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^:^
BOSTON SOCIETY OF NATURAL HISTORY;
VOLUME IV, NUMBER III.
THE INTRODUCTION AND SPREAD OF PIERIS RAl'AE
IN NORTH AMERICA, 1800-188^
Bj SAMUKL H. SCUDnKU.
i^lKa
BOSTON :
rjBL^IirCD BY TUB •OCIliTV.
yEl'TICMBKH, ^SJT.
LIBRARY
DEPARTMENT OF
ACiRICUUURE
mx-
e..^r-
1'^
. li-iWii . afri^^ "
i
k
III. TlIK TnTKODUCTIOX AM) Sl'RKAI) OV PlKKlS UAVAK fX NoKTIl A-MKltlCA,
1800-1880. With a Map (I'latk 8).
By Samuki. II. ScuDDKii.
(U.'iul Miiy 1, 1887.)
XT is woll known that the difTi'i-cnl vacv» of nun Inwo not alwiiys occnpiod tho regions
■\vhioh tlicy now inlial)it, bnt tliat IVoni tlio carlii'.st times one wave of migi'ation has lol-
lowcd another, in a manner tliat has proved very perph'xing- to tlie ethnologist attem[)t-
in^ to follow them. That the lower animals also have had their migrations has been
frequently proved by the ocetn-renee of their remains in regions where they are not now
found. Soenlar ehange of elimate has been the great moving cause of most of the
migrations of which we have any knowledge, with the single exception of the inlhienee
of man, and particularly of civilized man; he is everywhere upsetting the arrangements
of nature, directly or indirectly extei-minating all forms which cannot endure his i)res-
enee or withstand the baleful influences which follow in his train. To minister to his
Avants, for instance, he brings into a new region a ])lant fori-ign to its soil that he may
have the fruit ready to his hand. Without the natural hindrances which prevent iis
supremacy in its native home, it thrives so vigorously, if otherwise ada[)ted to the place*,
as to supplant the natural denizens of the soil; these are supporting numerous animaN,
which in their turn suffer.
So it has doubtless been in all aj^es (*f the world, where by any of the nndtifarious
means which nature employs she has hei'self upset the balance' she had established, by
bringing into a flora or a fauna somi' new eleuient, from without. liwU-ed. the history
of animal and ])lant life has been a story of colonization. Any one who has observed
the I'apidity wilh which weeds spi'cad ovei* new countries, has read of the rabbit nui-
sance in Austi'alia or seen the sparrow nuisance in America, will comprehend what a
force colonization may have been. It Avas closely linked no doubt with the introduc-
tion of new types in past ages of the world.
The measurement of the spread of a newly introduced s))eciea lias rarely been at-
teni])ted. Indeed, in the nature of things it could scarcely ever be made except under
circumstances which may fairly be deemed artificial, /. < ., in countries toli-rably well
settled with people intelligt-iit enough to report accurately. Karely, too, is the date of
MBMOMll II08TON 8O0. NAT. HIST., VOI,. n . 8 (^'i)
.caMLJliPf'-
' ^ mt mM^ -'
,»,-."
[
54
SAMUKL II. SCUDDKR ON THE SPREAD
mi
iiifrodtiftioii known. Yot as this cniild hv Mpproxiniiitfly detonnined for the European
cabhagt' biitli-rlly recently iniportt'd into this (country, anil as by its ravages of aeonniion
garden erop it would make itself known by the daniaj^e it did and so force itself ni)on
observation, it seemed a favorable opportunity tf) consider this question, which should
not be missed; it was believed indeed that the correct measure of its spread might have
some import for future investigation, and pei'haps its U'sson for him who would design-
edly introduce a new creature without regard to its relations to other animals.
As the insect has already crossed half the continent, the time has certaiidy ai'rived
to make the necessary in(piiri(>s. Every one now knows that it has come to stay and
little attention is given to its movements. Most of those who observed it on its fiist ad-
vent can still answer questions regarding its appearance by the aid of notes taken at the
time, which later might not be possible. Accordiiigly, last autuimi, [ issued a circular to
over six hundred persons in dilferent parts of the country with the inquiry: "In what
year, to your jjcrsonal knowledge, did Pieris rapae first appear in your vicinity?" and
asking also ior any published data upon the matter. To this incpiiry more than two
hundred replies were I'cceived and from them, from the notes I had previously made based
on special wiitten incpiiries in 1809 and 1870, and from various publications, the follow-
ing account is drawn up.
The butterfly was fii-st noticed in Canada and the actual hist(k.'y <»f our knowledge of
its first appearance there is as follows: — Mr. Wni. ("ouper, a taxidermist and geneial
collector, addicted especially to Lipidoptera and a good observer, living in Que-
bec, first captmvd a few si)ecimens in 18(50 in the inunediate vicinity of that city;
he then looked upon the insect as a great rarity, and indigenous to Canada. In ISni} a
new collector apj)eared in (^uelu'c, Mr. (». »!. Howies, who. capturing it and fhiding no
such insect desci'ibed in American woi'ks, applii-d to ^[r. Coiiper, only to discover him
equally at a loss. Mr. IJowles tlu'U wi'ote to Mr. Wm. Saunders of Lond<in, Ontario, and
to myself, and we both assured him that it wastlu' l']uropean insect. Mr. Howies' letter
to me bore date Dec. 2)3, ISO.'}.' In April and .Inly 1S()4, these gentlemen read papers
before local societies, both of wiruli wvvv publisjied in whole or in pai'f f from these
we learn that in 180)} the butterfly was very connnon and destructive in the neigh-
borhood of (Quebec ami at Laval fifteen miles north, and had extendi'd thirty miles to the
northwest along the north shore of the St. Lawrence, though they had not I)eeu noticed
beyond Point Levis on the south, nor taken at St. uVnne's on the south shore of the Sf.
Lawrence, seventy miU's down the river, "where a collector of Li-pidoptera resided."
From what we know of the rapidity with which a singU' pair may propagate without
hindrance from parasites, we may conclude almost with certainly that it was introduced in
till' early part of 1800. (»r at the earliest, at the vi-ry close of 18.")!>. Owing, apparently, to
^Ir. Howies' paper published in the Canadian Naturalist in 1801, in which he fixes the
])eriod of its introduction to Quebec "at alK)Ut seven or eight years ago," it has been
generally sjxdvcn of as introduced "in IS.If) or 18.')7." Hut Mr. Bowles has allowed more
time than is necessai'y, and I'ecords do not go back of 1800.
1860.
1863.
' S()('cliiu'n,s wci'i' also split to W. 11. IvUviirds in Dec. 'M-'or Mr. Howies' paper see nibllogrnpliy. Mr. Coiiper's
IHtlL', bill sccin not to liiivc hern nollccd liy liliii. iippi'MPs Iti Imvc I)im-ii piilillslicil only by eNlriict in lHil7 by
AU'. Ullclilt', Viiii. .\\(t. n. .s. ;i: 2U.
^^rK.
I
OF PIKUIS UAl'AK IN NORTH AMKUICA.
55
desigii-
Followiiij? tlu' roport <»f >[r. Coiipfr of its disti-ihiition in ISO.'}, we linvi' at first htit
Kcanty iiironnatiou conceniiii'i^ its sprt'jul in Canada, ('apt. (iainhlc (icddi's of Toroiitf)
states tliat lu' first took it "about 18(54, about uini-ty miles ix'Iow (Quebec; vviii'ii ^ , „.
brougitt it back aud sbowed it to Professoi- FowUt, tlien conni'cted with the \af-
ural history society of" AFontri-al, he assured uu' it was cpiite the first that had l»een
taken."' Tiiis fixes the date of capture as ln-fore the publication (in ^Fontieal) of Mr.
Howies" paper and indicates that in 18(54, thi' insect had spread to Murray Bay, ninety
miles l)ei<»w (Quebec on the nortii shoi ■ of the St. Lawrenci-.
In 18(5(5 begins our first cousidci-abh' knowh-dge of the spread of tiu' l)utterfly, as it
has reached more populous districts. Mr. Win. Saundei's, on an excursion to the Sague-
nay (("an. Ent. 1, 11), found it at ( acouna opi»osite and a little al)ove the mouth , „
' 1 fin A
of the river and at lla Ila Hav at the head of steamboat naviy'ation on the
Saguenay, as well as all the way to Chicoutinii, twelve miles further up the river; it was
not, howi'vei", found at '^I'adousac at the mouth of the Saguenay. We know by its sub-
se(pient record thiu it nuist have spread westward and especially southward by 18(5(5, and
it was indeed taken at lirome townsliiji within a dozen miles of the Vermont border by
theKev. T. AV. Fyles. Dr. (i. Dinunock, writing later in the N. K. Homestead (Vol. Ill,
No. 4(5, Mar. '2~), 1871), speaks of it as found this \ car also in northern New Hampshire
and Vermont, but vithout specification, and Dr. •!. (". Meri'ill reports the capture of a
single specimen in the ^^'hite Alountains ( l*ro<-. IJost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 11, 300); that it
must have invaded these two states this year is certain from tlu' considerable niunber»
lound the year following. I have accordingly drawn the lurve of its distriiuition to in-
clude this northern area. Mori'over it is certain that it had reached this latitude in
Maine, for there is a specimen in the Yah' ("ollcge Museum, No. 1,74.1, whicli was lakeu
by Pi'of. S. I, Smith in Norway. Maine, in 18(5.'), the eai-liest record of its capture in the
United States. Probably it had covered the larger ])art of Maine wherever in the wilder-
ness it coidd find a patch uiuh-r cultivation foi', writing from («arland in Penobscot Co.,
under date of Aug. 2:5, 18(55), to the N. K. Farmer (N. S. Ill, .")()(5), Mr. II. C. Preble says
tliat he has "not been able to raise a respectable cabbage lor some four or five years, on
account of the ravages of this s|)ecies of voracious rascals." Even ifwi' credit him with
sonu' exaggeration from discouragement, we can hardly think the inst'ct ari'ived there
later than 18(5(5, the nxtre probably as Professor Smith again helj)s us by -jjreserving in
the Yale Museum two specimens ca]tturetl by him at Eastport, on 'luly 4, 18(5(5.
The following year, 18(57, marks a better known advance, for iu May it reached Mon-
treal, according to Mr. Ritchie (Can. Nat. iir, Li!>.")) to the southwest, and extended on
the southeast even to Halifax, Nova Scotia, as Mr. J. M. Jones testifies in a paper (Proc.
N. S. Inst. Ill, 20) read three years later, a ])ublication whicli has been entirely
overlooked, its introduction to this point being heretofore placed as in 1871, since
Mr. Jones later spoke of it as very abundant in the spring of that year (Can. Ent. iir,
37). In Main*! it was observed at Lewiston far toward the southern extremity of the
state, though resident entomologists elsewhere iu (he state did not discover it until the
following yeai'. The late Mr. P. S. Sprague of Boston was one of those who found it at
Lewiston (Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xi, ;{()()) aud Mr. W. Dickinson of Worcester, the
other; the latter found it both this year and the next, but only in 18(58 very destructive.
Ll.
r>()
SAJILKL II. SCUDDKR ON THE SPREAD
n
m
m
1868.
Notwitlistnndiiij;' the minihiT ofcntoiiiolDjrists who nmiiiiilly visit the "NVhito ^[oinitiuns,
and the I't'ciii-dcd cMittuiv l»_v Mr. Mciiill in l.S(5(», xiijtrii, ii<> oiu' scciiis to liiivc t.ikt'n
the insect in Xew Ilanipshii-i- in IS'JT; tiioii'^li with its s|»r(';i 1 to L.'wiston on one side
and its appearance in eonsiderahie ninnltiTs in N'ernionl on the otiier, tiiere ean l)e little
douht that it was present, at least in the region north of the Whiti' Mountains and espe-
cially in the valley of the npjjcr Connecticnt. In Vermont, Dr. Merrill is onr only au-
thoiity (I'roc. IJost. Soc. Nat. Hist, xr, ,'?(K)). In Angust of this year he found the
hnttertties at Waterhury, IJnilington and Stowe; in the fii'st locality, on Aug. 2i*, tlu'V
were "very al)uudant.'' During this year, therefoi'i', tln' insect had fairly established
itself in northern Vermont and New Hampshire, reached Montreal in its course up the
St. Lawrence and pushed its advance guard to the Atlantic Ocean at llalilii.v and nearly
to tlie Gulf of Maine at Portland.
In 18G8, curious to say, our records are more meagre ])Ut in one respect very inter-
esting. It was only in this year and toward the end of it that it reached AValerville,
Me., to judge from the fact that it was first seen in the early spring of 1S()1) hy a very
careful residi-nt observi'r. the late Prof. C. H. Hamlin. The hutterllies must have
come fiom winti'ring ehrysalids near hy. In New Ifampsiiire and Vermont '.ts
])rogress was steady hut not extensive. In New Hanipsiiire it was taken this year by
Mr. M. C. Ilai-riman at Warner ueai' the Southern Kearsarge, and was seen, according
to Dr. C. S. ^linot (Am. lOnt. ii, 7;")), near Lake Winuei)esankee. In Veiinont it had
extended to about the same j)oiuts, for it was couuuon at "Woodstock (F. U. Jewett)
and not uncomnum in August in Sudbury (S. II. Scudder), while in all the track behind
it was abundant enough. Writing to me from St. Albans in 18()!>, ^Ir. N. C. Greene
said that in the ])revious autumn his IJOOO cabbages had from ten to fil'ty worms on a head;
he had not previously noticed them at all and thought they first came in 18GS, whereas
they must have reached St. Albans early the year before that. In the valley of the; St.
Lawrence there is nothing, for a time, to gauge its movements, but writing in Sept.,18Gi),
Mr. A. S. Kitchie says that he has heard of its ravages as far west as ("hateanguay, s»)
that it doubtless was to be found there in I8()8. Nor can we say more e(Micei'ning its
exti'Usiou into the eastern provinces, though I am told I)y Mr. (i. F. Matthew that it ap-
peared .It St. J()hu "within two oi- three yeai's of its recorded advent at (Quebec" and,
therefore, certainly not later than '\^{')'!^. Indeed we have seen that it was just on the
border, at Eastjiort, in T8()(\ and Prof. L. W. IJailey, writing in 188G, says it has been
at Fredeii "^on "ibr at least twenty-Hvi- years," but he speaks only from recollection.
But the chief interest of tlie year l'!Ai')t'' lies in the fact that it was then independently
introduced into the country at New York. Humor lias it that a German entomologist
in Iloboken received some living i)upae from Europe to raise for his cabinet, that th(>y
emerged from the chrysalis in his absence and afterward escaped from an opened win-
dow, lint however this may be, we know from several sources that it was to be found
about Iloboken and Hudson City, N. J., this year. Mr. John HampSon, a collector of
twenty-six years' experience, living in Newark, took a single specimen there this year in
May (J. H. Angehnan). The late Mr. W. V. Andrews, sending me caterpillars in July,
18()i>, said it had "been known for a year or two," and the same writer says (Can. Ent.
II, 5o) in Jan., 1870, "tlie increase of this insect during Ike laslhoo years i^ marvellous.*'
■M
OF IMHUIS UAl'AK IN NOKTII AMKIMCA.
57
1869.
Indcfd its ahmidanc'c the next ycai- ;it l{(M'<,''('n Hill. Wi'st IIulHikoii iiml Hudson ("ily is
prrxd that tlic liist s|>fcini('ns caiiic to the spot in ISIJS. ^I'lic fact that New York City
docs not (haw upon the Lake ( 'iiaiii|ilaiii rej^iun I'ni' its (•alpl)a;^'e-< (as I ;imi iiilnrnicd l»y
Mr. Lintner of Albany) and tlie snl)sc<|ucMt cviiK-nt s|)i(ai! of I'iciis rapae fro.n two
points priiVi' this to iiave l)cen in all pioijaliihty an independent introduction into tlie
country. It is only siirprisiii<>- that it was so lonif ilelayed.
The spread of the liutterliy from this new centre during' IS()*,( t\in-> nut ajipearto havi-
heeii very ^reat. That in xanty iiiiuiIkis it followed tin- Hack of the railway toward
I'hiladelphia i> prohahli' from the Mattn'e of l!iin;is and fmm the fact that Mi'.
•I. I*. |{. ('.iriuy took a specimen that yeai' within the pre>ciu limit* ol' ('amden,
>\ hich he at the t ine supposed eanie acro>s the ocean in a V(->el. then unloMdin^- near hy ;
yet Mr. Andiew- wi'otc. under date of Anu. l2()th in that year, that while '-([iiile ;il»un<lant
in the nei<;hl«)i iiood of Herj^cn Ilill and Hudson ( 'ily, ten mile> hence I could not lind a
>in^le >pecinien." It reached West Farm>inlhe autumn of that yiar, where it was sei>n
hy Mr. dames Au^iiis. hut not taken: specimens wei'c howc\cr taken the following' .^>ril
fresh from the pupa. It was iil>o I'cported ;i> very counnoii in |S(!'.I, in the pai'k- ami gar-
dens of New York city, hy several ohxivc i>, ihouj^h Mr. T. L. Mead, an euthusiaf*tic lep-
idopteri-t at the time and a reside m of the lii \ . records i lie capt urc of a -"iuule specimen
on the .ler-cy sich' of the Hudson Uivi'i- (^( 'an. Kut. ii, )><)) a> if its presence in the me-
tropolis were i|uite unknown to him. It seems prohahle therefoiH' that it> occiii-rt-nci' in
the vicinity of \ew York was taken hy outsiders for its presence in tlie city itself. Still
it may well have heeii presiut in >pot> not \isitcd !»y Mr. Mcjul. aini I iii\>elf found it
swarmiuji' ahout park> in the heart of tin <il\ in duiie. iS7<>. I can tiu<l no record of its
appearance this year in I.oui;" NIand. In ISl!!), then, with the exception of a st raL:\uler
toward I'hihulelphia. the hiittcj-ily is not known to have spread more than ti-u or lilleeii
mile> in any direction from New 'i ork.
The northern horde of invaders in tiic meantime wa>- steadily pushing' soiithw ard : how
far to till' west is (piite unkuoun, for there are no rejiorts for IS(i!l from the Si. Lawrence
valley, except the one ahove rcferi'i'd to. of its rava.ii'o al ( hatcautiiiay. So to<i from
A'erinoiit and Xcw Hampshire, the only accounts are of its ;^reat ahiiudaiicein the north-
ern |»ortions and its a[)peai'aiice in every i|uartei' there, iucliidiui.'' the alpiiu' reiiious of
the AVhite M(»untaius. In Maine, moreover, it had everywhere reached the seaeoast and
wa.-i found in numhersin all the inhahited portions. It wasaimudant at Haniior (('hase,
liiley) and reiiorted from Norway (Smith), Ml. Descii Island, end of .liily ( li. I*. Maim),
Kastpfirt (.Sniitli), and Portland ( Diminock). It wa> indeed aloiii;- the seaeoast that it
l)uslied its way southward most rapidly, for in the siiriny of this year it reached lioston.
J isaw my first specimen on duly 17, on IJoston ( "oiimiou. hut other ohservers were ahead
f)f me. Mr. I*. S. Sjira^'ue. for in^Jance, saw it in liie same ■«pi>t ,\|>ril lit), and Mr. F. A.
Clappon May 20; hy the autmiui they were not very i">'-oiimiou. \ siii<;le s|u'ciineii was
also said to have been si-eii this year near NN'orci'sler. ..ccordin<>' to a paper read hy Mr.
TV. Dickinson before the Natural lii>tory asNociatioii of that city ( Worci'ster Spy, March
It), lS7(t), hut this is rendered exceedingly doiihtlul Ity >ul(>e(pient reports. I'roliahly
the nearest point at which tlii' northern horde approached the southern was somewhere
on the Hudson or Coniiecticul rivi'is not far above the latitude of Jo" N.
t
srf'SB
«n
■MM
MM
I
58 SAMIKL 11. SCUDDKU ON TlIK SrUKAD
For iilllii>ii<>li, as we have seen, it w.-is altiindiiiit at SihIImu'v in Aiiufiist, 1H()S, it was not
nntil tlu' s|iiiii<i' ol" 1S70, to wiiidi vi'ar we now tui-n witli sonic curiosity, tliat it was
_^ rcco<::ni/»(l in the centre oC Kiistcni New York, wlu-rc two sncii entoinolojj'ists
1870
lived as Dr. Asa Kitcli and Mr. .1. A. Lintner. Kast (ireenwicli, where I )i". Fitch
n'sided. is almost halfway from .Vlhany. Mr. Lintnei'"s home, to Sudbury, \'t., yet in both
tluse New York localities it appt-ared l()r the first i'eco<;ni/ed time in IS70, and then not
until midsunmier. I'nderdate of March Hi. 1S72, Mr. »!. A. Lintner writes nie in detail
re;rardin;«: its appearance this year: " I (tl)serv»'d it here | Albany] for the first time on
July 'li. Dr. Fitch reports it at his i-esidcnce in Fast (Jrecnwich, Washinjrton ( 'o., thirty-
two miles in a diivet line F. of N. fr()m Alltany, on the 2d of Au<>iist. On Au<i^ust (J, I
saw it (juite iimnei-ous at Sarat<i^a S]»rin<i;s, thirty miles north, and on the Mtli at («len,
Warren ( 'o., sixty-five miles \V. of N. of Albany. Dni'injj; the month of July a larj^c num-
ber of the butterflies were st-eii at Crown I'oint and Wcstport (»n I^ake < 'hamplain, and at
the latter place |a short distance northwest of Sudbury. \'t.| the jijardeu cabl»a<4;es were
so i^tti'ijy ruined by the laivae that they were pulled up and fed to cattle . . . Si'pt. 11,
I observed it abundantly at I'tica. Oni-ida Co., ninety-five miles west l)y rail. Oct. H, I
saw larvae but no butterflii's at ( "herry N'alley, Ots(<>;o ( "o.. fifty miles wi-sterly. 'I'he lat-
ter part offluly it was seen at .Sharon S|)rin<;s, forty-five miles west; while at Schoharie,
an intermediate point thirty miles west, I did not detect it until perhaps two weeks later."
As it is not re|»orted from the eastern end of Lake Ontario for a year or two, the butter-
fly probably readied I'tica by the eastern rather than the western side of the Adir<mdaek
reyion and thus have spread more rapidly in a western than in a southern direction from
the southern i-nd of Lake Champlaiu. Moreover, Mr. IL B. Hawkins tells me, on the au-
thority of Mr. W. F. Ya<;er, editor of the Oneonta Herald, that it appeared this same year
in Oneontn, Otse<>;o Co., considerably io the .south and east of lltlea. Alonj? the Hud-
.son, Mr. Lintner does not report it as extendiiij»' far'her south than Bath (Ent. Contr. ir,
/)4) five miles below Albany in September. There can hv.uo doubt that it had this year
eom])letely overrun Vermont ami New Hamjishire, though the only records I have in
the southern portions are that the first sjieciinens were taken liy Mr. C I*. Whitney at
Milford, N. H., on May 2i) of this ^^ear, that it was al)undaiit thei-e by autumn, and taken
in numbers at Walpole, N. H., in .lune (.S. I. Smith). Hut it had followed down the
C*)nnccticut valley much farther than this, for it was taken at Holyoke, Mass., by Mr. J.
E. ( "base; and ])r. Georg'e Dimmock reports (N. F. Homestead m. No 1(1, Mar. 2;"), liSTI)
that the first specimen was taken near Spring:Held in the early part of May on the Lon<>-
meadow road; that it was abundant l)efoi'e autumn and that in July he took it in consid-
erable numbei-s as far south as New Britain, Conn. The first noticed by Mr. F. Norton
at Farniington, ('onn., were also seen this year but "not often''; in the foIlowin<^ year it
was (juile eommou. It also became common this year at Walpole, Mass., seventeen miles
southwest of Boston (Miss C. Guild). It would appear therefore that, at the close of
1870, the southern limits of the northern host were at about the parallel of 42", l0'-30'
with a considerable extension down the Connecticut valley.
Meanwhile the southern horde was extending its outposts. The entire extent of Long
Island was occupied tliis year, for I*rof. S. I. Smith found the butterfly very common at
Fire Island Beach in August and Mr. B. H. Foster reports destruction at Babylon (Am.
i
f-'
m
rmmm
i
miiTfciim
OF I'IKUIS RAPAK IN XOUTII AMKKICA.
59
if was not
lut it was
i»inoIo;;^ists
■ I )r. Fitch
ret in hotii
il tluMi not
!«■ ill (K'tiiil
st time oil
'o., tliirty-
ii<i:iist (). I
Il at (ili'ii,
arj^;t' iiuiii-
aiii, and at
ia<;('s wvvv
. Sept. II,
Oct. s, r
Thclat-
Sclioiiaric,
(ks later."
lie huttcr-
(lirondack
ction from
on the an-
sa nie year
: the Hiul-
Contr. ir,
1 this year
r have in
^Miitney at
and tak(Mi
down the
hy Mr.J.
2h, 1871)
the L()n<j^-
in eonsid-
M Norton
!<:>; year it
teen miles
10 close of
2", l()'-30'
it of Long
ominon at
don (Am.
Eiit. II, .'Ml). In I'liither diicctiun toward the iinrtlu'rn l>and, ^Fr. Diinmock I'oiind "a
few" at ltriil<ii'|tort, Conn., in .July, wliicli may liave hcl(.n;:;fd to th*- (rtlicr group, Itiit far
more piohaltly wi-ic t lie descendants of those th.il occupied West Farms the year he fore.
Dr. S. L«»ckw(»od tells me that it iiivade(l Momiioiith Co., N. .Fersey, in IS7(» and in ()e-
toher of this same year the editor of the Ainerican Entomohtgist s,iw it aroinid fruit
stands in Philadi'lpiiia (Am. I'jiit. ii, :»l»'^); Mr. W. D. Doan writes me tiiat it appeart-d
in scanty mimh.'rs this year at Atglen, Chester Co., I'enn., and Mr. Towncnd Ifjover
in one (d' his Government Kepoits says that it apjieart'd i-ven as far as I5altimi>re "an-
terior to 187(V'; lint this I think imist he an error of memory, ft a|>peais then that tiie
sonthern horde did not this year (piite n-acli the noitlurn. Init the two appi-oached eacii
other so nearly as inevitably to mingle in IS7I ; that the northern had alm(»st everywhere
reached the eastern seashoii' of Xew England and the Canadian provinces, and in the
west had extended prolialily to Lake < )ntario and nearly to ci-nti'al Xew York. The
southern, on the other hand, had covered Long Island east wavdlv, and was jmshing its
way also along tin- northern shoin- of the Somid, w hile its main army was diivcted south-
ward, had ciivered New Jersey, and extended into eastt-rn I'eiinsylvania.
In the next year, 187 1, these two ai-niies, having dev.\ i .ted the eonni ry with indepeiid-
eiit forces for fully three years, met and minified, and tin ;. swept westward and south-
ward with incieasing raiiiditv. Tliev coviMcd all tlie <vroiintl which la\ hetweeii
* 1871
the outposts of the previous year, this heing the yei in wl/ich it wa- lirst seen in
Ithode Island, at IVovideiiee (11. L. Clark), and at Iliui'er. ?, . Y. (W. II. Edwards),
it also cxk ,i Ix'd to some of till' higher regions previou.-'y untouched hut swept past,
such as Williamstown, Mass. (^"in force" S. Tennev). ami hecanu' as usual excessively
common where it had only appeared scantily tlie j. eai' Itefore. There were even some
spots not invaded until IS7"J. and it would appear that tlie advance tiuard, wliicli swept
down the livers {lowing soiilheily and along the siacoast, lefr the inland districts long
niitouched. Thus it is reported as n<il seen in Stowe, Mas-., at the i-Iose of 1871 ( C. \.
Emery). Mr. Dickinson sjiowed totiie Natural history association of Woi-cesti'r in 1872
several s[>ecimens that had lueii found in a garden there, as if they were of special in-
terest as new comers (so that the ruiuoi- that one was taken there in 18()!). ■•<iipr(t, must
be an error), and it is thouglit not to have apjieared in Sherbom until 1872 (A. L. Hab-
eock). I5y that time it hail probalily overrun every nook and c<irner of New England.
Similar irregularities appear in all its snbseipieut m<ivenients westward.
Of its westward iiioveniciit in 1871. we still have no information from nortliern New
York or north of the boundary, and can only judge by subse(pient notices that it must
have ri'ached at least the extreme eastern end of Lake Ontario. Jt had certainly passed
the centre of New Yoik, lieiug found common at Ithaca this year (J. IL Comstock, L.
O. Howard), where iiuh'ed it made its first appearanci> the |ireceding year according to
Mr. Howard, thongli Mr. A. C. Weeks thinks it did not occur in Tompkins Co. in 1870.
It was "troulilesome" this year or 1872 at Ca/eiiovia ( L. M. ITuderwood), while Mr.
Saniulers states in his addi'cssto the Entomological society of Ontario (liep. 1877, .">)
that "by 1871 it had travilled . . . west to the middle of the state of New York". In
Pennsylvania it is reportid as haniil'iil ;his yi'ar in Luzerne Co. (T. Glover), and as
])resenf at lOaston (Mis. .1. P. Ballard) iiiid liancaster (S. S. Kathvon) ; this does not
greatly increase its we.-tward range. Jint it had ["islied somewhat farther southward,
K!)'-' '■■m'"w'n
mm»-
IP
1
60
SAMUEL II. SCUDDKR ON TIIR SPRKAD
f^-i
t,^.
m\
following tho coast line; injury Wivs dono to crops in Cecil Co., Md., dnring this year,
according' to the reports of the Agricnltnral Department ((rlovcr), and it iii)peared in
]ialtiniore according to C. R. Podge (Rural Carol., August, 1S72). Writing mo from
Spottsville, Ya., Mr. li. W. fluncs says, "It was a general complaint (in Surry Co.) as
early as 1870-71 among farmers, that they could raise no good cabhage on account of
it. In 1S72-7IJ it infested the; gardens about Petersburg in untold numbers." Yet it
Avas not seen in Washington until 1S72. This year then is remarkable for the union of
the two armies and the considerable westward extension in New York.
Jn 1872 we again are able to trace the forward movement of the bntterlly in Canada,
whi're it originated, and from which infoi-niation entirely fails from 1807, when it reached
Montreal, until this time. For now we learn that it had iiassed by this time ahmg
1872 .
the northern shore of the St. Lawrence and Lake Ontario to Belleville and Tren-
ton, Outai'io (Bethunc, Can. Ent. v. 41). But south of the river and the lake it had
]>ushed much farther, viz., through the entire length of the state of N'ew Y^'ork, so as to
invade Canada trom the United States I It did not reach Port Hope, Ontario, from the
cast, where Mr. Bethunc was awaiting it ("we fully expect to see it at Port Hope this
year," — Can. Ent. v, 41,) until July 187.'}, but it appeared at Ridgeway, Welland Co.,
■'not in great numbers" in 1872 (A. II. Kilman), and at Toi'onto in August, 1872 (W.
Brodie — c Canada Farm., 1870, 127). This makes it highly probable that it reached
BulValo this year, of which I could not otherwise speak, as the testimony of my corres-
])ondents is widely eouHicting. Certainly it rcaihed Brockport, for it Avas taken there in
September by iNIr. David Jiruce, and the next year had ccrtaiidy spread much farther
west on the southern than on the northern short's of Lake Eiic. It was in this year that
it reached Delhi (L. (). Howard). In Pennsylvania, though it probably reached Centre
Co. in this year (W. A. lUickhart), it was possibly checked in its westward sj)ri'ad by
the Alleghanies, as we uo not hear of it in the Avestern part of the state. It reached
Washington early in this year (Monthly Rep. De])t. Agric, June 1872, 218) but how
nuicli farther south it passed Ave do not know. As hoAVcver avc Iuia'c already heard of it
in A'ii'ginia it is probable that it had extended southward at something like its previous
rate and avc have accordingly draAvn our curvi', to correspond Avith this.
In 187;{, as before stated, it reached Port Hope, and "F. C. L.'' reports taking his first
specimen at Dunn in Ilaldimaiid Co., Out. (Can. I^]nt. (5, <)0), and some Avere taken at
^ _„ Hamilton (J. A. jSIollat), Avliere one Avould have looked for it the preceding
' ear Irom its piesencc then at Toronto. This year it had entirely covered New
Y^)rk stale, though Iherc were places even in the eastern half, such as Norwich, where it
did not appciti- until this yi'ar, at least in any uumlter (fl. S. Kingsley). It AA'as found
spai'ingly at Cleveland in the spring of this year' (J. U. (Jehring), but fi'om here south-
Avard our information is practically a blank. AVe have, however, two curious items: it is
reported by Mr. C R. Dodge ns being destroyed by parasites in Louisville, Ky., in this
year, Avhich implies that it ap|)eai'ed there at least the year before (probably Mr. Dodge's
informant mistook the desti-uctive southern cabl»age bntterlly for this).
'riie other is a vei'y delinite piece of information fi'om I'rof. L. li. Cibbes of Charleston,
'TIiIn Is till' llist ili'llnlli' sliili'iiiciil of llH iidvciil III Olilo, <il' Ni'w VdiU ^iiiil New .IviM'y luiil In Oliiu
i)iil Mr. W. II. Ivlwiirds, in I'.iil .s dIIiin liMlliilliis hI' .Norlli cluiiily an cnoi'.
Ainurlcii, siij'.s "It swunii.s |.\ugu.sl, ISTI] in many iiails
Tlif lii.it Is
wmm
OF PIE«IS RAPAE IN NORTH AMERICA.
(51
g this year,
ii[)|)i'afoil ill
iiig me IVom
irry Co.) as
1 account ol"
rs." Yet it
the union of
in Canada,
'11 it readied
■i time alonj*;
u and Trcn-
lake it had
M'k, so as to
■io, from the
i-t Ilojjc this
'elland Co.,
t, 1872 (W.
it it reached
■ my corres-
ken tlicre in
inch lartlier
lis year tliat
;'lied Centre
1 s[)read by
It reached
8) but liow
heard of it
its iu'evious
mg liis llrst
i"e taken at
' precedinjj^
ivered New
ch, wliere it
t was found
liere soutli-
iteins: it is
Ky., in tliis
Jr. Dodge's
Charh'ston,
'." Tin; lust, Is
who, in a recent letter to me, after mentioning the year 1870 as one which was remarka-
ble for the number f)f Lepidoptei'a seen in that city, says that P. vajHif (of which he
possessed English examples in his cabinet) was not to be found, but '' in 187^5 I observed
it as not uncommon in this city, and recogiii/ed it at once, Avhilc Hying, as distinct from
its congeners P. momistr and 1\ proh.diri' ... I have seen it I think every year since."
This ajipears to be an niiquesti()nal)le independent iiiti'odnction of the species from a
coasting vessel, and it is due to this probably that we find it invading the sontliern At-
lantic states sooner than we should otlierwise anticipate. In the curves, therefore, I have
given this new southern horde a distinct claim to local independence, and brought the
northern curve to the ocean at a comparatively high latitude.
In 1871 we again hear of the insect to the east of its point of origin. X. Corneau rejiort-
ing it as rare at (iodl)out river on the lower St. Lawrence, the nortlu'asternmost point
from which it has yet been recorded (Can. Ent. vir, 208) ; its progress westward ,„_-
in Canada seems to have been very slow. It was abundant now at Hamilton but it
did not reach Paris this year or certainly not until the very end of the year. Jt had be-
come notieeaiile at Cleveland by its ravages during this summer' as well as in western
Pennsylvania (T. W. Conistock, Am. Nat. ix, 12(5). It made its appearance among the
mountain valleys of West Virginia in Septemlur, where it became aliundant the fol-
lowing spi'ing (W. H. Edwards, Pap. i, 0(5). It was "by no means raiv" in Virginia
(Bethune, loc. innlt.')
Of the extension of the southern horde we know nothing, but from the record of later
dates I have assumed an enlarged curve which seems best to agree with the facts.
But here enters a new factor. Dr. A. W. Chapman, a well-known and cx])erienced
lepidoj)terist, in response to my circular, writes to me from Apalachicola, Floi-ida. that the
butterlly first apjieared there in 187.') or 1871; adding tliat it has not yet become com-
mon, only half a dozen being seen in a season. Here we have a second southern coastal
introduction, unless iudeiMl it was imported from Charleston by rail direct, as seems more
jirobable. Its appearance, however it cani'' about, at these two southern stations at such
an early ])eriod exjilains why, when the insect does not llourish so well in the extri'ine
south as farther nortli,'^ it managed to reach Alabama at least as soon as it obtained a foot-
hold beyond the Mississippi.
Turning now to the year 187.") and beginning as before at the north, we find that ac-
cording to Mr. iSaunders it reac lied Paris, Out., in (he spring of 187.", and Loudon in
August (Report Ent. Soc. Out. 187."l, 151 ; Can. Ent. vii. 1(!;5). The same good
authority tells us (//>/(/.) that it had reached western Ohio, and a gardener in
southwestern Ohio reports that it lirst troubled him in 187(5 at Mt. liepose, Clermont
Co., and therefote presumably reached that ])lace by 187') (F. {{. Fislier). It did not how-
ever reach (Jineinuati until the following year (^C. Diiry) though it had followed the
western Alleghanies down to Maryville, Blount (Jo., eastern Tennessee, a little south of
Knoxvllle, where Mr. E. M. Aaron saw it in 187."). It was now common in West Vir-
ginia, and [iresiimably extended into North Carolina, though we have no report from
' l)r. .1. K. IscMii rcpc^iiril that it llrsi upix^upmI iit Clivo-
liinil III till' .-.|iriiiu 111' IKT.-i (Can. '■'.lit. \ll,tKO)i liilt lie is
('(•I'taiiily ill (Midi'.
MKMUIIIM MIHITIIN 80<;. >.«■'. 11181., V •!.. It*. U >
' In .'viilcni'c (if tills, til,' fact tiiat, it is still scniv.' iil
.\|iaiaiiiliiila is suiipoi-icil liy ii, I'ailiiii: lo invatic i\w pi'ii-
lu.siila ul' I'lDi'lilu.
■KT'
11
wmmmmmmmm
62
SAMUKL II. SCUDDER OX THE SPREAD
1876.
there until 1S7S, when Mr. W. V. Andrews found it in Mureh at Aslieville. The sonth-
ern i>;irt oi" our line for this year is, therefore, purely eoujectural, as are also the lines for
the southern colonies, from which we have no data.
There enters now a good deal of confusion in the dates of its appearaiice as ohtainod
hy correspondence in dilVerent ])arts of the west. The insect had become abundant on
all the niaiu railway lines runniug east and west and was liable to be forcibly carried in
auy direction. "Wherever a pair, male and female, happeni'd after all vicissitudes to come
together, there would be the point for the introduetiou of a new colony; for mignonette
or cabbage or turnip would be found somewhei'e about; and the only woiuler is that
the moviMuent of the throng was as regular as it was.
During I>S7() it covered the whole of western Ontario (Saunders loc. elf.) and extended
into eastern Michigan (A. J. Cook); Mr. E. A. Strong even states that he took it at
(Jrand liapids in IST."), hut this I think nuist be a fault of recollection. Below
the Lakt's however, it moved on moi-r- rapidly. It is possible, if not probable,
that one of tlu- roadside colonies to which I alluded above was established in central
Indiana lu'lbiv this, for Mr. S. (J. Evans says that Pierin raimr was cimunon in Kvans-
ville when he commenced colli'cting then' in 187-1; and Dr. G. M. Levette writes mo
from Indiaiia|)olis, ''From recollections of myself and others I v/ould place it [the in-
troduction of P. rai><tr at that point | in IST'J or IST!}." We have the very definite state-
ment from Di'. F. W. (Joding that he cajilured a female in his father's gai'dcn in Kane
Co., 111., 4 i miles west of Chicago on Sept. 17, 1S7.1». A few days afterward he saw sev-
eral, as he now distinctly remembers, in cabbage fields west of Chicago, flying in com-
l)any with P. profodia . Mi'. J. W. Huett also writes that he tii'st saw the butterfly at
Farm Kidge, LaSalle Co., in the spring of 1874 or 187.'), in scanty numbers. It would
therefore appear highly probable that, a year or two in advance of the normal rate of
pi'ogress, Pi( ris rapae swept into Chicago on a railway train. We have no further record
for this yeai'of the advance of the great horde, but simply from analogy and subsc(pient
facts, the curve of its probabli' progiess has l)een [)laced on the map.
In 187(>, liowt'ver, we have indications of tlu; spread of l)oth of the southern colonies,
for in Oetobi'r of this year. Dr. A. OemU'r detected the butterlly at AV^ilmington Island
otf Savannah, — evidently an t'xtcnsiou of the Charleston colony of 187.'$; while the fact
that the butterlly was as common in 187(5 as now at Lumpkin in the southwestern part
of the state, as I am informed by Mr. A. \V. Latimer, indicates the spread of the Apu-
lachicohi colony.
In 1877, to begin now with the south, these two southern colonies ])rohal)ly merged,
for the butterlly was connuon at Macon, as reported by I'rof J. M Willet at the August
meeting of the (ieorgia Horticultural Society, a point which probably might
have been reached by either co'ony this year, though not by the northern horde
for a year or two latei-, to judge by all accounts. For, to fon'stall the succeeding years
a little, the pest was not noticed in northern Alabama until 1871), nor at Atlanta, Georgia,
until 1880, nor at Cluster, S. C, until 1881 (L. M. Loomis).
From these points to Illinois is a long leap, but for this year it has no record. Ex-
cepting for the notice of its comnion occurrence at the head of Lake Kosseau in the
Muskoka District, east of Georgian Bay, Canada (Saundi^-s, Can. Ent. ix, 18,"i), the only
1877.
i
OF PIERIS RAPAE IN NORTH AMERICA.
G3
The south-
the lilies ibr
:iH ohtalneil
fil)un(l;int on
]y cariied in
ides to come
■ mignonette
niler is that
nd extondi'd
le took it at
ion. Below
ot probable,
il in central
m in Kvans-
e writes mo
e it [the in-
e finite state-
len in Kane
he saw sev-
ing in com-
bntterlly at
^. It would
rinal rate of
p'ther record
snbsequent
■rn colonies,
gton Island
hile the fact
vestern part
)f the Apa-
bly mei'ged,
the August
)al)ly might
thern horde
eding years
ta, (Jeorgia,
•cord. TCx-
sseau in the
'i), the only
remaining data are for Illinois and Michigan; the butterfly had covered the lower half
of tlm lower peiiinsida of Michigan ( A. J. Cook, E. W. Aliis) and pai't of Illinois, The
specific points which it had reiciied in tlie latter state are the region about Chicago,
— Maplewood (C^ Thomas, (r. II, FriMich). DeKalb Co,, sixty miles west of Chicago (P.
M, AVebstcr), — Decatur (W, Barnes), and Champaign, in the autumn (C, Wood worth).
The first two of these may easily have been the mere extension of the Chicago colony,
the latter two of the Indiana, but, in all probability, the succeeding year saw a blending
of all the colonies both north and south.
For then. 1M78, not only is almost the whole of Illinois invaded, but the advance guard
has ])uslied across the Mississippi and iiitrcuclu'd iiscH in Iowa and Missouri, According
to Dr, C. Thoniiis, it ai)iiearc(l at ('ari)ou(lalc carlv in the vi'ar and "in injurious , _
innnbers" at Springlicld (!)tb Jvcp. luj. Ins. III.. ',)). It bad crf>ssed the Mississippi
at at least two points. Prof, li, li. Kowlcy wi'ites me from Curryville, Pike Co., Mo,,
that he collected two specimens on ladish i)lossoms at Louisiana in that county in 'Iidy,
1878, and I'rof. S, M, Tracy says that lu' noticed it at Columl)ia, in 1877, the first year
of his I'esidencc there'. Further. Mi'. .1. M. Mvers writes me that five or six specimens
were taken at Fort Madison. Iowa, in the autunm ol' 1878; and the sanu' fact is reported
by Mr, A, AV. Ilolfnieistei- (Ti-ans. Iowa Ilort. Society, 187i)). There can therefore be
little doubt that it was in this year tiial it first ei'osscd the Mississii»pi. In Tennessee too,
it was close to the Mississippi in 1878, for according to Mr. F, V. Ilynds it appeai'ed this
year at Ualston Station in Weakley Co.; and it was in March recorded from Asheville,
N. C, by Mr. W. V. Andrews (Can, Ent„ x. !>8).
In 1870 it had extendi'd up the peninsula of Michigan, having been taken at Luding-
ton either this year oi' the pi'cceding i)y Mi', \, B. Pierce, and had invaili'd Wisconsin,
ajipearing in May about Racine (P. I{, Hoy) and being abundant there (O. S, ,„„„
AVestcott) although it did not n ach Milwaiikei- that year (R. T, Church), Dw
Hoy's printed statement will be found in his list of Wisconsin Lepidoptera, and should
bi' noticed by any one led astray by thi" statement in the American Entomologist (ir,
71)) that it was said by Dr. Iloy t,o be toK'rably comiuon in Wisconsin in 18()1>, This
last publication may account foi' the statement by Dr, Fitch in his thirteenth Report on
New York insects, in speaking of the new cabbage pests, that " tiie jjivsent year (1870),
])robably favored by the protraeti'd drought, they have suddenly overspread a large ])or-
tion of the middle and irrs/<rii slati's," when in fiU't tlu-y had not extended westward
beyond tite middle of his own state, Possiljly it was i)ased on the statcmi'iit already re-
ferred to in Edwards' Butterflies, Mr. RiUy has also stated (U. S. Agrie. Rep., 188!}, lOit)
that it had appeared in (ireen Hay (Wisconsin) in 1871, but that probably his correspond-
ent mistook an allied species for it. In Iowa it made rapid advances. We have already
seen it at Fort Madison in the southeasti'rn coriu-r. It probably appeared in 1878 also
at Keota in Keokuk Co., for it was destructive there before the end of 187!) (A. S, Van
Winkle). At >[uscatine, according to Miss Alice Walton, now Mrs, Beatty, it appeared
in the latter part of May (Proc. Muse, Acad., Nov. ){. 187!)) and according to Mr, F, M.
Witter (Proc, Iowa Acad., 187o-8(). 21-L'll) became destriielive that year. It appeared
this year also in Linn Co., where it was verv destructive (Riley), Hut it went beyond
' Tills Ih cut'tuliily po.-slblu, but 11 was iiu)ie probably in 187a, tu JuUjfu by oUiui' rcpoiU.
ir-r^-Tf-
~><*^MH|-f-rT-'
64
SAMUEL II. SCLDDEK ON THE SPREAD
1880.
theeastorn tior of counties, for it was foiiiul at Dcs Moines, according to a coiTcsponclent
of the Pniiiie Fanner of Chicago (Am. Ent., iir, 55), and in the autumn it reached Ames
(II. Osborn), and had even advanced by midsummer to Omaha in Nebraska, according
to Mr. L. IJruner, i. c, across the entire slate of Iowa. In all probability it may have
been prematurely carried to that gi'eat railway centre by the freight trains. The sur-
])rising thing about this is that it appeared to have no outcome, as we shall see. The bnt-
tei'tly appeared also about St. Louis this year (Miss M. E. Mnrtfeldt) and at many
localities in Alabama, such as Marion (J. P. liailcy. Am. Ent., iir, 107) and Selma
(Rilev), though Mr. Kiley did not sec it at ^lobih. on a visit there (U. S. Agric. Kep.,
188:Cl09).
In 1880 it had advanced in tlu' north, according t(t Mr. Saundei's, to Manitoulin Isl-
and near the northeastern end of Lake Huron (Can. Ent., xir, 192-195), to the 8ault
Ste. Marie, to Itochester in the southeastern corner of Minnesota (C. N. Ainslee),
to West I'oint, Nebraska (L. Bruner), to Lawrence, Kansas, in March (P. II.
Snow) and to Manhattan in the same state ("NV. Kuans, E. A. Popenoe). Dr. W. S. New-
Ion writes me that, according to his note book, it appeared at Oswego in the southeastern
corner of the state on June 10, 1879, but he is not quite positive about the year. It is
also rejwrtcd this year Irom Atlanta, Ga., i»i July, by C. \. Kiley (Am. Ent., ur, 200).
It must have been there the year previous.
In 1881 we have icw reports of its extension, but it was this year that it became
common on Keeweenaw Point, at Calumet, Mich. (E. T. Custis), though the post-
-„_^ master at Kasson, Leelenaw Co., told Mr. E. W. AUis that it did not a])pear
in that place luitil a year or two later. It was as late as Aug. 3 that Mr. G. M.
Dodge liivst saw it at Glencoe, Dodge Co., Ne])raska, not lilly miles from Omaha (Can.
Ent., XIV, ;J9) and not until this year did it make its api)earance at Salina, Kan., be-
coming common in 1882 (A.W.Jones). It is also reported as appearing in 1881 at
Bastrop, Texas (L. Ileilcgerodt). *
In 1883 (there being no statistics obtainal)le for 1882) we have several vei-y interest-
ing extensions. Mr. Walter Ilaydcn, I'eturning to England in 1883 from Moose Fac-
tory at the extreme southern eiul of Hudson Ba^', took with him an interesting
collection of insects, among which !Mr. J. Jenner Weir found a single pair of
P. rajxie, which were all he had taken there ii\ a residence of five and a half years. Pre-
sumably tlie insect had arrived shortly before his departifc. It was only in this year,
according to Mrs. E. A. Patten, that it ap))eaied at Miinu'ai)olis, Minn., yet it was now
that Capt. Gamble Gcddes took it in Manitoba along the line of the Canadian Pacific
Railway, at least as fai- as Brandon, about longitude 100". Further, Mi-. Charles S.
Brown of Ludden, Dickey Co., Dakota, writes me that he reached that country in 1883
— one of the first settlers there — and noticed then a few specimens of the buttertl}',
which has since become common. It is evident that it has nearly outrun the tide of civ-
ili/ation.
But even this record is outsti'ipj)ed by the report that it actually reached the Rocky
mountains in Montana in 1881. Two correspondents have answered my inquiries from
1883.
' Ml'. N. I'uluiiiiui I'uuikI 11 In Mai'shull, Ti'Xiks, wlioii lie iiiuvcil Uicre In ISmI. Hu Uiouj>ht It liuil not buuii thero lung.
7— If
«iiia2ffija
OF PIERIS KAPAE IN NORTH AMERICA.
G5
orrc8j)onclent
iU'hc'd Anu'S
a, accordinj^;
it may have
s. The sur-
e. Thebnt-
iml at many
I and Si'lina
Agile. Kep.,
initoulln Isl-
to the 8aiilt
N. Ahi.slee),
[arch (F. II.
W. S. New-
southeastern
i year. It is
It, III, 200).
at it became
^h the ])o.st-
[1 not ajjpear
It Mr. G. M.
)maha (Can.
la, Kan., be-
ig in 1881 at
ery interest-
Moose Fac-
II interesting
ingle pair of
years. Pre-
in this year,
t It was now
ulian Pacific
•. Charles !S.
ntry in 1883
he buttertly,
.! tide of civ-
d \h{' Roclcy
i<iuiries from
ivoa llici'u luiit;.
there; one has not seen it and says it must be rare or local if there at all ; the has occa-
sionally noticed a Picris. but took it to be P. oh raaa (K. S. Williams) ; the other, Mr.
F. W. Anderson, savs he saw none iu ISSo, one in 1881 and another in 1880.
North of the l)ountlary, according to the report of a four years' resident, the
insect has not yet reached Kegina (N. II. Cowdry).
A few words only will sutlice for all later atatislics. In 1885 it is recorded from Du-
luth, at the western end of Lake Superior ( W. IF. Edwards) ; and ]\[r. David Bruce, who
has spent the last thri'e sunmiers in Colorado and has closely watched all white ,„ _ „
butterHies on the search for some of the rarer foi-ms, met with J', raiiae for the first
time in 188(5, seeing a dozen specimens about Denver ])etween August and October. In
this same yeai' it apparently made its lirst advent into the eastern half of FIcM'ida. En-
quiries, last autumn, of several (■ntoniologists residing tiiere, ^[essrs. Ashmead at Jackson-
ville, Hubbard at Crescent City, Mead and Chase in Oi'ange Co., elicited the unifoi-r.i
response that the bulterlly had not reached there; Init Dr. J. M. Wheaton of Colum-
bus, Ohio, wi'ites me that he o])tained a single Itattei'ed specimen about the first of
April, 188G, while on a visit to Jacksonville. Thcie is probably, therefore, no state in
the Union, east of the Rocky Mountains, where it does not occur, though it has not been
reported, to my knowledge, from Mississippi, Louisiana or Arkansas. It is hardly pos-
sible that it has not coveied nearly or i[uite the whole of each, though ^[r. H. d'Ailly of
Malvern, Arkansas, writes me that it has not yet reached that place in the centi'e of the
state.
If now we examii'M the map upon which these statements have been represented, we
shall be struck, I think, by two or three |)rincii)al points; 1. The moi'c; rapid spread
of the butterfly, at fii'st, toward the east and southeast until it reachi'd the sea, rather
than toward the southwi'st along the valley of the St. Lawrence. 2. The comi)ara-
tively small amount of hindrance mountainous and elevated countries seem to have pre-
sented in the early part of its career; indeed, if the first record of its appearance in
East Tennessi'e is ct)rri'ct (and we have excellent authority for it) these would seem in
the warmer latitudes to have offered a distinct highway for the movements of the army,
Avhich the curves for 187-1-1877 are meant to show.
The favorable intiuenee of
cobmies on the spread of the _.esl with the single exception of that at Omaha. 4.
The excessively ra|)id, forwai'd movement towai'd the west and southwi'st as soon as the
Valley of the Mississippi is reached; compare, for Instance, the five years' advance from
Cincinnati, Ohio, to Lawrence, Kansas, or to liastrop, Texas, and the otherwise ra[)id
five years from central New York to western Ohio, or the five years it took to cover
thi "^<}W England states, 't. The natural limit to its southei-n extension, as shown
by the fact that it can hardly maintain itself at Apalaehicola and has not pushed its
way into the peninsula of Florida Ijeyond, hardly to, Jacksonville, although it has for
ten years been within what would elsewhere be not more than a year's flight away.
It may here be mentioni'd, as a fact noted by every one who has studied buttei-flies
and by many others, that as fast and as fai- as Puriti ra/ntf has spread, it has almost
exterminated the native white buttx'rflies, bt)th the southein cabhage butterfly, Ponlia
pfotiHlia',\\\w\\ is itself luu'mful, and Piiris olenicca, which is compai-atively innocuous.
It is also observed that the see jud year after the advent ol' P. rapae is the one iu which
1
66
samuf:l h. scudder on the spread
it is most nnmei'oiis and does the most damaj^e. Tts jiarasites then follow it up and its
injuries, th(>u;;li still sofious. are hv no means so alarming.
I have purposely retrained from mentioning hitlierto the fact that, in the o])inion of
some entomologists, l*ien'.'< rapae is indigenous to the Paeitic coast of America, or
at least has been known there for fully a quarter of a century and no one knows how
much longer. Specimens were first brought east by ^[r. A. Agassiz in IS.!!). It is well
known that the buttertlies (not to mention other animals) of the Pacific coast are more
nearly allied to those of the Old World than are the buttcrllies east of the Rocky Mts.;
and therefore, to one regarding these western Pieiids as identical with I*, rapae, they
may well be looked upon as autochthonous, inasnmch as in the Old World P. rapae ex-
tends from the Atlantic to the Pacific, from Great Uritaiu and Iiarl)ary to Kamtschatka
and Japan. In his elaborate ])ai)er on the Americun forms of I'iei'is allied to P.
napi of Europe (Papilio i. 8;J-9i), pi. 2-3), Mr. AV. H. Edwards has argued that all
the American species of Pieris (as I have limited it) which do not l)elong to the Euro-
pean P. rapae, are to be classed with the European P. nap!, and in his last catalogue he
has so arranged them, excepting that for some unaccountable reason he sei)arates as a
distinct s])eeies P. virglniensis, wh'xeh he himself stated three years earlier had given birth
in Mr. Mead's breeding experiments to the form oleracea.
This is not the place for the discussion of atiinitics, so I can only here express my
])resent dissent from the conclusions of Mr. Edwaids, maiidy upon the very grounds set
forth in his paper, in which I think he has confounded two distinct species. !My own be-
lief is that we have in America, in addition to the inti-oduced /'. rapae, two distinct aii-
tochthcmous species, each of which shows seasonal dimoridiism similar to that of /*.
rapae, and at least one of them some marked geograi)hioal races. One species, gener-
ally known as /'. oleracea, covers the continent from ocean to ocean and I'eaches from
Alaska and Labrador to Central Calilbrnia, Colorado and A'irgiiiia. It has been de-
scribed under many different names, such as casta, crnciferarum,marginalis, frigida, hulda,
and virginiensis, besides several varietal designations. As a general rule it has no spots
upon the upper surface, though these sometimes appear, ])rol)al)ly by reversion. The
other 8|)eeies, I\ veiio.sa, has been hardly less tormented with appellations, having i)eci>
also christened pallida, yreka,castoria, nasturtii, resedae and ibei'idis. It is found along
the Pacific const from central Califbi'uia to liritish Columbia at least as far as Lat. 52" N.
It is closely allied to and may be said to represent P. iiapl in this e mntry. It is, how-
ever, as distinct from P. napi as /*. tiajii is from /*. rapae, and the oidy logical outcome
from the position assumed b}' ^[r. Edwards is, in my opinion, to consider all these species
of Pieris, — ra])ae, mipi, oleracea and venosa, as different foi-ms of one species. It mat-
ters little whether they are looke 1 at in this light or as distinct species, for they undoubt-
edly came from the same stock. The only claim I woidd make is that if /*. rapae and
P. napi are distinct species, as they are universally considered in Europe, then the
American species, previous to the introduction of /'. rapae into eastern Canada, were dis-
tinct from the European and from each other. That certain forms of each of them, and
(^speeially of P. renosa, might readily be taken (as has I)een done) for /'. rapae is un-
(piestioiuible, and it is possible that tiie species, seen in 1S81 and again in 18S(i at (Ireat
Falls and the Belt Mts., ^[ontana, was P. venoaa, so marked. I have accordingly cov-
OF PIERIS RAPAE IN NORTH AMERICA.
67
it up and its
ic ()i)inion of
Amei'ica, or
knows how
1. It is well
1st are more
Itocky Mts. ;
rapae, they
^. rapae ex-
Lumtschatka
allied to P.
ned that all
() the Euro-
•atalogne he
pa rates as a
1 yiven birth
express my
<?ronnds set
^ly own be-
distinet au-
1 that of r.
■eies, gener-
eaehes from
>s been de-
^ida.hulda,
>as no spots
reion. The
laving beei»
uund along
Lat. 52»N.
It is, how-
[■al onteoine
lese speeies
s. It mat-
y undonbt-
rujme and
, then the
a, were dis-
f them, and
apae is un-
■^0 at Great
lingly cov-
ered ihe area upon tlie map over whieh P. rmosa is known to extend with close cross rul-
ing, and that which i( may |)r()l)ably als(» occupy with more open ruling. It will thcieby
be seen that the introduced /*. ra/xit- is rapidly progrt'ssing t')ward its near of kin. It
may well he believed that if J*, rnjit/t' has in the last five years crossed ihe high plains
of Kansas and Nebraska on its westwai'd march, as it has done, the butterfly considered
by Mr. AV. II. Etlwards and others as Pliris rn/xic, which has been on the Pacific coast
since lS~)i), would, in rnoi-e than a quailer of a century, if it were /\ rapiif, certainly have
extended eastwai-(l across the less ai'id country along the northern boundary of the United
States to a ])!'(tj)i)rti()nal)ly longer distance. — which it certainly has not done. It there-
fore fail-* in one characteristic of that ravenous and di'stiau'tive si)ecies. It should be
added that the oidy I'orms eonsidei-ed by any one as identical with P. mpae are those
descriln'd by myself as P. iiHu-f/iiid/is and by Mr. Rcakirt as /*. >/ri'kf(. They came
from California, Oregon and AVashington Territory.
AVith regard to the nature of the documentary evidence a few words may be said.
One would expect tliat inneh might be learned from agricultural and horticultural jour-
nals abont the movements of the butterlly. l)Ut a great amount of tinu> has here been
wasted in vain search; very little was to be f)un(l and that little generally so vaguely
stated as to be valueless. Direct en piiry has been almost the sole resource of vaitu' after
the entomological journals, and esi)ccially the pages of the Canadian Entomologist.
In the mass of information received from xcvy various quarters in re])ly to my circular
of in(piiry. it has of couisc bciMi impossible to wi'igh the evidence for exactly what it was
Avorth. iSome of it, as was to be expccti'd, had to be thrown out altogether as coming
from those who were not sulliciently ol)servant to have distinguished between the new
])est and its allies, also destructive to cabbages. To adopt iiuliscriminately all the data
olfered would lead to a chaotic result: we should l)e obliged for instance to say that the
butterlly appeared in Ohio in IStJo, when it had only that yeai' crossed the northern bor-
der of New England; or that it ivached central Illinois in 1871 or 1872, or even in
LSiliJ) when it 'lad not yet Ihmmi borne across the ocean; or that it appeared in (reorgia
in 1802 and was abundant i.uie in 18()(), some ten years before its time. ISIore possibly
correct is the nearly accoi'dant testimony of no less than three rcportei-s, whose judgment
I have no means of ti-sting; they agree in giving 18()1 or ISO.") as the date ol" the first
appearance of the butterlly in eastern Pennsylvania and a fourth relers to it hesitatingly,
])erhaps as a nuitter of re])oit; it is possible that it might have been brought across the
ocean dii'eet to IMiiladelphia at that datt', but as it did not attract the atti'ution of other
entomologists in and about Philadeli)hia or make its impi-ession on the country around,
the supposition is rendered highly imprctbabh'; uov do the facts given above regarding its
spread about New York lead ns to admit that it reached that city from Philadelphia.
It is far easier to sui)i)ose either that a mistake was made by each observei" in the spe-
cies concerned, or that the memory was at f nit, — all these statements coming to me in
answer to my encpiiries last autumn; ncme of them are printed records. The point may
perhaps be best solved by entomologists of that region, if they wish to follow ituj); iu
whi(!h case the dc>tails in my possession will be fiuaiished to any competent pei'son.
I have not mentioned above a ri'port made to me by an entomologist, Mr. George
Bowles, whose si»eeialty is Coleojtera, who states that when on a natnial history l^xpe-
T
.. — TTTHiimg
^m^t^'i^KAy '•'*^!'»|!.;.,,
■riffli--
G8
SAMUEL H. SCUDDER ON THE SPllEAl)
clltioii to the West Indies and Sonth Americi). he passed two days at the Island of Do-
minica, and there "observed the Initterlly [P. rapae] alon^ tlie edges of tlie canefields
and in many parts of the town (Roseau),andI was tohl,it lived npon the mnstard plant."
This is an extract from his jonrnal of Febrnary 2.'i, 1884. In a snl)seqnent letter he states
that he is quite confident of his identification of the butterfiy as it was very nuineroiis
and he had " paid i)articular attention to it in this count ry " from his interest in it through
his cousin Mr. G. J. Bowles, -who first l)rought it to notice in the Canadian Naturalist.
Unfortunately all his collections, possibly including specimens of the butterfly seen, were
lost by an accident on the Magazine River, Britisli Guiana. Mr. Bowles gave me the
addresses of persons in the Antilles wlio, he thouglit, might oI)tnin specimens for me, and
I have received replies from them, but as yet no autoptic evidence that P. rapae exists
there, nor indeed anything to corr()])orate Mr. Bowles" belief, excepting from (jue gentle-
man who writes: "I have an idea I have seen the butterfiy you menti(m, but am not cer-
tain." Enquiries are not yet closed, however.
In conclusion, it may be remarked that tlie definite setting down of territorial limits to
each year's spread will naturally raise the question in the mind of every lepidopterist
who examines the map, whether it rightly interprets the matter for the ground with which
he is familiar. I beg therefore to ask those who see reason to question the accui'acy of
the lines at any point kindly to give me the benefit of their l)etter knowledge, by exact
and detailed statements; and, where possible, founded on something better than memory.
Should a sufficient number of important divergences come to light, I Avill make thera
public in a formal statement. It may be stated, in a general way, that the lines are more
conjectui'al in the southern states than elsewhere, owing to the paucity of observations.
BlULlOGUAPUY.
1. BowKEs, G. J. On the occurrence of Pieris rapae in Canada. Can. Xat. n. a. \,
2o8-2()2. 8" [Montreal, 18(U. Separate, pp. 4.
2. Ritchie, A. S. Notes on the small caljbage butterfly, Pieris rapae. Can. JV^at. n.
s. HI, 20.3-300. 8" Montreal, 18(57. Separate, pp. 7."
3. ]SrixoT, C. S. Cabbage butterflies. Am. Ent. ir, 7()-77. 8" St. Louis, 1870.
4. Fitch, Asa. Cabbage worm or turnip buttei-fly. IfHh Jtcp. JSfox. Ins. JV. T.
(Ann. Rep. St. Agric. Soc.,) 543-."^()3. 8" Albany, 1870.
5. RiLKY, C. V. Cabbage worms. 2d Ami. Rvp. St. Entom. Missouri, 104-110. 8"
Jefferson City, 1870.
BoAVLKS, G. J. Notes on Pieris rajiac. Can. Enf., iv, 102-105. 8", London, 1872.
Betiiune, C. J. S. Insects affecting the cabbage. Itpp. Enf. Soc. Ont., 1871, 82-
88. 8" Toronto, 1872.
8. PactvAkd, a. S. The imported cabbage catcriiillar and its parasite. 2nd Ann. Rep.
TiiJ. Ins. Mass., 8-11. S" Boston, 1872.
0. Betiiune, C. J. S. Cab])age bulterfiie.s. Can. Ent., v, il-iS. 8" London, 1873.
10. Saiixdeils, W. The English cabbage butterfly, ii'e^;. Ent. Soc. Out., 1875, 31-32.
8" Toronto, 187G.
0.
7.
OV FIKHIS HAPAK IN XOHTII AMKHICA.
69
11. Wam-on, Amck B. Tho UL-w (•al)l)a-c' buttecny. Read before the Muscatine Acad-
emy of Science, Nov. :}, 1S7!». 1 p. 4" n. p., n. d.
12. HoFFMEiSTKR, A. AV. Report on noxions insects. Tra»s. Io„m Ilort. S»c viv
H2. S" [Muscatine, 1S7JK '' '
l;i WlTTE.^ F. M. Notes on Pieris rapae Schrani<. Pro.: Muse. ArwI. .S.., April
5, 18S0. 2 i)p. II. p., n. d.
U. Waf/pov, ALtCK H. Tiie cal)l)a,-., enemy and remedies. Trans. In,oa Hort Sor
XIV, 2.3-24. S" Muscatine, n. .1.
15. Thomas, C Cabba-e insects. .'Hh Rp. St. Eat. III., 7-50. 8- Springtield, J8S0.
lb. JJODGE, Ct. :\r. The cabbage I)ntterHy, Pieris rapae, in Nebraska. U,n. E„t. Sor
O//^. 1882, ;}()-:$ I. 8' Toronto, 188.3. ^ - ^ -o..
17. FoiiHES, S. A. Exi.eriments with the Enropeau cabbage worm. VMh Ren St Fat
lll.,SSl-Ti. 8' Springfield, 1883.
18. RrLEV, C. V. C;ibl)age worm^. A,ia. R-p. [J. S. Ca^u . Aari,:, 1883, 107-138
8" Washington, 1883.
MKMDIllS nnsTON BO,-. NAT. 1II,«T.. Vor.. IV. 10
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