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Lea eartaa. planchaa. tabieeux. etc.. peuvent 4tre fllmte A daa taux de rMuctlon diff4rents. Lorsque la document eat trop grand pour Atre reproduit en un aaul clichA. 11 eat fiimA A partir da Tangle aupArieur gauche, de gauche A droite. et de haut en baa. an prenant le nombre d'Imagea nAcaaaaire. Lee diegrammes suivants illuatrant la mAthoda. 1 2 3 4 5 6 1, " 2j(} ^.tfi>'<^ ^'' y CAMPBELL'S BRITISH AMEMOAN SEMES OF SCHOOL MOD SCHOOL ^rtpaittr GRAPHY rilts^ |Pt0frinas, MONTREAL AND TORONTO: JAMES CAMPBELL, PUBLISHER. ST. JOHN, N.B.: J. & A. M'MILLAN de 00. HALIFAX, N.S.: A. & W. MACKINLAY. CHARLOTOlETOWlf,?.!!: LAIRD & HABYI^. ST. JOHN'S, NEWFOUNDLAND: J. GBAHAM. 1865. at 'ft t bt K ^ CampbtU's ^ritbl^ ^meman Sittm of StJ^ooI-l^ooKa. / MODERN SCHOOL GEOaEAPHT AND ATLAS. PREPARED FOR THE USE OP SCHOOLS IN THE BRITISH PROVINCES. MONTREAL AND TORONTO: JAMES CAMPBELL, PUBLISHEB. 8T JOHN, N.B.: J. & A. U'MILLAN k OCX HALIFAX, N.S.: A. kW. HAOKINLAT. 6T JOHN'S, NEWFOUNDUND- t. ORAHAU. 1* ■■!■ I I MM 111 I.— 1865. CHARLOTTETOWN, P.E.L LAIBD k HABVI& I T ^ ' y -r-'pr* TT Cf ' / ;>y ' r .» ■*■ »" • ^-'t'- I ". L '. A fl' MORTIUAL AlfD TOROMTO : rRINTII) BT JAKIS OAHPBIIL. PHE I^ ACE. TiiM Geography ii tlio first of a series of School- Books now in course of publication, intended espe- cially for the use of Hchoolu in the British North American Provinces. Tiie rapid progress which the Provinces have made within the last few years, in population and importance, renders it necessary that they should no longer be dependent on other coun- tries for their School Text-Books ; as, however good and valuable these may be, they naturally give the greatest space and importance to the country they are intended fur, and pass lightly and briefly over what is of more immediate interest to the inhabitants of the Provinces. And besides this, more especially in a Geography, there is a variety of information which ought to be possessed by every one, relating to his own country, which could not be found in any book but one prepared especially fur the purpose. The British Provinces, therefore, occupy in this book the foremost place, while from our connex- ion with Great Britain and our proximity to the United States, these countries have also been fully treated. The style will be found to be simple, so as to be acceptable to the largest number of scholars ; and yet sufficiently full and explicit to give a thorough gen- eral knowledge of the Geography of the world. The latest authorities have been consulted for statistics ; and each part of British America has been revised by gentlemen resident in the various Provinces, whose intimate knowledge of the different countries renders them well qualified to undertake the task; and to whom the author is under great obligations for the care and attention which they have bestowed upon the work. The plan which has been followed throughout is to impress upon the memory the great physical features, furm, and appearance of a continent or country, so that the scholar may have imprinted on his mind a view of the country, where the mountains, the rivers, and general slope and appearance of the country, stand prominently out; leaving the minor details, such as subdivisions, towns, products, government, «kc., to be filled in upon the foundation of the first and most important part. To each section or country, questions have been attached, with a view to assist the scholar in learning, and to prove his knowledge of what he has learned, before coming up to his teacher. These questions may, of course, be increased to any extent, according as the teacher may desire. It is, however, recom- mended that full exercises and questions should be given on the maps; and as every place and name mentioned in the text will be found on them, it will stimulate the scholar to greater accuracy and obser- vation, should questions be asked the answers to which are not to be found in the printed text. The maps have been prepared and engraved ex- pressly for this Geography by Messrs Philip & Son, of Liverpool, whose name alone is a sufficient guarantee for their accuracy and beauty. This book is now offered to the public of the Pro- vinces, in the hope that, as one step towards a united nationality is a thorough and intimate knowledge of the whole by the different countries to be united, it may enable not only the scholars, but others also, to form a more true and correct idea of the sister Pro- vinces than they have hitherto had ; and assist also in producing, even if in a small degree, that good feeling and pleasant intercourse which ought to exist between the different parts of the same union. MODERN SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY. INTRODUCTION. FORM OF THE EARTH. GxooRAPHT is a dosoription of the Earth, its surfaoo, divisions, and inhabitants. The Earth is round lilio an orange, being slightly flattened at the two polos, and bulging out a little round the middle. To prove that the Earth is round, although it appears to us to bo flat, we know that we can only see the surface of the ground about three miles on a level plain ; and at sea the view, not being interrupted by mountains or any great in- equalities in the surface, is bounded on all sides by the horizon. If a vessel appears in sight, the masts are always seen before the hull ; so also, a vessel can sail round the world, and come back to her starting-point, without changing the direction of her course. About one-quarter of the Earth'i iurfa«e U land, and three- qnartera water. The Earth la nearly 26,000 milei in circumferenoA, and about 8000 milea in diameter. The eircum/erenet ia a line drawn round the Earth, having the centre of the Earth for ita centre. The diameter ia a straight line drawn through the centra of the earth, and terminated by iti lurfaoe at each end. What ii geogimphy; Deioribe the form of (he earth r How do you prove that the earth ii round f Of wnat la the surface of the earth composed T In what proporttonit What length la the circumference of the earth r What length la the diameter? What are the circum- fereoce and diameter of tha earth! MOTIONS OF THE EARTH. Although appearing to us to be perfectly still, the Earth is continually moviug with great velocity. It has two motions : — 1. The Diurnal, or Daily. Every twenty-four hours it re- volves once on its axis, causing alternate day and night, accord- ing aa the portion we live on ia turned to or from the aun. The of the Earth is an imaginary line passing through ita centre, terminating in what are called the North and South Poles. 2. The Annual, or Yearly. Every year it moves once round the Bun, producing the Seasons, according as the North or South Pole inclines towards the Sun. Thus, when the North Pole, or the northern portion of the Earth upon which wo live, is in- clined f (i«vards the Sun, it is Summer with us, and Winter with the soutliern portion of the Earth, or to all south of the equator. And also, when the South Pole inclines towards the Sun, it is Winter with us, and Summer south of the equator. [ In order to understand this, It Is neoesiarr for the teache :■ to explain, that the axli of the tf\t\i Is not perpendicular to the plane of Its orbit; but Is incliucd to It at an aagle of M) degrees. And as the axis of the Earth always points to the eame part of the Heavens, the North or PoUr Star, It Is evident thut, as the Earth moves round the Sun, It gradually changes Ita relative position to the Sun ; ttnd so, during one-half of the year, Inclines towards the Sun, and the other half from It, aa mav be aeen from the accompanying diagram, where AA represents the axis of the Earth, and thcjglobei the poaltlon of the Earth, at Midaommer, Midwinter, and the Equini. -ea} Does the earth move? How many motions haa it? What are they called? How are day and night caused 1 What la the posi- tion of the part of the earth we live on to the sun at night? What Is the axis of the earth? What are the poles? What causes the seasons ? When ia it aummer with us ? When winter? Are the seasona the aame both north and south of the equator ? s INTRODUCTION. THE HEAVENLY BODIES. The Sun is the centre of the system in which the Earth is placed, and round it the Planets and Comets move at various distances, each one having its own course, and shewing forth the beautiful regularity with which the Creator has arranged the universe. The San is 883,000 miles in diameter, and 1,350,000 times larger than the Earth, from which it is distant ninety-five millions of miles. The names of the planets, their relative sizes compared with the Eaiih, and their distances from the Sun, are : — TlniNthealza MUetdlatnnt of the Riurth. from the Sun. Mercdrt, . , 1-lOth . . 37 millions. Venus, ... 1 . . 69 „ Mars, . . . 3-16thE . . 144 „ Asteroids, small ; sitiiatfd bet\reen Mara and Jupiter. Jupiter, . . 14:!8 . . 4U4 millions. Saturn, ... 93a . . 906 „ ITPANus, . . 87 . . 1787 „ Nkptu-SE, . . 60 . . 2870 „ The Planets are supposed to be bodies somewhat similar to the Eivrth, although as yet little, besides their dimensions and orbits, is definitely known. Neither is it known whether they are inhabited or not, although, like the Earth, they move on the same plane, rotate on their axes, and have alternate day and night, and probably seasons more or less varied. Accord- ing as they are nearer or more distant than the Earth from the Sun, they require less or more time to move round the Sun. Camets are luminous bodies which move round the Sun with immense velocity. They genenilly move on a different plane from the Earth and Planets, and have an erratic course, not in a circle, like the planets, but at one time comparatively near, and at another very far from the Sun, so that we may lose sight of them for hundreds of years. The Moon is the attendant of the Earth. Were the Earth to remain still, the Moon would revolve round it in 27^ days; but .IS it is continually moving, the Moon requires 29^ days to complete its revolution. It is about one forty-ninth part the size of the Earth, and is distant from it 237,000 miles. The Moon derives its light from the Sun ; and as the Earth sometimes intervenes directly between the Sun and the Moon, it then casts a shadow on the Moon's surface. This is called an Eclipse of the Moon. The Moon also, in its course round the Earth, sometimes in- tervenes directly between the Sun and the Earth, and hides for a time the whole or part of the surface of the Sun from our sigiit. This is called an Eclipse of the Sun. As the Moon does not move round the Earth on the same plane as the Earth does round the Sun, eclipses happen com- paratively seldom. There are from two to five solar eclipses in the course of a year ; there may be three lunar eclipses, and sometimes none. As, however, lunar eclipses ore visible to a whole hemisphere at once, and solar eclipaes only to a part, the hvtter, though happening oftener, are less frequently seen. Besides the Planets, there are multitudes of Fixed Stars, far beyond the solar system of which our Sun is the centre, and powei'ful telescopes reveal many more which are invisible to the naked eye. These shine by their own light, and are sup- posed to bo auns; perhaps the centres of other qratenu m ex- tensive as that in which the Earth is placed. The nearest of these Fixed Stars is 211,000 times more distant than the Sun. What position does the bod oc- cupy in the solar system? What bodies revolve round the gun? What is the size of the sun com- pai'vd with the earth? How far distant is it? Are the planets the same size as the earth ? Which are larger? Which are smaller? Which are nearer than the earth to the sun? Which are more distant? Describe the planets. Are their motions the same as those of the earth? What are comets? De- scribe their motion. What is the mooQ? How long does it take to move round the earth ? What is its comparative size? Uow far distant is it? What gives light to the moon? What causes eclipses? How many kinds of eclipses are there? How often do they happen? Which do we see moxt frequently? What other heavenly bodies do we see? What are they supposed to be? How tax distant arc they? DIVISIONS OF THE LAND. About one-quarter of the Earth's surface consists of land, the diiferent parts of which are known by the following names : — A Continent is a large extent of land comprising several countries. An Island is a'smallrr extent of land wholly surrounded liy water. A Peninsula is a portion of land almost surrounded by wiiter. An Isthmus is a narrow neck of land connecting two larger portions of land. A Cape is a pointof land project- ing into the Sea ; and if high or mountainous, is called a I'romon- tnry. A ShoreoT Coast is the edge or mar- gin of land bordering on the water. A J/ountatn is a portion of land rising to a considerable height above the surrounding country. A HUl is a smaller elevation, A Valley is that portion of land which lies between niountnius. A Volcano is a mountain whicli throws out Are, sninke, lavn, and ashes. The openini,' from which they i,s3ue is called the crater. A Plain is a tract of level land, and when considerably elevated above the level of the sea, it is called a Plateau, or table-land. A Desert is a l>arren tract of coun- try, covered with sand or rocks. An Oasis is a fertile spot in the desert. A Prairie is a tract of land, gene- rally flat, or slightly undulating, covered with long grass or small shrubs. DIVISIONS OF THE WATER. About three-quarters of the Earth's surface is covered with water, the different parts of which are known by the following names : — An Ocean is an extensive body of salt water. Although the ocean may be said to be one, it is sub- divided into smaller portions, which are also called Oceans. A osses and lichens, except in the more temperate parts, where a little barley and rye is grown, and a few pines and other hardy trees ore found. Do plants grow in every country ? Where are they most numerous? Where least? What plants are peculiar to the torrid lone? What to the temperate sonea? What (o the fk-igid zones? AHEBIOA. $ k 1 ANIMALS. Animals, like plants, ore to be found in every region, and lidapted to every climate, soil, and locality. In the r' Ttd Zone, where vegetation is most luxuriant, animaJ. attain the largest size, such as the elephant, rhinocert . o. ; and wild animals abound. The forests also Bwnrm v.ii/i: birds of brilliant plumage, insects, and reptiles. In the Temperate Zones the more useful animals, such as the horse, cow, sheep, and deer, abound, and very few wild animals are to be found. In the Frigid Zones comparatively few land animals are found, but sea-fowl are very numerous, and the sea abounds with the whale, seal, and walrus. Some animals are common to all the zones, such as the dog, sheep, bear, &c. ; and it is remarkable that their natural cover- ing varies with the climate in which they are found. Are animals found In every coun- try? Wbnt animnlsi Inhabit the torrid zone? What the temperate zones? What the frigid zones? What animals are found in every zone? What peculiarity do tbey shew? MANKIND. Mankind has been variously classified according to distino- tions of form, colour, skin, hair, &o. The system of Blumen- bach, as the one most convenient for classification, forms the basis of nearly all subsequent schemes ; and is as follows : — The Cauecuian, including the principal nations of Europe, with the allied Asiatic races, Jointly classed as Indo-European; and also the Semitic races, including the Arabs, Jews, &c. The Mongolian, including the Chinese, the Tartar tribes of Central Asia, and allied races; among which the Finns and Lapps of Europe M-e embraced. The Malay, including the natives of the peninsula of Malacca, the chief islands of the Indian Archipelago, New Zealand, fto The Ethiopian, including the chief natioqs and tribes of Africa; and The American, includicg the whole niitions and tribes native to North and South America. The Papuans and other islanders are styled Negritot, from their negro-like colour of skin, woolly hair, Ac. The Australians are equally dark, but with hair generally straight. The Ancerican Indian closely approximates to the Asiatic Mongolian. How is mankind commonly clas- sified ? What nations belong to the Caucasian race ? To the Mongolian? To the Malay? To the Ethiopian ? To the American ? What are the Papuans called? What are the Australians like? To what other race does the American Indian most approximate ? POLITICAL DIVISIONS. The Political Divisions of the earth are Empires, Kingdoms, Principalities, and Republics. An Empire consists of several large countries united under the rule of one monarch, generally called an Emperor. A Kingdom, or Monarchy, consists of one or more countries governed by a King or Queen. It is called a Limited Mon- archy when the power of the king is restricted by law, and no laws can be made without the consent of the representatives of the people ; and an Absolute Monarchy when the will of the monarch is supreme. Principalities, Orand Duchies, and Duchies are small states governed by a Prince, Grand Duke, or Duke. A Republic is a country governed by a niler chosen by the people for a limited period, who is generally called a President. How is the world politically divided? Wliat is an empire? Kingdom? Principality ? BepubUc ? &c. GEAND DIVISIONS OF THE EABTH. The earth is divided into two Hemispheres, the Eastern and Western. Of the land there are five grand or principal Divisions— America, Europe, Asia, Africa, Oceanica. Of the water there are also five grand or principal Divisions, called Oceans— the Atlantic, the Pacific, the Indian, the Arctic, and the Antarctic. The extent of land upon the surface of the earth may be estimated at about 61 J millions of square miles, divided as follows : — America, 15,600,000 Europe, 3,800,000 Asia, 17,140,000 Africa, 11,160,000 Oceanica, 4,500,000 Howls the earth divided? What I of land upon the earth? Which are the grand divisions of the land? division is the largest? Which Of the ocean? Wliat is the extent | next? &c. Which smallest? POPULATION AND RELIGION. is estimated at about 1175 The population of the earth millions, divided as follows : — America, .... Europe, Asia, Africa, Oceanica, .... The inhabitants are divided, belief, into — Christians, Jews, Mahometans, , . . . Pagans, or Heathen, Whst is the population of the earth? Which division contains the most inhabitants? Which next, Ac? Which is most densely peopled, or contains tUe largest number of No. nt Penoni to 8q. Mile. 6 7i# 41 9 7 FopnUtion. 75,000,000 270,000,000 700,000,000 100,000,000 30,000,000 according to their religious 330,000,000 6,000,000 160,000,000 616,000,000 persons to the square mile ? Which next? Which least? Into what religious bodies are the inhabitants of the earth classed? Which are most numerous ? Which next? Ac. AMERICA. Area, 18,600,000 square miles, comprising 8-lOths of the land surface of the globe ; greatest length fW>m north to south in a direct line, 0800 miles; greatest breadth from east to west, 9200 ; population, 75,000,000. ■ America, or the New World, the only great division of the Earth in the Western Hemisphere, is surrounded on all sides by water: on the North by the Arctic Ocean ; on the West by the Pacific Ocean ; on the South by the Antarctic Ocean ; and on the East by the Atlantic Ocean. NOBTH AMEBIOA. It is composed of two enormous pear«haped masses of land) both widest towards the north, and tapering to a point towards the south, joined together by the Isthmus of Panama. These two parts are called respectively North and South America. America is remarkable for the extent and grandevir of its physical fefttures ; its mountain chains, rivers, lakes, plains, and forests being the largest in the world. It was discovered by Chiistopher Columbus in 1492, when he arrived at the island of San Salvador, one of the Bahamas. It was not, however, till 1498, on his third voyage, that he reached the mainland of South America ; North America having been visited the year before by John Cabot, a Venetian in the service of England. The new continent was named ^ter Amerigo Ves- pucci, a Florentine, who accompanied Hojeda, a Spanish com- mander, as astronomer, and wrote an account of his discoveries m America. Greenland was discovered by the Norwegians 500 years before Columbus reached America ; and it is said that they also visited the shores of what is now called New England. In shape and general features the two great divisions re- semble each other. The Rocky Mountains of North America, and the Andes of South America, stretch from north to south through the whole length of the continent, forming an almost unbroken chain of nearly 10,000 miles in length. In both divi- sions, this chain is nearest to the Pacific, aiid both have smaller ranges of mountains in the east, at the broadest part of the continents, while the centre, between the two ranges, is one vast plain. Both divisions may be divided into four great slopes — a noi-th-eastern, eastern, south-eastern, and western ; and the three first are drained in North America by the Mackenzie, St Lawrence, and Mississippi rivers ; and in South America by the Oiinoco, Amazon, and La Plata rivers. And so, also, in both continents, the sources of these rivers are divided only by a gentle rise scarcely perceptible. The Rivers of America are especially remarkable for their length and volume of water, and also for the distance to which they are navigable, the length of the principal rivers being — Mllei. C Mississippi, with the Missouri, . . . 45n0 N. Amibioi-I St Lawrence, with Lakes, .... 2140 (Maclvcnzie, 2160 t Amazon, with the I'cavali, .... 4000 8. Ahrbioa \ La Plata, with the Paraguay, . . . 2700 (Orinoco, 1000 All of these rivers, with their tributt "xes, are navigable almost to their sources. This is owing to the vast pLoins through which they flow, and their very gradual fall towards the sea. Compared with the other great divisions of the Earth, Ame- rica possesses but a small extent of coast line, its length being only 43,000 miles, or, in comparison with its size, only equal to half 01 that of Europe. It is more broken in North than in South America. The latter presents one unbroken mass of land, with no deep indentations, and but few islands along its whole coast. As the continent of America extends through all the zones, its climate and soil vary greatly, and will be foiud treated fully under the head of its separate countries. It is, however, in general, more humid in the Tropics than the Eastern Hemis- phere, and subject to greater extremes of heat and oold in the higher latitudes. In the North, the frozen mass of the Arctic Ocean renders it much colder than Europe, and along the whole of the Western coast the high mountain ranges attract the moisture, so that rain prevails there to a far greater extent than on the Eastern coast. America does not possess such a number or variety of wild animals as are found in the Eastern Hemisphere, but presents a larger variety of plants. Many of the lattbi-, also, are indi- genous or native to the country, such as tobacco, maize, the potato, cinchona, (from which comes Peruvian bark,) ivory- palm, &o. ; and America now supplies the world with cotton, sugar, coffee, and grain. When the Spaniards first discovered the Western Continent under Columbus and other commanders, they called the native inhabitants Indians, imder the impression that they had now found out the western route to the East Indies. Those In- dians dwelling in Mexico and Peru were comparatively civilised, had large towns, and fixed forms of government. They welcomed the new comers, but soon had reason to repent of their hospitality, for the lust for conquest, and the rapacity of the Spaniards and Portuguese, soon destroyed their cities and made themselves captives, until now tiiey have disappeared, or are represented by debased races rapidly becoming extinct. Many interesting relics remain to prove the great progress in civilisation achieved by the native races of Mexico and Peru. The Esquimaux, a short, stunted race, occupy the extreme North, subsisting by hunting and fishing. The remaining native races are called Indians, and are supposed by some to be an altogether distinct race of mankind. They are now scattered over the whole continent, living by the chase, and forming a great number of different tribes, speaking differcut languages; in general, fierce and barbarous, and incapable of civilisation, and continually at war among themselves, or with the aggressor, the white man. They are supposed to number about ten millions, and most of them are still x)agans. Many theories are advanced to account for the native races of America, the most plausible being, that they came originally from Asia, across Behiing's Straits, where the Aleutian Isles form, as it were, stepping-stones between the two continents. What ia the extent of America? Greatest length f Greatest lireadtli f In what hemisphere is it 1 How is It bounded? Point out the boun- daries on the map. What is its shape? How is it divided? For what is it remarkable ? When was It discovered? Mention the first discoverers. How do North and South Americareaembleeach other ? What mountain chains traverse them? Describe the other points of resemblance. Trace the Rocky Mountains on the map. The An- des. Point out the principal rivers. Which are the longest? Are they navigable? What contributes to make them easy of navigation? Describe the coast line of America. Which division is most Irregular? Describe the climate and soil of America. Why is it colder than in Europe in the north ? Why is it more moist in the west than in the east ? Has America many animals ? Many plants? Which are indi- genous to tlie country ? What does America largely produce? Wliat are the natives called? What was their condition when the continent was first discovered? How were they treated? What is known of them ? What native races now in- habit the country? What ia their present condition ? What is their number? How are they supposed to have originated? NORTH AMERICA. Area, 8,350,000 square miles ; greatest length from north to south, In- cluding Central America, fiSOO miles ; greatest breadth from east to west, 3000 miles ; persons to a square mile, 6 ; population, 40,000,000. North America comprises the Northern part of the Continent of America, and is joined to South America NORTH AMERICA. r by the Isthmus of Fftnama. It is bounded on the North by the Arctic Ocean; on the West by the Pnoifio Ocean; on the South by the Pacific Ocean and the Qulf of Mexico ; and on the East by the Atlantic Ocean. Its gnrfnce is divided into four great regions by the grand chain of the Rocky Mountains, and the lesser chain of the Alloghanies, consisting of the Northern slope towards tho Arctic Ocean, the Pacific Slope, the great centrjl plain extend- ing from the sources of the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico, and the Eastern slope towards the Atlantic Ocean. The Rocky Mountaina form the great backbone, as it may be termed, of North America, extenduig from the Arctic Ocean southwards, through the whole length of the continent. The Cordilleras of Mexico and Guatemala may bo considered aa a continuation of the chain, although it is somewhat inter- rupted by the high plateaux of Mexico. The llocky Moun- tains rise mostly from a high table-land, which is sometimes 6000 feet above the sea, and the region they occupy is from 40 to 100 miles in breadth, oonsbting in some parts of two or three parallel ranges. They attain their highest elevation in British America and Oregon, — Mounts Brown and Hooker (in British Columbia) rising about 16,000 feet high, — although the Cordilleras contain the celebmted volcanoes of Popooalapotl, Agua, and Orizaba, the first nearly 18,000 feet high. Along the Pacific coast are several successive ranges of moun- tains, which have been called the Alps of the Pacific, extend- ing from Mexico to the south of Hussion America, and ter- minated by the lofty volcano. Mount St Elias, nearly 18,000 feet high. These chains are known by different names, as the Sierra Madre in Mexico, the Coast range, and the parallel range of the Sierra Nevada in California, and the Cascade Mountains in Oregon and British Columbia. The Alltghany Mountains, or Appalachian chain, extend from the north of the State of Alabama to the Gulf of St Lawrence, about 1500 miles in length. They consist of several parallel ranges known by different names, as the Cumberland Moun- tains in Tennessee, the Blue Mountains in Virginia, the Cats- kill Mountains in New York, the Green Mountains in Ver- mont, White Mountains in New Hampshire, and Notre Dame Mountains in Lower Canada. The name Alleghany belongs properly to the eastern and principal range in Virginia and Pennsylvania. Their highest summits are in New Hampshire, where they rise to the height of GOOO feet, but elsewhere they seldom rise over 4000 feet. Owing to the vast plains of North America, and the gentle slope of tho land, the rivers are large and numerouN, and navigable far into the interior of the country. The St Law- rence, with the great lakes, is navigable for 2000 miles, the Mississippi, with the Missouri, for 4000, and many of the other great rivers almost to their sources. In tho Great Central Plain there is scarcely a watershed 1000 feet above the level of the sea, and many of the large rivers take their rise so near each other that it is difficult to tell in which direction the slope is. The principal Rivers of North America are— In the north, the Churchill, TmKon, Colville, Mackemie, Soi- katchewan, and St Lawrence. In the east, the St John, Hud- ton, Connecticut, Sutmthanna, De- laware, Potomao, and Savannah. In the centre and ionOx, the Alabama, Mitiiitippi, m\th its afflu- ents, the Illinois, Oliio, Missouri, Arkansas, and Red Rivers, aad the Rio Orande-del-Norte. In the west, the Colorado, Co- lumbia, Fraur, and Saeramento. The prindpid Lnkn of Amerion are in the northern part, and are either in British America, or form the boundary between it and the United States. They are— Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, Ontario, Great Bear, Oreat Slave, AlhalMUca, Winnipeg, Winnipegoiit, Lake of the Wondi. South of these the only Lakes worthy of mention are— Oreat Sait Lake In Utah, and Niearaoua in Central America. The outline of North America is much more broken than that of South America, especially on the north and east, but compared with the extent of coast-line, the Islands, Gulfs, Promontories, &o., are not numerous. The principal Islands are — In the north, Oreenland, Cum- berlaml, StAtlhampton. In the west, Vanamver, Quern Charlotte, Prince of Waits, Sitka, and Aleutian I tie*. lu the soutli, the Bermudat, and the West India Islands, com- prlHinft tho Bahiimas, and Great and Little Antllleti. In the east, NewfimndJand, Cape Breton, Prince Edward Itland, A n ■ ticoiti, and Long Itland. The principal Oulfs, Bays, and Straits, are— In the north, Davit Strait and BaJJln Bay, Barrow and Banks Straits, Melville and Lancaster Sounds, Hudson Strait and Hudson Bay, and its southern extremity, James Bay. In tho east, the Strait of Bdle Iile, Gulf of St Lawrence, and Bay ofFunay, In the south, Florida Strait, Gulf of Mexico, and Caribbean Sea, and Oulfs of Campeachy and Honduras. In the west, the Gulf of Cali- fornia, Oulf of Georuia, and Bth- ring Strait. In the east, Farewell, Chudleigh, Charles, Race, Breton, Sable, Cod, Hatteras, Sable, (Florida,) Caloche, Graciat a Dios. The principal Capes are — In the west, San Lucas, Men- docino, Prince of Wales. In the north, Lisburn, Barrow, and Bathurst. The Peninsulas of North America are — In the east, Lnbrculor, Nova Scotia, Florida, and Vucatan. In the west, Aliaska and California. North America, owing to its great extent from north to south, varies greatly in climate, according to the latitude. In general, it averages about 10° hotter in summer and 10° colder in winter than in the same latitude in Europe. In the north and east, however, it is much colder, oaring to the great extent of the frozen Arctic Ocean, from which cold currents are continually flowing southwards. In the south it is hot, but varies according to the elevation of the land above the sea. On the west coast it is in general warmer and more moist than in the east. It is remarkable, that about the centre of British North America, in the Hudson Bay Territory, along the Sas- katchewan Valley to the Rocky Mountains, the climate is almost the same as in Upper Canada, although in 10° higher latitude, or nearly 700 miles further north. The soil of North America is generally rich and productive, owing chiefly to its level nature and the great number of rivers ; the only barren parts of any extent being the Arctic Regions, and the desert tracts to the north of Mexico, along each side of the Rocky Mountains. Grain, cotton, sugar, and tobacco form the great staple products. There are few wild animals in North America, the princi- pal being the bear, wolf, lynx, jaguar, &c. ; but fur-bearing animals, such as the beaver, otter, mink, marten, and others, abound in the North. The great prairies swarm with buffalo, deer, and wild fowl ; and in the south, wild horses are numerous. The sea also abounds with valuable fiih. All the principal minerala are found in North America ; gold NOBTH AMERICA. silver, copper, and lead, being found to a great extent in many part*, jt ii evtimated that the ooal beds of North America are more than ten times as large as all the others in the world put together. North America has been colonised by settlers from Europe, prinuipally from the British Islands, who, chiefly within the last 200 years, have explored, settled, and cultivated a territory larger than Europe ; have built large cities, and carry on an extensive commerce with every quarter of the globe ; and are distinguished for their energy and enterprise in (^culture and commerce, for the extensive facilities for rapid communica- tion they possess, and for their general intelUgence and cul- tivation. North America it divided into — itussian America. I United States of America. Danish America. I Blexico. British America. | Central America. West India Islands. What Is the area of North Ame- rica? Qrentcst length f Greatest breadth ? Population r Average to the square milef What propor- tion of the whole continent does it comprise in extent? In popula- tion? How is North America Joined to South America ? How is North America bouniled ? Point out the boundaries on tlie map. How may Its surface be divided, and by wiiat ? Point out the divisions op the map. Describe tiie Rocky Mountains. Where are the Cordilleras ? Where do the Rocky Mountains attain their greatest height? What are the highest peaks? What moun- tains are on tlie Pacific coast? How far do they extend? What are the highest peaks? What are the names of the diifercnt chains ? How fur do the Alleghanies ex- tend ? Under what names ? How high are they ? Describe the gene- ral features of the rivers of North America. Describe the great cen- tral plain. Name the principal rivers. Trace their courses on the map. Where do they rise? Into what ocean, gulf, or bay do they flow ? What tributaries have they? Where are the principal lakes? Name them. Point them out on the map. Describe the outline of North America ? Name the princi- pal islands. Point them out on the map. Describe the position of each. Name the principal gulfs, bays, straits, Ac. Point them out on the map. Describe their position. Name the principal capes. De- scribe their position. Name the principal peniusuUks. Describe their position. Describe the cli- mate of North America. What is remarkable in the climate of Brit- ish North America? Describe the soil of North America. Where are the barren tracts ? Point them out on the map. What are the staple products of North America ? What are the principal animals ? What minerals are found ? Of what ex- tent are the coal-beds ? How has North America been peopled ? In what length of time ? For what are the peop' 'istinguished ? How is North Aiutiica divided? Point out the divisions on the map- EUSSIAN AMERICA. Area, 394,000 square miles ; population, 60,000 ; the same size as Canada. HnssiAN America comprises the north-west comer of the Continent of Nort.>^ America, being separated from British America by the 141st degree of west longitude. A chain of volcanic mountains extends from Mount St Elias, through the peninsula of Aliaska and the Aleutian Isles. The Youcon Biver, rising in the Rocky Mountains, flows north-west through the centre of the country into the ColviUe River, which empties into the Arctic Ocean. It is an inhospitable region, where rain and snow continually fall, although not so cold as in the same latitude on the eastern side of the continent. It is only valuable for its furs, which the natives barter with the Russians, Who have several factories along the coast, the chief of which ia New Aivhangel on Sitka Island. The inhabitants axe Esquimaux and Indiana, who lead a wandering and barbarous life, and subsist by hunting and fishing. What is the size of Russian America? PopuUtion? How Is It bounded? Wnat mountains are there in the countnr, and where do they extend? .What rivers flow through the country, and where do ther flow? Describe the country and people. What is the principal settlement? Point It out on tha map. DANISH AMERICA. Area, 880,000 square miles; population, nearly 10,000 ; about the same size as Canada, Greenland or Danish America is supposed to be a number of islands connected together by ice. The surface is high and rocky, with enormous glaciers inter- vening. It is said to have been discovered by a Nor- wegian, 600 years before Columbus discovered America. The climate is cold, although in July the thermometer rises to 84°, and fogs are almost constant on the coast. The soil is unfit for cultivation, although it has been attempted with a little success in some parts. The principal animals are the reindeer, the Esquimaux dogs, hares, &c. Sea-fowl are very numerous. The Danes have several settlements along the coast at Julianshaab, Uppemavik, &o., for the purpose of trade. The chief exports are eider-down, whale and seal oil, seal-skins, and furs. The whale and seal fisheries on the coast are valuable, and are extensively carried on. The Danish population (imounta only to about .300, the remainder being natives, a branch of the Esquimaux. What is the size of Danish Ame- rica? Population? What is it supposed to be ? When was it said to nave been discovered? Describe the climate and soil. Name the principal settlements, and point them out on the map. What are the chief branches of industry? How is the population composed t BRITISH AMERICA. Area, about 8,000,000 square miles ; population, about 8,600,000 ; more than three-fourths of the size of Europe. British America is bounded on the North by the Arctic Ocean and Baffin's Bay ; on the West by Russian America and the Pacific Ocean ; on the South by the United States ; ana on the East by the Atlantic Ocean. The chief features of British America are the Rocky Moun- tains, extending through it from the Arctic Ocean to the United States ; and the parallel range of the Cascade Mountains, both of which attain their highest summits in British territory ; also the great lakes, which, with the St Lawrence and the Mac- kenzie River, form an almost continuous chain from the Atlantic to the Arctic Ocean. The other features of this vast territory will be more fully entered into under the head of the different divisions. British North America ia divided into — Canada. New Brunswick. Nova Scotia. Prince Edward Island. Arctic Regions. Newfoundland. Hudson Bay Territory. British Columbia. Vancouver Island, What is the size of British North America? Population? How is it bounded r Point out the bound- aries on the map. What are (ts chief physical features ? How Is It divided? NORTH AMERICA. 9 la ' CANADA. Area, 300,000 square mllei ; population, 2,600,000 ; pertoni to iquare mile, 7. Qreateit extent from eait to weit, 1300 mllei, and from north to loutb, about 300 miles. Capital, Ottiwa. Canada is bounded on the North by the Hudson Bay Territory ; on the West by the Hudson Bay Terri- tory, Lakes Superior and Huron ; un the South by Lakes Erie and Ontario, and the United States ; and on the East by the United States, New Brunswick, and the Oulf of St Lawrence. Canada ia divided into two parts, Uppnr and Lower, or Weatem and Eoatem Canada ; the River Ottawa forming the boandav7 between the two divisions until near its junction with the St L&wrence. The western portion of Canada is in general a level plain, gently undulating and densely wooded, while the eastern is more mountainous and has larger rivers. The settled portion of tho country forms a long narrow? strip of land along the lakes and the River St Lawrence, seldom extending much beyond 100 miles in breadth, though more than 1000 miles in length. The northern limits are not very accurately defined, so that the extent and urea can only be given approximately. The mountains of Canada are the continuation of the Appala- chian chain, under the name of the Notre Dame Mountains, to tho extremity of the peninsula of Oasp^. They seldom exceed 1000 to 1500 feet in height, except in one part of the range called the Shickthock Mountaina, the peaks of which are about 4000 feet high. The Laurentide HilU are a rugged range of hills, skirting the north bank of the St Lawrence iii the lower part of its course, and extending from Labrador to near Quebec, where they leave the river and turn inland, passing about 30 miles west of Montreal, then, sldrting the Ottawa for about 100 miles, they curve round to near Kingston. From there, the range again extends north-westwards to the shores of Lakes Huron and Superior. Their average height is about 1600 feet, but some of their summits below Quebec rise to nearly 3000 feet. They are remarkable for the numerous ■mall lakes which they enclose, many of which are yet unex- plored, although upwards of 1000 are already laid down on the maps. The lulls are generally covered to their summits with dense forests of pine. Canada ia well watered, possessing numerous rivers, although, owing to the physical formation of the country, their courses are generally short. The principal are — The St Lawrence, with its chief tributaries, the Ottaxoa, St Maurice, and Sagutnay, the two latter In Eastern Canada. The St Latmrtnce forms the outlet of the great chain of inland lakes, and flows from Lake Ontario into the Qulf of St Law- rence, a distance of about 750 miles. At the point where it issues from Lake Ontario, it forms the lake of the " Thousand Islands," celebrated for variety, beauty, and picturesque scenery. Below this, and extending aa far as Montreal, are several long and dangerous rapids, called the Galops, Long Sault, Cuteau, Cedars, Cascades, and Lachine. Steamers and rafts pass down these in safety, and vessels return by means of canals on the banks of the river. The St lAwrence is navigable for large sea-going ships up to Mon- treal. At Quebec it is two miles wide, and below that it gradually widens till it enters the Oulf. A* St Lawrence has three large lake expanuons on its course,— ^oAm Si Franeit, St Louis, and St Peter,— and receives, besides the Ottawa, all the rivers in Lower Canada, as mentioned on page 13. The Ottawa takes its rise under that name in Lake Temis- oaming, and Joins the St Lawrence at the Island of Montreal after a course of 350 miles, or including the chief feeder of Lake Temiscaming, of over 600 miles. It has numerous lake expan- sions, the principal being the Allumettes, Chats, Chaudiire, and Two Mountains. The Chaudidre Falls at Ottawa are very grand. Its principal tributaries are the Petewahweh, Bonnechere, Ma' dawaska, and Jtideau on the south, and the Du Moine, Oatineau, Du Lihre, DuNord, and UAssomption on the north bank. It forms the boundary between Eastern and Western Canada until near its mouth, entering the St Lawrence by three branches, enclosing the Islands of Montreal, Bizarre, and Jesus. The principal feature of Canada is the extent and number of its lakes. The great lakes, forming with tho St Lawrence a continuous chain of water communication for 2000 miles, com- prise nearly one half of the fresh water on the globe. (See also pp. 11, 12.) These lakes now form the great highway of commerce for Canada and the Western States of America, and as the St Law- rence is the only outlet for their productions, without tran- shipment, it must continue to increase in importance to Canada. Direct communication between Europe, the Atlantic seaboard, and the principal cities on the lakes, has already been esta- blished, and as soon as the canab are enlarged to admit vessels of large size into the lakes, this branch of enterprise will in- crease, and be productive of much good to Canada, as all trade must necessarily pass through Canadian territory. The extent of country drained by the lakes, although great, is small compared with their area, as no rivers of importance flow into them. They occupy the hollow between the water- sheds, from which the rivers of the Hudson Bay Territorji to the north, and those of the United States to the south, flow ; in many cases within a few miles of the lakes, as the Illinois river near Lake Michigan. The climate of Upper Canada is temperate, dry, and healthy, but more inclined to extremes than in the same latitude in Europe, but as the country becomes better cleared, it is gradu- ally becoming warmer in winter. The soil is very fruitful, well repaying the labour necessary to clear the forests. All kinds of grain are grown in abundance, and largely exported, while grapes, melons, peaches, in the more oouthem parts, besides more hardy fruits, are extensively cultivated. Upper Canada is essentially an agricultural country. In Lower Canada it is much colder, and the soil is not so well adapted for agriculture. The winters there are long, but vegetation is very rapid. The thermometer sometimes ranges in winter from 30° to 40° be- low zero, and the St Lawrence is closed by ice during five months of the year. Although the snows of winter form the great highways for traffic, especially in the interior of the coun- try, still the opening of navigation is always anxiously looked forward to. Canada is also rich in minerals. Copper is found extensively both in Upper and Lower Canada, and gold has also recently been found in the Chaudidre River. The petroleum rrella of Upper Canada are very valuable. Manufactures are steadily increasing, oonsistirig principally of woollens, leather, iron, tobacco, &o. . 10 NORTH AMEBIOA. The principal animala of Canada are the bear, fox, wolf, and lynx, with the mooae and cariboo deer in Lower Canada. Nu- merotu fur-bearing animala abound in both leotiona, auoh aa the beaver, mink, racoon, iquirrel, &o. Lower Cmada ia cele- brated for its horsei, a imall, active, hardy breed. Lower Canada ia peopled principally by the dewendanta of the original French aettlera ; Upper Canada, with the south- eastern part of Lower Canada, by the descendants of the United Empire loyalists, who left the United States when these States became independent ; and by settlers chiefly from the British Islands. The Indians now remaining in the country belong chiefly to the Huron, Algonquin, and Iroquois tribes, and have lands reserved for them in different parts of the province. The Manitoulin Islands belong entirely to them, and they have several villages both in Upper and Lower Canada. The form of Government in Canada is the same as that of Great Britain, on which it is modelled, and consists of Her Majesty the Queen, represented by the Govemor-Goneral ; the Legislative Council, and the Legislative Assembly. It requires the assent of all the three branches for any bill to become law. The Legislative Assembly has the exclusive privilege of managing the finances. The Governor-General is assisted by an Executive Council of twelve members, who must each have a seat in Parliament, and are responsible for the good government of the province. The Legislative Council consists of seventy members, forty- eight of whom, since 1856, are elected by the people for a term of eight years. Previous to that time they were nomin- ated by the Crrwn, and the survivors hold their seats for life. The Council will thua eventually consist of forty-eight elected teembers only. The Legislative Assembly consists of one hundred and thirty members, sixty-five from each of the two sections of the country. The commerce of Canada has largely increased, chiefly within the last ten years; the imports now amounting to about 49,000,000 dollars; and the exports, consisting principally of grain and lumber, to about 34,000,000 dollars. With the commerce, the means of internal communication have also increased, and are, compared with the age and re- sources of the province, as extensive as in any part of the con- tinent. Up to 1861 there were 1880 miles of railways in opera- tion ; and canals constructed at a coat of over 14,000,000 dollars : on the St Lawrence and Ottawa, to overcome the Rapids,— the Rideau Canal, to connect Lalce Ontario with the Ottawa,— and the Welland Canal, to connect Lakes Erie and Ontario. In 1863, no less than 2463 sea-going vessels arrived in Canadian ports, besides the large fleet of sailing and steam vessels em- ployed on the lakes. Great efforts have been made to secure an Intercolonial Bail- way, which will connect Canada with the Atlantic sea-board, and pass entirely through British territory. Should this scheme be carried out, (and there is little doubt but it will be before long,) it will be of great advantage to Canada, as it will be one step towards a railway across the whole continent to British Columbia, which will make Canada the great commercial empo- rium of North America. As a first step towards this end, negotiations are now on foot to unite the whole of the Eastern provinces of British North America under one general Government, each province manag- ing its own local affairs, and the Federal Government taking charge of the general intereata of the country. Under the Reciprocity Treaty with the United States, Canada, in common with the other provinces, exchanges with the United States all products of the land, forests, or seas, free of all duties, and the United States have the privilege of carrying on the fisheries on the sea-coasts, bays, harbours, and creeks of the British American provinces. From this treaty, Canada derives considerable advantage by participating in the carrying trade between the Western States and the sea-board, and finds a ready markat fur its produce. The provincial revenue amounts to about 10,000,000 dollars, and in 1863 fell nearly 1,000,000 dollara short of the expenditure. Tlie debt ia about 60,000,000 dollars, principally incurred by the construction of public works. The system of education in Canada is very complete, and liberally supported by Government. There are seven univer- sities, and eight colleges in the country. There is no established religion in Canada, all denominations enjoying equal privileges. Canada was first discovered by Jaques Cartier in 16.t5, and was taken possession of, by him, in the name of the King of France. Quebec and Montreal were the first towns founded by the French, and settlements were gradually extended into the coiintry, with outposts at Niagara, Detroit, &c. After vari- ous vicistiitudes, Quebec was taken by the British, under Wolfe, in 1759, and in 1763 Canada was ceded to Britain ; the population then amounting to 69,000. Under the treaty, the French Canadians retain their own laws, except the criminal law, which is that of England, and are guaranteed equal rights with other British subjects. The French language, as well as the English, is still used in Parliament, in the law courts of Lower Canada, and in all public documents. The two pro- vinces of Upper and Lower Canada were united in 1840, nnd responsible government granted to them in 1841. By Her Majesty's decision, Ottawa has been selected as the capital, nnd the elegant provincial buildings are now erected there at a large cost. What is the extent of Canada? Its greatest length? Greatest breadth r What is the capital r How is Canada bounded? Point out the boundaries on the map. How is Canada divided? What forms the boundary ? Describo the surface of Canada. What part is settled ? What mountains are there in Canada? Describe them. For what are the Laureutide Hills re- markable? Trace the mountains on the map. Are they barren ? Has Canada many rivers? Are they large or small ? Name the prinoi- naL Describe the course of the St Lawrence. Trace it on the map. Name the cities and towns it passes. What lakes does it form ? What tributaries does it receive? (see p. 13.) Describe the course of the Ottawa. Trace it on the map. What lakes are in its course ? What city does it pass ? What tri- butaries does it receive? Point tliem out on the map. What is the principal feature of Canada ? What extent of water communication do the Ukes and St Lawrence River give ? What amount of ftresh water do the lakes contain? For what are they useful to Canada? What will Increase their usefulness ? What position do the lakes occupy? What is the result? DeKribe the climate of Upper Canada. Describe the soil and productions. Describe the climate and soil uf Lower Canada. What miuerals are found in Ca- nada, and where? What are the manufactures ? What animals are found in Canada? Hov has Ca- nada been peopled? What is the form of government? What are the different branches? What is necessary in making the laws ? Ot what has the Legislative Assembly the exclusive control ? How is tha Executive Council formed? How is the Legislative Council formed? The Legislative Assembly? What is the amount of the commerce of Canada ? What means of internal communication has Canada? Do nuiny sea-going vessels arrive in Canadian ports? What scheme has been attempted to be carried out ? How will it benefit Canada ? What negotiations are now being carried on ? What is agreed in the Reciprocity Treaty ? What advan- tage does Canada derive (Tom it ? What is the provincial revenue? What is the debt, and how con- tracted ? What is the state of edu- cation? Is there any established religion ? When and by whom was Canada discovered? What were the first towns? When was Ca- nada ceded to the British ? What fStatei, Canada, rith the United ■eaa, free of all |e of cBirying on and creeki of [treaty, Canada in the carrying Iboard, and finds 1,000,000 dollan, |the expenditure. r incurred by the oomplete, and dre seven univer- 1 denomination! tier in IS."^, and ne of the King of ■t towns founded dly extended into t, &c. After vari- le British, under ed to Britain ; the ler the treaty, the xuept tlio criminal anteed equal rights anguago, as well as 1 the law courts of its. The two pro- united in 1840, nnd in 1841. By Her d as the capital, nnd cted there at a large anada. Describe the luctions. Describe the soil of Lower Canada. raU are found in Ca- rheref What are the IS r What animals are inada? How has Ga- leopledf What is the rernmentr What ore t branches r What is making the laws ? 01 9 Legislative Assembly e control ? How is tha !ounc:l formed? How lative Council formed? tive Assembly? What nt of the commerce of rhat means of internal :ion has Canada? Do oing vessels ai'rive in )orts ? What scheme tempted to be carried wUl it beneBt Canada? liations are now being What is agreed in the Treaty? What advan- anada derive fTom it? le provincial revenue? le debt, and how con- 'hat is the state of edu- there any established Fhen and by whom was covered? What were iwns? When was Ca- to the British? What NORTH AMERICA. 11 wu th« popnlntloo thcnt Wlutt that tlmtt Whfn were the pro- priiportlon li that of the pment vlitoca united t What city hM been population t What wui Krantcil by I treaty to the Vrvuch (Jauadluun at | chotcn for the capital t r- Pi O UPPER CANADA. Ar«a, about 180,000 oqunre mlhm ; population, 1,400,000; prrHonit lo i<|uare lulU-, 8. Upper or Webtern (Unada oom|)riiea tha Weitem portion of thu province of Canada from tho Ottawa Kivor. It ii divided into forty-two countiei, which may be clasHod in three sec- tioni : thoNe on tlio Woittem Peniniuln, thoie on Lalce Ontario, and those on the St Lawrence Uiver, The WtBtem, or thuie counties occupying the peninaula nearly lurruunded by Lulioi Ontario, Erie, Huron, and 8imcoe, are— CountiM, Chltf Tuwiu, Krbrx, . flandwlch, Windsor, Amherstburg. Kknt, . Otiiitham. Xl.UIN, . Ht Thomas, Port Stanley, Vienna. NoRroi.R, HImcoe, Port Dover. Haldimand, . Dunuvllle, (Jiiyiiirn. Wki.i.and, Wetland, Port Colhomo, Clifton, Ohippawa. liI.NCUI.N, 8t CatherluKH, Msgara, Thorold. Wkntwortd, . Hnmllton, Dumliis. Uai.ton, . (leorgetown, Oiikvllle, Milton. Pekl, llmmpton, HtreitHvllle, Port Credit. YOKK, . Toronto, Newmurket, Untdford. MiDDLRARX, . London. Oxford, . WooilHtoclc, InKorsoU. Brant, . Ilnintford, PnriM. I'KBTn, . Htnttford, 8t Miiry's. Watkri-oo, . Gait, Prenlon, Ui-rlln. W'KLLINOTUN, . Uucliih, Klori), FerKUS. Laiibton, Hurnfii, Oil-MprlnKS. HORON, . Ooilerlch, Clinton. ■ • Urdor, . HuuKecn, Kinciirillne. Urry, . Owen Sound, Durham. BiHL'OB, . Barrio, ColUngwood, OrUUa. Central Counties on Lake Ontario. Ontario, Whitby, Oslinwa. Port Hope, NewcMde, BowBunTUie, MUlbrook Durham, VicTORri, Lindsay, Umeinee. NORTIIUMUBRLAND, CoboiirK, DriKhton, Prtbrborocoi?, PetcrboroUKh. Prinor Eowaro, . PIcton. IIastinos, BelleTllle. Lrnnox, Napunee. Addinoton, . Bath. Frontrnac, . Kingston. Eattem Counties between the Ottawa and St Lawrence Bivers. LREDfl, . Brockvllle, Oannnoque. Lanark, Perth, Smith's FalU. RRNFRRWr, Renfrew, Arupriur, Orbnvillr, . Prcscott. DCNDAS, Morrlsburg. Oari.bton, Ottawa. Stokmout, Cornwall. RUSBRLI^ Russell. Olbnoart, . Alexandria. PaisooTT, L'Orlgnal. In the north and north-western parts of the province are still vast tracts of unaurveyed lands, comprising the Districts of Algoma and Nipissing, covered with the primeval forests, and where even the lumber-man does not penetrate. New roads, however, are being opened up every year, and settlements made, so that before long these districts will be as thicltly peopled as the already-named counties. The surfaee of Upper Canada is in general level, or gently undulating, with only sufficient rise to form a watershed for the rivers flowing north or south. From the Niagara River a ridge extends westward, at a short distance from Lake Ontario, as far as Hamilton, then tuma northwards, terminating in the Blut Mountains, near Collingwood, on the Oeorgian Bay, and there attains the highest elevation in Western Canada. A similar ridge separates the streams flowing into Lalce Ontario from those flowing into Laltes 8imix>e and Huron. Tlie north shores of Laites Huron and Huperior are rugged and )>recipitous. The LacliKhe Mountains are on tlie northern shore of Lake Huron. The principal feature of Upper Canada is its great chain of inland lakes. Ungth. Brawllh. ArMk 1j light K>IOV( Bnpertor, . . . 866 miles. 100 miles. 31,400 sq miles. 60O feet. Huron, with Qvorftlan Bay, 280 „ IBO „ 24,1)00 ti 678 „ 8t Clair, . . • M ., 3ft „ S20 670 „ Krl^ . . . ■ MO „ 80 , 10,(NI0 666 „ Ontario, . . • 180 „ 06 „ 7,300 M 233 „ Michigan, . . 820 „ 80 „ 36,000 „ 678 „ Lake Superior is the largest body of fresh water on tho globe, and is remarkable for the extensive copper mines on its shores, the principal of wliich are tho Bruce Mines ; and the Pictured Rocks, a high range of cliffs of various colours along its southern shore. The River St Louis flows into it at the extreme west end. It is connected with lAke Huron by the St Mary River, and near its outlet are the rapids of the Sault Ste. Maiie ; to avoid which, a canal htis been made. Lake Huron is noted for its extensive fisheries, white fish being tho principal ; and for its numerous islands, of which the ManitouUn Islands, belonging to the Indians, are the principal. On the east is the Georgian Bay, separated from Lake Huron by a peninsula, and terminating in Matchedash Bay, Notta- leasaga Bay, and Owen Sound. The Nottawasaga River flows into the bay of the same name. Lake Simcoe is drained into the Georgian Bay by the River Severn, and Lake Nipissing by the French River. The Rivers Saugeen and Maitland flow into Lake Huron from the western peninsula. On the west coast is a deep inlet, called Saginaw Bay. The principal towns on Lake Huron are Ooderich, Kincardine, and Saugeen, on the sliorc of the western peninsula; Owen Sound and Collingwood on the Georgian Bay; and Saginaw in Michigan. Lake Huron flows into Lake St Clair by the St Clair River, at the entrance of which iaSamia. Lake St Clair is a small shallow lake with a rapid current, and is dangerous for navigation. The River Thames, rising in Perth county, flows past London and Chatham into it on the south-east. The Detroit River connects Lake St Clair with Lake Erie. It is about 26 miles long, and from one to two broad. Windsor, Sandwich, and Amherstlmry are situated on it, and Detroit opposite Windsor, on the United States side. Lake Erie is remarkable for its sudden storms. It is the most shallow of tho great lakes, its mean depth being only about 100 feet. It contains the Islands Long Point and Pelee. The Orand River rises in the county of Wellington, and flows past Elora, Oalt, Paris, Brantford, and Dunnville, into Lake Erie towards its north-eastern extremity, after a course of upwards of 100 miles. The principal towns on Lake Erie are Port Stanley, Port Dover, and Port Colbome, on the Canadian side ; and Buf- falo, Dunkirk, Erie, Cleveland, Sandusky, and Toledo, on the UnitedStates side. Lake Erie is connected with Lake Ontario by the Niagara River,im which are the celebrated Falls of Niagara, distant from Lake Ontario about 14 miles. The river, at the outlet of Ijtko Erie, is about three quarters of a mile wide, and I I IS NOBTH AMERICA. flowi w|th • i»pid eturrtai. About * mil* and » half abova the Fallt M« Orand and NavD lUandt. B«low thei# ialanda a aarlei of flerc« rapidi begin, nntil the whola volume of the rirar ia pracipltnted ovor tha Falla, a height of about 160 feet. The Falla are divided by a little ialand called Goat Iiknd, tha largrH volume of water being on the Oanadian lido, and forming the " Horecihoo Fall," lo called from iti lemioircular form. The ninu of water which falla ia onormoui, and producea a deafen- ing roar. The force of the current below the Falla ia lo grant that ita dc| ' )i can never be aounded. After flowing in a rapid and turbul< at ooune, between lofty precipioei, it forma the Whirlpool, and then flowa with a amooth but rapid courae to- warda Lake Ontario. Lake Ontario ia the amalleat of the five great lakei, but ia tha moat important for Oanadian trade. Burlington Bay, on which Hamilton ia built, ia at the weitem extremity. On the north ahore ia the remarkable PeninnUa of Prinet Bdward, nearly aeparated from the mainland by tho Bag of Quintt, which ia noted for ita beautiful aconery. The Trent, Atoira, and Ain- panee Rivera flow into the Bay of Quintt. The other rivera are numerous but tmalL The principal towns on Lake Ontario are Hamilton, Toronto, Port Hope, Cobourg, and Kingston; Belleville on the Bay of Quints ; and Boeheiter, Oiwego, and Sackett'i Harbour on the United Statea side. Lake Michigan is entirely within the United States, and is connected with Lake Huron by the Strait of Mackinaw ; besidea these, there are Lake Simcoe, and a chain of smaller lakes ex- tending through Victoria and Peterborough counties, and con- nectbg with the Bay of Quint6 by the River Trent : L, Tr.'uity College, Osgoode Hall, and the Normal School. It ia t); 3 atw t of the law courts, and the centre of education for Upper Oanaia. It possesses a fine harbour, and carriea on a large trar e. Ottawa, (15,000,) the present capital of Caciudt', h uii;u.i>,000 doUars, and is celebrated for its beautiful aitnat! a. Ii ia dis- tant from Montreal 100 miles. The Rideau Canal eonnects it with Kingaton, and Just below the city are the Rideau Falls. It is the principal centre of the lumber trade, vaat quantities of timber being floated down the River Ottawa and ita aflluents. Kingiton, (14,000,) situated on Lake Ontario, Just above tha Lake of the "Thousand Islea," ia one of tiie oldest cities ia Upper Canada. It possesses seveval furts, and is tho principal fortified town in the upper province. Ita buildingN are mostly of stone, which is found in the neighbourhood in great abundance. It has two Colleges, Queen's and Uegiopulis, and carries or. •'. large shipi)ing trade, Hamiltim, (19,000,) situated at tho head of Buriington Bay, ia the aecond city in Up|>er Canada in popuktion and commer- cial importance. It ia well built, the principal buildinga being of atone, and has extensive waterworks. Being at the head of navigation on Lake Ontario, it haa a large trade with the western peninsula. London, (12,000,) on the Thamer, is the principal city in the peninsula. It is situated in the midst of a populous and rich agricultural country. It haa numeroua fine buildings, and ia the scat of Huron College. St Catherines, (6300,) is beautifully aituated on the WelUnd Canal, poaaesses mineral springs, and ia a favourite resort for invalida and for summer residence. Dundas, near Hamilton, Oalt and Preston, on the GianH River, and Oananoquc on the St Lawrence, are important manufacturing towns. Chatham, on the Thamoa River, Peterborough and Lindsay, in the Interior, and Belleville, on the Bay of Quinte, at the mouth of the Moira, carry on a largo lumber trade. Cobourg and Port Hope are important towns on Lake Ontario, and export lumber uud produce. Victoria College ia situated in Cobourg. Ouelph is an important centre of a rich agricultural country. Brant/ord, on ilxt Grand River, Woodstock, Jngersoll, and Stratford, in the western peninsula ; Perth, on a branch of the Rideau, and firochtt'/e, on the St Lawrence, carry on a large local trade in grain and lumber. Niagara, the first capital of Upper Canada, ia aituated at the mouth of the Niagara River, in an extremely rich and fertile country, but is now of snudl importance. Collingwood, on the Georgian Bay; Ooderieh and Samia, on Lake Huron ; Port Dover and Port Colborne, on Lake Erie, derive their importance from ahipping. All the towna on Lake Ontario export grain and lumber. Sault Ste. Marie is a free port of entry. What Is the area of Upper Ca- nada? Population r How many persons are there t' • square mile ? What does Upper Canada comprise ? How is it bounded 1 How is it di- vided? Name the counties and their chief towns. State how each county is bounded. Ytben are the chief towns situated r What is iMd of the unsukTeyed lands? Describe the surface or Upper Canada. Point out tha hills and ridges on the map. What form the principal features of Uppe'.' Canada? Name the great hikes. Which is the largest, Ac. ? '^escri;.-; Lake Superior. Describe > ^uron. Point out on the map 'Jie prineipal bays in it. The rivers flowing into it. What towns do they flow last/and what lakes do they dr u: Ti> towis on its shores. How I'n-t J.^ke Huron empty? t> ^,.,.-,, . ■ .,, , -t oi,i,. Point out \. !>■■■■■ ■.!».. I jwds on its shorK-. '< w does n, trnpty? Describe Lake £rie. Point out on the map the principal river flow- ing into It. What towns does It flow past ? Point out the principal towns on Lake Erie. How Is It emptied? Describe the Vails of Niagara. Describe Lake Ontario, and point out its principal features. What rivers flow Into It? What towns are on its shores? Point them out on the map. How is Lake Ontario drained? what other lakes are there ? Point them out on the m ^ • ?'4 1 1 • - • • • • 1 • MONTEEAI AND TOEONTO : JAMES CAMPBELL, PUBLISHER. m 44i fl it; I M±,