtained. Not so; for Dilworth's S])elling Book, and the 
 
332 NIOMT HOIIOOLH. 
 
 N(5vv ToHtamcnt, worn fhf. <m\y hooks f>OHM0HH(!<l by llicsc ucudortiics. 
 About Hvc fiiiloH (Jistiiiit, \v;n unotlmr loadior, whoHO fiurnc I ibr^ot ; 
 ufUvr hJH (luy'H work wiih (Joikj in the IjiihFi, l)iit particularly in IImj 
 wintt)!', ho wuH ready to r(5C<>ivo his |Mi|>ilH. Thiw ovonin^ Hchool 
 waH for thow! in Hcarcli of kfiowlc(J^t). My two vMov brother.-* 
 avuil(!(i th«!inM()lvoH of thiH opportunity, and aiwayH went on nnow 
 hIiooh, vvliieh they d<fpOMit(!(l at Ihr; door." it jfjokn v(!ry minh um iC 
 c.ourtiri^ may have becjti intirnatiijy awHoeiated with lh<!He ni;^htly 
 i'<!Hcai'clie.H for knowjcid/^e. Mr. Ruttan mldn, "And exciting 
 oecaHifniM HonnitinjeH happiMKjd by moonlight, when the /:.(irlH Joined 
 tJie cavaleiwle," At thin Hchool aH well, the only bookn wore 
 Diiworth, and the TeHtani(;nt; unlesM it wen; the ^irl'H " IooUh.'' 
 "Those primeval dayH I nttnfjnifter with ^reat pleaHure." "At 
 ffMirteen, ClHOfJ), my (idueation wm lini.shttd." W<! learn that at an 
 <;arly p(friod there wftM one M<;I>f*u^all, who tiiu^ht nehord in a Uijj; 
 houHe upon tlie Houtli whore of Hay Hay. ^nyn Mr. Henry Van- 
 J>UHon, one of the lirHt nativeH of Upper ('afiada, "The fii-^t who 
 (iXiTcm'A the prero^^^ative of the Hchool room in Adolphuntown were 
 tfie two HoriM of I'ldward O'llcdiy, and .McOormick, both of whom 
 are widl rem<unbered by all whovv<!re favored with their ifiHlruetion 
 — from th(! unmerfiful flog^in/i^.s leccuved," 
 
 About the year 1H03, r»n<; .SaliHbury taught Hehool on the Ili^li 
 Shore, So)»hiaHbtir/^h. TIm! HrHt teaeher n\K)fi the Marnli Front, 
 near (Jj-aMMy I'oird, waH .bdin .lameH. At the rnoulh of Myer/s' 
 Cre(d<, in IH07 or H, .lamen I'otter taught whool ; but, prior to that, 
 a man by the nanm of LcHlie taught. About Ihiw tinu;, there wan 
 uIho a l^!V. .Mr. Wright, a I'niMbyterian, who taught wchool near ,Mr«, 
 Himpson'H. He pr(!a<hed o(•ea^<iomllly. Iti IHIO, in a little fraiiie 
 Hchool lioime, near the prciMent market, CHelleville,) tau^Jit ono John 
 WalkiiiH. ()n«! of the tlrHt H(;hf)ol maHtcrH up the Moira, fifth con- 
 eoHHion of Tliurlow, was one (iibHon. ,MrH, J'eny, born in Kj-ne.st- 
 town, remem(fnjl>erH h<;r firnl, and Jier principal tehool teachei*. JIIh 
 name was Smith, and h<! faupjht inllMJ Hceond eonejiHsion r»f I*!rneKt- 
 t^jwn in ]HiUi. H<! had a lar^e hchool, the (diildren C(;ming from 
 fill the n<'i/.^hbf)i'hor)d, infdudiri;^ the f)e.st familioH, 
 
 During the war of 1812, Mr. \Vh(dan iuufj^hi at Kin^nton, in 
 the public hcHooI. 'J'he M(dio<d Iiouho hUxxI near the block hoUMC. 
 It is Hlat<;d, Jatiuary, 1817, that he had b(;en a teaeher for ton yearH. 
 
 Hefore us, is a doeurn<;nt, dated at Holh.well, Oct. 2ft, 1819. It 
 
 is — "Articles of afrnsament betwecui U L , of tlio one 
 
 one part, and we, the undorMigned,of the other part: that in to»ay: 
 
AN AOIIKKMKNT. 333 
 
 that H \j (loth ori;^a^<! to k<iOp a rft^iiljir hcUoo], iov Uio 
 
 t<!rrn of Huvi'.n irir>riUiH from tJi<! firMt *luy of Novernlxsr w-.xi., ul tlio 
 rato of two poiiikIm ten hliillin/^K per friontli ; and ho fiirth(!r doth 
 a^M'CO t/) touch r(!Hdin/.f, writ,jn;(, and aritJitrKitif! ; to Uc.o^i rft^iihir 
 hour-H, k(!<)|» i^ood onlor in Hchool, an i'ltv as liin ahilitioM will allow, 
 Hco that tho children ^o orderly from H(d)ool </> th«ir roHp«!(;t-ivo 
 
 fiornoH. And wo, tho undorHi/^nod, doth a^roo U) pay li L 
 
 llK^Hiim ahovo tiarn<!<l oi' t<5n <lollarM por month for tho time ahovc 
 rficntiofM'd ; and further, doth a/^ro(! to find a cornfortahlo Iioumcj for 
 tli<! Hchor)l, and hiipply tho Hami; with vvoori fitt<!d fori ho tin!. And 
 furtlKir, to waHh, rnond, lo<i^(j, and viotiial hirn for tho tinio oi' 
 k<!Opin|< Maid H<diool, Hfhool to h<5 ijnd(;r r-har/^o and inHpootion of 
 the following tniMt«j(!H: William ('laik, l*ot<;i' Ii«!avenH, und Daniel 
 fx;avenM." 
 
 Til whi(di JH Hiihjoined, r|iiaintly, in Mr. li.'H Jiand writing: 
 
 " li \H to ho nnderntood that thiinaid \i Ij Idih perfortned 
 
 his hiiKinoHrt rightly till ho Ih disohari^csd, — (H'i^tHul) It L ." 
 
 IJelow are tho namon of tho MuhhruihorM, und th<5 number of 
 HcholarH <!ach will Hend. ' i 
 
 'i'hnpracti<;e already njfffrred Ut, of H(!ttin|^ apart forsehool t<5iu:h- 
 cr.s Kiich moinherHof tli(! family an were phyMically ineapahlorjf rloing 
 hard manual lahor, without any r(!;^'ar(| to tfieir natural oi' a^;quired 
 capahilitieH, waH of Yankee f>ri^in, and (;ontinu<^l in many plaeeH 
 tor many yearn. The wril(!r ha<J, annui;^ hin eai'ly teaeherh, one 
 who hoarded round from family to family, wh<),He moIo (jualitieation 
 Ui t<!(u;h eo»iHi«l/<!d in hin lamenortH. Thiw prontitutiou of u nohio 
 eallinj^, hiwi the offeet of preventing men of (sdueation for a long 
 time, from engaging in the dutien of thin profei-MJo/i. 
 
 In ditlerent plaeen, youiig men would engage for thret) or four 
 HiontliM, in winter, to toueh Mchool ; hut, with the return of Hpring, 
 they would return U) the lahor of the field and woodtj, AJler a 
 wlule, young womtui (;<*uld he foun<J who would teach in the con- 
 ccHhion Hchool houHoall the Mumrner, to which the young<!rc,liildren 
 would go. 
 
 .Someofth(5 lirHt Hcliool teuchorH w<-.re from thct old e(>untry, and 
 MOme from the American StatcH. The lattta* would naturally d<!Hire 
 to have UHcd American nchool h<*okH, and, uh ihey were the moMl 
 conveniently procured, they were intnxluced, and continued to be 
 in UHe for many yearn. AtleaHt, by nome kcIiooIm, l>r. Noah W<;b- 
 Bter'K wpelling book waw among the (irHt to he u«ed ; and the writer 
 coramenced hiw rudimentary education in that fjook. it lollowed, 
 
884 AMKIIICAN I'liONUNC'IATION. 
 
 ftroiri ilio ])i*OH<tn('« of AinorM-iin 1«fU'li«i'i<i iiri<l hcIidoI hookn, timt, 
 poculiuritJttH of Amvr'n'.nn Hpolliiif^ iiii'l iironuncMuliori woro Uiuj^lit 
 U) the ciiildron of ihiniuUi. Fov iiiHtiiiK-.o, luko Uio lnt(<M' Z. Tliin 
 tettor <»r tho IOii/^IImIi jilpliflhet Ih, jicom-din^ t() orl^iiml jvutlioril.y 
 prorioiitictvl r«//; hut, WolinUsr (uiiKlit tJiiiL it liiul not a c.<>iii|>omi<l 
 •ouri'l, und nhoiild he pronounced ze.. TJiIh nmiXar WftH hroii^ht 
 I' ;fofw (lit! puhlic, l>y H l()l,f(!i- ov<!r th(!Mi;^iiatmo of " JIiirriH," which 
 appeared in liic KhujHtmi //(raid, in IHtlJ, Af'tor juidiiciii^' ahiind- 
 ancti of iiiithurify, ho c,oiic.iiidcH Uiat " tiic inHtnict/;!* of youtli, who, 
 whon on^ugod in lijachin/^- Uio chJinuntM of Ihn Mri^liHli lan^iuijt^o, 
 dhiici iUiitn to call tiiat Icttor ze, hiHtuad of zed, arc tomdiing lliurn 
 error." ■'■i:m- - /i -/'•.: -■-..i - -■ ,' r ,,,^: iw. ,, -i . • s. i.i,/ 
 
 t ■' ' ' 
 
 « 
 
 L I ■ . . ■■ : 1 » . . ■ : 
 
 J' 111 ii i'' ■ ' 1. . ■!■: ' . ' ' 
 
 ;-' ' !.•.;•!..■ . 
 
 CUAJ'TKK XXXVIII. . 
 
 CoNTKNTH — Mr. Ktiiftrt'H Mchodl — HIriicfH — State C'liim-h and (UAU'^c — Ommriirtr 
 HctiooU;— -Klin. it. liMnWum—CAuiiuwtH—HirtuiMti'-'liomcH to (lunula— 
 Kiliiriiliiiiiiil liiMtory— Arriviil lit, ivitiKHloti — 'Die ji(ijiilH--l''i!<;M — KcrfiovcH t" 
 Coriiwiill — I'ti|,iln t'ollovv— Stritfliitri, ii (.'(iiKullftn— .Muiilch — Inlcivirw witli 
 JtiMhop HIriw.h'in— HlHdiH/i|)|»()»iitinctil — A htrftntftir— What fm fornook— 300 
 jjiiifiilM — 'rinir MWcv.HH — Htiiy at, Comwall — A|)|)oiiitiiii!iitn (it Vork—A lec- 
 tnnr — At KIiiKHton — Meinlicr nt' Uit^Miilivi: ('oiincil — I'lditicidii — C'lurjiy 
 lU'Mt^Vi'H — KoimkIm KImr'h (JoII(!K<!— 'I'hn thMty-nltui artk;li-H— Mctnojxdy 
 Mwcpt away — Voliiiilaiyiniii— KohikIm Trinity (Jolle^^o — JJiHlioji Ktra<liuu iu 
 IHW — VVlial lie liiul iwicoinidiMiii'd -'I'iioHC! lii; tutored — Kettjuj^ ii|< ii IiIkIi 
 Ktnndard— " ltcel<oti'^r" — Hineerity — r,e(,'i(slati«»ii, 17!iV --Adfh'iKH to tiie Kitljf 
 — (irainniar Hclioolu — (Jrunt, X7l»8— l4oanl ol ]!;(|ii(utioii~-Ku(iownit!iit of 
 Klnn'** f'olleKe — JtH «(inMtitiition — (-'lian/^eH — Ujiiier (,'aiiarla (-'ollege — Kn- 
 (lovvimtnt — "A Hpirit of ItiiprrtVeTneTit" — Hcmrlay — The xeeornl aeademy — 
 At KriuHtti>wn— Tho tnihUicn — 'UtlwBll— (JliarKCH— (Joritradiiitod — JCival- 
 Hiliool — IJidweil'H Moii— (/'oiiMpieiioiiH rlianw'ti:r — l5idw(!ll'M deatli — Hon re« 
 irioveM to 'I'oronto — Aea<li4iiiy liiiildltig, a barmok — Literary Kpirlt of IMli— 
 N«r«r revived— Vorit. > ..its- •, r,*.: ■. •-:i':i.'." k .■•((.'■< ?..■;• ■',!} Iv:,- 
 
 lllQHHU aiiUCAi'lOS—lfOVSltATUtS OK UN lVKltKITll!:» — JiTliA'UIAN,—- 
 
 niowici.L. ■ ' ' .,'" 
 
 \J\> to th(! titno that Uppnr Canada wuh mi aptirt, from Iho I'ro- 
 vmce of Quohec, an a dlHtinct Province, and even jiiitil 1 7UU, when J)r. 
 Btrachan came to KingHtori, the Uov. Mr. Stiiurt continued to be the 
 only tea(dier who finparted anything like a Holid education. But hin 
 gcb 'T'ti conHifitod mainly of hoyH not far advanced. No doubt many 
 c»\ , however. rec<'ived from him the t'lorncntH of a sound, and 
 
 even cla><Hicnl education. 
 
rm. htiiadiian'm i'ri>fi,H. .135 
 
 (il()V(!r»K)i'Sim<)(K,', hooji at't(!i' aHHumiii;/ oiWcM, iiii|ii'c*nw!<l witii iho 
 iiiipoi'lmico ol' IiIj^Ikt vAucnOou, o,vvn loi- mi inl'jint, (colony, tooU f'jirly 
 HtijpH 1.0 i»ro(!ur() fn»ni tin; inotlmMroiiiitry a v,()m]K'U'.t\i )«'r«on to pliico 
 at tin; lioad oi' a (Jollc^o Jm had (Ictonn'merl to fMtiiMiNli in i'<mru-r\'\(m 
 with )i Kt«t(! (/Imrcli. JIjk HcliciiH- <»r (•(iuciition to Inrdicr tliat 
 obj(!(!t, was to ((HtaliliHh u NyHtem of j^ruimnar mcIiooIm, and a IJni- 
 vorwity an tlic, liead. 
 
 Tfi(! lion. UolMii't Hamilton, ol (^imotiMton, IwmI at tliJH tinio a 
 hrotlicr liviiij.^ in Hcotland, and it waH tliroujj;li him that an <;fr<!r whk 
 mado lii'Ht to thn (!cl('l»rat<:d \>r. (Jhalim-rH. Hut not d(;sirin<jf to come, 
 although h(! had not yet at(;iinc<l to Ihh trroatncHM, ho nuMiti(»n<'d thn 
 nani(! of hin friend .Str.'u-Ji.'iii, t(» whom the; ofli-r waH then made. Mr. 
 Strachan di!oid<!d to <!om<!. 'Hiiih it wan tin; v<it(;i*an wthoollxtaolnT, 
 tho divine, the l'ound(!r of IfniviifHitieH, who Imt recently paHMiid away, 
 wjiH hid to Canada to hfcomo tlu; occupant of ono of tho moMt con- 
 BpiciiouH placcH in the I'rovincoof Upper (!anada. Ho intimately ih 
 the JianK! oi' Dr. Strachan aHHO(!iated with the liiMtory of edueatiori, an 
 W(;ll a.H with th(! ICpiscopalian f/'hiirch, tliat it hecomes neeesHiivy to 
 Niipply h(!re a Hoiriewhat lenj^tho/icd ac<;oii!it of his (rducaticjnal hintory. 
 lie arriv(Ml at Kin^^Htoii the hiHt day of the; y<rar, 1 75H), havin;jf Hjtiled 
 from Gntonock the lattor part <»f AujLjuHt, and liavitiji^ Ihmii frvor f onr 
 niontliH on th(! way. Hut when .Stra(!han airived, HimccM* had been 
 recalled, arwl hiw MclKinu! wan ;it least, in abeyance*. 
 
 ('ol. (Ilark MayH that " a H(;hool waHCHtabliMhcd nt Kin'i;«lon, IH(;0, 
 hy the Ibin. It. ('artwrif^ht lor his houh, having .Mr. 8fra<J)an for 
 ttiacher, who had the privile<jj«^ of taking U-i\ additional KcholarH at 
 £10 each per anmim. Amon;jf thew; ten were the late ('liii'f .luHtiee 
 RobiriMon, Chief JuKtiiio Maeaulay, the Hon George Markl.-uid, Minhop 
 Ik;thune, tlurHUceeMHorof Dr. Straclian ; tin; f{(!V. W. Macaitlay, I'if^ton; 
 (Jnptain Kngland, iioyal Knj4in<M'rh ; JiiMticxi Ahdican, ('ol John (.'lark, 
 aud the two HoriH of Hamilton, . I amcH and Samuel. Thcwe, with four 
 KoiiH of liiehunl ('artwri;^hl, lonuoil Mr. yU'achun'M lirsthchool lor the 
 higher branchoN of education. 
 
 Mr. HtnK'-han continu<rd to teach in Klnj^Hton for Ihre© yearn, 
 when he n»inoved hin nchool to ('oniwall. » 
 
 All of IiIh pupils at KingHUnt, except John (Jlark, of K>fi^.irH, 
 followed him to that phu;c. and coniifiucHl for yearH uiidt'r Iuh in* 
 Mtru(!lion. 
 
 The hi^h standard <;f oilucation now Het uf) by Mr. Ktrndian bad 
 a heuelicial ellbist. ilu trained here for uHefuliu-.MH and diMtinc- 
 tion, Home of the firnt men of the I'rovinec. fn JMldition to 
 
336 REMOVAL TO CORNWALL. 
 
 those iiK'ntioned as distingnislicd pupils, was ('hristoj^ior Hagar- 
 mait. Hero Mr. Strachau, it may bo said, becamo a tliorough 
 Canadian, and began to identify himself with the higher interests of 
 the country. He shortly after married a lady of Cornwall, Miss 
 Woods, who lived to within a few years of the Bishop's death. 
 
 Dr. Straclian, in conversation witli the writer, ritferred to the^ 
 time of his coming to Canada with no little feeling, lie evidently 
 felt the disap[tointment arising from the departure of Governor 
 Simcoe very keenly, which left him quite to his own resources in the 
 new country, far from his home which he had forsaken, in view of 
 certain promises of advancement, congenial to his taste. He was, to 
 use his own words, *' a lonely stranger in a foreign land, without 
 resources or a single acquaintance." But in coming to speak of his 
 pupils, of which there had been about 300, and whose course in life 
 he had been permitted to see ; whose success he had been proud to 
 note, he spoke of them with all the kindness and regard of a parent. 
 He dAvelt upon the character and high position to which so many had 
 attq,ine(l, especially the late Chief Justice Robinson. Speaking of 
 himself, he said his " early life was of too busy a nature to allow him 
 to keep a journal." And we find it statinl that he had to supports 
 mother and two sisters. 
 
 Mr. Strachan continued at Cornwall inne years, teaching, when 
 he removed to York. The Government recognised his ability, and 
 to increase the sphere of his usefuhiess, and to establish a Provincial 
 College, he was requested to remove to the capital of Upper Canada, 
 and had offered to him every advantage, pecuniary and otherwise. 
 In these early efforts to establish higher education, says the Kev. Mr. 
 Smart, whose testimony is important, too nuich praise cannot be 
 given to Dr. Strachan. 
 
 Although Mr. Strachan had removed to Cornwall, Kingston 
 was occasionally favored by his presence as a public lecturer, as 
 the following notice which appeared in the Gazette, December, 1810, 
 will show: 
 
 "Mr. Strachan's annual course of popular lectures on Natural 
 Philosophy, will commence on the second Monday in Januaiy, the 
 course consisting of thirty-six lectures, to bo completed in two 
 months. Tickets of admission, four guineas ; students taught at 
 any of the District Schools of Upper Canada, entitled to tickets for 
 r)ne guinea. This money to bo appropriated to the purchase of 
 scientific books, for the use of those who attend the lectures." 
 
 In 1818 Dr. Strachan was appointed a member of the Legis- 
 
ORIGIN OP TRINITY COLLEGE. 337 
 
 lativo Council, and jiIko of the Executive Council. In these posi- 
 tions he was a consistent worker to secure the esfablishment of a 
 State Church ; and for the twenty-two years he took part in the 
 politics of Upper Canada he ceased not to work for the cause, and 
 the preservation of tlie Clergy Eeservos. Dr. Strachan never 
 forgot the original purpose Avhich brought him to Canada, the 
 foundation of Grammar Schools and a University. In 1827, after 
 UKing the influence which his political position allowed him to 
 secure this object, ho procured a royal charter f(;r a University 
 which ho named King's College after his Alma Mater. This insti- 
 tution wah intended for the exclusive benefit of those who would 
 subscribe to the Thirty-nine Articles. For nearly twenty years 
 this University continued under the control of the Church of Eng- 
 land. But the spirit which obtained in the public mind of Canada 
 WHS hostile to this monopoly, and the time came when the Uni- 
 versity he had founded became more truly a national one. Although 
 at this time an old man, when it might have been supposed ho 
 would yield to the adverse influence which had overcome his col- 
 lege, he never thought of resting satisfied, but, in direct opposition 
 to the principle against voluntaryism, for which his life had been 
 hofar spent, he set about laying the foundation of another Uui- 
 versily, and the Trinity College of 'J oronto is a second monument to 
 his untiring energy and success ; a monument which renders another 
 unnecessary to commemorate him. 
 
 We penned the following remarks in 186G: This widely 
 known worthy still animatiis the church he has been mainly instru- 
 mental in erecting to a high and ever influential j)osition in Canada, 
 and whose untiring energies, guided by a brilliant intellect and a noble 
 purpose, has made him the parent of higher education iu the Pro- 
 vince. The result of his doings— the traces of his vigorous mind, the 
 lopletion of his noble life may })e seen, not alone u])on the page of 
 Episcopalian Church History ; but in all the departments of Provin- 
 cial life— in the halls of learning, in the recorded charges from the 
 Bench, by the mouth of those he educated ; in the si)eeches of many 
 of Canada's earliest and foremost statesmen. For it was he tutored 
 the mind of a M<!Lean, a Ilagorman, a Robinson, of the Sherwoods 
 Jones, besides a large number of others who have acted a conspi'- 
 cuous part in the history of the country. While the trees of the 
 forest yet overshadowed the muddy soil where Toronto now proudly 
 rears her graceful spires and domes, and while the wild duck found 
 a sufe resting place in the bay, now thickly dotted with crafts of every 
 
3IIS FIBWT (lllAMMAR SCHOOLS. 
 
 size, Or. Slraclian by i)on, and by word of mouth, was .setting up a 
 liigli standard of U-arning; and by worthy means, was stimuhiting tlio 
 minds of the. future men of Canada to attain that liigli mark. Head 
 the eaHy flowing words that appeared in tlic Kingston (luzettc, over 
 "Eecitoner," and it will strike one that if ho. took tlie Spectator as a 
 model, fie abundantly sueceeded in imitating the immortal Addison. 
 Ilis school at Cornwall was |»re-ennnently good, "he had the welfare 
 of those committed to him at heart, (says the Ilev. Mr. Smart,) as 
 well as the youth of the country generally." 
 
 Five years after the erection of Upper Canada into a distinct 
 Province, 1707, steps were taken by the two ILmscs of Parliament 
 to establish schools for the higher branches of U^arning, A joint 
 address was presented to His Arajesiy, Geo. II f., asking that he 
 "would bo graciously pleased to direct his ({ovornmcsnt in this Pro- 
 vince, to a])i)ropriate a certain ])ortion of the waste lands of the 
 Crown, as a fund for the establishment and support of a respectable 
 Grammar School in each District thereof ; and also a College, or 
 University, for the instj-uction of youth in the different brandies of 
 liberal knowledge. " The Imperial (Jovernmont replied, enquiring 
 in what manner, and to what extent, a portion of the Crown lands 
 migii t bo appropriated and ronderedjijroducti vo towards the formation 
 of a fund for the above purposes." The I^^xecutivo Council of Canada 
 rocommondod "tliatan appropriation of 500,000 acres, or ton town- 
 ships, after deducting the Crown and Clergy seventlis, would be a 
 sufficient fund for the establishment and maintenance of the royal 
 foundation of four Grammar Schools and one University." It was 
 also suggested, that the (I rammer Schools bo established at Corn- 
 wall, Kingston, Newark (Niagara), and Sandwich, and the Uni- 
 versity at York." It is not known what action was taken on this 
 recommendation. — (Lillie). IJut, in 1798, "a grant was made of 
 549,000 acres of land in ditlci-ent parts (»f the Province, to carry out 
 the design of the Grammor Schools and University." "Of the 
 above land endowment, 100,573 acres were, up to the year 1826, 
 assigned to ( or disposed of by) a public body, known as the Board 
 of Education, the proceeds having been applied to the support of 
 Common and Grammar Schools." The residue of tho grant, 
 amounting to 358,427 acres, appears to have been rogardod as 
 propeidy constituting that portion of the royal gift which hiul been 
 intended for the support of the contemplated University." 
 
 Through the influence and exertion of Dr. Sfrachan, the 
 University of King's College was established by Poyal Charter of 
 
I-'OI :N')ATI0N ok CIM'KIl CANAKA COIJ-KflK. 'MVJ 
 
 IncorponitioM, 15111 M.»roh, 1827, with jin cnduvvmcnl of " 225,000 
 ucroH of crown luinl, aiuj CI, 000 for sixtooii ycnrs. Tlic Council or 
 fiov(M*nors wcr<! lo cotisisl o.' (Ik; C'liiiiiccllor, I'l-esidcnf, und huvcu 
 ProfcHHors or (ii-iiduatcs of the I'lslittilion. All wens U) honicinbcrs 
 of the Church of En,<;Iand. Thi> MxcluHivo f(!iilui'o of the Collu<,'c 
 continued Lo exist until \M'i, vvhcii the charter was niodined 
 whereby purticH were eligible to liohl offlco by u declaration of 
 their "belief in th(! authonticit}' and Divine uicori)onition of the 
 Old and X(!W Testaintuils, and in the doctrine of the Ti-inity. 
 Various (d^ang(^s were made by JiC^islalivci enactuK'nt until the 
 present institution became established, in 1H5;{, when the iaculties 
 of Law and Medicine wore abolished, the nam*} chantjed from Kiiur's 
 College to University Collo/^e, and the University and College 
 made two distinct institutions. 
 
 The Royal fJi-ammar S(diool was mor;,'ed into Up]jer Canada 
 College in 182!>, and this institution was opened the following year. 
 "In the years 1832, 1834, and 1835, if received ciulowments of 
 land, amounting, in all, to fi3,268 acres, irrespective of two valuable 
 blocks in York — on one of which 'lie ju-esent CoHogo buildings 
 stand." " The (Jollege further rocjived an alhnvance from Govern- 
 ment of £200 sterling, in 1830; £500 in 1831; and £1,000 sterling 
 per annum since. " 
 
 ^ '■ •'''''■ ACADEMY AT T^iUNRHTTOWN — HIDWELL. ' * ' ""'M 
 
 1 While to Dr. 8tracb-iu belongs the honor of e.stabliwhing ihe 
 firtit school whereat ii fiheral education might be obtained the 
 efforts and labors of .ythors must not bo forgotten. Shortly after 
 the commencement of the present century, th(!re arose, )>erhaps as 
 u result of the te.iching of Stracdian, a greater (b^sire for advanced 
 learning. Say-; a writer in 1811, "A spirit of improvement is 
 evidently spic^ading, the value of education, as well as the want of 
 it, is felt, rientlemen of competent means appear to be sensii'o of 
 Iho imj/ortance of giving their children academical learning, and 
 ambitious to do it without sending them abroad foj- the purpose. 
 Among other indications tjf progress in literary ambition, I 
 cannot forbear re fei-ring to the academy lately erected in Ernest-. 
 town, by the subscription of public-spirited inhabitants of tiiat, 
 and the neiglibouring townshijjs,' who appear to bo convinced that 
 the cultivation of liberal arts and sciences is naturally connected 
 with an improvement of manners and morals, and a general melior-i 
 ation of the state of society." 
 
340 MR. niuwauL. 
 
 TIk) nciwlorny iiltovo rtjforfed to wuh the hcooihI hcJiooI of import- 
 anco (!Htal»liHliO(l in Uppor CiiiuuJa. It wuh hIho Hituatod upon tlio 
 HhoroHol tho liny of (^uinto. Tbe followipg \» from the Kiwjuton 
 Gazette : 
 
 " ICiiNFHTTOWN AoAUKMY. — The HuhH(rriborH hereby iMfbrm the 
 frieiidH of Uniru'm^ tliut an Aeadernictal Sfdiool, iiridor the HUporin- 
 tondeni^e of an «!Xp<!rieii''ed pre<teptf)r, \h o|)onod in ErnoHttown, 
 near the chun h, for the inHtructioTi of youtli in Kn^liHh readiii/^, 
 speaking, grammar and <;omf)ONition, tht; Usurncd \ii,u^\in^v.H, poc- 
 maiiHiiip, arithmetic, /^e<i^raliy, and otlier hi-anchen of Jjihoral 
 Education. Schohirs attetidin/^ from a diHtance may l)e hoarded in 
 good famili<!H on r(!aHon)ihi(! terniH, and for fifteen nhiiiingn a year 
 can hav<! the une of a vaiuahie iiitrary. School TruHteen : llobort 
 McDowcd, Benjamin Fairfield, William Fairfield, Solomon .lohiiH, 
 William Wilcox, Samuel Neilson, (ieorge Baker. — l<]rneHttown, llth 
 March, IHll." 
 
 The jKirHon Hclected for ti^achJTwas Mr. liarnabaH Jiidwell, who 
 ha<l a few yearH i)revio»8ly come (o ( Canada from the State of 
 MaHHacliUHettM, where he had been, according to a writer in the 
 Kiwj.itfm Gazette, Atfx>rnoy-{ieneral of that State. Tlie Hamc 
 writer miuhf charges of a HCirious nature agJiinst Mr. Midwell, an to 
 the cauHO (;f bis leaving bin country ; but one of the above com- 
 mitlee vindicat<'d Mi'. Bidw(dl'H cluu'acter; by aHHcrting that 
 although Mr. JJ. had been "unfortunate in buHineww, and became 
 embarraH,-od, he wax honent, and had left jiroporty to pay hiHdoht- 
 wlum he left — that he ha<l been a tutor at the first college ii. 
 America — thai be avoided polifics and devoted liimnelf to litc^ran 
 purHultH." !t was about )b(M-ommc,ncementof the prewoTit (Uintiuy, 
 when Mr. Bid well came to Bath to live. 
 
 I'l-obabiy tli(! academy at Baili wan regarded Homewhat an a 
 rival to the Mcliool exiHting at (yornwall. •■■•'; i- ■■fi'.i'n- ..fr 
 
 Jiarnub:iH Bidwell remained at Batli about eight yearn wlion he 
 rOmoved to Kingston, with IiIh hon, Marshal Bidwtdl, who b(!CHrne a 
 lawy(!r, and a very conspiciiouH chai-act<M' in Oanada. B. Bidwcli 
 died at KingHton, Jidy 2^5, lH3;-{, ag(!d 70. lliw Hon nimovwl to 
 York in 1830, whore he practiised liiH profeH«ion until llie eventfni 
 year of 1837. ' "'^ o).:'n:<5'j.-: -: ,;.;i.;vH( *>? vtouuii./) [5 ,i 
 
 The academy, at the comm(!Ticemont of the war of 1812, wa- 
 in a proHperou.-^ ntaie, but very Hoon all waw changed, — the ncIiooI 
 waH broken up, and th(! fniildin;* converted into a barrack. TIk 
 close of the war unlor i unately wav no return of the old Btato.of thiug^; 
 
COr-rKUKH AT KINdHTON. .341 
 
 th(! touclioi" wftrt L^oiio, mill till! Hfudniits Mcaltorod, " Imvin^ rosortud 
 to ofhcr |)liic<*H of orlijcatioii, inniiy of tliom (»ut of the |»roviiico. 
 Tho Itiiildiii/; \h now, (\H22), octMipicd as a lioii'^o oi'piildic worsliiij, 
 and a common wdiool. It. Ih to ho hoped, liowoviT, thai, th«' tasto 
 tor literary improvcmont may ho rovivod, and this Hcininary bo 
 ro-»!Ml,ahlish(!d." fiiit, thoHo hopen woro rie-vor realizcfl. Tlio literary 
 i^lory of Hath liad departed. Tho capital of V'ork was now to 
 become a eontr(3 to which would /^ravilato tlio moro learned, and 
 where would Ix; OHlahlished (he seatH of learning. The limited, 
 though oai'noHt rivalry which had oxiHted Ixttween Kin^wton and 
 Bath, waH to bo on n moro important Hcale, hotween tho ancient 
 eajiital, Kingston, and the moro promising one of York. 
 
 CllAVTVAl XXXI X, 
 
 Co.NTKXTS — Kxtruct from (Joopcr — Ediiaitioiml iriHtitiitioriM — KiiiKHt(»n— Qiu'cii'h 
 (!()llo^'c — OwiiV I^(•(ll KKtatc — llcj^idpoliH Collf^'-c — Itoiimn (.'iitlKilic — (iniin- 
 tnar School — Attmulniicf— Se^liool Iioiihi'h — l,iiiriiiy — Si,'|»iriiLi' ScIiooIh — 
 Priviit(! S('Ih)()Ih — Tlii^ QniiUcr School — VVilli/im l'(!nri — I'pon tho IIikIhoii — 
 Xcnr l^looinlli^M -()ri(,'iM of H'hool— (iiiriiiiy— .IMh (>l]\:v — MuiiiiK''iiiiiit of 
 Hchool — 'I'JKr U'.nihinn — Mih. ('n>u\\ni:'H Hi'lif)ols— Pictori LikIIvh' Affulciiiy— 
 McMiillon, projiiiotor — 'l'diu Ihix -Ocntl'aiiitii'rt <l(:|mrtrnciit, — ropiihii' — Th*- 
 (irl. of piiiitiiiK— I" Ainc'rifa— Ilool; piiliiiKJiinf.^ — KiiKl in AiinTicii- liooks 
 (iiiiong tim loyalJKtH — Kcw — TaHHcd (uoiirid - i''i r^iiHon'H hookn — 'I'hi! Hihlr— 
 i/iiiriirioH lit Ivin^Htoii luid IJjiMi— L";^iHlatii)ii — In Lowiir ('iiiiiiilH---Ki;ii(Iii»K 
 room at Jliillowidl — IIi'him'Vch for K<iii< iitioii--rp]»(r ('niiii'lii in vcMpoct to 
 udncatioii— I'nilHcworthy — (lornmon Scliool Systmti I'ill iiitrodiiciMl 1H41 — 
 AiUiJiulcd, 1810— Dr. Uycrsoii'H KyHti'iii — rnniir|)iiMK!d. 
 
 moilKIl KDITATION, CONTINI.KI). ' 'A 
 
 t 
 
 Tho Hiibjoined Htalemeiit we extract from (!oopor, wliich was 
 Writt(!n in lW)i'>. VVo have no doubt the last IavoIvc yeai's ban liecn 
 atteii(l(!d with a Htcady iner(!aH(! in Uic iniportarice of llie Hdueu- 
 tiorial inhtitutiouH of Kin^Ht/)ri. 
 
 " KDircATioNAii iNHTHTirnoNM. — Tlioro are in KingHton two 
 collogoH, (^ucon'M Collogo and Ki^giopolin; tho County (irammai* 
 Hcliool, 11 Common Sehooln, 2 Hoparato R. C iSebooJH, ono School 
 connectou with tlio Nunnery, or SiHtorh of Charity, with numorou.s 
 good private HchoolH for boyn, private HchoolH for girlH, infant 
 schooJH and otiior minor oduoational oHtabliHbmontH, Buch an evening 
 schools, clasHOH for teaching continental latiguagoM, &c., in all 
 hetweon 20 and 30. 
 
342 queen's college. 
 
 " Queen's College. — Queen's College is mi educational inbtitu- 
 tion of very considerable importance, and from it have issued 
 graduates in arts, divinity -md medicine, of no despicable attain- 
 ments. It was incorporated by Royal Charter in 1842, and is 
 under the management of a Board of Trustees and Senate. It haa 
 a Principal and four Professors in Arts and Divinity, besides six 
 Medical Professors. It confers Scholai'ships of the aggregate value 
 of £200, the highest being worth £12 10s. It numbers during the 
 present year, 47 medical students, 30 in Arts, 10 in I)ivinity, con- 
 nected with it is a Preparatory School, where great pains are 
 taken to prepare jjupils for matriculation at the college. A good 
 library, containing some 3,000 volumes belongs to the College. A 
 series of meteorological observations are taken by the graduates, 
 with the able supervision of the Eev. Professor James Williamson, 
 under wdiosc assiduous attention this branch of knowledge, so .piuoh 
 
 neglected in Canada has been carefully fostered. <-'• 
 
 .,,,," This institution owns valuable real estate, and is aided by an 
 annual grant from the Legislature of £750, and £230 to the 
 medical branch. 
 
 " Eeoiopolis College is a Roman Catholic Seminary of learn- 
 ing; it has three Professoi'ships, the duties of which are discharged 
 by Eoman Catholic clergymen. Beyond its own walls, and it& 
 own community, it is little known as an educational institution. 
 
 ,, y The County Grammar School is supported as tliose in other 
 counties, that is, by a grant from Government of £100 per annum, 
 and the tuition fees of pupils. It possessed formerly a small endow- 
 ment ; this for the present has been consumed in creating a fund 
 for the liquidation of some debt on the school-house, a plain sub- 
 stantial building in a healthy and elevated part of the town; it is 
 under the control of a Board of Trustees, appointed by the County 
 Council, and is managed by a heatl-master and under-master. It 
 is one of the three Grammar Schools first established in the Pro- 
 vince, and created by Eoyal Charter— tjiey.9t|j^-j^.t\5rp, J 
 Cornwall and Niagara. . „ 
 
 .-';," The Common Schoots are, as in other places, under the 
 management of i»o deps ■ neut of education, and the local control 
 of a Board of Trut-'^ies. mu local Superintendent. There is a great 
 want of projjer and sufficient school-houses, a want which it is 
 anticipated will soon be supplied, the Board having in contempla- 
 tion, the immediate erection of proper buildings. The free school 
 system has been adopted here ; the difficulties usually attendant on 
 
QUAKER SCHOOLS. 343 
 
 its establishment have not been altogether escaped — the piihlic 
 seeming loth to tax themHelvos to any oxtoiit, for the purpose of 
 general education. A marked inci'oase in the attendance at the 
 city schools has taken place during the last two years, and there 
 are now taught an large a number of children in the common schools 
 of Kingston as in any other Canadian city, in proportion to its 
 population : the standard of education may or may not be as high 
 as in Toronto, Hamilton or Brockvillc, but if it is more elementary, 
 it is not less sound. In free public schools, such as now established, 
 it is perhaps as well not to aim at a higher standard than is liore 
 attained to. When good school-houses are erected, it will doubt- 
 lessly be found necessary to adopt the Central School system, on 
 the model of that so successfully carried out in Hamilton, Perth 
 and St. Catharines, and perhaps elsewhere. When such is the case 
 the present schools will rank high as primary schools, whilst the 
 central schools will have to compete with other similar institutions 
 in the province, and will not likely be behind them in character 
 and value ; these changes are in contemplation, and will before 
 long be carried into effect. The people of Kingston do not fail to 
 appreciate the benefits of sound education of its inhabitants in 
 elevating the position of a city. A publij library, containing some 
 2,000 volumes, has been established in connection with the city 
 
 schools. ^'ittrWoUtiOiJ'bonRHJ; tmom OiudfM :H .X^UiUsninm (iv/<; 
 
 ''^*'>"*'The Roman Catholic Separate Schools are i^^nder the 
 management of a separate Board of Trustees ; they are supported 
 as are the Common Schools, by a Legislative grant, proportionate 
 to the average attendance of pupils, and by a rate settled by the 
 Board, collected from all rate-payers ; in the ease of the Separate 
 Schools, from the parents of pupils and supporters of the schools, 
 who are exempt from all other taxation for school purposes. The 
 rate in their case is usually very low. The wealthier supporters 
 of the schools, with a praiseworthy zeal, voluntarily contribute 
 largely io the required fund. Among the private schools are many 
 excellent academies for both boys and girls, which afford both 
 ornamental acquirements and substantial, classical and commercial 
 education." "'''' ^'' / 
 
 Quaker Schools — The noted and good William Penn founded 
 a school for the children of the Friends at an early date. Subse- 
 quently a Quaker Boarding School was established upon the banks 
 of the Hudson, near Poughkeepsie. 
 ■- Toward tlie latter part of 1841, a school for the children of 
 
844 PICTON ACADEMY. 
 
 tho Quaker dorioriii nation, was opened near the pleasant village of 
 Bloomfield, about 4 miles from Pieton. The origin of tho school 
 we believe, was jirettj' much an follows : An English gentleman, 
 John Joisoph Gurney, brother to Elizabeth Fry, a member of the 
 Quaker Society, and wo believe a minister, was travelling in Canada, 
 and discovering tho wants of that denomination, with respect to 
 education, offered to bestow a certain sum, (£500), on condition 
 that another specified sum were raised, a suitable place bought, and 
 buildings prejiared. His offer being accepted, and at this juncture, 
 Mr. Armstrong being desirous of selling his farm of 100 acres, 
 with a good brick house just completed, the present site of the 
 school was procured. In addition to the means thus obtained there 
 was also a limited sum hold by the society, it is said a bequest, for 
 educational purposes. Additional buildings were erected, and the 
 school duly opened. The first teachers were Americans. The 
 school was managed by a committee chosen annually by the 
 Society, until the latter part of 1865, when it was leased to Mr. 
 W. Valentine, to whom we are partially indebted for the foregoing 
 facts. The school continues under the supervision of a managing 
 committee, appointed by the Society. Its capacity does not extend 
 further than to receive 30 pupils of each sex, who are taught the 
 usual branches of a good English education, and sometimes the 
 rudiments of the classics and the modern languages. 
 
 In 1836, Mrs. Ci'ombie and her sister Miss Bradshaw opened a 
 "Female Academy" in Pieton, which promised to give "substantial 
 and ornamental accomplishments." , , ., 
 
 The Pieton Ladies' Acadamy was op(iriea fn December, 1847, by 
 the Rev. D. McMulleu, as sole proprietor. It was continued by him 
 until May, 1851, when Miss Creighton rented the premises and took 
 charge of the school. It continued under her management nine months, 
 when it finally was closed. The first teachers were the late Mrs. N. 
 F. English, and Miss Eliza Austin. Afterwards Miss M. E. Adams 
 was preceptress, and Miss Ployle was teacher. 
 
 A male department was established by Mr. McMullen, with the 
 hope of having it connected with the Grammar School. But this was 
 not done. The principal of the school was C. M. C. Cameron, now 
 Dr. Cameron of Port Hope, and a graduate of Victoria College. He 
 was assisted by Mr. Samuel W. Harding ; the school existed but one 
 y6ar. Both of these schools were well attended, and were deservedly 
 popular. When closed it was generally regarded as a public loss, by 
 those most capable of judging. 
 
FOUNDATION OP VICTORIA COLLKOE. 346 
 
 UPPER CANADA ACADEMY — VICTORIA COLLEQE. ,. . 
 
 ■ ' Wo have accorded to Dr. Straclmn a prominent and foremost 
 position in connection with the subject of higher education. We 
 considered it a duty as well as a pleasure, to thus honor one whoso 
 praise was in all the land when ho ceased tolivo. But the fountain 
 of education opened by him did not flow, shall we say, was not 
 intended to flow to the masses. Dr. Strachan's educational estab- 
 lishment was rather created for a select circle, for an expected 
 Canadian aristocracy. It remained for others to originate a stream 
 of learning that should water the whole land, and come within tho 
 reach of every Canadian family — that should give intellectual life 
 to the whole of the country, irrespective of creed or origin. To tho 
 Wosleyan Methodists belongs the greater honor of establishing an 
 institution of liigher learning, whose doors were opened to all, and 
 within which any one might obtain learning without hindrance, no 
 matter what his belief While religious oversight was to be 
 extended, no peculiar dogma was to be enforced, no sectarian 
 principle was to be inculcated. 
 
 In the month of August, 1830, when the Wosleyan Conferonco 
 met upon the Bay Quinte, the Eev. Wm. Case, being General Super- 
 intendent, and Eev. James (now Dr.) Eichardson, Secretary, and 
 while Cobourg Avas yet embraced within the Baj'" Quinte District, 
 the following Eesolutiou was adopted by that body: . 
 
 "That a Committee of nine bo chosen by ballot, consisting of 
 three from each District, to fix the location of the Seminary, 
 according to some general instructions to be given them by tho 
 Conterence." The committee consisted of " J. Eyerson, T. White- 
 head, S. Belton, David Wright, J. Beatty, Wm. Eyerson, Thos. 
 Madden, Wm. Brown, James Eichardson." '■,' , , /, 
 
 " The following Constitution for the Upper Canada Academy, 
 
 was adopted : ,|.;j,i?//;jo^j A, ^j^bmi^^ &i-iiA ^W- .^"^- ii''^43^'-'i ^A 
 
 " 1. That nine Trustees be appointed, three of whom sfiall go 
 into office annuallj'. 
 
 "2. That a Board of Visitors, consisting of five, be chosen 
 annually by the Conference," That these two bo dies should jointly 
 form a Board to appoint the Principal and Teachers, and govern, 
 and generally superintend the institution. a^-;:^<'-k^mmm 'M^:- 
 
 The Conference, in the Pastoral Address, asked for the liberal 
 support of the members, in the establishment of the proposed 
 Academy. A general agent was appointed, and active steps taken 
 
346 THE FIRST PRINCIPAL. 
 
 to cany out the object. It is noteworthy, that the call thus made to 
 the farmorH, many of whom wore yet strugijling for the necessaries 
 of life, was promptly and nobly responded to. Agents continued 
 to be appointed from year to year, and in the Conference address of 
 1835, it is said, "Wo are happy to be able to say that the buildings 
 for the Upper Caniuia Academy are nearly completed. "VVe trust 
 the Institution will soon bo open for the reception of pupils." There 
 had been delay "for want of funds." Arrangements were making 
 to accommodate one hundred and seventy piipils, with board and 
 lodging. In 1836, it is found stated, that " the Conference and tho 
 friends of general education, and of Wesleyan Methodists in Canada, 
 have at length, by their unremitting efforts, succeeded in preparing 
 the Upper Canada Academy for the reception of pupils, and wo 
 expect, in a few days to see it in operation." In 1837, we find that 
 Matthew Eitchey, A. M., was the Principal of the U. C. Academy. 
 If we mistake not, the Rev. Egerton Ryerson had, previously been 
 named to fill the office. At all events, we have every reason to 
 believe that this distinguished Canadian educationist was chieflv 
 instrumental in securing the foundation of an abiding institution, 
 probably, indeed, was the originator of the scheme. He not only 
 stimulated others to work; but obtained from Government a grant, 
 BO often begrudged. He also, as a representative to the British 
 Conference, was the moans of procuring a donation of one hundred 
 pounds' worth of books, beside other contributions. In 1840, the 
 Eev. Mr. Ritchey ceased to be Principal. During his time of service, 
 it is stated, the Academy increasingly progressed in efficiency and 
 in increase of pupils. Mr. Ritchey's successor, in 1841, was the Rev. 
 Jesse Hurlburt, A. B. Daniel C. VanNorman was Professor of 
 Mathematics, a post to which he had been appointed a year 
 previous. 
 
 The year 1842 saw the Upper Canada Academy changed into 
 the Victoria College, by Provincial Legislative enactment, posses- 
 sing the usual powers and privileges of a University. The Rev. 
 Egei'ton Ryorson was luade Principal ; Jesse Hurlburt, A. M., and 
 D. C. Vai .' )f man , Pi-ofessors ; and James Spencer, English Teacher. 
 Dr. Ryerson continu )d Principal until 1845. In 1845, Alexander 
 MacNab, A, M., was appointed Acting Principal, and in 1847 ho 
 became Principal, and held the position until 1850. 
 
 In 1851, the Rev. S. S. Nelles, A. M., was elected to the office 
 which he now continues to hold with so much credit and dignity, 
 having been instrumental in materially advancing the reputation 
 of the previously well known College. 
 
THE ART OP PRINTING. 347 
 
 )M,; BOOKS, LIBRARIES — PRINTING. 
 
 ,.....•14; , - ■ • • ■ •■ ■• ■• 
 
 , , ,, The art of printing was not old whon the colonies of Franco and 
 Great Britain were planted in America. The discovery of this art, 
 with the avenue which the discovery of America, opened for the pent 
 up millions of Eurojje, wrought out the most striking changes which 
 ever marked the history of the human race. It struck the tinal blow 
 to the spirit of feudalism, while America supplied an asylum for 
 those who found not full freedom of conscience and an' o})portunity 
 to rise in the scale of human existence. ,,,,, ^; 
 
 Book publishing being once introduced into England, rapidly 
 became of vast magnitude, and thus everywhere scattered the food 
 essential for the human mind. It was in the year 1639 that printing 
 was introduced into America ; but it was sixty-two years before it 
 became of any account, during which time the business was mostly 
 in Philadelphia. Altogether there were but four presses in the 
 country. The first book printed in America was made in 1640. It 
 was a reprint of the Psalm Book, and afterwards passed through 
 many editions, while it was reprinted in England in eighteen editions, 
 and twenty-two in Scotland, being seventy in all. 
 ^ , Whatever may have been the state of education in the British 
 Colonies, and the general desire to read books at the time of the re- 
 bellion, it is quite certain that the hasty manner in which many left 
 their homes, the long distance to travel, and necessity of carrying 
 quantities of provision which took all the strength of the refugees, 
 precluded the possibility of carrying many, or any books to the 
 wilderness of Canada. Even after the peace the long distance to 
 come, and tlie frequent impoverished condi^i'^a of the settler, allowed 
 not the desire, if such existed, to fetch books for instruction and 
 mental enjoyment. However, there were some brought by them, 
 but mostly by the officers recently out from the old country. During 
 the first ten years the books among the settlers were very few ; but 
 these few were circulated from one townsuip to another — from 
 one person to another, who had the desire to, and could, read. We 
 have in our possession, a letter from John Ferguson to Mr. Bell, who 
 was then, 1789, at Kingston, in which the latter is requested to tell 
 Mr. Markland, that he, Mr. Ferguson, had sent him from the Eighth 
 Township, by the bearer, the History of France. The same pei'son 
 writing from Fredoi'icksburgh in 1791, desires to have sent from 
 Sidney to him, " some books, viz. : five volumes of the History of 
 England, by Horn, and the two volumes of Andrew's Histoiy of 
 France." " -■'" 
 
348 FORMATION OF LIBRARIES. 
 
 But wliilo few, or no l>ooks of a scciilnr nature, wore brouiylu by 
 the settler, a large number, true to their conscience, carried a cojiy of 
 the Bible, even many of the disbanded soldiers had one, oapeciiilly the 
 Lutherans. These -wore . often in the Gernjan, or Dutch language. 
 Some of these venerable and sacred relics we have seen ; one in 
 German, which belonged to Bongard of Marysburgli. 
 
 For many years Kingston took the lead in everything that per- 
 tains to education. The history of the Kingston Gazette shows that, 
 not only did the leading men of the place give the patronage neces- 
 sary to establish and maintain a newspai)er, independent of Govern- 
 ment support, and give interest to the cohunns of the papci' by con- 
 tributions ; but there is evidence of early and successful efforts to 
 form a public libraiy. Reference is made to tho"Soci.al library 
 established in this village (Kingston) in 1813, when the Rev. Mr. 
 Langhorn presented to it a valuable collection of books, (see the 
 first clergyman). This library had probably been in existence for 
 some years. Another library was established at Bath prior to this 
 time. Gourlay says, in 1811, "books are procured in considerable 
 numbei's, social libraries are introduced in various places." And, no 
 doubt, the High School at Cornwall, under Mr. Strachan, had attached 
 to it a select library. 
 
 The Kingston Gazette announces, August 1, 1815, that "A small 
 circulating library " has been opened at the Gazette office, " on the 
 most reasonable terms." , '"' \. . ' ' 
 
 In 1816, an act was passed "to appropriate a sum or money ^^r 
 
 providing a library for the use of the Legislative Council and House 
 
 of Assembly of this Province." The sum granted was il800 to pur- 
 chase books and miips.''''^'''''*''T^'''-^^''^^-^«^^'^^^~^^^^^^ 
 
 ,_''__' While the growth of Upper Canada was attended by a corres- 
 ponding increase of private and public libraries, Lower Canada, there 
 is reason to believe, was maintaining the character it had accuired 
 under its original rulers, for educational privileges and individual 
 efforts to create centres of learning. 
 
 We find the statement " that the libraiy of F. Fleming, Esq., 
 Montreal, comprising 12,000 volumes, sold by auction, September 8, 
 1833, was the largest ever oifered for sale on the American conti- 
 nent." 
 
 In the Mallowell Free Press, 15th February, 1831, is the follow- 
 ing: "Library notice." — "A meeting of the inhabitants of the 
 village of Hallowell is reo lested to-morrow evening, at Strikers' Inn, 
 at seven o'clock, to take into consideration the propriety of estab- 
 
ORIGIN OP COMMON SCHOOLS. 349 
 
 llshing a Koading-ioom in tho village." The next issue of the 
 Journal says, " we are glad to see our friends have cstabliahed a 
 reading-room." ^ 
 
 " At an early period of British dominion in America, blocks of 
 wild land were set apart, to make provision, ))y a future day, for 
 public institutions. Since the revolution, the United States have 
 followed out, in part, this practice, by allotting lands for schools, and 
 in Canada, whole townships have been appropriated for the same 
 purpose." While this forethought respecting schools indicated a 
 proper desire to secure educational interests, it must be observed 
 that the reserves, like those of the Crown and Clergy, very materially 
 prevented the opening up of the country by settlers, and kept apart 
 the settlers, over a wide field, and thus preventing advancement iu 
 civilization.. ,,'. . / ^ 
 
 . , Looking back at the history of legislation, relative to education, 
 one is struck with the fact that much, very much, was done by the 
 young colony of Upper Canada. The establishment of the Common 
 Schools especially, which first took place 1816, has been regarded as 
 jnost wihe, and the grants of money most praiseworthy. 
 j The present Coimnon School system of Upper Canada was in- 
 troduced in 1841'. The Bill was brought forward by the Hon. S. B. 
 Harrison. The fundamental principle, being the allotment of money 
 to each county, on condition of its raising an equal amount by local 
 assessment. I'his act was amended and improved in 1843, by the 
 Hon. Francis Hincks, and in 1846, by the Hon. W. H. Draper. In 
 1849, the Hon. J. H. Cameron introduced an act, establishing schools 
 in cities and towns. In the year following, these two acts were in 
 corporated into one, with further improvements. , , , ' 
 
 The Common School system, as we find it to day, iiS, m a great 
 measure, the production of Dr. Eyerson's long continued and intelli- 
 gent labor. Borrowing the machinery from the State of New York, 
 and the mode of support from Massachusetts, taking the Irish national 
 school-books for instruction, and making use of the Normal School 
 system of Germany, he has, by the addition of what was necessary, 
 built up a system of Common School education in the Province of 
 Ontario, that cannot be surpassed, if equalled, in the whole world. 
 
 .:!:■■?:■!, !'/if .wff ■>,,"•.■.. ,;i<.i„<,/ / . . ,;•'!'■ V: ^' ' 
 
360 NEWSPAPERS. 
 
 , . ■.'.!,■ r .; - ■ • ' ',"(■ ' . • 
 
 .. .1 .: .. CirAPTKRXL. , i,. ,\ \ ->i,. 
 
 CoNTE.NTH — FlrHt N('WH|>»ip('r8, It.")? — Year GG — tlngliHli Nowxptipern — In America 
 
 —In Canadd — MJazelto' — Foundur PiipcrH in 175'J — QiiclHie 'Horiild' 
 
 —Montreal ' (hv/.ettu ' — ' Lo TcuipK '- ynel)e<! ' Mercury ' — Canadien '(Jourant ' 
 — ' Itoyal Oa/.ette ' — First in Newfoundland — ' U. ('. (Jazette' — Firnt Paper 
 — HuliHcrll)ers — Upper ('aiia<ln '(iuardiiin' — Wilcox — Mr. Tliorpe — Oppofil. ! 
 tion — liil)el — Elected to I'arlidment — York Jail — Leader — In 1812 — 
 DiKcrtcd — York ' (ja/,ette ' — Kingston '(Jazotto' — Only Taper — News 
 Hixty years ago — In Midlaml District,— Ilev. Mr. Miles — Pionctu' of Journal- 
 ism — His Hirtliplace — LearnH the Printing BusincHS — Mower — Montreal 
 '(iazettn* — Kendall — Partnership — To Kingston in 1810 — The Printing. 
 UlHcc — Kingston 'Oazette' — Mr. Miles sells out — The concern purchased— ' 
 Mr. Miles asked to be Editor— Their kindness — Gratitude-— Second Volinr.e . 
 — Extract from ' Gazette ' — The Price — Kingston ' (Jiironidu ' — Upper Canaua 
 ' Herald ' — ' Canadian Watchman ' — Mr. Miles at Prescott — Returns to King- 
 ston — Enters tho Minintry — Loyal Subject — In 1812 — On Duty—Archdeacon " 
 Stuart — Col. Cartwright — Contributors to ' Gazette '—Our Thanks— A Watch ! 
 — Faithfulness — "A Good Chance" — Sub8cril)er8 at York — Kingston 
 ■' Spectator ' — ' Patriot ' — < Argus ' — ' Commercial Advcrtizer ' — ' British 
 Whig' — 'Chronicle' and 'News' — First Daily in Upper Canada — Paper 
 Boxes — Brockville 'Recorder' — A Reform paper — McLeod — Grenvillo 
 ' Gazette '—Prescott • Telegraph ' — * Christian Guardian' — Reform Journals. ' 
 
 ^7 
 
 .,([ .y,,, THE FIRST NEWSPAPERS IN THE WOELD, v>l:>JttHi.ri.t; IrtOilI 
 
 Tlie first newspaper publisheci in the world, says Galignanf, ,, 
 bears the name of Neuromberg, 1457. But according to Tacitus, 
 new8paj^)ers, umler the name of diuma, circulated among the 
 Eomans so early as the year 66. The first English newsjiaper was 
 issued in 1622, and the first French in 1631. The first in America 
 was the Newsletter, published at Boston, 1704. It was discontinued ! 
 in 1776. The first published in N"ew York, was by "Wm. Bradford, ' 
 in 1773. In 1775, there were but thirty-seven in tho British colo- 
 nies. By 1801, there were in the United States 203, and in 1810, 
 358. The first newspaper in Canada was the Quebec Gazette, first 
 issued in 1776. Although now upwards of a hundred years old, it 
 continues to live an active and useful life. The founder of it, Mr. 
 Brown, brought his press from Philadelphia in 1763. By his heirs 
 it was sold to Mr. Nelson, who left the establishment by his will to 
 liis brother, the late Hon. John Wilson, long the experienced and 
 able editor of the paper. There were, in 1763, not more than 
 twenty newspapers in the breadth and length of the then American 
 coloiiie.* ; and the Quebec Gazette is the oldest in the British North 
 American Provinces. For nearly thirty years it remained without 
 a competitor; but about 1788 the Quebec Herald w&a started, which 
 had but a brief existence. About the same time, the old Montreal 
 
UPPER CANADA COLLFOK. 351 
 
 Gazette wns o.stubliwIuHl liy one Mcyplot, und wns puldishod in 
 French; but was woon discontinutMl until l7'J-i. About (iio sumo 
 (Into Le Temps newHpupor was publinhod ut (^uobee, in French 
 mill Kn^IJHh, and was ofwhort life. ThoC^ucboc iWf'rt'M/'y, published 
 in Kn/^lish, by Thoinuw Cary, conunonccd i*^' caroer in 18U4, and the 
 Canailien t'ollowod it in 1800 ; but was stopped by the seizure of the 
 press by the Cioverninont, in IHIO. The Canadien Conrant was 
 Ibundod at Montreal about 1808. The Roynl Gazette nvd Neirfovnd- 
 land Advertiser, the first newspaper in Newibundland, appeared in 
 1707. The Upper Canada Gazette or A^nerican Oracle, the rirst paper 
 ill Upper Canada, was CHtablisliod by Governor Sinicoo, in 1793. It 
 was first published on the 18th April, f)y(rideon TilVany. Naturally 
 itH circulation was limited, us the population was sparse, and com- 
 imuiication diflicult. It was supported mainly by Government. 
 Kochefoueauit says, in 171)5 it was " not taken by a single person 
 in Kingston. But the Quebec Gazette was by two." i. uj .,u 
 
 The second journal publisliod in Uppei' Canada, was the Upper 
 Canada Guardian, in oj)position to Government, at York, by Mr. 
 Joseph Wilcox, an Irishman, in 1807, whoso history' is not of the 
 most satisfactory nature. lie had been a Sheriff in the Homo Dis- 
 trict; but was displaced for voting at an election for one Thorpe. 
 Mr. Thorpe had boon sent out from England as one of the Justices 
 of the King's Bench, Notwithstanding this position, he became a 
 candidate for member of Parliament; but, being opposed by the 
 Government, ho was defeated. Subsequently he was recalled by 
 the Secretary of State, at the request of Governor Gore. Wilcox, 
 having lost his office, commenced publishing the Guardian, and was 
 very bitter in his opposition to the Government. Ho was proso- 
 ciited for libel, but was acquitted, and becoming popular, was 
 elected to Parliament. Having used language considered unbe- 
 coming or seditious, ho was arrested, and confined in York jail, a 
 miiserable log building, " in a filthy coll fit for a pig." Subse- 
 quently, he became the loader of the opposition, and had a majority 
 in the House ; for a timo becoming more and more an object of 
 Ministerial dislike. At the commencement of the war of 1812, ho 
 gave up his paper, and shouldered bis musket. He fought at 
 Queenston against the Americans; but afterward deserted, taking 
 with him a body of Canadian militia, and became a Colonel in the 
 American army. Ho was killed, finally, at Fort Erie, by q, muske|(. 
 ball, when planting a guard during the 8eig«. _ : 
 
 Mr. Miles remarks that " When he came to Kingston, in 1810, 
 
352 KINGSTON OAZKTTE. 
 
 thoro wuH but oiio pajior j»ul)li,slio(J in York, by tho (tovonimont, 
 called fho York Gazette, printed by (-unioron and Bonnet ; and one 
 at Newark, by JoHopb Wilcox. Those were the only papers thon 
 printed in Upper Canada; but the one at Newark was diHeontinued 
 in 1812, and the other wan destroyed when York wan taken by tho 
 Amorieans, in April, 181.'}. The Kin;^Hton Guzeite was the only 
 paper then printed in Upper Canada, till 1810, when the (Jovern- 
 mont (lazctte was again comnienced. The Rev. Mr. Cai-roll sayg 
 of tho York Gazette, the number " for November lo, 1801, now liea 
 before tho writer, a coarHO, flimwy, two-leaved paper, of oedivoHizo; 
 department of news is pretty large, but " news much older than 
 their ale." On this, November 13, they have, wonderful to say! 
 Now York dates so late as October the 23rd ; Charleston, of October 
 the Ist; Philadelphia and Boston, of October tho 19th; and a 
 greater exploit still, Halifax dates of Oct. 19, &c." 
 
 Wo are indebted to the Rev. .Stephen Milos, of Camden East, 
 for tho facts relating to the establishment of the first newspaper in 
 tho Midland District, indeed the first between Montreal and York, 
 at Kingston. Mr. Milos is not only tho sole pioneer of journalism 
 in Upper Canada, now living, but ho is the faithful parent of the 
 fourth estate in the province, and probably tho oldest journalist now 
 living in Aniorica or Europe. Tho history of such an one cannot 
 bat be interesting, while it is especially appropriate to the work 
 upon our hands. Mr. Miles, although a native of Vermont, is of 
 English and Welsh extraction. Born October 19, 1789, he wtw 
 brought up on tho farm until 1805, when he was placed as an 
 apprentice to the printing business, at Windsor, Voi-., in tho office 
 ofitNahum Mower. In the spring of 1807, Mr. Mower moved his 
 printing materials to Montreal, Lower Canada, to which place Mr. 
 Milos accompanied him. " At that time there was only one 
 printing establishment in Montreal, under the management of Mr. 
 Edward Edwards, who was also the Postmaster there ; tho pajxir 
 printed was the Montreal Gazette, of small demy-size, two columns 
 on a page, one in French the other in English. Mr. Mower, com- 
 menced printing the Canadian Courant, in Montreal, about the 
 middle of May, 1807. Mr. Movrer, says Mr. Miles, giving me three 
 months of my time, my apprenticeship expired on the 19th July, 
 1810." Not long after " I made arrangements in connection with 
 an excellent young man Charles Kendall, who had worked as a 
 journeyman, to go to Kingston, Upper Canada, and commence 
 publishing a paper." Accordingly having purchased our material 
 
ABOUT TllK KINOHTON " OAZETTE." 353 
 
 thun Mr. Mowor, wo loft Montreal lut Soptombor, 1810, in tho old 
 tuHhioiiod Cunndiun luittouii (17 in lumibur) uiid arrivod at a whurt' 
 in Kingston juHt tho west Mido of whoro tho barracks now aro, on 
 the morning of tho 13th. Wo took an oxcollent broakfaMl at a 
 tavorn oppvwito, and at oiico Hot about to procure u suitable roonn 
 for u printing otWco." Upon the 25th Septoinbor, tho first number 
 of tlio Kirujston Gazette, was published under the numoH oi" " Mowor 
 and Kendall," Mr. Miles not being of age. At this time there wore 
 five papers in Lower Canada. Tho following March, Mr. MiloB 
 sold out his share to Mr. Kendall, who finished tho tirst volume. 
 At the close of the year, Mr. Kendall wishing to retire, dis])osed of 
 tho office and contontH " to the late Hon. Richard ( 'artwright, the 
 Hon. Allen McLean, Tlionias Markland, Ksq., Lawrence llorchimer, 
 Esq., Peter Smith, Ksq., and John Kerby, Ksq." Those gentlemen 
 saw the necessity of having a public journal in Kingston, and 
 became tho proprietors. They immediately wrote to secure the 
 services of Mr. Miles, to conduct tho office, and even desired him to 
 take it off their hands. Mr. Miles promptly came " expecting that 
 the proprietors would wish to be publishers as well, and that 1 
 should attend only to tho mechanical i)art, but it was their unani- 
 mous wish that I should take the whole concern off their hands, 
 continue to print the paper, and do the best I could with it." Mr. 
 Miles speaks feelingly of the kindness of these gentlemen who 
 would accept no other terms than that he should take possession 
 and pay them when convenient, " and by God's blessing all were 
 promptly paid." These kind friends, says Mr. Miles, "have all 
 passed into the spirit world, and tho prayer of my heart is, thq.t 
 God may greatly bless their posterity." " After some unadvoidable 
 delay, the second volume of the Gazette was commenced by me, 
 and printed and published in my name, till December 31, 1818." 
 Before proceeding with Mr. Miles' history, as a journalist, we will 
 copy from the volumes which ho has kindly placed at our service, 
 such items as are .^pp^opriate. 
 
 * "Kingston, Tuesday, November 19, 1811. — The establishment 
 of the Kingston Gazette, being now in the possession of tho sub- 
 scriber, he takes the earliest opportunity of ro-commoncing its 
 publication, as he intends that it shall be conducted in the same 
 impartial manner a& heretofore practiced by his predecessors, ho 
 confidently expects and solicits the patronage and support of its 
 former patrons, and of the public in general. He will not intrude 
 upon the patience of his readers by making a multiplicity of pro- 
 
354 THE REV. 8. MILES. 
 
 misos, but will merely observe that he asks the patrorta^o of the 
 public no longer than ho shall be deserving of it. Former corres- 
 pondents of the Gazette, and gentlemen of science generally, are 
 respectfully invited to favor us with their communications.— 
 (Signed)— S. Miles, -^-"^'r" ' ''"'^hj ' -> '• ■ ^a^a^ ., • /# • 
 
 " Printed and published by Stephen Miles, a few doors cast of 
 "Walker's hotel. Price fifteen shillings per annum, five shillings in 
 advance, five shillings in six months, and five shillings at the end 
 of year. Exclusive of postage." 
 
 In the beginning of 1819, John Alexander Pringle, and John 
 Macaulay, Esquires, to whom Mr. Miles had sold his printing estab- 
 lishment, commenced publishing the Kingston Chronicle, Mr. Miles 
 having charge of the mechanical part for nearly three years. 
 
 In Feburary or March, 1819, the Upper Canada, Herald, owned 
 and edited by Hugh C. Thompson, Esq., was first issued. In 1822 
 Mr. Miles took charge of the work of printing of this Joui-nal, and 
 continued in charge until the spring of 1828. fftM' 'Uj% 
 
 On the 15th of May, the same year, Mr. Miles commenced 
 printing on his own account the " Kingston Gazette and Beligious 
 Advocate," in quarto form, which he continued till August 6, 1830. 
 Again, Mr. M. took charge of printing for Ezra S. Ely, who com- 
 menced August 13, the Canadian Watchman, and continued it for 
 one year. In December 1831, Mr. Miles moved to Prescott; and 
 on the 3i"d June, 1832, commenced printing the first paper in that 
 place, and continued till April 1833. In July he disposed of his 
 establishment and returned to Kingston, and engaged as printer of 
 the Kingston Chronicle, which was now published by McFarlane & 
 Co., with whom he remained till December, 1835. This ended Mr. 
 Miles' career as a printer and publisher ; and he then entered upon 
 the calling of a Wesleyan minister. 
 
 Mr. Miles although a native of the States was a truly loyal 
 subject, and proved himself such during the war of 1812. The 
 Gazette of May 6, 1813, says " our attendance at military duty pre- 
 vented the publishing of the Gazette yesterday." This was the 
 time when Kingston was threatened by the Americans, and every 
 \nan turned out as a volunteer. Mr. Miles tells of the occasion, 
 that he saw, among those shouldering the musket in the market 
 place, the late Arch Deacon Stuart. Mr. Miles belonged to Captain 
 Markland's company. " Col. Cartwright seeing him, called him 
 and desired him to go to his office and he would be sent for when 
 wanted." The principal contributors to the Gazette were Ool 
 
"A OOOD CHANGE." 355 
 
 Cartwright, who wrote a good deal, somotimos over Falkinor, 
 Barnabus Bidwoll, Christopher Ilagorman, generally Poetry, while 
 a student with McLean, Solomon John, who kept a book Htore j and 
 particularly Eov. Mr. Strachan, over Reckoner. .1 . ' - 1 ■ t 
 
 We cannot leave Mr. Miles without expressing here our sincere 
 thanks and regard for the interest, trouble, and encouragement he 
 has favored us with, nor can we forgo recording the following. 
 Says he, " the only watch T ever owned I i)urchased in Montreal, 
 on the Ist January 1810, j)rice ^20. It has travelled with me in all 
 my journey ings from that day to the present time, and btill keeps 
 good time. It wa*s made at Liverpool." A faithful man and a 
 faithful watch; both for time, one for eternity, n. ;f(<o:^vr,hiiX-rtrfi5i: 
 
 About the year 1816 the Gazette had the following, under the 
 captaoFii of " A good cluince:'^ 
 
 " A sober, honest, persevering man, would find it to his advan- 
 tage to undertake the circulation of the Kingston Gazette, weekly, 
 on the following route : say, to start from Kinston eveiy Wednes- 
 day momhig, go through the village of Ernesttown, from thence 
 to Adolphuotown, and cross either at Vanalstines or Baker's Ferry, 
 and so on throi:<rh Hallowell, &c., to the Carrying place ; cross the 
 River Trent, and return to Kingston by the York post road. The 
 advantages to be derived from an undertaking of this kind, exclu- 
 sive of the papers, we are persuaded would be many ; and any 
 honest, persevering man, who could produce good recommenda- 
 tions as to his sobriety, &c., and will give eecurity for punctual 
 payment once a quarter, will make a good bargain by applying to 
 the publisher of the Kingston Gazette. There is not a doubt but 
 that four or five hundred papers might be distributed on this route 
 to great advantage." We learn from another source, that at an 
 early period there was one Shubal Huff, who went around the Bay 
 every fortnight, carrying the Kingston Gazette with other papers, 
 pamphlets, &c., and also tea and sugar. ■ mm.^ 
 
 The following indicates the character of the timo« when the 
 Gazette was established. It is a notice from the Gazette : 
 
 "Subscribers to the Kingston Gazette, in the neighbourhood of 
 York, will please apply at the stor^ of Q. St. George, where their 
 papers will be delivered once a fortnight. Payments made to him 
 in grain, &c., will be acceptable. He will also receive subscrip- 
 tions." (Signed), Mower & Kendall. 
 
 In addition to the papers already mentioned, there was the 
 J^ngston Spectator, issued about 1830, and lasting three or fom* years. 
 
356 UPPER CANADA NEWSPAPERS. 
 
 The Patriot Avas coraraencea in 1829, by T. Dalton. Subsoquontly 
 there was the Argus, Commercial Advertiser, and Churchman. The 
 British Whig was started in 1832, by Dr. Barker, and is still pub- 
 lished. The Chronicle and News began in 1830, is also still published. 
 The British Whig was the tirst Daily published in Upper Canada. ' 
 For many years the subscribers to the Gazette and other papers 
 were indebted to footmen who traveled through the more thickly 
 settled parts of the settlement, which were generally along the 
 front. But after a time there were scattered along in the second 
 or more remote concessions, subscribers to whom the footman could 
 not go. These individuals would often place boxes upon the path 
 followed by the carrier, into which could be dropped the paper, 
 and letters as well. These boxes were attached to a tree and made 
 water-tight, and the owner would go for his paper at his conve- 
 nience. 
 
 One of the first newspapers in Upper Canada, east of King- 
 ston, was the Recorder. Says Adiel Sherwood, Esq., in a letter to 
 the writer, it was '* the first and only paper of note, of early date 
 in this district. It was first got up in 1820 by one Beach, who 
 continued but a short time when he sold out to William Buel, Esq., 
 and about 1848 Mr. Buel sold out to the present proprietor and 
 editor, D. Wylie, Esq. It was got up as Reform paper, and has 
 ever continued as suth." m;>a,4Wxr# 
 
 The following is extracted from an American paper : 
 " In 1818, D. McLeod, a retired soldier, who had fought at 
 Badajoz, and other places in the campaign under Wellington, and 
 at Queenston, Upper Canada, Chrysler's Farm, Lundy's Lane, and 
 then under General Picton, at Waterloo, "purchased a farm in 
 Augusta, a few miles back of Prescott, moved on it, and commenced 
 the business of farming ; not succeeding well in his new avocation, 
 he removed to Prescott and opened a classical school, at which the 
 late Preston King received his rudimentary Greek lessons, and 
 subsequently accepted the appointment Oi Clerk of the new court 
 of Commissioners, for the collection of debts. He purchased a 
 printing establishment and commenced the publication of a paper 
 at Prescott, called the Grenville Gazette, taking a decided stand 
 against the "Tory Compact" administration, and continued a zea- 
 lous advocate of reform until the insurrection broke out in Decem- 
 ber, 1837, when he was forced to leave the country, when his 
 press, type, and the various parapharnalia of the printing office 
 were seized by the Tories. A mob of Tories visited his house, after 
 
"reform" newspapers. 357 
 
 ho loft the place, at midnight, to the terror of his unproiocted 
 family, soizoa, and carried off his books, letters, and other papers, 
 and his elegant sword, as the trophies of their midnight raid. Ho 
 was chosen by the insurgents as their major-general, and acted in 
 that capacity during the continuance of the insurrection. At this 
 time large rewards were offered for his arrest on each side of the 
 line, on the Canadian side, for his rebellion against that govern- 
 ment;" on the United States side for an alleg-^d violation of the 
 Neutrality Laws,," in being supposed the leader of the party of 
 men who captured and burned the Canadian Steamer, " Sir Eobort 
 Peel," Well's Island. 
 
 .j McLeod .sattled in Cleveland, Ohio, and is yet alive, being 
 upwards of 'ighty-four years of age. The Cleveland Herald, from 
 which we loarn the above, records the celebration of " General D. 
 McLeod's fiftieth anniversary of his man'iage." 
 
 The Prescott Telegraph, " The first number " said an exchange 
 "published by Messrs. Merrell & Miles, (1831) is now lying before 
 us. From the appearance of the first number, and the known 
 ability of the proprietors, we anticipate that the Telegraph will be 
 a valuable acquisition to the best of newspapers in this Province, 
 and also to the principles of reform." 
 
 ^ The Christian Guardian was established in the year 1829. Rev. E. 
 Eyerson being the Editor. - ;> ; ^IT '"tr'"*. 
 
 The following were so-called "Eeform" papers: The Colonial 
 Advocate, by McKenzie, The Canadian Watchman, The Brockville 
 Recorder, and The Hamilton Free Press, &c. 
 
368 HALLOWELL '' FREE PRESS." 
 
 iiV u;i. ,i»p/. CHAPTER XLI. 
 
 Contents — First paper between Kingston and York — HallowoU Free Press — The 
 
 Editor — " Recluse " — Fruitless efforts — Proprietor — Wooden press — Of Iron 
 
 — Free Press, Independent — The Traveller — Press removed to Cobourg— 
 
 ^li Prince Edward Gazette — Picton Gazette — Picton Sun — Picton Times — New 
 
 r} Nation — Cobourg Star — Anglo-Canadian at Belleville — The Editor — Price— 
 
 * ' The Phoenix — Slicer — Canadian Wesleyan — Hasting Times — The Reformer 
 
 ■pt _-The Intelligencer — George Benjamin — The Victoria Chronicle — Hastings 
 
 y," , Chronicle— Extract from Playter — Colonial Advocate — Upper Canada Herald 
 
 '[ — Barker's Magazine— Victoria Magazine— Joseph Wilson — Mrs. Moodie— 
 
 Sheriff Moodie — Pioneer in Canadian literature — Extract from Morgan— 
 
 ., , f Literary Garland — " Roughing it in the bush" — Eclectic Magazine — Wilson's 
 
 '. experiment — Wilson's Canada Casket— The Bee at Napanee — Emporium— 
 
 f*^' The Standard — The Refonner— North America — Ledger — Weekly Express 
 
 s'»' — Christian Casket — Trenton Advocate — British Ensign — The Canadian 
 
 Gem — Maple Leaf — Papers in 1853 — Canadian pp.pera superior to Americans 
 
 — Death nt Boston — Berczy — Canadian idioms — Accent — Good English— 
 
 rMJ Superstition — Home education — Fireside stories — Traditions. 
 
 , ^ J 'r " . ' " '• ' ** ■ ' ' ' ' " NEWSPAPEHS — CONTINUED. 
 
 The first newspaper published between Kingston and York, was 
 the Hallowell Free Press, of demy size, the first number of which was 
 issued 28th December, 1830, by Joseph Wilson, Esq., now of Belle- 
 villo ; "W. A. Welles, Esq., editor, a gentleman from Utica, New 
 York. Attempts had been made at Cobourg, Port Hope, as well as 
 at Hallowell, prior to this, to establish papers, prospectus having been 
 acknowledged by the Kingston Gazette. A letter in the first number 
 of the Fi'ee Press, signed " Recluse," says, " a number of attempts 
 have been made to publish a journal in this county, proposals circu- 
 lated, subscriptions obtained to a considerable amount, and the ex- 
 pectations of the public wrought up to the highest degree, yet every 
 attempt hitherto made, has proved abortive, except the present; 
 repeated imposition has, no doubt, had a tendency to create in the 
 public mind, a spirit of indifference and ajiathy respecting newspapers." 
 
 Mr. Wilson had his press of wood, made by one Scripture, of 
 Colborne. Although a very indifferent affair, it was used for a year, 
 when Mr. Wilson procured an iron press from New York. Probably one 
 of the first iron printing presses in the Province. The Free Press was 
 continued for five years. Mr. Welles was editor for a short time only. 
 This journal was evidently intended for the public weal. No one 
 can read the first issues of the paper without being convin' 3d that the 
 proprietor was intent upon rendering service to the public. He 
 allied himself to no party : the contending political aspirants of the 
 
EARLY NEWSPAPERS. 359 
 
 day, had equal access to the cohimns of the Press, and could tlujreby 
 challeuge unbiased attention. " The Traveller, or Prince Edward 
 Gazette,'^ published every Friday, by Cecil Mortimtr, Editor and 
 Proprietor, "John Silver, Printer," 12s. 6d., per annum, in 
 advance. Commenced April, 1836, and continued about four years, 
 when the printing press was removed to Cobourg. In 1840, 
 the Prince Edward Gazette appeared, J. Dornan, Publisher. It 
 was continued under this name by Eev. Mr. Playter. In 184*7, 
 nnd in 1849, Mr. Thomas Donnelly became lllditor and Proprietor, 
 changing the name to the Picton Gazette, which name it still 
 bears. Mr. Donnelly was succeeded as editor in 1853, by Maurice 
 Moure, and he again by S. ]\I. Conger, in 1856, who still continues to 
 publish this old and poi)ular journal. The Picton Sun, established in 
 1841, by Mr. J. Douglas, who was succeeded in 1845, by J. McDonald, 
 and he again in 1849, by Mr. Striker, who removed it to Cobourg in 
 1853. The following year Dr. Gillespie and R. I3oyle commenced the 
 Picton Times, which still continues to be published by Mi-. Boyle. 
 The North American removed from Newburgh in 186], published by 
 McMullen Brothers. The New Nation succeeded it in 1805. 
 
 The Anglo Canadian was established in Belleville in February, 
 1831. It was " printed and published by Alexander T. W.Williainson, 
 Editor, and W. A. Welles. Printed at four dollars per annum, payable 
 in advance." A copy of this paper is before up, and is very re- 
 spectable as to size and quality, and is readable. This was the 
 first journal published in Belleville. The Phoenix arose from the ashes 
 of the Anglo-Canadian. It was first issued in the early part of July, 
 1831, "published every Tuesday by T. Slicer, Editor and Proprietor, 
 at his office, Water Street, Belleville, U. C, 20s. per annum — if 
 sent by mail, 22s. 6d., payable half-yearly." A few copicti before us 
 resemble, in appearance, its predecessor, the Anglo-Canadian. lu 
 one of the early copies is a prospectus of the Canadian Wesleyan, the 
 subscribers to the announcement are " H. Eyan," and " J. Jackson," 
 dated Hamilton, August, 1831. — (See first clergyman, H. Eyan). 
 
 The last number of the Phoenix issued July 3, 1832, and which 
 was "published by William A. Welles, for the Proprietors," says, 
 " As the present number completes the year, it is intended to give 
 the paper a new name ; which, though less classical, may be con- 
 sidered more appropriate " The name selected was the " Hastings 
 Times^'' No. IT, of the Times now before us, was published by RoUin 
 C. Benedict, every Saturday. 
 
 " The Reformer " of Cobourg, published every Friday, J. Ra<lclifi', 
 Editor, was first issued, June, 1832. 
 
660 MAOAZINES. 
 
 '*Thc Intelligencer^ of Belloville," was fouiulctl by Goorjijo Bcnja- 
 min, in Septembor, 1834, who continued its editor until 1848, when 
 McKenzie Bowell, Esq., now M. P., snceoeded him, who remains the 
 proprietor. JNIr. Benjamin was an Enghshraan, born 1 799, and die<l 
 1864. Ho was a gentleman of more than ordinary ability, u consis- 
 tent politician, and a true friend. He held the highest mupi'-ipal 
 offices, and was Member of Parliament from 1856 to 1863. He had 
 talent to adorn any position. 
 
 The Victoria Chronicle was founded in 1841, by S. M. "Washburn 
 and Sutton, who had removed from Brockville. Sutton remained 
 partner for two years. In 1849 the establishment was purcliased 
 from Washburn by E. Miles, Esq., who, with T. R. Mason, Esq., con- 
 tinues proprietor. The name was changed many years ago from 
 Victoria to Hastings Chronicle. 
 
 A Magazine of cheap miscellany was issued monthly, by Seth 
 Washburn, &c., Belleville, 1847 & 8. > i ' 
 
 Playter, writing of the year 1824, says, " books, periodicals, and 
 newspapers were scantily supplied to, and not much desired by the 
 people as yet, the country was not old enough to give much encourage- 
 ment and suppoi-t to literature. Still, in the Methodist connection, 
 the Magazine, (Methodist) was tolerably well circulated, no less 
 than seventy subscribers were among the friends on the Bay of Quinte 
 circuit at once. Newspapers were on the increase ; nineteen were 
 now published in Canada, and six of them twice a week. Quebec 
 printed four, (of which one was French ; Stanstead one, Brockville 
 one, Kingston two, York two, Niagara one, Queenston one." 
 
 The Colonial Advocate was issued in the latter part of 1824, by 
 William Lyon McKenzie. 
 
 We have a copy of the Uppe/r Canada Herald before us, dated June 
 2*7, 1832, vol. xiv. which gives us the period at which it was started. 
 .'d Barker's Canadian Magazine, published at Kingston, by Edward 
 John Barker, M. D., commenced May, 1848. -. u'Li x<.* • ■.. ^k-i,.; 
 
 ——The Victoria Magazine, a monthly periodical, was issued first m 
 September, 1841, by Joseph Wilson, of Belleville, formerly of the 
 Hallowell Free Press. Like many a one subsequently commenced, 
 the Magazine had but a brief existence. It continued just one year. 
 
 The editors were Sheriff Moodie, and his accomplished wife, 
 whose writings have gained for her a Eu 'opean reputation 
 of no ordinary standing. Mrs. Moodie may be regarded as the 
 pioneer of Canadian literature, and, as a long standing inhabitant 
 of the Bay, she claims a brief notice in those pages, to give which 
 
MRS. MOODIE. 361 
 
 aff'orcln tho writer but ft moagro opportunity to express his own 
 high estimation of, and gratitude to a personal friend, whose kind 
 words of oncouragomont has so frequently been astinxulus to action, 
 when his energies flagged in this undertaking.'! f-' -r ^i' ■■'trna 
 
 Morgan, in his Bibliotheca Canadensis, a most useful compila- 
 tion, says : Mrs. Moodie is " well known in Canada and,Great Britain 
 for her works, and as an extensive contributor to the periodical 
 literature of both countries. Born at Bungay, County of Suffolk, 
 England, sixth December, 1803. She is a member of the talented 
 Strickland family, of Beydon Hall, in the above County; four of 
 her sisters, Elizabeth, Agnes, (the best known), Jane, and Mrs. 
 Trail, have each contributed to the literature of the day. 
 Both Mrs. Moodie and her sisters were educated by their father, 
 who is represented to have been a gentleman of education, refined 
 taste, and some wealth. Mrs. M. was only in her thirteenth j^ear, 
 when her father died. As early as her fifteenth year, she began to 
 write for the press generally, for annuals and for periodicals, con- 
 tributing short poems and tales for children. About 1820, she 
 produced her first work of any pretension — a juvenile tale, which 
 was well received by the public and the press. In the following 
 year she married Mr. Moodie, a half-pay officer from the 2l8t 
 Fusileers, and, in 1832, emigrated with her husband, to Canada. 
 They bought a farm near Port Hope, which, however, they onlj' 
 held for a short time, removing to tho back woods, ten miles north 
 of Peterborough, where they settled. There they remained for a 
 period of eight years, experiencing all the trials, mishaps and 
 troubles incident to early settlers, and which are so graphically 
 nan-ated and'depicted by Mi's. M. in her " Roughing it in the Bushy In 
 1839, Mr. Moodie was appointed Sheriff of Hastings, (an office from 
 which he retired a few years since, j and, with his wife, took up his 
 residence at Belleville, where they have since lived. During the 
 existence of the Literary Garland, (Montreal), Mrs. M. was the 
 principal contributor of fiction to its pages. For some years she 
 edited the Victoria Magazine, (Belleville) . Her contributions to 
 these and other annuals, magazines, and newspapers, would fill 
 many volumes."' tflMo.^ '(i(>t*!l;iaJlsfiid eiUM iMiii ^isaiw^lli. (tM- 
 
 The work for which Mrs. Moodie became more especially 
 famous, was " Roughing it in the Bush ;" but other volumes are exceed- 
 ingly interesting, as ^'Flora Lindsay,*' "Mark Hurdlestone," "Geoffry 
 Moreton" 6r the "Faithless Guardian" and "Life in the Clearings." 
 
 " John Wedderburn Dunbar Moodie, formerly Lieutenant in 
 
362 NKW8PAl'ER8. 
 
 the 2l8t Ilcg. of FuBileers," Haw action in Holland, whoro ho was 
 woiuulod ; he wuh a writer for the United Service Journal, Literary 
 Garland, (Montreal), and author of' Ten Years in Africa," and " Scena 
 andAdLcntures js a Soldier and Settler, during half a Century ^ 
 
 The Victoria Magazine was Huccoeded by the Eclectic Magazine, 
 Joseph Wilnon being Editor and Proprietor. This monthly was 
 also continued only one year. Mr. Wilson now commenced a " family 
 ])aper called Wihon's Experiment , and Hoon after, in connection with 
 it, Wihun^s Canada Casket. ThoHo were issued alternately every 
 two weeks, and were continued lor two years. They had a largo 
 circulation, as Mr. Wilson avers, at the last about 6,000. The 
 subscribers were not only in Canada, but in the Lower Provincesi 
 The journals were discontinued, not because they did not pay; but 
 in consequence of embarassmcnt from other causes. 
 
 The Bee was the first newspaper published in Nai)anee, in 1861, 
 by the Ilov. G. D. Greonleaf, Editor and Proprietor. It was a small 
 shoot, and semi-political, at one dollar per year. It was printed on 
 a press of the owner's own construction, and continued two years, 
 when it was succeeded by the Emporium, published by tho 
 same person, at the same office. It was somewhat larger than 
 tho Bee, and was two dollars a year. Its existence extended but 
 
 little over a year. .A. «i. ,.L^. — ti( 
 
 ,,j The Standard vf HA i\\Q third journal established at Napanoe, 
 1853, by a joint-stock company'. It was in the interest of the Con- 
 sei natives. Its first editor was Dr. McLean, formerly of Kingston. 
 Subsequently, the paper camo under tho management of Alexander 
 Camiibell, Esq., and continued for a few years. It then passed into 
 the hands of Mr. A. Henry. It is still published by Henry and 
 Brother. 
 
 The next i)aper, after tho Standard, to bo issued was tho 
 Reformer, by Carman and Dunham. There have subsequently been 
 published tho North American, The Ledger, and tho Weekly Express. 
 Besides tho above, there was published, in 1854, continuing for 
 two years, The Christian Casket, by E. A Dunham. 
 
 Trenton first possessed a newspaper in 1854. It was published 
 and edited by Alexander Begg, and its name was the Trenton Advo- 
 cate. Tho first number was issued Mai-ch 4, 1854. About a 
 year, afterward, the paper changed owners, and took the name of 
 of British Ensign. It was continued about two years longer. 
 
 Wo have before us several copies of The Canadian Gem and 
 Family Visitor, published at Cobourg ; and edited by Joseph H. 
 
CANADIAN I0IOM8. 863 
 
 Loonurd, 1848. It is vory ' >adablo, and oxhibitw no littlo ontor- 
 prise. AIho, wo havo The Maph Lcvf\ publiHhod at Montreal by 
 li. W. Loy, 1853. Mr. Ley died not lon^ after its iHsne. This also 
 containH many intoroHting articles of a local and general nature, 
 •',' ; In 1853, 158 papers are mentioned in the Canada Directory, of 
 which, 114 are issued in Upper Canada. At the present time the 
 number has much increased. Respecting the newspapers of Canada, 
 Mr. Buckingham, who visited Canada in 1840, says that they are 
 generally superior to those of the Provincial towns of the United 
 States. i'';.-:±^h ' . ; , :;:'^i,<. vt '• r\ '.>^ti ,.v;,r".- . 
 
 ji^t The following cannot fail to be of interest : ^ , ,^^;,^.. ii ,, 
 
 A Boston paper says, "Died — In the early part of the year 
 1813, Wm. Berczy, Esq., aged G8 ; a distinguished inhabitant of the 
 Province of Upjicr Canada, and highly respected for his literary 
 acquirements. In the decease of this gentleman, society must 
 sustain an 'rreparablo loss, and the republic of letters will have 
 cause to mourn the death of a man, eminent for genius and talent." 
 
 Canadian Idioms. — The loyalist settlers of Ui:)per Canada were 
 mainly of American birth, and those speaking English, differed in no 
 respect in their mode of speech from those who remained in the States. 
 Even to this day there is some resemblance between native Upper 
 Canadians and the Americans of the Midland States; though there is 
 not, to any extent, a likeness to the Yankee of, the New England 
 States. While the Yankee, and to some extent, the whole of the 
 American people havo steadily diverged from the pure English, 
 both with respect to accent and idiom, as well as in the meaning 
 attached to certain words ; in Canada this tendency has been 
 arrested bji- the presence of English gentlemen, often half-pay 
 officers, and their families, by tho officers of the Army and Navy, 
 and as well by the school teachers, high and low, which were often 
 from the old country. The accent of Canadians, and their idioms 
 to-day, arc to a certain extent peculiar, sui generis, which peculiarity 
 is constantly increasing, oven as the British American is assuming 
 in appearance a distinct characteristic. Taking all classes of Cana- 
 dians, it may be said that for a people far removed from the source 
 of pure English, that is the Court, they have a very correct mode 
 of speaking, the criticisms of English travelers to the contrary, 
 notwithstanding. As education becomes more diffused among the 
 masses there will ensue a very decided improvement in the mode 
 of speaking among Canadians. Listening to the children at any 
 school, composed of the children of Englishmen, Scotchmen. Irish- 
 
364 WANT OF MENTAL FOOD. 
 
 mon, AmorlcaiiH, and ovon of GormanH, it is impoHHlblo to dotoct 
 any mnrkcd diftbronco in their accent, or way of oxprosHing thorn- 
 
 BOlVGH. 
 
 SuPERHTiTroN. — Althouf(h a few of the sottlors had books to 
 road, many hiwl none. And as thoro wore no school toachors vory 
 many children grow up without being able to road, or at most vory 
 little, and entirely unable to write, unless it might be their name- 
 The writer has been struck with the difference between the composi- 
 tion and penmanship of many of the settlors and that of their imme- 
 diate children, the former being good, the latter bad; while the parent 
 could write a bold signature, and express himself in writing a letter, 
 intel''*gibly, thn offspring either could do nothing of the kind, orolso 
 made a very poor attempt. The result of this was, that the mind, 
 starved for want of montul food of a wholesome nature, did not 
 become inactive, but sought other kinds of pabulum. They derived 
 a certain amount of information fVom the legondery tales told and 
 retold of former days of happiness and plenty. Excluded from the 
 world of literature, and secluded in a forest of eternal silence, 
 except the tones uttered by the voice of nature, sometimes whis- 
 pering in the gentlo murmurs of the sighing wind, and sometimes 
 thundering forth in the loudest voice, — shut up with nature they 
 listened to her words, and not educated to understand her meaning, 
 they undertook to interpret her speech, and oftentimes superstition 
 of the deepest kind took possession of their minds. This prevailed 
 perhaps more especially among the Dutch. Belief in ghosts, or 
 "spooks" was a common thing, and before the bright and flicker- 
 ing light of many a hearth fire, during the winter nights, were 
 told "stories" which lost nothing in their relating. And along 
 the Bay were many old houses, once the homes of the settler 
 which it was declared, was occasionally visited by the spirit of the 
 builder, who returned to discharge some duty which rested heavily 
 upon him in the spirit world, or who desired to reveal the place of 
 concealment of some hoarded gold which had been so safely buried 
 in some cranny nook. 
 
 A company of neighbours spending the evening would take 
 their turn in telling of what they had seen or dreamed, or heard 
 told ; and at last when the bright sparkling fire had sunk into sub- 
 dued embers, the consciousness of having to go home through the 
 woods, or past a grave yard, would arouse the talkers. Shudder- 
 ing at the thought, with imagination heightened by the conversa- 
 tion, they would set out on their path. It was at such times that 
 
TRADITIONS AND REOITALH. 366 
 
 tho Hpirit of Homo rocontly dopartod nno would bo goon hovering 
 over tlic gruve, or floating nwuy ut i\w approach of f^otHtcpH. Strnngo 
 voices camo from the midst of the durknesH, und iinnuturnl lightH 
 flashed in the eyeH of the nuduight traveler. Should no sound or 
 gight present themselves on the way, there was still a clumco to ex- 
 perience much in dreams, when revelations of the gravest Import 
 would be ma<le, which only had to be repeated three nights in suc- 
 cession to obtain the stattis of absolute certainty. 
 
 The traditions and recitals made known to tho children were 
 somedmos, not alone exaggerated, but untrue. The old soldier, or 
 loyalist in his great hatred to the rebels, would eomotimes un- 
 duly blacken tho character of the fathers of the American Kepub- 
 lio, for instance, tho writer has heard it several times, told as a 
 fact, that Washington was tho illegitimuto son of King George. 
 
 By some moans a belief obtained, that at a place called Devil's 
 Hill, at the Indian Woods, was concealed in the earth, a quantity of 
 money, and parties used to actually go and dig for it. There was 
 a huge rock here which was supposed to cover the precious metal, 
 and a " bee " was formed, on one occasion to overturn it, but they 
 found nothing to reward them for their pains. ,,^^t_^ ^^^J m, j,Ai*i;iv 
 
 i^^iiif^m' t&^ brAiiihifJihm'^'i k>ff^ffi>-yJ<^i Ji^W fSj'WW -nwii.t)): kiQito^^t, ■ 
 
 •iB9ifi«!!l«<;"»%./i)-j'. 't^i.k»fcl ., .it!>i>>j<.i, fjua , ■jj.jdcifim ;.^i|^ip.'3'|§'>>-,0T0io %qAi;i'<:*>.-. 
 
 ^}^;ii>':. <#ooit y.n({jtio acapa ,ai 
 
 , ■• io^^iplb.1 'fU 
 
 -^ H had • i'LUm Jd'iif id mli m-Avf • 
 
 ■i i','..V' 
 
;•• ':' 'rV? 
 
 .' I ,■ • ■1M»'> '• Ml , ' , ' 
 
 •■'■ ■••'■■ ' ■ "■ •'>,', ■ ■ " ' ■ . ■^' ' ' ■ . ' S' ' * ■• ■ • 
 
 .V ■ {■■. 'u"^i' >' ' ■">;♦'■, 
 
 THE TKIiKlTOHY OF Uri'KIl CANADA— TlIK BAY QUINTE. 
 
 ""-' • ClIAPTEll XLI. :f I 
 
 CoNTKNTH — The IndlnDR — Their ovigin — Pru-hiitoric Cnnodn — Iiidinn rolicH — 
 Origiimt inliiibitmitri — Lih IrKqiioiH du iionl — Original naniiN — IVniitHiihi of 
 "Upper Canada — (;fwiiii)ilaiii exploring;— ABCMinds tlu! Ottawa — Hin rotitu to 
 •, Lako NipplnRiiiK — To litilco Huron — Fr«uch Iliver — Tlus country — (irorglan 
 JJay — Luiiu biinicoe — Down tin' Trent — A Ki'ind trip — Hay liuintii, and Lako 
 Ontario iliHcovt-rod — Wai di'mouHtnition — Wintering at tlu; Bay— A contraHt 
 •— Huundubout way— Errunoiiu iiuL)ruiiaionH. 
 
 OHAMPLAIN's DISCOVKBY op the bay QUINTE, and LAltB ONTARIO.' 
 
 In this work but brief referonc© can bo mndo to tho general 
 history of tho IndianH. PoihapH it is hardly necosNary to explain 
 that tho term Indian, fipplied to tho aborigines of America, took its 
 origin from tho fact, iluit when the New World was diHCoverod it 
 was supposed to be a part of the Indias (East Indias), the riches of 
 which had led tho intrepid navigator to seek a more direct route 
 thereto. And consequently tho natives were called Indians. •'"'^ 
 ' It does not lio within the scope of this work to speak of tho 
 several theories which have been given with respect to the origin 
 of the natives, nor to advance any particular view. It is sutficiont 
 to remark that the character of the various tribes, their features, 
 their traditions, and customs, all indicate most unmistakably that 
 Asia was the original birthplace of the aborigines of America. Of 
 course, reference is made only to those Indians whose representa- 
 tives occupied the continent when discovered by Columbus, and not 
 to those who had in some long past day held posssession, who have 
 left here and there indications of their rude character, and primi- 
 tive mode of life, and who were swept away by the more powerful 
 and warlike invaders — the predecessors of the aborigines of whom 
 wo now write. 
 
 In our researches we have collected a good many Indian relics, 
 of the origin of which we have no record, and can only guess, 
 while science strives to explain. We oflFer no views of our own, but 
 give the following upon 
 
ORiniNAL INHABITANT8. Ml 
 
 PRK-lllHToRin CANADA. 
 
 From tlio Mnnchi^nUsv (lunrdidn. "At iimeotin^'of thoMunoheHtor 
 Aiithropolo^iciil Hociety, on Monday, Mr. Plant mad*) a comniuiiica- 
 tion upon Homo curioUK rolicM which lio oxhibited, o( a rnoo ofpre- 
 hiHtoric mon, for which ho was indohtod to Mr. J. H. Wilwon, of 
 Perrytown, Canada Wont. Thisso objoctH wore obtainod froiu the 
 soil of tho landH which have l)oon clearod of tho forents and 
 hrou^ht into cultivation. It in only in tho Hprin/^, who/i tho nnow 
 liaH diMa))j>oaro(l, that thoHO objoct.s aro found, tho winter nnow act- 
 in;,' liko a riddlo to tho Hoil, and Itrin^ing to tho Hurfaco tho pobblos 
 and brokon piocoH of pottery, lint, woapons, &c. Tlio most inior- 
 csting foaturoK connected with those relics i», that tho liK-alitios 
 whore thoy arc so IVoquently found arc situated on tho high level 
 ground of ancient torracoH, or beach linoH, which may bo traced at 
 about GOOfl. above the sea level, all around tho great Canadian 
 hikoH, or, in fact, all around tho high landH of tho Kivcr St. Law- 
 rence basin. There are throe torracoM ut doHConding levels to the 
 proHont Hhoros of tho great laUoH. Tho highest terrace iw the most 
 ancient, and tho evidonco.s connected with this terrace all soom to 
 point to the conclusion that it belongs to an ago very remote, when 
 tho area now occupied by the groat irosh-wator lakes was fiUod by 
 an inland bay, connoctod by a wide strait with tho Atlantic, and 
 was subject to the action of glacier ice from the land, as well m 
 flows of icebergs from tho current flowing from tho north-oast. Tho 
 high terraces are, therefore, of marine origin, and tlie pre-bistorio 
 objects found in them aro indicative of a race of men whoso habits 
 wore consistent with tho physical features of the land and sea; a 
 race of hardy lishors, living upon tho whalo, the walrus, the shark, 
 and marine sources of food, together with tho reindeer and Arctic 
 animals. Since this remote time, the whole of tho land about tho 
 lakes has risen from 600 to 1,000 foot above the sea, slowly and 
 evenly through a great length of time, pausing twice sufficiently 
 long to form two loww terraces ; and at present is forming a 
 fourth on the shore lines of the 'lakes. The pre-hiutorie objects 
 consist of great quantities of earthenware of rudo make, quartz 
 arrow heads, black stone adzes and hatches, sharp splinters of bone 
 worked to a point, teeth drilled and bone needles, and bowls and 
 Btems of smoking pipes about six inches long. These last are 
 singular and most interesting objects, and ai'e solely confined to the 
 North American continent, proving that tho habit of smoking some 
 
3CS ORIGINAL NAMES. 
 
 narcotic plant has been indulged in by mankind from the most 
 remote ages to which the geologist assigns the relics of pre-historic 
 man, the age which immediately succeeded the glacial period." 
 
 All around the bay, as well as in other partsof Canada, may be 
 found here and there indications of an extinct people whose sepul- 
 chral remains can bo traced. Along the western portion particu- 
 larly, are faint traces of mounds or tumuU which have been found 
 to contain not only human remains ; but objects of curiosity. For 
 a more particular account of these the reader is referred to an inter- 
 esting paper in the Canadian Journal tor September 1860, by T. C. 
 Walloridge, Esq., of Belleville. ?.«( txA^- . .^\?ws ..■ : k 
 
 THE ABORIGINES OP UPPER CANADA. 
 
 " Dark as tlie frost- 11 ii)ped hmvos that strew the ground, 
 
 The Indian hunter hero his shelter found ; 
 • *' /'■ * Here cut his how, and shaped his arrows true, 
 ;•»,'/. .;' Here built his wigwam and his hark canot, 
 ,v' , Speared the quick salmon leaping up the fall, 
 
 ' ' And slew the deer without tlio rifle hall ; 
 
 Here hig young squaw her cradling tree would choose, 
 if *'v u '/■ "^^"^S'^^S ^^^ chant to hush her swart pappoose ; (j,.,. .^^^^ 
 
 *.H-.i'+» Here stain her quills, and string her trinkets rude, 
 -A''H&li*.><( And weave her warrior's wampum in the wood. 
 ^, Brainahd." 
 
 For many long years, perhaps centuries, befoi'c the white man 
 saw the pleasant shores of the Bay, the Indian war-whoop was often 
 heard, and the war dance performed along its borders. We know 
 but little of those primal days. We cannot estimate the cruelties 
 of barbaric warfare, natural to the aborigines, which have been 
 enacted. We cannot count up the number of Indian braves who 
 have moved upon its wood-begirted waters, as conquerors, or as 
 captives, nor the woman and children carried away from their 
 kindred — nor yot the total of the bleeding scalps which have hung 
 at the girdle of the returning warriors, as they pursued the devious 
 trail. 
 
 Early French travelers, generally Jesuits, have marked 
 roughly the territory, which^ embraces in its area, the land extend- 
 ing from the Ottawa westward to Lake Huron, and from the St. 
 Lawrence and Lake Ontario, northward to the French Eiver, and 
 Lake Nippissing. This was named the country of Les Iroqiiois du 
 I^ord, and, according to a map in the Imperial French Library, the 
 land north of Bay Quinte, was called in 1656, Tout-hatar, and the 
 land west to Lake Huron, was named Conchradum. There were, 
 at the same time indicated at the eastern borders, the " antient 
 
OLD FRENCH MAPS. 36g 
 
 Hurons" and tho " Outtawas " at the we«t, occupying, the peninsula 
 of Upper Canada, tho Nrntre Nation de. tmite, and at tho mouth of 
 tho Jronch river, Musismgues. It would scorn at first, that tho in- 
 habitants were a branch of the Iroquois, or Six Nation Indian. 
 But It may be that they had given to them tho name Iroquoin from 
 their peculiar mode of expression, like the Indian to the south of 
 the lake ;-although not immediately connected. According to a 
 map examined by the writer, in the Imperial library at PaHs, all 
 the land between the Ottawa and Lake Huron was the Algonquins " 
 A map by Champlain calls the land north of the Bay Quinte Z^en 
 force cerfs. The northern Iroquois was divided into several tribes 
 each of which had a distinct name, and lived in considerable com'- 
 munities, heve and there. The old maps are marked with sites of 
 ndian villages whore, no doubt, they lived a greater portion of 
 their time; probably the families remained most of the time and 
 also the males, exce])t when away up the rivers to the north, upon 
 
 kTK? -r- """""^ '''''' '^'^^-^ ^"^^ "^''^^^^^ ™ the 
 kentm. Their village was situated at tho east of Hay Bay accord 
 
 ing to some maps ; according to others, it was placed upon the south 
 Hhore of Prince Edward, west of West Lake. Another tribe men- 
 tioned IS Ga^mgouts. And along the north shore of the Mohawk 
 Bay near Napanee, is marked an Indian village called Gannaroute 
 Upon another map the village here is called Gan^yd^es. Just above 
 the Carrying Place, near the harbour of Presq' Isle, is another 
 village called Ga^roske, and a second one designated Gonetoust. 
 borne of the maps here alluded to, bear date as late aa 1703 while 
 others are much earlier. ' 
 
 The waters cf the bay and the lake adjacent, were looked upon 
 as valuable for fishing, and the land as abunduut in game. McMuIn 
 ;n his History of Canada, speaks thus of the bay region. ReFer „; 
 the year 1692, he states, ''the Aborigines and French ravaged the 
 trontiers of Massachussets, ard revenged upon its helpless borderers 
 e i,,unes suifered by the Canadians; detachments o} troops sZ 
 he lavonte hunting grounds of the Iroquois along the beautiful Bay 
 
 ltrm\ ^t '" r^-'^^*'""^ ^''"^ ^""*'*^''^' ^^^ considerable injur; 
 w the Mohav/ks in their own, country." ^ 
 
 The peninsula of Upper Canada was called, in 1686, Saquinan-- 
 Pans documents). The '' Neutre Nation" was exterminated by the 
 the Iroquois prior to 1650. ^ 
 
 It is an interesting fact that Champlain arrived at Lake 
 Ontario^or " fresh wa1.r sea." as he called ft, being the fu't Eu^ 
 
370 THE OTTAWA. 
 
 poiin to gaze upon its broful blue waters, by the way of tl»o Bay ot 
 QiiinU'. Thiis was in 1615. Prior to that ho had penetrated by 
 way of Sorel river, and the lake which has been named after him, 
 and explored Bomc part of the territory to the south of Ontario lake; 
 but probably was not north of the Mohigan mountains, at least ho 
 did not then discover Lake Ontario. His principal object at 
 this time was to create terror of the Fi-cnch arms, on behalf of the 
 Six Nation Indians. 
 
 It was after a return from France, with a commission granting 
 him extensive powers in the peltry traffic, that Champlain, with the 
 view of protecting that trade, erected a fort on the site of Montreal. 
 This done he directed his attention to the country lying unexplored 
 to the north. Aware of Hudson's discovery in the north, of the 
 bay now bearing his name, he was led to hope that by following 
 the river Ottawa, of which thellurons gave him some information, 
 to. its upper waters, he would be brought into close proximity 
 if not actually to the bay, explored by Hudson. He accordingly 
 get out accompanied by one or more of the four Eecollet mission- 
 aries he had brought with him from Franco, and a considerabk 
 force of HuroTiH, with the view of ascending the Ottawa to its 
 source. How far he penetrated into that rugged region, or how 
 long a time he expended, does not appear. But it would seem that 
 failing in his attempted discovery, he i-etraced his steps down the 
 Upper Ottawa, until he reached the mouth o f the Mattawan river, 
 which empties into the Ottawa, and rises in the high lands to the 
 west, approaching Lake Nippissing. / s nearly as can bo learned. 
 Champlain was here joined by more warriors, who porsuadod him 
 to follow them and assist in a proposed attack upon the 
 Iroquois nation to the south of Lake Ontario. His course was up 
 the M^Utawan river, through la petite riviere to lac du Toulon. 
 Thence across to Trout Lake, Upper Trout Lake, and tmversing 
 the high lands, from which the waters flow in opposite directionB; 
 Borae into the valley of the Ottawa, and others towards the west, 
 be descended the river La Vase into Lake Nippi«sing. Crossing 
 this lake, he descended the French rirer into the 'reorgian Bay. 
 In passing it may be observed that all the names, some of which 
 are in fVench, and some in English,ha/e a special meaning, and were 
 applied, at least some of them, by the Indians. The Ottawa is s(i 
 called not from the fact that the territory tbrt)ugh which it nmswas 
 the home ot the Ottawa tribe, but, because it was by its waters 
 itiat they came to -v'isit tihe French. The OttftWa river, that is, tho 
 river by which the Ottawas came. On the other hand the French 
 
THE FRENCH RIVER. 371 
 
 ri vol', which discharges into the G-eor«,'ian Buy, was so called by 
 tho Indians, bocai\se it was the river by which the French came 
 to their western domain. The length of Frencii river U about 61 
 miles, and is a chain of lakes, connected by short rapids. Lake 
 Nippissing is 69 feet above Lake Huron. -^f^'-^mr^:fmmmi' 
 ' Ii is now 253 yeai-s since this voyage of discovery was made 
 by Champlain, guided by the Indians. The appearance then pre- 
 sented to the intrepid navigator must have been ex<?eedingly -wild 
 and beantiful, as he passed along the unknown way, Xow swiftly 
 gliding in the bircli canoe upon the glassy waters of a lake, now 
 dancing down the i'apids,among rugged rocks, and green-clad islands ; 
 and anon, threading the devious i)ath o^ti portage, beneath the lofty 
 arches of the wilderness, making the first European footprints npon 
 the virgin soil. 
 
 Deputy Surveyor-General Collins;" W^tin|!o fic^ iDorchester, 
 by his command, in 1788, speaking of the French river says; "The 
 entrance is composed of a considerable number of small islands 
 and channels," the westernmost is the best navigable— about 250 
 feet wide, and has from two to three fjithoms depth of water. It is 
 narrower a little way np, and at about half a league from the en- 
 trance becomes exceedingly intricate, .'on account (A' Xhc small 
 islands and channels, which ai-e here so numerous in every direction, 
 and so much resembling each other in appearance, as to make it 
 extremely diffionlt witlwiit a guide to find the true imvigftble channel, 
 which, although deep in some places, is so narrow there is seart« room 
 for two canoes to pass «ach other. The bank in these sitnations, is a 
 steep rook, almost perpendicular, and there are very strong oun-enfe 
 or rapids. The term Souters, sometimes given to the Miesisnuga 
 Indians by the French, means to jump np and down, in reference To 
 their living upon this river, and being expert in naTigatingits e^vannels. 
 "The country adjoining to, and near this, (i-iver) is a rooky desert, 
 nothing growing but small soinbby kwhes and pine trees not thirty 
 feet high— the same dreary prospect continues, I am informed, all the 
 way up to Lake Nippissing, which is recorded twenty-five leagiies." 
 He states that the coast from the month of the river eastwwd is 
 dangerous, for even canoes, although they may find shelter among the 
 islands which lie along most of the coast. It is e(j»Mlly rocky and 
 barren. Sueh was the nature of tlie wa}- l>v wfhich Champlain n^afe 
 led. 
 
 He now directed his course southward along the wil(t and iri-e- 
 gular shore of the Georgian Bay, through the myriad irffends'that 
 
:} 
 
 372 champlain'8 route. 
 
 t^ive beauty to th.it coast. Avrived at the mouth of the Severn river, 
 
 he ascended that devious stream, and entered Spari'ow Lake. Thence 
 
 lie crossed to Lake Cowchouching, which, at its southern extremity 
 
 approaches to Lake Simcoe. ; Crossing the portage to this Lake, he 
 
 ascended the Eiver Talbot, in a north-east direction, and by frequent 
 
 portages reached Balsam Lake. Then, through Cameron Lake, past 
 
 Fenelon Falls, and into Sturgeon Lake. So on, by Pigeon Lake 
 
 Buck Hare Lake, Deer Lake, into Salmon Trout Lake. Turning 
 
 south, by Clear Lake, he descended the Otanabee, or Pmrwduscoteong, 
 
 l)ast the present site of Peterborough, and entered Rice Lake. Again 
 
 turning east, he entered the head waters of the River Trent. Around 
 
 by Heely's Falls, down by Carabellford, then, by Chisholm's Rapids, 
 
 he arrived at the head of the Bay of Quinto, sometime in July, 1816. 
 
 Champlain took this route from the Ottawa, which had long 
 
 before been traveled by the Indians, at the request of the Indian 
 
 wai-riors who accompanied him, to make an attack upon their bitter 
 
 enemy the Iroquois. - ■ ' n"' ";' 
 
 ^^' At the present day it would be a grand trip to make, by the 
 
 way pursued by Champlain, when he visited the Bay region. But 
 
 how wonderfully magnificent must it all have been to the bold, but 
 
 educated French explorer of the primeval forest. 
 
 Champlain crossed the Lake to a point not far from Oswego. 
 Whether he passed through the upper, or lower gap to the opposite 
 side of the Lake, and coasted the south shore; or whether he ascended 
 Picton Bay and crossed the Indian Carrying-place to East Lake, ana 
 thence into Ontario, may be questioned. But in order to make an 
 unexpected attack upon the enemy, he had need to conceal his 
 advance ; hence it is reasonable to suppose he would take the nearer 
 route by Picton Bay, although it would involve the crossing of the 
 portage, This could scarcely be regarded as a serious difficulty, as 
 he had already passed many in the devious route by the Ottawa. 
 
 Strange enough, that a European should discover Lake Ontario 
 by entering the head waters of the Trent Eiver, and saiUng 
 through the Bay of Quinte. Strange enough that a warlike demon- 
 stration should be made by this route, against a foe living upon the 
 south shore of the Lake. , 
 
 Champlain, notwithstanding his caution, found his Indian foes 
 prepared to receive him, having well entrenched themselves, and be 
 suifered a serious defeat, being glad to secure a safe retreat in the 
 Bay of Quint6 region, probably Prince Edwai'd, after having himself 
 received two wounds. 
 
A CONTRAST. 373 
 
 Fftiliiig ill his efforts to obtain a guide to conduct him down 
 the St. Lawrence, to his fort at Montreal, Champlain was compelled 
 to spend the winter months, which were by this time approaching, in 
 the vicinity of the Bay of Quinte. Probably six or nine months were 
 passed by him upon tlie northern shores. Ho did not remain all the 
 time at the Bay, as it is stated he visited the neighbouring Indian 
 nations, especially the neutral nation which occupied the peninsula 
 between Lakes Erie and Huron, and the head of Ontario. We can 
 readily imagine the wide difference between a long winter thus spent 
 in 1615-16, mid the wild scenes of aboriginal life by the ice-locked 
 waters, and one spent in this latter part of the 19th century, with 
 the highly cultivated land, and advanced civilization. Then, the trees 
 of tlie forest, in one unbroken denseness, was the sole home of the 
 savage, and wild beast, and waved in solemn mournfulness over the 
 wintry landscape ; while few other than nature's sounds disturbed the 
 stillness of the wilderness. Now, the dark forest has disappeared and 
 human habitations of comfort and luxury thickly stud the land. The 
 wild beasts, as well as the original owners of the territory, have 
 almost disapjieared. The snow of the i(!e-covered bays and streams 
 no longer remain unbroken by human foot. Sleigh roads thickly 
 intersect the surface, and joyous shouts of the skater break upon the 
 light pure air, while the gingle of sleigh bells indicate the everflow- 
 ing stream of travelers. The strings of telegraphs sigh in the wind, 
 instead of the tall trees' bough. The iron horse snorts along through 
 the snow hills, instead of the beast from his lair. Towns and cities 
 rest in peaceful security, where there were thick jungles of cedar and 
 furs. 
 
 It was by this roundabout way that the Bay of Quinte was dis- 
 covered ; and it was fifty years later when DeCourcelles, pursuing 
 the Iroquois from the Lower St. Lawrence ascended for the first time 
 the river, direct from Montreal to Lake Ontario. But during this 
 time missionaries had been at work among the Indians, upon the 
 northern shores of the Lake — (See early Missionaries). 
 
 The impressions made upon the minds of these fii'st explorers, 
 respecting the Bay, seem to have been very erroneous ; at least they 
 have left maps not only rude, but incorreat. Thus, we find upon an 
 old map intended to represent Lake Ontario and the Bay, with the 
 country north of the Lake, the Bay is made to extend northward, at 
 right angles with the Lake, for some distance, and then, turning west- 
 ward somewhat, its extremity is brought very near to another bay, 
 which empties into Georgian Bay. 
 
374 THE BAY QUINTE. 
 
 CHAPTEH XLTII. ..;...,?>?.; . . 
 
 Contents-— Name — Lottev, linily Nt!WH — " Oniepi" Lines — Tlic writer — Ooiijec- 
 turcH — Five J5ft3's — Indian origin — Kuntes — V'illiigeK — Leu Coim — Modes of 
 spelling — Canty — Tim uccupantH, 1783 — MisKissaugaH — Origin — With tho 
 Iroqnois— The Souter — MisHiHsaugas, dark — At Kingston — Cay Quiut^— 
 Land bought — lieserves — Claim tipon the islands — Wappooso Island— 
 
 'j Indian agent — Indians hunting — Up tho Sagonaska — Making sugar — Peace- 
 able — To Kingston for presents. , r • . 
 
 THE NAME OP BAY QUINTE — THE ABORIGINAL INHABITANTS OP UPPER 
 i}C'. CANADA IN 1783. 
 
 a' ' ■ 
 
 Thei*e appeared in the " Daily News " of Kingston, October 20, 
 1866, the following letter and verses : 
 
 f; " Sir, — I send you a few lines in connection with what I believe 
 to be an historical fact, though not generally known, even in tho 
 vicinity of the bay. When the French first took possession of 
 Canada, or shortly after, they established posts at Frontenae, 
 Niagara and Detroit. t ' , 
 
 In the fall following their establishment, the men under Col. 
 Quinte, who comr.ianded at Niagara, were driven out by the Indians, 
 and pursued and harrassed several days, when following the l^e 
 shore to the west of the bay, they took the south shore of the bay 
 and got to the reach. The snow was falling and ice making on 
 the bay, without sufficient strength to carry them ; when, nearly 
 starved and exhausted, they started back two or three miles to what 
 is known as Stickney's Hill, where (an extremely cold night com- 
 ing on) they nearly all perished, including Quinte himself. Only 
 two of the party (the ice having become strong) reached Frontenae. 
 H^Qe t|ie name of the bay." — (Signed,) — " Omega," 
 
 This note was accompanied with the following lines: 
 
 quiNTE. 
 
 On the Bjiy of Quint6 gliding, 
 O'er its smooth and tranquil breast, 
 Whilst the sun is fast declining 
 To its waters in the west ; 
 " And the gorgeous leaves of autumn, 
 In their varied gold and green, 
 Adds fresh glory to such beauty 
 As the eye hath seldom seen. 
 
THE NAME. 37{l» 
 
 v/"*"'<rv,'' •'• ' Yet tliiH JJay had once its terrors, ,,;(,,, , ,.,.,, 
 
 Ero tlie red men were Hiibdued, ' ' 
 
 iri !!*!>' And the sfcne tliat'H now HO lovelyj*''''-^! i'»; 
 
 ^if,!.,' '" Was terrific, wikl and rude, •.'-,}. \n:''-'yM'-ff!'~»'<>f.id. 
 
 . When the (calhiut (jiiintt') flyin;?- ' , i.. '' 
 
 ''*^" ' ^ From the rtava,','o of the west, '* '<'^'"" •^''■'''' ' ''- 
 
 i.^ .,.(/' '^'iv^.i^^-'i On the choerlcHS liills hiy dying, ,/i( .. 
 
 - "- With fierce colli and hunger pressed; . /, 
 
 "' And IdH hones were left imhiuied, '«""'«i444.>«-. .»f.>d(>«-y . '^ 
 
 But his name won't pa88 away, ..ii> '..,., 
 
 Whih) tijere'is heauty on thy iiill-side, 
 "^■^^^^ Y r 0'" tliy waters gently play." 
 :..it«fi:',''fjiid:m- 'liu "Stkameu Bay op guwTE." 
 
 Mr. T. C. Wallbridgo, to whom wo are iiiclobted for tho fore- 
 going, informs us that upon tho day thia was written, a learned 
 judge (Kobinson) now dead, was a passenger ft-om Belleville to 
 Kingston, and tho inference was that he penned the linos, which 
 must have been based upon what he considered facts. The same 
 tradition has been received also, from other sources, aaid many 
 living upon the bay, regard it as true. But it becomes ovu* duty 
 to question the matter. In the first place unfortunately, for the 
 plausiMlity of the statement, the name of nOj Bj^cJU French officer 
 can be found. 
 
 The nearest approach to the name of Quinte, hold by any 
 Frenchman known, was that of Prince de Conti. This person was 
 a particular friend of Cavalier de la Salle, to whoni was ceded tho 
 Seignory of Cataraqui. " Chevalier de Tonti, went with him, pro- 
 posing to share his fortunes," in western explorations. Now La 
 Salle, named one of the islands near Cataraqui, (^Amherst,) after 
 this officer, and even yet may be found living, persons who call. 
 that island, " Isle Tanta." Well, it might reasonably be sup- 
 posed that La Salle would wish to do honor to his friend the Prince 
 de Conti, and therefore named the bay after him. PVom Conti, it 
 might gradually change to Canta, or (^uinte. Now, however 
 probable this may seem, it cannot be regarded as the origin of the 
 name. 
 
 Again, it has been supposed to be derived from tho Latin 
 Quintanus, or Quinta, — the fifth place, — having reference to five 
 bays, namely, the Lower Bay, Picton Bay, llaj^ Bay, the Eeach, 
 and Upper Bay ; or, as some aver, it refers to five Indian stations, 
 formerly existing in the vicinity of the bay. But, however much 
 may be advanced in support of tho plausibility of these theories, wo 
 think a more certain origin is perfectly intelligible. 
 
 The word Qninte, as at p/esent spelled and pronounced, when 
 
TUB ORIGIN. 
 
 riglitly done, is uiKloublodly n French ono, being one of the fow 
 I'omuining niomoritilw ol" Froncii posHosHion ; but its origin can bo 
 distinctly traced to an Indian Hourco. * •• ■>/'[ • » - 
 
 We luive soon olHewhoro tlmt the country lying north of Lake 
 Ontario was called the " Country of the Northern Iroquois." To 
 the 8outh of the lake was the IroqaoiH country i)ropor. Among 
 the several nations which composed the Iroquois Confederation, was 
 the Sonoques, or commonly called Seneca. Wentworth Greenhalgh 
 in the "London Documents, " writing of a journey in May, 1677, 
 from Albany to the Indians, westward, says "the Seneques have 
 four towns, viz : (^unagora, Tiotohalton, Canoenar'a," (how like 
 Canada), "and Koint-he — which contained about r:4 houses, and 
 was well furnifihed with corn." In connection with this 
 we find a statement made in the docunientary History 
 of New York that some of the tribes belonging to tho 
 Iroquois propoi, separated from them, and removed to the 
 north of the lake. Now tho Indian term, " Keint-he," be it 
 remembered, was written by an English exploror, and of course was 
 spelled in accordiiuce with the pronunciations of tho Indians. 
 Every one know;^< that the letters of the alphabet have a 
 different sound in the French language. If therefore, a Fi'ench 
 writer were to write tho English term Keint-he, it is not unlikely 
 he would spell it Kanta or Kente. Examining the old French 
 maps, made by some of the early travelers throus^h Canada, but 
 bearing date subsequent to lfi77, we find marked with distinctness, 
 an Indian village, sometimes in one place, sometimes another, 
 by the name of Kente. This may be seen on quite a number of 
 diffex'ont maps, which we have examined in various libraries in 
 Canada, and in the Imperial Library in Paris. It is not always 
 spelled Kente, sometimes it is Kante, and upon ono it is Kenti, and 
 upon a map in the Imperial Library, Paris, it is Kento. This 
 Indian village has its location upon most of the maps, at the eastern 
 extremity of Hay Bay ; but upon a fow it is placed at the south 
 shore of the peninsula of Pi-ince Edward ; upon one map it is put 
 at South Bay; while in another Wappooso island, is called Isle dc 
 Quinte. Hence it is inferred, that a branch of the Seneca tribe 
 separated from tho main body, and removed to the north of tho 
 lake, and settled probably first at South Bay, and afterward, or at 
 certain seasons visited at Hay Bay, to which, in time they gave their 
 name — that of Kento, according to the pronunciation of the French. 
 It was an easy matter to convert Kente into Quinto. In other 
 
ANCIENT NAMBH. 877 
 
 words, wo find that A' and Qu aro UHod iiiditt'orontly amon^ early 
 writers of Now France ; for instanco, Qnol)oc, is Hpollod by earl)' 
 writors, Koboc. Tho origin ol' the word Quinto :;oem8 to bo in 
 this way perfoctly clear. *■• >'■*' '*'*»'^'< • "'^* • • 
 
 Tho Indian viliago of Konto was situatod at tho oaHtern ex- 
 tremity of Hay Bay, and it sooms plain that thiw was regarded as 
 the head of tho bay by tho French, ami the waters loading to the 
 village, was designated the Bay Kente, or the Bay to tho Rentes. 
 Tho waters above the entrance to Hay Bay were looked upon rather 
 as the mouth of the Eiver Trent ; and as quite another bay, to 
 which was given a different name. This was a water way from 
 Lake Ontario to Lake Huron. Travelers passing along would at 
 times receive imperfect ideas respecting tho names of the several 
 bays and lakes. Again, the early French explorers, and the Jesuits, 
 in their maps would frequently give tho names, derived from the 
 Indians, in Latin, while later Fi'onoh travelers gave the names in 
 French. The consequence was that several different names were 
 at times bestowed upon the waters stretching between Lakes Huron 
 and Ontario. •■ ■■' i.'>i't<>i*vi',j <^u.v;' ii*jWr <»«*i»>i>i>>i>'i/ii» i*.i L',i,A«u >» 
 
 One of tho old French maps, and perhaps, it may have been pre- 
 pared before tho Kontos had settled upon its shores, gives to the 
 bay the name " Bayedos Couis," while several islands between the 
 south shore of Lake Ontario, and tho north, are called " au des 
 Couis, as if indicating a line of travel. There is one larger island, 
 
 called LeS Couia.f iU,M!*tll«iM *^nt< -y.y*, ^^,»i>i. ;»jj .U l Wlllfi'^l^UiqlrJ .v»iiH*A ^4'J»iiu«. 
 
 Tho waters west of the Long Reach hre, in several maps wWcK 
 have been examined, named Lac St. Lion, and Lionel. But whether 
 this name was limited to the uppers waters of the bay, or applied 
 to tho Trent, with Rice Lake, is doubtftil, inasmuch as the maps 
 represent the River Trent as being very wide and seemingly navig- 
 able up to almost the river's source. Again, the name of Quinto 
 and Quintio are found upon a few maps, and are applied to Rice 
 Lake. A map in tho Imperial library, dated 1777, gives to 
 Rice Lake, Quinto, and close by is the village of Tonnaonto ; and 
 the Bay Quinte proper, is called Lake Tento. Another map names 
 it Kentsio. There is also a map which gives to Simcoe Lake, the 
 name of (Entarion Lake, instead of Lake Taronto. From these vari- 
 eties of names, wo discover an indistinct connection between the 
 Words Kente and Toronto. Their origin and meaning it is impossible 
 to trace. Perhaps they were names used only for a short time. It 
 is worthy of remark, that upon an ancient map examined in the 
 Imperial library, we find Lake Erie called Lac. Conty. 
 
378 BAY "OANTY." 
 
 Tho word QiiintH in in oiio or Iwoplacoii HpoUod (^uiuU)u, and uIho 
 C/uintie. Thu moNt common nuHlo ol' prouuixiuliou was thul u»od by 
 tho loyaliHlN. Tlioy spollod it /i^unornlly (Junty, or Konty. Such thoy 
 hoard it called by tho French and Indians wlion thoy camo horc; 
 and, unac<|uaintcd with the J'ronch modo of Hpollinji?, thoy naturally 
 rondcrod it according to tho Mn^liwh idea; and wo havo found it in 
 lettors written, by tho first Hetllory, nioHtly always »|»ollo(l 'Canty," 
 or " Canto," uud occasionally " Canla." The last ol' Ihoso approachoH 
 tho nearost to tho correct way of pronouncing; tlio oume ; and it is 
 a cause for rcjBjrct that some years ago there arose tho belief that 
 it ought U) he called "Quinty." We would roquont tho inhabitants 
 of the bay, to return to the old fashioned, and correct pronuncia- 
 tion. 
 
 Tho Hottlemont upon the bay was sometimes idontiliod with 
 Cataraqui; being known by tho refngoos, as well as by those who 
 stayed in the States, only by that name* Indeed, it may be said 
 that all of Upper Canada was, tor a fow years, dosignatod by that 
 name ; tho settlomonts at Detroit and upon the Niagara, contiguous 
 to tho fort, being I'ogardcd as merely military stations. For muny 
 years the name Canada, was limited to tho lower Provinces. After 
 a few years the settlemeut along the bay came to be generally 
 called, both by tho settlers, and those who knew them abroad an 
 that of tho Bay " Canty." The writer has in his possession u' letter 
 dated from one of the townships upon tho ba}'^, in which reference 
 is mado to Canada as a place quite distant and distinct from the 
 British settlements. 
 
 Mr. Ferguson, in a letter dated at Sidney, 23j'd July, 1791, to 
 a person at Kingston, says, "I'll send you a memorandum of what 
 you'll want from Canada, and he further speaks about taking arii 
 Indian to Canada. By this we learn that the new townships were 
 regarded as quite apart i'vom Canada. 
 
 Before proceeding to speak of the appearance oi' tho bay, a 
 space must be given to speak more particularly of those Aborigines 
 who occupied the territory of tho bay, and Upjjcr Canada gene- 
 rally, at the time of the revolutionary war, and from whom the 
 British Government purchased the land to bestow upon the U. E. 
 Loyalists, namely, the Mississaugas. 
 
 The meaning of the word Mississauga has reference to '' many 
 outlets," or a place of settlement by the " fork of a sti'oam." The 
 first noticewe have found of this name is upon a map in tho Imperial 
 library, dated 1620. It is applied to a lake, — UMissauga, or 
 
TIIU MltMIHMAUUAH. 370 
 
 • 
 
 Buade. The locution iw not fai* from the Hourco of I ho MiwjiHMlppi 
 lilvor, und thero Ih h huiuU Htruum roproscntod as running ironi thm 
 ' Inku to empty Into thu MlHuisHippi, tliu hike Is (io(tl)tluHH thu Uohch 
 Luke in JVIinoHotu. The inditinH, tlxMi inhuhitin^ that ro^^ion, woh 
 the "Eastern Sioux." There Ih no doiihtHonjo identity aw to origin und 
 moftiiing, between MiswiMHippi and MiHwisHauga. It will bo romom- 
 berod, we have in the north of Upper Caniula a River MiHuiHHijjpi uh 
 well as lliver Mississaiisa. The MiHsisHaiii^a Indians first came into 
 notice about the middle of last century, some time before the rebel- 
 lion. They were then living oatitof tlio Georgian liuy upon the lake 
 and the river, both of which have derived nauieH from this tribe. 
 Capt. Andei-Hon thinkw they took the name from living by this 
 river, which has nuini/ outlets. It may be regarded as a question 
 whether the river gave a, name to the tribe, or the tribe a nanxe to 
 the river. 
 
 The Mississnugas have been more generally regarded as a 
 branch of the Otchipewas. Father Charlevoix Hays, they are a 
 branch of the Algon(iuin8. fr itw>rtrirfW'-»/'^.<»! ffm';HK VrV/^.. Miit0fki»i U 
 Towards the end of the seventeenth century, the Iroquois had 
 quite overrun the territory formerly designated by the French " the 
 country of the Northern Iroquois," and now constituting Upper 
 Canada. As the Six Nations retired to their territory upon the 
 south of Lake Ontario, the Chippewas, or Otchwas and the Missis- 
 saugas descended to the north shoi-e of Ontario, the St, Lawrence, 
 , and around Bay Qn into. The exact time at which these tribes ob- 
 i tained possession of the land around the Bay, and its Islands, and 
 other parts of Canada, is uncertain. But, long before the settle- 
 ment of Upper Canada, they wore the acknowledged owners of the 
 soil, and Groat Britain purchased from them the right of owner- 
 ship.)'' The first record we have of surrender of land, was by the 
 Chippewas, in 1781, to Gov. St. Clair. The Mississaugas seem to 
 have been a neutral nation, at least, they never appear to have 
 taken any part in the wars between the French and English. But 
 we find that " at a great assembly of chiefs and warriors, at Albany, 
 in August 17, 1746, the chief speaker of the Six Nations, informed 
 the English Commissioners that they had taken the Mississaugas 
 as a seventh nation. There certainly seems to have been a very 
 ftnondly relationship between the Iroquois and Mississaugas. 
 
 The Mississaugas were divided into several tribes, or rather, 
 were divided into several villages, which were scattered all along 
 the St. Lawrence, from the river Gananoque to the BuyQuinte,and 
 
380 THl "BO.irTERH." 
 
 Lako Ontario. ThuH, wo find it rocordod that "Thoy wonxlisporHoti 
 n'on^ Lftk«» Onliirio, M^mth of Frontonac." This meanH Prlnco 
 Kxlward particularly ; hut tlioy w(»ro iw woll HOttlod In littlo villa^os 
 at ditl'urunt pointH. Charlevoix spoukH of the MinHinHau/^art an having 
 a village at Niagara and iipon fjako Ht. Clair; mont likoly at tho 
 moutli of tho TIuunoH. Thoy liki'wiHo had villa^ow alon^ tho upper 
 wntorH of tho 'l'r<*nt, and at tho Don. Thoir armorial hoariuf^, or 
 "totom " waH tho crane, crow, munkrat, and hoavor. Tho Kont*»8 
 and GannoyouHOH, two trihoK of tho MiwHinHaugaH, altliou^h taking 
 no part in tho warH aj^aiuHt tho French, had j)raotiHod upon them a 
 ba«o act of troachory. In 1087, M. do Nonville, who was then 
 Governor of Canada, being at Frontoiiao, invited those two tribes 
 to tho fort to hold a conference, and while there, weizod forty or Hfty 
 men, with eighty women and children, who were sent prisoners to 
 France. ■<'^- *^'<" 's-.'-''.. ' ^'|' ... :■■..<•-. f/ ^ .:■.■ -f . >'i,. ;>r .:i.:"*r}.'^ 
 
 The French called tho MisHisHauga, while living in tho west, 
 tho ^oM^«r, or Jumporw, because of tho numorouH rapid« in tho rivor 
 MisHiHsauga down which their canoes wore wont to jump. 
 
 The MissiHsaugas are of a darker hue than any other tribe in 
 tho northern part of America. 
 
 The uncertainty that attaches to the MianisBaugaH as to origin, 
 and tho fact that thoy wore not given to warfare ; but scorned to be 
 at peace with all native tribes, causes us to think that possibly they 
 may have sprung from tho dispersed ** Neutral Nation." 
 
 At the time of tho sottlemenc of Upper Canada, the Missis- 
 sauf^as soom to have been the principal, if not tho sole aboriginal 
 occupants of tho land. There are a great many '* Mississauga 
 Points" along the Bay, oven at tho present day, and there was a 
 greater number at tho tirst, all of which indicated the site of an 
 Indian Village. At Cataraqui, just by the old fort, and Toto du 
 Pont, was a Mississauga point, so called from its being the site of an 
 Indian village. For years after tho refugees entered, the Indians 
 continued to dwell here, at least during certain periods of the year. 
 Tho ground whereon a portion of the railway is laid, used to be the 
 scene of many an Indian dance, to the tune of other music than 
 the screaming of the iron horse, although no less inharmonious. 
 Peter Grass was wont to tell of these scones, whereat fearful orgies 
 were witnessed by the lurid glare of their rude torches. " At the 
 time of the peace, in 1783, the Mississaugas ceded to tho Crown 
 large tracts of land in the Johnstown, Midland and Newcastle 
 Districts." — (Eeport). 
 
INDIAN IHLANIM. 381 
 
 Tho whole of tho Inmi conti^uoiiH Uy tlu« Way wiw purcluwod 
 fVnm tlm " MiHuissiui^iiH of tlio May (^iiintf." Tho IiidiuiiH, in 
 roliiKiuishin^ thoir cluiinH to tho luiut, Imd ^imnuitood to llioin 
 curtain »tipulutcd paymontM yonvl}', in preMonln. Wo flntl itHtatod 
 that ** Gvovy man rocoivod two hIankotM, cloth for ono coui. and one 
 pair of trowHorH, two HhirtH, Hovonil Hniiill urtioloH, ItOHidisn u ^un, 
 nmrnunition, kottlon, an<l other thin^H." — (Playtor), ^^ .\\f.iii> 
 
 " They claim, however, to have retained the fol lowing r^servoH." 
 ^f}ssiss(1U{/a Point, hIx milcM bek)W J}»'llcville, about l,2t () acren ; 
 (irnssy Point — in SophiaHhur^h — ahont (iOO acren; dope Vesey, in 
 MaryHbur^h, Hix miles oawt of Wai>i)()OHo Inland, 450 acres; Bald 
 Ifenil, at Weller'H Hay, AmeliaHbur^h, 100 aoros. "They alHo claim 
 the JHlandH eastward fVom I'reHqu Iwle to (Janano<|uc, Nicholsons' 
 jHland, in Lake Ontario, 250 acrcH, near Went Lake, Wellington ; 
 W«'ir'H or Tiibb'is Inland, McDonald'H Island , and Sugar Island, in all 
 about 1,000 acrew. The inlandn from Trenton to KingHUm, and 
 thence to Gananoque. AIho, (rreon'H island, Timber Island, False 
 Ducks, with othofB in Ijake Ontario." oU JfBw«>;KtKt«i t 
 
 The CommisHionerH coiiKidorod that tho Indians had claims to 
 compensation for their lands. As for the islands, tho following 
 extract tVom a letter from Sir John Johnson to the Military Secre- 
 tary, dated Lachine, 9th (October, 1797, will show their right to the 
 Islands. •* No islands were ceded to tlie Crown but Grenadier 
 Island and tho Islands between it and Kingston; two of which 
 were granted to mo, with the lands at Gananoque, by the Governor 
 and Council, together with tho Island of Tontine above Kingston, 
 at the entrance of Lake Ontario." This was Amherst Island. 
 
 Tho portion of tho Mississaugas to which the land belonged, 
 were those subsequently known as the Bay Quinto, aiid tho King- 
 ston Indians. The same that lived for a time at Grape Island, and 
 who now reside at Alnwick. 
 
 "Tho acceptance of the surrender of the Indians in 1856, by 
 the Government, is an acknowledgment that these islands had never 
 been ceded by them." 
 
 Wo thus learn that the Indian claims made to the islands and 
 reserves in Prince Edward, were allowed by the Government. But 
 the Indians claimed also that tho treaty of cession, as they under- 
 stood it when made, did " not include, a portion of land bounded on 
 the north bj' a line which marks where tho waters flow into the 
 Ottawa Biver, and thence to the south, some thirty miles, to the 
 head waters of some streams which flow towards the Lake, with a 
 
382 INDIAN RK8ERVES. 
 
 l(3n^th of Homc sixty iniles." But this claim was not conBldercd as 
 tenable. 
 
 According- to tlio tostiinori}- of the first Bcttlcrs, Wappoosfo 
 Jslaiid, at the oponing of Smith's Bay, was the abmle of the Indian 
 Chief; at least, lie canio here yearly to receive the rates from the 
 settlers who had sf^uattcd upon it. The Indians wont from this to 
 Eingston, to |i^et their presents, wliioh they obtaine(i from one 
 Lyons, who it is said, was the first Indian agent there. He lived a 
 quarter of a mile from the Market Place. 
 
 From the several villages, placed by the water boai-d, the Mis- 
 sissaugas were aecustoined to ascend up the rivers to the interior 
 of the country for game. Of the different rivers, the Hagonaska, 
 (Moim), was, perhapH, more generally selected. Stoco Lake was a 
 favorite hunting and fishing i-ogion, so namod after a fiimouH Mis- 
 sissauga Chief, Stougeong. They had a lot reserved at the 
 mouth" of the river, and also lot number four, in the feecond conces- 
 sion of Thurlow, — altogether 428 acres, which was sold in 1816, for 
 £107. They gencrnlly ascended about the last of March, and 
 returned the latter ptiit of December. The writer san remember to 
 have seen their bireh canoes, well laden, ptiBsing up and down the 
 river. Before the settlement of Belleville, they had their encamp- 
 ment OB the plains bj- the river's mouth, but in later years they 
 seket'ed grounds some way up the stream. At first the trading 
 post, kept by Chisholra, east of the river on the bay, wus a point of 
 attraction to them. 
 
 Tbo Indians would make sugar in the spring, and bring it to 
 the settiers in small basswood bags, which they would exchange for 
 different articles. 
 
 The Mississsaugfts being a race of naturally peaceful diapositioB, 
 the settlers never had any rejison to foar them, even had the Cana- 
 dian Government, li ', the American, foygot to recognize the rights 
 of the natives, and o .ners-of the soil. "When under the influence 
 of liquor thoy might assume a mock heroic character t© intimidate 
 women and children, in order to get something; but no attempt was 
 «ver made to disturb the settlers along the Bay. 
 
 Every year tlie Indians would go to Kingston to receive their 
 pi^esents, annually given by Government; sometimes there would 
 fee a hnnfh'ed canoes. 
 
API'EARANOK OF BAY Ql'INTE. 883 
 
 (Jd.NTKNTS — Aj)pcarancc — Month of Bay — Length — The Peninsula of I'rliue 
 
 Krtward — Width of Bay — Long lleach — Oonrse of Bii}' — The High Shore — 
 
 Division of bay — liastein, contral, wcsteiJi — Takiug a trip — Through the 
 
 '" lloacli — A picture — A quiet spot — Lake on tlie mountiiin — A deijcript.iou — 
 
 " -JMi-l' Montreal Gazette — Beautit\il A'icw — Ilhine, Hudson- —Contrast — Ulasfiic 
 
 ground — A sketeJjt— Birth place of celebrated Canadians— Hagerman — A 
 
 leading spiiit— Sir J. A. McDonaUl — ReflectionK — A log house — Kelics of 
 
 the past — Lesson of life — In the lower bay — lleminiscenoes — The front — 
 
 Cradle of the province — Shore of Marysburgh — In the Western Bay — 
 
 . ., .Cuthbertson — Up the bay — A brittle ground — Devil's Hill — Rtiekncy's Hill 
 
 '" — In the depths — Prosperity — Geological supposition — Head of bay — The 
 
 past. 
 
 JkiT* .lA 'JJJ B«*^T QIjINTE continued — ITS ArPEARA.NCE. 
 
 PorhapH there is no sheet of water in Upper Canada possessed 
 of greater natural beauty than this arm of Lake Ontario. At the 
 eastern extremity of Ontario, where it merges into the St. Law- 
 rence, with its 1692 islands, on the northern shore, is found the 
 entrance to the Bay Quinte. In the early days of the settlement 
 the name was limited to the waters west of Indian Point, at the 
 extremity of Pi-ince Edward Peninsula. At the present time the 
 Bay Quinte is understood to include the sound between Amherst 
 Island, and Wolfe Island, upon the south, and the mainland to the 
 north. Our history is intended specially to embrace the events 
 connected with the settlement of this region. 
 
 The bay, comment, "iij^- where the St. Lawrence begins its 
 mighty flow, extends in an irregular manner inland to a distance 
 of some 70 miles, its western extremity approaching to within a 
 short distance of the lake ; and thus creating a lengthy peninsula, 
 varjnng in breadth, the greatest being about 25 miks; but M'ith 
 a neck so naiTOw, that the peninsula is almost an island. The 
 width of the bay varies, averaging about a mile ; but in Home 
 places it is two miles. Kot only is the bay irregular in its direc- 
 tion ; but there are many indentations, some several miles in 
 length, which increase the irregularity, and add beauty and variety 
 to the scenery. , 
 
 The course of the bay from the lower gapV'is'iit first, for some 
 35 miles almost duo west. It then makes a turn towai'd the north, 
 
 « 
 
 tending a little to the east; while to the south is an indentation 
 forming tlie Pioton Bay. This portion of the bay is called the 
 Long Eeach, and in its length, presents some of the most gtriting 
 
384 •rr.. ■ UPON THE BAY. , 
 
 beauties of the whole bay. Extending to the Bouth of tho Eeach is 
 a lengthy indentation five or six milew long, forming Hay Bay. 
 At the northern extremity of the Long Eeach, is another small 
 bay into which the Napanee River empties, called the Mohawk 
 Bay. Here the main body of water makes another turn, and again, 
 stretches almost directly westward, to the head of the bay. At a 
 distance of eight miles from Mohawk Bay there is a material wid- 
 ening of the water. This portion is called Big Bay. The Avidth 
 does not appear so great in consequence of the existence of islands, 
 one of which, the Big Island, stretches along the south shore even 
 the whole length of Big Bay. At the western limits of the wide 
 part, the bay is very narrow by reason of two opposite points, 
 Mississauga and Ox Points, approaching to within a half mile of 
 each other. It is the opinion of geologists, that the channel 
 between these two points is of comparativel}^ recent formation, 
 caused by a sinking of the land, and that the old channel was 
 throuffh the marsh which divides Mississauga point from Iho 
 
 peninsula.;. _. y ._j,>.i ..^,4"..,. ^: _..■..,#», ^./r ..;i^'. <*.>/i<il-f«.. .i<;.. :ii;Aii-.{^'!|V>:Ji.'-«S' 
 
 »,,P, The High Shore, which tbrms so prominent a feature in the 
 scenery of the bay, and the highest summit of which is at the Lake 
 on the Mountain, is a remarkable formation. Commencing in 
 Marysburgh, near the East Lake by the shore of Lake Ontario, it 
 follows the course of Smith's Bay eastward, down the shore to what 
 is called " the Eock," thence across the peninsula to the bay and 
 so follows the course of the bay upward, around Picton Bay, and 
 thence along the eastern front of Sophiasburgh to a point opposite 
 Hay Bay. Here the hill leaves the bay shore and takes a westerly 
 course, and stretches away toward the lake, to the south of the 
 Carrying Place. 
 
 The Bay of Quinte may be divided into three portions— an 
 eastern, a western, and a central portion. The eastern and western 
 portions, we have seen, rim east and west. The middle portion, con- 
 necting these two together, is a reach of some twelve miles and 
 mostly north and south, from Picton Bay to Mohawk Bay. 
 Undoubtedly the "Long Reach" possesses the most attractive 
 scenery, from the waters themselves, along the whole sheet, from 
 Kingston to the Carrying Place. To obtain some idea of the 
 scenery here presented, the reader is invited to accompany the 
 writer, in imagination, upon the steamer from Mill point, Tyen- 
 dinaga, or the Indian Woods, to Kingston. It is upon a bright 
 morning in September. Leaving the wharf at Mill Point, our boat 
 
IN THE LONG REACH. 385 
 
 makes a p^raeofUI sweep and turns here prow down the bay toward 
 the Eoach. The power of the sun is beginning to be felt, and 
 the mist which has rested upon the waters is gradually rising. 
 After leaving the wharf a few minutes, an angle is reached from 
 which we can look up through the Big Bay almost to Belleville, 
 and, at the same time down the Eeach, into Picton Bay. This 
 morning, on glancing upwards, a lovely view presents itself. Tht* 
 water is like glass, from which the mist, hero and there, is rising 
 like a sheet of the purest snow. Resting in the glassy bed are 
 several schooners, whose white sails and rigging are perfectly 
 mirrored by the unrippled surface of the water. Turning our gaze 
 down through the Eeach, even a more beautiftil sight is before us. 
 From this standpoint we seem to bo looking through, as it were, a 
 telescope, at the distant shores of Picton Bay. The sun's rays have 
 not yet reached the deep ajid narrow channel, so that a thick 
 covering of white mist hides the water, excepting here and there, 
 whore its lovely blue may be seen, as it reflects the azure sky.' 
 A vessel with snowy sails, seems to be resting against the high 
 shore, while its hull is half enshrouded in the fog. To the right, 
 over a point of low land, may be seen the top raa»t of another 
 vessel, which, in an indentation of the bay, is as if left upon 
 the dry land by a retiring flood. It has always seemed 
 to the writer that this is the most delightful and picturesque spot 
 upon the bay, and he has endeavored, in but an imperfect way, to 
 draw to it the attention of tourists, who may desire to see the more 
 enchanting scenes connected with the bay. Proceeding on our 
 way down the Eeach, the steamer stops at Eoblin's wharf upon 
 the right. Here, in a little dell, leading into a peaceful valley 
 pleasantly wooded, which leads up to the high shore, is situated Mr. 
 Roblin's buildings. For a quiet place in which to live during the 
 summer, where one may forget the cold artificial world, it 
 is unequalled. To the right is the bold high shore, which 
 protects from the northern wind. Spread out before, is a beautiful 
 landscape. There, is another view of Adolphustown, with its many 
 points, and corresponding indentations, the home of peace and 
 plenty. There, is the entrance to Hay Bay, and more directly 
 opposite, the elevated shore, well crowned with trees, still clothed 
 in green. - ■' •' ^ - 
 
 ^ ■...,■,•..',1-, L.-^:.... ', L4 -i, ...l^. . js..,. .l_, .... 
 
 We now continue our voyage' close to the precipitous rocks which 
 form the shore, and presently we appi-oach the mouth of Picton 
 Bay. Here again is obtained a varied and deligbtftil prospect, ere 
 we leave this " Grand Bay," as it was at first called. 
 
 25 -v' ---'^ 
 
386 THE LAKE ON THE MOUNTAIN. 
 
 Issuing again from Picton Bay, our steamer glides along in 
 the shadow of the eastem shore, and approaches the Stone Mills, at 
 the foot of the lake on the mountain. The captain will wait until 
 we have ascended, and viewed the lake, and the magnificent pro- 
 spect spread out around. But the brief time allowed to accomplish 
 the ascent affords no adequate chance to take in the exceeding 
 loveliness, and call to mind the historic events connected with the 
 country within view. So we shall detain the tourist for a days' 
 inspection of the scene. 
 
 The Lake of the Mountain is a curiosity of no mean oi-der. 
 The following, taken from the Montreal Gazette, published in the 
 summer of 1834, is worthy the place we give it : 
 
 " The Lake of the Mountain is one of the most remarkable 
 objects in the District of Prince Edward. This singular body of 
 water is about five miles distant from Hallowell, (Picton). It is 
 situated on the top of a lofty eminence, about one hundred and 
 sixty feet above the level of the Bay of Quinte. The manner m 
 which it is bounded is rather singular. In one direction it is only 
 separated from the waters of the Bay below by a ledge of limestone 
 rock, about eighty feet high, and by a precipitous embankment, 
 which extends half way around it. In every other direction it is 
 skirted by a ridge which rises to the height of 40 feet above the level ol 
 its surface. This Lake is about five miles in circumference. Its waters 
 are at present applied to propel only a grist mill and a fulling 
 machine. An artificial canal has been cut, along which the water 
 is conveyed to the edge of the embankment, from whence it is 
 conducted by a wooden raceway to the mills, which are situated 
 near the margin of the bay below. The original outlet of the lake 
 is at a few paces distance from the raceway. At this place the 
 surplus waters formerly escaped thi'ough an orifice in the precipice 
 I formerly mentioned, and after dashing over the rocks below, 
 ultimately found their passage into the Bay. 
 
 " When I first heard of this lake, the most incredible stories 
 were related to me concerning it. The gentleman who first directed 
 my attention to it, absolutely told me that it was supplied by a 
 subterraneous passage from Lake Erie, that there was no inlet in 
 the neighborhood, capable of aftbrding it a supply, and lastly, that 
 it was unfathomable, or that its bottom was lower than that of the 
 adjoining part of the Bay of Quinte. Such information as this, 
 communicated by a well-informed Barrister, did not fail to excite 
 my curiosity, and I accordingly set ont to examine it with feelings 
 of considerable anxiety. 
 
 " What led to the absurd idea that this lake was supplied from 
 Lake Erie, I am at a loss to understand. It contains no springs, 
 and the banks of that part especially from which it is viewed by 
 strangers, being all so low that no inlet is visible, it might, perhaps, 
 
ITS SUPPLY OP WATER. 887 
 
 have been thought impossible to account for its i^ourco by any 
 other means. The absurdity of the notion is, however, so glaring 
 that I would not spend a single moment in oxpo.sing it, had it not 
 taken strong hold of the imagination of a great proportion of intel- 
 ligent people residing in this part of the country. 
 
 " If the Lake of the Mountain were supplied from Lake Erie 
 its waters should experience a corresponding rise and fall with 
 those of Lake Erie. This, however, they do not, for last year the 
 waters of Lake Erie were higher than usual, while those of the 
 Lake of the Mountain were very low. Again, this year, the waters 
 of Lake Erie were lower than usual, while those of the Lake of the 
 Mountain are very high. 
 
 " Further, if the Lake of the Mountain were supplied from 
 Lake Erie, it should be altogether uninfluenced by any state of the 
 weather in its neighborhood. This, however, is not the case, for in 
 wet weather it becomes high, and in dry weather it becomes low 
 When I first visited this lake, its waters were nearly upon a level 
 with its banks, and when I saw it some months afterwards they 
 were seven or eight feet above them. This was after a continuance 
 of dry weather. 
 
 !,;/ \' 
 
 " From all this it is evident that Lake Erie does not furnish the 
 supply of the Lake of the Mountain, and that it must be looked for 
 in some other quarter. Being determined to discover from whence 
 this supply was derived, I proceeded along the east side of the 
 lake for about a mile upon the top of the eminence which separates 
 It from the Bay of Quinte. I then entered the woods and beffan 
 imperceptibly to ascend, until I found, by again coming in site of 
 the lake, that I had r«ached an elevation of about forty feet above 
 It. Continuing to proceed for two or three miles, I descended in 
 the same imperceptible manner, to the place from which I first' set 
 out. In the course of this journey, I crossed no less than five differ 
 ent water-courses, four of which were dry at the period of my first 
 visit, but all of which I have since seen pouring out very considerahlA 
 quantities of water. The fifth is a beautiful ftream flowW into the 
 lake over successive ledges of limestone rock, underneath the rich 
 foliage of the trees by which it is overarched. This stream affords 
 
 ^?Wn???^^*^/^''^^^'.^°^J"^^^"S ^^^"^ t^^« appearance of 
 Its channel, it must be sometimes upwards of a foot deep. In the 
 
 spring and fall, when the greatest quantities of water are discharged 
 by It, I have distinctly heard the noise which itmakes at a distance 
 tL IT^ "^K^""^ on the opposite side of the lake, as itdashesover 
 IV^^' J^^ y^°^^ °^ t^^«« "^"'«t« P^ceed from two extensive 
 wamps. That from which the largest arises is situated to ^he 
 outh w^es^ the jlake and is about three or four miles in circum 
 
 ^„ A '^^^ i^P^ °* ^^^ ^^^^ ""^^^ claimed my attention. Having nro- 
 cm-ed a sufficient length of line, I pushed o^t upon its wat^rsT a 
 wf '"'"'^i:. F""' ^ considerable distance we distinctly perceive the 
 bottom, which consists of dissolved, or rather corroded lime so loose 
 
y^ 
 
 388 THE VIEW. 
 
 and light that with little or no exertion one may push the whole 
 length of his oar into it. Continuing to look downwards upon the 
 beautiful white bottom as we sail along, we start instinctively upon 
 finding that we all at once loose sight of it, and that we gaze into a 
 deep, dark, frightful abyss, which is formed by the sudden appear- 
 ance of a precipitous ridge, running right across the lake. Nothing 
 can exceed the amazement — terror, I had almost called it — which 
 some people express on finding themselves surrounded by lofty, dark 
 woods, and floating upon the surface of water as black as ink, ovw 
 an abyss which they have been told is quite unfathomable. 
 
 " After having sailed over the lake in every different direction, 
 and taken an immense number of soundings, I found its greatest 
 depth to be only ninety-one feet. The bay below I found to bo eighty- 
 two feet. Now as the lake is about one hundred and sixty feet above 
 the level of the bay, it follows that the bottom of the lake is oae 
 hundred and fifty-one feet higher than that of the bay. 
 
 " Thus, then, it appears that the Lake of the Mountain does not 
 detive its supply from Lake Erie, that its source is to be found in its 
 immediate neighbourhood, that it is not unfathomable, and tibat its 
 bottom is not lower than that of the Bay of Quinte. 
 
 " The Lalre of the Mountain is however, an object of sufficient 
 interest, without adding to its wonders those of a subterraneons 
 communication with Lake Erie, and an unfathomable depth. There 
 is, for instance, the very singidar manner in which it is separated 
 from the Bay of Quinte, by a wall of solid rock, and the extraordi- 
 nary form of its basin. The fine views, too, with which the moun- 
 tain abounds, ought to be suflicient to a1 tract the attention of all 
 those whose minds are capable of enjoying the various forms in 
 which beauty may be contemplated. 
 
 ,^,,, " Nothing can surpass the savage gi*andeur of the scene we look 
 upon from the summit of the limestone rock I have so often men- 
 tioned, nor can a lovelier prospect be anywhere found than that which 
 breaks upon the view, on first reaching the top of the mountain. To 
 tlio north and west, we behold the Bay of Quinte, stretching far away 
 into the land, and dividing itself into many beautiful inlets. There 
 are too, the promising settlements and clearances all along the coast, 
 which can never fail to raise and exhilarate the spirits of every one 
 who wishes well to the destinies of his species. There is, however, 
 one view at this lake, which, above all others, I have most delighted 
 to enjoy. It is from the woods, upon the moat elevated part of the 
 eminence which bounds the lake to the south. From this we behold 
 the deep dark waters of the lake beneath our feet, the bay of an 
 hundrexl arms, with its smiling coast, and fai* away we gaze upon 
 forest rising behind forest, until we are lost in the interminable — the 
 dreamy distance. 
 ■ 1 " I have visited tiiis place when the surrounding woods shone in 
 all the gorgeou«ues8 of summer sunshine. I have viewed it again by 
 the pale moonlight, when the splendour and magnificence of the scene 
 surpassed even what it exhibited when viewed by the broad light of 
 
CLASSIC GROUND. 3g9 
 
 day. Tlie lake below, and the distant bay, appeared like sheets of 
 molten silver, and every object was softened down by the mellow 
 light under which they were viewed. At first the sky was perfectly 
 cloudless, but, in the course of tlie evening, the scene gradually under- 
 went a change. ()n the one hand, the moon shone otlt with a degree 
 of splendour which no one can have any idea of, save they who have 
 beheld her chaste countenance peering above a Cana<liau forest. On 
 the other hand the thin, fleecy-looking clouds rapidly chased each 
 other up towards the zeinth. As the evening advanced, gleams of 
 purple lightning at intervals streamed forth. At length one large 
 cloud which seemed to be the nucleus of the whole, shot from around 
 Its niargin sucoeseive flashes of pure white lightning, unaooompanied 
 by the slightest noise of thunder. As I gazed on the brilliant spec- 
 tacle before me, it seemed instantly to assume the shape and form of 
 the bust of some gigantic being. The longer I looked at it, the 
 brighter did the li<»htning blaze around it, and the more forcibly was 
 I impressed with the resemblance. It might have seemed to a super^ 
 sbtious or highly imaginative mind, as if the great Spirit of nature 
 had deigned to reveal himself, amid the grandeur and sublimity of a 
 scene so congenial to his character." ■' .- - ..v j,,x u vf.,.u,..nM .,( 
 
 We would supplement this just tribute of praise, and interosting 
 statement; and we venture to say, after having viewed many lovely 
 spots in the old and new worlds, that we know of no lovelier 
 panoramic view than that to be obtained from the Lake of the 
 Mountain, not even excepting the far-famed Hudson, and the classic 
 Rhine. Of course we except the rich relics of the old feudal days, 
 which so picturesquely adorn the mountain tops along the swift 
 running Ehino. But even here we are not destitute of historic 
 reminiscences. True, we have no embattled towers, resting on 
 rugged summits ; no castle keeps, with mysterious dungeons, upon 
 whose walls may be traced the letters laboriously cut by long re- 
 tained captives; no crumbling walls and half-filled moats ; no mag- 
 nificent ruins of graceful architecture. We possess no Tintem 
 Abbey by the quiet waters, to tell of the olden time; no gloomy 
 cloisters where comfortable monks did dwell ; nor romantic cathe- 
 dral whose antique windows admitted but dim religious light. Still, 
 there is something to be said of the past, in connection with our 
 country. From our position here we may examine the classic 
 ground of Upper Canada, and trace the course of settlement fol- 
 lowed by our fathers, the pioneers. . 'sv' 1- ;, 
 
 At our feet is the bay, and seemingly so near, that one could 
 toss a stone into the clear blue water ; and across, at the distance 
 of a mile, though apparently much nearer, lies the low rich land of 
 Adolphustown. To the ri^ht stretches, in almost a straight line, tho 
 
390 THE FATUER8 OF CANADA. 
 
 waters of the bay, along which may bo soon tho woU ftottlod shores 
 ovon to Ernosttown, and ovor which wo got a viow of tho Upper Gap , 
 where the waters of tho bay co-minglejwith tho more boisterous flood 
 of Ontario. Upon this bright autumn day tho view is almost on- 
 chanting. Tho surface of tho waters of tho several indentions, 
 especially Hay Bay, as well as tho main channel, have imparted to 
 them tho bright blue of tho sky, while the fields of rich groon and 
 gold give variety to tho scene. This rich landscape spread out 
 before us is really the classic ground of Uppor Canada. Within 
 the compass of our view was for several years tho western limit of 
 the settlement. Wo can see, where landed the refugee loyalists to 
 take possession of tho land. Along that groen and golden sloping 
 shore has slowly passed tho battoaux laden with tho settlers and 
 their limited household effects; there also has gone tho Skcnectady 
 boat with its ungainly soil, and toiling rowers. There, upon tho 
 rich land of Fredoricksburgh and Adolphustown, lived and died 
 many of tho fathers of Canada. In the old homesteads, which there 
 gradually arose, wore born, and spent their boyhood days, a host 
 of sons, who, moving further west up tho bay and lake, planted tho 
 townships. From that spot sprang many of Canadas earliest public 
 men, who passed their younger days among these natural beauties 
 which belong to the bay. Under our eye is tho birth-placo of Judge 
 Hagerman, Sheriff Euttan, and others, who have left a name upon 
 tho pages of Canadian history. There, upon tho front of Adolphus- 
 town stands the old Court House, whore wore held the first Courts 
 of Law of Upper Canada ; there flourished the earliest lawyer of 
 tho Province, Judge Hagerman's father, and there pleaded McLean 
 of Kingston, in his robes and powdered wig. And, there yet stands 
 the house where lived tho little boy, who, now a man, is the leading 
 spirit in our enlarged Canada. Upon this hill, and up and down its 
 slopes, often played this, the foremost man in British America, Sir 
 John A. McDonald. Those four townships, Kingston, Brnesttown, 
 Fredericksburgh, and Adolphustown, were tho early homes of thoso 
 who faithfully served their country. How many thoughts are 
 suggested as the student of history looks abroad on this the first 
 inhabited land of Western Canada. Many of the present inhabi* 
 tants here never heard of tho noble ones, who have struggled, and 
 whose bones now decay in yon *'U. B. burying ground,'' just across 
 the water. 
 
 Descending the mountain, we will continue our voyage toward 
 Kingston. The next stopping place is Adolphustown, the history 
 
REMINI8CRNCE8. 801 
 
 of which h given olsowhoro. Wo have to cross the water, and as 
 wo approach tho landing, we may see the 8plendi<l farm where 
 lived the loader of the original settlors, Major VanAlstine. The 
 village of Adolphustown, onoe ono of the most important places in 
 Upper Canada, is now a quiet but pleasant spot, especially during the 
 summer days. 
 
 Proceeding on our Avay, we may observe, just west of Coles' 
 Point, where settled tho very first person in Adolphustown, a 
 small log house. It is much larger than those which sparsely 
 dotted the bay shore seventy years ago. But it reminds ono, of tho 
 first domiciles here erected. Divided into two, one part having been 
 first built, and the other, when a growing family made it desirable, 
 and moans possible. This old log house close by the shore is a 
 lingering specimen of an almost extinct feature of tho bay. See here 
 and there those tall poplar trees, brought in by the early settlers from 
 the Hudfeon valley, and planted in front of the dwelling; many of 
 them are yielding to the tooth of time. These trees generally mark 
 the spot whore the settler erected his second home after years of 
 labor had prospered him. In many places they stand erect, but with 
 age stricken limbs, as faithful sentinels over the ashes of the old 
 homestead. Ashes indeed ! For the crumbling chimney alone indi- 
 cates where was once the abode of the pioneer — of life's cares and 
 hopes, of doubt and expectation— of all the ins and outs belonging to 
 the home of the pioneer. We have read to us the lesson of life ; 
 there, are the graves of the brave old veterans and pioneers, and there, 
 the dust of their earthly dwellings. Ashe? to ashes ! Dust to dust ! 
 
 In the lower bay particularly have como to pass many events 
 of varied import, and fi*aught with thrilling interest. Here, in times 
 anterior to the French rule in Canada, did the native tribes come to 
 hold their councils, to make treaties, form alliances, or declare war. 
 Here, at the mouth of tho Cataraqui ; or along the shores toward 
 the little Cataraqui, the French first fixed their place of meeting, 
 and trade with tho Indians who lived afar off in the west. Over 
 these waters have Champlain, the French Kecollets, tho first dis- 
 coverers. La Salle, Father Hennepin, Chevalier do Tonti, La Barro, 
 Denonville, Conte do Frontenac and others, passed time after time, 
 Ovfer the waters here floated the English under Bradstreet, upon 
 the 25th Auo-nst. 17.^^0. who. at tho break of day were to besiege Fort 
 Frontenac, and to capture it. 
 
 The close of the war in 1783, bi'ought the disbanded soldier* 
 and many a refugee. Along the shores passed the whole of the 
 
FIB8T EVHNT8 OF UPPBR CANADA. 
 
 Mohuwk Indians on their way to thoir lundrt. Hero tho Nation 
 Wipai'utod, tt small party undor Captain John, punwin^ up the JJay oi' 
 Quinto, while the majority paHSod up tho Houth shore of tho laUo to 
 tho Grand River For, yoai-H after might have been seen day aflor 
 day, battoaux, singly, or in brigades, and at a later date Skonootady 
 boats, freighted with families old and young, and with a few pre- 
 cious household effects, slowly and laborously pulling thoir way to 
 their place of dostincd settlement. In tho war of 1812, the Ameri- 
 can fleet ventured in at the upper gap and passed along at a safe 
 distance from tho field artillery that occupied the shoro at He^ 
 chimer's Point. They wore essaying to capture the Royal George; 
 but this attempt was as vain as that to over-run our province. 
 Into those waters entered tho vessel of war, bearing the officers of 
 Hull's army from Detroit, which they boastingly had declared 
 would conquer Canada. From those waters issued some of the first 
 sailing vessels of Lake Ontario. Hero was likewise built the flrrt 
 steamboats upon the lake and bay, the Frontenac and Charlotte. 
 ■i I Upon tho shores of these pleasant watoi-s was commenced th© 
 Burvey of the ten townships around the bay. Here was the start- 
 ing point of settlement. Horo, for many a year, was the central 
 point of Upper Canado. Along from Cataraqui up to Collin's Bay 
 was tho great front of the infant settlement. Going up the bay, 
 even to Adolphustown, was regarded for several years as going 
 far into the backwoods. 
 
 Along tho north shore of the bay to Adolphustown, were enacted 
 those scenes which constituted the very first events of Upper Cana- 
 dian history. The front of Kingston townshipmay, indeed be called 
 the birth plouo, and tho front of Adolphustown the cradle, of the pro- 
 vince. Every farm along this shore has its history, which if writtwi 
 in the noble spirit that animated the British American Loyalists, 
 would command the attention of the world. These quiot old home- 
 steads now reposing upon the gentle slopes in peace and plenty, 
 tell not of tho hai'dships of the old soldiers and refugees, who, with 
 ticket in hand entered to commence the earnest work of clearing. 
 Mainly, in tho third and fourth townships, the officers settled by 
 tho bay, while the rank and file took up lots in tho second and rear 
 concessions. The first four townships are indeed, the classic ground 
 of Canada. 
 
 Nor is the south shore of tho bay, Marysburgh, devoid of 
 intei-est in an historic sense. Reserving for anotlier place a full 
 account of the first settlement by tho Hessians, we can but glanoe 
 
UPON Till; WIMTEBN BAY. 398 
 
 ttt tho iivct thftt a band of mon without any knowledge of the Eng. 
 liHh languago, und unnrqiiuintcMj with tho lirnt principloH of pionoor 
 life, t)Ou«titutod tho tii-Ht Hottlorw. Thoro, in McDonald'n Cove 
 landed lio, aitor whom tho name in given ; und thoro, amid tho 
 woods and upon the bright watorH, ho pOHWod hiH days. 
 
 Wo commoncod our trip and obHorvationH at Mill Point, and 
 proceodod down tho bay. Lot us return, and starting from tho wanio 
 place proceed to the hoatl of the bay, the Carrying Place. Thin part 
 oi" tho bay poHsesHeB Iosh of that pioturesque beauty than is found in 
 the pai't over which wo have i)aHHed ; yet thoro i« much to ongago 
 the attention of tho tourist. ,.; , .^ i ^.,;, 
 
 Mill Point, although a name suggestive of enterprise and of 
 tJie existence of mills; cannot be regarded with approbation, and it 
 is to be hoped that some appropriate name, commemorating uomo 
 paert evont or person, connected with the place, will be bestowed 
 upon it. It was ibr many years known us " Culbertaon's wharf." 
 Tho proper name, however, was Cuthbertson. It was from tho son 
 of a Scotch fur trader who became connected with tho Mohawks. 
 He lived at Kingston for many yeare, leaving when ho died a 
 natural son and daughter, by a daughter of Captain John. Alter 
 his death, she and the two children removed to the Mohawk village. 
 It wag this son who first built the wharf here, and hence tho 
 original name. Aii.,v-uf /ui uwnnjjv), f^jw ,a/fa'^iaiqi^>i.>A w ao ' 
 
 Continuing our way up the bay, leaving to the east the pleas- 
 ant inlet stretching up to Napanoo, tho first thing to attract our 
 attention is tlie Parsonage and Indian Church, ombowei*ed in the 
 beautiful forest trees. Tho Pareonage first strikes our view, where 
 resides tho amiable and worthy clergyman Mr. Anderson. In front 
 of it is a solitai-y poplar with the branches partially decayed. It 
 marks tho spot upon which the tribe first landed, when they came 
 to the place in 1784. Hero they first spread their tents. Some- 
 what to the east of this stood the first English Church, the founda- 
 tion of which can yet bo traced. Near by sleeps the remains of 
 Captain John, the leader of tho ti-ibo, and likewise many other 
 warriors. ft;j*ii4^',,:.^t^r ,i<(ii.UirA't>j ii}'jj,vt .t-y; injiiy :-^m m .U^vUtT,. 
 
 A half mile to the west of the Church, is an eminence, which 
 tradition points to as the battle ground between the ancient Missis- 
 saugas and the Hurons. Further westward is Devil's Hill, so called 
 because a drunken Indian declai-ed he there had seen, one night, his 
 Satanic Majesty, and chased hi.n all night. Then comes Eagle 
 Hill, once the abode of this Imperial bird. To the south, first lies 
 
894 A REMARKABLR HILL. 
 
 the low iHlund, known as Cnptalti John's, bought by Cutlibort^on who 
 built the wharf, from tho MiHHiHHuu^as. Th»)n comes Iho north 
 frontof Soph iuMburg, rich in agricultural boauty. Tho HrMtomipenco 
 by tho Hhoro iH.Sticknoy'H Hill, onco tho buryin;^ place of Indiana, 
 but orronoouHly Hupi)OHO(l to bo tho npot where u Col. Quint<^, with 
 hiH army, poriHhod from hunt;er and cold. In tho dopthw of tho 
 watorH over which our boat now glidoH, it haw been recorded, liavo 
 been seen cannon and ammunition, and other warlike material, 
 which Col. (^uinte vainly endeavored to take acroHH on his way to 
 Fort Frontenac. But the truth ih, if such material have been seen, 
 they wore tho contentH of a military sleigh which, while pa-ssing up 
 through here in the winter of 1812-13, heavily laden, broke through 
 the thin ice. We now enter Northport, at the eastern side of Big 
 Ba}' ; and tho land, on every hand, tells of comfort and thrift, and 
 quiet peace. Next, tho wider portion of the Bay, whicl-. ha^i 
 received the name of Big Bay, iw passed over. To tho loft is Big 
 Island, and Grape Island, where tho Eev. Mr. Case endeavoured to 
 civilize and Gliristianizo a community of Mississaugas. Wo now pans 
 through the Narrows, and the spires of Belleville Churches may be 
 seen in the distance. From Big Bay to the Carrying Place, there m 
 great uniformity in the appearance of the land on either sido, 
 excepting upon the south shore at about seven miles from tho head 
 of the Bay. Here, where is tho Village of llednersville, is a some- 
 what remarkable hill, which, commencing at this point, extends up 
 along the Bay toward the end. It is separated from tho western 
 extremity of the High Shore by a valley, through which, at one 
 time, tho waters of Ontario flowed; and, when this hill was an 
 island. The rock of this hill consists of shaly limestone, similar to 
 that which forms the bed of tho Moira. We now approach tho end 
 of our voyage, and, as the steamer enters the port at Ti-enton, we 
 can see the basin which forms the end of the bay, in which rests 
 one Island known as Indian Island. Taking the Bay Quinte in its 
 whole extent, tho events of tho past belonging to this quiet sheet of 
 water, are of no ordinary interest. The tourist of to-day, while ho 
 admires the beauty as he passes along, sees no trace of tho past. 
 The placid water, no more reflects the trim and light canoe of birch, 
 no longer the clumsy, but staunch batteau, or Durham boat, nor the 
 Skenectady boat. No more is heard the oar of tho Canadian voya- 
 guer. keeping time by tuneful voices. 
 
MOHAWK BAY. 395 
 
 . ClIAl'TEK XLV. • .,'■•:■ . 
 
 CoHtiXTl— Tho " nig Bay "— MnHk(»to Otiy— Molinwk Hiiy — TTay Bfty — " EAStorn 
 Hay" — Hlto of Ancient K(inton—Tlu« Niimo— old b'lunilU'M — An Aoildont, 
 181U — Elglituun Urowited — Kxtract from I'liiytur — Ktmrching for the Hudioa— 
 Huryin)^ tlm iJi'iid — ricton IJiiy — y\|»|)furiinco — Tlio " Oruml Buy" — Upper 
 (lap — Lower Oh|) — Kitif^Kton Buy— A rittiiro — ItccollcctlonN — A ContraHt— 
 Ship Yard»~Kxtract from Cooper— Inland Lakoa. 
 
 , , THE SEVERAL BAYS. , , 
 
 In lookincf ftt Iho main clmnnol, wo have montionod Hcvoral 
 indontatlonn, which have, from tlioir Bizo, roceivod iliHtiiict names. 
 Wo will now examine those more particularly. '' '■•' ,' 'r " n- m 
 
 About twenty mi leu from the Carrying Place, and eight miles 
 oaBt of Bollovillo, in Big Bay, menning, originally the big part of 
 the Hay. As before wtated, its size does not appear so well marked 
 as it otherwise would, ft-om the existence of a largo island which 
 lies in the south ])art of th<» Bay, and which is, seemingly a part of 
 the main land. To the north is a small bay, whore tho Salmon 
 River empties. Between Mississauga point, which forms tho 
 western boundary of Big Bay, and Huff's Island, is another inlet 
 from Big Bay, which is called by tho inhabitants Musketoe Bay, or 
 8ometimcs, erroneously, "Miscoutor" Bay. It is, mainly, but a 
 marsh, In which the Muskrat finds a home, the wild duck a safe 
 retreat, and whoro myriads of musketo may, in their season, bo 
 found. This last mentioned fact explains the origin of the name. 
 It is stated that, before the adjacent land was cleared, tho swarms 
 of insects was so thick as to actually cloud the air. 
 
 At tho junction of tho western and middle portions of the Bay 
 is tho Mohawk Bay. This name is derived from tho residence hero 
 of the Mohawk Indians, who came in 1784, and consequently is of 
 no older date than the settlement of Upper Canada. Tho original 
 name was Gane'tous. Tho Bay is about five miles in length, and a 
 mile wide at its mouth ; it gradually lessens until it forms tho 
 mouth of the Napanoe river. In summer the scenery along this 
 Bay is very agreeable, and in some places really beautiful. The 
 second flouring mill having been built in 1785, Mohawk Bay and 
 the Napanee Eiver wore well known by early settlers, and along 
 these shores, now well cultivated fields, there have passed many a 
 time tho batteau laden with grain, or the canoo with a bag of grist- 
 ing ; or along tho shore trudged tho pioneer with a bushel of corn 
 on his back, or in winter hauled it upon a hand sleigh. 
 
386 ORIGINAL HEAD OP BAY QUINTE. 
 
 Hay Bay. — From the entrance of Mohawk Bay southward, 
 along the reach about seven miles, is another inlet. This is 
 Hay Bay, and, by far, the largest of the several Bays. By 
 looking at the map,, it will be seen that this indentation 
 is somewhat divided into two almost equal portions by a narrow 
 channel ; and that the eastern part is considerably broader than the 
 western. This narrow channel was originally called, according to 
 an old map of Fredericksburg, dated 1784, the " Long Eeach," and 
 the east end, the ** Eastern Bay." This was then regarded as the 
 real end of the Bay Quints. The " North Channel," leading to the 
 Mohawk settlement, was but little known, and not taken into con- 
 sideration. It must be remembered that the names originally given 
 to the several portions of the Bay were such as the circumstances 
 of the settlers would be likely to suggest. The soldiers who settled 
 on the front of the third township soon learned that in the rear 
 was a Bay, by which they could reach the back concessions. Some 
 crossed the peninsula, while others reached their lots by making a 
 circuit of tho Fourth Town shore. The distance to them as they 
 toiled in the batteaux, seemed a long stretch, and hence it was 
 called the " Long Eeach," while the wider portion, at the end of tiie 
 Bay was named Eastern Bay, or the most eastern bay. Here, as 
 we have seen, dwelt the ancient Kentes. The name of Hay Bay 
 must have been given to this sheet of water about 1786. In 
 the absence of any certain knowledge of the origin of the name, 
 we have concluded that it was so called, out of respect to his 
 memory, after Lieut-Governor Hay, who died at Detroit, 29th 
 August, 1785, "after twenty-nine years service," This was the year 
 previous to the time of the first settlers locating here. The name 
 was, most likely, given by the Surveyor, who, in accordance with 
 the custom, named everything after some influential or prominent 
 person, or friend. While advancing this theory of the origin of the 
 name, we must not omit to mention, that when the country was 
 opened up there was, growing in some places upon the bay shore, 
 wild hay. This may possibly have given rise to the name ; or 
 the name may have been taken from Chief Justice Hay. Hay 
 Bay, although possessing no particular features of beauty, has 
 a charm peculiarly its own, as being the original Kente Bay. 
 It is not wanting in historic interest. Along its shores, now 
 so fertile, for long years existed abundant game; a fact well 
 known to all the neighboring tribes. Although ao settlor 
 took up land here until 1786, there were among them indi- 
 
HAV BAY ACCIDENT, 89Y 
 
 vldunls who took no unimportant part in the war against rebel- 
 lion. Upon the south shore lived and died some families who acted 
 more than ordinarily venturesome pnrts during the contest, as the 
 Huycks, Miss Loyst, who married a Diamond, and whose two 
 brothei-8 were with Sir John Johnson at Hungry Bay. Here settled 
 three Embury's, David on the north shore, who was brother of 
 Philip Embury, the first Ifethodist Preacher in America. On the 
 south side lived Andrew, and John Embury, and the first family of 
 the Bogarts of Canada, doscendents of the first Moravian minister, 
 to America. Also, here lived Judge Fisher, Squire Beegle| 
 James Knox, the first Quaker Preacher in Canada. Upon the 
 north bank, while the colony was yet in its infant days, was com- 
 mittcd, probably, the first act of suicide in the country. An event 
 even yet remembered by some. And, more than all, it was upon 
 these waters where occurred an accident, which filled the whole 
 Bay country with horror; and awakened emotions of the keenest 
 sympathy, which produced an impression throughout the whole 
 Province, exceeded only by the loss of the schooner " Speedy " with 
 all on board. ..... 
 
 a . .. , r V, 
 
 The accident on Hay Bay took place on a Sunday morning, 
 20th August, 1819. On the south shore of the bay, in the Methodist 
 meetmg-house, was this day a Quarterly Meeting. Quarterly meet 
 ings, in the early days of the country, were always largely attended, 
 persons coming from a considerable distance. On this occasion there 
 were present many from the adjacent townships. JN'ot a few came 
 from the banks of the Napanee. Those Uviug to the north of the bay 
 bad to cross to the place of meeting by boat. It was a bright sunny 
 Sabbath morning, and already had many crossed and were joining in 
 the religious services, when there put off from the north shore, a 
 short distance from Casey's Point, a boat load, consisting of eighteen 
 young men and women, most of whom lived along the bay. "They 
 \\ 3re all dressed in good and modest apparel as befitted the day, and 
 the house and worship of God. Buoyant with the cheerfulness of 
 youth, and the emotions of piety, they »ang as they stepped into the 
 boat, and as they made progress to the other shore. The boat being 
 rather leaky, and so many, pressmg it too near the water's edge, tht 
 water came in and increased fast, and they had no vessel to bail with. 
 Unhappily, the young men did not think'of bailing with their clean 
 hats, or did not like to do so, until it was too late. The boat filled 
 and sank, when near the other shore, and these eighteen young men 
 and women, crying and shrieking, went down into the deep water. 
 
398 GREAT ORIEF. 
 
 At the time of crossing, there was a prayer meeting proceeding 
 in the chapel. One those present was now engaged in prayer, 
 and had just uttered the petition that " it might be a day long to be 
 remembered," when a shriek was heard, another, and another. The 
 prayer was stopped, and some I'au up to the pulpit to look out, and 
 saw the youths struggling in the water. All ran to the shore, and 
 some plunged in to render assistance. Eight were taken to tlie shore. 
 Ten bodies were yet in the water. A seine was prepared, and so the 
 bodies of these unhappy youths, a few hours ago so blythe and cheerful 
 were brought dripping to the land. One was not recovered till the 
 next morning. Two young men were drowned, and eight young 
 women. Two were of the German family, two Detlors, one Bogart, 
 one Eoblin, one McCoy, one Clark, one Madden, and one Cole. The 
 grief of the families, so suddenly bereaved, gathered together on the 
 shore, gazing at the loved bodies, may be better imagined than 
 described. The grief, too, was shared by the large congregation 
 assembled, and by the minister. No public worship was attended 
 to, but preparations for the solemn funeral, . v *: >-. ? t . 
 
 "Monday was a day of mourning. News of the disaster soon 
 spread far, and a great congregation was assembled. Nine coffins 
 were lai<l in order outside the chapel. One of the corpses was buried 
 in another grave-yard. Mr. Puffer took for the text, Job xix. 25-27, 
 " I know that my Eedeemer liveth," &c. He stood at the door and 
 tried to preach to those within and without, but was so affected by 
 the catastrophe, the weeping congregation, and the coffined dead 
 before him, that he confessed he could not do justice to the subject, 
 or the occasion. But he offered consolation from the gospel to the 
 stricken families mourning. Next, the coffins of the youthful dead 
 M'^ere opened, that friends and neighbours, and young acquaintances, 
 might take a last look and farewell. Six of the graves were in rota- 
 tion, and the coffins were placed in the same manner. The others 
 were near departed friends in other parts of the ground. After the 
 reading of the burial service, the graves, one after another, received 
 the dead, and then were closed up again, until the day when " the 
 trumpet shall sound, and the dead shall be raised incorruptible."— 
 (Playter). -^^^ - ■ -■ - '' • ^ * • 
 
 The writer has often heard his father relate the touching circum- 
 stances here told. He was then at home, his father being a resident 
 of the south shore, and was an eye witness of the scene. His father's 
 steelyards were used, the hooks being attached to a pole, to grapple 
 for the bodies. 
 
PICTON BAY. 399 
 
 PicT©N Bay. — Where the eastern portion of the Bay Quinte and 
 the Long Reach unite, the waters are comparatively wide. This was at 
 the first called the Grand Bay. The south side of the Grand Bay forms 
 the mouth of Picton Bay, which stretches southward some five miles, 
 and which has at its head the town of Picton, after which the bay has 
 been named. 
 
 The view presented upon passing up this indentation of the Bay, 
 and as well in returning, and looking up the long reach, is one of the 
 most attractive perhaps in all Canada. As the tourist approaches 
 the head of the Bay he will be struck with the extraordinary beauty. 
 To the left are two picteresque buildings, one the Ontario College. 
 Rising up majestically at the very head of the Bay, is an almost pre- 
 cipitous mountain, whose gray sides, and wood-crowned summit, 
 gives a grand, though sombre appearance. Nothing seems to be 
 wanting but the crumbling walls of an old castle to make the picture 
 complete. 
 
 When the refugees first came to the Bay, the inlet, now called 
 Picton Bay, was regarded with some degree of aversion. The high 
 barren-looking shores, covered with dwarf firs and cedars, offered 
 no inducements to the settler. During the first two or three years 
 a party of three or four ascended to the head of the Bay, but ob- 
 serving the thick cedars and firs on either hand, and withal suffering 
 much from the musketoes, they returned and reported that no 
 man eould ever inhabit it, that it was fit only for the musketoe. 
 But before many years the Congers, the Johnsons, Washbums and 
 Steeles, had taken up their abode here. ■ -■ ■ , ^ 
 
 We have seen that this Bay constituted a part of an Indian 
 route from the west to the south shores of Ontario. 
 
 To the east of " Grrand Bay," the peninsula of Adolphustown 
 is indented by two bays. 
 
 Between the extremity of Prince Edward peninsula and 
 Amherst island, where Lake Ontario joins the Bay, at a point which 
 formerly was regarded as the mouth of the Bay of Quinte, is a 
 space nearly a mile. This is called the Upper Gap. Between the 
 eastern end of Amherst and Grape Island is the Lower Gap which 
 is something more than a mile wide. Directly to the north of the 
 east end of Amherst Island, upon the coast of Ernesttown is an 
 indentation where empties a small stream, this is called Gollins' 
 5ay, after Deputy Surveyor Collins. *^^I''9f^T3'^i-n'' T'"' 
 
 The only remaining bay of which we shall specially speak, is 
 the Kingston Bay. ,.,,^,.„. ....,;., ,. ,,, , .,,,,,,^ .., - 
 
400 KINGSTON BAY. 
 
 ^- Perhaps no piece of water can be found in Western Canada 
 
 possessed of more natural beauty than the Bay of Kingston, during 
 
 the sejuson of navigation by water. Whether one enters it from 
 
 the Great Lake with its rough swell, or th« quiet waters of Quinte, 
 
 or the bright St. Lawrence, whose waters are beautiful with a 
 
 thousand isles ; or whether he gazes from the curving shore at the 
 
 City's front ; or from the Cataraqui Bridge; or instead, takes his 
 
 stand at the point of Frederick or Fort Henry, there is spread out 
 
 the same pleasing view; one upon which the eye can long gaze 
 
 with admiration. Encircled by a border of green clad islands, with 
 
 the massive city upon one side, the waters of the harbour are peaceful 
 
 and secure. The former beauties such aa Champlain and Frontenae 
 
 looked upon, have passed away. There is less of the natural 
 
 beauty entering now into the view, but art has taken the place. 
 
 The bai-racks at the Tcte du Pmt, the buildings at Navy Yard, the 
 
 strong fort, the warlike martello towers, and the city of solid stone, 
 
 give a different, but yet a pleasing picture. Kingston Bay affords 
 
 a safe place for boating in summer, and in winter, its coating of 
 
 ice is the theatre of attraction for the joyous skater. 
 
 Eespecting the events which have come to pass by the Bay of 
 Kingston in the early history of the country, the reader is 
 referred to the history of Kingston. We will only add that the 
 ''ship-yards and marine railways at Kingston, Garden Islaaid, and 
 Portsmouth, have launched on the inland seas the greatest in number 
 ■ and largest of tonnage of Canadian vessels in Canada West; King- 
 ston being second only to Quebec in the extent of its ship-building." 
 Here in 1814 was built the three decked ship of war " Saint 
 Lawrence;' at a cost of £500,000. The chief cause of this enormous 
 cost was the expense of transportation of stores and equipments 
 from Montreal. In 1853, the aggregate tonnage of the vessels 
 built at the ship-yard in Kingston alone, apai-t from those built at 
 Portsmouth and Garden Island, amounted to 2,500 tons; the 
 cost of these vessels was £26,000, of which £14,000 was paid for 
 
 We will here introduce an interesting notice of the several 
 lakes lying north of the Bay in the adjacent townships, from 
 Cooper "Through the whole ti-act of country lying north of the 
 Township of Kingston, and in these and the neighbouring counties, 
 are a multitude of lakes of various sizes, from that of a mere pond 
 np to that of a lake twenty miles in extent. The water of these 
 lakes is extremely pure and clear, and they are furnished with 
 
A PLACE FOR RETIREMKNT. 401 
 
 abundance of fish ; they are mostly connected by streams of water, 
 and are navigable, and the streams are capable of floating canoes or 
 small boats. Through those lakes and streams are annually floated 
 immense quantities of lumber and timber, and in the absence of 
 the roads now in course of construction, they have been the high- 
 way to the city from many a fine farm on their banks. Around 
 them, in some places, the land is much broken, rocky and waste, 
 but between such broken and rough tracts are lands of great rich- 
 neus and fertility, and of the first quality. The scenery throughout 
 this tract of country, and in the neighbourhood of these lakes and 
 rivers is extremely picturesque, and in many places even grand, 
 varied with rock, valley, streamlets and wood. When as the 
 country gets older, localities are sought not only with regard to 
 their flat unvaried richness of soil, but with some consideration of 
 their beauty of location and scenic charms; there is little doubt 
 that many a romantic glen here will have its accompanying cot- 
 tage, hamlet or mansion, and that many a pretty homestead will 
 be embowered among these woods and water-falls ; even now, many 
 a good farm is being brought under cultivation in these parts. If 
 any surpass the rest in picturesque beauty, we should incline to 
 give the palm to Buck Lake and its vicinity. The neighbourhood 
 of these lakes abound in deer. 
 
 ■ — - - _ - -, -,-.-.. ■^.. . ■.. . . «^ 
 
 -■ ^" ■ - ' ' r:' ' --^ •■■ ' r^''.'-i. ;i **«i : ^. ti'.'i':;;": 
 
 
 
 ;te---^o ::.f;'V;':- .. .•■..; 
 
 ■': X" 'n.P-;;.;(^- V^ --. ^ ,.; >J: "iv.- . - . - ■ 
 
 St|n'.>;;j,'ji-i_. , V;,.^ ^. .^ ,,. ;, 
 
 
 
 
 
 -•^JV-V-.-*,,. ;,,.-..-.,,;.,. ^ ;. 
 
 
 
 >^? *■ .;.., 
 
 
 ■ • ;.>*;"' ,; 
 
 -. 
 
 V •■^''■' ■ '..... 
 
402 THE ISLANDS. 
 
 i ' CHAPTER XLV. • 
 
 CoNTENTH — Ifiland8--PoH8C8sed by Indians— The " Thousand Islands" — Carlcton 
 iHland—History of Island— During the rebellion— Wolfo Island— The name 
 — Howe Island— Old name — County of Ontario — Garden Island— Horsoshoe 
 Island- Sir Jeffry Amherst— The size— Indian name—" Tontine " — John- 
 son's Island— The Island won — Present owner — First settler- The three 
 brothers— Small Islands — Hare Island — Nut Island— Wappooso Island- 
 Indian rendezvous — Captain John's Island— Bartering — Hunger Island— 
 Big Island— First settlers— Huff's Island— Paul Huff— Grape Island— Hog 
 Island— Smaller Islands— Mississauga Island— A tradition — The Carrying; 
 Place— Its course — Original survey— History — American prisoners — Col 
 Wilkins. 
 
 THE ISLANDS OP BAY QUINTE. 
 
 The reader who has kindly followed uh thus far in examining the 
 bay, and its several coves, or indentations, is invited to accompany 
 us once more along its course, and note the several islands which 
 Btud its bosom. They are not numerous ; but the numerous points 
 all along, as well as the turns in the bay recompense any lack 
 arising from the absence of islands. 
 
 When the Mississauga Indians coded the land along the bay to 
 the British Government, thoy reserved certain points of land, and 
 mostly all the islands between the head of the bay and Gananoque, 
 Those excepted were Grenadier Island, and the small islands 
 between it and Kingston, and Amherst Island. 
 
 The islands of the St. Lawrence are famed almost the world 
 over, they are called the « Thousand Islands." But Howison says, 
 that the commissioners appointed to fix the limits between Canada 
 and the United States, counted the islands of the St. Lawrence and 
 found there were 1692. The islands below Gananoque belonged to 
 the Iroquois, V i a/j/J jH Ti ;;<;... "'■■ •' /'' 
 
 Carlbton Island— The first island is Carlcton Island, called 
 by the French the island of Chevreux, Goat's Island; situated 
 between the American shore of the St. Lawrence, and Wolf Island, 
 It was a military and naval statiori during the American rebellion, 
 at which government vessels were built for navigating the lake, 
 and possessed fortifications. Its name is derived from Guy Carleton, 
 Esq., " his Majesty's Captain-General and Governor-in-chief, and over 
 his Majesty's province of Quebec, afterward Lord Dorchester." This 
 military post, as we have seen, afforded a retreat for the refugee*, 
 who fled from the Mohawk valley. Says the Rev. William 
 Mcaulay, "Jay's treaty of peace, as it was called, in 1783, found 
 Carleton Island occupied by the 84th Eegiment, a body of High 
 
WOLFE AND HOWE ISLANDS. 403 
 
 landers levied in the Carolinas, and HubHoquently adopted into the 
 lino." Upon the erection of the northern lino of the United States, 
 Carloton Island eamo within the boundary of the State of Now 
 York. But it continued in common with other military posts, in 
 possession of the British, until 1706. Indeed, according,' to the 
 gentleman whoso words we have (juotod above, it remained in 
 possession of tho British until 1812, when the Americans crossed 
 and seized a sergeant's guard stationed there. It would seem that 
 parties entering Canada wore required to procure a passport hero. 
 Acof)y of one, extracted from tho history of Dundas, is as follows, 
 directed "To whom concornod." 
 
 «' Permit the boat going from this to pass to Kingston with their 
 provisions, family, clothing, beding, household furniture, and farm- 
 ing utensils, they having cleared out at this post, as appears by their 
 names in tho margin. (John Loncks, two men, two women, three 
 children)."— Signed " C. McDonell, P. O." 
 
 Among the refugees hero during the war was Mr. Mcaulay. 
 In 1776, Sergeant Major Clark, of the 8th, or King's Own Eogi- 
 ment, was appointed clerk and naval store keeper at Carleton 
 Island, where ho remained till 1790. This was father of the late 
 Colonel Clark, of Dalhousie. For further particulars of Carloton 
 Island the reader is referred to the history of Kingston. i ' 
 
 WoT.PE IsLAND—This is a considerable island, 25 miles long, 
 stretching along near the American shore, directly opposite King- 
 ston. It contains 28,129 acres of good land. The name is found often -, 
 spelled wolf, leading us to infer that it is derived from the presence : 
 of that animal upon the island at some time. But it is no doubt after :. 
 General Wolfe, who fell at Quebec. The original Indian name, a8 ; 
 given in tho document conferring a seigniory at Cataraqui upon La . 
 Salle, incbading this and Amherst Island, was Ganounkouesnot. 
 The French called it tho Grande Island, and Simcoo in his procla- : 
 mation 1792, directed it to be called "Wolfe Island. Mr. Detlor says '■ 
 that " it would seem the greater part of Wolfe Island was granted 
 to the heirs of Sir William Johnson, the clergy and Crown reserves 
 excepted. 
 
 We observe a notice in the Kingstm Gazette, that Wolfe Island, 
 with Pittsburgh, was conjoined to Kingston for municipal purposes : 
 in 1813.:fj :-'jWii>f •.witit^r t^ i}nin<ifV:r, tHifwa .aw^fi oV.f >,,iV(J|iKXf Y'^S-^H^f;" 
 
 HoWe TsLANi^— Is Situated in th» St. Lawrence, somewhat 
 below Kingston, it is a large, long island in front of tho township of 
 Pittsburgh, and one part of it is almost conjoined to the mainland.'- 
 
404 AMHERST ISLAND. 
 
 It is a towTiBhip by itself, and contains about 8000 acres. It was 
 called by the French, Isle Cauchois ; but was named by Simcoc, or 
 his advisors, Howe Island. 
 
 When Upper Canada was erected into a province, it was 
 divided into nineteen counties ; the seventh of these consisted of 
 Howe Island, Wolfe Island, Amherst Island, Gage Island, with all 
 the other islands between the mouth of the Gananoque and the 
 point of Marysburgh. They constituted the county of Ontario. 
 
 Garden Island.— Upon the north of Wolfe Island, in Kingston 
 Bay, is Garden Island, containing some sixty-three acres. Near 
 the western extremity of Wolfe Island, is another small island, 
 which received the name of Horseshoe Island, and separated from 
 the largo island by a narrow channel, which was named Battoau 
 Channel, is Gaye Island, after Brig. General Gage, which was also 
 sometimes called Simcoe Island. The name given to it by the 
 French was Isle aux Foret It contains some 2164 acres of rich 
 
 ^- Amherst Island.— So called after "Sir Jeffrey Amherst, 
 of the honourable and military oi-der of Bath, Colonel of 
 of the Third and Sixteenth Regiments of Infantry, Lieutenant- 
 General in the Array, and Commander-in-Chief of all His Majesty's 
 Troops and Forces in North America." This beautiful island, 
 stretching along opposite, and about a mile and a half from Ernest- 
 town; being some twelve miles in length, causes an extension of 
 the Bay Quinte to a corresponding distance. It contains about 
 14,015 acres of very rich land. The channel separating it from 
 Gage and Wolfe Islands, forms the Lower Gap, and that which flows 
 above, between it and Marysburg, is the Upper Gap. '"" 
 
 In the time of LaSalle, the Indian name of this island was 
 Kaouenesgo. It formed a part of his Seigniory, and he, some 
 time after his arrival to build Fort Frontenac, 1678, named the 
 island Isle de Tonti, after a brave French ofRcer, with one arm, who 
 accompanied him. This name, modified to " Isle Tanta," clung to 
 the island until recent years. Sir John Johnson, to whom it was 
 granted, with other land, at the close of the war, 1783, in a letter 
 to the Military Secretary, calls it the <' Island of Tontine." This 
 may have been a fancy name of the owner, as we find no other 
 reference to it. The present name was bestowed in 1792, after 
 J Gen. Amherst, who acted so conspicuous a part in the wars. Upon 
 some old jnaps the Island is designated " Sir John Johnson's Island." 
 We find an indefinite statement that the island was claimed by the 
 
CAPT. John's island. 405 
 
 Mohnwks, and that they coded their rights to Col. Crnwfonl, who 
 accompanied Sir John, and who, in turn, tranHfcrred it to Johnson. 
 But, as ho and JJrant were on the most intimate term , thoy could, 
 no doubt, arrange any ditt'eronco between themselves. 
 
 We do not see that there can be any objection to record a 
 statement which has been told for many long years by the inhabi- 
 tants of the Bay, that the Island was subsequently won by an aris- 
 tocratic gambler, Lmly B , in England, at a game of cards, who 
 
 afterwards disposed of it to the present owner, Lord Mountcashel. 
 
 Some of the farm lots have been, wo believe, dispo.sod of, but 
 the island is mostly held by tenants, under lease from the Earl. 
 The oldest settler upon the island was Lieutenant McGinnis, of 
 Johnston's Eegimont. He lived hero in some comfort, having 
 several slaves to do the work. 
 
 Off the east end of Amhorst Island, in the Bay, are throe 
 small islands, called the Three J5ro//ieAs, « famous for black bass 
 fishing, and for deep rolling sea." m . 
 
 Leaving the waters of the Lower Bay, and directing our course 
 westward, we find the Bay comparatively free of Islands. Here 
 and there, all along its coiirso, may bo seen small islands, close to 
 the shore. These received names, as a general thing, after the 
 person who owned the adjacent land. There are, however, a few 
 more islands which need special notice. fr.. ♦./, i;.--,! '-,.;/<.».. ,-., 
 
 Upon an old plan of Fi-edericksburgh, dated 1784, is to be seen 
 in Hay Bay, three islands ; one near the north shore, at its eastern 
 extremity, is called Hare Island. To the south, at the eastern shore, 
 are the other two ; the north one is called Nut Island; the more 
 southern one is Wappoose Island. This island, from its name, must 
 have been the place of residence of the principal chief of some 
 Indian tribe, probably the Kente Indians. Here, must have been 
 a place of considerable importance to the Indian — a rendezvous, 
 whereat they met, and whereat the chief held his simple, but 
 dignified court. 
 
 Opposite the Mohawk Church, in the Indian Village, just 
 off Grassy Point, of Sophiasburg, is a low island, contain- 
 ing fourteen acres. This island originally belonged to the 
 Mississaugas, as did most of the islands in the Bay, until a compara- 
 tively recent date. John Cuthbertson, a grandson of Capt. John, 
 purchased the island from John Sunday, and other Mississauga 
 chiefs. The price paid was a cow and a yoke of steers. A quit 
 claim deed was received by Mr. Cuthbertson, which is yet to be 
 
40C DIG ISLAND. 
 
 seen. This bar/^ain led to Hoino tmublo with tho Government, 
 who liokl that tho iMibNiHsuugaH htul ]io ri^ht to hoU tlieir land except 
 to Government. However, Anally, tho receipt hold by Outhbortson 
 was allowed to be. a legul document. This iHland in known as 
 Capt. John*H iHland. . , 
 
 There are three flmall iBlandw in Mohawk Bay, the Inrgost of 
 which is called Hunger inland. It in nituatod anhort distance from 
 tho mouth, netir the uui'.tU biiore, md coutHiiiu uL>uut ueveu acron 
 of land. ■ ■ •■ ' ■ ■■ ■ • "1* I ■ *' ■' • 'I ' 
 
 III. Along tho north Hhore of SojjhiaHburg is Jiifj Island. Ah its 
 name implies, it iu an iuland of considerable bIko, containiof; 
 over 3,000 acres of excellent land. The channel soparating thJH 
 long narrow island I'rom the mainland, especially at its east ond ie 
 very narrow, and is spanned by a short bridge, and may even be 
 forded. Long grass abundantly grows all though tho channel, 
 which, in summer, covers tho water, and seems to form tho island 
 and muinland into ono. Here, is the constant abode of tho musk- 
 rat, and at certain seasons tho resort of tho wild fowl. 
 
 It is said that Samuel I'eck and Samuel Shaw were the first 
 settlers on this island. The older inhabitants along the bay remem- 
 bers when this island was thickly covered with wood of the most 
 heavy description. It was for many years, at tho beginning of the 
 present century, the scene of lumbevlug operations. Winter after 
 winter, large (piantities were cut down, and in the spring, rafted and 
 conveyed to Montreal. 
 
 The writer has heard it stated, this island was originally, when 
 IK) longer owned by the IntUans, bestowed on one Hall, and that early 
 ma{»s designate it Hall's Island. •-•.^.iwi v.-.i.,iii..!.VL.v .1 , •..,., r.,iv 
 i»',;. Hurt's island is situated to tho west of Big Island, and forms a 
 part of Anieliasburgh, from which it is separated by a marsh, and 
 to which, at ono point it is connected by a low neck' of land. To 
 the north is Missisnauga Point. The island obtains its name from 
 the first settler, Solomon Hull", who settled there in 1826. Solomon 
 Huff was the son of Paul Huff, one of the original settlers of Adol- 
 phustown, who came from Long Island, New York, with Van. 
 Alstine. Tho writer has conversed with tho wife of Solomon 
 Huff when in her 91st year, who retained a vivid recollection of 
 the time of their settling, from tho fact, that when crossing the 
 ice to tho island they broke through with their furniture. At the 
 time of their settlement their nearest neighbours were on ono hand 
 at Demorestville and on tho other at Walbridge's, on tho north 
 shore of Mississagua Point. • 
 
INDIAN ISLAND. 407 
 
 Immediately to tho east of Huff 'h iHlnnd, is Grapo Inland. It 
 received tho name it IwiWH I'roiii the great (luantitics of wild jjjrupes 
 that ot one time grow HpontniicouHly upon it. This iMland, now 
 barren and treeless, wan, at one time, tho home of domesticated 
 Indians. Even yet, may ho Heon, the traeoH of the wooden cabins, 
 where the MississaugaH lived under tho i>aternal care of the Uev. Mr- 
 Case. 
 
 Continuing westward from Hig Bay, there are to ho Hcen several 
 .•imnil islands (iloae to the shore, tlic names accorded them are not 
 beautiful, but probably have in their origin something significant. 
 Thus, there is one called Hog Island, and opjmsito Helleville is another 
 known as Cow Island. An island west of the mouth of tho Moira, in 
 yet called Zwick's Island, after the person who once owned tlio 
 adjoining lan<l. This island was, .it one time, .an Indian burying 
 ground. 
 
 We next come to the island upon which are extensive sawing 
 mills, commonly called Bilker's Island. It was formerly called Myers' 
 Island, after Captain Myers, who live<l adjacent thereto, lie, for 
 several years, paid rent to the Indians for it. Telegniph Island is 
 about four miles above iJelleville ; and '* Nigger " Island nine miles. 
 
 The last island we have to notice, belonging to tho b.ay, is Indian 
 Island, situated at the extremity of Bay Quinto, west of tho mouth of 
 the Trent River. Upon a map, to be seen in the Crown Land's 
 Department, this is designated Mississanga Island. It has also been 
 called Fighting Island. There is a tradition respooting this island, to 
 which tho existence of human bones found there, seems to give some 
 degree of plausibility. It is oven now related, th.it at an early date, 
 a company of Mohawks, who had crof:sed from the south side of tho 
 lake, were encamped upon this island. A band of Mississaugas, 
 learning the fact, approaclied the island cautiously at night, took 
 away their bo.at8 so they could not esc.a])e, and then suddenly, 
 with superior numbers, fell upon the Mohawks, and killed and 
 scalped them all. But the bones found there may liavo been placed 
 there for burial. 
 
 THE CARRYING PLACE. '^ 
 
 The distanco between tho head of bay Quinte, and the waters 
 of Lake Ontario, at tho narrow part of the isthmus is about a mile 
 and three-quarters. By this narrow neck of land tho peninsula of 
 Prince Edward is saved from being an island. This was called in 
 the first proclamation of Simcoe, " the isthmus of the Prosqu islo de 
 
4M TUB OARRYIN(» PLACE. 
 
 Quint6." It is from thiH houi'co tlmt tlio hart)our on tho lake west 
 Ol'tho isthmus hiis rocoivcd tho rmmt^ Trosqii islo. 
 
 Wo havo olsowhoro spokon of tho fUct that u Carryin;,' Phice 
 had oxistcd horo fromtimo immomoriul. From tho Indian villa^on, 
 which at timoH woro locatoil, now alont^ tho hiko shores of tho 
 poninBuhi, and now upon tho bay, tho Indians startod forth, porhiips 
 to uHCOud tho Trent, or tho Moira, or to pass down tho waters of tho 
 bay, or porhaps to coast alonjij tho shore of tho hiko. woHtward to 
 tho mouth of some river. And, whoii tho French had poHHOssion of 
 the country they found this a well marked Indian path. Tho 
 French had not occa.sion to cross it, as they either ascended the 
 Ottawa, the Trent, or if desirous of ^'oing to tho head of Lake 
 Ontario, they pa.sHod alon<,' its south shore. But in the early years 
 of Upper Canada, tliisportago was froquoritly crossed by those pass- 
 ing back and forth from tlio h>wor parts of Canada to tho west. 
 This was tho case particularly after the forts of Oswego and 
 Niagara were handed over to tho United States in 1796. •' '»•«' 
 The original Indian Carryi.ig Place can yet bo traced. Its 
 course is indicated by a road which loads from water to water. The 
 street is consequently somewhat crooked, ai"' I, in some places 
 wider than in others. When the land was originally surveyed, this 
 path was made tho base line of a row of lots on either side. The 
 surveyor being ill and entrusting tho matter to an assistant ; tho 
 Indian path was faithfully followed. While this irregular dividing 
 line between Amoliasburgh and Murray may ai)poar unseemly, it 
 cannot bo regretted that tho old path is thus indubitably known. 
 Upon the Murray sido of the road tho fence is comparatively 
 straight, but upon the opposite sido it is very devious. This 
 pretty nearly marks tho old Indian path. While used us a 
 Carrying Place for batteaux, which woro transported upon low 
 wheels, tho road was no dpubt, to a certain extent, sti-aightoned ; yet 
 mainly the old route remained. 
 
 The old days, when Wellor used to haul the batteaux from 
 water to water, havo loft no memorial ; and even more recent days 
 when the first steamboats invariably came to this place, have left 
 but little to mark their history. Hero is tho remains of the wharf 
 and irame store house where once was life and enterprise ; but now 
 all is in decay, and rural solitude prevails. But there is beauty 
 here, as well as interest. All along tho street between the head of 
 the bay and Weller's Bay of the lake avo buildings, consisting of 
 private residences, and churches. The tourist will find abundant 
 
A8HOCIATION8. 409 
 
 fofxl for Uifni^ht at tho Cunyinji^ Place ; vvhothor ho con(omp)nto« 
 the lilt* rumolv pUHt (M'u tiiu littiiun wtiHtliHturhod in his luilive uhuUo ; 
 or tho duyM whon tho Fronrh Hocollot MlaHioimrioH I'ollowod tho 
 footHtopH of thoso whom thoy Hou^ht to convert; or tlio tiino whoa 
 tho pionoor wurvoyor und Hottlor first trod tho path ; or whether ho 
 relloctflupoii tho nmiiy huiimii beings who huvo come iind ^ono on 
 their way of life, now going one way now another ; or tliought of tho 
 trader intent on presKing his business into the very outskirtM of tho 
 sottlcmonts ; of tho Holdiors — regulans, and militia, who pressed 
 onward for the conflict, to drive of!" tho invading foo; or of tho 
 thousand jjrisoners cai-riod captive through tho j)rovinco, which 
 thoy hati boastingly camo to c.ontiuor. If tho writer wore there 
 again, ho would ponder, in addition to all this, upon tho siul, yot 
 natural occuronco, that, of all those who had come and gone, tho 
 one who imparted much information to him, who camo to tho 
 Carrying Place long years ago, is now gone tho way of all tho 
 earth. Tho history of tho place is inseparably associated with tho 
 life of tho lion. Col. Wilkins, whoso loss was expressed by tho 
 proBonco of many" as ho was carried to his grave. ,, , • 
 
 .' '.'1^ MflTM-? rji 'I ir.n I •• -H.I Vii ,' i',i\ » ,■ :-ti:- . /'.' i>orM''.lhi:i i » M) J'-'.if*': 
 
 ''iT ,-yWf.: ('Cl.rf ■ .' >••' I 7 t -■ '|.-. -..(rl ')r;»'l -xll •\\^^'a' ;'usv. fMr.-f 
 
 :*.'•,• >,\-J"r'\6\\v:Ai)\<io . "u'j -r i':,' f Mr. '-./Ji fciM ',''.■ it*)') ;:•■*''• Vjil )(Hf,i')'r 
 .'..''T .f'iiiti '/■'>;> n-> r '\ t* ii.... ,r. 'wfifo oil'r :\.>(\,i t.U(f .dtiijvjr 
 
 ' >'{ I f>v>'W)d^(t'(V ,fM'V.f/ii rn>:»j,)'-v |» (,t hj^.^h on f.iVff ^Ht(n Oil) uf..v-.,|l',»,' 
 
 ■•,-Xnh JMucid'jt hoCcT n'r/o biji! , h.i'rourofn mo l'i'.i ir^r.ij .t^Iaw /i:> •in,^/;?'/ 
 ■*ro! ovrirf'j.'j'j/jl*:); WfdJ iVr ■.)<y\'i'.» v''1).i ff.ytiT «f({a.'rr/>u>?;; jrifrorf) iTorh/v 
 fi'si{v/ drt-f- ^ .trtf««tf>'f orit ^ir g-foi! ..xf"lHhl T'rodt >h«ra'o/ ofi.rr! iirrf 
 '^Q^'iO^ iWi'Tqriiinb hMi fJiiT iw^ nyrty> o'lfvrf'^f <»tnf»rf oi^iJM nata'ft hftij 
 wu»d[-terot9di it0(l v«tiBVf¥r.| oh.'ijilo*^ I^cmt b/t,H ,'^f«6ol:r'rt? rj flit' 
 
 -^ iMU>j-.,rt>OF» ,^«;fl*f4>H^4 <;<m'-«r^i' iy^-'k) -Vft^ #'r«*li<»W- f>fw •^fl'-i *M* 
 
DIYISIOI!^ VIII. • 
 
 THE FIEST TEN TOWNSHIPS IN THE MIDLAND DISTEICT. 
 
 CHAPTER XLVI. ; ' 
 
 Contents — The French — Their policy — Trading posts — Cahiaque — Variations — 
 Name of river — Foundation of Fort Frontcnac — A change — Site of old fort 
 — La Salle's petition — A Seigniony — Governors visiting — War Expedition — 
 Fort destroyed — Rebuilt — Colonial wars — Taking of Fort Oswego — Fron- 
 tcnac taken-7-End of French domination. 
 
 HISTORY OP THE FRENCH OCCUPATION. 
 
 It was the policy of the French, to penetrate, as far as possible, 
 into the interior of the country, and, by all possible means, secure the 
 peltry traffic with the Indians. The RecoUets and the Jesuits, while 
 seeking to convert the Pagan Indian, endeavoured as well, to win him 
 to the interest of their country. As soon as practicable, trading posts 
 were established at convenient points, at which to buy furs of the 
 Indians. Not sure, even at the first, of the continued friendliness 
 of the natives, and subsequently exposed to tribes, who assumed a 
 hostile attitude, they proceeded to fortify their trading depots against 
 sudden attacks ; not alone to secure this, but to maintain a constant 
 menace to those who might venture to assume such attitude. It was 
 in carrying out these designs, that M. de Courcelles, in 1070, ascended 
 the St. Lawrence, direct to Lake Ontario, from the mouth of the 
 Ottawa, being the first Euro];ean to do so. Two years later, he con- 
 vened a meeting at the head of the St. Lawrence, of Indian chiefs 
 of the region round about, when, concealing his ulterior object, he 
 gained permission to erect a fort ; but being immediately thereafter 
 recalled to Franco, it was left for his successor, Conte de Frontenac, 
 to establish the fort. 
 
 The first name which is found applied to the place, where the 
 fort was founded, is Cahiaque, or Cadaroque. It is an Indian name, 
 and most probably signifies *' the strongest fort in the country." This 
 
 ■U.-: 
 
FOUNDING PORT FRONTENAC. 411fc 
 
 is inferred from the following fact: — When certain of the chiefs of 
 the Mohawks, were in London, in 1710, desirous of doing honor to 
 their host, where they stayed, at King Street, Covent Garden, they 
 called him Cadaroque, meaning " the most powerful man in London." 
 Or, possibly, in using the word, in connection with Frontenac, they 
 may have referred to the strong expedition which accompanied him. 
 For many years the fort was knowij by this name, or one derived 
 from it. It must be remembered that this word, with many others 
 spoken by the Indians, was written by the French according to the 
 particular idea of the person hearing the pronunciation. Hence it 
 is that we find this word changed frequently as into the following. 
 Beside the two already mentioned are found Catarcoui, Catarcouy, or 
 Cataraccouy, Catarakvy, Catarakouy, Catarasky, Cataracto, Catara- 
 couy, Cadaraque, Cadarachqui, Kadaraghke, Kadaraghkie, Kodakag- 
 kie, Cadarochque, Cadaacarochqua, Catarocoui, Cuadaraghque, Ore. 
 deroqua, Cataraqui. 
 
 While the fort, or place of the fort, was thus known mostly by 
 the Indians, it was, according to Charlevoix, called by the French, the 
 fort of Lake St. Louis, the name then applied to Lake Ontario. 
 Subsequently, the fort was spoken of as the one built by Frontenac ; 
 and ultimately, it came to be permanently designated Fort Frontenac. 
 After the conquest, and at the time of the revolution, the place was 
 known in the rebel colonies, as Cataraqui ; and, in speaking of going 
 to Upper Canada, they would say to Cataraqui. The river between 
 Ontario and Montreal, was sometimes called Cariqui, or Iroquois. 
 
 The following account of the i'ouudation of the fort, is extracted 
 from Dra])er's Brochui'e. He says " the expedition Avas a vast one 
 for those days, 120 canoes, 2 batteaux, and 400 men." He then 
 ijUOtes from ajournal of Frontenac's voyage, describing the entrance 
 into the river Cataraqui; — "1 2th, broke up camp very early in the 
 morning, and having proceeded till ten o'clock, halted three hours to 
 rest and eat. On apju-oaching the first opening of the lake, the Count 
 wished to proceed with more order than had been already done, and 
 in line of battle. He accordingly arranged the whole fleet in this 
 wise: — ■ ■■ --^-^ 
 
 " Four squadrons, composing the vanguard, went in front and 
 in one line. The two batteaux followed next. After tliese came 
 Count de Frontenac at the head of all the cauoes, of his guards, of his 
 staif, and of the volunteers attached to his person ; having on his 
 right, the squadron from Three Eivers, and on his left^ those of the 
 Hurous and Algonquins. .i4ai,s.;Mii^-;AUi__^v-4--^^ 
 
412 THEN AND NOW. 
 
 "Two Other Hquadrons formed a third 'hic, and composed tho 
 rearguard. 
 
 " This order of sailing had not been adhered to for more than 
 half a league, when an Iroquois canoe was perceived coming with the 
 Abbe D'Urse, who, having met the Indians above the River Katara- 
 koui, (Cataraqui) and having notified them of the Count's arrival, 
 they were now advancing with tUe captains of the Five Nations. 
 
 " They saluted the admiral, and paid their respects to him with 
 evidence of much joy and confidence, testifying to him the obligation 
 they were under to him for sparing them the trouble of going further, 
 and for i-eceiving their submissions at the River Katarakoui, which 
 is a very suitable place to camp, as they were about signifying to 
 him. 
 
 "After Count Frontenac had replied to their civilities, they pre- 
 ceeded him as guides, and conducted him as guides, and conducted 
 him into a bay, about a cannon shot from the entrance, which forms 
 one of the most beautiful and agreeable harbors in the world, capable 
 of holding a hundred of the largest ships, with sufficient water at the 
 mouth, and in the harbor, with mud bottom, and so sheltered from 
 every wind, that a cable is scarcely necessary for mooring." " On 
 the 13th of July, 1673, the fort was commenced, and on the T9th, it 
 was finished, and De Frontenac left on the 2'7th for Montreal, having 
 laid the foundation of the future City of Kingston." ■ " "■ ' 
 
 How different was tho appearance then i*rom that presented 
 to-day. No clearing, as yet, broke the woody shores. At this 
 conference between Frontenac and the Iroquois chiefs, the charms 
 of nature only were displaj'^ed. Where now stands the city of 
 Kingston, was then a dense forest. The gently curving shore, 
 which now forms the front of the city, with its line of piers, was 
 undisturbed, except by the birch canoe. The quiet Bay, w^ithin the 
 Point, then more prominent than now, stretching up with its low 
 sand banks, and begirt with marshes, was then the safe abode of 
 the wild fowl and muskrat. Across the inlet of the bay, and where 
 now is the Navy Yard, the land was thickly covered with the 
 greenest foliage ; as well as was the higher and more beautifully 
 wooded peninsula of Point Henry. And still beyond, to the soiith, the 
 third point, stretching out almost to the rugged little island, call- ' 
 Cadar Island, increased the variety of the picture ; and the two inden- 
 tations where now is Navy Bay, and the " Dead Man's" Bay, atone 
 time called Hamilton's Cove, added thereto. Then, turning toward 
 the south, there reposed the magnificently green, long island, now 
 
THE SITE OP THE FORT. 413 
 
 Wolfe Island, with Gage Island in itfs front; and ntill extending the 
 view around the Bay, was to be seen the islandn, now called Simcoo 
 and Amherst, all richly clothed with the garments of nature. One 
 would wish to look upon a faithful picture of this primeval appear- 
 ance of Kingston Bay, before even the Fi-ench had planted a post 
 or cleft a tree. However beautiful Kingston of to-day may bo 
 regarded, with its graceful architecture, as displayed in its public 
 and privte edifices; however grand the strong fortifications, which 
 silently utter words of warning to the passing stranger whoso 
 nation covets our territory, while pretending to depreciate it; 
 however striking the combination which composes the picture of 
 Kingston and its harbor of to-day, they cannot exceed, as a whole, 
 in attractiveness, the jwospect seen by Fronton ac, of wood and 
 water so remarkably associated, and charmingly blended, ere the 
 hand of man had marred it. 
 
 It was immediately after thin conference, between Frontenac 
 and the chiefs, when he concealed the true designs he entertained, 
 that the erection of the first fort was proceeded with. Its site was 
 upon the point of land by the entrance of the bay, near the Tete 
 du Pont, and commanded the entrance to Cataraqui Creek. It 
 seems, from the testimony of early settlers of Kingston, that the 
 fort was separated from Kingston by a deep trench, so that the 
 point was converted into an island, upon which was built the 
 original village of Cataraqui. In later years, this ditch has been 
 obliterated by the tilling in of material, and, in like manner, a portion 
 of the bay, immediately north of the point has disappeared. 
 
 In the following year, LaSalle, who has been particularly 
 referred to in the introductory chapter, presented the ibllowing 
 petition to King Louis XIV. '' '^-> ' ' 
 
 vu. "The proposer, aware of the importance to the Colony of 
 Canada, of the establishment of Fort Fi-ontenac, of which he was 
 some time in command, and desiring to employ his moans and his 
 life in the King's service, and for the augmentation of the country, 
 otters to support it, at his expense, and reimburse its cost, on tho 
 following conditions, to wit: — That His Majesty be pleased to grant 
 in Seigniory, to the proposer, the said fort, four leagues of country 
 along the border of Lake Frontenac, the two islands in front, named 
 Ganounkouesnot and Kaouenesgo, and ihe iirterjacent islets, with 
 tho same rights and privileges obtained hitherto by those who hold 
 lands in the country in Seigniory, with the right of fishing in 
 ^Lake Frontenac and the adjoining rivers, to facilitate the support of 
 
ttX4 LA salle'b petition. 
 
 tho pooplo of said Port, toj^other with tlio command of said place 
 and of Haid lake, under tl»c orders and authority of His Majesty's 
 Governor, Lioutonant-General in the country ; on which condition, 
 tho proposer will be bound: — Ist. To maintain the said Fort; to 
 place it in a better state of defence ; to keep a garrison there, at 
 least as numerous as that of Montreal, and as many as fifteen to 
 twenty laborers, during the two first years, to clear and till the land ; 
 to provide it with necessary arms, artillery and ammunition, and 
 that so long as the proposer will command there, in His Majesty's 
 name, and until some other persons be authorized to settle above 
 the Long Sault of the Kiver St. Lawrence, through which people 
 pass to the said Fort, without being charged with similar expense, 
 or to contribute to that which the proposer will be obliged to incur 
 for the preservation of the said Fort. 
 
 " 2nd. To repay Count de Frontenac, His Majesty's Governor 
 and Lieutenant-General in Canada, the expense he incurred for the 
 establishment of said Fort, amounting to the sum of 12,000 to 
 13,000 livres, as proved by the statements thereof prepai^d. ' 
 
 " 3rd. To make p-ants of land to all those willing to settle 
 there, in the manner usual in said country; to allow them the 
 trade (la traits) when their settlements will be in tho condition 
 required by the Edicts and Eegulations of the Sovereign Council of 
 said country. 4th. To grant them land for villages and tillage ; to 
 teach them trades, and induce them to lead lives more conformable 
 to ours, as the proposer had begun to do with success, when he 
 commanded there. 5th. To build a Church, when there will be 
 100 persons; meanwhile, to entertain one or two Recollet Friars, to 
 perform Divine service, and administer the sacraments there. 
 6th. His Majesty, accepting these proposals, is very humbly suppli- 
 cated to grant to the proposer letters of noblesse, in consideration 
 of the voyages and discoveries which he made in the country at his 
 expense, during the seven years he continually lived there, the 
 services he rendered in the country, and those he will continue to 
 render; and all the other lettei's necessary to serve him as titles 
 possessory to said Seigniory." tii »>vv^=' *'MT*irf 
 
 • ?1 In the succeeding year this petition was granted, and a decree 
 to that effect was issued by the King on the 13th May, 16T5, and a 
 Patent of Nobility issued to La Salle ; and Fort Frontenac, with four 
 leagues of the adjacent country, was created a Seignioi^ of Canada, 
 and LaSalle its first Seignior. 
 
 In the decree making the grant, it is specified that LaSalle 
 
QLORY OP FRONTENAC. 415 
 
 ehall " induce tho Indians to repair thithor, give them settlomonts, 
 and form villages there in society with the French, to whom he 
 shall give part of said land to bo cleared, all which shall be cleared 
 and improved within the time and space of twenty years. * * 
 His Majesty wills that appeals from tho Judges (to bo appointed by 
 La Salle), bo to tho Lioutonant-Goneral of Quebec." But, the 
 subsequent checquered career and early death of La Salle, probably 
 prevented tho carrying out of these intentions. 
 
 When La Salle set out on his western exploring expedition, 
 he " left Sieur de la Forest in charge of the fort." As before stated. 
 La Sallo had many enemies, and among them tho Governor, M. de 
 la Barro, " who actually sequestered Fort Frontenac and took pos- 
 session of it, protending that La Salle had abandoned it. This was 
 in 1682." 
 
 Tho history of the French occupation of Cataraqui is marked 
 by occasional visits of the French Governor, and the presence of 
 large and small bodies of armed forces. In 1684 M. do la Btirre, 
 the successor of Frontenac, tarried at Cataraqui two weeks with 
 his convoy, which was composed of 130 regulai- soldiei-s, 700 armed 
 Canadians, 200 savages, and a mixed body of several hundred fi>om 
 tho west. It must have been a picturesque sight, the encampment 
 ofthisai-my. The veterans from Franco in their uniform attire, 
 the Canadians in their various hued garments, and tho Algonquins 
 and Ottawas in thoir wild garb of paint and feathers formed the 
 components of a picture truly striking. A year or two later and 
 De Nonville, another Governor, was likewise found encamped here 
 with an army of 2000. At this time tho original fort of wood was 
 at its greatest pitch of renown and glory. Here was kept 
 stoi*cd within the palisaded walls, arms, amuuition, and provi- 
 sion, beside fiu's. It was while enjoying this considerable power 
 that Do Nouville committed the act of treachery towai-d the 
 Ganneyouses and Kentes Indians. But this act Avas followed by 
 an attack by the Indians, and the fort was in a state of siege 
 for tho space of a montli; "but was not taken." Two years 
 later, however, finding it difficult to maintain this out-post so 
 far from Montreal, De Nonvillo ordered De Valrenne, the com- 
 mander, to blow up the fort, which was accordingly done, and 
 " three barks on tho lake were scattered," and ''property to the 
 extent of 20,000 crowns," was sacrificed. 
 
 The fort thus destroyed was rebuilt by the oi*ders of Frontenac 
 and in 1695 he sent 700 workmen for tho purpose. (For the cir- 
 
416 THE SECOND FORT. 
 
 cumstances and tho opposition respecting this, see Introductory.) 
 The fort being completed it was garrisoned with 48 soldiers. "The 
 expense of re-victualling and re-establishing the fort, cost 12,000 
 livres, or between £600 and £700."— (Draper). 
 
 Eespecting the situation of the fort, a manuscript published 
 in 1838, under the direction of the Literary and Historical Society 
 of Quebec, says, " it was situated a< the bottom of a bay, which a 
 little river flowing into Lake Ontario forms, close to the junction 
 of Lake Ontario and tho River St. Lawrence. It consisted of four 
 stone curtains, 120 feet each, defended by four square bastioriH. 
 The walls were defended by neither ditches nor palisades. There 
 was no terrace to sustain it on the inside. A wooden gallery was 
 built all round for communicating' from one bastion to another. 
 The platforms of these bastions w( .e mounted on wooden piles, and 
 the curtains were pierced for loopholes." 
 
 Father Charlevoix, writing in 1720, says of Fort Frontenac, 
 "ttiat it is a square with four bastions built of stone, and the ground 
 it occupies is a quarter of a league in compass ; its situation has 
 something very pleasant ; the sides of the river present every way 
 a landscape well varied, and it is the same at the entrance of Lake 
 Ontario." 
 
 Fort Frontenac now fully re-established on a stronger basis, 
 continued for many years to be an important post, with respect to 
 trading, and likewise offensive and defensive operations against the 
 Indians, and also tho English. Here was deposited vast stores of 
 provision, and materials of a war-like nature for the use of other 
 
 forts. 
 
 In the first years of the 18th century, rivalry and jealousy 
 between the French and English Colonists, assumed a more 
 determined form. Already was gathering the fierce elements of 
 Colonial war, which were to culminate in the siege of Quebec, and 
 spend its fury upon the Plains of Abraham. "We have seen that 
 the two powers tried zealously, and often by unscrupulous means 
 to secure the alliance and aid of the savages, whose love of war 
 and desire to engage in the bloody attack, with the allurements of 
 promised presents, led them too often to scenes of blood and rapine, 
 The regions about Cataraqui were often the place of sudden attack 
 and cruel torture. The fort was an object of dread to the Iroquois, 
 of jealousy to the English, and with the view of breaking the 
 chain efforts, of which this was so important a one, the English 
 set about erecting one at Oswego. - T'^rjt ^^-j^ ^----^ 
 
CAPTURE OF PORT OSWEGO. 417 
 
 In 1754 tho ovontful novon yearn war bcftan, and ono of the 
 tirst events was tho nonding of a f'oroo of 4000 men and 12 /^nns by 
 the French Governor, to utlack Fort Oswego. But wlien the force 
 reuched Cataraqui, it was found necessary to recall a i)ortion of 
 them to Lower Canada, and defer tho attack. Ono battalion was 
 ordered to Niagara, while ono or two battalions were encamped 
 under tho walls of Prontonac. The total force of Canadians and 
 Httvages in arms west of Cataraqui at this time was 1000. The fol- 
 lowing year, it is found stated that, on "June 2(J, 1756, English 
 vessels were seen across tho Bay of Quinto, coming towai-d Fron- 
 tenac. The French gave chase, and c.iptured a sloop." 
 
 July 29, 1757, witnessed the arrival at tho fort of a consider- 
 able body, and for days armed men continued to rendezvous here. 
 The woods around tho fort were alive with soldiers. Tho attack 
 upon Fort Oswego, contemplated three years previous, was now 
 abont to be made. On the evening of the 4th August, tho party, 
 of no small dimensions set out for the attack. It consisted of 80 
 battoaux laden with artillery luggage and provision, and canoes to 
 carry the force of 3100 men. They started at night, when tho 
 shades of darkness were gathering, and stealthily directed their 
 way, ono boat after another, for the opposite shore. At tho 
 approach of morning they came to a stop, whore tho thick woods 
 met tho southern shore of the lake. The bushes were parted, and 
 without noise, the batteaux were, one by one, withdrawn from the 
 water and carefully covered with leaves, so that unless one passed 
 directly by the way, no indications could be observed of their 
 existence. By the dawn of day there was not a ripple upon tho 
 waters ft-om the party, aud the woods were hushed, except by the 
 denizens of the forest. All the day long the party lay concealed. 
 After night had fallen, re-embarkation took place, slowly and 
 calmly beneath the mild summer's sky. For five days and nights 
 the same course was pursued, by which time they had reached the 
 neighbourhood of Fort Oswego, where reposed the English garri- 
 «on, unconscious of danger. The attack was so unexpected, and 
 carried on with so much spirit, tha^ the garrison had to succumb 
 before reinforcements could be obtained, and the French returned 
 to Fort Frontenac laden with spoils/"''^' *'^)'*^''''"''"*»' *iJ'W'*3 '-^'i^my,fyr o;' r 
 But the time was approaching wTien the glory of Fort Frou>^ 
 tenac should depart. At this time the building itself was beginning 
 to decay. Sixty years had told upon the walls, and a writer of 
 1758 says they '« were not good." However, had the fortifications 
 ^1 
 
418 CAPTURE OP FRONTBNAC. 
 
 been novor so strong, tho course of ovents would havo all the sam« 
 witnossod tho final fall of this strong-hold. " In this year, tho com- 
 mandant at Fort Frontonac was a Monsieur do Noyan, King's 
 Lieutenant for Throe Hivers. Ho was an old man, but bravo as a 
 lion." Wo havo soon that do Levis having withdrawn, tho fort was 
 left with but a fow men, Garneau says seventy; but Warburton, 
 one hundred and twenty Frenchmen and forty Indians, lilvon with 
 this number it was but an easy succoss for Bradstroet, with his 
 three thousand men and eleven guns, to possess himself of a fort 
 weakened by age. Having descended tho Oswego Kivor, Colonel 
 Bradstroet crossed to tho Upper Gap and api)roached Cataraqui 
 along tho shore, observing groat caution, and landed about a mile 
 to tho west of the fort, August 25, in the evening. During the 
 following night ho cautiously approached the place of attack, and 
 upon the ground where now stands tho market buildings, he 
 erected a battery. So silently was this done, and with such dee- 
 patch, that before the morning of 27th August, 1758, ho had it all 
 completed. The morning light revealed to the French how 
 imminent was their danger. Dismayed, but not discouraged, the 
 intrepid commander ordered every man to his post; but a few 
 shots from tho English guns showed to him how futile was resist- 
 ance. Having signified his intention to siUTonder, which was 
 about seven o'clock in the morning, ho became, with his garrison, 
 prisoner of war. Tho conquerors found in " the fort sixty pieces 
 of cannon, sixteen mortars, an immense supply of provisions, stores 
 and ammunitions, with all tho shipping on the lake," also, " several 
 vessels richly laden with furs, to tho value, it is said of 70,000 louis 
 d'ors. There was also a largo quantity of merchandise intended for 
 the western forts, beside some of the booty which had been brought 
 thither after the capture of Oswego. Colonel Bradstroet had no 
 intention of holding the fort ; but to destroy, which ho accordingly 
 did, with the vessels. ,iy, ^-^.-^r^, i ['Ui-ih 
 
 There was a fee bio attempt to restore the fort in the fall, and 
 " a small detachment of troops and Canadians, under the command 
 of the Chevalier Benoit, was sent to Frontonac partly to protect 
 merchandize and ammunition passing up and down, and partlj'^ to 
 rebuild the fort ; and subsequently the Sieur de Cresse, an assistant 
 engineer, with Captain Laforce, a sailor, were sent there to con- 
 struct two new schooners, to endeavor to maintain the supromacy 
 on tho lakes." But tho following year tho presence of Wolfe before 
 Quebec, and Amherst at Carillon, rendered the restoration of Fron- 
 
king's town, 419 
 
 tonuc an impoHsibility. Tho glory of Fort FrontonHc had forovor 
 departed. JJiit tho 8pirit of bravery again appoured, in later days, 
 in a people of another language, (hongh, nevorthelcHs Canadians. In 
 1812-13 the Americans approached Kingston, but the hostile and 
 determined attitude assumed by the militia and troops deterred 
 them from attempting to touch the soil here, and when they did 
 attemj)t, both above and below, great indeed was tho roi)ulse and 
 discomlituro. 
 
 '"' !■■> ■ !'i • ' ( . , •,,. I,,' ;(■;;■; ^ 1 , , II 
 
 ' •■ ' ■' ■ ■ -••i' < i. ,•■■■■. 1 , , .: 
 
 .•; 1 
 
 CHAPTER XLVII. 
 
 CoNTKNTs— Cooper's EsHfty— Loyalists miming places -.King's Town— Queen's 
 I owu_N.agam— Spanish names-Catanuiui from 17r,9 to 17H3-Dosolation 
 —The rebellion— Stntioii, Carleton Island— Settling— UtlugceN at New York 
 —Michael Grass— Prisoner at Catarmiiii— From New York to Canada- 
 Captain Grass takes possessionof first townhhip— First landholders— A letter 
 t.y Captain Grass- Changes— Surveying forts and harbors— Report to Lord 
 Dorehester- Kingston, versus Carleton Island— The defens.'s— Troons— 
 Kings township— First settlers-" Plan of township No. 1 "—First owners 
 ot town lots— Names— Settlers upon the front-First inhabitants of Kintr"- 
 ston— A naval and military station— The Commodore— Living of old- 
 Kingston in lost cf/iO////- New fortifications. 
 
 SETTLEMENT AT CATARAQUI BY THE LOYALISTS. 
 
 It would be impossible to write of Kingston without traveling 
 the ground already taken by writers, especially in an admirablo 
 essay written by C. W. Cooper, Barrister-at-law, being a jH-izo 
 essay published in 1856. We shall accept very many of the state- 
 ments therein contained except we find trustworthy grounds for 
 controverting them. Much, however, of the subject matter we had 
 laboriously collected before this pamphlet was placed in our hands 
 by oi^r friend M. Sweetnam, Esq., P. 0. Inspector. 
 
 The practice of naming places, rivers, &c., after royal person- 
 ages and those occupying prominent places in the i^ublic service, 
 naturally arose from the intense loyalty which reigned in the 
 bosoms of all who had forsaken their old homes to settle under the 
 old flag in the wilderness. The pre-eminence of Kingston is indi- 
 cated by the name, which seems to have been given it at a very 
 early date, as surveyor Collins uses that name in 1788. This, tho 
 
420 qubrn'h town. 
 
 first township surveyed and Bottled, wiw named King's townHhip, 
 AflorwardH the town and townHhip cume to bo called Kingston 
 In thiw connection reference may be made to Queenstown at the 
 hea<l ol' navigation upon the Niagara Itiver. Trade witii the west 
 along LaUe Erie wan carried on, and boats were accustomed to pas* 
 up and down on their way to and Irom Montreal. These boats bad 
 to be carried around the Falls of Niagara. Already many of 
 Butler's Kungers and persons connected with the Indian depart- 
 ment, began tt) settle upon the Canadian side of the Niagara. 
 There was very shortly a collection of houses at the point of land- 
 ing, and the commencement of the portage, and nothing was more 
 natural than this, the second village formed by the United P^mpire 
 Loyalists, should receive the name of Queenstown, not unlikely the 
 name was bestowed by the lion. K. Hamilton. 
 
 As wo proceed, it will be observed how general was the habit 
 to give names derived from Great Britain and Englishmen. The 
 most notable exception to this is to be found in connection with 
 those places that received names during the time of Sir Peregrine 
 Maitland, who had a fancy for bestowing Spanish names. 
 
 During the time which elapsed between the evacuation of 
 Frontenac, the year after the desti-uction of the fort, in the autumn 
 of 1759, until the commencement of the American rebellion, and 
 until its close, ruin and desolation prevailed at Cataraqui. It is 
 found intimated, but not on the best authority, that there continued 
 to live at this place a certain number of French families and half- 
 breed Indiamt. That such was the case is quite possible, though, as 
 yet, no positive proof is to be found. But, at the most there was a 
 few log huts around the ruins of the fort, and upon the cleared 
 ground adjacent thereto, or perhaps upon the site of the ancient 
 chapel of the EecoUets. No doubt the Indians frequently encamped 
 in this vicinity, perhaps had a permanent village. The words of 
 Captain Grass, penned twenty-seven years later, may probably be 
 accepted as correct, that "scarse the vestige of a human habitation 
 could be found in the whole extent of the Bay of Quinte." 
 
 The rebellion led to the establishment of a military post at the 
 Island of Chevereux, or Goat Island, subsequently named Carleton 
 Island. This position was found more convenient than the site of 
 old Fort of Frontenac. After the defeat of General Burgoyne, at 
 Saratoga, in 1778, there were many refugees who sought protection 
 at the several military posts along the northern frontier of Now 
 York, that of Carleton, lyjUdnd^ among th.e,re§t.. Indeed, it is proba- 
 
CATAHQtTI IN 1783. Itl 
 
 blc thnt to this plnco n largo mnnhor oscapod, as boin^ moro 8afo 
 than OHwogo or Niagara. A communication was with somo rogti 
 larity kopt uj) botwoon thit phico and Montreal, and alHO tho ForL 
 of Niagara, liy the army boatw, rot'ugoos may have ]>aHHod to 
 Montreal ; hut it would Hoom that a considorablo numbor remained 
 domiciled at Carloton Island, eating the food HU])plied by govern- 
 ment. Of courHO, able bodied men would be at once enrolled into 
 the companies, to do military service ; yet there would remain a 
 certain numbor of males, besides the women, who were incapaciatod 
 for military life. During the continuation of the war, there is every 
 reason to believe that individuals, perhaps families, would cross to 
 the old fort at Cataracjui, to stay for a while, or even take up their 
 abode. • 
 
 It may have been, that there were hero some advantages in culti- 
 v.iting the cleared land, which did not exist at C'arleton Island. In 
 the absence of active duty, not unlikely the soldiers and ofHcers 
 Avould pass over to fish or hunt, or perhaps to examine the land as to 
 quality, .and facilities for settlement. Bongard says his father, who 
 was with Holland, said that a small village existed at Cataraqui. 
 But it was not until the close of the war 1783, that a .systematic 
 settlement commenced. That settlers existed, during this year, at 
 Cataraqui, thei'e ies no doubt. It was sometimes referred to in TiOwer 
 Canada as Soignory, No. 1. Col. Joh)i Clark, who.se father was in 
 the Commissariat JDe[)artment during the war, says, that he was born 
 at Cataraqui, in 1783, and was ba[)ti/.ed by the Rov. Mr. Stuart. The 
 family must then have been living on tlie mainland, as he speaks of 
 another brother as being born on Carletoii Island. The probability is 
 that at this date, there were a few families living in the vicinity of 
 the fort. 
 
 At the clo.so of the war, it was a question of considerable im- 
 portance, what can be done to ameliorate the condition of the 
 loyalists ? While the commissioners, who completed the terms of 
 peace at Paris, chose to sink the interests anfl welfare of the 
 loyalists in their unseemly haste to complete the treaty, the officers 
 commanding in America, everywhere felt the deepest sympathy, 
 and keenest compassion for the refugees. Among these was the 
 officer commanding at New York. At this juncture of affairs, when 
 they were undecided, whether to embark for Nova Scotia, or Lower 
 Canada, it came to the ears of the General, that one Michael Grass, 
 of New York, had been a prisoner of the French, before the con- 
 quest at Cataraqui. He caused that person to appear before him, 
 
412 OAPTATN ORAM. 
 
 snd to roport as to tho charactor of tlio country, and the j>robal)ili- 
 tioH of ilM hoin^ a Miiltaldo placo for rofn^oeM to Hook homoH. Mr. 
 GrasH having rondurod u luvDrahlo roport, tho rcmilt waH thut ho 
 WAH cominiMHioned Captain, and ])lacod at tho hiMnl of a l)and of 
 loyal iwtM, Htayin/i^ at Now Y'ork. Thoy woro diHpatchod in Kin^'H 
 BhipH, tmdor tl>o caro of a inan-of-wnr. 
 
 Mr. Ilohort Kvorott (JrasH, of Sidnoy, tho grandnon of Captain 
 GrasM, HayH, that the party of refugees Hot sail from Now York in a 
 fleet of seven vomhoIh, and after a long voyage of nine weeks, during 
 whioh thoy enoountored a severe galo, hwting eight days, and 
 nearly wrecking thorn, thoy roaohod Sorol. This was probably in 
 tho early jiart of 1783. The men of tho party ascended the St. 
 Lawrence in battoaux, and landed at the'inouih of Little Cataraqui 
 Creek, thence proceeding westward, prospecting as far as Collin's 
 Bay. Crossing to tho west side of this littlo bay, Captain Grass 
 attempted to drive a stake in the ground, with tho intention of 
 fixing a tent, or commencing a survey, whereupon he found it rocky. 
 Remai'king that he had come too i'ar to settle u])on a rock, he re- 
 turned to the oast of tho cove, and took possession of the first 
 township of the Bay (^uinte. There seems some reason to believe 
 that, when Grass arrived in Canada, and explained to tho Govern- 
 ment his mission, that Surveyor (Joncrnl ir')lland, directed Deputy 
 Surveyor Collins to proceed with Captain Grass to Cataraqui, so 
 that he might be guided by him. If such was tho case, tho base 
 lino along the front of tho first township, must have boon run 
 before Captain Grass crossed to the west of Collins Bay, and re- 
 jected the land lying to the west ther'^of. Captain Grass, as well 
 as the surveying [)arty, returned to Sorel for the winter, and, in 
 the spring, they returned, accompanied by all of the families, under 
 Captain Grass. 1( was the summer of 178t that the first township 
 was occupied. There was some dissatisfaction at tho preference 
 accorded to Ca])tain Grass by those who had been in Canada. His 
 superior claim was however acknowledged. At tho same time, 
 there a])pears to have been some compromise, from the fact, that 
 while Captain Grass himself obtained the fir.Kt lot adjoitiing to tho 
 reserve for the town, the second one, which was by number, lot 24 
 was granted to the Rev. Mr. Stuart, and tho next to Mr. Herkimer, 
 neither of whom liad any connection with Captain Grass' company. 
 
 Tho following extract of a letter written by Captain Grass, at 
 a subsequent period, reveals to us the appearance the place pre- 
 sented to him, at the time of his settling. The old gentleman had 
 
rOLLINS' RRPORT. 418, 
 
 •omo griovaiico to muk<i kiown to the public, ro^ii)0(!ting uruud, 
 urid ho commoiiccH Iiii4 ('otntnuiiicntion thuH:— 
 
 "Sovon und twoiity yours, Mr. Printer, liavo rolUvl nway Hinco 
 my oyort, for tho wdcond timo, lududd tlio hIiovuh of Cuturii(|iii. In 
 thut space of time, how iniuiy chiui/i^cM have talioii ])luco in the 
 little circle in whi(di fate Imd dcHtiiuul mo to niovo ! How many 
 of the Hoatrt of my old aHsociutos are now vacant! How fowof 
 theso alas I to mourn with mo the Iohh of the compiitiions of our 
 BuflbrintfH, or to rejoice with me at the prosperous condition of this 
 our land of rcfii;^(>! Yet will I not re[)iiie; they are ^one, \. trust, 
 to a better land, where lie whocauseth the wilderness to smile und 
 blossom as the rose, hath assii^ned to them a distin;j;uished j)lu(0, 
 as a reward for their humble imitation of his labors. Yos! seven 
 and twenty years a^o, scarce the vostigo of a human hul>itatiou 
 could be found in the whole extent of the IJay of Quinto. Not a 
 settler had dure 1 to ponetrute the vast forests that skirted its 
 shores. P]ven on this spot, now covered with stately edilic<'s, were 
 to bo soon only the bark-thutched wigwam of the Havage, or tho 
 newly erected tout of tho hardy loj-alists. Then, when the oar 
 heard me, it blessed me for being strong in my attachment to my 
 sovereign, and high in the contidonce of my follow-subjecls, 1 led 
 the loyal band, I pointed out to them the site of their future metro- 
 polis, ami guiiu^d lor persecuted ])rinciples, u sanctuary — for mysolt 
 and followers a home." " Kingston, 7 Dec. 1811." (Signed) " C." 
 
 On the 20th May, 1788, Lord DercdjcstiM', the Governor of 
 Canada, issued instructions to John Collins, Surveyor, to make a 
 survey of "forts, harbours, tStc, from Carleton Island to Michil- 
 Tuacinac." His report was found among tho "Sinicoe papers." 
 The report, dated (Quebec, Gtb Dec, 1788, says: — 
 
 My Lord — "Li obedience to your Lordshi])'s instructions, 
 wherein is specified, that doubts being entertained whether Carle- 
 ton Island or Kingston " (and this shows how early tho royal name 
 had been given to the first township) " is the most eligible station 
 for the King's ships of war to protect the navigation of Lake 
 Ontario, and the upper part of the river St. Lawrence, I am to 
 make this particularly an object of my attention, and report how 
 tar it may bo necessary to occu])y either, or both, and what works 
 I judge advisable for that purpose." "With respect to Kingston, 
 and what is there called the harbour, and where tho town is laid 
 out, is not the best, situation on this side for vessels, as it lies rather 
 open to the lake, and has not very good anchorage ueiir tho 
 
424 TILE DEFENSES. 
 
 ontruncc, so that thoy arc obliged to run a good way up for Bhclter; 
 the most eligible situation is to the east." After rofcrving to the 
 more frequent directions of the wind, ho concludes, that to got into 
 the lake, it is as easy from Kingston as from Charleton Island, but 
 that the latter alfords.the best shelter. "Having brought forward 
 all the material information and observations I have been able to 
 make and procure, and having duly weighed the several properties, 
 both of Kingston and Carleton Island, relative to naval purposes 
 only," lie concludes, " that the preference rather leans on the side 
 of Cai'leton Island. If the object was that of trade only, or regarded 
 merely by the transport of goods to Niagara, I do not see that 
 Carleton Island has rn}' material advantage over Kingston; but, as 
 a station for the King's ships of Avar, I am induced to think that 
 ■ Carleton Island is the best," as it possessed many natural advan- 
 tages. Eespecting Kingston, a fort and out-wo^ ks could be con- 
 structed to protect the harbour ; but an enemy might advance in 
 the rear, and bombard the Ibrt and the navy. "In regard to the 
 present condition of the works at this post, the whole is so far in 
 ruins as to be altogether defenceless, and incapable of being re- 
 paired, the ditch which is in the rock, has never been sufficiently 
 excavated, the other works have been completed, but it strikes mo 
 they w^ere never capable of any serious defence, as well as from the 
 bastions, as well as the oblique manner in which their faces are 
 seen from the other works, but the whole could only be considered 
 as a temporary matter. The green logs with which the fort M'as 
 built, could not be expected to last long ; the ground is favorable 
 for a fort of greater capacity and strength, but it is probable that 
 such a system may have been originally adopted for the works, at 
 the place it might have been thought adequate to its importance, 
 to the number of troops designed for its defence, and the strength 
 it was likely an enemy w^ould be able to bring against it; and there 
 ideas would again be brought into consideration, if this post should 
 be established, or any new system adopted. Without, therefore, 
 going, in this place, into a detail of particular works, I will remark, 
 that as the ground in front widens and extends somewhat over the 
 extremities of the work, particularly on the right, precaution should 
 be taken to strengthen those points towards the field, to contract, 
 in some degree, the advantage an enemy attacking might have in 
 the extent of his flanks. The barracks, although partly dismantled, 
 and in a very bad condition, may be still repaired." j . 
 
 From the foregoing, it may be inferred that the troops had all 
 
FIBST 0RANT8. 425 
 
 beon withdrawn from tho hojul of the St. Luwrence, and that only a 
 Commissariat Department remained at Carlton Inland. Probably, 
 it was only when Canada was erected into a distinct Province, that 
 regular troops again were stationed here, and then^ it having beon 
 ascertained that Carleton Island would belong to the United States, 
 Kinston superseded it. 
 
 Although tho "King's Township" was mainly settled by the 
 band of Loyalists who came by way of the St. Lawrence, from 
 New York, there were several others who received grants of land 
 here, a few of whom, ro doubt, reached Kingston at as early a 
 date as 1783, and, as we have seen, they may have visited the 
 place, previous to that date. Among these, was Col. Hanjost, or 
 John Joost, or Joseph Herkimer, who had been compelled to forsake 
 liis home at the Grcrman Flats, where his father lived. Looking at 
 "A Plan of Township No. 1," (now Kingston), " in the District of 
 Mccklenburgh, surveyed in 1783, with the proprietor's names on 
 the lots," in the Crown Lands Department, the following may be 
 observed. Just by the grounds of the Fort, tho water is called 
 Cataraqui Harbor. Across the mouth of the Bay, and between 
 Points Frederick and Henry, is Haldiniand Cove. Beyond Point 
 Henry, is Hamilton Cove. Passing up the river, tho first lot has 
 upon it the name of Joseph and Mary Brant. This lot was not 
 numbered, however. (Capt. Brant came to the place in 1785, and 
 remained living there for a time). Still proceeding along the west 
 shore of the river, lot No. 1, has the name of Noil McLean ; No. 2, 
 Henry Wales ; No. 3, James Clark ; No. 4, Capt. Crawford ; No. 5, 
 Lieut. Brown ; No. C, Sovereign ; No. 7, at first was granted to 
 Lawrence ; this name is superseded by the name of Braton. To the 
 west of the road, is a block of land, of 700 acres, for " Capt. James 
 McDonnell ;" but this name is erased, and Robert Macau lay written 
 instead. Probabij- Macaulay became the purchaser. To the east 
 of the road, is another block of land, for John Macaulay. The 
 island in the mouth of the river, called " Isle Aux Pero," was 
 granted to Noil McLean, " hy order of General llaldimand." 
 Turning to the south of the Fort, the first lot has the naine of Capt. 
 Gi-ass; the second fronT the Fort, Rev. Mr. Stiftirt; tho third has tho 
 names upon it of Lawrence Ilorkimer, Sam. Hilton, Capt. Jost 
 Hartman ; tho fourth, Francis Lozion, Rockland, James Brown, 
 John Moshier; fifth, Lieut. El lerbeck ; sixth, John Stuart, Lieut. 
 Gallary, Lieut. Mower, Charles Pander ; seventh, Capt. McGrarrow ; 
 eighth, Lieutenant Atkinson ; ninth, Robert Vanalstino ; tenth, 
 
42G PIBflT INHABITANTS. 
 
 ilichard Moorman ; elovonth, R. (lidor : tliiH lot lies on tho " Potltc 
 Cfttaraqur ;" twoUlh, Liout. Kotto, Surveyor, and aCtonvard John 
 Htuart; tliirtoonth, ( lupt. (JraHn, alwo Capt. Kvorott ; fourlconth, (JrasH; 
 Hftoorith, ('apt, Ilarktnun; Hixtoonth Nicholas llcirkimor. This 
 britigH UM to (Rollins' Bay, or, as tho oi'^inal iiaino appcaris '• I'ono^o/^." 
 Continuing wostwanl, among othorn, aro to bo hcon tho namoH of 
 Pnrdy, (Jap^. Wm. JohnHon, Wm, FnifHoid, Sonr., Daniel Uoho, 
 Matthias lioHe, ]^>hert Clark, .farn('H(/lark, Hon., Sorgt. John Taylor, 
 Capt. J. W. MyorH, who has two lota; (those two last became the 
 first settlors in .Sidney and Thurlow) ; Lieut. Jam(!S Ilohins, Sergt. 
 Williams, Lieut. Uost, Iii(!ut. John Durenbury, and then tliore was 
 a lot (No. 18) for tho " King't. saw mill," HuhHe(iU()ntly Jiooth's 
 Mills. Of tho foregoing, it is uncertain how many became sottlerH. 
 JJut tho most of thorn seem U) have obtaitKid those front lots, irres- 
 pective of (Japtain (Jrass. 
 
 Of the other early settlors, tho following are, doubtless, tho 
 principal ones. For their niimes, I am pariially indebted to Mr. d. 
 If. Detlor, hiniHolf th(! descendant of an Irish Palatine. " Wm. 
 MacAulay, 'I'liomas Marklund, John Kirby, John Cumniings, VcixiV 
 Smith, Fngland, John Ferguson, Jiyons, J'ousett, McDonnell, 
 Jioyman, Cook, Taylor, Smyth, DoNyko, Murnoy, CuthbertKon, 
 Alcott. The Ecv. John Stuart, Ifon. Ilichard (/urtwright, Allen 
 McLean." These did not ])robably como tho first year, but withii) 
 the first two or three years. 
 
 It is said that John Fralick or Frccligh, who had held a com- 
 mission in tho army, was one of tho first settlers in Kingston, and 
 built tho fourth house erected. Other names given, as among tho 
 first inhabitants of tho village of Kingston, are John P'oi'syth, 
 Joseph Koi'syth, Anderson, I'unbiio, Merrill, Stoughton, (Jr.'iy, 
 Ilix, Cassady, Ashley, Hiirlo3', Slow<;r, Donald McD(;nal<J, Janios 
 llichardson, Patrick Smith, John Steel, I'jbene/or Wushbuni, 
 Karly settlers on tho front of tho Township, beside those Invf'oro 
 given, wore Holmes, Day, Ferris, several Wartmans, and firuhiiiii. 
 
 liidbre proceeding with the history of Kingston, it is desiraltic 
 to notice more partic^darly some events connected with the occu- 
 pancy of Kingston, as a Naval and Military station. W(! have s(!Cii 
 that Surveyor Collins gave the prererenco for ('arleton Island. But 
 Lord Lorchester decided that Kingsfxni was the most desirable place 
 for purposes of defense, and it is a striking fact that the viev^s held 
 by him have been, to a certain extent, reiterated by Cfon. Michel, 
 in 1867. JJoth so(!mod to hold Iho opinion that Canada, west ot 
 
A MILITARY HTATION. 427 
 
 Kingston, wivh untonublo agairmt an inva<lin/^ foo. When Simcoo 
 assumed the (fovemrrKiiit of tho newly formed Upper Province, it 
 waH the declared deHire of Lord DoreheHter, that he should Holoet 
 Kin^Hton an the capital, and niake it a well fortified town. Already 
 stopH had boon taken to eHtahliHh a naval nn w<ill aH a military 
 Htution. llalditnand'H ('ov<!, hetweeu Point KredcTick and Point 
 ilenry, had been Holocted ior tho Naval depot, and here wa^. a 
 Dock Yard and StoroH, which wore eon tinuod for many yearw. Theflo 
 wore commenced about 1789, and tho Hamoyoar barraekH wore built 
 by HoldierH, upon tho ruinn of tlio old fort, which was the com- 
 mencement of the Military Station, and tho liead -quartern of 
 tho troopH in Upper Camwla, and the roHidencc of tho (/ommander- 
 -in-Chief ; alHo a HtaH" of the Ordinan(!c and Kn^ineer JJepartments 
 was kept up. Cooper, writing 18ri<i, HayH: "Of late yoarH, 
 u f(cneral reduction haH been inn<lo, — a amall garriwon only is 
 now kept, and tho Artillery Ih wholly withdrawn." (ThiH waw at 
 tho time of the Crimean war). The eHtabliHhnient was, Hom<5 dozen 
 years ago, greatly rtsdiu-od, and is now wholly abandotjed. In years 
 past, however, the olHccrH and crow of iler MaJciHty's Hliip Niagara, 
 wore regularly pijuid to (juarters in a handsome stone building in 
 tho J)ock Yard, which was manned, and thcorew disciplined in com- 
 plete man-o'-war fashion. Tri these bygone days, Kingston was tho 
 rosidenco of the Cojnmodore in charge of the Naval Department, 
 who lived in a styh; wliicli would have (luite outshono tliiit of some 
 (»f our (iconomical (Jovernors. Those foniiect«!d with this and 
 other departments, followed the worthy (yornmodore's cxampli!, and 
 lis the population was not then gi-eat, the influence of that example 
 rondered tho town, if not a vory prosyiorous, certairdy a very gay, 
 and seemingly happj' one. Times have certainly changed nincc 
 tlion, as far as th(! exjxmditnro of Imperial nujney is <'onc(!rned." 
 
 After Kingston had been selected as a military station, it 
 naturally grew more i-apidly. The presence of the scddiers and of 
 Hoamon, and their (ixpenditiire of money, had tho aiXecX of starting 
 into ([uickor life, tJm infant town; but when Himcoe, in ll'.)2, 
 imsMod it by, and songht his gubernatorial residence at Newark, it 
 received a material check in Hh growth. JJ(,'ing the largest collec- 
 tion of houses in Upper ('anada, Kingston had (claims, irresj)ective 
 of the existenc^e of the two arms of the service. Dui-ing the first 
 (iecado in the histx)ry of Up])er Canada, Kingston di<l not rise above 
 a small village,- although it was honoured, sometimes, with the 
 appellation of "city." Rochofoucault says, ITO.*), that Kingston 
 
428 KIN08T0N IN 1795. 
 
 "oonsiHttt of about 120 or 30 Houhoh. The ground in the immcdiaty 
 vicinity of tho city, rJHOs with a gcntio Hwell, and forms, from tiie 
 lake onward.s, an it were, an amphitheatre of lands, cleared, but not 
 yet cultivated. None of tho buildings are diHtinguishod by a more 
 handsome appearance from the rest. Tlu; oidy structure, more 
 conspicuous than tho others, and in front of which the English fla^ 
 is hoisted, is the barracks, a stone building surrounded with pali- 
 sades. All tho houses stand (m tiie northern bank of the bay, 
 which sti'etches a mile further into tho country. On the southoni 
 bank arc tho buildings belonging to tho naval force, the wharf's, 
 and the habitations of all the persons, who belong to that depart- 
 ment. The King's ships lie at anciior near those buildings, and 
 consequently have a harbour and road separate irora the port ioi 
 mei'chantinen." , 
 
 "Kingston, considered as a town, is much inferior to Newark; 
 the number of houses is nearly equal in both. Kingston may con- 
 tain a few more buildings, but they are neither so large nor so good 
 as at Newark. Many oJ' them are log houses, and those which 
 conjiist of joiners' work, arc badly constructed and painted. But 
 few now houses are built. No town-hall, no court-house, and no 
 prison have hitherto been constructed. The houses of two or throe 
 merchants are conveniently situattsd for loiuling and unlojuling 
 ships; but, in point of constructuro, these are not better than the 
 rest. 
 
 " Kingston seems better fitted for a trading town than Newark, 
 were it only for this reason, that the ships, which arive at the latter 
 place, and arc freiglitod for Lake Ei'io, pass by the former, to sail 
 again up the river as far as Queen's Town, where the portAgo 
 begins." 
 
 Cooper remarks that " Fort Frontenac existed for several years 
 after the conquest, the remains of the tower in the interior being 
 removed in 1827. Tiie present barracks wore built, the officers' 
 quarters in 1821, the men's stone barracks in 1827, and tho frame 
 barracks in 1837. At tho commenc«jmentof tho war in 1812, Point 
 Henry, the site of the present extensive military works, was 
 covered with trees; in the following year a rude fort of logs and 
 embankment was thrown up. A year or two after its erection two 
 large and substantial stone towers were added to me defences, they 
 were lofty, square towers, rounded at the corners. These remained 
 until 1826 or '28. Stone magazines, ordnance offices, and armoury 
 were built outside the fort during the years 1816, '17 and '18. 
 
NKW DKFENHES, 429 
 
 ExtenHivo stono barrackH, roofod with tin, wore huilt betwoon 1818 
 and 1820 ; ono of thoHO within tho fort wtw 280 foot in length ; 
 another huildin- A^hich Htoml whore tho jwivanced battery has 
 since been built, woh 80 foot in length, and formed the officerH* 
 quarters. 
 
 "ThoHO barrackH Htood until 1841, when they wore pulled down 
 and tho material sold. Two large houses in Brock Street, and ono 
 in Barrack Street, were built from tho wtone, which, it may bo 
 remarked in paHning, is not the ordinary blue limoHtono in general 
 use, but a much win: sr material, apparently not ho durable. Tho 
 erection of tho proHont fort was commenced in 18.32, Hovoral pre- 
 vious yearH having been Hpent in the quarrying and preparing 
 material. It was firHt occupied in 1836. On Point Frederick tho 
 firHt works wore a breastwork of logs and earth, with traversing 
 platforms for guns; within tho breastwork was a block hon^o. 
 Tiiose works wore built during or just after tho war; this block 
 house was burnt in tho year 1820. There wore also built, about tho 
 fiamo time, a block house suroundod with a strong stockade on tho 
 hill on Princess Street, on the lot formerly owned by tho late Mr. 
 Jacob liittor; a small redan on Ordnance Street; a battery at Mis- 
 sissauga Point ; a block house near tho present Marine Railway ; ono 
 on Stuart's or Murnoy's Point ; another at Snake Island ; one which 
 Htflod until recently, near the present new court house, with those 
 now standing, one of them on the hill to the east of the city, and 
 tho other at tho west end of Wellington Street. These bloc^k 
 houses, excepting, of course, that on Snake Island, were all con- 
 nected by a strong stake fence, or stockade ; portions of which still 
 •:xist, and formed a chain of defences surrounding, what was then 
 the whole city." ' 
 
 Prom the first, it will be soon that tho village of Kingst^ti was 
 to a great extent indebted to the public service for its prosperity. 
 Inaac Wild, writing in 1796, says that from 60 to 100 men aro 
 quartered in tho barracks. . . r 
 
 1 ' ■ »!,'>', -'i-'i, '','-' '•■] 'Jit,'''y'''' ' ■: 'V;;;''»i 1 ■;,>"'i- 
 
430 SPECULATION. 
 
 inai.i , ,,, CHAPTER XLVIU. > iiy • 
 
 Contents — Tbo Bituation of Kingston — Under military influence — Moiifipolist— 
 Early liistory of IcgiHiation — In IRK) — Oourluy'H Btateincnt — Police— 
 Modoni Kingston— Lord Sydenham — Beat of government — P< larnbulatiug— 
 Surrounding country— ProvlHionn — An appeal for KingHton aH capital— 
 IJarrieficM — Pittsburgli — Huilding of umall craftw — FanioUH — Roads- 
 Waterloo — (Jenx'try — PortHinoiith — KingHtcm Mill— Little (;at«raqiii— fJol- 
 
 liiiHby Quantity of land — Early and influential inhabitantrt — Pout 
 
 masti^rK—" Honorable men "— Deacon, Macaulay, Cartwright, MarkliiiKl, 
 CummingH, HmithH, Kerby— Allen McLean, firnt lawyer— A gardener— 
 bherilf McLean — '• L'hryK ' llagerman— CuHtouiH — yampKon, hliooting ii 
 omnggler— llagerman, M.P.P.— Uemoves to Toronto. 
 
 ' THE FIRST TOWNSHIP KVENT8 IN ITS EARLY lIlHTORy. 
 
 It must bo iwlmittod, tho place did not poHsess from Uh /,'oogra- 
 phicjil Hituation the rcqu'iHitoH for becouiing a groat city, although its 
 situation at tiio head of the Si. Lawronco, would alvvayn «ccuro for 
 it a certain dogroo of Importance. There are evils incident to places, 
 depending upon the militar}^ and naval bodies, and these can be 
 seen in connection with tho history of Kingston. Anything which 
 drew away for a time, to any extent, either arm of the service, had 
 a damaging ert'ect upon the prosperity, and stagnation .resulted in 
 business. 
 
 Early Kingston must be regarded as a town growing up in the 
 back woods, with a population governed and influenced more or 
 less by tho .society of officers and soldiers, and while the former 
 gave dignity and tone to the higher claswes, the lower portion of 
 society was correspondingly and for evil, affected by the pi'csonce 
 of the soldiers, with tho numerous grogerios, and low houbcs of 
 entertainnionlH, which particularly in former days, were found to 
 exist in connection with military establishments. 
 
 In the flrst years of Canada, speculation was common with 
 a certain class. Land claims could bo purchased for a mere song. 
 The holder of a " location ticket," would often part with his title for 
 a few quarts of rum, while many other holders were glad to sell for 
 a few pounds of ready money, or certain articles of stock. It came 
 that in time, a certain number of monopolists, living at Kingston, 
 held land in the rear concessions and neighboring townships. The 
 Imperial money in Kingston was often spent without con- 
 tributing to the improvement of the adjacent country. But the 
 time came when tho encircling settlers compelled a more generous 
 course of conduct. .. 
 
IN 1810. 431 
 
 But, much obHciirity roHtH upon the liiHtovy of the firnt Hovon or 
 ton yoai-H of tht? villugo of Kingston. The ottbrt Iuik bt'on mado to 
 gather nj> the fragmontH partainin/^ thereto, and arrange them so 
 a.s to form a connected whole. 
 
 Cooper anyn that " tlie town was laid out in 1793, heing then 
 contincd to what is now the east(M"n portion in thi- vicinity of the 
 Tete (lu Pont burrac^icH, and what waH llien icnown aw the (.'atai'a(iui 
 Common, lots 25, 24, 23, on which iw Mituated the chief ])art of the 
 city, were then farm lotH of 2()(( acres each, and uncleared." 
 
 According to thcs (^onHUH I'oU in tlie office of the clerk of the 
 peace 1794, the population of Catara([ui village wan ;J4.5, It would 
 Hccm that the apjiearanco of the village was not ver^' plcaising. 
 But the surroundings had a certain wild beauty. Tlio first buildingw 
 wore of the most inferioi- kind. Kingston now so beaiitiful in its 
 fine buildings and well appointed streets, had in its first days but 
 the hnmlilest of log tenements, with the i-ude Indian wigwam 
 I'or a neighbor. Instca<l of fair broad streets, and a well ordered 
 park, there was the Indian foot path, and the thick tangled wood, 
 with the stately pine. 
 
 In 1793 an act v/as passed " to fix the times and places of hold- 
 ing the court.'- of quarter sessions, within the several districts," 
 according to wbich it was provided that the courts of the midland 
 district should be held in Kingston, in April and October of each 
 year. Tliis added somewhat to the dignity of the place. Tlien in 
 1801, there was created an act to cmpowei- commissioners of the 
 peace, to establish a market at Kingston, where might be oxj)osed 
 for sale " butchers' meat, butter, eggs, poultry, fish, and vegetables." 
 It was furtlier enacted that all "rules an<l regulations shall be 
 published b^- causing a copy of them to be affixed in the most public 
 place in every township in the district, and at the doors of the 
 church and court house of the said town of Kingston, «fec. 
 
 In 1810, Kingston was yet a small place. Mr. Miles who 
 moved thei'e at the time says there was not a sidewalk or pavement, 
 and ho for a time boarded in one of several log houses close4)y tho 
 market place, " where was no lack of mud in the spring and fall, 
 and it was no uncommon thing for waggons to be pried out by fence 
 rails just noi-th of the market place. Pino tijecs of the forest yet 
 waved almost over the market place. A thick wood covered Point 
 Henry, and the ground, where now is erected St. Andrew's 
 Church and par.sonago. The limit of the town on tho north was 
 at Store Street, now Princess, tho last house being on the north 
 
432 IN IH1/S-'2D. 
 
 uiiHt Hulo, Alfiott'H old Ht/)r«!, iitid on Llio wcHt wido wlioro Mr. Moii- 
 dowM nf)W roHidoH, Tlio romi, for it wan tlx^n hik h onl}' uflor pftMS- 
 ing, AIcoII'h turned to tho riji,'lit, and wont a /i/jj/.u^ coiirm) north- 
 wai'dn, till it romdiod tho Hocond concoswion, now Wjittirloo road. 
 Thin wfiH II dirttimco of'fivo miloH from tho f'of)t of Stoco Street." 
 
 A HiHident writing to IIm! fCinf/stm (tnzcitc, Decombor 20, 1815, 
 amori^ othor tfiin^n, Hiiyw that the town of Kingston, " poHHeHsinf^ ho 
 rimny iidviintii/^(^H, it in time that its itdiuhitaritH should adopt H(;tno 
 })lan of improving and emhelliwhin^ of it. The Htreets n'oquire very 
 ^reat repairs, as in tlie rainy seaHons it scarcely possible to move 
 about witliout heint^ in mud to the ankles; from the breadth, they 
 will admit of very wide foot-paths on both sides, whi(;h ou/:^ht to 
 be paved, at least in every part of the? town whore the buildings 
 are connected. Lamps are required to li/^htthe streets in the dark 
 of the moon. Trees shf)uld be |)lanted on each side. The stroetn 
 sliould be kept free of lumber of every kind, and piles of wood. A 
 fire engine, with a certJiin niimbc r of buckets, with a company of 
 firemen should exist. Ihit fii'st the legislature must form a code of 
 hiWH, ff.rmin/^ a complete police. To m(!et expense, ^ovcsrnment 
 might lay a rate upon iwcivy inhabitant iuni'soholdor in pi-oportion 
 to value of property in house." 
 
 Another corresponchsnt under the signature of Citizen, ways, 
 " January 27, 181C, that heapjjrovesof " A KeHJdontH" remarks, and 
 in addition, he suggests that the lower (ilassos follow the example 
 of tho liboTal sjiirit manifested among lieads of society in the pre- 
 vious Slimmer in contributing to the turripiking of the stnjots, and 
 l)aving the footpaths before their own doors. They ought to 
 imitate, though faintly, that noble and gonerous example." HesidoH 
 this, among other things, Citi/.en speaks against persons who work 
 at their trades on Sunday, instead of going to church. " Luther," 
 another correspondent says, there is the noises of hammers and axes 
 from sunrise U) sunset, on Sundays. 
 
 According to tho Kinr/gton Gazetfe, August 14, 1829, tho consuH 
 taken tH!vt year shewed the population of the town to be 3528, but 
 this did not include tho military. The number of inhabitants in 
 1836 was 6000. 
 
 At die present time, 1867, Kingston is said to cover an area of 
 2930 acres, while Toronto boasts of 5885 acres, 
 
 R. Gourlay says, in 1816, that Kingston "is now progressing 
 rapidly in population and buildings, as well as in business. From 
 1811 to 1816 the number of dwellings increased from 130 to 300; 
 
TIIK TAIMTAI. OK IJNITKH CANADA. 433 
 
 but it in ortMnmfod (luit 100 inoro will Imvo Ijooti JTotdod Ht the 
 cioBoof lliiH y(!Hr," Much of tliiH proMpority w«h floiibtlosH <Iuc to 
 the wjvr, (!JiUHiiii( nn tniiny troops to Ixi Htiifiomvl IIkm'o ; at tlio Hiimo 
 tiino huHiiioHH arid policial /growth of tlio (.'i(y nx-oivod an impctuH 
 which tlu) cIoHO oC tJHJ war tailed oiitiroly t«i arrest. TIiIh y«iar u 
 hill pasHod I'arliamerit " l/> rc^ulato the polico, within the Ujwn of 
 KiiigHton." Moro ample provinion was niado in 1H24. 
 
 In 1821, ft writer HayH, Kin^wton was tJH^ lar^oHt town in Tipper 
 Canada, containing ahoul 5000 inhahilantK including the military. 
 "The people liv(! in ^ood Htyle, hut are not viu-y hoHpitahle; they 
 are mostly in th(3 mercantile huHinesH." The numlMsr ol' inhahitantH 
 Im prohahly over eHtimated, an in 1824 it is Htatod on /^ood authority, 
 that the p(||)ulation amountH to 2.'{3G. "The huihlin/^H are of Huch 
 an inferior doHcription an Hcarc(dy to he worthy ofnrjtico." 
 
 M(H)KRN KINfJHTON. 
 
 The oventH chronicled in thiw work are mainly thoMO which 
 came to pass prior to 1830, and the hint^jry of the firHt townnhip 
 horo recorded must mairdy ho limited to thoHO early days. It will 
 not, however, ho inap|)ropriato U) ^lanc(!, and it will l)o a more 
 glance at the Kin;^'Hton of modern dayn. The /greatest evcuit in 
 connectioJi with KingHton, was the welection hy Lord Hyderdiam, 
 when the Upper and Lower ProvincoH were united in 1840, into 
 one, for the caj)ital of United (JanjKla. Itn claim to that honor' as 
 tho most central city cannot Ikj (piostioned. It may fairly he qucH- 
 tioned on the other hand whothcM- it was a wise and judiciouH policy, 
 which caused Kingston t.o he fornal<en, and (th(! i)eraml»ulatory 
 Byntem to ho suhHtituted. Had the Heat of (Jovernment perma. 
 nontly rested at KingHton, nnudi exponse to tho country would have 
 been Havod, and at tho same time a great deal of heart hittorness 
 Htirrod up hy political agitators, likewiHo prevented. Hut tho 
 hoiMis of KingHton as the capital wore Hhortlivod, and with tho 
 tleath of Lord Sydenham, in 1842, resulting from an accident, who 
 had h(!en mainly tho cauH(! of KingHton becoming tho capital, tho 
 brightoHt proHpocts of tho oldest town in Upper Canada, wore 
 buried. 
 
 In 1845 fiovornmont was removed to Montreal. Tho motives 
 according to Cooper, which had much to do in dotormining tho 
 removal wore not such as are supposod to actuate statesmen. 
 After rehutting tho charge which it Hoems had hoon made, that 
 
434 OLAIMfi OP KINORTON. 
 
 thoro wa» "no Hurroundin^ country calculated to furnish market- 
 ablo produce to a lar^o non-pro«lucinK population," and roforrinp 
 to the undoubted I'actH that the townwhipH alon^' the Bay of Quint.' 
 were far raore than adequate toineetall the j^awtronomiHtH wants, he 
 concludes. "It may weem a Hmall conwideration when treating of 
 80 important a branch of the subject, to take into account thoHo 
 circumstances, but there is no i^niorinj? the fact that the absenco 
 of some of these minor luxuries had a serious effect on the mindw, 
 and perhaps digestion of some of the officials of Her MajostyV 
 Provincial Government, and some i)eoi.lc at a distance are per 
 suadt^d that Kingslon is a city built on a rock, surrounded with 
 barren and stoney wilds, out of which a bare exietenco is wrung 
 by the occupants, and but a scanty supply afforded to the City, and 
 in deference to those thus unenlightened, facts are dwelt on which 
 may seem trivial to those in the least acciuaintod with the neigh- 
 borhood. Since 1845, when the CJovernmcnt was removed to 
 Montreal, this City 1ms greatly increased in the number of well 
 built and commodious houses, which, with a well regulated and 
 well supplied market, tempting the most fastidious, would prevent 
 even the temporary inconveniences which in that year wore felt. 
 If any families had to adopt double-bedded rooms, and to import 
 their own celery in those days, we can now assure them 'rms 
 avom cJianges tout ceki: In short we claim for a City central, in- 
 deed almost in the very centre of the Province to bo governed, 
 ' proverbially healthy, substantially built, strongly fortified, woll 
 lighted, thoroughly drained, pleasantly situated, abundantly sup 
 plied, easy of access, the focus of a net-work of good roads, the out- 
 lot of the produce of several rich countries, provided with a good 
 hai'bour, and enjoying many other tulvantages, a pre-eminence 
 among all Canadian Cities, as the permanent Seat of the Govern, 
 ment of the Province." ■'■-' 
 
 The existence of the Seat of Government at Kingst -n, although 
 of short duration, had a beneficial effect; many handsome buildings 
 were erected besides those used for the several Public Depart- 
 ments. " The Municipal Legislature of the City was encouraged 
 to make improvements in streets, drainage, side-walks, and other- 
 wise, and to erect the present handsome and expensive edifice, the 
 CityHall and Market House, though not so useful as it would have 
 been had the Government remained here. The whole building i^^ 
 occupied, and produces a revenue exceeding in amount the interest 
 on its cost. On the whole it may fairly be considered that tho 
 
nARRIRPTKM) — WATBRf.OO. 43fi 
 
 City was im].mvM.(l by tlu. tprnpornry loc-aliori of the (JovornnuM.t 
 liere." ,, ^ 
 
 HARRrKFiKT,!..— Tho CatiimquI BrMiro, wl.icl, R,,ans the ^.reat 
 Cutttniqui UivorcnnnoetH Kin^'Klon with tho Township of PiMnhnrirh, 
 tiiooriginorwhich nurno is.sumciiMitlv well iiMJicfttcd. ('lose hv inUio 
 villn^'oof Marriefiold, "named an^i- Commodore Jiari-ic. who was head 
 of tho Naval DupHi-tmont for many years." " It forms a sortof suburh 
 to tho city, and thou-h not a place of much Increase, has heen long 
 Hottled. It has an elevated ^r,.o„nd, and from it tho visitor obtains 
 a vory favorable and pleasin;,' view at' Kin<,'Hton, with i(s harbors 
 Ibrts and lowers. At Harriolield. are built the best sni.dl crafts,' 
 Hkifft., and ploasiire boats in use throu,srl,„iit the Province. They 
 are sent bonce to all i)arts, and their character and build are well 
 known to tho aquatic sport^mai , and amateur tnariner. Not oiily 
 iti tho Province, btit abroad, tl.yse l.oats are Hought after, and in use, 
 some of thcjn bein^ now afloat on the Lake of Geneva. The King- 
 ston, Pittsburgh, and (ianunoque. and the Kingston and Phillips- 
 villo Macadamized lioad8 run through this township, opening up 
 tho township beyond, and affording to the settlor a n^ady ,u-cess to 
 a novor-failing market. Within this township, are upwards of 
 thirty-eight miles of thorougldy macadam i/.ed roads, bosi<les good 
 country roads to and between the concessions. That ])art of Pitts- 
 burgh whore Barrieficld stands, and for about two miles eastward 
 was formerly jiart of the township of Kingston. When the site of , 
 tho Town of Kingston was first selected, tho spot where this village ' 
 is situated was fluggested, l)ut was overruled in favor of tho present 
 locality of Kingston, which certainly ottered greater advanta«-eb 
 for the site of a city." ,, ,..,,.-^. 
 
 Kingston Township contains, not only the city of that name, 
 but various villages; "one of the nearest to that city is that of 
 Waterloo, a very pretty and neat little hamlet, about three miles 
 from town. It contains about 300 inhabitants, and has its Town 
 Hall, Church, Stores, Inns, &e." - ''■ " '> . ;•: .^h^nirm: ;, ,i. , 
 
 "In tho neighborhood of this village, is the Cataraqul Cemetery, 
 laid out on a rising grou.id crowned by a grove of small pine trees. 
 Much care and skill in landscape gardening has boon displayed in 
 rendering the ground picturesque and pleasing; a fine and extended 
 view of tho surrounding country, and a pretty glimpse of tlie Bay 
 w obtained from the Cemetery grounds. This spot is not excelled 
 m beauty and appropriateness, by anything in the Province, and is 
 compared by travelers, who view it, to (Ireenwood Cemetery, in 
 
436 FIRST POSTMASTERS. 
 
 Brooklin, N. Y. It oovors somo sixty-five acres of land, and when 
 ornamontcd by mah numorouH and elegant monumontH, an the living 
 have erected to mark their rowpect to the beloved dead in older 
 places of HOj)ulturo, will bo unsurpaHsed by the oldest and most 
 beautiful cometeriert known." <i •''«'»^' h .t,',>|.v,jj(, " )riii ,•((; hmjC// 
 :. <' Portsmouth is another village, about equi-distant from 
 Kingst-on with Waterloo, lying westward on the Lake shore ; it was 
 at one time, a very bustling spot, and much enterprise was evinced 
 in ship-buihling. It suttered, for a time, from the withdrawal of 
 the Seat of Government, and the construction of the St. Lawrence 
 canals, but has now recovered its former prosperity, which promises 
 to continue. The ship-building business has revived, and is carried 
 on with energy and success. In its neighborhood are several 
 handsome houses and villa-residences: the surrounding country 
 ottering very inviting spots for building. It contains about 350 
 inhabitants, and a large amount of rateable property, and has an 
 exceedingly neat unique little Church, in old English style, with a 
 belfry." Portsmouth is now united to Kingston, by the erection of 
 buildings between them. j!jij»v.>»-iJ>^''v, i mm n^r i; -••.- in;.<. 
 
 u^ Within the Township of Kingston, about five miles from the 
 city; is the old " Kingston Mill." It is situated upon the Rideau 
 CJanal. The traveler, as ho passes along by train, over a tubular 
 bridge, will be struck by the beauty and grandeur of the scene. 
 (For particulars, see "Early Years of Upper Canada."; »i(s» 
 *\ o. Little Cataraqui is a stream of small dimensions, confined to the 
 township. In otldition to the Little Cataraqui stream, there is run- 
 ning across the township, the Collins Creek, so named after Sur- 
 veyor Collins. Not far from its source, in the north east part of the 
 township, is a small, pleasant lake, of the same name, while, at its 
 mouth, is Collins' Bay. This is a beautiful inlet of the Bay Quinte, 
 and forms a good harbour. The place is known as Collinsby, and is 
 situated about tive miles west of Kingston. 
 
 . . The quantity of land in the township, is about 47,906. The 
 soil is principally clay upon a limestone foundation ; but still there 
 is much of it capable of bearing good crops, to the carelul and 
 Hcientl^Jc farmer, ^''i >"tij>w»4!«-7"f»fe'j'i4^*^'^**^^^''*^ Aft-ffw^H- ►r,i«)«HB6'. 
 
 Thomas Beacon, father of the present Post Master, was Post 
 
 Master from 1800 to 1336; when his duties in the Commissariat 
 
 Department ojliged him to resign that office. The Hon. John 
 
 - Macauley occupied the post from 1813 to 1836, when he resigned, 
 
 ' and was succeeded by the present incumbent, Robert Deacon. 
 
CHARACTER OP THE FIRST INHABITANTS. 437 
 
 We will Bupploment tho roforonco we havo made to the lo/ulincr 
 men of Kingston, by ^Mvlng extracts from a communication wo 
 havo, at tho last moment received, written by one who, now well 
 advanced in life, spent his earlier years of manhood in Kingston, 
 when tho first inhabitants wore in the afternoon of their life. 
 f"" The Hon. R. Cartwright, the pioneer merchant, and Judge of 
 Mocklonburgh, seems to havo stood next in importance and influence 
 to the Rev. Mr. Stuart. " Among the prominent merchants was 
 Thomas Markland, John Cummings, Peter Smith, John Kirby, and 
 John Macaulay." They were " all honorable men," and " members 
 of the English Church," and of undeviating loyalty. Mr. Mark- 
 land left a son. John Cummings loft no issue. lie was a man of 
 " great energy ; a magistrate, and filled other offices under tho 
 Government." Peter Smith was " highly respected, upright in all 
 his dealings, and free from any moral or political reproach." •' A 
 fine specimen of an English gentleman.'' He " carried with him 
 evidence that he was no stranger to good dinners, and understood 
 the qualities of gdbd wine." He died at an advanced age, 1825, 
 leaving a son and two daughters. -,.v^if c "yi .ri i- taj^.^ 
 
 " John Kirby was another fine specimen of an Englishman. 
 He loved good wine and good dinners. Extremely aft'able, always 
 in good humor, universally respected. His highest ambition, in tho 
 evening of his days, seemed to be tho enjoyment of domestic tran- 
 quility, and a quiet home, made happy to him by a wife of rare 
 sense, intelligent, and possessed of many amiable accomplishments." 
 The Hon. John Macaulay had a well disciplined mind, possessed 
 great energy of character, and was decided in his political opinions 
 no doubt, from conscientious motives. In his business transactions 
 -•' he was scrupulously exact." " Extremely temperate in his habits. 
 Was one of those who passed through life without exposing them- 
 selves to the obloquy of their political opponents. Allen McLean, 
 Esq., the first Lawyer of Kingston ; created such by an order in 
 Council. His " abilities were moderate," and " his original educa- 
 tion defective." " A man of considerable taste, modest, dignified 
 in his deportment. For many years, was the only legal adviser in 
 the place. He was a faithful representative in Parliament for many 
 years. Wat: liberal in his political [opinions." "As proof of hia 
 good taste, he was proprietor of one of the best gardens in the 
 Province. It covered one acre of ground, and contained many 
 choice fruit trees, such as apples, plums, pears, peach, &c.,--all 
 tastefully arranged, kept in prime order, and defended from tho 
 
438 SHOOTINQ A 8SIUUOLAR. 
 
 wind by a hi^h wall. llo took nn honest piM<lo in showing his 
 garden to liin friond.s who callod npon him, and was not Htintod in 
 diHtributin<>- its iucious products." Mr. McLean left one daughter, 
 who became tiie wile of John McLean, Esq., Sheriff of the Midland 
 District. Christopher Ilagerman resided for many years in King- 
 ston. " Was, for many years, Custom House Officer, and while so, 
 one of his students (Mr. »Samson, afterwards of Belleville) detected 
 a man, by the name of Lyons, in the act of carrying smuggled 
 goods, and ordered him to stop. On his relusing to do eo, Mr. 8. 
 discliarged his pistol, which took effect, the ball passing through 
 the chest. Lyons rushed fx) his house, a few doors off, and fell 
 exhausted from loss of blood. Mr. Samson, frightened al what 
 he had done, hastened to summon two doctors, J)rs. Armstrong and 
 Sampson. This oocurred b'^fore daylight, on the morning of the 
 26th June, 1H24. The life of L vo)ts was <lespairod of for manj' days ; 
 but, eventually, he grew bettor, and gained a moderate degree of 
 health. It is creditable to Mr. Ilagerman, that he cheei'fully paid 
 the medical attendants. Mr. Ilagerman represented Kingston in 
 Parliament several years. He removed to Toronto, a few years 
 previous to the rebellion of 1836. , •- : • 
 
 vji;. ■ ■ ^ ' ' * r , , 
 
 ■ **hi ^0 l»tt!ft *4'> r. V v/.'hVj' ii(i . vflt WA3S5 ■'« * ^i^'- - ( •; I fWf?..>t >.•>■• |> -lif^iii i tj !f t r^^fiV' --w^^.: - ! 
 
 %• ■^tx)<fi><^iiii;' - ■(mt't'^^y ^m^^i^'-i^f^ :W"^i*^x ■..'■4f''^'-]^'<i^mf^:- 
 
 'pfS?!*'-. «^:sf>.flfe;./-,(>'to.4v./arl.- 
 
 '/If*?' 
 
KINU'm royal RANUER8. 439 
 
 « 
 
 ,.W ' .1 ■' it .?' :' ' ■ ■' ?;','>>',' .t(< .'.1 avj^'^.o'.'. 
 
 ■;s^'-;.' '-'^ CHAPTER XLIX i.ryy^-" v' HM»'i'U. 'H- 
 
 1 . (, ■. r ■ . ,,( .. . . I . , . . .. ..1 . ' . 
 
 CONTBNTR TIlC K(H Olid toWn KltlCHt'H toWll Killf,' (IcCli;!' HiK ( llillllftl — 
 
 Settlers of llriicsttown — DiHlHindcd soldiorn — ilolinRonn lOKiiiHnt — JInjov 
 KoKeri*' corps — The " Jloll ' — Number — Hy whom enlisted — An old liook— 
 Townwliip surveyed — SettiiiiK — Triiveliiijj — Living in tents — A elnm};e — 
 Offirers — Niunes—()ecu|ianls of lots— Mill C'leek — Tliedeseondiints— (^uimtity 
 of land — Villiige — The settlers in 1811 — The nniin road — Ineorporation of 
 Buth — JnidiiiK — Fairfield — The lihrary — Hath by Gourla}' — Uuth of the 
 present— Bath vei'sun Napanee — In 1812 — Ameriean Fleet — Wonderful 
 aohiovement — .Safe distance from shore — Third township— Frederi(!ksbnrK;h 
 — After Duke of Sussex — Survey(!d by Kotte — A promise to the disbanded 
 soldiers— Johnson — Fredericksbur^h additional — A dispute — Quantity of 
 land — Extract from Mrs. Moodie — Keservo for village — Second surveys. 
 [j. <» ., ■ . . m '1 iw.ii. .1.' 
 
 THE SECOND TOWNSHIP — ERNE8TT0WN — BATH. ■ U i, ^« 
 
 Tho first towriHhip was named after IHh MajcHty, the King's 
 Town, and all of the other townships, both upon tho St. Lawrence 
 and Eay Quinte, received names after distinguished loyality, or 
 some distinguished nohleman, or general of Great Britain, then 
 occupying a prominent position. King George tho Third, who died 
 in 1820, aged eighty-two, having reigned sixty years, had a family 
 ot fifteen children, whoso names were George, Frederick, William 
 Ilenry, Charlotte Augusta Matilda, Edward, Sophia Augusta, 
 Elizabeth, Ernest Augustus, Augustus Frederick, Adolphus Fred- 
 erick, Mary, Sophia, Octavius, Alfred, Amelia. These royal names 
 Avore appropriated to the townships, towns, districts, &c. 
 
 Emesttown was so named after Earnest Augustus, the eighth 
 child of the King. v ; 
 
 Tho first township, we have seen, was chiefly granted to Captain 
 Grass and the band of loyalists who came from Xcw York under his 
 guidance, notwithstanding some objection from Sir Jolin Johnson, 
 and the officers of his regiment. Tho second township, however, 
 and also the third, were allotod to the 2nd battalion of the 84th 
 regiment, commonly called Sir John Johnson's regiment, also tho 
 King's New York Eoyal Eangers. The regiment Avas generally 
 designated, by the rebels, as the Royal Greens. This body of 
 men took a conspicuous part in tho war — took a noble part, 
 although those who feared them, and were unequal to meet 
 them in successful combat, endeavoured to malign them. The 
 history of this regiment is referred to elsewhere, and as well 
 that of the distinguished founder. The writer has in his possession 
 the "roll of the 2nd battalion of the King's Royal Rangers, New 
 
440 BY WHOM ENLISTED. 
 
 York," containin<; the naniOH of the parties by whom each of tho 
 soldiorH \va8 (inliwtod, which will bo found in tho appendix. 
 
 By I his it is learned that tho whole number of tho company 
 was 477. That Sir John Johnson enlisted 88, Major IIosh 47, Cap- 
 tain Loaho 17, Wuminall 38, Munrow 29, Anderson 1, Lieutenant 
 Halboi't 1, Captain McKay 95, Morrison 30, Sinjojloton 1, Major 
 Gray 2, Captain Crawford 2, John McDonoll 2, Lieutenant Lan- 
 gan 30, Langhn 2, Lieutenant Wair 1, French 1, C. McAlpino 1, 
 Ensign Thompson 1, Lieutenant McKay 2, Sergeant Howell 2, 
 Tipple 1, Ensign Smith 3, and 69 by whom, it is not stated, 
 they wore enlisted. This roll was afterwards a precious docu- 
 ment, "When it became necessary to prove that one was truly a 
 U. E. Loyalist. Tho book in which this roll is found, s^^ms to 
 have been an account book kept by the Adjutant, Fraser, and is 
 dated at Oswego, 28th November, 1782. Subsequently, it was 
 used as an account book by '* Captain Crawford's company." 
 Wo believe it was after his death that tho book came into tho 
 possession of Mr. Sills. It is an interesting relic of tho past, 
 and ought to find a lodgement in some musoi;im. " """' ".tcrDji^i 
 
 Many of these disbanded soldiers wore from th*^ Mohawk valley 
 and Upper Hudson. The majority were from the old Johnston 
 district, and not a few of Dutch origin. Those honest and indus- 
 trious settlers are represented to-day by wealthj"^ and valuable 
 citizens, whose names unmistakably- indicate the stock from which 
 they have descended. '•"'"■"■ ^-'m ,niyonu>..' . Ji t.?v-rr)r ,(»n«n;; v 
 
 This township wassm-veyod jjrobabi}'^ in 1784. It may be that 
 a base lino was run in the fall of 1783. By looking at the map of 
 this township, it will be seen that tho lots are marked, like those 
 of Kingston, from west to east, showing that tho base line waiS run 
 along tho whole length, and then subsequently the survey com- 
 pleted from tho west.' •*"^ "*■'*'-" ..rii'itqHU :/«nT n-.tji»i. o#' ' ^ofMih- 
 ';^^ In the early spring of 1784, came the soldier settlors; tho 1st 
 battalion, commonly called Jessup's Corps, settled on the St. 
 Lawrence, in Edwardsbni'gh and Augusta, while the second, or 
 Rogers' Coi-ps, pn^i^cd up to tho Bay of Quinte. Respecting this 
 regiment, the following will prove appropriate, from tho pen of the 
 historian of the County of Dundas. " At the close of the v&r, this 
 regiment was stationed at the Isle aux Noix, a fortified frontier 
 post at the northern extremity of Lake Champlain, which has 
 been mentioned as an important fortress during the old French war. 
 Here they passed a whole year, and were employed in adding to 
 
ARRIVED. 441 
 
 the already oxtonsivo flirtificatioris of that island. While thoy 
 romainod thoro thus employed, two (Joverninent nurvoyrtrH, named 
 Btoichmann and Towit, wore actively oi)gago<l mirveying tU® 
 Connty of DiindaM, for their future occupation. Late in the autumn 
 of 1783, the HoldierH wem joined by their wives and little onoK, who 
 had wandered the weary way afoot, to Whitehall, through HwampH 
 and forest, besot with difficulties, dangers, and privations, innumer- 
 able. The soldiers from Isle aux Noix met them there, with boata, 
 and conveyed thorn the rest of their journey by water, through Lako 
 Champlain. Imagination fails us when wo attempt to form an idea 
 of the emotions that tilled their hearts, as families, that had formerly 
 lived happily together, surrounded with peace and plenty, and had 
 been separated by the rude hand of war, now met in each others 
 embrace, in circumstances of abject poverty. A boisterous passage 
 was before them in open boats, exposed to the rigors of the season — 
 a dreary prospect of a coming winter, to be spent in pent 
 up barracks, and a certainty, should they be spared, of under- 
 going a life-time of such hardship, toil, and privation, as are in- 
 separable from the settlement of a new country. As soon as the 
 journey was accomplished, the soldiers and their families, were 
 embarked in boats, sent down the Eichelieu to Sorel, thence to 
 Montreal, and on to Cornwall, by the laborious and tedious route of 
 the St. Lawrence. The difficulty of dragging their boats up the 
 rapids of this river was very great; to us it is really quite incon- 
 ceivable. Arrived at Cornwall, they found there the Government 
 Land Agent, and forthwith proceeded to draw by lottery the landa 
 that had been granted to them. On the 20th of June, 1784, the 
 first settlors landed in the County of Dundas.'' 
 
 Not unlikely some of the 2nd battalion were stationed at 
 Carleton Island and Oswego, up to the time that settlement took 
 place. We learn that Captain Crawford's company at least 
 was at the latter place in 1782. However, it seems clear that 
 most of the battalion was in Lower Canada, and came up with 
 the first battalion. The survey was not yet completed, and they 
 pitched their tents along the shore, waiting until the work of draw- 
 ing lots was accomplished. In the meantime, they passed their 
 days as best they could; not knowing where their lot would be cast, 
 they could not proceed with the clearing of land. The writer has 
 been told by one who, passing up during this summer, saw tho 
 tents 'spread along the shore, upon whose brink the primeval forest 
 yet stood in all its native beauty. Now, had they been stationed 
 
442 t»KTTLBRH UPON THK KIIONT. 
 
 nt Cftrloton IhIjviuI or Cswo^o, it in not llkoly tlioy would havo thu« 
 coino bi^foro thoy could outor upon their work ol'Hottlin^. 
 
 The (lump tvuin in uwit by thuso diMbandoil v«'tcrnnrt \vor»« the 
 Nuino thoy had occupied iu tiicir ('nin]>iiit;iiiii^. How <;r('iit the 
 ohuiigu to thoin. The alarm of tho «'omiiij^ too, the ihou^ht of 
 ftpproachiiiiif battle, tin' caniion'rt roar, tlio rntth^ of nina)! iiriii.'i, no 
 lon^or diHtiirbod their drt-ainH, nor Hounded upon ihcir eavH. Tho 
 battle cloud hail puMsed away, leavintf but a wreck of their worldly 
 goodM, and there wan a j^reat calm — the calm of the desert wilderncM, 
 unbroken even by the sound of the pioneer's axe — the calm of a oon- 
 Hoience quieted by tho thoutijht that all liad been sacrificed in a 
 righteous cauHO. They had met and oonipiered many a foe ; but the 
 late of war had driven them to tho desert wild, to eni^ounter new 
 fears, to tight the battle of the pioneer. How they Huoocodetl ; how 
 glorious tho victory, is written, not merely by our own feeblo hand 
 elsewhere — it is in<lellib1y inscribed upon the pages of the townships, 
 by tho tillers of tho soil. ■• •""■ < • ' ', •• • •*.> ic. (>.«»* i... 
 
 In this township as well as elsewhere, tho officers scorn to have 
 had the choice of lots upon tho front, while the rank and file took 
 possession of the rear lots. Among tho oflicors who settled on the 
 front of Ernosttown and Fredericksburgh, may bo found the names 
 of Lieut. Church, Lieut. Spencer, Capts. Crawford and Thompson, 
 Ensign Fraser, Capt. Howard. According to John Collins Clark, 
 son of Robert Clark, the first lots were taken up in the following 
 order, commencing at the oastenimost lot. No. 42 : 
 
 Lot 42 was first occupied by David Purdy ; Joshua Booth, Esq., 
 married to a daughter of David Fraser, lived on Lot 40 or 41 ; Mr. 
 Nicholas Lake, Lot 39, but soon left i1 ; Lot 38 was settled by Capt. 
 Wm. Johnson ; William Faii-field, sen., Lot 37. He had twelve 
 children, all of whom lived to marry. Daniel Kose commenced a 
 settlement on Lot 30, but in a few years left, and removed to the 
 third concession. Matthias Rose, sen., settled on Let 35, he died in 
 his 90th year. Lot 34 and east half of 33, were settled Ijy Itobert 
 Clark, Esq. His wife was a Ketcham, they had five sons and a 
 daughter; he died at the ago of 80 years. His eldest son, Matthias, 
 had twelve sons. West half of Lot 33 was occupied by John Long, 
 weil. The east iialf of Lot 32 was first owned by John Sayer ; the 
 west half by Simon Swarts. Lot 31 was school land, first occupied 
 by Michael Pbipps and William Sole. East half of Lot 29, owned 
 by u German named Gedd, west half occupied by Daniel Fraser, Esq., 
 though not the first settler on that lot.. Sebastian Hogle, John Lake» 
 
THK LAND. 410 
 
 .tn<l .loliii Caldwi'll H(ittlt><l liOts 27 aiitl 'if*, Itiit soon I'otnoviMi \mck 
 into llu! concL'MsioiiH. James I'aiiot, li<»«|., u luUf-pJiy oHicor, Hctlled 
 TjoI 'id ; he afturwui'ti noUI iIiIh lot to Aduiii Stnnriiii;, troiii tlio 
 Mohiiw'k River. TIm' next Ht'ttU-rH, continuini^ wcMtwunl, were 
 Jtt«M)l> Miller, Fivderidk IJakor, VViixant (Lutlioian elcrf^ynian), John 
 Muheo, JoNoph liiilV, It wa^'<j;on umkcr, A<likin I't^iit, a tailor, Ni(^holaH 
 Amey, Simon Snidur, David Williams, j^enerally called Hor^eant 
 Williams, a l)la('ksmitli, Joseph Losee, liieul. John I)usenl)nry. 
 Liout. Uest soon loft, nnd Dusonbury iliotl. fiOt 10, has latterly 
 been partially laid out into village lots, and r number of build- 
 ings erected. Lot IS was u (lovernment mill lot. It wua 
 leased for sonio years by Joshua Jiooth. From tlio number of milU 
 RubNe(pieutly erected on the stream, (hat empties hero, it obtained 
 the name of "Mill Creek." Lot 17, settled by William Cottier 
 which was afterward owned by A. 1). Foward. There were several 
 occupants of the next lot; and the next was settled by Brisco, and 
 the next by Kiohurd llobins. Then came one by John Georjj;e. Lot 11, 
 now a part of Bath, was owned by (reorgo McGinnis, aiuill'-pay otlicer, 
 who Kohl to Fairfield. No. 10, on which is situated most of the vil- 
 lage of Bath, was occu))ied by John Davy. No. 9 Avas owned by 
 James Johnson, father of the celebrated *' Bill " Johnson, the traitor 
 of 1812. The next was settled by Jeptlia JIandoy, Esq. Westward 
 lived Matthias Hose, William Rose, Wilcox, Shildey, vhen Finklo, 
 Brisco, lIufFman, I'ruyn, Williams, Church, &c. As a general tliing> 
 the sons of the first settlers, settled in the rear concessions. At the 
 present time, says Clark, there are not more than lO or 12 of the 
 farraa on the front owned by the descendants of the original scittleis. 
 The townah' of Ernesttown contains 68,644 acres, all of which 
 is excellent land with J.e least exception, so that the pioneers were 
 not the lo^er.j in having ohis township allotted to them instead of 
 Kingston. However, at that time the distance from Carleton Island 
 and Cataraqui seemed considerable. The land being good, and the 
 settlers industrious, as a general thing, the time was not long, when 
 the township became the best cultivated, and most Avealthy, not 
 alone arou.id the Bay of Quinte but in the whole of Western Canada. 
 The richness of the soil, and lying more immediately at the mouth of 
 the Bay, contributed to its prosperity, and a village before many years 
 sprung up, which for a time rivalled even Kingston itself, in respect 
 to rapid increase of inhabitants, the establishment of trade, building 
 of ships, and from the presence of gentlemen of refinement and edu- 
 cation, and. in. .the foundation of a library and a seminary of higher 
 education. ' 
 
•114 BATH. 
 
 fjourliiy nnyn, in IHIl, that "the Hrtth^rH nr»> moHt of (hen prac- 
 tical huNhaixInuMi. Tlioir fnniiH tirv well t'cncLMi, w<>ll till«><i. nnd 
 accoinnuxlatcil with hariiN. Then; arc now ahovt* '2,^00 inhabitantH, a 
 a greater nunilicr than arc found in any other towiiNhip in tiu- I'ro* 
 vincc Thoy have three houHCH of public wornhip, c)nc KpiHco|)alinn< 
 one PrcHhytcrian, and one McthodiHt. In IHI7, KrncNttown liad 
 "one parodliial a(Nidciny in the villajifc, and thirteen common schoolH 
 over the towuMhip." 
 
 In Hoinc of the townwIiipH first Hurveyed, a [>lot waH regorvc<l at 
 the front, an<l NiihNe(iuently hiid out into town lotH. Such waw (ho 
 caHc in Kriujsttown, becniinpcly. At all events a villajxe Hprunj? up at 
 an early period, on the front of the tenth lot. It was f »r a lon^ time 
 known as tlu^ Vill)i<^e of KrneHttown ; Imt in time, after the war of 
 1812, itac(|uirc<l the name of Bath, probably after the* beautiful Kng- 
 lish town of that name. The diNtance of liath from KinpjHton is 
 about eighteen miles, and the road leading thereto was one of the 
 first constructed in l'p[)er Caiuida, and the country there was retrardod 
 as the very centre of civilization in the Province. For a long time 
 the main road between Kingston and York passed by Hath, even 
 after it was no longer solely by tho. way of Prince Edward and the 
 Carrying Place. \ branch of the main road passed from this place 
 to Napanee, and thence to Thurlow an<l Sidney. Bath was regarded 
 as a city in embryo. Its progress was onward, until the war of 1812' 
 Gourlay sayH of it in 1811, that "it ])romises to bo a place of con- 
 siderable busineHS." But the war dealt a serious blow to the place, 
 from which it never recovered iuUy. The Kingston Gazette, of 1816, 
 remarks, to the eftect, that the village is emerging from its depres- 
 flion, and that it ought to be made a jiost town, and a port of entry. In 
 the summer of this year Samuel Purdy started a public (jonveyance 
 between Kingston and Bath. The following year the Steamer Fron- 
 tenac and Charlotte were commenced here. Jn 1818 a bill was intro- 
 duced into Parliament " to constitute the town of Bath — to provide 
 for laying out and surveying town lots and streets, and a market- 
 place therein, and regulating the police thereof." 
 
 The first person to engage in the trading business at Bath wa« 
 Benjamin Fairfield. ^ ftH-; ' 'UM '^'*Mt<^!^d%yf'' 
 
 Thus wrote Gourlay, of Bath, in 1811: "Fr6m the lake shore 
 the ground ascends about seventy rods, and thence slopes ofl' in 
 a gentle northern descent. The ascent is divided into regular squares 
 by five streets, laid parallel with the shor2 ; one of them being the 
 lovver branch of the main road, and all of them crossed at right angles 
 
UKCAY OV II ATI! . 
 
 by utruetn ntnniriK norlln'rly. One of tlicm* croHn HtriM'tM «« continucil 
 throiipch (lie ('(MiccHsion, nmi IViriiin tlmt l>rniH'li ol' the niiiiii road 
 whit'h pUNNcH I'ouihI tli«* Hny ot (jiiitit*-. On the ciiNt NitUt of thin 
 itrcct, til. th«< titoNt <>lL>vatf<l point, HtaiidH the chuitih, and on thctopptv 
 lito nidii iH tho acadotny. ovcrh)okin;L; tlic vilhii;!', and (•onniinndiii^ A 
 vnrii'fj;at('d jJi-oHpcirt of the harhoiir, the Moiind, tho ndjaccnt iNhnul, 
 tho oiitlutH into (ht> (»p(>n hiko, and thr nhorcN Htrt'tchiii^ fantward nnd 
 wcHtward, with a line hmdHcapo view of the <'oiniliy nil Mi'oun<i. 
 Tho Hituation is hoalthy and d(>li^htful, not HiirpasHcd piM-hapH in 
 nnttn'al advanta^rH \ty any in y\tnori<-u. The villnj^o i-s incrcanin*^ in 
 huildingH, nccoinnuuhitioiiN, iidiahitantn, and IniNinohH, and nocniH cul- 
 cuhttod to ho tho ROiitnil point of n popuh)nN and ])t-o<luotivo trnot of 
 oonntry around it." I'l'.' w /..v , i i4» (.«;i,ii .(ii -i ic .u 
 
 A Htrun^or vJHitin;^ Rnth to-<!ay, having roa<l of Itw onrly and 
 entor])riNin/^ diiVH, will not iinlikol}' iw\ u \m\\^ of disappointmont. 
 Wo aro Horry to say that tho placo prosontna lnnililini;-do\vn appoar- 
 anco. A laixu brick building, built in 180'.), to aoooininodate what 
 was thon tho lar^OMt Froo MaHon lodgo in tho provinct, Iuih a larji^o 
 rent in it, as if an onomy's cannon t)all liad ponctratod an<i nhattorod 
 it. Promiuonti}' situated it attracts ^roat attention, Tho quiotnoRs 
 of tho phu'o rominds ono of Goldnnuth'H dosortod village. Witiun 
 our own rocolloction, whip building wan carriefl on horo ; btit now 
 nothing indicator tho plaoo of busy ontorpri^^o ; there in nothing 
 hut tho plain unbroken beach, whoro waw conHtructod tho first 
 steamboats built in Upper Canada. Tiio literary spirit that led to 
 tho ostablishuiont of a libi-ary horo at an early date, we fear has 
 departed — gone with tho spirit of those who nobly conceived tho 
 project — g<^no as lawyers Macaulay, Fairtiold, and Hidwoll, who 
 horo ontorod upon t)roini8ing caroors of profossionsl usefulness. 
 The glory of Bath has not ceased to depart; year after year it 
 has lost some olomont of importance to its existence. The rich 
 country around for many yeai-s ponred into this charming village 
 its ever increasing supplies. Tho merchants of ]}ath exchanged 
 goods for the produce, and liooame rich ; but now, Nnpaneo, afford- 
 ing a greater variety of tho necessaries and luxuries for family 
 use, draws a large majority of tho well-to-do yeomen, who there 
 spend thoir money. Occasionally, a grain buj'er may be able 
 to offer a little higher price here, yet the farmer takes hia 
 money to B])end in Napanoe. Times, indeed, have changed since 
 tthe denizens of Bath regarded thoir village as a rival of Kingston ; 
 *whon entorprise sought hero a larger field in which to drive busi- 
 
nttftM, and mon of tuiiirntion tuloniPd Mocioty, mid ^avo rotinoinont 
 •nd Hiiporior udviuititt;oN to IIm iioopli*. TIkmi Nn|miii<«« whh in tho 
 bK<'kw<M»<lH — n |»liMM« ro^anlod uh wo do now th« HOttlrmcntM upon 
 i\w \lt%>*i'\ufr'H Itowl ; utul thoM«» wholivi'd th<»ro w«m'o n-niovod (Voni 
 tho r»»ntr«' ot'rivili/jition. \U,\ now tlm iron hnj-Mo Hpopdn nlon^ by 
 tho old Voi-k Uoiid ; and Hutli ot'('iiniwlu, lil{«< itH ^rcut nnni«>rtAl«> At 
 homo, iiltliou^li Hliil bc'ui'titiil, in intoruMtin|(, tiiuinly t)eutn Ite pMt 
 
 AHftociiitionH. '" 
 
 Ii wus ll)o citixetiH ot'Hatli whotirNt .saw tin) Anicricaii floot in 
 IBl.'J upproiicbin^ tbo mIjoio. Tho onrly inorninj^ nun naw thc« 
 inliabitnnls vory nliortly aroimod to action. Tlio old votci'ariH. who 
 lor HO many yt'iirH liad nnod tho plowatul tlioaxo, nnxioiiHl}' <'n«(niroH 
 for tlioir old woapooH of wart'aro. Mtn. I'orry tt-llM tin that Hhe 
 diHtinntly roninniliorn thnt tho wonl canjo tohor lUthor'n wiiilo thoy 
 woro at, l)rpnl<<iiHt, thftt tlu* onomy wan onterin^ Hutli. Ilor father, 
 then titty-uip;lit, iorHooi^ hiH t)r(>akfiiHt and Hoiip^ht ids ^nn. Hut 
 boforo lio and bin nonn roa(diod tl)0 village, tiio floot Imd pasHo<l on 
 toward Kinj^Hlon. 'liiroc of Ids hooh, hurried on to Kin^Mton. 
 Iji liico nuuiner, »ll aion^ tho iVont, aroNo tlio nion of Hovonty-nix, 
 with tboir HOtm; and Ihoir amiH tiiwliod in the morning Hunli^ht. 
 Tho ononiy hmi won at Jiath a ^roat victory. They had utoion in 
 •1 llio ouriy dawn* whon no foe waH there, and uctuaiiy lind 
 BUC'coociod iu t«lciup and Inirnin^ tho Holjoonor Bmjamin Davy. 
 
 ..ll>ll*<t'l.'i , THB THIRD TOWNSHIP — fRXniiBIOKHBURrm. i//,W,Ju<i: 
 
 _, The early scttlerM Honiotinio.s called it the " Townwhip of Fred- 
 erick." It was called aflor Au^^uhIus Fi*edcrick, the J)ukc of Sussex, 
 ninth cliild of the king. 
 
 According to the original phm of this townttbip, preservotl in 
 the Crown Laudn' DeparUncnl, it was "nurveyed in 1784 bj JiiUM^ 
 Pearly Lewiwlvotte, Henry Holland, and 8anmol Tutt'e," * "'^'v 
 ,„ The liinitiii oi Uie seoond towuHliip biivUig been d^mied, the third 
 lyaa also planned. Having fixed tho base line, whi«h formed a slight 
 angle with that of the second town, over the width of twenty-five 
 ^ots, it wus at tirBt, the intention to lim^t the township to tiiiH extent 
 of frontage ; and the lots were consequentiy completed and numbered 
 from Avost to cus.t, as had been done with the first two town»hip«. 
 Sut it tallied out that this would not meet tlie requirements of Sir 
 John John&o^'i^ disbanded soldiers, to whcMu the ptromise had been 
 made that they should be located in a township by tliemselves. The 
 
rKr.r>KRU1KHItlIHi»ll AObiriONAL. 
 
 Ttmuh was, thnt tho wUIu'n of ttiU i-orps* w«>r<>^iitif1(><|,Hri«1 »ln» town- 
 Hliip wa.s«,'f»lurj<til to \\w rxt.-nt ot tliirti'rri a«li|ilioiiiil l(»(,s, whirli tlio 
 map will hHow an« iiuml»«.'n'«l Iroiii oant to wt-M, an*! nhicli imiiratu 
 tliat tim lotM w«ro (*oiit|>|(*toly Miirvoyud before tlu»y wtrv iiiiiiiIm hmI. 
 'Hiat portion of tlu' third town inrluddd in tliu porfi«>n firnt iiinnlM>r(*d, 
 riiU'iviHl thi' nanu' of " Fn(dorickHlnir)B:li Orijjfiiial," and that Kuhmv 
 (|uoMlly addi'tl, was (-allnl '* FrrdericltHlHn^ch A<lditional." The oriffi- 
 mil intention of t\w miuvcyor, was to have the lMtt«'r portioti form u 
 part of the toiirlh township, whieh would haM« oJU'»t(<l a more <><ptul 
 •liviHioD of the land; hut the dishande I soldi«>rN diil not wish to pnHH 
 uader tlieeoiitr<»l of other otHoorh, Niien aM held eommaiid of thesettlofH 
 of the fourth township. IndtMMU as will he m<»re partieularly pointed 
 out in eonneetion with that townnhip, Adolphustown had well ni^h 
 hcen entirely *'onsMmed l>y the renewe<l arrivals of ltoj,'«'rs' men. 
 There need Ik* no wonthtr that the old soldiers should thus <lesire to 
 remain side by siiU" muUir a eommon c(»mman(h'r, in the wilderness 
 field, to fi^ht the storn battle of pionetu- life, and to convert the wilder 
 wm into homoHteads. The fact that numbers of eaeh battali()n 
 wore unwilling to settle, except umler their own oiHeers. reveals tho 
 spirit of the times: it tills us how mueh the settlement partook of a 
 military eharaeter, and the feelinj,' of attachment which existed 1k». 
 tween tho oiiicers and men, hh well as umonjf tlie rank and lilo. It 
 wouhi not <lo that the same lots should be occupied us a part of tho 
 fourth town under Captain VanAlstinc ; they must be sevorerl from 
 thnt township, and united to Fredoricksbtirjjjh, under the jurisdiction 
 of their old major. 
 
 Fredciricksburgh contains 40,213 acres of the very best quality 
 of land. T\w following is taken from Cooper's Essay, by the pen of 
 the talenti'd Mrf, Moodie. "We approach Fredericksburfifh : this 
 too is a pretty place, on the north si<le of the bay; ])eautiful orchards 
 and meadows skirt the water, a'ld fine basH-wood and v.illow-treea 
 grow beside, or bend over the \vn\on. The green smooth meadows, 
 out of which tho black stumps rotted long ago, show noble grotips of 
 hickory and butternut, and, sleek fat cows are reposing beneath them, 
 or standing niidleg in the small creek, that wanders through tliem, to 
 pour its fairy tribute into tho broad bay." In 1811, the township 
 had " a large population, and many excellent farms, n,\ Episcopal 
 
 Church (subsequently bnrnt), and a Lutheran Meeting-house." 
 
 (Gourlay). ■> ■ • i ■. p 
 
 There was also a " reserve" for a village in thistowtrtffffjj ftt' t^b 
 front, Avhich, iiowevor, never grow iiitt a village. 
 
448 AD0LPHU8T0WN. 
 
 Ill 1708, an net wan pi»HHe»i, tliu object of wliich was to asoertain, 
 aiid establish tlic boundary lines V)etween tlie townsliiplj by which 
 irregularities might be removed. In 1820, a special act was obtained 
 "to make provision for a survey of the first, second, and third, con- 
 cessions of Fredericksburgh, original, and the whole of Fredericks- 
 burgh, additional." It was enacted that the eastern boundary line of 
 the said township, otherwise known as the line between lots number 
 twenty-five, and the Gore, in the said second and ihird concessions, 
 shall be, and the same is hereby declared to be, the course or courses 
 of the respective division or side lines of lots or parcels lying in the 
 aforesaid tract of land ; and all surveyors shall be, and are hereby, 
 required to run all such division or side lines of any of such lots or 
 parcels of land, which they may be called upon to survey, to corres- 
 pond with, and be parallel to, the aforesaid eastern bQj.uidary line." 
 
 , .;,\ ,i*i .-*,-. '• ', '^ 
 
 .,. ■ <.,. / ; 
 
 
 4 ... J . I 
 
 ; 
 
 '■ ' . ' ■■ ■'.,.' M ' 
 
 ■ I • » • M ■ • ' ' f 
 
 . i 
 
 ....;.'•.■;„. 
 
 
 
 ■1 1 > 
 
 CHAPTEE L. 
 
 
 't 
 
 ■ ; n 
 
 Contents — The Fcmrtli Townsliip — AdoIphustowD— After Duke of Cambridge- 
 Quantity of Land — Survey — Major VanAlstinc — Refugees — From New 
 York — Time — Voyage — Tlieir Fare — Names — Arrived — Plagerman's Point — 
 In Tents— First Settler— Town Plot— Death— The Burial— A Relic— Com- 
 ' missary — Dispute of Surveyors— The Settlers — All things in common — 
 > An Aged Man— Golden Rule — Old Map— Names — Islands — The Township- 
 Price of Land— First "Town Meeting "—Minutes— The Officers Record- 
 Inhabitants, 1794 — Up to 1824— First Magistrates— Centre of Canada— Court 
 Held in Barn — In Methodist Chapel — "A Den of Thieves" — Court House 
 ; erected — Adolphustown Canadians — Members of Parliament — The Courts— 
 ■ ' Where first held — Hagerman — Travelers tarrying at Adolphustown. 
 
 • UJlfiji -i^j l! SETTLEMENT OP ADOLPHUSTOWN. 
 
 The Fourth Township westward from Fort Frontenac, was, 
 sor-e time after its survey and settlement, named Adolphustown, 
 after Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge, the tenth son of King George 
 III. The Township contains about 11,459 acres, and was surveyed 
 in 1784, by Surveyor-General Holland. 
 
 In the year 1783, a party of Loyalists sailed from the port o'i. 
 New York. They were under the command of Capt. VanAlstine, 
 with a fleet of seven sail, and protected by the Brig "Hope," of 
 forty guns. Some of this band had served in the army, in an 
 irregular way, more had been in New York as refugees. VanAlstine 
 
 
PIONEKR8 OK ADOLIMIUSTOWN. 44§ 
 
 nlthouirh cominlHsionod to lead thiw company, it would sot-m, had 
 iu»t lK>on in tho sorvico— w,is not n niililury mun, l-ut u pir)ininont 
 LoyaliHt of the Knickorliofkois. Hiil tlione roUigovs, in wcttin^rout 
 lor tho unknown wiIdi>iMi(s«, wero j.rovidod with camp tont.s and 
 ])iovision, to bo continued for three years, and with such iniplo- 
 inontM a.s wore ^nvon to tho disbanded soldiers, as well us .-. batteau 
 toovory four familiohj, after arrivin,£,' at their place of (iestination. 
 Tho company were mostly from tho Counties of Itockland, Oranj^o, 
 and Ulster, on the east side (»f the JJudson, and W.-siehestor,' 
 Duchess, and Columbia, on tho west. 
 
 They Hailed from Now Y(U'k on tho 8th «opt. 1783, and arrived 
 at Quebec, 8th Oct. Many were undecided whether to remain in 
 the Lower riovim^es, or go on to CanjuUi. Tho events of thin 
 voyage; this departure from old homos, to penetrate tho unknown 
 north, are oven yot hold in remombranco by their doscoudants. 
 Thus, it is told, that, after leaving Now York a few days, a shark 
 was observed following the vesaol, which created no little consterna- 
 tion. It continued to follow for many days, until a child had died 
 •ind been consigned to tho deep, after which it was no longer seen. 
 Tho (xovernmont rations with which thoy were sup))liod, consisted, 
 as tho story has been told the writer, of "pork and peas for broak- 
 fiWt i peas and pork for dinner ; and for supper, one or tho other." 
 The j)arty proceeded ii-om Quebec thence to Sorel, where they 
 «pont the winter. They inhabited their linen tents, which attoi-dod 
 but little protection from the intense cold. While staying there, it 
 was deter-iined to grant them a township on tho Bay Quint<3. The 
 first Township had boon granted to Capt. Grass, the second and 
 third wore to bo possessed by Johnson's Second Battalion ; so V^an- 
 Alstiue's corps wore to liave the next township. Surveyor JloUand 
 was engaged in completing the survey, and even then, had bis tont 
 pitched on the shore of the fourth townshij). The party ieftSwel 
 21st May, 1784, in a brigade of batteaux, ami reached the fourth 
 towaship on the 16th June. The names of some of those who 
 composed this party, were : VanAIstine, Euttan, Iluycks, Yelloau, 
 Maybee, Coles, Sherman, Ballis, three families of Petersons, Loyce, 
 VanSkiver, Philip and Thomas Borland, Cornelius VanHorn' 
 VanDuson, Hagerman, father of the late Judge Hagorman, Angel 
 Huff, Eichard Beagle, John and Stephen lioblin, Fitzgerald, Michael 
 Stout, Capt. Joseph Allan, Hover, Owen Ferguson, John Baker, 
 Wm. Baker, German, Geo. Eutter, James Noxeu, John Casey, Beoj.' 
 Clapp, Geo. Eutledge, David Barker, Owen Eoblin. 
 
460 LANDING. 
 
 It is a curious fact, fully attowtod by tho Allison'H, tlio Hover's 
 and othorH, that a« the battoaux wlowly wendod (heir way along the 
 whore, having pawMcd tho]niaik which indicated the boundary of the 
 Third Town.shij), sovo;'al of the paHHongcrH, gazing upon the woods, 
 expreHwed a winh to pOBsens certain placeH, according to the fancy of 
 each ; and, Htrangely enough, the Cole'n, the Hover's, the Allison's, 
 the Kuttan's, and others, did actually come respectively into 
 possession, by lot, in accordance with their previously expressed 
 wish. 
 
 The company had reached the land whereon they were to 
 work out their future existence. The writer has driven upon the 
 ioe along the Bay, tollbwing, it must have boon, almost the way 
 taken by this party, as they landed. They passed along the present 
 Adolphustown wharf, westwai-d nearly half a mile, and rounded a 
 point known as Ilagerman's Point. Here a small, but deep stream 
 empties itself, having coursed along a small valley, with sloping 
 sides, in a westerly direction. They ascended this creek for nearly 
 a quarter of a mile ; and pi-oceeded to land ujion its south side. 
 Between the creek and the bay is a pleasant eminence ; it was upou 
 its slopes the settlers, under VanAlstino, pitched their tents. The 
 boats were hauled up; and among the trees, the white tents were 
 duly ranged. Thus housed, and thus far removed fi'om the buny 
 haunts of men, this community continued to live for many days. 
 Steps wex*e taken at an early day to draw lots for land. As so 
 much of the township was washed by the waters of the bay, there 
 was not the same anxiety among the settlers with respect to the 
 decision of the ballot. Every one drew his number, with one 
 exception, [and this was a notable one, as indicating the noble feeling 
 of brotherhood which lived in the breasts of the noble band ot 
 refugees. The exception was not in favor of the person in com- 
 mand, or a particular friend. Mr. Cole had expressed a liking for 
 the first lot, now known as Cole's Point, and he, having a large 
 family and consequently more anxious to get on his land, and get 
 settled for the winter,y'»and the land ready for the next summer, was 
 immediately, by universal consent, put in possession of the lot ; and 
 he even that year raised some potatoes. 
 
 In addition to the 200 acres granted to each of the company 
 there was a town plot, consisting of^SOO acres, regularly laid out into 
 town lots of one acre each, and one of these was granted to each of 
 the settlers. This plot thus surveyed, it was believed in time mouU 
 become the site of a town. 
 
A RELIC. 451 
 
 While they wore yet living in their teits one uf their number 
 aied, a child it is said by Honie. The .kvi.T was lmrie<l close by, 
 under a tree. When others came to die, tlu^y lilso were buried here^ 
 and thus was formed the "IT. E. Loyalist burying ground." 
 
 The second person buried in this place, while it was yet a woods, 
 was Casper Hover. Shortlived was his career as a pioneer. But a 
 few months had passed, and he had barely taken possession of his 
 land when, one day engaged in clearing ott' the land, he was struck 
 by a falling limb and killed. A blow so sudden was felt not alone 
 by his own family, but by all the settlers. Imagination cannot call 
 up the heart-stirring scene of this burial in the woods by his com- 
 rades. As there was yet no roads nor path, not unlikely the body 
 was conveyed by batteau from Hover's farm to the burying ground. 
 The coffin must have been made of rough green boards, split out 
 of logs, or perhaps made with a whip saw. There was no minister 
 to discharge any rights belonging to the dead, or improve the events 
 for the spiritual welfare of the living. 
 
 Casper Hover had for his wife Barbara Monk, a relative of 
 Barbara Heck, well known for her connection with early Methodism 
 in the new .world. There remains now in possession of Joseph 
 Allison, of Adolphustown, whose wife was a Hover, a pewter plat- 
 ter which belonged to Barbara Monk. It is a relic of no ordinary 
 mterest. Barbara Monk was a descendant of the Palatines, and this 
 platter was carried by her ancestors when they were forced to leave the 
 Palatinate. Thoy took it with them to Ireland, thence to New York, 
 and finally it was brought by Barbara to AdolphustQwn, with Van- 
 Alstine's company. The writer has had the satisfaction of examin- 
 ing this rehc of former days. It is a round dish, of solid 
 metal, 16 inches broad, and weighing over five pounds. It bears no 
 signs of wearing out. This article of household usefulness is, or was 
 in the past, regarded as a township one, and was famous for its asso- 
 ciations with innumerable pot pies. For many a year when there 
 was a bee, or a raising, or a wedding, the pewter platter was engaged 
 to do service. 
 
 The stores of provisions for the settlers in this township, were 
 placed under the care of VanAlstine himself ; but it would appear, 
 from the statement"=> of some, that Philij) Dorland gave his assistance, 
 and to some extent, was responsible, acting under the instructions of 
 a committee, for the distribution to the families. Also, one Emery, 
 was connected with the department 
 
 It would seem that Surveyor General Holland, who surveyed the 
 
462 TIIIN08 IN COMMON. 
 
 fourth town, and Deputy Surveyor Collins, who surveyed third town, 
 had Name trouble with roi^pcct to " FredericlcHbnrgli additional." The 
 number of lots composing the third township at first, was not enough 
 to supply the whole of the battalion ; having been }>romised lots in the 
 same townsliip. When it was seen that all could not be aooommodated 
 in the lots of third township, it wa.s determined to take a certain number 
 from the fourth townshij). To this Surveyor JloUand consented, 
 probably with the concurrence of Major VanAlstine. But more of 
 Rogers' company continued to come ; ami Collins wished to absorb the 
 whole of the fourth town, to accomodate them. In this he was, no 
 doubt, supported by officers of the battalion ; Sir John Johnson 
 among the rest. But llolland, in the interest of the comi)any, which 
 had already settled in the fourth town, under VanAlstine, objected- 
 The statement come to us that llolland and Collins had well nigh 
 fought a duel in connection with the matter. As Collins was a deputy 
 tinder llolland, there must have been some strong influence supporting 
 the former, which was probably through Sir John Johnson. But 
 Holland, having completed the survey of the side lines us he desired, 
 started precipitately to Quebec with his report. Collins hearing of 
 this, started after. Whatever may have been the contest at head 
 quai'ters, Holland's report of the fourth township was received, and 
 the third township was limited to its present size. 
 
 Mr. Joseph Allison, says, respecting the settlement, that " what 
 was one's business was everybody's business, they wei'c all dependent 
 on each other. Each concession was considered a neighbourhood, 
 each being about four juiles in length. After the trees were felled 
 and the brush burnt, then came on the logging bees, and every man 
 bad to give an account of himself, if he should be missing wlien noti- 
 fied. Tliere were no aristocrats, from Major VanAlstine down to the 
 humblest individual. Each had to do what he could. They wero 
 perfectly organized in this branch of business, being divided into 
 companies or squads of six ; and each squad had to take a regular 
 " through " of about six or seven rods wide, piling all the timber in 
 their respective "throughs." These logging bees were always 
 attended with much strife, all striving to be ahead; and as they were 
 always nsed to their rations of rum, they must, on these occasions, 
 have all they wanted. Then, in the evening, they must have their 
 dance. It was considered the jnivilege and duty of all the wom«n 
 in the neighbourhood to attend and assist in cooking, as many of the 
 •settlers were bachelors. Indeed, if there was a wedding, in one of the 
 concessions, all had a right to attend, belonging to the neighbourhood. 
 
OKKilNAL NAMER. 458 
 
 ThoHO i)lonoovK (tf A^lolplmHtovvn wore a uondiTfiilly liiirdy set. of 
 iiit'ii, possossed ot i^rcal jdiysical })owors, altliou^li iuuri'il to liard- 
 shipH of n vt>ry ]>r(!ssiiig kiiul. TlK'y lived to n s^reat age; very few 
 of them died under eighty, and two of thcni lived to bo over a hun- 
 <lred. John Fitzg(!ral<l was the oldest man that came with \'^an- 
 Alstino, he died in 1800, aged 101; Daniel (^ole was 100, when he 
 died. The leading men of the settlement were VanAlstine, Captain , 
 Peter Rattan, Michael Stout, the Dorlands, an(! Nicholas llagcrman. 
 If any dispn .' or grievance arose, it would be left to somo one to 
 settle, but they all, with very few exceptions, tried to do as they 
 would wish to be done by. ". , \ •. , !i^' . ;■*■'•• 
 
 '•Joseph Allison was a \vhi|)-sawyer by trade, and assisted to saw 
 the first boards that were used in the buildings. JTe drew lot 17." 
 
 Examining an old map in the Crown Lands Department, certain 
 names are found written upon the Islands and Points of Adolphustown. 
 The soutjiern extremity has upon it the name of Lieutenant Michael 
 Vandervoort. The adjacent island has Lieutenant Samuel Tuffee, and 
 P. V. Borland. Proceeding around the point to the north, the first 
 indentation of tlie bity is named Bass Cove. The next point is for 
 John Speors, and Humphrey Waters — called on the map "'Sj^eers and 
 Waters lot, 150 acre.s." The next cove is calle<l Perch Cove, and the 
 next point is for Lieutenant Sanuiel J^eane, 100 acres. Then comes 
 Little Cove. The bay otl' tlieso points is called " Grand Bay," north- 
 ward to where Hay Bay commences, it is called " The P\jrks," while 
 Hay Bay is designated " East Bay," and up toward the Mohawk 
 Bay it has the name of '• the North Channel ; " Casey's Point on the 
 north shore of Ilav Bav is called Green Point, and the land there is 
 allotted to Philip and Owen Roblin. 
 
 Beside those mentioned, as forming a ])art of VanAlstine's com- 
 pany, there were, among the first settlers of Adolphustown, and pro- 
 bably of YanAlstine'.s party : Angel. William and John HnfT, Thomas 
 Casey; and at a later period came " Billy" Monroe, John Eoblin, John 
 ami James Cannitf, Philip Flagler, Carnah.an, liobcrt Short, Fisher, 
 and Captain Allan." 
 
 In somo respects Major VanAlstine's company were better off 
 tban the soldier pioneers. Although they had to come a long distance 
 by ship, and ascend the St. Lawrence in small boats, which precluded 
 tbe possibility of bringing to the country many articles for family 
 use ; yet they could fetch with them some things to contribute to 
 family comfort, beside clothing. 
 
 The township being almost surrounded by water, and having 
 
454 FIRST RKOORD. 
 
 many indontations of Iho buy, t>ior« whh thereby ftffordcd the moBt 
 advantngoouH pbvce for tho sottlorH, whoso only mode of tra\ehag 
 was by boat. Every couoession has cominuiucation with iho bay. 
 Tho township is tho sinallost in tho Piovinco, containing but ll,t61> 
 acres. Tho land at first, it is said, conhl be had for " one shilling^iin 
 acre," and half of lot 15, of 100 acres, was sold for ** "half joe"— 
 ^.00. In contrast to this, in 1817, there was «' no land in the town- 
 ship which could bo procured for less than £4 an acre," and ievr 
 would sell at that price. Althotigh so well provided with a water way 
 for travel, goo<l roads were early constructed. 
 
 Tho following are tho minutes of the first " Town meeting" held 
 in Adolphustown, on the 6th of March, 1793, for which we arc in- 
 debted to Mr. J. B. Allison. •> • "' '- "f'^-' ^' ".'11^, />iil ..t-t./s 
 vfi/ « The following persons were chosen to officiate in their respec- 
 tivo ofllces, the ensuing year, and also the regulations of the same." 
 . > .* «« Ruben Bedell, Township Clerk ; Paul Huff, and Philip Borland, 
 Overseers of the Poor; Joseph Allison, and Garit Benson, Constables; 
 WiUet Casey, Paul Huff, and John Huyck, Pound Keepers i Abraham 
 Maybee, and Peter Rutland, Fence Viewers." .^.. ---7/ ' 
 
 « The height of fence to be 4 feet 8 inches. Water fence voted 
 to be no fence. Hogs runnmg at large to have yokes on 18 by 24 
 inches. No piggs to run until three months old. No stalion to run. 
 Any person putting fire to any bush or stuble, that does not his 
 endeavour to hinder it from doing damage, shaU forfeit i^f sqm of 
 forty shillings." '^ .»• -? ^^^^ 
 
 .)rfijw!l ■)) (Signed) Philip Dorland, T. C. 
 
 qiil It is most likely that Philip Borland was merely secretary for 
 
 the meeting. 
 
 Euben Bedell was successively, elected town clerk for three years, 
 when, in 1795, Archibald Campbell was appointed, who served for 
 four years. In 1800, Daniel Haight was appointed. In 1801, 
 WUliam Robins filled the office, and continued to fill it for three 
 years, when in 1804, Ruben BodeU was again elected. The foUowing 
 year Bryan Crawford was appointed ; the next Daniel Haight, who 
 continued four years; John Stickney then filled the office three 
 years, and Daniel Haight was again appointed, 1813. 
 
 There is in the Township Records, a Return of the inhabitant* 
 for 1794, March, with tho names of each family, and the number 
 of members in each. They are as follows : Ruben Bedell, 5 ; Paul 
 Huff, 6 ; Solomon Huff, 10 ; William Griffis, 5 ; Caspar YanDusen, 
 
TIIK INIIAIIITANTH. 4I).'i 
 
 6 ; NichoIaH Potorson, 8 ; NichoUiH PotofHon, S<m). .'{ ; Ismu; Horn, I ; 
 TliomnH Joiu'H, 4; Aloxaiidor Fishor, 10; JunioH McMnstorH, 8; 
 JotnoH StoplioiiHon, I; EuhsoI I'itman, 7 ; JoHepIi (Jlapp, 4; Goor^o 
 Brooks, 6; .lolin Ilulcom, H; Martin Sherman, 3 ; Josopli C'ornoll.O; 
 Ptstor Viilleau, B; William Clark, 6; .loHoph Clark, 1; Albort 
 Cornell, 8; Peter Del ry a, 4 ; John Ifuyck, 6; Alexander Oampboll, 
 6; Buryor Huyek, 2; Albert BonHon, 4; (Jilbort Bogart, 2; 
 Abraham lio^art, 3 ; Christopher (lorman, 5; William Casey, 6; 
 Edward Barker, 3 ; David Kelly, 4 ; Battin Harris, 8 ; John Cannitl', 
 13 ; Nathaniel Solmes, 10 ; Peter Wanamaker, 4 ; Garret BoiiHon, 1 ; 
 William Mara, 4 ; John lioblin,3 ; John Klmw, 3 ; John Wood, 2; 
 Peter Ruttan, Jun'r., 3 ; Owen Roblin, Jun'r., 2 ; Owen Boblin, 
 Son'r., 8; Benjamin Clapp, 8; (Jeorgo Butter, 7; Jacob Bullern, 6; 
 Cornelius Vanilorn, <>; liobert Jones, 5; Paul Trum])er, 8 ; William 
 Hanah, 4; Michael Slate, 4; Peter Ruttan, Sen., 6; Denis Oscilago, 
 1 ; Joseph Carahan, 8 ; Thomas Dorland, G; Philip Dorland, 9; 
 Willot Casey, 8; Peter VanAlstino, 3; John VanCutt, 7 ; David 
 Brown, 3; Peter Sword, 2 ; William Brock, 5 ; Nicholas llagermaTi, 
 8; Cornelius Stouter, 3; Abraham May bee, 7; Henry Tice, 3; 
 Thomas Wanamakors, 1 ; William Button, 5; Joseph Allison, 2 ; 
 
 ' John Fitzgerald, 2 ; Matthew Steel, 5 ; Conrad Vandusen, 5 ; Henry 
 
 ' Hover, 3; Arion Ferguson, 2; Henry Redner, 4; Andrew Huffman, 
 4; Daniel Cole, 11", Henry Davis, 5; James Noxon, 1. — Total 402. 
 
 * The total number of inhabitants in 1800, was 524, and in 1812, 
 675, The returns are given, yearly, up to 1822, when the nnmber 
 was only 571. It is observable that the number fluctuates from 
 year to year. This was duo to the ftict that families would come to 
 the township, from the States, remain a few years working a farm 
 on shares, and then would move up the Bay, to another township. 
 Major VanAlstino, as the military commander, was the chief 
 
 ■ officer. But there live^ no account of dissenuions and litigations, for 
 many a year. When the Government appointed Magistrates, pro- 
 
 ' bably not until after Upper Canada was erected into a separate 
 Province, VanAlstino was the first to receive the commission. There 
 
 '''were, likewise, appointed at the same time, or soon after, several 
 others, viz., Thomas Dorland, Nicholas Hagerman, Ruttan, Sloat, 
 and Fisher, afterwards Judge. It is said the Magistrates did not 
 always agree. Ruttan and Van Alstine had dissentions; and Van- 
 Alstino claimed certain power, by virtue of his command over tho 
 corps who peopled the township. Whereupon Ruttan, at the next 
 meeting, donned his suit of clothes, which he had worn as an 
 
ihH Till': CKNTRK OV CANADA. 
 
 (>fH"urot' ilio lle^MLlur Army, and dtidurod no oiio wm Iuh HUperior, 
 ai;(l. it in waid, gaiiiod IiIh point. - u . .. , » ; *'" 
 
 . Tho tiino camo, wb'ii AdolpluiHtown wan almost tho Contro of 
 (,'aniuia. It is true, Kin^Hton was tho i^roat point to which tho 
 military and naval lorccH controd, and Iho <drcumstan(ii>H of Hindi 
 ijavo that placo a Htalnn whicdi it could not otliorwiso havo obtained. 
 But Adolpliustown was really tlu' (MMitro of tlui Hottlomdiit.s in tho 
 ronlral part of Canada — tho Midland District. So it camo that tho 
 coui't was alternately held at the Fourth Town and Kin^Hton, beinjf 
 twice a year in oaih place. Tho first court in this township, was 
 held in the liarn t)f Paul llulf, whi(d; served the puipose very well 
 in sninmcr. The next occasion was in winter, and some buildinfij 
 had to bo procured. Application was nimlo for the Methodist 
 (yhaj)el. Some objection was made, on tho ground that a " house of 
 prayer" should not bo made a "den of thieves," referring to the. 
 criminals, not to tlio lawyers. But tho (Jha)ol was readily granted 
 lor iho second court held in Adolphustown. It is said that a propo- 
 sition was made, in duo form, that if the inhabitaiits of tiie Fourth 
 Town would buiM a Court House, tho court should bo held thoro 
 twice a year. Tho ottbr was accepted, and a subscription sot on 
 toot, which resulted in tho erection of a Court House. When tho 
 court coasod to be held, in accordance with the agreomont, tho 
 Court House reverted to tho Townsliip. 
 
 The building of the Court House was followed by the growth 
 of a village, and among its population were tlioao whoso names 
 became household words in every Canadian home. It contiilued a 
 place of importance for many a year ; and, even when tho court 
 ceased to bo lield, the village, by virtue of its situation, and thor 
 standing of tho township, continued for a long time of no little*'^ 
 repute. . J 
 
 Adolphustown contributed, during the first years of Upper" 
 Canada, a good many worthy individuals to the welfare of the 
 countiy, indeed Adolphustown took the lead for many years in poli- 
 tical, as well as more general matters relating to the country. The 
 genpral elections, at one time, resulted in the election of four 
 natives of this township to Parliament, viz : two Hagormans, Sam'l 
 Casey, and Paul Peterson. Says Joseph 13. Allison, of Adolphustown, 
 ♦' Our township, though, perhaps, the smallest in the Province, (if 
 it were consolidated, it would not be more than throe miles and a 
 half square,) has furnished as many statesmen and judicial officers 
 as any of the larger townships. From the humble abodes of Adol- 
 
i OHUIINAL COIIRTM. 46T 
 
 phtistown, huvo < ono to tho Li'^iHlivtiNc Hulls of C'niiu<ln, TliomoH 
 Dorliiiid, John K()l)lin, ('ItriHtoplu)!' A. lia^ri-tiDin, I'uiil I'otorson, 
 Dr. W. Dorliuitl, VVillot CiHoy, Henry Kiittmi, Siiiuiiol CuHcy, Dun'l 
 liu^orinuii, Diivid Hohlin John V. Kobliti, who ropivNonttMl tho 
 Oouiity of F'rinco tor many yours. Tho Hon. John A. A! cDonald 
 although not born hi>ro, upont his juvonilo yonrs, anil littoncltHl tho 
 common hcIiooIs in AdolphiiHtown. Now, we (•ImllcMigo any town- 
 ship in llu' I'njvinco, that litis not a cily or town conru'eit'd with it, 
 to turn out olovou inenib»irfj of I'urliumont, all ol' thorn U. il. 
 Loyal ists." « « .. • 
 
 Uoblin, who srttlod in the thiitl coni'OHHion, was oloi-tod throo 
 times to I'iirliainouf, in IHOH, 1811, and 1HI2. At first, ho sat for 
 two yours; but, whon sent tho socond tinio, ho was oxpollod, bocauso 
 lio was u /r>m/ Methodist J*n^uihei'. His constituents ro-oK-etod him, 
 and a;^ain ho was expelled, to be a third time elected; but he died 
 bofbro tho Parliumont again mot, on the liwtday of February, 1813| 
 aged 44. ' > ' ' 
 
 It was in the year 1793, in tho second Session of Parli.anieiit, 
 that un Aet was passed " to fix the time and plaee tor holdinjj; tho 
 Courts of General (Quarter Sessions of tho Peace." The Act |)rovided 
 "that the Court.! of (leneral Quarter Sessions of lliu lVac(! for tho 
 Midland district of this Province, shall commence and bo holden m 
 Adolphustown, on tlie second Tuesday in the month of July, and on 
 the second Tuesday in the month of January; and in Kingston, on 
 the second Tuesd.ay in tho month of April, and on the second Tues- 
 day in the montli of October." The other places wei-e Michilmackinac, 
 Newark, New Johnstown, and ('ornwall. In this .second year of 
 Upper Canada, no mention is made of Toronto, nor yet of York. 
 Where )iow stands the splendid Osgoode Hall, with its chaste and 
 beautiful decorations ; an<l, iudee«l, now exists the whole of Toronto, 
 Nvith its unrivalled University building, its Colleges, its handsome 
 Churches ami elegant mansions was then a tangled forest, and, excej)t 
 an ludiivn path along tho Don, nmrking a portage to Lake Simcoo 
 and Fort Toronto, tliere svas no indicition of human existence. 
 Moreover, about this time, upon the shores of Adolphustown was 
 born Christopher Ilagernian, who was destined to adorn the bar and 
 grace the bench ; wlio saw arise tho Courts of Law, the organization 
 of the Law Society, and assisted to establish them at Toronto, where 
 he spent his latter days, and where now his ashes repose. 
 
 Among those who first camo to Adolphustown are some who 
 hud seen sei'vice in an irregular way, as well as the refugee" The 
 
468 MAHYHItllHUII. « 
 
 nninoH of noiiiu of thoin will bit ftaiiid among the loyiil combatant 
 and loyaliHtH. 
 
 For Ni*vurul y«*Hi'H, tho funiilicM thut uunio from tho KtutoH would 
 Htop lit tlu) Fourth 'i'ownwhip, wluro limy woiild " work out," or talco a 
 furm on NhurcH, or pcrhapH rvnt ii farm, tmtil thvy could Hud n nuit- 
 nl)l(' placu on which to |M>rinancntly Hcttlc, iti the buck towuHhipi, 
 HU(*h aH Hophiiuibur^h, AnicliaHbur^h, Hldticy and Thurlow. The 
 ordinary tcrniH ior working a I'arin on HharcH waH for the ownur 
 to furniNh tuani, nved, &o., and tuko onu-half of the product) wheo 
 
 gathure<l. -i -. .1 ■ " . > 
 
 \ , C'onrad VanDuHon kept the firHt tavern wcMt of KingHton, and 
 at hiN houHc travolurti up and down tho Bay would Hto]). AIho, now 
 conu'rM to tho Jlay would here firat tarry, until decided where to 
 
 MOttlc. 
 
 '")! "(h 'ft. 1>y,)tt 'I'fff?^ »i:rff I ,rM..i -i •, Im •■.-ii ivi; j q I ;•:; T iV.v,-."^ 
 . ^'.yiT A\\^ -yiU \n >;ti ,/TtM rofioi"<irfM'^T..M (f.>i« Urir I;>''(>i:';f:/i;M((V< t\ 
 
 ContiNtii— Mfti'yHbnrffli— Off jffn— Onro part of a RelKntory— Riirvoy— TToMland— 
 
 Old mill) — 'I'lu! lotH— OfllcerH of 84th Rogt. — Original iHiKiowiiorH — Indinn 
 
 Point — McDoiuu^irH Cove — (JroR May — " Accoinuiodfttlnpr Mtiy "— ' (lamnion 
 
 •' •" Pohit " — Black Uivcr — "Look Point" — KcserveH— CoiirHe purMUcd by the 
 
 ■ft Bui-voyor — Nutulior of HeSHianK — Tholr siifleringH — Dark taloH — DlHcontented 
 
 — IlL'turning to Hohho — A Huitablu location — Not IL K. LoyaliHtH — Received 
 
 '''''" Jand gratlH— Family land— Their hahits— Uapt MoDonnell— Squire Wright 
 
 "ifi 1^. Bergt. Harrlnon— Tho Smith's — (Jrant to Major VanAlstine — Beautiful 
 
 ,,^ . 8ct)uury — Umith'H bay — " The Uovk " — Over a precipiou. 
 
 ■ ' "^ "•" ' ■'■' » • ■■•■•/•"' >•'• ' ■>• .-^k' ■ s-'iij i^j.n^i, ,^;:>nu^n >tij .. 
 
 -trtiJ.ifj Hn Ifrr/f ,1^-g rnhnt ivrWNsmp— kAHTHBmiaH. ' )H->i^i^ur\ v|>y 
 
 ,siii#'' TliJB township is ho called after Mary, DuchcsH of Gloucester, 
 eleventh child of tho King. f,ifV„v,j, ; ,, i,'.Uhnn ... 
 
 It is more than likely that tbo extremity of Prince Edward 
 Peninsula was frequently visited during tho French occupancy of 
 Frontenac. Indeed, it is quite probable that the Seigniory granted 
 to La Salle included a portion of the present township of Marye- 
 burgh. And no doubt, the beautiful bay, long time called South 
 
 eBay, that is the body of water lying between Indian Point and 
 
 ;,,Ijong Point, with Wappooso Island, was often visited during the 
 
 ■ American rebellion. 
 
 The original surveyor, Mr. Collins, having been instriicted to 
 
 iilay out a fifth township on the shores of the Bay, recognized the 
 
I.OTN, IRRKOiri.AR. 450 
 
 Hoiith hIioi'o ftM n iloNirnblo [iluco upon which to hv\\\o (liHltniulcd 
 troopH. Th«< i'orktMl pciiiriMihi, witli lh<> con on, hikI th(< lihick HivtT, 
 Kuppliod valiiahU< fncilitioH lor the intonditi/^ pionnvr. Tho Nur 
 voying wiiH coinnioiu'cd In nH4, und rinishod in 'HR or '8rt. Ilofor- 
 ring to lh«» loyal comhatantH, it will ho nvon that tlu^ Poroign 
 TiC^ion conipoNod of II«>HHianH, and a fitw Irish and Scotoh, had 
 ofTiM-iMl, to Huch oftiioin aK denirt'd to rotnain in Canada, /^rantH of 
 land. It wan tho Kiffh TowriHhip in which tlio (Sovornmcnt dotor- 
 inin<>d they Hhould ho located. Having hccii Hlayin^ in Ix)Wor 
 Canada for a tinio, thoy aHctMidcd in hattcuux in 17K5, and, wo 
 beliovo, under tho euro of Archihald McDonnell, proceeded to 
 occupy the townHhip ; while the Hurveyij);^ waH Htill goin;.^ on along 
 the bay. Cireat paiiiH had boon taken to Hocure a tVonta^e upon 
 tho water cither of the May (iiiinte, the South Hay, or Black 
 Iliver. By referring to the oldcHt map of tho township in tho 
 Crown LundH Department, it \h found that whilo moHt of tho land 
 waw allotted to tho IIoHHianH, a couHiderable portion waH taken up 
 by commiHHionod and non-commiHuioned ofticerM of the 84th Re^t. 
 
 By looking at tho map of Marynburgh, it will be ween that 
 groat irregularity exists in tho formation of the lotH^and it will bo 
 obHorvod that groat care ImH been taken to Hecure a frontage upon 
 tho water to aa many lots fts poHsible. This waH, as el8owh<'ro 
 shown, to procure a water communication to tho central points of 
 tho sottlomont; and as well facilities for fishing, to tho settlers. By 
 maps preserved in tho Crown Land Department, it may bo soon 
 to whom was originally granted certain parts of the township, from 
 the names written thereupon. The names of places are, as well, 
 very suggestive. It would soom that Collins, as well as others, 
 engaged in laying out tho townships, did not forgot to make 
 claim to eligible lots, here and there, for himscdf. To those ho was 
 doubtless entitled, and acted no unjust part. ' ' ..: > i'in ;...i^ 
 
 At the extremity of what is now called Indlftn Point, b?nt fbr- 
 morly designated Point Pleasant, was a considerable tract of land 
 which was not laid out into lots, but which has marked upon it, as 
 the original owner. Surveyor John Collins, Subsequently, Collins 
 conveyed it to Alexander Aitkins, a lawyer. Proceeding up tho 
 Bay of Quinto, wo como to a small cove, known now as McDonnoIl's 
 Cove; but maps exist upon which this is called Grog Bay. In tho 
 absence of fact, it may not bo well to relate tho traditionary origin 
 of this name. It is sufficient to say that it most likely arose from 
 tho habit, then fUr more common than now, of visiting this place to 
 
4H0 AHOIINU MOI/TII MAY. 
 
 rtMh, iitwl liiitik ^ro^, Adjiuniit to thiM hiiy wm u lur^fl hl(M>l< of Innd 
 ^i'aiil«'(| to An-liil*itl<l MrhoiiiM'll. ('|>"i> llii< noiiiIi Hliort' ol' Point 
 I'U'iktuiil tli«> WHlor, iiow Srnilli'H Itit) , \h tiutrUod " A«;('otiiiii<i(i»tiiig 
 Way." WIm'u wo ntineiiilM*!* llui ^rout rnM'»>4wity lor rufh ht-ttU'r to 
 lii(\*< ui'(;uMN to the wtktor, niid thu coiiHtatil coui'ho pursued by thu 
 iiui'voyorU)No(;uni it; wo hiivo iiodiltlculty in arriving ulllic conchi> 
 Hioii ihiit lliiH nuru*' iu'ono IVoni i\ni inci-taHcij f'utilitioN (IiIh iiidcntiv- 
 tion ot'tiiti lake HUppliod, in thin nt.spcct. 'I'Im> poiiii ot' land htrotcli- 
 inv out iM'twoon " Atrotnniodutinj;; Buy " and I'rinci' I'ldwaid Hay, 
 and Bliiok Uivor, u nunio dut< to tlio dark color of iU wutvr, which 
 it* north t>f th(> fnrlliornioHt point of tlio ptMiiiihulu. is callud *'(tuni< 
 fnoii Point." Thin naniit was ^iv«n, inont iiU»dy from the fancii'd 
 rl'^«>nll)lnlM;() it h«>ro lo u ham ; tho tt>rm gammon l>«*in^ t ho word 
 I (Miimonly uncd l»y thy old scKlors tor ham. I,o<dvin^ at IIm) hill 
 li'<»lu tho Mouth-wi'Mt, it dotts hear miu-Ii a rcHomlilancc 
 
 Tho lotH wore Hurvoycd wilh thoir front upon tho north fhoro of 
 the lUacli Uiv(M', and, thon returning' to tho water, and conlinuin^ 
 t(tWHrdM the I'xtromity of l*rin<'0 Kdward'H liay, the lots wore made 
 lo irontupon Iho water, m:ilun|{ them angular with the othern. At 
 ( ho very cuid of the \h\y, they jire changed a^ain, ho uh to have u trout 
 .'il right ungloH with the otlierH. Tliore are lour of thone lotw. The 
 Hurveyor Jiad now roaehed tho rock of "Long i'oint, " uh itin culled, 
 at the proHont day. Hero we find, again, that thu lotH tVont to 
 tho north, upon I'rime Kdwurd'M Hay. The Hurvoyor next pro- 
 ceeded to survey the hase lino u.s far aw BlutJ' I*oint, and then return- 
 in;.!;, formed fifteen lots, which hrought him to the rour of thoNO 
 laid out at flie head of the liay. lie thon cronsed over to the Jmke 
 Shore, and commenced to Hurvey woHtward. Tlio point wut* (hen 
 nujuod " Point Traverse," from tho fact, wo fancy, that tho surveyor 
 crowed hero to continue hia survey without laying out tho extre- 
 mity of Long Point, which olfored no inducements for tho settlorH. 
 UponPointTravor.se, was twt apart a hlock of land, containing 
 2,%500 acres, which is marked "Military Ijunds." Probably, with 
 some idea of orocting here some military ])0st. Those wore utter- 
 wards conveyed to " Capt. Joseph Allen." Upon tho same map, , 
 in the Crown Lands Department, we loarn that u block of land 
 nour Black Eivor, was originally granted to James Brock, Ksq. * 
 To tho west of the Hftoon'lots laid out at tho nook of Point Traverse, 
 and fronting upon tho Lake, was a reserve for tho Clergy. This 
 sQOius to have heon tho extent of tho iirst survey in this section. 
 ..Eteturning to tho Bay of Quints, wo tind that at this time lot4 
 
IIKIWIAMM. 461 
 
 w<m inid out nlnri^ the nIioi-o woNiwnrd, to vritliin iilM)nt two milM 
 of tho F<uUo on tli(* Moiiiitnin. 'Vlw luiol tli(<ii<'t< not l)<<iiit( iiitrttctivo, 
 it wiiH iioltlitMi hiu'Vt'}(*<(. .S(tl)s«'i|iutiiily wli(tii liiiiloiit. i|it> loiNwont 
 |ilu((Mi III a Nlif^lit un^U« will) (lioho to tint t<UMi, iit onlcr to Ibtiit 
 ii|H>ii tlio Hiiv. Hixt«>on lotM hiiii^M un t4>ihu iiiitiiiiicoor I'UUtn hay, 
 \^u\u u cliuiif^o \H t'oiitnl to tako pliico, ho that tlio lotM intiy tVoni 
 upon tlio (<UMt hIioi'o of thirt liay. Hix lot^ roudi to tin* liond of 
 till' l)iiy, which iip|i«<urH to liavu hiuMi tho ii'i'iuiiirttioii tor .i timi' 
 Hut hiihHt'qui'iilly, iho Murvi»y wnw coiitiniiuil, hoiri^ ^li^/htly ulton'<l, 
 thilt the huHt' litii* mi>{ht titllow the old Indian CiU'ryin^ IMa<><<. 
 Thoro wciv nine h)t.<« in thiH row. Turning to Kant Lake and Wt^nt 
 \a\\u\ it will he KOtn that thti IoIm wcro arran^iul to JVont on cithwr 
 ttido, as widl uh at thoondn. Thr tinu* iit which thcN<^ lotHin«Mitionod 
 wow Murvoyod, i.s noinowhut uncortjiin. hut prohiddy hid'oro l7H(i. 
 
 It is im])()H^il)lc lo stulo the cxacl nunduM' of iloHHianN who 
 HOttU'd in Mai'yHhnr;{h ; hut jud|{iii^ IW)in uccountn, and tho nanioM 
 taken tVom tho (Irantoc'M lint, it in HurnuHod thorc wi'iv ahout forty. 
 Unac(|iiaititod with Iho i'^n^liNh lan^uiHh, and uiinccustoniod to tho 
 profound Nolitndo td' tho toroMt, and tho Ilittin^H of tho dark-Hkitiod 
 Indian, (dton in a ntato of Hcini-nudity, it \n no reason lor wonder, if 
 tho Hi'SHijniH feltothorwise than contented in their wildernesH homo. 
 Although upon tho i»ordorH ot' a lovely hay, rich in vahuihle tiHh, 
 ihoy wore ignorant of tho nitklo of catching thoni ; and, when tho 
 Govorninent nupplioK, which wero continued tx) thoni, as to the 
 olhor MOttlors for throe yearw, wan withdrawn ; altlxtugh this valu- 
 able article of did wan al thoir very door, they wore exposed to 
 tho torrovK of actual Htarvation. Kvon during tho timo that rations 
 wore to ho given thoni, it is related they wore often in want. A 
 dark tale of cupidity, and hoartloHsoaroloHHnoss on tho partofotticials, 
 to whom wore ontruMtud the duty of furnishing tho )iocoHsary wtoroH, 
 has boon told. How much of tmth there may bo in thin report, it 
 is n(<w impoHHihlo (o say. When wo rememhor tho circuniNtin)cc8 
 of the tinioK; tho HOttlorH Hcattorod along hundrodH of miles of \in- 
 cloarod land, that tho Htores had to bo transported from Monli'oal, and 
 Lachine by hattoaux, and that, neco.sHarily, many porHons bocamo 
 roHjionsiblo for tho transit, as well as tho distribution, we nood not 
 be surprised if there was now and then carelessness and neglect ; and 
 now and then roprohensible appropriation of stores, which wero 
 intended by a paternal (iovornment for the niouths of tho 
 hungry. Many of the ilossian settlors would gladly have escaped 
 from all tho ten'ors which oiicompaHuod thorn; but it was now too 
 
THEIR DIFFICULTIES. 
 
 late. Ah a gonoral thin^, thoy hiul not tho means of removing. 
 But there were a few who nmna^^ed to oxtricato thomwolvoH, and 
 who returned to tlie old country. One John Croglo wont to King- 
 Hton, mortgaged hh lurm for £(> to Rev. Mr. Stuart, and took his 
 departure for tho fatherlaii I ; another mortgaged his lot to 
 Captain Allan and left, leaving his wife ; and never returned. 
 
 Probably no place in the country aftbrdod a better location for 
 theHO foreigners who wore entirely ignorant of the rugged duties of 
 pioneer life, and hiul but an imperfect conception of agricultural 
 , purHuitH, and moreover, wore quite unable to Bpoak the English 
 language. It haw been said, indeed, that tho (Jovornment exercised 
 a thoughtful regard in placing them, where a means of existence 
 was at their very door, by tho catching of tish, beside what the soil 
 might bring forth. But the fact that they were of a ditterent 
 nationality — essentially a dift'oront people from tho loyalist settlors, 
 militated against them. Many oi' Lhe latter wero Dutch, and could 
 speak liltlo or no English ; but the former could understand Dutch 
 no more than theyi3ould Kuglish, (rornian was their native tongue. 
 The He&sians wero not U. K. Loyalists, and they wore often mude 
 to feel this by not receiving for themselves and family the 
 sarao allowance of land, and by tho behaviour manifested toward 
 them by tho loyalists. The writer recollects the tone of disparage- 
 ment toward tho " fifth townors," by an old inhabitant of tho fourth 
 town. These things combined to delay prosperity to the township, 
 as a general thing. .w.^i^.tuust 
 
 ,H], They received land gratis; but subsequently when the title 
 
 deed was given, a sum of £5 was demanded, being the amount of 
 
 * expense incurred at the time of their enrolment into the service. 
 
 i This was protested against upon the floor of tho Parliament, but 
 
 V without avail. The quantity of land each should receive was to 
 
 I depend upon tho number of children. Beside tho allotment to 
 
 '; each, at the time of settling, ho was to receive an additional fifty 
 
 acres at the time each child attained the age of twenty-one. This 
 
 took the name of " Family Lands." 
 
 Although prosperity did not come to tho township of Marysburgh 
 as quickly as to the first four townships, yet the time eventually 
 arrived when it partook of the general spirit of advancement. From 
 several sources we have the statement that the old soldiers were for 
 many years given to somewhat irregular habits ; and that an impor- 
 tant instrument in effecting a reformation among them, was the Kev. 
 Darius Dunham, the first Methodist preacher to visit them. 
 
8QUIRE WRiaUT. 463 
 
 BoHide those of the foreign legion who settled in this township, 
 were several officers, and non-commissioned officers of the 84th regi- 
 ment, and a few who had been in th«! regular army. The most im- 
 portaTit of these was Caj)tain Archibald McDonnell, who arrived at 
 the township in 1784, and landed in the cove, which now bears his 
 name, and there on the shore pitched his tent, until he had erected a 
 ■ log cabin. ":'■'■ - 'r ,•'■■'•;"•:/" •," :»^v'!//'>:''^-''*'':-'-''"--»(^^>i* ,t'!'"^"">'-* '■ ' 
 
 Then, there was " Squire " Wright, who was Hupreme in autho- 
 rity in the township for many a day, even before lie was aj)pointed 
 magistrate. Ho was the Commissary Officer, and the old soldiers 
 were ; wont to come to him, to settle an^ differences that might 
 arise am(mg them. 
 
 , Sergeant Harrison was an early settlor, he has a son still living 
 now in liis 88th year ; yet hale as a man of sixty-eight. He was born 
 in St. John's, Lower Canada, and was five years old when he camo 
 with the family to the ])lace, an elder brother having preceded and 
 erected a hut. Ho tells us that the llossians were to have three 
 years' provisions, but for some reason only received two j'oars. Ho 
 remembers when blazed trees alone marked the way, from one 
 ' house to another ; and then the bridle path, which in time was 
 ' widened into a road. The first horse brought to the township is 
 well remembered, it was owned by Colonel McDonnell. This one, 
 with another, were the only ones, for many a year, in the place. 
 
 Among the first settlors were William Carson, Daniel Mcintosh, 
 and Henry Smith, a German, who had several sons : John, William, 
 Benjamin, Charles, Barnit, and Ernest. Smith's Bay is so called 
 after Charles. 
 
 Major VanAlstine had granted to him a large block of land in 
 this township. The original grant is now before us, and gives the 
 information that the quantity was 437 acres, consisting of lots 
 number five and six in the first concession. The document is dated 
 "4th Juno, 1796," signed "J. G.,S." (John Greaves, Simcoo). "Peter 
 Russell, Auditor General. Eogisterod, 17th Juno, William Jarvis, 
 Registrar." 
 
 This lot of land included the high hill, v/ith the lake at its 
 summit, so well known to excursionists. The Major at once pro- 
 ceeded to erect a mill here, which proved a great convenience to 
 the inhabitants of the ^uwnship .The lake was for a time called 
 VanAlstine's Lake. In 1811, Major VanAlstine having died, the 
 land, with 30 acres cleared, and a dwelling-house, and another for 
 the miller, and out-houses are found offered for sale by the executors. 
 
464 THE ROCK. •- 
 
 f 1-' Wo cannot leave tlic lownship of Murysbiir^h without com- 
 monding the lioautiliil Hconerv to thoHO wlio may not liave visited 
 it, ospocially the interior, and the sliores of South JJay. A frip \>y 
 carriage from Picton across the rui^god hill, which seem^* to encircle 
 in an irregular manner, the whole township, to the lilack Creek, 
 ^I'hoso dark and narrow waters, inclosed by muddy banks, contrast so 
 markedly with the bright blue of the bay into which it cnijjties, liaid 
 by Gammon Point, is one that will well repa}' any one making it. 
 The irregularity of the roads makes the drive none the less interesting. 
 Approaching the bay, thei-e is spread out a view whose beauty wo 
 have never seen surpassed, and rarely equalled either in the new 
 world or the old. Having obtained a close view of Prince Edward 
 Bay, and observed the far-stretching Point Traverse with the three 
 prominent Bluft's ; and still further away to the south, the Bucks, 
 and Timber Islands, the tourist should follow us closely as may bo 
 the changing shore, that forms the head of Smith's Ba}'^, to the north 
 side, where another delightfnl prospect will lay before him. 
 
 About six miles euat of Wappooso Island, is a bold pointstanding 
 out into the Lake, It presents a bold and precipitous frort of about 
 100 feet in height. It is now commonly designated the " Rock." 
 Formerly, it was called " Cape Vesey Rock." Here was a reserve 
 for the Mississauga Indians, of about 450 acres. This was not sur- 
 rendered by the Indians until 1835, although some time prior, a 
 settler b}- the T»ame of Stevenson, had been in occupation. Some 
 years ago, there was overhanging the brow t* mass of rock, which 
 one day fell, with a thundering crash. And the old inhabitants tell 
 of a deer and an Indian huntsman, whose bodies were found lying 
 at the foot of the rock both having approached the brink with 
 such speed that, to turn aside was impossible, and both bounded 
 
 over the perpendicular rock to meet a common doom. 
 
 I- 
 
 ■'J. -■ 
 
80PHIASBUR0II. 405 
 
 ., : ,i .' >}. ■■ ■ • ■ 
 
 :M..JiM.., H- I CIIAPTHR Lll. , , .. . 
 
 CoNTENTH — Sixtli towiisliip — Niiini' — Survey — Convenient for settlement — First 
 settlers — A remote township — What was jmifl tor lots — " Late Loyalists" — 
 Uoing to Mill — Geological formation -Along the frontH — High shore — 
 OraHsy Point — Its history — Marsh front — Central place — Stickney's Hill — 
 Fost(!r'H Hill — Northi)ort — Tnule — .James Cotter — Gores — Demerestville — 
 The name — "Sodom" — First records — Towrship meetings — The I^aws of 
 the township — Divided into parishes — Town clerk — Ortieers — The poor — 
 ;.i The committee — Inhahitants, 1824 — Fish Lake — Seventh township — The 
 
 I _ name — Survey by Kotte — At the Carrying Place — Surveyor's assistant — No 
 
 i" early records — First settlers. 
 
 SIXTH TOWNSHIP—SOPHIASBURail, NORTIIPORT, DEMERESTVILLE. 
 
 This township is named after Sophia, the twelfth child of King 
 Goorgo III. In the year 1785, Deputy Surveyor G-oneral Collins, 
 who was then at Kingston, instructed his assistant Louis Kotte, to 
 lay out a sixth township, commencing at the southern extremity of 
 South (Picton) Bay, and proceeding no-thwai'd along the west 
 coast of the Bay Quinte, the lots to front* upon the bay. These 
 were measured along the high shore to Green Point, forty-four lots. 
 Following the bay, which at Green Point turns westwai*d, a row of 
 lots were laid out to the head of the bay, sixtj'-four lots of which 
 woi'o to form the northern front of the sixth township. By refer- 
 ring to the map it will be observed that this township was also a 
 convenient place for a new settlement, having two sides of a 
 ti'ianglo upon the ))ay. The comparatively straight high shore; and 
 tho equally even coast upon the north, enabled the 8ui*veyor to 
 obtain a uniformity Avhich had been impossible in the fifth town- 
 ship, although securing an extensive frontage for the settlers. 
 About 1788, probably, the first settlers of this township took uj) their 
 land at the head of Picton Bay, sometimes called Ilallowell Bay. 
 They were two Congers, Peterson, Spencer, Henry Johnson ; and at 
 a later date came Barker and Vandusen. 
 
 Respecting this township gencrallj', Mr. Price, who has kindly 
 exerted himself to procure facts, observes, " I find there is some 
 difficulty in getting information. " The first settlers are all dead, 
 with one or two exceptions, and many of tho farms on the north 
 shore were bought from the U. E. Loyalists who never lived on 
 them." The occupation of the township generally, may be regarded 
 as a later settlement. This rich, and now, long settled place, was 
 once considered as a remote settlement, as Eawdon, Huntington, 
 30 
 
466 KIRHT BETTI.KnS. 
 
 uiul lluiigoi-foi'il, wero thirty years lutor. All, or nearly all, who 
 look up hind hero and hecanio the ])ioneor8, had at Hrst lived in ono 
 of the townnhipH upon the lower j)art of the bay, most of them in 
 AdolphuKtown. (Jullliam DonieroHt, John Pareels, and Bobliii, 
 wore among these. Some of the settlers drew land hero; but 
 many pnrchaHcd, and lotn, now worth the highest price, wore pro- 
 cured for a vei-y Hniall sum, or for a horse, or cow, oi* a certain 
 quantity of grain. Some of the Hettlors had formerly lived in the 
 Jjowor Province, or in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. Also, 
 there was continually coming in, those who felt no longer at home 
 under the new form of government in the States, or who were glad 
 to esca])e persecution. These were not in time to secure land, and 
 wore often called the "Late Loyalists." Then, again, a few years 
 later, when the bitterness of spirit, which had led the rebels to 
 commit such serious acts of cruelty to tlio loyalists, had subsided, 
 and a degree of intercourse had commenced between the two, it 
 came to ])as8 that many, who had not taken an active part on either 
 side in the contest, and who had friends in Canada, emigrated to 
 the shores of the bay, or, as they called Canada then, Cataraqui. 
 For instance, the Cronks and Ways, who wore among the first 
 settlers upon the Marsh front, as the north shore was called, were 
 but the precursors of several others of the same name, who entered 
 about the beginning of the present centmy. Some of these were, 
 no doubt, influenced by the proclamation issued by Sinicoe. 
 Nathaniel Solmos was ono of tho older settlers. Ho came from 
 Duchess County in 1792, lived in Adolphustown two years, then 
 settled on lot No. 10, Ist concession. M^f «! 
 
 Ono of tho first settlors upon tho north front was John 
 Parcels. He was of Captain VanAlstino's company, and settled 
 in that township, where he continued to live until 1809, when 
 ho removed to lot No. 24, whore Northport now stands. 
 His wife having died in 1787, he married Mrs. Parliament, 
 Their first-born, named Richard, was the first, or ono of the 
 first white children born in Sophiasburgh. Mrs. Parcel's son, 
 George Parliament, says, in a memorandum, " I recollect having 
 to go to Napanoe Mills, in company with my brother Jacob, a dis- 
 tance of nearly twenty miles, to got our grinding done, we had our 
 wheat on a hand-sleigh, as the roads were not passable by any other 
 mode of conveyance." 
 
 Tho land was often purchased at a very low price ; for insi^ance, 
 lot No. 16, in the 1st concession, was purchased for a horse, harness, 
 
ALONO THE IIIUH HIIORE. ifij 
 
 unci ^ig. A t'unn bolonging to Matthew Cronk, wuh bought for a 
 half barrel of Hulmon. The Fostor-pUvco, whore Honjuiniii Way, 
 uMoci to live, waH sold for un old horHO. This U one of the best 
 I'urniH in I'rince Edward, now, |)orhaps valued at Hoven or eight 
 thousand dollars. In 171)3, Nicholas Lazier paid 825 to Tobias 
 Ryckman, lor 200 acres. 
 
 The geological formation of Sophiasburgh and Ameliasburgh, 
 iu not without intorcHt. That the mountain about Picton, and the 
 high shore at one time formed the shore of the bay, or perhaps, 
 what is more likely, stood up as an island in a lake, with much 
 broader boundaries than Tjako Ontario now has, there is but littlo 
 doubt. It will not be possible to discuss such points to a great 
 extent, at the same time, it will be well to make a few observations 
 U8 we proceed. It has been soon that this township has two long 
 fronts upon the bay. ' " " '' ' " ' 
 
 These join at what is known as Grassy Point. Commencing 
 at the head of Picton Bay, the reader is invited to follow the course 
 of the bay, and to observe the points of interest which may bo 
 found. No one can travel by the road on the summit of the high 
 shore, without been deeply impressed with the beauty of the 
 scenery. Fi'om this height, is an extended view of the bay, stretch- 
 ing down toward Kingston, with the rugged shore of Marysburgh on 
 the right, and the lower and more attractive lands of Adolphustown, 
 and Fi'edericksburgh on the immediate left, while beyond the 
 Reach, lies the placid waters of Hay Bay. About fifteen miles from 
 Picton, the high shore recedes from the bay, and turns to the west, 
 stretching away almost to the waters of Ontario. From this part 
 of the coast, to Grassy Point, a distance of over nine miles, the land is 
 low ; but the road is a pleasant one, until it turns to cross to the 
 north shore. Continuing along the south shore, although walking 
 in silence, and quite removed from human habitation, we are tread- 
 ing upon ground, which, in the past, was a place of note. The 
 following notice respecting Grassy Point supplies information. 
 
 " On Wednesday, the 27th of June, at the Court House, will be 
 sold by auction to the highest bidder, that beautiful property, con- 
 sisting of 343 acres of excellent land, of which a large portion is 
 cleared, situated in one of the finest parts of the Bay of Quinte, 
 being the residue of a reserve for military purposes, and afterwards 
 granted to Sir John Harvey, on which there is a Ferry crossing to 
 the Six Nation Tract. In the neighborhood, there is an extensive 
 settlement of respectable farmers. The premises and the vicinity 
 
468 ORA88Y POINT. 
 
 abound with game, niul tho bay with finh of every descnption 
 peculiur to Lake Ontario. It is particularly suitable for grazing, 
 and '\H within 40 miles of Kingston, which is a never failing ready 
 money market." 
 
 Sir John Harvey was afterward, for his services in the war of 
 1812, appointed Governor of Nova Scotia. Tho land was sold to 
 Samuel (Muse, Civil Engineer, tho person who surveyed the Wolland 
 and Uidoau Canals. lie died at Ottawa some years ago, and loft 
 this j)roporty to his daughter, Anna, now Mrs. Paul Poterson, who 
 resides upon the place. The agent who advertised tho land for Sir 
 John, as ' excellent land,' was scarcely correct. Much of tho land 
 is rocky, with but few inches of soil. Clumps of scraggy trees 
 exist with patches of plain. But along the shores are pleasant 
 nooks, in which agreeable fishing may be found. The Point is 
 divided into two, by a small bay. Tho more eastern of the two 
 points is known as Grassy Point, and the other Green Point. Tho 
 intervening cove has been known as Louis Cove, from a Fi'onchman 
 of that name who long lived hero. The land to the East of tho 
 cross roads, between lots two and three, is useless, almost, for agri- 
 cultural purposes. 
 
 Grassy Point, from its geographical position, naturally became 
 a place at which tho early settlers, in passing up and down tho Bay, 
 made a rest. At that time, but few trees were gi'owing, tho Point 
 being a green plain. Most likely, it had been the site of an Indian 
 village. Tho first settler here, who came at an early date, was 
 HauiK'c Trumpour. His house was well known to the pioneers ; 
 and tho navigator, wearily toiling in the batteau, gladly welcomed 
 the appearance of his hospitable roof. Passing around the extreme 
 northerly point, oif which is Capt. John's Island, we are upon the 
 north shore, or marsh front, of Sophiasburgh. 
 
 Grassy Point was not only a convenient place for resting, to 
 those passing along ; but it likewise was regarded as the most central 
 point at which to hold township meetings. And here, the whole 
 militia, which comprised mostly all the male population of Prince 
 Edward, even from the extreme point of Marysburgh, were wont 
 to meet, to have their annual trainings. At these times, John 
 " Trumpour's house became one of no little importance. The training 
 took place hero so late as 1802. 
 
 Proceeding on our way ^estwai*d, the land becomes very much 
 better. At the northern termination of the cross-road before men- 
 tioned, is a ferry, which has long existed. The first settler here, 
 
HTICKNEY'8 HILL. 4(59 
 
 Who OHtnbli«l,o.l tho tWry, wuh Richnr.1 Duvonport. It ovl^Umtod 
 from tho noccsHity of tho cottiers of tho Sixth Township, havinK to 
 j<otoNapunoo(omilI. Manyabushol of ^M-ai.U.as boon haclced 
 fi-omth.H township to Napanoo mills, und thu Hour carrio.l back. 
 
 Mr. Taul Potoi-Hon now livos Jioro. 
 
 Procooding on our eourno. Ah tho Ian<I improvon, it is no loniror 
 lovol, but bocon.os unovon, and, on lot oi^^lw, is found a considerable 
 ominonce, known as Stickncy's Jlill, which slan.ls closoly a^^ainst 
 the «ay. This hill has attracted no little attention, on acco.mt of 
 tho largo number of human bones which tho nlow has, year aftoi- 
 year, turned to tho surface. Various stories have gained currency 
 relative to tho origin of tho bonos ; tho most notable of which is 
 that hero perished Col. Quintc, with a number(,f men. (RospoclinJ 
 this, see Ilislory of J]ay). The most likely oxplanntion is, that 
 hero, for years, tho Indians living on Grassy Point buried their 
 (load. Upon this hill, in the burying ground of tho Solmes faniily 
 reposes tho remainsof Dr. Stickney, after whom the jdace is named 
 and who was the first pliysician to practice in this township Since' 
 wo visited this spot, but a few short months ago, another pio.ioor 
 ims found hero a resting place. A faithful Canadian, an oxemplarv 
 citizen, llichard Solmes, having lived to see the wilderness truly 
 blossom as tho rose, full of yoa.-s, has passed to the grave, followed 
 by a wiiolo community of people, and mourned by a higldy oatoemed 
 mmily. ■ _ r "^ ^= 
 
 WostofStickn^'sIIilJ, the land graduidly ri.os; and u lew 
 m. OS gradually brings us to a higher on,inonce, called now, Fostor'8 
 llill, which IS noticeable for many miles up and down tho Bay It 
 was onco,no doubt, an island in tho midst of a groat lake Being 
 covered with wood, adds, in summer, very much to tho beauty and 
 interest of the scenery. At the summit of this prominent Jiill is a 
 table land of rock covered with but little soil. But very soon tho 
 soil increases in depth, and away, on every hand, stretches a fertile 
 land. Near the foot of tho hill, and upon tho shore, where the land 
 IS pressed out into tho ba}-, almost to form a point, is situated tho 
 J^nends' Meeting House. No one acquainted with tho mode of 
 worship practiced by this exceedingly conscientious denomination 
 can help being impressed with tho truly suitable locality for deep 
 spiritual communing. Two miles further westward, at tho coni- 
 mencement of the channel, between tho mainland and the Big 
 island, brings us to tho pleasant village of Mrthport, so called from 
 ts situation, upon the north shore of the township. The situation 
 
470 DKMRRKST VILLI. 
 
 iH charming, nnd hero may bo Hoon tho very OMSonco of rural Imppi- 
 n088. Tho village, oonHisting of nomo 200 inhabitants, has two 
 HU)ro8, but no placo where iiitoxicatinK liciuorM are Hold. Tho trade 
 iH confined U) tho inhabitantH of tho towuHhij), with an ooeartional 
 customor from the MohawUn, acrosH the liay. Tho view, looking 
 woHtward, tlirough Hig ««vy and tho Narrows, along the whore of 
 Thurlow,toBollovillo,i«,upon ulovelyHumraor night, very pleasant 
 
 to the gaze. ' ' ,^ 
 
 Tho village of Norlhport wan built partly on tho property 
 originally owned by JamcH Morden and Isaac Domill ; James 
 Morden having built first hero in 1701. Tho first morchant to com- 
 mence buHinoHH here was Orton Hancock, in 1810. Tho first wharf 
 built here was in 1829; but prior to that Jacob Cronk had con- 
 Btructed one on his farm, lot twenty-one, probably in the second 
 year the Charlotte run. ' > . ., . !> 
 
 In addition to the names already given, of the first sbttlors of 
 gophiasburgh, we may mention the following: three families of 
 Ostrom's, the Short's, Brown, the Cole's, Barso, Abbott, Cronkn, 
 LaZier, Snenccr, Basker, Peck, Do Mill, Fox, Spragg, Goslin, 
 Trippon, Mowers. 
 
 James Cotter was an early settlor, became the first Justice of 
 the Peace, and, in 1813, was elected to Parliament, and served four 
 
 years. 
 
 Tho township having been surveyed so that the lots might Iront 
 upon both sides, there resulted a certain number of Gores, desig- 
 nated respectively by the letters BCD and G. The first of these 
 Gores settled was by Philip Roblin, who was one of the first settlers 
 
 of the township. , , , „. i^n,^. ...vi f oq 
 
 Demerestville.— 'this village, which is situated upon lots 38 
 and 39, of the marsh front, is named after tho original settlor, 
 Guillame Domerest. The old settlers called him '• Demeray." He 
 was a native of Duchess County, N. Y., and was a boy during the 
 rebellion. He was often engaged in carrying provision to the British 
 army. Ho continued to live in Duchess County, until 1790, when 
 he came to Canada. He failed to prove his right as a U. E. Loyalist, 
 and consequently " lost a fine grant of land." He died at Consecon. 
 1848, aged seventy-nine. The village sprung up from the mills, 
 which were here erected. It was, for many a day, called Sodom. 
 This name, it is stated, arose from tho factthat when Mr. Demerest's 
 first wife was on her death-bed, a ball was given in the place, at 
 which the inhabitantt; generally attended, and created some little 
 
RECORDS. 471 
 
 nolso, wlioroupod m1»o Huid thoy woro '<iw bml m tho inlml>itantM of 
 Sodom." Tho vilhigo <»f DiMiu^rostvillo vvuh incorporated in 1828. 
 
 Wo cojjy tho tbUowin^r from tho llrst rooord of (ho townHhip of 
 SophiHHburK, hy which it will ho soon that their mo(h> of ].rocoduro 
 Wtts iinliko that ohsorvcd hy other townHhipH. All of tho townships 
 wcro acting by virtue of a common law, but Hoym, to Uuvo givou 
 tho law a widely varying intoiprotat ion. '• "■ 
 
 "PasHod, at Hoi>hiaHhurg, ata regular town meeting, hoUl on 
 till' ;{ day of March, IHOO. 
 
 "tor tho bettor aHcertaining astrays, and knowing and doson- 
 biiig horHCs und noat cattle, .sheep or swine. ]5o i( understood by 
 this town mooting, that ovory inhabitant and householder nhall, 
 within six weeks from tho passing of this Act, have thoir mark 
 and brands recorded, according to law by the Town Clark. 
 
 " And bo it further enacted l)y the authority atbresaidj that 
 any astrays, horses, noat cattle, shoop or swino, tliat shall ho found 
 on any open or improved lands from tho twentieth of November to 
 tiiotirstof April yearly, and ovory your tho owner or owners oi 
 .such improvomont or cleared land.s shall give in thoir natural murk, 
 or artificial marks, and des{ril)o thoir ago, as near as possible, to 
 tho Town Clark, wlio is hereby ordered to record tlio same in a 
 book, to be kept for that purpose ; for which such informer shall 
 rocoivo one shilling lor each horse or neat cattle ; and sixpence for 
 each sheop or swino. Provided always, and bo it so undc-stood, 
 that such astrays above mentioned, is not one of his near noigiibors, 
 which shall be left to tho Town Clark to decide; and tho Clark shall 
 send word to the owner or owners, if he knows them, by the mark 
 or brands ; and, if unknown to the Town Clark, he is hereby ordered 
 to advertise them in throe diiforent places in this township ; for 
 which ho shall bo entitled to rocoivo from the owner, or owners, as 
 foUovvoth, viz : For sending word, or writing, or recording, or 
 informing any way, one shilling and thi-oe-ponco ; if advertised, one 
 shilling and six-pence, for each horse or noat cattle ; and for each 
 •sheop or swine, six-pence per head. And be it further enacted by 
 the authority aforesaid, that if any inhabitant or householder who 
 shall leave any astrays, as above montiojied, on his or her cleared 
 lauds for eight days, from tho 20th day of November to the first of 
 April, and neglect to give notice thereof, as by the above Act men- 
 tioned, shall loose the reward for finding, or feeding such astrays, 
 and pay tho owner one shilling for each horse or neat cattle; arid 
 six-poncc for each sheep or swine. And be it further enacted, by 
 
472 THE I'AHIHIIEH. 
 
 tho authority, lltiit it' no owner or owiiui'h Nhnll up|ioni' hy tho Hi'Ht 
 Moiiday in April, to prove tlioir property, tliun, and in that oiU4o, 
 tho Town Clark HJiall advcrtiHt^ for Halo, all Hiich astrayH, in thron 
 townsliipN, VIA., AinoliaMhur^, HopliiaHhinx< Hnd ilallowoll, for thu 
 Npucti of twunty days, <loHcril>in^ tho niarkH and brandH, color and 
 11^0, iiH near an portKiblo; and if no owner or ownorH nIuiII appearand 
 provo thoir property, then tho Town Clark hIuiII proceed to tho 
 hale of HiK'h aslrayH, hy appointing the day ol' Hftle, to the higho«t 
 bidder; and, after dodiictinj^ (heexpenHOH, to ho adjud^c(l hy perHonH 
 horcalter appointed hy each i)arish, in this town, and tho ovorpluH 
 shall be delivered into tho handu of a TroaHurer, horoattor to bo 
 app<»into<l. ' '• ' ' '^ •■ ' ' i ' -" ' ■•■*'' • » (. •*' < 
 
 " And bo it obHorved — That all well rc^ulatod fowndhipn ih 
 divided into ])arishoH. He it enacted, by the majority of votOH, that 
 this town hhall bo divided into parishes, and dosbribed as follovveth, 
 that is to say: That from lot Ni). 45, west of (jlroen Point to lot 
 No, 19, shall bo a parish hy the name of St. John's, and by tho 
 authority aforesaid, that including No. 19, to No. 6, in tho Crown 
 Lands, west of tfroon Point, shall be a parish by tho nnrao of St. 
 Matthew. Arxl be it further enacted, by tho authority aforesaid. 
 That, including* the teiumts on the Crown Lands, and including 
 lot No. 28, shall bo a parish by the name of Ht, (}iles; and from 
 Nicholas Wessel'M, to llallowell, shall bo u parish by tho name of 
 Mount Pleasant. 
 
 "Whereas, all the fines and forfeitures that may incur within 
 our limits, shall bo appropriated to charitable uses; wo, the inhabi- 
 tants ofSophiasbui'g, in our town meetings, on tho 3d da}' of March, 
 1800, do think it necessary to npj)oint our Treasurer, in this town, 
 out of the must rosj)cctable of its inhabitants, to bo Treasurer to 
 this town, to rocoivo all forfeitures and other sums of money that is, 
 or shall bo, ordered to bo appropriated to charitable uses ; which 
 Treasurer is hereby ordered to Borve in that connection during good 
 behaviour, or till ho shall wish n succossoi*. And be it enacted by 
 the juithority aforesaid, that wo do appoint and nominate Peter 
 Valieu, who is appointed Treasurer, who is to keep a book and 
 receive all tho moneys coming into his hands, and enter by who 
 rocoivod, ami for what fined ; and when a successor is appointed, ho 
 shall give up all the monies he has belonging to said town, with tho 
 book and receipts, to tho successor, and deliver the same on oath, if 
 required; and that each parish shall nominate one good and 
 respectable inhabitant, who together with tho Ovorsoor of the Poor, 
 
PROVimONit I'OH THE POUK. 473 
 
 hHuII 1)0 inHpootoi'M to in(|iiin« nml moo that all tho Oim^h nixl forfoit- 
 uroM of thin town Ih rc/^nlarly roccuvod and <Uilivon>(l to Haul 
 TroaHiiror. And if any pci'Hon whoconjosand provin of any antrayn 
 that had boon within ono yuar and u day, thon tho TroaNuror and 
 thoMO I'arlHh InHpuctorH, and tho OvorHOorM of tho I'oop, Hhallro(\ind 
 NiH'h njonoyn an wan dojivorod to tho TroaHUivr, di'diiclin^ two 
 Hhillin^s on tin* pound for Itn twn of naiJ Ti*oaMuror. And ho it 
 onactod hy tho authority aforosaid, that whon thcro in any nionoy in 
 tlio handrt of tho TronHuror, and a lUM'CHnity to lay it out on tho 
 Humo charitahio uho — thin bo<ly corporato shall havo tho solo 
 inana^onicnt and diNpoHin/^ of, who \h to rocoipt to tho TroaMuror 
 for tho samo ond, havo rccordod in his book, aiul tho uhi^ thoy had 
 njipliod tho nanio and tho Troiwuror, Ovorscorrt of I ho I*oor, aixl tho 
 Parish Inspootor may hold niootin^s and adjourn tho satno whon 
 and as ofton as thoy or tho major part of'thoni hIiuII chooso so to do 
 and shall ho a l)ody corporato to huo and bo Huod on anything that 
 limy apportain to tholr HovoralofHcos." ; : . ';' 
 
 Wo find no furthor rocord until tho yoar IR20, whi<h Is a3 
 follows : " An Act passed at a town mooting', hold at Soj)hiusburg, 
 3nl January, 1820, for tho roliof of tho poor in tlio township of 
 Sophiusbur^. 
 
 '* Report of tho C'ommittoo on tho Hubjoct. ■ "^ 
 " Wo, tho Committoo appointed, who havo tho caro of tho poor 
 of tho said township, havo agreed to report that one half-penny on 
 tlio [)ound, of each man's rateable i)roper(y, bo paid for tho present 
 year, and it is seen of tho Committee that when any ])orHon is 
 agreed with to keep any of tho poor, that (hey endeavour to got 
 thorn to take produce in payment for defraying said poor. Signed 
 on behalf of the Committeo, ;. 
 
 JAMES NOXI'lN, Chairman, 
 
 Soph iasburg, 3rd January, 1820. •!.. 
 
 •'Passed at a regular town meeting, held at Sophlasburg, Ist 
 January, 1821. 
 
 "Tho report of tho Committeo to tho caro of the ])Oor for tho 
 present year is, that one farthing on tho pound, of each man's rate- 
 able property, will bo suttlcient for tho present year. 
 
 " By order of tho Committeo. 
 
 (Signed) JAMES NOXEN, Chairman:' 
 
 Tho following year, a somewhat similar report is found, signed 
 by Tobias Ryckman, Chairman. 
 
m 
 
 AMCMANnrnoii. 
 
 It id not until tlif yonr 1H22 thut M\y rcroid in fouiul ol the 
 ftppointmi'tit ()t'i)(Hcon4, (hat Im, th«Town.'4hi|) C'oiwtubloK, A^uoiwori, 
 CoUocton., Ac. . ,. . ... , ,. , , .^\^^.,i...., .^, 1.. t .^... 
 
 " At n rugtilnr town moctTnjf, noul nt RopliiuHlxirg, at the houiio 
 of John (SoNlinM, on thn Hrnt .lunnary, 1822, tho (ollowing ofllccrrt 
 wore t;hoHon and oloctoU" : "Ttmn Chirk, John ShoriM; Iajwih 
 Ketchuni, David Hinlutt, HylvoniiM Ihtxy, CyunHtahl«*K ; Thoniai* D, 
 Aploby, John Shortn, AHMCHMorH; SylvoniH Day, ('olloctor," Ac. 
 
 , John ShortM wan HiifcoMHivoly oloctod until 1820, when Thouuis 
 D. Appluhy waN a|)p(iinli<d. Wo tlnd a nolo a])p(M)iU>d to the t'uporl 
 of this yoar nn rollowM : " Our lawH at pix'Mont ho nn thi'y will. \V»' 
 havo thoin lon^, and \io.v\* tlicui hHII." 
 
 Tho tioxt yoar, 1827, ttu» town moofin/i; vvaH hild at tho inn of 
 Jolin (JoMlin, and John Stnith waM oloctod Town Ciork. A uotoway^ 
 "FarniorH T(»wn LawH, as horotofore — Uo^s not to run at largo in 
 DomoroHt Vill." John Suiith wan Town (Mork until 1832. This 
 yoar S. W. Ilandoll was oloctod. 
 
 ItiiH found Ntalod that in 1824 thoru woro 1700 InhahitnntH, and 
 In 1826, thoro woro HIKJ. 
 
 In Homo rospoetM, it would ho found intoroHting to notioo tho 
 townHJiip to a lator period; but wo havo alroady dovotod an much 
 Boaco to tluH town an wo had intondoil, ..■ , . , ,'i». i ,, 
 
 Within this townwhip 1h Fish Lako, Hituatod ft shorf uiHtflnco 
 oast of Doinorostvillo, it was so namod fj-oni tho countloHs nuMhorn 
 of lihh wl.idi inhahitod itH wators whon discovorod, which was in 
 tho yoar ot tho famine, or '* ncarco yoar." Tho food thus Hupplied 
 saved, it is said, many from sutVoring and death. ' , 
 
 AiMKI.lASUUHOH. 
 
 This township took its name from tho tifloonth child, and 
 Bcvonth daughter of tho King. She died in November, 1811, aged 
 27 yoam. Upon tho oldest chart of this township, to bo found in 
 tho Crown Lands Department, is tho following note: "Tho A'ontof 
 this township is a continuation of Lieut. Kotto's survey from (ireen 
 Point to the head of tho Bay of Quinte, whoso orders were in 1785, 
 to havo cross roads botwoon every six lots." This note was most 
 probabl}', made in consequence of there being an abionco of three 
 cross roads, whon the sottlemont of tlio county lumle them neces- 
 sary. 
 
 Coming to tho Carrying Place, or portage, from the head ot 
 Bay Quinte to WoUer's Bay, it will bo soon that a row of lots some- 
 
riRUT HIITTI.ISIUI. 
 
 Hi 
 
 wliHt ninulltM' in mIxo, ii foniiod cm oithcr Hide o( thu ron«l. Rut 
 whilo tho routi HooinH lo tiuvu n Ntruifflit coui'ho u|><)ii tlio innp, by 
 viHitiiiK the |iluct), Olio will (>l)Hi>rvo tliiit tlio cimu-no Ih not ullo^othor 
 (iirocl. Wo tiuvo it thun ono, who, no iloiiht i<n«>w, tliat tlio Hur- 
 voyor'H HhHiHtunt, ii mulatto \>y tho nunio ofSniitli, wiih told t«> lay 
 uul a <loul>lu mw ot'lotH; Ixitli lo t'loiit upon tho Iinliiiii |>uth, which 
 iuHtruutionH wuro lltornlly cuiTiod out, vvIkmhwin it whm intondod 
 thuy hIiouM ho ntrui^ht. Tho IoIn upon thu wont Midu of tho rund 
 oxtondod to tho unmll mniHhy rrook. ThiH row of lot«, numhoring 
 Iwolvo, ori^iiiully forniiii^ 11 part of AnioliaNhiir^h, now holoii^ lo 
 Murray, tho l-'arryin^ IMato lioin;^ tho (li\ idinj^ lino botvvoun tho 
 two townships. 
 
 Wo hftvo hoon unahio to lind any oarly reconl of AinoliuHhur/^h. 
 
 Act'onlin^ to infoiination furnif^hod uh by Mr. Anhloy and 
 othorH, tho fii-Ht family that hotllod in IIiIm townwhip \vu« Goorgo 
 Atij,'ol W^ooHO, with throo hoiih, .Fohn, II«Miry and Fruni'lH, imtivoH of 
 DikIicss County; thoy catno hon* in IIHI. Tho sooond nottlor wtt« 
 Tlionuw DompMoy, who cunio in HHl). (Soo U. H. LoyoliMtH). 
 Among tho othor Hottlorw wore BontorH, SngorH, BlookurH and 
 CovcrtM. ' ^ ^: 'I'. ' ', ' '- . ' ■ 1 H ' ,' 
 
 Tho names of othor curly Hottlors of Amolinsburgli arc mon- 
 tionod clHOwhoro, and aro among tho (irnt patontoos. Amongthom 
 was Klijrth Wallhridgi^ a nalivt* of DucIichh County. JIo camo to 
 Canada in 1804, and ])uriliaHi'd on MinsiNHUUga l\)int, of ono Smith, 
 1200 acroH of land, all of which, wo boliovo, is hUII retained in the 
 family. Two yoarH latorw his family cumo by French iroin in 
 winter. u « 
 
 William Andornon, non., who is hIIII living, aged 8R yoars, a 
 native of Ireland, oniigrated to America with his parentH In 
 ni>3. ilo camo to Caiuula in 1803. In 1806 ho nettled on Afissis- 
 Bauga Point, having married Mi«sj Polly Way, a descendant of tho 
 U. E. Loyalists. 
 
 \ 
 
47C PRINCE EDWARD. 
 
 . :^ CHAPTER LIII. •"'■ *'' '^<' '<;^" 
 
 CoNTKNTR — Prince Edward — Tho nnine — lUch land — Riae of peninnnla — Shape 
 — Siiiiill liivkcH — bund hillw — Tho Ducks — UiljHon'n rock — The pawt — First 
 Hfttlcr — Col. Voinig — ProHpectinp — Discovery of East T^akc — West Lake — 
 Moving in — SettlerH in 1800 — Eant Lake — Capt. llichardHon — "Prince Ed- 
 ward Division Bill" — Office Huokern — Townahip of HallowcU — Tlw 
 . name — Formation of Township — First Records 1798 — The officers — Tho 
 laws — MagistratcH — Picton — Its origin — Hallowell village — Dr. Austin— 
 (Jen. Picton — His monument — Naming the villages — A contest — The Court- 
 house — An ofTer — Enterprise — Proi)osed steamboat — Churches — Rev. Mr. 
 Macanlay— Rev. Mr. Fraser— Rev. Mr. Lnlov. '" '.'"'^ -" ••' 
 
 ,, , , ,,, , „, u: \:A-., .rn.! V 
 
 PENINSULA OP PRINCE EDWARD. j ,7/ /;,! 
 
 Tho name of IIuh district i.s derived from Prince "Edward, Dako 
 of Kent, tho father of our Qtieon, wlio visited Cann(Ui at an early 
 date (see under Early Government). 
 
 Tho peninsula in a rich and beautiful tract of land stretching 
 away from tho main land, to bo washed on the one hand by tho 
 quiet waters of tho bay, and on tho other by the more turbulent 
 Avaves of Ontario. It is some seventy miles in length, and varying 
 in breadth from two to twenty miles. Tho nock of land, or isthmus 
 which separates tho head waters of tho bay from Lake Ontario, is 
 something leys than a milo-and-a-half across. It is known as tho 
 Carrying place. " •^<' •''.-< ^ • ^ 
 
 Prince Edward district is irregular in outline, on both tho lako 
 and bay sides. Along the lake coast there arc numerous bays ex- 
 tending inward, two or three being of considerable size. The 
 larger ones are Wellor's bay, Consccon Lake, West Lako, and 
 E^t Lake. In places, the shore is rendei-ed exceedingly picturesque, 
 by tho presence of irregular and beautifully wd\ito sand-hills. They 
 have been gradually formed by well washed sand Avhich tho waves 
 have car'-iod shoreward, so Juit the wind might, in the lapse of time, 
 deposit heap upon heaj^. Tho mariners regard this coast with jus- 
 tifiable concern, at the extreme southerly portion, off Long Point, 
 in tho vicinity of the Ducks, where many a vessel has come to 
 grief. »' I 
 
 ;. The geological formation of tho peninsula is of considerablo 
 interest; and tho obsei-vant student of this interesting science, may 
 trace many steps which indicates the geological histoiy. 
 
 In a valley, upon the second concession road of Amoliasburgh, 
 may be seen a huge mass of rock, known as Gibson's rock, whose history 
 
EAST LAKH. 477 
 
 carrios us l)ack,farintothoromotopast,whcn thecontiiiontof America 
 wuH covered by a vawt ocean, and when massive icebergs, cast loose 
 from their native place in the frozen north, carried with their icy 
 scales huge rocks from the north land coast. Then, carried south- 
 ward by wind or tide, and reaching water of a milder temperature, 
 the ice i)Ocame melted, and the rocks wore deposited in the depths 
 of the ocean. When the continent of America was upheaved, and 
 the waters departed to their present limits, this huge body of stone, 
 unlike the stone forming the geological bod of this region, was 
 found fast fixed to the soil, over to form a part of it. 
 
 In the whole of Upper Canada, there is not, perhaps, any 
 section so full of historic interest, excepting Frontenac, as Prince 
 Edward. Wo have seen that the forked peninsula was well known 
 by the Aborigines, and that they were accustomed to cross from 
 the south side of the lake to Point Traverse. It was always a 
 favorite hunting and fishing ground, whore abundant supplies were 
 obtained. And, not unlikely, some portion of Indian Point belonged 
 to tho Siogniory, granted to La Salle. Moreover, the two points 
 stretching far into tho lake, became early locations for the refugees 
 and disbanded soldiers. 
 
 In the history of Marysburgh, reference has been made to the 
 <)ai'ly settlement of the point east of Picton Bay. which commenced 
 in 1784. But it appears by the statement of John C. Young, that 
 his grandfather. Colonel Henry Young, made tho first settlement in 
 tho summer, or fall of 1783. For an account of this half-pay officer, 
 the reader is referred to tho Eoyal combatants of tho rebellion of 
 1776. 
 
 With a brother officer, Young left Cataraqui, or, Carle(on Island, 
 in a canoe, and ascended what was then called (perhaps first jpsr 
 those parties), the South Bay, now Picton Bay. They landed at 
 the commencement of the Indian Carrying Place, subsequently, for 
 some time known as Ilovington's Landing, after the individual 
 who here built a convenient house. They left their canoe hero, 
 and set out southwaz-d. We have been told that they intended to 
 seek the bay now known as Smith's Bay; but, according to his 
 descendant it would seem they had no particular 2)oint in view, 
 desiring only to examine the land. Following, no doubt, the old 
 Indian path, they came out at tho north corner of East Lake, a 
 point afterwai-d called the Indian Landing, which name it still 
 retains. Following the oast shore of this lake to the south corner, 
 they wore surprised to hear the roaring of Lake Onttirio, having 
 
478 riRST SETTLER OF PRINCE EDWARD. 
 
 thought thoy woro following tho shore of an inland lake. Thoy 
 crossed tho strip of hind covered with cedar, spruce, and balHum, 
 and taking off their shoes, waded from the beautiful sand-bo.ich 
 across tho outlet of the lake to the opposite point, and proceeded 
 along tho west side to the north corner of tho lake, to whore David 
 McDonald now lives, having entirely walked around East Lake. 
 Thoy here constructed a hut, of cedar bushes, in which to Itay the 
 night. Tho following morning thoy set out in a north-west direc- 
 tion, and came to West Lake, following tho east side, thoy reached 
 tho sand-beach. Traversing this, they arrived at the point where 
 Wellington now stands. Here they stayed the night. The next 
 day they continued on around the north side of West Lake through 
 the woods, and the same evening regained their canoe. Thoy 
 observed plenty of door and othor game, and fish, tho former of 
 which Ensign Young's wife, subsequently assisted him to hunt. 
 The succeeding day they returned to Carleton Island. Mr. Young, 
 from this rich land over which he walked, selected tho west side 
 V " East Lake for his future abode. His oldest son Daniel, who had 
 belonged to tho Engineers, was at Carleton Island, having been 
 with his father during his stay at Fort Oswego. His second son, 
 Henry, was at St. John's with tho rest of the family. He sent a 
 message for him to come up. This must have been in July or 
 August. In September, the father and two sons, having procured 
 a large canoe, loaded it with provisions, and other necessaries, 
 and ascended to the Indian Carrying Place, Hovington's Landing. 
 They carried their provisions across, and constructed another boat 
 with which they conveyed their things to the point selected for 
 settling, about three miles. Here they proceeded to build a log 
 lanty. Sometime after, the father left, leaving behind bi^ two 
 »JnB, to winter alone in this out-of-the-way place. They were the 
 first settlers in Prince Edward County. Mr. Young descended to 
 St. John's, where his family still remained, and stayed the winter. 
 ^- ■' In the spring he came up the St. Lawrence with his family as 
 far as Frcdericksburgh, where he left his daughters while he went 
 to see how his sons fared, and had passed tho winter. He found 
 them all well ; and remained the summer with them, during which 
 thoy built a more commodious log house. In October, ho returned 
 to Fredericksburgh for his daughters, who accompanied him to the 
 wilderness home. These four daughters, Elizabeth, Mary, Catherine 
 and Sarah, subsequently married Henry Zuveldt, Jonathan Fergu- 
 son, William Dyre, and John Miller. They all lived to be upwards 
 of eighty years. 
 
 
OTHER SETTLERS. <|^79 
 
 ' " On the first day of Jammiy 1800, the KOttlomoiit ut EnHt 
 Lake, in the towti.shij) of llallowoll, eonsiHted of the following 
 families, in tho following order, commencing at Silas Hills, at 
 the head of Raat Lake, near the place now known as the Cherry 
 Valley, and proceeding around the north nido of lake, viz:— 
 "Colonel John Peters and family, half-pay officer ; Major Rogers 
 and family, do; David Friar, Mr. Friar, U. E. L. ; Koswell 
 Ferguson, do; Elisha Miller, do; Blandall Tailor; Caleh Elsworth, 
 Lieut. lieny Young, half-pay officer; Henry Young, Jun., U.B.L.; 
 Augustus Spencer, half-pay officer ; George Wait, U. E. L. ; 
 Benjamin Wait, do ; William Dyre, do ; George ElHWorth." 
 
 " List of settlers on the south side of the lake.— Jlanry Zuvoldt, 
 (Zufelt) U. E. L. ; Johnathan Ferguson, Sen., U. E. L. ; Johnathan 
 Ferguson, Jun., do; Anthony Badgley, do; John Miller, do; 
 Farnton Ferguson, do ; William Blakely, do ; Sampson Striker, do ; 
 Barret Dyer, do ; Daniel Baldwin, John Ogden, U. E. L. ; Richard 
 Ogden, do; Solomon Spattbrd, Joseph McCartney, Joseph Lane, 
 William Ensley, Col. Owen Richards, U. E. L. ; James Clapp, do ; 
 Charles Ferguson." 
 'c^' !ti« At this time there were no settlors in the second concessions 
 neither side of the lake." — (Rev. G. Miller.) ''"'»''(: 
 k' East Lake is about five miles long and one and a half wide. It 
 was for a time called Little Lake. West Lake is about fifteen 
 miles in circumference. 
 
 Prince Edward was one of the original nineteen counties of 
 Upper Canada, established by the proclamation of Simcoe in 1792. 
 By this proclamation, we learn that the Peninsula was called by 
 the French " Prosque isle de Quinte." Originally it was divided into 
 the three townships of Marysburgh, Sophiasburgh, and Amelias- 
 burgh. Subsequently the townships of Hallowell and Hillior,^re 
 formed, and in later days the township of Athol. 
 
 In 1831, and act was passed to erect the county into a district, 
 
 " so soon as the Governor shall bo satisfied that a good and suffi- 
 
 "Cient gaol and court house has been erected therein, when a pro- 
 
 Jblamation should announce the formation of the new district." The 
 
 act specified that the " gaol and court house should be erected in 
 
 the village of Picton, upon a certain block of land, containing two 
 
 and a half acres, granted, or intended to be granted and conveyed 
 
 to Asa Worden, Simeon Washburn, and James Dougal, Esquires, 
 
 agreeably to a resolution adopted at a public meeting in May, 1826," 
 
 .' unless a majority of Justices of the Peace of the Midland District 
 
 fihould declare the site ineligible. '■■.'■r'fj^-ls^-i^-Y^'rs'.'h'--'-'''^ 
 
480 IIALLOWELL. 
 
 Wc fhul tlio following roHpoctinRtho division of Prince Edward. 
 "Pro. Parliament," "Prince Edwartl division bill." Mr. Boblin 
 moved the mloption of the Preamble in a few re marks, Htating its 
 (the Peninnula) geographical position, the population l)cing 10,000, 
 the remotonoHS of the inhabitants from the location of the District 
 Court llouHO and Gaol, at Kingston, the earnowt desire of the people 
 for separation. Mr. Samson moved, as an amendment, that the 
 village should have a member when it contained 1,000 souls. The 
 debate upon the bill, resulted in one of those fierce encounters that 
 was then not unfrequont between William Lyon McKenzie, and the 
 Solicitor General, afterwards Chief Justice Kobinson. 
 
 If we may credit the Free Press, there were plenty of applicants 
 for office in the newly erected district, there being no less than 
 sixteen seeking the oilice of Sheritt'. 
 
 nALLOWELL. 
 
 We find in Sabine, that "Benjamin Hallowoll, of Boston, 
 Commissioner of the Customs in 1774, while passing through Cam- 
 bridge in his chaise, was pursued toward Boston by about one 
 hundred and sixty men on horseback, at full gallop. In July, 1776, 
 ho sailed for England. While at Halifax, he said, in a letter, "If 
 I can be of the least service to either army or navy, I will stay in 
 America until this rebellion is subdued." It appears from another 
 letter that he frequently tendered himself to the Commander-in- 
 Chief without success. In the autumn of 1796, Mr. Hallowell came 
 to Boston. He was accompanied by his daughter, Mrs. Elmsley, 
 and by her husband, who had just been appointed Chief Justice of 
 Upper Canada. He died at York, Upper Canada, in 1799, aged 
 80*inty-live, and was the last survivor of the Board of Commis- 
 sioners. The British Government granted hira lands in Manchester, 
 and two other towns in Nova Scotia, and a township in Upper 
 Canada, which bears his name. Ho was a large proprietor of lands on 
 the Kennebec, Maine, prior to the revolution ; but proscribed and 
 banished in 1778, and included in the Conspiracy Act a yeai- later, 
 his entire estate was confiscated. His country residence at 
 Jamacia Plain, was used as a hospital by the Whig Army during 
 the seige of Boston ; and his pleasure grounds were converted into 
 a place of burial for the soldiers who died." 
 '.:. We are unable to learn whether any part of the township of 
 Hallowell was granted to Benjamin Hallowell, or not, but, it is rot 
 at all unlikely, that at first he did hold some portion of the land. 
 
TOWN.SIIll' IlECOKI). .|gj 
 
 At nil cv.ntMhorc Hcoms every roanon to l.oliovo that ll.o i.un.o 
 was dor.vcd from him. On July 8, 1707, an act wan passcl, wl.oro- 
 by It wan provnUnl "that a fou-nship shall 1... sfn.cl! oiF from the 
 HOuthorn-rnoHt jmrtH of the townships of Maryshnr,.). and S.-nhias. 
 .ur^h The reason set ft,rth was, that " the inhal.itants of the 
 t«wnsh,p8 ex,>orienc.o many difficulties from the uncommon length 
 of the sawl townships." The Governor was by proclamation, ''to ' 
 doc arc the name of .uch township before the first day of Au^M.st 
 next. Mr. ]Ia loweil's hrother-in-law, Mr. El msley, had recently 
 boon app,„.tod Chief Justice, and doubtless the distin^uishel 
 ros.t,on Mr. Jlallowell had held, le.l to the nannng of the new 
 town8l)ip to commemorate liis loyalty. ' ' "»' ' ' 
 
 Surveyor Gen. William S.nith, was the person employed to lay 
 eut the new township. , . .-t,. ^^ 'a 
 
 The first record <,f this township is at follows: -The annual 
 meeting of the mhabitants of the townshi,, of Ilallowell, held on 
 Monday, the fifth day of March, 17!»8, held by virtue of an act of 
 the legislature of the Province of Upper Canada, before Augustivs 
 Spencer and John Stinson, Jun., two of his Majesty's Justices of tlie 
 leace, the following persons wore chosen town officers for the 
 ensuing year:" Bazel Ferguson, Town Clerk; Caleb Elsworth. 
 and Peter D^ Conger, Assessors; James Blakely, and Thomas 
 Gedsmith, Town or Church Wardens; Benjamin Wail, John 
 Mdl r, Owen R.chards, Henry Zufelt, Ichabod Boweman, Aaron 
 White Cai-ey Spencer and Geoiige Baker, Overseers of Highway., 
 and Pence Viewers; Daniel Young, and Isaac Bedal, Pound 
 Keepers; Samson Striker, Henry Johnson, Samuel Williams, and 
 Isaac Garret, Constables. 
 
 :: At the first township meeting, « it was enacted that no fenc^' 
 to be lawful in the township under the height of four feet eight 
 mches high, sufficiently made." Horses, horned cattle, hogs, sheep 
 were to be permitted to run at large with certain exceptions - It 
 IS enacted that if any freeholder shall suffer any Canadian thistle 
 to go to seed on his farm, he shall forfeit and pay the sum of twenty 
 shilhngs. A law was also passed, that if any one set fire to any 
 rubbish or brush, whereby his neighbors property was endangered 
 without previously making two of his neighbors acquainted, he 
 should pay a fine of forty shillings, to be expended for the benefit ^ 
 0. .ue nighways. Ba^el Ferguson, who seems to have discharged 
 his duty as Town Clerk, recording the proceedings in a neat legible 
 Aand, was successfully elected to that office for ten yeai-s. In 1810 
 
482 IIILLIER. 
 
 JamoH 1{. Armstrong was appointed, and again tlio following your. 
 Tho next following, Arra ForgUHon was elected, who continued in 
 office tliree years, when Simoon WaHhburn received tho appoint- 
 moint, and remained in office two years, when Arra FergUHon waw 
 again selected, and continued for three years. Robert Scott waH 
 Town Cleric two years, and Lhen again followed Arra Ferguson for 
 eight years. William Barker then was appointed. 
 
 The three Justices of tho Peace, before whom tho annual 
 mooting continued for »nany years to bo held, were John Peters, 
 Augustus Spencer, and John Stinson, doubtless tho first magistrates 
 in the township. In the year 1815, wo notice as *' present " at tho 
 annual mooting, Stephen Conger, Barret Dyer, Ebonozor Washburn, 
 Justices of tho Peace. 
 
 Tho town meeting was hold in tho year 1801, "at tho house of 
 Richardson and Elsworth," *■' near Hallowoll Bridge ;" likewise 
 tho following year. In 1803 the meeting was hold " at the house 
 of Thomas Richardson." The following year 1805, it is " tho house 
 of tlio lato Thomas Richardson." In 1806, the mooting was "at 
 tho dwelling house of Thomas Eyre." In 1807 it is «' tho Inn of 
 Thomas J^iyre." Here the annual mooting ^yaB successively held for 
 many years, 'n" ;/;:•' *' :,; ...^ ■■ '.''. [ ■ '•■ \y,' '.•■^''i-' '" ^, 
 
 .''■''■';'... . ' ■■ ■ • ' ; . , ' ' ■ .5 ■; . -trf't 
 
 "■'■■.^.' .■ * "T- HILLIER. ■■ .■ --i^r ^' 
 
 In the year 1823 there was an act passed for the division of tho 
 township of Amcliasburgh, in consequence of tho inconvenience of 
 the inhabitants to meet on public occasions. The dividing line was 
 established between tho fourth and fifth concessions. The act went 
 into force on the first of January, 1824. The Lieutenant-Governor 
 at that time was Sir Peregrine Maitland, who had for his secretary, 
 Major Hillier. There is no doubt tho new township was called 
 after Major Hillier. 
 
 ■j'-*' ' ' PICTON. 
 
 At tho beginning of the present century the ground on which 
 the town of Picton now stands, was covered with a dense forest of 
 pine and hemlock, while in the low land existed a thick and tangled 
 cedar swamp. A bridge of very inferior construction was erected 
 across the creek about the time bf the war of 1812, it was on the 
 road between Kingston and York, and was called for a long time 
 Hallowoll Bridge. Thus wo find in an advertisemont, in tho 
 Kingston Gazette, 1815, that "Richard G. Clute sold goods and 
 groceries at Hallowell Bridge." 
 
PicTON. 483 
 
 The firHt sottlors of Picton uro wild to huvo been EI>onoaor 
 Wiwhburn, Jloiuy Johnnon, Abrnhttm Bnvkor, Harry Ker^ubon, 
 Jamea Dou^til, Gary Sponcor, Con^orw, Peterson, Richurd Hare, 
 Captain Uichardson. , i mm , »k •■ ,-> 
 
 Among the early settlers of Picton were T)r. AmiHtrong, else- 
 where Hpokon of, and Dr. Andrew Austin. The latter was a native 
 of Vermont, and a doctor of medicine of the University of New 
 York. Ho came to Picton in 1822, having obtained his iicenso to 
 practice in Canada. Remained ])racticing hib iirofession, very mucU 
 respected, until his death in 1849. ,,, ■ 
 
 Some time after the war of 1812, the Rev. William Macaulay, 
 bestowed the name of Picton upon a small collection of houses 
 situated at the south side of the stream which empties into the 
 head of Picton Bay, in the townsliip of Marysburgh. The 
 name was given in memory of the celebrated British General 
 who had recently fallen upon the field of Waterloo. At a late 
 visit to St. Paul's Cathedral, we felt no little pleasure with a 
 Unich of sadness in gazing upon the memorial which has been 
 erected to commemorate a nation's appreciation of military worth. 
 We transcribe the following : — 
 
 " Erected by the public expense, to Lieutenant-Uenerai Sir 
 Thomas Picton, K.C.B., who, after distinguishing himself in the 
 victories of Buzaco, Fuentos de Onor, Cindact Rodrigo, Badajoz, Vit 
 toria, the Pyrenees, Orthes, and TquIouso, terminated his long and 
 glorious military service in the ever memorable battle of Waterloo; 
 to the splendid success of which his genius and valour eminently 
 contributed," &c. 
 
 7 Prior to the naming of this collection of buildings, the village 
 upon the west of the stream, upon the first lots in Sophiasburgh, 
 was known as llallowell. The Rev. Mr. Macaulay with the enthu- 
 siastic loyalty, characteristic of his family, desired that both places 
 should be known as one village, under the distinguished name of 
 Picton. The citizens of Hallowell Village, however, were opposed 
 to any other name than llallowell, and wo find in a map published 
 in 1836, the names of Picton and Hallowell respectively applied to 
 the two places. But when the whole was incorporated by Act of 
 Parliament, Mr. Macaulay had sufficient influence, wo are informed, 
 to secure the name of Picton for the corporation ; yet we have the 
 town of Hallowell spoken of in 1837. The growth of Picton was 
 not particularly rapid. ** At a meeting held at Eyre's Inn, Feb. 
 14, 1818, over which Ebenezer Washburn, Esq., presided, it was 
 
484 PICTON VKRHim HALLOWRM.. 
 
 HtHlt'd timt thoro was in the lownMliip ol" Ilullowt'll, which inoludod 
 Pictoii, l)Ut two l>ri(k houHos, ono cunling und fiillin^-niill, ono 
 Mothodist chapol, now known aw th<< old chapel ut Con^orw, ono 
 (^uakor mooting Iioumo ; and that |>ropanitionH wore hoin^ nuido to 
 huild a churtdi, thai in for tin* K))iM('()|(alianH. OrchanlH, it was 
 Htatod woro ho^innin^ to ho ])iantcMl. 
 
 Thoro Hoonis to have ht>cn no littU* anta/^onlnni botwoon the 
 villa<!fOH ol' IMct-on and ilallowoll. Whilo an otl'ort waw carnoHtly 
 mndo to mako tho oaHt Hido, tho hoartot'tho cointnnnity, tho inhahi- 
 lantH of JlaHowoll wtrovo to fix tho contnil point upon tho west side. 
 Wluui rrinco Kdward waH erected into a district, in IR.'U, and it 
 hocamc necoHsary to erect a Jail and court house, it became a warm 
 question as to the site ot tho building. The Hallowell Free Prc&s 
 bocfttne the channel of a sharj) discusKion. 
 
 In the I'rcHH of June 2t,18;Jl, 1h a letter Hignod, " A farmer of 
 Sojihiahburgh," one paragraph of which waytj, "Among all these 
 advantages i)ointod out in the most striking colours, 1 have diK- 
 cornod none so groat as the $200 so liberally offered by Mr. Macaulay, 
 ■which $200 must otherwise bo paid hy tho rateable inliabitants of 
 tho county." 
 
 Tho year 1831 seems to have boon an important ono to tho 
 inhabitants, not only of Pictor\, but the peninsula. Enterprise was 
 tho order of the day, and improvements of a public character were 
 in various ways proposed. The Free Press of 5th July, says, under 
 the heading " Anotlicr Steamboat," "Wo understand that a num- 
 ber of tho enterprising inhabitants of this village, have it in con- 
 templation to build a steamboat to ])ly between this place and 
 Presc(»tt, to perform their trips in a week. A number of merchants 
 and capitalists have offered to take stock. We are of opinion that 
 a boat built and owned by the inhabitants of this county, would be 
 not only useful to the inhabitants of tho Peninsula, but profitable to 
 the stockholders. We would suggest to them the ])ropriety of 
 having the channel in tho bay at the lower end of the village 
 cleared, so as to allow steamboats to pass up us far as the bridge." 
 H** Tho present English Church, standing on Church Street, was 
 the first built in Picton. It was erected by the Rev. Wm. Macaulay, 
 aided by a partial loan in 1825. Mr. Macaulay was the first minister ; 
 he camo to the parish after seven years of officiating at Cobourg, 
 and has remained as Eector ever since. The Eoman Catholic 
 chapel, now standing on Church Street, was the first erected, in 
 1828 or 9, the land having been given for that purpose by Mr. 
 
HIDNIY. 485 
 
 Mftcnuhiy. Tho now ntoiio churt'h was l»uilt in 1839. Rov. Mr. 
 VrftKor vvHH HrHt ininistor, in 1828 ; Rov. Mr. Itronnun, occuHionully 
 from 1832 to 183(1 ; tho IJcv. Mr. Lalor Ironi 183<J to tho prcsont 
 time. ... 
 
 CHAPTHK LIV. 
 
 CoNTiNTB — Eiffhtli TowiiKliii) — Hidnoy — Name — Survey— Hettlenient, 1787 — Let- 
 ter from FcrgiiHon — TradinK — Hftrtt-r — Potatoi-H — HnildiiiK — Cows — No wilt 
 to Hpari! — FifHt Hcttlors — Myors — Uc-siirveyinK — .laiinH Knrlcy — Town (.'Icrk 
 at tlrHt mootiiiK — Willinm KctrlicHon — (Jillx'rt'H Cove — (lomiii}; to tlie ficmt 
 River Trent — Old names — Ferry— Bridge — Tronton — Jt8 settlement — Htjnlro 
 liloekor. . i , ' 
 
 i 
 
 THK EIGHTH TOWNSHIP — SIDNEY — ITS SETTLEMENT. 
 
 No Royal name being available for this township, the noblo 
 one of Sidney was confeiTcd. Tho nanio is derived from Ivoi-d 
 Sidney, who, at tho time of the Rovoluti(mary AVar, was His 
 Majesty's Secretary for tho Colonial Department. 
 
 A map in the Crown Lands Department, has written upon it 
 " Sidney, in tho District of Mecklen burgh, was surveyed in 1787, 
 by Louis Kotte." This was probably written byKotte himself It 
 is most probable that the first lots only wei'e then laid out. While 
 Kotte was the chief surveyor to whom was entrusted the duty, it is 
 gathered from ditteront sources that he was not present to superin- 
 tend tho work. Mr. William Ketcheson, of the tifth concession, who 
 came with his father to the place, in 1800, says tliat one McDonald 
 was the surveyor, and laid out tho land as far back as the 5th con- 
 cession, when he died. 
 
 While the townships fi'onting uj)on the two shores of the Bay 
 were being surveyed in the western portion, not a few were on tho 
 look out for a good location. These pai'ties consisted of all classes, 
 but it appears most likely that the majority of those who had the 
 first choice were individuals connected with the surveyors, and who 
 had influence with them. The officers, naturally, enjoyed greater 
 privileges, and some of them sought suitable spots with the view of 
 trading with the Indians, or streams of water to sup})ly power for 
 sawing and flouring-mills. 
 
 As illustrative of those times we will make use of a letter 
 lying before us, written at that time. 
 
4ftf< HII)N«r TN 1780. 
 
 In th« ycitiv 1789, John For^uKon and Win. Boll opened A Mtore 
 in tho Ki/ijhtli TownHhip. It AppiMirs with tho view of tnulin^ with 
 tho IndianH, and Huoh of tho Hettlorw us lould pay for tho ^ood* 
 tlioy might huy. A lottor written by Ferf^UHon, in 1700, (Vom King- 
 ston, to iiiH partner, says: " Ak to again tal<ing up goodn for Irndo, 
 hod 1 money 1 would not thinic it worth while — notwithstanding 
 all I Haiti and bogged of yon, you novortheioHS have lot tho whito 
 poo{)lo have almost everything wo had. When do you think thoy 
 will pay for lit" liy the foregoing wo may learn tho ditllcultioH 
 attending morcantilo pursuitH, as well t\n tho procuring of tho com- 
 r.ion nocoHHarioH of life. It was no doubt a tnattor of first impor- 
 tanco to Ferguson to see that tho goods brought a return. Ft wiw 
 no hard-hoartodncsH that caused him to find fault; for in the sumo 
 lottor ho says, " Forsyth in arrived, and I know not how I'll pay 
 him." On tho othor hand, Mr. Bell, with his little stock of goods 
 tpon tho Bay Shore, in the distant Eighth Township, is applied to 
 by the needy sottlers for nocoBsarios. They have no money ; it is 
 bn article almost unknown among them, but thoy want this 
 and that, and wlio could refuse ? Ferguson aftorwanl says, " You 
 must oblige every one to pay you in wheat, or othorwieo 1 will 
 want bread before winter is over — if they will not take 38. 9d. for 
 wheat, make them pay in money immediately, or olso send me 
 down their accounts, and I'll summon every one of them. Lot 
 your half bushel bo examined before Squiro Gilbert. Do not spare 
 a potatoo to any one soul. I hope to got a barrel of purk hei*e, but 
 do not trust to that." ^^'' " ^^''^' ^^ 
 
 In the same letter Mr. Ferguson says, " If convenient, I could 
 wish you' Id got cut and brought homo, as many logs as would build 
 a house tho width of the one wo have, and 14 feet long. Let them 
 be small and handy — we have plenty of small pine handy — and it 
 soon can bo put up when 1 get home. If Johnson will saw ten 
 logs about 14 feet long, for us, into inch boards, and find himself. 
 He shall have the loan of the saw from tho time ho finishes them 
 ufatil the 15th day of April next." "The cows must bo sent up. I 
 do not know how the calf will be kept. I have bought two pairs of 
 ducks which I'll take up, and also some fowls if I can get them." 
 " Spare no palt to any one, as none is to bo had here, but at a very dear 
 rate." *' The Indian prints goes up, which will spoil the trade this 
 season, as after this tho Indians cannot want clothing until the 
 spring." " Eura I must endeavour to take up, as without that 
 nothing can be had." '■■»y^fv.\^)z^'<' 
 
rrRAT TOWN MF.KTINO. lH 
 
 Tho Into Mr. Hlookor, of H<(IU>villi), tolln um tlmt umon/; tho very 
 Hrrtt Hottlcrs upon tho fVoiit of Sidiioy, worn Clirynlor, OHtrom and 
 (tilhcrt. 
 
 Tho intoroMtin^ hmtory wo glvo olHovvhoro, of dipt. Myorn, 
 M u loyuliHt utui pionour, hIiowh that hu wtin onu uf tho fli-Ht inhuli- 
 ituiitM of .Sidney. A pionoor in tho conHtriu'tion of nulls upon tho 
 Riv(w- Moirii, ho Imd provioitHly built in 17'.)4 or '0, a Hawing mill 
 tipon n sninll nnccrluin Htroain which omptios into tho Hay a fow 
 miloB oast of Tronton. 
 
 Wo havo won that fho sni-voy took place in 17fi7. It 1h qnos- 
 tionablc, howovor, wliothor nioro than tho HihI concoHMion was at 
 thiH timo laid ouK Thoro is Homo roason to holiovo that Louin 
 Kotto did not attend very oloMoIy to his duties, hut loft tho survey- 
 ing to an inconipotent asHistant. Probably he thought it did not 
 nuittor whether .the Hide linoH wore (lorrcot or not, in a remote 
 towuHhip fio far ronioved from civilization, an Sidney. At all evontn, 
 ill later days, it wjih found necowHary to re-survey tho township, 
 which waH done by Atkins. 
 
 - Tho firHt Bottlers, most likely, came in 1787, yet it may be that 
 one or two had previously Hciuattod by tho Hay Shore. We do not 
 find in tho Crown Lands Dopartinont any map with the names of 
 grantees upon tho ditVoront lots, such as o.\ist in connection with 
 other townships. 
 
 No doubt that in Sidne}', as in other })lacoH, many lota wore 
 (Irawn, and subsequently disposed of before the patents wore issued, 
 80 that the original owner cannot bo traced, liy the close of last 
 century the township was pretty w^oll settled. An early settler 
 who has recently passed away, and who loaves highlj^ respectable 
 descendants, was Jamos Fa "ley. He cumo in 1799. 
 
 The first township mooting was held the following year at 
 Gilbert's Cove, and James Furlo}' was chosen Town Clerk ; but 
 Surveyor Smith was px'osent and did the writing on that occasion. 
 Another eai'ly settlor, the first one in the back concessions was 
 Wm. Kotchoson. Rcferonco is mtule to him olsowhoro. His son, 
 Dow almost 90 years of ago, remembers full well tho days of their 
 coming, and settling. Tho 400 acres of land was bought of Martin 
 IJambly, who lived by the Napaneo Eiver, at one dollar per acre, 
 in 1800. Gilbert's Covo was tho place of landing, which was for 
 many years a central spot. Hero tho battoaux unloaded their con- 
 tents, and tho provision was stored. William Kotchoson, my in- 
 former, says, " he used to come every Saturday during tho season, 
 
488 TURNTON. 
 
 through I ho triM kloHK WDodt, nomo Movon-nniln-liuU' mllon, and 
 carry U|K>ti his hticU provisions of pork, \>imr\ und flour, r'litMiMoitl to 
 norv«' thrt'o of ihfin lor ii wtu'k AlN'r ii wltilo t\u'y would ('(uuo to 
 tho Kront hy tlio wny of thu Kivor Moira. To (h) thiH Ihoy oon- 
 Htruclc(l a Hcow which w«w k«<pt iu«iir tho pronctjl viUiigo of Htnifh- 
 villu, In which thoy eroHHt'd tho rivor. 
 
 In tho woHtorn part of tho townnhip Im Iho RIvor Tront, which 
 oniptioH into tho Mny, Noniowhiit to tho woHt of tho hoiindury lino 
 botwoon Sidnoy jind Murriiy. This rivor [KmsoMHOMnolittlo intoroMtiw 
 ono of tho original roiitoH of Indian and Fronch truvulora; and im 
 tho way by which Chainplain t^ntorod tho Hay, anddiMcovcrod Imko 
 Ontario. Tho Indian nanio wo Hnd upon an old map won (Hanaraske, 
 Upon many aticiont maps tho l)ay and rivor aro vory imporfoctly 
 (liHtin;(uiHh(Ml. It is namod (^iiintio (x'canionally. 
 
 Tho Trent boing a ntroani of considorublo nizo, it formod a 
 barrior to journoyin^ up and down, from Kingston to York. A forry 
 WOH oHtablishod horo about tho boginning of tho proHont century^ 
 by tho Hlookors, aftor which tho main road botwoon Kingston and 
 York gradually bocamo fixed to tho north of tho Hay, instonfi of 
 by I'rinco Kdward. 
 
 Tho courttruction of a bridge acrosH tho Trout, which took place 
 in 1834, was a great bonetlt. It was 750 foot lung and 32 broad. It 
 WOM for many years " tho host bridge in Upper Canada." The 
 Hastings T(me«, of Belleville, has an advertisement for tenders by 
 tho Comraissionorfci, &e., C. Wilkins, Keuben White, and James G. 
 Bethune, dated River Trent, 9th March, 1H33. 
 
 At tho mouth of tho Trent there naturally uprung up a village. 
 Up to 1808 tho bite of the village was a donso cedar swamp. Two 
 yoarH before A. II. Myors had removed from Bollevillo and 
 erected a mill about a mile from tho mouth of the river, first a saw 
 mill, afterward a flouring mill. Excepting tho mills, and a vory 
 narrow road, tho place was a perfect wilderness. Tlio land upoa 
 tho west side, where the village stand.s, originally belonged to "old 
 Squire" Blocker. Tho j)ortion of land between the rivor and Sidnoy 
 was held by Dr. Strachan. The first lot in Sidney was owned by 
 Judge Smith. ,,^ 
 
 Old Squire Blookor was probably tho very firat settler between 
 the Trent and the Carrying Place. He was a trader with the 
 Indians, and was probably Indian Agent. At all events ho was a 
 man of coi^siderablo authority among them. 
 
raoNT or tiiualuw. 489 
 
 CIIAPTHU LV. 
 
 CoiTinT*— Ninth town — Thurlnw— Nnnio— When mirvnycd — Front— ImlUn Imry- 
 InK Kr<">»<l— ''^^ixT of Mint lotM — ('l)lNliolin — SliiKlxton— My<'r»— KcrKHMon 
 — Iniiiwn ti'iuli'r»— To KinKxton In luittmii — Hint{l«t«in'N ili^ittli — \f'vrmim>u'» 
 ticntli— DUtri'MN uf the riinillior. -Hritlcil, 1780— AicnndinK lh« Molrtu- 
 TukUiK poNH) nmIou of luntl — Fifth conrcMMion — .fohn Tityhir — Fniitnli r of 
 Ilallovllh; — Myom hiiyiiiK hmd — Hi<ttli<rM upon thu front — Miini< iji-il n <orit 
 —Town otYli irs— 17!>H — HucriTtlinK ycim — Onnlfton, ItM fonndiT — .ScttliiiK 
 —Tim <liu(_lliill(llnK mill— Komi- HI v<'i Molrii— OrlKl» of niinm— KnrI 
 Molrit — Indliiii nnnx- — Intliun otTcrhiK— " Cnbojunk " — MytTM' Maw-nilll— 
 fliMHi not Httrmtlvc— KirMt hriiiK*'— 'I'ho tloiirlnK-nilll— llolli'villo — Imllnii 
 vIllnKv — MyiTH' (!rt>vk — Forniutlon of vIIIiiki* — FIrit Inn — I'l-rnmncnt hrltiK*< 
 Rrlilgo HtriM't— In IHoO— Orowth — A mi( ond ndll — MrNubiiH — Hnd diiUh— 
 ('Hntain MrfntiiNh— I'rtric— InhiihltuntN, IHOit— Dr. Spanlnun— NiimInK of 
 Uoiiovilh' — Uollu (torn — My (loic In conniil — Futition — Kxtrm-t from Klng- 
 Mton ()iix(!tti> — HiirvoyInK rcmirvo — Wllmut— MlMtukoH — (I muting of lotu — 
 CondltlunM— Hoard of Police— Kxtont of llulliivlllo — Muddy MtruutM — InkHbl- 
 tantH In 1H24— </'oiirt-hotiie — Flntt Court, Quitrtvr Huuionit — RpIIuvIIIu in 
 18aU. 
 
 I''' '"' ' Till NINTH TOWN— THURI.OW. , r , ., 
 
 hi:. i»., "i/ ., ■ ^,..,v 
 
 The oUloHt map in tho Crown fjundw Department, HtatoH that 
 this towniship whh Burvoyod in 17H7, by fiOuiH Kotto; porhupH only 
 tho front concoMsion. iiy this map, wo Ic-n that at tho mouth of 
 tho rivor had hoon, probably on Zvvick's Island, an Indian burying 
 ground; and a lot isrosorvod for tho hulians, for a burying ground. 
 Tho map informs us that lot No. 1, in both tho first and second con- 
 ooBsions, was at first given to John Chlsholm. Lot No. 2, in first 
 and Hocond concession, to Djivid Vandorheydeu ; No. 3, to Alexander 
 ChlBholm; No. 4, tho rosorvo for tho "Indian burying ground;" 
 Nos.ftand 6, to Captain John Singleton. Those are tho only names 
 which appear upon tho map ; but it is likely that lot No. 7, was 
 granted at first to Captain Myers. Tho lato George Hleokor, Esq.* 
 told the writer that Captain Myers having stayed in liowor Canada 
 throo years, came and settled upon lot 7, where ho built a hut and 
 lived for a year, Ljforo going to Sidney. This was probably in 
 1787, when the surveying was proceeding. Thus it was that 
 Captain Myers, who afterward gave a name to tho river and place, 
 was tho first squatter. About this time, Captain Singleton, who had 
 been a first settlor In Ernosttown, came to Thurlow with a brother 
 officer, Lieutenant Ferguson, both having recently married and 
 settled upon lot No. 6. Their object in coming was to carry on a 
 fur trade with tho Indians, who regularly doscondod the River 
 Sagonoska to barter, and subsequently to get their presents. The 
 
490 CAPT. SINGLETON. 
 
 single log house wliich wiis fiiMt built, was nhortly added to, by a 
 HGcond comijartmont, into which was Htorod furs and goods for 
 barter. The life ot'thene first settlors of Thurlow was a brief one, 
 and the termination a sad one. Both had just married, and with 
 their faithful servimt, Johnson, and his wife, they hoped for a future 
 as bright as the wood and water which so beautifully surrounded 
 them. It mattered not to them that no human habitation existed 
 nearer than the Mohawk settlement, and the Napanee Eiver, Many 
 trijjs with the battcau were neccssaiy to obtain a complete outfit 
 for Indian trading, and ample provisions had to be laid up, with 
 stores of rum. These articles were procured at Kingston. Single- 
 ton had rented his farm in the second town; but reserved a room, 
 where he might stop on his way up and down. In September, 1789, 
 Captain Singleton, his wife, child, some eight months old, with 
 Lieutenant Ferguson, his wife, and the servants, Johnson and wife, 
 sot out for Kingston and Ernosttown in a batteau. The women 
 were to vieit in Ernesttown, while the men proceeded to Kingston 
 to purchase flour and other articles. Not long after starting. Single* 
 ton was taken ill. They stopped at Captain John's, at the Mohawk 
 settlement, and Indian medicines were given him ; but he continued 
 to grow worse, and when he reached his home, in Ernesttown, he 
 was dangerously ill. A doctor from Kingston was procured ; but 
 Captain Singleton died nine days after, from what seems to have been 
 a malignant fever. His faithful servant, Johnson, contracted the 
 disease and also died. Thus, Lieutenant Ferguson was left with 
 three women and a child, away from home, which could only be 
 reached after much toil. Captain Singleton was spoken of as a 
 " pleasing gentleman, and beloved by all who knew him." His infant 
 son grew to man's estate, and became one of the first settlers of 
 Brighton, where his widow, now far advanced in years, and descen- 
 dants reside. ■ . .- V,-. :■■.,...:, :''>:',.••:■),'•.-;..: i! ,', ..•■■? .^.it-' 
 
 Lieutenant Ferguson wont to Kingston, exchanged his load of 
 furs for a barrel of flour, then very dear, and other ai-ticles, and re- 
 turne(^ with his charge to Thurlow. But Ferguson's days were also 
 numbered ; and, in three months' time, he died, and there were left 
 in the depth of winter, alone, upon the front of Thurlow, three 
 widowed Avomen, and an infant; with but little to eat, beside the 
 barrel of flour ; ^\'hich, before long, was to be the only article of food, 
 and used by cup-fulls to make spare cakes. ■ *'ir,!^v:-< nrf*- .u 
 
 Lieutenant Ferguson, the associate of the first setller in the 
 township, was at first a refugee from the Mohawk valley in New 
 
ASCENDING THE MOIRA. 491 
 
 York, and latterly servofl, probably in Johnson's regiment. Ho had 
 lived u Hhort time at Sorel before (iojning to Thurlow His body 
 was buried upon a pleasant elevation, between their house and the 
 plains to tlie east of the river. The first one of the loyalists to 
 die in Thurlow, liis body was the first to be interred in the " Taylor 
 burying ground." 
 
 In the spring of 1789, a party of about fifty, reached the bay. 
 They wore all refugee loyalists, n.nd most of them had been since the 
 close of the war in the States, looking up theii- families, and arrang- 
 ing to take them " to Cataraqui." This party settled in Sidney and 
 Thurlow. Those who settled in Thurlow, finding no land available 
 at the front, i)repare<i to ascend the river. Among them were John 
 Taylor, William Eeed, with four sons, John, William, Samuel, and 
 Solomon ; Richard Smith, Cavelry, Robert Wright, John LongAvell, 
 Sherard, Zedic Thrasher, Asa Tumor, Stephen and Laurence Badgley, 
 Solomon Hazloton, Archibald McKeu/ie, McMichael, William Cook, 
 and Russell Pitman. The party reached the mouth of the river late 
 in the day, and pitched their tent among some cedar shrubs upon the 
 east bank of the river, just by the site of the upper bridge. The 
 following day, they followed the bank of the river, searching for 
 indications of good land The surveyor had not yet laid out any but 
 the front lots ; but the pioneers had been assured that any land they 
 should choose to occujjy, would be granted them. Wlien they 
 reached the point where now is the fifth concession, they felt that 
 they had reached their destination, and proceeded to take possession 
 of such land as struck their fancy. William Reed, and his fotir 
 sons, possessed themselves of 600 acres in a block, through which the 
 river wound its way. The land here was unmistakeably good ; and four 
 generations have now reaped the fruit of the soil, while two genera- 
 tions lie buried there. But the first years of pioneer life with 
 those first settlers of the fifth concession, were years of great hardship 
 atid want (see First years of Upper Canada). They all went to 
 Napanee at first to mill. Sometimes took articles to exchange for 
 flour. ., , .,, I. ,., .. ;..'., ,■ i ,,,,. ,,,,,, , 
 
 John Taylor settled in the fifth dotlCiE^asioh, Where he remiaihed a 
 year, when he came down to the mouth of the river. A sketch of 
 this old soldier is elsewhere given. Among the settlers who came in, a 
 few years later, weie Richard Cauniff, and Robert Thompson. 
 
 In some respects, the settlers of these townships, at the western 
 extremity of the bay, suffered in a peculiar manner. They were far 
 removed from Kingston, and from the necessaries of life to be pro- 
 
492 SETTLERS UPON THE FRONT. 
 
 cured there. Ami they were settling after the period when Govern- 
 ment allowed provisions. 
 
 The nujne of Captain Myers nmst cv(!r stand identified with the 
 early history of Tiiurlow. He cannot be regarded as the founder of 
 Belleville ; yet he was the first to give a name to the village at the 
 mouth of the river. Captain Myers saw service during the revolu- 
 tionary war (see Royal Combatants). At the (-lose of hostilities, 
 having tarried for a time at Lower Canada, he came to the bay, and 
 squatted at first upon the front of Timi'low. He first became a settler 
 upon the front of Sidney, a few miles east of the Trent River. Being 
 a man of enterprise, and with forethought, he did not content himself 
 with clearing a farm and cultivating its soil. He saw the wants of 
 the settlers, that they required sawed lumber, and greater conveniences 
 for grinding grain. Hence he is found, even before 1790, erecting a 
 sawing mill upon a small stream on his land in Sidney. The water- 
 power was very inetficient, and he looked about for a more suitable 
 place. The waters of the Moira presented the inducements he sought. 
 A bargain was effected with John Taylor for the rear half of lot No. 5, 
 which embraced a portion of the stream, aff'jrding the desired mill* 
 site. It was, most probably, in the year 1790, that Captain Myers 
 came to Thurlow, and built his log hut upon the banks of the river, 
 a few rods above the present mill-dam. Within a year, the first dam 
 erected upon the river was finishe<3, and a log saw mill built upon the 
 east bank. j , : ♦ 
 
 The late Colonel Wilkins, of the Carrying Place, says, that when 
 he came to the bay, in 1792, Myers had his mill built, the one farthest 
 west, until they came to where is now Port Hope. 
 
 Tho following are the names of those who settled upon the 
 front, as supplied by tho lute G. Blocker, Esq. Commencing at lot 
 No. 1, the first settler was John Chisholm ; No. 2, Coon Frederick; 
 No. 3, Crawford, the lot having been drawn by A. Chisholm. 
 Coming to^No. 7, it was settled upon by A. Thompson, who sold 
 the right to Schofield ; No. 8, by Arch. Chisholm ; No. 9, by Samuel 
 Sherwood, who was j an Indian trader. Then Fairman, William 
 Johnson, Edward Carscallion, J. Carscal lion, Fairman, Biddell. 
 
 There is no record of the first municipal transaction. Most 
 likely, no record was kept. The following, however, takes us back 
 
 a long way:— ^i|;,'. '^v\? -^.^v-.'^; V-*-.^ r^i-v'-*'"- .^i;^ 
 
 i^'" At the annual town meeting, for the township of Thurlow, 
 held the fifth day of March, 1798, whereat the following persons 
 were chosen town officers, viz., John Mcintosh, Town Clerk, John 
 
CAMKTON. 493 
 
 Chisholm iind William RoicI, Af^scssors; Joseph Walker, fV.lloctor; 
 Samnol «. (Jilborl, Join. I{oe<l, William Johnson, Palhnmsters ,' 
 John Cook and Dan io' Lawrence, Town Wimlens; John Taylor, 
 Pound-keeper; John Falrinan, Constahio." 
 
 John Mcintosh, remembered as Oapt. Mcintosh, was Town 
 Clerk for three years, and was Kiiececdod by Jabez Davis. The 
 following year, the occupant was Caleb Tienedict. The year succeed- 
 ing, Iloswell Leavens was ajipoinled, and continued "to hold the 
 office for throe years, when John Frederick was chosen, who held 
 the place two years, when Jolin Mcintosh was again selected ; he 
 held it two years. Then John Thompson was a].pointed, who held 
 it one year. The next year it was Roswell Leavens ; the next, 
 John Frederick; the next, R. Leavens, who continued uninterrupt- 
 edly in oflice for twelve years, up to the year ISliG. During that 
 time very many changes are observed in the names of those holding 
 the other r^unicipal offices in the Township. The Town Clerk, in 
 the year 1826, was Daniel Cannill', who hehl it two years; the 
 next was James McDonnell, who tilled the post seven years. In 
 1835, D. B. 8ole was appointed, who held it two years. The year 
 ensuing. Dr. Ilaydcn was appointed. It would seem that during the 
 year following, Dr. 11. oscai)ed as a rebel, while his wife refused to 
 hand over the township records, 
 
 ,, Canifton.— Up to the year 1806, the way from Myers' mill up 
 the river to where stands Corby's mill, a distance (;f four lailes, 
 was unbroken by a single clearing. There was but a poor waggon 
 road, which had been cut by the two individuals who alone could 
 afford the comfort of a M^aggon. But in that year another settler 
 was added to Thurlow, and a third waggon to the community. John 
 Canniff, having bought some 800 acres of land from one McDougall, 
 and one Carle, in the third concession, commenced the work of 
 clearing upon the present site of the village of Canifton. John 
 Canniff was a U. E. Loyalist, and was born at Bedford, in the 
 County of Westchester, in the present State of New York, in the 
 year 1757. There is no reliable statement handed nown as to the 
 part he took in the war against the rebellion. That he took an 
 active part is believed by those most capable of judging. The name 
 of Lieut. Candiff appears among the officers of a New Jersey reo-i- 
 ment, which is thought to have been one of the family. John 
 Canniff was a refugee at the close of the war in New Brunswick, 
 where he remained a few years. He then came to Canada, in 1788^ 
 and first settled in Adolphustown, where he lived until his removal 
 
494 THE RIVER MOIRA. 
 
 to Thurlow. Ho had witnossod and oxporiencod tho Hufforing of 
 the year of tho famine. And it in known that lie actually saved one 
 family from death hy wtarvation. Before bringing his family to 
 Thurlow, in 1807, ho had cleared a considerable piece of land, on 
 the east side of .the river, around tho present site of tho bridge; 
 built a mill-dam, a sawmill, and a frame house, which stood a short 
 distance above the site of the Methodist Church. Although this 
 took place near the end of tho first decade of the present century, 
 yet the Bottlemont was attended by no little hardship. Tho necee- 
 sarios of life wore not always to be had, and it is authentically 
 related, that for a time pea bread constituted the princii)le article 
 of diet, while a fish, now and then caught, was a great luxury. 
 
 About the year 1812, Canniff erected a flouring-mill, having for 
 mill-stones those made on tho spot, out of hard granite ; the man 
 who made them yet lives. These relics of tho past may yet be 
 Been. But in two years ho procured a pair of Burr stones from 
 
 the Trent. 
 
 In tho year 18 — , Mr. Oanniff' removed to the front of Thurlow, 
 and lived upon lot number t'lght, where ho continued to dwell until 
 his death, 21st Feb., 1843. Ho was in his 87th year when 
 he died. His remains are buried near the front of tho Episcopal 
 Church, in Belleville. He was a great uncle to the writer. 
 
 Up to tho year 1715, there was but one small house inCanifton, 
 beside that occupied by Mr. Canniff, this was occupied by a cooper, 
 named Ockerman. 
 
 For four years after John Canniff settled upon the river, there 
 was an unbroken wood between his place and Myers' mill, while 
 biit a rough road existed, which followed the river's bank. In 
 the spring of 1811, James Canniff, the writer's father, commenced 
 to clear land, midway between Myers' mill and John Canniff 's. At 
 this time, the road remained almost impassable, for the half-dozen 
 waggons, owned in the township. Some years later, tho road was 
 somewhat straightened and improved ; but although now, and for a 
 long time, so great a thoroughfare, the road continued to be, for 
 many years, tho most execrable. I; 1? 
 
 The River Moira. — This river is named after the Eight Hon. 
 the Earl of Moira, afterward Marquis of Bastings, and previously, 
 when a soldier, serving in the American war, known as Lord 
 Bawdon. Ac his death the title became extinct. His body was 
 buried in his native town in Ireland. While in America, he formed 
 . a, strong attachment to Brant. 
 
MYER8' CREEK. 495 
 
 Tho Moira takos its i-iso in tlio tovvrmliip of Tudor, and in its 
 windings to the Bay Quinte, puHsos through tho townships of'Madoc, 
 Marmora, Rawdon, Huntingdon, llungoriord, Tycndinagu, and 
 Thurlow. It was well known, and yearly ascended by tho Indians 
 for tho excellent hunting which it afforded. Thoy called it Sagon- 
 asko, which nanio may bo found on tho first maps issued by tho 
 surveyor. It was sometimes spoiled Saganashcocon. 
 
 Tho Indians, when about to pass up on their hunting oxpodi- 
 tions, leaving many of tho women and children in wigwams upon 
 the plains near its mouth, would make an offering to their pagan 
 god, of tobacco, which was dropped upon tho east shoi-o, near its 
 mouth, just below tho site of the first bridge. A thank offering was 
 repeated upon their return.— (B, Flint). 
 
 When the first mill dam was erected by Capt. Myers, tho 
 obstruction was called by them Cabojunk. 
 
 When tho land was surveyed, tho Government reserved at the 
 mouth of the river 200 acres, ostensibly, for an Indian burying 
 ground. But tho place of burying was upon Zwick's Island, in tho 
 Bay, near tho river's mouth. 
 
 Upon the old maps, this river is called Singleton's River, after 
 Capt. Singleton. 
 
 About the year 1790, Capt. Myers settled upon tho river, and 
 erected a dam and log saw mill. It consequently took the name of 
 Myers' Creek, which it retained, until after tho war of 1812, and 
 by some, to within tho writer's recollection, thirty years ago. The 
 writer remembers to have seen the Indians, in their birch canoes 
 ascending and descending tho river. Tho fact that the word Moira 
 has some resembling sound to that of Myers, has led some to 
 suppose that tho latter name became gradually changed into the 
 former. But tho fact is as stated above. , . 
 
 The appearance of the place, presented to the first adventurers 
 in pursuit of land on which to settle, was not attractive. It was a 
 barren plain with a cedar swamp covering the shores on either side. 
 
 There wore, however, on the east side, at tho mouth, some tall 
 and good sized oaks, indicating deep soil, while the land around was 
 rock; this land, like the two islands upon which mills are built, 
 was rich, and had been made from the washings of the river's sides 
 for centuries, and carried down from tho back country. 
 
 The first bridge upon the Moira, was a iloating structure, and 
 was placed quite at the mouth of the river, with the view of 
 escaping tho current j but it was soon carried off. The bridge was 
 
49G 1JKM.KVIM,K. 
 
 built about 1800; prior to which time thoro had been a ferry for 
 foot pnHHi'ii^ors, when llio streiutj wuh not fonhiblo. At oertain 
 HCMiHoiiM, crosHinyH foiild t:iko jjlnct) aliuont ariyvvhoro. Tho tirst 
 Hprin^ froshot carriod away tlic bridgo. In tho winter of 1802, 
 according to MrH.IlarriH, who then lived in tho place, a more sulj- 
 stantial Htructuro waw commenced ; but again it wan carriod otV by 
 ice l)rt>al<iiig over Myor.s' dam. Possibly, this may be th(^ first one. 
 Tho first pt rniaiient l)ridge iniist hnvo been conijiloted in ISOOor 7. 
 The excelhfiit water i)nwer was first oni])loyed by ('apt. Myers, 
 and the c^econd person to use it was the Hoods, at tho place whoro 
 is now situated Corby's mill. Tho benefit of u flouring mill to the 
 Roods will bo understood when it is known that they had pre- 
 viously, to carry on their back the grist to the Napaneo mills, iv 
 distance of some forty miles, and thus occupying four days. 
 
 • • BELLEVILLE. , •' ) *. ' 
 
 Tho carh' voyacjeurs, passing along in thoir birch canoes, 
 bound for the far west, by tho way of tho Eivor Trent 
 to Lake Simcoo, were never attracted to the low, thick woods, 
 which boi'dered the river called by tho Indians Sagonoska. It 
 is true, there was generally an Indian village upon tlio plains 
 situated to tho east of tho river's mouth. But tho collection 
 of rude tents offered no special invitation. While the French, it 
 would seem, never ascended the river; the Indians of tho Missis- 
 sauga tribe inhabited the region, and mostly always had a village 
 upon tho bay shore. As wo have seen, the (fovernment, at the 
 time of surveying, reserved lot number four, which included the 
 river and the plains, for tho Indians. About 1789 or 90, Captain 
 Myers, having ])urchasod a part of lot number five, of John Taylor, 
 for $100, endeavored to obtain a lease of the Indian lot for a long 
 period of years; and he subsequently claimed the lot, averring that 
 it had been leased him for ninet3Miine years. This claim of Capt. 
 Myers, it has been stated, led to the name which so long obtained, 
 Myers' Crook. But the claim was never recognized by Clovern- 
 ment, although there is some reason to think that the Indians did 
 actually bargain it away. The settlement upon tho river, by Captain 
 Myers, very soon came to be known as Captain Myers', and the 
 inhabitants up and down the bay, spoke of the settlement, as well as 
 of the river, as Myers' "Creek. But, at the same time, Myers' mill 
 and house were quite remote from tho first collection of houses at 
 the mouth of the river. Apart from tho water pr* . ilegos, there 
 
FIRST 8ETTLEH8. 497 
 
 was nothing to iittruct to thopluco, und, until tho boginning of tho 
 present contury, thuro wan not oven a hut jittho inoutli of tho riv(ir. 
 If ])iiblic moctingH wore hold, thoy woro up tho front, or hack near 
 tho fifth concoHfiion, iiftorwaid known as Ifaydon's Cornors. 
 
 Tho villago began to form upon tho oawt bank of tho rlvor, a 
 littlo dintanco boU)\v Dundas Htrcot, and, for many yoarH, it did not 
 oxtond further nortli than thatHtreet. Tho first place of habitation 
 HO far ah can bo learned, was a log houHO, built and oceupiod by 
 AHa Wallbridge, a trader, wlio was well known by the early 80tt lers. 
 Tlion canio John Simpson, in tho year 1708, and constructod a log 
 hut, 20x12. This house, tho first public houso in Thurlow, was for 
 many years known from Kingston to York, as a plaeo of public 
 ontortainnient. AVithin its rough walls rested many an important 
 traveler, and here, in later days, convened the men of digjiity and 
 office, to discuss matters of great inxport concerning tho village. 
 Horo mot, in jovial companionship, tho inhabitants of the village at 
 night. Around this rudo public houso contorod tho crowd upon 
 training days, or when tho race course was a point of attraction. 
 For man}'- years, tho]^heart of tho village was at tho corner of 
 Bundas street. At this place was tho forry, and afterwards tho 
 first bridge. 
 
 John Simpson, who was Sorgt. -Major of the Militia when first 
 organized, died shortly after coming to Myers' Creek; but his 
 widow, Margaret, continued the hostess for many years. Sho 
 endeavored to keep pace with tho wants of tho growing villago, 
 and made one improvement after another, and finally ha I built the 
 frame structure now converted into the agreeable residence of the 
 lion. Lewis Wallbridge. About the year 1800, a second inn was 
 opened in tho villago, tho descendant of this is the present Eail- 
 roadllouso. , . 
 
 When it became necessary to build a bridge across the river, 
 about 1806-7, the question of site was one of no little consideration. 
 It soomed the most natural that it should bo erected on Dundas 
 Street, whicb was the great mail road between Kingston and York; 
 and those living in the heart of the village could see no reason in 
 having it placed elsewhere. But a majority of those having a voice 
 in the matter, looked at the question in a more practical light ; and 
 rightly thought a bridge would cost less where tho river Avas the 
 narrowest, while it should not bo too far for convenience. Tho 
 result was that it was built on tho site of tho present lower bridge, 
 and so eavo to the street the name of Bridge Street. '" -^'" 
 
498 l>eTRIE'8 BTATEMKNT. 
 
 Rotrftcinfif our Htopw to tho bo/2finning of tho present century, 
 woprewont llu' Htatomont of Mr. Willinm FvotchoHou, who settled in 
 Sidney, and uUo of Jumos Kurley, hot h of whom Huy that there wjw 
 not then even a village at tho mouth of the river, there being hut 
 two or throe Hhantios, among them Simpson's tavern, at tho rudo 
 bar of wi)i('h tho sole drink was a homo brewed boor, which, how- 
 ever, posHosHod intoxicating properties. Another building was an 
 ash house, owned by Asa Wallbridge. 
 
 ])uring tho first years of tho ])roHent century, tho place grow 
 to the importance of a village, whose inhabitants, with those of 
 tho ad jacent farmers, made up nearly a hundred ])erson8. Important 
 additions had been made, and enterprise was at work. Two noblo 
 and loyal Scotchmen had come to tho place several years before, 
 and purchased lot number three, and liad built a sectond mill dam, 
 and mills. Those were Simon and James McNabb. They subso- 
 qucnily took an active part in everything relating to tho village. 
 James McNabb became Collector of Customs, and tho first Post- 
 Master and llogistrar, and both were officers in the militia. Tho 
 melancholy death of James McNabb, is hardly yet forgotten. 
 During the rebellion of 1836, there was an alarm in Belleville, and 
 Capt. McNabb, while running through an unlightcd ]iall,wasl'atally 
 wounded by a careless militiaman, who was trailing his musket 
 with bayonet fixed. 
 
 Capt. Mcintosh was an early settlor in BoUovillo, as well as a 
 pioneer with sailing vessels. lEo built the first frame store house 
 at Belleville, which was taken down in 1867. The house he built 
 is still standing, a quaint edifice, at the lower extremity of front 
 street. Within its walls rested General Brock, when on his way 
 westward, at the commencement of the war of 1812 ; also General 
 Gore, after tho close of the war. Capt. Mcintosh mot an untimely 
 death by drowning while attempting to swim from his schooner, 
 which was wind-bound ott' Ox Point, to the shore, 23rd Sept, 1815. 
 
 In tho year 1809, Alexander Oliphant Potrio, came to live at 
 Myers' Creek. He found the following persons living in Belleville 
 at that time. Commencing at the lowest part; there first lived 
 Capt. John Mcintosh, who kept a store ; John Johnson, a saddler; 
 Dr. Sparohan ; John Thompson, who had been t soldier in the King's 
 Rangers ; Peter Holmes, a carpenter, who had also been in the 
 Eangers; Mrs. Margaret Simpson, inn-keeper; Roswell Leavens, a 
 blacksmith ; John Simons ; one Amos, a cooper ; Hugh Cunning- 
 ham, storo-keoper, at Mrs. Simpson's ; Simon McNabb, who lived 
 
NAMINO OF HELNKVIM-K. .jyy 
 
 ftcro«H tho rivor; OcUornuin, ii cooper; Bonj. Stone. aHiiwyor; Wm. 
 Muyboo, and Abraham StiniorM. in the noi^rhlx.rhood of thu villa^o' 
 livod John Tayh)r; JarnoM IfarriH, a hatter, and (Japf. Myers. Tho 
 only road wan alon^^ the river, whiU) foot paths led to the ditlerent 
 dwollinKH. Jlespeetin^ Dr. Spareham, there in tho toHowin^' notice 
 in the Kin^Hton CVojfrf: "Died, Friday 20th, 1813, Dr. Thonian 
 Sparoham, atKin^rston ; a^^ed about HH. He waH one of tho first 
 eettierH in the country." 
 
 Tho McNabbs hiul a flourin^r-jnill, and there wan a Hinal! cloth 
 fiictory on the west Hide of the river, at Myers' dam. Harris had a 
 small Hhop on the bank of tho river; and just below tho present 
 market, back from the river, stood a little frame Hchool house, 
 where taujrht one John Watkin.s. About the year IHIO, Mr. Kvoritt, 
 from Kingston, erected a tino buihiing ibr a hotel, outside of the 
 village, near Coleman's, formerly McNabb's mills. This was near 
 the Victoria buildings. 
 
 Tho naming of Belleville took place in 1816. The circumstances 
 attending it wore as follows : There mot one evening at Mrs. 
 Simpson's tavorn, Captain McMichaol, tho two Mc:N^abbH, Wall- 
 bridge, 1{. Leavens, and S.Nicholson. These gentlemen, 'at tho 
 suggestion, it is said, of Captain McMichael, determined to invite 
 Lieutenant-Governor Gore, to name tho newly surveyed town. 
 The request was complied with, by calling it after his wife 
 Bella. In reference to this, wo find in tho Kingston Gazette, Aug. 
 24, 1816, the following : " Tho Lieutenant-Governor, in council, has 
 been pleased to give tho now town (formerly known by the name 
 of "Myers' Creek " at tho Eiver Moira, tho name of " Belleville," 
 by tho request and petition of a great number of tho inhabitants of 
 that town and tho township of Thurlow." In the issue of 7th 
 September, tho 6^a^e«e remarks, "Wo mentioned in our paper of 
 the 24th ult., that the new town at the Eivor Moira, was now called 
 Belleville," &c. Wo wore under tho impression, from the very 
 pleasant situation of that town that its name was derived from tho 
 French ; but we have since been informed that it has been given 
 the name of Bellville, in honor of lady Gore at the request of the 
 inhabitants." We have it also, on tho authority of Mr. Petrie, who 
 could not be ignorant of tho facts, that the name is after Lady 
 Bella Gore. It will bo observed that the name was originally 
 spelled Bellville, instead of Belleville, as at the present time. In 
 all letters and public documents where the town was mentioned, we 
 find it spelled Bellville for many years. The writer will now, 
 
BOO TUB HfTRVr.YOR. 
 
 quolo hiin«olf' from nnothor work. '* Th»< wimo yonr 0^1^) tJifl 
 GoviTurruMit inHtruet<!<l mirvoyor VVilmot to luy out llio 200 aoroM of 
 IiHliiin roHorvo, lot niiiiilnM' flmr, into town lotn ot'hftH'un aero oatih. 
 It cannot ho roconliMl that Mr. VVMImot rlim'har^<«l hiH iluty to his 
 crudit or tho advuntagu oftho town. In tho HrHt placo h« niado 
 tho HiM'ioiiM tniHtako (it han hoon qiiOMtionod whothiM* It waw a inifl- 
 tako) of placing thr lini^ ImtwoiMi Sidnoy attd Thiirlow, u])WftrdH of 
 Hlxty foot to till' oaHt of that niai-kiMl l»y thu original Hurvoy. The 
 conHoquonco wan, that tho lino hotwe«*n lotn nunilHM'H throo and four 
 (at tho front) inHtoad of hoin^ mainly in tho rivor, wh«'ro It ouj^ht 
 to Imve heon, wan OHtahlihhod whoro now Ih Front Stroot, and 
 thiM'ohy, n valuable Htrip of land bolon^in/^ to tho HoHorvo, waH 
 a<ldo<l to private propi^ty on tho wohUumi Hide of tho rivor; while 
 tho owner of lot niunhor tivo, Mr. Taylor, was a loHcr to a (u>rroH- 
 ponding extent. Another nuwtuko wan t]»o very few oross HtrootH 
 laid out, tho inconvonionco of which \h felt daily hy many ; although 
 somo new ones liavo boon o])onod latterly. A third error waH tho 
 rospeot ho made to a hotel which Htood u little to the oast of where 
 now Htandrt tho Victoria buildings. TIiIh hotel had t)eon erected on 
 tho ground, whore tho stroot, in Hurvoying, happened to come. 
 The roHult in tho unsooinly turn in it« courno at Pinnacle Htreet. 
 While tho hotel gave a name to tho street, tho name commemorates 
 tho cauRO of its uglinosHH. Tho town lots wore disposod of by 
 Government to petitioners, tr le subjects of Jlis Majesty, on a pay- 
 ment of a foe of thirty dollars, xw Oi.c could obtain more than a 
 single lot. Seven plots .wei-e rosorvod : one for a hospital, one 
 whore stands tho Catholic Church, the (irammar School, tho En^'- 
 lisli (vhurch, ulso, tho Parsonage house, tho old Market Scjuaro, and 
 tho Jail." 
 
 Tho lots wore granted to applicants upon presenting a petition 
 signi'd by two citizens, to Govornmont. The grantee was obligated 
 to build, in a given time, a house, one story and a half high, and 
 18 X ao foot. 
 
 Bollovillo is tho oldest town in Upper Canada. At tho time it 
 was named, wliore now stands Cobourg, wore but three houses. 
 In 1816 the Kingston Gazette t^fiys, " A Post Office is now established 
 in the new and flourishing town of Bellville, S. McNnbb. Esq., 
 Post Master." 
 
 In the year 1834, a petition was submitted by tho inhabitants 
 of BoUeville to Parliament, the result of which was " An act to 
 establish a Board of Police in tho town of Bolloville, passed 6th 
 March, 1834." - 
 
KIRMT IIOAKD OK PULIOR. ftOl 
 
 It would Houm tliut tlio net. pHHHU*! did not coiiin into oporul ion, 
 tor id IS'iHl, an ad wuh |)Umhc><1 i-«<N|it)aliti^ tli«t titrnicr uuv. TliiH 
 lattur act wuh in many i-osptu-tH tlu* waniu, but nuiUin^ t'lii'tluM' pro- 
 visionM. Thu Nunio yuar tho town rouord l)u>(inH. Thv iMtundaiioM 
 woro, "corumuru'in^at tho liinitHbotwoou lotn number tlvo and bix, 
 iti tho tirtit conitOHhion, ho hk a lino at I'i^ht an^^loH will run on the 
 nortliorly Hido (»t' VVonnucoii'H brid^o, •''•'"*'«' noutli Hovonty-tbur 
 (k'ju;rooM, wont to tho limitH botwoon lotn nunibciM two and tliivo, 
 tlioncw hixtoon doji^rooH oant to tim Hay of (^uinto, thonco oantorly 
 I'ullowin^ tho winding of llio bay totbu liinilM bolvvoon lotn niinilHU'H 
 livo and hIx albnuaid ; tlioncu north wixtoon do^rooB, wont to tho 
 placo of bo^inniii^, to^'otlior with tho iHland and tho luirboiir.'* 
 Thoro woro two wards, oach of whitdi olocttul two moniborn of tho 
 lk)ard of Polico, and tho fourth Noloctod a tilth. Tho Ixxly Ihori 
 Holoctod ono of thomHolvos for Prosidont. ThoMo olottod tho tirMt 
 year woro, Win. McCarty and Ahu YoonuinH, tor tlrst ward; Zontu 
 Dafoo, and VVm. Connor for «ocond ward ; liilla Flint was oloctod 
 tho tifth monibor, and waa also ehoson Prosidont; tJoo. JJonJainin 
 to bo clork to tho JJoard. 
 
 Up to this timo thoro had boon no sidowalkR, and at the snmo 
 tinio thoro was no drainii^o. Tho consoquoniio was, tliat in tho 
 rainy season tho stroots woro almost impassiblo, fjuito as bad an 
 tlioso of Muddy York arc said to havo boon. Tho first pavement 
 was laid in 18IJ0, tho stones of whicli woro taken fVom tho rivor. 
 
 It is impossible to say definitely what was the number of 
 inhabitants at any ono period. Those were, however, in 1818 
 according to Talbot, about 150 ; about 500 in 1824 ; 700 in 1829, 
 and in 1836 more than 1,000. But MoMullon, writing in 1824, says 
 that between Kingston and York, thoro aro two or three very small 
 villages, tho largest of which is lioUevillo, containing about ono 
 hundred and fifty inhabitants. 
 
 After this the town increased more raj)idly in size and import, 
 ance. Steps wore taken to have built a Court ilouso and Jail, as 
 tho nearest place of confinement of prisoners was at Kingston ; and, 
 in 1838, just at the close of tho rebellion, the present building \,as 
 finished. 
 
 The first court of Quarter Sessions hold at tho Court Ilouso in 
 Bolloville, was November, 1839, Benjamin Dougall presided ; 
 Edmund Murney, Clerk of the Peace ; J. W. D. Moodie, Sheriff. 
 The principal business of the court was to organize, and take tho 
 
n02 BCI.I.RVII.I.R IN IH.IO. 
 
 OAthn of nfllco. Tho nucond court wum iiuld in Mnrch, 1840, in tho 
 Oonrt IIouHo; thoro woro tho Hamo uffluoni, oxcopt thut W. Ut 
 Ponton wuN Clork oftlto I'ouco. 
 
 A writer in tho Intelligenrfr, In 1R.'J6, Hayn, RoMovillo \n Hnid to 
 OOntuin iihout 1,800 InhnhitmitH, Th<>ro in mi Kn|{liHh and Httotch 
 Ohurch, ii Konitin Ciitliolic iind Mrthodiist Chiipol, uIko ii (<on^ro/:;a- 
 tion of KpiHcopjil Mt'lliodistM, und ono of Anuirifun I'roMhylcrinriM ; 
 25 niurclinnlH' Hho))N, 2 ApothocnricHund Drii^^iHtH*, 12 huxturH* iind 
 grocory nhopH, i) tiivornM, 3 hroworicH, .'{ hutchcrrt', 2 flouring inilln, 
 4 Niivv, and 2 Hillin^mnd nirditif^ niiils, 1 pail factory,? hlaclcftniithH* 
 HhopH, .'J tannt)ri(*H, and nuM'hanlcH of alrnoHt ovcry doHcription. In 
 Pront Stroot there are a number of HpacioUM hriek, Htont>, and framo 
 huildiii^H; hoin^ the ntoHt central part of llio town for husinoHH. 
 The town liaK reconlly hein^ called Kant and WcHt Jitdlovillo; 
 separated Ity the river Moira. Tho later haw Ihmm; laid out in towi» 
 lots l»y tho proMont owners ; and the ntreetH and linoH dtdlned. On 
 Coleman Street there are alromly erected a handnomo hrick and 
 other Htone and frame Ituildin^^s; a 'rrip-lluminer For j^o and Axe 
 manJifactory carried on by Mr. l*ro(;tor, celebrated for nuikin/j; the 
 best axoH in tho province. A saw mill in operation atid a flouring 
 mill for four run of stone now erecting, and another for hi*" run in 
 contemplation of being built next summer by our enterprising 
 townsman, Mr. Flint. A cabinet-maker, blacksmith's shop, and a 
 tavern, together with a variety of lots unsold, some of which are 
 calculated for hydraulic purposes; and for which thoro are abun- 
 dance of materials tor stone l)uildings. The same street leads 
 to tho oxtoubivo wharfM and store houses belonging to Mr. Billa 
 Flint. • 
 
 ,.,,,,,,■, I , , ,''•■,' 
 
 ■•■ '" -u ,-'>|l! /.»' 7.1 I >.'■- ■ ,' • ',; 'm ill ,:.!... I'.) '«•.;- 
 
 uh<.\:hy\[o-' mU \<im U'.'-s I'.t'x.ii-ilt mi;. *j|iaiM»t,a./- '.huk ,1 Ki vI'Ojm 
 
 n 
 
RK'IIMONU. 
 
 ' • " CHAITKU LVI. 
 
 CoMTiNTt— Tenth U)wii«hip— ItiihinoiKi— ()riKin->Qii«iitity of liiixi — Nhori'ii of 
 Motmwk Itiiv — VilliiK<' <»t Noiitli nIiiiix— OriKliiiil lutid lioMirM — Kiimcii— 
 NnpKiifli) — Tlio fnlU — Thf mill — Hnltnoii Ulvt-r — Indinii rmtiu' — Soiin" i»f 
 Nit|itiii<'o lllvur— Its coiirHr — Coltdtrook — Hinuoit KmIIm— Nmuc — Clnrkc't 
 MillM— Ncwbnrfih— A<'i(i|i>my — Tho imiUUti*— "(.'l«rkvill«' " — No n'<'urtlit. 
 
 TiiK TKi^rrii rowNMiiir — iiiciimoni). 
 
 ThiN towiiHltip Im cnlltMl ui'tvr thu Duku uf Uiuliiixuul, and oon- 
 taiiiM uhout 50,000 .icrt^M. , , , , 
 
 At mi oui'ly period, tin* HhoroH of tlu' M()liH\vk Hay wci'i« «)<u',u|»U'<l 
 by Hi'ttlorH. At (ir«t, upon the FnMl»>ii<!ksliiiruli nitle, and sliortly 
 aFtt'i- upon tho north rtliorc. The fucilitU'M for eircliii^ a tloiuiii^^-mill 
 at th(^ fiiliH, upon thu rivi'r which empties into the Mohawk Huy, 
 uttradtutl the attention of (roverinnent mo early an 1785, in wliicli yuur 
 the fii'Ht mill was ertuited. Tho oxiHtence of thin mill cauHod Hoimv 
 thinju; of n villai^e to Hpnnj» up on the Hoiith shore. About tho Humo 
 time, the land upon the north shore uf the buy and river, whh takiMi 
 up by thu loyalistrt. Wu (Min (ind nothing to indicuitu the year iti 
 which this township was originally surveyed ; but it was most pro- 
 bably done in tlie latt,er part of 17H5, or in the sprinj^; of 1780, after 
 the front of Thurlow had been surveyed. Upon tho old (ihnrtof this 
 township in tho (Jrown Lands Department, may bo seen tho names of 
 certain otVicers, us claimants of land near the mouth of the river. The 
 names are in tho main, now unknown, and it seein.s that the land pus.sed 
 into other hands. The second and thii'd concessions seem to have 
 been settled at u comparatively early date. We believe that some of 
 the first settlers on Mohawk JJay, were, Alexander Nicholson, Wood- 
 cock, Potorson, Campbell, Richardson, Detlors. 
 
 Napance, u name given to tlio river, and to tho town u[)on its 
 banks, is of Indian origin. Originally it was Aj)pnnee, which signifies, 
 in the Mississauga language, Hour, or the rivor where they make 
 flour. Tliis designation, it has been HUp})Osed, arose from the exis- 
 tence of the flouring-mill, built Iiere ut mi early date (see first days of 
 Upper Canada). The place was first visited by loyalists, in 1784. 
 Tho beauty of the scenery, the waters of the river, tundjling over tho 
 rocks, down a distance of thirty feet, and sweeping down through a 
 muddy bed, and widening into Mohawk Bay, and the surrounding 
 hills clothed in natures rugged Jiabiliments, M'ould naturally attract 
 thy settler. Tlien, wlieu Government placed u mill, ut which the 
 
 V ,,_._ 
 
604 NAPANEE. 
 
 settlers could ijfet their grain groiuul, a consideration of great import- 
 ance, the land in the vicinity would be eagerly sought, u])on which to 
 settle. And, it can readily be inferred, that the more valuable lots in 
 tlu' townshi}> of ]{ichmond were, at an early date, appropriated and 
 settled up()n. 
 
 Eunning across the back part of this township, from east to west, 
 and continuing across the township of Tyendinagua, is the Salmon 
 River. It takes its rise in Crow Jjake, in the Township of Kenebec. 
 It empties into the Bay Quinte, at the border line between this town- 
 ship and Thurlow. Near its mouth is the Village of Shannonville. 
 The Indian name of the Sahnon Kiver was Gosippa. 
 
 The Napanee lliver, of which we have spoken, takes its rise in 
 the townships of Hinchinbroke, Bedford, i^oughborough, Portland, 
 which are thi(tkly strewn with beautiful lakes and streams, all con- 
 nected so as to form" a sort of net work. The Nai)anee then crosses 
 the front part of CamdcJi, and pursues its way along, forming the 
 southern boundary of Richmond, to empty into the Mohawk Bay. 
 Along the course of the stream are several villages, all possessed of 
 more or less beauty. There is the village of Colebrook, having 
 upward of 300 inhabitants; Simcoe Falls comes next, beautiful and 
 picturesque, with some 250 of population. The village is named after 
 the Falls, which are some forty feet high. The name is derived from 
 Governor Simcoe, who at one time owned here 1000 acres of land. 
 Four miles further down the stream is the pleasant village of Clark's 
 Mills, after a family name of which we have elsewhere spoken, as a 
 distinguished U. E. Loyalist. Contimiing down the river we come 
 to Ne\\ burgh, a village picturesquely sit;;ated, and of considerable 
 importance. Beside its grist-mills, saw-mills, factories, machine 
 shop, foundry, and other machinery worked by tlie water ; Newburgh 
 has a very res])ectable academy. Perhaps there is no stream in 
 Canada which possesses the same number of mill ])rivileges as the 
 Napanee. Tliere are numerous rapids and several falls along its 
 course, and the banks on either side are often strikingly beautiful 
 The original settlors along the stream were mostly the children of 
 loyalists. 
 
 Napanee. — Tlie settlement of Xapanoe is pretty fully given in the 
 chapter upon the first flouring-mills. We there have stated that 
 Sergeant Major Clark of the 84th regiment, was ordered to Napanee 
 to act as superintendent of the works in connection with the building 
 of the mill ; second iiouring-mill in Upper Can.ada. The mill was 
 situated upon the Fredericksburgh side of the river. Upon an early 
 map of the township, by P. V. Elmore, a village is marked here by 
 the name of Clark villo. -, ., . 
 
 Napanee was incorporatnd in the year 1854. 
 
 We regret our inability to procure the township record of Rich- 
 mond. 
 
DIYISIOK IX. 
 
 THE EARLY GOVERNMJONT OF UPPER CANADA. 
 
 CHAPTER LVII. 
 
 Contents — Military rule — Imperial Act, 1774 — French Canada — RefugeeR — 
 Military (iovernment in Uppor Canada — New Districts — Lunenburgh — 
 Wucklenbingh — Nassau — Hesso — The Judges — Duncan — (Jartwright — Ham- 
 ilton — Koliertson — Court in Mocklcnburgh — Civil Law — .Judge Duncan — 
 Judge Cartwright — Punishment inHicted — First execution — New Constitu- 
 tion of Quebec — 1791, Quebec Bill passed — Inhabitants of Upper Canada. 
 
 UPPER CANADA FROM 1783 TO 1792 — THE GOVERNMENT, MILITARY 
 
 AND CIVIL. 
 
 For three years after the conquest the Province of Quebec was 
 governed by militarj^ laws, but in 1774, the British Governnnent 
 introduced a Bill, confcrrint;; civil rights upon the Canadian French, 
 with a governing council of not more than 23, nor less than 17. 
 The laws, religion and language were secured to the Province, as 
 before the conquest, so that in most respects, excepting the pre- 
 sence of an English Governor, Canada remained a French Colony. 
 The timely concessions of the British Government, and the natural 
 antipathy felt by the Canadians to the New Englanders, prevented 
 in a most positive way, any desire or intention, on the part of the 
 Canadians, to take sides with the revolting British Provinces. 
 When the loyalist refugees began to pick their way into Canada 
 they found themselves as it were in a foreign country. A colony 
 it is true, under the government of an English Governor, but never- 
 theless consisting of a people entirely dissimilar to themselves. 
 While the war continued the presence of a large number of British 
 troops made the country seem less foreign in its character ; but 
 the close of the war, and the disbanding of many of the com- 
 panies, and withdrawal of others, left the unhappy refugees in a 
 society to them altogether unnatural. It was under such circum- 
 
506 SETTLERS UNDER MARTIAL LAW. 
 
 stances that stops woro taken to survey land upon the upper waters, 
 to which the loyalists mi^ht go. The plan pursued by Govern- 
 ment wa«, not to extend the operation of the laws belonging to 
 Lower Canada, and therefore PVench and unnatural, lo the settle- 
 ments in Upper Canada; but to marshal the pioneer in bands 
 under officers, with the necessary appointments, to secure order, 
 protect interests, and administer justice. The first settlors of Upper 
 Canada, then came in military order, by word of command, and 
 wore directed to the point where each should find the land allotted 
 liim, and meet his wilderness foe. 
 
 All alike were governed by military law, until 1788. Says the 
 historian of Dundas, " It was decided by Government that the first 
 settlors should live under Martial Law, till such times as it should 
 be rescinded, and replaced by competent courts of justice. But by 
 martial law was meant only, that tho English laws, having by the 
 settlement of this part of Canada, boon introduced, should bo its laws 
 for tho present, and that these laws, which very few knew, should bo 
 martially executed by the Captain in command, having tho super- 
 intendence of tho particular locality." 
 
 Upon the 24th July, 1788, Lord Dorchester issued a proclama- 
 tion, dated at the Castle of St. Louis, Quebec, forming a. certain 
 number of new districts in the Province of Quebec. Upper Canada 
 was formed into four districts, viz.: Lunenburgh, which extended 
 from tho borders of Lower Canada " to the River Gananoque, now 
 called Thames," Mecklenhurgh, which included the settlement from 
 Gananoque to the Trent River ; Nassau, extending from the Trent to 
 Long Poitit on Lake Erie; Hesse, which embraced the remaining 
 part.* of Western Canada, including Detroit. The division was based 
 upon tho number of settlers rather than the extent of territory. 
 
 • To each of these districts was appointed a Judge, a Sheriff, &c. 
 The Judge seems to have been clothed with almost absolute j)ower' 
 He dispensed justice according to his own understanding or inter" 
 pretation of the law, and a Slieriff or Constable stood ready to carry 
 out the decision, which in his wisdom, ho might arrive at. Those 
 four courts of Common Pleas constituted it seems the whole machi- 
 nery of the law in Upper Canada, after tho people ceased to be under 
 military jurisdiction. It may have been, however, probably was, 
 that appeal could bo made against the Judge's decision, to the 
 Governor and Council. There were no other magistrates, aud no 
 lawyers in those primitive happy days. 
 
 Of the four Judges appointed to the districts, positive know- 
 
THE FIR8T JUDGES. 507 
 
 ledgo can be obtained but of three ; those arc Richard Duncan, Judge 
 of Lunenburgli, liichard Cartwright, Judge of Mecklenburgh, and 
 Robert Hamilton, Judge of Nassau. Not unlikely, William liobertson^ 
 of Detroit, was Judge of Hesse. This opinion is ventured from 
 the fact that this gentleman was the most successful and prominent 
 man in that locality ; the same as Duncan, Cartwright, and Hamilton 
 were in theirs. 
 
 Respecting the Judgeship of Mecklenburgh, the Rev. Mr. Stuart 
 writes, 1788, that "our new settlements have been lately divided 
 into four districts, of which this jilace (Kingston,) is the Capital of 
 one called N&v Mecklenburgh. I had a commission sent me as first 
 Judge of the Court of Common Pleas, which I returned to Lord 
 Dorchester, who left a few days ago." The office thus refused was 
 subsequently filled by Mr. Richard Cartwright. In a letter before us, 
 written by John Ferguson, dated 29th December, 1788, it is stated 
 that " our Courts are openod, but they have done nothing particular, 
 but I stippose will in a few days." This was the commencement of 
 other than martial law at the Bay of Quinto. 1788 then, is the year 
 in which civil law began to be administered. This was considered a 
 boon by the British Americans, who objected quite as mu<'}i to mili- 
 tary law, when the individual might not by education, be qualified to 
 dispense judgment and justice, as they did to the French laws of Lower 
 Canada. ludeed the loyalists of Lower Canada complained very 
 much that they had lost the protection of British laws. And pro- 
 bably many were induced to ascend to Upper Canada where the 
 British law was iu operation. At the same time Upper Canada 
 remained a part of the Province of Quebec. 
 
 Reference is made in the History of Dundas, to Judg Duncan, 
 of Lunensburgh as follows: "As a soldier he was generous and 
 humane." The Court sat at Mariatown, of which he was the foun- 
 der." He " seemed to have monopolized every office. A store- 
 keeper, .ind holding a Captain's rank, he dealt out law, dry goods 
 and groceries alternately." The coint room was at the place of 
 Richard Loucks, who kept a store and tavern, about a mile below 
 the present eastern limits of the County of Dundas. The name of 
 the Sheriff" Avas Munro, probably John Munro, who was subsequently 
 called to the Legislative Council. 
 
 With respect to Judge Cartwright, the reader is referred to 
 individual U. E. Loyalists for a notice of his history. The fact that 
 he was selected as the Judge after the office was refused by Mr- 
 Stuart, shows that he was a man of influence, education and wealth* 
 
508 CONSTITUTION FOR UPPBR CANADA. 
 
 an<l pevHons arc now living wlio remembor him as a "bipf man," 
 alont? the Bay. From nil that we can loam, it is most probable that 
 Judge Cartwright held his court at Finklo's tavern, ErncHttown, It 
 is stated that hn convicted the lirst man that was hanged in (Canada. 
 The crime charge<l againnt him for which he was executed was 
 watcli stealing. The aitiolo was foimd upon him, and although ho 
 declared he had bought it of a pedlar, yet, as ho could not prove it, 
 ho was adjudged guilty of the crime, and sentenced to be hanged. 
 Dr. (yonnor, of Krnesttown, ntood up in court and appealed against 
 the decision of the Judge, but ho was hissed down, and the law took 
 its course. The man was hanged, and Hubseciuently the pedlar from 
 whom the watch had been purchased came along and con'oborated 
 the dying words of the unfortunate man. ' 
 
 The most common i)unishment inflicted upon those convicted of 
 liigh offences, was that of banishment for a certain number of years, 
 or for life, to the United States, '* a sentence next to that of death» 
 felt to be the most severe that could bo inliicted." " Minor offences 
 were atoned for in the pillory. For a long lime there stood one sxich 
 primitive instrument of punishment, at liichard Louck's Inn, the 
 centre of law and justice for the Lunenburg District." (History of 
 Dundas). 
 
 The first person executed at Niagara was in 1801, a woman by 
 name of Loudon, who was convicted of poisoning her husband, at 
 Grimsby. 
 
 The difference between the French and British in Canada, as 
 to religion, language and laws, was so great that, although efforts 
 were earnestly made to unite the two races, the divergence of views 
 continued to increase. And tli,e result was, that a Bill was introduced 
 into the Imperial Parliament, by the Government, which duly became 
 law. 
 
 On Friday, 4th March, 1791 "Mr. Chancellor Pitt moved, "that 
 His Majesty's message concerning the New Constitution for Quebec 
 might be read. It was read accordingly." 
 
 " George E. — His Majesty thinks it proper to acquaint the Com- 
 mons, that it appears to His Majesty, that it would be for the benefit 
 of His Majesty's subjects in the Province of Quebec, that the same 
 should be divided into separate provinces, to be called the Province 
 of Upper Canada and the Province of Lower Canada ; and that it is 
 accordingly his Majesty's intention so to divide the same, whenever 
 His Majesty shall be enabled by Act of Parliament to establish the 
 necessary regulations for the government of the said Provinces. His 
 
ORGANIZATION OF QOVERNMENT. 909 
 
 Majesty thorofore reootnmendH this object to the couHidcriition of 
 tJiis lIouHe," &c., &c. The discuH.sion which aro8e in conneetion with 
 the jmssago of this Bill was of unusual intereHt, and |)ro(|uce(l 
 that hiHtoric ncenc between liurke and Fox, during which " tears 
 trickled down the cheeks" of the latter, as "lie strove in vain to give 
 utterance to feelings that dignified and exalted his nature." The 
 Bill passed its third reading on the iHth May. 
 
 At this time there wore distributed along the St. Lawrence, the 
 Bay of Quinte, Niagara frontier, Ainherstburgh, with the French 
 settlement on the Thames, and tlu? Indians at Grand liiver, about 
 20,000 souls, or double the number, who came at the first as refugees, 
 and disbanded soldiers. 
 
 {"or a list of the Governors of Upper Canada see Ai»j)endix. 
 
 CHAPTEE LVIU. 
 
 CoNTKNTS — Simcoo— His arrival in Canada — Up the St. Lawrence — An old house 
 — "Old BrcechcH' Hivcr " — Simcoe'K attendants— Tiie old vctcranK — " Good 
 old cause" — "Content" — Toasting — Old officers — Executive (louueil of 
 Upper Canada— First entry — Simeoe inducted to office — Eeli,u:iou8 ceremony 
 — " The proceedings " — Those present — Oath of office — Organization of Legis- 
 lative Council — AfiseniLly — Issuing writs f(u- elections— Memhers of Council 
 — Simcoe's difficulty — At Kingston — Division of I'rovince — The Governor's 
 otiticers — Ilochfoucault upon Simcoe— Sinicoc's surroundings — His wife — 
 Opening Parliament in 1795 — Those present — Retinue — Dress — The nine- 
 teen counties — Himcoe's designs — Visit of the Queen's father — At Kingston 
 — Niagara — A war dance, 
 
 ORGANIZATION OP THE UPPER CANADA GOVERNMENT IJY SIMCOE, 1792. 
 
 Colonel John Graves Simcoe, the pioneer Govenior of Upper 
 Canada, and the Lieutenant-Governor under Lord Dorchester, entered 
 upon the duties of his office. July 8, 1792. 
 
 ' His arrival in Canada was signaled by much rejoicing, as he 
 ]f)assed along in a fleet of bark canoes from Lower Canada, by the St. 
 Lawrence. A writer, in 1846, relates some interesting facts respect- 
 ing this passage. He speaks of one house then remaining in 
 Johnstown, which remained in all its original proportions. "It 
 is built in the Dutch style, with sharp-pointed roof, and curious 
 gables. This house was framed of oak of the finest growth; and, 
 • considering that it has been drawn from lot to lot, until it has traveled 
 
610 THE OOVERNOB. ' 
 
 almost the entire extent of the l>ay, (at Johnnton) within the h»Ht half 
 century, it certaini) \h a roinurkublo etliflce. It is now a hostelrie, 
 as it has always been, an<l no hI^'m of r(!])entanoe can be yet seen in its 
 hnge sii^n-board, exliibited at the top of a lajior j»ine, on which Horao 
 cunning diw.iple of Mi(!hael Angelo, hath depicted a tolerably sized 
 square, and a pair of exquisitely ex^pansive compass, striding classi- 
 cally, in imitation of tho CoUosus of Ilhodes, with the staring capitals 
 of '* Live and let live — St, John's Hall — Peace and plenty to all man- 
 kind " — thrown in iw a sort of relief to the conii)ass, and as a sweet 
 inducement to the weary and du.st-begrimmed traveler to walk in, 
 and make himself as comfortable as the little peculiarities of the lazy- 
 eyed landlord, and Uuj singular temperament of the land-lady, will 
 allow. 
 
 " This house is Governor Simcoe's house. In it John Graves 
 Simcoe, the first Governor of the U. E. Loyalists, himself a hearty, 
 brave old colonel, who foi.gh in the cause of these men, held his 
 levee, on his first arrival in Upper Canada. Time hallows all. Young 
 Canada has lier antiquities — although she may be more prone to look 
 forward to the future with hope, than back on the past with regret. 
 Yet the house in which John Graves Simcoe reposed himself, and 
 cast his martial eye over the gracelnlly curving bay, the sparkling 
 river, and the dilapidated fortifications of the old French fort, built 
 during the French ascendancy ; on the point and islands below, may 
 still be an object of interest to more than those who reside in the 
 vicinity, in a Province, which owes so nmch of its present prosperity 
 to the good commencement made by one possessed of his historic 
 heroism, humanity, and noble self-denial in the cause of an exiled race. 
 The house stood on a point of land formed by the bay, and a small 
 stream which passes from the north westward, called formerly by the 
 French, " Riviere de la Vielle Culotte," which being translated, pro- 
 bably means " Old Breeches' Eiver." Governor Simcoe had, but a 
 short lialf-hour previously, taken his departure for Niagara, in one of 
 the large bark canoes with which the passage on the St. Lawrence, 
 and along the shore of the lakes, was then generally made. A brigade 
 of smaller canoes and boats followed him, conveying his suite, and a 
 few fcoldiers; and never since the year 1756, when Montcalm led his 
 army upward to the attack of Oswego, had the swelling bosom of the 
 wild forest river borne so glad a sight as on that sparkling morning. 
 
 "The old piece of ordnance, obtained from the island fort below, 
 had ceased to belch forth its thunders from the clay bank ; whereon, 
 fort want of trunnions it had been deposited. The gentry of the sur- 
 
bimooe's reoeptanoe. 611 
 
 rounillng country, colleotod together for tho oociiRion, mid looking 
 spruco, thouQ;h woiithcr-bortten, in their low-tassclled hootH, tJK'ir 
 quc'cr old broud-Hkirtod military ooats, and looped chapeaux, with 
 fadod feathers fluttering in the wind, had retired to the inn, an<l were 
 toasting in parting goblotH, the "good old cuu.so for ever," previouMly 
 to betaking thomselvert to their woodland path homeward, or embark- 
 ing in their canoes to roach thoir (lestinations by water, above or 
 below. 
 
 "Now I am content — content, I say, and can. go home to reflect 
 on this proud day. Our Governor — the man of all others — has come 
 at last — mine eye hath seen it — drink to him gentlemen — he will do 
 the rest for us," — cried Colonel Tom Fraser, his face flushed an<l flery, 
 and his stout trame draw.i up to its full height at the head of the 
 table. 
 
 " We do — we do ! " vociferated young Kingsmill, emptying his 
 glass, and stamping to express joy. " Bouhomme " Tom Fraser then 
 got on his legs, and shouted a brawny young soldier's echo to the 
 toast of liis relative. 
 
 The mild, placid coimtenance of Dr. Solomon Jones, was lighted 
 up by the occasion, and ho arose also, and responded to the toast, 
 recounting some of the services performed by the newly appointed 
 Lieutenant-Governor in the late war. 
 
 Captain Elijah Jiottimi, a large portly person, having at his side 
 a formidable basket-hilted claymore, then addressed theni in brief 
 military phrase, and gave one of the old war slog.Tis. Major Jessup 
 followed in the same strain, and proposed a sentiment which was 
 received with vociferous cheers by the yoimger portion of the com- 
 pany. Captfiin Dulmage, Captain Campbell, Pay-master Jones, Com- 
 missaiy Jones, Captain Gid. Adams, Lieutenant Samuel Adams, 
 Ephraim Webster, Captain Markle, Captain Grant, and numerous 
 other captains and officers, managed to make themselves heard on 
 the joyful occasion, until finally the meeting broke up, and the com- 
 pany separated not to meet again until the next fourth day of June, 
 in the following year.'' 
 
 The first entry in the journals of the Executive Council of Upper 
 Canada, gives an account of the induction of Colonel Simcoe into the 
 gubernatorial oftice .at Kingston. The event was made one of solem- 
 nity and religious observance, the proceedings taking place on a 
 Sunday, in the old church of wood, which stood opposite the market- 
 place. We quote an extract from the proceedings of the Executive 
 Council. 
 
612 TUI INDUCTION. 
 
 Kingston, July fl, 1792. 
 
 " II in Kxct'llcnoy John Grftvcs Simooo, KHq., Lieiiteiijuit-Ciovm'nor 
 of tlio Proviiioo of irppor Canatla, colouol, comiimtuliiig the forces in 
 the Haid I'l'ovmcc, kv., &c., having; appuiiited the ProtoHtant church, 
 UH a HuitahU' phico for the rea^liiig and puhliHhing of liiw Maji'Mty's 
 conuniHsionH, he accordingly re|)aired thither, attended by the llou. 
 William OHgoode, Chief JuHtice ; the Hon. James Baby, the Hon. 
 Peter HusncII, togetlu>r with the MagiHtrates jind principal iidiabi- 
 tantH, when the said eoinnuHHion appointing his J'lxuelleucy ((Jrey) 
 Ijord Dorchester, Captain-Cleneral and (rovernor-in-chief, &c., &c., of 
 Upper and Lower Canada, and also the commission appointing the 
 said Jolm Graves Simcoe, Governoi* of the IVovince of Upper Canada, 
 wore solennily read and published." 
 
 The oaths of ofluu were then administered to his Excellency. 
 According to the Iloyal instructions to Governor Sitncoe, he was to 
 have live individuals to form the first Executive Council. The five 
 named were William Osgoode, William Robertson, James JJaby, 
 Alexander Grant, and IVter Kussell, Ksqs. The next day, Monday, 
 Osgoode, Baby, and Kussell were sworn into office, as Executive 
 Councillors. Robertson was not then in the Province ; Grant was 
 sworn in a few days after. 
 
 Ujxm the l7tii of Jul}', a meeting of the council was held ut the 
 Go\ eminent House, at Kingston, when the first steps were taken to 
 organize a Legislative Council, and assembly writs were issued, sum- 
 moning the gentlemen who were to form the first Legislative Council. 
 These were, in addition to those forming the Executive Council, 
 Richard Duncan, Kobert Hamilton, Richard Cartwright, Junr., John 
 Munro, and wo l)elieve, Thomas Eraser. These constituted the 
 Legislative Council. 
 
 Two of the nine, it would seem, never took upon themselves 
 the duties of the high place thus alloted them. One was Richard 
 Duncan, who lived at Mariatown, County of Dundas. lie was a 
 captain, and had, in 1788, been appointed Judge of the Jjunenburgh 
 district. When Upper Canada became a separate province. Judge 
 Duncan, as well as Cartwright, Judge of Mecldenburgh, were ap- 
 pointed Legislative^ Councillors. Duncan was a man of extensive 
 business, and highly respected ; but " some transactions in connection 
 with uanking business, were so imprudent," that " he left the coimtry 
 somewhat abruptly for the United States," and "never dared to 
 return," (Croil). This unfortunate affair, whatever its nature may 
 have been, probably occurred about the time of the above mentioned 
 
(JOVERNMKNT OFKICEHH. 513 
 
 npitointmont, as he shortly nflcr roiiu>vo(l to Sclu'iicotatly, Now York, 
 wluTo ho coiitliiuod to livo until his doath. TIio othor was Mr. 
 ItobortHon, a rosidoiit of Saiitlwioh, whtiro ho hud hoooiuo a HUcocaHful 
 merchant. Ho novor took his seat in the couuoil, tlie reason of 
 whioli does not appear. 
 
 It is stated that, according to the despatolies of Siracoe to the 
 Imperial (lovornmont, ho found no little difliculty in obtaining sjiitablo 
 persons to fill the ofhoosof the Hxeoutive and Logishitive Council, who 
 would absent thonisclves from homo for the piirpose. 
 
 The E.vetiutive Council conti?med to hold meetings at Kingston 
 up to the 21st July, when Sinicoe proceeded westward, and detcr- 
 niinod to make the village at themoutli of Niagara River, his capital. 
 
 Upon the same day that the (iovernor and Council issued sum- 
 monses to the gontlomon of the Legislative Council, the lOlh July, 
 a proclamation was likiswise issued, forming the Province into 
 Counties, and specifying the number of lepresontatives to be elected 
 by the people to constitute the Legislative Assembly. And these 
 proclamations were speedily convoyed and posted in every settlement. 
 
 The following wore the officers connected with th') Governor 
 while at Newark. ''Military Sec. Major Litllohalos; Provincial 
 Aide-de-Camp, Thomas Talbot; Solicitor General, Mr. Gray ; Clerk 
 of Executive Council, Mr. Small; Civil Secretary, William Jarvis ; 
 Rccoivei' (Joneral, Potor Rusell ; Surveyor General, D. W. Smith; 
 Assistant Surveyor General, Thomas Ridout and William Chowitt." 
 The Council Chamber wan a building near to Butler's barracks on 
 the hill, where the Episcopal and Catholic Churches assembled 
 occasionally, and alternately. The first nieeting of the Executive 
 at Newark, was held on the 29th September. Ten days after this was 
 the oj)ening of Pax'liament. Peter Clark was appointed Clerk of the 
 Legislative Council ; John G. Law, Usher of the Black Itod. The 
 superintendent of the Indian department, was Colonel John Butler, 
 of Butler's Rangers of the Revolutionary war. 
 
 John White, the first Attorney-General of Upper Canada, 
 came to tho country, accompanied by Thomas Ward, in 1792. 
 
 The Dukede la Eochofoucault, Linancourt, a French nobleman, 
 traveling in America, in 1795, visited Governor Simcoe, and 
 remarks in his writings that " Upper Canada is a now country, or 
 rather a country yet to be formed. It was probably for this reason 
 General Simcoe accepted the government of it. lie was fully aware 
 of the advantages which his native land might derive from such a 
 colony, if it attained perfection ; and imagined that means might 
 33 
 
B14 TIIK WIKE or UIMCOB. 
 
 ho frdifid a<l«H|UHt<' (<» fluM purpose. Thiw hopo was tho only Inclto- 
 niont wliicli could itnp(d ii iiiiiti aC jndc^pondt'iit t'ortuno, to Umvo flio 
 lui';^'o and Itcautiful i«stati«H lio pomhi'mhiik in Midland, and to bury 
 liiinHoiriti a wildiMMio.sN, arnon/j; hoai'H and navaji^oH. Ainhilion, al 
 loaMt, appoars jiot to Imvo hoi'n hiH motive; an a man, in (ien. 
 Himcoe'M Mituation, \h fiirninhed with abundant nicann ofdiHtin/^'uiHh- 
 in^ liimsol by uhoI'uI activity, without mnovin^ to a ^roat diHlance 
 IVoni IiIh luvtivo country. Hul, whatever have boon bin motives, 
 Jiin dcMi^^n has been atteiidetl with eoiiheipuMiceH hii^bly beneficial. 
 Tho plan concoivod by (foneral Siineoe t'oi- po(»pling and improvin/;- 
 Upper ('aiuwhi; HeeinH, as far nn he has comnjunicatod to um, oxtromoly 
 wImo and well arran/^'ed." The name writer says, that Simeoo had 
 H hearty hatred a/^aiiiMt the United SlateH, that he had boon a zealous 
 promoter of tho war, in whieh he took a very active part. " In his 
 |>rivate life (Jovernoi" Simeoo \n simple, plain, and obli^in^. lie 
 inhabits a small miserable wooden house, Avhicii formerly was occu- 
 pied by tho Commissaries. J[is ^uard consists of four Holdiors, 
 who every morning come from tho fort, and return tliithor in tho 
 evonini^. He lives in a noble and hos])itable manner, without 
 pride. Mrs. Simcoe is a lady of thirty-six years of a^o. Sho is 
 bashful, and speaks little, but sho is a woman of sense, handsome 
 and amiable, and fulfils all tho duties of a mother and wife with 
 tho most scrupulous exactness. Tho performance of tho latter sho 
 carries so far as to act tho part of Secretary to hor husbiind. Her 
 talents for drawing, the practice of which sho confines to maps and 
 plans, to enable hor to be oxtromoly useful to tho Governor." Tho 
 " The Governor is colonel of a regiment of Queen's Jlangers, sta- 
 tioned in the Province. His servants arc privates of this regiment 
 which is stationed elsewhere." 
 
 During our residence at Navy JIall, tho Session of tho Logis- 
 laturo of U])per Canatla was opened. (This was 1795). Tho Gover- 
 nor had deferred it till that time, on account of tho expected arrival 
 of a Chief Justice frotn England, and from a li0])e that ho should 
 bo able to acquaint the members with the particulars of the treaty 
 with the United States. But the hai'vest has now begun, which in 
 a higher degroo than olsowhero engages, in Canada, the public 
 attention. Two members of tho Legislative Council were present 
 instead of seven; no Chief Justice appeared who was to act as 
 Speaker; instead of sixteen members of tho Assembly only five 
 attended. The law requires a greater number of members for 
 each House, to discuss and determine upon any business, but within 
 
8IMror.'8 MKI'TKNANTH. B16 
 
 two (liiys u yoai* will huvo t-xpirod hiiico tlio IriHt HiJ>.i"i.»n. Tho 
 (Jovornor Ims tluTiiforo tlum^ht it ri^lit to o|k n tlio Si'snion. The 
 wlioU' ntinuii ol'tlio (M»vM>riior I'oiiMi.Htt'd in u j^iiiud of titty iiumi of 
 the t(anMMoii oftlio fort. Dii'smimI in bilk, \w cntt'ivd tlio Hall with 
 hiH hat on hin iirad, ntton<h><| l>y the Adjutant and two S<m rttlariim. 
 Tho two nuMuhiTH of till' Lt'^inlativt* Council ^uvo, l»y Ihoir 
 Hpoakcr, notito of It to tho AHMonihly. Kivo nionibm'M of tim lattor 
 huviiiK appoarod ut tho l)iir, tho (JoNvrnor (iolivorcd u Hpccch," Jko, 
 
 When Siincoo iindoi'tooU the adniini.Htration of tlio nowly 
 OHtuliliHhcd I*i(tvin('»s " pnudanuition was inisiuMl which divided tho 
 Province into nineteen counties. In the ci-cation of this division, 
 tSimcoo had a view to military orf^anixation. Koclielaiieault 
 HayH, ** The niaxinis of /fovernnient profcsMi'd by (Jen. Sinicoo aro 
 very liberal ami fair; ho detests all arbitrary and military ^ovorn- 
 niont, without tho wnll« of tho fort; and desires liberty in its 
 utmost latitufle, so far as is consistent with tho constitution und 
 law of the laud. Ili^ is, thcrcfoj-e, by no moans ambitious of invost- 
 in<,' all ])ower and authority in his own hands; but eoiisents to tho 
 Ijii'ulenants, whom ho nominates for each county, the ri^ht of 
 appointing the .Justices of the I'onco, and Oflicers of the Militia." 
 
 "A Justice of tho Peace could ussifjjn, in the Kind's nanjo, 
 200 acres of land to every settler, whom he knew to be worthy, 
 and the surveyor of the district was to point out to the settlor tho 
 land allotted him." — (liogers). Simeoe desired to populate tho 
 Province as speedily as possible, no doubt he felt anxious the United 
 States should not get too far ahead. The schemes conceived by him 
 for the settlement, government, and defence of the Province, have 
 received tho approval of most men caj)able of judging. IJut ho 
 remained not to carry out tho j)lan intended. In niXJ.shoi'tly after 
 tho close of the first session of the second Parliament, he was 
 instructed by the imperial authorities ton^jjair to St. J)omingo, to 
 assume tho same duties; and the Hon. Peter Kussell, President of 
 tho Council, was dologated to discharge the duties belonging to the 
 office of (rovornor, and he enjoyed all the emoluments and penjui- 
 sitos arising therefrom. 
 
 During tho occupancy of Simeoe, an event came to pass which 
 may bo here appropriately referred to. It was a visit to [Jpi)or 
 Canada of the Duke of Kent, father of our much loved Queen. 
 Princo Edward was stationed at Quebec with his regiment, having 
 arrived a short time before tho division of the Province of Quebec, 
 and consequently before Simeoe came. Desiring to sco the Ujjper 
 
516 Tiir. qiiEEN'fi rATiicn at niaoara. 
 
 Provinco, ho m«t out iti u cnUtshe, ilrawii \\y a French pony, aocoin- 
 paniud hy hiH Hiiitu. At Montroul ho took a hattuuu, manned wilh 
 Fronrhtnen, for Kin^Hton. At OHw»'goUhl«, "tho royiil party 
 waM met by a pleiMure har^e Crom Kin^Hton, munnud hy Hcanieii 
 and militar}, accomjjanied l»y IN-ter (Mark, oC tho Naval lU^part- 
 mont at Kin/jfMhtn." Krom Ihenco (h**y wt-re npeodily rowed to 
 KingHton, where the Kind's hchtMitier, tho 'Mohawk/ Commodoro 
 Bouchetto, corjunander, was in waiting to receive him. The Prirjee 
 wont on boanl, and alter a tedious paHsa^e, Hately reached Newark, 
 wliort) he wmh ro(!oivod hy the Hrin;^ of ^utin. '• An HOon as horHCH 
 and Ha<ldleH could be numtered, the royal party wended their way 
 by a luirrow river road on tho hi^h baidfs of the Niogara rivor to 
 the Kalln. The ojdy tavern, ur place of accommodation, wan a log 
 hut for travelers t« refresli theniHelveH. There, tho party alighted, 
 and, after partaking of Huch refrcshmontH aH tho houHO attbrdcd, 
 followed an Itidian path through tho woods to tho Table Ilock. 
 There was a rude Itulian ladder by which to descend to tho rocks 
 below, Itit) feet. Tlii", consisted of a long pine tree with tho 
 branches cut off, leaving length enough at tho trunk to place tho 
 foot upon, and hold on by the hands, in ascending or descending. 
 (This Indian ladder continued in use sovoral yearn later, when it 
 was superseded by u ladder furnished from money, given by a lady 
 from Boston to the guidej. Our illustrious traveler availed himself 
 of this rude mode of descent. The Prince and party lunched at tho 
 Hon. Mr. llamilton's on their way back. In tho evening, tho I*rince 
 was amused by a war dance by tho Mohawks, hoadod by Brant 
 himself. Tho next day, tho Prince ro-omliarkod, and procoodod to 
 Quebec. There is a tradition in Marysburgh that ho stepped on his 
 way down in Smith's Bay, to admire tho beauty of that place. 
 
iir.NrnAi. iirock. &17 
 
 CllAPTHU MX. 
 
 OoNTlNTH — (JrniTiil iliiiiiitr — I'i'trr UntMi'!! — KmnrlM (Inro, IHOd— AI<'X. (hunt — 
 Hrock— lfll2 — DiiltotI Htiiti'M (It-clurti wm — I'loiiipt lutioti — l'iirli»ini*iit— .I'ro- 
 cUiiiHlioii — TIk' iHMiif — Hiii'iitul piiM'luiiiiitliiii — (ii'iicrut Hull — IIU |iriii likiiiit- 
 tioii — HuitiliiiNt iitiil ltn|)i'rtiiii'ni'<> — '{'ho ImllittiN — I'ri>r|iitiiHti(iii uiiNW(<rt(J^ 
 }Iiill II prlHcinnr — MIchiKitn < orwuiorifl — To NinKiirii — At «Jii<'<n»t<)ii licixhtii— 
 •' riiMh on York Vuliiiitci rx "— .Diiitli ot llrocU— M( Doritii II— Wiir of IH12, 
 ' tho AiiicriiniiH — F.xtmct from Mirritt— Wliiit ('liiiiuliiiiiN did— llrock'N inoiiii- 
 nu'iit — JtciU'riil Hlu'iiftr — (loiicrul Driiininoiid — iiivadliiK tlm HUttH — What 
 Cikiiuilit will do — I.oi'd Syduuliuiu — A tribulo by Dr. UycTNoii — IJiiiuu of thu 
 I'rovii»t't)H. 
 
 Till OOVKUNOllS OK i;ri'KR CANADA, FROM filMPOB To LOKI) HYKKNIIAM. 
 
 LiiMifomuil (loncnil I'litor lliinlor, who liiul bi'oji ("olemol of the 
 24th Ko^itui'iit Htutionoii ul Nuwiu'U, wiiH th(« Hcrond (jovcriior for 
 Upper Cniiiuhi; hiH ucicHsion to office wuh on iho 17th August, WMl 
 During tho two proviouH yeiii-H, Jloti. Potor UuhhcU \uv\ hocii J'roHi- 
 dent, lie continued to hold thi^ position uniil hiH (Utiiih, whi<dr 
 took jiluee ni (Quebec, 2lHt August, 18(15. HiH age was nixty-nine. 
 
 Tht! third (Jovernor of I'pper Canada was IHh I'lxct'liciicy 
 Frani'is (lore, who assutued the guhernatorial lunetioiiM on the 25th 
 Augu.st, 18()(). In the ijiterim between thiw jK'riod and the death 
 ot'Jlunter, the Hon. Alexandor (Jnvnt having been JVesidcnt. The 
 reign of (lore was one of euso. No contlicling parties uh yet dis- 
 turbed the political ai'ciuiof the Province. Year after year he con- 
 vened Pai'liaiuenl, whichenacted laws for t lie growing I'cquirements 
 of the colony, with a degroe of harmony not subsequently present. 
 In 1811, ho rosigned, when *SV/- Isuac Jirovk became President, uj)on 
 tho 30th September. Although but the President, and not a Lieu- 
 tonant-Governor, ho requires some notice. 
 
 (xENEiiAL Brock. — Ir) the year 1812, in Juno, tho United States 
 declared war against Groat Britaiti, ostensibly-, on tlio question of 
 the right of I'iiigland to take her soanien from American vessels to 
 which they ha<l deserted ; but, in reality, the object of the war was 
 to acqiiire Canada, and as lOngland was etjgagcd with an Kuroj)eau 
 war, it was doomed a favorable opportunity by President Madison, 
 to subjugate tho people whom thoy had onco dispossessed of their 
 inheritance. Tho declaration of war was quickly made known to 
 General Brock, oven sooner tlian the enemy tlioiight possible, who 
 promptly took necessary ^tepH to secure the defence of tiie Pro- 
 vince, against tlio dastardly- intentions of the invader. On the 20th 
 
518 "CAN NKVEll HE CONQUERKD." 
 
 Juno, ho issued orders lo'Caplain RobertH, at St. Josopl), which 
 iH8U('(l ill tlio capture of J"'ort Michilinacinac, witli seventy men, 
 beside valuable cargoes' <)f furs. On the 28th July, ho mot the 
 Parliament at York, which continued in session eight days, and 
 sent Ibrth a proclamation to the people, with those concluding re- 
 marks: '* Wo are engaged in an awful and eventful contest. By 
 unanimity in our councils, and by vigor in our operations, we may 
 teach the enemy this lesson, that a country defended by freeman, 
 enthusiastically devoted to the cause of their King and constitution, 
 can novor be conquered." Romarkablo words I How true the 
 sentiments. And so, animated by this belief, strong in the con- 
 sciousness of right, indignant at an unprincipled foe, ho wont on 
 liis way showing to all an example of " vigor," and displaying tho 
 bravery which^froomen alone know how to practice, until in tho 
 hour of victor^', death overtook him on Quoenston Heights. Tho 
 address of General Brock was supplomentod by one from tho Ijogis- 
 lativo Assembly, and no excuse need bo offered for introducing it 
 'here in extenso. It ought to be read by evoj'y Canaciian, and the 
 truths it contains made known to tho rising generation, that they 
 may know the history ot the fathers of those who su])]iort Fenian- 
 ism. Know how unscrupulous i!!(> neighbours we have u})on our 
 southern borders, have ever been. 
 
 " Already have wo the joy to remark, that the spirit of lo_\ lity 
 has burst forth in all its ancient splendour. Tho militia in all 
 parts of the Province have volunteered their services with accla- 
 mation, and displayed a degree of energy worthy the British name. 
 'They do not Ibrget tho blessings and privileges which they 
 enjoy under tho pi'otoction and fostering care of the British pjUijiire, 
 whoso government is only felt in this country by acts of the purest 
 justice and most pleasing and ofificacious benevolence. When men 
 are called upon todofend everything they call precious, their wives 
 and ehildi-on, their friends and professions, they ougiit to bo inspired 
 with tlio noblest resolutions, and they will not be easily frightened 
 by menaces, or conquered by force. And, beholding as we do, the 
 flame of patriotism, burning from the one end of the Canadas to tho 
 other, we cannot but entertain tho most pleasing anticipations. 
 Our enemies have indeed said that they can subdue this country 
 by proclamation; but it is our part to prove to thorn, that they are 
 sadly mistaken ; that tho population is determinedly hostile, and 
 that tho few who might be otherwise inclined, will find it their 
 safety to be faithful. Innumerable attempts will bo made, by false- 
 
bkock'h address. 519 
 
 hood, to dctac'li you from your ulK'<>;ianco, for our onomics, in imita- 
 tion of thoir European masttT, trust moro to trcjiohory than to force, 
 and they will, no douitt, make use of nuiny of those lies, which 
 unfortunatel}', for the virtuous part of those States, and the peace and 
 happiness of the world, had too much success durin/^ the American 
 rebellion; they will tell you that they are come to ;:ifive you fr(H;dom, 
 yes, the base slaves of the most contejuptible fad ion that ever dis- 
 tracted the allairs of any nation, — the minions of the very syco- 
 phants who lick the dust from the feet of Bounaparte, will tell you 
 that thoy are come to communicate the blessing of libertj' to this 
 Province; lut you have only to look at your situation to put such 
 hypocrites to confusion. Trusting moro to treachery than open 
 hostility, our enemies have already spread their emmissaries through 
 the country to seduce our fellow-subjects from their allegiance, by 
 promises as false as the princi[)les on which they Are founded. A 
 law has therefore been enacted for the speedy detection of such 
 emmissaries, and for their condign punishment on conviction. 
 Remember when you go forth to the combat, that you fight, not 
 for yourselves alone, but for the whole world. You arc defeating 
 the most formidable conspiracy against the civilization of man tiiat 
 ever was contrived. Persevere as you have begun, in your strict 
 obedience to the laws, and your attention to milittiry discipline ; 
 deem no sacrifice too costly, which secures the enjoyment of our 
 happy constitution ; follow, with your countrymen in Britain, the 
 paths of virtue, and like then), you shall triumph over all your un- 
 principled faes." 
 
 This address was followed by a second one from Creneral 
 Brock, on the 22nd July, 1812, in whit'h he reviewed an address 
 which had been issued b}'" the American General, who had invited 
 the Canadians to seek voluntarily, the protection of his govern- 
 ment; also the threat to show no quarter if the Indians appeared 
 in the ranks; Brock eloquently defended their right to defend 
 their homes against an invading foe. 
 
 General Brock having prorogued Parliament, pushed on to the 
 scene of Hull's invasion, where he had issued a proclamation to the 
 Canadians characterised by absurdity, falsehood, and Yankee brag. 
 Indeed, it seems quite impossible for any American General to 
 indite an address or proclamation, without exposing himself to 
 ridicule. Having already collected an army at Detroit, General 
 Hull, the commanding officer, crossed over to Sandwich on the 
 (Canadian side, and issued the following modest ! address to the 
 
520 hull's addhehs. 
 
 ** Inhabitanth of Canada." — " Al'tor thirty yenrs of poaco 
 and proHpority, tho United HtatoH liavc been driven to arms. 
 Thu injurioH and u^rosHionH. tlio insults and Indi^nitioK of (Jreat 
 Britain, liavc onco more loft thoin no altornativo but namely, 
 rcsiHtan(!e or unconditional subnnssion. The army under my 
 command has invaded your country, and tho standard of Union 
 now waves over tho territory of Canada. To tho peaceable 
 and unoil'onding inhabitants it brings mother danger nor diffi- 
 culty. 1 come to lind enemies, not to make them. I come to 
 protect, not to injure you. Separated by an immense ocean, and an 
 extensive wilderness, fron\ Great JJritain, you have no participation 
 in her councils, nor interest in her conduct. You have felt the 
 tyranny, you have seen he- injustice, but I do not aslc j'ou to avenge 
 the one or redress the other. Tho United States are sufficiently 
 powerful to atwrd you every security consistent with their rights, 
 and your expectations. I tender yon the invaluable blessings of 
 civil, j)olitical, and religious liberty, and their necessary result, 
 individual and general prosperity; that liberty which gave decision 
 to our councils, and energy to our conduct, in our struggle for in- 
 dependence, and which conducted us safely and triumphantly 
 through the stormy ])oriod of the Eevolution. That liberty which 
 has raised us to an elevated rank among nations of tlie world, and 
 which has aft'ordcd us a grealer measure of peace and security, of 
 wealth and iniprovcmont, than ever fell to the lot of any people. 
 In the name of my country, and by the authority of my countiy, 
 and by tho authority of my government, 1 promise protection to 
 your persons, property, and rights, llemain at your homes, pursue 
 your peacelul iind customary avocations; I'aise not j'our hands 
 against your brethren, many of your fathei's fought for the freedom 
 and independence we now enjoy. ]]oing children, therefore, of tho 
 same family with us, and heirs of the same heritage, tho arrival of 
 my army of friends must bo hailed by you with a cordial welcome. 
 You w'U 1)0 emancipated from tyi-any and oppression, and restored 
 to the dignitied station of free men. Jlad 1 any doubt of eventual 
 success, I might ask your assistance, but I do not. I come prepared 
 for every contingency, I have a force which will look down all 
 opposition — and that force is but tho vanguard of. a much greater. 
 If contrary to your own interests, and tho just expectation of my 
 counti'y, you will be considered and treated as enemies, the horrors 
 and calamities of war will stalk before you. If the barbarous 
 and savage policy of Great Britain bo pursued, and the savages are 
 
ANSWER TO THK AnnUKSS. 621 
 
 lot looso to murdor our citi/cns, and butchor our women and chil- 
 dren, thiH war will bo a war of oxtorniination. Tho first Htroko of 
 the tf>mahawk, tho first attempt with tho scnlpiiijL? knif'o, will ho tho 
 signal of ono indiscriminatt! Hcono of donolation. No whito man 
 found fi^htit)^ hy tho sido of an Indian, will bo takon ))rirtoner ; 
 instant destruction will bo his lot. II' the diotatoH of reason, dutj", 
 Justice, and humanity, cannot prevent the employment of a force 
 which renpocts no right, and knows no wrongs, it will bo prevented 
 by a severe and rolentlesH system of retaliation. 1 doubt not your 
 courage and firmnoss; I will not doubt your attachment to liberty. 
 If you tender your Hcrvicos voluntarily, they will bo accepted 
 readily. Tho United States offer you peace, liberty, and security. 
 Your choice lies botwoon these and war, slavery, and destruction. 
 Choose then, but choose wisely ; and may lie who knows the justice 
 of our cause, and who hold in his hands tho fate of nations, guide 
 you to a result the most compatible with your rights and interests, 
 you peace and pn^spority." 
 
 But it was not long till the pame (fon. Hull was a prisoner 
 among them, aiul in his journey from Detroit to (Quebec he had 
 abundant opportunity of seeing not only the loyalty of tho Canadians, 
 but that they know how to treat a con([uered foe with considera- 
 tion — that without crying it out they could grant every " protec- 
 tion " to thoii" ancient ioo^ notwithstanding the cruel treatment 
 thoy had sustained when made exiles. 
 
 On tho 18th July, with the intrepidity characteristic of tho 
 British officer. Brock crossed tho Detroit, advanced upon the town 
 Avith his brave militia and handful of regular troops, and <lcmanded 
 of Gen. Hull the surrender of the place, following up the demand 
 with preparations to assault ; but soon the whito flag apj)cared, 
 and (jen. Hull, ;-o brave in writing proclamations, with tho whole 
 American army, became prisoners of war. They were conveyed 
 to Quebec in parties, some going by vessels of war from York to 
 Kingston, some in small boats along the shore and across tho 
 Carrying I'lace, hy the Bay ol" Quinte. Most of them wore con- 
 tined in hulks in the Hi. Lawrence, at Quebec, where they remained 
 until exchanged. Gen. Brock after this brilliant conquest of 
 Detroit, which included the whole of Michigan, lost no time in 
 hastening to tho Niagara frontier, where another army was threat- 
 ening to invade. • ' 
 
 Upon the 12th October tho Americans ■wore preparing to 
 cross from Lewiston to Queonston. Gen. Brock was at Fort George, 
 
'622 THE DEATH OV BROCK. 
 
 Nia/^iini, and lioarin/^ Iho cnnnon'H Hound, luirriod to tlio Hold of 
 battle. Jlo placed himHclf at the head of the troops, and trlum- 
 plumtly led them up the heif^hts of (^iioonHton, against the enemy, 
 who had obtained a footing there ; but with the deep river between 
 them and nafety, the enemy rallied for a time in a wtrugglo for life, 
 and Brock'H men, inferior in number, retired, until his reinfbreo- 
 -monta had come, for which he would not previously wait. Then 
 again he essayed to lead them on, but his hour had come, and 
 whife his cheering voice was ringing out "Push on York Volun- 
 teers," a musket ball struck him down. J3ut the s])iritof the brave 
 Gronoral was infused into every Canadian. As soon as (ren. Sheaffo 
 had arrived they advanced to conquer the polluters of Canadian 
 soil. Again the whole American army became prisoners of war, 
 and had the ])rivilege <jf marching the length of the Province to 
 (Quebec, and Gen. Scott among the rest, who was favored with a 
 passage down the Bay of Quinte. 
 
 Gen. Brock's Aide-de-Camp, McDonnell also fell, mortally 
 wounded. Brock was buried in a bastion of Fort George, but 
 subsequently his remains found a resting place upon the heights 
 where he fell, and where now rises the monument to his memory. 
 This illustrious Chief was much beloved by tlie Canadians, and ho 
 was held in great veneration. To him — to the energetic and Jieroic 
 Brock is duo to a groat extent the subsequent success by which 
 tlie eneiuy, over boasting, was kept at bay, so that when peace 
 was sought by the United States, after three years of war, becauiio 
 England, no longer at war at home, was about to deal heavy blows, 
 there was not a foot of Canadian territory in the enemy's posses- 
 sion. 
 
 Of Gen. Brock the Hon. William IT. Merrit, in 1853, speaks as 
 follows : 
 
 "It will be in the recollection of many now present, that in 
 the commencement of the war of 1812, only one regiment of British 
 troops, the 48th, was left to defend Upper Canada, from Kingston 
 to Michilimackinac, a distance of one thrusand miles, and dui'ing 
 the whole campaign, only two companies of the 48th could bo 
 spared on this frontier. Although this fact is one of the most 
 striking events connected with that war, it has never yet been 
 brought prominently before the jDublic ; yet it clearly proves that 
 the defence of Canada, then rested with its inhabitants. We find 
 that though they consisted principall}^ of the old U. E. Loyalists 
 and their descendants, the native Indians who had been dispos- 
 
8HEAPFE — DRUMMOND. 523 
 
 sesfiod of llioir poHHOHHionH in tlio Unitotl Stutcs, luid their dcHCon- 
 diintH, to^othor witli residentH from \hv United Slates — emigration 
 from the Motlier Country not lisivinj; been eonimcnee<l to any 
 exttnt, — ft poj)ulfttion thun eompoHod, not exceeding in Uiipor 
 Canada, at most 90,000, without troops, without munitions of war, 
 without roHOurcos. and without the least expectation of any timely 
 aid from the mother country, with a few troo])H, unable to contend 
 a;^ainsta])owerful nation, numbering about 8,000,000, with munitions 
 of war, and resources without^ limit, witliin a comi)arativo short 
 distance from maritime cities, also numerous forces at command, 
 of which they were not s' jw of apprising us, in the proclamations 
 circulatetl from time to time, — it was under those circumstances 
 that the character and ability of Sir Isaac Brock were brought to 
 light. AVell knowing on whom he had to (le])ond for the defence 
 of the country, ho directed his personal attention to the clothing, 
 arms, equipment, mess, and personal comfort of the militia, and 
 took every opportunity of gaining the good will of the Indians." 
 
 The estimation in which General IJrock was held by the people 
 of the Province, was duly evinced by Parliament in passing an act, 
 14th March, 1815, " to provide for the erection of a monument to 
 the memory of the late president, Major Gonei-al Sir Isaac Brock." 
 The value of his wisdom, his councils, his energy, his wise j)Ians, 
 as well as his braver}', and the effects thereof, are fully sot forth in 
 the iH'eamblo. It was resolved to grunt £1,000 for the purpose 
 referred to, and erect the nionumont at Queenston Heights, 
 Thomas Dickson, Thomas Clark, and liobert Niohol, Esquires, were 
 appointed commissioners to carry out the act. In January-, 182t>, 
 an act was passed granting £(J00 more " to complete the monument 
 on a scale which appears to the commissioners worthy of the 
 object." 
 
 Major General Sheaffe, became President, 20th October, 1812, 
 and continued in oiflce until January 10, 1813, when Maj . General 
 do Rottenburgh assumed the ofKco, and remained until December 
 12, of the same year. At this date 
 
 Lieutenant General Sir Gordon Drummond was inducted as 
 President. It was immediately after this that the infamous Ame- 
 rican (rcncral McClure, sot fire to Newark when unprotected, 
 burning 150 houses, and leaving 400 women and children homeless 
 in the middle of Decombor. This act of viliany was fully avenged 
 by General Drummond. Having occupied Port George, a night 
 attack was made upon Fort Niagara, with brilliant success. Then, 
 
B24 LORD HYORNIIAM. 
 
 tho burning of NowavU wns remoinlM'rfld, niid Crom liowiston to 
 Buffalo Mm front ior wuh Inid wiihIo, including tlioHo two towns. In 
 tluM connoction, wi^ would romark, that in tlio ovontof unotlior war 
 with tho Unitod StatoH, it would ho no douht tfio policy of CJanada 
 to make fiT(|Uoiit disaHtroiis raidH into tho Stalos, whoi-ovor tho 
 opportunity proHontod. Tho Aniorioarirt may iw woll undorMtand 
 thai di!struction of pi'opcfty will not ho all on ono Mido. 
 
 ThoBO l)riof Hkotchos of tho firnt Lioutonant-( iovornorH of Upper 
 Canada, will ho fniishod by alluding to ono wlio dovisod the wohomo 
 of uniting the two Canadas, who Hiu^cosHfully ucoompliHhod that 
 noblo dosi^n, and bocamo tho first (SovornorofTTnitod Canada, ilo 
 fixed tho capital at Kin;^Hton, as tho most, central )»laco Huilablofor 
 both I'rovinooH, indeed, it is generally understood, that it was a 
 part of tho plan when the union was made, that Kingston sliould 
 become tho pormanont scat of government. " It virtually formed 
 part of the contract botwoon tho respective provin(!os." But with 
 tho <loath of Lord Sydenham, also died the opportunity of Kingston 
 remaining the ('a]>ilal of Canada. 
 
 Lord Sydenham died at Kingston, in September, IH-U, and was 
 buried beneath St. (leorge's Church. Says Dr. Kyerson, in an 
 affecting letter communicated to the public at that time: " Unlike tho 
 close of the session of legislature, which was over held in either 
 Province of Canada, tho termination of the latesessioi\ will ])rodui'e 
 tliroughout Canada the op])Osite feelings of grateful joy, and nu-lan- 
 choly grief. Tiio Name )»ost whi(!h conveys to tlio ])eople of (/ana<la, 
 tho tidings (^f the harmonious and hap])y conclusion of a session 
 unprecodenlod in tho productivenesH of comprehensive and valinihle 
 moasures for tho general in)provement and social and intellectual 
 elevation of tho province, convoys to them tho a])palling ainiouncc- 
 mont that death has terminated tlie earthly career of tho nohle 
 mind which conceived those inijirovenionts and originated those 
 institutions which will form a gohkui era in the annals of Canadian 
 history, by laying the foundation of Canadian i»rosperity and great- 
 ness. While blessings are multiplied us, the agent of those bless- 
 ings is removed from us, and our country is, at tho samo moment, 
 thrilled with joy and consternation — and on tho samo day vocal 
 with thanksgiving and clothed in sackcloth ; luminous with hope and 
 involved in mourning. Thus do the strokes of Providential clniH- 
 tisonient accompany the outboamings of Providential miiniticenco; 
 and the brightest picture of human life is shaded with disappoint- 
 incnt, suffering, and bereavement. It is in heaven only that death 
 is unknown, that pain is never felt, and tears aro never shod. 
 
Ills ACTM. 52ft 
 
 "Lord Sytlcnlmm liolon^H OHMontially lo Carmdii. Mis iii)l»ility 
 was fhirly i'iumhmI in lior Horvico ; tlio ii|>OH(, fniitH ol'liiH (*x|Kuit'n(!0 
 iind ac(|iiin>nunitH iiro otnlxxliod in hor inHtitiitioiiH ; liin warnumt. 
 and laUsHt MynipatliictH aro biondi-d with lutr int<'rcH(H; Iuh mortal 
 romains n'poso, hy clioici^, amon^ liordoud ; and Ihm nanio \h indiili- 
 bly inHcril)od in tins uflbctionttto OHtcom and gratof'id I'CcolluctionH 
 oi'hor inlial)ituntH. 
 
 " It iM not oasy to dotorniino wlddh Ih moHt worthy of admiration, 
 tho comprohoiiHivenoHH and ^-andoiir ol' Lord Sydcnliani'M plunn, 
 tho skill with which ho ovoi-camo tho olwlaclos that opponod thoir 
 accomplishment, or tho quonchloss ardor and ccasoless industry 
 with which ho ))urMUod thorn. To lay the I'oundutions of public 
 liborty, and at tho same timo to strengthen tho prorogativo ; to 
 pi'omote vafeit puhlic improvoments, and not increase the public 
 burdens; to pn)nioto a comprtdiensivo system of education upon 
 Christian ))rinci)jles, without intortoring with rcdigious scruph's ; to 
 promote tho influence and security of the government by teaching 
 tho j)ooplo to govern thomsolvoH ; to destroy party faction by pro- 
 moting tho general good ; to invest u bankrupt country with both 
 credit and rosourcoH, are concoptionH and achiovements which render 
 Lord Hydenbam the first benefactor of Caiuula, and place him in tho 
 first rank of statesmen. His Lordship found a country divided, ho 
 loft it uinted ; ho found it prostrate and j)aralytic, ho left it erect and 
 vigorous ; ho found it mantled with despair, he left it blooming 
 with hope. Lord Sydenham has done more in two yours to 
 strengthen and consolidate British power in Canada by his match- 
 losH industry, and truly liberal conservative policy, than have been 
 done during the ton previous years by tho increase of a standing 
 army, and ti.J erection of military fortiticutions. Uis Lordship has 
 solvod the ditticult problem, that a people may be colonists and yet 
 bo free ; and, in tho solution of that problem, he has gained a 
 triumph loss imposing, but not Iosb sublime and scarcely loss 
 important, than the victory of Waterloo; ho has saved millions to 
 England, and secured tho affections of Canada. 
 
 " In the way of accomplishing those splonded results, the most 
 formidable obstacles oppose themselves. At tho foundation of these 
 lay the hitherto defective theory, and worse than defective system 
 of Colonial Government; a system destitute of the safety-valve of 
 responsibility, of the attributes of freedom, and of the essential 
 materials of executive power ; a system which was despotic from 
 its weakness, and arbitrary from its j)i'etonces to representation ; a 
 system inefficient in the hands of good men, and withering in the 
 hands of mistaken or bad men." 
 
526 NIAOARA IN MfiH. 
 
 CI!AI»TKI{ LX. 
 
 TUB CAPITALH OV UPPKU CANAOA. 
 
 Tho nito of llio old Fort, Kmntonao, the lirHt towriHliip to ho 
 survoyod, luid tho pIiK'o whorooii to form thoHrHtvilliii^'o in Wo»l,orii 
 CnniKhi, was in roality (ho firHt. capital of Uppor Cana(hi. Horo 
 tho fii'Mt Govornor wan indiictod Holoiiiiily npon a Sabhath to his 
 offlco; horo lio forniod his flrKt cahinot, tho Kxcoutivo Counoil; 
 horo ho HoU'ctcd tho ^ontlonicn to form hin firHt Lo^iHlntivo ( 'Ouncil ; 
 horo ho IhsiumI his pro( !;\niatio!iH forniinpj tho provinco into counties 
 and urran^in;^ tho roproHontation. Althou/^h tho firHt I'ariiament 
 did not moot horo, tho firHt acts of govornmont wore horo performed, 
 and piihlic documontH wore dated at *'tho Government IIouho, 
 Kingston, 1792." 
 
 Wo iiuvo olsowliore spoken of Niagai-a River and tho early 
 French Fort horo erected, and its capture l»y the FngliHh. Wo 
 have learned that tho place was garrisoned hy troops during tho 
 rebellion, and tliat many refugees horo found a safe retreat. 
 
 Lord J )orcho8tor desired Simcoo to make Kingston tho ca])ital 
 of the new provinco. But ho was unwilling to do so until ho had 
 informed himself of tho advantagoH which other placcn might offer. 
 It seems that ho became imj)rossed witli tho belief that tho seat of 
 governmont shoidd be placed in the peninsula of Uppor Canada, 
 and finally determined to fix it at the nxouth of the River Niagara, 
 notwithstanding tho recommendation of Dorchester, tho wishes of 
 Boucihotto, the Commodore of tho Navy, and the urgent requests of 
 the Kingston merchants. 
 
 Collins in his report 1788, speaks of Navy IFall, near Niagara; 
 that tho luiildings of Navy ilall, are for tho most part in exceeding 
 bud repair, and the wharf is in ruins. Of tho Ranger's Barracks one 
 pile lias been so far dismantled as to be past re-establishing, one end 
 indeed, might perhaps, with some fitting up, bo made to servo for 
 Bomo time as a blacksmith's shop to tho Indian Department, which 
 
TUB rAltllYINd IM.ACK. 527 
 
 llH^yniiy in mmli wiuitcil ; thootJicr jiilti iscupiiliU* of hoiii/^ I'opuirod 
 iitul tni^lit hIno iiiiHWcr t'orti tctnponiry iu*coiiiiii<Mlnlioii, (at louNt in 
 |)aiM) this Hurno dopartiiuMit, tlioir Htorohoust^H, Ace, oti tho N^in^^ara 
 isido as alroa'ly ohnorvod hcin^ in al)Holiit(^ niin and not n^pairahli* ; 
 lli(^ filliii<^ up of tliin pilo of ImildiriiLfM would cost ahout .C.'I5. Tho 
 stoi't'lioMHo at tlio lumlin;^ placo, which \h of round Ioi( vvoi-Iv. \n 
 nto.sfly rotlon, and allo:,'ti(h(M" in oxcccdin^' had iTpair, and mIiouM 
 in* rohuilt; lh(' dwi'llin^^ hoiiHn in nundi out of r»*paii*, 'IMm ways, 
 wharf, cradh', and oapHtan, watit Homo ropair, which may ho <lono 
 for ahout .£20, all thu pickuting and Htnall platforms in tho nti^loi* 
 of Fort S(!hloHrtor, arc rotten and in a totlorin^ ntato, part of tho 
 wharf has Ixx'ii washed away, and tini romaindor cannot last lon^. 
 Tho harracks and sloi-o hous(»s aro not in much Ix^ltor condition, 
 thoy hav<i hoon kopt s*andin;^ l)y tho tcin|M)rnry rtipairs which havo 
 boon annnally porformod, mCroly to koop tho woathoi- out. 
 
 " From Niaj!;ara to tho landing pluoo, holow tho Falls, i,s ahout 
 Hovon milos and a (puirtor, thoro in a tolcrahio ^ood road, hut tho 
 morchandiHo, Htoro, &<•-., arc carried up tho river in hattoaux or 
 vosHols, thoro hoinii; sulficiont d(!|)th of water all tho way up, and 
 also alongside tho wharf to unload, heyond this place tho curr^jnt 
 l)ocomes too strong to proceed any further by water without great 
 dilliculty, boats, indeed, but not vcshoIh, go about half a mile higher, 
 but no advantage can bo obtained from it as the shore then 
 becomoH impracticable, being a i)recipico of loose rock about throo 
 times as high as where the ])i'osent landing is. From tho whai-f at 
 the landing, goods aro drawn up tho side of tho baid<. about I'fty 
 feet high upon ways, on easy slope by a capstan fixed at tho top ; 
 from this place thoro is a waggon road of sovon miles to Fort 
 SchlosBor, a milo and a Jialf above tho Falls, whore tho goods are 
 again put into lioatw and carried up eighteen milos to Fort Ki-io, 
 from whence they aro convoyed in vossols across Lake Erie to 
 Detroit. 
 
 *' 1 think a better situation for a landing place might bo chosen 
 below the present one, about half a mile distant by land, and three- 
 quarters by water. The bank of the river here is not half tho 
 height of the other ; tho water is sufficiently deep at a short dis- 
 tance from tho shore for vossols to utdoad ; and by raising a wharf 
 and lowering some of tho bank for a road, tho labor and delay of 
 hauling goods up by ways, as is tho present practice, and would 
 be avoided ; it would also bo much more convenient and expeditious 
 for vessels to come up to, as the worst part of the navigation would 
 
528 NKWAKK. 
 
 h(i Hvoiihxl, wliicli ill pUHHin^r i'muikI u |Miiiit I ttlvvcrii IIiIm place uikI 
 tlin luiiiiiii^. 'I'lio It^ii^tli of I'oiwl lo l)<< riiiul«t Iroiii tiiJH |>ro|H)N()(l 
 luiidiii^ plat'o, will Itituhoiil liull'ii milt*, Ixil il im niostly ^rood ki-hiiidI 
 uiid will iiol i'(u|iiir«) iiincli oxpt-tiHU. TIki roul Itwi^lli of luiitl rui'- 
 riii^o, howovor, to Kort S<;lil(>hHui-, will not Im) iiicntu^oil, or uL iii<ml 
 riioro tliiiii 100 or IfiO yiiidM." 
 
 Tlio orl^iiiul Hi'iliHli lort iit Niu^Hru xviih upon tho oiiMt nidn of 
 iiiu nioiitii of'tiio Niu^ui'H Uivttr, upon tiio pniH(*nt Hiluoftliu Aniori* 
 cuti i'Vti'L liy 11 li'tiiily (jiilonMl into in I7!)4, iinml Mi-iluin wuh to 
 viu-iiU) tliiK iort, Willi otlinrH Hilniitiid lo Iho nouUi of lliu luUt'N, 
 riuni<tly, OHW«f^(», |)<itroit, Miami, and Mi(diilnia(tinac, wliiidi wiih 
 doni) in IV.Ui. Upon llio womI Hidn of tliu rivor, upon a poinl known 
 UH MiHHiNMau^a I'oinl, liiul N|>riin;{ up a Hiiiall villa^o. TliiN, it In 
 Haiil, waH tliu lar^uHt collor.lion of Iiouhoh al'lor Kin^Hton wliun 
 (iovonior iSiiiu-.oo arrivotl, aixl ImKt Im dt-ciditd to niaUo Imh t'oni- 
 doncc, and tint pornianonl capital of tlic now provini'o. lie lived 
 " in a Hiiiall Cninio Iiouhc, lall a niili; troni llic villain," 'I'o IIiIh 
 place Im: t^avi) Ihe name of Nrvark. There wan up the liver, at the 
 end ol'navi/^aUon, and at the <;oniniencetneiit of the |ioi-la/fe around 
 the fallH to iiake Krie, a Hiiiall villa/<e whi<'h had arihen from the 
 courHe (d' travel upwardn to the wcHtern laUcN. The hoatH which 
 left Kin/^Hton, on their way weHtvvar<l, wei'e here unloaded. And 
 tliiH place had taken tlii! natne of (^iioen'H Town, a name which it 
 rutaiiiH to the prchunt day. liochefoucaiiit Hayn, in 1705, "'J^he 
 <lillurent l>uildin/.rH, conhtructud three yeai'H a^o, consiHt ot u tolor- 
 ahle inn, twu or throe ^ood HtorehouHCH, Home hinall horNcn, a hlock- 
 hoUHC of Htoru), covered with iron, and harrackH. Mr. Hamilton, an 
 opuhmt niendiant, who \h concerned in the whole inland trade in 
 thin i)art of Arnr^rica, poHhOHMOM in (^ncen'M Town, a vavy line houHe, 
 huilt in the Kn^liHh Htyle; he han cIho a farm, a (liMtillery, and a 
 tan-yard. The portage wiih (itrmeny on the other nido of the rivor; 
 hut aH thiH, hy virtue of the treaty, falln under American Dominion, 
 government hiiH removed it hither," The Haruo wr.lor, Hp(!akin^ of 
 Newark HayH, " Ahouta hundred hoiiH«>M, mostly very Him Htructuros, 
 have alrcjwly hiicn enx^ti^d, hut tlm [»ro^rcHM of Imildin^ will pro- 
 bahly ho arrested hy the intended removal of the Hcat of ^overi- 
 inunt. The majority ot the inhahitanlH, cHpecially tlio richest 
 ot them, nhare in the adminiHtration ; and <;onH(u|uontly will 
 remove to whatever place the provornmcnt may ho trannferred. 
 Jn point of hIzo and elegance, the Iiouho of Colonel Hmith, of the 
 5th Regiment, in much dintin/^uiHlied from the roHt, hoing con- 
 structed, emhelliHhed, and painted in the hent ntyle." 
 
I.ITTM? YORK. R2» 
 
 YoHK — f^ov«»rnorMlrn(!<m wnn thoroughly Kn^IUh; nnlilcof}ov«r- 
 nor Muitlntid, whoj^Hvo I'orci^'ii rininort in hiM litiM', hi* wih iiitoiit tipori 
 rrn<'tin^ iiiiofht'i* Krij^liuid in Arnoi-icii Orm rmw l'!n>^lftinl hnil 
 niinriHtM)! jtNpil', ami li4M|c)<>rrnitiiMi unothcrHhoiild urinoin IIh pliKto, 
 aikI honco h<t f<av«t to hiH now (^iipital I ho niuno of York. Th<i pro- 
 Morit Now Yorl< hu<l hvou niiinod Yorl<, nftor .limu-M l)iil<o of York, 
 hrothftr to ()]\nv]»n lli«» M. Tim trrrn rmw lioin^ pr<tfix»«l fo dlKtln- 
 f(iiiHh it IVotn dill York of Kn^liind. To diNtin^iiiHh tim now capilnl 
 f)r('uimdH f'roin holh of llm odmrH ho doMi^niiltid it /jittlr York. 
 
 An Hoon iiM Hiinooo loiirnod tlmt tho Nia^iirii lort wan to ho 
 dolivoroil t(> tho IJnitod HtatoM, ho Mftw tho nocoMhity of rornovin^ 
 tho capital, aH it would r»ov«(r d() to hiivo it nndor tim j^uriH of n 
 tbroi/^n ^ovornmont. Tho oxtrotno diNliko with which ho Haw tho 
 fort paHH into tho HopiiliJic^'H liandH nodonht lod to tho hnHto with 
 which ho Hot ahoiit llm removal of the Hont of (Jovornniont. AfYcr 
 oxnrninin^ Hov(tral poinlH upon tho up()or lakcH.^and liako Ontario, 
 iTo Molo('tod tho proHont wito of tho (!ity of Ttjronto, \mck of which 
 WOH a fort of tho Hamo nanio, or ratlior Taranto. Upon thiH Npot, 
 vvlii(;h thon tiad for inhahitantH hut two faniili«N of MiHftiHHau^n 
 ln«lianH, (Jovornor Hinicoo iinrnodiatcdy rpmrtorod ono diviNion of 
 liJH old rof^iiMotit, tho (^ihmmi'h Uan^orH, which canio tho iMt July, 
 [TXi. Tho Manm Hurn nor Houchotte, ol" tho Itoyal Navy, Hurvtiyod 
 tho harhour or hay. 
 
 Tho harhour of Toronto wan lirMt oxaminod, hy l)oputy 
 Survoyor OolliriM, in I7HH, whon ho nuido a Hurvoy of all 
 ofthowattirw of tho llp|mr Fiakow, and tho Hovoral fortH, hy in- 
 Htruc.tionH from liord l)orch(JHtor. In Ihh report ho HayH, "Tho 
 hroadtli at tho ontranco in ahout half a inili;, hut tho navi^ahlo 
 channol for vohhoIm Ih only ahout BOO yardn, having from throo to 
 four fathoniH wtitor, tho north of tho main whore tho wholo lon/;(th 
 ol'th<! harhour, Ih a clay hank from 12 to 20 foot hi^h, and riKin^ 
 gradually hohind, apparently good land and fit for KottloniontH, 
 Tho wator \h rathor nliailow noar tho Hhoro. Tho HhoalnoHH of tho 
 north Hhoro aw hotoro romarUcd, in alMO diKadvantjigoouH aH U^ oroat- 
 irig wharfH, quayH, &c. In regard to tluH [)laco m a military poHt, 
 I do not Hoo any Htrilcing foaturoH to recommend it in that view, 
 but tho hoHt Hituation to (»ccupy for tho purpoHO of protecting tho 
 Hottlomont and harhour would, I concoivo, ho on tho point A, noar 
 tlio ontranco th«;roof." 
 
 HuhrtOfjuontly however, Sinicoe rolitKiuihhod tho intention of raak- 
 iiig York the Capital, atid determined to erect one at a central point 
 34 
 
630 YONOE fiTRSET. 
 
 in the peninsula lying between Lakes Ontario, Erie and Huron. 
 He selected a site upon the river Pe la Trenche, which he named 
 the Thames, and, to the intended Capital he gave the name of 
 London. He also gave the name to the town of Chatham, a place 
 intended by him, in carrying out his plan of forming a navy, for 
 a navy yard, which he intended to have communicate with a route 
 between Lake Huron and Lak« Ontario. In the mean time he kept 
 troops to work, to cut a military road to the Thamosi, which he 
 called Dundas Street after the Home Minister. At the same time 
 he "intended York the centre of the naval force on Lake Ontario." 
 In 1796 there had not been more than twelve houses built in York, 
 which stood on the bay near the Don. This year the land was 
 was surveyed into lots. "The inhabitants" says Bochefoucault do 
 aot possess the fairest character, to whi ^h Gourlay adds, in spite, 
 "Nor have they yet mended it." The Eiver Don was an old 
 Indian route to the waters of Simcoe Lake and the Huron. The 
 portage to a Lake, subsequently named after the Governo(r, was thirty 
 miles. The barracks, where Simcoe's regiment was stationed, was 
 4fW0 miles from the Don, the present site of the old barracks. At 
 that time, in a circumference of 150 miles, the Mississauga Indians 
 were the only neighbours of York. 
 
 The desire of Simcoe to fix the capital at London was over- 
 ruled by Lord Dorchester, who, although a true friend of Canada, 
 9eemed to oppose Simcoe. Having decided upon Toronto as the 
 capital, Simcoe proceeded to have constructed a military road from 
 ' the waters of Lake Ontario to Lake Simcoe. This road is now 
 Yonge Street. Prom 1794 the Governor resided at York, part 
 ■of which time was in his camp tent, until his departure. 
 
 Govern<» Simcoe caused to be built at York, upon the Don 
 Biver, about three miles up, on a beautiful eminence, a somewhat 
 large fra^ne building, which he named after his son. Castle Frank. 
 This building was standing in 1829. 
 
 By the kind favor of Mrs. Murney, relict of the late Hon. B- 
 Muiney, of Belleville^ and her most estimable parent, Mrs Breck- 
 enridge, sister of the late Hon. Robert Baldwin, we are able to give 
 ^inaifi particular notice of the appearance of York at a later date. 
 Mrs. Breokenridge's fat!>cr, with his family of three sons and four 
 daughters, arrived from Ireland after innumerable delays and 
 losses, dangers, and escapes by sea and land, at York in 1798. 
 They found it composed of aboat a dosen houses, " a dreary dismal 
 place, not »ven possessing the characteristics of a village. There 
 
THE CAPTURE OF YORK. 53l 
 
 was no okurch, school-house, nor in fact any of the ordinary si^na- 
 of civilization, being in fact a mere settlement. There was not/ 
 even a Methodist chapel, nor does she remember more than one 
 shop. There was no inn ; and those travelers who had no friends 
 to go to, pitched a tent and lived in that so long as they remained. 
 My grandfather and his family had done so during their journey. 
 The Grovernment House and the garrison lay about a mile from 
 York, with a thick wood between. After remaining a few days at 
 York, the family proceeded to take possession of a farm in the 
 township of Clarke. They traveled in an open batteau, when night 
 eanw pitching their tent on the shore of the lake." The following 
 year Mrs. Breckenridge, then a young girl, accompanied her father 
 and sister to New York, whither the latter was going to be married 
 to Mr. Morgan, grandfather of Gen. Dix, the United States Minister 
 to France. She returned ip 1806, and found many chwiges and 
 improvements — "where cities now stand, there war* then only 
 woods, for instance, at Buffalo, where she passed a night, was a 
 solitary inu with a awinging sign. But York was mostly changed, 
 there was a church, a jail, a light-house building, and many nice 
 houses, and the woods between the garrison and town were fast 
 disappearing. Governor Gore wasj then there. .,/- 
 
 On the 27th April, 1813, 2,7^0 Americans landed a little west 
 of Toronto. Two companies of the 8th, or King's Own, with som« 
 Indians, one company being the grenadiers, the other being the 
 3rd company, under Capt. J. H. Eustace, both being led by Capt. 
 McNeale, were sent to oppose the landing. The portable maga- 
 zine of the advance battery was accidentally blown up killing some 
 twenty of the grenadiers, Capt. McNeale, was also killed. This 
 accident led to Sir R H. Sheaffe's retreat, and the destruction of 
 the magazines. The total loss was 97, including two officers and 
 four non-commissioned officers. '< The force engaged, including 
 the two companies of the 8th, consisted of one company of New- 
 foundland Fencibles, one company of Glengai-ry Light Infantry, 
 a detachment of Eoyal Artillery, Militia, Volunteers and Indians— 
 in all about 600 men. Among the volunteers was the present 
 highly esteemed Chief Justice of Upper Canada, Sir J. B. Eobinson, 
 and Sir Allan McNab." The gallantry of these two gentlemen 
 was most conspicious. The unequal contest continued for 4 hours. 
 The month following the remnant of the 8th was nearly annihi- 
 lated at the attack upon Sackett's Harbour. The above facts and 
 eulogium upon two distinguished Canadians are derived from 
 
532 ^ TORONTO.'- '^ 
 
 Edward Hincks, who was Lieut., and who was present in charge 
 of a two gun battery, and "Another of the surviving officers of the 
 8th regiment," published in London in 1860, upon the discovery of 
 human remains near the old fort at Toronto, which proved to be 
 Bome of the grenadiers who were killed by the explosion of their 
 magazine. 
 
 The name of York continued to belong to the capital till 1834, 
 when it received the more appropriate name of Toronto, an Indian 
 word we are told, which signifies "trees growing out of the water," 
 referring to the low level shore, with the trees at the waters edge. 
 For many years before the name was changed ; from the vast quan- 
 tity of mud which made the streets almost unpassable, the place 
 obtained the designation of " Muddy York." 
 
 In 1820 a Parliament House was built near the site of the pre- 
 sent County Jail, at the front of the present Parliament Street ; 
 this building was burned down in 1824. 
 
 In 1830 an addresa was carried by the House, to be presented 
 to the Governor, " to remove the Seat of Government from York 
 to a place of security," but no action was taken in the matter. 
 
 The wisdom in the choice of selecting this situation upon 
 which to found a capital for Upper Canada cannot be questioned. 
 The proof is found in the handsome and richly circumstanced City 
 of Toronto. Should not Toronto, now again the Capital of Ontario, 
 the seat of learning, of magnificent Universities, the home of refine- 
 ment, the abode of wealth, erect a moni^ment to the memory of its 
 founder, the illlustrious first Governor of the Colony ? 
 
 
t PARLIAMENT, < fftl 
 
 : i; :: chaptee lxi. 
 
 Co»THNT8 — Parliament — Simcoe's Proclamation— Nineteen counties formed— 
 Names, and boundaries —First elections — Names of members — Officers of 
 the House — A Quaker member— Chaplain — Meeting of Parliament — The 
 Throne, a camp stool — Address — To both houses — Closing address — Acts 
 passed— Simcoe s confidential letters — ^A contrast — A blending — 2nd Session 
 The Acts — Quarter Sessions — 3rd, 4th, 5th Sessions — New division of Pro- 
 vince — 1 798 — Modes of punishment — Burning the hand— Whipping— Salaries 
 ' of officers — Revenue first year — The members of Parliament — Education — 
 Offering for Parliament— A " Junius " — Early administration of justice— 
 « Heaven-born lawyers " — First magistrates. 
 
 j(|*(|is|llf:v#M^r;^if.< THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY. /frtlSjfc J'lJteS.-lfej'i .^ 
 
 Upon the 16th July, 1792, Lieutenant-Governor Simcoe issued 
 a proclamation in the name of the King, having for its object the 
 organization of a Legislative Assembly composed of persons, to be 
 elected by the people, of which there should be sixteen, and divid. 
 ing the province into counties. It was as follows : 
 
 " Know ye, that our trusty and well-beloved John Graves Simcoe, 
 Esquire, our Lieutenant-Governor of our Province of Upper Canada, 
 hath, and by this onr proclamation doth, divide the said Province 
 of Upper Canada ( uto counties, and hath and doth appoint and 
 declare the number of representatives of them, and each of them, 
 to be as hereinafter limited, named, declared, and appointed," &c. 
 
 Nineteen counties were formed, namely : " Glengary, Stormont, 
 Dundas, Grenville, Leeds, Froutena>', Ontario, Addington, Lenox,, 
 Prince Edward, Hastmgs, Northumberland, Durham, York, Lincoln, 
 Norfolk, Suffolk, Essex, Kent." 
 
 For the purpose of representation in Parliament, the following 
 arrangements were made : Glengary was divided into two ridings, 
 each riding to send a representative to the Legislative Assembly ; 
 Stormont, to send one member ; likewise Dundas and Grenville each to 
 have a representative ; Leeds and Frontenac together, to send one 
 representative ; Ontario ahd Addington to send one representative ; 
 Prince Edward, together with the late township of Adolphus, in the 
 County of Lenox, to send one member ; Lenox (except Adolphustown) 
 with the Counties of Hastings and Northumberland, to elect one 
 member; Durham and York, and the first riding of Lincoln, 1o be 
 represented by one member ; the second riding of Lincoln to have 
 one member; the third riding of Lincoln to have one member; the 
 fourth riding of Lincoln, and the County of Norfolk, to have one 
 
(^ THE FIRST MEMBERS. ^ 
 
 member; Suffolk and Essex to have one member; the County of 
 Kent, which included all the west not Indian territories, to the 
 Hudsons Bay, to have two members. The proclamation was dated 
 Government House, Kingston, 16th July, 1792, William Jarvis, Seo- 
 Tetary. ,.;.■>. -.,,.*. -■ ,,:-./ • ■■ .. >.;„,>.<.;,....•■ 
 
 The electioitb-ttitist have followed iiird a^er tKelssuing of the 
 proclamation, as Parliament met on the 1 7th of September following* 
 They ptobably took pliace in August. Simcoe writing in November, 
 to the Secretary of State for the Colonies, speaks of the elections in 
 these words : — '* On my passage from Montreal to Kingston, I under- 
 stood that the general spirit of the country was against the election 
 of half-pay officers into the Assembly, and that the prejudice ran in- 
 favour of men of a low order, who kept but one table, that is, who 
 dined in common with their servants." 
 
 The names of those first elected to Parliament were John Mc- 
 Donnell, who was elected Speaker ; Joshua Booth ; Mr. JBaby ; Alex- 
 ander Campbell ; Philip Borland, (but being a Quaker, he would not 
 be sworn and did not take his seat, and Peter VanAlstine was elected 
 in his place) ; Jeremiah French ; Ephraim Jones ; Williain Mocomb ; 
 Hugh McDonnell; Benjamin Pavling; Nathaniel Pettit; David Wil- 
 liam Smith ; Hazleton Spencer , Isaac Swazy ; — Young ; JoLii 
 'White — 16. Simcoe, in a despatch, spoke of the last mentioned :— 
 ** It was by good fortune that the temporary residence I made at 
 Kingston created sufficient influencie to enable us to bring the Attorney 
 General White, into the House. 
 
 The oaths to the members were administered by the Governor's 
 Civil Secretary, William Jarvis, Esq., who was also the first registrar 
 of the Province. McDonnell, the member for Glengary, was unani- 
 mously elected to the speakers chair. Angus McDonnell was clerk to 
 the Assembly; George Law, Sergeant-at-arms. In the matter of 
 'Pivlip Dorland, of Adolphustown, a Quaker, who refused to take the 
 ■O&ths. A resolution was unanimously passed by the House, that he 
 was incompetent to sit and vote in Parliament unless he took the 
 necessary oath, and consequently a writ was issued for a new election- 
 ***■ A chaplain, the Rev. Mr. Addison, was elected to the House of 
 Assembly, and he, on the day of prorogation, preached a sermon to 
 *^em before they were summoned to meet the Governor in the Legis- 
 lative Council Chambers. Mr. Addison continued a dhaplain for 
 thirty years, and was then granted a yearly pension of £50. 
 
 This first Upper Canadian Parliament assembled at Newark, now 
 Niagara, on the 18th September, and was prorogued 16th October 
 
aOVERNOR'S ADDRESS. 535 
 
 following. The circumstances of this infant legislation were well 
 fitting the new-bom colony. The Governor himself was a soldier by 
 profession. Most of the members elect had been inured to the life 
 of the camp, though subsequently to the settling of the wilderness, 
 and they could, with no ordinary interest, and with appropriate in- 
 telligence, direct themselves to the work of legislation. The first 
 Parliament of Upper Canada met in no stately hall ; the proceedings 
 must have borne some resemblance to a court-martial. The collective 
 wisdom of Upper Canada assembled in a camp-tent on the plains of 
 Niagara On the 18th September, the Governor, with his Secretary, 
 and probably adjutant, took his seat, not upon the throne, but a camp' 
 stool, and delivered the following address: .^mMormi ^ym-Um-Ki 
 
 ''i-*' HoiroRABLK Gentlemen, &c. — I have summoned you together 
 under the authority of an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain, 
 passed last year, which has established the British constitution, and 
 all the forms which secure and maintain it in this distant country. 
 
 " The wisdom and beneficence of our most Gracious Sovereign aria 
 the British Parliament, have been eminently proved, not only in im- 
 porting to us the same for government, but also in securing the 
 benefit, by the many provisions that guard this memorable act. So 
 that the blessing of your invaluable constitution, thus protected and 
 amplified, we may hope will be extended to the remotest posterity. 
 The great and momentous trusts and duties which have been com- 
 mitted to the representatives of this Province, in a degree infinitely 
 beyond whatever, till this period, distinguished any other colony, have 
 originated from the British nation, upon a just consideration of the 
 energy and hazard with which its inhabitants have so conspicuously 
 supported and defended the British constitution. 
 
 " It is from the same patriotism, now called upon to exercise with 
 due deliberation and foresight, the offices of civil administration that 
 your fellow-subjects, of the British Empire, expect the foundation of 
 that mien of industry, and wealth of commerce and power, which may 
 last through all succeeding ages. 
 
 '* The natural advantages of the Province of Upper Canada are 
 inferior to none on this side of the Atlantic , there can be no separate 
 interest through its whole extent. The British form of government 
 has prepared the way for its speedy colonization ; and, I trust, that 
 your fbstering care will improve the favourable situation ; and that 
 a numerous and agricultural people will speedily take possession 
 of the soil and climate, which, under the British laws, and the muni- 
 
636 ACTS OF FIRST PARLIAMENT. 
 
 ficenco with which His Majesty has granted the lands of the 
 Crown, offer such manifest and peculiar encouragement." ,^fjf>i 
 
 ^y. The session was closed the 15th October. The Governor de- 
 livered the closing speech. , 
 
 " IIoNOBABLE Gkntleman, &c. — It is with very great satisfaction 
 
 that I have considered the acts which you have found it expedient 
 
 to frame, and to which, in consequence of the power delegated to 
 
 ' me, I have this day given my assent, that they shall become laws 
 
 of the Province of Upper Canada. 
 
 ^"*' " As the division which His Majesty, in his wisdom, thought 
 proper to make of the late Province of Quebec, obviated all incon- 
 veniences, and laid the foundation for an establishment of the 
 English laws in the Province, it is natural to presume, that you 
 would seize the first opportunity to impart that benefit to your 
 fellow-subjects ; and by the act to establish trials by jury, and by 
 that which makes the English law the rule of decision, in all 
 matters of controversy, relative to property and civil rights, you 
 have fully justified the public expectation. Youi* other acts seem 
 calculated to promote the general welfare and commerce of the 
 Province, &c. 
 
 " Honorable Gentlemen, and Gentlemen. — I cannot dismiss 
 you without earnestly desiring you to promote, by precept and 
 example, among your respective counties, the regular habits of 
 piety and moralitj'-, the rarest foundations of all private and public 
 felicity ; and, at this juncture, I particularly recommend to [you to 
 explain, that this Pi-ovince is singularly blest, not with a mutilated 
 constitution^ but with a constitution which has stood the test of 
 experience, and is the very imnge and transcript of that of Great 
 Britain, by which she hat, long established and secured to her 
 subjects, as much freedom and haj^piness as is possible to be enjoyed, 
 under the subordination necessary to civilized society." 
 
 The modest and matter-of-fact Parliament passed eight Acts at 
 this the first session. Chapter I., An Act to Repeal certain parts 
 of an Act, passed in the fourteenth year of His Majesty's Eeign, 
 entitled, "An Act for making more sufficient provisions lor the 
 Government for the Province o^ Quebec, in North "America, and 
 to introduce the English Law as the rule of decision in all matters 
 of controversy relative to Property and Civil Rights." Chapter H., 
 " An Act to establish Trials by Jury." Chapter HI., " An Act to 
 establish the Winchester Measure, and a Standard for other Weights 
 
simcoe's opinion of parliambnt. 537 
 
 and Measures." Chapter IV., "An Act to Abolish ihe Summary 
 Proceedings of the Court of Common Pleas in actions under Ten 
 Pounds Sterling." Chapter V., " An Act to prevent Accidents by 
 Fire," Chapter VI., " An Act for the more easy and speedy Re- 
 covery of Small Debts." Chapter VII., " An Act to Regulate the 
 Toll to be taken in Mills, not more than one-twelfth for Grinding 
 and Bolting." " Chapter VIIL, "An Act for Building a Gaol and 
 Court-house in every Discrict within the Province, and for altering 
 the names of the said Districts.) The District of Lunenburgh to 
 be henceforth called the Eastern District ; Mecklenburgh, the Mid- 
 land District; Nassau, the Home District; Hesse, the Western 
 District." 
 
 Thus was the now-boro colony, whose germ had been planted 
 in the wilderness eight years previous, ushered into life, and thus 
 the functions thereof were commenced. 
 
 Simcoo, it would seem, wrote frequent despatches to the Colo- 
 nial Secretary ; and in one he gives his opinion of this first meeting 
 of the representative body of Upper Canada : " At this first meet- 
 ing they were active and zealous for particular measures, according 
 to the promises they had made, or the instructions they had 
 received. Many bills were accordingly framed, which required only 
 a little time to evince their impropriety or futility. Having offices 
 to create and salaries to bestow, they were rather too liberal of 
 their patronage, and pledged their credit to £174 annually to 
 different officers. The Legislative Council made no engagements, 
 but, of course, their expenses must be equal. The sum of £348 
 was, therefore, the first item." " Upon the whole, I have no reason 
 to be dissatisfied with the disposition and conduct of the Assembly, 
 considering that it is composed of persons of not any restrictive 
 method, and unacquainted with power. I hope that by treating 
 them v/ith tcinper and moderation, they may become a beneficial 
 establishment to the Province." McMuUen says, by way of contrast, 
 that " the Upper Canadian Parliament, with its "ihomospun" mem- 
 bers, took five weeks to do what had taken the Lower Canadian 
 Seigniors seven months to accomplish. . J^ 
 
 How great the change wrought by seventy-fiv*) years! As 
 the log hut in the wilderness has been superseded by the elegant 
 mansion, handsome villa, with thriving towns and cities, so has 
 the tented capital of Newark been forgotten in surveying the mag- 
 nificent proportions of the buildings at Ottawa; and the camp 
 stool, and nature's carpet of green, in the elegant halls. And 
 
S^ '■■'- ACTS Of SECOND SBSSION. 
 
 as the Legislature, whoBo infant days were passed within the 
 goand of the majestic Niagara, where its waters are precipitated 
 over a Btupendous fkll, and sweep on to fill a mighty lake, ha», 
 after numerous mutations, and many uncertainties, found a safe 
 home upon the rugged cliffs overlooking the Ottawa, where still 
 may be heard the swelling sound of falling waters, as they rush 
 down the Chaudiere ; so may the confbderated Provinces forming 
 thd New Dominion, after many changes, and frequent political 
 uncertainties — hope alternating with fear, not alone meet in formal 
 union, — ^not as incompatible elements of an unwise and unequal 
 connection, but as one people ; even as the waters of the great 
 Ottawa, mighty in itself, meet and unite with the farther coming 
 St. Lawrence,and, commingling, form the grand stream of the Lower 
 Lawrence, upon whose bosom the proudest ships rest, and which is 
 a highway of trade, unsurpassed in the world. 
 •ti The second session of the parliament of Upper Canada, was 
 Opfened at Newark, Slst May, 1793 ; prorogued 9th July, following. 
 At this sessions werO passed thirteen bills, most of which were 
 important and usefUl measures. The first was " for the better regu- 
 lation of the Militia;" the second, respecting the appointment of 
 ' town officers ; the third, having respect to assessments and rates, 
 and payment of assembly-men ; the fourth, about highways ; the 
 fifth, concerning marriage; sixth, of courts of Quarter Sessions 
 within the several districts ; the seventh, a most important one — 
 an everlasting one of honor, " to prevent the farther introduction 
 of slaves," and to limit the time of servitude of those in slavery ; 
 the eighth, respecting courts of Probate ; ninth, to establish regula- 
 tions about duties between Upper and Lower Canada ; tenth, for 
 paying salaries of officers of Legislative Council and Assembly ; 
 eleventh, to encourage the destruction of wolves and bears ; twelfth, 
 returning officers of the several counties ; thirteenth, also about 
 officers, and taxing wine and spirituous liquors. 
 
 The places fixed for the holding of Quarter Sessions were Corn- 
 wall, New Johnson, Kingston, Adolphustown, Newark, and 
 Miohilmacinac. For the Midland District, it was enacted that 
 they should "commence and be holden in Adolphustown, on the 
 second Tuesday in the month of July, and on the second Tuesday 
 i)a the month of January ; and in Kingston on the second Tuesday 
 in the month of April, and on the second Tuesday in the month of 
 October." 
 
 The third session of the Ist parliament met at Newark, on the 
 
NEW DIVISION Oi^ THE PROVINCE. 639 
 
 2nd June. 1794, and prorogued 9th July following. At this soBsion 
 there was a continuation of that wholesome legislation which had 
 characterized the two previous sessions. Twelve acts were 
 passed. itmMt. 
 
 The fourth session was at Newark, commencing 6th July, 1895, 
 when four acts were added. It was prorogued 10th August, 
 following. 
 
 A fifth session of first parliament met at Newark, Ifith May, 
 1796, and was prorogued 3rd June following. Seven acts were 
 passed. This was the last meeting of parliament under the governor 
 ship of Simcoe. , to :4tf 
 
 The second parliament opened at York, 16th May, 1797, under 
 the presidency of the Hon. Peter Bussell. It was prorogued 3rd 
 July, following. Eighteen measures passed. 
 
 Second session under Hon. P. Russell, met at York, 5th June, 
 1798, prorogued 6th July. Passed eight bills. Among these bills 
 was one " to ascertain and establish the boundary lines of the dif- 
 ferent townships of the province." Stone or other durable monu- 
 ments to be set up, to mark the corners of lots ; and any person 
 wilfully defacing or removing such, to " be adjudged guilty of 
 felony, and to suffer death without the benefit of the clergy." 
 Another important act, which the growing province demanded, 
 was " for the better division of the province," into townships, 
 counties and districts. According to this, there were formed eight 
 districts, with twenty-three counties, and one hundred and fifty- 
 eight townships. The districts were the Eastern, Johnson, Mid- 
 land, Newcastle, Home, Niagara, London, and Western. The Mid- 
 land district, with which we have rioro particularly to do, " was com- 
 posed of xonr counties, with land in their rear to the northern limits 
 of the province." The first county vtras Frontenac. In this we have 
 Kingston, as well as the townships Pittsburgh, Lougborough, 
 Portland, Hinchinbroke, Bedford, and Wolfe Island. The second 
 county, the incorporated counties of Lenox and Addington ; con- 
 sisted of the townships of Ernesttown, Fredericksburgh, Adolphus- 
 towii, Bichmond, Camden, Amherst Island, Sheffield. The third 
 county, Hastings; contained Sydney, Thurlow, Mohawk land, 
 Tyendinaga, Hungerford, Huntingdon, and Eawdon. The fourth, 
 Prince Edward, had Marysburgh, Hallowell, Sophiasburgh, and 
 Ameliasburgh. 
 
 The third session met at Newark, 12th June, 1799, and was 
 iprorogued 29th of the same month ; five acts having been 
 
540 ly > MODES OP PUNISHMENT. i 
 
 The fourth session mot at York, 2nd Juno, 1800, prorogued 
 4th July, under Lioutonant-Gonoral Hunter. Six acts were passed, 
 the first of which was "for the ftirther introduction of the criminal 
 law of England, and for the more effectual punishment of certain 
 oflFendors." The third clause is as follows: "That whereas the 
 punishment of burning in the hand, when any person is convicted 
 of felony within the benefit of clergy, is often disregarded and inef- 
 fectual, and sometnmes may fix a lasting mark of disgrace and 
 infamy on offenders, who might otherwise become good subjects 
 and profitable members of the community ; bo it therefore enacted 
 by the authority aforesaid, that from, and after the passing of this 
 act, when any person shall be lawfully convicted of any felony, 
 within the benefit of clergy, for which he or she is liable by law to 
 bo burned or marked in thQ,hand, it shall, and may be lawful for the 
 court before which any person so convicted, or any court holdon for 
 the same place with the like authority, if such court shall think fit, 
 instead of such burning or marking, to impose upon such offender 
 such a moderate pecuniary fine as to the court in its discretion shall 
 seem moot; or otherwise it shall be lawful, instead of such burning 
 or marking, in any of the cases aforesaid, except in the case of man- 
 slaughter, to order and judge, that such offender shall be once or 
 oftener, but not more than three times, either publicly or privately 
 whipped ; such private whipping to be inflicted in the presence of 
 not less than two persons, besides the offender and the officer who 
 inflicts the same, and in case of female offenders, in the presence of 
 females only ; and such fine or whipping so imposed or inflicted, 
 instead of such burning or marking, shall have the like effects and 
 consequences to the party on whom the same, or either shall be 
 imposed or inflicted, with i-espect to the discharge from the same 
 or other felonies, or any restitution to his or her estates, capacities, 
 and credits, as if he or she had been burned or marked as afore- 
 said." 
 
 In 1801 the salaries of the officers of the parliament stood 
 thus ; per annum. 
 
 Clerk of Legislative Council, £146. Usher of the Black Eod, 
 £50. Master in Chancery, attending the Legislative Council, £60, 
 Chaplain of the Legislative Council, £50. Door-keeper of ditto £20. 
 Speaker of the House of Assembly, £200. Clerk of ditto, £125. 
 Sergeant-at-Arms, £50. Chaplain of the House of Assembly, £50. 
 Doorkeeper of ditto, £20. Copying Clerks, £50. Total, £805. 
 
 The first tax raised by statue in the province, was to pay the 
 members, who received $2 per day. 
 
EDUCATION AMONG THE MEMBERS, 541 
 
 X JiO The rovonuo of the whole province the first year was £900. 
 
 Elsewhere the fact has been stated that many of the settlors 
 were devoid of a liberal education ; while the stern* duties of 
 pioneer life precluded the possibility of any mental culture what- 
 ever. At the same time competent school teachers for the young 
 were not to be had. With a population made up of such material, 
 the quetition might be asked with becoming seriousness, " Where 
 are we to get our representative men to carry out responsible 
 government as accorded to the young province of Upper Canada ? 
 Many of the first Assembly men were not possessed of book learning, 
 and all along the list of those who have been M.P.P.'s, up to the 
 present, may be found very many who were limited in their educa- 
 tion. Yet, the first members convened in the tent, on tlie green 
 slopes of Niagara, discharged their duty with much decorum and 
 despatch. 
 
 'jfl' It would be an interesting chapter to introduce some account 
 of the first members of Parliament, and the political contests in the 
 early days of Upper Canada. In the absence of complete infor- 
 mation, we give such items relating thereto as have come under 
 notice. Wo have already given the names of those elected to 
 the first Parliament. 
 
 Among the early members was James Wilson, of Prince 
 Edward, he was first elected in 1808, or 9, and remained a member 
 for some twenty-four years. Simeon Washburn, was also a member 
 for a time. Allen McLean, in a notice dated Kingston, 18th May, 
 1812, says " To the independent electors of the County of Fi'ontenac. 
 Having had the honor of representing you at three successive Par- 
 . liaments, I again make you a tender of my services, and beg leave 
 to solicit your votes and interest at the ensuing election." 
 
 Amos Ansley, Esq., says, in an address, dated at Kingston, 
 May 20, 1812 : " To the Electors of the County of Frontenac. 
 Having had the honor to represent this County in the first founda- 
 tion of its happy constitution, I again make you a tender of my 
 services, and beg leave to solicit your votes and interest, &c." 
 James Cotter, of Sophiasburg, was elected to Parliament in 1813, 
 and served four years. **: 
 
 A man of sterling integrity, and good common sense may 
 make a useful Member, if he be not egotistical. In recording 
 the early events of the Bay, we must not hesitate to mention 
 an incident which, at the time, created no little comment with 
 the public, but brought chagrin to an M. P. P. A member, 
 
542 MAGISTRATES — LAWYERS. 
 
 who shall be nameless, whose early advantages for education had 
 been extremely limited, but with any amount of self-confidence, 
 was, on <5ne occasion, sarcastically, but humorously, brought to 
 task in the Kingston Herald, by an anonymous writer. The mem- 
 ber replied, and in so doing, " copied verbatim, nearly the whole of 
 the first part of Sir William Draper's letter to Junius, dated Jan. 
 26, 1769, in defence of his friend Lord Granby, over his own signar 
 tore. Macaulay, a young lawyer of Bath, noticed the plagiarism, 
 and exposed the M. P. P.," w;hich we believe, resulted in the politieaj 
 demise of that individuaL t .*.'», vk *« i 'f«?r xA^j'] |«r^ 
 
 TH« EARLY ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTIOE. <» 
 
 For two years, Upper Canada, after becoming a distinct Province, 
 was without any lawyers. But, in 1794, such a number of Acts were 
 found upon the statute books, that it was necessary to create soiine ta 
 interpret, not mystify the law. It was provided that his " Majesty 
 should appoint not more than sixteen, whom he should deem, from 
 their probity, education, and condition of life, best qualified to receive 
 the licence to practice law." This appointment ot lawyers by the. 
 Executive, gave rise to an expression of derision in after clays, ojf 
 "heaven-bom lawyers." 
 
 Th^ first lawyer* appointed in John^n Pistrict, vfm Samjuel 
 gheryropd, who had studied law two or three years with l^wyep 
 Wa-iker, of Montreal. Jq.cob Farand, was the first lawyer in th^ 
 Eastern District. AHew McLean, the first lawyer for Kingston, and 
 l^Jr. Hftgerman, the first for the Bay Quinte. — (See U. E. Loyalists) fi 
 Ramies Clarke was appointed for Niagajca District; ulso, "V^iUiana 
 Dickson, of Niagara, and A,ngu8 McDon,ald for CornwaU» 
 
 After the formation pf Upper Ca^ad^ into a Pf pvinc^, a iwimber 
 of ijaagistrates w«re appointed to each District, to form ft Court of 
 Quarter Sessions. The foUiT gentlemen who hftd been the judges of 
 ^junenburgh, Meckleabu^gh, Nassau, and, Hesse, respectively, no 
 longer h»d so extensive ft jurisdiction. "We have no further informft- 
 tipin pf Robertson, in this respect, and Duncan left the Province. 
 But Cartwright and Hamilton continued to fill the same positions, 
 ftB ojiairmen of 1,he Quarter Se^siops, in their r^eapeptive Districts. 
 A^er the dpath of Cftr|.wi'ight, in the Midland District, Colonel 
 TJhoimp^on was appointed to tj^e office, and his successor was Alex, 
 ^her, of Ado^phustpTjKi^. ^ohijEi Fcapguspn was «lso Judg© of the 
 Pi^tTf^t Clonrt- 
 
MAQISTEATES IN MIDLAND DISTRICT. NA 
 
 Among the first appointments for magistrates, was Thomas 
 Sherwood, of Leeds. Also, Dr. Solomon Jones, who was afterward 
 Judge of the District Court. 
 
 Charles Stuart, Esq., was, for many years, Sheriff of the Midland 
 District; he died while yet young, in 1816i The first Sheriff of 
 Niagara District, was Alex. McDonnell ; the next was Barrack- 
 master Clark, and afterwards Thomas Merritt was appointed. 
 
 Among the first, probably the first, magistrates appointed in 
 Thurlow, were Col. Wm. Bell, Col. Hazelton, and James McNabb. 
 Most likely Bell had the commission before the others. Bell 
 generally held his Court of Bequests at Mrs. Simpson's Inn. On 
 19th April, 1822, it was held at the house of John Taylor. 
 

 '%' 
 
 diyisio:n^ X. 
 
 THE EARLY MILITIA OF UPrER CANADA. 
 
 CHAPTER LXII. 
 
 Contents. — Militia Act, 1792— Simcoe — No faith in the Americans — His views — 
 Military Roads — . vision of Districts — Military purposes — The oflBcers — 
 Legislation — The expenses — Repeated Legislation — Aggressive spirit — The 
 Enrolment — Hastings Battalion — "Something brewing" — List of Officers — 
 Col. Ferguson — Col. Bell — Leeds Militia — Officers' Clothing — The Midland 
 Distiict — Prince Edward — Training Places. 
 
 THE MILITIA. 
 
 Any magisterial power that the military commanders of the 
 first settlers may have possessed was lost by the proclamation of 
 Lord Dorchester, in 1788, forming Upper Canada into districts, 
 and appointing to each a staff of civil oflScers. From this period 
 until 1792, after the meeting of the second session of the First 
 Parliament, the military organization was a dead matter, although 
 there must have been in force some law relating to such, inasmuch 
 as the first Act passed at this Session was " for the better regula- 
 tion of the Militia in this Province." 
 
 Governor Simcoe was a man of a military turn of mind. He 
 had taken an active part against the American rebels, and he con- 
 tinued to entertain strong feelings of hostility to the American 
 cause, believing not in the integrity of their professed principles. 
 In many respects he was a well chosen person to take charge of a 
 people who had been under a military rule, and who shared his 
 antipathy to the republican people. Not only did Simcoe conceive 
 schemes of settling the forests, and improving it, but also for secur- 
 ing the country against attack, likewise of drawing into the 
 country many who he believed remained in the States because 
 they could not help themselves, and to whom the Republican form 
 of government was exceedingly distasteful. Simcoe never felt any 
 
MILITARY DIVISIONS. 545 
 
 doubt about his ability to defend the Province against the Ameri- 
 cans, and he even had vague ideas that he might concentrate a 
 force of sufficient strength upon Upper Canada eoil, to enable him to 
 invade the States, with a good prospect of success. Imbued with 
 these views, and animated by such fealings and desires, he lost no 
 time in taking the necessary steps to organize and train the Militia, 
 and to establish a Naval force for the Lakes. The regular soldiers 
 under his immediate command were put at work lo cut roads, one 
 from Lake Ontario to the Thames, which was CiJled the Dundas 
 road, the other from Lake Ontario to the Lake Simcoe, which has 
 received the name of Yonge Street. 
 
 H~e four districts of Upper Canada were subdivided into 
 counties. This division was, according to Rochfoucault, who 
 visited Simcoe, and procured his information from him, "into 
 counties is purely military, and relates merely to the enlisting, 
 completing and assembling of the Militia. The counties are about 
 twelve in number. The Militia of each county are assembled and 
 commanded by a Lieutenant ; they must be divided into regiments 
 and companies. They assemble once a year in each county, and 
 are inspected by the Captains of the different companies, at least 
 twice a year. Every male inhabitant is considered a militia man 
 from the age of sixteen to fifty. He is fined four dollai's if he does 
 not enlist at the proper time ; and officers, both commissioned and 
 ndn-commissioned, who do not join their regiments at the time the 
 militia is assembled, pay a fine, the former of eight dollars, and 
 the latter of two. An officer who, in case of insurrection, or an 
 attack, who should not repair to his assigned post, would be pun- 
 ished with a pecuniary penalty of £50, and a petty officer with a 
 fine of £20. A militia man who sells either the whole, or a part 
 of his arms, amunition or accoutrements, is fined £5, and in default 
 of payment, impris9ned for two months. The Quakers, Baptists, 
 and Tunkers, pay, in time of peace, twenty shillings a year; and 
 during a war of insurrectiop, five pounds sterling for their exemp- 
 tion from military service. Out of these fines and ransoms the 
 Adjutant-General of the Militia receives his pay, and the remainder 
 is at the Governor's disposal. This is nearly the substance of the 
 first act of the legislative body of Upper Canada, passed in 1793." 
 
 The following year an additional Act passed, relative to the 
 
 Militia, the chief I'egulations of which tended to improve and define 
 
 more accurately the internal form of the regiments, battalions and 
 
 companies, and to render the assembling of detachments more easy 
 
 36 
 
9^ SIHOOS'S DESIGNS. 
 
 a»d expeditious. This Act determines, that, in time of war, the 
 obligation to carry arms in defence of the country shall not cease 
 before the age of sixty, and that, of consequence, Quakers and others 
 who enjoy exemption from military service, shall pay for their immu* 
 nity up to that age. It also obliges the militia to serve on board of 
 ships and vessels, to act as cavalry, and to extend their service be^ 
 yond the Province, on condition, however, that the same men be not 
 bound to serve more than six months successively. The exemptions 
 from military service are confined to the officers of justice, and other 
 public functionaries, whose number is very small. The whole militia 
 is estimated at nine thousand men. All the expenses of the civil and 
 military administration of Upper and Lower Canada are defrayed by 
 England.'* The expense, including money and presents to the 
 Indians, ''amounts for Upper Canada to one hundred thousand 
 pounds.' . .\h 
 
 In! all the measures introduced by Simcoe and passed into law by 
 Parliament, can be discovered a military mind actively at work. The 
 arrangements by which he endeavored to settle the country — to 
 secure it against invasion — to keep alive a spirit of military ardor — 
 to keep aglow the flame of patriotism, a love for the motJier country, 
 were eminently judicious and commendable. There is no doubt that 
 the military spirit of Simcoe was pleasing to the old soldier-farmers, 
 and in them he found willing and. zealous abettors of his military 
 schemes. Had it not been for the short-sighted policy of Lord 
 Dorchester, who, it is averred, became envious of his Lieutenant* 
 Governor, and tried to thwart the designs, and had he not succeeded 
 in having him re-callod before time allowed for carrying out those 
 designs, there can be no doubt that Upper Canada would have 
 advanced more rapidly than she subsequently did advance, and 
 would have far surpassed any State in the Union, 
 
 In 1797, an act for still further regulation of the militia was 
 passed ; but the nature of it does not appear in Ihe statutes. 
 
 There was also passed an <' Act for the better securing the pro- 
 vince against the King's enemies." 
 
 In 1801, there was still further legislation, and again in 1808, 
 when there was " an act to explain, amend, and reduce to one act of 
 Parliament the several laws now in being for the raising and training 
 of the railitia." And a suitable salary was to be allowed to the Adju- 
 taat-Goneral. Legislation at this time was deemed nece8sary,becau8e 
 of the aggressive spirit manifested by the United States. Tiie game 
 of conquest was already begun by the selfish statesmen of America, 
 
THE ENROLMENT. , , 547. 
 
 and even foul meann were being adopted to subvert British power 
 on the continent. The year prior, Lower Canada had taken steps 
 under Mr. Dunn, to protect themselves against a wily enemy. 
 General Brock was earnestly engaged in perfecting the defences of 
 Quebec. In 1809 an act was passed respecting billeting Her 
 Majesty's troops, and the Provincial Militia, and furnishing th%in 
 on the march, and impressing horses, carriages, oxen, boats, &c. 
 
 Respecting theeftrolmont of the militia in accordance with the 
 acts first and subsequently passed, comparatively little can be said 
 by the writer. The earliost, and indeed the only account of an 
 official nature to be obtained, refers to the organization of the 
 Hasting's Militia. Through the kindness of Mr. Sager, of the front 
 of Thurlow, grandson of the late Colonel William Bell, we have had ; 
 placed in our possession, a portion of the papers left by Colonel 
 Bell, of an official and semi-official character. In a communication ; 
 dated at Kingston, 29th November, 1798, John Ferguson, of that 
 place, writoB to " Mr. William B6il, of the Mohawk village as follows : ; 
 " Haviiig beeti appointed Lieutenant of the County of Hastings, and 
 being ordered to enrol the militia without delay, I must request 
 yott will immediately proceed with the enclosed notices, and cause 
 them' to toe put up as directed. This is the beginning of your duty, , 
 as I have recommended you to be Adjutant, as well as ca^ptain of u 
 company, and I have the satisfaction of telling you that the Presi- 
 dent has assured me he will approve of ir^y appointments." In a = 
 separate commuhication. Lieutenant Ferguson authorizes Captain 
 Bell " to give notice to the inhafbitants of the county to attend a > 
 meetirtg of Lieutenancy on Satmday, the 8th December next, at 
 ten o'clock, at the house occupied by David Harris, on lot 34, in » 
 the first concession of Sidney, for the purpose of enrol men t."):&i'.^h« 
 
 It would seem that the second in command of the Hastings 
 battalion, was Major A. Chisholm. 
 
 Ferguson, writing 2iJnd February, 1799, says, " It appears from 
 the President's letter, that there is something brewing to the west- 
 ward." 
 
 On the 25th February, 1799, Ferguson writes to Adjutant Bell, 
 to require the officers commanding companies "to cause th« volun- 
 teers and drafts in their respective companies to assemble, with 
 such arms as the}' may have, at the house of Ferguson, on the poiht 
 of Sidney, lot 23, to be made acquainted with the purport of a letter 
 received from the Hon. Peter Eussell, President." 
 
 Colonel Ferguson writing again on Februwy 26, t<) Captain 
 
548 OFFICERS OP HASTINGS MILITIA. 
 
 Bell, informs him that the President has been pleased to approve 
 of the appointments made, and that he must meet him at Sidney, 
 5th of March, to receive his commission. On the Ist March, he 
 ftirther writes thus, "there is some appearance of the militia being 
 embodied next spring, and that Captain Bell is appointed to take 
 command of the detachment should such an event take place. 
 
 In a communication dated, 10th March, 1799, Colonel Ferguson 
 refers Captain Bell to an inclosure irom President Eussell, giving 
 directions as to teaching the volunteers and drafts, '* who are to 
 assemble at Wallbridge's every other Saturday," for platoon 
 exercise, &c. :• f^^ . 
 
 " List of officers of the Hastings Militia, as approved of by 
 His Honor, the President, with the dates of their commission." 
 
 " John Ferguson, Lieutenant of County ; date of commission, 
 1798. The following officers were commissioned in December fol- 
 fowing : — Major Alexander Chisholm, Captain Wm. Bell, Captain 
 Samuel Sherwood, Captain George W. Myers, Captain Lieutenant 
 Matthias Marsh, Lieutenant Gilbert Harris, Lieutenant John Stuart, 
 Lieutenant John Chisholm, Lieutenant John Fairman, sen., Lieu- 
 tenant L. W. Myers, Ensigns David Simmons, Jacob W. Myers, 
 Alexander Chisholm, Eobert Fairman, Samuel B. Gilbert, Adjutant 
 William Bell, Quarter-Master, John Mcintosh. ' .; 1> . 
 
 i At the commencement of the war of 1812, John Ferguson, of 
 Kingston, was Colonel ; William Bell, of Thurlow, Lieutenant-v 
 Colonel, and Alexander Chisholm, Simon McNabb, S. B. Gilbert,- 
 Jacob W. Myers, L. W. Myers, David Simmon, Gilbert Harris, 
 John Mcintosh, were Captains of Ist Eegiment Hastings Militia. 
 John Thompson who had been a soldier in the King's Eangers, 
 was Major. !i4t'nf^/ •> r iv ■-• • ",.. , , ,< -< .,. z*^,.'. .- 
 
 In May, 1810, a notice was posted in Hastings to "all persons 
 of the battalion having in their possession arms and accoutrements 
 belonging to Her Majesty, to bring them in good order on the 4th 
 of June, and they will be furnished with powder and ball to shoot 
 at a mark." 
 
 We are informed by Mr. Adiel Sherwood, that James Break- 
 enridge, who had been an officer in Rogers' corps, was appointed 
 the first Lieutenant of the County of Leeds under Simcoe, with 
 authority to organize the body and appoint the officers. Mr. Sher- 
 wood received his first commission as Ensign, from him, to the first 
 regiment of Leeds Militia in 1796. He was shortly after commis- 
 sioned a Lieutenant, \yhich he remained until 1808, when he was 
 made Captain. 
 
;■ ;♦ MILITARY CLOTIIINQ. 549 
 
 Officers' Clothing. — No sooner had the officers received their 
 commissions than the matter of military clothing came into con- 
 sideration, and steps were promptly taken to obtain suitable outfits, 
 in the way of scarlet coats, swords, and so forth. Heading the 
 letters which have come under notice, one is struck with the fact 
 of men putting themselves to trouble to procure costly uniform, 
 when very many of them could scarcely collect money enough to 
 meet their wants. At that time money was scarce and bartering 
 was the ordinary mode of proceedings between the farmer and 
 dealer. The merchants of Kingston did not find it necessary 
 to koep material for officers' dress, and consequently it had to be 
 procured at Montreal. The officers without money and unknown, 
 in Montreal, could scarcely expect to get credit there. It was 
 under such circumstances that Colonel Ferguson, the Lieutenant of 
 the County of Hastings, undertook to assist the officers under him. 
 Concerted action on their part was necessary, that all the coats 
 might be alike, and moreover, they might expect to have them 
 supplied at a cheaper rate. The following will now become intelli- 
 gible : viM^JiJ^rfif^l. 
 
 " "VVe, the following officers of Militia of the County of Hastinge, 
 having agreed to have uniform clothings do empower John Ferguson, 
 Samuel Sherwood, Matthias Marsh, and John Mcintosh, to agree 
 with any person to furnish the materials, and w« will pay for it as 
 agreed upon by the above persons— the uniform to be red coats with 
 ■ blue facings ; long yellow buttons and white lining with shoulder- 
 straps — the Light Infantry to have short coats with wings. Thur- 
 low, 7th October, 1800." (Signed)— John Ferguson, William Bell, 
 John Chisholm, Daniel Rose, "John Mcintosh, David Simmons, 
 John Fairman, junr., vSamuel Sherwood, Matthias Marsh." 
 
 A few days later Colonel Ferguson supplies a memorandum to 
 Major Boll, recommending James Dawson, Kingston, as the person 
 ■to be employed to make the coats, the material, or at least the 
 cloth, to be bought at Mr. Cumming's. Ferguson also suggests that 
 each person give his note of hand for the sum until paid, from 
 which it seems evident that ho wished to be free from personal 
 responsibility. Three months later, and no steps had been taken 
 except by Ferguson, who, it appears, applied at Montreal for his coat. 
 He writes, "I have received my coat pattern from Montreal," and 
 the cost of cloth and trimmings amounted to £4 7s. 7d., and " the 
 common price of making a regimental coat" was £1 3s. 4d., the 
 epauletts ready-made were £3 each. In another place, Colonel 
 
 f 
 
MO OFFICERS OF MIDLAND DISTRICT. 
 
 Ferguson says, '• if any of those gentlemen wish to have a coat 
 from Montreal, and will put into my hands sixteen bushels of 
 •wheat, as a part payment, I will send for them^and they will surely 
 find their profit in it. :'*"*>* w «?wa«4 b^^mmumoti gimr^\ioah;jC 
 "^"•^ The following were among the first Militia officers connected 
 ^irith the force in the Midland District. ' * -' .,.. .:;...' 
 
 Thomas Borland, one of the first settlew'of Ado1j)hti8tt>\i^n, was 
 the first captain commissioned in the township. He commanded a 
 •company in 1812, at Kingston. His company partook of the loyal 
 ^irit which actuated the captain. Who indignantly said of the 
 'Americans, " they drove us from our homes once and now come 
 •after us." Captain Borland was much liked, as an officer, by his 
 'men. 
 
 Captain Trumj^i^, Wiw^NJommanded ft eompan^ ^ honM, Was 
 
 ^generally estimated as a commander. ' • "" ' ? " 
 
 '^^'^'* Christopher Hagerman, a native of Adolphuetown, arose by 
 
 '}>romotion from an Ensign, to be Aide-de-Camp. The following is 
 
 from the Kingston Gazette: — *' Head Quarters, Upper Canada, Yoi^k, 
 
 15th Becember, 1813. Bistrict General order. The Lieutenant- 
 
 General commanding and* President, has been pleased to appoint 
 
 Christopher Hagerman, Esq., to be Provincial Aidde-Camp to his 
 
 Honor, and to enter the Provincial Bank of Lieutenant Colonel on 
 
 Mr. Hagerman." • j^jryj oTjrpa-AjTft 
 
 Major Spencer, who had been Colonel in Major Rogers' regi- 
 
 *to«nt during the Revolutionary war, died at the breaking cnt of 
 
 l;.tbe war of 1812, and was buried in Fredericksburgh on his own 
 
 ^ place with military honors, he was soceeeded by Captain Tkoinpson. 
 
 ^<JS5«wford was Colonel of a regiment of Militia. '^ ^^^^ V'" i^.'o 
 
 ixtjiiw The following were officers in Ernesttown: Lieutenant Colonel 
 
 James Parrot, Captain Joshua Booth, C, Fralick, Noris Briscoe, 
 
 Peter Baly, Robert Clark, Shelden Hawley. Lieutenants: Bavis 
 
 Hamby, Henry Bay, John Richards, Baniel Fraser, Robert Worlet. 
 
 t'Ensighs: Isaac Fraser, Bavid Lookwood, Baniel iSinimons, Abraham 
 
 t'Amey, Solomon Johns, John Thorp, senr.** • ri: ': fr 
 
 ' * Major Young, formerly ensign in Sir John Johnson's regimettt, 
 
 j^as an officer in the Prince Edward Militia for some time. He was 
 
 ,«i«t Kingston in 1812, and died while on duty. Captain MoBonndlof 
 
 iY 'Marysburgh, was also on duty at Kingston at that time. Captain 
 
 b^Toung, of the Carrying Place, was likewise there, as well as his 
 
 ^'Ensign, W* H. Wallbridge, who became Captain in 1881, Owen 
 
 'S'^Riciiarids being the C<^«1. Lieutenant Richard Howard, of Bopbias- 
 
 i 
 
burgh, di«d March 1, 1814. Dentin Conger " held a commission in 
 the first battalion of the Prince Edward Militia during twenty-four 
 years, fourteen of which he was Captain. William Ketcheson, of 
 Sidney, was commissioned Ensign in 1804; Lieutenant in 1812: 
 ■ Captaia toward the close of the war, served nine months at Kingston. 
 <!!oleman, of Belleville, was Captain of Provincial Light Dragoons* 
 q»^ The Militia of Adolphustown, Frederioksburgh, Erneettown, and 
 £ probably of Kingston, were accustomed to meet on Finkle^s Place, 
 ^ below ti:ke wind mill, before the war, 48 12. Strange as it may now 
 , peea, the place for training of the Prince Edward Militia was, for 
 t, many years, at G-rassy Point, in the Sixth Town. All the way, not 
 u pn\y from the extreme point of Marysburgh, but from Amherst 
 Island, and from the western part of Ameliasburgh, the sparse^ 
 {..(pettled inhabitants were wont to come, by anything but ev«n roads, 
 to this point for their stated training. They met at this plaee until 
 <;'|he y«ar 1600, after which they ^1 met at Hallowell, Picton. Those 
 iiitom Ameliasburgh required two days to reach the training place. 
 ,Jkwe,y^r» later, ffl€<?oiidj»)i^, WW iJlo .. , . ^v . . , . ,ii. 
 
 , -jfjia>.jii;oiJ. fiiiT ,1'Ano intoa^r) iohiblQ. .i'.t'il ,iodm3r)0(I ApM 
 i}ttio<|<jB of b9<rrfiefq nosd e4d<*iit»braoi*I*biTU ^aibtis^mmoo IribixoD 
 Bl.i oi ^j^ftD-ob-bfA liiiontivoi*! od oi ^psK .nijan&^eHioifqoJBiidD 
 no ioaoioO hrAt^oiuaiJ. l:o i^irail Ifiiottivoi*! oiU loiao o) hixa ,tonoH 
 : ;^', , _ CHAPTER LXnL ".a^miA^fiH iM 
 
 ^cPf^yTVifTi.— In 1812, around Bay QainM— The deolar»ti<^ of ww-~The news -at 
 
 t^ E4DgBton.>.Tke call to arms — Hastings— pEvenU of Sjng^ton — la. 181 3-* 
 
 IIWO ji^ttack upon Sacket's Harbour — Oswego* — American Fleet before Eitrgston^— 
 
 ilI03t! Royal George— Kingston prepared-r-Chrysler's ferm— A *' Postseripfc"— Along 
 
 ' tibte St. Lawrence — Ribaldry^ — The Commissary-i-Capt. Wilkins— Quakers^- 
 
 Bate of pay — ^American prisoners — The wounded — Surgeons, Dougal, Mea 
 
 diam— Jonathan Philips — Miiitiaineu'B reward— Militia orders—Parliamen 
 
 ^,'0:;«tW^^W?*' . ii ;;,--;-j 1 ,J .niijoct •lancoi, :iiiii{^suJ .jiryux i. H^uTie^ - 
 
 .lorfDY/" .t'f'rd'o'-r /fo-^CT'f !-^! ' -*r)I. ,yr(.T v-rnoR .Ycfrnr.!:' 
 
 xitjsifij The call to arms was promptly and loyally responded to by 
 the inhabitants of the Midland District, inclttdijag the tnilttia of 
 
 j/JSTorthnmbevland. The old veterans of former days, who had for. 
 so many years been engaged in the peace^l occupation of farming, 
 were arout^d to a high degree of indignation that their old enemies^ 
 who had driven them away from old homes,] should now threaten 
 
 ^'Ithem in their hard earned new ones. !No wonder that these old 
 sturdy loyalists and their sons quickly ipftwyed the <jall to come in 
 defense of their homes. To a certain eixtent the Bay region was 
 
652 , ,; WAR. " r4W :^ : 
 
 froo from iramodiato danger. Excepting at Kingston the inhabi- 
 tants woro not alarmed by the trumpet blast . There was not here 
 enacted such stirring events as transpired at Detroit, upon the 
 Niagara frontier, and below upon the St. Lawrence. Nevertheless 
 there was diligent preparation made for any contingency that 
 might come w^ith the tide of war. The several regiments of mili- 
 tia called out, were taken to Kingston and prepared for service 
 whether it might be offensive or defensive. Kingston being a 
 naval station and having a dock-yard as well as a military depot ; 
 and at the same time situated within a short distance of the enemiee' 
 territory, it was necessary that it should bo well garrisoned, and 
 the surrounding country constantly watched. And here the raw 
 militia man was drilled for service, while they were ready to 
 defend the place. 
 
 . The news of the declaration of war reached Kingston by a pri- 
 vate letter to Mr. Forsyth, from the States, and an hour and a half 
 afterwards, says one who was there, a letter having been conveyed 
 to Col. Benson, the drum beat to arms, and couriers were on their 
 way with all haste to warn out the militia along the Bay and in 
 Northumberland. The belief was entertained that Kingston would 
 bo a place of attack at once, and the flank companies wore ordered 
 there immediately. 
 
 Upon the 27th June, 1812, John J^'erguson, Colonel command- 
 ing 1st regiment Hastings Militia, wrote from Kingston, to Lieut.- 
 Colonel William Bell, of Thurlow, "to cause the volunteer^ of the 
 battalion who already oifored their servi. os, to hold themselves in 
 readiness for actual service, and to apply to the Quartermaster for 
 such arms as are in his possession, to be used by the volunteers 
 until others were got from Kingston. Capt. John Mcintosh to take 
 command, the other Captain will be J. W. Myers. Notice to be given 
 at once, be it night or day, to meet on the Plains — and be drilled 
 by the Sergt.-Major." Col. Bell received the letter at sunset on the 
 29th, by the hands of John Weaver. A postscript to the letter says 
 "War is declared by the United.States against Great Britain." 
 
 The militia of Hastings were hurried to Kingston, but after a 
 few weeks when it was seen that Kingston would not be immedi- 
 ately attacked, they were ordered home. The next year the Nor- 
 thumberland Militia was ordered to York, and soon saw service. 
 
 In connection with Kingston were two events which may be 
 alluded to, one was a hostile demonstration against Sacket's Harbour* 
 which had for its object principally the destruction of a man-of-war? 
 
AITACK UPON SAOKET'S HARBOUR. ^||||i 
 
 there building; the other wan an attempt, on the part of the Amori- 
 cane, to destroy the BritiHh frigate, Royal George, lying at 
 Kingston. 
 
 It wab in May, 1813, that Sir George Prevost and Sir James L. 
 Yoo, arrived at Kingston, where were Cupt. Barclay Pring and 
 Furnis, preparing for service the few vessels stationed there; among 
 them one lately launched, the Sir George Provost, of 30 guns, greeted 
 them with a salute from the vessels. The American fleet was at the 
 head of the lake, bombarding Fort George. Under these circum- 
 stances it was resolved to make an attack upon Sackets Harbour, 
 "About 1000 men were embarked on board the Wolfe of 24 guns, 
 the Jloyal George of 24 guns, the Earl of Moira, of 18 guns, and four 
 armed schooneis each carrying from 10 to 12 guns, with a number of 
 batteaux, so that no time might be lost in the debarkation. Two 
 gun-boats were placed in readiness as a landing escort. The boats 
 were under the direction of Capt. Mulcaster, of the Eoyal Navy, and 
 the landing under the immediate superintendence of Sir George 
 Prevost and Sir James ' Yeo. The following account is from A. O. 
 Petrie, Esq., of Belleville, who was present as a volunteer, being then 
 clerk to Capt. Gray, Assistant Quartermaster-General. So quickly 
 was the expedition arranged that Petrie had no knowledge of it until 
 about to start. By permission of Capt. Gray, Mr. Petrie formed one 
 of the party, who, although forgetting to procure a red coat, did not 
 forget his gun. " Was in a batteau with Capt. Gray the greater part 
 of the night, which was crowded with men. Capt. Gray told Petrie 
 that the object of the expedition was to burn the ship there building, 
 and told him he might have a hand in it, Petrie said he would be 
 there as soon as any one. They landed about four o'clock in the 
 morning, and Mr. Petrie carried Capt. Gray on his back to the shore 
 through the water. But before they had landed the Americans fired 
 upon them; tlu^y were soon relieved however, by the gun-boat. They 
 then advanced and was not far from the sliip when the bugle sounded 
 the retreat. When he regamed the boat he found that his friend 
 Capt. Gray had been killed. 
 
 There is abundant evidence tliat the retreat was unnecessary, 
 that the enemy were fleeing ; but one of those fearful mistakes 
 occurred by which the British and Canadian troops lost a victory 
 which had been won. This expedition exhibited the bravery of the 
 militia men in the fullest degree, and had the mind of Prevost re- 
 mained unclouded, due reward would have been secured. But the 
 precipitate retreat of the Americans was misunderstood by Prevost> 
 
*854 AT HERltiMER'a POINT. 
 
 he thought it a trap set. Says a writer, " It was true that Fort 
 Tomhins waa about to fall into British hands. Already the officers 
 in charge of Navy Point, agreeably to orders, and supposing the fort 
 to be Iof>t, had set on fire the naval magazine, containing all the stores 
 captured at York. The hospital and barracks were illuminating the 
 lake by their grand conflagration, and the frigate on the stocks had 
 been set on lire only to be extinguished when Prevost's mind became 
 unsettled as to the ulterior design of the enemy. In the very momotxt 
 «'"0f fully accomplishing the purpose of the expedition, he ordered a 
 *? retreat, and the troops reached Kingston in safety. ,,.. ^^ i. m- ' - ■--:- 
 s But, the following year an expedition left KingttOh (Mi" thfe'4th 
 May, which arrived at Oswego on the following day, and took the 
 fort; but the stores had been removed. >Yf ra,( <-.-« 
 
 ttoh About five miles from Kingston lies what is called Herkimer's 
 Point. It was thought a thing not improbable that the Americtos 
 might land upon this point and endeavor to enter Kingston. Hdre 
 "Was a telegraph signal, and two cannon bad been planted there ; after- 
 ward one, a very good one waa removed, lest it should fall into the 
 ihands of the enemy. From this point a fair view of the Upper Gap 
 ■%a8 to be had. At last, one morning, the Yankee fleet composed of 
 ^•ome 14 sail, laii-ge and small, appeared off the Upper Gap. A shot 
 *lt is said was fired f roid the old windmill by some militia men there, 
 Which was replied to. A sohooner, the Simooe was chased, blit 
 >;' escaped by running over a bar between some islands at Herkimer's 
 ^ Point. She reijeived several shots, and subsequently sank wh6n she 
 ^hidi reached King£it6o. The inhabitants along the coast were ordered 
 Tinto the interior with all theii* stock. The fleet parsed along not far 
 from the shore, and the field artillery moved along at an equal pace, 
 i«tod a firing was kept up between them. The writer's father was 
 ^^ present on the occasion. He was Sergt. in Capt. Dorland's Company 
 "^yprom Adolphttstown, and was this momiiig On duty with his Oom- 
 I'pilny at H^rrkimev's Point. He was standing a short distance from 
 the shore. The brass artillery sent a ball through one of the erteniy's 
 vessels, he saw her haul off from the rest. The fleet fired back, and 
 he saw the first ball from therai as it passed ri^ar him. The Gover- 
 "nor's horse being held by anegi'o near by, while the Goverrtibf stood 
 a little off, squatted to the earth and the ball passed over faia back 
 the ball then struck the top rail of the fence, near by him, and went 
 bounding and plowing up the ground. All this he remembers dis- 
 iHnotly. The artillery and troops marched along opposite the fleet on 
 their way to Kington, and were there paraded in a concealed spot 
 
T eHRTSLCR's FARM. M5 
 
 twhind the jail. It wan a general expectation that the enemy would 
 attempt to laadi and he fully anticipated going into action. Ho 
 could see the balls flying over the buildings. u^tin iv 
 
 It was a natural expectation thot the enemy would endeavonr 
 to poHaaus themselves of Kingston with its garrison and naval depot, 
 (^nd dock yard. Every necessary stop was taken to frustrate any 
 designs that might be entertained by the Americans against the 
 plffQo. Id the Gazette of Oct. 9, 1B13, is the following : btiflinauo 
 
 V K'C, " By all accounts wo understand that the Americans are on the 
 ©ve of attacking this place. It is our province to observe that their 
 intentions have become completely anticipated, and every necessary 
 preparation has boen made to give them a worm reception. Wo 
 are happy to announce the arrival of Lieutenant-Colonel Drummond, 
 
 o'with the first detachment of the 104th Begiment, from Burlington 
 Heights, This regiment the 49th, and the corps of the VoltigourB, 
 ipay be expected here in the course of to-day or to-morrow. These 
 three gallant regiments, together with our brave mUitia, who are 
 pouring in from all quarters, and have already assembled in consid- 
 iC^ble numbers, will be a sufficient reinforcement, and with our 
 
 't.jpresent respectable garrison will be able to repel any force which 
 
 j the enexny may bring against us. We are are glad to observe that 
 every piece of artillery is most advantageously placed, and we must 
 really congratulate our fellow citiasens on the formidable appeor- 
 i^Qoe of every defensible portion in the vicinity of this town. It 
 has been the ge^ieral rumor h>r a few days past that six or seven of 
 
 lipur small vessels have been utken on their >vay from the head of 
 
 i.llie lake to this plflfce and sent into Sockets ; which rumor we fear 
 i^ too true." . . aolij toroiii ifiallihe Jbloi'l ail| buc .cnoxJ.* oiiJ laoit 
 
 ^ff The woods around Kingston, and upon Point Henry, were all 
 
 CffX down to prevent a surprise. The enemy, however, did not 
 
 att«c]( Kingston, but landed lower down the St. Lawrence, Witb 
 
 :what result the following notice will sj^o^^ '' Mngstgn Gase/itf, 
 
 iSat^r4ay, November, 13, 1813. , ^i .(LDit f^^a-tcf eilT oTtoiIa oJi 
 
 .ui ,j[ojid hitih j!fuFi ii. 1 ; : i ''■ ' '■;.:-■ ; )ii v/M od Maamy 
 
 ,, ,,„ . ,"FOSTPWPT— HIQHLT IMPORTAI^T., . ^ ,. „. 
 
 ;/;x> ;.;[! inrif T:Bon '^' ■/ r • '■ ■■ ' .^ a i paA oiu irm Oil 
 
 hex \ "The following important intelligence Was reCfiived ift town 
 3*bi$mm-ning by.esp^ois." .-..ij inw kmuj ju: wj ;../,„. .^-^ ,;,.. ...mh .. 
 
 •r J ' , "^ • u fr-* r Chryslers, nth November. .^. 
 
 The enemy attacked us this morning, suppose Jfromi 3 to 4,000 
 men: ib nnmber, and has been completely repulsed and defeated, 
 
566 ii TAKING CANADA. 
 
 with a very considerable loss, a number of prisoners, and one 
 General taken by us; the loss of the enemy cannot be less than 4 or 
 5,000. Ours has been severe. The Americans were commanded by 
 Generals Lears and Boyd. 
 
 (Signed) William Morrison, 
 
 Lieutenant Colonel 89th Regiment. 
 
 Kingston Gazette, Saturday, Nov. 20, 1813. 
 
 We are assured on good authority, that the loss of the enemy 
 in the late action at Williamsburgh, exceeded 1,000 in killed, 
 wounded, prisoners and deserters ; their flight was precipitate 
 during the remainder of the day and night after the action ; on the 
 morning of the 12th they regained their own shore in the greatest 
 confusion, and in momentary expectation of being attacked. 
 Several officers of distinction were killed and wounded. Major 
 General Covender was dangerously wounded, and is since dead ; 
 Lieutenant-Colonel Preston, noted for his ridiculous and insulting 
 proclamation at Fort Erie, inviting the inhabitants of Upper 
 Canada to place themselves under his protection, was dangerously 
 wounded. One six-pounder field piece was taken on the charge, 
 and about 120 prisoners, 350 or 400 stand of arms were collected on 
 and near the field of action. 
 
 " The Militia of Cornwall and the neighbouring townships have 
 come forward in the most spirited and loyal manner, and are daily 
 joining the troops, shewing a spirit worthy of their ancestors, and 
 a noble example to their countrymen. We sincerely hope it will 
 be followed, and if the inhabitants of Upper Canada are true to 
 themselves, they can have no reason to fear all the efforts of the 
 enemy." Thus ended the attack which had been made with the 
 usual boastful spirit. According to an American writer in the New 
 York Herald, at that time, the American Commander-in-Chief was 
 "a contemptible wretch," guilty of "low ribaldry," a drunkard, 
 having to take " two drinks of hot rum to enable him to go through 
 the operation of shaving," and finally as given to singing 
 
 " I am now a going to Canada, 
 And there I will get money — 
 And there I'll kiss the pretty squaws 
 They are as sweet as honey " 
 
 Not alone did the Midland district supply its quota of men for 
 the incorporated militia; but the rich soil along the borders of the 
 
QUAKERS OBJECT TO SHIN PLASTERS. 857 
 
 bay gave abundantly to the commissariat department. During the 
 first year of the war, there was a time when the troops at Kingston 
 had no more than a week's provision. Under these circumstances 
 the Commandant enquired of Colonel Cartwright if he knew of any 
 one who could be depended upon to raise the required supplies 
 which were known to exist in the district. Cartwright in- 
 formed him that the required person could at once be obtained in 
 the person of Captain Eobert Wilkins. Captain Wilkins, who had 
 raised a company in the beginning of the war, was accordingly sent 
 for, and instructed to prepare to undertake, as chief commissary, 
 the duty. He asked for written instructions and authority that he 
 might not be hindered in his work — that Militia Colonels, and sub- 
 officers should yield to his demands for men to act as batteaux men, 
 or do any other required duty to impress conveyances, &c. He 
 was asked if he would be ready to set out in a day or two. The 
 reply was, I will start in half an hour. " The devil you will," said 
 the Commandant, "so much the better," and Captain Wilkins 
 quickly wrote his resignation as Capta,in to the company, settled 
 his hotel bill, and was on his way up the bay toward Picton. Arrived 
 there, he called upon Mr. Cummings, and desired him to act as 
 agent, which request was acceded tOc He then pushed on to the 
 head of the bay, at the Carrying Place, and established an agency 
 there, afterwards his head-quarters. Proceeding to Myers' Creek, 
 he procured as agent the services of Simon McNabb. 
 
 In the vicinity of Picton, were a considerable number of 
 Quakers, who, although not wanting in loyalty, would, not only, 
 not take up arms, but conscientiously would not sell the produce of 
 their farms and take in payment government bills, or " shin plasters," 
 then in circulation. Of course, they could, without scruples, sell 
 their grain to any one without asking questions, for gold or silver 
 but to take ephemeral paper born of war, and its circulation recog- 
 nizing a state of war, was another thing. They absolutely refused 
 to take it. Colonel Wilkins believing in their sincerity, at once 
 wrote to the Commandant at Kingston, for a certain sum of gold, 
 which was promptly forwarded. Thus the granaries of the rich 
 section of the county in Prince Edward were opened. But Wilkins 
 had not waited for the gold ; on his own responsibility he had 
 bought the grain promising to pay them as they required, and 
 Mr. Cummings had been diligently carrying out his orders. 
 
 Commissary Wilkins had other difl&culties to contend with. 
 In some sections there was a disposition to hold the produce 
 
558 PRI80NBBS. -^ ^. > 
 
 until prices were better, although pork, for instance, was fetching 
 $14 a barrel. They wished to get $20. The result of this was Bh 
 " half martial law," by which provisions, wherever found, could be^ 
 taken at a fair valuation. But Colonel Wilkins says that this had 
 rarely to be done, By kind persuasion, showing the people that- 
 their duty should lead them to be satisfied with a fair price, ho 
 sueceeded in getting all the supplies of provision he wanted. 
 
 The duties devolving upon him were numerous and onerousi . 
 He had to supervise the batteaux carrying provisions up and down ' 
 the bay from a distance, and often would have to give orders for ■* 
 3 or 400 men to be collected to propel the batteaux, or assist to 
 transport articles across the Carrying Place, ' 
 
 The rate of pay given to an officer, acting as pilot, or conductor 
 to batteaux, was lOs, per day. Privates impressed to carry or assist' • 
 received 2s. 6d., with rations ; but supplied themselves with blankets. 
 They were paid immediately their work was done, by Wilkinsv ' 
 We have before us a requisition sent by Wilkins to Colonel Bell in^ 
 April, 1814, i'y^ 40 ]irivate9, and officer to manage the King's '' 
 batteaux, as there waa a quantity of provisions to be conveyed to* 
 Queenston Heights. 
 
 Although the foe found no footing, and made no attempt to land 
 along the bay, the inhabitajits had the opportunity of seeing not a^*^ 
 few of their would be conquerors, as they passed as prisoners of war ^ 
 on their way to Quebec. Many of the 1000 taken at Detroit had to^ 
 march along the road the whole length of the Province. Some were 
 taken in batteaux, and others were conveyed in vessels down the lake 
 as far as Kingston. Many of those who walked "vent by the way of 
 the Prince Edward Peninstila, by Wellington and Picton, crossing the 
 bay at the Stone Miilsv others went by way of Napanee, and thence to 
 Kingston. One way was as convenient as the other, as there was no 
 bridge across the Kiver Trent. Persons are now living {Jong the 
 routes who recollect the crest-fallen appearance of these prisoners ; 
 the more so, because the people whom they had come to invade, and 
 dispossess, shewed them acts of kindness, and gave them food to eat. 
 One old lady, so old that she remembers the Eevolutionary War in 
 1788, says she told them she had given the British troops all she had 
 to eat, as they passed up to conquer them, and she now as gladly 
 gave food to them. Those brought in batteaux were transported 
 across the Carrying Place into the bay. No doubt they appreciated 
 the beauty of the scenery along the route, uid had their appetite 
 affected for die land they coveted. 
 
THE WOUNDED. 5W 
 
 On the morning of August 29, 1812, there arrived at Kingston, 
 His Majesty's ships Royal George, Earl of Moira, and Prince Begent, 
 with 400 prisoners, and General Hull. 
 
 ' The must of the prisoners taken at the Niagara frontier were 
 carried in batteaux, and by the bay, Colonel Scott among the rest. 
 
 At a later date, arrived the American prisoners, General Chandler 
 and Waider, captured at Stoney Creek. And again, " Arrived at this 
 place yesterday, March Ist, 1813, on their way to Quebec, whither 
 they will proceed to-day, Brigadier-General James Winchester, 
 Colonel William Lewis, and Major George Madison, a,ttached to the 
 American army, captured by General Proctor on the River Rafino." 
 We copy the following : 
 
 " Quebec, November 2nd. On Friday and Saturday were escorted 
 by a detachment of Major Bell's Cavalry, from their quarters, at 
 Bauport, to the new gaol, twenty-throe American officers, and on the 
 latter day were also taken from the prison ships, and escorted by a 
 detachment of the 103rd regiment to the same prison, a like number 
 of non-commissioned officers, making in all forty-six conformable to 
 the General Orders of the 27 th October." 
 
 But other sights than prisoners of war were presented during the 
 conflict. Owing to the exposed state of the Province in the west, 
 after the taking of York, a large number of the woun<l€d were re* 
 moved from the Niagara region to Kingston, sometimes by ships, 
 sometimes by batteau. Many of those wounded at Lundy's Lane 
 were taken by schoonet to York, and thence by batteau down the 
 lake shore, across the Carrying Place, and along the bay. Among 
 them was Sheriif Ruttan, who was left at his father's house, to th« 
 kind care of his family. In Uiift connection it may be observed that 
 Surgeon Dougall, of Prince Edward Militia, served nine months at 
 Kingston, and Dr. Meacham, of Belleville, also served during the 
 most of the war. 
 
 We will here give an extract from an obituary notice taken from 
 the Hastings Chronicle. 
 
 "A Vi:teranop1812. — "Of the Provincial troops, the Glengary 
 regiment of Infantry took perht^s the most active part. At the age 
 of fifteen, Jonathan Phillips enlisted in this corps, then being raised 
 throughout Canada. The urgent necessity for recruits inducing the 
 authorities to accept youths even of that tender age. The story will best 
 be told, as nearly as may be, in the veteran's own words :— ■" I was bora 
 in Duchess County, State of New York, in the year 1796j ray father 
 came from Devonshire, England, and my mother from Edinburgh, 
 Scotland. In 1809, my parents removed to Canada and settled in Fred- 
 
560 JONATHAN PHILLIPS' STATEMENT. 
 
 ericksburgh, County of Lennox and Addington. In January, 1812, 1 
 was working for Mr. Chapman, in Fredericksburgh, getting out 
 square pine, oak, and staves ; whilst thus employed, Captain Judkins, 
 formerly of the 104th Regiment of the Line, asked me to enlitjt, and 
 I joined the Glengary's, and in a few days after was sent to Kingston 
 with about twenty other recruits from Fredericksburgh, Richmond, 
 and Emesttown. AVe remained in Kingston till navigation opened, 
 when the recruits assembled at that place, about 200 in all, descended 
 the St. Lawrence in batteaux to Three Rivers, where we received 
 uniforms, arms, and accoutrements, and commenced to Isarn our drill. 
 Tlie corps now mimbered about 800. 
 
 Towards autumn we were ordered to Quebec, in charge of about 
 1000 prisoners from General Hull's army, captured in the west. We 
 remained at Quebec a month or six weeks. In October, 1812, we 
 were ordered to the west, (the season is recalled from the recollection 
 that as they marched from Quebec the farmers were busy cutting 
 wheat on the hillsides, and the snow was falling at the time). The 
 march was by the North Shore road to Montreal. Here we remained 
 aU winter, expecting the Americans to attack that city. In the month 
 of March, before the sleighing was gone, the regiment was ordered 
 to Kingston, taking with them several pieces of cannon, which were 
 drawn by oxen. The men marched. The cattle that d^ew the can- 
 non and baggage, were slaughtered at Kingston for provisions. We 
 remained a month at Kingston, and then passed up the Bay of Quinte 
 to the Carrying Place in batteaux. The baggage and batteaux were 
 transported across the Isthmus into Lake Ontario, and we re-embarked 
 for York. On our arrival at York we were forwarded with all 
 despatch to Burlington Bay. We first met the Yankees at Stoney 
 Creek, and then pushed on towards Fort George. We halted at the 
 village of St. Davids, and encamped at the cross-roads. The Yankees 
 held Fort George ; when they discovered we were so near them they 
 retreated upon Black Creek. We followed them up, and had a battle 
 with them at Lundy's Lane, on 26th July, 1813. In this affair I 
 was in the advance guard, or reconnoitering party. The enemy 
 retreated upon Fort Erie, and we pursued them and had several 
 skirmishes with them. They blew up the fort, and evacuated Canada. 
 In the fall of the year we marched back to York ; there we em- 
 barked in batteaux and came to the Carrying Place — thence we 
 crossed into the Bay of Quinte, and thence to Kingston. From 
 Kingston we marched to Adolphustown Court House, and were 
 billeted upon the farmers in that vicinity during the ensuing winter. 
 There were from eight to ten men in each house. Whilst here we 
 assembled every day at the Court House, at ten a. m., for drill — we 
 were at least 800 strong. 
 
 On the 23rd March, 1814, all the three years' men were paraded 
 at the Court House, paid off, and discharged. Each man so discharged 
 drew lOO acres of land in Upper Canada, farming utensils, and a 
 year's provisions. The provisions were distributed every three 
 mouths, at Robert Charles Wilkinq' store, at the Carrying Place." 
 
,^...,^^ REWARD. ^^i^v,,,_ 
 
 561 
 
 From the time of his discharge till his decease, Phillips resided 
 in the County of Hastings, pursuing the usual occupation of the first 
 settlers of this county. For many years he followed "lumbering" 
 in winter, and farming in the summer seasons, but being trustworthy, 
 intelligent, and of a kindly disposition, his services were frequently 
 sought after for various purposes. Several years ago, the farm which 
 he drew for his militai'y service, and which, for many years, afibrded 
 him a home and a support, he sold for the sum of $1,900, thus enjoy- 
 ing in his old age the well earned reward of the loyalty and courage 
 of his youth. He died at his home, in the second concession, Eawdon, 
 on the 15th February, 1868. 
 
 ?. THE militiaman's REWARD. 
 
 General Brock, on his way to Detroit, assembled the Legislature, 
 and amongst other Acts, one was passed for the organization of a 
 battalion of " Incorporated Militia," a body distinct from the Sedentary 
 Militia. It was an inducement held out for action ; and to properly 
 fitted persons, to raise companies and regiments for service during 
 the war. According to Ruttan, any one enlisting five persons was 
 entitled to an Ensigncy ; ten, a Lieutenancy ; twenty, a Captaincy ; 
 fifty, a Major; and forty a Lieutenant-Colonel. Subsequently, 
 in 1814 and 15, the Legislature "voted the supplies necessary 
 to fill up the incorporated regiments to 800 men. A service of 
 plate, and a pension of £20 per aimum for the wounded, or for the 
 widows of the killed, as well as an address to His Majesty for an 
 allowance of 100 acres of land for each man, whether belonging to the 
 regiment of flank companies or the Sedentary Militia." 
 
 No truly patriotic and brave man will seek, or demand a pro- 
 mise of reward for defending, or fighting for the interests of his 
 country. He requires no more than what comes from a conscious- 
 ness of his duty done, and his country's honor maintained ; the 
 land of his birth, or choice, preserved from the desecration of an 
 invader's foot. But when the deadly conflict has incapacitated the 
 brave one for the ordinary avocations of Hie, and be is left, perhaps, 
 with a family, unable to secure life's comforts ; or when the torch 
 of war — of the unchristian men, such as President Madison, and 
 his cold-blooded servant, Colonel McClure, at Niagara, — leaves the 
 homes of helpless women in ashes ; or with wilful wantoness destroys 
 for the mere pleasure of gratifying a worse than heathenish dispo- 
 sition, then the tried veteran has a right to be rewarded in a sub- 
 stantial manner. The Government of Canada, as well as that of 
 Great Britain, has never been found remiss in afibrding suitable 
 rewards to those who were truly and knowingly worthy. 
 36 
 
562 LANDS GRANTED. . 
 
 The smoke of war in 1815 had barely cleared away, after the 
 Americans had sought and obtained a peace, to them ignoble, ere 
 the Canadian Government took stops to secure a just reward to all 
 worthy men. And to this end the followine: general order appeared 
 in the Kingston Gazette, 17th July, 1815, having reference to 
 settlers. 
 
 " Military S'^'^retary's Office, Kingston. 
 
 '* Each soldier to receive 100 acres of land ; officers entitled in 
 the first instance to 200. To receive provisions for themselves and 
 families for one year, that is those who had last or, who might 
 recjuire it on new land. Implements of husbafidry, and tools to be 
 supplied in sufficient quantities, and other conifortB according to 
 necessity to cultivate land. The land thus taken cannot bd sold 
 tttitil after three year's cultivation. Supt. Alex. McDonnell, and 
 Aii^B McDonnell, of G-lengftry Fencibles, to take ch^rgfe of the- 
 settlers." The same date was issued as follows : 
 
 ** Acting Militai^ Secretary, Williatn Gibson, issued A' 
 notice at Kingsion, 29th July, 1815, proclaiming that Boards to* 
 examine claims for losses met with during the Americjin war,' 
 should meet during August and September, at Amherstburg'h, Fort 
 George, York, Kingston, and Fort Wellington. 
 
 "All discharged soldiers, applying for lands are to g5Ve iff 
 their names to Edward Jones, late of the 9th Eegiment. noW resid- 
 ing in the old Barrack Square. (Signed) — P. P. Robinson, Sticritary, 
 July 31. i&wciinim 
 
 AgAin is founds-" Lieutenant Governor's Office, YOi-k, D6c. Id', 1816. 
 
 Hi^ Excellency, the liteutenant-Governor hd^ been pledsfed to 
 a^^oint Surgeon Anthony Marshall, of Kirigstoii, to exdmihd alnd 
 ^ant certificates of disability to Militiamen disabled ft'oM Wbnrids 
 ife<ifeiVed on service in defence of the Province during the fate 
 vrAV. (Sighed)— Edward McMahoist, AssiifOnt Secretdi-y. 
 
 Among the Militia General Orders issued from the Adjutant 
 General's office, appeared the following : 
 
 " His Excellency, Sir Frederick P. Robinson, Major-Generat 
 Commanding, and Provincial Lieutenant-Governor of the Province 
 of tJpper Canada, has great satisfaction in publishing to the Militia 
 of that Province, the following extract of a letter from Earl 
 Bathurst, one of His Majesty's Secretaries of State ; addressed to 
 His Excellency Sir Gordon Drummond, dated Downing-street, 
 13th June, 1815, 
 
OPPIOIAL REOOONITION. ** 563 
 
 54^ 1^ "I should have felt that I was acting unjustly towards you and 
 the officers and men under your command, if I had forborne bring- 
 ing under the notice of His Royal Highness the Prince Regent, 
 the great meritorious exertions, so long and so successfully made 
 by them for the preservation of the Upper Province. I am com- 
 manded to assure you, that His Royal Highness has contemplated 
 your efforts with the highest satisfaction, not more on account of 
 the skill and vialor uniformly displayed by His Majesty's Troops, 
 in presence of the enemy, than of the patience with which the 
 privations incident to the peculiar nature of the service were 
 supported and finally overcome." 
 ./j(^ " You will not fail to convey to the Troops under your Com- 
 >ir** mand, the strongest expression of His Royal Highjitoss's approba- 
 D:<* tion, and to accept for yourself and the army under your orders, 
 :^*^ that testimony which His Royal Highness is so anxious to bear, 
 0^*^ to the great service which yoti have rendered to your country." 
 " Nor is HiR Royal Highness insensible to the merits of the 
 inhabitaniB of Upper Canada, or to the great assistance which the 
 - ^ilitia of the Province afforded duiing the whole of the war, Hia 
 Royal Highness trusts that you will express to them in adequate 
 ^ivterms, the high sense which he entertains of their sei-vices, as 
 having mainly contributed to the immediate preservatioM of the 
 ^Province, and its future security." N. Oofpin, Adjutant General of 
 ' MiUtia, 
 
 In 1815 the Legislature granted £6,000, stg. £5,883 6s. 8d. to 
 be applied as follows : — To the officers, non-commissioned offiieerB, 
 and privates of the incorporated militia, six months' jmy, £4,594 
 158. 2d. To the officers and non-commissioned officers of the linei 
 attached to the incorporated militia, the well piay of thetr respective 
 tanks in the said corps, £1,000. To the officers and non-commis- 
 sioned officers, and privates of the incorporated militia artillery, 
 Six months' pay, £288 lis. 6d. To the speaker of the House of 
 Assembly^ to purchase a sword to be presented to Colonel Robinson, 
 late of the incoporated militia, 100 guineas. 
 
564 X COVETOUSNB88. i.n 
 
 CHAPTER LXIV. 
 
 C'ONTKNTfi — The Six Nations in 1812 — American Animus—" Manifest Degtiny"— 
 
 ()i/5, Mohawk Indiana — ^A right to defend their homes— Inconsistency — American 
 
 Savagefi — Extract from Playtcr — Brock's proclamation — Indian character, 
 
 conduct, eloquence — Deserters in 1812 — Few of them — Court-martials — The 
 
 , .,j^i attempts at conquest by the Americans — The numbers — Result of war— « 
 
 Canadians saved the country — And can do so — Fraternal kindness. 
 
 THE SIX NAtiONS AS oAtJADIANS IN T 81 2. 
 
 nbh Maintaining their wonted hostile attitude to the Mohawks, and 
 continuing to charge, upon the British and Canadian Governments, 
 an uncivilized procedure, the Americans have attempted to create 
 a belief that we waged not a warfare according to civilized ideas. 
 Civilization consists, in the mind8ofAmericans,in just those views, 
 theories, beliefs, and proceedings, which belong to the Great United 
 States, and nothing can eminate from their government that is not 
 in strict accordance with civilization, — their civilization. It so 
 happens that one of their beliefs is that destiny manifestly intends 
 that they shall possess all of North America. In 1812, a pretext 
 was formed under the question of the right to search American 
 vessels for deserters from British service, to declare war against 
 England. Thij was regarded by Madison and the Government sat^ 
 Washington, a fitting opportunity to make the already cherished 
 attempt to obtain the British Provinces. It was not in accordance 
 with their ideas of liberty and civilization, to give the slightest 
 heed to the wishes of the loyalists whom they had, years before, 
 forced away, and who had already done much to convert the 
 wilderness into a noble Province; the British subjects who had 
 emigrated to America, and preferred the yet infant colony of 
 Canada, to the more advanced, but distasteful, United States. And 
 still more, the Mohawk Indians, whom they had so cruelly treated, 
 who had found homes under a benign and fatherly government, 
 were not only disregarded, but their very right to defend their 
 homes was denied by the very civilized government which longed 
 to get Canada. And hence we find attempts made to cast obloquy, 
 upon the Canadians, in connection with the war of 1812. The 
 people who strove, but vainly, to enlist the Mohawks in their 
 service in 1776, with wonderful inconsistency, in 1812, issue pro- 
 clamations that no quarter will be given to Indians, nor the Cana- 
 
» .'^^ SAVAGES. "4 '-565 
 
 dians who were found fighting side by side. Yet, in the same war- 
 they had all the Indians they could get to assist in their invasion 
 of a peaceful Province, who actually assisted in the hellish work of 
 plunder in the Niagara region. The Senecas took sides with them. 
 The Indians who had found a home in Canada, had a i-ight to 
 defend their country, and willingly did they march to the field. 
 They rendered important service at Detroit when the immortal 
 Brock hurled back the braggart foe, took General Hull and his 
 army prisoners, and conquered the territory of Michigan. They 
 likewise did good service at Queenston Heights. 
 
 A few instances occured where individual Indians did lapse 
 into the warfare nature had implanted into their breasts. But let it 
 be distinctly and emphatically stated that they were exceptions. 
 " But the savage conduct of the white United States troops, was 
 worse than the employment of savages. In civilized wars, or the 
 wars of Christian people with each other,! (alas ! that Christians 
 and war should be associated I) the usual rule is to harm only those 
 who aim to harm, and to pass by the peaceable and unarmed. Con- 
 sidering, too, that the Canadian people were not enemies, but had 
 always friendly dispositions towards the United States, that the 
 war was merely for remote and abstract questions, that the British 
 Canadians never set the example, that maurading was not the rule 
 Of the British officers and armies (as evinced before the world 
 in the wars with Bonapartej, — the United States Government 
 selecting the province as a battle field, should have treated 
 the inhabitants without arms as mere spectators of the conflict. 
 Shame on President Madison, and his cabinet of Christian " (?) " 
 gentlemen, for ordering their General, McClure (under the name 
 and seal of John Armstrong, Secretary of War), to burn up the 
 Town of Niagara, and turn 400 women and children into the snow 
 and icy streets, on a December day of a rigid Canadian winter ! 
 Had the cruelty been accomplished by a tribe of Indians, no 
 astonishment would have been felt ; but for Christians thus to treat 
 Christians, and for people of the same ancestry, to show such 
 barbarity, shows that the bad passions of the human heart are the 
 same in the civilized as in the savage. The war might have been 
 carried on, so that friendship might soon be resumed ; but the 
 dreadful aggravation, left in the bosoms of the Canadian settlers, 
 fiuch hatred as remains to the present day. The writer has even 
 heard women say, on the banks of the St. Lawrence, that if the 
 Americans ever invaded Canada again, they would shoulder muskets 
 
UKf^ INDIAN RIGHTS. • 
 
 with their husbands. The domocracy of the United States, like the 
 democracy of the French Eevolution, proffered liberty with the 
 left hand, and scattered the fire-brands of savage war with the 
 right."— (Playter.) 
 
 The invading general having issut i a proclamation, declaring 
 that Canadians found fighting beside the Indians should have no 
 quarter. Major-General Brock, in an address, issued to the Cana- 
 dians at Fort George, July 22nd, 1812, referring to this matter, 
 says :— 
 
 " Be not dismayed at the unjustifiable threat of the Commander 
 of the enemy's forces to reluse quarter, should an Indian appear in 
 the ranks. 
 
 " The brave bands of the Aborigines which inhabit this colony 
 wore like His Majesty's other subjects punished for their zeal and 
 fidelity, by the loss of their possesions :n the late colonies, and re- 
 warded by His Majesty with lands of superior value in the Pro- 
 vince. The faith of the British Government has never yet been 
 violated by the Indians, who feel that the soil they inherit is to 
 them and their prosperity, protected from the base arts so frequently 
 devised to over-reach their simplicity." 
 
 " By what new principle are they to be prohibited from defend- 
 ing their property ? If their warfare from being different to thftt 
 of the white people, be more terrific than that of the enemy, let him 
 retrace his steps, they seek him not, and cannot expect to find 
 women and children in an invading army. 
 
 " But they are men, and have equal rights with all other men 
 to defend themselves and their property when invaded, more espe- 
 cially when they find in the enemj^'s camp a ferocious and mortal 
 foe, usin^ the same warfare which the American commander affeote 
 to reprobate." 
 
 " This inconsistent and unjustifiable threat of refusing quarter, 
 for such a cause as being found in arms with a brother sufferer, in 
 defense of invaded rights, must be exercised with the certain 
 assurance of retaliation,' not only in the limited operations of war 
 in this part of the King's dominion, but in every quarter of th^ 
 globe ; for the national character of Britain is not less distinguished 
 for hunianity than strict retributive justice, which will consider the 
 execution of this inhuman threat as deliberate murder, for which 
 every subject of the offending power must make expiation." — 
 (Signed, Isaac Brock.) 
 
DESERTERS. 'V Atf ' 
 
 In concluding this subjoct, we will quote the language of one 
 W^Orose to subline eloquence in collection with another event. 
 
 Seeing the on-coming moment of the extinction among the 
 Americans — vainly resisting the inevitable fate, but still lofty and 
 noble. Thus spoke a Seneca chief: — " Who is it causes this river 
 to rise in the high mountains, and to empty itself in the ocean ? 
 Who is it that causes to blow the loud winds of winter, and that 
 calms them again in summer ? Who is it that roars up the shade 
 of those lofty forests, and blasts them with the quick lightning at 
 his pleasure ? The same spirit, who gave you a country on the 
 other side of the waters, gave this land to us, and wo will defend 
 it." 
 
 We would fail in our whole task did we not refer to one more 
 topic; that concerning Deserters. There were, during the time of 
 war, a few instances of desertion. There is eveiy reason to believe, 
 that the wily Americans sent emmissaries Into the country with 
 the object of tamperipg with the Canadians. The following, while 
 having a local reference, will»oxplain the steps taken by Govern- 
 ment tt) meet the requirements ot the day in this i-espect : 
 
 Preaiden,t'8 Office, Upper Ca,nada, Kingston, 24th March, 181|4. 
 
 His Honor the President has been pleased to appoint by com- 
 mission, bearing this date, the under-mentioned gentlemen to be 
 commissioners, for carrying into effect the provisions of an Act 
 passed in the last session of the Legislature of this Province, 
 entitled *' An Act to empower His Majesty, for a limited tirade, to 
 secure and detain such persons as His Majesty shall suspect qf 
 treasonable adherence to the enemy, in the several dictricts of 
 this Province respectively: — For Midland District — ^The Hon. K. 
 Cartwright, Alexander McDonell, Alexander Fisher, Thomas Dor- 
 land, Timothy Thompson, Thomas Markland, Peter Smith, John 
 Cumi](iing, James McNabb, Ebenozer Washburn, Eobert (^j Wijkins, 
 James Young, William Crawford. {; " j- 
 
 In every war there will be some desertions, and during t^ 
 war of 1812, there were found a few, and a few indeed, who were 
 base enough to desert from the ranks of the Canadian Mililji^, 
 
 The several attempts at conquest of Canada were : — 
 
 Ist Invasion . . Gen. Hull at Sandwich .... with 3,000 men. 
 
 .. « VanRansler » Wodwbrth . .' . ' '« 2,000 " 
 
 .. « Smyth '< Port Erie . ... " 3,000 « 
 
 .. '< Pike "York " 2,500 •«. 
 
 .. « Dearborno " Fort George. . « 3,000 '* 
 
 .. •' Winchester, for Montreal, " Chryslers Farm " 3,000 " 
 
 . . " Hampden " Chateauguay B. " 8,000 " 
 
 .. «< Brown .,...." Fort Erie " 5,000 " 
 
 .. «' «' .■.;;'..".'.'..'. '< Ltmdy's Lane " 5,000 <« 
 
 . , « Izzard " Port Erie .... " 8,000 f* 
 
 . . " Wilkinson , . " Lacate Mills , . '< 2,500 " 
 
 Total number of men , 45,000. 
 
 2nd 
 
 (1 
 
 3rd 
 
 (1 
 
 4th 
 
 II 
 
 Sth 
 
 i( 
 
 6th 
 
 II 
 
 7th 
 
 u 
 
 Sth 
 
 II 
 
 Sth 
 
 II 
 
 10th 
 
 II 
 
 11th 
 
 II 
 
668 UNCIVILIZED WAUKAKE. 
 
 "The forogoin^ iw an aggregate of the attompt to invade 
 Canada by the United Statow Ibrcos when tlioy «uoa for peace ; 
 and, when hucIi was proclaimed, they did not lind thoniBolvos in 
 poMMCSsion of one inch of Canadian Territory." — (Clark.) 
 
 TluH gloriouM result was duo, in a great measure, to the loyalty 
 and bruverv of the Canadian Militia. The first year, the Militia 
 alone saved the Province. 
 
 The close of the war left no unpleasant remembrance. Called 
 to arms for the most noble purpose, that of defending their 
 homes, they discharged their duty bravely, but without unnecessary 
 violence. There were no acts of cruelty to be laid to their 
 charge. It was only the unprincipled foe that could bo guilty 
 of deeds of barbaric darkness. It remained for the American 
 General Harrison to burn, contrary to the rules of civilized warfare, 
 a peaceful village, and for General McClure to apply the torch to 
 the building which protected the wounded men, women, and chil- 
 dren, from the piercing cold of a December night, an outrage only 
 equalled by their firing on a BritisJ) flag of truce, under General 
 EosB, before the capital Washington. These acts of villany met a 
 just retribution. The former by destroying the frontier settlements 
 from Lewiston to Buffalo, the latter by the destruction of the 
 Capital. Canadians — Britons can deal out Just retribution, as well 
 as they can defend their homes. And the Americans ought to 
 know, and remember, that no acts of cowai'dly villany toward us 
 will for over go unpunished. They incited i-ebellion among us in 
 1837-8. They have encouraged Fenianism, and assisted them as a 
 people to invade our territoiy, and kill our young men. For this 
 will come a day of judgment. It may not be this century, but it 
 will come. Let but one more attempt be made to secure a» footing 
 on our soil, and the Americans will learn that Canadians can, and 
 will, retaliate. The haixly i:f>'^ost Canadian goaded to seek justice, 
 will play the raider also. Ours is a frontier, over which they may 
 come and do much mischief; but their's is equally lengthj', and 
 exposed. A sheet of flame will burst along their frontier as well as 
 ours, the destruction will not be all on side. 
 
 During the Crimean war, the Canadians took great pleasure in 
 giving contributions for the relief of the soldiers, wives and children. 
 But this was only returning a like kindness displayed by England 
 at the time of the invasion and rapine in 1812. The wanton 
 destruction of Canadian homes brought much distress. By the 
 Kingston Gazette of 5th December, 1813, we sec "that the total sum 
 subscribed in the City of London for the relief of the sufferers in 
 Canada (which has come to our knowledge), amounts to £10,419 
 10s. Od." And the same year " The General Assembly of Nova 
 Scotia gave to the distressed of Upper Canada £2,500." An act of 
 fraternal kindness that Canadians have been ready to return during 
 the last year. 
 
.*."/««wf6' ^«'^^«**/'f'M,i .'««^ 
 
 DIVISIOJS^ XI. .'^ 
 
 ADVANCE OF CIVILIZATION. 
 
 CHAPTER LXV. 
 
 Contents — Canada's first Htep in ciTillzation — Slavery in America — By whom 
 ,^ introduced — False charge — Slavery in Canada — History — Imperial Aotg — 
 I Legislation in Canada — The Hcvural clauKes — In Lower Canada — .Fustico 
 Osgood — Slavery at the Rebellion — Among the U. E. Loyalists — Those who 
 held slaves — Descendants of the slaves — " A British slave" — " For sale " — 
 "Indian slave" — Upper Canada's Record — Compared with the States — 
 Liberty — Why the United States abolished slavery — Honor to whom honor 
 is due. 
 
 SLAVERY. 
 
 Wo dovoto a chapter to the subject of slavery, which may bo 
 appropriately noticed under advance of civilization. There can be 
 no greater indication of a truly civilized people than a successful 
 attempt to emancipate those in bondage. In this respect Upper 
 Canada was very far in advance of the United States, and even of 
 England herself. 
 
 The Americans have not unfrequently essayed to fasten the 
 ignominy of this domestic institution {Jupon the British nation, by 
 asserting that it was the English that first brought slaves to the 
 American continent. Supposing this to be true, it was the most 
 pitiable attempt at excuse for continuing ibo accursed thing, after 
 Britain had spent millions to abolish slavery in all her broad realm, 
 that can possibly be imagined. But it is all untrue that slaves 
 were first brought by the English. It was the Dutch, who found 
 sale for them in Virginia. This was in 1620. " Shortly after the 
 New England States adopted the ' institution,' the colonists and 
 merchants introducing and controlling the whole trade, Massa- 
 chusetts leading the way." And with all the cry, for ever echoing 
 in the North against the South, because of slavery; it was the 
 Yankee owners of ships, sent out from Northern ports to engage in 
 
670 "■ SLAVERY IN CANADA. 
 
 the world-condemned crime of the slave trade, that kept alive the 
 worst feature of American slavery, until the celebrated military 
 necessity of Lincoln, emancipated the Southern slaves. 
 
 The presentfgeneration of Canadians are almost ignorant of 
 the fact that the "institution" of slavery once existed in Canada, 
 both Lower and Upper. The proud and pleasing appellation, which 
 Canada enjoyed for so*many years, of a safe asylum for slaves, who 
 had effected their escape from the United States, is in most cases 
 alone known to have belonged to us. But the record of our young 
 country is so honorable upon the question of slavery, that the fact 
 that slaves did once breathe among us, casts no stigma upon the 
 maple leaf, no single stain upon her virgin garments. The fact 
 is, slavery could not live in Canada ; much less grow. The leading 
 principles which guided the settlers of the country were of too 
 noble a nature to accept the monstrous system of human bondage 
 as an appendage of the Colony. They felt the truthfulness of the 
 words, not long before uttered by John Wesley, that slavery was 
 the "sum of all villainies," and knew they would be villains of the 
 deepest dye to encourage it. v "i>»K. ./u<. im** ,v»v«: ,**««! -i ,bt*viiJi>'v ■ 
 
 The history of slavery from the time Joseph was sold by his 
 brothers into Egypt, by which it may be inferred that persons were 
 already held in bondage, up to the present, is of no little interest ; 
 but it forms no part of our task to give even a sketch of it, except 
 jn relation to its exictence in Canada. .i|>4ir^t^iij[«i(i«/ij- 
 
 In the year 1732, an Act was passed in the Imperial Parlia- 
 ment "for the more easy recovery of debts in His Majesty's plan- 
 tations and colonies in America," by which "lands, houses, negroes, 
 and Qther hereditaments and real estate, shall be liable to be Jtaken 
 by 'due process of Jaw for any indebtedness." ! ■'^'i^ '^'"■ 
 
 Another Imperial Act having reference to slavery in Canada, 
 was passed so late as 1790. The Act is intituled " An Act for 
 encouraging new settlers in lis Majesty's colonies and plantations 
 in America." Among other aings it is provided that if any per- 
 sons shall come to the West India Islands or the Province of Quebec, 
 from United States, with the view of settling, it shall be lawful for 
 such, having obtained a license from the Governor, to import among 
 other things " any negroes " he may possess. Such was tlie law 
 In all Canada when Upper Canada was erected into a distinct Pro- 
 vince. 
 
 The first Session of Parliament in Upper Canada was naturally 
 and necessarily^occupied in arranging the machinery requisite fof 
 
AN ACT '£0 ABOt^SH. 57J 
 
 the govei'nm,ent of the bo4y public. The second Session witnessed 
 legislation to secure defence of the country by organizing a mili- 
 tia body ; and also upon two most important subjects having rejfec- 
 emi.e to moral principles, viz. : concerning marriages, ^nd 
 .; ,i^!ili■ 4» -^ct to prevev-t tj^ further introduction of slaves, and to limit 
 the term of contract for servitude within this Province." x« tawovi iWix 
 
 " Whereas it is unjust that a people who enjoy freedom by law, 
 should encourage the introduction of slaves, and whereas it is 
 highly expedient to abolish slavery in this Province, so far a,8 the 
 same may gradually be done without violating private property ; 
 be it enacted by the King's Most Excellent ]^ajosty, by and with 
 the advice and consent of the Legislative Council and Assembly pf 
 the Province of Upper Canada," &c. It is enacted " that from and 
 after the passing of this Act, so much of a certain Act of the Par- 
 liaraejit of Great Britain, entitled " An Act for encouraging new 
 settlers," &c., as may enable the Governor or LieuteaantrGov.eruor 
 of this Province, heretofore parcel of His Majesty's Province of 
 Quebec, to grant a license for importing into the same, any negro 
 or negroes, shall be, and the same is hereby repealed ; and that 
 fl*om and after the passing of this Act) it shall not be lawful for 
 ihfi Governor to grant a license for the importation of any negro 
 or other person to be subjected to the condition of a slave, or to a 
 bounden involuntary service for life, in any part of this Province, 
 nor shitll any negro, or other person who shall come, or be brought 
 into the Province after the passing of this Act, bo subject to the 
 condition of a slave, or to such pewice as aforesaid, within this 
 Province, nor shall any voluntary contract of service or indentures 
 that may be entered into by any parties within this Province, 
 after the passing of this Act, be binding upon them or eithe;r of 
 them for a longer term than a term of nine years." }M»nA>. 
 
 The second clause provided that the owners of slaves, at the 
 time within the Province, should be secured in their property and 
 contriicts already made should not be affected. But in the third 
 clause it is declared that 
 
 " In oi-der to prevent the continuation of slavery within this 
 Province, be it enacted by the authority aforesaid, that immedi- 
 ately from and after the passing of this Act, every child that shall 
 be born of a negro mother, or other woman subjected to such ser- 
 vice as aforesaid, shall abide and remain with the master or mistress 
 in whose service the mother shall be living at the time of such 
 child's birth, (unletjs such mother and child shall, leave puoh 
 
572 THE CONDITIONS. 
 
 sorvipo, by and with the consent of such master or mistress)— and 
 such master or mistress shall, and is hereby required to give proper 
 nourishment and clothing to such child or children, and shall and 
 may put such child or children to work, when he, she, or they 
 shall be able so to do, and shall and may retain him or her in their 
 service until every such child shall have obtained the age of 25 
 years, at which time shall be entitled to demand his or hcj- 
 discharge from, and shall be discharged by such master or mistress, 
 from any further service. And to the end that the age of such 
 child or children may be more easily ascertained, the master or 
 mistress of the mother thereof, shall, and is hereby required, to 
 cause the day of the birth of every such child as shall be born of a 
 negro or other mother, subjected to the condition of a slave, in 
 their service, as aforesaid, to be registered within three months 
 after its birth, by the clerk of the parish, township or place wherein 
 such master or mistress reside, which clerk shall be authorized to 
 demand and receive the sum of one shilling for registering the 
 same. And in case any master or mistress shall refuse or neglect 
 to cause such register to be made within the time aforesaid, and 
 shall be convicted thereof, either on his or her confession, or by 
 the oath of one or more credible witnesses before any justice of the 
 peace, he or she shall for such offence forfeit and pay the sum of 
 £5 to the public stock of the district. ai^trtiiiiaifeH.. v^ fre^KyrroJv-i 
 ^'Btb'^f And be it further enacted, that in case any master or mistress 
 shall detain any such child born in their service, after the passing of 
 this Act, under any pretence whatever, after such servant shall have 
 attained the age of 25 years, except by virtue of a contract of service 
 or indentures duly and voluntarily executed, after such discharge as 
 aforesaid, it shall be for such servant to apply for a discharge to any 
 justice of the peace," and the party accused may be summoned to 
 show cause Avhy the servant is not discharged. The master failing 
 to prove the servant under age, the justice is to discharge the same, 
 and it was " provided always that in case any issue shall be born of 
 such children during their infant servitude or after, such issue shall 
 be entitled to all the rights and privileges of free-bom subjects." 
 
 "And be it further enacted, that whenever any master or 
 mistress shall liberate or release any person subject to the condi- 
 tion of a slave fi*om their service, they shall at the same time give 
 good and sufficient security to the church or town wardens of the 
 parish or township where they live, that the person so released by 
 them shall not become chargeable to the same, or any other parish 
 
. IN LOWER CANADA. 573 
 
 or township." This act which reflects so much glory upon the 
 Upper Canadian Legislators, was passed July 9, 1793. We thought 
 our readers would prefer to see the act complete than any synopsis 
 we might prepare . >«« ^hk. tmiS 
 
 ;u To Robert Gray, then Solicitor-General, is Upper Canada 
 primarily indebted for the above act. He was an earnest friend of 
 the African race. He was lost in the schooner Speedy, on Lake 
 Ontario. 
 
 Slavery in Lower Canada. — According to Garneau, in the 
 year 1689, it was proposed to introduce negroes to the colony of 
 France. But it was thought the climate would prove unsuitable. 
 That slavery was, not long after introduced, seems certain, and 
 that it " was legally recognized in Canada, is plain, from an 
 oi*dinanco of intendant Hocquart, dated 1736, regulating the manner 
 of emancipating slaves in Canada." — (Bell.) 
 
 There are extant several royal declarations respecting slaves 
 in the colony, bearing dates, 1 721, 1742, and 1745. At the Conquest 
 there were slaves in the province ; and slavery " then increased for 
 an instant, only to disappear forever." Slavery having continued 
 to exist in Canada until the first decade of the present century. 
 By a stipulation in the treaty of Montreal, the colonists were 
 " to be allowed to retain their slaves." Says Bell in Garneau's 
 history, "Sir L. H. Lafontaine in 1859, investigated this matter," 
 (renpecting the existence of slaves in PYench Canada), and from 
 the published reports of his enquiries, it appears that in 1799-1800, 
 the citizens of Montreal presented requisitions to Parliament, tend- 
 ing to cause the Legislature to vindicate the rights of masters over 
 their slaves. The applicants invoked in favor of their demand, an 
 ordinance rendered by Jacques Eoudat, 9th intendant, dated April 
 13, 1709, which edict was, they urged, in force when the definitive 
 treaty of peace was signed, and by consequence formed part and 
 parcel of the laws, usages, and customs, of Canada, recognized by 
 the Act of Quebec. The bills, on the subject, were introduced, in 
 1800, 1801, and 1803 ; but none of them passed. Since that time 
 no Local Legislation sanctioned this matter; and if the act of the 
 Imperial Parliament of 1797, had the effect of abolishing slavery 
 in the British plantations, these would, of course, include Canada." 
 "But," says Bell, the act in question could have no such effect. It 
 only enacted, that negroes could not be taken in execution as 
 chatties, for the debts of their masters, as had previously been the 
 case in His Majesty's American Colonies." It appears tolerably 
 
474 IN THE STATES. 
 
 ceftaln fVom tho fti'egomg, that slaves were iritrodnce<J b^" ttie 
 Freilch into Canada, about the beginning of tbe 18th century, and 
 that at least in 1709 it was a recognized institution, by virtue 
 of an edict issued by the intendant. And, when th6 country was 
 conquered by Great Britain, the colonists were " allowed to retain 
 their slaves." In 1784, when Upper Canada was first settled, the 
 number of slaves in Lower Canada according to census Was 364. 
 
 When Upper Canada, in 1793, took the lead in the whole of 
 Britain's vast dom'ain in legislating against slavery, Lower Canada 
 continued to regard it without disfavour ; a*nd, even in Montreal, 
 endeavoured to fix the chains of bondage more firmly upow the 
 ii^gro. But what the Provincial Legislature did not, althottgh pre- 
 sented with the example set by Upper Canada, was done in a differ- 
 ent way by Chief Justice Osgood, who in 1803, at Montreal, declared 
 slavery inconsistent With' the laws of the country, and gave freedom 
 TO the persons in that condition. Arid when the British Act of 
 Emancipation was passed, in 1833, setting free the slaves in all pafrts 
 of the Empire, there was no slaves in Canada, Upper or Lower. 
 Thirty years |)l^eviou9 had the evil been crushed in Lower Canada, 
 and forty years belbro Upper Canada had declared that it wa^ 
 " highly expedient to abolish slavery," and had enacted laws to 
 secure its abolition. 
 
 At the time 6f the rebellion of 1776—83, slavery was 
 am limited to the Southern States. #%^mfi^^ 
 
 i'ji'i There were a good many held by thie old Kriickerbtocfcer 
 f&ffiilies, both amongst the loyalists and rebels. When the famili'es 
 both of English and Dutch nationality, came as refugees to Canada, 
 there accompanied them a number of slates. In many cases these 
 slaves came of their own accoi«d, would not be separated from their 
 masters, with whom they always lived ; upon v^hose land they had 
 been born. Indeed, the attachment between these faithful blackd 
 SMd their ownei^ was frequently of the most enduring nature, and, 
 as \i^e shall see, in some cases, although made free, they wouM not 
 leave their old places as domestics. 
 
 The Rev. Mr. Stuart in his memoir, says, in speaking of his 
 i^emoval to Canada ; " My negroes, being ;^ei*son«l property, I take 
 with ni'e, one of which being a young man, and capable of beating 
 a*ms, I have to give £100 security to send back a white prisone* in 
 hte stead. Capt. Joseph Allan brought with him from New Jersey, 
 «fUr the War had ended, to Upper Osnada, three slaves— Tom, Sam 
 tfnd Sal. The two iaen, so'ctte years after, ran away to Lower 
 
SLAVB OWNERS. > 6 6TS 
 
 Canada. Their owner pursued them to Montreal, and searched for 
 thera for ten days ; bat failed to get them. He sold the female, 
 Sal, with her child, to Silas Hill, This boy was afterwards sold to 
 Abram Barker, who kept him until he became twenty-one, when 
 he became free. Freedom did not suit him, as he became a worth- 
 less fellow. Major VanAlstine had slaves, whom he treated with 
 patriarchal kindness, and who lived in great comfort in the old-fash- 
 ioned Dutch cellar kitchen, in his home, in Fourth Town. The 
 Bogarts and John Huyck also had slaves. Oapt. Myers had slaves ; 
 one, Black Bet, would never leave him, but continued until his 
 death, under the care of her old master. 
 
 Cartwright, Herkimer, and Bveritt, each was the owner of 
 slaves. And Powles Glaus, of the Mohawk settlement, had two 
 slaves. 
 
 Col. Clark speaks, in his memoirs of his mother's death, in ITSO*, 
 and of the funeral, when the negro Joe drove the favorite horses, Jolly 
 and Bonny, before the sleigh, painted black. Again, Col. C. says : 
 " After the Declaration of Independence, drovers used to come in 
 with droves of horses, cattle, sheep and negroes, for the use of the' 
 troops, forts, and settlers in Canada, and my father purchased his' 
 four negroes, three males and one female, named Sue. In 1812, she' 
 gladly returned to our family, haviiig become old and decrepid. 
 She died in our house at Ffteen-mile Creek, in 1814. 
 
 Sheriff Euttan says, "My uncle brought two negro servants 
 with him, who were very faithful, hard working fellows." Daring 
 the year of famine, they were sent from Adolphustown to Albany, 
 "for four bushels of Indian corn; a dreadful hazardous journey 
 through the forest, with no road, and the snow very deep. Th'ey' 
 executed this mission, and returned in safety." ^.^ff f+, 
 
 These slaves were generally faithful, good natured, and occa- 
 sionally mischievous. It was the custom, in the first years of 
 Canada, to place the ovens in the yard upon stakes, and they could 
 be lifted off them. It is related that sometimes they would carry off 
 slyly, the oven when filled with good things. 
 
 Sheriff Sherwood says : " In answer to your letter of yesterday, 
 as regards slaves, I only recollect two or three which settled in the 
 District of Johnstown ; one in particular, named Caesar Congo',' 
 owned by Captain Justus Sherwood, who came with his family in 
 the same brigade of boats that my father and family did, and locaited 
 about two miles above Prescott. They were the very frr^ actual 
 settlers. "Well I remember Ceesar Congo, then a stout, strong young" 
 
57iB|ii, LAST OP THE SLAVES. 
 
 man, and who often took the late Justice Sherwood, of Toronto, and 
 myself on his back to assist us along, while the boats were drawn 
 up the rapids. Ctesar was sold to a half-pay officer named Bottom, 
 who settled about six miles above Prescott, who, after a year's 
 service, gave Csesar his freedom. Csesar, soon af^yr married suitably, 
 and byhis industry obtained a snug little place in the town of 
 Brockville, where he lived many years, and died. -im^i. 
 
 Daniel Jones, father of Sir Daniel Jones, of Brockville, had a 
 female slave, and there were a few others residing in the district of 
 which I have no personal knowledge. 
 
 • Squire Bleeker, of the Trent, had a slave called Ham^^ 
 Abraham Cronk, of Sophiasburgh, bought a female slave from 
 Mrs. Simpson, of Myers' Creek, for $300. After a time, she 
 returned to Mrs. Simpson, with whom she lived till her death. 
 This female had a daughter, who grew up to be an unusually 
 "smart girl." 
 
 Nicholas Lazier had slaves. One, named Sal, was noted 
 for her attachment to Methodism, and would go long distances to 
 attend meetings. As a female 8lave,3Black Betty was one of the 
 first congregation, to which the first Methodist preacher in America 
 preached at New York, so this woman was one of the first Method- 
 ists at the Bay, and in Upper Canada. John Cronk and she were^ 
 the only Methodists in the Township for a long time. f 
 
 Pryne, who lived a short distance above Bath, had two slaves. 
 Col. Thompson also had some, and Lieut. McGrinness, of Amherst 
 Isle, likewise possessed tliem. Capt. Trumpour, of Adolphustown, 
 had two negroes. Leavens, of Belleville, bought a female slave of 
 Wallbridge, for $100. A son of hers was purchased by Captain 
 Mcintosh. 
 
 The Hon. Peter Eussell, when Eeceiver-General, had a man 
 and his wife as slaves, with their son and two daughters. 
 44 Samuel Sherwood, writing to a person at Kingston, from 
 Thurlow, in Oct. 1793, says, "My negro boy, and Canadian boy 
 have absented themselves last night without leave. I send Jim 
 and two Indians in pursuit of them. I beg, if you can give any 
 assistance, you will do me that service. McLean's black woman is 
 my boy's mother, he mayijcall to see her." 
 
 We have before us the copy of an assignment made in 1824, 
 by Eli Keeler, of Haldimand, Newcastle, to William Bell, of Thur- 
 low, of a Mulatto boy, Tom, in which it is set forth, that the said 
 boy has time unexpired to serve as the child of a female slave, 
 
"A BRITISH SLAVE." 577 
 
 namely, ten years, from the 29th Feb. 1824, according to the laws 
 of the Province ; for the sum of 075. Probably, this was the last 
 slave in Canada whose service closed, 1835. 
 
 There are, at the present time, a good many of the descendants 
 of the early Canadian slaves. Some of them have done badly, others 
 again have made themselves respectable and happy. The Mink 
 family are descended from an old slave that belonged to William 
 Herkimer. 
 
 When made free, they, in many instances, preferred to remain 
 in connection with their old masters, and even to this day, their 
 children manifest a predilection for the name of their fother's 
 master. In and about Belleville, may yet be found such as spoken 
 of Most, or all of these are descendants of " Black Bess" who, at 
 diiferent times, was in possession of the Wall bridge's, Leaven's„ 
 and McLellan. 
 
 In the Ottawa Citizen of 1867, appeared the following? '^'^*^^ 
 
 A British Slave — An old negro appeared at the Court of 
 Assize yesterday, in a case of Morris vs. Hennerson. He is 101 
 years of age, and was formerly a slave in Upper Canada, before the 
 abolition of slavery in the British possessions. He fought through 
 the American war in 1812, on the side of the British ; was at the 
 battles of Chippewa and Lundy's Lane, and was wounded at Sacket's 
 Harbour. He is in full possession of all his faculties. He was born 
 in New York State in 1766, and was the slave of a U. E. Loyalist 
 who brought him to Canada. He was brought to this city to prove 
 the death of a person in 1803, and another in 1804. '*' 
 
 It would seem odd enough at the present day to see the 
 following advertisements in a Canadian journal. This appeared in 
 che Gazette, Newark : 
 
 " For Sale.— a negro slave, 18 years of age, stout and healihy, 
 has had the small pox, and is capable of service, either in house or 
 oat door. The terras will be made easy to the purchaser ; and cash 
 or new lands received in payment. Enquire of the Printer. 
 
 "Niagara, November 28th, 1802." 
 
 "Indian Slave.— All persons are forbidden harboring, 
 employing, or concealing my Indian slave, called Sal, as I am 
 determined to prosecute any offender, to the utmost extremity of 
 the law; and persbns who may suffer her to remain on their 
 premises for the space of half an hour, without my written consent, 
 will be taken as offending, and dealt with according to law. 
 
 (Signed) Charles Fields. 
 
 Niagara, August 28th, 1802." 
 37 
 
A CONTRAST. 
 
 "For Sale — The nogroman and woman, the property of Mrs. 
 (widow) Clement. They have boon bred to the business of a farm ; 
 will bo sold on highly advantageous terms, for cash or lands. Apply 
 to Mrs. Clement. Niagara, January 9th, 1802." 
 
 We have seen that the record of Upper Canada with respect to 
 the subject of human bondage is particularly bright and honor6,ble. 
 This Province, in its very infancy, took the lead in severing the 
 fetters which a dark and penurious age had rivetted upon the bodies 
 • of the African. This blackest curse of the world, which the power 
 of England assisted to create, and which her offspring, the United 
 States, continued to perpetuate for so many years, was put aside by 
 the young Province at the first ; while, but a few years later, a 
 Canadian Judge, of Lower Canada, declared slavery to be inconsis- 
 tont with the laws of Canada. These are facts of which every 
 Canadian may well be proud. It was no " military necessity" which 
 'Caused the abolition of slavery in Canada. It was a question of 
 right, which the Canadian Parliament experienced no difficulty in 
 solving. How grand the spectacle ! How noble the conduct, 
 setting an example to the world ! In striking contrast, behold the 
 Uhited States. Flaunting their flag of liberty before the gaze of 
 the world, they cried " All men are born free and equal, with the 
 right to pursue that course which will lead to happiness ;" yet not- 
 withstanding these principles, enunciated with so much boldness, 
 and, year after year, proclaimed by wordy fourth of July orators ; 
 they continued, not only to hold slaves, but made the bonds tighter 
 until oceans of blood had been shed, and the Union Avas almost 
 destroyed — when it could not be saved with slavery, as Lincoln had 
 declai*ed he would wish to save it ; when it became necessary to 
 strike a blow, which the northern legions had been unable to deal 
 the Southern Confederacy, then, and not until then, were the slaves 
 declared to be free. Lincoln said he would save the Union with 
 slavery, if he could, failing this, then he would enlist the African 
 
 V slave to assist in saving the Union, by giving them liberty. The 
 i Southern blacks owe their liberty to-day, to the almost superhuman 
 ^courage of the people with whom they lived, who held them in 
 
 V bondage, not, it is true, because their masters wished to liberate 
 therh ; but beoaiuse they were unable to suociessfully combat the 
 perfect flood of mcii that was poured against theii* northettt borders^ 
 and which infested their sea- board with an unbroken circle of armed 
 vessels, shutting them out from all moans of carrying on the unequal 
 combat. It was this heroic attitude that made it necessary for 
 
'. FREEDOM. 
 
 Lincoln to issue the famous prochimation. Lottho freodman thank 
 the exigency which made necessary the step which broke the back 
 of the Confederacy, and thereby gave efficiency to the proclama- 
 tion. It cannot be doubted that the great body of abolitionists were 
 from the commencement of the war, anxious to secure the abolition 
 of slavery ; but they were impotent, their councils to the President 
 were unheeded, their desires disregarded. The great mass of the 
 Northerners had no sympathy with the poor slave, they only cared 
 for the Union ; and many of them woire oven dissatisfied that 
 Lincoln should resort to the plan of freeing them in oi-der to 
 save the Union. It is abundantly easy, now to declare that, from 
 the fii*8t the Washington Government was determined to abolish 
 slavery — that, from the first, it was a war for, and agaihst the life 
 of that institution ; but reading the events of the war, carefully 
 scanning each page of its history, examining each line, study* 
 ing every word ; looking with an unbiassed eye upOn the whole 
 gigantic drama, it is submitted there is no retlson for believing 
 that the nation desired to free the slave at all ; btit, always 
 excepting the Abolitionist, submitted to the necessity of setting the 
 negro free, rather than sacrifice the Union, or, rather than be con- 
 quered by the Soiith. lU^ -;^^.i, V,^a , tJyrtOv/ fjj^ii 
 All honor then, to the U. E. Loyalists, iil ilKirfihlrient 
 assembled, at the young capital of NeWark — the representatives of 
 the devoted band of refugees, who had been made such by rebels, 
 who pretended to fight for "liberty," who placed on record their 
 inteq)retation of the word Freedom ; that it mieant not liberty to a 
 certain class ; but to all, irrespective of color. All honor to the 
 noble Judge, who had the probity and moral courage to enunciate 
 a doctrine that at once made every supposed slave in Lower Canada 
 conscious of being a free man. This noble beginning in the 
 Canadas was followed by events no less interesting. They became 
 the asylum of the slave, who were not only sought after by their 
 Southern masters, but who were chased to the very borders by 
 Northerners themselves. .a*^*tij9>- >i{U<*^ 
 
 'If to >> 
 
 ■r'ir hfi'* 
 
&80 ADVANCEMENT. 
 
 '>'y-\<\J .;'•••' i ■ '. ' ■-' - I ■ ■•■ : 
 
 7. bM^^J ,y¥m ^, CHAPTER LXVI. 
 
 — -V' 
 
 '.iff i\ : 
 
 CoNTBNTS. — Returns to the Pioneer — Bay Region — Gnrden of Canada — Clogs— 
 
 ./J False views of settlers — Result — New blood — Good example — Anecdote — 
 
 ^ wftf) • '^^° " Family Compitct'' — Partiality — Origin of the Compact— Their conduct — 
 
 ^ The evil they did — A proposed Canadian Aristocracy— What it would have 
 
 *w led to — What may come — " Peter Funks." 
 
 ■ '6'Sai''^^sMnp.' "^^^ obstacles to advancement. 
 
 * ' In the section devoted to the first years of Upper Canada there 
 has much been said having reference to the growth and prospei'ity 
 of the Piovince, and advance of civilization, but something remains 
 to be told which requires particular notice, and without which our 
 sketch would not be complete. 
 
 The privations endured, and hardships overcome by the pioneers, 
 tended to make thera careful and pmdent, and no doubt led to the 
 more permanent pi'osperity of their children. As years wore away, 
 comforts began to reward their toil and patience. Acre after acre 
 was brought under cultivation ; the log house received an addition, 
 not large, but so as to supply a second room, which a growing family 
 of boys and girls seriously demanded. Stock began to accumulate, 
 and the future brightened up before them. In considering the rate 
 and degree of advancement, it must be remembered that many of 
 the first settlers were disbanded soldiers, and understood as little 
 about agriculture as about clearing the land. " Though in most in- 
 stances, a man of intelligence, the U. E. Loyalist introduced but a 
 primitive system of agrir.ulture ; and the facilities of acquiring lands 
 in the western part of the Province, has in a measure prevented that 
 iadmixture among them of the more scientific and educated agricul- 
 turist from the old countries j which haa helped to improve other 
 parts of Canada. It has been only of late years, and since the general 
 establishment of agricultural societies, that the real capacities of the 
 Midland District has begun to be developed, and improvements intro- 
 duced, which have resulted in making, even in the neighbourhood of 
 Kingston, where the soil was looked upon as comparatively unpro- 
 ductive, some of the best and handsomest farms that can be seen in 
 the Province. "-^(Coo^er). ■ t'>'->J^f '^'yaiofrnvrn b'Anu 
 Odii- (jijjg ypgiojj iabout the Bay because of its central position, received 
 tli*^ n^mie of Midland District. This district embraced, and at the 
 taeginning of the present ceiitury was regarded as the most important 
 
OBSTACLES. M^" 
 
 and influential j)art of Canada. But times have changed. Upper 
 Canada has grown to be tlie largest and wealthiest province in British 
 America, and although improvements around the Bay have continued 
 to increase, yet westward the bulk of the irpmigrants have found a 
 home, so that this section no longer holds so important a position. 
 Nevertheless, as in former years, so now, the Bay country may be 
 regarded as the garden of Western Canada. Long since the wilder- 
 ness has become a fruitful field, and the fertile land has returned to 
 the toiler a full reward. To the tourist passing along the Bay the 
 appearance of the lands is exceedingly beautiful, especially in the 
 days of summer; in Juno when all things are clothed in the richest 
 green, and some weeks later when the golden hues of harvest have 
 gathered over the fields of grain. The substantial residences of the 
 farmers tell of prosperity and advancement. The old log house 
 around which clustered so many associations, made dear by the cir- 
 cumstances of pioneer life, has been superseded by the more pre- 
 tending frame building, and this again has been removed to be 
 followed by elegant, and often stately edifices. The woi'k of improve- 
 ment and of beautifying has gone on from year to year, and now the 
 inhabitants of the Bay are in most cases living in aflluence. But 
 while we mark the advancement, it must not be forgotten that it 
 ought to have been greater. While we give all credit to the soldier 
 farmer, for achio»rmg so much, it must be related that there were 
 certain land -holders who were as clogs to the wheel of progress, who 
 displayed not that enterprize, at an early day, which they ought to 
 have done. Had the greedy few who hoarded up land, and grasped 
 for more, and still more ; who stood ready to buy up the land of 
 every unfortunate one compelled to sell — had such made themselves 
 acqu •inted with the improvements in the agiiculture of the day ; had 
 they, instead of leaving the hard workers to make roads across their 
 lands, opened them up and provided a passible way ; had they endea- 
 vored to make their land productive, and by example to show the 
 struggling farmers a better way, and how to increase and advance ; 
 then, instead of merely the prosperity which now exists, there would 
 have been great wealth. The broad acres are old enough, the land- 
 scape charming enough, the ground productive enough, and had the 
 proper spirit been abroad among the class mentioned, those who 
 aspired to be landed aristocrats then, the Bay Quinte might have 
 presented, not alone a beauty rivaling that of the Hudson, but also 
 the palatial mansions which adorn its shores. No more suitable spot 
 in the wide world can be found for ornamental residences, and it is 
 
582 TRUE OENTILITY. 
 
 to be lioped tli.'it many with capital and tastu, will very shortly j)ro- 
 cccd to set exami)k's, for the wealthy fanners in some degree, to 
 imitate. It may bo said it wore better the farmers and their children 
 should have humble ideas, and the fact may be adduced that not a 
 few of the descendants of the first settlers have, by their excesses in 
 dress, and by trying to imitate the habits of the dwellers of towns 
 and cities, laid the foundation of their ruin, by getting into the books 
 of the merchant, and ultimately becoming helpless in his hands, so 
 that the fathers heritage passed away to the stranger. But it is for- 
 gotten that such was principally the case with those who, suddenly 
 becoming well to do, thought, if tliey desired to associate with the 
 aristocracy, they must dress in finer clothing, and have clean hands* 
 that their daughters must cease spinning, and the wife no longer dp 
 housework, that it was a disgrace to be seen working. It was 
 such feelings and views which creeping in, paved the way for the 
 downfall of many a one, who had begun to get on in the world ; 
 whereas, had gentlemen by birth and education, and there were such 
 among the first settlers, given their time to actual improvement, had 
 'filicwn that they considered it honorable to work with their hands. 
 Had they carried their refinement into the more rural parts and 
 shewn that agrici'lturo and gentility may go together, and that 
 education is as important for the agriculti^ist as for any other, 
 both in enabling him to till the soil with success, and in providing 
 him with thosd superior means of enjoyment which a wise Provi- 
 dence desires us to possess, a most valuable service would hUve 
 been rendered. It was because the farmer thought ho must dress 
 as they did in the city, in order to associate with them, and that 
 labof was not honorable, that ruin- came to many a household, 
 and the names of the first owner of farms are not now there ; who 
 laid low the forest in the infancy of the country. There is no for- 
 getfulness that those blamed had once been wealthy and occupied 
 high positions in the old colonies, and owned broad acres. It was 
 perhaps natural that such persons, exiled in the wilderness, and 
 struggling with the stern realities of their existence, should aim 
 , to regain a position of similar power and aflluence, and were deter- 
 • mined that, although they might not see the return of those inde- 
 pendent days, their children shpuld ; so they continued to bend 
 .every energy to secure it. But alas! how rarely was the dream 
 J. realized! How; few of the limited number Avho first ruled the 
 country — how few of the ra,mily Compact are now in the higher 
 circle of independence. 
 
FOOYISM. / 683 
 
 Rospectin/^ tlio moro common Hottloi*, it wan to he oxpcctod 
 that now and tliou ono vvodld lUil to lulvunco — would fall bohind in 
 tlio onwurd march of tho country. The wondor is great that so 
 few of tho old Holdiors mivlo shipwreck of the liberal grants be- 
 (itowod by a motherly government. " Tho houh of some of those 
 men who have hewn out a homo in the primitive forest, have, in 
 Borao cases, through bad management or bad conduct, sufForod 
 their posfOHsions to paas to the stranger: the speculating merchant 
 luw grasped their all under a mortgage, a«ul indolence or dissipa- 
 tion has completed tho ruin," — (Cooper). "Those evils, however, 
 are rapidly curing themselves or producing an equivalent or 
 greater amount of good — the idle and shiftless sells out to tho 
 practical and industrious farmer, who introduces among his neigh- 
 bours tho latest improvements in agricultural skill, and implements 
 of husbandry; new systems of drainage, now stock, or improved 
 breeds occupy tho attention and employ tho capital of tho father 
 of a family, whilst his wife and daughters, though well able to 
 compete with tho gayost and grandest, readily forego, when neces- 
 sary, tho imported and costly sillcs sported by tho family of a Icsa 
 enterprising neighbour, and sot an example of neatness, taste and 
 appropriatoness, in attire." 
 
 , Cooper, i^i his essay, relates the following : Ho saj^, " The 
 ideas of enterprizo and modern progrews entertained by some, may 
 bo illustrated by tho following anecdote : When a new road was 
 proposed leading through some of tho best portions of the counties 
 (of Frontonac, Lennox and Addington), opening up others, and 
 affording many and great advantages, tho benefits of which in short 
 were apparent to all, and tho only question involved was how to 
 raise the money, a very wealthy landholder, who had amassed his 
 thousands in tho City of Kingston, and part of whose possessions 
 lay on tho route, replied to an application to take stock, that the 
 effect of the road would bo to enable people to steal his timber, 
 and ho declined to subscribe ! It is presumed that railroads and 
 electric telegi*aphs wore not in fashion when this gentleman made 
 his money." It was ^ feeling indulged by many similar to what 
 this person h^d, that from tho first, assisted to retard tho judicious 
 development of the young country. ; " ; ' '" ' '^ 
 
 jjReferonce has beenmade tothe '' Ffiittiily uonipact. Ih speak- 
 ijog of Bishop Strachan, tho statement is made that he was honest 
 in his convictions that Church and State would best servo the 
 interest of Canada, that in the uneducated state of the people^ 
 
 i^> 
 
584 THE FAMILY COMPACT. 
 
 Government should reside altogether or principally in the hands of 
 the Governor and Executive Council. But while the honesty of the 
 late Bishop is thus freely admitted, it must at the same time be 
 acknowledged that those in authoritj'^ were not disinterested dis- 
 pensers of the good .things which always exist in connection with a 
 Government ; and which particularly were provided for the loyalist 
 settlers of Upper Canada by the British Government. For instance, 
 it is averred by McMuUen, and sharply reiterated by Gourlay, that 
 "the provisions, clothing, and farming utensils, granted by the 
 British Government for the benefit of the poor loyalists, were in 
 many cases handed over to favorites, in others allowed to become 
 useless from negligence in the public stores." 
 
 It was not alone provisions, clothing, and farming utensils that 
 were enjoyed by the favorites. Lands — choice lands, were to be had 
 by them, by the choosing. Settlements in Upper Canada com- 
 menced at several j)oints, in each settlement were a few leading 
 men, half-pay officers, or those who had held important positions 
 dui'ing the Eevolutionary war, with a good sprinkling of personal 
 friends and relatives. At the capital, those were in excess. These 
 loading men throughout the Province wew in the most cases closely 
 united by consanguinity and marriage ; and soon became even more 
 closely identified in interest — forming a strong political body, which 
 derived its life-blood from the Executive. Its members surrounded 
 the gubernatorial throne, and had the ear of the Governor, they; 
 formed his Councillors, and managed to become his friends ; and a« 
 such secured abundantly of the bounties. It was notenough that large 
 blocks of land should be held in reserve for the Crown, the Clergy, 
 and for the Indians, which last was right; but choice bits of land 
 were granted to members of this strong family, compacted together, 
 to help one another, and the land was left uncultivated, unimproved,: 
 until the energies of the pioneers ai-ound had made it more 
 valuable. 
 
 With the departure of Simcoo commenced the manipulations) 
 of this/(a»u7y. That Governor had invited by proclamation, i)or*i 
 sons from the United States, who might wish to become Canadians, 
 and piomised them grants of land. But he was re-called, and hia 
 promises were not attended to, although manj' came to the IVovince 
 on their sti'ength. Government ignored them, and it is stated, 
 with abundant show of plausibility, that the reason was ; that the 
 growing family might have the more land to choose from, and to 
 leave for their children ; and with some, that they might live in 
 
THE ORIGIN. 585 
 
 England upon the rents derived from Canada, and so '' men of 
 capital and enterprise, who had come into the Province furnished 
 with cattle and implements to commence the settlement of town- 
 ships," were disappointed. Some of these persons, who desired to 
 live under the British flag, returned to the States to become truly 
 republicans, others remained to form an element in the party which 
 was in time to rise in opposition to the Family Compact. Such, in 
 brief was the origin of the Family Compact. They aspired not 
 alone, to possess the best tracts of land ; but to fill every post of 
 honor and emolument, to hold the reins of Government exclusively, 
 and to constitute a select circle of nobility, to act the part of Lords 
 over vassals ; and to this end desired to possess extensive lands 
 upon which, and around which should grow the belongings to 
 estated gentlemen. When eight schools were granted certain sums 
 of money, and the teachers were nominated by the Governor, gener- 
 ally half-pay officers. For a long time they had everything pretty 
 much their own way. If any dissented from them, he was accused 
 of disloyalty. Did an honest farmer question their honesty, he was 
 pointed out as one to be suspected — as seditious, and as one of the 
 King's enemies, against whom it was thought necessary to legislate. 
 iSTor did the House of Assembly, in any respect, for a long time, 
 interfere with the growth and prosperity of the Family Compact, 
 for, generally speaking, a member of the family managed to get 
 elected. The charge is not made that all of the members of the 
 early Parliaments were of the Compact; but they were more or less 
 under their influence. 
 
 A history of the Family Compact, would be a history of the 
 political life of Canada for many years, including the rebellion of 
 1837-8. The attempt has not been made to cast unnecessary 
 reproach upon the old tory party of Upper Canada. As one bix)ught 
 up a conservative, the Avritor is fVee to admit all mistakes com- 
 mitted by the party in early times — to acknowledge that too much 
 oxclufiivenoss existed among those, forming the leaders of the party, 
 and occasionally a disregard of justice. And it is freely admitted, 
 that gi'eat mistakes wore made by them, mistakes from the effects 
 of which the country has not yet i*ecovered. But then, they were 
 but mistakes, and who does not make them. ' ' ' ' ' 
 
 It may, then, bo said, that in some' I»e8p4ets"'thc Family 
 Compact retarded the advance of civilimtion. An aristocracyi' 
 or nobility cannot thrive in a new country and will certainly 
 fail, and in its eftorta to live be a drawback On improvementSt 
 
586 AMERICAN OBSTRUCTIONISTS. 
 
 In the debate in the Imperial Parliament upon the conatitutiou 
 of Canada, Mr. Pitt expresses his desire to have established 
 in Canada^ an hereditary nobility. While never endorsing the 
 extreme views of Gourlay, it is thought he spake the truth when 
 he said that " nothing could have so exposed the absurdity, 
 as actual trial and consequent ridicule. By this day we should 
 have witnessed many a pleasant farce. We should have seen, per- 
 haps, the Duke of Ontario leading in a cart of hay, my Lord Erie 
 pitching, and Sir Peter Superior, making the rick ; or perhaps, hip 
 Grace might now have been figuring as a potty-fogging lawyer, his 
 Lordship as a pedlar, and. Sir Knight, as a poor parsoii, starving on 
 5,000 acres of Clergy Reserves." . \,,.jV' !.^! ',.;''. .1,,^ '/'.'' 
 
 ^ofj If we allowed ourselves to speak of the future of our country, 
 with respect to this question, we should hesitate to say that the 
 idea of Pitt cannot be carried out. The repulsiveness of Republic- 
 anism is to Canadians so great that we almost entertain the belief 
 that our Dominion may ultimately develope into a nation with a 
 constitutional monarchy, with all its surroundings. It would 
 certainly be infinitely preferable to the " Model Republic." ; 7.^ . " 
 
 In strong contrast to the Family Compact, yet likewise 
 obstructionists in the work of advancement, we now mention 
 another class. 
 
 We have said that not a few came to Canada from the States 
 to trade with the Canadians, to do work, and that some took up 
 lands, and that of all these a good many became true subjects of the 
 realm, showing their attachment by taking up arms in 1812. But 
 while this fact is recognized, it cannot be forgotten, that Canada 
 was often, is even to-day, plagued with a certain class, styled often- 
 times speculators ; but who are in reality of the Peter Funk order. 
 The class to whom reference is made, is recognized by the honest 
 Americans themselves. The New York Tribune, after the close of 
 the Southern war, in speaking of the South, says thus : " We hear 
 that many of the blacks, thoroughly distrusting their old mastei's, 
 place all confidence in the Yankees, who have recently come among 
 them, and will work for these on almost any terms. We regret 
 this ; for while many of these Yankees will justify their confidence, 
 others will grossly abuse it. New England produces many of the 
 best specimens of the human race, and along with these, some of 
 -the very meanest beings that ever stood on two legs^cunning, 
 rapacious, hypocritical, ever ready to skin a flint with a borrowed 
 knife, and make (for others) soup out of the peelings. This class 
 
AGRICULTURE. 287 
 
 soon became too well known at home — " run out," as the phrase is 
 — when they Avandered all over the earth, snuffling and swindling, 
 to the injury of the land that bore them and cast them out. Now 
 let it generall}^ be presumed by the ignoi'ant blacks of the South, 
 that a Yankee, because a Yankee, is necessarily their friend, and 
 this unclean brood will overspread the South like locusts, starting 
 schools and pi'ayer-mectings at every cross-road, getting hold of 
 abandoned or confiscated plantations, and hiring laborers right and 
 left, cutting timber here, frying out tar and turpdutine there, and 
 growing corn, cotton, rice, and sugar, which they will have sold 
 at the earliest day and run away with the proceeds, leaving the 
 negroes in rags and foodless, with winter just coming on." 
 
 It is unnecessary to say, that civilization was never much 
 advanced by this class, msny specimens of which, time after time, 
 have visited. Ce nac 
 
 tiosinoM '^rm : W ; 1^^ pHAPTEE LXVII. V'^'y^lmjf&fni . ' 
 
 ',_. ' ' "' ' ' 'jRiiSit^ 'xHij * , « 
 
 GoNTBNTS— Agriculture— Natural Products — Rice — Ginseng-^Orchards— -Plows — 
 
 Reaping — Flax — Legislation— Agricultural Society organized by Simcoe — 
 
 "i* 'A Snuff Box — Fogies — Silver — AVant of help — Midland District taking the 
 
 0(i^ ilead — Societies— Legislative help — Prince Edward — Pearl Ashes — Factories 
 
 . s^tt 1— Tanneries— Breweries, Carding Machines — Paper — Lumber — Firstvehicles 
 
 ' .^ — Sleighs — Waggons— Home-made — Roads — First Public Conveyances — 
 
 XSog^^ri«_stages — Fare — Building Greater — Sawing Mills introduced by the Dutch — 
 
 rr^^jfj^itet Brick Building — Myers' House — Its past history — Furniture from 
 
 'Albany — C a ency — PAper Mp^^y—JJanks -rr First ]>Ierchaats — Barter — 
 
 / .)V»*i»edlarK.-On tlx Say; Ip'-^trteD-t 'if,f ..a/joii,*/ Jml ; aidhafj' 
 
 l^l^J^M^'^ltr^J^) /,*3fU^SU^TU«AL MATTERS— PRODUCTS. ;|.^. . 
 
 nlo the dense forest eveiry where yet covered the earth, the 
 shores of the Bay yielded some natural productions. The wild 
 plum was plentiful in some places, a fruit which, although in its 
 natural state somewhat sour, has, under cultivation, mu?h improved 
 in size as well as quality ; and constitutes to this day a valuable 
 luxury ; at the same time, it is exceedingly healthy. In some 
 places also, at the proper seasons, was the delicious cranberries. 
 These were often brought by the Indians, and exchanged for some 
 article of the settlers. In some parts of the Bay, there gi-cw wild 
 rice, which was much prized by the Indians, ti,n,d vrhich was pften 
 
588 GINSENG. 
 
 used by the settlers. It is spoken of as an excellent article of diet, 
 and when boiled with meat, very tasty as well. The grain is much 
 smaller than the imported article ; not unfi*equently, the Indians, 
 would collect the grain and sell it to the settlers. ■Uij-h-A-tLf; 
 
 In the year 1716, a Jesuit discovered in the forests of Canada, 
 the Ginseng plant, which grew also in China, where it was in much 
 demand because of certain supposed virtues to which, howevci', it 
 rightly has no claim. It is of the genus Fanox. It " became a 
 means of enriching the colony for a time, by its exportation to 
 China. A pound weight of it worth two francs at Quebec, sold 
 at Canton for twenty-five francs. Its price ultimately rose to 
 eighty francs per pound. One year, there was sent thither, ginseng 
 yielding a return of 500,000 francs. The high price it obtained set 
 everybody at work to find it. The plant was not in proper condi- 
 tion till August or September ; but with pui'blind avidity, the 
 seekers gathered it in May. The fresh plants ought to have been 
 slowly dried in the shade ; the gatherers, anxious to get returns, 
 dried them in ovens. They then became worthless in Chinese esti- 
 mation ; and the trade in it ceased almost as suddenly as it began." 
 — (Garneau.) But, according to other authority, the trouble con- 
 sisted in the actual destruction of the plant, from gathering it too 
 early in the season, whereby the plant was killed, which seems a 
 more likely thing. Some of the settlers of the Bay had knowledge 
 of the value of the plant in Chinese estimation, as the following 
 letter will show. It is addressed to Mr. Wm. Bell, of Thurlow, who 
 was subsequently known as Col. Belt " Fredei-icksburgh, 16th July, 
 1799. Sir — I have taken the liberty of enclosii g to you an adver- 
 tisement, as you will see — Eespecting Ginseng roots, having in 
 view to get all I can — and, thinking the Indians would be likely to 
 collect considerable of a quantity, will thank you to acquaint them 
 of it, or any of the white people you may see ; and set up the adver- 
 tisement in the most publick place about you. — And oblige. Your 
 very humble servant, Eben'r Washburn." 
 
 Another letter, dated Aug. 27, 1799, says '' I have to acknow- 
 ledge the attention you have paid to mine of prior date, in respect 
 of Ginseng. I will thank you to keep the refusal of the 500 lbs. 
 you mention, if possible, and collect more if j'ou can." Mr. Wash- 
 burn says that he is about to set out for Montreal ; and it was, most 
 likely, to see what market he could make of the article in question. 
 
 One of the first considerations, after the settler had attained 
 comparative comfort, at least secured what was requisite for life, 
 
IMPLEMENTS. 589 
 
 was tho planting of fruit trees. No doubt, the thoughts often 
 reverted back to the old orchal'ds which had been left behind, and 
 although the pioneer, in the afternoon of life, could not expect to 
 derive any personal return for planting orchards, he was anxious to 
 leave them to his children. This same spirit — this regai'd for 
 oifspring, constituted a marked feature in the U. E. Loyalists. The 
 eai'liest reference to apple trees we find, is in a letter, dated " Sydney, 
 22rd July, 1791," from John Ferguson, to William Bell, Kingston, 
 requesting the latter to bring some to Sidney. 
 
 The implements of husbandry, like the utensils fbr household 
 use, were, for a considerable time, of the rudest description. Among 
 the articles granted by government, were but few to use in the tilling 
 of land and the reajjing of crops. Here and there was one who 
 had come at a later date, who had fetched with them articles more 
 essential for farm use ; but tho great majority had not such things 
 as hoes, plows, pitch-forks, scythes, &c. Many of these were made 
 by the settlers, and were of the rudest order, although generally 
 strong enough, and therefore cumbersome enough. It was many 
 years before these home-made implements were substituted by 
 others made abroad. Gourlay infonns us, writing, 1817, that most 
 of the farmers made their own plows and harrows. The iron of the 
 plow costing from nine to twelve dollars. 
 
 As the thickly covered ground, with stumps, materially inter- 
 fered with the sowing of grain ; so with gathering the products. 
 For several years, they had only in use the sickle ; but, in time, the 
 Yankee pedlar brought in the scythe, which ultimately took the 
 place of the sickle. 
 
 It has been observed, in connection with the " clothing" of the 
 early settlers, that they turned their attention to tho growing of 
 flax, and that it was made to afford comfortable and durable habili- 
 ments for both sexes. There was, as well, early attention given to 
 tho cultivation of hemp," " in pursuance of two several addresses of 
 the House of Commons." In 1804, £1,000 was granted, and Com- 
 missioners appointed, to carry into oft'ect the object thereof, cultiva- 
 tion and exportation, The follow^pg year, £45 was granted for the 
 purchase of hemp seed. Another Act was passed in 1808, to 
 encourage its cultivation and exportation. Agaiii, there was legis- 
 lation in 1810, and in 1812, when £1,000 was granted for the 
 purchase, sale and exportation of hemp, purchase of seed, and for 
 bounties. In 1822, it was enacted that £300 be appropriated to pur- 
 chase machinery for dressing hemp, that the maohiaery shottUl be 
 
590 AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 
 
 imported free, the place for erection to bo selected by the Governor, 
 £50 was to be applied annually to keep it in repair. But, notwith- 
 standing all this legislation, and substantial encouragement, the 
 cultivation of hemp did not succeed. The object seems to have 
 been to supply hemp for the British market, which derived it ftom 
 Russia. But labor being cheaper in that country than in Canada, 
 there M'as no chance for success. Gourlay says " This absurdity we 
 liiust not wholly rest on the shoulders of the simple Canadians* 
 They were simple indeed, to be voting away the public money; but 
 it was a patriotic measure, and blindness may be allowable in 
 matters so elevated and pure. No doubt they were spurred on by 
 our home ministers, who should have known better. The failtire 
 produced more beneficial effects than would have waited on siiccess." 
 Gov. Simcoe, who had the interest of the Province so much at 
 heart, gave his patronage to, if indeed he did not inspire the organ- 
 ization of the first Agi'icultural Society, at Newark. Col. Clark, of 
 Dalhousie says " I have a perfect remembrance of the first Agricul- 
 tural Society patronized by Governor Simcoe, who subscribed his 
 ten guineas a year cheerfully. My father was a member, and th© 
 monthly dinners were given by the members during the season, 
 with the great silver snuff-box oi-nftmented with the horn of plenty 
 on its lid." The Col. remarks that this snuff-box was the property 
 of the society, arid was taken care of by the one who was next to 
 furnish the dinner; and goes on to lament that it is lost, hoping it 
 niay be found, " that it may remain as ail Keir-loom to tell posterity 
 a,t what an early period the progress of Agricultui'o was followed 
 up and which has led to its present high 8tat6 of perfection. 
 Thus we see that in Niagara District, at the very commencement 
 of the Government of tipper Canada, attention was given, even by 
 the Governor, to agricultural matters. Although the settlers upOn 
 the Niagara frontier, established agricultutal societies at an earlier 
 date than any found in the Midland Districts, it may be presumed 
 that it was in a gte&t measure due to the impetus given to the set- 
 tlenient by the presence of the seat oif Government, and the influence 
 exerted by the Governor. And,«!although Stops may not have been 
 taken to secure their estabh'shmenl along the Bay Quinte, yet, even 
 so early as the beginning of the last decade of the last century, indi- 
 viduals were to be found who sought to introduce imprbveinehts in 
 agriculture, and everything thai would advance the art. At the 
 same time it mutsi be admitted that a vast number were content to 
 follow in the footsteps of their fathers so long as food and enough 
 
PLODDERS. 
 
 M 
 
 wore yielded by the soil. The land was plentiful, and productive. 
 The course of events was even as a steady stream. The old men 
 satisfied with the abundance of to-daj', and drawing a contrast 
 between the present and the past, when starvation was at the door, 
 and in the cupboard, were quite content with the primitive system 
 of agriculture, which his soldier father had adopted. He saw no 
 other mode of tilling the soil, and with no reason sought not a 
 change, so ho innovations by scientific agriculturalists disturbed the 
 quiet repose of many of the steady going plodders. Their sons 
 rarely wont abroad to learn the ways of others ; and often what did 
 come to their ears was regarded with great suspicion. They 
 wanted no new-fangled notions. Hence, the farms were r.ot fully 
 cultivated for many a day, parts remaining in a waste state for 
 want of drain. But the establishment of agricultm*al associations 
 and the occasional coming of a new man upon an old farm gradually, 
 and frequently very gradually, dispelled the old man's ideas. 
 •iii-> The townships most contiguous to the town of Kingston, natur- 
 ally were the first to experience prosperity, and gradually the 
 adjacent townships also became productive, and means were created 
 to transport the produce to the market. 
 
 We are told by Mrs. P , daughter of John Sam, of Ernest- 
 town, now upwards of seventy, that she remembers one occasion, 
 itbout the beginning of the present century, that her father coming 
 from Kingston, after selling produce, had a bag of silver dollars, as 
 much as she could lift — ^900. By this we learn that his farm was 
 productive, his labor well directed, and that hard cash was paid for 
 his produce by the Kingston merchants. It shows, moreover, that 
 this was over and above the cost of what was required of merchan- 
 dize by him for his family U8ingv,> a«Uf vn^qii tft iicaritil'ioYOT) ftrfj t 
 i One serious drawback with the farmers often was the want of 
 
 mj* 
 
 :i 
 
 aissistants. If a farmer had not a son old enough to help, ho was 
 in great trouble oftentimes to secure the necessary help. French- 
 men were frequently employed, yet they could not be fully depended 
 upon to remain during the whole season. At harvest timo, when 
 large wages would be offered, the hired man would often, without 
 hesitation, leave his employer to go to another who would give for 
 a while, larger wages. In the absence of men, the wife and 
 daughters took hold of the fork, cradle, and rake. 
 
 If we may credit the statements of writers who had passed 
 through Canada in the beginning of the present century, the Midland 
 District took the Ica^ in agricultural and social progress. Mr. 
 
592 . LEGISLATION. 
 
 Talbot, whose opinion of the Canadians, as to thoir intelligence, 
 education, morals, and religion, was anything but flattering, made 
 a pedestrian tour from the west to Montreal, in 1823. He 
 says of the inhabitants of Sidney, Thurlow, and Eichmond, that 
 they possessed more wealth than any other people in the Province. 
 But Mr. Talbot passed only along the Kingston Eoad by Napanee, 
 and saw not the townships of the lower part of the bay, or he would 
 have seen even a more advanced state of prosperity and agricultural 
 wealth. 
 
 The first formation of agricultural societies was initiated by an 
 Act of Parliament, passed March 6, 1830. The object of this Act 
 was to give encouragement to organize associations in the several 
 districts, " For the purpose of importing live stock, grain, grass, 
 seeds, useful implements, or whatever else might conduce to the 
 imjDrovement of agriculture." It was enacted that each society, 
 having had subscribed to it £50, should, upon petitioning the 
 Governor, receive the sum of £100. This Act was to remain in 
 force four years. - ' - ; 
 
 ' This Act was promptly responded to by the inhabitant of the 
 Midland District. So early as the 27th April following, a meeting 
 of the inhabitants of the district was held at the Court House, 
 Kingston, H. C. Thompson, Esq., Chairman, and H. Smyth, Esq., 
 Secretary, and " A form of a constitution for an Agricultural Society 
 was read and submitted to the meeting for approval. The following 
 day, the adjourned meeting adopted a constitution for the Midland 
 District Agricultural Society. The officers were to be a President, 
 five Vice-Presidents, thirty Directors, a Treasurer, and a Secretary 
 — One Vice-President, and six Directors to be elected from each of 
 the five counties in the district. John McCaulay, Esq., was elected 
 President; David J. Smith, Esq., Treasurer, and H. C. Thompson, 
 Esq., Secretary of the Society. It was " Resolved" by the Society, 
 "that Isaac Eraser, Esq., of Addington; Allan McPherson, Esq., of 
 Lennox; Asa Worden, Esq., of Prince Edward; and William Boll, 
 Esq., of Hastings, be requested to call meetings in their respective 
 counties," and make returns as to whom had been elected for Vice- 
 Presidents and Directors. The Vice-President for the County of 
 Frontenac was John Marks, Esq. 
 
 In the JIallowell Free Press of May 31, 1831, we find that the 
 ** Annual Meeting of the Prince Edward Agricultural Association, 
 was held at Striker's Inn, in Hallowell, on the 20th instant. The 
 following officers were chosen for the following year: — Stephen Miles, 
 
PIEST BREWERY AND DISTILLERY. 593 
 
 President; James Colter, William Cunningham, ami PaulClapp, Vice- 
 Presidents ; S. P. McPherson, Secretary ; B. Dougall, Assistant Secre- 
 tary ; David Smith, Treasurer." The Government having offered a 
 bounty of £100 to every society which conld raise £50 ; the Prince 
 Edward Society raised the necessary amount. But judging from a 
 communication, which subsequently appeared in the Press, the town- 
 ships of Hallowell and Ilillier, raised the most of the amount, £46 ; 
 Marj'sburgh, Sophiasburgh, and Ameliasburgh, paying only £4. ^ ,^^. [ 
 
 In a Greneral Report of Midland District, 1317, it is stated ftiat 
 "the assess roll gives about 3,600 horses above two years; 100 
 
 oxen above four years ; 6,186 milch cows; 1,664 head of young cattle 
 above two years." t,fibw«« -sidR-w .-4 .)cv'Mrr^>^imm«')r>^. : -i-^/ 
 
 The first great obstacle to agriculture in Upper Canada was the 
 thickly standing trees, many of which were large and hard in sub- 
 stance. For the first years, with every one, destruction of the trees 
 was the only consideration, not even the ashes were thought of. But. 
 after a time, their value for the manufacture of pot and pearl ashes 
 was recognized. In July, 1801, an Act was passed to appoint In- 
 spectors of flour, and pot and pearl ashes, in order to establish the 
 credit of those articles in foreign markets, the fee for examining to be 
 threepence per baiTcl of flour, and one shilling for every cask of pot 
 ash. 
 
 The following appears in the Kingston Gazette, AipYil 19, 1817, 
 after stating that " a Pearl and Pot Barley Factory is to be established 
 in Emesttown. It is said this is the first establishment of the kind we 
 recollect to have heard of in Upper Canada, we have seen some of the 
 barley, and think it equal to that imported. Such domestic manu- 
 factories ought to be encouraged by the community." 
 
 , , AGRICULTURE — FACTORIES — MERCHANTS. :t^i>im.>^' 
 
 The first Brewery and Distillery established in Upper Canada, 
 was built by John Pinkie, of Ernestto^\ai, on his own place. He 
 also kept, for many years the only tavern between Kingston and 
 York. Mr. Finkle also built the first Masonic Lodge of Ujjper 
 Canada, at his own expense, upon the town plot of Fredericksburgh. 
 
 It is stated in Gourlay, that in 1817, there was in Kingston 
 township " a machine for carding wool, at the rate of nine-j»ence 
 per pound." In Ernesttown " there wore two carding, and one 
 fulling machines. Pno barley hulling mill, together with a blast 
 furnace. Carding is nine-pence half-penny per pound, and fulling 
 six-pence per yard." In Sophiasburgh there was one carding 
 38 ' 
 
(Sl94 FIRST VKOIOLKS. 
 
 machine. In Hallowoll, there was one carding, apd one fulling 
 machine. Thurlow had two carding machines, and two fulling i^ills. 
 In the whole Midland Distoict, there wer^ t)vei)ty-foUji' gpi^t-n^ilj(^ 
 and forty stiw-mills. 
 
 vi John Morden, who came to the bay about 1790, " was a w*n 
 well known in his day, being a manufacturer of general houaQhpjld 
 goods, as chairs, spinning-wheels, flax-dresBors, weaver's apparjitue, 
 and other things. In tlie house of mostly every descend^t of /& 
 Quinto settler, may be four\d ^omo ot his wprk, ,^eci^lly thpfte who 
 ^ccupy the homesteads."'}! .);. ^Tl/i 
 
 h^\ As an indication of the desire of Government to encourage 
 home manufactures, we find that Parliament, in 1826, grAn1,ed £125 
 as a premium to the first " who should set up a manufactqiy of 
 p^iper," and hring it into successful operation. 
 
 The valuable timber that thickly covered the ground, w^, ait 
 the first, indiscriminately destroyed, scarcely thinking of i^avipg 
 the ashes ; hut, in a few years, the majestic pin>e, oak, ,elm, wd 
 other trees of the forest were sought after by the lumbqrwerchanl. 
 For many years, lumbering was carried on in the Bay Quinte, ^pd 
 rafted to Montreal, and was a source of no little profit. 
 
 The wilderness was trackless, and of course gome time el^pped 
 before vehicles of any kind could be used, except in winter, afbeir 
 the bays and rivers had frozen. Bu^e aleighe, made by inferior 
 tools, were the first made. At first hand-sleighs ; ind then hoavJ^Qr 
 onps, to be used with oxen and horses. Buta^ the beasts of bmr4e;ri 
 were scarce, there was but one here and there, who had oqc^qn to 
 make a vehicle of apy kind, except what could be hauled by hand. 
 The sleighs were often used in aununer to haul in gra\n and hay 
 from the field. Some constructed a sort of waggon by sawing a 
 hard-wood tree, of suitable size across, making four pieces about a 
 foot in length. Holes having been bored through the centre pf the 
 blocks, they constituted the wheels of the waggon. The asle-tree 
 of hard-wood was then fashioned to suit the wheels, and in this way 
 a rough, but serviceable vehicle was made, which proved of groat 
 u^e, especijally in hauling grain and hay to the place pf gts^qking. 
 The ac(?ou.*t of one is givop >vhich would carry as muQl^ ^ 150 
 sheaves. 
 
 As years elapsed, and roads were cut and made pq,38ablp, 
 waggons wei-e introduced. One of the first waggons brought ijuto 
 the Province yras, it is said, by Jacob Cronk, 6f Sophiasburgh. It 
 caipie ft-om Duchess County, JSTew York. The ,soco;d^(^ p^p yf^ 
 
HAWING tULLS. 
 
 brought by Jamos Way. Possibly thi^ Lsnot truo, but at least they 
 wore tbu firHt inti'oduced into th^t townKhip. 
 
 The tirat public conveyance by land between Kingston and 
 Montreal, was made by Dickenyon. He called on Judge Cartwright 
 t(0 cojiHult him about opening u line of stage travel. Consequently, 
 in 18Q8, a line was establlBhod. It ran all the year round, though 
 not so regularly in summer as in winter. " Lumber gentlemen 
 from Quebec traveled through by the stage." — (Fiaklc.) 
 
 It was not until the war of 1812, that a line of stages was com- 
 m^pcod between Kingston and York. By an advertisement in the 
 Sangstm Gazette, ic ia learned that in Juno, 1817, '' A stage was 
 commenced running from Kingston to York, leaving Kingston 
 every Monday morning at six o'ok)ok, and York every Thm*sd&y 
 morning, same hour." ^^ Persons wishing tor a passage will call at 
 Mr. David Brown's Iim, Kingston, where the stage-books will be 
 Jjwpt. From twenty to twenty-eight pounds baggage will bo allowed 
 to e^ach passenger, over this they muBt be charged for. All bag- 
 gage sent by the stage will be forwarded with care, and delivei,*ed 
 with pwactuality, and all favors acknowledged by the public's 
 hum,ble servant. (Signed), Samuel Purdy, Kingston, January 28, 
 1817. N.B. Stage fare, eighteen dollars." 
 
 *"?'" The same year, Lieutenant Hull, traveling in Canada, wi'itea 
 that there is a stage waggon from Montreal to Presoott, which 
 carries the mail. From thence to Kingston the mail is caa-ried on 
 horseback. The stage waggon, h« remarks, is the roughest con- 
 veyance on either side of the Atlantic. 
 
 The first buildings were of logs, ge^per^illy pat up in their 
 natural rough state; now and then, as th? Govern cpent mill at 
 ;5^in^ston, the logs were qqi^ared. There was only ope way ol 
 procuring sawed lumber, and that was by the whip saw. But few 
 of the settlers tliought of spending the time and l^ibor ijiecessary to 
 Qhta,in what was not strictly neeessary. Houses, barns, saw-iiaills, 
 flouring-n^ills, even breweries and still-houses were all alike con- 
 st^'^cted of logs. Iijid^ed, many a one had no barn for years ; stapking 
 his grain, and thrashing upon the ground, made smooth and h^« 
 " When, however, sawing-mills began to spring up here and there, 
 sawed lumber became a more common article, and after several 
 yesfs, individuals, better off than others, began to put up framed 
 buildiogs, both houses and barns, and so forth. Sawing-mill« were 
 introduced originally into America by the Dutch, and it was their 
 descendants who introduced them into Oanadflk. But it ^as eipwljr 
 
596 FIRST BRICK HOUSE. 
 
 done. It required no little capital to procure oven the small amount 
 of machinery which was then used, and to have it brought so long 
 a distance. Then, millwrights were not plentiful, and often 
 in skill. Indeed there was nothing at hand by which inferior 
 to erect sawing-mills, until after many years. In the meantime, 
 the whip saw enabled them to construct something like a 
 door for the house and log barn ; and rough sort of furniture was 
 made for the house. But toward the close of the last century, saw- 
 ing-mills became somewhat numerous. The demand for lumber 
 was foreseen, and those who had a water privilege set about to get 
 up a mill. Following the saw-mill came the grist-mill, which, 
 though more needed than the former, because of its greater ex- 
 pense, was not built until a later period. It was about the first of 
 1800, that frame buildings began to appear in the first, second, and 
 thii-d townships particularly, to take the place of the log hut. Mr. 
 George Finkle, of Ernesttown, says, his father Henry Finklo, who, 
 during the war, had learned the use of carpenter's tools, in the Engineer 
 Department, built, with his whip saw and cross-cut saw, the first 
 frame house in the country. He also built the first school-house, and 
 a dwelling house for the teacher on his own premises. Likewise, the 
 first wharf along the bay. 
 
 We have made somewhat extensive enquiries, and believe we are 
 correct in stating that the oldest brick building in Upper Canada is 
 situated ui)on the brow of the hill at Belleville. We also entertain 
 the belief that it was the firi-t, certainly one of the very first brick 
 buildings put up in the Province. It is known as Myers' House, 
 having been budt by Captain Myers about the year 1 794. This quaint 
 edifice, upon which the tooth of time is eating so peacefully, standing 
 upon the brink of the hill was, when new, of most imposing appearance ; 
 and, no doubt, stood up grandly, overlooking the winding river, and 
 the thickly set cedars at its base. The bricks were made in Sidney 
 at the Myers Place, five miles east of Trenton. Captain Myers 
 was a man of great hospitality, which was shai'ed in by his estimable 
 8j)ouse, whose short stature and genial face is remembered by some 
 yet living. They served visitors at the brick house always with an 
 excellent board. Here, many a distinguished traveler between King-^ 
 ston and York, Dr. Strachan among the number, found a welcome.? 
 Not less so was it with the farmers round about, who came long 
 distances to get grists ground ; all such were invited to the table and 
 supplied with a bed until the grist was ground. The furniture for 
 the house was procured at Albany. 
 
F1R8T BANKR. 
 
 tiin 
 
 In June, 1 790, an Act was passed " for tlie better Regulation of 
 certain Coins current in the Province ; " and it was enacted that the 
 British guinea, the Johannes of Portugal, the nioidore of Portugal, 
 the American eagle, the British crown, the British shilling, the Spanish 
 milled dollar, the Spanish pistoreen, the French crown, and several 
 other French pieces; the American dollar, sliould pass as legal tender 
 at certain specified value. 
 
 The punishment for tendering " a counterfeit, knowingly," of any 
 of the gold or silver coins of Great Britain, Portugal, the United 
 States, Spain, or France, was to sufTer one year's imprisonment, and 
 be set in and upon the pillory for the space of one hour, in some con- 
 spicuous place, and upon a second conviction, he should be adjudged 
 guilty of felony without benefit of clergy. ^ ^ 
 
 The first paper money issued in America, was by the Anglo- 
 Americans in 1689, to pay the troops nnder Sir William Phipps, when 
 he returned from the imsuccessful seige of Quebec. The valuQ ranged 
 from ten pounds to two shillings. ' " ' ' ' m • " > ■ < - 
 
 ' * During the war of 1812, in 1813, an Act was passed "to facili- 
 tate the circulation within the Province, df Army Bills, issued by the 
 authority of the Lower Province." It was to continue one year 
 unless peace was declared. 
 
 The first Legislation in Upper Canada, with respect to banks, 
 was in 1819, when the Bank of Kingston, or, as it was subsequently 
 called Pretended Bank of Upper Canada, was incorporated ; but, 
 this was " forfeited by non-user," although the institution was in 
 operation, under the title of " the President, Directors, and Company 
 of the Bank of Upper Canada." Legislation Avas made in 1823, to 
 settle the affairs of the " pretended bank." The commissioners were 
 George Herkimer, Markland, John Kirby, and John Macaulay. Ee- 
 peated Acts were necepsary before the aftairs of this company were 
 fully settled. 
 
 In 1819, was also passed an Act to "form the Company of the 
 Bank of Upper Canada." It Avas reserved for the assent of His 
 Majesty, which was given and made known by proclamation in 1821. 
 Among the names of those who petitioned for the Act of Incorpora- 
 tion, are those of Allan, Baldwin, Legge, Jackson, Ridout, Boulton, 
 Robinson, Macaulay, Cameron, and Anderson. This bank, the failure 
 of which so recently occurred, was, in its time, of great benefit to the 
 Province, and it deserved a better fate. 
 
 A necessary attendant of civilization is 'j. sufticieut supply of 
 such merchandize as is requisite to give comfort, and even luxuries. 
 
898 FIRST MERCHANTS. 
 
 The long distance of the first settlers of Upper Csinada fi-oni the 
 marts of commerce, with a barrier of forest, and the swifl rftpidA of 
 the St. Lawrence, kept out for many a da}', many comforts, and all 
 Idxuries. But in time, peirsons engaged in the mercantile business, 
 and articles of various kinds began to find their way into the wilderness- 
 bound colony. The first merchants of the Province were engaged in 
 the fur trade ; but, as time passed away, they found customers among 
 
 the settlers> who bought their produce, and, in return, brought to them 
 goods, -wrf'^r >8'iati«ap-t'ifcj!d. pj U ; .f.r.»ff>:»i-, ijiiu t^J rtm^ivr,,tim o^m'.^y^ 
 
 *'> - Among the first, and the principal merchants of Upper Canada 
 Were Duncaii, of Matilda ; Cartwright, of Kingston ; Hamilton, of 
 Qneenstown; and Robertson, of Sandwich. These gentlemen, we 
 have seen, occupied conspicuous positions, and amassed no little 
 wealth ; unless we except Duncan, who removed. The Hon. 
 Eobert Hamilton, it is said, died, leaving an estate worth £200,000. 
 fis Colonel Clarke, of Dalhousie, speaks of his brothers Peter and 
 James, who " turned merchants, having been supplied with an assort* 
 ment of goods fi'om Montreal. In 1790, they went into the Indian 
 trade at Kingston, which had a great communication with the back 
 lakee." 
 
 We also learn that Mr. Macaulay carried on business first at 
 Carleton Island, and afterward at Kingston, with lio little profit. One 
 of the oldest settlers in Kingston was Joseph Forsyth. He became 
 one of the first merchants in Kingston, and for many years conducted 
 a lucrative business with the Indians and settlers. He '' ever main- 
 tained the character of an upright and reputable merchant." He died 
 20th September, 1813, aged fifty-three. 
 
 A bartering trade commenced between the settlers in the town- 
 ship of Kingston, and the nearer townships, and some persons at 
 Carleton Island ; gi'adually the field of operation was transferred to 
 Kingston. Many of the loyalists, who were constantly arriving, pro- 
 cured food and a few other things at these places. 
 
 In 1817, there were in the Township of Kingston "'sixty-seven 
 stores and shops, this includes the difierent denoi.i! nations of shops 
 kept by mechanics. In the whole of Midland District ihere were 
 about eighty-eight merchants' shops : twenty-four store-houses. Mr. 
 Gourlay says, at this time, that Kingston is the third place in the 
 Canadas, Quebec and Montreal being first. 
 
 When want no longer rested Upon the inhabitants, they began to 
 look even fiar comforts and luxuries. They were supplied now and 
 then with articles, both those essential to living, and those which may 
 
FIRST FRUIT TREBS. 599 
 
 be called comforts and luxuries, by itinerant merchants. Tliese ' 
 pedlai-s were generally from the States, and often managed to drive 
 bdtgains in which the settler received not a fair return for the grain or 
 Other article he parted with. But some of the pedlars wore honest, and 
 ultimately became settlers and good loyal subjects. One of the first, pro- 
 bably the flri^t, to visit the western extremity of the bay, was one Asa 
 Walbridge, an old bachelor, somewhat eccentric, and withal shrewd, 
 he not only turned an honest penny, but contributed very much to the 
 welfare and cohifort of the settlers. His head-quarters, when ashore, 
 were at the mOnth of M;yers' Creek, where he was the first to erect a 
 log hotise. It was he brought in many of the first fruit trees, which 
 have rendeted many of the old farms more valuable. He brought in 
 the seeds from the States, and planted numbers here and there, 
 often from motives of kindness alone. We have been told that all 
 the old orchards in Prince Edward came from his planting. Some 
 of the merchants in Kingston entrusted goods to local storekeepers 
 by whom the settlers were also supplied with articles of different 
 
 kinds. 
 
 Dr. Armstrong says, I ought not to omit the name of James 
 
 Cummings, Esq., merchant, of the Port of Hallowell, now Picton. 
 
 He was a man Of sterling integrity, npright and just in all his deal. 
 
 ings. He was greatly respected and esteemed, and died in the midst 
 
 of his manhood, greatly lamented, about the year 1818. He was a 
 
 younger brother of the late John Cummings, of Kingston. 
 
 '""'' ''' ''"''"' ':.-v,,/i .r^f^ F-.-" o[*^r .totfiriU^i.j-Klit'O'- 
 
 i'l* MI mnh Had L< 
 
 CHAPTER LXVm. ., 
 
 CoNTBNTS — Steam vessels — Crossing the Atlantic in 1791— First Steam Vessel- 
 Hudson — The second on the St. Lawrence — First across the Atlantic — In 
 Upper Canada — Frontenac — Built in Ernesttown — The Builders — Pinkie's 
 Point — Cost of Vessel — Dimensions — Launched — First Trip — Captain 
 McKenzie — Walk-in-the-M'uter — Queen Charlotte — How Built — Upon Bay 
 Quints — Capt. Dennis — First year— Death of Dennis — Henry Gilderslieve— 
 What he did— Other Steamboats — Canals — First in Upper Canada — Welland 
 Canal— Desjardin—Rideau — Its object — Col. By— A proposed Canal — Rail- 
 roads — The iirst in the world — Proposed Railway from Kingston to Toronto, 
 1846— In Prince Edward District— Increase of Population — Extract from 
 Dr. Lillie — Comparison with the United States— Favorable to Canada — False 
 "Cries— The French— Midland District, 1818. 
 
 THE FIRST STEAM VESSELS — CANALS, RAILWAYS. 
 
 We have already, under "Traveling in early Times," spoken 
 ot the first vessels that floated upon the waters of the western 
 
Qfip}, FIRST STEAMBOATS IN THE WORLD. 
 
 world, and \vc design now to spoak of those which advancing civili- 
 zation brought, to a certain extent, to supersede the original boats 
 used by the Indians and first European colonisers. At the present 
 day Europe is brought into close relationship with us by the swiftly 
 running steamer, while the two continents hold daily intercouse by 
 means of the telegraph ; yet, not a century ago, it required many 
 months for the slow-sailing ship to traverse the breadth of the 
 Atlantic. In 1789, mails with England was only twice a year. At 
 the time Simcoe came to Canada, in 1791, there were only those 
 merchant ships that made altogether eleven voyages in the year. 
 "A Traveler," writes, that "regular packets across the Atlantic, 
 first sailed in 176'!. The Liverpool Packet Line began running 
 
 in 1818." ■ ^i;ii,iai-// .^■/:HniiVl ,^<i,^J- j^'-ixiii -i'i«>-« ^Ji^^iU^^-i^fW- 
 
 The river Hudson, named after the navigator of that name, 
 who ascended this splendid stream, called, by the native Indians, 
 "The great Eivcr of Mountains," in 1609, has the honor of being 
 the place whereon floated the first steamboat that existed in the 
 world. The boat was launched in the year 1807, being named 
 ' Clermont.' It was of 150 tons burden. The engine was procured 
 from Birmingham. " Robert Fulton, of New York, though not the 
 originator of steam jDOwer, was the first in America who directed it 
 to the propelling of boats. Fulton, the pioneer in boats by steam, 
 lived not long enough to see accomplished the gi-and end of pro- 
 polling boats thus across the Atlantic. He died in 1815. The second 
 steamboat built in America, was launched at Montreal, 3rd Nov., 
 1809, built by John Molson. It was called Accommodation, and plied 
 between Montreal and Quebec. At the first trip it carried ten 
 pasisengers from Montreal to Quebec, taking thirty -six hours. The 
 w^hole city of Quebec cam(^ out to see her enter the harbor. The 
 fare was eight dollars down, and nine up. .. -. . . w , .: 
 
 It is found stated that the fir^^t steamboat from America to 
 England, was in 1819 ; and the first steamboat built in Groat Britain 
 was in 1812, by Henry Bell, of (llasgovv. But the following is found 
 in the Portland Advertiser: — "Thefirst wteamship which made the 
 voyage, under steam throughout, across the Atlantic, was the lioyal 
 William, in 1833. This vessel was of 180 horse-power, and 1,000 
 tons burden, and built at a i^lace called Three Rivers, on the St. 
 Lawrence, in Canada. The voyage was made from Picton, Nova 
 Scotia to Cowes, Isle of Wight." 
 
 The first steamboat on Lake Ontario, the Frontenac, was built 
 upon the shores of the Bay, at Finklc's Point, Erncsttown, eighteen 
 
THE STEAMER " t^RONTENAC." 601 
 
 miles from Kingston, and within the corporation of Bath. She was 
 commenced in October, 1815, and launched the following season. 
 The three years of war had caused many changes in Upper Canada. 
 On the whole, it may be said that the war materially benefitted the 
 Province. After peace, things did not relapse into their former 
 state. A spirit of enterprise was abroad, especially in the mercan- 
 tile community. " The leading men of Kingston conceived the 
 idea of forming a company to build a steamboat, to ply on Lake 
 Ontario, and the navigable waters of the St. Lawrence. A company 
 was consequently formed, composed of individuals belonging to 
 Kingston, Niagara, Queenston, York, and Prescott, The share- 
 holders of Kingston were Joseph Forsyth, Yeomans, Marsh, Lawrence 
 Herkimer, John Kirby, Capt. Murney, William Mitchell, and, in 
 fact, all of the principal men except the Cartwright family. Adver- 
 tisements were issued for tenders to construct the boat. The 
 advertisement was responded to by two parties; a Scotchman, 
 by the name of Bruce, from Montreal, and Henrj- Teabout, from 
 Sacket's Harbor. Bruce was several days at Kingston before the 
 other person arrived, and he supposed he would get the contract. 
 Mr. Finkle says Teabout came with a letter from Hooker and Crane 
 to Johns and Finkle, informing them who Teabout was, and asking 
 them to favor him with their influence in procuring the contract. 
 The letter was shown to Mr. Kirby, of Kingston, who was one of 
 the committee of tlie company. Mr. Kirby assured Finkle and 
 Johns, that notwithstanding the prejudice which existed on account 
 of the war, the tender of Teabout should receive every justice. No 
 other tender being made, the committee met and decided, by a small 
 majority, to accept Toabout's. All those who voted for Bruce " were 
 cither Scotch or of Scottish descent."* Teabout having received 
 the contract, at once, with Finkle, sot about to find a place to build. 
 After two day's examination of the coast, he selected Finkle's 
 Point, in consequence of the gravelly nature of the shore, as thereby 
 would be obviated the delay which frequently followed rains, where 
 soils would not quickly dry. "The uext consideration was to 
 advance £5,000 to go to Now York and procure a ship carpenter 
 and other necesssaries to commence opei'ations. Accordingly, we 
 Mohns and Finkle) became security, with the understanding that 
 8u soon as the boat should be so far advanced as to be considered 
 worth the security, our bond would bo returned. So satisfactoril}' 
 did the work progress, that the bond was shortly handed to us by 
 the Treasurer, who was William Mitchell. Here I will digress a 
 
602 "PRONTENAO" LATJNCItED. 
 
 shoi*t time. During the war of 1812, David Eckford, the Mostdf 
 ship-builder, of New York, was sent to Sacket's Harbour, to take 
 charge of the ship building at that place, and brought with hitnhis 
 carpenters. Among them were three young men, Henry Teabout, 
 James Chapmsn and William Smith. The last was born on Statin 
 Island, the other two in New York. Teabout and Smith served 
 their time with Eckford. Chapman was a block turner. At the 
 close of the war, these three formed a co-partnership, and Teabout, 
 in contracting for building the Frontmac, was acting for the com- 
 pany. Before building the steamboat, they had built for themselves 
 at Sacket's Harbour, the Kingston, the only craft plying between 
 Sacket's and Kingston, and a fine schooner for the Lake, called the 
 Woolsley. Chapman was in charge of the Kingston, and was doing a 
 more than ordinary profitable business. Bruce's friends wished to 
 do something for him, and had him appointed, at a guinea a day, to 
 inspect the timber (of the Frontenac). His study was to delay the 
 building of the boat; there was a constant contest between him 
 and Teabout." — (Finkle). The contract price of the wood work was 
 £7,000. When the boat was almost ready for the machinery, the 
 contractor's funds were expended. The engine cost £7,000. Before 
 the vessel was completed, the cost reached nearly the sum of 
 £20,000. ' .If* •'5..^^r*•r■v?v!^ v.r'ifi' f^v* ^'■f,t'''*'?m^.''> *<;vrTf'i.i '■•'ifj.!; -_-s"fSi-v,i''i 
 The Kingston Gazette informs us that " On Saturday, the 7th 
 of September, 1816, the steamboat Frontenac was launched at the 
 village of Ernesttown. A numerous concourse of people asbembled 
 on the occasion. But, in consequence of an approaching shower, a 
 part of the spectators withdrew before the launch actually took 
 place. The boat moved slowly from her place, and descended with 
 majestic sweep into her proper element. The length of her keel is 
 150 feet; her deck, 170 foet ; (the tonnage was about 700). Her 
 proportions strike the eye very agreeably ; and good judges have 
 pronoimced this to be the best piece of naval architecture of the 
 kind yet produced in America. It reflects honor upon Messrs. 
 Trobout and Chapman, the contractors, and their workmen; and 
 also upon the proprietors, the greater part of whom are among the 
 most respectable merchants and other inhabitants of the County of 
 Frontenac, from which the name is derived. The machinery for 
 this valuable boat was imported from England, and is said to be of 
 an excellent structure. It is expected that she will be finished and 
 ready for use in a few weeks. Steam navigation having succeeded 
 to admiration in various rivers, the application of it to the waters o^ 
 
V 'f^ THE CAPTAIN. Uil' 603 
 
 the Lakes is an interesting experiment. Every friend to public 
 improvements must wish it all the success which in due to a spirit of 
 useful enterprise." The Gazette adda : "A steamboat was lately 
 launched at Sacket's Harbor. The opposite side of the Lake, which 
 not long ago vied With each other in the building of ships of waf, 
 seiem now to be equally emulous of commercial superiority." 
 Gourlay says the boat at Sacket's Harbor was on a smaller scale, 
 and less expensive. "She, the Frontenac, was estimated to cost 
 £14,000 ; before she commenced her watery walk, her cost exceeded 
 £20,000."— (Finkle). " The deck was 170 feet long and thirty-two 
 feet wide, dr^ws only eight feet when loaded. Two paddle-wheels, 
 with about forty feet circumference ; answers slowly to the helm." — 
 (Howison) . 
 
 The Kingston Gazette^ of May 24, 1817, says, " Yesterday after- 
 noon the steamboat left Mr. Kirby's wharf for the dock at Point 
 Frederick. We are sorry to hear, that throiigh some accident, the 
 machinery of one of the wheels has been considerably damaged, 
 notwithstanding which, however, she moved with majestic grandeur 
 against a strong wind. We understand she has gone to the dock, 
 it being a more convenient place for putting in a suction pipe." 
 The same paper, of May 31, 1817, further says, " The steamboat 
 Frontenac, after having completed the necessary work at the Naval 
 Yard, left this port yesterday morning, for the purpose of taking 
 in wood at the Bay Quinte. A fresh breeze was blowing into the 
 harbor, against which she proceeded swiftly and steadily, to the 
 admiration of a great number of spectators. We congratulate the 
 managers and proprietors of this elegant boat, upon the prospects 
 she affords of facilitating the navigation of Lake Ontario, by furnish- 
 ing an expeditious and certain mode of conveyance to its various 
 ports." "June 7th, 1817. The Frontenac left this port on Thursday 
 (5th,) on her first trip for the head of the Lake." She was com- 
 manded by Capt. James McKenzie, of the Eoyal Navy, the first 
 trip she made, who continued in command until she was no longer 
 sea- worthy. The Purser was A. G. Petrie, of Belleville, now far 
 advanced in years. The Frontenac made the trip up and down the 
 Lake and River, to Prescott, once a week. Whether she went 
 further west than York, at first, is uncertain. Capt. Jas. McKenzie 
 " came to Canada with the first division of the Royal Navy, sent 
 from England to serve on the Lakes during the war of 1812. At 
 the conclusion of the war, he returned to England, and was placed 
 on half pay ; but his active habits led him to consider and study the 
 
604 FIRST STEAMBOAT ON BAY QUINTS. 
 
 powers of the steam engine, and he soon became acquainted with 
 its complicated machinery. In 1816, he returned to Kingston, and 
 assisted in fitting up the Frontenac, which he commanded till she 
 was worn out. Since, he has commanded the Alciope on this Lake, 
 and at the time of his death, (27th August, 1832, aged 50), was 
 engaged in the construction of two other steamboats ; one at the 
 head of the Lake, and one at Lake Simcoe ; and was, on most 
 occasions, consulted respecting the management of steamboats, so 
 that he may justly be called the father of steam navigation in Upper 
 Canada — his death may be considered a great loss to society and to 
 the country." tiH<i>'-> v.-n j," ytfj .^ii ,V::>ri,^^xfi -v'^ .;o' 'j d^*<' -^..WiVijii 
 The first steamboat built to ply on Lake Erie was "Walk-in- 
 the- Water," built at Buffalo at the same time the "Frontenac" was 
 built, and commenced her watery walk about the same time. 
 
 Respecting the Kingston, built at Sa^ket's Hai'bor, we find 
 it stated she was intended to ply between Lewiston and Ogdensburgh, 
 but after a trial of a few months the undertaking was found to be 
 either unprofitable or too niucli for the powers of the vessel to 
 accomplish, and she afterwards employed ten days in making the 
 round trip of 600 miles. She was 100 feet long and 24 feet wide, 
 measuring 246 tons. The wheels were about 11 feet in diameter, 
 and the capacity of the engine 21 horse power. 
 
 , Almost immediately after the Frontenac was laurched a 
 second steamboat was commenced. The material Avhich had been 
 collected while building the Frontenac had not all been used, and 
 went far in the construction of the " Queen Charlotte,'' which was 
 destined to be the pioneer steamer upon the Bay Quinte and River 
 St. Lawrence, in its upper Avaters. She was built by shares of £50 
 each. Johns andFinkle had nine shaves. She was built, (Gilderslieve 
 being the principal shipwright,) launched, and commenced running 
 in tiie early part of 1818. The engine was furnished by Brothers 
 Wards of Montreal, being made at their foundry. She Avas not long 
 launched before she was ready to run. She made trip« twice a week 
 from Wilkins' wharf, at the Carrying Place, to Prescott. She was 
 commanded a few of the first trips by an old veteran captain named 
 Richardson, who lived then near Picton, and afterward to the close 
 of the season, by a young man named Mosier. Of thenumber of pas- 
 sengers on the first trip we have no knowlege, but suppose them to 
 be few, for Belleville, then the largest place above Kingston, was a 
 mere hamlet — Trent, Hallowell, Adolphustown and Bath were 
 the only stopping places from the head of the Bay to Kingston. 
 
CAPTAIN DENNIS. 606 
 
 They were regulated in their course, the first summer by frequently 
 heaving the lead, an old man-of-war's-man being on board for the 
 purpose. (Collins reported in 1788 that vessels drawing only from 
 eight to ten feet of water can go into the Bay Quinto). For two 
 seasons she was commanded by Capt. Dennis ; Mr. Gilderslieve was 
 purser the second and third seasons ; and the fourth commenced his 
 captaincy, which lasted as long as the boat was seaworthy, a period 
 of nearly twenty years ; he was, at the building, a master shipwright, 
 and became a stockholder. i<^',-j,\}^ •\(\j iv^U./'^ ..«s -/H-ifl vnov -fd .fR(!t 
 > Says Mrs. Carroll, " of the fare from place to place I have no 
 knowledge, but from the head of the bay to Kingston, the first season 
 it was five dollars, meals included." 
 
 The good old Charlotte was a very acceptable improvement in 
 the navigation of the Bay. A few of the owners of sailing crafts, 
 perhaps, suffered for a time ; but the settlers regarded her as an un- 
 mixed blessing. During the first years she was so accommodating 
 as to stop any where to pick up a passenger from a small boat, or 
 let one off. 
 
 The old inhabitants of to-day speak of her with words of kind- 
 ness. But the Queen Charlotte has passed away. The last remem- 
 bered of her was her hull rotting away in the Cataraqui Bay above 
 the bridge. ' w,^.^.".tvt^T^*!t ^>'/ 
 
 " The steamer did not prove remunerative to the stock-holders 
 until Gilderslieve became the commander. Of the second Captain, 
 we produce the subjoined from a Toronto daily of 186 Y: 
 
 Death op Mr. Dennis. — "We observe with much regret the 
 death of Joseph Dennis, Esq., of Weston, and with it the severance of 
 another link connecting us with the early history of this country. 
 Mr. Dennis was born in New Brunswick in 1789, his father, the 
 late John Dennis, having settled there after being driven out of the 
 United States as a U. E. Loyalist. The family removed to Canada 
 some three years later, Mr. John Dennis receiving a grant of land 
 for his services and losses as a Loyalist. Tliis land was selected on 
 the Humber river, and on it he then settled and lived, till having 
 been appointed Superintendent of the dock yard, he removed to 
 Kingston. •* 
 
 *' Our recently deceased friend, Mr. Joseph Dennis, was brought 
 up in the dock-yard to a thorough knowledge of shipbuilding, which 
 occupj),tion, however, he soon exchanged for a more congenial 
 one — that of sailing. Owning a vessel on the lake at the outbreak 
 
606 HENRY OILD£B8LIEVE. 
 
 of the American war of 1812, he placed himself and his vessel at the 
 disposal of the Government, and was attached to the Provincial 
 Marine. In one of the actions on Lake Ontario he lost his vessel, 
 was captured, and retained a prisoner in the hands of the enemy for 
 some fifteen months. He subsequently commanded, we believe, the 
 first steamer on the waters of Lake Ontario, the l^incess Cfmrlotte, 
 which plied, as regularly as could be expected from a steamer of fifty 
 years back, between the Bay of Quinte, Kingston, and Prescott. 
 For the last six and thirty years Mr. Dennis had retired from active 
 pursuits, retaiping, till within the last year, remarkable vigour, vhi«h, 
 however, he taxed but little excepting to indulge his taste in fishing, 
 of which he was an enthusiastic disciple. A man of geiu,al ^nd 
 happy temperaraeiit, of mibeu^ipg integrity, of simple tas.t^e^ and 
 methodical habits, he was a type of men fast passing put o^ thi^ 
 country." 
 
 The suQ^^ssor of the "Charlotte" was built by John G. Pi^r^^r, 
 called the " Jiing^tQi; " corapianded for a time by John Gra^^. She 
 did not prove so serviceable as the " Charlotte." Then foUo^ve^ fh^ 
 '•'Sir Ja^nes Kemp," which was built also at Finale's Point. M":^'^ 
 if A history pf the first steamboats of the |)ay ??fQu|d be incpui- 
 plete without p^j-ticxU^r reference tp p^e iodiyidual, who^e n?i,uie fs 
 even yet associated with one of the steamboats whicli ply up a^^ 
 dtpyfn ^he Bay. 
 
 -; Hen,ry G:il4erslieve ca^e iptp Canada ^feout a month be|fl|i:e 
 the Frontenac was launched, in August, 1816. He was the son of ^ 
 ship-builder, who owned yards on the Connecticut river, and built 
 vessels for the New York market. Being a skilful shipwright he 
 assisted to finish oft' the Frontenac, and then as master ship-builderj 
 assisted at the Charlotte. During this time Mr. Gilderslieve himself 
 built a packet named the Minerva. In building this vessel he brought 
 to his assistance the knowledge he had acquired in his father's yard. 
 The result was, that when *' she was taken to Kingston to receive 
 her fittings out, Capt. Murney examined her inside and out, and 
 particularly her mould, which exceeded anything he had seen, . and 
 declared her to be the best craft that ever floated in the harbour of 
 Kingston, which afterward she proved herself to be, when plying 
 two years as a packet between Toronto and Niagara. — (Finkle). 
 hi- At a later date Mr. CHldorsliove superintended the building of 
 tho *' Sir James ^emp," at Finfcle's Point. This was the last built 
 there, after which Mr. Gilderslieve commenced building at Kingston. 
 Here were constructed the Barry, a lake boat, with two ragines, 
 
which in itft third y^ar of runnLug ooUideU with tlif uohoaiiov King- 
 ston, at night, and immedi^ttt^ly B^nk, the paHueug«rs only being 
 a^yed ; t^e Prince of Wales, the New Era, and the Bay of Quinte. 
 Thns it will be seen that Mr. Gilderslieve's fnaine is associated witli 
 most of the steamers whicih have plowed the waters of the Bay, first 
 9& a skilful sliipwright, then (iommauder and shareholder, and finally 
 as a successful proprietor of a ship-yard, and owner of veeeele. Saya 
 ope who knew hini long : "Of Mr. Gilderslieve's busii.ess habits there 
 are numerou*s evidences, for years it seemed that everything lie 
 touched turned to gold, hen^e Uve wealth he left behind him, and I 
 can say, that during the many years I knew him, I never heard u 
 vant of honest i?)teg^ity l^id to his cha^^ge, he died in the fall of, I 
 t^flk, 1851, of cholera, much l^ment^id and greatly missed." ) vqsfisi 
 ,^, The ^p^o^ying wp clip from a paper of 1942 : ,&; ...uni iBv-ii- jjiit-uii 
 •'Jn 1821 the i;iew steamboat Prince Edward, built at Garden 
 IsJ^i^, and ifttwded for the Bay of Qjiinte route, inade her trial 
 trip to !Path aod baek l^t wedk in three hours. $h.e is beautifully 
 finished, but being rathpr cran,k in the w^tji^r, \\ wijl probably be 
 ftecgss3,ry tp give hex- falsit? sides, d »»s'w rfnifi*: ''' <i«tM5i H;>nijtl iir! >* 
 iijo!)f" T^^ '^^w steaqiboat Prince of Wales, bnilt at the marine raU- 
 )v^y by JVfr. Shea, aiid intended for the Bay, was also tried last week, 
 ^fld performed well. She has the engine of the Sir Jmi^s Kempt." 
 
 Canals. — The mighty water way from the Atlantic to the head 
 wMpr of the w^estern lakps i^ interrupted in ite coujrao by numerous 
 r3,pid8 down rook-strewed chanwels, and by the Falls of Niagara. These 
 tk^tU^'al obstftclps to n^vig^tion had to be overcome by aptificiai 
 me(iU8, before the water road could become a highway. This has 
 already been done for yesselp pf a certain tonnage, by construoting 
 the St. Lawrence Canals — the Lftchino Canal, Beauharnois, and 
 Cfii'PWftll, .which were completed in 18^7 ; and the Welland Canal, 
 Upross the Niagara District-, to I/ako Erie. The distance from this 
 I^j^ke to Montreal, is 367 milog. Thp total fall in this way, is 
 564 feet. , .nmi- ^siil kmnjamjeM <^mi0i^' J'qeK/ 'mto^ mjiMa ma 
 5j After the war pf 1812, peeing the importance of inland navi- 
 fifation, beyond the easy roach of an enemy, the country was 
 e^j^lored with the view of securing navigation between Montreal 
 and Kingstpn. It Wf^s proposed to open a "new route up the Ottawa 
 to tJ?t.e mouth of thp liideau, apd up that river near to its head 
 Wiaters, thence by a short portage to Kingston Mill river, and down 
 th^t stream to Kingston ;" but the want of moans for a time delayed 
 the yfojck, ^though, ^t the timo mentioned, advertiaemonta 'w:ere 
 made for estimates. 
 
608 RIDEAU CANAL. 
 
 ••';( The Wolland Canal Company was incorporated in 1824 by- 
 Act of Parliament. The projector and the moHt earnest worker 
 securing this important work, was tho^late William Hamilton 
 Merritt. 
 
 '•■•' The first cannl cut in Canada, was that between Burlington 
 Bay and Lake Ontario. An Act to provide fortius was passed in 
 March, 1813. v^.i - .. _« /-:.-;-- 
 
 In 1826, the Desjardin Canal Coinpany was incorporated by 
 Act of Parliament, in accordance with the petition of Peter 
 Desjardin, and others, to make a canal between Burlington Bay and 
 the village of « Coats' Paradise." '"'^'<^ •'^^'''^-^ Jiiobui bJu . 
 *4 ' « At Kingston is the outlet of that stupendous work, the 
 Eideau Canal, an immense military highway, connecting the Ottawa 
 and St. Lawrence Rivers. The locks on this canal are amongst the 
 grandest structures of the same nature in the world. The under- 
 taking was commenced and carried out by the Imperial Govern- 
 ment at an immense expenditure, chiefly for military purposes, as 
 affording a safe channel for the conveyance of stores, arms, &c., 
 when tl.o frontiers might be exposed, and partly with a commercial 
 view of avoiding the rapids of the St. Lawrence, at that time con- 
 sidered insurmountable, in the transit from the sea-board. This 
 canal cost upwards of £1,000,000 sterling. It construction was 
 expected to have great influence on the welfare of Kingston, and 
 for some time such influence was doubtlessly beneficially felt, as 
 it was necessary to trans-ship at that port as well the products 
 of the west in their carriage to the seaboard, as the merchandize 
 for Western Canada in its transportation westward, and to forward 
 them by other crafts through the canal, or up the lake, thus creat- 
 ing a large source of labor, outlaj^ and gain, and emplo}Tnent to 
 numerous forwarders, agents, and Avorkmen in the transhipment. 
 The improved navigation of the St. Lawrence, by the construction 
 of the St. Lawrence Canals, and the discovery of other and better 
 channels than were known, to a great extent abolished that source 
 of life and activity on the wharfs and in the harbours of the city." 
 
 " The canal was intended for the passage of barges, both down 
 and up between Kingston and Bytown. Steamei*s, however, were 
 soon made available in guiding barges down the rapids, which came 
 with return cargoes up the canal. Now steam-tugs tow, through 
 the course afforded by the St. Lawrence Canals, both schooners and 
 barges up as well as down the stx-eam, and where schooners are 
 used, no transhipment necessarily takes place at Kingston. Of 
 
BTATEMENT OP HOOPER. 609 
 
 late, it has been found profitable to employ barges in the naviga* 
 tion of the St. Lawnence, or it has boon found profitable for 
 schooners to confine their trip to the open lake, which, with the 
 facilities for the transtiipmont of grain afiorded by an extensive 
 Bteam elevator, has caused a renewed lite in that branch of 
 business." '^^'-'^ •!'"" w ./'■vjnif.vn ;• •'■»,-, ,' r -7; t;^-;".' 
 
 " This important work unites, as wo have stated, the waters of 
 the St. Lawrence, with those of tho Ottawa. It commences at 
 Kingston, and pursues a north-eastern direction through a chain of 
 lakes, with most of which it becomes identified in its course, until 
 it intersects Kideau River, continuing its route along the banks, 
 and sometimes in the bed of the river ; it enters the Ottawa at 
 Bytown, (now the City of Ottawa) in north latitude 45° 23" — 
 Length from Kingston to Bytown, including the navigable courses, 
 126 miles, with 46 locks, each 33 feet wide, and 134 long. Ascent 
 from Kingston to the Summit Pond by 15 locks, 162 feet. Decent 
 from tho Summit Pond to the Ottawa by 32 locks, 283 foot; total 
 lockage, 455 feet, depression of tho Ottawa below Lake Ontario, at 
 Kingston 141 feet; general course, north, north-east. It was com- 
 menced in 1826, when the Duke of Wellington was in office, and it 
 is understood that that great General had a voice in tho design- 
 ing of this mighty structure, which is not unworthy of his genius. 
 Sir James Carmichael Smith, of tho Engineer's Department, is said 
 to have originated the idea of its construction. It was carried out 
 under the superintendence of Colonel By, and the town at its junc- 
 tion with tho Ottawa, was named after him. That name has since 
 been changed, when Bytown was made a city. It was the only 
 testimonial to his energy and skill, which deserved from the Pro- 
 vince some better acknowledgment. This great work, together 
 with the extensive lands along its line of route, held by the Impe- 
 rial Government, have lately been transferred to the Province, and 
 there is no doubt that its resources and revenue will be made the 
 most of for the general benefit of the country. Already tho local 
 trade along its course is fast increasing, with the improvements and 
 growth of the settlements in the neighborhood of the Ottawa. The 
 transport of iron ore from tho same section of the country to King- 
 ston, also adds largely to it. Along the courses of the stream are 
 valuable water privileges." — (Hooper.) 1-,! 
 
 .A vague story obtains, among some persons, that when the 
 treaty of peace between the United States and England took place 
 in 1815, the former agreed to pay £1,000,000, which tho Duke of 
 Wellington applied to this purpose. 
 
 39 " ■ ' ' -' ■ ■■ ' ''^"' 
 
610 MURRAY CANAL. 
 
 ' Bolow is given a document, tho importance of which is unques- 
 tioned, wliether wo consider the intorewts of thodO living along tho 
 bay, or tho welfare of tho whole Province.* /( ,, 
 
 RflPORT OF THE SPECIAL COMMITTEE ON THE MURRAY CANAL. 
 
 ; . "The Select Committee appointed to enquire into tho expedi- 
 ency of consti'ucting a Canal to connect the head waters of the Bay 
 of Quinte with Lake Ontario, usually called the "Murray Canal," 
 and also to enquire and report whether any money or lands are 
 applicable to that purpose, and if so, what may bo the amount or 
 value thereof, beg leave to report : 
 
 " That it appears a grant of land was made for the above purpose 
 as early as the year 1796, and that said grant, which was then 
 ascertained to contain some six thousand acres, was afterwards 
 repeatedly acknowledged and confirmed ; 
 
 " That a reservation of sixty-four acres has been made between 
 Prcsqu'isle Harbour and Bay of Quinto, on which said Canal was 
 intended to be constructed ; 
 
 " That the value of tho original reservation of six thousand acres 
 was estimated by the Crown Lands Department, in 1839, at three 
 pounds per acre, or eighteen thousand pounds cun'oncy ; 
 
 "That the construction of said Canal, in addition to tho impor- 
 tant commercial advantages which would be bestowed on the imia- 
 bitants of tho counties adjacent to the Bay of Quinte, and the trado 
 and navigation of the country generally, would afford most impor- 
 tant facilities for tho safe transport of men and munitions in time of 
 war; 
 
 "That your Committee obtained tho evidence of Colonel Mc- 
 Dougal, Adjutant General of Militia, which is appended to this 
 Eeport ; 
 
 " That besides providing an admirable harbour of some Seventy 
 or eighty miles in length, capable of being made almost impregnable 
 against attack, the great natural facilities for ship-building and for 
 obtaining supplies of timber, would enable the Bay of Quinte to be 
 used to great advantage for the repair or construction of ships of 
 
 " That on reference to tho Journals of tho Legislative Assembly 
 of 1845, Your Committee found the record of a letter dated 7th 
 January, 1840, signed by R. B. Sullivan, then Commissioner of 
 Crown Lands, which was furnished as a report on the whole ques- 
 tion of the Murray Canal, for the information of the House, in 
 reply to an Address to His Excellency, under date; 17th Ja-nuary, 
 1845. rral *''iosiflibaod ox^tebno JttBI 'moY "a'di wl iiJ6%xitoM 
 
 " Your Committee hftve deemed it expedient to quote ftilly fVom 
 this Keport for the information of Your Honorable House. 
 ,'! '; " 1st. Extract. — The suggestion of constructing the Canal by a 
 grant of money instead of the appropriation of Crown Lands to that 
 object, was adopted by the Legislative in an Address of the 16th 
 
IMPORTANT CUT-OFF. 611 
 
 February, 1838, to IIU Kxcolloiicy th* Lioutonnnt (Jovernor, on tho 
 Hubjoct, with tho trust tlmt in tho ostimiition of amount to bo grantod 
 in liou of tho roHorvation, duo rogard may bo had to flio increaaod 
 value to which thoHo hindw may have attained. ITiM Fixcolloncy, by 
 answer of 26th Fobruary, wa.s j)loasod to concur with tho Address. 
 
 ^^Mxtract No. 2. — I wouldrospoctl'uUy I'ocommend to His Excel- 
 lency to fix upon some sjiccitic sum which may bo char<^od uj)on tho 
 Crown iloservo, and made ])ayablo out of its first disjiosable proceeds 
 toward the completion of the Canal, and which, upon tho cession of 
 tho Crown Ke venue to the Legislature, will bo considered a pay- 
 ment for which the faith of tho (lovornmont is pledged and ))ro- 
 vided for in any Bill winch may be passed for tho granting a civil 
 list in return for the cession of the Eovenue. 
 
 "That Your Committee examined a work, composed in the year 
 182fi, by Major General 8ir James CarmichaolHmyth, Baronet, 
 entitled, Precis of the Wars in Canada from 1755 to the Treaty of Ghent 
 in 1814, the said work having been published for tho first time in 
 1862, by Sir James Carmichael, Baronet, son of tho author. That 
 this work contains the following statements, which may fairly be 
 quoted in favor of tho construction of this Canal. 
 
 " In the dedication of this work to His Grace the Duke of Wel- 
 lington, the author makes tho following remarks: — 
 
 " The events of these wars afltbrd, in my opinion, a demonstra- 
 tion as clear as that of any proposition in Euclid, of the impossibility 
 (under Divine Providence) of these Provinces ever being wrested 
 from under Her Majesty's authority by the Government of the 
 United States, provided we avail ourselves of the military precau- 
 tions in our power to adopt, by establishing those communications 
 and occupying those points which posterity will one day learn 
 with, if possible, increased respect for Your Grace's great name, wore 
 principally suggested by Your Grace." - -- v . .3 
 
 ,^^ At page 202 he writes as follows:— ' 
 
 '" " " Our Harbour and Naval Establishment at Kingston ai'o very 
 good indeed, and infinitely beyond what the Americans possess at 
 Sacket's Harbour. There cannot be a finer basin in the w- orld than 
 the Bay of Quinte. When Kideau Canal is completed there will be 
 ^reat facilities for forwarding stores to Kingston." 
 
 At page 203: — 'Jril'tOHl/mwoU o.d;JaS t^OiioJiiUoj^iro J^jII'V 
 "In the event of the Americans having the temporary com- 
 mand of the Lake (^Ontario), York (now Toronto) would be useful 
 for the protection of small craft and coasting vessels sailing from 
 the Bay of Quinte with supplies for the Niagara Frontier." 
 
 In a Eoport published by the Board of Trade of tho City of 
 Montreal, for the year 1865, under the heading of" Improvement 
 of Inland Navigation," Your Committee have found the following: 
 
 „ ,. " An impoktant cut-off. — " It was long ago proposed to con- 
 
 " nect Lake Ontario with the Western extremity of the Bay Quints, 
 
 by a short Canal. The land reqtuired for suolji a purpose is. reserved 
 
612 MILITARY CONSIDERATIONS. 
 
 by the Government. The distance to be cut through is less than 
 two miles; some additional dredging being, of course, required in 
 the Bay and Lake to perfect the communication. As no lockage is 
 requisite, the expense of the work would be small, while the advan- 
 tage would be great 
 
 " When it is remembered that the stretch between Presqu'islo 
 Harbor and Kingston is the most hazardous on Lake Ontario, tho 
 advantages to be derived from such a cut-off will be evident, especi- 
 ally in the fall, when stormy weather is most prevalent. Had that 
 little Canal existed last year, a number of marine disasters might 
 have been avoided. Any one who examines the map may see at 
 once how important the Bay if Quinte would thus become in the 
 event of hostilities on the Lake." 
 
 " That under these circumstances Your Committee would recom- 
 mend that a Survey be made of the neck of land lying between 
 Lake Ontario and the Bay of Quinte, and also of the Harbours of 
 Presqu'isle and Weller's Bay, for the purpose of ascertalaing the 
 cost and feasibility of said Canal, and that the Survey should be 
 commenced with the least possible delay. 
 
 Eespectfully submitted, James L. Biggar, Chairman.'^ 0([ a. it 
 
 Appendix. — Committee Eoom, Tuesday, 24th July, 1866. ' '^ ' 
 Colonel Macdouoall attended, and was examined as follows : 
 
 .„, By tho Hon. Mr. Holton ; " ' / -^,. - - ., ,k -^^ >^ ...:...,... ^i.^..;^ 
 
 Be pleased to state to the Committee your views of the import- 
 ance, in a military point of view, of connecting the waters of Lake 
 Ontario and the Bay of Quinte by a Canal, navigable for vessels of 
 the largest class in use on Lake Ontario ? — I am aware that the 
 Defense Commission sent to Canada in 1862, to report on the general 
 defenses of tho Province^ strongly recommend the formation of a 
 Naval Station in the Bay of Quints. Tho natural features of that 
 bay render it, in my opinion, admirably adapted for such purpose. 
 In the event of the Kaval Station being formed in the Bay of Quint6, 
 it would be of great importance to have a short and secure entrance 
 direct from Lake Ontario to tho head waters of the bay. This is 
 especially the case in view of the fact that the stretch between 
 Presqu'isle Harbour and Kingston is the most dangerous and diffi- 
 cult on the Lake. Judging by tho map, and in ignorance of local 
 peculiarities, it appears to mo that tho best means of obtaining such 
 a short and secure communication as is above referred to, would bo 
 by cutting a Canal between the head waters of the Bay Quinte and 
 Weller Bay. The mouth of tho Canal would be covered and pro- 
 tected by the perfectly land-locked harbour of Woller Bay, the 
 entrance to which, from Lake Ontario, is susceptible of being very 
 easily defended against a hostile flotilla. If the case is considered 
 of Canadian vessels running before a superior naval force of tho 
 enemy from the general direction of Toronto, it is obvious that if 
 tho first wore obliged to weather the peninsula of Prince Edward, 
 in certain winds they would run serious risks of being driven ashore 
 
FIRST RAILWAYS. 613 
 
 or captured before they could make the entrance to the Bay of 
 Quinte, whereas the same vessels, with the same wind as would 
 expose them to destruction in the first supposed case, could enter 
 the harbour of Weller Bay under full sail, and reach the head of 
 Bay of Quinte without molestation. Even though it may not be 
 in contemplation to establish a regular Naval Station in the Bay of 
 Quinte, that bay would, in the case of war, afford an admirable har- 
 bour of refuge, which would be made perfectly secure in a military, 
 or rather naval sense. Again, in case of war, the proposed Canal 
 would supply the means of far safer communication by water, with- 
 out the sacrifice of time between Kingston and Toronto, than could 
 bo afforded by the open Lake. 
 
 In the Hallowell Free Press, of February 1, 1831, is a commu- 
 nication from " A country lad," who says, " there are several new 
 roads required, but the one of most essential benefit to the inhabi- 
 tants would be that which would lead from Wellington Village, 
 Jlillier, across the peninsula to Belleville. But, while improvements 
 of this description are in contemplation, it must not be forgotten that 
 the period is not far distant when the East Lake in Hallowell must 
 be cleared out, and a canal suitable for the passage of the Lake 
 Ontario steamboats, cut from thence to Hallowell Village. Such an 
 improvement as this, would, in our opinion, not only lessen the 
 di mce from Kingston to York, and make the navigation less 
 dangerous, but would afford a safe and commodious harbour." 
 
 Railways. — At the present day Canada, in addition to the unsur- 
 passed water ways through her vast extent, has the greatest num- 
 ber of miles of railway according to inhabitants in any part of the 
 world. In 1832, the Liverpool and Manchester Railroad was 
 completed, which was "the great precurser of all railroads." 
 Fourteen years later, 1846, a movement was initiated at Kingston 
 to build a road from "Wolfe Island, through Kingston to Toronto, 
 -and a survey was ordered to be made. A part of the "Report of 
 the Preliminary Survey of Wolfe Island, Kingston and Toronto 
 JElailroad," is now before us, signed by James Cull and Thomas 
 Gore, Civil Engineers. In addition the engineering results of the 
 Preliminary Survey, they give in an appendix, the grounds upon 
 which they form their opinion as to the probable cost and revenue. 
 It would be interesting to give their statements in full did space 
 ,«llow. 
 
 ^}}:} *' Another scheme. — The Picton Sun is advocating the building 
 ■pf a railroad, running through the County of Prince Edward, and 
 terminating at Long Point, whence freight and passengers could 
 be shipped to the United States." .,, m-.. >/ v(r«>,|t y^jx^^ fMij-ivo n" 
 
614 POPULATION. 
 
 THE INCREASE OP POPULATION. ; 
 
 '" It is a common belief among the Americans, a belief which is 
 shared in by the few Annexationists living in Canada, that increase of 
 population, productiveness of the soil, and general advance of civili- 
 zation, are very much greater in the several States of the Union than 
 in Canatla. Nothing can be farther from the truth. Upper Canada 
 especially, has quite outstripped, even the most prosperous of all 
 the original States of the Union. A comparison of the statistics of 
 the two countries shows this to be undoubtedly the case. The 
 following paragraph, taken from a valuable little work by Dr. Lillie, 
 afltords some idea of the relative progress of the two countries. '-"'^ 
 
 He says, " The rate at which Canada West is growing, and has 
 been for the last twenty or thirty years, equals, if it does not more 
 th|in equal the growth of the very best of the Western States. It 
 will be seen from the United States census, that the three States of 
 Ohio, Michigan, and Illinois, contained in 1830, 1,126,851. In 1850, 
 they contained 355,000, a little over 320 per cent, in twenty years. 
 Canada West contained in 1830, 210,473, in 1749, it contained 791,- 
 000, which is over 376 per cent, of the same period of twenty years. 
 So that increase in the three choice States was 55 per cent, less 
 than that of Canada West during the same time." 
 
 And with respect to the products of the two countries, there is 
 found the same proportion in favor of Panada. So also with' regard 
 to vessels, " in proportion to population the tonnage of Canada 
 more than equals that of the United States." And if we look at 
 the various internal improvements as to canals, railroads, we find 
 that Canada stands pre-eminent in these things. 
 
 Yet, in the face of these facts wo can find persons to say, and 
 so believe that Canada is behind the States in enterjirise.'* ■""o I ""*'' 
 i), If we regard Lower Canada, it is found that the growth of 
 population is vastly greater than the States of Vermont and Maine, 
 lying along her border. Taking Canada as a whole, it is seen 
 " that as compared with the States, which in 1850 had a population 
 as great as her own, the decimal rate of increase was greater than 
 in any of those States, with one solitary exception. <■ 
 
 ' Jr « That in nine years to their ten, she lessened by two the num- 
 ber of States which in 1850 had a population exceeding hers. 
 
 "That she maintained a decimal rate of increase greater than 
 that of the whole United States, not including the Western States 
 and Territories, but including California and the other States and 
 Territories on the Pacific. "V 
 
LOWER CANADA AND ADJOINING STATES. 6)15 
 
 " That Upper Canada maintained a decimal rate of increase 
 greater by one-half than that of the whole United States and Ter- 
 ritories — more than double that of all the United StateH, excluding 
 the Western States — and only falling short of the increase in the 
 Western States and Territories by 7 per cent. 
 
 'f.r'"Thatin nine years to their ten, she passed four States of the 
 Union, which in 1850, had a population exceeding hers, leaving at 
 the date of the last census only five States which exceeded her in 
 population. 
 
 The population of French Canada at the time of the revolution, 
 did not much exceed 70,000. Since that time the inci'easo of popu- 
 lation in Lower Canada has been steady ; not from immigration, so 
 much as from early marriages. In the year 1783, there were by 
 enumeration 113,000. In 1831, the French had increased 400,000. 
 As we have said this was due to their social habits. 
 
 The loyalists and soldiers that settled in Western Canada in 
 1783-4-5, were estimated at 10,000. It has been stated that when 
 Canada was divided into two Provinces in 1791, the inhabitants had 
 increased to 50,000 ; but this is doubted by some. It is said that 
 the number did not exceed 12,000. McMullen puts it at 20,000. 
 The increase of population up to the time of the war of 1812, was 
 by no means rapid, at that time they numbered about 70,000 ; 
 1822, 130,000; in 1837, 396,000. The number of inhabitants in 
 1863 was somewhere about 500,000. 
 
 .='! .Coming to the Midland Districts, the townships around the 
 bay, it is found that here advancement was greater than elsewhere 
 
 for many year8.'ift>t aljittEO 0* ft»< aia^mfi^^nqati lain»ifti'8j»oi*T«v e<d 
 Eobert Grourlay sought information from the several townships 
 of the Province in 1817, in response it is stated, among other things, 
 that " the number of inhabited houses now is about 550 ; population 
 about 2,850, This enumei-ation includes the town of Kingston, 
 which contains 450 houses, and 2,250 souls. Thomas Markland 
 says, 26th November, 1818, " The reports from this district (Mid- 
 land) being few in proportion and sevez'al of these irregular, 1 can- 
 not give an exact estimate of the population, but the following will 
 not be far wrong: — Kingston, Ernesttown, Adolphustown, and 
 Thurlow, contain 7,083. Fredericksbnrgh, Marysburgh, Hallowell, 
 Ameliasburgh, and Sidney, 5,340. Pittsburgh, with Wolfe Island, 
 Loborough, Portland, Camden, Eichraond, and Rawdon, will not 
 average above 300 each, a total of 1,800. In Huntington, I heard 
 only of five settlors — say 24. Total white population 14,855; 
 Indians 200. Total number of houses in Midland district was 900 
 Thomas Markland. A report before me made in October 1826, by 
 John Portt, says the total number of white inhabitants of Tyendin- 
 agua IS -7. „^.. ,, „,,,„. , ,..„ „.,.. .., ^ , ,..*^u«,iiu; «•.■ euijiw-iij. 
 
. ,v ,. .K jr-i-j.'.:<-h\ ,■>;;; l^j.i'A iy.<Hx iiv. 'i:A>:hl>:'ys\ <;'»:<;l;f ■:;J.,/: lf.^-;/vn .■:,<:. 
 ,(i.. * t'.t. ,iiuij^:7n\j. ((_iu. 'ji"; .'l*,!.^. Jc'ii ■/;w4 O'xi^iju.: .■.-i.-t //vuh tiVjC T'-.i' 
 ...,^' ^*^.-i^ U.*^; -DIVISION XII.v., = A.,J ;^?Il:./ 
 
 THE UNITED EMPIRE LOYALISTS— THE FATHERS OF 
 
 .4 ;,i-.. .„? , , ., ,, -., UPPER CAI^APA. , , r. 
 
 • rif^nvL/ i^L.iu^ A;ji;gt-;v('.' >-■:.■; - .•;.-;■;;:■:'':, i-jj.jjyy' i^. 0(,v.ji ,%;,i';jv' 
 
 ;<?U-^i'u)L«4,u»-^A;9P3. CHAPTER LXIX. ^KW«fiit.;v;)n^;diu.':tfu: 
 
 CbwnMTS — Definition — A division — Their principles — Our position — Ancestry- 
 Dutch — Puritans — Huguenots — New Rochelle — English writers — Talbot — 
 '-""-Falsehoods — Canadian and English ancestry — Howison — Maiigner — Gour- 
 4':/,/. lay's reply — Palatines — Old names. . .,,,,, , ,,, .,,, 
 
 > ■ » ^ ANCESTRY OP THE U. E. LOYALISTS. , . ^ 
 
 '*'" Under this designation allusion is made to all who left, or were 
 compelled to leave, the revolting colonies, and Independent States, 
 and who sought a home in Ihe wilderness of Canada. There is, how- 
 ever, a class which will be specially referred to, who, in subsequent 
 years, were placed upon the " U. E. list," and who, by virtue thereof, 
 Becured important privileges to themselves and family. 
 
 The United Empire Loyalist, was one who advocated, or wished 
 to have maintained, the unity of the British empire, who felt as much 
 a Briton in the colony of America, as if he were in old England ; who 
 desired to perpetuate British rule in America ; not blindly believing 
 that no imperfections could exist in such rule, but desiring to seek 
 reform in a conservative spirit. This class, we have seen, became, as 
 the tide of rebellion gained strength and violence, eiceedingly 
 obnoxious to those in rebellion against their King and country. It 
 will.be convenient to divide them into three classes, viz., (1.) Those 
 who were forced to leave during the contest, many of whom took 
 part in the war; (2.) Those who were driven away after the war, 
 because they were known or suspected to have sympathy wit!: the 
 the loyalist party, and (3.) Those who would nbt remain in the Re- 
 public, who voluntarily forsook the land of their birth or adoption, 
 and removed to a country which acknowledged the sovereignty of 
 the King of England. Many of this noble class relinquished comfort- 
 
FOURTH OP JULY ORATIONS. 617 
 
 able homes, rather than live under an alien flag ; they preferred, above 
 all measure, to enter a wilderness and hew out a new home. They 
 would live anywhere, endure any toil, undergo any privation, so long 
 as they were in the King's dominion, and the good old flag waved 
 over their head, and their families. It was oft declared that their 
 bones should lie on the King's soil. These sentiments are taken, not 
 from the imagination, but from the accumulated testimony of those 
 who have supplied statements of family history. Elsewhere it has 
 been shewn how cruel were the persecutions made against the " tories," 
 how relentless the spirit of vengefulness. All this, it may be said by 
 some, should be forgotten, — buried in the past, with the whigs and 
 tories, both of whom committed errors and outrages. Under certain 
 circumstances this would be the proper course — the course indicated by 
 the great Ruler ; but, regarding the United States in the light derived 
 from the statesmen, orators, and the press, it cannot for a moment 
 be allowed. Until the descendants of those who successfully rebelled 
 in 1776, cease to vilify our fathei's; until they can find other subject 
 matter for their fourth of July orations, than foul abuse of our 
 country ; until they can produce school-books which are not stained 
 by unjust and dishonest representations; and books of a religious 
 nature which are not marred by unchristian, not to say mitruthful, 
 statements respecting Britain and her colonies. Until the " Great 
 Republic" can rise above the petty course of perpetuating old feuds, 
 we , cannot — we whose fathers suffered, cannot be required to phut 
 our mouths, and thereby seemingly acquiesce in their uncharitable and 
 malignant charges against the U. E. Loyalists. Washington was a 
 rebel as much as JcfferBon Davis, and history will accord to the 
 latter a character as honorable and distinguished as the former. 
 "Washington succeeded against a power that put not forth the 
 gigantic efforts which the United States did to subjugate the States 
 over which Jefferson Davis presided. By the events of the civil 
 war in the United States, we, the descendants of those who occupied 
 the same relative position in the American Revoiution, f^el ,it rjl|;ht 
 to be guided. .. 
 
 '■--,:* The most of the loyalists were Americans by birth. Their 
 feelings of attachment to the realm, preponderated over the attach- 
 ments which bound them to thei homes of their childhood and 
 maturer years. The great majority of those^ who^ settled Upper 
 Canada were from the Provinces of New York, Pensylvania, and 
 the New England States. New York, originally a Putch colony, 
 had many loyal sonii. Indeed thi^ state was dragged into the 
 
618 HUGUENOTS. 
 
 rebellion. It follows that a goodly number of the Bottlers around 
 the bay were of Dutch extraction, and possessed all the honesty 
 and industry peculiar to that people. The U. B. list, and the larger 
 list of refugees, include a large number of names unmistakably 
 Dutch. But there came from this state as well, many a true son 
 of England, Ireland, and Scotland, with a spi'inkling of the Hugue- 
 nots, and the Germans, the last of whom began to emigrate to 
 America in 1710. Many of the settlers of Upper Canada may 
 point with pride to their Dutch forefathers. Many Canadians have 
 an equal right also to boast of their Puritan fathers. They more 
 especially may point to the justice-loving ones who came to 
 America with honest William Penn, whose son was also a refugee 
 from the State his father founded, not by taking forceable posses- 
 sion, but by buying the land from the Indians. ±.' {i^sfhf off Jr^-ylra 
 
 /) Among the devoted band of firm adherents to the British Crown 
 were not a few of the descendants of the Huguenots, whose fathers 
 had been oxpati*iated by the King of France, because they were 
 Protestants, and who had found safe homes in England. So early 
 as 1686, a number of Huguenots found their way to America. And 
 from time to time, accessions were made to the number by emigra 
 tion. They mostly settled in Westchester County, New York, in 
 1689, where a tract of land was purchased for them by Jacob Leisler, 
 of the Admiralty, and there founded a town called New Eochelle, 
 after Eochelle in France, noted for the stand its inhabitants took 
 against Boman Catholicism. In 1700, New Eochelle had become 
 quite a place, and here was found, when the rebellion had com- 
 menced, "a vast number of Militia officers loyal to the backbone." 
 — (Euttan). T Mm "JOffttoiT blnoTT Yf*{ft ;Jx(df rVn^tTrct ■,BhRrT*?0 'ryaqvi 
 
 The ancestry of the XT. E. Loyalisls has been called in question, 
 not by the rebels alone, but by British subjects. The few instances 
 constitute, fortunately, but exceptions to a general rule. Travelers 
 from Great Britain have repentedly, perhaps we may say persis- 
 tently, displayed an astonishing amount of ignorance of the 
 people of Canada and its society. Allowance can be made for a 
 certain amount of egotism, but downright bias is unworthy a high- 
 minded writer. Incapable of examining any subject, except from 
 a stand point exclusively English, they have found no difficulty in 
 attributing the most^unworthy and even scandalous causes to a state 
 of society to them unusual, and seemingly abnormal. Perhaps no 
 writer nas so disgraced himself, in writing about Canada, as Talbot. 
 Certainly no one more ignobly essayed to injure Canadian reputa- 
 
FALSE WRITERS. 619 
 
 tion in Great Britain than he. " Mr. Talbot has stated in his book 
 tiiat most of the Canadians are descended from private soldiers or 
 settlers, or the illegitimate oifspring of some gentlemen, or his 
 servant." The writer had no scruples in publishing a falsehood. 
 Full well ho knew how noble had been the condu^,t of the U, E. 
 Loyalists as a class; who relinguished property, homes, — every- 
 thing for a cause dear to their heart. Private soldiers indeed 1 
 They thought it no disgrace to enter the ranks to help to suppress 
 an unrighteous rebellion. And the descendants of the private 
 soldiers feel it an honor to claim them for sires. Mr. Talbot, we 
 are informed, came to Canada to speculate in lands; and his record 
 does not justify him in casting a stigma upon the fathers of Canada. 
 Could we accept a slanderous statement as true, yet the question 
 might be raised : — Is not their origin as good as many of the great 
 houses of Great Britain would be found, were we enabled to trace 
 back th^ir pedigree. Probably, at the present time, and perhaps 
 at no time, did more than a few read the pages of Mr. Talbot's 
 production. But lest there might come a time when the false 
 statements should be reiterated, we felt it our duty to thus advert 
 to the subject. Ji^ffJ 'Jfi^ '>^ ybam v';.t','7/ Htioiasoo'^ii ,omiJ oJ !=)ifrt! moix 
 
 Another writer, to whom it may be well to refer, is one Dr. 
 John Howison, who wrote Sketches of Upper Canada. His know- 
 ledge of Canada was pretty much confined to the Niagara district. 
 Hear what the great (?) man said of the inhabitants. " They are 
 still the untutored incorrigible beings that they probably were, 
 when the ruffian remnant of a disbanded regiment, or the outlawed 
 refuse of some European nation, they sought reftjge in the wilds of 
 Upper Canada, aware that they would neither find means of sub- 
 sistance, nor be countenanced in any civilized country. Their 
 original depravity has been confirmed and increased by the circum- 
 stances in which they are now placed." This is a pleasant picture 
 that the accomplished doctor draws of our forefathers. The very 
 flagrancy of the falsehood has rendered the above statement as 
 harmless as the doctor's reputation is unknown. It is but too 
 common a story for a stupid Englishman, with no other ideas than 
 those derived from supremo egotism, to pass through our country, 
 and after merely glancing at the outside of everything, proceed to 
 give an account of the people of Canada. But this Howison was 
 cither guilty of drawing his views from Yankee sources, or of giving 
 vent to some spiteful feeling. Robert Gourlay, who was no tory, 
 referring to the above statement, speaks in this way : — " Itis nottruo> 
 
620 FALSE WRITERS. 
 
 it is not fair, it is not discreet. The first settlors of Upper Canada, in 
 my opinion, were wrong headed men as to politics ; but they were far 
 from being bad-hearted men, and anytliing but "the ruffian remnant 
 of a disbanded regiment." They were soldiers who had done their 
 duty: who had regarded with reverence their oath of allegiance; 
 who had risked their lives a hundred times over a support of their 
 principles ; who had sacrificed all which the world in general holds 
 dear, to maintain their loyalty and honor. They were anything 
 but the "outlawed refuse of some European nation. They adhered 
 to the laws of Britain ; and for the laws of Britain they bled. They 
 did not "seek refuge in the wilds of Upper Canada, aware they 
 would neither find means of subsistence, nor be countenanced in 
 any civilized country." It is a libel on the British Government to 
 say they sought refuge, and a libel on common sense to say that 
 men, who resolved to earn their bread by labour, under the worst 
 circumstances in the world, could not find means of subsistence 
 anywhere else. The whole passage is untrue, is shameful, and Dr. 
 Howison should apologize for it in the public prints of this country. 
 These very farmers whom he scandalizes so cruelly, stood up for 
 British Government most noble during the late war, (1812), many 
 of them lost their all at that time (in Niagara District)^ and to 
 many of them the British Government is now deeply indebted. 
 The mass of first settlers in Upper Canada were true men, and to 
 this day there is a peculiar cast of goodness in their natures, which 
 distinguishes them from their neighbours in the United States. 
 There were among them ruffians of the very worst description. 
 His Majesty's ministers needed spies, and horse stealers, and liars, 
 and perjured villians ; and America furnished such characters, just 
 as England can furnish an Oliver and an Edward. Why should 
 a whole people be slandered because of a few ? Dr. Howison wrote 
 in Canada only to trifle, and now we see the consummation, we see a 
 book very well written ; very readable as a romance — the talo of a 
 weak man ; but as it affects men, worse than trifling — scandalous. 
 To say all the ill he could of Canada, and no good of it is unfair-r- 
 is deceitful — after all, in his parting exclamations, he " spoke about 
 the happy shores of Canada." The refined Dtv Howison, it would 
 seem, remembered "many civilities" from the Canadians; but 
 because he could not appreciate the nobility of nature when crowned 
 by the rough circumstances of pioneer life, he must needs write a 
 libpl. No doubt his mind was influenced by Yankee tales of 
 Butlers' Bangers, and perhaps his exquisite sensibility was wounded, 
 
PALATINES. 621 
 
 forsooth, because a Canadian would not touch his hat to him." 
 Eobert Gourlay was a friend to Canada, a friend to humanity; ho 
 was not always right; but ho was far more correct while in Canada 
 than those who persecuted him. Ho was a patient and close 
 observer, and made himself thoroughly acquainted with Canada, 
 and his statement in reply to Howison's utterances are fully satis- 
 fying. What was true of the settlers at Niagara, must remain true 
 of the whole class of V. B. Loyalists. Notwithstanding the many 
 adverse circumstances—the earnest contest for life, the daily 
 struggle for food, their isolation from the influences of civilized life, 
 the absence of regular ministers of the gospel, notwithstanding all,' 
 the old soldiers constituted a band of pioneers infinitely better than 
 those who form the outer belt of settlors, at the present day, in the 
 Western States. ;'c t"'iM.j.i;i.; ^lu loiju/j i>n.a\^-^uvst'JtTiiCii:AXcf^'i''^-f* 
 As intimated, not a few of the U. B. Loyalists were doscon- 
 dants of those who had likewise been driven, by persecution, from 
 their homes. There were not only the children of the noble old 
 Huguenots, but a good many Gorman Irishmen, called Palatines. 
 They originally came fVom the Palatinate of the Rhine, once the 
 possession of the House of Palatine. The Palatines were Protestants, 
 and during the seventeenth century, wore exposed to the most cruel 
 barbarities. They fled in thousands to tho friendly camp of the 
 Doke of Marlborough, when commander of tho allied armies. In 
 1709, Qneen Anne sent a fleet to Ilotterdam for the distressed Pala- 
 tinea, and carried about 7,000 to England. Of those, 3,000 were 
 sent to Now York, but finally found homos in Pennsylvania, among 
 the Quakers. The names of some of these are before us, and it 
 may be seen they aro familiar ones, although some of them are 
 somewhat altered. ";.;„.: ui 
 
 Frantss Lucas, Doitrioh Klein, Conrad Prodoricfc, Lnd-«^fg, 
 Honrich Newkirk, Reiser, John Mortan, Casper Hartwig, Christo^ 
 per Warner, Hermanus Hoffman, Rudolph Neff, Schmidt, Schu- 
 macher, Lenhard, John Peter Zenger, Philip Muller, SchaflFer, Peter 
 Wagner, Straule, Henrioh Man, Eberhard, Kromer, Franke Ross, 
 Peter Becker, Christian Meyer, Godfry Fidler, Weller, George 
 Mathias, Christo, Hagodom, Fink, John William Dill, Bernard, 
 Conradt, Bellinger. . ^' '. _ ■ -, 
 
 han^f those who remained, five hundred families romovea^'^ 
 Ireland, and settled, principally, in tho County of Limerick."' 
 Among th«ir names we find. Baker, Barham, Barrabier, Bcnnoser, 
 Bethel, Bowon, Bowman, Bovinozcr, Brcthower, Cole, Coach, Cor- 
 
622 ANCIKNT NAMES. 
 
 neil, Croii.shorry, Dobo, Diilina/^o, Kmbury, Fizzic, OrunHC, (Jrior, 
 llcck, Ilofl'mun, Jliflo, Jloavonor, Ozior, (probably Lazier of our 
 day), Lavvronci), Lowen, llhinehcart, Koho, Itfjdonbuchor, liucklo, 
 Switzor, Spurling*Sfnck, St. John, St. Lodgor, Stronglo, Slocpor, 
 Shoemaker, Shior, Smoltzer, Shoultace, Shavowiso, Towby, (])robably 
 Detlor of our day), Tottlor, UrHhelbaugh, WilliuiriH, and Young. 
 
 A certain number of the I'alatineH Hottled at tlie German Flats, 
 many of whom, being LoyaliHts, were obliged to leave ; and become 
 pioncerH in Canada. JiikowiHe, were there many from other parts 
 of the State, and from Pennsylvania. ... t^ ,.,_ . ... ■;; 
 ,,, In the early history of Now Yoi-k State, may bo found many 
 names, generally Dutch-like, closely resembling those of the first 
 settlers of Western Canada. 
 
 In a letter, dated " Albany, .30 July, 1689," wo find the 
 names of Capt. Blcekcr and D. Myers. 
 
 v. ,; At a convention at Albany, Oct. 24, 1669, was present, among 
 others, Gert liyorse, Jan Jenso Bleekor. ^iJ-'^. irn.i^Mij/iit Jii iui ^j! 
 '■ " Proposals made to ye people, Albany, yo 5 day of November, 
 1689, by 40 inhabitants," among which is Jacob Vandon Bogaert. 
 
 " At a meeting, at Albany, 28th March, 1690," were present^ 
 ,Gjert Kyersen, John Piotersen, Ilendrick Hedgeman, (Uagerman). 
 '"■ At a mooting in Albany, after the massacre of Schenectady, 
 February 9, 1690, to arrange for defending against the French 
 and Indians, and to bury the dead ; there were, among 60 others 
 present, .D. Wessols, liector, J. Bleockor, Aid. Byckman, Ens. 
 Bonnet. 
 
 In the list of those killed at Schenectady, are several of the 
 
 Vroomans, Symon, Skemorhoorn. "Taken prisoners at Skinnech- 
 
 tady, and carried to Canada ye 9th day of February, 162o." " John 
 
 Wemp, Sonne of Myndt& 2 negroes, and 26 others.", , ,. . 
 
 , , In a list of oflSlcors in the Province of N"ew York, 1693, momben 
 
 lit.' 
 
 of Council — are found Phillips, Brook, Lawrence, Young, Marshall, 
 
 Shaw, Evotts, (probably Everit), Handcock, Dirck Wessols, Recorder 
 
 at Albany; Beekman, Howell, Barker, Piatt, Whitehead, Harrison, 
 
 Hageman, Strycker, Willet. Among the militia officers, N. Yorrk, 
 
 1700, we find Booth, Moore, Wheler, Hubbs, Kochum, Frederick, 
 
 Daniel Wright ; Bobert Coles ; Lake, Hegemen, Evert, Bogardus, 
 
 Hosbi'ooke. Rose. .' .;... 
 
 List of inhabitants in County of Orange, 1702, %e'^ find— 
 
 Gcritsflon, (Garrison), Reynorssen, (Bjorson), Coniflf,, Mieycr, 
 
 . (Meyer,) Weller, Coejper,Merntt,^,,^^., .,(}^.3,,_;;^,^ 
 
MOHAWK VALf-KY IN OLDKN TIMKS. 1523 
 
 Freoholdorn of tlio city and (u)iinty of Albuny, 17lJ(), Williams, 
 Van Alon, Holland, CoUinn, VunDyko, wovoral Blookor'H ; Cornelius 
 Boarghacrt, VanduHcn, Mocbe, Wcemp, (Wcni])), Tnusax, Van 
 Valkonbur^li, IluycU, Grardimor, ])in^nianH, VanAlHtino, Coonradt, 
 Jlam, Luyko, Dooker, KHHolstinu, I'rittH, (iuackonhoeis,((^uackenljUHh) 
 Van JicnHalaor. .,„..„.. -. . 
 
 In tlio war of Iho Indianfl, at tlio battle of Point Pleasant, 1774, 
 there was killed, anion^ othcirfl, KiiHi^n CandilF. 
 
 The following we take from tlie Schenectadt/ Evming Star : 
 
 Valley ok the Mohawk in Oldkn TfMKs. — Schoharie — The, 
 Vroomans. — When the Schoharie sottlemontH were invmled by the 
 BritiHh, under Colonel Jiutlor, in the year 178fi, the followini^ 
 perHons, anion^ others, were murdered by the IndianH: Tunis 
 Vrooman, his wife and won, and on this occasion Kphraim Vrooman 
 and his two sons, Bartholomew, Jowias and John Vrooman, Bartho- 
 lomew Vrooman, Jr., and his wife and son Jacob, were taken 
 Erisoners, The wife and dauf^'hterof Ephruim Vrooman was killed 
 y an Indian named Seth Ilondrick. Mr. K Vrooman, while on his 
 way to Canada, whither ho was carried in captivity, was under the 
 immediate charge of Seth Ilendrick, who treated him with much 
 kindness. There were two or three Indians who accompanied Seth. 
 These Ijeforo they arrived at their destination, ^row tinsd of their 
 prisoner, and proposed tr> despatch him. Mr. Vnxjman overheard 
 the conversation, which was conducted in a whisper, and repeated 
 it to Hendrick. Ilendrick assured him in the moat positive manner, 
 that " not a hair of his head should be touched," and gave bis 
 companions a severe reprimand for their ungenerous conspiracy. 
 After the termination of the Eevolutionary contest, Jlondriclc paid 
 Mr. Vrooman a visit, and apologised ftn- his conduct during the war, 
 in the strong, metapJiorical language of his nation : " The toma- 
 hawk," said ho, "is used only in war; in time of peace it is buried; 
 it cuts down the sturdy oak as well jis the tender vine ; but I (laying 
 his hand on Mr. Vrooman's shoulder) saved the oak." 
 
 " Eva's Kill. — The creek which runs through the village of 
 Cranosville has, for the last ninety years, been known as Eva's Kill, 
 or creek. It owes this name to the circumstance of a woman named 
 Eva being murdered near its banks. In the year 1755 Mrs. Van 
 Alstine, from Canojohario, traveled through this j)laco on her way 
 to this city to visit her parents. She was on horseback, and had 
 her daughter with her, a child about four years of age. A party of 
 French and Indians had just arrived from Canada, an 1 were prowling 
 about with murderous designs on the defenceless inhabitants of the 
 Mohawk Valley. Espying Mrs. Van Alstine, they marked her for 
 their prey. They pounced upon, wounded and scalped her, left her 
 as they supposed, dead, on the margin of the creek which bears her 
 name. Her danghter they took to Canada. After they had departed, 
 Mrs. Van Alstine partially recovered, and mustered strength enough 
 
624 ORIGINAL NAMES IN LONG ISLAND. 
 
 to crawl to the river, on the opposite shore of which she saw some 
 men standing, to whom she beckoned. She feared to speak lest she 
 should be overheard by her enemies who were still in the neighbor- 
 hood. These men came over cautiously, and conveyed her safely 
 to her agonized patents. She lingered nine or ten days in a state 
 of extreme suffering, when she gave up the ghost. Her daughter's 
 life was spared, aad she, in time, was restored to her friends." v'*'^ 
 
 In 1750-60, are found the names of Jordan, Dunham, Grant, Har- 
 
 kamer, Spenser, Peterson, Wilson, Church, Devenport, Kemp,Gib80n. 
 
 Census of New York, about 1703. Amongst others, Vanhorn 
 
 Larrance, Loukes, Vandewater, White, Hams, Wes8el8,Wm. Taylor, 
 
 Johnston, Vesey, Bogert, Oastrom, Waldron, Davis, Marshall, Olapp. 
 
 Jib. Census of Long Island, 1673. — Jacobs, Carman, Symonds, Beedel, 
 
 ' Allen, Williams, Valontyn, Ellesson, (probably Allison), Osborne, 
 Hobbs, Soddard, Ellison, Foster, Mott, Apple be, Persell, Truax, 
 
 . Hoyt. 
 
 ^otf The BoU of tJum who have taken the oath of allegiance, Sep- 
 tember, 1687: Peter Stryker, native of the Province; Comelis 
 Pertise, (Peterson), native; Beakman, native; Gerrit Dorlant, 
 
 ' native; Joseph Hagemen, (Hagerman), 37 years; Adrien Ryerse, 
 41 years. Living in Breucklyn (Brooklyn) : Covert, native ; 
 Bogaert, 35 years; Jan Fredericks, 36 years; Pieter Corson native ; 
 Caspere, (Casper) ; Jacobus Vande Water, (Vandewater), native ; 
 Dirck Janse Waertman, (Wartman), 40 years ; Van Clief, De Witt, 
 Loyse, Waldron, Willensen, Badgelj'^, Culver, Jessop, Eogers 
 
 . Diamond, Erie, Butler, Johnes (Jones), Whiting; Arnold, Wash- 
 bourn, Way, Harton, Booth, Bradly, Goldsmith, Giles, Baily, 
 Osmond, Carey, Case, Miller, Garitson* , ■< . , i . ,. 
 
 . .rr:(\i^^it^ (^n^fifif^fi^,'liy']¥l 
 
 vfo-ftP^f W,".a<>iJuij^wi.»' CHAPTER LXX. ii>^f^-;^iu^..wm^' 
 
 Contents — Character — Hospitality — At home — Fireside— Visitors-Bees— Raisings 
 ''• ' Easter Eggs — Dancing— Hovington House — Caste — Drinks — Horse-racing— 
 • ' Boxing— AmusemontB — La Crosse — Duels — Patriotism — Annexation — Free- 
 dom — Egotism — The Loralists — Instances — Longevity — Climate of Canwia 
 A quotation — Long lived— The children — The present race — A nationality 
 Comparison—" U.B. Loyalist "—Their Privileges— Order of Council— Dissa- 
 iisfaction. 
 
 CHARACTBB, CUSTOMS, AMUSEMENTS, PATRIOTISM, AGE AND DESCEN- 
 DANTS OF TlIK U. E. LOYALISTS. 
 
 When we compare the motives which actuated all classes of 
 those who adhered to the Crown with the rebels in their various 
 
:^V-. n' HOSPITALITY. AHi.r^ ^5 
 
 grades, we feel to exult and express sincere thankfulness that the 
 fathers of Upper Canada were honest, devoted, loyal, truthful, law- 
 abiding, and actuated by the higher motives which spring from 
 religion. The habits of the loyalists were simp|jp, and comparatively 
 free from immorality. Their love of order and adherence to law is 
 noteworthy. No people in the world have been characterised by so 
 firm and devoted adherence to the established laws than the U. E. 
 Loyalists. Never deprived of that freedom which ennobles the man, 
 they always abominated that monstrous offshoot of republican liberty 
 which teaches a man to take the law in his own hands. In later 
 years in Canada some strife has been witnessed between parties who 
 have introduced their national feuds from the old country. But 
 those who fought in the revolutionary war, and who mainly assisted 
 to drive back the invading foe in 1812, have always been peace- 
 loving citizens. Lynch Law, (a term derived from a man of that 
 name living in South Carolina, who constituted himself the arbiter 
 between any contestants, and to their satisfaction) has alw^s been 
 held in utter detestation. ^r^n-ArniV Av»ti.nr (/ik'ijwa* i<j\ v,ti}r«A'-| 
 
 oO^lj-vThe settlers wore always hospitable. The circumstances of 
 their life, in which they so often were cast upon the care and atten- 
 tion of others, made each experience the deep feeling of gladness 
 to have a visitor, which belongs to a sense of kindness received. 
 In this they differed widely from the people of the more Northern 
 States. Strangers were never turned away, and a clergyman, no 
 matter of what denomination, was received "right gladly." The 
 Rev. Mr. Smart says that ho was often up the Bay in his early 
 days of ministerial labor, and ho was over treated by the inhabitants 
 of all classes with great hospitality. And after a few years had 
 worn away, carrying with them the burden of many heart sorrows, 
 there came an occasional opportunity to exchange friendly hospi- 
 tality. Visiting indeed became a regular " institution," to borrow 
 a Yankee pi. rase. Near neighbours would of an evening call in, 
 uninvited, to spend the evening, and talk over the times, pi-csent, 
 /past and coming. Sometimes visits wore made to friends a long 
 
 / distance off, going by canoe or battcau, or perchance on "horseback, 
 
 by a bridle-path, with saddle-bags containing oats for the horse. 
 
 But the winter visits were characterised more especially by genial 
 
 hospitality. On iuoh occasions the hostess brought forth things 
 
 new and old. Choice v)'*nds, carefully stored away, were brought 
 
 to the light. The first fruits of the soil were lavishly spread upon 
 
 the unnssuming board. The famine of 1787-^, and the subsequent 
 40 
 
626 FAMILY VISITING. 
 
 lack of the necessaries of life, and the total absence of luxuries for 
 many a year, had the eifect of intensifying the value that might 
 naturally bo placiid upon plenty and luxury. To be truly enter- 
 taining to guests, was to set before them a feast of good things. 
 Hence it came' in the later years of the country that 
 the table ot the well-to»do farmer always groaned with sub- 
 stantials and delicacies. On those occasions the old soldier re- 
 counted his deeds of warfare, and hair-breadth escapes, and his 
 struggl'.s in the wilderness. The blazing hearth became the centre 
 of attractive conversation, and lit up the haixiy faces of the pioneers, 
 and the milder countenances of their wives and daughters, while 
 in the back ground might be seen the bright eyes of tlie children, 
 listening to the tales that were told. The younger ones had been 
 ordered off to bed, but they lie wakeful in their bunks, which were 
 in tlio same room, to catch the ever flowing talk. The conversa- 
 tion at these times did not always relate to those matters above 
 stated, it often took a mysterious turn, and ghosts became the sub- 
 ject of their evening's talk. The above is not from imagination, 
 but in substance from the lips of more than one, who remembers 
 to have occupied the little bunk and listened upon many an even- 
 ing to the conversations. 
 
 Family visiting was a common mode of exchanging civilities. 
 It was necessary because of the widely separated houses. The 
 evenings were times of the most pleasing reunions. Every log 
 house possessed a largo Dutch fireplace, into which was placed 
 a back log of iparaonse size, while upon the hand irons, or, as at 
 first, large square stones was heaped light dry wood which sent 
 forth a cheerful blaze. By the light thus made there would be in 
 the fall and winter carried on various household duties, each family 
 waRit>> a, great extent dependent upon themselves for almost every 
 thing required upon a farm, or about a farm-house. The wife 
 would bo busy canling, or making clothes of home-made linen, or 
 of cloth. The daughters would bo employed in mending or darn- 
 ing. The fai^nier would be engaged in making or repairing har- 
 ness, or boots, or " fixing " an implement of husbandry, while tho 
 Bon would be fashioning an axo-helvo, or an ox-yoke, or whittling a 
 whip handle. The simple meal, though of a homely fare, was 
 satisfying, for their taato waa not pampered by unnecessary luxu- 
 ries when alone. But when company came everything was 
 changed. The work was put aside, and they sot themselves out 
 to make their visitors enjoy thomsolvos. They would <#ncipci<j.tbo 
 
*.. BEES. .-: ■: 627 
 
 wido and glowing fire, and indulge in the most amiable talk. 
 There was no spirit of envy in their midst, but a quiet content and 
 thankfulness that the wilderness was beginning to blossom. The 
 triumphs of the past would be duly recounted, and the future 
 looked forward to with highest hopes. Plans would be canvassed 
 and laid for the children, while apples, cider and nuts would receive 
 due attention by all. At those meetings were often the 
 young folks — marri?^geable daughters and sons who had been pre- 
 paring to go on the other farm, or back hundx'ed acres where a log 
 house was partially erected ; before long the company would be 
 divided into two distinct groups, the old and the young. Sumo- 
 times matters would be managed that the older ones would meet 
 at one hoxise and the young at another, by which means a more 
 pleasing state of things was created. But courting, or sparking as 
 it wa« termed, was generally done upon Sunday evening. TRe 
 day of rest was the only one when the love-sick swain could get 
 away. And even the most exemplary christians regarded " going 
 to see the girls " on a Sunday night as quite allowable. Then, this 
 practice favored the desire, so prevalent, to koej) secret the inten- 
 tion of any two to get married. - ■ ...jj yv*-^ >' 
 Visits were n^ade vvithout invitations. To wait for an invita- 
 tion was quite contrary to the primitive views of the settlers. The 
 visit must be a voluntary action. Even to give a hint to one to 
 make a visit by parties not related was considered as beneath 
 proper respect. It was a species of independence. "I do'nt want 
 one to come to my house if he do'nt want to," the phase went in 
 that way. But there were occasions when invitations wei-e sent 
 out, and that was when some help was required ; and to i)er!5on3 
 not familiar with the habits, it will seem strange that it was con- 
 sidered a compliment to got an invitation, and a slight to be n^- 
 lected. These invitations were to be present at beos, and help to 
 do work. At the first these boos were common, to put up the log 
 houses, and get a little clearing done, by a certain time. But after- 
 wards, though less fi'equcnt, they were of a more pretentious 
 nature. Eaising Beos wore in time, indications of prosperity. A 
 fVame barn or house showed that the farmer was pi-ogressing, and 
 in accoi-danco with the general expectation, treated " the hands " 
 with the best he hivd. Then tliere were, boaido the rais-ing beos, 
 the clearing bees, logging beos, and stone beos, and husking be©8, 
 and in later times apple bees ; and there was the women'-j l)oo for 
 quilting. All those nioetinga were of a more or less iiilarious order. 
 
628 EASTER EQOS. 
 
 The work was done, and done with a will ; it was a sort of duty — 
 a matter of principle that either the work should he done, or a 
 proper effort made to that end. For many years spirituous liquors 
 were dealt out, or set freely hefore the men, but in time, some, 
 seeing the evil of drinking, and sometimes fearful of aecidentu, 
 determined to discontinue the custom. "Whether drinking was 
 indulged in or not, all were treated to a glorious supper, generally 
 of pot-pie and cakes, and pies of pumkin and apple. The women 
 folks of coui'se, required assistance, and the neighbours would come 
 to help, so that at night there would be collected a goodly number 
 of both 8ex;e8. Husking bees and aj)ple bees took place at night, 
 but they did not last so long that no time was allowed for amuse- 
 ment. And then coinmenced the play and the dance. At first 
 these unions and plays were exceedingly harmless and indulged in 
 with the utmost artlessness. The young of both sexes were well 
 known to each other, and it was more like a family gathering than 
 aught else. But now fortunately these bees and kissing-plays are no 
 longer in vogue. They were natural enough in the days of primi- 
 tive pioneer liife ; but with increasing mhabitants and the addition 
 of people of other countries, they became unnatural. 
 
 The breakipg up of winter brought to a termination for a time, 
 all the social festivities. In connection with sugar making was 
 .here and there a jovial mieeting to " sugar off." ' ' ' 
 
 Aside from the Sabbath th^re were bnt few holidays ; and, 
 With many, CJinstmas was imperfectly obpei*ved. Easter was re- 
 membered principally because of the feast of eggs on Sunday. At 
 first, when hens were scarce, it was not every family that had eggs 
 on that day, or had enough. So it came to pass that eggs would be 
 preserved beforehand, pot by the natural provider however, The 
 boys regwfied it as their prei*ogative to hide the eggs for some time 
 be;fore, and even wh^n it tvas unnecessary, large numbers would be 
 safely secreted by the young ones. This was generally (lope by 
 the youngest, old enough ; and ho was to so hide them that no one 
 could find thepi. The hopor was lost if the eggs were fdurid. The 
 Easter morping consequently was one, of anticipation, , to, see ,how- 
 ^^ver niany eggs had been preserved. ,; , \. . , ,, 
 v,-,-,;(jAn pld settler oi' Ameliaeburgh|di8COurBe8 of Bees in thiswise: 
 "Bees were great instituiions in those days, every settler was 
 licensed to make twp or three each year, provided he furnished a 
 good "pot pie," and plenty of gfog, and never made any objections 
 to his guests figh^ing^ Eighting might take plaoeat any stajgjD, but 
 
P'X~'-r. 
 
 AMUSEMENTS. 62d 
 
 more genprally occui*red after work was done, before and after 
 
 supper. ,^,,..^^^-,.,^_^.. ^^,.»,r^ 'tv,;/lv'fv---^'" ■'.*-^- •,■•■■■■ 
 ,^,i>aneing seems to have been particularly attractive to almost 
 jftU, Almost every neighbourhood or concession had its fiddler, the 
 only kind of instrumental music of the tim6s. The fiddler was 
 generally an old soldier, who had acquired some knowledge of the 
 4rt^pf;playing during his time of service;'^'' ""* '^V*' '!' niT)o^ljrb«, 
 -^^f,„A, kind correspondent, (Morden), hag supplied us pleasing 
 information, obtained from an old resident of Sophiasburgh. This 
 person came from Adolphustown, when a girl of fifteen, in the first 
 year of the present century. We quote : — " She tells many funny 
 gtpries of balls and private " sprees" that they used to have over in 
 tihe Indian woods, ^t Capt. Isaac's (Hill), an Indian chief, who had 
 ^ lar^e house, which is still occupied, and which appears to have 
 bcQii, the Bcene of nnmberless ** hops," &c. They could Ihavo a 
 civil dance at Captain Isaac's, and it would not cost much. The 
 Sixth Town youngsters seem to have delighted in patronizing 
 his house." This young woman married and became, with her 
 husband, a pioneer of Ameliasburgh, in 1805. It seems that 
 these new settlers of the Seventh Town considered themselves 
 somewhat superior to the inhabitants generally, and would not join 
 in their "frolickings," but would occasionally visit Sophiasburgh 
 for the purpose of having a '• spree." This feeling of caste was a 
 marked feature in the several townships at an early date. 
 
 The Hovington House, situated about sixty rods iabove the 
 bridge at Picton, was a place of no little fkme. It was built by one 
 Hovington who came with VanAlstine. It Was a long narrow 
 edifice forty or fifty feet deep, and about twenty feet broad, and not 
 very high. It was divided into two portions by a log partition, the 
 ends of which projected without. This public house was especially 
 for the benefit of the settlers at East Lake, in their journeyings back 
 and foi'th across the Carrying Place. To use the language of our 
 informant, " it was a great place to dance and frolic." At stated 
 times the bay settlers would come even from forty miles distance 
 Fredericksburgh on the east, and the Carrying Place and Sidney on 
 the west. But now the foundation of the old building which so 
 often resounded to the sounds of mirth, the fiddle, and the tripping 
 feet, can scarcely be traced. 
 
 As a general thing, the hard pinching circumstances of the new 
 country brought all to a common level, excepting a few Govern 
 ment officials. But in certain localities there existed a feeling of 
 
'^ HORSE ftACINQ. 
 
 superciliousness, not very deep, but yet it was there. The places, 
 and the inhabitants thereof, in time, becitme noted as being "big 
 feeling " or stylish. For instance, the denizens of Kingston regarded 
 the settlers uj) the baj'^ as somewhat behind them ; while the people 
 of the Fourth Town spoke disparagingly of the Fifth Towners. By 
 the settlers of the Sixth and Seventh Towns, the citizens of Sidney 
 and Thurlow wore looked upon as stylish. But the wheel of fortune 
 turned with many a one. ittioiailiira ill Joa f ud >Y'|J/Hii'00 •otii id-iiiKid: 
 V.J ■ Amusement, and diversions of diffoirent kinds, when properly 
 tsed, are' not only allowable, but even salutary to man's physical 
 and mental state ; but if uncontrolled by reason ; if irrational from 
 want of education, they may easily run into excess and immorality. 
 To the educated man, Who is cast away from all that can supply 
 food for his mind, there is a terrible danger of seeking unholy 
 and even vicious sources to allay the constant longing after mental 
 fddd." There is likewise a danger of such seeking artificial excite- 
 toeht. To such the evil of intemperance too often comes with over- 
 whelming Waves steadily and certainly flowing. The first settlers 
 of Upper Cdnada, when their circumstances are taken into con- 
 sideration, and the usages of the times, it must be said, were not 
 particularly liddicted to the evil of intemperance. In after years, 
 this evil did certainly increase ; but at the first, although almost 
 every one had liquor of some kind in the house, yet the great 
 majority were guiltless of excess. In those early days, teetotalism 
 and temperance societies were unknown ; but it must be here men- 
 tioned that the first tettipeSrance society organized in Canada, was 
 in Adolphustown. The drinking usages of the day among all classes 
 led to the erection of distilleries and breweries at an early period. 
 There was also An extensive tralRc in rum, and it is known that 
 many a One made himself rich by selling to buyers along the bay, 
 and across the Carrying Place up the lake, oven as far as York. 
 
 Perhaps the most common out-of-door amusement was horse- 
 racing, after hordes became more general among the settlers. It 
 was looked upon as dancing was by all, as amusement of the most 
 unobjectionable character, and it is said of a certain revefond indi- 
 vidual, that he was accustomed to rim horses on his way home after 
 ' preaching. Probably this wa:^ true, as the sanio person became a 
 reprobate. On the occasion of the annual training of the Militia, 
 "which took place for iliany a year, the 4th Jnoe, (and this 
 cOtnes within the Writer's recollection) there Was, at the different 
 training places, more or less of horse racing. These races were 
 
CHABIVARHNO. 631 
 
 made, not by horses trained specially for the purpose, but by such 
 animals as were in daily use by the farmers, some of which, although 
 ungainly in looks, and in indifferent condition, could get over the 
 ground in a remarkably short time. , ,,i -lii jm r-iuLj ;h 
 
 Kingston and Newark being military fitations, weMB, from 
 the presence of officers, who were always gentlemen by birth,^more 
 dignified in the waj's of amusement. Not but gentlemen existed 
 through the country, but not in sufficient numbers to regulate the 
 modes of pleasure, and give tone to society. The officers were very 
 fond of horse-racing, and would frequently spend field days, especi- 
 ally the King's Birthday in testing the mettle of their steeds. At 
 these there would generally be a gi*eat entertainment by the ladies 
 who, says Colonel Clarke, would bo gorgeously clad in " brilliant 
 ^d^€8se8, with threads of silver forming th,« mottQ, &od save the 
 
 -e-'iaxA kind of amusement common at the close. of the last century, 
 and the beginning of the present, in America, and to a certain 
 extent in Canada, was that of boxing—boxing that too often 
 amounted to brutal fighting. There were a certain number in every 
 township who availed themselves of training days tp show their 
 athletic qualiiications. Gourlay says, 1817, that "pugilism, which 
 once prevailed, is now declining." And at the present da^y , happily, 
 it is confined to those of a brutish disposition. It is ionly the lowest 
 who find amusemetnt in, i eLgaging ,ilij,i(P¥;Wto«8SJng pugilistic 
 ..caioounters. - i -^ ,.-'., u.;*,;,, 
 
 fftw .As Upper Canada was, in a limited sense, an off-shoot of Lower 
 Canada, so but a few of the peouUarities of Lower Canada were 
 introduced to the Upper. One was that of Oharivarung, >vhich means 
 a great noise with petty music. It was introduced from France. 
 The custom is now almost obsolete among us, but tin]ie was when it 
 was quite common. It generally was indulged, in at second mar- 
 riages, or when an unequal match and marriage took place ; when 
 a young girl married an old man for instance, or if either party were 
 unpopular. The night of the wedding, instead of being passed in 
 joyous in-door pleasures by the wedded ones, was made hideous by 
 a crowd of masked persons, who with guns, tin-pans, pails, horns, 
 horse-fiddles, and everything else that could bo made to produce a 
 discordant noise, disturbed the night until silenced by a treat, or 
 money. Sometimes those meetings resulted in serious consequences 
 to one or more of the party, by the bridegroom resorting to loaded 
 firearms. i u)Uf ■nrifftifv'' 
 
632 ' .'O; I/ACR088B. lY'.L. 
 
 • 
 
 ♦vfSomt) Limes the nativalndians contributed to the general amuse- 
 ment, upon days when there was a public gathering. Now and** 
 then they engaged alone in certain sports which would be witnessed ' 
 by the whites. Playing ball — bandy-ball, lacrosse, foot-races, and^j 
 the war-dance, were occasionally engaged in. The present fashionrr 
 able game of lacrosse is of Indian origin, and may well be remem- , 
 bercd by every Canadian, and oven American. After the conquest • 
 of Canada, when the Great Ottawa chief Pontiac had effected an;, 
 alliance of pU the western and northern tribes, to destroy the frontier i 
 forts of the British. There were several forts, originally French, \ 
 along the upper liaikes; two notably, one at Deti'oit, the other at 
 Michilmacinac. Smaller forte had been attacked and taken, in inost , 
 cases by treachery and Indian cunning. These two forts remained^ 
 untaken* Pontiac devised the plan of pretending to wish for peace^i 
 With the ostensible intention of holding a council to make peace^u 
 the Cihieft were to enter the forts ; whil6 the ItidianB,engaged in balli> 
 playing along the ramparts, were to amuse those within the ramparts. J^ 
 The squaws were to be present; seemingly as speotatoi-s, but ini 
 reality to hold under their blankets^ rifles, the ends of which had" 
 been cut off for concealment. At a given signal, the ball was tO"* 
 be knocked over the outer 'defence, aiid the Indians were to rush in- 
 as if to get'iti;' btit seizing' their rifles from the women who had, 
 placed themselves c6nvciniently, they were to rush in to slaughter- 
 the Unsuspeoting inmates. At Michilmacinac this proved successful,*^ 
 and the wh«yle garrison 'was massacred) and Detroit barely escaped- 
 the'sfttbie^ftltfei'^i'^' -"JJ nvyi'-i .uu\\'\ Y^-ii*:);* n io ju'/yl-n- hv: .:-\- ■li 
 
 DuTBfel^A^-i^iA.* thetitne when fierce encounters took place betweoti ^ 
 organized' forces' in America, whieh restrlt^d in the independence of 
 the United States, aiid the settlement of Upper Canada, the practise'* 
 of dufelKng obtained ftmorig the higher classes. Happily, this heinou& 
 criB'i:*','ft.nciutnig6 against "humanity, is no longer tolerated where 
 British lawfiand British principles of justice and f\'eedom have force. ' 
 Bui^ suefr'Was ndt the' ca^e seventy years »go, The^ early history of 
 CanifcdarWitn^ftsedtt tew personal engAgetnonts of honor. The first 
 du6l Was 'b6twe«rl Potter Clark, Chief CLerk of the Legislative^ 
 Ootmcjl; ttn4 CSaiptain guth^land of the 25*h wgiment* The meet-^i 
 ing tobk place a* Kingdion, and Mr. Clark fell fetallywotrndediC 
 This bcorrred in the 'Winter of 119B. ' u. kuv A- / ^ i 
 
 '^!" OB'tbe22ttd July,' 181T, a dud was fought between &. P. Jarvis,5f - 
 Esqv,'ftiid Mr. John BidoUt. The latter received a wound in thel 
 chefet and died in about an houri I'-ntuabvui tstm aoimf h}i!^ii<h t^. 
 
w 
 
 LOVE OP COUNTRY. *' 633 < 
 
 '^DuEL. — On Friday the 11th inst, Alexander McMillan, Esqnire, 
 and flilexandor Thorn, Esquire, met in a field on the Brockville Koad, : 
 to decide an aftair of honor — the former attended by Mr. Radenhurst, 
 and the latter by Mr. Gumming. After exchanging shots, the seconds 
 interfered, and on mutual explanations being mado^ the matter ter- ' 
 minated amicably. Doctor Thorn received a contusion on the leg."^'4^ 
 
 One of the latest instances in which a duel was fought in tfpper ' 
 Canada, occurred some forty years ago. The event resulted in the 
 death of one of the combatants, the oth^r, who was tried for his life, 
 has now for some years adorned the bench of ttie Province. 
 
 Patriotism. — In no country upon the face of the Globe, and at no : 
 period in the history of any country, has appeared a higher or purer' 
 order of patriotism, than is written upon the pages of the history of. 
 British America. British connection is to mostly every son of the land 
 dearer even than life itself. At least it has been so in respect to those 
 of whom we write, the U. E. Loyalists. Co-equal with the love they 
 have to the British Crown, is the hearty aversion they bear to Re- 
 publicanism. Neither th^ overtures of atmexation, nor the direct and 
 indirect attempts to coerce, has produQed a momentary wavering on - 
 the part of the descendants of the ancient stock. Americans in our 
 midst have vainly tried to iijoculate the minds of the people with the 
 principles of Sepubliean Government; but the Canadian mind waS; 
 too free, the body politic too healthy, the system too strong to imbibe 
 any lasting feeling of desire to change the ti*ied for the untried. The; 
 few annexationists who have, from time to time, existed, were hut, 
 the fungoid offshoot of a healthy plant. From the time Fr<mkU^and'> 
 his coadjutors vainly essayed to dj*aw the French Cai>adiap into their 
 rebellions cause, until the present theii'e has been a frequently mani- 
 fested desire, on the part of . the United States, to force us into thO; 
 union. The contemptible duplicity of Webstei*-, who concealed f rora . 
 Ashburton the existence of a secoiiid map, whereby he tricked, 
 Canada, Yankee like, out of a valuable portion of territory, along tl^e; 
 Atlantic coast, with a view of cutting us off from the oceaa* The; 
 declaration of war in 1812, and the repoate<l but unsuccessful invasions j ' 
 of our Province. The proclamations issued to Canadians, by thflj 
 would be conquerors, Hull, Wilkinson, and others. Tbeb* sympathy 
 and aid to turbulent spirits in 1836-7. The attempts at bullying 
 England when she was at war with Buasia. The oi'ganization of the. 
 Fenian association, with the publidy avowed puri)©Be of sei;^ng some 
 portion of our Province. The abrogation of the Eeciprooity T^'eaty, 
 the object of which was proclaimed by Consul PoUer— all along the 
 
^ 
 
 -^m ^ 
 
 OUR LIBERTY. 
 
 eighty years' history of the United States, is to be seen a disreputable 
 attempt, by all possible means, to bully a weaker neighbor. All this 
 does not become a great and honorable nation, a nation so extensive, 
 whose people are so loud-tongued upon the principles of liberty — 
 Liberty ! The name with the United States is only synonomons with 
 their government They cannot discover that a people should be free 
 to choose tlieir own form of government, always excepting those who 
 "^ rebelled in 1 116, Oh yes ! we have liberty to choose ; but then we 
 must choose in accordance with Yankee ideas of liberty. Egotistic 
 to the heart's core, they cannot understand how we entertain views 
 dissitnilar to thdr own. How applicable the words of the immortal 
 
 .;jRWM.',Tl.aiji !',u,tijU'iw hfb'^iif ■ J! cjs !vjvi)<j> u.v (jJ bo-njiin -.>d ih'ui'fr 
 m -^i viU 'b" 11 (^ ^J^ome p^ the -^1^^^^ "^ h-iCtUf^'^di mm':' 
 0'todi*ftaMr,t,i6>- To see oOTsels as others see tis: ^^ '! .«l-iolO?Y «^9l»ip- ' 
 i>aya39fi quo yrio xt^ad'frae monie 4 bltmder free a^' ^•ati'cf:riJO BA doti^ »ffw ^ 
 , il<*^ihi,stmn ounu'uu. An- fooliBh notion." ^V''^^ iM^ii^lqiUoo. boi-mx..,. 
 
 n; Without detracting" from the well-known 'IcJyaltrjr of tlie 
 
 'other sections of th^ Province, it may be safely said that 
 
 the fhhabit^hts of the Bivy Quints and St. Lawrence, and 
 
 , Niagara, have pi^oved 'theinselves devotedly attached to British 
 
 institutions. The XJ, E. Loyalists have been as a barrier of rock, 
 
 against which the waves of Eepublicanism have dashed in vain. It 
 
 has been the refugee-settlers and their descendants, who prevented 
 
 the Province from being engulfed in its dark waters. In 1812, in 
 
 j['37, and at all times, their loyalty has never wavered. It has been 
 
 - elsewhere stated, that settlers from the States came in at a later 
 
 date. Those were found likwise truly loyal. Says McMullen, 
 
 speaking of the war of 1812, " But comparatively few Canadians 
 
 joined the American standard in the war, and throughout which 
 
 none were more gallant in rolling back the tide of unprincipled 
 
 -^avarice than the emigrant from New England and New York, who 
 
 Q aside from the U. E. Loyalist, had settled in the country." There 
 
 ^j were a few renegades who forsook the country, not so much to join 
 
 .'ithe enemy as because they had no soul to fight. In this connection 
 
 }?it will be desirable to refer to one notable case; that of "Bill 
 
 i) Johnson." ^,^,.,') {- 
 
 -i^;! The fbllowing will sufficiently shew how intense were the feel- 
 
 * ings of loyalty many years ago. The writer's father was present at 
 
 a meeting, which was conducted by a minister lately from the 
 
 ?;United States, and who was unaccustomed to pray for the King. 
 
CANADIAN LOYALTY. "^p. 635 
 
 'The good man thoaght only of his allegiance to the King of Kings, 
 -and omitted, in the extemporaneous prayer, to pray for the King 
 ,of England. Whereupon Mr. T. arose and requested the preacher 
 • either to pray for his Majesty, or leave his toiTitories. The minister 
 'did not again forget so manifbst a duty. In this connection, wo 
 'cannot forbear inserting another instance of Canadian loyalty, 
 •■which exhibited itself not long ago in the loyal city of Toronto. 
 
 6w f'** Canadian Loyalty. — A very extraordinairy maniffestatiorl of 
 ifeelingtook place on Thursday r^ightiast in Toronto, at the closing 
 uneeting of the Sabbath School Conventiop. A gentleman from 
 iN^w York delivered a parting, address, qn behalf of the American 
 visitors who had attended the Conveution; at the conclusion of 
 which he referred to our Queen as a "model woman," and said that 
 from the fulness of his heart he could say, * Long live Her Majesty 
 Queen Victoria I' When he gave expression to this sentiment there 
 was s.ich an outburst of enthusiastic loyalty that every one seemed 
 carried completely away. The immense audience immediately 
 commenced such a cheering, and clapping of hands, as is seldom 
 seen, and kept it up till there was an accidental " change of exer- 
 cise." Under the powerful excitement of the moment, a gentleman 
 ^aear the platform commenced singing" God Save the Queen," when 
 fthe entire audience rose to their feet and joined in singing it through. 
 jThfUi ;was singipg with a will ! Several persons ,were quite over- 
 powered, and even wept freely. It was sin^ply an unpremeditated 
 ^ expre»?sion of the warm devotion of the Canadian heart to the best 
 "'Queen that ever sat on the Britise throrte.>v^iv/ otU donif^ Joituiv- r 
 
 ''^'^ " Longevity.— The climate of Canada, even of Ontarioj is }i4 sOnie 
 Considered very severe. The months of unpleasant weather which 
 •\ intervene between summer and winter,.and again between winter and 
 "^summer J and the snowy months of winter itself are not, it must be 
 •^admitted, so agreeable as in other climatbii. And, occasionally, 
 ;even the summer itself is comparatively cold. For instance, in 
 1817, snow fell at Kingston in the month of June. But, notwith- 
 standing the occasional severity, and the general unpleasantness, 
 f (although all do not so consider it) the climate of Canada seems con- 
 ^ducive to longevity. Both in Upper and LoAver Canada, among the 
 ^!Prench and English may be found a great many instances 6f won- 
 ^derfully extended ago. There is a school of naturalists, who enter- 
 tain the belief that the races of men arc strictly indigenous ; that if 
 removed from the land of their birth, they will degenerate, and 
 •^tmless intermixed with constantly flowing recruits, will ultimately 
 ^■^die out.; They assert that the European races transplanted to 
 '^'America are doomed to degeneration and death so soon as emigra- 
 tiotj shall cease to maintain the vitality brought by the original 
 
 1 
 
 X 
 
636 ^ Ld^OE^^fl't:''-, , 
 
 settlers. To this view wo have ventured to give very positive 
 dissent, and have supported this position in another place with the 
 following language : " In Canada are to be seen quite remote 
 descendants of the most prominent people of Europe, the British 
 and French, and, lam prepared to assert, with no marked signs of 
 physical degeneratioti, the French of Lower Canada, even under 
 many adverse circumstances, have fully maintained their ancient 
 bodily vigor, and can compare favorably with the present inhabi- 
 tants of old France, While their number has increased." " Yet their 
 aneestors, many of them, emigrated two hundred years ago; and, 
 since the colony became a part 6f Brita'p; nd rejilenishment has 
 been receivfed from the old stock, '•• ^"u;t'! In.f? r"-- 'i> ^'V 
 
 "Turning to Upp^r Canada, wo find a feet no less important, 
 and quite as antagonistic to th,e theory. In' coDKoquenoe of the 
 American Eovol^tionairy wary soma tweJUty^^ve or thirty thousand 
 tJnited Empire lioyalists were forced, or induced, to seek a home 
 in the Cana^a^ wilderness. Many of .these wore descendants of 
 those.whp had fir^t peopled l^e-yy, Holland., A Jw'ge number settled 
 ^iQflgth^.St. Jj^wreojiet aovl the Bay of Qijinte. In the main, indeed, 
 almost altogether, until very recently, these old settlers have inter- 
 married. The jgreat-grandchildren of those American pioneers now 
 live bn the bid homesteati, and are found scattered over, the whole^ 
 Province. And although 1 have no positive data upon which to 
 base my assertion; yet, ft*om careful observation, I have no hesi- 
 tation in declaring that in physical developiheht, in slight mortality 
 among the childroTl, in length 6f life, in powers of endurance, not 
 to say in bravery and patridtistii, they cknhot be excelled by any^ 
 class of emigrants."— (t*rinciples of Surgery). " '" "; ' ' :' "[ 
 
 Since the above was written, wo have becbike m6i4 itttfrnat'ei^ 
 acquainted with regard to the longevity, both among the French 
 and Anglo-Canadians; and the opinion then expressed has been 
 greatly strengthened. Bospecting the latter class, personal obser- 1. 
 vation has aided us. In our frequent visits to different parts, r 
 made during the last few years, we have enjoyed the opportunity of 
 conversing with many pei'sons who had much over-ran the period , 
 allotted to man ; and others who had exceeded their three score' 
 years and ton. Some of them have been spectators of the veiy 
 scenes of the settlement of the country, and retain a vivid recol- 
 lection of the events attending that trying period. Venerable, with 
 hairs blossoming for the grave, and chastened by the long endured 
 fire of affliction, they are happy in their old ago. They connect the 
 
DESCENDANTS. Ql^ 
 
 present with the past, and remind us how great the heritage they 
 have secured to us from a vast, untrodden wilderness. Notwith- 
 standing the toils, the privations in early life, ere the tender child 
 had merged into the adult, when the food was limited, and often 
 inferior in quality, they yet have had iron constitutions that in the 
 earnest contingency of life served them well. Of course, the plain 
 and regular hahits of the settlers, with plenty of out-door exercise^ 
 assisted to promote long life, and give them a hftirdy nature. We 
 have knowledge of a vast number who attained to a great age. Of 
 those who lived to an old age, "A Traveler," writing in 1836 saya 
 of Upper Canada, " I often tt\et the venerable in years." 
 
 The children and grand-childrien of the early ^ttlers live, m 
 many caaes, to as great an ajjo as their finthers^ ^T b+ rifriaf nT'' 
 
 offt I)£sc]»n)ANTS. — While there were some among the first settlers of 
 EViTC^ean birth, the majority were of American birth, atid poss©8se4 
 tho characteristics of the colonists of that day. But, separated fromi 
 the people and the scenes intimate tb them in their youth, and living 
 in the profound shades of the interminable Wilderness, they gradu- 
 ally lost many of their characteristic featui^s and habits, and' 
 acquired others instead. -'u^-r-n ■v_t.v [it.fu .■xoi\\-ri:;^:h. 1-->n:u 
 
 WOii^' ■'■^"■". ■','• ■ ■ ■ '. ' ' '■ ''d,'' ''.''''"vV "''■'-'''i- '-'i'l^ .fion'(.i'.;<> 
 
 The Oankdian immigrant, be he flngUshi Insh, or Scotch^ or even 
 
 German or French, will, as time gives lines to his face, and gray hair 
 
 to his head, insensibly loose many of the peculiarities of his race, 
 
 and in the end sensibly approximate to the character aad appearance 
 
 of the people among whom he has settled. T^hg children of. the 
 
 emigrant, no matter what pains the patents, may take to preserve in 
 
 their children what belongs to tlieir own native country, will grow 
 
 up quite unlike the parepts. So much is this the case that any one 
 
 on entering a mixed sohool, high or low, or by noticing the childrea 
 
 at play, as he passes along the street, whose parents are both uativjes and 
 
 foreigners, would find it quite itnpussible to point out one from the 
 
 other, whether the child was of Canadian parenta^e^ or whether ita 
 
 parents were of another country. The fact at which it is desired to 
 
 get is that emigrants tp Canada, no matter how heterogenous,, are 
 
 gradually moulded into a whole more or less hpniygenous. That 
 
 this is observable somewhat in the eiuigrant himself, but decidedly 
 
 so in the children. The fact being admitted that a traosformatioa 
 
 is slowly but certainly efiected, it may be inquired by what ijaflueuc^ 
 
 it is accomplished, It cannot be due solely, to the cUmats, 
 
 nor to dress, nor diet, nor the origintU habits of ,jt^, people* 
 
638 THE CANADIAN, 
 
 although each has its influence. Must we not search for a more power- 
 ful cause of peculiarity as a people, in some other channel. A natural 
 one seemingly presents itself. The growth of a nation, as the growth 
 of a tree will be modified by its own intrinsic vitality, and at the 
 same time by external circumstances. Upper Canada was planted by 
 British heroes of the American Revolution. It arose out of that 
 revolution. The first settlers were U. E. Loyalists. The majority 
 of the original settlers wore natives of America, and brought up in 
 one or other of the provinces that rebelled. They were Americans 
 in all respects, as much as those who took sides with the rebels, yet 
 today the descendants of the U. E. Loyalists are as unlike the descen- 
 dants of the rebels, as each is unlike a full blooded Englishman. 
 The pure Yankee and the Canadian of the first water may trace their 
 ancestors to a common j>arentage, and have the same name. As 
 CanMians we are not afraid to institute a comparison between our- 
 selves and tht natives of Now England or New York, or Pennsyl- 
 vaiiidi Let the comparison refer to any question whatever, either of 
 the body or mind, of society or of government. The external infltt-> 
 enoes which have operated have been elsewhere indicated. The cir^ 
 cumstances of the u. E. Loyalists as settlers in a wilderness, were 
 widely diflTerent from those of the States after the Independence was 
 secured. Incessant toil artd privations, without opportunities for 
 acquiring education, on th<5 ono hand ; on the other there was 
 all the advantages of civilization. And so it continued fOr nearly 
 half a century. It is to bo desired that we had statistics to show the 
 difference as to longevity, and general health. Suffice it to say that 
 scientific men are debating the cause of gradual decline among the 
 New Englanders, while Upper Canada overflmva with native popula- 
 tion. Another influence of an external nature, which must not be 
 omitted as operating upon the loyalists, is that derived from the 
 emigrants from Great Britain and the officers from the anny and 
 navy, and other gentlemen who became part of the first settlers. That 
 they had a wholesome eflfect cannot be doubted, and gave a healthy 
 tone to the j>rovincial mind. Prom these internal and external influ- 
 ences the Upper Canadian has been developed into an individual 
 singular in gome respects, but yet constituting a middle link between 
 the Englishman, and the " Englishman intensified," as the American 
 has been called. t^y^W^-^ af ^^^m4.j-^ i*ix>^i Ou-' i-; 
 
 The difference in"tTie "ciiaracter* between tlio British American- 
 and those wh6 have lived nnder RepnbHcan Government is a strik-^ 
 ing commentary upon the effects of social and political in/^titutions.^ 
 
THE " U. E. LIST." 639 
 
 Canadians may not have excelled in making wooden nutmegs, and 
 basswoo.- hams; but they have (?ucceeded in converting a wilder- 
 ness into a splendid Province. And although eighty years behind 
 in commencing the race with those who robbed them of their homes, 
 they have even now caught up in many respects, and to-day a 
 young State with great breadth and resources presents itself at the 
 threshold of nations. It has for a pojwJation a stable people. Canada 
 has no long list of cruel chai'ges against ho^' for aggression. Her 
 escutcheon is clean as the northern snow against which she rests, 
 from tho stains of blood— -.blood ,of ,the Iftdiftn,.ithe African* ik^. 
 Mexican, or of a neighbor, r^r'^n 1 -H ^f nf* 'tri;^tTr;;nrf '-.viqj) ^(!r v;nf^.',; 
 r'Ui;<tAfter all, notwithstanding this bright I'ccord of loyalty on the 
 part of settlers and their descendants, yet the B»y of Quinte inhabi- 
 tants wore not permitted to receive the heir to the Crown of 
 England, to support which, their sires suffered so much. They 
 spilled their blood, they suffered starvation ; and yet by the advice 
 of one who held in higher consideration the Roman Catholic 
 Church, than the grand-children of the U. E. Loyalists. The 
 Prince of Wales passed up and down the bay without landing. 
 They waited with burning enthusiaeim toiroceltre the Prince, but 
 he passed and repassed without gratifying their desire. Notwith- 
 standing this there were some who followed him to Toronto, deter- 
 mined to pay their TO^j)ecit. to. the. Prjuojce,wnQtwitih»tanding XhQ 
 Duke of Newcastlo.'?-> ^^ •-■» l^rrl, jir*ft,.sMr/r'^'*'^)4 i^.^^^■ri»^^•^^(^ vfYlj;; 
 :i5>i' ?**^The U.E. List." — Ifc will be remembered that a certain number 
 of Americans who had remained in the States, were induced to 
 remove to Canada by a pi'oclamation issued by Simcoe ; many of 
 these were always loyalists in heart, some had become tired of 
 republicanism, and othei's were atti'actcd by the offer oi lands, free 
 grants of whic]\ wex'o offered upon paying fees of office, some $30. 
 By this means a new element was added to the Province. At the 
 same time the first settlors wore to be placed in a position to which 
 the newcomers, however loyal, could never attain. |y/ j, itrAymil 
 Distinct from the general class is here meant those whose nanies 
 were entered upon a list ordered to be prepared by C)ra^•orI^n\eut. 
 *' To put a mark of honor," as it was expressed in tho orders of 
 Council, " upon the families who had adjjored to tho unity of tho 
 empire and joined tho royal standard in America, before tho treaty 
 of separation in tho year 1783, to tho end that their posterity might 
 be discriminated from tho thou future settlers. From the initials 
 of two emphatic woz'ds, the unity of the empire, it was styled the 
 
640 ORDER OP COUNCIL. 
 
 ;^ " TJ. B. List," and they, whose names were entered on it, were dis- 
 tinguished as the XJ. R Loyalists, a distinction of some consequence, 
 for, in addition to the promise of such loyalty by themselves, it was 
 declared that their children, t,s well Skff those born hereafter, as 
 those already born, should, upon arriving at the age of twenty-one 
 ( years, and females upon their marriage within that age, be entitled 
 to grants of 200 acres each, fi^e from all expense." Upon arriving 
 at age, the descendant petitioned the Governor, stating the facts 
 . upon oath, and accompanied with the affidavit of one person. The 
 'order was issued, and land in one of the newer townships was duly 
 f allotted and the patent issued free of costvf < k^;^ t=ffW\k*t>V'H f •^ *^i 
 brtR The following is the order of Council referring to the grants 
 ( of land to the TJ. E. Loyalists : wmqsAi mm < ;- ? Hr 'ro ^'fi !f » 
 
 'Jti; ^u .K^...; w -^ulnh ... u.-w q^^j^j^^^ Monday, 9th Nov. 1789." 
 
 ' ... "I Present, Lord Dorchester and thirteen Councillors. 
 
 f,^ii "His Lordship intimated to the Council, that it remained a 
 
 question upon the regulations for the disposition of the waste lands 
 
 of the Ci*own, whether the board constituted for that purpose, were 
 
 ..authorized to mafce locations to the sons of loyalists, on their arriv- 
 
 i ing to full age, and that it was his wish to put a mark of honor 
 
 ^ upon the families who had adhered to the unity of the empire, and 
 
 joined the Royal standard in America, before the treaty of separa- 
 
 j, tion in the year 1783." j,i^rf^^^^;,jw;^ ^^ . -:^l''4i^<^-^^- 
 - " The Council concurring with his Lioi'dsliip, it is accordingly 
 
 J, ordered, that the several land boards take course for preserving a 
 "^registry of the names of all persons falling under the description 
 ^ aforementioned, to the end that their posterity may be discrimi- 
 ' ; nated from future settlers, in the parish registers, and rolls of the 
 • militia of their respective districts, and other public remembrances 
 -^ of the Province, as proper objects, by their persevering in the 
 ^ fidelity and conduct so honorable to their ancestors, for distinguished 
 Ijbi^nefits and privileges." 
 
 u,: I "And it is also ordered that the said land boards may, in every 
 , euch case, provide not only for the eons of the loyalists, as they 
 arrive at full age, but for their daughters also, of that age, or on 
 theii* marriage, assigning to each a lot of 200 acres, more or less, 
 provided, nevertheless, that they respectfully comply with the 
 general regulations, and that it shall satisfactorily appear that there 
 has been no default in the due cultivation and improvement of the 
 lands already assigned to the head of the family of which they are 
 members." 
 
AFTER WAR OF 1812. 641 
 
 • 
 
 •^^' ^ In the first days of the Upper Canadian Militia, instructions^ f. 
 ■Wferd given to the Captains in each battalion that in the toU of 
 members, all of the U. E. Loyalists enrolled should have the 
 capitals U. E. affixed to their names. 
 
 jaii"V ^fter the war of 1812, it became necessary for the applicant to 
 present a certificate from a Clerk of the Peace that he retained his 
 loyalty. The following is the order of the Exeoutive Council : y 
 '^' ^ ,,'--■''' ^^ - : - loi^. York, 27th June, 1816. 
 "Public hbtice is here bij^ givefi 'by ordei- of His Excellency 
 Governor in Council, that no petition from sons and daughters of 
 TJ. E. Loyalists will be hereafter received without a certificate from 
 the Magistopate in Quarter Sessions, signed by the chairman and 
 Clerk of the Peace, that the parent retained his loyalty during the 
 late war, and was under no suspicion of aiding or assisting tho 
 enemy. And if a son then of age, that he also was loyal during the 
 late war, and did his duty in defense of the Province. And if a 
 daughter of an U. B. L. married, that her husband was lOyal, and 
 did his duty in defense of the Province." (Signed) John Small, 
 Clerk of the Executive Council. "'''''"' '''^^ i^-'.Bonw ^awouU ^>di lo 
 '" ' ,The steps taken by Government to prevent persons not actually 
 upcm. the U. E. List from enjoying the peculiar privileges operated 
 sometimes against the U. E. Loyalists unpleasanty, which led ta 
 some agitation, as the following will show : 
 
 In the year 1832, a meeting was held at Batli. Refening to thiS' 
 meeting the Kingston Eerald, of April 4, says : ^'^*^"^'^ ^'i'i " 
 *?;".The alleged injustice of the Government wit^ regard to the 
 sons and daughters of U. E. Loyalists has been a firuitftil source of 
 complaint by the grievance-mongers. At the late Bath meeting* 
 Mr. Perry offered the following amendment to a resolution, which 
 was negatived by a large majority, 
 
 '" , , " Resolved, Thai, a free grant of 200 acres of the waste lands of 
 the Crown, by His Majesty the King, to the U. E. Loyalists and their 
 sons and daughters, was intended as a mark of His Majesty's Royal 
 munificence towards those who had shown a devotcdness to His 
 Majesty's person and government during the sanguittary struggle 
 at the late American Revolution, and that the settlement duty 
 required of late to be performed by the above description of per- 
 sons and others equally entitled to gratuitous grants, and also their 
 not being allowed the privilege of locating in any, or all townships ~ 
 surveyed and open for location, appears to this meeting to be unjust, 
 and ought therefore to be abolished." 
 41 
 
642 , BOOTH — BEOOK. 
 
 V* ow# ,t-or rtT)*fot ««ifl ;fiv|r.f '' ■ " '- %n'i a ^}i:mj j'xoi'i^ iih^ 
 
 CoNXKNTS-^-Notice of a Few — Booth — Brock — Burritt — Cotter— Cartwright*— 
 Conger — Cole — Derqpaey — Detlor — Fraser — Finkle — Fisher — Faimeld— 
 
 ^' GftAns — Oamblo Hagerman — Johnson's — "Bill" Johnson — Macaulay — The 
 Captive, Christian Moore— .Parliament — Morden — Roblins— Simon — Van 
 Alstine — Wallbridge — Chrysler — White — Wilkins — Stewart — Wilson — 
 
 ''■ Metcalf — Jayne— Mcintosh — Bird — Gerow — Vankleek — Perry — Sir William 
 
 -,j^ ^()hp8pn';9,Ghiidi«en. . ■., ■■..■■., 
 
 .kriw ,£8 t>9?i« ('■llt^mVIDUAL NOTICES— CONCLUSIONi^'''"'^'"-^^ fTrjbfhb 
 
 ^7/ The noblo band of LoyaliBts have now almost all passed away. 
 Their bodies *.avo long since been laid in the grave ; their children 
 also have almost all departed, and the grand-children are getting 
 old. Their last resting places — resting from war, famine, andtoil-n- 
 are to be found upon beautiful eminences, overlooking the bluo 
 waters of the Bay and Eiver and Lake. All along their shores may 
 be seen the quiet burying-places of those who cleared the land and 
 met the terriblo realities of a pioneer life. mBdrio/a b 'ea ioxDrtW 
 The present work cannot embrace a history of the many noble 
 ones, deserving attention, who laid the foundation of the brightest 
 colony of Great Britain. Yet it would be incomplete without giving 
 the names of a few representative pei-sons. They are such as we 
 have been able to procure, and while there are others,, not referred 
 to, well worthy of a place in history, these are no less worthy. We 
 have, under "The Combatants," referred to others of the first 
 settlors, and would gladly have introduced the names of all, could 
 they have b6en obtained. 
 
 BooTH-^" Died — At Eraesttown, on Saturday, Oct. 31, 1813, 
 very suddenly, Joshua Booth, Esq., aged 54 years. He was one <)f 
 the oldest settlers in that place, and ever retained the character of a 
 respectable citiswn. Left a widow and ton childron.*'i«>ii'J*>*''i '^"H; 
 
 TiiE Brook Family. — William Brock was a native of Scoilabd- ; [ 
 born in 1T15. Wafe taken by a pr6s8-gang when eighteen, and forced 
 upon a man-of-war. Served in the navy several years, when he was 
 taken prioonef by the French. Aftel*ward was exchanged at Boston. 
 Being sot at liberty from the service, ho settled at FishkilJ, New 
 York, where Tie married, and becamo the flather of a largo family, 
 two sons, Philip and John, by the flrdt wife ; and eight ohiWron by 
 a second, *aimed William, Ruth, Naomi, Isabel, Deborah, Catherine, 
 Samuel, Garret, and Lucre tia. In consequence of the rebelKon, he 
 
CAETWEIGHT. 643 
 
 became a refugee, and, at the close, settled in Adolphustown ; lived 
 for a short time near the Court House, upon his town lot, two of 
 his neighbors gave him theirs, and he continued to live upon the 
 three acres for some time. He drew land near the Lake on the 
 Mountain, and in the west, to which his sons went when they grew 
 old enough. One of them was Captain of Militia during the war 
 9f 1812. He received at that time a letter from Gen. Brock, who 
 claimed relationship ; . the letter was written a few days before 
 Gen. Brock fell. This letter still exists. The youngest of the 
 children married Watterberry, and still lives, (1867) aged 82, with 
 her daughter, Mrs. Morden, Ameliasburgh. 
 
 Cartwrioht. — One of the most noted of the refugees who 
 settled at Kingston, was Eichard Cartwright. Ho was a native of 
 Albany, and was forced to leave his home because of his loyalty. 
 He found an asylum with others at Carleton Island, dr Fort 
 Niagara. Some time after the conclusion of the war he was in 
 partnership with Robert, afterward Honorable Hamilton, at 
 Niagara. But sometime about 1790, he settled in Kingston, 
 where, as a merchant he acquired extensive property. The 
 Government mills at Napanee came into his possession. Those 
 who remember his business capacity, say it was very great. He 
 was a man of " liberal education and highly esteemed. Suffered at 
 last calmly and patiently, and died at Montreal, 27th July, 1315, 
 aged fifty years." 
 
 The estimation in which this gentleman was held is sufficiently 
 attested by the following, which we take from the Kingston Gazette : 
 
 ' • ' ' ToBK, March 13, 1816. 
 
 ' ' A now township in the rear of Darlington, in the district ot 
 Newcastle, has been surveyed, and is now open for the location of 
 the U. E. Loyalists and military claimants. We understand that 
 His Excellency, the Lieutenant-Governor to testify in the most 
 public manner the high sense which he entertained of the merit 
 and services of the late Honoi-abl© Richard Cfti*twright, hae been 
 pleased to honor this township with the name of Cartwrioht, n 
 name ever to be remembered in Canada with gratitude and respect. 
 Dignified with a seat in the Legislative Council, and also with a 
 high appointment in the militia of the Province, Mr. Cartwright 
 discharged the duties incident to those Bituations, with skill, 
 fidelity, t.nd attention. Animated with the purest priooiple of 
 loyalty, and with an ardent zeal for the preservation of that noble 
 
644 COTTEE — CONGER — COLE. 
 
 constitution which wo enjoy, he dedicated, when even struggling 
 under groat bodily infirmity, the remains of a well spent life to the 
 servico of his country. Nor wau he less perspicuous for his exem- 
 plary behavir^ur in private life; obliging to his equals — kind to his 
 friends — affectionate to his family, he passed through life, eminently 
 distinguished for virtuous and dignified propriety of conduct, uni- 
 formly maintaining the'exalted character of a true patriot, and of a 
 great man." 
 
 He was a good type of the old school, a tall, robust man, with' 
 a stern countenance, and a high mind. He had sustained the loss 
 of one eye, but the remaining one was sharp aid piercing. As the; 
 first Judge of Mecklenburgh, he discharged his duties with great 
 firmness, amounting, it is said, often to severity. As an officer of 
 the militia, a position he held in 1812, he was a strict disciplinarian^ 
 and often forgot that the militiamen were respectable farmers,; 
 Mr. Cartwright left two sons, the late John S. Oartwright, and thai 
 Eev. Eobert Cartwright. It is unnecessary to say that the descen*^ 
 dants of Judge Cartwright are among the moat respectable, infiuTir 
 ential and wealthy, living in the Midland Disti-ict. j,|;fjV K.S't bittj 
 
 Mr. James Cotter, was by profession, a farmer, residing itfi 
 Sophiasburgh in good circurastancesv He was universally respected { 
 decided, and well informed in political matters ; and as a proof of 
 the public confidence was elected M.P.P. In Parliament ho served 
 his constituents faithfully, and maintained a reputation for consist* 
 tency and uprightness. In 1819, when party spirit animated the 
 two political parties, he became a candidate for re-election, but 
 after a close contest was defeated by James Wilson, Esq.iv' Vm \-ji"1 
 
 OoNaER— *^ At West Lake, Hallowell, on the 27th May, 1826, died 
 Deagine Conger, in the 60th year of his age. He held a commission 
 in the First Battalion of the Prince Edward Militia, during twenty- 
 three years. He resided in Hallowell forty years, and lived a very, 
 oxemplary life, and died regretted by all who knew him." ^ 
 
 '-'^'OotEi^n the history of Adolphustown, reference is made tgn 
 Daniel Cole, the very first settler in that township. The writer in the^> 
 summer of 1866, took dinner with John Cole, of Ameliasbungh, son?) 
 of Daniel. John was then in his 92nd year. He has since^ 18&7{]r 
 passed away. Born in Albany before the rebellion, he, with his 
 family during the war, found their way as loyalists to the. city of^ 
 New York; where th^y femaihed until the leaving of TanAlstine's 
 
 company. The old man< could reliieihber many of the eventaoi* that 
 
 ,1(imonai hbw ,J«o bmviui n ni'-m hi J .r.-i.^-jj 
 
COLE FAMILY. 645 
 
 exciting period, being, when they came to Canadii, about ten years 
 old. The brigade of batteaux from Sorol, was<under the supervision 
 of Collins, he says: " Old Mother Cook kept tavern in Kingston, in 
 a low flat hut, with two rooms. There were four or five houses 
 altogether in the place. Landed in fourth township in June. Saw 
 no clearings or buildings all the way up from Kingston, nor tents ; 
 a complete wilderness. Remembers an early settler in second 
 township, named Cornelius Sharp, from the fact that he injured his 
 knee, and that Dr. Dougall desired to amputate ; but his father 
 cured it. His mothers name was Sophia de Long, from Albany, 
 She lost property. A hogshead of spirits was brought up from New 
 York. The settlers were called together every morning and sup- 
 plied with a little on account of the new climate. His father had 
 been a spy and carried despatches in a thin steel box, which was 
 placed between the soles of the boot. Before resorting to this 
 mode he had been caught, and sentenced to be hanged immediately,^ 
 The rope was around his nock, and the end thrown over the 
 limb of a tree, when he suddenly gave a spring from their graap, 
 and ran, while shot after shot was leveled at his flying figure ; but 
 he escaped, " God Almighty would not let the balls hit him." 
 Bemembers the Indians when first came, were frequently about, 
 would come in and look at the dinner table ; but reftised to eat 
 ■bread at first; afterward would, amd then brought game to 
 them in abundance at times. Remembers landing at Adolphustown, 
 he hauled the boat to a block oak tree, which overhung the water, 
 his father built a wharf here afterwards. It was in the afternoon. 
 They all went ashore. There were thi'ee tents of linen put up. 
 His father brought a scythe with him, with which they cut marsh 
 hay, or flags. This was used to cover the houses, and they kept out 
 the rain well. :. j;f^|[(j/[ f^tfiwKi oom^rlodi'to msiiaw^E arjK'l t'lU n- 
 His father's family consisted of twelve personb^ two died at 
 Sorel. The settlers used to meet every Sunday to hear the Bible 
 read, generally by Ferguson ; sometimes had prayer. Remembers, 
 Quarter Sessions met at his father's, Cartwright was Judge. The 
 Grand Jury would go to the stable to converse. Says he once saved {, 
 Ohrys. Hagerman's life, who was bleeding at nose, after I)rs,g 
 Dougall and Dunham had failed. His father lived to be 105, bis 
 sister died last year, aged 101. Remembers the man that was con- 
 victed of stealing a watch, and hanged. Has seen the gallows on 
 Gallows Point, Captain Grass' farm. The gallows renqiained there 
 A dozen years. The man it turned out, was innocent. 
 
646 -^^^ DEMPSEY.T-T'^ 
 
 /^^■'' Died. — "On Friday the 5th of August, at his residence in Adol- 
 phustown, Mr. Daniel Cole, at the very advanced age of ] 05 years, 1 
 mouth and 12 days. He was a native of Long Island, N. Y., and the 
 oldest settler in this township ; he was respected and beloved by all 
 who knew him — having long performed his duty as a loyal subject, a 
 faithful friend, a kind husband, an indulgent parent, and an obliging 
 neighbor. Born in the fifth year of the reign of George II, he lived 
 under four Sovereigns, and saw many changes both in the land of 
 his birth, and this of his adoption. He has beheld the horrors of 
 war, and has tasted of the blessings of peace ; he has seen that which 
 Was once a wilderness, " blossom and flourish like the rose," where 
 formerly was nothing to be seen but the dark shadow of the lofty 
 pine, oak, and maple, here and there broken by the thin blue vapor 
 curling above the Indian wigwam, he has seen comfortable dwellings 
 arise ; out of the superabundance of nature man has supplied his 
 necessity. Beneath the untiring efforts of human industry, the dark 
 woods have disappeared and waiving fields of grain have taken their 
 place. Where once was seen nought but the light birch bark canoe 
 of the "son of the forest," he has beheld the stately steamboats 
 SAveep majestically along — where formerly resounded the savage howl 
 of the panther, the wolf and bear, he has seen towns and villages 
 spring up, as it were by magic ; in fact the very face of the country 
 seems changed since he first sat down upwards of 52 years ago, as a 
 settler on thie place where he died. 
 
 '•jv u -g^^^ after all he saw, he too is gone, his venerable age could not 
 save him, for we are told " the old must die." The friends of his 
 early days were all gone before him ; he was becoming " a stranger 
 among men," generations had aiisen and passed away, still he re- 
 mained like a patriarch of old, unbroken by the weight of yearb. 
 After witnessing the fifth generation, he died universally lamented 
 by all his acquaintances, leaving behind him 8 children, 75 grand- 
 (^hildren, 172 great-grandchildren and 13 great grandchildren's chil- 
 dren; in all 268 descendants." (j/;>y/i;ii «l,ii>i.>C4j> 
 
 - ' "Adolphustowu, August 9, 1836. ^1 '^ ^^i J^"^ Jorf^rfj ^5 j 
 
 Dbmpsey. — " Mark Dempsey Wa^ sent otit'by tHfe BritisK r4overri- 
 ment as Secretary to General Schuyler. Married about 1 746 to Miss 
 Carroll. Thomas, their youngest son, was bom in Ndw Jersey, 9th 
 Ja)iuJBtry, 1762. His fatbei- died While He Was yoiing, and he was 
 le^ in a part of the country which Was held by the rebels, when he 
 hiEid attained to kn age to be drafted, Thomds Dempsey did not 
 like to Aght in th6 rebel ranks, arid consequdtrtly escaped and joined 
 
DETLORS — FRASER. Q^% 
 
 the loyalists. Was in the service when New York was evacuated. 
 Married 1782 to Mary Lawson, whose father, Peter was imprisoned by 
 the rebels, and his property all jjlundered and confiscated. Came to 
 Canada by Oswego, 1788, accompanied by his wife and her parents. 
 Tarried at Napanee till 1789, when they came to Ameliasburgh, and 
 settled on lot 91, which had been purchased from John Finkle. 
 Dempsey's worldly effects then consisted of a cow, which they 
 brought with thcra, seven bushels of potatoes, and a French crown, 
 and a half acre of wheat which Finkle had sewed. Tliey drew land 
 in Cramahe. During the first years they were in great distress. A 
 tablespoonful of flour, with milk boiled, or grain shelled by hand, 
 formed their daily meals. Their clothing consisted of blankets 
 obtained of the Indians for the women, and buckskin pants and shirts 
 for the men. Dempsey was the second settler in the township, Weese 
 having settled two years before. Margaret Dempsey, born October 
 24, 1790, was the third child born in the township. , ,^„,>j] vi;-**-*')-^.! 
 Dbtlors — .The Detlors are of the Palatine stock. Says G. H. 
 P/etlor, Esq., of the Customs Department,. Kingston: 
 o i , My grandfather, John V. Deltor, emigrated with my grandmother 
 from Ireland, to New York ; directly after his marriage in the City of 
 New York, they removed to the town of Camden, where they resided 
 with their family — and at the close of the rebellion (having joined the 
 Royal standard) — he with two or three of his sons and sons-in-law 
 came to Canada, and finally located on lands in the Township of Freder- 
 icksburgh. Lot No. 21, 6th concession, where he and his sons lived 
 and died. My father removed to the town of York (now City of 
 Toronto), in 1802, and at the invasion of that place by the Americans, 
 iu April, 1813, my father lost his life in defense of the place. Tliere 
 is now but one of my grandfather's children living, an aunt of mine, 
 Mrs. Anne Dulmage, resides in the village of Sy^>nhanj, Township 
 1^^ Jjoughboro', County of Frontenac. 
 
 ;Ti,f . They sacrificed their lands, and suflfered great privations. The 
 Detlors have ever been universally esteemed, not alone in the Mid- 
 land District, but in all parts of Canada, and have been found worthy 
 occupantB of many responsible positiops. ,,,^[ ji,,^.}/, '-.-.^yw^uUiv) 
 ,;. / Isaac Frasbr. — •* Among the pi*ominent men who resided in 
 Erneijttown, , near the Bay of Quinte,. was Is^ac Fraser, Esq., for 
 jn«ny yeajrs M.P.P. for ^e Opuntiea of iJjeiinox and Addington. 
 ^. Fraeoi- was a man ot! great dPcisioQ of .Qh^ra,ctf)r, and.during tl^e 
 active pwt of his lif% probably wielded a great inflijenpe, apd his 
 lopinions always commande4greatrespec,t, Injiis ppliticali opinions, 
 
648 THE FINKLES. i 
 
 ho was Identified with the Conservative or Tory party ; and when 
 he arrived at a conclusion on any particular point, ho adhered to it 
 with all the tenacity which a clear conviction of its justice could 
 inspire. With him there was no wavorinLf, no vacillation. Ho was 
 always reliable, and his friends always knew where to find him. 
 There is no doubt, ho acted from conscientious motives, and from a 
 clear conviction of duty ; and, so far as I know, no man overcharged 
 him with acting corruptly. In his religious views, Mr. Frasor sym- 
 pathized with the Presbyterians, and, if I mistake not, was a 
 member of the church organized, and watched over by the late Eev. 
 Eobert McDowall, of Fredericksburgh." ' 
 
 FiNKLE. — ^The late Geo. Finkle, of Bmosttown, says, *-My 
 grandfather. Dr. Geo. Finkle, left Germany when a young man ; and 
 bought two estates, one at Great, and one at Little Nine Partners. 
 In adhering to the British, he had all his estates, which were valua* 
 ble at Nine Partners, Duchess Co., confiscated to the Hebel Govern- 
 ment. My father, Henry, made' his way to Quebec shortly after the 
 war began, being sixteen years old. Entered the Engineer's Depart- 
 ibont, where he learned the use of carpenter's tools. In settling, 
 this knowledge was of great use to him, and he became the builder 
 of the first framed building in Upper Canada. His wife was a 
 sister of Capt. John Bleeker. He settled on the front of Bmesttown, 
 lot six." Finkle'8 Point is well known. 
 
 The First court held in Upper Canada, it is said, was at Finkle's 
 house, which being larger thatn ahy at Kingston, or elsewhere on 
 the Bay, afforded the most convenience. Mr. Pinkie records the 
 trial of a faegro fbr stealing a loaf of bread, who, being found guiltyj, ^ 
 received thirty-nine lashes. The basswood tree, to which he wa* 
 tied, is still standing; Mr. Finkle had slaves and was the first to 
 give them freedom. One of the brothers, of which there W6r'6 
 three, John, George, and Henry, served isevon years in Johnson'fr 
 regiment. ; > . i ? (.tumk &)— " . anoiaiooi) rndb^mm*^, ¥i^mmit iiti(M 
 % Mr. Finkte wrote us, Dec. 11, 1865 ; he says, "Being in utty 
 74ih year, and' in impaii'ed health, I am nnable to write more." The 
 kind man soon thereafter waS called away, iltt a good oM age, likd 
 his father find grandfather^ . r^T) 
 
 G«o. Finkle, son of Henry, had three sons, Gordort Williasi^'- 
 Boland Hobinson^ and Honry. The Fiwkle's^ as if e have men else* 
 "VV^heiie, tvtere ^tively engaged m thedonstraotionof thefiliMi»1»am- 
 hmtiUhe 'Frontenae' ebcI *Chftrloftte;' Moving had artt lfl^r<^ itt 
 the 'Charlotte,' aid Mat eld«8t som, fiapdon^ Iwnow one of the oldeM 
 
FISHER — FAIRFIELD. WW 
 
 captains upon the Bay, being attached to the steamer * Bay Quinto.* 
 The old place granted to the grandfather, still belongs to the family, 
 Roland R. still residing there, and the youngest, Henry, is Post- 
 master at Bath.rifi;/ oft\'^nfriyrRr>^'nivnB,w^:\-f>*fi'} isim (iuVV .cr.ijnn 
 
 Fisher. — Judge Alexander Fisher, a "name well known in tho 
 Midland District, was a native of Perthshire, Scotland, from whence 
 his parents, with a numerous family, emigrated to New York, then 
 a British province. At the time of tho rebellion they had accumu- 
 lated a considerable amount of both real and personal property; 
 but at the defeat of Burgoyne, near the place of whose defeat they 
 lived, the Fisher family, Avho would not abandon their loyalty, left 
 their all, and endured groat hardships in finding their way to Mon- 
 treal. Alexander was subsequently employed in the Commissariat, 
 under McLean, atCarleton Island ; while his twin-brother obtained 
 the charge of the High School at Montreal, which situation he held 
 until his death, in the year 1819. At the close of the war the family 
 obtained their grants of land as U. E. Loyaliste.i roiitm \iA .fnom 
 
 Alex. Fisher was appointed the first Disti-ict 3 udge and Ohair>« 
 man of Quarter Sessions for the Midland District, to the last of 
 which he was elected by his brother magistrates. He was also for 
 many years a Captain of Militia, which post he held during the- 
 war of 1812. The family took up their abode in Adolphustown, • 
 upon the shores of Hay Bay. A sister of Judge Fisher was married 
 to Mr. Hagerman, and another to Mr. Stocker, who, for a time, 
 lived on the front of Sidney. He w»fi related, by marriage, to 
 McDonnell, of Marysburgh. His parents lived with him at thd> 
 farm in Adolphustown. They were buried hero in the family vanity * 
 With a brother, and the Judge's only &on,p:idm{ mi^^iiiitiHhmi&fM 
 1^ Judge Fisher was short in stature, and somewhat stout, with *< 
 prominent nose. He was, as a judge, and as a private indiriduaiy^ 
 universally esteemed. " He was a man of great discernment, and^ 
 moral honesty governed his decisions." — (Allison.) Ho died in thet 
 year 1830, and was buried in the familj"^ vault. As an evidence of 
 the high esteem in which he was held, there wa& scarcely a lawyer *' 
 or magistrate in the whole District, from the Carrying Place to 
 Gananoque, who did not attend his funeral, together with a great ^i 
 conoour»9 of the settlers throughoht the counties. . oa;? 
 
 FikiBFiELD. — The Kingston Gaisette tells the fallowingt ' 'ffstcjii 
 
 « DiBD.^— At his house, in Ernosttown, on the 7th Feb* l«l«f^w 
 the 4-7 th year of hifi age, W. Fairfiedd. ; His funeral was attended t^td 
 a Biimeroils reircle of roiativea, friends and neighbors. ' He lell ai> 
 
$60 CAPTAIN GRASS. 
 
 widow and seven children. The first link that was broken in a 
 family chain of twelve brothers and three sisters, all married at 
 years of maturity. His death was a loss to the district, as well as 
 to his family. He was one of the commissioners for expending the 
 public money on the roads. Formerly a member of the Provincial 
 Pai'liament ; many years in the commission of the Peace. As a 
 magistrate and a man, he was characterized by intelligence, impar- 
 tiality, independence of mind and liberality of sentiments." .m a-v/i 
 
 Grass. — Captain Michael Grass, the first settler of Kingston 
 township, was a native of Germany. The period of his emigration 
 to America is unknown. He was a saddler and harness-maker by 
 trade, and for years plied his trade in Philadelphia. It would seem 
 that he removed from Philadelphia to New York, for his son Peter 
 was born in this city in 1110. According to the statement of his 
 grandson who often heard the facts from his father, Peter Grass, soon 
 after the commencement of the rebellion, Michael Grass was taken 
 prisoner by the Indians, who were staying at Cataraqui. In this he 
 is probably mistaken. We learn from another source that it was 
 dui'ing the previous French war, which is more likely to be correct. 
 It would seem that Grass and two other prisoners were not con 
 fined in the fort, but held in durance by a tribe of Indians, who 
 permitted them to hunt, fish, &c. They made an effort to escape, but 
 were caught and brought back. Again they attempted, carrying with 
 the«i provisions, which they had managed to collect, sufiicient to last 
 them a week. But it was nine weeks before they reached an English 
 settlement, one having died by the way from hunger and exposui'e. 
 It was the knowledge which Grass had acquired of the territoiy at 
 Cataraqui, while a prisoner, which led to his appointment to th© 
 leadership of a band of refugees at the close of the war. — (See settle- 
 jKUent of Kingston.) 
 
 ,7 > ! It does not appear that Captain Grass occupied any office in the 
 army during tlie war. His captaincy commenced upon his leaving 
 New York with the seven vessels for Canada. By virtue of his 
 captaincy, he Vas entitled to draw 3000 acres. , Beside lot twenty-five 
 in Kingston,, he dr,ew in fourth concession of Sidney nearly 2000 acres 
 ia one block. 
 
 Captain Grass hud three sons, Peter, John, juid Daniel, and tliree 
 daughters^ Daniel, some years after, went sailing and was never 
 heard from. Peter and John settled in the Second Town and became 
 the fathers respectively of families. The laad drawn by the oaptaio, 
 and the 000 acres by each of his children, has proved n lasting source 
 of wealth and comfort to his descendants. 
 
DR. OAMBLB. ' 
 
 Captain Grass naturally took a leading part at least during the 
 first years of the settlement at Kingston. He Avas possessed of some 
 education, and was a man of excellent character, with a strict sense 
 of honor. Although opportunities presented themselves to accumulate 
 property at the expense of others, he refused to avail himself of all 
 such. He was appointed a magistrate at an early period, and as such 
 performed many of the first marriages in Kingston. In religion, he 
 was an adhei'ent to the Church of England. Probably he bad been 
 brought up a Lutheran. His old *' Dutch " Bible still is read oy an 
 old German in Emesttown; but it seems a pity that although none 
 of the Grass family can read its time worn pages, it should be allowed 
 tc remain in other hands than the descendants of the old captain. Ai'*' 
 ,*«J In connection, it may be mentioned that some time before the war, 
 a poor German, a baker by trade, came to New York. Michael 
 Grass assisted hira into business, and even gave him a suit of clothes. 
 When the refugees came to Canada, this baker accompanied them. 
 He settled in Quebec, where he auiassed eventually great AYcalth, and 
 
 the P family are not unknown to the public. ';ifiui .7iJ«jdc»'iq,tai> 
 
 j,^o')J Gamhle. — The subjoined somewhat lengthy notice is taken from 
 the Toronto Colonist : — " Dr. Gamble and family were for many years 
 residing at Kingston, and he was intimately associated with the first 
 dayj of Upper Canada, as a Province, whiffe his oifspi'ing as will be 
 seen, form no indifferent element of the society of the Province," we 
 therefore insert the notice in extenso, " Isabella Elizabeth Gamble^! the 
 third daughter of Dr. Joseph Clark and Elizabeth AUeyne, was born 
 at Stratford, in Connecticut — then a colony of Great Britain — on the 
 24th October, 1 767. In the year 17 76, her father, faithful to his 
 allegiance, repaired to the British army i i New York, to which place 
 his family followed him. At the peace of 1 788, Dr. Clark removed 
 with his family to New Brunswick (then known as the Province of 
 Acadia) and took up his i-esidenco at Mangerville. There ids daughter, 
 the subject of this memoir, then in her seventeenth year, was married 
 on the 18th of May, 1884, to Dr. John Gamble, the eldest son of 
 William Gamble and Leah Tyi'er, of Duross, near Enniskillon, Ireland. 
 Mr. Gamble was bom in 1755, studied physio and surgery at Edin- 
 burgh; emigrated to the British colony in 1779, and landed in New 
 York in September of that year. Immediately on his arrival, he 
 entered the King's service as Assistant-Surgeon to the General Hos- 
 pital ; subsequently ho was attached to the '" Old Queen'H Bangorfl," 
 and for some time did duty with that regiment as surgeon. At the 
 peace of 1788, he, with othw Amenoau Loyalists, went to New 
 
6&2 OAMBtrE FAMILY. 
 
 Brunswick. After his marriage Dr. Gramble practised his profession 
 at St. John's, and resided in New Brunswick until 1793, when having 
 been appointed Assistant-Surgeon to the late I'egiment of Queen's 
 Eangers, by General Siracoe, then Lieutenant-Governor of Upper 
 Canada, he joined his regiment at Niagara, where it was then quartered, 
 having left his wife and five daughters at Mangerville. Mrs. Gamble 
 continued to reside with her father until 1798, when her husbandj 
 having in the meantime, been promoted toJ|the surgeoncy of his regi- 
 ment ; she, with her five daughters, the eldest then but thirteen years 
 of age, accompanied by her father and a sister (afterwards married 
 to the Hon. Samuel Smith), ascended the river St. John in a bark 
 canoe, crossed the portage by Temi conata to the Rivierie du Loup, 
 came up the St. Lawrence, and joined Dr. Gamble then witji his 
 regiment in garrison at York;^ ««mo« to «*'''^^ *^* "^^^•'<f '^' -'^L 
 • 5o< "III 1802, the Queen's Rangers Were disbanded, aria^rs! tJarable 
 aooorapaiied her husband and family to Kingston, where he practised 
 his profession until his death, in thejfifty-sixth year of his age, on the 
 1 St December, 1811. She remained in Kingston till the year 1820, 
 when with the portion of her family then at home, she removed to 
 Toronto, and there remained surrounded by her offspring until her 
 death on the 9th March, 1859v'*' ^'''« »*^ i^jni t^ux.;;:. i c n uf^ -u^^ 
 
 ** Mrs. Gamble had thfkeen dhil&reti, nine dan*ghters and ^oiir sons ; 
 Isabella, the eldest, married to Robert Charles Home, Esq., Assistant- 
 Sui"^on, Glengary Light Infantry; Mary Ann, married to Colonel 
 Sinclair, Royal Artillery ; Sarah Hannah Biyes. to James Geddes, Esq., 
 Assistant-Surgeon, Medical Staff; Leah Tyrer, to the Hon. William 
 Allen; Catharine, who died unmarried; Jane, married to Benjamin 
 Whitney, Esq. ; Rachel Crookshank, toj Sir James Buchannan 
 Macaulay ; Magdjaline, to Thomas Williani Birchall, Esq. ; and Mary 
 Ann unmarried; John William, of Vaughan, William, of Milton, 
 Etobicoke ; Clarks, of Toronto, and Joseph who died in infancy ; of 
 these thirteen, six only survive, but Mrs. Gamble's descendants have 
 already reached the largo number of 204, and some of her children's 
 children are now upwards of thirty years of age. '\^'y.'-'-^^^'i->^-- -'i -^ 
 
 "The remarkable longevity of a large number of the AiheHcah 
 Ijoyalist emigrants who came to the British Provinces after the 
 Ameiican Revolution, has been noticed by the Lord Bishop of New 
 Brunswick, as a striking instance of the fulfilment of the promise con- 
 tained in the fifth commandment, embracing, as that commandment 
 tinqaeetiotiably does, the duty of obedience to civil rulers. Mrf.' 
 Gamble may well be counted among that number, having, in October 
 last, entered upon her ninety-second year." — Colonist. 
 
THE HAGERMANS. ' 653 
 
 Among the company of refugees which followed VanAlstine's 
 lead to Canada, was Nicholas Hagerman. n.-. j -^in^^n <•»*. .-. mUv v, ., >. j., 
 
 He fcettled in the village of Adolphuetown, altnost in front of 
 the II. E. burying ground. The point of land here between the. 
 Bay and the Creek is still known as Hagerman's Point. The whole ' 
 of the land except the burying ground was cleared b) Hagerman. 
 His house was situated a short distance west of the road leading 
 from the wharf up to ihe village. It was built near the water's edge. 
 The short period which has elapsed since that building was erected 
 has not only consigned the builder to a grave almost unknown, and 
 the building to the destructive tooth of time, but tlie very land on 
 which the house stood, where he acd his family daily passed in and 
 out, is now washed away by the ceaseless waves of the bay. qiir .')iiuc. 
 
 Mr. Hagerman was a man of some education, and it is said had 
 studied law before leaving New York. At all events he became one 
 of the first appointed lawyers in Upper Canada, probably at the time 
 McLean, of Kingston, was appointed. He continued to live and 
 practice law in Adolphustown until his death. " He was the first 
 
 lawyer to plead at these Courts, He was a self-made man." 
 
 '^^®^'*'>a.:t •ofihrmTlfi 'mrf v<{ Uabmumm huxiifiifJOT ilaiW !>«# «Oi0'>:^o'i' 
 
 The writer's parents lived at, and near the village of Adolphus- 
 town when young; they knew th© Hagermau'a well, and for many a 
 day and year attended , school witli Nicholas Hagerman's children. 
 There were at least two brothers, David and Christopher, and t^o 
 daughters, Betsy and Maria. Daniel was a sedate person, but 
 •• Chris." was a saucy boy. They were both elected to Parliament 
 at the same time, but Daniel died before the meeting of Parliament. 
 Christopher studied law with his father at first, waa a pupil of Dr. 
 Strachan's, and completed his legal studies in MoLeau's office in 
 Kingston. The father and sou were sometimes employed by opposing 
 clients; at one time in Kingston, the sou won the suit, much to the 
 annoyance of the father. The father exclaimed, " have I raised a son 
 to put out my eyes." No, replied the son, " to open them father." 
 At the commencement of the war in 1812, Christopher went as 
 Lieutenant with a Oonapai^ from Adolphustown to Kingston. 
 Shortly after he was cliosen Aide-de-Camp to the Governor General 
 Thenceforth lus way to preferment waa steady. At the clo«e of the 
 war he was appomted Colleotor of Customs at Kingston. The 
 (?<wie«e of 6 th September, 1816, says thatCltfistopber Alexander 
 Hagerman, Esq., Barrister-at-Law, waa appoiuted to His Majesty's 
 Council in and for the Province (rf Upper Canadiw* o«l Jbw \m» ni^nmo 
 
654 JOHNSONS— AN OLD MAIL CARRIER. 
 
 ' On the 26th March, 181T, he was married to Elizabeth, eldest 
 daughter of James Macaulay, Esq., Kingston, hdjrdsfi tod OJ Lo-afto 
 >v; , Johnsons— H^my Johnson was born at New Jersey, 1757, where 
 .he lived till the rebeUion, when he removed to Poughkeepsie. In June, 
 1788, beiug a loyalist, he came with his brother Andrew to Canada, 
 enduring many privations and hardships. He settled in HaUowell, 
 where he lived until his death, which took place 28th May, 1829, being 
 in his 73rd year. " He was noted for his hospitality-charitable to the 
 poor without ostentation, a pious christian. For the last five yeare 
 he suffered much.". t'jHjo^d ^ant-niiof; ami mi v 
 -Ifj Andrew Johnson.— Among the combatants, we have given the 
 name of James Johnson; here we design to give a place to some 
 account ot his two sons, Andrew and William, or " Bill," as he was 
 commonly called, a name yet remembered by many, j^it^jrio kkv? od 
 Perhaps there is not now living a more interesting historic 
 character than Andrew Johnson, I'osiding in the vicinity of Belle- 
 ville. A native of New York State, Gainesborough, he came m 
 with his father at the first settlement of Upper Canada. He was 
 an eye witness of the first days of Ernesttown, and Kingston. At 
 the beginning of the present century he was known as an unttsually 
 rapid walker. Andrew was engaged in carrying the mail from 
 Kingston to York. Mr. Stuart was his employer. His route was 
 by the Bay Bhoro to Adolphustown, across the Bay, at the Stone 
 Miils, by Picton and Wellington, to the Carrying Place ; and thence 
 along the Lake shore, fording streams as best he could, often upon 
 a fallen tree, or by swimming. He would spend five hours in York 
 and then start back. These txips were generally made once a fort- 
 night. He subsequently lived at Bath for forty years, where he 
 kept a tavern, and strangely enough, as he avers, he never drank 
 
 liquor in his life. »T4^ntrfi!(r v.*-- ^ ^ , . 
 
 r^.. His father's log house was used by Rev. Mr. Stuart to preach in 
 ior three years, before the fV-ame building was erected on the hill, 
 which would hold thirty or forty persona. It was a story and a-half 
 high Andrew Johnson is now upwards of a hundred. Although 
 his memory is somewhat defective, he retains a great deal of bodily 
 • vigor ; and eats and sleeps well. He rarely converses unless spoken 
 to!. Ho is a man of somewhat low stature, small frame, with spare 
 limbs Mr. Lockwood, who haa known him a long time, says, 
 "He was remarkably quick i« his movements. During tbe war, 
 the two started to walk from Presoott to Kingston, but liockwood 
 Bays that Johnson could walk three miles to his one. His brother, 
 
la;. "bill" JOHNSON, i-riv^ir.i. 
 
 "Bill," had a fost horae, which could outrun anything. Andrew 
 offered to bet a hundred dollars that he could travel to York quicker 
 than the horse. Of course there was but an imperfect path, with 
 no bndges. His offer was not accepted. Andrew was a loyal 
 soldier m 1812, and belonged to the same companies as his brother. 
 The old man is yet very quick in his movements, retaining that 
 peculiar swinging gait by which he formerly so rapidly traveled 
 long distances. His days are passing away in a quiet dream, ten- 
 derly cared for by his son, with his wife. • tM)'t3R3m1m!in6diHr-H>(i'r 
 Bill Johnson.— William Johnson, brother of the foregoing' 
 was one of six sons of James Johnson, bom in Ernesttown. His 
 youthftil days were spent in the vicinity of what is now the village 
 of Bath. About the time of the commencement of the war of 1812 
 ho was engaged in Kingston, in trading, and had a store of general 
 merchandize. When the first draft for men was made, Johnson was 
 one of the conscripts. For a very short time, he did service, and then 
 procured his brother (not Andrew) as a substitute. There was not at 
 this time any doubt of his loyalty. It was natural he should desire to 
 attend to his business in Kingston, which at this time was lucrative 
 And there does not appear that he employed his brother in other 
 than good faith. But some time after his brother entered the service 
 he deserted to the United States' shore. Even now it does not appear 
 that the authorities of Kingston suspected his loyalty, for they desired 
 that he should take his place in the ranks which his brother had for- 
 saken This, however, " Bill » would not do. The result was that a 
 hie of soldiers commanded by Sergeant Lockwood, (our principal in- 
 formant) was sent to arrest Johnson, by order of the captain, Matthew 
 Clark of Ernestto^vn■^*i i«-»i «i^«ft i« hBrii xtttinxrpmriij?i -..rf Jdriht 
 Upon the approacli off the soldiers, JohnsOn shouted to Sergeant 
 Lockwood, who had boon his life long playmate, «I know what 
 you are after; but you won't get me yet," and immediately shut 
 tho door and turned the key. Lockwood, without hesitation, 
 raised his musket, and with the bntt knocked tho door open, in 
 time to sec Bill escaping by tho back door. A close chase ensJied 
 into a back enclosure, and Lockwood succeeded in catching him 
 by the leg as ho was passing through a window. Johnson then 
 submitted, and was conveyed a prisoner to the guard house within 
 tho jail. After being confined for sometime he escaped % break- 
 ing the jail ; probably aided by sympathizeWj for a good many 
 thought he was badly treated. it vlkw oi bfjfrat,> r.7rt «{? » 
 
 ii- Whatever may have been JohnsOta's feelings towards tho British 
 
656 Johnson's career. 
 
 Government before, he now became a most determined enemy of 
 his native country. He vowed he should " be a thorn in Great 
 Britain's side ;" and his goods and some property at Bath, a few 
 town lots, being confiscated, he declared he would got back all he 
 lost. The foregoing occurence took place sometime during the fall 
 of 1812. It would appear that Bill Johnson set to work in a syste- 
 matic manner to carry out his ihreats. . : _^;; ,.; , . , , , ,v^^ 
 
 Being well acquainted with the country and people, and, withal, 
 a bold, determined and fearless man, he did not hesitate to visit the 
 Canadian shore, and was even seen at Bath in day 4ight. He 
 built several small boats, light and trim, and he would at times 
 unhesitatingly voyage upon the broad lake in bold undertakings. 
 His operations consisted in privateering, in inducing American 
 sympathizers to accompany him to the States, and in acting .a a 
 spy. During the war there were frequently boat loads of goods, 
 consisting of liquors and other valuable articles passing up the bay, 
 " and across the Carrying Place, thence to York. On one occasion 
 ' Thomas Parker, who was engaged in the business, left Kingston 
 with a batteau laden with valuables for York. Johnson, who 
 '° watched such events, saw Parker depart. While the latter made 
 ' his way up the bay, Johnson proceeded in his craft around by the 
 *' lake, and awaited Parker off Presqu'isle. In due time the batteau 
 ' was seized by Johnson and his comrades, and taken to the other 
 ^ Bide. Paiker being landed on Point Traverse, off Marysburgh. •; 
 ' Another exploit was the seizure of Government despatches near 
 
 ' ' Brighton. A company of Dragoons, Captain Stinson, were on duty 
 ' to carry despatches between the Eiver Ti-ent and Smith's Creek, 
 Port Hope. On a certain occasion when a dragoon, by the name 
 of Gardner, was pursuing his way with despatches, he was suddenly 
 seized by Johnson, who deliberately took him with his horse to the 
 *' lake shore, where he shot the horse, placed.the despatch bag in his 
 '■ boat, and then permitted the man to find his way on foot through 
 *' the woods to report himself to his captain. > J^^ /. 
 
 ^'"'' '« Bill Johnson still lives at French Creek upon tWfe American 
 
 * s&e of the St. Lawrence. He was an active participant in the 
 
 * events of 1837, and it is supposed had much to do in recruiting for 
 ' the army of sympathizers. There is so much of fiction to be found 
 ^' respecting him in connection with that time, that it is difficult to 
 ' say what part he did take. It has been generally supposed that he 
 ^ was one of the few who escaped from the Windmill, but while, no 
 ' doubt, he was engaged at the time, there is nothing to rest a decided 
 
^^^,^ MACAULAY, , 657 
 
 statement upon. "Wo suspect that " Bill," in his later days, was 
 ' given to boasting a little, and took pleasure in catering to the taste 
 of his Yankee friends, in relating what he and his daughter Kate 
 oia, (in imagination,) ■ ;, ;, -. , . ., . . , 
 
 !.^^ . Macaulay, "the father of the Honorable John, and the Eev. 
 William Macaulay, settled during the Revolutionary war on Carle- 
 ton Island, then a British station and fortification, where he sup- 
 plied the commissariat and garrison, and carried on business. In 
 1794, Mr. Macaulay removed to Kingston, where he amassed con- 
 siderable property. When he removed to Kingston, he had rafted 
 over from Carleton Island his log dwelling house, and placed it 
 where it now stands at the corner of Princess snd Ontario Streets. It 
 has since been clap-boarded over and added to, and having been kept 
 painted and in good repair is still a very habitable building." — 
 
 „ , Mr. Macaulay had come to New York shortly before the com- 
 
 1 mencement of the Colonial troubles, and as a loyalist had his house 
 pillaged and burnt, by the robels, and became a refugee at the 
 military post at Carleton Island. About 1785, he settled at King- 
 
 f.s^iOii, where he married, and remained until his death, in September, 
 1800, being fifty-six years old. He was at no time connected with 
 
 y, the service, but engaged his time hi commercial business, and was on 
 most intimate terms with those in authority, being a particular 
 friend of the Duke of Albano. His sons continued his business and 
 
 ,^ in time were called to occupy honorable and responsible situations 
 under Grovernment, as Legislative Councilor, Surveyor General, 
 
 jjProvincial Secretary, Inspector General, Chaplain to Legislative 
 
 "^{^^ai^lwa fc^vr aa ,<i8ir^i, ca^ttve chris^an' MtodRi/^v? vTOnft^taa^la ■< 
 
 ■tJxiil O'i 'v'torf in ,^;;- -,r,i.'.] ,;f ■ ,v;,>:, 
 
 Hfi^^> Upon the 19th March, 1867, the writer was privileged, "through 
 
 jj the kindness of the Eev. Mr. Anderson, to visit an individual who, 
 
 of all others, possesses histoxic interest. About half a mile north 
 
 ^^:0f the Indian Church upon the old York road, Tyendinaga, lives 
 
 5(,j Christian Moore. Beside the stove, in a low Indian chair, sat a 
 
 «t, woman whose shrunken and bent appearance made her appear no 
 
 jj larger than a girl of sixteen. But the face, with its parchment-like 
 
 ^jskin^— the deeply wrinkled features, bespoke the burden of many 
 
 winters. Yet, the eye still flashed looks of intelligence, as the faq© 
 
 was upturned from her Ixands on which she almost incessantly 
 
 rested her head, aa if. t^e shoulders had weariQid ,w i^Qu; long life 
 
 42 ■ ^'""^ ^'"" '"■ 
 

 ^0|| . CHRISTIAN MOORE. \ 
 
 < duty. Christian is about a hundred years old, during eighty of 
 ; which «he has remained a captive with the Mohawks. Although a 
 .. white woman, she kno V8 not a word of English. Long, long years 
 ago, in becoming the wife of an Indian, and the mother of Indians, 
 . she became to all purposes one of themselves. She is a living relic 
 of the American Revolution, as well ae of the customs of the 
 [Mohawk Indians a hundred j'-ears ago. ,f{ ^nr>ft ^trhV hv|>.-i/^'?ot 
 niil In the first days of the rebellion, in an encounter between the 
 J Indians and a party of rebels in the Mohawk valley, one of the 
 i Indians, by the name of Grreen, was killed. The custom among 
 the several tribes, or families, when one of their number had 
 been lost in war, was to take the first captive they could, 
 rand adopt him or her, into the tin be, to keep up the number. 
 A party of Indians, under John Green, a chief and brother of 
 the one killed, called in after days Captain Green, in the course 
 of their foray, caught a little girl about ten years of age. That 
 little girl is the old person of whom we are speaking. The 
 old woman yet recollects the fact that her father's family, on the 
 approach of the Indians, made haste to escape; she by accident was 
 left alone or behind. She I'emembers to have been running along 
 the road, when she was taken. She says there wore a good many 
 Indians. After this there is a blank in her memory, until the 
 period of the Indians leaving their homes to escape. This was the 
 time wl^en they buried their Communion Plate. Christian says she 
 was carried upon an Indian's back, as thoy fled to Lachine. She 
 recollects that they were staying three years at Lachine, when 
 the tribe set out to take possessipn of tjbo land which Govern- 
 ment was to give them. It was about a year from the time they 
 started from Lachine, until thpy, undov Brant, ^loached their desti- 
 nation, the Grand River. Captain Green was with this party, and 
 stay©4 with them at Grand River for six years, when, becoming 
 dissatisfied^ he,i with his fat^iilyjCamQ to the Bay Quinte. Cl^ris- 
 tian remembers all this. She was living with Captain Green's 
 sister. They cajno in a battoau, d(^wn the north shore, of the; lake, 
 and erossedi p-t thq Ctwrying Plac* at the. head of the bay. ,,(,,! ^.ij 
 Christian in time bepame the wife ofian Indian, by the name of 
 , Anthony Srawt, wJ»Q, she says, has bepn Aosd, now thirty-eight 
 yeairs. They^ad, I?ut, one c]iUd, a daugjxtor, who was married to 
 Abrfun,Mar,i<^e, Jhey had three, children, pnp being ason. Chris- 
 tian's daughter has been dead many years, bntjthoold lady now ip 
 surrminded by .gnandKihildaren to l^o t^iird g(?peEatio|it,,,Y.) g'tarftolt 
 
w 
 
 PARLIAMENT. 659 
 
 )q "^ Some time after the close of the Rovolutioii, a person by tho 
 name of Moore, came with his family to Canada, and settled at 
 Napanee. By some means he learned that there was a white 
 woman among the Mohawks, and he visited them to see if it might 
 be his long lost daughter. Such proved to be the case. He was 
 Christian's father. She remembers the occasion, (it was about 
 forty-five j-^ears ago,) her father was then a very old man. Of 
 course, there was no resemblance between the woman in Indian 
 garb before him, and his little girl of ten y\)ars. But there was a 
 mark upon her arm, the result of a burn by which he was enabled 
 to recognize his own flesh and blood. The scar, upon the left fore- 
 arm, can yet be distinctly seen. Painful, indeed, must have been 
 the feelings of the parent, to know she was. his daughter, and yet 
 knew not a syllable of her mother tongue. The natural channel bj' 
 wnich parental and filial affection might have flowed was sealed. 
 She says, she has a sister now living back of Napanee. She asked 
 her father if she had been christened, and he informed her she had 
 been. Upon our asking her the question, if she ever went to school, 
 she says, "No;" that she was "always working hard." Asking 
 her the question, if she. did not think she Lad lived a long while, she 
 replied, " I don't think I'll live very long." The Rev. Mr. Ander- 
 son informs us that she has ever maintained the character of a true 
 Christian, and is always happy to partake of the Holy Communion, 
 Christian's great-grandson, himself a fiither, acted as interpreter. 
 a AS It ig possible that this woman, who belonged to another century, 
 may live yet several years. There is much of vigor in her move- 
 ments and conversation. Although shrivelled and bent almost 
 double with age, her body seems to be well nourished, and her arms 
 possess considerable thickness. She always enjoyed good health, 
 and now eats and sleeps in the niost comfoi*table manner. 
 
 "We are informed by a recent letter froiix ReV. Mr; Andereon, 
 1869, that the old wotnafl cohtinues quite well, and wwks in the 
 garden in summei^.Ji^' ?^>*''''^ s^vir «jjrt,,,^Mij ha M(»Ummo't ntiis 
 t^/^^'PARLiAMBNT.---!Mt*s. Mord^ti, of Sbjph'iAsbhrgh' was Born upon 
 the banks 6f the Hudson, forty miles from its mdutti. Her biithday 
 stretches back ninety-eight yeii*s. She came into Canada with her 
 ftther, €r©orge Pariiiiment, who wa6 uf Oermati parentage, bom 
 upon the feelt; andlilcd the ocean, he was through out hiis' brief life 
 tossed np and down with iecatcely a ditty of cfalm and 6unsbin4. 
 The family reachbd the Fourth Town, and only six Weeks Aifter het 
 father's eyes were cldiseet in deafth. Mrs. MoMen had a dtstifiet 
 
660 '^' DISTRESS. ■' . 
 
 recollection of the rebellion. Her father was staunchly loyal, and 
 she has heard him repeatedly declare that he would lay his 
 bones in the King's domains. During the war he was imprisoned 
 twice, at Goshen and Poughkeepsie. She was thirteen years 
 old when they came to Canada, and remembers the many 
 weary days of travel by Oneida Lake. Her father walked and 
 drove the cattle all day, her mother would sit up till late 
 at night over the camp-kettle preparing food for the party to 
 use the following day, so that there would be no delay on the 
 way. Having crossed from the States, the Skenectady boats landed 
 at Little Catariqui. The father was down belbw on the St. Law- 
 rence swimming the cattle across the stream. They found their 
 flour was nearly dona, She, with a little sister, went along the 
 shore to the village of Kingston to buy flour, she had only enough 
 money to buy a quarter of a hundred of second flour, which she 
 carried from McAulay's store to the hungry company at the Little 
 Catariqui, where they were wind-bound. She remembers the 
 appearance of the shores as they journeyed along; the rude log 
 cabins in the small clearings. The family of eleven children settled 
 upon the north shore of Hay Bay. The eldest boy was nineteen 
 yeai*8 old. They now thought that tlioy, in common with other 
 settlers, would be permitted to work out a peaceful and happy 
 future, but the arrow of death was already in the bended bow. The 
 mournful occasion can hardly be appreciated, the fkther of eleven 
 children in the wilderness suddenly cut down. Each of the neigh- 
 . bourn had quite enough to do to care for his own family. All these 
 » terrible facts are fresh in the mind of the venerable lady. The 
 , events of later years are faded ftom her memory, but those are too 
 -oeeply engraven upon her mind, by the pen of sorrow, to be erased 
 r while life lasts and mind sits enthroned. The subsequent events 
 ^ connected with the family for a time are no less didtressingi They 
 ' IolbA one cow, the milk of which supplied them with their principal 
 iocn!] ^ish was occasionally caught. But they often had to seek 
 herbs and greens. For weeks they #ete in liie greatest dilstress 
 '^or the very necessaries of life. All of the family who were old 
 ' enough went out to work. The followiiig spring; attd the subse- 
 . quent ones, her mother ttiade sugar, not to ttite in the flttiiily, "oh I 
 ^'M)V,thM was'tod j^rea^ It was all dathried and /iold fbr 
 
 n<m^'. " Sfrfe. Mordeli retn^mbert it, for she bari^itid milch df the sap. 
 
 She fobise^uently w'drkfed itit, Tiiitil>(fl3er'iiever&! j^eats sh^ fdun* a 
 kinci supportJer/ Mi'*6.MdM6h,%hoto''th^ Writer eoiSur niekrl}*' four 
 
THE B0BLIN8. " 661 
 
 t 
 
 years ago, (1865), waa then, although so old, yet vigorous and 
 sprightlj-^, with a kindly face, and even a sharp eye. Of all the 
 persons it has been our pi'ivilege to converse with, there are only a 
 few who gave such clear and appropriate testimony, and afforded 
 so much satisfaction. She confined her remarks strickly to the 
 questions, and we learned much in a short hour. She spoke feel- 
 ingly ; and with Christian nohleness said she, *' I have lived a long 
 time and had many blessings, thanks be to God." Thus spoke the 
 Jlps of one whoso youth had been spent in another century. 
 t..h HoBLiNS. — The Eoblin family is extensively and favorably 
 known in Upper Canada, especially in the bay I'egion. They, 
 although numerous, have sprung from a common ancestry. Origi- 
 nally of English or Welsh nativity; at the commencement of the 
 rebellion they were found dwelling in New York, and New Jersey. 
 As a result of the ^Revolution, four branches of the Eoblin family 
 came into Canada, two of whom, John and Stephen, were brothers. 
 *,>f*r John Roblin lived in New Jersey, he took no part in the contest, 
 but his sympathies were doubtless with the loyalists. One day, he 
 was sitting in the door-way, when a scouting party fired upon the 
 house as they approached. Some fourteen shots were fired. This 
 was done without any warning, the house being inhabited by a 
 private family. John Boblin was wounded in the knee. The party 
 entered the house and completely ransacked it, searching for valu- 
 ables; not satisfied with what they found, they demanded where 
 the money was ; John's brother, Stephen, was suspended by his 
 thumbs to a tree with the view of foi'ciog him to tell where the 
 monej- was concealed^ John, altUpngh wounded, was stripped 
 j*Unost naked. The i-uffioins, who did all this under the name of 
 j^l^^Liberty," destroyed what they could not carry; and flour, furni- 
 ptjgure, everything in fact, was strewn about and broken. One of the 
 party put his bayoneted musket to the breast of ]!^"s. Roblin, and 
 dared her to call George her king. She fearlessly replied, he once 
 was, why not now. The demon was pulling the trigger, when a 
 . more human comrade knocked the weapon aside. The rebels were 
 r.near by under Washington, and this was a regular detailed foraging 
 party. ; John Roblin was ^terward placed in the rebel hospital, 
 but the doctor was unnecessarily cruel, and so thaltreated him, that 
 he became a lifia-long. cripple. The family came into the rebel 
 camp, and Mrs. Eoblin complained to General Washington of the 
 , oondwct of his men. He had iier look* ampug the men, and pro- 
 . xnised to puaish any, sh^ said had been among the ^]p>t^. !Bat af 
 course they kept out of the way. 
 
662 ' SIMON — VANAL8TINE. 
 
 A'^ Tho Eoblins bottled originally in Adolphnstown, John Roblin'' 
 died, and his widow, with tho fiimily, removed to Sophiasburgb, J 
 where she bought 100 acres of land for $26, and paid for it by'^> 
 weaving. She likewise cut down trees and made her hut. if 
 
 Roblin, who settled in the third concessioa of Fpuvth Town, beit» 
 came a member of Parliament. noiaH^ia^oit iit,.«i IL ^7. sum a^io^/v-Bfo 
 T.'P^ Simon. — John Simon was born in Massachusetts, joined the 
 Royal Standard when the rebellion commenced. At the close of 
 the war, he settled at nrst near Montreal. He soon removed to 
 Cataraqui, and finally to the Township of Flamborough West, 
 County Westmeath, where ho lived till his death. He had three 
 sons, Titus, John, Walter. A daughter married Detlor, anothe^A 
 James McNabb, one Dr. Meacham, one Thompson, the last three 
 lived at Bellovillo. One of the sons, Titus, we believe, distinguished 
 himself in 1812, at tho battle of Lundy's Lane. He had been Com*i^ 
 missary at Kingston, and moved to Toronto. fl- 
 
 Major VanAlstinb. — The life of this man we have been unable f' 
 to trace in ftiU ; but sufficient remains known to supply tho requisites 
 for a short sketch. Ho must have come from the vicinity of Albany",iIJ 
 for he was decidedly Dutch, and spoke the English language very 
 imperfectly. He was a stout, robust man, with a dark complexion,to 
 not one of military bearing J and most likely, until the rebellion, 
 had nothing to do with military matters. Among the first to 
 settle in Adolphustown, he well kujw the hardships of pionoep i 
 life. During the course of the rebellion he had suffered manjori 
 privations. Naturally a kind-hearted man, he for many yeaMff 
 afforded to the new comers much comfort and material aid. flisdi: 
 house was ever opqn to the passing stranger — ^to the old soldier, Uyji 
 poor refugees. He was known to everybody in the whole settle-oJ 
 ment of the Bay. Ifo mattei* who came, ho 'would order up ft'onfcii 
 hi^ I cellar kitchen — the; old Dutch style-^-his negro servants-wo 
 slaves he had brought in with him, and set before the traveler th^^rf 
 neoessaiy refir^hments. ! The son of 6ne who knew him well j says 
 he was hospitable to a'' fawltj His religion was Lutheran, and the^i 
 Grovdtnment granted hi'm;a pension fdir dastingnished serVicev ; * ^i^ 
 
 TriE WALLBftiDOB 'Family—- Are of iEnglish descent} and wer&/' 
 amoi^ the firsti s^tdbrs of -America. Th>^rd were several! families 
 of tftie name> existio^ mlAiiieriea at, tfae bi-eaJiing «ut;of the refceWil 
 liojiy onevdf iwlMicSk had* i)eeB rcsid«nta of Bennitagtom, oiuad' WBTffJ: 
 knowiii issrtbi&iBeaniingtontWallbrklge'Si The e^^JMilioii- kd^:- aBrJiiic 
 manjr:;X}thar inetfinoesv t^ al'divtiiiioni'anMioBgvthe'sond; some >8ide«lto 
 
WALLBRIDGE — WHITE. <]63 
 
 with the rebels, othorn remained loynl. Elijah "VVallbridgo took 
 part with the loyulists. His children never heard him speaking 
 of the part he took ; but it is learned through another source that 
 he was one of a party who on one occasion made a gallant attack 
 upon a military prison, and relieved the prisoners. His old musket 
 may yet bo seen. It is in possession of the Hon. Lewis Wallbridgo. 
 At the close of the war, he desired, like many other loyalists, to 
 remain in the States, and indeed did for a time, but the spirit of 
 intolerance was manifested towai*d him, so that he determined to 
 settle in Canada. Ho consequently, at the beginning of the present 
 century, came to the Bay and purchased .the U'act of land held in 
 Ameliasburgh by the family.-iji^Mfsh A^ lo^ifr^^/" Hrlof. mjO'T .>"fOf> 
 ; OM Elijah Wallbridge married the daughter of a U. E. Loyalist, t 
 Capt. Eobert Everett, of Kingston. Mr. Wallbridge, in making),) 
 his visits to the front of Jilrnesttown, found it convenient to cross 
 the Bay from Mississauga Point to Ox Point, and as a canoe was 
 not available he often disrobed himself, tied his clothes in a bundle 
 and managed to swim across, holding the bundle of clothes abovaii 
 the water. , yjjiibi/ ofiJfeffoiTt Oftutj y/ful Jfeura nVL .dsioilJ! itodn a w\ 
 
 White. — The Coboui-g Star recorded the deat,h of Mrs. Whiteo'?: 
 of White's Mills, aged 82 years, as follows:-, y. -t;^/ ,.,1.!. .iU.>A-i:><yc6 
 
 "Another old and respectable inhabitant has paid, the debt ofn 
 nature, whose memory will long be cherished by survivors. In, il 
 1792 Mrs. White was living with her family, the Chrysler's, at thew 
 homestead) Sidney, near Belleville, but removed after her marriagte if 
 with, Mr. White, to Cobourg, in the neighborhood of which she ha8<«| 
 remained over since, beloved by her family and greatly respectedr© 
 by all the settlers around. Although she often remarked, they hadff 
 to undergo many pi'ivations, yet they were the happiest days <^cj' 
 her existence. She feared th^ present generatiein was: launch ing/n- 
 out too much into the fashion of tae! world,- to ooBdace to ,solidid 
 happiness. <:'i:^ odt OTOtod ;toe ban ^mid dim a'l id;.j/o;i{ \>i%d od 89VbIh 
 dV^jThe Chryddra wel-e U. B. Loyalists, dtid among thd first. whatrr 
 made Upper Canada their home after the Eevoiation. i-Sorel at>H 
 that period 'wad a governikient station, and here in 1802, Mrs^r) 
 Whiter them CatherineChryriler. was born. In 1784, th^ir hduse 
 was unfartiiBately burned down, when the General made them aiit 
 libevtil 1 gmntof. lands in Sddja«yv near BelleviUe. ' {Ehis was th^o 
 first settlement intith^ locality, wdiich was fioonfollomred by manj*!! 
 others^ so that a nei^borhood wisiilo<ny'foTmed as 'heliimatds to 
 one another. A few sJcears aHerward^ M]% White, being a lumber i: 
 
merchant, located in the neighborhood ; an intimacy soon sprang 
 up between the parties, which ended in a family union. Clergy- 
 men were scarce in those days, but Rev. Eobert McDowell, of the 
 reformed Dutch Church, who kept a hcrse and ti'aveled through 
 the wilderness, tendered his services. By that worthy pioneer, 
 Mr. and Mrs. White were happily united in country simplicity. 
 These primeval days were often referred to as affording more solid 
 happiness than modern finery and ostentation. May the present 
 generation never lose sight of those good old times. She fulfilled 
 the declaration of that discerner of the human heart, Solomon, who 
 says : ** She looketh well to the Avays of her household, and eateth 
 not the bread of idleness. Her children rise up and call her blessed ; 
 her husband also, and he praiseth her." 
 
 WiLKiNS. — Col. Charles Wil kins, although not one of the old 
 TJ. E. Loyalists, yet having come to Canada at an early date, and 
 taken an active part in matters pertaining to the welfare of the 
 countiy, respecting military matters, and ei^p'eciall}'' in the history 
 of the Bay, this work would not be complete without a special notice 
 of this very worth}' gentleman. The writer had the privilege of 
 visiting him at his home, the Carrying Place, in the summer of 
 1866, and procured many valuable facts, which were imparted with 
 a kindly courtesy. The winters of 83 years had left their impress 
 upon the t lil and once erect figure. But notwithstanding the wear 
 and tear of life, with many cares, and the intractable disease which 
 steadily advanced, his face beamed with a pleasant smile, while he 
 recounted many events with which ho had had to do. While I'olat- 
 ing matters of a general nature, ho was most unwilling to speak of 
 his own services, and the diffidence and humbleness of manner, 
 with which ho referred to himself was remarKublo. We have 
 made reference to ^1. Wilkins elsewhere, and will hero allude to 
 , some events in his ' I'e. 
 
 '^' JIo came to Canada with his father in 1792, aged 10 years.' 
 At an early period he took up his abode at the Carrying Place 
 and engaged in business; waft married in I8O4 to Miss Mary,' 
 daughter of Charles Smith, of Port Hope, who died in 1847. Else- 
 where has been mentioned the part ho took in the war of 1812, 
 for which ho received an official recognition. Mr. Wilkins had for 
 several day-s, the late General Scott of the American army, when a 
 priflonor in Canada. Mr. Wilkins' kindness to him was remem- 
 bered in later years. In the trouble of 1836-8, the Government 
 called upon Mr. W. to take command of the rttilittn. ITo wft« 
 
 ^^ 
 
THE AGE TO WHICH THEY LIVED. 665 
 
 appointed to many posts of honor and duty, and in 1840 was called 
 to the Legislative Council. Mr. Wilkins was always exceedingly 
 popular, not because he sought popularity, but because of his natu- 
 rally kind and gentlemanly deportment to all classes, and his many 
 sterling qualities. The very high estimation in which he was held 
 was fully evidenced on the occasion of his death in 1867, when old 
 friends came long distances in unpleasant weather, to see his 
 remains deposited in their last earthly resting place. ri^-,iP-..iihu,>r^ri 
 
 Stewart. — "A traveler writing in 1835, says of Canada, "I 
 often mot the venerable in years," and " on March 8, 1833, died 
 Mrs. J. Stewart, near St. David's, Niagai'a District, aged 100 years; 
 her husband died a few years since at the age of 96, leaving 
 children, now living, aged 80, and grand-children at 60." " Last 
 year a woman by the name of Metcalf, residing near the capital of 
 Upper Cunada, bore a child when past her sixtieth year.". ^^^ . rj -j 
 
 Among obituary notices we find the following: "At Itope 
 Village, Eaet Cluilliamsbury, in 1829, much and generally regretted, 
 
 John Wilson, Esq.^ a .BiM^>;pj 9^ itl^^.-vPf^ylft?!'? .. ff^a ?r^9,^.j il.^^^^7' ^S^^ 
 90 years, 14 days." • '??;,, ,r^ , , :-,,, . ;, ., 
 
 -■,0 Death or a Pioneer of London Township. — We have to 
 record the decease of Mr. Joseph Jayne, which took place at his 
 residence in London Township, 7th concession, lot 32, on Wednes- 
 day last, the 10th iust., at the advanced age of nearly 101 years. 
 Ho was born on Long Island, N. Y., on June 13, 1764, some yoai'S 
 before the State of New York had ceasetl to be a British Province. 
 Deceased was revered and held in esteem by a large circle of friends, 
 for whoso entertainment he was ever fond of recounting his 
 adventures in the revolutionary period, and who deeply regret his 
 loss. — London Free Pre^s. f^jv^ 
 
 MoIntosh. — " On the 25th Februaiy last at Ills residonce m Marysburgh, 
 in the 93rd year of \m ago, respected by all liis acquaintances, Mr. Donald 
 McLatOsli, who canio to America in the 42nd Royal Highlanders, and arrived 
 the day before the Imtfcle of Bunker's Hill, and was in that engagement. He 
 was subsequently in the 84th, and was at Quebec, wlien Mont>;oinery made 
 his unsuccessful attempt on that stronghold, and dui-ing last war, was a Lieu- 
 tenant in the IstRogt. of Prince Edward Militia.'' 
 
 BlBD.— '* At his residence in Marysburgh, Mr. Henry Bird, in the 90th 
 year of liis age. Ho appeared to be in good health till a few moments 
 before the vital spark took its flight; he was well respected; he came to, 
 Canada in the 54th Kegt." 
 
 Gerow. — " At Amoliasburgli, in the County of Prince Edward, on Wed- 
 nesday, the 19th inst., Mary Oerow, aged 80 years.. Deceased waft One of iTie 
 first settlei-s on the borders of the Bay of Quintc, whore the greater part of 
 her long life has been spent." 
 
666 AN OLD MAN. 
 
 Vankleeck. — "In Madoc, on Monday, the 9th of October, Simeon Van- 
 kleeck, Esq., in his 98th year, after a short ilbiess, almost entirely free from 
 pain. Old age seemed to claim its rights, and the system quietly gave way. 
 Mr. Vankleeck was one of the earliest pioneers of this part of the country, 
 having resided in Madoc forty-one years. He was well and favourably 
 known throughout the county, and his immediate acquaintance bear testi- 
 mony to his energy and firmness, which mingled at the same time with a 
 kindness and suavity that won their hearts. His old age was remarkable for 
 genial good temper and activity of mind and body. In his 94th year, he 
 presided at a political meeting held by the Hon. Sidney Smith, at Hazzard's 
 Corners, to which place he walked from his son's residence, a distance of 
 seven miles. In politics he was noted for his strong conservative feeling — 
 the side he chose when a young man — and adhered to it through his whole 
 life, believing it to be, as he stated in his later years, the "Loyal Side." 
 
 The deceased was a descendant of a branch of the Vankleeck family, 
 whose loyalty to the British Crown caused them to leave their ancient home 
 in Duchess County, New York, during the American Revolution, and to 
 settle in the wilds of Canada. He was several years connected with the 
 British army During the Revolution. He leaves several sons, two of whom , 
 reside in this township. — Mercury. 
 
 Perry. — Died at Emesttown, the 12th of January instant, Jemima Perry, 
 wife of Robert Perry, Senr., and sister of the late Ebenezei Washburn, Esq., 
 ofHallowell, in the Tfilh year of her age. Her remains were interred on 
 the 14th, with every miirlt of real but unostentatious grief and respect. *",' 
 
 " In the beginning of last November, she was seized with a distressing 
 asthmatic affectation, which finally terminated her life, and which she 
 endured with Chi-istian patience and resignation to the will of heaven. 
 
 "Mrs. Perry was born in the Province of Massachusetts, and came with 
 her husband and family into this Province among its first settlers. ' ',' '°'!/'. -^ 
 
 " She has left an aged partner, with whom she lived in conjugal union 
 and affection fifty-eight years : seven childi-eu; a numerous train of grand- 
 children and great-grandchildren ; aixd a large circle of friends and acquaint- 
 ances. Her loss is extensively felt. In the various relations of life, as a 
 wife, a mother, a sister, a neighbour, and a member of civil arcl Christian 
 society, her exemplary conduct entitled her to the esteem of all who knew 
 her." 
 
 ■' '' " Old Man.— Old John Baker, residing at Cornwall, Ontario, 
 was born in 1766, at Quebec. His mother was a slave, and he was 
 brought hy his muster, Colonel Grey, at one time Solicitor-General 
 for Upper Canada. Baker enlisted in the 104th regiment, and 
 served at Waterloo, Lundy's Lane, Fort Erie, and Sackett's Harbow- 
 He is a little rhenmatic, and is lame from a wound in the leg, 
 received in action ; but his intellect is as fresh and clear as when a 
 boy. He draws a pension of one shilling sterling a day, and seems 
 good for some years yet," 1869. , ,Hi.,r» ^mim-,H .i.j ...t, ,iu liiDi.it 
 
 In conclusion we may mention ^he descendants of Sir Wxttiam 
 Johnson, by Mitw Molly, a sister of Joseph Brant. Slio came to 
 Kingston at an early date, having probablj'^ been in Lower Canada 
 during the war, whore she lived until her death in 1804 or 5. Ond, , 
 of her daughters married Captain Farley, of the 16th Regiment, 
 another Lieutenant L6moine, of the 24th Bogiraent; a third John 
 Ferguson, of the Indian Department; a fourth Captain Earle, of the 
 Provincial Nnvy, and another to Doctor Kerr, an eminent 
 surgeon, who settled in Niagara. 
 
Af.if. iUi> H^ 
 
 da} 
 
 
 ,n.tiiiLin> fKJj '!.•-> 'It;-'' . "p "D T? "M "Ti T ^ '^'^ '>nOrti;vr :><">->.'4^iU V ..'iL " 
 vitijjii.iO'jir j!:<ift:- !J'.*>- -a. J. Jr Jii JN JJ J. ^ «>..(») f^: oc i;»:>ii!<^'i i;iti¥Ji\! 
 
 fi (iij« Mcjjjj •>n:i;Ji: sjlf Id h>jv;:v •• Hr^jaifi'i' I'!)-! virf-in^wid a ynoo^ 
 
 '!Oh>!M>i;?!'u.i(!-r ,.!;7^^>•'^I. iJ.i.yii! ~~^~~" -lii >fow Ji;*!.? . !i7.it!f»i hois P.-ieMviti:.-; 
 
 -: f oH V'' V ! !^ <f •! ( r-vi , j | t ; 
 
 .•!;7^^>•'^I 
 
 f 'fiblit OF THE 2nd battalion KING'S ROYAL REGIMENt', ';;;.■ 
 ,i , NEW YORK, 28th FEB., 1784. , : ,. . ■ - /•- 
 
 Friar, Samuel , , Magle, Gottip . in^ 
 
 File, Jolin > " '« "'•"^>"'*^ Bador^ach, John. '^^ "f^^ . 
 Franklin, Jolm'^' ' f.*'" '*-' Ross, Alexander ''i'-|^»^;^»--' 
 Fend, Andrew >" '*'|^ '^'^ John Casscallion '•<^>i^'^^ ^'^■ 
 GateH, Thomas ' ' ' '■ '-J- ' Cornelius Pitcher' "^ . '■^^^^" 
 Hart, Zaehariah '<J ^^i" ■ Peter Deal «"■ ^» f {''■ ' 
 
 Howell, "Warren V;*»''J'^' John Litcher ' '■' ■'^''■■ 
 
 Johnson, Henry d; .uw Alexander McDougaUuri'l 
 Bahall, John •?'< ir^i» bny Luke Carscallioa^dM >> o^t v- 
 Loukes, Jacob • [ 'jo 'ti John Berrn o'VoliftT* ' 
 
 MillroBS, Andrew . , |r,.-,T t George Sullivan ,v ^iij| i riri; 
 McCarty, William .^,•/^ j^, James V. Alstine^fj'j ,ji 'i 
 Matthews, Porapcy, ,.„;j ., Berron, John y : jjirrj f{3«i 
 
 Middelton, Ruben ,,, , ..,,,,, Iluben, Peter ;.,. K.^rnrifY., 
 Northrup, Eson ,j^ .^jj Barnhnvt, DaYi<4 /j f>'{I^>' 
 Reynold, William , ... Cole, John ;;'r .,. V „,f ,, j 
 Scot, Daniel ^ ''•^''^ ' Calden, John"" ^'''ff^ ,f '■ 
 
 Shaw, William^ " '■'''"^■'^"t Coons, 'simon "f "f . 
 Sholtes, John '""'• Coons, Peter ■"•''«>;»>«». 
 - ^ Cronkhite.John'^''^^^^'"^ 
 
 Jacob Weegar 
 Alexander Clark 
 Alexander Platto 
 Jacob Cobman ' " "■'■ 
 Jonas Simmons '"<•'' - 
 James Ranking .x'i''« 
 Jonas Larranarj' 
 Richard Albery ' ^ r; 
 Gabriel Brefsea 
 Christopher Brefsea 
 Bankeg, John, Jr 
 Bankes, John, Son 
 Brant, Franc 
 Baxter, Lawrence 
 Benedict, Benjamin , 
 Coons, Jacob i*,', | 
 Coons, David 
 Campbell, Matthews 
 Connrad, William 
 Coolcraft, Christian 
 Cook, Seth 
 Catchcatch, Christian 
 Drihell, Cornelius 
 
 Dewitt, Garton Cornell, Patner 
 
 Dyckman, Martinee . > •iBhilliner, Cliristiaii 
 Foster, Moses ov;.[> , Wal Ian, Samuel i j ,, , i 
 Hopkinson, JoliA , '.'' Wirst, John . 
 
 Haines, Barrast^ '""" "'"Young, Daniel ""'"'\' 
 f 1^' ' DefbtorcRt, Abraham i "■ 
 
 Haines, Frederick^ 
 Haines, John ' rA-Mi'/. 
 Haines, David Ijni.ov 
 Hoyle,John ,^,.(.^ j, 
 Hoyle, Peter ',' 
 
 Honse, Johri'- '"'' *^ 
 Huffman, Jacob 
 Henerham, Andrew 
 Hill, Timothy 
 Mordon, John ■ • ' i ' 
 Morrison, JamMKL *ir 
 Wher, John ivop f n 
 Phillips, Michael' 
 Phillipn, Peter 
 Pember, PhilHp 
 
 Snartfager, Frederick >^.^^.^ ^. ^^^.. _, 
 
 Sipperly, Phillip ' ■'^ >' Conelius, John '■>^' -''•'>^>»i'' 
 Smith, Stephen ''''"J*'' Curtis. John UoiU n ,.Mhvy 
 Smith, Jacob »iJ''Jrt'»Jy"'Dych, Nicholas ii»'l .''CJ^'KX'^. 
 " " " ' Dych, Henry ' -lO'l 
 
 Deal, Adaraf^ /-r tO^ 
 Detlpr, Val-intine ^j g,^,^, 
 ;i)6tlor, Jacob i^.-.„^ 
 
 Emcrish, Henry ' "l?!"-^^'^ 
 French, Andrew f^'fl^J '»'^» 
 Finkle, George'' J): JjdV'tu^ 
 
 I Willoughby, William 
 
 William, Albert i i^,,,^^ j, Cameron, Alexander ^f oil 
 
 Fletcher, John ■ , P^earhart, Simon 
 
 Lount, John ''"''f';*"i t^ Eavp^'hon, John j; . 
 
 'Michael Ronghhe#'*^ •»« Foy, John ' C" ■ "'Ipt 
 Alexander Grant ■ 7ft d .'.'iFory, DanioJ^ tn iroih^Ufy^ 
 iWeorge Chtiai^ hnvU OilFarlinger, JoUnnti* afrrrtrb 
 John Bondiah tnti*^) h^'iKe, Peter . > jr,;[ *j-,j 
 
 David LiabHambHp ' . Faiichild, Benjamin . ,u .^,, 
 
 , ^ Poter^ehith "' ' ' ' Faish, Chtistfan ' ■-'MOa^^ 
 
 PriMt, Jacob "i nfi'.)<i;i'.*NIthol*«Schyler Goohc, Frederick. •'"'««'>iT»i 
 
 Redding, Francis M->y^. Atheraou, OharIeH>uJ<*ii«i Hugh,Jciha^: lAijifiyOl'} 
 
 .ilUi'^^U »<.. .1. 
 
 Kjvr :'rti)iv*/.'»: 
 
668 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 Randal, Joseph • ."T''n.f/-.- 
 Snider, Jacob '" -'»'V' 
 Snider, Lidwich '^,'=>JiV' 
 Sills, John ■'^**-""i; 
 
 Sills, Lawrence ..'ir.)!*' 
 Sills, George •«»' ' .^f-'t^ 
 Smith, Michael' ■« »'^'f•■^' 
 Smith, Phillip-i"i^ ^;^a. 
 Swathager, John "^ '' "'^' 
 
 Vszio, Joseph • ..ytr,';'. 
 
 Baltingal, Jacob 'il»P(ii' 
 Baltingal, Samuel < ■''•^2;: 
 Rauley, Jacob : ';i'>\.'>'*i " 
 Plant, Peter ^" ' 
 Rollin, Thomas 
 Clark, Hugh .r'r: ' 
 
 Chrisholm, Donald ***"-'•> ^" 
 Sutter, feaac Mirtl' 
 
 Thomson, Thomas '^'^^^^^ 
 Thorn, William taofof ' 
 Christie, George ''M«*"ih 
 Beedehee, John «¥'''« '^? 
 Samuel Ashley >mnuq 
 James McPherson ■■W-'*(^ 
 George Barnhart »»w;v;i' 
 George Dagetger '(.'}h"^'H 
 George Prest VinTaU 
 
 George Fitzpatrick I'Jtl jM 
 James Titehert »'':U!f 
 Peter Young ' ,<.^i/:1uIoj/! 
 Cain Young (noa^todfll 
 Clute, John ol.Am^-> 
 Cooper, Tliomaa- nHU4'~i 
 Cook, Silas > t'^^f'ii 
 
 Coomb, John rvri^H 
 
 Coomb, Barnard ■-''•-•'k^JJ 
 Donser, John ,^**'/^-"^"'*" 
 Dire, John ''''' t ■'■-"^ 
 Davis, Henery ' 
 Dogstader, Adam 
 Dengandro, Garrett 
 Dogstadcr, Porapey 
 Edgar, John 
 
 Foy, Francis -^'vAr'n^Jf^iA 
 Gilbert Luke '' * ' 
 Thomas Graham 
 Grant, Peter 
 Gold, Edward 
 Gallingher, George 
 Heming, Henry 
 Hawley, Jacob 
 Helmer, Adam 
 Hclse, Frederick 
 Hugh, Henry 
 Hendrick, Peter 
 Harbinger, John 
 TarhoBon, David 
 Kough, Peter 
 Kreem, John 
 
 /; 
 
 Bailer, William ' ,^"f'' 
 Bell, Johnson '^ i^*'^*' 
 Beitte Barnard ^^' ^f^^' 
 Barnhart, Nicholas 
 Barnhart, Jacob 
 Barnhart John - (""*" 
 Brown, Nicholas '- > '-^^ ' 
 Burch, Jacob •tivoa 
 Brown, James B .' '^^ 
 Christian, John ■i'i'>"' 
 Christian, Simion 
 Cameron, William 
 Medagh, John t >tU'> 
 Myers, John '"^ ;"'■■ 
 Cugh, George^*-' JJ^l^ '''M' 
 Culman, Frederick 
 Parsons, John 
 Rood, Mitchell ■i"'^*' 
 Ramsay, Adam ' ' ' 
 Sulivan, Cornelius 
 Shirley, John ; v 
 
 Shellop, Henry '^ .MtJi^ 
 Winter, Jacob -f k^i 
 Winter, Henry lUSiO.' 
 Wilson, James ,iJ.siji^'>: 
 
 Kough, James "^ 
 
 Connor, Christian 
 Wilingcr, Michael 
 Smith, Jacob 
 Earner, Phillip ,.••''-. 
 Hawdord, Edward %''"^1'a= 
 Mure, John U>*i>y'i 
 
 John Miller ■''' t-fM-- 
 
 FoKsern, Daniel .M*^*'* 
 Latoch, Halburt * yjni-. 
 Elijah Sarrabe ■ii'^l«ni 
 George Murraolf-'^'''Nw 
 Luke Bourteal ,-)<'ihi.K< 
 Toil Hurd -vyji^. .M^ 
 Samuel Suekdy~ 
 John Saver 
 John Tcagtio 
 Barnhart, Charles 
 Beramy, Willianiail >"i'- 
 Boner, Gnsper ' ' ' 
 
 Boner, Adam 
 Bender, Samuel 
 Cox, Alexander 
 Crander, Anthony 
 John Crander 
 Crander, William 
 Cndman, William 
 Cadman, George 
 Coundouse, George 
 Dow, Thomas 
 Delong, John 
 Evans, Tony 
 Landras, Samuel 
 Logest, Andrew 
 
 Hamilton, Thomas ^^^"'''^ 
 Henning, Andrew .taJijS '. 
 House, Coonroot ^t'^'-^K^- 
 Hedlar, Adam - ^ '' < i ■ • '» • ' 
 Johnson, John ■^'fvnis*: 
 Hellen, John •■=4iK>i 
 
 Himmerly, Andrew J^<>M 4' 
 Ylline, .!otJ^/i>; 
 
 Law, Samuel .i.'joa:^' 
 Heller, Henry .Wkut-UwW 
 Noon, William -Vis'f .{v 
 Battingal, Jacob >J5"I' 
 French, Albert iWmf' 
 Flamsbury, William 
 Howard, William i *■ 
 
 Harding, Richard ■-■!■^ltl 
 Jones, Thomas ■\iiiUti'i 
 Johnson, William V>-Hto'( 
 Jones, John 1; JrdOiL 
 
 Roughnet, Jobn'O'^i'l' ♦«ao<- 
 Rentner, George ' '. ^i'^'ti 
 Knight, Benjamin «>'ti4wJ 
 Koughnet, John YQ*^-i 
 Lonhey, George -jifwoil 
 Lonhey, Henry u»;^fTiT 
 Lonhes, Abraham ahini^ 
 Savanav, Alexandeij 'ft'V^^. 
 Sambert, David ?ii/i't'j 
 Sawyer, William ,rUi.n.rv 
 Loft, David ■"- .'^»«{.f 
 
 McGowen, Stephen ;iitii*^<^. 
 Murdoff, James '-rinpT 
 Murdoff, George itmi&i 
 Moss, Simon i-itttfiW 
 
 Critohert, BiirtholomeWiiJ 
 Rogers, John ^'-ii ^ 
 
 Rambaugh, Jacob SiA^. 
 Rambaugh , John ' " ",4} 
 Rambaugh, Andrew -<tl' 
 Rambaugh, William '^ 
 Shellop, ChriHtian i'i' 
 
 Smith, Daniel iP, 
 
 Shuk, Cliriatiau «»*>>»; 
 
 Tute, John um%>Jn^l^\ 
 Kemdy, Robeit " ■• ■ iQif. 
 Church, Oliver tM 
 
 Hillingcr, Abraham 
 Laryo, Matthew 
 Erwiny, Robert -^ksi'.. 
 
 Schnars, Frederick "'' 
 John Howell 
 Francis Hoyb 
 Richard Cotter 
 Matthew Farront 
 Jothan Hart 
 Joseph Clement 
 Henry Davis 
 John Windaker 
 Brant, John. 
 
APPENDIX, 
 
 669 
 
 Borven, William, Senr 
 Baker, Henry 
 Borven, William, Junr. 
 Bush, Henry 
 Cameron, Archibald 
 Dodger, Thomas 
 McDonnell, John, Senr. 
 McDonnell, John, Junr. 
 McDonnell, Roderick 
 McDonald, Bouald 
 McPherson, Laughlin 
 Matthew, Jacob , , 
 
 Naramore, Esau , .-i 
 
 Penn, Matthew 
 Prentice, Daniel 
 Prichell, John .>■ ,,^„,,< 
 Phillips, Jacob , 'T ,r- 
 Porker, Isaac ,, .j..i 
 
 Ross, Thomas, Senr. 
 Ross, Thomas, Junr. 
 Ross, John .,.. .^ .: . i ,4; 
 Roaf, John r<.i..»f!' * f--- -7^ 
 Ryan, Dennis 
 Rowland, Jervis 
 Tingorac, John y ( ui 
 Starring, Jacob 'X , ,fl 
 Severn, Peter a ia>u 
 Servus, Phillip r ,i,:,.i,ji^,. 
 Smith, John ■' ^ 
 
 Hart, Nathaniel 
 Sherman, William 
 Tunirer, William 
 Valentine, Alexander 
 Warmly, Jacob 
 Cook, Robert j .ttt.) 
 
 Rierman, Henry -..(jt 
 Schilles, Henry ■Uusiil 
 Henry Deal .i(ti«;l 
 
 John Servin L4'iji)*„iii!ii^ 
 Andrew Embury .jiii/;;j 
 Thomas Clark rt-ija 
 
 William Nicholson dMi^iH 
 John Dogstider AuiiH 
 
 Allen Chrisholm .aJiiT 
 John Dervitt I»iiii{ 
 
 Arginsinger, John rntuV} 
 Bartley, Muherd .aiililf 
 Bartley, Isaac >/i/ J 
 
 Chrisholm, Duncan rifwi3 
 Cain, John r.stuhH 
 
 Coon, Jacob ,woJl mini 
 Campbell, Johnu <.«ufisr'I 
 Cain, Barney ,jbimhm 
 Cook, Joseph ■{ v<oi<tJi»M 
 
 t.'fwnol;) f|(|-jitol. 
 
 jiiiuL .Uitit'l 
 
 Fading, John / i.v,h 
 Hough, George :,,r' i;. 
 Hight, Mathew -fi f,^jh 
 Johnson, Princo -.■nMinxi. 
 Peacock, John ^n:u\.f.,>. 
 Kenton, Johttf,.) hi:;i.'nj 
 Delorm, John • /:' 7vf-.> 
 Donevan, Herenei;;, jj .p 
 Evans, Bolton .livu 
 
 Eglon, Leonard ■,<.;;>,/>;[ 
 Estwood, John if^l-iy'rut 
 Flanagan, James k'cihj 
 Gardiner, John .diiiih.*) ; 
 Horon, Peter 4_.,(. Vi/v 
 Horon, Jacob »>„,y{»" f(. j 
 Hubbert, Jubilee = cipift'i, 
 Hegle, John . , . . 
 
 Koughnet, William 
 Koliph, Henry , ,, 
 
 Toyer, David 'aUrau 
 Toyer, Richard ,7 ir-jr 
 Martin, Robert 'wAl-yr 
 Murphy, Patrick ,T<jjnf' 
 McGran, Owen ; , ;i(,jj(t / 
 McGran, Dennis ft,,,!; 
 McDonnell, Daniet 
 Nellinger, Abraham 
 Phillips, Elijah ,.,;,„. a. 
 Rapole, George . ^iiji,,, 
 Shaver, Adam ^ .ivau. 
 Sample, Hugh i,ioliv/i,^ 
 Street, Daniel if.jnHf 
 Staly,' Tobias iMail.- 
 Stering, George ju'j^^, 
 Truax, Isaac . ^ti.o.t*. 
 Turnburny, John ■ ■ , ' 
 Woodcock, Abraham 
 Woodcock, Peter , ^, ,, 
 Welsh, Morris ,ii1| Ik. ' 
 Argussiger, Phillip 
 Wilson, James 
 Thomas Cavan v|* hh- 
 John Mclntyre njdyii. 
 John Ham, vjjiot*. 
 
 Abiah Christie 
 Donald McPhereon 
 John Tower „«r,,-n.n'. 
 Peter Winter., /..f/^ ^'i 
 John Lambert fihriKi 
 Albert Edward . ,''^ d^o 
 Ball, Samuel i»l..ij'.i 
 
 Crawford, William 
 Crumwell, Nicholas 
 
 !fnritoifr,V(on 
 nrfol ,5|linf;ill 
 
 Vl':-»T ."Ul'-'.l 
 iHUtXti'i Jiiilbili, i 
 
 Santnere, Jacob ^'. :, >,- rH 
 Witts, Henry .,,; , ,,.■'' 
 Witts, John ,{ J , ;ii,ji^ 
 McCardy, Jacob (,j.,; , ii:;-> 
 Mirile, Jacob ,.>^i-j ,)(;< 
 Minse, John „ ,,^,, ' „ ^ , v 
 Crawford, Btymnf ^iintaa 
 Clark, Jacob ,;/•( ,iiij,j^ 
 
 Clark, Adam 
 Clark, John 
 
 Chrisholm, Hugh VuTisS: 
 Faber, David ((if«Jr 
 
 Fitzgerald, William.gf^j,}! 
 Fnrny, Rodolph , ., .!,,jii«14 
 Fumy, Adam i-r ^-uiiofl 
 Gilbert; Nathaniel '^f^y.) 
 Graham, William /fsJ^j!*/) 
 Grant, Peter .j.al- ..(HtiriPi 
 Helmer, John H-ei^tt.iT 
 Horon, Joseph v, ^jga i; 
 Howard, Christian i^;i,,f-) 
 Towar, Canrobert il,-,..,'T 
 Tarranay, Isaac ,j,„,^i^ 
 Tarranay, Abraham ^■jUMili 
 Matthew, Nicholas .j>,'.j 
 McKay, Stephen uV,',i) 
 McTaggart, James f,-i,y^iQ 
 McDonald, Duncan, (>to,>f) 
 Mitchell, John -lOiiiHl 
 
 Mclntyre, Duncan ■^|^y,'[ 
 McLennon, John f lot,') 
 Oxbury, John irtT, off/C''! 
 Phillip, John n .v.xyWi 
 Rote, George ..i;^ jJ^^q 
 Reyers, William 'iit'><>«i 
 Robertson, Daniel ;0i.^')^ 
 Shaver, James ,x, ^iv^no^ 
 Smith, William ■,fof,,^,^Kl 
 Smith, Peter ..,11 ^i^.i] 
 Sweeney, Danielj.,j,|.,,,^,,^ 
 Stewart, John » fi;Vn (t 
 Teagin, Jacob il^^fi 
 
 Vandregoo, Phillip 7^-i^(,;j 
 Abstric, Lambert , ,,,y^ 
 Wright, John ,,, i.^Jij^ 
 Walroda, JacoV,) ^ijuiodT 
 Wood, James ..,'[ ^jjn.)0 
 Wood, William" i ' 1' ,j,i(,f) 
 Weegar, Thomas tiJIaO 
 West, John ,(nj-..ir 
 
 Toursset, Benjamiai|„j|j| 
 Tcaly, Adam raiuH 
 
 Deprender, George ;,^(!)[i 
 
 I'jJ'jl ,jlr)nbo«H 
 fjilol. ,to}irtiidmH 
 
'' ' I ■ • ■ *■ ■%' ' 
 
 670 APPENDIX. 
 
 THE GOVERNORS OF UPPER CANADA. . 
 
 Subjoined is a list of the Governors, Presidents, and Administra- 
 tors of Upper Canada, until the Union of the Provinces in 1841 : — 
 
 NAMBS. TITLES. TIUB OF ACGBSSIOH. 
 
 Col. John Graves Simcoe , Lieutenant-Governor July 8, 1792. .^.. 
 
 Hon. Peter Russell ... /!/vV'r..... President ■,'.'; ^..'^'..■. July 21, 1796. - 
 
 Lieut.-Gen. Peter Hunter Lieutenant-'(}bvernor August 17, I79d. 
 
 Hon. Alexander Grant President Septr. 11, 1805. 
 
 His Excellency Francis Gore Lieutenant-Governor August 25, 1806.. 
 
 Maj.-Gen. Sir Isaac Brock President,, ._j. ,,, j ,:^^ ,., , ji.. . . Septr. 30, 181^^ i 
 
 Maj.-Gen. Sir R. Halesheaff, Bart . President .. ^ ............ . October, 20, 1812. 
 
 Maj.-Gen. F. Baron de Rottenburgh.President June 19, 1813. 
 
 Lieut.-Gen. Sir Gordon T)rummond, v,^, , ,. 
 
 G.C.B Provincial Lieut.-Govemor.Decr. 13, 1813. ; 
 
 Lieut.-Gen. Sir George Murray, Bt.Provincial Lieut..Governor. April 25, 1815. 
 Maj.-Gen. Sir Frederick Phipps 
 
 Robinson, K.C.B .,, Provincial Lieut.-Gevernor. July 1, 1815. 
 
 His Excellency Francis Gore . .... Lieuteuant-Governor Septr. 25, 1815. 
 
 Hon. Samuel Smith Administrator June 11, 1817. 
 
 Maj.-Gen. Sir Peregrine Maitland, 
 
 K.C.B Lieutenant-Governor , . . August 13, 1818. 
 
 Hon. Samuel Smith Administrator March 8, 1820. 
 
 Maj.-Gen. Sir P. Maitland, K.C.B.. Lieutenant-Governor June 30, 1820. 
 
 Maj.-Gen. Sir John Colbonie,K.G.B.Lieutenant-Governor Novr. 5, 1828. 
 
 Maj. Sir Francis Bond Head, K.C.B.Lieutenant-Govemor Jany. 25, 1836. 
 
 Maj.-Gen. Sir John Colborne, K.C.B.Administrator Feby. 27, 1838. 
 
 Maj.-Gen, Sir George Arthur, K.C.B 
 
 H.G.O Lieutenant-Governor March 23, 1838. 
 
 Baron Sydenham and Toronto. Lower Canada . Governor General . October, 1839. 
 Do. do. do. do. .United do. . do.. do. .Feby. 10, 1841. 
 
 l«jK ejlt«i!t :hU lUihld'^ ai i«H)ff -.rfi oW/t hm- «"i.l«T;n;i{ tii not <>* *'-'>wvii.*b ^^ 
 
 ' 'ir.-r-vji; , now 31«»ri/Wff^ 
 
* APPENDIX. g71 
 
 THE ABORIGINES OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 ^dmmhkpm,mfivB''^-'^jl^ MI8SI8SAUGA. •■ ^^- -^ ^- i^^^i^^iM 
 
 The following Keport, sent by Col. Boll, of Thm-low, to John 
 Ferguson, Superintendent for Indian Affairs, Kingston, dated 3rd 
 May, 1815, supplies a tolerably correct idea of the articles furnished 
 by Government to the Indians :tt,.,, , <.«> ^. ., 
 
 "Account of Indian goods, on the 7th March, 1815, remaining in store in the 
 barn of Lieut.-Col. William Bell, at Thurlow, and forwarded on the lOtli lith and 
 20th of the said month of March to the store of Captain W. Mcintosh, at the mouth 
 of the river Moira, viz : — 
 
 ^,„. „, ., 12 Bales Cloths, ^P'^^^-^^is-t^ ^^t^oi) m .mih^js^^U 
 
 .uaa ,c> ,i^^a TO.T g ^^ do., '^""f^-^- ...,,..., ..a,a» 
 
 AlBL ,c!5. Ibqi'.. vi>f, 7 do. do., ''i iff .^^iijuM ^^smi) iiH .m-ii^.iisf.ij 
 
 1 do. Calicoes . .„t rr .? .j^ftjij,^-!! .ig .ff.,iu.lkM 
 .'&',>>l i ittiiK -'.'(1 ^ "'^- scotch bheetings, a ■ . -a . , ,, ' 
 
 V3^ &<^'2^p' " '^ do. Spotted Black Swanskin, .' *'-t^ '*''*'''''^''^ t 
 
 .v.a. ,0. .i^.{-jrf.., 2 do. Serges, '^--a^vd votf«XIeax2r^m 
 
 .*i8l ,A I anaJ, .... 2 do. Common Grey Coats, ■ ■ • - ■ iiihtt!i~hmi^-ji<^!t 
 
 .BiU ,t:Uu-gMA,r. 5 Packs Deer Skins, I ^ n ti 
 
 * 01gffirf-.Lt/ 11 Bales Moltons, ^< •"•-'■'-'..-; -.-.-^.^.^ 
 
 ,yjk!j.,«rtow* ...... 6 Cases Saddles and Bridles '-•-. ifatwa 1 >X)£!Ui/i..aoH 
 
 Mm,Oi:mu\.,.,^.. 1 do. Pistols, ' ' ' '.K /f 7i>^ .a>l>^.teM 
 
 .S-S8I-,S lYoTi,,,, 25 do. Chiefs' and Common Guns, rifof /f" - .0 rsi^ 
 
 .9K8i .es .'mM, . 5 Casks Tobacco, , ,, 
 
 ftpar '■!'<^ J.r,.'-* ' 20 Cases Shot and BalL "*" 
 
 .6«.«i ^u -xtid*.. . . 7 jj^, Tomahawks, •■■■'^^ ""-•^' - "■•'"•• -io,ii^,K,..j.4?M 
 
 - 4 do. Spears, &c., ''^ '>.>! .luri,i/7.oiJ;iO)0 lirJ./wO- f^-M 
 .8f.8 l.,se (iymM .... 3 Bags Beof Saws, r, 0*1? ' 
 
 .«8eS ..:«fo..0.imo«.a2 IMes 3-feet Blankets, l.^^ao^T b- . u,«dnofHa «c.*a 
 ,mr,Oi[.^a'i, .ab^; Z 2.£l t: '• "1^ -Ob Ob .oG 
 
 t«kJ'm'?T?°x*xu^® Packages have been delivered into the Store of Captain 
 John Mcintosh at the mouth of the river Moira, and his receipt taken for them