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(

NICHOLAS PERROT.

A. STUDY IN WISCONSIN HISTORY.

Chief among the many treasures ot the Wisconsin Historical So-
ciety is a silver monstrance or ostensorium, fifteen inches in height,
and weighing more than twenty ounces. It is elaborately made in
French repousse. From an oval base rises a standard, nine inches
high, supporting a circular, radiated, glazed rim, which is in turn
surmounted by a cross. This was used to hold the sacred wafer
when at the celebration of the sacrament it was exposed to the view
of the pious worshippers; and was called a soleil from its supposed
ray-like resemblance to the sun, and monstrance because it was used
to demonstrate the body of Christ. This particular monstrance was
once the property of the Jesuit mission of St. Francis Xavier on the
lower Fox. Buried in the earth on the burning of the mission in
1687, it was not recovered until 1802, when it v.as found by some
workmen digging a foundation. Then it passed into the hands of the
Grignon family, and was occasionally used by some itinerant priest
until it was taken to Detroit in 1828. Ten years later Father Bon-
duel redeemed it for twenty-six dollars, and carried it back to Green
Bay. There it remained until it was sent to its present resting place,
only a few years ago.^

According to Prof. Butler, but four memorials older than this
monstrance remain to prove the early presence of white men within
Wisconsin borders. Of these, two are maps, both preserved in
archives in Paris, one showing Lake Superior as it was understood
in 1671, the other giving "the Messipi where the Misconsing comes
in" in 1679; a third of these memorials is Marquette's manuscript of
his journey down the Mississippi in 1673; this was written at Green
Env during the following winter, and is now preserved in the college
of St. Mary at Montreal; and the fourth is Joliet's journal of the
same trip, written in Paris in 1674, and now in the seminary of St.
Sulpice at Paris.

Around the rim of the base of the iponstrancc these words are
rudely but clearly engraved in French: "This soleil was given by
Mr. Nicholas Perrot to the mission of St. Francis Xavier, at the
Bay of the Puans, l686."2

1. Cf. Prof J. D. Butler, Wiiconstn HiBtorlcal CioUectlons, Volume VIII, pp.
199 et seq.

2. Pictures of the monstrance and Its bottom, showing the Inscription, are
glvea lo Wlnsor's Narrative and Crit ual History, Volume IV, pages 102 and- 193.

2066107

NICHOLAS PEkttOT.

When the monstrance was found in 1802, but little was known
about Nicholas Perrot; but the painstaking investigation of recent
years has brought to light many interesting facts concerning him.

His name is continually found in the records of Canada from
1C65 to 1700, and always in an honorable, often an important, connec-
tion. His integrity and ability were unquestioned. His influence
with the Indians was unequalled, even Du Lhut being obliged at one
tiiiic to call for his assistance. His patience and courage, and his
calmness under misfortune alike command our admiration.

The most successful of all the French emissaries among the
Western Indians" Perrot was a man of humble birth. So unimportant
did he seem that neither his parentage, the place of his birth, nor the
year of his arrival in New France is matter of record, so far as re-
cent research has been able to ascertain. Tailhan thus introduces
his biographical sketch:

"Nicolas Perrot, born in 1644, came to New France, in wh.it
year I know not; he belonged to an honest family, but one of small
fortune; so, after receiving some instruction in letters, he was obliged
to interrupt his studies to enter the service of the missionaries."*

This service among the missionaries was of a peculiar nature, a
combination of body-servant, farm-hand and hunter, rendered neces-
sary by the wildness and roughness of the country, and the zeal of
the missionaries for the ingathering of the harvest of souls before
them to the cxchision of their own bodily comfort or welfare. Most
of the Canadian missionaries were men of delicate nature and high
education, little fitted for the hardships of their life, and as little
fitted for the manual labors necessary around their mission stations.
Occasionally there came a brave heart like Breboeuf or Dollier do
Casson, able and ready to bulifet any kind of a storm; but their na-
tures were more than ordinary natures, and they serve but to accentu-
ate the common life of the others. The missionaries could not de-
pend for their food upon the generosity of the Indian hunters, and
so they early began to employ young French Canadians to hunt,
fish and till the ground for them. These young men were known as
donnes and engages, the former giving their services, and the latter
receiving a small salary. Perrot was enrolled among the engage:^.
These men not only labored for the fathers around the mission sta-
tions, but accompanied them on long voyages, caring for their needs,
and sharing their dangers and privations, as in the case of Jean
Guerin, who served Father Menard. No doubt in this close com-
panionship they received much instruction in temporal as well as in
spiritual aflfairs. The nature of the country, and the language and
customs of the Indians around them were ever fruitful topics, and it
is not unlikely that we owe the writing of Perrot's Memoires to ini-
piessions he received at an Indian campfire, from some Jesuit father.

3. Prof. J. D. Butler, WiscoiiBlu Historical Colectlons, Volume VIII, page 200.

4. Tallhan-Perrot's Memoire, page 267. -

Per
learning
West fc
plans,
already
dians a(
to the a(
believed
his firea
prise. 1
modelled
over as
powers t
ing. Bu
all this 1
Pottawati
bors, the
peacemal
nominees
stives gr
suasion ti
turned to
tribes. I
succeeded
graphal i
tlie Frenc
and othei
in spite c
vould m
some Sac
village or
later year
and Butte
found the
exciting 1
ports he
them, lea
good judj
saving hii
showing
The
the south
the Iroqu
improved
wattomies

B. Tal
6. Tal

NICHOLAS PERHOT.

IS known
of recent

him.

ada from
t, connec-

influence
ed at one
, and his

nong the
limportant
h, nor the
far as re-
introduces

;, in vvh.it
e of small
as obliged
ries."*
• nature, a
ired neces-
the zeal of
nils before
are. Most
: and high
id as little
»n stations.
DoUier do
t their na-
to accentu-
ild not de-
unters, and
IS to hunt,
s known as
d the latter
le engages,
nission sta-
their needs,
ise of Jean
close com-
5 well as in
nguage and
)pics, and it
oires to ini-
;suit father.

VIII, page m

Perrot remained at this employment some four or five years'",
learning much about the Indians and their life; and in 1665 he came
West for the first time as his own master, free to follow his own
plans. He was at this time about twenty-one years old, and \v,is
already imbued with the importance of combining the western In-
dians against their common enemy, the Iroquois; and fully alive
to the advantages of allying them to the French. Tlie Pottawattomics
believed that his coming brought them great good fortune, although
his firearms alarmed them, and his appearance excited great sur-
prise. Tailhan says: "They did not think the French, were men,
modelled in form like themselves." Perrot was feasted and smoked
over as a god, and these poor savages even assigned supernatural
powers to his hatchet and knives, and to his various articles of cloth-
ing. But as Tailhan says," Perrot was no vulgar trafficker turning
all this to his personal advantage. He learned that his hosts, the
Pottawattomics, were about to become embroiled with tlieir neigh-
bors, the Maloumines or Menominees, and he offered his services as
peacemaker, and at once set out for the Menominee village. The Mc
nominees had some knowledge of the French and considered them-
selves greatly honored by his visit. It required only a little per-
suasion to get them to forego their war-like plans. Perrot then re-
turned to the Pottawattomics, and wished to visit other neighboring
tribes. His hosts endeavored to dissuade him, and for a while
succeeded in doing so. They knew the advantages of their geo-
graphal position, and wished to become the intermediaries between
the French and the western Indians, monopolizing the trade in beaver
and other valuable skins. But Perrot penetrated their designs, and
in spite of their warnings about the fierceness of the men whom he
would meet, and the difficulties of the journey, he set out with
some Sac Indians in the spring of the following year to visit the Fox
village on the Wolf River. Taking the route so often travelled in
later years, he passed up the Fox River, through Lakes Winnebago
and Butte des Morts to the village of the Foxes, or Outagamies. He
found these Indians in a state of destitution, the sight of their misery
exciting his compassion. Their arrogance, however, and the bad re-
ports he had received concerning them, led him to withdraw from
them, leaving the Sacs among them, to trade in his interests. The
good judgment he here displayed bore fruit in later years, the Foxes
saving him at one time from being burned by the Miamis, and always
showing him an unusual confidence and affection.

The Mascoutins and Miamis, dwelling on the upper Fox and to
the south of it, had heard from the Hurons and Ottawas, fleeing from
the Iroquois, about the French, their bravery, and their firearms and
improved tools. Learning that the French were among the Potta-
wattomics, they sent an invitation to the latter to visit them, anH

HGil

I ;

I '1^

6. Tallhan-Perrot's Mcmoire, page 268.
6. Tallban-Perrot'a Memoire, page 200.

;

4 NICHOLAS PKRROr.

U: brint; the Frenchmen with them. But the Pottawattomies did not
wish to place the French in communication with their own western
customers, and so they set out alone, leaving Perrot at the Bay with
no knowledge of the invitation. But a Mascoutin and a Miami finally
reached him in person, and he started with them for their villages,
despite the many objections of the Pottawattomies. He was received
with high honors, being smoked with and addressed in speeches of
great length; and in turn he made a speech which he ended with
pKsents, among other things a gun to the warriors, a kettle to the
old men, and a knife to the women, "to render the accomplishment of
their daily tasks more easy." Eight days later the Miami chief
gave a great feast. In the center of the banquet hall was a kind of
altar, erected to the Indian gods in whose honor the feast was given.
When he learned of this, Perrot refused to eat, until the chief be-
sought him to eat to the great spirit of the French, and added that
lie hoped for as much help from that source as from the gods he had
ordinarily worshipped.

The Pottawattomies sent emissaries to the allied Miamis and
Mascoutins, hoping to prevent any treaty or alliance between them
and the French. Unluckily for their plans, these emissaries told their
Itcs in Perrot's presence, thus enabling him to counteract their in-
Hucnce. And a treaty was finally concluded. On his return to the
Bay, the Pottawattomies disavowed any action on their part again,;t
the French; but Perrot's manner showed them that he had no con-
fidence In their protestations, and they presented him with a bag of
corn and five beaver robes to remove the anger from his heart.

Tailhan attaches great importance to this visit of Perrot to thrt
Miamis and Mascoutins,^ as it brought the French into friendly
communication with the kindred of the Illinois, and gave them their
first footing in the great valley of the Mississippi. Having obtained
tliis footing, the discovery of the river itself and the opening up of
the country were only questions of time.

These two journeys are the only ones of Perrot, during these
years, of which we have any record. But it seems right to suppose
that between 1665 and 1670 he visited most of the western tribes, and
was highly esteemed by them, and acquired great influence over
thoiM. We are told that the Ottawas loved him, and the various na-
tions of the Bay regarded him as their father. With the Foxes his
influence was stronger than that of all other Frenchmen. In the
spring of 1670, after five years among these western Indians, ht
started for the French settlements, joining a flotilla of thirty canoes
hound from the Bay to Montreal. Joined on the way by many
(Mtawas, the party followed the Ottawa route, French River, Lake
Nipissing and the Ottawa River, to Montreal. As Perrot says, "More

7. Tallban-Perrot'8 Memoire, page 27S.

NICHOLAS PERROT.

tomies did not
r own western
t the Bay with
\ Miami finally

their villages,
c was received
in speeches of
he ended with
a kettle to the
)mplishment of
: Miami chief

was a kind of
?ast was given.
I the chief be-
ind added that
le gods he had

d Miamis and

between them

arics told their

:pract their in-

i return to the

:ir part again.it

e had no c.oii-

with a bag t)i

lis heart.

Perrot to th^

I into friendly

ave them their

aving obtained

opening up of

during these
ght to suppose
;ern tribes, and
influence over
the various na
the Foxes his
hmen. In the
■n Indians, 1u
f thirty canoes
way by many
h River, Lako
ot says, "More

than nine hundred Ottawas came down to Montreal in canoes. WV-
were five Frenchmen in their company. ">*

Most of the party, finishing their trading, soon turned tli<:ir
laces westward, but Perrot remained behind and in July visited Que-
bec. Talon, the acute intendant, had before this written fronj
I'ranee to CourccIIes, the governor. He advised the seleclion of
^onie man of known influence among the western Indians, that under
.such leadership they might be gathered at some convenient i»laee.
there to acknowledge their dependency on the French crown. Charie-
vcix .says: "For this purpo.se none bettter could be found tliaii
Nicolas Perrot," "and he was accordingly selected. Talon confirmed
the selection on his arrival from France, soon after. Tlie action of
tlie French in taking formal possession of tiic western country w.is
liasiened by their jealousy of the Englisli at Hudson's Bay. and .Sr.
Lusson was commissioned for this purpose Sept. 3d, 1670. As, tl)c
centralized monarchy was fast superseding the old feudal govern-
ment, it was the sub-delegate of the intendant, rather than the repre-
sentative of.the governor, who was to play the prominent part in the
.••ceMe.

Ill October the party left Montreal, small in numbers, but the
"indispensable Perrot" was among them. Reaching Mmitoulin
I.-land late in the year, it was decided that Perrot, after sending mes-
sages to the northern tribes, should hurry on to summon the western
Indians in person, leaving St. Lusson to winter on the island. At
Ciieen Bay,*** for he went no further west, Perrot found th,; gieat
chief of the Miamis, Tetinchoua by name. This chief was always
accompanied by j. body guard of thirty or forty ciiosen warriufs, aiiil
held himself away from his people, rarely giving direct orders, but
transnntting hh wishes through his officers. 'i He is. reported to
liase had four or five thousand warriors under his connnand. When
lie was told of Pcrrot's approach, he sent a detail to receive him a ul
iseort 'lim into camp. This detail advanced in warlike array, braiul-
isliing llieir weapons, and uttering their war cries. Perrot's p.iviy
prepared them.sclves in like style. When they came face to face there
was ;i iiiomentary halt, after which the Miamis in single file ran to
tlie left, and Perrot's Pottawattomics to the right. Th>' Miamis be-
ing much the larger party, completely surrounded the l'otti\vatt(-<-
niies. A uKJck fight ensued, guns being fired and tomahawks used,
after which peace was declared, the calumet was smoked, and Perrot
was escorted to Tetinchoua.^ The chief entertained him royally after
liie Mianii custom, among other things giving him an escort of fifty

8. Perrot's Memoire, page 119.

0. History of New France, Shea's translation. Volume III, page 165.

10. CImrlevoix places this meetlnpr at Chlcagou. See Parkuian, l^i Salic iintl
IMscovery of the Great West, page 41, note.

11. I'lirkiiian thought that these statements would he consiilered propof^to-oux If
tlicy were not corrolwrateJ by Dalilon, La Salle and Discovery ot t!u' Uii'iit Wo-i.
page 41,

frw ,r<4.vjti

6 NICHOLAS PKRROT.

Minniis. Then Pcrrot stated his errand. Tetinchoua wished to ac-
company him to Sault Ste. ^^arie, hut lie was ohl and growing fechlc,
and was finally persuaded hy the Pottawattoniies not to go in person,
Imt to .'.iithorize tlieni to represent him and his people. Perrot's
gre<it inthtcnce among the other western trihes cnahlcd him to per-
suade the principal chiefs of the Pottawattoniies, Sacs, Winncbaj.^os
and Me'iominees to accompany him to the Sault Ste. Marie, the ap-
pointed meeting place. The chiefs of the Foxes, Mascoutins and
Kickapoos were at the Bay, hut would go no further. Pcrrot says
th.U f "' his arrival at the Sault, on May 5th, 1671, he found not only
the chiefs r[ the northern tribes, but also those of the Kiristinons and
thtr Monsonis from the Hudson Bay country, with all their neighbors;
also the chiefs of the Nipissings, the Amikouets and the Saulteurs ol
th.e inniiediate vicinity.'- The Hurons and Ottawas did not arrive
until nfter the ceremonies were completed, the Ottawas accompanied
hy Father Marquette.

The ceremony began with a speech after the Indian style and in
the Alrjonquin tongue by Father Aliouez, showing forth the glories
of the French king, Louis XIV., "he of infamous memory," and the
threat advantages accruing to the Indians from so powerful an ally,
and proi'osing that all present join in acknowledging him as their
head chief. St. Lusson, interpreted by Father Aliouez, followed in
a brief speech in wliich he asked if all agreed to the proposition.
He was met by presents and cries of assent from the Indians, and
"Live the King" from the Frenchmen. One writer states that the
Indians repeatedly threw earth into the air as an additional token
of their submission. Then, while the Frenchmen sang the Vexilla
Regis, a hymn of tiie seventh century, Perrot directed the digging ol
two holes, and tlie planting of a cedar pole in one, and a cedar cros.^
in the other. To the accompaniment of the Exaudiat, the 20th
psalm, the arms of France imprinted on a leaden block were then
fastened to the pole. St. l.usson with sword in hand followed with
a declaration that the country was by these ceremonies given to the
king, and all its inhabitants were placed under his protection. This
speech was received in characteristic manner by both French and
Indians, and the ceremonies were concluded with the singing ot the
Te Deum. The documentary return of the afifair was signed by St.
Lusson, Perrot as interpreter. Fathers Dablon, Aliouez, Andre and
Dreuillettes and fourteen others, among them Louis Jolliet. All the
ceremonies being completed, the Indian tribes returned each to its
own country, and all lived in harmony for several years. Perrot and
Jolliet returned to Quebec with St. Lusson. It is perhaps worthy
of note that the Indians pulled down the arms of France about as
soon as the Frenchmen had departed. Courcelles and Talon got into
trouble and the governor was recalled late in 1671. Courcelles wa^'
succeeded by Louis de Buade, Count Frontenac.

12. Porrot's Moiuolrc, pujfe 1^7.

yjVllULAS I'EHHOT. 1

One of the greatest of the rulers of New France, Frontcnac's
frank and somewhat choleric nature had but little in common with the
Jesuits. He was continually having trouble with thfiii and their
fiicnds, Unlike most of the voyageurs, Perrot was a good church-
man and a firm friend of the priests, and so he came under the ban.
Perhaps his enforced idleness in the settlements turned his thoughts
in other directions. At any rate during this year, 1671, he marricil
Marie Madeline Raclot, who brought him a considerable fortune.
For the next ten years he lived in retirement with his wife and chil-
dren at the seignory, Becancour, on the St. Lawrence, near Three
Rivers. This must have been the most comfortable and in many ways
the pleasantest period of Perrot's life.'''

The French archivist, Margry, has printed a record of talks witli
La Salle by some unknown person, who he thinks was the Abb*;
Renaudot, a learned churchman. In this record one Nicolas Perrot,
otherwise known as Jolycoeur, a house servant, is accused of an at-
tempt to poison La Salle by putting hemlock in a salad, about 1678.
Parkman states that this anonymous manuscript is sometimes sup-
ported by contemporaneous accounts, and sometimes rests solely
upon itself. H He partially endorses it, and adds that "this places the
character of Perrot in a new light; for it is not likely that any other
can be meant than the famous voyageur,"" and then in half defense
says that poisoning was a common crime in those days, persons of
high rank being often accused of it. Winsor says: "There is a
strong tendency among careful investigators to give it scant cre-
dence,"'" referring to the whole account.

Even if we follow Parkman in accepting the paper, we may be
justified in refusing to identify our Perroi as the culprit, first, be-
^.'lu^e this was the period of his greatest prosperity, and it is ex-
tremely improbable that he would be in any one's domestic service;
second, the pseudonym Jolycoeur, if applied to such a well-known
man as our Perrot, would be very likely to occur elsewhere, whereos
I'tirkman says he has been unable to find mention of it in any other
connection; and third, such an act is entirely out of harmony witli
his nature, as it is shown to us in well authenticated records. The
only motive that can be alleged for such an act is a blind devotion
to the cause of the Jesuits. While a man of Perrot's training and
experience might have knocked a man on the head for the priests,
such a man is hardly the one to enter another's employ in the de-
liberate purpose of poisoning him, or the one to carry such a plan
to successful issue.

18. Perrot's cblld, Francois, was horn at Three Rivers, AugtiMt 8, 1U72: Nicolas.
iD 1674; Cleinence, 1670; MIcliel, 1077; Marie. 1U70; Mario Anno, July 2.5, 1081:

Claude, ; Jean Baptiste, 1688; Jean, August 15, 1000. Nelll, lu Narrative nml

Critical History, Volume IV, page 101, note.

14. Winsor, in Narrative and Ci-ltlcal HlHtory, Volume IV, pnges 242-240. bIvi-.i
» full bihIloKrapliy of tlie discussion on the historical value of the iuanusi'i'!:>t.

15. La Salle, etc., page 104 and note.

16. Oartier to Frontenac, page 22.3.

•r* ~r^tii

8 NICHOLAS PERROT.

By 1681 Perrot must have been trading again, as Du Chesneau,
the intendant, complains to Seignelay (Nov. 13th) that "the governor,
Sieurs Perrot, Boisseau, Du Lhut and Patron are sending peltries to
the English."*'' In 1683 he was sent westward again to gather up
the allies of France, and get them ready for an expedition against
the Iroquois. The following year he atrived at Mackinac on a trad-
ing trip to find the' commandant Durantaye and the famous Du Lhut
vainly attempting to get the Indians to go to Niagara, there to join
the governor. La Barre, in an expedition against the Iroquois. Du
Lhut besought Perrot's assistance. This was readily given, and about
five hundred warriors, Ojibwas, Foxes, Hurons, Ottawas and Potta-
wattomies set out for Niagara with more than one hundred French-
men. Charlevoix says that Perrot gained the Indians over by show-
ing them that they (the Indians) had much more to fear from the
Iroquois than had the French, and that therefore they ought to
jjive ready assistance to any movement the French might choose to
make against the Iroquois. Upon their arrival at Niagara they found
that La Barre, whose whole policy was weak, had concluded a truce
with the Iroquois. There was nothing to do but turn homeward,
which they did in some indignation. Parkman describes at some
length the difficulties which Perrot overcame on the way to Niagara,
how he humored their fancies, overcame their superstitions, and
taunted them into a remblance of bravery.^^ At the close of this
campaign, Perrot returned to Becancour, where he had a house
and eighteen arpents of land. While through his wife he had inher-
ited considerable money, his affairs at this time were in a very
embarrassed condition. He had left his furs in the west, when at
the. call of the government he had collected the Indians and led
them eastward. Indeed, for several years, only a few western furs
reached Montreal, the passage of small parties being extremely haz-
ardous because of the Iroquois, whose war parties v.ere continually
along the Ottawa. A letter from Perrot to one of his creditors
has been preserved. ^^ It is dated August 20th, 1684. In it he acknowl-
edges the debt, and explains that he has been unable to bring any
furs. He then authorizes his creditor to sell furs to satisfy the debt
from the first of Perrot's which come down.

In the spring of 1685, Perrot was sent to take chief comni-ind
at Green Bay and its dependencies, and his authority was also to
extend over any new regions to the westward which he might tx-
Iilore. He took twenty men with him from Montreal, and arrival
at Green Bay just in time to prevent a threatened war between the
Foxes and Ojibwas.-" Here he was told by some of the Indians
of the western countries where there were precious stones, and also

17. NgIII, In Niirratlvo auil Ciitlciil HlHtory, Volume IV, piiKe 185.
IS. Frontenac mid Loiil« XIV In New Franco, pattfi 112.
lit. Talllmn, Pt'iTot's Memolrc. pi'.Ko 301.

20. His Intlncncc was Kroatly Inorcasod by his rescuing a maltlen of one tribe
fniiii t'lc '':iMiI« of tlio othor.

I i jj.u i m» i H.. I I I . II L

)u Chesneau,
the governor,
ig peltries to
to gather up
lition agairirt
ic on a trad-
ous Du Lhut
there to join
roquois. Du
en, and about
IS and Potta-
dred French -
ver by show-
ear from the
ley ought to
;ht choose to
ra they found
luded a truce
n homeward,
ibes at some
y to Niagara,
rstitions, and
close of this
had a house
le had inher-
e in a very
rest, when at
ians and led
western furs
tremely haz-
e continually
his creditors
he acknowl-
to bring any
sfy the debt

ief conini-ind
was also to
might t.\-
and arrivcil
between the
the Indians
cs, and also

185.

■n of one trll'C

NICHOLAS PERROT.

men like the Frenchmen— probably the Spaniards of New Mexico.
Other Indians showed hatchets which they had bought from the
English at Hudson's Bay— the men who lived in the house that
walked on the water. After settling the difficulties at the Bay, Perrot
started westward over the well-known Fox-Wisconsin route to ex-
I lore the country of the Sioux, 'and if advisable to establish a trading
post. When he reached the Mississippi he sent word to the "Aiouez"
(lowas, a Sioux tribe) that he was about to locate among ihem for
trading, and that they could find him by the smoke which would
rise from his fires. He soon found a suitable place, convenient to
water and wood, "at the foot of a high hill, behind which there was
;'. large prairie." This was near the site of the present town of
Trempeleau. Eleven days later some of the lowas reached the rive."
quite a distance above Perrot's camp, and he went up to meet them.
As he approached, the Indian women disappeared in the woods but
a number of the men drew near and escorted him to the cabin of the
chief. Then Perrot was subjected to that curious ceremony of the
Sioux described by Radisson, Hennepin and other early writers. The
Sioux chieftain, relieved, when exhausted, by his principal retainers,
wept over him until he was thoroughly wet from the process, the
chief being careful to stand in such a position that his tears would
fall on his guest. After the completion of this ordeal, boiled buft'alo
tongues were served, the chief placing a small pie':e in Perrot's
mouth, as an expression of his great respect for his visitor.

Perrot traded with the Sioux all of the winter, ?nd during the
time he moved up the river and built the post known as Ft. St. An-
toine. In the mean time another expedition against the Iroquis had
been planned, and Perrot was ordered to gather up his Indain war-
rior.- and start eastward. During the summer he visi»ed the Miamis,
but he was among the Sioux when this order reached him, and hiss
canoes had been destroyed by ice during the winter. But befon;
long he reached Green Bay, accompanied by some of his Indians,
whom Parkman describes as "a race unsteady as aspens, and fierce
as wild cats; full of mutual jealousies, without rulers and without
laws."2i It was at this time that Perrot gave to the fathers of che
Jesuit mission of the Bay the silver monstrance before described.

In June 1687 Durantaye left his post at Mackinac with a "horde
of western Indians," and was followed soon after by Perrot. Tonty
also joined this expedition, which proceeded to Niagara, capturing
two English trading parties on the way, sixty persons in all, and
much valuable plunder. Then it turned eastward and joined the main
expedition under the governor, Denonville. This expedition accom-
plished nothing but the destruction of the town and crops of the
Senecas. After withdrawing to Niagara, Denonville built a fort and
then retu- ned to Canada. But while all this was going on a grievous
c.'lamity had befallen Perrot. A large party of Mascoutins, Foxes

21. Frontcnnp nnd Tjonli* XIV In New France, page 145.

.^"

■ ' T P Si -

NICHOLAS PERROT.

.If

and Kickapoos had combined in an attack on the French at Green
Bay, which was entirely successful. They burned the mission build-,
ir.gs and the warehouses, and carried away almost everything of
\ alue. Perrot was the greatest sufferer, losing furs valued at 40,000
livres, about $7,500.22 He had received no pay from the govern-
ment for his great services, beyond the right of trading. Theue
furs were the result of two or more years trading, held at the Bay
because of the Iroquois wars, and their loss left him very poor.

In 1688 he was ordered to return to the Mississippi and take
formal possession of the country in the name of the King. He
reached the Bay in the fall, accompanied by forty men. Here he
bad a conference with the Foxes, and then went on to his post on
the Mississippi, some Pottawattomies assisting in the transportation
of his goods. As soon as the ice was out in the spring, the Sioux
gathered around him to trade. He was carried to one of their
villages, around which he was escorted by a procession of wari-iors.
singing and each carrying a pipe. Then he was again subjected
to the wetting process previously performed over him by the lowas.
He took occasion at this time to complain of an attempted robbery
of his post by a Sioux chief after he had left the country in 1686.

On the 8th of May, 1689, Perrot took possession of the country,
in the presence of the Jesuit Marest, Le Seuer, Boisguillot and four
nlher Frenchmen. The ceremonies were similar to those of St.
Lusson eighteen years before at the Sault, and took place at Ft. St.
Antoine on the Wisconsin shore of Lake Pepin. 23 Late in the year
Perrot went to Quebec, whence Frontenac, again appointed gover-
nor, sent him with Louvigny's expedition to Mackinac to allay
troubles among the Ottawas. Frontenac thus writes to Seignelay:2*
"I also sent Sicur Nicolas Perrot, an inhabitant of the upper
pr.rt of this country, who by the long practise and knowledge he has
of the dispositions, manners and languages of all the nations of the
upper part of tliis country has acquired much influence among
them." The Ottawas plotted the destruction of all the outlyinir
French i)osts, and the robbing or killing of the French traders.
"But," Parkman says,2» "Perrot took the disaffected chiefs aside
I'nd by his usual bold adroitness diverted them from their purposes."
This mission .successfully accomplished, he was returned to his Wis-
consin posts and duties.

On the Wisconsin River he met a delegation of Miamis who
vished him to establish a trading post among them, because the
Pottawattomies \iMA them so little for furs, and charged them so
much for supplies. Among other presents they gave him a small
specimen of lead ore, which they said came from one of the small

22. Ijj rotliprie, quoted by Ui'IiImtiI, WlBconsIn IJiiiIer the noinlnloii of France,
linKc f>3.

23. .Sen WlBoonsin Ilistorieal CoUrctlona, Voliime XI, imge 35, for the text of
Terrot's minute of takitiR poMsesHlon. :

24. Wisconsin IIlKtorlcal (^olIectlonH, Volnnie V, (hiko Kt.

25. l'"i-oDtonnc and New FraniT, iimler Louis XIV, page JtH).

NICHOLAS PER ROT.

1 at Green
sion build-,
irything of
d at 40,000
he govern-
ing. Theue
at the Bay
poor.
31 and take
King. He
1. Here he
his post on
ansportation
r, the Sioux
ne of their
of warriorij,
in subjected
y the lowas.
pted robbery
y in 1686.
the country,
Hot and four
those of St.
ice at Ft. St.
e in the year
)inted gover-
nac to allay
Seignelay:^*
if the upper
fledge he has
■ations of the
lence among
the outlyini.'
ench traders,
chiefs aside
ir purposes."
1 to his Wis-

Miamis who

because the

fged them so

him a small

of the small

lilnlon of Krnnce,
for the text of

tributaries of the Mississippi. Perrot investigated and promised to
build a fort. Within twenty days he had built it in a strong posi-
tion. Soon after, six sub-tribes of the Miamis arrived and made .1
treaty with him. Then Perrot hurried up to Ft. St. Antoine to
mediate between the Sioux and the Ottawas and the allied Miamis.
Mascoutins and Outagamies. Returning in a short time he met
others of the southern Indians, and visited and tested the lead mine
which for years was known by his name. He says. "The lead was
hard to work because it lay between rocks which required blasting.
It had very little dross, and was easily melted."

This new post was probably on the east shore of the Mississippi
opposite the lead mines, and should not be confounded with Perrot's
main post. Fort St. Nicholas, just above the confluence of the Wis-
consin and Mississippi.

Perrot's so-called forts have been the subject of much discus-
sion. In fact, none of them were forts, properly so termed. Only
one, that one opposite the lead mines, was built with much attention
to its location for defence. All of his posts were just what Potherie
calls them, establishments, or factories for trading, built in locations
convenient for such a purpose.

After Perrot was sent westward as commandant of La Baye and
its dependencies in 1685, he passed through to the Mississippi, and
put in the winter with a few companions "near a mountain behind
which was a large prairie." Franquelin's are the best contempora-
neous maps of this period, and that of 1688, which Parkman so
strongly commends, shows "Le butte d'hyvernement" on the east
bank of the Mississippi, above the mouth of Black River. This no
doubt refers to Perrot's wintering place. The small collection of
rude cabins was built not more than a milf' or two from the loca-
tion of the present town of Trempealeau. In the Wis. Hist. Coll.,
Vol. X, pp 505-506,20 some ruins are described which probably mark
the location of this post. These ruins consist of eight small heaps
of stones. One of them is described as having been cleaned away,
disclosing a hearth and fire-place laid with flag-stones, in clay mor-
tnr. the lire place being five and a half feet wide, and two feet deep,
the hearth two feet wider and two feet deeper. The fire place was
covered with an inch and a half of ashes, then a layer of bones, and
finally with the refuse of the chimney as it had decayed and fallen.
The chimney was probably built of sticks, chinked with mud, this
being the common method in a temporary building.

Fort St. Antoine, Perrot's most northern post, was located on
the eastern, the Wisconsin, shore of Lake Pepin, or Bon Secours,
at it was then called, about six miles above the outlet. Vestiges of
this fort were plainly visible forty years ago. It seems to have been

26. Mr. R. G. Tliwaltes, Secretary of the Wisconsin Historical Society, writes:
"These ruins were on the east bank of tlie river, lielow the Illack, and one mile
from the vtUaKu of Trempeleuu. They were conrplctely nnearthcd In April, 1888, by
a party of reslUeots under my general dlrectlin."

r^ ^«

■-'^wMuriS^-ri'aa. ■

NICHOLAS PERROT.

about sixty feet by forty-five; and had a pleasant location on a gentle
rise, not far from the lake. It was probably built in the early spring
of 1686, as Perrot moved out from his winter quarters. This fort ap-
pears on Franquelin's map of 1688, and it was here that Perrot in
1689 performed the ceremony of taking possession of the surround-
ing country, "in order to reiidcr incontestible his Majesty's right to
the countries discovered by his subjects" on the upper Mississippi.
Fmicaut, a companion of Le Seuer, saw this post in 1700. He states
that it then bore Perrot's name.

Perrot also built a fort on the western shore of Lake Pepin, at the
outlet. This was known as Fort Perrot and was a place of com-
paratively small importance.

The exact location of Fort St. Nicholas has caused more acri-
monious dispute than any point in Wisconsin history. A goodly
share of Volume X of the Collections is given up to this (|uestion,
Mr. C. W. Butterfield opposing the views of Dr. Neill, Prof. Butler
i.nd Mr. Draper. Mr. Draper seems to have the best of the argu-
ment, and cites a great array of authorities to prove that the fort
was just above the mouth of the Wisconsin, on the Mississippi, m
other words, a little below the site of the present city of Prairie du
Chien.^T This post was probably built in 1683 at the time whci
Perrot came west to form an alliance with and among the western
Indians against the Iroquois. It was Boisguillot's post "command-
ing the French near the Wisconsin, on the Mississippi," when he
was present at the ceremonies at Ft. St. Antoine in 1689. The post
v.'is abandoned before 1700, for Penicaut makes no mention of it.

Perrot's southernmost post, opposite the lead mines, has already
been mentioned.

In 1692 Perrot was ordered to go to the eastern Miamis of
Maramcg, on the St. Jostph River, in western Michigan. He was
hcnt there to prevent outbreaks among them and neighboring tribes,
and still more to counteract the influence of the English traders,
tlicii beginning to come into the country, and to hold the Indians to
tlicir allegiance to the French king. He also retained his western
command, and 1694 we find him at Montreal with a mixed dele-
gation of Miamis, Sacs, Mcnominees, Pottawattomies and Foxes.
This delegation was sent to interest the French in the establishment
of a fort on the St. Joseph, to thwart the supposed plans of the
Iroquois.

A memento of Perrot at this period is also preserved by the
Wisconsin Historical Society. It is a note or draft in the following
form :

27. Mr. Tliwaltes In n personiil nntp snys: "Ft was iihout hiilf n mile bolow
"I.<)W»>r Town," lit tlio "pIk'k o.vo." liniper Is rlRlit. I iini sure. He. never exiini-
IniMl iIh' Ki'iinnd In person; tmt I liiive, in greut iletiill, und tiiu wlUing heartily to
snbBcriiiG to IiIh cuuelusionH."

^!St,1&«s&,I

NICHOLAS PERROT.

"I consent that from the first beaver which M. Le Seuer will
find at the Ottawas or elsewhere, belonging to me, he pay himseli
the sum of two thousand, and two hundred and eighty one livre,
eight sols, six deniers, in beaver at the rate of the Quebec office,
and this for a sa.ne amount which he paid to me to my quittance to
M. Bertrand Armand, merchant at Montreal. In testimony of which
I have signed the present made in duplicate at Montreal this 28th
August 1695.

I will pay the cartage of said beaver.

N. Perrot."28

In 1692 or 1693 the Mascoutins sought vengeance for the deatli
of one of their warriors which they attributed to Perrot, and getting
him into their village they robbed him of all his goods. With his
companion, a Pottawattomie chief, he was condemned to death by
fire. But both escaped almost miraculously while being conducted
to the place of sacrifice, and reached the Bay in safety.

From 169s to 1699 Perrot passed the time fighting the Iroquois
and holding the western tribes together. In 1696 all these western
tribes were restive and the Sioux, Miamis, Mascoutins and Ottawas
were about to engage in a four handed war. Perrot again essayed
the difficult role of peacemaker. The Miamis seized him and would
have burned him but for the intervention of his faithful friends, the
Foxes. This treatment of Perrot aroused a great deal of feeling
among the western tribes, some of them being ea.er to avenge it.

In 1699 King Louis XIV issued a sweeping order evacuating
the western posts and calling all traders and soldiers in to the lower
country. The order was peremptory and could not be evaded. It
closed Perrot'r. career, although for some years the western Indians
complptned of his removal and sought for his return.

He made claim against the government for sums spent in public
service, but this claim was rejected. He then sent his claim to
France, but the War of the Spanish Succession was on, and Louis
liad other uses for his money than the payment of just debts to his
worthy subjects, no matter what their necessity. So the claim was
vigcon-holed, although Callieres, the governor, had written: "He
is very poor. Large sums are justly due him for his services to
(his colony.""" So far as we know nothing was paid to him. So
he resigned himself to end his days in poverty. In this, says Tail-
han, he was not much worse ofT than others, the Durantayes, for
example, and Jolliet reduced to the same extremity.

Perrot received a proof of the afTeclion and esteem in whicli
he was held by the western tribes, when, in July and August, 1701,
a general congress was held at Montreal. Ounanguisse, chief of
the Pottawattomies, obtained an audience with the governor. Throw-
ing a pack of beaver skins at his feet, he said: "My father, I am

28. See MHwrnikep Sentinel. Mii.v 20. 1895.

29. Tatlbao, Perrot's Memolre. imge 333.

■K!

aam

NlCtiOLAS PERROV.

come only to hear your word. I am the cause of the coming of all
the nations of Lake Huron. I ask but one favor because of my
obedience. Perrot is my body. I pray you give him to me. He
is the best beloved of all the French who have ever been among us."
Nero, chief of the Foxes, followed in the same strain. And
he was in turn followed by the chiefs of the Ottawas, making the
same request. Vague promises were made in reply, never fulfilled,
and the fulfillment of which was never intended.

Vaudreuil, who succeeded Callieres as governor, was very
friendly to Perrot, and conferred one or two petty offices upon
him in 1708 and 1710.

In 1716 trouble was on with some of the western tribes, and
an expedition against the Foxes was planned. Perrot, then seventy-
two years old, roused himself and addressed a memoir to the gover-
nor in behalf of his old friends. And if an expedition must be sent
he asked permission to accompany it. He assured the governor of
his ability to settle the difficulties without bloodshed or warfare.
But the decree had gone forth, Louvigny's expedition had started,
the Foxes were to be exterminated, and the old man's appeal was
of no avail.

This was his last public act. The time of his death is not known.
He was alive in 1718,^" and probably died soon after, at his home
on the banks of the St. Lawrence.

Tailhan lists the writings of Perrot,

L The Memoir on the Outagamis, or Foxes, written in 1716,

H. Some notes on the wars of the Iroquois, and

III. The Memoirs on the manners, customs and religion of the
North American Indians.

The first and second are lost to us, no copy, so far as known,
having been preserved.

The third remained in manuscript until 1864, when it was pub-
lished in the BibliotheCa Americana, a collection of rare or unedited
works upon America by A. Frank. The editor was the Jesuit father
Tailhan. Charlevoix saw the manuscript, and used it freely. He
says: "It is by a voyageur of Canada, Nicholas Perrot, who long
tiaversed almost all New France, and was often employed by the
Governors-general, from his skill in managing the minds of the
Indians, almost all of whose dialects he spoke, and whose customs
he had carefully studied. He was, moreover, a man of much
ability.""

Governor Cadwallader Colden translated portions of it, incor-
porating the translations in his "History of the Five Nations of
Canada," a very good work on the Iroquois. John Gilmary Shea
lists it among the manuscripts consulted by him, in preparing his

80. Tatlbun, Perrot'B Memolre, page 330.

31. History of New France, Shea's translation, Volume 1, page 94.

«(l4t<

NICHOLAS PERROT.

•niing of alt
ause of my
to me. He
among us."
itrain. And
making the
ver fulfiUcd,

, was very
offices upon

I tribes, and
:hcn seventy-
;o the gover-
must be sent

governor of
1 or warfare.

had started,
s appeal wa?

is not known,
at his home

ten in 17 16,
eligion of the
ar as known,

"History of the Catholic Missions among the Indian Tribes of the
United States," published in 1854.

Some authorities think that this manuscript was written in
Porrot's later years, after his retirement from active life, but Harrisse,
whose opinion is entitled to consideration, says that it bears evidence
of having been composed year by year from 1665 until his death.^^

The volume as published is a small octavo of three hundred and
eighty-one pages. Perrot's matter fills one hundred and fifty-six
pages, Tailhan's notes and index the rest.

The first twelve chapters are devoted to the religious bel'ef^i
and superstitions of the Indians; their marriages and funeral cere^
monies; their games and hunting customs, and the manner of thcir\
daily life.

The following sixteen chapters are more of tiie nature of a
journal, and embrace accounts of various expeditions against the
Iroquois, St. Lusson's ceremonies at Sault Ste. Marie, and other
actions in which Perrot was concerned, or of which he had im-
mediate knowledge.

Tailhan's notes are excellent. They include long explanatory
extracts from the Relations, the Lettres Edifiantes, Charlevoix,
Annales de la Propagation de la Foi, and other authorities, corrob-
orative of Perrot's statements.

As might be expected, Perrot's style is rude, and often times
involved. Taking Tailhan's notes in connection with the text, how-
ever, one cannot help being impressed by Perrot's fidelity to fact,
and his modesty, which are assuredly the essentials in a work of
this character. Gardner P. Stickney.

./'

."J2. Geo. Stewart, Jr., in Narrative and Critical History, Volume IV, page 350.
If writing from year to year Perrot would hardly have given the date 1»}69 for
the gathering at Sault Ste. Marie under St. Lussou, an error of two years.

it was pub-
\t or unedited

Jesuit father
It freely. He
•ot, who long
)loyed by the

linds of the
fhose customs
|ian of much

of it, incor-
|e Nations of
JGilmary Shea
1 preparing his

Ige 04.

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