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IF YOU WANT TO FIND ANYTHINO IN "THE HANDBOOK," TURN TO THE INDEX.

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**THE HANDBOOK."

In the following pages will be found a mass of interesting matter on the states
of Oregon, Washington, Idaho, and Western Montana as well as extended mention
of British Columbia and Alaska. The data for these articles has all been carefully
gathered by TuK Drkgonian through personal visits of its representatives to the
different parts of this vast ♦^erritory, and the book as a whole contains more informa-
tion offered in an interesting shape than was ever before afforded in any single publi-
cation.

The claim of infallibility is not made for " The Handbook." In compiling an
immense amount of matter, such as is contained in a publication of this nature,
mistakes must occur, a lapse, for which the intelligent reader will make allowance.
The aim of the publishers of "The Handbook " has been to offer to the jmblic a
work, the reliability of which in the main could not be questioned, and the few mis-
takes which will be found in the work will not affect in the least its general repute
as a reliable publication on the Pacific Northwest which is worthy of the most care-
ful attention.

The publication of " The Handbook" has involved a year's hard work in gath-
ering data and in the compilation of the matter it contains. Certain minor changes
have taken place in some of the industries described in " The Handbook " .since the
information for these articles was obtained. The changes referred to, however, have
simply involved a slight difference in a few cases between the estimates of output,
etc. , published and these estimates as they exist today. The general conditions of
all the industries covered by "The Handbook" are the same today as they were
when the information was gathered for this publication. For 20 years past there
has been a steady increase in the volume of exports made from the Pacific North-
west, and that the industries of this section will show a steady increasing importance
with each successive year in the future is patent to everyone who has the least
knowledge of this vast territory and of the opportunities presented for the rapid
development of its varied resources. It is this steady growth of its business that makes
a reliable publication on the Pacific Northwest of such signal importance at the
present time, and it is the opportunity for the profitable investment of capital in the
development of the very industries here that have already built up many large for-
tunes in this part of the West that insures a future prosperity to the territory covered
by "The Handbook" which but few parts of the continent have enjoyed.

The compilation of matter for " The Handbook " has not followed in the lines
which matter of a kindred nature has heretofore been handled for similar works.
Time tables of transportation lines, reliable maps of the country and information of
a purely statistical nature are found in the numerous railroad pamphlets which are
distributed gratuitou.sly on all the transcontinental lines of road. The general style
adopted for the articles contained in the present publication is of an easy descrip-
tive nature which will appeal directly to the interest of the reader where statistical
matter in tabulated form is valuable only for reference. A large amount of statisti-

4 The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

cal matter is fumiuhed in "The Handbook," but this is made an incidental feature
to the principal descriptive articles of the book. Enough statistics are furnished to
insure the reliability of any general statement made in the book, but it will not be
necessary for the reader to wade through a mass of figures to enable him to reach a
conclusion regarding the status of any industry of this section.

The large number of illustrations which "The Handbook" contains will be
found valuable in aiding the reader to form something of a just estimate of the
grandeur of Northwestern scenery, the present standing of its industries and the
general types of buildings which its leading centers of population contain. No city
of the East is better built than are the leading trade centers of the Pacific Northwest,
and the many fine buildings of Pc/tland, Tacoma, Seattle, Spokane, Helena, Butte,
and other cities of the Northwest will vie favorably with the structures which line
the main business streets of New York and Chicago.

All travelers over the transcontinental roads terminating on the shores oi ihe
Pacific ocean have noted the interest taken by their fellow passengers in the princi-
pal centers of population passed by the moving train. Such questions as " What
town is this ? " " What is its population ? " " What supports it ? " are always asked
by the majority of travelers over any of the transcontinental lines of railroad. These
questions are all answered satisfactorily in "The Handbook." " The Handbook "
also contains a vast amount of valuable information in its articles on the different
industries of the Pacific Northwest and on its most characteristic features. The
articles on coal, lumber, mining, fishing and the other industries of the Northwest
v/ill furnish all the information desired by the reader on these resources. In addi-
tion to these special articles, however, much valuable information is contained on
the resources of different parts of this territory in the carefully written articles on its
principal centers of population. The article on Portland, for instance, includes
extended mention of the leading features of the country which supports the city. In
the Tacoma article much space is given to a description of the leading industries
which have contributed to the prosperity of the city, including mention of the great
coal mines of the Puget Sound country, its vast lumbering interests and its export
trade. In the Seattlo article will be found much interesting matter connected with
the early settlement of the country bordering on Puget Sound and on the wonderfully
rich district which trades with the latter leading center of population. In connec-
tion with the article on Fairhaven is published reliable matter on the coal mines
back of the city, which produce the best coking coal on the coast, and the import-
ance of Bellingham Bay as a harbor of great coming importance. The mines of the
Coeur d' Alene, Kootenay and Colville districts, as well as the rich wheat fields of
the Palouse and Big Bend sections of Washington, receive extended mention in the
interesting article on Spokane, the leading inland city of the state. No part of the
Pacific Northwest has been slighted in "The Handbook," and this work contains a
greater amount of matter on this section than was ever before offered to the public.

The complete index furnished with " The Handbook " will enable the reader to
turn to any subject connected with the Pacific Northwest on which he desires infor-
mation without a moment's delay. The book as a whole is worthy of more than
passing notice, and it is presented by The Oregonian with the belief that it will
redeem every promise that has been made for it.

Tfie Pacific Northwest.

The Pacific* Northwest.— That part of the United States, incliuling
Alaska, lying west of the Main Divide of the Rocky Mountains and north of Cali-
fortiia and Nevada forms, with British Columbia, what is known as the Pacific
Northwest. The states embraced in this magnificent sweep of country are Oregon,
Washington, Idaho and Western Montana. The Pacific Northwest has an area of
1,356,338 square miles. This i- ^er one-third as large as the area of all the rest
of the United States, and is larg ; 'han the combined areas of France, Geruuiny,
Great Britain and Ireland, Italy, Pc t lugal and Greece. The total population of this
vast region today does not exretd i,2oo,txx>, less than one person for each squuie
mile of its territory. The - jntry v-ontains a little more than a million people
today where ten times this numbei could be comfortably supported from the fuller
development of its resources, and it ('■ this magnificent promise of future advance-
ment that is the country's chiei claim for the attention of the world at the present
time.

The Pacific Northwest extends from the semi-tropical valleys of Southern Ore-
gon to the ice fields of the Arctic ocean. The climate of all this region, with but few
exceptions, is a balmy one. All that portion of this section bordering on the coast
for 1,000 miles or more north of Portland enjoys the climate of Virginia, with almost
an entire absence of snow in winter and without extremes of heat during the sum-
mer months. Eastern Oregon, Eastern Washington, Idaho ajul Western Montana
experience colder winters than does the section of the Northwest west of the Cas-
cade Mountains, but in no part of the Pacific Northwest, with the exception of the
interior of Alaska and the mountainous regions of British Columbia, are the cold
spells of winter as protracted, or is the cold as intense, as is noted in the winters of
the Eastern states.

From its most northern end to its southern boundary and east from the Pacific
ocean to the rugged summits of the Rocky Mountains the Pacific Northwest is a vast
storehouse of natural
wealth. It is doubt-
ful if in any other sec-
tion of equal size in
the world has nature
been so lavish with her
gifts as she has been
in the country border-
ing on the Pacific side
of the United States.
Contained in the Paci-
fic Northwest are the
most extensive coal
measures in theUnion;
it is here that are
found the greatest and
most valuable forests
in North America; the
largest silver and cop-
per mines in the world

have] ([been opened
within its borders, and

Mt. hood, Oreqon-From C1.0U0 C»p Inn.

The OA-egonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

'T^^^'~-

MT. HOOD-LADD QLACrER.

lying side by side with these great deposits of silver
and copper, are vast ledges of gold, nickel, lead and
iron ores. It is a country of great rivers, teeming
with the finest of food fishes; a few miles inland are
hundreds of fine lakes stocked with trout, and now
utilized largely by water transportation lines, and on
tfie western border of Washington, within its limits,
is the most beautiful inland sea in the world. This
is known as Puget Sound. Its importance can be
appreciated from the statement that it floats vessels
of any depth; its main channel, with its numerous arms, is the gateway to
thousands of square miles of rich coal, timber and agricultural lands, and its surface
is never swept by storms. It is possible for a steamer to leave Tacoma at its north-
ern end and steam for i,ooo miles or more north over a water course as smooth as
any river.

In the Northwest, nature has done everything on the most lavish scale. The
mountains are high, the prairies are broad, the rivers are wide and the resources are
inexhaustible. The country has made wonderful advancement during the past lo
years and it is not improbable that the next lo years' growth will cause the Pacific
Northwest to rank among the well settled parts of the United States.

The many carefully written articles which will be found in other parts of " The
Handbook " on the various resources of the Northwe.st give much valuable informa-
tion on the extent of these resources and the opportunities afforded for their develop-
ment. The reliability of the statements made in these articles is borne out by much
statistical matter, carefully gathered. The development of the many resources of
the Northwest has but reached the stage where their value hus been accurately de-
termined. It is but a few years since, that all >. "^ .is country was a trackless wilder-
ness. In the early 40's and 50's a few intrepid adventurers braved death by starvation
in crossinif the plains to Oregon. These early pioneers scattered out among the
valleys and hills of this region and they thus formed a superficial koowledge of the
great diversity of its resources. Some of these men returned to their homes in the
East, and the stories they told there of the possibilities for future growth in the
Northwest were directly responsible for the large immigration which poured into
the then territories of Oregon and Washington a few years later.

That the immigrants who early sought homes in the Pacific Northwest found a
country here which fully met their expectations is evidenced by ttie solid prosperity
of the country today. The output of its products has increased out of all ratio with
its increase in population, and, as a result, people have
lived better in the Northwest than they have in most other
parts of the United States. New avenues of wealth are
constantly being opened here, and the development of these
resources is all of a most substantial nature. From the time
the Argonauts of California first crossed over the summits
of the vSiskiyou mountains into Oregon and discovered gold
in the sands of the beautiful streams of the fertile valleys of
Southern Oregon, the mines of the Pacific Northwest liave
produced $670,000,000 in gold, silver, copper and lead.
Since the time when the gold-seekers washed $7o,oc)o,qoo
in the short space of a few years from the gravel of Alder „, hood-he»o of bandv rivcr.

The Pacific Northwest.

Mt. Hood- Crater Rock,
spiwinq backbone."

gulcli, Montana, discoveries of precious metals have
been made in nearly every part of this vast region. In
1892 the gold, silver and copper mines of the Pacific
Northwest added to the wealth of the world the enormous
sum of $57,815,346. The greatest mines on the continent
are today located within the borders of this section and
tlio development of the mining industry here is but yet in
its infancy. Another great industry of the Pacific North-
west today is lumbering. The value of the lumbering out-
put of this region for 1893 was estimated at $26,000,000.
In the many beautiful and highly fertile valleys of the Pacific Northwest are many
fine farms. There are today, however, millions of acres of the finest land in the
world lying idle within the limits of this country, land which produces annually
yields of wheat equalled in no other part of the Union. In 1893 the aggregate wheat
crop of the Pacific Northwest was, approximatel}-, 27,000,000 bushels.

In the waters of Puget Sound and on the fishing banks of the ocean just off the
coast as well as in the numerous bays along the other parts of the coast are vast
quantities of the best varieties of food fishes. The Columbia, Fraser and Yukon
rivers and the countless smaller streams teem with salmon and other fish. The out-
put of the fisheries of the Pacific Northwest is valued at $ro,ooo,ooo annually. In
the following pages will be found a complete description of these fisheries and their
importance among the present great industries of the Northwest.

The Pacific Northwest is a natural wonderland. Here the works of nature have
taken many beautiful and fantastic forms. Every phase of landscape scenery is
found in this region and descriptions of the most interesting of this scenery will be
found in the many articles of " The Handbook." The Columbia river, the beautiful
lake region of Eastern Washington, Northern Idaho and Southern Oregon and the
Puget Sound country are all famous for the picturesque grandeur of their scenery,
and it is doubtful if any part of the world of equal extent with the Pacific Northwest
is as attractive in scenic beauty as is the territory covered by " The Handbook,"

Until 1846, when the international boundary line between the United States and
the British possessions to the north was established at the 49th degree of north lati-
tude, the territory lying between Oregon and California, the Pacific ocean and the
Rocky Movintains was occupied jointly by Great Britain and the United States. The
settlement in 1846 of the long standing dispute over the ownershipof this vast region
was follov/ed by th^ organization of the territory of Oregon. This was accomplished
August 14, 1848. Oregon was admitted as a state into the Union February 14, 1859.
The area of the state today is 95,274 square miles, of which 19,874,331 acres remain
unsurveyed. The population of Oregon, according to the official census of 1890, was

313.767-

Washington Territory, organized in March, 1853, comprised the present states of
Washington, Idaho, Montana west of the Rocky Mountains and a portion of Wyo-
^,_, :. , niing. By the creation of the territory of Idaho 10 years

later, Washington was reduced to its present area of
69,994 square miles. Of this area 23,432,060 acres are un-
surveyed. Wiishington was admitted as a state I'ebruary
j'^^^^SSSj^^^' 22, 1889. It now contains a population of 349,390, and is
making the most substantial advancement in wealth and

MT. HCOD I'ROM 8T«ai HOAD. pUpUlatlOll.

The Oreffonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northv.'est.

Mt. Hood-from Government Camp.

When organized in 1863, Idaho Territory included within its limits the present
state of Montana and all of Wyoming except the southwestern portion. By the cre-
ation of the territory of Montana in 1864 and the territory of Wyoming in 1868,
Idaho was reduced to its present area of 86,294 square miles. It contains today
43,745, 194 acres of land that are unsurveyed. Idaho was admitted as a state June 3,
1890. The population of the state is 84,385. In May, 1864, the territory of Montana
was formed from Idaho, and in 1873 by the annexation of about 2,000 square miles
taken from Dakota, it was given its present great dimei:sions. It is now the third
largest state in the Union, it containing an area of 146,080 square miles. Montana
was admitted as a state February 22, 1889. The lands unsurveyed in Montana cover
an area of 70,192,882 acres. The population of the state is 132, 159.

Prior to 1853 the territory of British Columbia was held by

the Hudson's Bay Company under lease from the Crown. In

that year the discovery of gold on the Fraser river in the

province caused a stampede to that section and the region was

( organized as a colony of Great Britain. The following year

Vancouver Island, just off the mainland, was included in this

•"olony. British Columbia has an area of 383,000 square miles

and a population according to the census of 1891 of 97,612. It

is on Vancouver Island that the old and very wealthy city of

Victoria is located. Since 1858 the mines of British Columbia

have produced $53,200,000 in gold. The gold output of the

province in 1893 was approximately $600,000. The product of the British Columbia

fisheries from 1876 to 1893 was valued at $26,000,000. The exports from the province

now average $7,000,000 a year.

Alaska, the latest territorial acquisition of the United States, has an extreme
length north and south of i,iuo miles and an extreme breadth of 800 miles. Itscoast
line, including its islands, is 26,364 miles. It has an area of 577,390 square miles,
which is nearly one-sixth the total area of the United States. Of the 31,759 inhab-
itants of Alaska, less than 5,000 are whites. In May, 1867, a treaty was signed by
which Alaska was sold to the United States by Russia for $7,200,000, a sum which
wau considered by many at the time as vastly in excess of what the acquisition was
worth to the government. In 1870 the treasury department leased to the Alaska
Commercial Company for a period of 20 years the sole privilege of taking seals on
Prebilof Islands in the territory. The number of seals which could be killed by the
company each year under this lease was limited to
ioa,oo -. Up to 1890 the annual value of fur seal skins
exported from these islands was about $1,500,000. The
lease e xpired in that year when a new lease was made
between the United vStates and the company, in which the
annual catch of seals by the company was limited to
60,000. The total value of the seal skins taken in Alaska
from 1867 to 1890 was $33,000,000, and the com1)ineil
value of all the products of the territory during the same
pario.l was $35,000,000. The proceeds of the govern
ment tax on seal skins taken in the territory during the .same time was $5,871, o(K),
or over five-sevenths of the total price paid by the government for the purchase
of Alaska.

Mt Hood-The Summit

Topography and Climate.

,t"

MT. RAINIER WAfVMINOTON

Topography and Climate of the Paclflc Northwest. (By B. S.

Pague, formerly in charge U. S. Weather Bureau, Headquarters, Portland, Oregcr.)

Toi'OORAi'HY. — Omitting from consideration the Cascade Mountains, the country

under discussion has an elevation

of from sea level to 8,aoo feet. ., i^*!!

This latter height is found over a '^e =#;•"£

small area in extreme Northeastern

Idaho, in Central Idaho extending

northeastward into Montana, and

in the nort!-?. western portion of

Montana. These elevations form

the main watersheds for the country

second to thosf^ formed by the

Cascade jNIountains. These latter

have peaks extending upwards of

10,000 feet.

The country throughout is of
volcanic origin, hence consists of
an undulating surface with im-
mense plateaus, the latter having
an elevation of from i ,000 to 4,000

feet. The distinguishing topographical feature is the Cascade range, rising quite
abruptly and traversing Washington and Oregon almost due north and south; be-
ginning at the northern l)oundary line of Washington, at al)out the 121st degree of
longitude, west from Greenwich, thence southerly, inclining slightly to the southwest
and entering California slightly to the west of the I22d degree of west longitude.
The continuity of this mountain range is broken at almost the 46th degree of north
latitude by the Columbia river, which flows through the mountains near to this place.
The general mountain range is higher in the southern portion of Washington than
elsewhere. The extreme apex is reached at Mount Rainier, Washington. *

The Coast range of mountains extends from the peninsula of Washington south-
ward along the coast into Lower California, being broken by the Columbia river.
Their elevation in Washington ranges from 1,000 to 8,000 feet, the latter being the
height of Mount Olympus, the apex of the Coast range. In the central portion of
that part of Oregon which they traverse, their elevation reaches 3,ou<j feet over a

small area. Between the Coast and Cascade
ranges are to be found many fertile valleys
whose elevations range from a few feet to ,^,oou
feet al)ove mean tide level. To the east of the
Cascade Mountains are principally table-lands
wlio.se elevation is from i,(kx) ' j 4,000 feet, ex-
cept in the valley formed by the Columbia
river, which extends over a large portion of the
State of Washington to the east of the Cascades.
This valley is 2,0(X) feet and le.ss in elevation.

From the valley of the Columbia there is an almost regular increase in elevation

* There has never been any absolute measurement of the mountain peaks of OreRon and Wash-
ington, but the following are believed to be as near accurate as can be obtained, save by triangulation;
tHKen from Oannett's U. S. Geological Survey Report, i8,S4 (Measurement in ft-et): Mt. Rainier, 14,444;
Mt. Hood, 11,225; Mt. naker, 10,827; Mt. St. Helens, 9,750; Mt. Pitt, y,SiK; Mt. Olympus, S,i3,S.

'^:>m^^^^

Mt, Hood at Timber Cine.

7'Ae Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

to the sunimit of the Rocky Mountains; the western portion of Montana has an
elevation of from 4,000 to 8,000 feet, while almost the entire state of Idaho has an
elevation of from 2,000 to 6,000 feet. Thus it is seen that from the shore of the ocean
eastward to the eastern boundary line of Idaho and to the central portion of Montana
there is a continuous rise in the elevation. A map giving the contour lines of this
portion of the United States, would show a marked irregularity in their direction,
and marked gradients between them. The various elevations account for the

marked climatic difference, the distribution of rain and
.r\C ^?;f fc>?:, '^■^ snowfall, the character and constituent parts of the soil,

the surface and sub-soil drainage of the water; so that, in

■•*^'*^fc^ i^^^^^^*^'^-"^^ ^ counti'y, the soil, topography and climate

^ -^'^^'f^(r?'i#'^'^'^^^^ each be considered, singly and collectively, for each

■■^''s-it " *' and all depend upon '^ach other and upon the whole as

Mt. Hood-Ice Hummock, Eliot Glacier, a unit.

A birdseye view of the area under discussion would show mountains, hills, dales,
valleys and streams. From the Missouri river westward there is a gradual increase
in the elevation of the 1 ud, a gradual breaking up of the prairies and a more marked
appearance of mountainous conditions, the latter of a more barren nature than
will be found on the western approach to the apex or crest of the Rocky Mountains.
From the ocean, as distance increases the forests decrease. The country bordering
upon the ocean is, or has been, densely covered with timber. The Coast range of
mountains from the Straits of Fuca southward is a continuous growth of the finest
timber. Crossing the valleys lying between the Coast and Cascade ranges of moun-
tains, the topography and soil are pec-iiarly adapted to the growth of trees, and
this land when cleared, leaves conditions ideal in their character for agricultural pur-
poses. We find the Ca.scade range, especially the western side, possessing timber
unlimited, almost, in quantity, which decreases from the crest of the mountains east-
ward, and especially so from the eastern foothills of the Cascades on to the crest of
the Rockies. The vegetable growth and the various topographical features depend
entirely upon the climatic conditions, to be discussed in the accompanying pages.

Climatology depends mainly upon the mountain ranges. Their exte:it and a/t^
and the topographical features of a .section should be thoroughly understood before
entering upon a study of the climate. The mountain ranges and the basins should
be carried in mind, thus facilitating the understanding of the changes in tempera-
ture and distribution of moi,sture. Hence the ranges of mountains — the Coast, Cas-
cade, and the Bitter Root mountains of Idaho, the basins of Rogue River, Umpqua,
Willamette, Puget Sound which embrace Puyallup as well,
the Columbia, Snake and smaller basins through Idaho and
Western Montana — all enter, in a greater or less degree,

into the discussion of topography and climate, and each .^gJB^'-virr'-vS^-tg^a.
posr.esses its various climatic changes. The following state-
ment based on deductions from "Gannett' Dictionary of
Elevations," will in this connection, prove of great value:

Mt. Hood- Illumination Rock.

Approxinialfl jjean Hnixht

Area in Square abo^'n S«a Lavel

Mi'ss- I Fett.

Washington

Oregon

Idaho —

Western Montana

70,000
95,tHKi
86,300
47.500

2,600

3,Suo
4,700

Areas in Square Mit.es Between

Sea Level
& 1,000 ft.

1,000 and 2,000 and
2,000 feet. 3,000 feet.

16,000

I I.OUO

None

i8,oot

11,300

1,100

750

3.000 and
4,000 feet.

15,400

10,800

13,200

9.750

4,000 and! Above
5,000 feet,i5,0(l() feet

6,900
11,000
16,000
11,000

4,400; 9,400
30,000, 21,000
22,200 34,500
i6,ooo| If), OCX)

Topography and Climate

Mt. hood, Broken Mountain near Summit.

The large area of Washington having such a large percentage of low elevation
is due to the great Puget Sound basin, the coast district and the great valley of the
Columbia. Oregon's high elevation is due to the high plateau east of the Cascades,
which gradually increases to the higher elevation of Idaho and Montana. The forego-
ing general description of the topography of this
country, covering an area of about 300,000 square
miles which, if properl}' han :ied, would fill more
than the present volume, should be borne in mind by
the reader, while following the climatic discussion in
the following chapter. If the rainfall were projected
on the same map as the lines of contour, a remark-
able coincidence would be noted ; in fact, the climate
of this section is so directly dependent upon features
of topography that at least this outline of topography
must precede a discussion of climatic conditions.
Thr Climate. — In 15 degrees of longitude (110° to 125°) and in 10 degrees of
latituc'e (40° to 50°) are seldom found such climatic changes and conditions as are
found in the section now under discussion. The portion of the Northwest west of
the Coast range has a climate almost marine in its character, while to the east of the
Cascades is found almost a continental climate. The entire subject might be con-
fined to a few words if but literal facts were wanted, but these should be explained
in order that the reader may thoroughly understand the causes of the marked
changes, the distribution of temperature and of moisture. The temperature along
the coast usually ranges from 30 to 55 degrees during the winter months and from
50 to 80 degrees in the summer months. The precipitation varies from 60 to 80
inches annually. In the section lying between the Coast and Cascade ranges the
temperature during the winter months ranges from 15 to 60 degrees, in the summer
months from 50 to 90 degrees and the annual precipitation varies from 55 inches
along Puget Sound to 20 inches in the southern portion of Oregon. To the east of the
Casci.iles and extending eastward to the eastern line of Idaho, thence northerly to
the British possessions, the range in temperature is much greater and the precipita-
tion much less. The temperature in winter months ranges from 40 degrees above to
41 degrees below zero, the latter at Helena. In summer months it ranges from 44 to
107 degrees, the latter at Boise City, Idaho. The precipitation varies from 10 to 20
inches. This brief statement shows a decrease in the precipitation from the ocean
eastward, while the temperature increases in range and in severity of extremes as
the elevation increases and successive degrees of longitude are passed to the eastward.
There are several marked causes which produce these marked and almost un-
usual climatic changes. The ocean is the great modifier of range in temperature and
prevention for extreme cold and extreme heat. The ocean's influence fails to reach
in its great effects to Montana and Idaho, due to the mountain
ranges. Over the major portion of Washington, Oregon and
the western portion of Idaho the seasons are well defined and
are divided into the wet and dry seasons. These seasons are
more marked west of the Cascades than to the east of them.
The influence exerted by the ocean and by the topography ex-
plains the peculiar weather types to be found in this section.
Hence it would be well to treat of the oceanic and mountain
influences.

Mt. hood.
Steel Party at Crater Rock

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

I '

MT. HOOD-BARRETT'S SPUR.

The larji^est of all the oceans, the Pacific, is least subject to perturbing influ-
ences of a local character. The conditions are constant over large areas ; its cur-
rents, both of wind and water, are drawn in broad sweeping curves, in which extent
,,,, of space and time of passage serve to over-ride all mere local
T-t*' .-sS',si''.*ft'S or temporarj' modification. Thus, it is enabled to present
' ' ' * almost the ideal problem of oceanic circulation, and to

iiijii-i;::^^^, array upon the climate of this section a few masses of
i^^to - simple influence which becomes involved and difficult
of study only through the continental disturbances.
Without interruption, that part of the North Pacific
.J^afimx::.^^ ocean which may be considered as modifying the climate
of this section , stretches away over very nearly loo degrees
of longitude. To the west it is bounded hy the extreme
Orient, the islands of Japan with their northern projection over the Kuriles to the
coast of Kamtchatka and their southerly connections with the Philippines. The
northern limit is drawn by the Aleutian islands and the eastern border is the shore of
North America. To the south no co.isistent mass of land f.ppears to hem this ocean
in, yet the barrier is none the less strong, because it may be measured onlj- with the
instruments of the meteorologist. It e>dsts at the 30th parallel of north latitude.
Below this boundary line is the region of the northeast trade wind and the westward
drift of the equatorial current, and these two serve sufficiently to bound in wind
and water the great basin above. It is a basin within these limits, a rough ellipse
having a major axis of 100 degrees of longitude and a minor axis of 25 degrees of
latitude. It has its characteristic system of circulation both of atmosphere and sea.

The strongly individualized ocean current of the region is the Kuro Siwo or
Japan gulf current. Developed from the cumulative progress of the equatorial drift
and directed by the rapid alteration in the plane of the sea l)ottom and the trend of
the Asiatic coast, this warm stream moves across the whole Northern Pacific ocean.
Occurring in a broader sea it shows several important differences from the gulf
stream. It has a slower motion, its warmth is not so strongly contrasted with the
water through which it flows, and the wind blowing counter to its course frequently
avails to deflect it or even check it entirely. Its eastern development and dispersion

has been for years a battle-ground for theorists,
and even now it is impossible to say definitely
that it reaches any part of this coast, yet it is
generally accepted that it does. Beyond a
question of doubt the Japan gulf current is the
main cause of the modified climatic conditions
which prevail over the greater portion of this
section. The mountain chains act as the second
great modifier, for by them the winds from
the arctic regions are deflected to the east,
thus allowing the ocean winds, carrying with
them the temperature there prevailing, to spread over and temper the other-
wise cold winds and air. These winds have a clear sweep across man}' thousands of
miles of sea, and in all their course they incur no resistance save such as is caused
by convective friction due to varying amounts of pressure within their mass. But
the moment they cease to flow over the .sea and begin their course over the conti-
nental mass, they are subject to violent perturbations, and present all the features of

MT. Rainier~A River of Ice.

Topography and Climate.

Scenic Effects-mt. Rainier.

turbulent motion, its irregular and rapid changes of pressure, its rapid expansion,
its sudden alteration of the saturative constants, and variation of temperature.

The wind drawn in from the sea by the general circulation of the atmosphere
may be taken to hold in suspension the maximum amount of moisture, and, other
things being equal, to approximate the satura-
tion amount theoretically to be expected in air
of a given pressure and at a given temperature.
Advancing upon the land the air current im-
mediately encounters perturbing influences of
man}' sorts. Without taking the reader through
a labyrinth of meteorological or scientific
phrases, it will be sufficient for the purposes of
this description of the climate to relate that the
moisture-laden atmosphere, carried by the general circulation of the air and moving
towards depressions in the great atmospheric envelope, the moisture is condensed
by being forced against the mountain side, thence upward, and the major portion
being precipitated on me windward side, that which is still held in suspension is
carried eastward, where new conditions are met with and a possibly new mixing of
the atmosphere takes place. New temperature conditions are met with, the disturb-
ing cause, the depression in a part of the atmosphere near at hand, continues the
turV)ulent motion and moisture is precipitated over the country to the leeward of
the mountains ; on its movement eastward the second range of mountains is encoun-
tered, higher than the first, and possessing a lower temperature, which acts as a
great resistance to the outward march of the disturbing element and the passage
winds from the ocean to its rear, the moisture is again precipitated on the windward
side of this second range, and, if the disturbing cause is sufficient, it crosses the
second range, meets another temperature condition, and here again moisture is con-
densed and precipitated, thence onward to the Rocky Mountains and eastward.
This brief description of the condensation of moisture over this section and its pre-
cipitation in the form of rain, snow, sleet or hail, will give the reader a general idea
of the causes of excessive rainfalls west of the Coast range, a less amount between
Coast and Cascade Mountains, and still less to the east of the Cascades.

The climatic conditions of Montana are more
under the influence of the general movement of
atmospheric disturbances to the east of the Rocky
IMountains than to the west of this range, hence for
this reason the seasons in Montana &^e not so marked
by wet and dry as they are over Idaho, Washington
and Oregon. These wet and dry seasons are not to
be taken as such in a literal sense of meaning, but
rather in a distinguishing sense, /. e., during the
so-called wet season the liability for rain is much
greater than it is for fair weatner, and contra for
the dry season. The causes of tlie.se two marked
seasons lie in the general movement of the winds,
the inclination of the earth and the diff'erence in the amount of heat received from
the sun, the amount of heat absorbed or reflected and the amount of heat prevalent
in the air.

QlSRALTER AND NISOUALLV GLACIER.
MT. RAINIER.

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

{

A Near Approach to Mt. R.^inier.

Due to the change of seasons, the inclination of the
^^jjpn. earth, during the autumn months the amount of heat

^'7';'.'j;^;,'ji)jj,';.^'; received from the sun gra.lually lessens, hence a cooling
ri*!^ of the air. It should be borne in mind that air at a tem-
perature of 50° will hold but one-fourth as much moisture
in suspension as it will at a temperature of 100°. With
this fact in view, it can be seen that the continuous move-
ment of the moisture-laden air from the ocean meets, in
the autumn, a gradual cooling of the air over the land,
hence the precipitation begins. As the disturl)ing causes become more frequent, due
to the greater cooling of the air over the land, the precipitation becomes more fre-
quent and heavier, until the maximum cold of winter has passed and the warming
of the air of spring begins, With this increased heat, the disturbing causes become
less frequent, until in the summer they almost entirely disappear. The winds from
the ocean continue during summer, and they have as much moisture in suspension as
they had before, but the greater heat of the air over the land allows this moisture to
be t:)ken up and absorbed, and not cooled and precipitated as Jl is in winter. The
gentjral movement or circulation of the air is a great factor in v.e change from the
wet to the dry season, but the change is more due to the change ui heat than in the
change in the winds, though the latter carry great weight in the argument as to the
causes of the wet and dry .sea.sons.

There now have been presented the main factors of the climate and its causes.
The mechanical resultant of these causes is the climate of this region, a climate
which, practically constant as a whole, displays equalh' constant differences between
the several natural districts into which the region is divided. Yet, before proceeding
to a more minute description of these various districts, it will be advisable to present
a general review of the climatic characteristics which dominate the whole region.
The distinguishing characteristic of the climate of the region is, that varieties of
weather endure practically unaltered for days at a time, and, even when supplanted
by others, return again and again, and on each such recurrence are symmetrical with
their former appearance, even when they are not practicall}' identical. In this
regard there is a wide variation from the conditions which obtain elsewhere in the
United States. Nor is this the only difference. Another notable one is that the
storms of the Pacific are with comparative infrequency traced across the Rocky
Mountains and the Atlantic slopes Another is that the storm frequently increases
rapidl}' toward the north.

When the area of low barometer of considerable depth overlies Washington and
probably is central far to seaward, its movement eastward is checked .f not pro-
hibited by the Cascade and Rocky Mountains. Held back by this mountain wall
and the eciuallj- potent barrier of high barometric pressure eastward, the low pres-
sure is kept beating against the.se obstacles. While this condition endures, gales
occur along the coast and rains occur over
most of the region. When, on the other
hand, a high area is central over Washing-
ton, the low pressure is central over Cali-
fornia, fair weather, light winds and an
increasing temperature prevail. We have
now given in general terms and briefly the ^r r.. . ' •. r

causes of the changes in the weather of „, „,,„,„ ,,„ lake Washington, Seattle.

PHOTO. BY LA ROCHE.

Topography and Climate.

Camp Portland neah Mt. Rainier.

this region on a general scale. The object of this paper is to
give a more minute description of the climate of the region
in order that the inquirer or the present citizen can become
more familiar with a section whose area is immense, its climate
embracing all changes from the sunny clime of Italy to the
rigors of an arctic clime; a section that produces every known
product of the temperate zone, rich in minerals, fish, wood
and natural resources, and possessing qualifications which
should and which will entitle it to a population more dense
and more prosperous than that which any section of our broad
land now possesses.

No single feature with which we come in contact during our
existence has such an influence upon our lives, our occupation,
our progress and advancement as has the weather. Upon the climate depends
everything, hence such an important part of our existence should be thoroughly
understood and be familiar to every one. That more attention is being paid to a
study of climate, to changes, causes and t 'fects, is evinced by the greater interest
displayed in the work of the national weather bureau. It is only through the medium
of this organization that we can learn of the climate from a practical or scientific
standpoint, and it is by having access to its reco.ds and data that this article was
made possible. This article is based entirely upoi. ofl'icial data, hence is authentic.
Covering 15 degrees of longitude and 10 of latitude, it loes not seem so improb-
able that the region should have such a wide difftrerce in climatic conditions. The
marked features of this difference are the precipitation over the extreme northwest
section of Washington, at and near Neah Bay amounting to over 100 inches, eight
and one-half feet of water, annually, while in portions of Southern Central Washing-
ton about Pasco, in Southeastern Oregon and in the central portions of Idaho, less
than 10 inches, or less than one foot, of water falls annually. vSuch is the difference
in precipitation in inches. In snowfall along the coast, snow is as much a rarity as it
is in the southern sections of those states bordering upon the Gulf of Mexico, while
in the Cascade Mountains, on the higher mountains of Idaho and ^Montana, snow

falls to a depth of several feet, and over a large portion
of the country to the east of the Cascades, snow covers
the ground during the latter part of December, in Janu-
ary and for part of February. This is not true of the
immediate Columbia river vallej- and on the lower
plateaus. In temperature as great a difference exists.
Along the coast a temperature below 10° above zei-o has
never been recorded, while to the east of the Cascade
Mountains temperatures of 10° above and below zero
occur every winter. Such an extremely low temper-
ature as 41° below zero was recorded at Helena, Mon-
tana, in January, 1880. These extremes are quoted to
show the wide range of climatic conditions which exist
over this region.

The following statement will give the reader a gen-
eral idea of the climatic condition prevailing over this
section In selecting the stations for which data is given
FALLS NEAR MT. RAINIER. ^^ ^as becu eudcavorcd to select those which give the

ri'

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

most complete type of the climate for their section. The figures given are taken
from reports of the United States and Canadian weather bureaus. A few stations
distributed over the whole country are included in the table for comparison.

Stations

Mean Annual
Temperature

Highest

Temperature

on Record

Lowest

Temperature

on Record

Average

Summer

Temperature

Average

Winter

Temperature

Av'ge Annual

Precipitation

in nches

Victoria, B. C

Esquimault, B, C

New Westminster, B. C.

Soda Creek, B. C -

Spence's Bridge, B. C.--

Olynipia, Wash

Spokane, Wash —

Walla Walla, Wash--- -

Astoria, Oregon

Portland, Oregon

Roseburg, Oregon

Bandon, Oregon

Baker City, Oregon

Helena, Mont

Boise City, Idaho

48.5
48.8

47-5
41.6

47.0

49-7
47.2

5-7
49.8
53-4
53-2
5I.8

45-^
43-3
50.5

110

102

97
102
108

88
102
102

lOI

103
106

104
100
101
100
106

97
105
109

17
2

-38

-14

-2

-30

-17
10
-2

-6

14
-14

-41
-28

-!i

-13
-23
-22

15
-29

2.S

58.2
58.2

59-7
66.4

69.5
60.9
66.9

71.8
5H.7
65.7
64-5
57-9
63.1
644

70.3

38-0
40.0

35-3
14.9
22.4
42.6
27.4
35-3
40.3
40.4
41.6
459
24-5
20.1

31.8

34-6

33'^>
28.6
27.1
.^3-4
56.3

31-2

54.7

34-72
24.82
62.88

7.48
10.17

55.9S
20.08

17.94
75.49
49-34
36-52
61.58
14.20

12.53
14.30

Washington, D. C

New York City

Boston , Mass

Chicago, Ills-

St. Louis, Mo-

New Orleans, L,a

Denver, Colo

Los Angeles, Cal

54.7
51-4
48.1

48.5
55-6
69.0

49-3
61.4

75-2

71-3
68.7
69.9
76.7
81.4
69.6
. 70. r

44.66

45-47
46.42
36.00

38-37
62.94

14.31
18.38

* Figures preceded by the minus sign, indicate temperature below zero.

The mean annual temperature has considerable variation over the section. Soda
Creek, in British Columbia, having the lowest mean and next to Helena has the low-
est temperature on record for this section Walla Walla has the highest mean tem-
perature. Portland and Roseburg have nearly as high a temperature. These tem-
peratures are nearly as high as that of Washington City. The extreme temperatures
at Walla Walla, having a range of 125°, are much greater than those of Portland or
Roseburg. Portland has the highest mean temperature and least range with the
highest mean of any station in the district. xJandon, Coos county, Oregon, on the
ocean, has the least absolute range of temperature of any station in the district. The
mean temperature of all the stations except Helena and Soda Creek is higher
than the mean over a great portion of the United States. The mean temperature does
not convey the proper information for an agriculturist, hence the highest and lowest
temperatures on record, covering a period of ten years or more are given. Along
the immediate coast line the maximum temperature is rarely above 85° and has
never been as low as zero, temperatures below 10° above zeio being very unusual on
the coast. In the interior, but to the west of the Cascade range, the extreme sum-
mer heat rises to 90° almost every year, and extremes of 102° are on record. Cross-
ing to the east of the Cascade Mountains extremes of 105° and 110° are recorded.
Through the major portion of the United States maximum temperatures of 100° are

are taken
ff stations
1.

iv'ge Annual

Precipitation

in Inches

34-72
24.82
62.88
7.48
10.17

55.9S
20.08

17-94
75-49
49-34
36-52
61. 5S
14.20

12.53
14.30

44.66

45-47
46.42
36.00

3«-37
62.94

14-31

18.38

ion. Soda
as the low-
meau tem-
These tein-
tnperatures
'ortland or
e with the
fon, on the
strict. The
: is higher
iraturc does
and lowest
en. Along
1° and has
unusual on
treme sum-
»rd. Cross-
e recorded,
of 100° are

Topography and Climate.

NtsQUALuy Glacier- Mt, Rainier.

recorded, and in a great portion of this high summer temperature injurious effects
result from the heat, such as prostration, sunstrokes and the like. This depressing
effect during the high temperature is due to the increased moisture of the air during
the increased heat. Over the entire area of the section under discussion the ill effects
of heat are unknown A sunstroke has not been recorded. This difference is due to

the fact that with increased heat there is a decrease
in the moisture, so that when perspiration is formed
on the body the great evaporating power of the air is
such as to immediately evaporate the body moisture,
thus producing a cooling effect. Then too, the dura-
tion of heat is comparatively short in thi3 section,
while in the Eastern states the duration of heat fre-
quently extends over a week. This long extension
of debilitating heat adds new fuel to the already super-
heated body and having no relief during the night,
there is no cooling or rest for the blood, the result
of continued exposure to the heat finally produces prostration with frequently fatal
results. In this section the period of warm or hot weather is of short duration,
seldom extending over two or three days, and during the continuance of this heat,
as at other times, the nights are cool, thus allowing the body to almost entirely
recuperate during the period from sunset, when the cooler ocean breezes are
experienced, to 10 o'clock A. M. the next day when the heat again begins to be
experienced. Over the greater portion of British Columbia, Montana, Idaho, Wash-
ington and Oregon a blanket is a comfortable and necessary covering during the night,
even during the period of the maximum sumr heat. Considering these various
conditions it does not seem peculiar that during extreme heat, which in Chicago, St.
Louis, New York and other Eastern cities would result in sunstroke, here leads to no
great or serious inconvenience or results.

Due to the proximity of the ocean and the chain of mountains to the east (the
Coast range), that section lying to the west of the Coast range is free from zero tem-
perature, in fact generally free from even freezing temperature. Between the coast
and Cascade Mountains, once in the history of meteorological record, has the tem-
perature gone below zero, and that period was in Janu-
ary, 1888, when orange trees were' frozen in Southern
California and zero temperature occurred in Oregon,
Washington and British Columbia. From self-register-
ing instruments at the weather bureau office in Portland,
the following data is deduced which will to a great
extent be true of the entire country lying between the
coast and Cascade Mountains.

During the year 1890, at Portland, the temperature
was below the freezing point for 529 hours or during
6 per cent, of the hours of the year. In the same year

the temperature was above 90° during 11 hours or less than one percent, of the hours
of the year. The non-frost period was from April 15 to October 9. In 1891 the teth-
perature was below the freezing point during 153 hours or during 1.7 per cent, of the
hours of the year ; it was above 90° during 33 hours or three-tenths of one
per cent, of the hours of the year. The non-frost period was from April 11 to
November 16. To the east of the Cascades the extreme summer temperature is

GREAT COWLITZ GLACIER-MT. RAINIER.

■ (■

i 1

1
t

^— ^^^—

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

° below at
is seldom

SSO'i'

Cowlitz Glacier and Tatoosm range.
Mt. rainier.

higher and winter temperature decidedly colder than to the west of them. The
winter temperature is below zero every winter and sinks as low as 41
Helena, Montana. Through the immediate Columbia river valley it
lower than 15 or 20 degrees below zero, and this extreme is seldom of long
duration. The winter period, during which stock must be fed, seldom exceeds seven
or ten weeks, usually six weeks is the utmost limit. To the west of the Cascades
wheat has.not been known to " winter freeze " while to the eastof them it frequently

freezes.

For the purpose of furnishing a general idea of the
usual winter and summer temperature the table given above
notes these temperatures for the various stations. In sum-
mer Walla Walla, with Boise City a close second, has tlie
highest mean temperature, while Bandon has the lowest.
The usual summer mean temperature is about 65° for the
whole region. In winter at Soda Creek and Spence's Bridge,
British Columbia, at Spokane, Baker City, Helena and Boise
City, the mean winter temperature is below the freezing
point, with the lowest at Soda Creek. The temperature
over the greater portion of this .section is favorable to the
growth of fruit, agricultural and stock products. A care-
ful analysis of the data given in the foregoing table would
take many pages, but the gist of it all, so far as temperature is concerned, is here
given.

The column on the right in the foregoing table contains the average annual
amount of rainfall. The term rainfall includes all forms of precipitation. The heav-
iest rainfall in the United States occurs at Neah Bay, extreme Northwestern Wash-
ington, where it amounts to over 100 inches annually ; thence north and southward
there is a decrease. A'. Astoria there are 75 inches ; at New Westminster, B. C. ,
there are 63 inches. Along the immediate coast it amounts to over 60 inches, or five
feet, annually. In the interior there are many local variations, but generally speak-
ing, from Puget »Sound, north and south, there is a decrease. Olympia has 56 inches
annually, Victoria 35 inches, Portland 49 inches, while in the southern portion of
Oregon it is but 22 inches. To the east of the Cascades it varies from 7 to 20 inches.
In this section about one-third the annual
amount occurs in the form of snow, while to
the west snowfall does not form over 5 per cent
of the annual total, and in years not i per cect.
The generally received opinion is that the
heavy rainfall along the coast sections extends
over the major portion of this section, while it
is a fact that excessive rain does not extend
over 3 per cent of the country. Again, on the
other hand, it has been represented that tothe
east of the Cascades the country is almost
rainless. The statemen^ is absurd on the face
of it. The annual rainfall occurs principally
from December i to March i, where, save to the
east of the Cascades, 65 per cent of the rain
occurs. The area over which there is less than g„„, north glacier, mt. baker, at .000 feet.

OOBBS, NEW WHATCOM.

Topography and Climate.

leni. The
' below at
is seldom
1 of long
eeds seven
; Cascades
frequently

dea of the
iven above
. In sum-
id, has the
the lowest.
65° for the
:e's Bridge,
a and Boise
le freezing
eniperature
able to the
Ls. A care-
able would
ned, is here

rage annual
The lieav-
itern Wash-
l southward
ister, B. C. ,
ches, or five
rally speak-
as 56 inches
n portion of
20 inches.

Water Fall near mt. baker, wash.

IT 6000 FEET.

10 inches of rainfall does not cover 10 per cent of the entire woto. it mtitcM.

region. Over this area the precipitation during the dry sea-
son is about one-fifth of what it is during the wet season,
showing a quite general distribution of moisture throughout
the year. It follows from such a distribution of rainfall
that it is more beneficial to agricultural operations andj
more fruitful than in those sections where summer rains I
and storms do so much damage to the harvested crops.
This entire section is favored with a climate of unusual
mildness. While the immediate coast regions have very
heavy rainfalls, yet such rain occurs during the winter
months of December to March, and in all cf ses the wet sea-
son gives /ay gradually to the dry iason during July and
August. While the prepondering aaiount of rain falls dur- ;
ing the winter, yet the spring, early summer and late fall
are marked by moderate rains at not infrequent intervals.

From a perusal of the foregoing the general climatic
condition of this region can be understood, and the rela-
tion of the climatic condition to health will now be briefly
discussed. As has been shown, the atmospheric changes
of this region are more uniform and of minor range,
when compared with the great portion of the United

States. This absence of disturbing meteorological forces, as indicated by the
narrow range of barometric and thermometric oscillation, is sufficient to account
for the freedom here from epidemics caused l)y atmospheric influences, and especi-
ally the absence of those atmospheric conditions favorable to the development of
bacteria and all cryptoganic and sporadic germs, and on account of the divers currents
of air mingling with the breezes from the mild Pacific, contagious and epidemic dis-
eases are easily controlled, while such diseases as typhus and cholera are entirely
unknown, and even typhoid forms of malaria are quite easily controlled, when
compared with the same class of diseases in the climate of the Atlantic seaboard.
The climate west of the Cascades is generally too damp for consumptives, but on the
plateaus east of this range it is the best climate for them in the world. Atmospheric:
causes of disease reside chiefly in the varieties of atmospheric changes of moisture
and temperature, sudden changes in temparature, excessive moisture or dr ness,
different electric conditions, or a deficiency of sunshine. The atmosphere may be a
source of disease in consequence of its being loaded with impurities, malaria, con-
tagions of vf -ious kinds, and noxious gases in general, and an endless variety of
septic germs. The range of atmospheric temperature compatible with human life
is very consi^' .rable. Its limits are probably just those extremes of heat and cold

that belong to the lower strata of air in the

different parts of the planet on which man is

destined to exist. Under the burning sun of

,, ^.Jthe tropics and amid the profound frost of the

Sjfei^i polar regions are alike found human dwellers.

'*!.' These different degrees of external temperature

impose peculiar physical characters ujKJn those

who are subjected to th^m, but they do not

MT. JEFFERSON, OR., FROM GR.zzLy TARN. of ncccssity cxtitguisfa Or even cause disease.

Ill IT

The Oregonian s Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

It requires more care, however, to preserve life under intense cold than under intense
heat. In India and other portions of the tropics the temperature ranges for a long
time from Soto 120 degrees. The mingling of the arctic and tropical atmospheres
ht ic combines to produce t.n anomalous climate singularly free from the severer
forms of disease found in either of these zones. The gradual effects of great heat
upon the human body operate distinctly as an exciting cause of disease, and give
rise to sudden attacks of illness. In the arctic countries, on the other hand, where
the sun appears for a short time above the horizon , and where the thermometer sinks
to 50 or more degrees below zero, are still found inhabitantSj but they are few and
thinly scattered, dependent mainly on the scanty supply of food in those parts of the
world. Under a degree of temperature a Uttle greater than that of the tropics, or a
little less than the lowest of the arctic regions, it seems probable that man would
soon perish, and in this fact we have a striking instance of the adaptation of the
health-giving properties of a climate free from those extremes of heat and cold.

Closely connected with the effects of temperature upon the health is the influ-
ence of the dir^rent seasons of the year. It is open to the commonest observation
that the general health of the community fluctuates with the changing seasons.
Catarrhs, coughs and pectoral complaints of all kinds are apt to commence or grow
worse in the winter and spring months, while bowel complaints are more numerous
and distressing in the summer months. The mucous membranes of the air passages
sympathize with the skin unJer the agency of extreme cold ; those of the stomach
and intestines under that of continued heat. The thoracic disorders are more seri-
ous and fatal than those of the abdominal. Cholera prevails where the temperature
stands at a high degree for a considerable length of time, and proves fatal where
cholera germs luxuriate in a hot and unchanging atmosphere. The climate of this
region is entireh- free from this disease, for the simple reason that the germs of this
particular form of disease cannot flourish in this mild antiseptic climate, with its
ever chr.r:ging currents of air drawn from the mild Pacific and mixed daily with the
gentle breezes from the tablelands of the adjacent coast. Sunstroke, yellow fever
and the like are unknown in all this region, for the reason that the mild, warm days
are followed by refreshingly cool nights, which make the climate destructive to the
germs which live in continuously hot localities and develop these remarkably fatal
maladies. And so it seems quite conclusive that the tiiv."apeutics of the climate of
this region is remarkable in its effects both as to its prophylactic agencies and its
curative effects on all diseases peculiar to our race.

Soils of the Pacific* Nortli\vest.— In a pre

outburst covered the principal part of Oregon, Wash-
ington and Idaho with a sea of molten lava, effectu-
ally destroying every vestige of vegetable and animal
life. This volcanic stone covered an area of '•00,000
square miles to a depth of over 2,000 feet. It is this
lava, crumbled by mechanical action and by the ele-
ments to an impalpable powder, mixed with the ac-
cumulations of years of decaying vegetation, that
now forms much of the soil of these states.

Generally, U may be tated that in no part of the
world is the soil more productive or lasting than are
the soils of the best lands of the Pacific Northwest.

-historic age, a great vo canic

*-«

'vH^^

w^^Sjr

v,»|H||ffi|

B™M|

f^m

'Nrrffnii

wiiP

Tall Wheat Raised in Willamette Valley, Oh.

Soils oi the Pacific Northwest.

der intense
> for a long
mospheres
he severer
great heat
, and give
md, where
neter sinks
re few and
larts of the
ropics, or a
man would
tion of the
d cold.

IS the influ-
abservation
ig seasons.
ce or grow

numerous
lir passages
le stomach
: more seri-
emperature
fatal where
nate of this
;rms of this
ite, with its
ily with the
ellow fever
warm days
ctive to the
kably fatal

climate of
cies and its

jat vo. canic

'■'l<^

n|i^HHK|V|

<Al,','h'StiiLi'.'Xi

■

i|ifl!!''r''"' '

18TH Successive Crop of Oats, Kl*m*th Co., Or.

ETTE Valley. Or.

This is fully borne out by the expressed
opinions of the most eminent geolo-
gists and chemists. Tlnre is as great
a diversity of soils in the states com-
prising the region covered by " The
Handbook" as there is a diversity of
climate in this part of the United
States. The soil of each division of
this region possesses peculiarities
distinctively its own. There is but
little difference, however, in the
wonderful productive power of the
various soils of the Northwest. Every semi-tropical fruit and all vegetation indig-
enous to the temperate zone can be successfully grown on this soil. In the great
number of different articles in "The Handbook" on the different localities of this
region, will be found a full desciipi-ion of the diversity and extent of crops that are
grown successfully In their respective localities. The general characteristics of the
soils of the different parts t the Northwest are worthy of some mention in the pres-
ent article, and it is these gener..! features which will command attention here, the
special characteristics of the lands of the Pacific Northwest being reserved for men-
tion in '.he subsequent articles of "The Handbook " on the different localities of this
.section.

In Western and Southern Oregon the soil of the bottom lands of the valleys is
H rich black loam of great fertility. The Willamette, the largest of these valleys,
uas at one time covered by a detached part of the ocean, something like Puget
Sound is today. The soil of the flat lands of the Willamette valley is the sediment
of a very fine silt cast into the waters of this pre-historic sound. Generally, the soil
in this part of Oregon is made up of disintegrated basaltic rock, washed down from
the adjacent hills, alluvial deposits and decomposed vcj^etable matter. The hill
soils a;-e less fertile than are the soils of the low lands, and are ot a dark brown color,
friable and fine. The Willamette valley is, in some respects, the most remarkable part
of llie state, and it comprises one of the most productive agricultural sections of the
Union. South of the Willamette valley are the valleys of the Umpqua and Rogue
river, both of which possess soils similar to the soils of the Willamette valley.

East of the Cascade Mountains the fertility of the soil and its prolific production
of all vegetation are due to the prevalence of lava asii and decomposed basaltic rock,
which it contains. The great cliffs and heaps of basaltic rock that are so often noted
in this region contain nearly all the ingredients which constitute the most important
elements of vegetable life. The soils of volcanic origin are the most productive and
la.sting of all soils. Contrary to popular belief, basaltic rocks are fragile and short

lived. All over Eastern Oregon, Eastern
Washington and Idaho the basalt, by a
mechanical breaking down, accompanied
by erosion from water and a process of
chem cal decomposition, is even today
building up fertile acres and adding to the
productive resources of land 1 hat has al-
FARM Scene, eastern washinoton. ready astouished the world with its enor-

I i

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

!! ! I

^y^.

Tall Oats, Medical Lake, Wash.

mous yields of cereals. It is highly probable that on no
other lands than the volcanic ash fields of the Pacific North-
west can successive crops be grown without each subsequent
year noting some slight diminution of the yield. The lava
fields of this region are vast and inexhaustible manure
heaps, which insure ample yields of crops for countless
years in the future. This land yields, on an average, 30
bushels of wheat to the acre. The lands of the Red River
valley, now considered the greatest wheat producing belt
in the world, yield less than 14 bushels to the acre. The
practical farmer, who has made a study of cereal culture,
will appreciate the fact that on the lands east of the
Rocky Mountains the continuous raising of wheat on the
same land soon wears it out. There are today, in the
Willamette valley, farms on which large crops of wheat have been raised during
successive seasons for more than 35 years past. The yield of wheat on these lands
is as large today as it was during the first few years it was cultivated. The soil of
the lands in the Pacific Northwest east of the Cascade Mountains is even more last-
ing than are soils of the Willamette valley, yet it is doubtful if either of these
soils will be found less productive after lany future generations have passed away.

The amount of rainfall in Eastern Oregon and Ka&tern Washington, per year,
is generally less than 20 inches. This rainfall, in the eastern part of these states,
would not furnish sufficient moisture for the maturing of crops did not the subsoil
furnish, during the time when crops are growing, a constant source of moisture for
surface vegetation. It is by this sub-surface form of irrigation on the rich lands of
the Big Bend and Palouse sections of Washington that it is possible to raise here,
each season, the millions of bushels of wheat which Washington now annuallj- pro-
duces. The air currents which pass over Eastern Oregon and Eastern Washington
during the summer months are charged and surcharged with vapor taken up from
the ocean, and this falling on the growing crops at night in the form of dew, insures
a form of irrigation in this section not afforded by rain.

The soil of the lands in the valle)'S tributary to Puget Sound is a rich alluvium
which will meet the draft of centuries of constant tillage. This soil is of great, even
of unknown depths. At the bottom of a well 144 feet deep in one of these valleys,
an alluvial deposit was found fully as rich as the soil on the surface. At a depth of
80 feet in this well, a tree four feet in
diameter was encountered, and for the
whole depth signs of vegetation were
found, thus evidencing the gradual build-
ing up of this soil by ages of decaying
matter. The enormous crops raised on
the lands of the valleys of the Puget
Sound section are almost beyond the
belief of the Eastern farmer. It migl^t
be mentioned here that wheat cannot
be successfully grown on these lands
owing to the excessive moisture the air
contains during the time the grain is

° ° Fahm Scene near walla Walla, wash.

Soils of the PaciSc Northwest.

ic*L Lake, wash,

ised during
these lands
The soil of
1 more last-
,er of these
assed away.

n, per year,
;hese states,
; the subsoil
moisture for
ich lands of
) raise here,
mually pro-
Washington
ten up from
lew, insures

ch alluvivmi
" great, even
lese valleys,
t a depth of

parts of the Northwest, the country surrounding

.#*■

Camping, Two Medicine Creek, Montana.

ripening. As in the other
Puget Sound contains a wide
diversity of soils. The up- ,
lands are not as fertile as the '
valleys, but the soils of these c
higher lands here if found in
the East would be considered
rich agricultural land. Up-
wards of 45,ooo acres of tide
lands in this section have
been r.-claimed by diking.
The soil of this reclaimed
land is rich, black and of
great fertility. It is unex-
celled as a producer of cer-
tain cereals and of all kinds
of vegetables.

The soil of the 25,ooo,ock) acres of Eastern Washington drained by the Columbia
river and its branches is made up of decomposed lava. It does not differ from the
soil of Eastern Oregon. This soil is abundantly supplied with potash and other ele-
ments essential to the highest development of cereal production. The soil is of a
line texture and in color it is a light gray which darkens slightly on exposure to
moisture. The basin of the Columbia river was at one time a vast inland .sea. In
the smaller valleys near the mountains that surround this basin are rich alluvial
deposits of great depth. Where the Columbia river makes its great cut through
this basin the lava beds show a depth of nearly 2,600 feet. From the summit of
these beds of lava a broad plateau stretches away to the east for a distance of nearl}'
150 miles. This comprises the great grain producing region known as the Rig Rend
and Palouse sections of P^astern Washington and the Potlatch district of Idaho.
Some parts of this great plateau are covered here and there with great unsightly
piles of basaltic rock which when seen from the passing cars, convey the impression
of an unproductive .section of country. The soils of
the Big Bend and Palouse sections, howe%'er, are per-
haps the richest on the coast, and this is today ♦'he
greatest wheat-producing region of the West.

The .soil of the lands of Northern Idaho is in
many respects similar to that of the lands of the
adjacent country in Washington. In the valleys and
on the plateau of the eastern and southern parts of
Idaho the soil is composed of vegetable matter
mixed with mineral, and in some localities of this
region with sand and clay. In the southern half of
the state irrigation is generally necessary to insure
the perfect growth of crops.

The soils of Montana, unlike those of the states
lying to the west, are not of volcanic origin. The soils
of the valleys and bunch grass lands of Montana were
formed by the disintegration of mountain rocks
and by the slow accumulations of decomposed growino hops, yakima vai ley, wash

PHOTO. BY CARPENTER,
TACOMA.

:■ If

i:'

y !

y[ I

The Oregotiian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

Photo by a. j. merwin.

■M<s

Trout Stream near Montesano, Wash.

organic matter. The valleys
of the state are exceedingly
fertile and produce cereals,
hay, vegetables and fruit.
In the Flathead and Bitter
Root valleys, lying in Mon-
tana on the Paciiic side of
the Rocky Mountains, fruit
is successfully grown. Of
the lands in the state east of
the Main Divide of the
Rocky Mountains only small
areas can be cultivated with-
out the aid of irrigation.
This land produces abundant
crops of wheat and other
cereals.

In the Yakima valley
and in Franklin and Adams
counties in Eastern Wash-
aid of irrigation. The Yakima valley.

Large areas of this valley are now Cov-

ington crops cannot be grown without the
in its natural state, is a sage brush desert,
ered with fruit trees, hop yards and fields of alfalfa. All the arable land in Oregon
or Washington suitable for agriculture can be irrigated at a comparatively small
expense. Irrigation in Oregon is confined to a small area included in a few coun-
ties east of the Cascade range of mountains. In this part of the state there still
remain large tracts of government land which, when irrigated, are as productive as
any of the best land now under cultivation in this section. The average cost of pre-
paring arable land for cultivation in the districts where irrigation is necessary is
about $15 per acre. The average cost per acre in bringing water to this land is esti-
mated at I5. This with the purchase price of $1.25 an acre from the government,
and the co.st of $15 per acre for preparing the land for cultivation, makes the total
cost of this land when fully planted $21.25 per acre. The average annual expense
of water for irrigating this land after it has once been planted is 94 cents per acre.

The average value of irrigated land in this section when
once cultivated is $57 per acre. These figures are given
merely as averages, and they do not represent the
cost of reclaiming land in any particular locality of the
irrigated belt. In some counties of Oregon the first
cost of conduccing water to arid lands is as high as $20
per acre, while in other parts of the arid belt the cost of
conveying water for irrigation is as low as $1.25 an acre.
Statistics bear out the statement that when a tract of
arid land has once been brought under cultivation its
value increases fully 100 per cent, over the cost of re-
claiming it. This great increase of value in irrigated
lands and the possibilities of irrigation here have at-
tracted the attention of thoughtful men and capitalists to
the future of irrigation in the arid parts of the Northwest,

The Pit.LAR8," U. P. Railroad.
Columbia River.

Rivers and Harbors.

rhe valleys
xceedingly
ice cereals,

and fruit.

and Bitter
ng in Mon-
fic side of
itains, fruit
rown. Of
tate east of
ie of the
> only small
vated with-

irrigation.
;s abundant

and other

ma valley
ind Adams
ern Wash-
ima valley,
e now cov-
[ in Oregon
ively small

few coun-

there still
xluctive as
cost of pre-
ecessary is
and is esti-
avernment,
?s the total
al expense
:s per acre,
ction when
's are given
iresent the
ality of the
n the first
ligh as $20

the cost of
.25 an acre.
I a tract of
tivation its

cost of re-
in irrigated
re have at-
apitalists to
Northwest,

/I • ..

m:ii

J. i

I'J';»j

"i. 41

jfe't*'

|L«v

M^M^^Mi'!\i

M^^r

SJ^Hi.

mwt'^^mt

wG'^iwKm

^nfji

'.'■Jl

)E%'''iwbi

Tllfth

;';i:„,,"""^ ' :

-^^

J;i>«^^

and active steps have already been taken to reclaim thousands of acres of land in
Eastern Washington and Idaho by digging ditches and conducting water in sufficient
quantities to insure ample crops on this land in all seasons.

Rivers and Harbors of the Pacific Nortliwest. — The Pacific North-
west contains several great navigable rivers, innumerable rivulets, and a score or

more of beautiful Alpine lakes and a series of magnificent
harbors. It also boasts of an incomparable inland sea
which offers the finest harbor for shipping in the world.
Through this vast region, and draining an area of no
less than 298,000 miles, flows the Columbia river, one of the
greatest watercourses of the continent. The Columbia
river rises among the Rocky Mountains, in a wild and
romantic part of British Columbia. Its course for 1,020
miles lies through British Columbia, the states of Wash-
ington and Oregon, to the Pacific ocean at Astoria. From
its source it first flows in a northerly direction. After re-
ceiving the waters of Canoe river it describes a sharp turn
and then flows in its southerly course towards the ocean.
Below the line of the Canadian Pacific railway it expands,
forming the Arrow Lakes, two beautiful mountain-walled
sheets of water. At Robson, 40 miles north of the inter-
national boundary line, it receives the waters of the Koote-
nay river. This latter stream, from its mouth to the
Kootenay Lake, a distance of 28 miles, is a surging and
foaming torrent, which makes three distinct falls over huge ledges of rocks. This
river rises among the mountains of East Kootenay, and in reaching Kootenay Lake it
describes a semi-circle, flowing successively through Montana territory, thence into
Idaho, and then back again into British Columbia. A peculiarity of this stream is
that near its source it flows due south, while over a low divide, only five miles away,
the Cohnnhia river winds its way northward. From Kootenay Lake, a beautiful
sheet of water, hemmed in by mountains 6,000 feet
high, the Kootenay river is navigable to Bonner's
Ferry, Idaho, a station on the line of the Great
Northern railway. From Bonner's Ferry to
Jennings, Montana, a distance of 62 miles, ob-
structions prevent navigation. At Kootenay sta-
tion the river begins a rapid descent, and in this
fall two great cataracts are formed. From Jenn-
ings, on the river, a line of boats plies to East
Kootenay, which is separated from Kootenay
Lake, in the west division of the province, by the
Purcell range of mountains.

At Fort Sheperd, an old abandoned post of
the Hudson's Bay Company, just north of the
American boundary, the great Clark's i'ork pours
its waters into the Columbia river. Clark's Fork
rises among the mountains, near Butte, Montana. g,. ^,,„ p,,,,, kooten., r,ver, b, c.

Cape horn Columbia River.

^J — .=

i il

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

t i

Glimpse of Kootenay Lake, B. C.

It is first known as Silver Bow creek, then successively as the Deer Lodge, Hell Gate,
Missoula, Clark's Fork of the Columbia, and finally as the Pend d'Oreille river. It
is navigable, for broken distances, through Idaho.

Crossing the international boundary line the Columbia river pursues its south-
erly course, receiving numerous small streams along its course before it is finally
joined by the Spokane river. This latter stream is the outlet of Lake Coeur d' Alene,
Idaho, and is not navigable. After receiving the
waters of the Spokane, the Columbia turns nearly
due west, forming what is known as the Big Bend
of the Columbia. The river winds here around
the foot of basalt cliffs 2,000 feet high. F'rom the
summit of these cliffs a broad plateau stretches
away southward for about 150 miles. This plateau
is the famous wheat-producing section known as
the Big Bend country of Washington. After flow-
ing south for a distance of 214 miles from the
international boundarj', the Columbia is joined by
the Okanogan river, which flows from the lake of
the same name in British Columbia. This stream
is navigable for about 40 miles from its mouth.
Between the boundary and the mouth of the
Okanogan river the Columbia falls 524.4 feet,
being pn average fall of 2.5 feet to the mile.
The average velocity of the surface flow over this
course is 3. 48 miles per hour. After passing the

Okanogan the next streams which add their waters to those of the Columbia are
the Methow, Chelan, Entritow, Wenatchee and the Yakima.

A boat now runs from Rock Rapids, on the Columbia river, to the mouth of the
Okanogan river, a distance of about 80 miles. Rock Rapids is a station on the line
of the Great Northern railway. The part of the Columbia from the head of Rock
Island rapids to the foot of Priest rapids covers a distance of about 60 miles. These
two rapids and Cabinet rapids are the principal obstructions to navigation along this
part of the Columbia. At Rock Island rapids the river has a fall of I2>2 feet over a
distance of 8,000 feet, and it falls 10 feet in 8,000 feet of its course at Cabinet rapids.

At Priest rapids there are seven
principal rapids, extending over a
distance of 10 miles. Between *he
little dalles and Priest rapids are
many obstructions which interfere
with continuous navigation. These
consist principally of rapids which,
however, can be overcome if
Congress will appropriate suffi-
cient money to insure navigation
through them. The total fall of the
river over Priest rapids, at low
water, is 72 feet, and at high water
63^4 feet. Boats can now, at cer-
„^ .„ , „ ^ ^ ^ „ tain stages of the water, pass over

Bio Falls, i ootenav River, Line Col. R. A Koot£n»» Rv. o ' r

PMOTO. QV NULAN09 BHOS., NELSON.

Rivers and Harbors.

;e, Hell Gate,
iUe river. It

lies its south-
; it is finally
oeuid' Aleiie,

'olumbia are

iiouth of the
n on the line
lead of Rock
liles. These
Dn along this
^2 feet over a
binet rapids.
re are seven
nding over a
Between *he
it rapids are
lich interfere
ation. These
apids which,
Dvercome if
)priate suffi-
e navigation
tal fall of the
jids, at low
it high water
now, at cer-
er, pass over

all of these rapids, though "lining up" is usually necessary to allow a boat
to pass up the river here. Priest and Rock Island rapids will always be diffi-
cult places in the river for boats to pass until either systems of locks or boat rail-
ways around tliese dangerous rapids are built. When the improvements around the
cascades of the Columbia are finished and the dalles shall be successfullj' passed
and the upper rapids of the Columbia are improved, Portland will enjoy uninter-
rupted water communication with the wheat fields of the Big Bend and Palouse
wheat-producing sections of Washington, as well as with the mines of the Chelan
and Okanogan mining districts. Just south of Pasco, a station on the line of the North-
ern Pacific, the Columbia is joined by its g' 't southern fork, the Snake, in many

< Inspects a greater stream than even the

Columbia itself. The Snake is one of the
wonderful rivers of the West. It derives
its name from its extremely tortuous
course. It carries a sufficient volume of
water to float steamers i ,000 miles or
more from its mouth, but owing to num-
erous obstructions to navigation it is not
practicable to continue navigation above
Lewiston, Idaho. Steamers have plied
on this stream, however, to within 150
miles of Great Salt Lake, and even to-
day parts of the river are navigated regu-
larly for a considerable distance east of
Huntington, a station near the boundary
line between Oregon and Idaho.

The aggregate appropriations by the government for the improvement of the
Snake and Upper Columbia rivers have been 1271,000, of which amount 1162,965 was
expended prior to June, 1893. By the terms of the river and harbor bill of July, 1892,
the upper limits of work under this head were extended from Lewiston, Idaho, to
Asotin, Wash., a distance of seven miles. The Snake is now regularly navigated
between Riparia, on the Washington division of the Union Pacific railroad, and
Lewiston, Idaho, a distance of 77 miles. For the fiscal year ending June i, 1893, the
three steamers plying on this route carried 19,364 tons of freight, the estimated
value of which was $605,910. ^,;__

The Snake is one of the longest of Western rivers.
It rises among the wonderful scenic country of the Yel-
lowstone National Park. It winds among the hills and
plains of Idaho for nearly 800 miles. T\venty-five miles
from Shoshone, a station on the line of the Union
Pacific railrotxd, the river forms Shoshone falls, next to
Niagara the most imposing waterfall in America. Before
entering Washington and emptying into the Columbia,
the Snake separates a part of Idaho from Oregon, being
the boundary line between these two states for this distance. The Columbia and
Snake rivers form a continuous line of navigable water from Celilo, at the head of
the dalles, to Lewiston, Idaho. The only part of this stretch of river now navi-
gated, however, is the Snake from Riparia to Lewiston, a distance of 77 miles. The

View on Aurow L»ke, Columbia River.

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CLARK9 Fork, Columbia River.

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The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

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WATER Power, Spokane, Wash.

Snake, at certain stages of water, is navigable for 300 miles above its junction with
the Columbia and for 200 miles in the heart of Idaho.

The Salmon , Boise, Payette, Weiser and Wood rivers drain Central and Southern
Idaho. All these streams flow into the Snake from the north. The Clearwater, a
blue mountain stream rising in the Bitter Root Mountains and navigable for a few
miles from its mouth, joins the Snake at Lewiston. The Powder and Grand Ronde
rivers, swift flowing streams, watering large areas of fertile valley lands lying in
Oregon, contribute their waters to the Snake as it winds its way along the Oregon
boundary. Just as the Snake strikes the boundary line it receives the waters of the
Malheur river which, rising in Nevada, flows northward for a distance of 500 miles,
watering along its course an important section of country.

When boats shall be able to run from Portland to Celilo, the Columbia and

Snake rivers will furnish a most important
system of water communication with the
interior. This water course will furnish an
outlet for the great grain districts of East-
ern Oregon, Washington and Idaho.

The Columbia, after it is joined by the
vSnake, receives the waters of the Walla
Walla, Umatilla, John Day and Des Chutes
rivers, as well as the waters of several
smaller streams. Of the numerous small
rivers which empty into the Columbia be-
tween the mouth of the Willamette river and tl'p '^c-a, and the most important, is the
Cowlitz. In the early history of Washington, the course of the Cowlitz was the route
generally followed by people traveling overland between Portland and Paget Sound.
The Cowlitz river is navigable for small steamboats for a distance of 50 miles from
its mouth. The government has appropriated for its improvement sums aggregating
$22,000. Nearly all of this money has been expended in removing sand bars, snags,
rocks and other obstructions from the channel of the river.

The distance by river from Priest rapids to the ocean is 409 miles. All of this
stretch of the river is navigable except a short distance of about 20 miles. At Celilo,
275 miles below Priest rapids and 124 miles east of Portland, commences a series of
rapids which are about 14 miles long. A short distance above The Dalles is a gorge
of the Columbia called the dalles. The chasm occupies two and one-half miles out
of the 14 miles of the course of the river between Celilo and The Dalles. The river
above the gorge is from 2,000 to 2,500 feet
wide, and at its highest state it even covers
a stretch of a mile wide. For two and one-
half miles through the gorge, however, the
great body of the stream is compressed
into a narrow cleft about 130 feet across.
During a June freshet the water has been
known to rise in this gorge 126 feet. It is
expected that Congress will make an appro-
priation for the building of a ship railroad
around the dalles as this is the easiest way
to carry boats over these dangerous rapids. ,^^,„,^ ,„^^„3,. „^^„ ,^„^^ ^^^ „.^^,,.

Rivers and Harbors.

iction with

S2!!,«:

Gorge agove The Dalles Columbia River.

This improvement is demanded by the interests of a vast country adjacent to the
Columbia river above The Dalles, and the maj^nitude of the interests of this section
well justifies the expenditure of the small sum necessary for the construction of the
ship railroad referred to.

About 20 miles below The Dalles the gorge proper of the Cascade mountains
through which the Columbia flows, is reached. Thirty miles farther down the stream
are the cascades of the Columbia. Here the rivet bed is filled with gigantic boulders
and huge mis-shapen stones, and for a distance of six miles here the mighty stream
lashes itself into a fury over these obstructions. Con-
gress has already appropriated $3,553,403 for the im-
provement of the cascades here. The first appropria-
tion for this work was made in 1877, about which
time work was commenced on the system of canal
and locks around these rapids. The work was de-
layed from time to time, however, by the lack of
money. In July, 1892, and in March, 1893, Congress
made appropriations aggregating 11,665,903 for the
completion of the improvements at this point. The
general scope of these improvements includes a com-
plete system of canal and locks and improvements to
the stream extending over a distance of four and one-
half miles. The fall of the river in this distance is about 45 feet at high water and
36 feet at low water. The principal obstruction to navigation here occurs at the
upper end of the reach known as the upper cascades. The project for the improve-
ments contemplates that the river shall be improved below the upper cascades by
removing boulders and projecting points in the bed and banks so as to give good,
navigable water from its lowest up to a 20 foot stage. The fall at the upper cascades
is to be overcome by digging a canal 3,coo feet in length across the neck of a low,
projecting spur around which the river is forced at the entrance to the gorge, and
placing in this a lock and other suitable structures which would permit the pass-
age of boats up to a 20 foot stage ; this lock and canal to be so arranged that
should the future necessities of commerce so demand, additional structures may be
added which will make navigation practicixble here at a much higher stage of the
river.

The first part of this vast project, that of im-
proving the river below the foot of the upper cas-
cades is finished. The difference of level between
the head and foot of the canal as now established
is 15 feet at high water and 24 feet at low water,
and the difference in height between high and low
water at the foot is 54 feet, and at the head 45 feet.
The plan on which work on the canal with its
locks and accessions is now being prosecuted has
for its object the improvement of the river to a
point where it will be navigable here as before
stated up to a stage of 20 feet. These improve-
ments it is now contemplated will be completed by
the end of 1894. This will give an unobstructed

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STEAMER HARVEST QUEEK RUNNINO THE RAPIDS

AT THE Cascades of the Columbia River.

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The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

CO-<STRUCTION W0nK-CASC»3E LOCKS, OREGON.

waterway for light draft ocean vessels and river craft from the mouth of the Colum-
bia to The Dalles, a distance of about 200 miles.

Fifty-three miles below the Cascade locks and 12 miles distant from Portland, the
Columbia is joined by the Willamette river, its most important tributary. On the
Willamette between Portland and the Columbia river the largest ocean steamers and
sailing vessels ply at all seasons with safety. The Willamette and I^ower Colum-
bia rivers float an export commerce valued at Si 7,000,000 annually. A myriad of
steamboats " navigate the river here, and hundreds of vessels hailing from all parts

of the world sail over its waters. From Portland to
the ocean is a channel of a mean depth of 22)4 feet
at the' very lowest stage of water. The improvement
of this stretch of river is largely due to the efforts
of the citizens of Portland who have accomplished
work, and expended large sums of money which
should have been done bj- the general government.
In the Columbia below the mouth of the Willamette
the formation of sand bars at five or six places form-
erh' seriously interfered with the successful navigation
at these places. To remove these bars small appro-
priations were made by the general government,
but these appropriations were totally inadequate
to accomplish more than temporary relief. The work done by Portland in over-
coming these bars has been of a permanent nature, and it has been clearly
demonstrated as the result of this work that a channel of even 30 feet depth at the
lowest stages of the river can successfully be maintained from Portland to the sea.

At its mouth the Columbia river is eight miles wide. Here it is really an estuary
of the ocean. Accumulations of sand, washed in by the ocean and carried down by
the river, formed what was formerly known as the Columbia river bar. This
bar interfered seriously with navigation. Before it was removed, large vessels could
only cross over it at high tide. A plan was elaborated for providing a channel across
this bar having a depth of 30 feet at mean low tide. The first appropriation for this
work was made by Congress in 1884. The total amount appropriated for this work
to the end of the fiscal year of June 30, i.S 3, was $1,687,500. The amount of this
appropriation expended has been 11,540,413, leaving a balance of 1147,087 still
available for the prosecution of the work. The work of improving the mouth of the
Columbia river, however, is now substantiall}' finished. The main part of the chan-
nel at the entrance is now 30 feet deep at low tide. For one mile of the width of

the channel the lowest depth is 27 feet, and for a dis-
tance of two miles the lowest depth is 25 feet. The
largest vessels now pass into the river from the ocean
with safety and without delay on account of tides.

As early as 1877 the government began the work
of improving the Columbia and Willamette rivers
from Portland to the sea. The object of these im-
provements was to make and maintain a navigable
channel having a low water depth of 25 feet from
Portland to the sea. The amount expended by the

COLUMBIA River Rapids AT Cascades, , ... i j i« /- i i-

SHOWING STATE PORTAGE ROAD, govcmment ou this work to the fiscal year ending

;:-x;5.^-^^^.. ,.;,i"iE

Rivers and Harbors.

:he Colum-

,^^?r;^r-~i::y^ ;:^ ":^:

Mouth of Columbia River.

June 30, 1893, was $775,138.58. This sum was appropriated at different times and
the work of the government in the improvement has been carried on very slowly.

At the close of 1890 it became apparent that con-
siderable additional improvements must be made to
the rivers between Portland and the ocean, and that
this work must be accomplished in less time than it
was possible to secure an appropriation from the
government for finishing it. Arriving at this conclu-
sion, the citizens of Portland applied to the state
legislature of the session of 1890-91 for authority to
issue bonds to complete this work of improving the rivers from Portland to the
mouth of the Columbia. As a result of this petition, the legislature passed an act,
P'ebruary 16, 1891, creating a corporation under the title of the Port of Portland.
This comprised 15 reprfesentative citizens of Portland, and it was formed in the
nature of a municipal corporation. About 90 per cent, of Multnomah county is
embraced within its limits, and it is vested with authority to issue bonds to the extent
of 1500,000, and to levy taxes to meet the interest on the bonds and to retire them at
their maturity. Work was commenced under the direction of this corporation in
December, 1891. Since that time it has constructed 43,000 lineal feet of diking at
several points on the Willamette and Columbia rivers where it was necessary to nar-
row the channel to increase the depth of water. This, together with a con-
siderable expenditure for dredging, has already secured between Portland and tl.e
sea a channel, at the lowest watei, of 22^2 feet. This channel, with the natural ero-
sions, is expected to attain a depth of 26 or even 30 feet with little further expen-
diture. This result has been reached by using the proceeds of I300, 000 in bonds and
|i 25,000 raised by direct taxation. The action of the citizens of Portland in thus
spending nearly half a million dollars in improving a government water course is
unprecedented. The exigency of the situation, however, induced thsm to under-
take that which the}' had a right to expect was a work
the government ought to do. With these improve-
ments the Columbia and Willamette rivers will here-
after have a channel of sufficient depth for the pas-
sage between Portland and the ocean of all vessels
likely to visit these waters.

From the mouth of the Willamette to the Cas-
cade Locks, the Columbia affords free navigation for
vessels drawing from 10 to 12 feet of water. The
Columbia is the only river in the United States navi-
gable for deep water vessels for 120 miles inland
from its mouth. Tide ascends the Columbia river to the Cascades, and on the
Willamette the river is affected by tides to the Willamette falls, 12 miles south of
Portland.

The Willamette river is formed in Lane county, Oregon, by the uniting of several
small streams which have their source in the Cascade Mountains. The Willamette
flows in a northerly direction, midway between the Coast and Cascade ranges of
mountains, and it waters one of the most fertile and beautiful valleys in America.
Forty-two large and small streams empty into the Willamette. It is unobstructed
by falls, rapids or rocks, except at Oregon City, 12 miles south of Portland. At this

WORKING ON JETTY- MOUTH COLUMBIA RiVER.

W'^

»1,

1. Ill

The Oregoninn's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

Government Jettv- mouth Columbia Riveh.

point the great river flows over a solid rock dam 3,000 feet wide and 42 feet high
forming the Willamette falls. Boats pass these falls by a system of locks, owned by

the Portland General Electric Company. These
^ - locks are now being widened from 40 to 120 feet, at a

cost of nearly $1,000,000. By the use of the locks,
the river is navigable for the largest river boats to
Corvallis, 96 miles south of Portland, and, during
favorable stages of water, boats ascend the river as
far as Eugene, 130 miles south of Portland. It is
estimated that, at a light cost, the Willamette river
can be made navigable between Portland and Eugene
throughout the year.
Of the numerous streams which empty into the Pacific ocean along the Oregon
coast, a few are navigable for distances varying from 40 to 70 miles. The entrances
to all of these rivers are obstructed by sand bars. Where the Siuslaw empties into
the ocean there is a vast, shifting sandy beach, without any headland to determine
the location of the entrance channel. The improvements projected by the govern-
ment at the mouth of the Siuslaw are the building of two jetties, one 4,500 feet and
the other 3,000 feet in length. Congress has already appropriated |i 00,000 for this
work. Thfi work accomplished here so far has been properly of a preliminary nature
only. The depth of water on the Siuslaw bar, at the entrance, now varies from 5 to
12 feet at low tide, and the bar channel changes much in position and direction at
different tin.ss, owing to shifting sands.

The Umpqua river rises among the Cascade
Mountains of Douglas County and flows through
a picturesque and exceedingly fertile valley. This
stream is frequented by light di-.t: ::oasting vessels.
It is navigable from its mouth t . Scottsburg, a
distance of about 20 miles. Ti.e bar, at the en-
trance of the river, is covercti to a depth of 10 feet
at low tide. Appropriations for the improvement
of the channel of this river now aggregate $33,500.
The Coquille river flows from the Coast range
of mountains, through Coos county, to the ocean.
It is navigable for 40 miles above its mouth.
About $105,000 has been expended in improving
the channel of this river and on its entrance from

the ocean. At low water, the bar at the mouth of the Coquille is covered to a depth
varying from 4 to 12 feet. The projected improvements here consist of extending
and strengthening the jetties already built, which will result, it is believed, in main-
taining a depth of at least eight feet of water over the bar at low tide.

The Rogue river rises in the heart of the Cascade Mountains, near Crater Lake.
This lake is one of the most remarkable sheets of fresh water in the world. It is at
an altitude of 6,500 feet above sea level, and rests in the crater of an extinct volcano.
It is eight miles long by six miles in width, and is estimated to be 1,996 feet deep.
It is surrounded by walls rising vertically to a height of from i ,000 to 2,000 feet.
The Rogue river leaves the mountains and, in flowing to the ocean, winds through a
beautiful and well settled valley contained in the counties of Jackson, Josephine and
Curry. It is navigable only a few miles above its mouth.

COLUMBIA River near the Cascades.

Of a .1 the 1)
world, none can
as Paget Sound,
timbered shore
waters, the grea
thousands of fe
cities along its
most picturesqi
lashes its water
its surface is a
any great river

On Puget
come and ride i
first bark sailei
broad and deep
record of a storn
(juence, maritim
rate made for ve

Puget Sounc
distinctive name
the shore rises
into the bank w
scjuare miles. I
miles. Down tl
center of these s
bia and the state
from the Straits
vSound. Hood's
it is separated by

Seattle and 1
tions of Admirall
Sound, is Olymp:
another indeutal
numerous fine hi
frequented by ni:
ularly on the brc
Puget Sound.

North from
ingham Bay, on(
that the prospcrc

I Hi

Rivers am] Harbors.

Gorge »t the Cascades-Columbia River-

Of a.l the beautiful bodies of salt water and safe harbors in the
world, none can compare with the great inland sea popularly known
as Puj^et Sound. The irregular contour of its densely
timbered shore line and the deep blue of its island-dotted
waters, the great snow peaks that lift their battlements
thousands of feet above its surface, and the remarkable
cities along its shores, combine to make it one of the
most picturesque spots in America. No storm ever
lashes its waters into fury dangerous to shipping, and
its surface is at all times as placid as is the surface of
any great river of the continent.

On I'uget Sound, the shipping of the world can
come and ride at anchor in safety. From the time the
first bark sailed through the Straits of I'uca into the
broad and deep channel of Admiralty Inlet, there is no
record of a storm having sent a vessel to the bottom of Puget Sound. As a conse-
([uence, maritime insurance on shipping frequenting Puget Sound is at the lowest
rate made for vessels plying any waters.

Puget Sound is an aggregation of land-locked bays and inlets, each enjoying a
distinctive name. Its shore-line is over i.Soo miles in length, and in many places
the shore rises so abruptly from the water's edge that a boat would run its prow
into the bank without grounding. The waters of the sound cover an area of 2,0(X)
s(juare miles. From Cape Flattery the Straits of Fuca extend inland for about 50
miles. Down tliese straits sail vessels hailing from all parts of the world. The
center of these straits is the boundary line between Vancouver Island, British Colum-
bia and the state of Washington to the south. F^xtending south through Washiu'^tcm
from the Straits of Fuca is Admiralty Inlet, the most important subdivision >*' Puget
Sound. Hood's Canal extends from near the mouth of Admiralty Inlet, from which
it is separated by a peninsula comprising Kitsap county, for many miles southward.

Seattle and Taconia, the two great seaports of Washington, arc located in indenta-
tions of Admiralty Inlet. South of Taconia, and at the extreme inland end of Puget
Sound, is Olympia, the state capital. Olympia is located on the shores of Rudd's Inlet,
another indentation of the sound. Along the entire course of Admiralty Inlet are
numerous fine bays affording safe anchorage for the deepest vessels. These bays are
frequented by numerous steamers and sailing vessels, and thousands of craft ph' reg-
ularly on the broad bosom of the great channels and inlets forming what is known as
Puget Sound.

North from the Straits of Fuca, and directly opposite Vancou-or Island, is Bell-
ingham Bay, one of the finest harbors of Puget Sound. It is on Bellingham Bay
that the prosperous cities of Fairhaven and New Whatcom are located. From above

this bay the Gulf of Georgia separates the
__ mainland of British Columbia from Van-
,^:_ oouver Island. The northwest navigable
:^^. outlet of the Gulf of Georgia is Discovery
"'if'fc.^r Passage. This is the route taken by the
;^r¥&=- steamers plying between Seattle, Taconia
and Alaska. The distance between Sitka and
Tacoma is 1,378 miles. With the excep-

iV-3>it>

£ ••S-iSISi'

Steamboating, Puget Sound.

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1 1

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

Columbia River near B'~

tioa of a few miles of the distance between these cwo ports the route lies whclly
between islands and the mainland, where the water is as smooth as any river course.

Of t':e numerous rivers and small streams which empty into Puget Sound, the
largest are the Nisqually, Puyallup, Duwamish, White, Summanish, Snohomish, Sno-
quahuie, Stilaguamish, Skagit, »Samish and Nooksack. Steamers ply the waters of
all these streams. The largest of these rivers is the Skagit, which is navigable for So
miles above its mouth. In enterng the sound it forms an extended delta. This is

principall}' composed of tidal marshes, which have
been reclaimed by diking, and which now possess an
almost fabulous fertility. Near t!ie mouth of the
Skagit is that part of Puget Sound known as Sara-
toga Passage, which is connected with Padillo Bay by
Swinomish Slough. This slough will be made navi-
gable for vessels drawing 8 and lo feet of water, and
will thus lessen the distance between the Lower
Sound ports and Fidalgo ;;sland and Bellingham Bay.
The estimated cost ot this improvement is 1 122,000.
Of the projected improvements on Puget Sound,
the most important is the construction of a ship
canal to connect Lakes Union and Washington with
Elliott Bay, on which the city of JSeattlc is located. Lake Union lit-s within the city lim-
its of Seattle, and covers an area of 905 acres. Lake Washington is a fine body of water
immediately east of Seat'le. It is 19 miles long and maintains an average width of
about two miles. Its total area is 39 s([uare miles. In places this lake is 600 feet deep.
The average depth is about 50 feet. The estimated cost of the canal is $5,000,000.
The level of Lake Washington is 31 feet above extreme low tide mark of Puget Sound,
and the distance between the part of Lake Washington, which the canal will reach,
and l-Ciliott Bay, where it will terminate, is six miles. The peculiar advantage of a
fresh water harbor to ocean-going vessels and the ravages of the teredo worm to piling
of the wharves situated in the water front of Seattle, are the principal reasons advanced
in support of the project of buildiiir the canal.

Along the Washington and Oregon coast are several bays, harbors and estuaries
wuich are of considerable importance to the shipping interests of the Pacific North
west. Grays Harbor and Willapa Harbor (Shoalwater Bay ), are the two inlets from the
ocean along the coast of Washington between the Straits of Fuca and the mouth of
the Columbia river. Grays Harbor was discovered by Captain Robert Gray in the
ship Columbia on May 7, 1792. It is of triangular shape, covering an area of 150
square miles. Its greatest width is 15 miles,
and at high tide its bar is covered with 24 feet
of water. At its apex it receiver the waters of
the Chehalis river. The part of the Chehalis
1 cr which it is possible for boats to navigate
IB about 90 miles in length. Coasting vessels
now run up the river to Montcsano, a di.stance
of T5 miles. The appropriations for the
improvement of this stream aggregate $13,000.
South of Grays Harbor, from which it is sepa-
rated by a narrow strip of land, ia Willapa
Harbor, formerly called Shoalwater Bay. Two NoRtHtPN pacific construction work, south bend, wash.

PHOTO Br GYLFt.

■f

Jiivers and Harbors.

es whcily
course,
sound, the
iiish, Sno-
; waters of
able for So
1. This is
hich have
possess an
ith of the
1 as Sara-
II o Bay by
nade navi-
water, and
lie IvOwer
;ham Bay.

1 122,000.
jet Sound,
jf a ship
igton with
lecity lim-
y of water
e width of
I feet deep.
1^5,000,000.
fct Sound,
all reach,
itage of a
1 to piling

advanced

1 estuaries
fie North
s from the
mouth of
ay in the
ea of 150

Entrance, yaouin* B»y Ohf.gon.

channels witii middle sands between afford entrance to this bay. The bay is fn.ll of
shoals and fi. ts and one-half its area is bare at low tide. The fiats, however, are
valuable as deposits of oysters. T?ifty thousand sacks 01 these bivalves were .'.hipped
in 1S93. Willapa Harbor, despite the numerous flats, si'Totds ample room for the
safe passage and anchorage of a large amount of shipping. The Willapa river, wb'oh
flows into the bay, is at its mouth one mile wide. This stream is navigable for a dis-
tance of 17 miles inland. Rapids prevent ingress of steamers Vjeyoud that point.
The appropriations for the improvement of Willapa Harbor aggregate ;?i8,ooo.

A few miles south of Willapa Harbor
is the entrance to the Columbia river.
South from the Columbia, the coast of Ore-
gon is unbroken by indentations until Til-
lamook Bay is reached. This bay has an
average depth of 16 feet at high tide, it is
about eight miles wide and is twelve miles
long. Five rivers empty into Tillamook
Bay. These are the Miami, Kilchcs, Wilson,
Trask and Tillamook. The Tillamook bar
is considered one of the safest to cross on the Oregon coast. The bay at low tide
consists of thret channels sepam'tcd from each other by sand and mud flats. The
sum of $20,700 has already been expended in improving the bar and the l)ay of Tilla-
mook. South of Tillamook Bay the next hari. or is Yaquiua Bay, into which flows
the river of the same name. This harbor, like tiie others on the Washington and
Oregon coast, was impaired by rocks, shifting sands a.nd other obstructions to easy
navigation. The improvements already made here by ti:c government have resulted
in increasing the depth of water over the bar at the entrance from a depth of 7 feet to
15 feet at low tide. Congress has appropriated f55<>,Gou for improving this harbor.
The best harbor on the Oregon coast south of the Columbia river is Coos Baj'.
This is a latge body of water with a verj' irregular shore line. Extensive improve-
ments have been made here, the appropriations already made for this work having
aggregated 1338,750. It is estimated by the United Stales engineering department
that the cost of improving Coos Bay as approved by the war department will be

$2,466,412. The improvement to
3%e^"^ '^^ this harbor consists principally of

jetties which have the effect of
keeping the channel over the bar
from changing its position and to
divert the great volume of water •
flowing out of the harbor into the
ocean to narrow limits. There is now an average depth of 18 feet of water at low
tide over the Coos Bay bar.

The Pacific Northwest contains many lakes, some of which are unexcelled in
the beauty and grandeur of their surroundings. In this article only the large, navi-
gable lakes of this section will be mentioned. In .seoarate articles of ' ' The Hand-
book," however, which treat of different sections of the Northwest, the lakes of
these respective Realities are fully described. The most bcuv.«^iful of the many lakes
of the Northwest is Chelan, lying just beyond the Columbia river in Okanogan
county, in Eastern Washington. This lake extends for a distance of 70 miles

..il.-A|.'fij*j.5'#&%4..

Entrance to coos Bay, OhecjOn.

' ^ ' Si

y, * ■

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

into the very heart of the Cascade Mountains. It is navigable for its entire length.
It is fully described in a separate article of "The Handbook." Kootenay Lake,
already mentioned in this article under the head of West Kootenay, is a romantic
Alpine sheet of water, and along its mountainous shores are numerous mining
camps. A line of boats ::lies between the different settlements on this lake, and up
the Kootenay river to Bonner's Ferry, Idaho. Lying in the center of a beautiful and
fertile valley of the same name in Montana is the Great Flathead Lake. Steamers
ply on this lake between its southern and northern shores. Nestling among the
mountains of Northern Idaho is Lake
CfEur d'Alene. Across this lake ply
steamboats which, with their rail connec-
tions, form a continuous route between
Missoula, Montana, through the great
Cteur d' Alene mining district to Spokane.
This line is known as the Coeur d'Alene
branch of the Northern Pacific railroad.
The C(]eur d'Alene and St. Joe rivers flow
into this lake. Both of these streams are
navigable. The outlet of the lake is the
Spokane river, which joins the Columbia
many miles to the westward.

On the line of the Northern Pacific
railroad, in the Hitter Root Mountains, is

Lake Pend d'Oreille, sparkling in its setting of castellated hills. Lake Pend d'Oreill-^
is one of the great lakes of Idaho, and it h one of the most attractive bodies of fre-^'a
water of the Northwest. In Southeastern Oregon are a series of lakes which hav ki!
to this region being called the lake district of the state. Upper and Lower K! ■;, '' i
Lakes here are jointly about 60 miles long. The Lower Klamath Lake c.s.tendb ici'f^^
the boundary line into California. Lying partly in Lake county, <^)regon, anu
Northern California is the Great Goose Lake. It is 50 miles long and from S to 15
miles wide. Its depth is from 12 to 40 feet. Abert, Warner, Summer and Silver
Lakes in the county are all fine bodies of water, teeming with fish, and lying in
the midst of charunng scenery. In Harney county, Oregon, is Malheur Lake, a large
and deep body of water. In different parts of the Northwest are innumerable other
lakes, all of which, as before mentioned, are
fully described in subsequent articles of "The
Handbook."

CflATER Lake, Klamath Co., Oregon.

Jtiill roads of the ?>{ or th west. —Per-
haps the j^reatcst agent in the enlightenment
and civilization of any people is the railroad.
No country without the nid of the railroad is
in close touch with the thought and action of
the higher civili/ed centers. The telegraph
does much as a national educator, but the rail-
road, affording rapid and frequent means of trans-
portation between points widely separated frv.m
each other, offers such excellent opportunities
for conveying intelligence over long distances.

^^'

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THE Oldest Steamer on
Pacific Coast.

Railroads of the Northwest,

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Rooster rock -Columbia River.

as well as between the

juformation contained in both the standard publications
of the country and in personal letters, that its importance
to any new section of country cannot be over-estimated.
Practically all the solid advancement made in the Pacific
Northwest has been accomplished since the tracks of the
transcontinental lines first reached tide water on the
Pacific coast, and it is to the perfection of the railroad
systems of the North wccL that this part of the United
States has the most to look to for its future advancement.
The railroad has been an essential factor in the
growth of the states of Oregon and Washington. Before
the iron horse reached the coast the maritime ports of
these states recieved their freight from San Francisco
pnJ the Kast by sail and steamers. The railroad was
needed to furnish more rapid and direct means of com-
municating with the East than had been afforded by the
water transportation lines. No railroad could reach the
West, however, without being brought intr- direct com-
petition for its freight traffic with the n mierous lines
of steamers and fast sailing vessels plying between
Oregon and Washington and all ports of the coast,
Northwestern States and all parts of the Orient. The water lines have given the peo-
ple of the Northwest the benefit of competition, which has placed the freight charges
of the transcontinental railroads on a most reasonable basis, and it has been largely
due to these low freight rates that the Northwest has made such marvelous advancc-
n\ent duriniT the past ten years.

The rail and water lines of transportation in the Northwest are so closclj' allied
thf.c it is necessary to state for the information of the reader that nearly every railroad
line reaching this section has direct connections with lines of boats plying tlie waters

of Puget Sound, the Columbia river and its tributaries and the
Pacific oce m. The railroade, v.'ith their water connections,
form a net work of transportation lines that cover all the best
parts of tht Northwest, and the railroads, through their connec-
tions here with ocean steamers for nearly all the ports of
ihc world, afford a means of rapid communication with
New York and the Orient that is oi the utmost import-
ance to the commercial intciests of the United States.

Prior to 1880 Oregon and Washington practically
were without railroads. A few short lines of road had
been built in the Northwest before that time, but, like
the Oregon & California extending south from Portland
through the Willamette valley for a distance of 200
miles, these roads were merely local in their nature and
they were but uncompleted parts of what have since
l)een developed into great railroad systems. Traffic
between this coast and the East was then handled by
steamer to San Francisco where connection was made
with the Central and Union Pacific. The MuUaii road, a
ON COLUMBIA RIVER. auious military highway running from Walla Walla on

■(^Ti^DoMt;^

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3 8

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

I I

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Castle Rock-cdlumbia River.

the west to Fort Benton at the head of navigation on the Missouri river, on the east, was
the only overland route followed by traffic from the Northwest to the East. Thousands
of travelers passed over this road in the 6o'sand 70's in canvas-covered wagons. Most
of the early sf ctlers in Oregon reached this state by way of Salt Lake City, having
crossed the plains to that point, where they left the California trail, reaching Oregon
by following the course of the Snake river to its junction with the Columbia near

Wallulu, from whence they cam'* by water down this noble
stream and up the Willamette to Portland. From the Wil-
lamette valley, the earliest settled part of the state, settlers
drifted north to the country bordering on Puget Sound.
For years before the comingof the railroad, long teams of
wagons drawn by oxen and laden with supplies regularly
left the large distributing centers along the coast for the
smaller settlements of the interior. Nearly all articles of
commerce not produced in the Northwest, and consumed
here, were brought by sailing vessel around Cape Horn.
A dependence on this means of securing supplies from the East often caused priva-
tions among the early settlers of the country. The failure of a ship laden with pro-
visions often sent staple articles of consumption up to faljulous prices. While the
Northwest is a country of many varied resources, almost everything required for the
support of man now being raised here in abundance, the early settlers of this region
placed a dependence upon the arrival of a provision-laden ship that often caused
them trouble. Once in *he early history of Seattle the failure of a ship to reach the
Sound in its accustomed cime, reduced the inhabitants to sore extremities. But one
barrel of pork remained in the city to feed the people. This was anchored on the
beach in front of the hamlet. One morning it was missing, having evidently floated
out on a very high tide. This was a public calamity at the time and the entire popu-
lation gathered around the gaping hole the barrel had occupied, bewailing their loss.
On the following Sunday the single preacher who looked after the spiritual welfare of
the settlement, delivered an eloquent sermon on the bad influence of a high tide on
salt pork and the uncertainty of placing implicit confidence in man's ability alone to
care for man's everyday wants. No man who was willing to " hustle," as they say in
the West, ever went hungry in either Oregon or Washington, but the dependence on
sailing vessels for provisions that could be produced to better advantage here soon
taught the people a lesson, and when the railroad did finally reach the states of Ore-
gon ar. Washington it found a country well settled and in many places highly culti-
vated. It was the fuller development of the Northwest,
made before the advent of the iron horse, that has
resulted in the rapid advancement of this section during
the past few years which has made it one of the
most promising parts of the United States.

The first railroad built in Oregon was, at the time of
its conception, an indefinite and apparently impracticable
scheme fostered by a few men of the adventurous type.
These men, with Simon G. Elliot at their head, formed
themselves into a combination which they named the
California & Columbia River Railroad Company. They
surveyed a route from Portland south through the Wil-
lamette valley to the Siskiyou Mountains. The expenses

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Castlf Rock, Columbia River.

A NEAR view.

Railroads of the Northwest.

Oneont* f*lls.
Columbia River,

of this preliminary survey were principally borne by people along the line of the pro-
posed road. The surveyors in charge of Colonel Charles Barry reached Portland in
September, 1864. They hadpraci.."?ally surveyed the entire route from the Sacramento
river north to Portland.

Using thio .urvey as .1 basis of operations, the promoters of the railroad agitated
the matter of building a road over its course. The project was brought before the
Oregon vState Legislature and Congress was memorialized by that
body to authorize the construction of the road. In 1866 a bill
passed Congress authoriziug the formation of two companies, one
in California and one in Oregon, to construct a continuous line
of railroad from Portland on the north, south to Marysville, Cal.
This enabling act also contained a clause granting the company
building the road a subsidy of 7,000,000 acres of government land.
Owing to the ambiguous provisions of the bill there was consider-
able misunderstanding and ill-feeling engendered among the
different members of the company when the work of constructing
the road "ad been commenced. This misunderstanding was
caused by th;-" fact that the Willamette valley is settled on both
sides of the Willamette river which flows through it. Each
side of the river was well settled, and when the time for
building the road had arrived, the people on both sides of the
river demanded that the proposed roa i should aiTord them the direct
rail communication with Portland to which they felt they were entitled. This dissen-
sion finally resulted in the formation of two companies for bu'Miug a road south
through the valley. One of these companies was for the East Side and the other was
clamoring for the rights of the West Side, and both demanded the government sub-
sidy. The two roads were built, however, the one on the East Side finally reaching
Ashland, in the Rogue River valley, and the other, after long delays, reac'^'ng Cor-
vallis, about 100 miles south of Portland. The East Side road is now the direct all-
rail route between Portland and San Francisco, while the West Side line has never
been extended beyond Corvallis. The East Side company first
completed its line, and having kept within the time-limit allowed by
the Act of Congress, earned the valuable land grant for which both
companies had been competing. Both of these lines and their
numerous branches subsequently became merged into the great
Southern Pacific system, under a long-time lease, and they are
now all operated under the direct control of the Southern Pacific
Company.

The roads controlled by the Southern Pacific in Oregon are the fol-
lowing : the East Side main line, extending from Portland south to Ash-
land, a distance of 340 miles. A few miles the other side of Ashland
connection is made by this line with the California end. A branch of
13 miles in length leaves the East Side road at Alba nj', 80 miles south of
Portland. This road runs east to Lebanon, cro-aing the Woodburn-
Springfield branch at Lebanon Junction, nine miles east of Albany.
Another branch of the East Side road is known as the Woodburn-Springfield line.
This leaves the main line at Woodburn, 35 miles south of Portland, and runs south
through the valley cast of and parallel to the main line as far as Natron, 93 miles.

Horsetail Falls.
Columbia Riven.

V'i'AV

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■■fi*r-i|i-

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I •

Multnomah Falls.
Columbia River,

40 The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

The West Side division of the Southern Pacific runs from Port-
land to Corvallis, a distance of 97 miles. The Portland and
Yamhill and Oregonian division of the West Side road is 80
miles long by its through line. This road runs south through
the west part of the Willamette valley from Portland, parallel-
ing and crossing the main West Side road, to Airlie. A branch
leaves this road at Sheridan Junction for Sheridan. This
branch is about seven miles long. The Portland and Yamhill
and Oregonian division was formerly a narrow-gauge. It has
since been made a standard-gauge from Portland to Dundee, a
distance of 29 miles. From Dundee south the road is still ops;-
raled as a narrow-gauge. The old rail has been left on the
road from Dundee to Portland, and this part of the road can
be operated either as a narrow or standard-gauge.

The first through train to San Francisco from Portland
was run over the East Side division Decembet 16, 1887. All
the lines of the Southern Pacific in Oregon pass through
the Willamette valley, famous for the fertility of its soil, the
diversity of its resources and for its charming river and
mountain scenery. The through line to San Francisco crosses
the Siskiyou Mountains, and in its course south winds along
the foothills of F . vShasta, one of the loftiest peaks of the West. It is along this
part of the line that some of the grandest views of the coast can be seen. The con-
struction of this line through the Siskiyou Mountains was considered one of the most
remarkable railroad engineering achievements in the history of the United States.
The road for the entire distance between Portland and San Francisco is well and sub-
stantially built, and this forms one of the most important railroad systems of the west.

In 1892 the local shipments of wheat over the Southern Paci-
1 fie lines in Oregon aggregated 62,613 tons During the same year
I these lines hauled 16,523 tons of other grains. The flourshipments
over the lines in 1892 amounted to 30,442, tons and they-hau.od
during the same time 8,500 tons of feed and millstuffs. During
the same year the roads carried 44,000 tons of lumber, 2,800 tons
of green fruit, 4,500 tons of vegetables and io,6(xj tons of livestock.
The Union Pacific system in Oregon and Washington is an
amalgamation of the Oregon Short Line and the lines of theOregon
Railway and Navigation Company. The Union Pacific system
which reaches Oregon extends from Granger in Wyoming, to
Portland, a distance of 945 miles. The part of this road from
Granger to Huntington, a distance of 541 miles, is known as the
Oregon Short Line From Huntington to Portland the Union
Pacific runs over the old track of the Oregon Railway and Navi-
gation company. The distance from Huntington to Portland is
404 miles. The Union Pacific system in Oregon now comprises
what is known as the Pacific division of this road. It has a total
trackage of 523 miles. In connection with the Pacific system
the company operates a fleet of fine ocean steamers between Portland and San
Francisco and also a perfectly equipped line of river steamers on the Columbia
and Willamette rivers, with headquarters at Portland. For 187 miles of the distance

iATOUHELLE FALLS.

Columbia River.

Railroads of the Northwest.

IS from Port-
'ortland and
e road is 80
)Uth through
ind, parallel-
i. A branch
idan. This
and Yamhill
ige. It has

Dundee, a

1 is still opc-
left on the

he road can

m Portland
1887. All
ass through
its soil, the
river and
;isco crosses
nuds along
> along this
. The cou-
of the most
ited States,
ill and sub-
>f the west,
thorn Paci-
; same year
■shipments
ley -hau.od
s. During
2,800 tons
livestock,
gton is an
theOregon
tic system
'oming, to
road from
vn as the
he Union
snd Navi-
'ortlaud is
comprises
las a total
ic system
and San
Columbia
? distance

Bridal Veil falls
Columbia River.

between Portland and Huntington the line of the Union Pacific
follows along the course of the Columbia with the exception
of 20 miles at the Portland end of the road. Between The
Dalles and Portland, a distance of 88 miles, this route affords
sonic of the grandest and most picturesque bits of scenery on
the continent. Twenty miles below The Dalles the Columbia
river enters the great gorge of the Cascade Mountains. It
is here that the works of nature have taken many fantastic
forms. From this point to Portland there is spread before the
traveler a panorama of indescribable grandeur. The Columbia
river is noted for its scenic effects, and the line of the Union
Pacific follows the river for its entire course through the great
chain of the Cascade Mountains.

Branches of the Union Pacific in Oregon leave the main
line at Arlington 142 miles east of Portland and run to Hepp-
ner, a distance of 45 miles, and another branch leaves the main line at La Grande,
305 miles east of Portland, and runs to Klgin, 20 miles distant. Still another branch
runs from Umatilla, 187 mile? east of Portland, to "Walla Walla, in Washington, a
distance of 58 miles. Under the head of railroads in Washington will be found a
complete list of the mileage of the Union Pacific in that state.

The Union Pacific taps the most fertile and productive part of Eastern Wash-
ington. It annually carries to Portland millions of bushels of wheat for foreign
shipment. The average grain receipts of this road during the harvest season run
from 125 to 200 cars a day. It is estimated that the Union Pacific carried 8,000,000
bushels of wheat from the interior to tide water at Portland in 1892. The lumber
shipments from Oregon over this line during times when business is in its normal
condition average about 25 cars a day. The company's extensive shops, located in
the suburban part of Portland known as Albina, have a payroll of $40,000 a month.
The company also maintains large shops at La Grande in which 60
men are employed, and shops at all tlie terminal divisions of the
road in Oregon.

The Northern Pacific was the first transcontinental road to run
its cars into Portland. Through the instrumentality of Henry Vil-
lard, the Oregon Railway & Navigation Company was formed for
the purpose of building a line of railroad along the Columbia
river to connect with the main line of the Northern Pacific at
Wallula Junction, 216 miles east of Portland. In 1883 connec-
tion was made between these two roads. At that time Henry Vil-
lard was at the head of the Northern Pacific, Oregon Railway &
Navigation Company and the Oregon & California lines, extend-
ing south through the Willamette valley from Portland, and close
connection was made between all of these lines. Mr. Villard
was unable to carry his great scheme of uniting all the great
railroads of the Northwest to a successful termination, and shortly
after the completion of the Northern Pacific, and after the expend-
iture of vast sums of money to perfect the great system, Henry
N'illard experienced his first great downfall. This crash was precip-
itated by a period of general depression in business. This

rj;

■'I

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PACE Creek falls.
Columbia River.

i,'

The Oregonian's Handbook at the Pacific Northwest.

resulted in the disintegration of all the lines of road which Henry Villard had
labored so hard to hold together. The Northern Pacific, through a traffic arrange-
ment with the Union Pacific, continued to run its through trains into Portland by the
Columbia river route until 1888, when it completed the construction of its direct line
to Puget Sound over the Cascade Mountains. The Northern now runs its trains
between St. Paul and Portland by way of Tacoma,
the through passenger trains over this line running
direct between these two points with a change of
engines only at the different terminal divisions
along the road. The road enters Oregon at Goble,
a point on the south bank of the Columbia river
opposite Kalama. Connection between Goble and
Kalama is made by means of an immense iron
ferry, which carries the fully loaded trains over
the river here. The distance between Portland
and Goble is 39 miles. Reference to the Washing-
ton part of the present article should be had for
complete data of the mileage of the Northern
Pacific in that state. •

ScF.NE, Oregon Pacific Railroad, Oregon.

The Oregon Pacific railroad extends from Yaquina Bay, an indentation of the
coast, about 100 miles south of the entrance to the ColumVjia river, through Corvallis
and Albany into the heart of the Cascade Mountains. It runs across the entire
length of the rich Willamette valley from west to east. The end of the track in the
Cascade Mountains is 3,500 feet above sea level. All along this line are charming
bits of scenery, and it traverses the best portion of the state. The total length of the
completed road is 142 miles. At Corvallis, 72 miles east of the ocean terminus at
Yacjuina, the road connects with the West Side division of the Southern Pacific. At
Albany, 11 miles east of Corvallis, the road crosses the tracks of the main line of the
Southern Pacific. Connecting with the Oregon Pacific at Yaquina Bay is a line of
fast steamers which carry passengers and freight from this road to San Francisco.
The completion of the Oregon Pacific between Yaquina Bay and the Willamette Val-
ley hns been of great benefit to the residents of the latter
section in the low rates it has afforded on freight from San
Prancisco for the valley points reached by this line, and also
on the wheat shipments from these valley points to San
I'rancisco. The road has been badly managed, however, and
it has been in financial difficulties for years, and what its ulti-
mate outcome will be has puzzled many of the men who
were supposed to know the most about its affairs. The resi-
den,ts along its course have hopes that it will some day be
extended across the Cascade Mountains to an Eiasteru con-
necti-^n, but at the present writing these hopes give no
promise of an early fulfillment.

The Coos Bay, Roseburg & Eastern railroad, now un-
der construction between Marshfield and Roseburg, fol-
lows closely along the line of .r present stage road
through the pass of the Coast range of mountains. The part of this road between
Marshfield and Coquillc City, a distance of 25 miles, is now completed, and trains are

Scene along Oregon Pacific Railroad.

Railroads of the Northwest.

Bridal Veil Bluffs Columbia River.

running over the road. The road-bed is graded
between Coquille City and Myrtle Point. It was
the financial panic of 1893, alone, that prevented
the completion of this road through to Roseburg
during the past year.

A short line of railroad, six miles in length,
runs from Jacksonville, in Southern Oregon, to
Medford, a station on the main line of the Southern
Pacific. This line is owned by Portland capital
principally. It is operated under the name of the Rogue River Valley Railway
Company.

A short line of railroad runs from Astoria south, along the coast, to Clatsop Beach
points. This road is fully described in connection with the Astoria article.

Over 40 years ago, in the Senate of the United States, Thomas H. Benton, of Mis-
souri, pointed his prophetic finger to the west and said, "There is the east; there is
India. The road I propose is necessary to us, and now. The title to Oregon (then
including what is now Washington) is settled, and a government established. Cali-
fornia is acquired, people are there and a government must follow. We own the
country frgm sea to sea, from the Atlantic to the Pacific, upon a breadth equal to the
length of the Mississippi, and embracing the whole temperate zone. We can run a
road through and through the whole distance, under our flag and under our laws.
An American road to India through the heart of our country vsill revive, upon its line,
all the wonders of which we have read, and eclipse them. The western wilderness,
from the Pacific to the Mississippi, will start into new life at its touch. Let us act up
to the greatness of the occasion, and show ourselves worthy the extraordinary circum-
stances in which we are placed by securing, while we can, an American road to India,

central and national, for ourselves and our posterity, now
and hereafter, for thousands of years to come."

The road glowingly portrayed by Benton, nearlj' half a
century ago, has been built. It is the Northern Pacific,
and it ran its first through passenger train across the present
great and prosperous state of Washington in 1883. Henry
Villard, then the ruling genius in the management of the
road, elaborated and consummated a scheme which involved
the construction of the Northern Pacific, the lines of the
Oregon Railway & Navigation Company, and the extension
of the lines of road in the Willamette valley. The downfall
of Villard and the collapse of his great undertaking has been
previously mentioned in this article. In 1888, the Northern
completed its main line to Puget Sound at Tacoma. In the
history of railroad building and in the growth of permanent
settlements, never before was there witnessed the activity
that followed the completion of the Cascade division in the
country it crossed. Villages sprang up on Puget Sound and
in Eastern Washington in a week ; they rapidly grew
into towns and, within two years, developed into large and prosperous centers of
population. In the short period of two years, Spokane, Seattle and Tacoma grew
from struggling and unstable settlements to cities of over 25,000 inhabitants each.

Oneonta Bluffs-Columdia Riveh.

1''
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l.'^i

' I

■J

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I I

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The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

Switchback," Summit, Casc«0E9, N. P. R. R.

The same remarkable development took place in the farming districts of the state.
The great Inlaud Empire, as Eastern Oregon and Eastern Washington arc called, was
metamorphosed from an uninhabited district into a section of waving fields of grain,
by the advent of the iron horse. As in every other line of industry, the state of
Washington has made remarkable progress in rail-
road building during the past few years. In 1892,
Washington .led all other states of the Union in
miles of railroad conslructt-d. In that year 421 miles
of road were laid in the state. Pennsylvania, in 1892,
was the second state in the Union in mileage of new
railroads constructed, her record for that year having
been 256. On the first day of January, 1.S93, Wash-
ington had 2.614 miles of railroad lines, and the
assessed value of railroad property in the state at
that time was 112,204,725. Four great transcontinen-
tal roads now own trackage in Washington. These are
the Northern Pacific, Union Pacific, Great Northern

and Canadian Pacific. The last named road runs trains from its main line, in British
Columbia, over the Bellingham Bay & British Columbia railway to Fairhaven and
New Whatcom, on Bellingham Bay, where connection is made with the Great
Northern. It also has connection in Eastern Washington with the Spok'anc Falls &
Northern railway, running north from Spokane. Connection between the two roads
is made by boats running from Ravelstoke, a station on the main line of the Canadian
Pacific, through the Arrow Lakes, down the Columbia river to the American town of
Northport, the northern terminus of the Spokane Falls & Northern.

The Northern Pacific owns and controls 1,244 miles of track in Washington. The
main line enters the state 30 miles east of Spokane, follows a zig-zag course to Tacoma
and, from the latter point, turns and runs due south to the Oregon state line, where
connection is made with the Oregon part of the road for Portland. The total length
of this main line, in the state of Washington, is 541 miles. The Northern has 16
branch and auxiliary lines in the state with a total trackage of 703 miles. The names
of these roads, with the mileage of each, are as follows: Spokane & Palouse, 105
miles; Farmington branch, 7 miles; Central Washington, no miles; N. P. Cascade
railway, 7 miles; Burnett branch, 4 miles; Crocker branch, 5 miles; Tacoma, Orting

& Southeastern, 8 miles; N. P. & Puget Sound
vShore, 31 miles; Roslyn branch, 5 miles; Green
River & Northern, 4 miles; Tacoma, Olympia
& Grays Harbor, Centralia to Ocosta, 66 miles;
Lakeview branch, via Olympia, to Ocosta, 4;,
miles; Seattle, Lake Shore & Eastern, Spokane
branch, 50 miles; Seattle, Lake Shore & East-
ern, Western branch, 164 miles; Yakima 6v:
Pacific Coast, 94 miles.

The more important branches of tlu
Northern Pacific in Washington cover all
the best parts of the state. The rich Palousi
wheat growing section of Eastern Washington is thoroughly covered by the Palouse
branch and its connections. This branch leaves the main line at Marshal'
Junction, 10 miles west of Spokane, and runs to Juliaetta, in Idaho, a distance of 11,"

Co. '3 YARDS, TACOMA.

Railroads of the Northwest.

Spokane River, Spokane.

miles. Branches of the Spokane & Palouse
leave the main line at Belmont and run to
Farmington, a distance of seven miles, and
also at Pullman Junction and run to Genesee,
a distance of 27 miles. Part of the Spokane &
Palouse system is in Idaho, and the mileage of
the road not mentioned in the Washington
article will be found under the head of Idaho.

The Central Washington extends from
Cheney, 17 miles west of Spokane, to Coulee
City, in the heart of the Big Bend country, a distance of 108 miles. This road
covers the best part of the famous Big Bend wheat belt, comprising thousands of acres
of the finest land on the coast. The Seattle, Lake Shore & Eastern runs from Spokane
to Davenport, the principal town of the Big Bend country, a distance of 50 miles.
Tliis road parallels the track of the Central Washington from Medical Lake to Daven-
port, a distance of 2S miles. The Roslyn branch and other short branches of the
Northern Pacific in Western Washington reach the great coal fields lying in the foot-
hills of the Cascade Mountains. An important Vjranch of the Northern Pacific in
Western Washington is the Seattle, Lake Shore & Eastern. This road runs from
Seattle east to North Bend, a distance of 59.5 miles. This line affords an outlet for the
rich coal mines at Oilman, 42 miles east of Seattle. A branch of the Seattle, Lake
Shore & Eastern also runs north from Woodinville Junction, 23.7 miles east of Seat
tie, to Snohomish and Sedro, the latter point bein^ 85 miles north of Seattle. At
Sedro, connection is made for Anacortes. The Northern Pacific & Puget Sound line
runs between Tacoma and Seattle, a distance of 49 miles, connection being made with
the main line of the Northern Pacific by this load at Meeker's Junction, about 10 miles
east of Tacoma. Another important branch of the Northern Pacific in Western
Washington is the line run itnder the name of the United Railroads of Wabhington.
This line leaves the main line of the Northern Pacific at L^keview, between Tenino
and Tacoma, runs to Olympia, a distance of 24.6 miles, a.'; tiKtends to Gate City, a
distance of 43.9 miles from Lakeview. From Gate City a breach extends to Ccntralia,
on the main line of the Northern Pacific, 49 miles south of Tacoma. The length of
this branch to Centralia is 13 miles. The road also extends from Gate City to Ocosta,
on Grays Harbor. Ocosta is 56 miles from Gate City. A branch of the Northern
Pacific also runs from Chehalis to South Bend, on Willapa Harbor, a distance of
58 miles.

The Great Northern railway completed its transcontinental line and commenced
running through trains between St. Paul, Minnesota, and Seattle, Washington in July,

1893. This splendid railroad system is in many respects
one of the best in the United States. It is a monument
to the builder, James J. Hill. Early in the 70's, Mr. Hill
secured control of an insolvent railroad line in Minnesota,
with a total trackage of about 100 miles. Using this run-
down and unprofitable line as a foundation on which to
build, he has managed to construct without the aid of
government support a magnificent systems of railroads,
with a total mileage of 4,253. The Great Northern has
picTunESQUE ROCKS, SPOKANE RIVER. opeued Up for Settlement in Washington a vast area of

MOrO BY MAXWELL.

If 11

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The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

A Great Northern Railwat town.

fertile agricultural lands lyiug in the Big Bend
country in the eastern part of the state. It also
has furnished an outlet for the Okanogan, Chelan
and Kootenai mining districts, rich in future
promise. The Great Northern system embraces
487 miles of road in Washington. The main line
in the atatc is 345 miles long. In addition to
the main line, the Seattle & Montana branch has
1 19 miles of track in the state, and the Bellingham
Bay & British Columbia branch is 23 miles in
length.

The Great Northern enters Washington from the Panhandle of Idaho and runs
directly west through Spokane, Rock Island and Wenatchee and the Big Bend coun-
try to the Cascade Mountains which it crosses in Stevens Pass. From this latter
point it runs south to vSeattle. A branch of the Great Northern r' • from Seattle
through an exceptionally rich country to Bellingham Bay, from wJ ioint another

branch extends north to the Canadian line.

The Union Pacific operates 588 miles in Eastern Washington. The system here
is an amalgamation of the Oregon Railwaj- & Navigation Company's lines and local
lines. The Union Pacific covers the famous Palouse wheat district of Eastern Wash-
ington and the highly fertile valley of the Snake river No other section of the
Northwest has superior transportation facilities to those enjoyed by the part of Wash-
ington covered by the Union Pacific, The main line of the Union Pacific in Wash-
ington runs frotn Pendleton, Oregon, to Spokane, Washington, a distance of 251
miles. From this line a ramification of branch roads, all operated under the same
system, extend through the adjacent country. One of these lines leaves the Spokane
line at Tekoa Junction and extends through the rich Coeur d'Alene mining district to
Mullan, a distance of 87 miles. Most of this line runs through the state of Idaho.
Another branch extends from Walla Walla to Umatilla, Oregon, a distance of 58
miles. Still another branch of the Spokane division runs from Bolles Junction, 25
miles east of Walla Walla, to Dayton, a distance of 12 miles. Another branch runs
from Dudley Junction, six miles east of Walla Walla, to Dixie, a distance of six
miles. A branch also leaves the main line at Dudley Junction and extends to Dud-
ley, a distance of two niilej. At Starbuck, 46 miles east of Walla Walla, a branch
runs to Pomeroy, a distance of 30 miles. An important branch of this road leaves
the main line at La Crosse, Si miles cast of Walla Walla, and runs to Connell, 53
n iles distant, where connection
is made with the main line of
the Northern Pacific. A branch
of the Spokane division also
runs from Colfax to Moscow, a
distance of .^S miles. The Wash-
ington division of the Union
Pacific is one of the most import-
ant railroad systems of the West.
This system reaches such iin-
portant Washington places as
Walla Walla, Dayton, Colfax.
Palouse, Farmington and Ri-

ingto
affon
ton 1
and

CauR D'Alene River, Idaho.

Railrofids of the Northwest.

FALLS PEND D'OREILI.E RiVER.

naria. All of the lines of the Uniou Pacific iu Wash-
ington connect with the main line in Oregon thus
affording direct through rail connection to Washing-
ton via the Union Pacific, to Pacific Coast points
and to all parts of the United States.

The Oregon Improvement Company operates four
lines of road in Washington. These are the Colum-
bia & Puget Sound, Port Townseud & vSoutheru,
the Olympia branch and the Seattle & Northern.
The total trackage operated by the company in

the state is 164 miles. The most important road operated by this company is the
Columbia & Puget Sound, extending from .Seattle to Franklin, a distance of 34 miles,
with a branch from Black River Junction lo Coal Creek, 11 n.iles in length. This
road affords an outlet to the rich coal mines of Renton, Black Diamond and Franklin,
and is a fine paying piece of property. The other lines operated by the Oregon
Improvement Company in Washington are but disconnected pieces of what was
intended should be a great trunk system, and they are practically without an identity
of their own that would entitle them to much importance in railroad circles.

In Eastern Washington the Hunt lines (Washington & Columbia River Railway
Co. I cover 11 1 miles of road.

This road has close traffic arrangements with the Northern Pacific. It runs from
Hunt's Junction, near Wallula Junction, where the Northern Pacific and Union
Pacific roads meet, to Dayton, Washington, a distance of 86.8 miles. Another line
of this same system also runs south from Hunt's Junction to Pendleton, Oregon, a
distance of 40.3 miles. A branch of this same road runs from Rurcka Junction, 22
miles east of Hunt's Junction, to Pleasant View, a distance of 19.40 miles. Another
branch of the Hunt system runs from Killion Junction, 19.2 miles south of Hunt's
Junction, on the Pendleton end of the road, to Athena, a distance of 14. i miles.
The Hunt roads, as originally projected, would have been developed into a very
important system. Portland at one time raised a subsidy of $500,000 for the exten-
sion of this line down the Columbia river to Portland, and arrangements were also
completed at the same time for completing the line across the Blue Mountains from
Pendleton to La Grande and Union, in Eastern Oregon. The financial depression,
however, prevented the completion of this system. The Hunt lines tap a verj- rich
section of country, the local traffic of which is heavy, and through the valuable
traffic arrangements which this road has with the Northern Pacific it is regarded
among practical men as a splendid piece of railroad property.

An important railroad line of Eastern Washington is the Spokane Falls &
Northern. This line runs from Spokane through the Colville valley north to
the international boundary line. From th.-^ boundary line the road continues to

Nelson, on Kootenay Lake, under the name of Nelson &
Fort Shepherd railway. The America dnivision of this road
is 127 miles in length. At Northport, a station in Wash-

— - ington on this line, connection is made with boats running

?'"' ^^Sflfy^WlF^^^i up the Columbia river to Ravelstoke, on the Canadian

Pacific. Thus Eastern Washington is practicallj- given the
benefit of four transcontinental lines of railroad.

There are 207 miles of railroad in Washington not
included in the systems already mentioned. These lines

;■:]

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CuRK's FORK River.

I a

The Oregonian's Handbook of tht Pacific I^orthwest.

■

'.•*«s-^:.

Marent Trestle Near Missoula

vary in length from 5 to 52 miles each. They are principally used as feeders for
the larger roads. T'^'-' tap principally lumbering and mining districts. The Everett
&. Monte Cristo railroad is one of these roads. This road is 45 miles in length. It

taps the rich mining districts of Monte Cristo and Silver
Creek, in Western Washington. The road starts from
the town of Everett on the Snohomish river, ncur the
salt water of Puget Sound.

Idaho, the least developed ot the four states of the
Pacific Northwest, has three transcontinental railroads,
and 1,025 niiles of railroad track are credited to the state.
The assessed valuation of railroad property in the state is 15,812,065. The peculiar
shape of the state is such that its extreme northern end is only about 84 miles wide.
Across this "Panhandle," as it is called, run the main lines of the Northern Prcllic
and the Great Northern railroads. The Union Pacific enters the Si .te at its south-
eastern corner and runs across the state in a northwesterly direction, passing through
the counties of Rear Lake, Bint^ham, Logau, Elmore, Ada and Washington, to the
town of Huntington, on the border of the state of Oregon, a distance of 465 miles.
From Ogden, Utah, the Utah & Northern branch of the Union Pacific enters Idaho
near the town of Franklin, where it forms a junction with the Oregon lineatMcCam-
man, passes north through the town of PccatcUo, and crosses the vSnake river at Black-
toot, 24 miles north of PoCc:tello. Around Blackfoot are thousands of acres of reclaimed
land now producing large crops of hay and cereals. From Blackfoot the road con-
tinues north to Beaver Canyon, at the foot of the Main Divide of the Rocky Moun-
tains. At this station connection is made by stage for the Yellowstone Park. Leav-
ing Beaver Canyon the road passes over the Main Divide into Montana, passing
through the town of Dillon, in Beaverton valley. I'rom Silver Bow Junction the
Montana Union railroad, an auxiliary line, branches off, one spur running to Butte
City, while the other runs through Stuart to Garrison, where connection is made
with the Northern Pacific for Helena.

The Wood River branch of the Union Pacific leaves the main line at Shoshone,
623 miles east of Portland, and runs through the towns of Bellevue and Hailey, in the
Wood River mining district, to Ketchum, 70 miles north. Twenty-five miles from
th. lown of Shoshone bj' stagj arc ♦^^he great Shoshone Falls of Snake river. The river
at this point dashes down between rocks nearly r,ooo feet high, and the surroundings
of these falls are awe-inspiring and wierd. Seven distinct channels in this river here
form as many different falls btjfore their final plnnge into the great depths of the
lower river. Of the immf.rous great falls of the
West no one possesses uie grandeur of Shoshone.
At Nampa, a station on the main line of the Union
Pacific, 137 miles west of Shoshone, v branch 19
miles in length runs to Boise City, the capital and
commercial metropolis of Idaho.

In Northern Idaho the Union Pacific has some
valuable connections. A branch leave? this road
at Tckoa, near the Idaho line, and runs east
through the famous Coeur d'Alene mining district
in Idaho. This road pa..ses through all the rich silver
cam-is of this district, including Wardner, Osborn, Wallace, Burke, and terminates at
Million, a distance of 87 miles from Tckoa. Burke on this line is reached by a short

I'HOTO By hUl, marvsville.

TRESTLk Rocky mountains, neah heuna, Line N.P.n.R.

Railroads of the Northwest.

feeders for
"he Everett
length. It
anci Silver
starts from
■, ncur the

tates of the
I railroads,
,o the state,
lie peculiar
iiiles wide.
;ern Prcllic

its south-
tig through
ton, to the
465 miles,
ters Idaho
at McCam-
;r at Black-
f reclaimed

road con-
cky Mouu-
rk. I.,eav-
fa, passing
notion the
to Butte
n is made

Shoshone,
ley, in the
niles from
I'he river
roundings
river here
Ihs of the

Ia, 1.1NF. N.p.n.R.

liinates at
py a short

Down Caun d'Alene Mountains, N. P. R. R.

branch seven miles in length running out from Wallace. Paralleling the line of the
rnion Pacific through the heart cf ♦^he Coeur d'Aiene's, is the Canir d'Alene branch
of the Northern Pacific. This branch leaves the main line at Missoula, 125 miles
west of Helena, and runs through the heart of the
C(U'ur d'Alenes to Mission Landing on Cceur d'Alene
river, where connection is made by boat down the
river and across Lake Co^ur d'Alene for Spokane.
The dislaiice between Missoula and Mission Landing is
150 miles. The Northern Pacific, like the Union Paci-
fic, also operates a branch from Wallace to Burke. The
river parL of this route from Mission Landing to the
lowu of Coeur d'Alene is 50 miles. At the latter point
the boat makes connection with the Creur d'Alene
liranch of the Northern Pacific for Spokane. This
road connects with I he main line of the Northern Pacific at Hauser Junction, 16 miles
west of Ccxiur d'Alcue and 21 miles from Spokane.

Part of the Spokane & V-J -use system of the Northern Pacifi-^ also penetrates
from Washington into Idaho. The Idaho branch of this road rea ;hes the towns of
Moscow, Kendrick. Julirietta and Genesee. All of these towns are lu the main line
of the Spokane & Paloise except Gencse- which is reached from Pullman Junction,
on the main line 27 nii'ies distant.

For some years after the working out of the bonanza placer mines discovered in
the early 6o's, Montana v s at a standstill, owing to lack of facilities for transporting
the product of its mines to smelting and reduction centers where this product could
1)6 handled with a profit to the mine owners, and which prevented the heavy machinery
for establishing large smelting and reduction plants in Montana from l)eing established
here. Two or three times. a year boats ascended the Missouri river as far as Fort
Benton, from wliich point ox teams distributed their cargoes of freight to different
parts of the territory. A line of freighting teams was also engaged in hauling sup-
plies from Utah to Montana, and supplies and outfits were al?o hauled into Montana
over the military highway, known as the MuUan road, from Walla Walla, Washing-
ton. Montana is today well supplied w :h railroads. There are now 29 different
railroads in the state, with an agg gate mileage of 2,662 miles. The total

a.-sesscd valuation of railroad property in the
state as fixed by the state board of equaliza-
tion in 1892 was 19,287,532. The first road built
into Montana was the Utah Northern, which
reached Butte in 1881. This road extended
north from Ogden, Utah, to Butte, a distance
of 403 miles. It was c -iginally a narrow-gauge,
but has since been made a standard-gauge and
is now operated in connection with the Union
Pacific System. Two years later the Northern
Pacific ran its trains into Helena. In 188S the
Great Northern and its allied line, the Montana
Central, built its road into both Helena and
Hutte. Another line, the Montana Union, was built from Butte to Garrison. Sub-
sequently the Northern Pacific constructed a cut-off from its line at Logan through
the Gallatin valley to Butte. From Butte the cars of the Northern Pacific run over

Tunnel, N. P. R. R., Summit, Ciun d'Alenes,

The Orcgonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

i m

the tracks of the Montana Union to Garrison, a distance of 51 miles, where connec-
tion is again made with the main line.

Following the completion of its main line the Northern Pacific built and acquired
control of 14 branch lines in Montana. The company now operates 1,274 miles of

railroad in the stale, of which 7S2 miles are
covered by the mala line and 492 miles by
the branches. The combined assessed val-
uation of all these lines is ^4, 187,331. The
more important of these branch lines are
as follows : the Northern Pacific & Montana
branch runs from the town of Logan, 24
miles west of Bozeman, to Butte, 71 miles
from Logan. This road connects at Butte for
Anaconda, the great mining center, 26 miles
distant, and also b}' the Montana Union for
Garrison on the main line of the Northern
Pacific. A branch also leaves the Northern
Pacific & Montana at Sappington, 19 miles
from Logan, and runs to Harrison, 10 miles,
where connection is made by two sub-branch
roads to Norris, 11 miles distant, and to
Pony, seven miles from Harrison. The
Helena & Jefferson County and Helena, Boul-
der Valley & Butte branch runs from Helena
to the towns of Wickes, Jefferson, Boulder,
and other points. This branch follows the
main line of the Northern Pacific east to
Prickly Pear Junction, 4.9 miles distant from Helena, from which point the road runs
south to Jefferson, 20.4 miles from Helena, where a shortspur branches off for Corbin
and Wickes, great smelting centers, and respectively 22.2 and 24.9 miles from Helena.
The main line of the road continues south to the town of Boulder, 37.4 miles from
Helena. Boulder is in the center of a rich mining and agricultural section of coun-
try, and is one of the important interior points of Montana. l<"rom Boulder a road
branches off to the rich Elk Horn mining district. Ivlk Horn is 58 miles from Helena.
The main line of this road continues beyond Boulder to the town of Calvin.

The Helena & Red Mountain branch of the Northern Pacific runs from Helena
to Rimini, a distance of 16.9 miles. Rimini is south of Helena and is a rich mining
center The Helena & Northern brancli runs north from Helena to the great mining
center of Marysville, a distance of 21.5 miles. At Marysville is located the great Drum
Lummon mine and plant. This is otie cf the great mining properties of the state.
Near Marysville are several rich mining districts, of which the town is the supply
center. In the vicinity of the town are worked-out placer deposits of some of the
richest gold-bearing gulches of the state, and all along the line of the railroad, between
Helena and Marysville, can be seen the piles of gravel handled in years past by the
placer miners in their search for the yellow metal here.

A branch of the Northern Pacific leaves the main line at Drummond, 53 miles
east of Missoula, and runs south to the rich mining camps of Phillipsburg, a distance
of 25.4 miles. This branch extends beyond Phillipsburg to Rumsey, which is 31.4
miles from Drummond. The last and most important branch of the Northern Pacific

Scenery, Rocky Mountains, Butte SmHT Line R. R.

i f1

Railroads of the Northwest.

re counec-

d acquired
74 miles of

1 miles are

2 miles by
;essed val-
,331. The
I lines are
c Montana
Logan, 24
;, 71 miles
It Butte for
r, 26 miles

Union for
; Northern
: Northern
1, 19 miles
, 10 miles,
iub-brauch
It, and to
on. The
lena, Boul-
jm Helena
f, Boulder,
Hows the
east to
road runs
ibr Corbin
;n Helena.
iles from
of Conn-
er a road
Helena.

tn Helena

1 mining

it milling

eat Drum

he state.

le supply

nc of the

between

St by the

53 miles
distance
h is 31.4
n Pacific

in Montana is the Do Smet & Coeur d'Alene. This road leaves the main line at
Missoula, 125 miles west of Helena, and runs through a rich agricultural and mining
section into the C(t?ur d'Alene mining district, terminating at Mission Landing, in
Idaho. By extending this road from Mission Landing through Fourth of July can-
yon to CfEur d'Alene City, a distance of about 30 miles, the Northern Pacific could ri .1
its through trains directly through the heart of the Ccuur d' Alenes, thus elTecting a great
saving in distance over the long detour around La.ke Pend d'Oreille, which the main
line now makes. A short part of the Northern Pacific road through the CcEur d'Alenes
on the western end, is still a narrow-gauge track, but this could be changed to stand-
ard-gauge at a small expense, and this line be made the through route to the coast for
this great transcontinental system.

The line of the Great Northern extends across the northern part of Montana, run-
ning through the states of Idaho and Washington to Puget Sound. The Montana Central,
really a branch of the Great Northern, extends from Pacific Junction south through
the towns of Fort Benton and Great Falls to Helena and Butte. This road is 267
miles in length, and affords the Great Northern direct entry into the great centers of
Helena and Butte. The Great Northern has one or two small branch roads in Mon-
tana of no great importance.

The Belt Mountain and Sand Coulee lues of the Great Northern system extend
from Great Falls to Neihart, a mining camp in the Little Belt Mountains. The line
to Neihart is 67 miles long. A sub-hrnich extends from Monarch to Barker, a distance
of II miles. From Allen, 10 milc^ m from Great Falls, another sjinr track runs

to Sand Coulee, distant five miles, a, .■tl Ooukc ire located cxt' ii' iv- mines which
produce 2,000 tons of coal a day.

The Great Falls & Canadian railway extends from Great Falls to Lethbridge,
British Columbia, and at Shelby Junction this line crosses the main line of the Great
Northern. At Leth-
bridge, as befo re
stated, connection is
made with the line of
the Canadian Pacific.
Aside from the Cana-
dian Pacific, the roads
in British Columbia
are short lines.

A branch track,
eight miles lon^, ex-
tends from the main
line of the Canadian
Pacific at Westminster
Junction, south to New
Westminster, one of
the oldest and most
important centers of
population in British
Columbia. At Mission,
on the main line of the same road, aline branches off to the south, crossing the Fraser
river at this point and counecling at Huntingdon, at the international boundary line,
with the Great Northern and Northern Pacific systems, over which tracks Ihe Cana-

BiTTcn Root Valley *no Riveh, Line, N. P. R. R,, Montana.

«)!='

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

;35gi«e;

■ '.IJV '\^ -J- , . ., .

dian gains an entrance to Fairhavcn Nc" Whatcom, Seattle and the other Sounil
points. The distance between Missiou ana Huntingdon is ii miles. From Sicamous
Junction, on the Canadian Pacific, a branch extends south to Okanogan Lake, a dis-
tance of 51 miles. From Okanogan 1 -iding on this
lake, steamers run down this mountain-hemmed
inland body of water for a distance of 35 miles
toPenticton. Stages leave this latter point for Oro,
Golden and Loomiston, Washington, centers of
the Okanogan country, on the rnerican side of
the international bonndary line.

At Ravelstoke, 379 miles east of Vancouver,
the western termirns of the Canadian Pacific, con-
nection is mr.de with boats running down the Col-
umbia ri \:r to Robson. From the latter point a
line of railroad, 22 miles in length, extends to Nel-
son, on Kootenay Lake, from whence boats run
SCENE ALONG THE EsQu,«ALT * NANAiMo RA.Lw.v, B. c. ^.Q j^g^lQ ^jj^i j^jg^^ jq BoHucr's Ferry, Iduho,

where connection is made with the main line of the Great Northern. From
Robson the boats continue down the Columbia river to Northport, Washington,
where connection is made with the Spokane Falls & Northern Railway. At a point
822 miles east of Vancouver is the town of Dunsmore. The Alberta Coal & Railway
Company runs a line .south from this point to Lethbridge, a distance of 109 miles.
At Lethbridge connection is made with the Great Falls & Canadian Railway running
to Great Falls, Montana.

On Vancouver Island the Esquimalt & Nanaimo railway runs north from Victoria
to the great coal mining centers of Nanaimo and Wellington. Wellington, the
northern terminus of the road, is 7.S niile:^ from Victoria. This line passes throngh a
good section of country, and the local traffic, together with the great coal trade of
the mines, makes this a fine paying piice of property.

Timber Resources of tlie I'uelfle NortliAvest. — The forests of the
Pacific Northwest contain about 1,890,425,(100,000 feet of timber. This is five times the
total amount of timber contained in all that part of the United States lying east of the
Rocky Mountains. It is a difficult matter for the average mind to grasp the full sig-
nificance of this vast array of figures. It is harder still to appreciate the value of
this euormo":s quantity of timber to the future
prosperity of the Northwest. Nowhere else in
the world are forests which compare, in extent
and in the quantity of valuable timber contained,
with the vast timber reserves of the Pacific
Northwest.

In the territory covered by "The Hand-
book " is the vast sum of 1700,01x3,000 in natural
wealth represented in its thousands of s(|uare
miles of forests. Many generations will yet
come and pass away before the mighty forests
here are felled to the ground. It is not unrea-
sonable to hope that the forests of the Pacific Northwest will in the near
future be the chief source of supply of the world for lumber. These forests, now

PHOTO BY LA ROCHE, SEATTLE.

Fir Loq Sent to world's F»m rnciM State of Washinoton.
112 Feet Long; si Inches in Diameter; Weight 97,000 Las.

Timber Resources of the Pacific Northwest.

deuse and impenetrable, stretch from the Arctic ocean south to the bound-
ary line between Oregon and California. TLis great available supply of timber is
fully described in the subsequent articles on the timber wealth in the different states
covered by "The Handbook." When it isconsidered
that the timber is but one of the many resources of
the vast territory now under discussion, the future
promise of this region can be fully appreciated and
the claims of "The Handbook" that

A LOG ROLLWAY Near Cathlamet, wash.

this section will in time become one of the
most prosperous parts of the continent
will pass unchallenged.

Timber RKjOurces of Oregon. —
With the exception of Washington, Ore-
gon contains more timber than any other
state in the Union. Twenty-live thousand
square miles of its territory is covered with great forests, the monarchs of which tapering
upwards from a circumference of 30 feet at their base finally lift their evergreen tops
at a height of 375 feet above the ground.

Oregon's timber exhibit at the world's fair at Chicago was entered as a whole in
competition for the first medal as an instructive, comprehensive, collective and com-
mercial exhibit of native woods in their natural and manufactured state. This exhibit
secured the first medal, which was the most coveted award in the forestry department
of the fair. The only other award made on the Oregon exhibit, and it was the only
other asked <br, was for manufacturing paper from spruce pulp.

The forests of Oregon, it is estimated, contain 266,893,255,000 feet of timber. Ten
per cent of this enormous forest growth is hardwood. The remainder constitutes a
body of woods unsurpassed for general building purposes ard for manufacturing use.
The stumpage value of Oregon's timber is over |i 17,000,000, about 44 cents per 1,000
feet. Slumpage values are relati^el-" higher than this in every state in the Union.
In Wisconsin, where the timber i nuch inferior to that of Oregon, pine sells
for I3.69 per 1,000 feet before it is cut to the ground. It is but a matter of a few years,
however, when stumpage values in Oregon will have increased fully 500 per cent.

To the Pacific coast, not only the greater portion
of the United States, but most of Kurope as well
must, at sometime, look for its supply of lumber,
Today, if the Nicaragua canal were built, Oregon
lumber could be sold at a profit at the ports on
either side of the Atlantic.

In Oregon, as in Washington, the Cascade
range of mountains is the dividing line between
the heavy and light growth of timber in the state.
Alongside of the timber, however, called light in
Oregon, the trees of the Kastern and Southern
states would apyear as pigmies in she. The light
growth of timber is scattered over Eastern Oregon,
where it covers 11,117,350 acres of land. This
part of Oregon contains 84,209,915,000 feet of tim-
ber. The average stumpage value of this timber is 62 cents per 1,000 feet, and
its aggregate value is 152,210,147. In Western Oregon the forest growth is much

PHOTO BY HEINS.

Lumber Camp ncar Tillamook Bay, Or.

'! i:

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>li

The Orcsonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

Log Driving in Oregon.

heavier, the average quantity of timber to the acre in this part of the state being
18,894 feet. In t... ■ division of the state there is timberto the extent pf 152,683,340,000

feet, covering an area of 3,081,000 acres. This
great body of timber has a present vahie of over
1150,000,000, or an average of 33 cents per 1,000 feet.
Curry county, bordering on the ocean, in the ex-
treme southwestern corner of Oregon, has the
heaviest growth of timber in the state. The tim-
ber in this county scales 21,429 feet to the acre.
The largest and most extensive forest growth is found
in Tillamook countj', this county containing 22,092,000,000 feet of timber. Lane,
Crook, Benton and Curry counties rank next in the extent of their forest wealth in
the order named. Each of these counties contains over 15,000,000,000 feet of timber.
The kinds of timber found in Oregon are red fir, yellow fir, white fir, sugar pine,
yellow pine, white pine, bull pine, black pine, pitch pine, Alaska pine, spruce, cedar,
larch, tamarack, juniper, birch, oak, yew, Cottonwood, ash, maple, alder, willow,
elm, mountain mahogany, myrtle, dogwood, white cedar, chincapin, balm and cherry.
On the eastern side of the Cascade Mountains pine predominates, while on the west-
tern side fir is the leading wood.

The forests of Minnesota and Wisconsin, which now furnish two-thirds of the
lumber consumed in the East, are rapidly being depleted, and it is a question of but
a few years in the future, at most, when the United States nmst depend for the greater
part of its lumber supply from the virgin forests of the Pacific Northwest. When
Oregon and Washington lumber becomes a staple article of commerce in the Eastern
market, as it must become in time, the lumber interests of this part of the West will
become one of the greatest in magnitude of any on the coast.

In the forests of Oregon are found gigantic fir and cedar trees from 6 to 19 feet
in diameter. In comparison to these giants of the forest the largest trees of the East
are but pigmies. In this connection, it will be interesting to compare the size of
Eastern timber with that found in the iw West. In Wisconsin, for instance, the
average log scales about 127 feet, while in Oregon the average scale per log is 1,300
feet. In tlie latter state, however, many long logs have been cut which scaled from
8,000 to ii,aoo feet. There is a great difference too in the diameter of the Eastern
and Western timber. Logs, five and seven feet in diameter, are found in every mill
pond of Oregon and Washington. Many of these logs are so large, even, that

before they can
be sawed it be-
comes necessary
to split them
with dynamite,
and this, too,
when the saws
in the Western
mills are the
largest made in
the world.

The most abundant and valuable timber found in this great forest is the family
of fir, or Douglas pine. The fir tree grows to immense proportions. Trees of 250 to

Logging Team, Coos River, Oregon.

Jilu

Timber Resources of the Pacific Northwest.

-■)•)

Timber felling, Oregon

;cxD feet in height are not at all uncommon. This permits the cutting of long-length
tinibar for bridge and other use, which cannot be obtained from the forests of any
other part of the world. The timber of the Douglas ur
is heavy, strong and firm. It is unsL:rpasscd for the frame-
work of ships, bridges or cars. For gimeral building pur-
])oses it is conceded to be the best tiu'ber in the world.
I-'ir lumber is now extensively used in ])lace of oak, it
being stronger, easier to handle, taking nails easily and
holding them firmly, and it is only a little over one-
half as heavy as oak. A recent test of the breaking pres-
sure of fir, P. astern oak and Eastern pine, tlic pieces of
wood used ha/ing been four feet long and 2x4 inches in
dimensions, made the following showing : to break the
fir required a test of 4,320 pounds ; Easvern oak, 2,428
pounds, and Eastern pine, 1,610 pounds. The '.alue of
the fir for car construction is now recognize '^ throughout
the country, and during the pa.U two years the mills of
the Northwest have shipped large quantities of this tim-
ber to the Eastern manufacturing centers.

The merchantable fir of Oregon and Washington is
of three varieties, the red, yellow and white fir. The
red fir is found growing in the f^reatest abundance in alti-
tudes of not over 600 feet. It is a very thrifty and rapid grower. The fiber is very
hard with an equal growth all around the tree. Il is a much more unifoi^^i wood
to stand heavy strains than is the timbT which sliows a tendency to develop an
undue growth to one side of the tree, as is the case of much of the Eastern timber.
The lasting qualities of red fir are fully 50 per cent, more than those of white or yel-
low pine, while from actual tests, it has been found
that a fir joist 2 x 14 inches will withstand a greater
pressure than one 2 '/a ^f 16 of white or yellow pine.
These and other tests have demonstrated that red fir
is vastly superior to all '>*her timber for bridge build-
ing purposes.

The yellow fir grows in highei altitudes than
does the red fir. It attains its greatest perfection in
growth along the base of the foothills of the Cascade
range of mountains. The yellow fir is a much softer
wood than the red fir, and while it will not stand
quite the strain that red fir will submit to, its lasting
qualities when exposed to the weather are much better.
It is also fflf superior to the red fir for flooring and
finishing luml>e.-, and it is much softer to work than
the SouUiern pint It is admirably adapted to build-
ing purposes and interior finishing work, and is re-
ceived with much favor wherever it has been

Big Timber, Oregon. iu'roduced

The white fir is less valuable than is- either the red or the yellow variety. It is
not found in large quantities in the state. It attains a great height, is perfectly

> ti ]

;ii.

,j|m..

Tlie Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

Logging Scene, Oregon.

PHOrO. BY PRATSCH A CO.

Straight, and has been used principally for piling, for which it is excellently adapted.
The manufacture of this magnificent body of timber into lumber and furniture is now

one of Oregon's most important industries.
Since January, 1844, when Ililer H. Hunt
built his rickety and primitive sawmill on
the banks of the little stream opposite the
present towi of Cathlamet on the Columbia
river, OregoT has steadily been a large ex-
porter of lumber. The bark Toulon and the
brig Chenamus sailed up the Columbia river
. in the early 40's and carried away from this
pioneer mill the first cargoes of lumber ever shipped out of Oregon. Afterwards other
ships visited Oregon. Some of these vessels replaced their weak masts with new ones
made of Oregon fir. The beauty and strength of these tapering spars were greatly ad-
mired in foreign waters to which these vessels sailed. It soon became known abroad
that masts made of Pacific coast fir excelled masts made of any other wood. Today the
dock yards at Toulon, France, and the great ship yards of Kugland and Scotland, use
Oregon fir for masts in preference to all other woods. The yacht Vigilant, winner of the
international race in 1893, has a mast made of this same fir. The fame of this wood
as a ship timber is world wide. The value of Oregon's timber, however, is not con-
fined to its special adaptability for ship masts, but more especially to its superiority
for lumber. It has the strength of oak, with almost the lightness of cedar, it outwears
most other woods, and for general building pur-
poses it is accepted as the best wood in the world.
It is estimated that there is invested in the
269 sawmills, 40 shingle mills and 52 woodworking
establishments of Oregon about 1 15,000,000. These
industries furnish employment to over 7,000 men,
and their annual wage roll is about
13,675,000. The total output of these
plants in 1892 was estimated to have been
worth $10,049,217. The manufactured
product consisted of 608,600,200 feet of
lumber, 210,000,000 laths and 162,340,000
shingles. The output of the wood-work-
ing establishments consisted principally
of sash and doors and was valued at
12,700,000.

Timber Resources of Washing-
ton. — The forests of the state of Wash-
ington, according to estimates computed
from the latest and most reliable sources
of information, cover 23,588,512 acres.
In this timber belt there is now standing ■
at least 410,333,335,000 feet of the finest

merchantable timber in the world. At the present stumpage
value of 65 cents per thousand feet, the standing timber of Washington is worth today
1266,716,667. The value of stumpage in Washington is exceedingly low when com-
pared with rates for stumpage in the older lumber states of the Union. In Minne-

A Giant Stump near Aberdeen, Wash

Washl
is star

Timber Resources of the Paciti: Northwest.

Big log, Mount Vernon, wash.

sota stunipage is $2.87 per thousand feet ; in Wisconsin stunipage is $3.69 per
thousand feet, and in all the Middle States rates forstumpage are largely in excess of
those charged in Washington today. It is not
unreasonable to suppose that as the timber re-
sources of the West are encroached on, the
stunipage values in Washington will greatly in-
crease, and the present valuation put on the
timber still standing in the state must be re-
garded as an exceedingly conservative one.

The importance of the great timber belt of
Washington can be better appreciated when it
is stated that this state alone contains 56,873,-
cx3o,ooo more feet of standing timber than is
found in the forests of all the Eastern and
Southern states combined. The heaviest growth
of timber in the state is in the counties situated
in the northern portion of Western Washington
and in those bordering on the Pacific ocean along
the western coast. The best timber does not grow directly on the coast, but beginning
at a point about one mile distant from shore line, a gradual improvement is noted in
the timber, which continues to grow better in quality for several miles toward the
interior. At the base of the Cascade range of mountains the timber again suddenly
becomes larger and the growth is heavier than it is immediately to the west. It
decreases in size as the ascent of the range is made, increasing again as the descent
is made on the eastern slope. It is on the eastern side of the mountains and covering

tho foothills tliat the best timber of Eastern
Washington is found. The great plains of
the eastern part of the state are practically
treeless. In but few parts of the state, how-
ever, is there a lack of sufficient timber for
domestic use within easy hauling distance.

On account of the easy facilities enjoyed
for shipment by both rail and water, nearly
all the extensive lumbering operations in
Washington r.re now carried on in that part of
the state bordering on Puget Sound and the
Pacific ocean. On the cast side of the Cas-
cade range in the state are 11,616,720 acres
of forests which contain in round numbers
106,978,041,000 feet of timber. In the entire
state there are only two counties out of
the 34 that are without stniding tiniber
of some kind. These are the counties of
Adams and Franklin both located in the
eastern part of the state. These two coun-
ties adjoin each other and are exactly similar
in their topography and character of soil.
The present value of timber still standing in Eastern Washington is $80,427,000,
and up to the present time this timber has been utilized almost solely for home con-

l:,ii

PHOTO BV PRAT3CH A. CO.

Timber felling near Aberdeen, Wash.

jni

.:M'

The Orej^oninn's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

I ii|i

)

■

! ! i

i ,

Log Chute, 1100 Feet Long.
PuGET Sound.

WEIGHT OF LOG COMING DOWN,
a TONS.

PHOTO. BY R. SHEANE.

sumption. The lumber sawed in the western part of the state, however, has for many
years past been shipped in hirge quantities to all parts of the United vStates and
exported by the shipload to Europe, South America, the islands of the Pacific Ocean
and Australia. Western Washington now contains the largest continuous belt of for-
est growth in the United States. This great unbroken and almost
impenetrable forest, with its heavy undergrowth and windfall sev-
eral feet in thickness, contains hundreds of trees to the acre, many
of which arc from 200 to 400 feet high. This forest stretches away
from the waters of Pugct Sound for miles eastward, practically to
the snow-line of the Cascade Mountains, and between Puget Sound
and the ocean to the. west is a belt of timber thousands of miles in
extent. Much of this vast forest contains trees so high, and so
thick is the growth, that the sun never penetrates to its fastnesses.
It is a forest of absolute and continual shade. Every acre of this
timber belt contains thousands of feet of the finest timber, a source
of wealth that will some day make this one of the richest states in
the Union.

In some parts of Western Washington the timber is much
thicker than it is in others. In Chchalis county, for instance, the
forests will average nearly 32,000 feet to the acre, and in the
same county are whole townships which will cruise from 6,000,-
000 to 12,000,000 feet to the quarter section. Another in-
stance of extraordinary forest growth in the state is in Skagit
county, where 16,000,000 feet of merchantable timber to the
square mile is considered, by practical lumber men, as a
conservative estimate of the forest growth. In cither of the
counties named above, or for that matter, in any of the
counties of Western Washington, it is not difficult to find
cedar trees from 12 to 21 feet in diameter, and from 150 to
375 feet high. The lowest limbs on these great trees are
often 100 feet from the ground, One of these giants of the
forest will furnish sufficient clear lumber or shingles to fill
several standard railroad cars.

It is impossible to form any accurate estimate of the
different kinds of timber still standing in the state of Wash-
ington. There has never been an effort made on the part
of those who have cruised over this timber belt to segre-
gate the different varieties in their reports. It can be safely
stated, however, that fir constitutes about 60 per cent, of the
forest growth of the state, while cedar, Washington pine
(spruce), Alaska pine (hemlock), pine, ash, maple, alder,
Cottonwood, larch and oak fellow in importance in the
order named.

Growing side by side with the fir is the Washington
cedar, which is the next abundant to fir here, and whose
timber is second in importance to fir. While this tree be-
longs to the same family as the cedar of the Eitstern states,
it grows in the forests of Washington very differently from
what it docs farther east. Here it is straight from the

Timber felling near Chehalis, wash.

Timber Resources of the Piicific Northwest.

^a^-^rr,.

-:?a'#|gl™''^'^

Locoing Train -Puget Sound.

H»tlS, W»8H.

ground up, and is of immense size. In height it does not equal the fir, but its

average diameter is much greater. The value of Washington cedar lumber has

not until recently been fully appreciated, but as its durability, the ease with which

it is worked and its beauty when properly finished have become better kijown, the

demand for this lumber has greatly increased, and today

Washington cedar lumber, as well as cedar shingles from

this state, is an important article of commerce in the

ivistern states. Shingles made from Washington cedar

have attained a world-wide reputation. One of these

shingles will last for 50 years, and as the average life of

a pine shingle, under the best conditions, is not more

than 10 years, it will be seen that the cedar shingle has a

great advantage in the market. On the roofs of the

cabins occupied by the early pioneers of Washington,

from 1846 to 1852, may still be seen shingles as they were

first nailed in position, and as sound as the day they were

split from the timber.

In Western Washington is also found the Alaska cedar. This is a very valuable
wood, but the supply here is limited. The only place in the state where it exists in
any considerable quantity is in the recesses of the forests along the Olympic range
of mountains between Puget Sound and the ocean. This cedar is of a very fine
grain, it takes a very beautiful finish, and it is even valuable for the process of wood-
engraving.

A species of cedar known to the trade as pencil cedar, is also found in the forests
of Wai!hington. While not as common as the red cedar of commerce, several tracts
of this wood are scattered through the western part of the state, and the forests of
this wood will, in time, prove very valuable. Florida is the only other state in the
Union '.vhich contains this wood, and the available supply there now is all owned
by a single great pencil manufacturer. The existence of this cedar in /Vashington is
not generally known at the present time, but it is believed by the lumbermen of the
state that this wood Vvill be a staple article of export a fe-.v years hence.

The nomencla'.ure of Waslungton's trees is liable to pre e confusing to the ixader
who is not familiar with the different varieties of woods growing in the forests of the
state. Owing to the great difference existing between woods of the same variety

found in Washington and in th^, Kast, shippers of Wash-
ington lumber have found it necessai^' to preserve the
identity of this lumber by atcaching local names to the
several varieties handled. Thus the fir of the Pacific
Northwest is known to the Eastern trade as Oregon
pine and Douglas fir, spruce is called Washington pine,
and hemlock from the states bordering on the North
Pacific Ocean as Alaska pine.

Washington spruce bears a close resemblance to the
Eastern white pine. It is a perfectly odorless wood, is
almost milk white, and is equally as soft as white pine.
Up to the present time its use has been confined to the manufacture of boxes, store
shelving and dairy furniture. Its entire freedom from even the least perceptible
odor especially recommends this wood in connection with handling butter or milk.
Washington spruce is now receiving attention from Eastern wagon makers with a

Logging- Puget Sound,
starting log down chute.

^!P

'1 1 + '

ti'

U(»

The Orcgonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

Loo FROM Chute Striking Water.

PUGET SOUNO.

view to utilizing this wood largely for the mauufacture of wagon boxes. Spruce is
found in large quantities on lands tributary to Grays Harbor, Willapa Harbor (Shoal -
water Bay), and the Columbia river.

HemlC'Ck, or Alaska pine, is generally found in close proximity to tide water i-i
Washington. The value of the hemlock forests of the state has heretofore bee i

greatly underestimated by reason of the general, bui
erroneous, impression that the hemlock found here is iden-
tical with that found along the Atlantic coast, and is, there-
fore, much inferior to either the fir, the cedar or the spruce
which Washington contains in such abundance. The hem-
lock of Washington is the Tiisqa Mertensianaixnd ib entirely
distinct from the Tusqa Canadensis, or the common hem-
lock of the Rast. The Washington hemlock differs from
the Eastern variety in both its botanical and its economi<-
properties. It is not generally known that the heml< k
forests of Washington contain fully one-fourth of the ^vai'
able tan bark of the I'nited States. Pennsylvania .it
the present time is the leading state of the Union for the
production of hemlock leather. Present statistics show, however, that within
the next six years, at the present rate of consumption, the supply of hemlock tan
bark in that state will be exhausted. It is perhaps a safe assertion to say that before
the expiration of the next ten years tannin, manufactured largely from the hemlock
bark of Washington, will be in great demand in both the United States and in
Europe. Apart liom the local rcqtiirements, a great and constantly increasing
demand exists for hemlock extract all over the United States as well as for export to
foreign countries. Germany alone imported 35,000,000 pounds of tanning extracts
ill 1892, and Great Britain is one of the largest consumers of tanning extract in the
world. A number of tests made by leading and reliable chemists have demonstrated
that Washington hemlock is the strongest bark of its kind on the continent, and
that it contains a larger percentage of tannin even than the Pennsylvania hemlock
bark, which has always, up to the present time, stood the highest in the market.
These tests resulted in the establishment of a tannin extract company at South Bend,
Washington. These works have a capacity of 150 barrels, or 75,000 pounds a week,
and are being very succesefully operated. Other tannin extract works will soon be
put in operation in the state, and hemlock from Washington will soon become as
staple an article of trade here as is the spruce or the cedar at the present time. The
hemlock lumber is very valuable and is especially
adapted for fine interior work and ornamentation.
It IS not to be compared with the fir in tensile
strength or in durability when exposed to the
weather, but it can be used for many purposes,
and its value is becoming better appreciated with
each succeeding year.

Of the other woods found in Washington's
forests, pine is the most abundant. Yellow pine is a
mountain wood as found in this state. It is plenti-
ful in Eastern Washington and has all the characteristics of the Southern yellow pine.
In the state are also scattered growths of ash, alder, cottonwood, oak, maple, poplar,
tamarack, yew aud willow. All these woods differ little, if any, from the same varieties

BOOM LOGS, LOWER END OF CHUTE -PUGET SOUND.

Timber Resources of the Pacific Xortbwest.

(il

SET Sound.

MOUNTAIN Scenery Near Vientq- Columbia Riveh.

found in the Eastern forests. Another Washington wood is madi me, which is found
along the coast in paying quantities. It is an exceedingly handsome wood and can he
used with profit by wood-workers for various purposes. White birch, a very rare wood,
is found in small quantities in Eastern Washington. It has attained but little value,
cointncrcially, up to the present time.

The last wood found in Washington's
forests in sufficient quantities to call for men-
lion in the present article is larch. This is a
beautiful wood which grows in great abundance
in the mountainous districts of the state. The
tree attains a height of 150 feet and is from three
to six feet in diameter. The wood is used for
interior finishing and makes an excellent
quality of sash and doors.

With all this great wealth of timber only awaiting the axe and the saw to be con-
verted into marketable lumber, it is but natural that, dating from the time that the
first pioneers settled on the shores of Puget Sound, the people of the state have largely
depended on the forests of the state as a means of livelihood, and that lumber is
today, as it will always be the leading industry of thestate. With the exception of an
occasional hunting or trading trip made by the hardy voyageurs of the Hudson's Bay
Company, the forests of Washington remained undisturbed by the foot of the white
man until the coming of the pioneer settlers to this part of the state in 1846. In that
year the first sawmill in the state was built at Tumwater Falls, on the Dcs Chutes
river, in Thurston county, by Captain Simmons. This was a primitive affair, and its
market was limited altogether to the local demand. This, however, was the initial
stage of the development of an industry that now represents millions of invested
capital, and whose trade reaches to nearly all accessible parts of the world.

In 1853, Henry L. Yesler built at Seattle the first steam sawmill on the shores of
Puget vSound. It would be a difficult matter for those acquainted only with the great
and flourishing city of Seattle today, to realize the important part the small sawmill
of Henry Yesler's played in the pioneer stage of the city's history. For years follow-
ing its establishment it was almost the sole industry of the place, and. it is possible
that, through the establishment of this mill here, may be traced the primary cause
which determined the subsequent supremacy of Seattle. In the '50's, Yesler's mill

was the most important structure of the villagt
of Seattle. There all the wage-earners of the place
were employed; there the few ships that then vis-
ited Puget Sound came for cargoes and landed
their freights of produce and merchandise. The
mill occupied a long, low, rambling building, and
had a capacity of 15,000 feet a day. Later other
mills were established at this point and on other
ports of the Sound. In 1867-68, Charles Hanson
built the big Tacoma mill, which is still one of the
leading mills of the latter city.
At the time of the establishment of the big mill at the present site of Tacoma,
ships called occasionally at the ports of Puget Sound and carried away lumber to San
Francisco and Austrulia. Mills began to multiply rapidly on the shores of the Sound
and, by 1880, the output of lumber in Washington amounted to 160,176,000 feet a

Scene Near mosier-columbia River.

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

HfULiNG Loos Near Seattle.

year. INIorc than half of this luuiber found a market in vSan Francisco and foreign
ports. No record of the output of the sawmills of WafLlogton was kept in the years
following 1880 until 1887. In the latter year the output was 600,000,000 feet, one-
third of which was sent out of the state b\
vessel, and a small demand had been created
in the East which was supplied by rail ship-
ments. By 1890, the number of mills in the
state had increased to over 2oa, and tlie output
of these mills for that year wa<^ i,ooci,ooo,ooo
feet. It was in 1890 that the first large ship-
ments of lumber were made from the Washing-
ton mills to the Eastern states. Since that time freight rates have discriminated
against Washington lumber shipments, but it can be but a few years in the future,
at the most, when nearly all the lumber consumifd in v hat are known as the Middle
states and those of the Central West will be shipped from the mills of the Pacific
Northwest.

Nearly one-third of the population of. 'ashington at the present time is depend-
ent on the industries of sawing lumber, s]"'ngles and wood-working plants, and a
large part of the wealth of the state is derived from this source. The followi>ig sta-
tistics will be found interesting as s'rowing the mammoth proportions which the lum-
ber industry has assumed in the state during the last 10 years, and it will furnish a
basis on which to make hopes for the future of this industry in the Northwest.

In 1892 the mills of Washington turned out 1,164,425,880 feet of lurtiber, 436,716,-
oix) laths, and 1,883,868,750 shingles. The output of shingles for the year showed an
lucre .'se of 957,ckio,ooo over the output of 1891, while the output of 1893, exact figures
for which are not oLitaijiable this early in the year, it is expected will show a corres-
ponding increase over the output of the year previous. This remarkable increase in
a single year was due altogether to the growing popularity of cedar shingles in the
East. It is now freely admitted that the Washington red cedar shingle is superior to
any shingle in the market, At the present time only about oue-twenty-fifth of the
trade of the Union is supplied with Wa.shington shingles. The 6,oco carloads of
Washington shingles siiipped East in 1893 represent less than 2,000 actual customers.
There are now 50,cx)o lumV)cr firms in the United States and Canada, and conservative
shingle men do not believe that thi^ limit of th2 Eastern demand for Washington
shingles will l.)e reached until at least one-
half of the lumber dealers of the countrj-
are handling these shingles.

The output of the Washiuj^/.on lumber
and shingle mills finds its way to market
through the medium of coasV.iug and (oreiga
vessels, and by ail to the ISast. The ship-
ment of lumber aiul shingles from the state
in 1892 was divided as follows : lumber to
foreign ports, 105,002,710 feet; lumber to
coast ports, 263,666,523 feet; shipments of
lumhe- Dy rail, 100, 650, o(X); shingles by rail,
9i3,300,cxx>; shingles by water, 8,608,000.
The foreign shipments were made to the ports of I?,urope, As'h, South America
and O'^eanica, while the coastwise shipments were made principally to Cali-

vW* <*■'':

>m&f:.

w^hRBHE

•' ..T?!'"'"'

Tut GnciT Fi.»rMC*t' Uke, Montana,

Timber Resources t' the Pacific Northwest.

, ' 'f|

LAKE CCEUh D'ALENE

fornia and Mexico. A large fleet of sailing vessels is regularly engaged in the export
Washington liiniVjer trade, and the harbors at Seattle, Tacouia, Port Blakely an>i other
milling centers of the sound contai ■ ships at all seasons of the year and from all
parts of the >vorld loading with lumber.

The value of the output of the lumber and wood-workiug mills of Washington for
1892 was I19, 000,000. This was subdivided as follows: Lumber, 112,481,543; shin-
gles, 12,187,898, and manufactures of wood, 13,512,429.
The capital invested in the lumber and wood-working
plputs of the state is over $3o,oaj,ooo. These indus-
tries give employment to about 12,000 men, and they
annually disbur.se in wages over $7,coo,ckxj. There are
now in operation in the state 227 sawmills 246 shingle
mills, and 73 sash and door factories. The sawmills
have an aggregate yearly capacity of 2,970,000,000 feet of lumber, while the shingle
nulls of the state turn out annually 3, 7 -'3,000,000 shingles.

Owing to the depressed condition of the lumber trade and the unsettled ci.. ^'tion
of the foreign market for lumber, the mills of the state did not run to their full capac-
ity during the season of 1892-93. The mill men of Washington base great hopes on
the completion of the Nicaragua canal to revolutionize the lumber business of the
Pacific Northv/^est and cause Washington to take front rank among the great lumbtj-
produciug states of the Union. At the present time, owing to the great length of
time it requires to ship a cargo of lumber from Washington around Cape Horn, the
shipments of lumber from the state to the Atlantic seaboard are neither large in
v<ilame nor are they profitable. The lumber of Washington has no superior in the
world, and wlien distances to Rurope arc lessened over <S,oo(3 miles by the completion
of the canal, it will easily drive all other lumber ouc of the markets of Europe and
the .\tlantic states.

(Treat Britain alone now annually imports J575, 000,000 worth of lumber, of which
less t'lian $i5o,a>j worth comes from the Pacific coast. Other foreign nations import
lumber in proportionate amounts. This foreign demand, together with the constantly
increasing market in the Kastern stntcs for lumber, will, in the near future, create a
great demand lor lumber sawed in the mills of the Pacific Northwest.

It may be interesting to call the attention of the readers of this article to the mis-
leading statements scattered broadcast bj' certain misinformed persons to the effect
that the forests of Washington contain sufficient timber to supply the world for loo years
in thf future. The facts arc that there is today just about sufiicient timber in these
forests to supply the trade now handled by the mills of the northern pine .stales for
aboi.t 40 years, and on the entire Pacific coast there is now only sufiicient standing
timber to last 70 years at the same rate of consumption.

Timber Resoitrces ok 1d.\ho. — The forests of the state of Idaho it is estimated
contain 3o,vioo,ax),uot) feet of timber. This is double the amount of timber con-
tained today in Minnesota, which now ranks as one of the greate.st lumbering stales
of the Union.

But little lumber is now manufactured in Idaho, and its forests may be called
vast timber preserves for the use of future generations. The most extensive forest
growth of the state is in Siioshone and Kootenai counties. Around beautiful Lake
Tend d' Oreille, in Idaho, and stretching back from this body of water for miles, is

I H

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The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

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\ ]

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M
,.

Logging in the Cceur o'Alene District.

a superb forest, in which gigantic trees lift their heads aloft to a height of over 200
fiet. Nowhere else iu the United States, except iu the Pacific Northwest, can be

found such proiiigious amounts of timber to the acre.

Covering the granite-ribbed slopes of the C(JL'ur d' Akne

mountains, and extending to the shores of L,ake Ccieur

d' Alcne, is another vast forest which makes au important

addition to Idaho's timber wealth. An enormous amount

of timber is also found fringing the numerous

streams which wind among the hills of Northern

and Central Idaho. The varieties of timber

found- in Idaho include pine, spruce, tamarack,

oak, mountain mahogany, Juniper, birch, cot-

tonwocd, alder and willow.

TiMHER RESOURCES OF MONTANA. — Mon-
tana's pre-eminence as a mineral-producing
state has detracted attention from its other
natural resources. About ro,ooo,ooo acres of Montana's mountain lands are covered
by fine forests of pine, spruce, cedar and tamarack. It is estimated that these
forests contain 75, (.00,000,000 feet of merchantabh> timber. This timber grows
upon the rugged slopes of the Rocky Mountains and on detached clusters of moun-
tains scattered here and there throughout the state.

While Montana exports but little lumber, it takes about ioo,ooo,p' j feet a year to
supply the local demand. The greater portion of this lumber is ..sed by the mines
of tl;e state. The ;\naconda mine, at Butte, alone uses nearly 15,000,000 feet of
lumber a year in timbering. A large quantity of wood is also used as fuel in the
great smelters and quartz mills of the state. There are 102 sawmills and shirglc
mills in Montana, nearly all of which have u capacity under 10,000 feet a daj-. The
largest sawmill in Montana is that of the Blackfoot Milling and Manufacturing
Company, at Bonner. This mill has a daily capacity of 240,000 feet. Its yearly out-
put is about 32,000,000 feet.

TiMHER Resources of Alaska. — Alaska, bordering on the .\rctic ocean, with
one end experiencing the cold of almost perpetual winter and the other end of the
territory seldom noting a temperature below the freezing point, contains a vast
amount of standing timber. It is estimated that one-thirtieth of the entire territory
is covered with timber. The timber belt of Alaska contains about 11,160,000 acres.
At the low estimate of 6,000 feet of standing timber to the acre, Alaska contains
today 66,960,000,0:0 feet.

The Yukon river, a wide and deep streatti, flowing from the 10c fields of the
north thri)Ugh .-Maska, is fringed for almost its entire length with a dense forest.
Along the coast from the southeastern boundary of the territory to Kodiak Island,
tncre is a continuous forest, except where n.onntain ranges over 2,000 feet high
approach the water. On the islands of the Alexander Archipelago is a heavy growth
of yellow cedar, from which a superior class of lumber is manufactured. These for-
ests contain great trees six feet in diameter and branchless for sixty feet or more
above the ground. The ';imbcr of the southeastern parts of Alaska consists of
spruce, hemlock, 3-ellow and red cf.dar, the woods being found in quantity in these
forests in the order named above. The forests of the interior of Alaska extend as far

Mining in the Pacific Northwest.

«5

^'11

north as the range of mountains, from 50 to 100 miles distant from the coast. These
forests contain spruce, hemlock, birch, poplar and other deciduous trees.

The principal woods of export of Alaska are Alaska cedar and hemlock, which is
known commercially as Alaska pine. The cedar of Alaska is so fine grained that it
can be used for wood engraving. It is susceptible of taking a high polish, and is
well adapted for the manufacture of furniture and for interior finishing work.
There are now 13 sawmills in Alaska. The output of these mills is used for local
consumption, the government instructions preventing the shipment of lumber sawed
in the territory beyond its limits. It is to these restrictions alone that the present
stagnation in the lumber industry of Alaska is due. In 1890 Congress passed an act
allowing one person to purchase 160 acres of land in Alaska at the price of f 2.50 an
acre. This act only applied to actual settlers on the land purchased. As none of the
timber land of the territory has been surveyed, all parties now cutting timber on the
government land of Alaska are trespassers. The great inland sea, extending from
Alaska to the cities of Puget Sound, affords an easy means of shipping the lumber
product of Alaska to an available market, and as soon as the government restrictions
governing the export of lumber from the territory are removed, the lumber industry of
Alaska will prove to be as great as is this industry today in the states of Oregon and
Washington to the south.

Lumber Resources of British Columbia. — It is not generally known that
British Columbia contains more timber than the two states of Oregon and Washing-

ton combined. Of the total
000 acres are classified as
that the average amount of
10,000 feet, a very small esti-
tains today the enormous
Where extensive logging
ducted in the province, the
more than 15,000 feet to the
standing timber in the
feet to the acre, British Col-

A PnOSPECTOR.

area of the province, 85,000,-
timber land. Estimating
standing timber to the acre is
mate, British Columbia con-
total of 850,000,000,000 feet,
operations have been con-
standing timber has scaled
acre. If the average of
province is as high as 15,000
umbia contains today more

timber than is found in the entire territory of the United States.

The trees growing in British Columbia are of the same varieties as those found
in the forests of Washington. Fir predominates, with cedar second in abundance.
The lumber interest of the province at the present time is one of its principal indus-
tries. In 1892 the mills of British Columbia turned out 164,877,000 feet of lumber
and 126,273,001) cedar shingles. Of the lumber product, 38,897,029 feet were shipped
to foreign ports. Like Oregon and Washington, British Columbia finds a market for
her lumber in Australia, South America and the Sandwich Islands. In November,
1893, u shipment of fir lumber was made from Victoria to the coast of Africa. Other
shipments have been made from the ports of the province to Kngland and parts of
the Orient. A considerable part of the lumber manufactured in the province is
shipped via the Canadian Pacific railway to the treeless plains of Alberta and Mani-
toba and even as far east as Quebec. Like the timber of Washington, that of Brit-
ish Columbia is unexcelled for general building purposes and is greatly superior to
the timber which is cut east of the Rocky Mountains.

Mining in tlio Pafiflc Northwest — From the gold-impregnated sands of
mountain strcan s and from the bowels of the earth are obtained the precious metals

The Orcgonian's Hnn<lhook of the Pacific Northwest.

h *

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.fr^;s$--^^

A PROSPECTOR'S Pack Train.

which, after passing through the mints, become the money of the world. The use of
gold aud silver a', money, the demand for the yellow and white metals in the arts
and the waste of chesc minerals by the wearing effects of time, call for a never-ceas-
ing source of supply of gold and silver. It is to meet this demand that the present

great mining centers have been established, and
the millions of dollars now invested in the mines
of the United States shows a confidence of capital
in the permanency of our mining industries that
promises much for the future increase of mining
operations in the Pacific Northwest.

Countless fortunes have already been made on
the Pacific coast out of mining. Throughout the
Pacific Northwest today ^re many rich men who
a few years ago were searching among the hills
and gulches of this region for the yellow metal
which is responsible for so much happiness and so
much misery. These men formed a part of the
army of argonauts who, reckless of jr'^sical suffering and danger alike, jour-
neyed to the mountains of Oregon, Idaho aud Montana from all parts of the United
States. It was in the early '6o's that the thousands of these adventurous spirits
swarmed into the gulches of Idaho and Montana, and from these gulches was v islied
within the short space of a few years over $100,000,000 in gold. I'rom the first dis-
covery of gold in Montana to the present time, the humble miner has patiently pros-
pected the mountainous regions of the states comprising the Pacific Northwest. He
has fallen to sleep at night with the sky for a canopy and on the morrow has
discovered the wealth to which he had devoted his life. Not all of these worthy men
have been successful All over the Northwest are nameless graves filled as the result
of physical exhaustion and long deferred hopes in the mad rush for gold. The miner,
like men in other callings in life, is forced to accept the issue of success or failure
with a calm spirit. Like ever} calling, where success means a fortune, it claims the
attention of thousands of men doomed to failure. The search for the yellow metal,
however, possesses a fascination which binds for a lifetime lease the man who first
looks for gold, and the success which a few men attain in the calling is an ever-pres-
eut incentive for constant prospecting on the part of the miner, which alone leads to
rich discoveries. It is the possibility of finding thousands of dollars, even millions,
that urges the prospector to roam alone in the unbroken solitudes of mighty moun-
tains never prospected before. P is this same spirit which induces capitalists to
spend thousands of dollars in sinking shafts, ru?i,ning tunne's and doing other devel-
opment work on promising prospects, the surface indications of these prospect holes
indicating that immense stores of wealth may lie hidden below.

In recent years science has done much to remove the element of uncerlaintj' from
the development of a mine which was formerly connected with all mining operations.
Practical mining men now assert that it is seldom that any considerable sum of money
is lost in developing .lining proi)erty. The profits of no other business are as great
as are those of minii g when intelligently conducted l)y men of large means. There
are even today scatf.ered throughout the Northwest hundreds of prospects which, if
developed at the expense of a few thousand dollars, would prove fine paying proper-
ties. The one great need of any promising mining dist ict is capital to develop its
mines. A new mining district, however rich, is slow to enlist the atteutiou of capital.

Mining in the Pacific Northwest.

Yet, when oucc capital becomes interested in a mining section, its development
is rapid and its prosperity is usually permanent. Quartz ledges now claim the prin-
cipal attention of raining men and the development and subsequent working of a rich,
(juartz mine require years of constant work, which alone insures permanence to any
camp in which quartz mining predominates.

The men who discover mines are usually improvident, and they are usuallj' with-
out money. They sell their claims in most cases for a small fraction of their value,
and it is this which renders it easy for capitalists to invest in claims which give
almost a positive assurance of turning out well. The Pacific Northwest is today, per-
haps, one of the greatest mineral-producing regions in the world, and yet all mining
men concede that the production of gold and silver in this vast territory is but a
small part of what it will be in the near future. In 1892 the nnnes of the Pacific
Northwest, independent of British Columbia, produced the enormous sum of I54,-
593,912 in gold and silver. It is not improbable that this output of precious metals
in the Northwest will be at least doubled within the next few years. This, at least, is
the opinion of careful and experienced mining men who are familiar with the mineral
resources of the country. In the following series of articles on mining in the North-
west, full and reliable information is given on the mines of Oregon, Washington,
Idaho and Montana, and reference is also made to the great mining districts of British
Columbia aad Alaska. This information has been gathered from personal visits to
the mining centers of the Northwest; the figures have been taken from the United
States official reports, and statistics given in these articles will be accepted by the
world as positive evidence of the great and constar ly increasing importance of the
mines of the Pacific Northwest.

Mining in Oregon. — Since the discovery of gold on the Rogue river in 1852,
Oregon has been a steady producer of the precious metals. The mines of Jackson
and Josephine counties alone have yielded since that time, some reports state, as
high as $30,000,000 in gold. It was in these counties that the first mining in the
state was done, and this section is now the scene of a mining excitement that equaled
the rush of the early 50's when the " Argonauts " of California came over the Siski-
you mountains and made the first discov eries
of the coarse gold of the Rogue River placers.

Gold predominates in the mineral districts
of Oregon, and with the exception of the silver
output of the mines of Umatilla county, but
very little of the white metal is pro-
duced in the state. The most im- , A
portant gold-producing sections of
Oregon today are the Rogue River val-
ley and the adjacent coun-
try, and the Blue Mountain
region in the counties of
Baker, Grant and Union, in
K astern Oregon. A large
part of the gold mined in
Southern Oregon is taken
from the placers. . Gold is
found in nearly all the numerous creeks and large rivers of Southern Oregon. Along the
Coast Range of mountains in this part of the state, evidences of gold appear wher-

HyDHAULic Mining SouTHtnN Oregon.

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The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

t I I'!-:'

I Hi

■f^i-^

Hydraulic MtNiNG.

ever the streams have cut their way through the sandstone to the more ancient form-
ation of the rocks lying underneath. Trickling down this range are innumerable
creeks which uniting form large rivers. The gravel in any of these streams shows

traces of gold, and a color can be obtained from the
gravel at any place along their course. This gold has
been carried by the streams to the beaches of the
ocean, and in a few places on the Oregon coast —
notably in Coos and Curry counties — the black sand
deposits are worked for the minute particles of gold
which all this sand contains. This gold is found in
considerable • quantities, but it is so fine that it has
never been possible with the machinery now in use
to save but an exceedingly small part of the flour gold.

Quartz mining began in Southern Oregon in i860. Quartz mining in the state,
however, has never assumed great proportions. This has been due to a number of
causes. In the first place it has been easier to work the placers of Southern Oregon
than it has been to develop the quartz ledges of this section. There has been a feel-
ing among practical mining men that the quartz ledges of Southern Oregon were not
continuous veins. During the past two years, however, some very rich ledges of
gold quartz have been uncovered in the southern part of the state, and the working
of these ledges has been attended with very profitable results. The recent decline
in the price of silver has caused mining men to turn their attention more to the
mining of gold, and as a result several gold properties in the state which have been
allowed to lie idle for years were again opened up during the past year, and the
development work already done on these properties has been of an encouraging
nature to the mine owners.

Generally speaking the veins of gold quartz in the mines of Southern Oregon
are of a "pockety" nature. Recent explorations of the mineralized area here,
however, have disclosed several true fissure veins. In past years quartz mining has
not been conducted by practical miningmen in Southern Oregon, and but little effort
has been made by these men to save the vast amount of gold contained in the sul-
phurets of these mines. The machinerj' by which the ores have been handled has
been of a primitive character. The method adopted here for treating the ores has
not been the one that is in use where operations are directed by scientific and prac-
tical mining men. Under these conditions mining in the .southern part of the state
has only been profitable where the percentage of free gold in the quartz was large. It is
noticeable that where thoroughly experienced mining men of means have taken hold of
any of the gold quartz ledges of Southern Oregon the results have been satisfactory,
and it is this evidence of the richness of these ledges, when the ores have been prop-
erly treated, which must be taken as an index of the importance of the future min-
ing interests of this part of the vState. The present great drawback to profitable
quartz mining in many of the different sections of Southern Oregon is the absence
of complete and thorough apparatus for cheap milling. There are extensive deposits
of low-grade gold-bearing ores scattered all over this district, and it is the opinion
of experienced mining men that these ores could be profitably worked with the aid of
good machinery.

There are now at least 25 quartz mines which are being worked in Southern
Oregon. It is confidently believed that this number will be at least doubled during

the pi
in for
been
bed-rc
of the
nugge
rangii
direct

$1,491
fine 01

Alining in the Pacific Northwest.

the present year. The gold-bearing quartz veins in this section are found principally
in formations of auriferous slate. Some remarkable " pockets" of placer gold have
been found in the gulches here. In 1893, as high as $3,000 was taken off a strip of
bed-rock 12 feet long and 8 feet wide. On Althouse creek, in Josephine county, some
of the largest nuggets ever found on tile coast were picked up. The largest of these
nuggets v.'as valued at $3,100, while others were picked up along the same creek
ranging in value from $1,000 to $1,500 each. In 1892, according to liie report of the
director of the mint, the mines of Oregon produced $1,555,861.57. Of this amount,
$1,491,781.39 was gold, and $64,080. 18 silver. This represents an output of 72,165
fine ounces of gold, and 49,563 fine ounces of silver. Southern Oregon produced dur-
ing I092, $194,374.17 in gold, distributed by counties as follows: Coos $16,884.70;
Curry, $2,991,40; Douglas, $15,251.26; Jackson, $41,773.25; Josephine, $72,293.47;
Lane, $31,500; Linn, $13,680. Of this gold, $18,000 was taken from placer diggings
by Chinese. These almond-eyed aliens are the most persistent of Western miners.
They will plod along for years working placer ground that white miners have long
since abandoned as worked-out diggings.

The two greatest producing mines of Southern Oregon in 1892 were the Annie
Consolidated, with a yield for the year of $16,500, and the Occidental, which pro-
duced $15,000 of gold. Roth of these mines are in Lane county. The Simmons and

Cameron mine, in Josephine
same year, $14,707. The largest
Ashland, with a yield for the
are considefed good paying prop-
The Blue Mountain region,
promising and most productive
is a country of metamorphic
basaltic lava. The basaltic
vein deposits, but occasionally
detritus from older rocks carr\'-
ers. Streams have, in many

•><«5l«r

Placer Mining.

county, produced, during the
mine in Jackson county is the
year of $io,oco. All of these
erties.

in Eastern Oregon, is the most
mineral belt in the stat^. This
rocks, granite and gneisses, and
rocks here contain no regular
they are found overlaid with
ing gold and constituting plac-
places, cut the lava sheet in

this region and have exposed the underlying metamorphic rocks which con-
tain the quartz veins from which the gold of this country is taken. At the
higher elevations of the Blue Mountain range the lava sheet ceases, and in its stead
metamorphic rocks and granite are exposed. The gold veins in this region occur in
horn-blende, schist, mica schist, granite and slate. These are the most favorable
formations for gold. A large quantity of gold is taken from placers here, and there
is still considerable virgin ground unworked. It is believed by mining men, however,
that this branch of mining here is not capable of further expansion, or even of
maintaining its present relative importance to quartz mining. Unlike Southern
Oregon, nearly all the gold produced in this region is taken from quartz mines.
There are now a large number of producing and dividend-paying mines in this dis-
trict, and hundreds of promising claims. The veins here are large; they are well
defined; they go down to great depths and do not pinch out. The ore runs from free
milling to base, and in value from what is considered low grade to rich ore, averag-
ing $1,000 to the ton in gold. The Conner Creek mine in this district was the first
productive quartz mine in Oregon. It has been in operation for 25 years past and
is still producing. In 1888, a pocket of rich ore was uncovered in this mine which it
took a year to extract, and which yielded a total of $104,000. Some of the rock in
this pocket was worth $20 a pound. . , • .

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The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

■•;

As a rule the quartz found in the mines of Eastern Oregon is what may be termed
low grade. In several of the so-called low-grade mines of this region, however, like
the Connor Creek, exceedingly rich ore shoots are found. In 1S92, the mines of
Eastern Oregon produced $i,'36o,245.72. Of this, $1,297,409 was gold and $62,836
was silver. Of the silver, Umatilla county produced $53,640 of the year's output.
Of this silver, $28,000 was taken out of Leap-for-Life mine, in Umatilla county.
This is, today, the only large silver-producing mine in Oregon. Another silver mine
in Umatilla county-is the New Silver Bell, which yielded $6,150 in 1892. The Car-
bonate mine of the same county is a famous gold producer. Its ores also carry
considerable silver. In 1892, this mine produced $53,4^0 i" i^old and $16,600 in
silver.

Union is now the greatest mining county of the state, and its output is increas-
ing at the rate of nearly $200,000 a year. In 1892, the precious metal yield of the
Eastern Oregon counties was as follows: Union, $755,615; Baker, $370,843.72; Uma-
tilla, $119,765; Grant, $53,820; Malheur, $55,900, and Wallowa, $4,300. With the
exception of Umatilla, none of these counties produce a noticeable amount of silver.

The largest producing mines of this section
and their output in 1892, were as follows : the
Sanger group, at Sparta, Union county,
$275,000; Carbonate, Pendleton, Umatilla coun-
ty, $7o,CKXJ ; White Swan, Baker City, Baker
county, $72,642 ; Bonanza, Baker City, $54,994;
Little Pittsburg, Sparta, Union county, $45,000,
and Dolly Varden, Sparta, $45,000. Eight
other mines here produced in the same year
$25,000 each. The Chinese were especially
fortunate in Eastern Oregon during 1892, they
having secured during that year about
$150,000 in placer gold. The increased ac-
tivity shown in the mines of Eastern Oregon
in 1893 will, it is believed, result in a much
larger output of these mines than was shown by the report of 1892. There are
now few, if any, gold-producing regions of the West where capital can be more profit-
ably employed than it can today in the promising mines of Eastern Oregon.

Extending from Goble, on the Columbia river, to Oregon City, on the Willa-
mette, are the low Scappose or Portland Hills. It was in these hills that iron ore
was first discovered, in 1843. This discovery was made near the present town of
Oswego, on the Willamette river, seven miles south of Portland. In 1866 a small blast
furnace was erected at Oswego, by the Oswego Iron Company, of which the late
W. S. Ladd was president. This furnace had a capacity of 10 tons per day, and it
was worked successfully for 20 years. Its product of pig-iron was sold principally
in Portland and San Francisco. In 1888 this plant was enlarged at a cost of $500,000,
and a railroad was built from the blast furnace to the mines. The iron ore found in
the Scappoose Hills is hydrated oxide of iron, commonly called "bog iron" or
" brown hematite." It is known to mineralogists, however, as limonite. The la\a
rocks of Oregon are rich in iron, and it has been calculated that there is enough iron
in the lava flows which nearly cover the state to form a solid iron plate 50 feet
thick over all of Oregon. With the possible exception of rocks containing a large

Prospecting. Montana.

proporl
Oregoij
titles al

PHOTO. PALAIS STUOIO-

Mining in the Pacific Northwest. Tl

proportion of magnetite, the volcanic rocks are practically worthless. In Southern
Oregon are extensive deposits of magnetic iron ore. This ore is found in large quan-
tities at Gold Hill, in Jackson county.

Copper is found in Southern Oregon, and an attempt was made to mine it near
Waldo, in Josephine county. The value of this metal is now purely prospective, as
Oregon cannot, at the present time, compete in the production of copper with the
other great copper-producing districts of the United States. It is found in large
(juantities here, however, and these deposits may, at some time in the future, prove
of great value.

In Douglas county, near the town of Riddle, are vast deposits of nickel. As yet
no attempt has been made to extract and treat this ore, owing to the excess of silica
it contains and the presumed high cost of smelting it. That these nickel mines are
very valuable is not questioned by practical men. Ores of exactly the same char-
acter as are found here are now being extensively handled with profit in New Cale-
donia, and it is probaVjly only a question of time until the nickel mines will be worked
here with a profit.

Extensive coal measures are found
in Oregon along the Coast range of
mountains and along the western
slope of the Cascades. In Eastern
Oregon, throughout that portion of
the John Day valley where tertiary
rocks are found, coal indications are
numerous. The principal deposits of
coal in the state lie in the stratified
rocks of the Coast range, where coal-
bed indications are found extending
south from the Columbia river to the
California line. At Coos Bay coal has
been mined since the early 50' s, and
the output of the mines here has
found a market principally in San
Francisco. This coal is a low-grade lignite, as is nearly all the coal found in Oregon.
At Wilhoit Springs, in Clackamas county, is a large deposit of lignite lying in a hori-
zontal bed of a uniform thickness of four feet. The quality of this coal is poor on the
surface, but it improves with the depth of the ledge vein. In the Nehalem valley,
and in other parts of Clatsop county, extensive deposits of lignite have been discovered,
some of which are of a fair grade of coal. This field, owing to its proximity to Port-
land, is perhaps the most valuable in promise in Oregon. It is confidently believed
that the future supply of coal for Portland will be obtained from this source, and
the attention of capital has already been called to the splendid opportunity afforded
for working these deposits. With the exception of the Coos Baj- coal, there is prac-
tically no coal mined in Oregon today. Most of the coal that has been discovered
in the state is not adapted to coking, but it makes a very satisfactory fuel for house-
hold use, and as depth is attained in the mines the quality of the coal found in Ore-
gon will probably increase over the quality of the surface croppings. There is no
reason to suppose that the coal fields of Oregon will not prove as valuable as the
present great coal fields of Washington. ,

Placer Mining. Missoula Gulch, Butte, Montana.

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The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

1,000 FOOT LEVEL. LEXINGTON MINE NEAR BUTTE, MONTANA.

Mining in Washington. — A combination of causes has conspired to prevent
Washington from taking rank as one of the great precious metal-producing states of
the Union The isolated location of several of its richest mineral districts and the
lack of transportation facilities in other districts have retarded the development of

numerous valuable properties in the
state which i)roniisc to prove very rich
on a fuller development. In connec-
tion with the mining industry of the
state, however, one important fact
must not be overlooked. This is that
the rich mines of Northern Idaho and
I the Kootenay district, in British
c lumbia, are really tributary to
Washington. Sookane, for instance,
enjoys most of the trade of the rich
Cfuur d' Alenes. The money made in
these mines is invested largely in
Spokane, and this city is also the out-
fitting point for the rich mines of
British Columbia, to the north. Washington has profited largely by the development
of mines in the adjacent territory.

The construction of new lines of railroad in the state during 1893 furnished an
outlet for two of the most promising mining districts of the West. The construction
of these roads will result in more activity in these mining centers during the present
year than has yet been noted in the mining history of the state. Mineral discoveries
during recent years in the state, have demonstrated that Washington contains great
fields of low-grade ores, both silver and goldj which can be worked at a profit with
the aid of the latest improved machinery. In the Okanogan country are ledges of
gold-bearing ore which, from surface indications, surpass in extent anything of the
kind in the West. In other parts of the state are extensive deposits of high-grade
gold and silver ores. Some of the most promising of these claims are located remote
from railroad lines. It is but a question of time when many of these promising
prospects, now lying idle, will be developed into good, paying mines. Capitalists,
even today, are investigating the merits of nearly every mining camp in the slate,
and when their value is once fully determined, the development of the mines of
Washington will be but a repetition of the history of the growth of the great mining
properties of Montana and Idaho. Projects to build lines of railroad to the most
promising camps of Washington are being considered. The completion of these
lines would allow the shipment of ores from these camps to outside reduction centers
where such ores, owing to the heavy expense of long hauls by horses, cannot be
handled. There are today in Washington a score or more of mines from which the
owners have not yet earned a dollar. Vet on the dumps of these same mines are
thousands of dollars worth of ore which can be handled at a profit as soon as it can
be hauled to reduction centers by railroads.

Washington is divided into two great natural divisions by the Cascade range of
mountains. It is on the eastern side of this range that most of the best mining prop-
erties of the state are located. The mineral districts of the state have never been
thoroughly prospected. The dense forest growth and almost impenetrable under-
brush which cover the slopes of the Cascade Mountains, rich in minerals, have thus

far pre V
after a
cades,
been il
uncovej
jccture,!
carefuUl
ore are
a quest!
profit oj

In
exposed!
Monte
road, arl
ain side,
the state
worked
been Ci
a large
with pro
142,000 i
tials wor
a while
can live
where a
work,
in the stJ
mines.
1892 W
of silver,
ogan cov
The tots
field, go
gold $v

Mining in the Pacific Northwest.

iters
be
the
are
can

e of
op-
een
ler-
hus

far prevented extensive prospecting in these districts. Geologists, however, believe
after a careful examination of the formation of the rocks on the slopes of the Cas-
cades, that the mountains contain vast deposits of ore, which have never yet
heen imcovered. As the country is developed, these mineral ledges will be
uncovered. The future of mining in the state can, at best, be only a matter of con-
jecture, but it is the freely expressed opinion of every practical mining man who has
carefully looked over the ground here, that vast deposits of gold and silver bearing
ore are hidden in the Cascade range of mountains within the state, and that it is but
a question of time until these great storehouses of wealth will be opened for the
profit of man.

In several of the non-producing mineral districts of Washington leads are
exposed so that they can be followed with the eye for thousands of feet. In the rich
Monte Cristo region, recently connected with the tide water of Puget Sound by rail-
road, are great parallel ledges which can be plainly seen as they ascend the mount-
ain side. Gold is found on all the bars of the Columbi.' Yakima and other rivers of
the state. This gold, ho^^ever, is in many cases too line to allow the deposits to be
worked with a profit. On the upper waters of the Columbia river placer mining has

Along the Columbia even today

been carried on for years,
a large number of Chinamen
with profit. During 1893 these
142,000 in gold from the Stevens
tials work patiently at this work
a white miner, and it is the
can live that allows the China-
where a white man would suffer
work.

in the state of Washington over
mines. The report of the direc-
1892 Washington produced
of silver. Of the silver output.

Marble LedoeS Near Spokane.

work the deposits of the river
Chinese miners took out about
county placers. These Celes-
for wages that would discourage
small pittance on which they
man to work in these diggings
privation at the same kind of
Of the gold now produced
two-thirds comes from the placer
tor of the mint shows that in
5373.533 of gold and $195-949
the Ivanhoe mine, in the Okan-

ogan country, produced $79,369, and the Old Dominion, of Colville, yielded $100,000.
The total mineral production of the state came from six counties as follows : Gar-
field, gold f^72> 500, silver $10,500; Kittitas, gold $169,203, silver $3,486; Lincoln,
gold $17,000; Okanogan, gold §10,250, silver $79,519.28; vSkagit, gold $40,600;
Stevens, gold $63,000, silver §102,444.58. This represented 18,071 fine ounces of gold
and 151,557 fine ounces of silver.

In Western Washington the most promising mining camps are located near the
summit of the Cascade Mountains in the counties of King and Snohomish. Of these
the Monte Cristo camp is situated in a huge basin on the headwaters of the Sauk
river. The principal ledges in this camp are found running in continuous and
almost parallel lines, through mighty clefts that have been carved out of the mount-
ains by glaciers. The bottom of the gorges of the Monte Cristo district lies at an
elevation of 2,100 feet above the level of the sea, while the mountains on either side
rise to an additional height of 3,000 feet. The mineral ledges in this district lie
exposed on the mountain side. Nature has already done a large part of the neces-
sary development work on these ledges, and but little remains for man to do here
but to shovel out the ore and reduce it. The original discovery of the Monte Cristo
camp was made from a point 15 miles distant with the aid of a good field glass. The

1 V-'

' '1
-■11

> lii

The Oregoniati's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

M-

COLUMBIA RiVfcR, BELOW THE CASCADES,

ores in this camp are generally base, bearing sulphurets of iron and galena, with a
showing of zinc. Parallel with nearly all the veins of galena in this district are

bodies of iron pyrities frequently mixed with
porphyry. These ores carry from $S to I55 a ton
in gold, and from 10 to 75 ounces in silver, and
from 14 to 70 per cent. lead.

In Washington the most promising camps are
located near the summit of the Cascade Moun-
tains, in King and Snohomish counties. In 1893
a sj-ndicate of English capitalists expended
|5, 000, coo in opening the Monte Cristo district
and in building the Everett & Monte Cristo rail-
road from tidewater to the mines.
On a high divide from the Monte Cristo mines is the Silver Creek mining dis-
trict. This is about eight miles in length and about three miles wide. The forma-
tion in this district is granite, porphyry and metamorphosed slate. The ores are
galena, with iron and sulphurets of copper carrying gold, silver and copper. The
principal mines in this district are the Oro Fino, Rattler, National, Morning Star,
Vandalia, Jumbo, Winner and Webster. These mines have all been developed to
some extent and the ores they produce average about $40 a ton in value. In what is
known as the Anaconda group, in this district, a nine-foot vein of ore has been
exposed which assays 11 per cent, in copper.

The Cascade mining district is located in the western part of Skagit county on
the headwaters of the Cascade river. The ledges in this district are extensive and
well defined. The principal mine is the Boston, which produces a galena ore assay-
ing 60 per cent, lead and 50 ounces in silver. Another mining district of Western
Washington, not yet sufficiently developed to show its permanent character, is the
Snoqualmie, situated on the western slope of the Ca.scade Mountains, in King
county. There are two large bodies of copper sulphuret ore in this district
which assay from 5 to 20 per cent, copper in the outcrop. The character of the
ores found in this district is free milling, togethex* with sulphurets, concentrates and
smelting ores. Samples of galena ore have been assayed here which run from 20 to
60 per cent, in lead and from 20 to 200 ounces in silver to the ton. The Green River
country, a recently discovered mineral district, is located near the foot hilla of Mt.
St. Helens, and is reached from Winlock on the main line of the Northern Pacific
railroad between Portland and Tacoma.

The principal placer mines in Washington are on Swauk creek, a tributary
stream to the Yakima river in Kittitas county, 25 miles north of Ellensburgh.
The gravel in the Swauk district is spotted and the pay dirt is found in streaks. This
dirt is in places very rich in coarse gold. Nearly all the mines here are owned and
operated by individuals. Nuggets worth, respectively, $500, I400, I325, $110 and
I49, have been found in this district. Separated from Swauk creek by a low divide
is Peshastin creek. This camp consists of free-milling gold-quartz ledges. It is
admirably located, with an abundance of water and timber. One 40 and one 20-
stamp mill are in operation here. This district has recently attracted the attention
of capitalists and it is being rapidly developed. The average working value of the
Peshastin ore is estimated at about $35 a ton. The ledges are well defined and in
many instances free gold is seen in the rock with the naked eye. To the northwest
of the Peshastin is what is known as the Cle Elum district. A large number of loca-

tions

vie

Id frc
mines ni
district 1
there is
ounces i
district,
mountain
seems to|

Aboi
Falls &
here is s\\
in the stE
of that yJ
A six-fooll
in silver 1
Old Dom
Another
from this
lead.

Abou
extensive
this distri
railroad,
greatly fa
it will alsc
north.

North
of the pla
lakes, pict

Union Pacifh
Coi

Five hunt'
was the i
1883 consi

Alining in the Pacific Northwest.

tions have been made in this district, and it contains several developed mines which
yield from |5,oooto $30,000 a year each. Assays show that the ores from these
mines run from $20 to $45 a ton in gold. In the mountains at and near the Cle Elum
district are extensive deposits of copper, iron and low-grade galena ores. In one place
there is a three and one-half foot vein of galena carrying 50 per cent, lead and 12
ounces in silver. There is a peculiar formation, covering about 2,500 acres in this
district, where the country rock will assay from I1.50 to $6 per ton silver. There are
mountains of iron ore in this locality, and the country within a radius of many miles
seems to be a mineralized area.

About 80 miles north of Spokane, in Washington, and on the line of the Spokane
Falls & Northern railroad, is the Colville mining district. The Old Dominion mine
here is six miles east of the town of Colville. This is the greatest producing mine
in the state of Washington. It was discovered in the spring of 1885, and since July
of that year it is estimated that about $900,000 has been produced by the property.
A six-foot vein of ore is now being worked in this mine. This ore averages 70 ounces
in silver to the ton, and about 65 per cent lead. On the mountains adjacent to the
Old Dominion mine are many promising prospects in various stages of development.
Another large mine here, which is near Colville, is the Dead Medicine. The ore
from this mine runs from 40 to 50 ounces in silver to the ton, and about 50 per cent
lead.

About 20 miles north of Colville, in Washington, is the Metalline district, where
extensive deposits of low-grade ores have been discovered. Twenty miles east of
this district is Northport, a station on the line of the Spokane Falls & Northern
railroad. At this latter point a large smelter is now being built. This smelter will
greatly facilitate mining operations in the Colville and neighboring districts, and
it will also be largely patronized by the numerous mines in British Columbia to the
north.

North of where the mighty Columbia river winds 2,000 feet below the summit
of the plateau of the Big Bend country, is the Okanogan country with its beautiful
lakes, picturesque valley.s, and vast deposits of precious metals. Long before Wash-
ington became a separate political division of the Union this
region was known under the name it now bears. In 1889
it was made Okanogan county, and it is now the largest
political division of Washington. In area it equals three
states of the Union, and it is one of the coming rich sections
of Washington. Okanogan county is made up of a series
of undulating plains, fertile valleys and hills. These hills
terminate on the northern, northwestern, and western
borders of the county in a broken chain of mountains. In
the early 6o's prospectors working their way east from the
Fraser river discovered placer mines in the Similkimeen
river. A great deal of gold was subsequc'V taken from
the bars along this stream. The placers here becoming
exhausted, the country was again left in solitude. In
the 70's men again visited the Okanogan country, and
these men discovered in the district a ledge of galena ore.
Five hundred pounds of this ore were shipped to San Francisco for treatment. This
was the first silver produced from ores taken out of the state of Washington. In
1883 considerable prospecting was done in the Mount Chapaca and Similkimeen dis-

;S."*f'?lJ

Union Pacific Track, near Viento,
Columbia River.

I n

7tt

The Ore/roniun's Handbook of the I'licific Xorthwest.

i I c

ill

COLUMBIA Rlvr;H APOVF.

Thf Dalles.

trit;ts, hut it \v:»s not until 1886 that the big rush to this section bej^an. This stam-
pede was made to what is known as tlie Salmon River country. As a result of this
ru!ih tlu; towns of Ruby. I.oomiston, Golden and Conconnully were establislied.
The latter is the present comity seat. It was not long before the numerous pros-
pectors who had flocked to this country be-
gan to make discoveries of exceptionally
rich ledges of gold and silver (juartz. These
hnds extended through a large area of ter-
ritory. Tlr t Okanogan is the richest and
most promising mineral district in Wash-
ington is now thoroughly established. The
recent rich gold strikes made upon Palmer
Mountain and other localities o*"the district,
indicate that it will soon become the greatest
gold-producing district of the West. All kinds of ores, from
base to I'ret - milling, are found in this district. Prior to 1893 the country had no rail
outlet. The completion of the Great Northern, however, which forms connection with
the boats plying on the Salmon and Columbia rivers, now furnishes the distiict with
transportation facilities which, altliough inadequate to the needs of the country,
liave done much to hasten its development.

The Chelan mining district lies in Okanogan county, immediately adjacent to
Lake Chelan. The first important discoveries made in this district were in 1889.
Two of the claims then located here were subsecjuently sold for 130,000. Numerous
mineral locations have since been made in the Chelan district, and with proper trans-
portation facilities., which it does not now possess, the district will become a large
silver and gold producer. Tlie formation of this district is principally granite, cut
by veins of porphyry dikes. These vary in width fron: 3 to 30 feet.

The principal mining di.stricts have all been touched on in the article above.
These districts contain nuUions of tons of gold and silver-producing ore, which cm
be lian<lled at a profit by capital and with tlie aid o ' imxircved machinery. The
rapid development of the mines of Waslrngton during the past few years but pres-
ages the future growth of th» 1 ming districts of the state, and while the state will
doubtless never rioik with Montana as a mineral producer, mining will always be
one of the most profuable industries of Washington.

Dr. W. Bricdkmkvkr — There is a fu.scination surrounding the life of a mining
engineer that seldom allows anyone engaged in that profession to forsake it
^or some other calling. Many interesting narratives could be written from the
experiences of the men who are des'oting their knowledge and energj' in an efiort t<'
develop the great precious metal-producing regions of Wnshington. Dr. W. Birede-
meyer, of Tacoma, is the olflest mining engineer in the West, he ha dug had over
oO years" experience in the mines of Europe, Asia and America. During the past
22 years, Dr. Hredemeyer has been identified with nearly all of the great mining
enterprises of the West. For a number of years he held the important XJOsition of
United States mining cornmissione: for Utah. Before coming to America he was
for a time in charge of the famous Banketon mines, in the Dutch Indies. Later he
developed <he first mine in Burmah, and was al.so the first white man to make u
scientific explo.'-ation of the interior of China and Jai)an. He '•eceived an appoint-
nie!it from tiie government of Japan as the chief engineer c ' the .southern district o(
that empire, a position he held for two years. Dr. Bredemeyei" is a member of all

the lead]
mining.

Mini

Pearce ai|
;d)Out $1'
with astol
Salmon r|
stainpedei
.'idventun
finding tlJ
discovereil

The if
City, Warl
ill the earf
lars to the
leads the
principal
producing

The
together \\
falling off
year. Tlu
has been h
ing„ at a p
already tui
the yellow
West, as b(
the silver :
properties

The m
ore. Such
ties produ(
averages al
belief that

vU":

■•^^?^pg

district,
Ralph mir

lillli

i^jiMt wM iy ■ r^i Wi 'M

•tni

=S8

Alining in the Pacific Northwest.

)OV(.'.

cm
The

•res-
will
s 1)e

the leading scientific societies, and is also an expert on all questions relating to
mining. His laboratory at Taconia is tlie most complete on the coast.

Mining in Idaho. — Since the discovery of gold in Idaho by Capt. James
Pearce and party, on Oro Fino creek, 'n iS6o, the inijies of this state have piodnced
about f iSo,<x3o,ooo. In i<S6r, a report I'jcanie circulated through the Western states
with astonishing rapidity that fabulously rich placers of gold had been discovered on
vSalmon river, in Idaho. These greatly exaggerated stories caused one of the wildest
stampedes known in the history of mining on the coast. Thousands of miners and
adventurers flocked to the Salmon River country. The later arrivals in the diggings
finding the best claims already occupied, spread out over the adjacent country and
discovered the famous placers of (Grasshopper creek and Alder gulch, Montana.

The most famous of the early placer mines of Idaho were those of Florence, Rlk
City, Warrens, Salmon river and Oro Fino. These camps produced millions of wealth
in the early 6o's, and they are still adding annually several hundred thousand dol-
lars to the wealth of the world. Idaho county, in which these mines are located,
leads the other counties of Idaho in the production of gold dust. Mining is now the
principal industry of Idaho, and the state ranks fifth in the list of precious metal-
producing states of the Union.

The labor troubles in the Cceur d'Alene mining district, in Northern Idaho,
together with the decline in the price of silver, combined to cause a considerable
falling off in the output of silver for the state in 1892 ever the output of the previous
year. The leading question among the miners of the state during the past two years
has been how to work their properties, which are principally silver and lead-produc-
ing,, at a profit, in view of the prevailing low prices of silver and lead. Idaho has
already turned out millions of dollars in gold, and there are some very rich mines of
the yellow metal in the state, but the heavy mining operations in this part of the
West, as before stated, are now confined to the silver-producing properties, and it is
the silver mines that the people of Idaho lean on for future activity in the mining
properties of the state.

The most exten.sive mines in the state are those which carry an average grade of
ore. Such mines as the Poorman, Tiger, Black liear and other well known proper-
ties produce on an average from 27 to 29 ounces of silver per ton, and the lead
averages about 57 per cent. The heavy mine owners of the state are firm in the
belief that the only relief they can reasonably look for during the present low pre-
vailing prices of silver lies in a general
reduction of freight rates by the railroads
which haul their ore to market. The n;ine
owners of Southern Idaho have a great
advantage over the owners of milling prop-
erties in the Creur d'Alenes and other
districts of the northern part of the state.
The Southern Idaho mines carry a higher
percentage of gold thin the mines to the
north, and the cost of working the mines
in Southern Idaho is less than it is in the
heavy silver properties of the Cu'ur d'Alene
district. This applies, especially, to the De Lamar, Black Jack, Trade Dollar and
Ralph mines, in Owyhee county.

Hope Station, Lake Peno d'Oreille.

The Orcfioniun' s Hutidhnok <>t the Piicific Northwest.

According to the report of the director of the miut the mines of Idaho produced,
during 1^92, gold to the anioi^t of .S3, 271 ounces, valued at $1,721,364; silver,
3,16.1,269 ounces, ( oining vahu J'4, '91,083; lead, 51,322,263 pounds, commercial
value, $2,(:k)I,56.S. The product of i; ' "nd silver in Idaho, by counties, during the
calendar year 1.S92, was as follows: Gold — Ada county, 272 ounces, value, $5,623;
Alturas, 1,102 ounces, value, $22,780; Bingham, 436 ounces, value, $9,013; Boise,
18,209 ounces, value, $376,413; Cassia, 714 ounces, value, $14,760; Custer, 1,166
ounces, value. $24,103; Elmore, 5,870 ounces, value, $121,344; Idaho, 7,140 ounces,
value, $147,597; Lemhi, 12,4(17 ounces, value, 5257,71b; Logan, 776 ounces, value,
$16,041; Owyliee, 23,244 ounces, value, $480,496; vShoshone, 1 i,ock) ounces, value,
$227,390; Washington, 875 ounces, value, $18,088. Silver — Ada, 118 ounces, coining
value, $153; Alturas, 7(X), 362 ounces, coining value, $905,498 ; Bingham, 48 ounces,
coining value, $62; Boise, 163,368, coining value, $211,218; Cassia, 50 ounces,
coining value, $65; Custer, 397,360 ounces, coining value, $513,747; Elmore, ; ,80/
ounces, coining value, $2,332; Idaho, 5,o6r ounces, coining value, $6,543 ; Lemh:'
2,457 ounces, coining value, $3,177; Logan, 1,168 ounces, coining value, $1,510;
Owyhee, 645,569 ounces, coining value,''$834,656; Shoshone, i ,195,904 ounces, coining
value, $1,546,184; Washington, 51,000 ounces, coining value, $65,938. The total

value of the gold and silver output of the state, by
counties, in the same year, v.as as follows : Ada,
$5,776; Alturas, $928,278 ; Bingham, $9,075 ; Boise,
$587,631; Cassia, $14,829 ; Custer, $537,850; Klmore,
$123,676; Idaho, $154,140; Lemhi, $260,893 ; Logan,
$17,551 ; Owyhee, $1,315,152; Shoshone, $1,773,574;
Washington, $84,026. The gold and silver bullion
produced in Idaho, and deposited in government
institutions during 1892, amounted to $725,124.97 in
gold, and $16,865.50 in silver.

Idaho is one of the richest states in the Union
in silver and lead ore deposits, and many of these valuable properties are now lying
idle awaiting the rise in silver to insure their being worked at a profit.

In Shoshone county are located the famous Creur d' Alene mines which are
fully described in a separate article in "The Handbook. The rich mines adjacent to
Boise City also receive mention in another part of this work. Lying in the south-
west corner of Idaho is Owyhee county, which for many years was the greatest min-
ing camp in Idaho. Nine miles from vSilver City, the principal town in the county,
is Jordan creeK, where are located the famous Owyhee mines. The lodes here cover
an area of 20 square miles. They were first discovered in rS63. These veins vary in
width from 2 to 60 feet, while the ore they carry assays from ■■>. trace of gold or silver
up to thousands of dollars a ton. Up to 1876 this was one of the liveliest camps in
the West. The mines here, in the 13 years following their discovery, ])roduced over
$26,(X)o,ooo in wealth. Upou tlic collapse of the Bank cf California, ot vSau Francisco
in 1S76, capital was withdrawn from these mines and the camp has been supported
since that time by the individual miners who have resided here. These mine* are
still large producers. In 1892 they yielded !ri,3i5,i52. This was an I'-.crcasc of
nearly 1ii,ooo,Ofxi over the output of these mines in 1880. At this rate of increase tL
camp will soon surpass its record of its palmiest davs. The Wilson mine in this
camp is probably the largest and richest mine in Idaho. Tiiere are thrt'c veins in
thij location, though from the formation the mine looks as though it mere a m-iun-

RAPI05 OF THE C«SCADES-COLUMBI» RiVEH.

I I

tain of (j
iu •A'idth.
in gold e
is the chi

other fine
feet dee]),
mine avert
ducing pn
Seventy \i
In i86f
in the basii
been a fetea
ising gold (
had rail tra
are near th
The most n
estimated t
estimates tl
placers. T
already bee
are the Kai
mines arc tl
of permane
the richest
the district

Anothe
This IS one
belt crossin
50 miles wi
its entire 1«
2,000 prom
Custer com
Creek and ]

;««-* *• •#*

■!?■>;««■ ...I.*'. w*,..v,,C

;ire
1 to

itli-

Ull-

)ver
in

Iver
in

|ver

in
lin-

r*ir'

Mt. hooo-Chossing Ash Beds, near Snow-Line.

Mining in the Pacific Xorthwest. Tft

tain of (juarlz mineralized. The veins of the mine are respectively 15, 30 ami 77 feet
in width. There is a 20-stanip mill on this property, whirh produces over ii>5oo,cxx)
in K^l'l every year. It is estimated that in the jj;roup of mines of wliiih the Wilson
is the chief, there is now over |i,ouo,oiJo worth of gold quart/ in sight.

The Ore Fine group of mines have long been noted as great gold
producers. The lode is situated on War Flagle Mountain, three miles
distatit from vSilver City. The vein of this group is a true fissure,
varj'ing from two to six fei;t in width. It carries free-niillijig gold
and silver ore. The Oro I'ino mine has produced in the ])ast over

$\ ,So<),f)fx) and it is still yieliling

,V A^f^C thousands of dollars annually.

iipi. WiiWi'tr^TWS^ ^ '■-'''' ifST >''^-< ■"'r!:Wt% AtSilver City the Oro Kino Min-

^^S^f^^P^Wl^W? lBd ^/-jf'" *^[i^'''^^^^ii^B^ '"S Company have in operation

a 2o-stamp steam (|uartz mill.
The I'oorman groujjof mines in
this district is composed of eight
or ten lodes. The Poorman, the
principal mine of the group, has
yielded over |? 1,000,000. An-
other fine property here is the Empire mine, which is developed by a shaft about 7(xj
feet dee]). The I5lack Jack mine here has yielded over $t,oo,o(K). The vein of this
mine averages four feet in width and is encased in porphyry. Other valudblc pro-
ducing properties in this district are the Stormy Hill, Mahogan\', Morning .Star,
Seventy Nine, Phillips and Sullivan, and the Summer Camp group of mines.

In 1 866 a party of prospectors discovered rich placer diggings in l,emhi county
in the basin of the North Pork of Salmon river. Since that time the county has
been a feteatiy producer of gold. Ivcmhi county contains several very rich and pnmi-
ising gold districts whooo output would doubtless be greatly increased if the county
had rail transportation to outside points. On Naplus creek and its tributaries, which
are near the town of Leisburgh, over |io,ooo,ooo has been taken from placer mines.
The most notable placer mine now producing in the county is on Moose creek. It is
estimated tlrat this property has produced over $500,000. The cnvner of this mine
estimates that he has over $i,oo;j,ooo remaining in the gravel to be taken out of these
placers. There are hundreds of quartz claims in Lemhi county, some of which have
already been developed into valuable producing mines. Of these mines the largest
are the Kaintuck, Grunter, Yellow Jacket and Viola groups. Connected with these
mines arc three rostamp mills. The leads in this district are all well defined and are
of permanent character. The ore runs from I5 to $70 per ton in gold, and in some of
the richest mines of the district as high as|i3o a ton. The principal silver mines in
the district carry ores assaying from 15 to 40 ounces in silver and 70 per cent. lead.

Another ca'nn in Idaho, remote from railroad lines, is that of Custer county.
This IS one of the largest and richest mineral districts in the W'est. The mineral
belt crossing the western ])ortion of Custer county is at least 100 miles in length and
50 miles wide. It is intersi>crsed with veins carrying gold and silv<'r ores all along
its entire length. There are nearly 150 developed mines in this d'*'' I-^t and fully
2,u<)o promising prospects. The most prominent among the nr; 'iii,- districts of
Custer county are the Lost River, Yankee Fork, Bay Horse, Kim • ^ncck, Sejuaw
Creek and East Fork districts. A 40-ton smelter is situated in the Bay Creek dis-

The Orcguninn's Handbook of the Pacific Xorthwest.

' i

!ii

:*?■

Mount Hood-
Great Sto^.. Towards Summit.

trict atul in the other districts are three quartz mills, three couceutrators and two
smelters.

Mining in Montana. — In the Summer of 1852 Francois Finlay, a half-breed,
from the Red River of the North, while on his way homeward from a trading trip
to California, wandered into what is now Deer Lodge county, Montana. It was in
this part of the present great state that Finlay first noticed coarse flakes of gold

glittering in the gravel of what is now
known as Gold Creek. He washed out here
about two ounces of gold dust. This was
the first discovery of gold in Montana. It
attracted but little attention from the few
mountaineers then in the territor\- and
mining in earnest ir. the territory did not
commence until 1861, nearly 10 years after
the first discovery of the yellow metal was
made here.
In the latter yenr James and Granville Stuart prospected Gold Creek, the scene
of Finlay's first discovery. They found gold here in paying quantities. They
wrote to their brother at Pikes Peak of the find. The information which this letter
conveyed was the immediate cause of the first great stampede to the Montana gold
fields. Since the Stuarts uncovered bedrock of the placers of Gold Creek the mines
of Montana have added nearly 1400, 000, oo(j to the wealth of the world. Now nearly
one-third of all the gold, silver, copper and lead mined in the United States comes
from Montana. This is pre-eminently the greatest mineral-producing state in the
Union. Mining is its leading industry. In some of its many phases the industry
of mining enters into nearly every department of trade here. It represents a large
proportion of the aggregate wealth of the state.

Only a few of the many great fields of precious mi-tals in Montana have yet
been explored. On almost every mountain of the state and in nearly all the
gulches are rich prospects that only a v« nit the .id vent of capital vo develop them
into great bonanza mines. Practical mining men, familiar with this field, believe
that the quartz ledges of Montana have yielvled up hut a small part of the hidden
wealth they contain. Mining, when conducted on scientific principles and as a cold
matter of business, is not the uncertain and speculative calltng it iv popularly sup-
posed to be. Where ore is found cropping out of the mountnin si<tes the experienced
miner can tell by an examination of the fcrmation of the surrountiiTjg land and by
its deposits of rock whether the lead is a- sufficient extent to i«Ktify the employ-
ment of capital to develop it. In many instances immen . -^c expended on

the development of promising prospects before the miiu

idend. In Mon-

tana there are few recorded instances of any considerahic sums of money having
been lost in the development of mines. It is true th?; occa-^ionaUy a pros}-)ect'>r
will make what he believes is a Inmanza strike, and wii n the blind confidence of his
class will labor hard for months to develop his claim until he is finally brought to
realize that his find is worthless. Capital, however, is seldom extensively invested
in a mine unless its value has first been determined and its promised output accu-
rately estimated.

There is no better field for the profitable investment of large surii^ M" TT>one\
than is afibrdeil in the gold, copper anil lead districts of Montana. Tin. stale is ,4
great silver-producing district. Owing to what the people of Montana feel has been

adverse
their att(|

The
from Col J
the diggil
1862 the

Mount HooI

On the
to prospect
Returning
Bannock,
ment of his
great surpr
worth in sub'
gulch discov
gold. Of al
Twelve
made and s
turned the k
that Virgini;
capital of Mc
ulation. Th
most deprav(
munity. In
they shot an(
they commit
most polishei
of this gang
sheriff of Mc
this publicati
The nex
Cowan and 1
Pear. Here
They named
ies, and it w
laid. In five
Lewis auf' Cli

Milling in the Pncific Xorthwest.

lu-

MounT HoodDewert Party on Summit.

julverse legislation to the silver interests, mining men of that state are now turning
their attention to the development of its many rich gold and copper properties.

The discovery of gold on Salmon river, Idaho, in July, 1861, attracted thither
from Colorado and other terri'ories a large immigration. The late arrivals finding
the diggings here occupied began to spread out over the adjacent territory. In
1862 the great bonanzas of Grasshopper creek were discovered, and as a result the

town of Bannock sprung into existence. By the
1st of January, 1863, a population of 5(X) men had
gathered at Bannock, and among them were many
wild and reckless adventurers, whose names and
misdeeds figure prominently in the early history
of the territory. With the discovery of Grass-
hopper Creek placers, commenced the first im-
portant mining operations in Montana. The fame
of these diggings soon spread throughout the West,
and it occasioned a great stamf ede to Montana.
In the seven years folh^wing Itiis discovery the
placer mines of Grasshopper creek yielded
^12,245,000 in gold.
On the 1st day of p-ebruary, 1S63, William Fairweather and others left Bannock
to prospect the Big Horn Mountains. They were driven back by the (!row Indians.
Returning homeward the party camped at noon on Alder creek, 75 miles east of
Bannock. While the midday meal was being prepared Fairweather, to the amuse-
ment of his companions, began to wash a few pans of gravel in the creek. To his
great surprise he obtained 30 cents worth of gold from the first pan, and over $2
worth in subsequent pans, before he was through experimenting. Thus was the famous
gulch discovered. It is estimated that Alder gulch has yielded fully |;7o,ooci,o(X) in
gold. Of all placer fields this was the greatest ever discovered in the West.

Twelve years after Alder gulch was discovered Bill I'airweather, after having
made and spent a fortune, died penniless. This was the end of a man who had
turned the key which unlocked millions in wealth for others. It was on Alder ^ulch
that Virginia City was built. This town was for years the political and coniujcicial
capital of Montana. During its palmiest days of 186.1-5, it contained over io,ocxi pop-
ulation. This large population was ruled and robbed with impunity by one of the
most depraved and blood-thirsty gangs of villains that ever infested a civilized com-
munity. In less than eight months this gang murdered 102 inoffensive citizens ;
they shot and wounded scores of others, and it is supposed tliat many of the murders
they committed were never traced to their daring. Henry Plummer, one of the
most polished and dangerous villains known in the annals of crime, was the leader
of this gang, and he was, up to the time of his execution by the vigilantes, the
sheriff of Montana. Early life in Virginia City is fully descrilied in an article in
this publication on the vigilantes of Montana.

The next important discoveries of gold in the territory were made by John
Cowan and three companions, in the fall of 1863, on a small tributary of Prickly
Pear. Here they found pay-dirt yielding from 40 cents to $1 a pan o!i bedrock.
They named the locality Last Chance gulch. A stampede followed these discover-
ies, and it was here that the foundation of the present great city of Helena was
laid. In five years Last Chance gulch yielded over $i5,ixkj,(xx) in goUl. The yield of
Lewis anc' Clarke county, of which it is a part, was $t9,36o,c») between the years

"Tf

77jc' Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

; n-

_»*--'!»^ !s»rr'!?!^

••«^i

of 1H64 and 1869. Many of the largest and most imposing business blocks of Hel-
ena are built on the worked-out placer ground of the gulch.

The last extraordinary find of gold in Montana was made in Confederate gulch,
Meagher county, in the winter of 1S64-5. Some of the claims in this gnlch were
phenomenally rich. On Montana bar several claims yielded as high as $iSo to the

single lo-quart pan of dirt, and in one in-
stance a pan of gravel yielded |r,(X)o in
gold. In the fall of 1X66 a four-mule team
hauled from Fort Benton, for transporta-
tion down the Missouri river, 2!4 tons of
gold, worth |i, 500, GOO. Nearly all of this
gold was taken out of Montana bar and
Confederate gulch.

In all there are about 500 gold-bearing
gulches in Montana. These vary from one-
half mile to 20 miles in length. In addi-
u. 8. LIGHTSHIP, MOUTH OF coLUMBi* RivEH. tlou to tlicse gulchcs 'dve uumcrous bars

rich in gold. The gold found here varies in size from microscopic powder to
nuggets weighing y) to 40 ounces each. It varies from 600 to 990 in fineness. One
nugget was found in vSnow-shoe gulch, in the territory, in 1865, which weighed 178
ounces, and which was worth $3,200. Other large nuggets of gold, worth respect-
ively $2,073, $i.8iM), $475, $375 and $556 were found here between 1865 and 1880. The
most famous of Montana placers l»ave yielded the following amounts in gold : Pio-
neer, Independent and (iold creek, y 1 3,000,00:) ; Alder gulch, $70,000,000; Confed-
erate, $4,000,000; I^ast Chance, $i5,(K)'),ooo ; Grasshopper creek, $5,000,000.

An interesting relic of early plact r mining in the territory is a bill of goods
purchased at Florence City, in 1861, of \ hich the following is a copy ; 100 lbs. beans,
at $1.25 per pound, $125 ; 31^)0 lbs. tlour, at $1 per pound, $300; 11 lbs. coffee, at
$1.25 per pound, $13.75; 300 lbs. beef, at 25 cents per pcund, $75 ; 9 lbs. beans,
$9-5'-'; 3 sacks salt, $12; i bar .soap, $3; 10 lbs. sugar, ai $1.50 per pound, $15;
25 lbs. bacon, at $1.25 per pound, $31.25; i paper saleratus, $6. The total price
of this purchase was $595.50.

Placer mining is r.till extensively carried on in Montana, but it does not now
possess its former magnitude and importance. When the 1)onanza placers of the
territory began to decline, miners here began to look for the source of the placer
gold which had been found here in such large quantities. It was not long before
a number of mother lodes were discovered as a result of this search. The industry
of quartz mining in Montana was .started in a small way, owing to the lack of proper
transportation facilities, and also the lack of large works for the reduction of the
ores nf the mines. The early quartz mines worked in Montana were free-milling
properties, and all the precious metal which the ore contained was extracted at the
mine. In subseciuent years this industry developed here into one of great magni-
tude, and now Montimu derives the greatest poiiion of its wealth from it » quartz
pro])erlies. A markid difference between the mining of gold in qunt'l/ an i rom
placers is that placer mining is largely carried on by individuals, while nearly all
the large quartz mines are owned by corporations capitalized for from a f«w thou-
Hunds of dollars each to tnillions of dollars. The development of a plarrv mine ^p-
resents usually the amount of hard labor alone that is put upon it by the owner

and his
a cost o
oped, b;
ing incu
which i:
aside fn
and it
many ric
tana tha
great de^
The
of the g(
Montana
working
gold qua
A mill to
was the fi
ing woodt
silver mill
at Phillip
Dr. Georg
from San
The bi
impetus to
in the terri
change in
ating here,
prominent
greatest mi
and silver t
output was
Before 1883
tory. .Mon
The coj
the mines h
Anaconda 1
world. The
in 1880 by tJ
run as a pn
capital of $:
boring city c
reduction w(
state in the 1
regarded as 1
mine, the Ai
the mines of
was as folio V
pounds; r8S':
i«88, 97,^7,1

Alining in the Facitic Xorthwest.

§»

tht

ill

"m^^^^&i

Anaconda, Montana.

and his few assistants. A bonanza quartz mine, on the other hand, is develoi^ed at
a cost of hundreds of thousands of dollars, and is often operated, when fully ilevel-
oped, by hundreds of men. Thus it will readily be seen that extensive quartz min-
ing incurs vast outlays of money ior labor, machinery, etc., and it is this industry
which insures stability to a mining section in the development of its many resources,
aside from that of mining alone,
and it is to the working of the
many rich quartz ledges of Mon-
tana that Montana owes its present
great degree of prosperity.

The history of the discovery
of the gold and silver mines of
Montana is almost coeval with the
working of the placer deposits of the territory. The Dakota Lode, bearing
gold quartz, was discovered at Bannock, and located on November 12, 1862.
A mill to crush the quartz from the lode was erected in the following JSpring. This
was the lirst quartz mill set up in the territory. It was a rattle-trap affair, contain-
ing wooden stamps on which pieces of wagon tire were used for shoes. The first
silver mill in the territory was the old Pioneer, now owned by the Hope Company,
at Phillipsburg. It was built in 1865 by Ex-Ciovernor Samuel T. Hauser and
Dr. George C. Swallow. The pans for this mill were shipped V^y wagon all the way
from San Francisco.

The building of the Utah Northern and Northern Pacific railroads gave a great
impetus to quartz mining in Montana. Prior to that time there were no facilities
in the territory for reducing ores. The advent of the iron horse wrought a great
change in the old methods in use by the different mining companies who were oper-
ating here. Soon after the cars reached Montana great smelters were built on its
prominent mining properties, and Montana commenced to forge to the front as the
greatest mining district of the United vStates. In 1883 the total output of the gold
and silver mines of Montana amounted to only j^7,8oo,cx)o. Five years later this
output was increased to $23,759,000. Of this, $14,735,000 was in copper and lead.
Before 1883 but small (|uantities of these latter metals were produced in the terri-
tor}-. ;Montana is today the greatest mineral-producing state of the United States.

The copper industries of Butte were first developed in 1S75. Since that time
the mines here have become the greatest copper producers in America. The great
Anaconda mines, at Butte, are now noted as the mammoth copper mines of the
world. They consist of six well developed mines. The original mine was bought
in 18S0 by the California millionaire, J. B. Haggin, for $30,000. The Anaconda was
run as a private concern until 1891, when it was made a stock company, with a
capital of f 25,000,000. The ore from the mines here is shipped by rail to the neigh-
boring city of Anaconda, where the company owning the mines operates the largest
reduction works in the world. Montana's copper product is larger than that of any
state in the Union. A few years ago the mines on Lake Superior, in Michigan, were
regarded as the greatest copper producers in the world. Now a single Montana
mine, the Anaconda, produces nearly two-thirds as much copper as is yielded by all
the mines of Michigan. The production of copper in Montana, from 1882 to 1892,
was as follows : 1882,9,058,284 pounds; 1883,24,664,346 pounds; 1884, 43,093,554
pounds; 18S5, 67,797,864 pounds ; 1886, 57,611,621 pounds ; 1887, 78,699,677 pounds ;
1888,97,897,958 pounds; 1889, 105,130,000 pounds; 1890, 112,925,000 pounds; 1891,

I 4

The Orcgonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

\:,

112,763,420 pounds ; 1892, 159,212,203 pounds. This makes a total production for
the II years of 868,853,427 pounds. Of the Montana copper product for 1892, the
mines at Hutte produced 158,413,284 pounds, which, with the remaining 789,919
pounds produced in the state that year, had a market value of $19, 105,464.

In 1892 Montana produced 143,508 ounces of gold, worth $2,966,572, and 17,405,-
093 ounces of siher, of a coining value of ^22,503,554. The total value of the product
of all mines in Montana in 1892, was $45,565,626. There was an increase during that
year over the output of the previous year of 3,637 ounces of gold and 1,056,026
ounces of silver. The yield of the precious metals in Montana, from 1862 to 1892,
according to the best obtainable data, was as follows : 1862 to 1867, gold $74,ooj,ou(J,
1868, gold $15,0(30,000 ; 1S69, gold $9,000,000; 1870, gold $9,100,003; 1871, gold
$8,050,000; 1872, gold $6,068,000; 1873, gold $5,187,047; 1874, gold $3,844,722; 1875,
gohl $3,573. 6u() ; 1876, gold$3,o78,oi3, silver $1,132,976 ; 1877, gold $3,200,600, silver
$750,000; 1878, gold $2,260,511; silver $1,669,635; 1879, gold $2,500,000, silver
$2,225,030; 18S0, gold $2,40(3,000, silver $2,5oo,ckx); iSfSi, gold $3,000,000, silver
$3,500,000; 1882, gold $2,550,000, silver $4,370,000; 1883, gold $1,800,000, silver
$6,000,000; 1884, gold 12,170,0: 'J, silver $7,000,000; 1885, gold $3,409,400, silver
$9, 171.9^3 ; ^'^^'^, golil i»4 , 425. u^->o> 'ilver $12,400,000; 1887, gold $5, 978,536, silver
$17,817,300; 1888, gold .'j54,2(X',?53, silver $20,405,300 ; 1889, gold $3,794,009, silver
$20,038,871; 1890, gold $3,022,577, silver $20,337,317 ; 1891, gold $2,891,386, silver
$21,138,186; 1892, gold $2,966,571, silver $22,503,554. This makes a total output

from the mines of Montana, between the j'ears 1862
and 1892 inclusive, of gold $187,469,964, silver
$172,971,376, a grand total of $360,441,340.

Nearly all the ores of Montana carry a small
percentage of lead. The lead output of the state, in
1892, amounted to 25,715,197 pounds, of a market
value of $990,035. While Montana stands pre-emi-
nent as a producer of minerals, her record as a
dividend-payer is becoming equally as noteworthy. In 1892 the mines of the state
paid one-fourth of the dividends paid by all the mining companies of the United
States. The following is a statement of the dividends paid by Montana mines up
to the 1st of December, 1892, except such mines as the Anaconda and others that are
controlled by close corporations, and which never make their profits known : the
Alice, Butte, $975,000; the Amy and Silversmith, Butte, $247,530; Boston and Mon-
tana, Butte, $2,075,000 ; Boston and Montana, Gloster, $520,000; the Elkhorn, Jeff-
erson county, $571,000; the Ivmpire, Lewis & Clark, $70, cx30 ; the Granite Mountain,
Granite, $11,880,000; Bi-Metallic, |i, 800,000; the Cumberland, $15,000 : the Hecla,
Consolidated, Beaverhead county, fi,5oo,oo<3; the Hope, Phillipsburg, $233,532 ; the
Iron Mountain, $110,000; the Glengarry, $io,0(3o; the Lexington, Butte, $609,000;
the Drum Lummon, Marysville, $2,489,675; the Moulton, Butte, $380,000; the Par-
rot, Butte, $i,8oo,ock) ; the Pandora, $6,000. Total, $25,291,737.

Following is the detailed statement of the production of gold and silver in Mon-
tana, by counties, for the year 1892: Beaverhead, gold, $78,829.97, silver, $836,473.34 ;
Cascade, gold, $560.37, silver, $1.54; Choteau, gold, $1,205.81, silver, $307.67; Deer
Lodge, gold, $367,819.62, silver, $6,795,409.12 ; Fergus, gold, $1,339.76, silver, $601.77 ;
Gallatin, gold, $2,453.79, silver, $39.10; Jefferson, gold, $186,391.61, silver, $2,177, -
762.97; Lewis and Clarke, gold, $667,254.93, silver, $109,439.88; Meagher, gold, $41,-

MONTAN* Building, World's Fair.

215-57, :
gold, ^1,
Bow, go]
refiners

|83«,563
in silver

One
the Sapj
capital
miles (lis
diggings
were sea
found he
est watei
the oriej
ruby. ^
gems an(
aids, ton
tin, bisn
best vari
the state
the state
along the
grade fro:
inous. S
The larg(
Livingsto
Company
the state
smelters j

Mini
tion of tV
this far di
fish, vast
Washingt
that have
ciers and ;
which is £
try of Al;
increasing

Next
of Alaska
1 ,000 mile
memory c
Owing to
of the ter:
climates ti
ing on the

Mining in the Pucific Xorthwest.

a-)

215.57, silver, $386,287.18; Madison, gold, 1128,374.43, silver, $2,407.58; Missoula,
gold, $37,827.22, silver, $610,029.75; Park, gold, |5i,(X)8.i4, silver, $526.61 ; Silver
Bow, gold, 748,786.77, silver, $10,745,704.49. Montana products reported by smelters,
refiners and mints and assay offices not otherwise included, gold, $653,503. 1 1 ; silver,
$838,563.75 ; or a total product of the state of $2,966,571.90 in gold, and $22,503,554.75
in silver.

One of the surprises in Montana mining circles was the formation, in 1S91, of
the Sapphire and Rub)' Company, limited. This company was backed by English
capital for the exploration of the .sapphire mines, on Kl Dorado bar, only a few
miles distant from Helena. The sapphire was sometimes found in the early placer
diggings of Montana. Little attention was paid to it, however, by the miners who
were searching for gold. It was not until recent years that the value of these gems
found here became known. Montana sapphires are of the largest size and the pur-
est water, and of the most brilliant colors. The varieties most common here are
the oriental emerald, the oriental topaz, the oriental amethyst and the oriental
ruby. No gem, except the diamond, excels them in hardness and brilliancy. Other
gems and metals found in Montana, in greater or less abundance, are garnets, emer-
alds, tourmalines, mica, asbestos, amianthus, telluride of gold,
tin, bismuth, antimony, nickel, zitic, and vast quantities of the
best varieties of iron ore. Another great mineral resource of
the state lies in the extensive coal fields in the eastern part of
the state. These coal measures underlie 70,000 sfjuare miles
along the Missouri and Yellowstone rivers. The coal runs in
grade from an inferior quality of lignite to a fair grade of bitum-
inous. Some of this coal produces a superior quality of coke.
The largest coal mine in the state is located eight miles from
Livingstone, and is owned by the Helena Smelting and Refining
Company. The output of the coal mines now being worked in
the state is largely used by the railroads and by the Butte
smelters and reduction works.

Mining in Alaska. — Alaska, the latest territorial acquisi-
tion of the United States, is seemingly out of the world. Yet in
this far distant region to the north are mighty rivers alive with
fish, vast forests of the same fine qualit}' of timber found in
Washington and Oregon to the south, and the great seal rookeries off the coast
that have already yielded millions of dollars in wealth. In this land of great gla-
ciers and sublime scenery, a few thousand men produce millions of wealth annually,
which is added to the riches of the United States. The fisheries and sealing indus-
try of Alaska are very important and the output of these industries is annualy
increasing.

Next to its seals and its fisheries, the greatest source of revenue to the territory
of Alaska is from the working of its mines. On the Yukon river for more than
1,000 miles from its mouth, are placers that in richness and extent recall to the
memory of the miner the early scenes of Alder gulch, Montana in its palmy days.
Owing to the short season of three months in Alaska, however, the mineral output
of the territory is not as large as it would be were the same mines found in warmer
climates to the south. It must be remembered that while the part of Alaska border-
ing on the coast enjoys a climate as balmy as that of Portland, the interior of the ter-

MONTANA Silver Statue.
WORLD'S Fair.

(

8()

The Orcgonian's Handbook o/ the Pacific Northwest.

■.-y:j2^:y:i=f:'im^'^?^£r*^:

HtnD Buffalo, Flathead Valley, Montana

ritory is subject to the cold of the

arctic circle in which a great part

_ i^-™——-—,^ ,.^_ of Alaska is situated. It is in this

^^^Li'- ^•^--—i^HS ^t^S f^^^/StiS^^fH^Hl^^'^ ^"'*^ ^^^^^ \.\iii.\. most of the placer

"■4^ . - '^W^MtmcTulSkwS?^^Qmt<Jf .gold is found and it is the intense

cold of this region alone which
prevents the rich placers here from
yielding largely. In order to reach
these diggings it is necessary to
make long, expensive and sometimes dangerous journeys
to the interior. Alaska is a country of magnificent dis-
tances and as yet but an exceedingly small part of its
area has been explored. That the countr}- is exceed-
ingly rich in precious metals, is the opinion of every
mining man and mineralogist who has ever visited it.

In 1892 Alaska yielded |i, 09 ), 476.55 in precious metals. With the exception of
the small amount of $10,030, all of this was gold. Of the total mineral production
of the territory in 1892 the great Treadwell mine produced 1676,226.53. This mine
contains enormous deposits of low-grade free-milling ore, most of which hardly aver-
ages $7 a ton. This, however, is one of the greatest mines of the United States
today. It is located on Douglas island and is worked throughout the year. It is
estimated that in the year 1892 the placer mines of the Yukon river, in Alaska, pro-
duced $1 11,000 in gold. This was an increase of about $10,000 over the product of
the same placers for the preceding year. Mining in Alaska has a bright future and
the gold output of the territory will doubtless show a large increase with each suc-
ceeding year.

The Coal, Field.s ok Washington. — The state of Washington is one great
storehouse, in which is locked up a source of wealth in latent industries that is but
illy appreciated by the average visitor to the West. Washington has thousands of
acres of the finest agricultural lands not yet touched by the plow. The state has
vast deposits of gold, silver, copper, iron and other metals. The forests of Wash-
ington contain the .argest and best class of timber in the world. The rivers of the
state and the fishing banks of Puget Sound and the Pacific ocean to the West teem
with countless varieties of the finest of food fishes, and the climate of this part
of the coast is of an equable nature that will especially commend it to those who
have braved the rigor of a Winter in Dakota or Minnesota. In the extent and
diversity of its resources, the state of Washington is one of the most favored states
of the Union, and the development of these resources will, within the next ten
years, make Washington a populous and rich commonwealth.

At the present time the leading industry of Washington is the sawing of lumber.
Next in importance to the lumber industry, is the mining of coal. Washington
possesses the largest coal fields in the United States. While the estimate of the
extent of these deposits cannot be definitely stated at the present time, owing to the
fact that there has never been a geological survey made of the state, the estimate
that there are no less than 1,000,000 acres of coal land in Washington is perhaps
conservative. Coal is known to exist in 18 of the 34 counties of the state. Twenty
coalmines are now being extensively worked in this field, and in addition consider-
able prospecting for coal is constantly being done, and isolated mines are being

worked
referred 1
coal in
this ou|
though
into dirtl
petitioj
English
tral ian|
brought
coast pril
as ballast
ing vessej

The
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the large
worked tc
far in the
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what the
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and it is
Washingtc

With
of the Noi
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yiining in the Pacific Xorthwest.

''*¥^

A Coal Mine and Dump, neah Tacoma

worked in a small way. The 20 mines
referred to above, yielded 482,000 tons of
coal in 1892, and
this output, al-
though brouj^ht
into direct com-
petition with
English and Aus-
tralian coals,
brought to this
coast principally
as ballast in sail-
ing vessels, found a ready sale in all parts of the coast.

The coal of Washington ranges in character from lignite to anthracite. The
most accessible veins are of the bituminous and lignite quality, and for this reason
the large deposits of anthracite known to exist in the state have not yet been
worked to any extent. The quality of the anthracite which has been uncovered so
far in the state, however, is known to be good, and these deposits in time will prove
no less valuable than those of Pennsylvania. Washington now supplies a large pro-
portion of the coal burned on the coast. The Wellington coal of Vancouver Island,
B. C, comes into direct competition with Washington coal in the San Francisco and
other coast markets, but, as the Washington coal can be sold considerably below
what the coal from the province can be landed this side of the border for, the
foreign product is at a disadvantage in this field. The increased demand for coal
on the coast is leading to the opening of more remote coal properties in the state,
and it is only a question of a few years when all the valuable mines of coal in
Washington will be worked.

With the exception of the Roslyn mines, located in Kittitas county, on the line
of the Northern Pacific, the present productive coal mines of Washington lie west
of the Cascade Mountains. The known lignite measures of the state extend from the
British boundary, on the north, to the Columbia, on the south, and from the shores
of Puget Sound, on the east for an average distance inland of about 15 miles. The
bituminous mea=;!rcs adjoin the, lignite belt on the east and extend eastward to the
base of the Cascauc nnge, while the anthracite deposits occur in separated areas,
principally in t.e vi<: nity of the Natchez, Cowlitz and Snoqualmie Passes, in the
Cascade Mountai's, The coal fields of Western Washington are properly divided
into four distri.ts, Tl.ese are the districts of the Skagit-Whatcom, King county,
Pierce coun'.y and T,ewis County.

The Skagit-Whatcom field is located in the northern part of the state and
extends from the British boundary south to Bellingham Bay, and from this point
south to the Skagit river. Its area is about 360 square miles. This field contains
four workable veins of high grade bituminous coal, and three veins of lignite. The
coal measures in this field are underlaid with clay schists and metamorphic slates, and,
as these are an upheaval, the coal shows a very disturbed condition. The coal in
these veins docs not run regularly, but is "pockety," i. e., the veins irregularly
pinch to almost nothing or thicken out to abnormal widths. The veins of coal near-
est the schists are richest in carbon and lowest in moisture, the higher levels gradu-
ally losing carbon as they recede from the schists, until, in a few instances, a fine

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33 WEST MAIN STREET

WEBSTIR.N.Y 14580

(716) 872-4503

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The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

grade of locomotive coal is found, while on the Skagit the coal yields a coke equal to
any made from the best Pennsylvania coal.

The dips of the veins in this district are very changeable, ranging from 30 degrees
to vertical, and depend upon which slope of the great antichinal and synchinal folds
the veins are exposed. Near Hamilton, on the Skagit, the coal found is very rich in
carbon. At this place there are three or four distinct veins, dipping at an angle of 45
degrees. In this same vicinity large veins of iron ore arc exposed to view by the
Skagit river having cut through these deposits. At Jennings, a short distance from
Hamilton, are three coal veins which are being developed, and coke ovens have
already been constructed at this point. This coal makes an excellent quality of coke
and will be found very convenient for smelting purposes. Experts who have exam-
ined the coal measures at Jennings, are strongly of the opinion that oil exists in the
vicinity, and a test will soon be made to prove the correctness of this theory.

To the northwest of Jennings is the coal mine at Blue Canyon, on the eastern
shore of Lake Whatcom. This coal is decidedly "pockety" and varies in thickness
from one foot to twenty feet. It is a high gradec-oal and especially adapted to gas-
making purposes. About 135,000 tons have already been mined here, most of which

has been shipped to San Francisco from New What-
com. The latter city is located on Bellingham Bay
near the point where the first coal was r'iscovered in
: the state. This coal was mined nearly 40 years ago
for the Hudson's Bay Company's steamers. Nearly
every gulch on either side of Lake Whatcom has its
coal prospect, while along the coast line of Chuckanut
Bay the coal measures crop out for miles, showing
an enormous thickness, but considerable develop-
ment work has only proved their worthlessuess. The
country north from Lake Whatcom is flat and conse-
(jucntly no exposures arc seen, but the conclusion has
been reached that no coal exists in this flat area, for
the Canadian Pacific Railroad Company has bored to great depths across the line
without finding any coal of value. The productive part of this field is nearly all on
the eastern ridge, or nearest the mountains. The western portion is almost barren,
with the exception of a few lignite veins found with a drill. During 1892 the yield
from t!ie coal field was as follows : Jennings, 4,740 tons; Blue Canyon, 25,675 tons ;
making a total production of 30,415 tons for the year.

The analysis of the coals found in this field show the following results : Jen-
nings: Coal — fixed carbon, 60,95; volatile comp., 28. 75; moisture [water], .3?; ash,
9,95; sulphur, .45; color of ash, whitish gray; coke, 70.90. The coal found m the
Jennings mine shows the following analysis: Fixed carbon, 86.76; moisture [water],
.44; ash, II. 12; sulphur, .841. The Blue Canyon Coal — fixed car])on, 59.90; vola-
tile comp. , 37.70; moisture (water), 1.30; ash, 2. 10. The Hamilton coal — Sample
No. I — fixed carbon, 77.41; volatile comp., 7.46; moisture (water), .25; ash, 14.88;
sulphur, .22; evaporating down to one pound coal, 9.50. Sample No. 2 — fixed carbon,
80.20; volatile comp., 8.44; moisture (watei), .30; ash, 11.06; sulphur, .21; evaporat-
ing down to one pound coal, 9.75. Sample No 3 — fixed carbon, 81.37; volatile comp.,
II. 10; moisture (water), .42; ash, 7,11; sulphur, .86; evaporating down to one pound
coal, 10.00. Sample No. 4 — fixed carbon, 71.66; volatile comp., 18.80; moisture

Coke Oven, near Tacoma.

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Mining in the Pacific Northwest.

PMOTO, By MITCHELL A
SVITH, PU¥ALLLI^'.

(water), 1.19; ash, 8.35. Hamilton Coke — Sample No. i — anhydrous coke, 92.30;
ash, 16.20; specific gravity, 1.426. Sample No. 2 — anhydrous coke, 91.26; ash,
12.12; specific gravity, 1.389. Sample No. 3 — anhydrous coke, 88.48; ash, 8.04;
specific gravity, 1.346.

The King county field is the largest and best developed coal field in Washing-
ton. It is divided into two classes of coal, one a very high-grade of lignite, which is
found in an area covering about 120 square miles. The other is a semi-bituminous
coal found in an area covering about 300 square miles. This coal belongs to the
cretaceous period. Nearly all of King county is covered with glacial drift carried
down by glaciers from the Cascade Mountains during the glacial epoch of the
quartenary period. In some instances the grourd is covered by this drift to a depth
of 300 feet. Thus, were it not for the river beds of ancient water-courses, bed-
rock would seldom be exposed here. The lignite of this field possesses great heat-
ing qualities, and is used for both domestic and steam purposes. This coal kindles
easily and makes a hot fire, and is almost as clean to handle as wood. The general
dip of the lignite veins seems to be to the north, while in the bituminous district
there is no regularity whatever and, as the veins of the latter deposits approach the
mountains, the strata becon'.e very distorted, but the coal becomes much richer.

An interesting illustration of the peculiarities of
contracted strata is found in the Green River
canyon. At one point here the vein emerges from
the river, rises into the exposed side of the river
bank, turns over and then disappears again under
the river in an opposite direction, all in a distance
of a little over 100 feet. The crushing the coal
was subjected to here can be distinctly seen in
the open fissures at the top of the vein and the
squeezed, contracted conditions at the bottom.

At Oilman there are four veins of coal, varying in thickness from four to nine
feet, between walls dipping at an angle cf 35°. This is the well-known prop-
erty of the Seattle Coal & Iron Company, one of the largest mining corporations in
Washington. The coal at Gilman is a very high-grade lignite, and is adapted to
both domestic use and steam purposes. It is used by all the railroads entering
Seattle, and has a large retail sale in all the cities of the Pacific coast. The output
of this mine reached the lart*e total of 103,000 tons in 1892, and the extensive devel-
opment now being done here will increase the output during the current year
to nearly 1,500 tons a day. The general oflices of the company are located at Seat-
tle. A wholesale yard and office are maintained in San Francisco, and a yanl is also
operated by the company at Gnajanias, Mexico. The bunkers at Gilman have a
capacity of 2,200 tons, and the retail bunkers at Seattle hold i.otw tons. Coasting
vessels are loaded with this coal at Smith's Cove, just above Seattle. The coal
mined at Gilman is unexcelled for burning '.: locomotives. It burns freely, is com-
paratively free from sulphur, does not injure the tubes of the boiler, and makes steam
rapidly. Engines using this coal have never suffered from leaky flues.

The Newcastle mine is situated four miles west of Gilman. It has been woiKed
for over 25 years past, and is today one of the greatest producing coal mines in the
state. In the Newcastle are five distinct veins, three of which are workable. These
veins vary in thickness from 5 to 20 feet. The floor and roof are of sandrock, and

HAULING Coal from Mines, Gilman, Wash

>i I

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

r-MOTO. B» MITCHELL A SMITH, PUYALLUP.

COAL Mining, Oilman, wash

in places acres of coal have been mined without the use of supports of any kind.
The slope, which is now down 2,000 feet, is the longest in Western Washington.

The Cedar Mountain, another lignite mine, is eight miles southeast of Newcas-
tle. This vein maintains an average width of about 12 feet. At Renton are tour

veins of coal varying in thickness from 3 to 15
feet. A fair vein of lignite is also found at Black
River Junction. The Black Diamond mine is
situated southeast of Cedar Mountain. This prop-
^erty contains five veins of semi-bituminous coal,
three of which can be worked. These vary in
thickness from three to eight feet, and furnish an
excellent steam coal, which is in great demand
in San Francisco. The Franklin mines are
three miles further east, and really belong to
the same field as the Black Diamond. They con-
tain four veins, with a dip varying from 17 to 55
degrees. Beyond the Franklin, and further to the east, are the coal mines of Coke-
dale, Kangley, Alta and Durham. In the vicinity of the last named mines a num-
ber of veins have been discovered, and some of these veins will doubtless prove pay-
ing properties. At the present time, however, it is impossible to form any reliable
estimate of their producing qualities.

Scattered all over the field, from Palmer to Grand Ridge, are dozens of holes and
tunnels, on some of which considerable work has already been done. The prop-
erties at Sherwood's, Raging creek and Niblock's are especially developed. At
the latter place there are some seven er eight veins of coal which make an excel-
lent coke.

The output of the King county coal mines, during 1892, was as follows : Oilman,
103, OCX) tons ; Newcastle, 160,000 tons ; Cedar Mountain, 13,000 tons ; Black Diamond,
9o,cxx) tons ; Franklin, 75,ocx)tons; Alta, 14,000 tons; Kangley, 25,0^0 tons ; Denny,
4,000 tons, making a total of 484,000 tons for the year.

The following is the analysis of coals found in King county : Oilman, fixed car-
bon, 53.49; volatile comp., 32.64 ; moisture, 2.05 ; ash, i r. 40 : sulphur, .42. Newcas-
tle, fixed carbon, 43.90; volatile, 46.57; moisture, 2.12; ash, 7.28; sulphur, .13.
Franklin, fixed carbon, 50.78 ; volatile, 34.63 ; moisture, 3.66 ; ash, 10.93 ; coke, 61.71,
Black Diamond, fixed carbon, 45.11 ; volatile, 47.19; moisture, 3.11 ; ash, 4.56; sul-
phur, .01. Cedar Mountain, fixed carbon, 37.20; volatile, 41.40; moisture, 13.00;
ash, 8.40. Kangley, fixed carbon, 52.00; volatile, 45.50; moisture, i.oo; ash, 1.50.
Niblock (washed), fixed carbon, 79.66; volatile, 14.99; moisture, 3.92; ash, i.io;
sulphur, .33.

The Pierce county field is small in area, but rich in the number and thickness of
its veins of coal. The coal found in this field is all of an excellent quality, and is in
great demand in San Fancisco and the cities of Puget Sound. A large quantity of
this coal is also made into coke. At Wilkeson there are 50 coke ovens in full blast,
and this coke is shipped from this point in large quantities. The Pierce county coal
field commences at South Prairie and extends in a line due south to the Nisqually
river, a distance of 26 miles. The measures are of greaf width, being from 20,000 to
25,000 feet thick, and standing, usually, from 70 degrees to perpendicular. The area
of this field is about 100 square miles. It is very difficult of access, and this is a

Mining in the Pacific Northwest.

serious drawback to operating the mines found here. The rugged canyons of the
Mashel, Puyallup and Carbon rivers, with their deep, turbulent waters, present obsta-
cles to successful working of many of these mines that will require the highest skill
and ingenuity to overcome.

Commencing at the southern end of the county, the coal is exposed at a point
overlooking the valley of the Nisqually river. At this p'ace is a favorable location
for a coal mine, but from this point north to Wilkeson the country is yet an unbro-
ken wilderness. The coal veins crop out from the flanks of the steep moutitain
side dipping, usually, to the east at heavy angles. At other times they can be traced
up the beds of the mountain streams, cropping out, one after another, in bewildering
numbers. In places where igneous masses of rock are adjacent, the coal approaches
an anthracite in appearance and quality, and is always a first class bituminous coal,
which makes excellent coke. This vast deposit of coal will, in time, be of great
commercial value to the Pacific coast, especially when the manufacture of pig-iron
and the smelting of silver shall have attained the importance here which these indus-
tries promise to assume.

At the northern end of this field several branches of the Northern Pacific rail-
road have been built to the mines of Carbonado, Wilkeson, South Prairie, Pittsburg
and Acme. Carbonado mine is opened in the canyon of the Carbon river, a swift
mountain torrent, which furnishes sufficient power to operate all the machinery of
the mine. This is the largest producing mine in the county, ard its entire output is
used by the Southern Pacific Railroad Company.

At Wilkeson there are two mines opened on the opposite side of theantichinal
fold. In driving the gangway of one of these mines the bed of an ancient glacier
was passed through. This was 700 feet in width and showed a depth of over yxi feet
of glacial drift. The banks of the glacial stream can be traced to the surface. The
Wilkeson coal is used as a standard by the United States government in making
comparisons of the qualities of different coal on the coast. South Prairie, four miles
beyond Wilkeson, contains but one vein of coal that can be worked. This vein is
not over three feet in thickness, but the coal taken from it is of great value for its
gas-making properties, it yielding five cubic feet of gas to the pound. At Pittsburg,
east of South Prpirie, and on the same creek, the veins are very dirty and, from
present appearances, of little commercial value. Still further up the creek is Acme,
where the veins are similar to those at Pittsburg.
From the latter point north no croppings are ex-
posed until the measures reappear at Franklin,
in King county. The output of the Pierce county
coal mines in 1892 was as follows:

Carbonado, 132,000 tons; Wilkeson, 91,000
tons; South Prairie, 40,000 tons; Acme, 3,oco tons,
making a total product of the year of 316,000 tons.

Recent analysis of the coals of this county
show the following results:

Carbonado — fixed carbon, 58.30; volatile, 30.70; moisture, 1.74; ash, 9.26.
Wilkeson — fixed carbon, 62.87; volatile, 25.56; moisture, 1.87; ash, 9.70. South
Prairie — fixed carbon, 59.89; volatile, 34.49; moisture, 2.59; ash, 3.03. Nisqually—
(anthracite) fixed carbon, 71.25; volatile, 18.55; moisture, 1.72; ash, 8.48; sulphur.

PMOTO. BV MITCHELL A SMITH, PUYALLUP.

800 Feet unoer-orouno, Oilman Mine, wash.

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

.71. Nisqually — (bituminous, unwashed) fixed carbon, 59.52; volatile, 26.41, mois-
ture, 1.35; ash, 18.72; sulphur, ,6^

The Lewis county field contains three grades of coal. The area of the respective
fields of these different grades of coal are as follows: Anthracite, 72 square miles;
bituminous, 216 square miles; lignite, 180 square miles. In the western part of the
county the lignite veins appear, dipping at various angles, and are of various thick-
nesses. Although this is considered the lowest grade of lignite in the state, yet it
makes a good fire and bums freely. The rich bituminous field of this county is as
yet undeveloped, owing to the lack of transportation. Experts are of the opinion,
however, that this is a continuation of the Wilkeson and Carbonado fields and the
coal of the two fields is believed to be equal in quality. The veins in the bituminous
field vary in thickness from 3 to 15 feet between walls, and are more or less mixed
with foreign matter. This part of the state will undoubtedly become a great coal
center as soon as the product of the mines here can be economically hauled to
market.

The anthracite field is located in the eastern part of the county, but it has not
been opened up to the present time for the same causes which have prevented
development work in the bituiiiinous field. The anthracite veins are very much

mixed and, at this time, it is extremely diffi-
cult to form a satisfactory estimate of their
utility. Every indication, however, is en-
couragirg, and the anthracite field will
doubtless in. time prove very valuable.

In Cowlitz county, south of Lewis
^^^^^ ^ county, two mines are now being worked.

L' '^^^^%^" "^'-* - - One of these is at Kelso and the other at
— Castle Rock. Both of these coal properties

are yielding a good quality of lignite.
Mines are also being worked at Bucorla and
Centralia, on the line of the Northern Pacific, where a good quality of lignite is
being mined.

The following is the output of this field for 1892:

Bucoda, Lewis county, 10,000 tons; Centralia, 7,800 tons; Castle Rock, Cowlitz
county, 750 tons; Kelso, Cowlitz county, 2,000 tons, making a total of 20,300 tons for
the year.

The only available analysis of coal in this field is as follows: Bucoda— (lignite)
fixed carbon, 49.75; volatile, 35.40; moisture, 2.55; ash, 12.30. Centralia — (lignite)
fixed carbon, 43.40; volatile, 39.50; moisture, 4.50; ash, 12.60. Bituminous field —
fixed carbon, 60.30; volatile, 33.30; moisture, 1.70; ash, 4.70.

The mines of Roslyn, on the east side of the Cascade range of mountains, will
receive suitable mention in another article.

Lime Industry of Washington. — An industry of great magnitude in Wash-
ington to day, and one on which the public has but little accurate information,
is the manufacture of lime. The production in this state of this most essential of
building materials, on a large scale, is an important factor in the question of economy
and facility with which the cities and towns of the Pacific Northwet are being
improved.

MANUFOCTURING DiSTHirT, S'<OK«NE

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Mining in the Pacific Northwest.

The only extensive ledges of limestone known to exist in the Pacific Northwest,
and by far the most valuable on the Pacific coast, are located on the San Juan Islands,
lying between the Straits of Fuca and the Gulf of Georgia, off the northwest coast
of Washington. Deposits of lime rock are found in Southern Oregon and in a few
other parts of the latter state, but these deposits have never been heavily worked and
their extent and importance have not been proved of sufficient value to allow them
to compete with the vast deposits on San Juan Islands. The lime rock found on this
group of islands is the best in the United States. It contains 50 per cent, of lime, or
98^2 per cent, of limestone. The largest and purest of these ledges is the one at
Roche Harbor, on the extreme northwestern portion of San Juan Island. This ledge
is a solid mass of marble, extending across the neck of a peninsula formed by Roche
Harbor and Westcott Bay, a distance of half a mile. This ledge has an average
width of 850 feet, and reaches to a height above the water of 350 feet, the average
elevation of the ledge being fully 250 feet. How far it extends under the water is
not known.

There is sufficient limestone above the water here to make a monumental shaft
for every man, woman and child in the United States. Here is a deposit of half a
billion cubic feet of the purest gray marble
[70,000,000,000 pounds], an amount sufficient to
make 350,000,000 barrels of lime. At the rate of
consumption of a thousand barrels a day this is
enough to last for 1,000 years.

About 30 years ago the United States govern-
ment inquired into the resources of San Juan
Islands. They found here extensive ledges of lime-
stone. Soon after the settlement of the international
boundary dispute, which ended with the United
States gaining possession of the islands, a man
named RufF homesteaded the ledge of limestone

at Roche Harbor, but no work was done in the development of this ledge until
1882, when the manufacture of lime from this rock was commenced in a stone draw
kiln by parties operating under the name cf the Roche Harbor Lime Company.
About the same time other parties began to manufacture lime on a small scale on the
island, and San Juan lime soon acquired a great reputation In the markets of 'he
Northwest. In quality the stone found on these islands is superior to any other
limestone yet found in the United States. Numerous assays of it have been made by
various persons an J for different purposes, the samples having been taken from many
different portions of the ledge. The results of these tests have all shown as high as
98 per cent, limestone, and most of the tests even more than this. When it
is stated that the rock from which the famous " Marble Head " lime, of Ohio, is made
contains only 82 per cent, of carbonate of lime, the value of the great lime deposits
of San Juan Islands is at once apparent. The tests of the lime rock found here give
the following analysis : silica, .44; iron and alumina, 1.13; phosphorus, .11 ; car-
bonate of lime, 98.21.

This stone contains no sulphur, and for flux is unsurpassed, as it acts as a pure
limestone and requires the addition of nothing to counteract deleterious ingredients ,
as is often the case in fluxes used in smelting. The Roche Harbor ledge is very
important to the smelting interests of the Pacific Northwest, and these ledges will no

Water Power, Spokani,

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

i I

mOTO IT CAILCY.

i*-.*V--iii':

8P0KANC River Canton.

doubt supply the greater portion of stone used in the future great smelters of iron,

gold, silver and copper ore which will be located here in the near future. This stone

for fluxing purposes, is now being shipped from the San Juan

Islands to the smelters at Irondale, Washington, Oswego, Oregon,

and to other parts of the Northwest.

In addition to the great works on the San Juan Islands, lime is
also manufactured to a sniallcxtent in the Big Bend, Palouse and
Colville sections of Kastern Washington. The output of the kilns
in these latter localities, however, is used almost wholly to supply
the local demand, and it is not a staple article of export as is
the product of the Roche Harbor kilns. In this connection a
brief description of what lime is and how it is made at the great
kilns at Roche Harbor will prove interesting reading.

Lime is the oxide of calcium, which, in combination with
carbonic acid, forms carbonate of lime, the chief constituent of
limestone, as it is seen in nature in the form of rock, marble
and shells of marine animals. Lime is made by freeing the
stone from its carbonic acid. This is accomplished by means of heat, by which
process the acid is volatilized, leaving behind the white, brittle and flaky substance
known to commerce as lime. Lime is calcined in a kiln so constructed that heat
enters near the bottom and passes upwards thi ough the stone, which iias previously
been broken -'nto small pieces. The top of the kiln is left open for the free escape of
the smoke, gasses of combustion, and for the purpose of forming a strong draft.
The degree of heat required to properly calcine the rock is not specific, but the
greater the heat used the quicker the process of driving out the acid from the rock
is accomplished.

The primitive form of kiln in use, the one adopted generally by lime manu-
facturers operating on a small scale, is known as the pot kiln. The stone kiln is
a decided improvement on this old form, however. In the stone kiln there is a radi-
cal change of principle from the primitive aflair, as it is so constructed that the fire
is never drawn, except to make necessary repairs. The lime is drawn off" from the
bottom as fast as it is calcined, an equal quantity of rock being fed into it from the
top at the same time. In these improved kilns are usually four furnaces, two on the
sides of the kiln opposite to each other and entering it about four feet from the
bottom. In drawing the lime, all of that material occupying the space l)ctween the
fire and the bottom is taken out through an opening in the bottom of the kiln. The
kiln itself consists of a wall of masonry about 20 feet high and 18 feet square, sup-
ported outside by heavy cross timbers and having a cylindrical spt ce of a diameter
of five feet in the center. Above this is a wooden crib, the full size of the kiln, in
which the stone is dumped, making the kiln itself self-feeding as the lime below is
drawn out.

The Monitor kiln now in use at Roche Harbor differs essentially from the stone
kiln. It consists of two thicknesses of fire-brick and one of red brick, all inclosed in
a jacket of boiler iron, a space of two inches between the bnck wall and jacket being
filled with bleached ashes or gravel. This filling serves as a non-conductor of heat
and it also relieves the kiln from the effects of the great expansion while burning.
One of these kilns holds about 30 tons of rock. It has two furnaces, one on each side.
A boiler smokestack projects above the kiln, thus creating a better draft than is

Fishing Industries of the Pacific Northwest.

afforded by the above kiln and insuring more perfect combustion. In the Monitor
kilns a system of drafts has been adjusted to the cooler so that a current of fresh air
is constantly passing around the lime, thus cooling it more rapidly than was formerly
done in the old kilns, and facilitating the operation of barreling.

A barrel of lime weighs 200 pounds, and is filled and weighed directly under a
chute running from the cooler in the kiln. The process of causing the lime to settle
down after the kilns are drawn is one of the most interesting sights connected with
lime making. This is seen to the best advantage after nightfall, when the outer
darkness contrasts vividly with the brilliancy of the interior of the kiln when the
furnace door is opened. When a drawing is made, and the heavy iron doors of the
furnace are opened, one can look into the heart of the kiln, which is glowing with
an intense white heat, and see the void left at the bottom by the lime being drawn
off, and the superheated rock above, held suspended in its place by the expansion of
the great bulk caused by the intense heat to which it is suojected. After allowing
the lime to fall the fireman fills up the vacancy caused by working at the mass above
with a long iron poker. The intense white of the glowing mass turns gradually to
the palest green as it comes in contact with the air drawn in through the furnace
opening. One of these new kilns Will burn one and one-half cords of wood a day in
its two furnaces, and it will produce 30 per cent more lime a day than will one of the
old stone kilns burning the same amount of fuel, which in turn produced over 60
per cent more lime than the primitive pot kiln.

There is today over J 1,000,000 invested in the limeworks at Roche Harbor, and
one company at Tacoma and the Roche Harbor company each has a recoid of over
i,5CHD barrels of lime per day. This is the most extensive enterprise of the kind in
the West. As there is no other great and available source of supply for lime, San
Juan lime will always remain one of the, great staple articles of trade on the coast.

The Fishing Industry of the Northwest.— The waters of the Pacific
Northwest teem with countless varieties of food fishes. In the mountains of this
part of the West are hundreds of sparkling brooks literally alive with the most
beautiful of gamy fish, the different varieties of the speckled trout. Through the
valleys flow great rivers. Each season millions of salmon ascend these rivers to the
spawning grounds at the headwaters. The
canning and salting of salmon is, today, one of
the great industries of the West. In addition
to salmon, the principal rivers of Oregon and
Washington contain large numbers of sturgeon,
shad and other varieties of food fi.shes, and the
salt waters of the ocean along the coast are
alive with halibut, cod, mackerel and the bet-
ter varieties of salt water fish found along the
Atlantic coast. In the numerous bays and in- i-oian bpe.h.ng 8«l«on

- ,1.. He»ow«tehs Columbia

lets of the Pacific coast are found great beds of river, b. c.
oysters and clams, and all varieties of shell-
fish found on the Atlantic coast with tho possible exception of the lobster, are found
in equal numbers along the shores of Oregon and Washington.

The Columbia river, one of the great streams of the coi;tine t, from its head
waters in the Rocky Mountains to its mouth, contains more varieties of food fishes

The Oregoniati's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

than does any other stream in the United States. Along the shores of the Pacific
ocean, clear up to the glacier-lined and ice-covered bays of Behring sea, is the best
of deep-water fishing. In Paget Sound are inexhaustible quantities of salt water
fish. At the extreme inland end of this great body of water, almost entirely sur-
rounded by land, are extensive beds of oysters. Other oyster beds are found on
Shoalwater Bay ( Willapa Harbor), on the Washington coast, and at Yaquina Bay, in
Oregon. Lying in the heart of the great mountain ranges, in the midst of romantic
scenery, are four large lakes, the waters of which abound in gamy fish. These lakes
are easily accessible- from the lines of railroad. The names of these lakes are
Chelan, Kootenay, Pend d'Oreille and Ciuur d'Alene. In the valleys of the interior
are noted angling resorts. The largest of these resorts is the Flathead Lake, in
Montana. In Southern Oregon, lying in the shadow of mighty mountains, and sur-
rounded by deposits of what was possibly the greatest volcanic upheaval the world
has ever witnessed, are numerous large lakes. The casting of a fly into the waters
of any of these numerous lakes will immediately bring to the surface myriads of fish
eager for the bait which is seldom offered them. Within walking distance of any

railway station in this entire region are unex-
celled fishing grounds. The country anglers'
paradise is the region of the Northwest. If
the gentle sportsman and philosopher who
many years ago wrote a book on angling, which
subsequently became a classic, had visited this
region, his literary work would doubtless have
been the writing of marvelous fish stories. The
enthusiastic disciple of Izaak Walton after fish-
ing for the first time in the waters of the
Northwest becomes dangerously enthusiastic
over the sport of Northwestern fishing. As an
instance of the marvelous stories told of fishing
in the West the following will be found worthy
of relating:

In West Kootenay, British Columbia, just
north of the boundary line of Washington, the
Kootenay river leaves the lake of the same name
and cuts its way for 28 miles through the Selkirk
Mountains to the Columbia river. At one point
in its course the river, surging over a huge mass of rock, 30 feet high, forms St. Agnes
falls. Immediately below the foam at the foot of the falls is a deep pool in which
can be seen endless numbers of trout which would weigh all the way from three
pounds to seven pounds each. A catch hereof 100 pounds of fish in a day is not
uncommon. The close proximity of snow- fed and crystal mountain streams to the
centers of population of this section brings the exhilarating pastime of angling within
reach of the most humble resident of the West. Fishing here is an inexpensive enjoy-
ment, and the assurance is always given the angler before he casts a fly that he will
come back loaded with fish. The game fish found in the lakes, rivers and seas of
this region are the mountain trout, lake trout, salmon trout, perch, pike, grayling,
rock cod and salmon.

The salmon found in the waters of the Northwest is divided into several varieties.
One of these is known as the silverside. This fish weighs from 6 to 45 pounds each.

Rock Creek, near Newport, Oh. a famous Trout Stream.

It is ver
trolling
North w
the sev
stream
ties of s£
Washiui

To
mercc
sought f(
the Nor
estimatec
consistin
North we!
about 13,
and in pi
Northwe;

The
waters,
varieties >
in Pugct
as well as
white mai
state and
Indian is
from hun
him an e:
trappers a
west. Uii
the princi

ill- V4i

Indian Fishino r
Columbia

who have
hatcheries

•n

Fishing Industry of the Pacific Northwest.

ll
If

1-r .

Fish Wheci, CatuwBi* River,
UPPER Cascades.

It is very gamy, an 1 is caught on Puget Sound and tributary streams in October, with
trolling lines. Unlike the salmon of the Atlantic coast and England, this fish in the
Northwestern waters will not rise to a fly. Including
the several species of trout so abundant in every
stream here, there are no less than i6 different varie-
ties of salmonidiu found in the waters of Oregon and
Washington.

To the thoughtful economist the fish of com-
merce are of far more importance than are those
sought for by the angler. The fishing interests of
the Northwest are now of great magnitude. It is
estimated that the total value of the fishing indu.stry,
consisting of vessels, apparatus and buildings, inihe
Northwest, is not less than f.^, 500,000. There are
about i3,o(X) men employed iu catching the fish here

and in preparing them for market. The aggregate value of the fish output of the
Northwest now approximates |!8,(X)o,ooo annually.

The salmon is the most important fish of commerce caught in Northwestern
waters. The rivers, bays and sounds of this region contain millions of the many
varieties of salmon. Immense numbers of these fish are taken in the Columbia river,
in Puget bound, in the Fraser river, British Columbia, and in the streams of ."Maska,
as well as from the numerous small rivers along the coast. Before the advent of the
white man the Indians of the Northwest subsisted largely on salmon, both in its fresh
state and dried for winter's use. The proverbial laziness of the "siwash," as the
Indian is called, and his abhorrence for anything that resembles work, prevented him
from hunting over the great mountain regions of the interior, and fishing was to
him an exceedingly congenial method of procuring food. After 1S29 over i,oco
trappers and voyageurs of the Hudson's Bay Company roamed through the North-
west. Until the invasion of the later American settlers in this region, salmon formed
the principal food of the Hudson's Bay Company's men.

In 1865 experiments demonstrated that salmon

canned and hermetically sealed retained its flavor,

and could be thus kept iu a perfect state for years.

Soon afterwards canneries began to nmltiply along the

banks of the Columbia river for preserving this fish.

' It was not long before canned salmon became a staple

article of commerce in the United States and Europe.

The Columbia river salmon industry increased from

4,000 cases in 1866, to the enormous pack of £29,000 cases in 1883.

From the latter year until the present time the pack has gradually

fallen off. This decrease has been caused by the reckless use of

traps, and other fisn-destroying appliances, which have prevented

the fish from reaching their spawning grounds at the head of the

numerous streams. The only way to keep up the supply is by

artificial propogation. To this end a hatchery was established

some years ago on the Clackamas river, near Portland. Those

who have studied carefully into the subject believe that at least four additional

hatcheries ought to be established on the tributaries of the Columbia river. The

Indian Fishing fOR Salmon.
Columbia River.

The Orcffoiiinn' s Uitndhonk of the Pacific Northwest.

turning out of 75,ooo,0(kj fry (younjj; salmon) annually, it is said by experts,
would insure a maximum pack by the Columbia river canneries of 500,000 cases a
year. The percentage of young salmon that hatch out from eggs in a natural state
is but 2 per cent, while under artificial propogation 95 per cent of the eggs are
hatched.

The salmon of the Northwest is encorrhycus, and is not the salmo of Easiern
waters. In all there are about 30 species or varieties of fish in the Columbia river
that go by the name of salmon. Many of these, however, are sea trout. The prin-
cipal species of salmon' are kn:)wn commercially as the chinook (the royal fish of the
CoIuml)ia) the steclhead, the silverside and the blueback. The chinook is superior
to all other varieties of salmon caught in the world. It weighs from i to 89 pounds,
its average weight being from 20 to 30 pounds. The flesh of this fish is a rich red
in color, the fat is eciually dislril)utcd throughout the fish, and the oil is retained in
the flesh after either cooking or canning. It has a delicious flavor. No resident of
the Northwest who is fully accjuainted with the merit of the chinook ever eats any
other variety (»f salmon. The chinook commences 'unniiig in April. The steelhead
enters fresh water in October, an 1 it is distinguishec' from the chinook by its slender
body, pale flesh and tapering tail. For immediate use it is regarded but little inferior
to the chiuDok. When cooked, however, the natural oil of the fish separates from

the flesh, thus giving it an un-
appetizing appearance when
canned. Next in size to the
steelhead is the silverside. Its
average weight is a1)out 11
pounds. It is a fall fish and
does not differ materially in
appearance from the steelhead,
except in the bright part of its
body, from which it has derived
its name. The blueback is a
spring fish, much smaller than the other varieties of salmon. Its average weight is
from three to seven pounds. There are other names given the salmon caught iti the
Northwest, but the varieties that are taken in large numbers here properly belong
to the commercial classifications named above.

The salmon enters fresh water only when fully grown and for the purpose of
spawning. The young salmon descend the streams to the ocean in the spring freshets,
and in about four years they reach their maturity. The fish then return to the river
in which they were spawned, and in their turn deposit their eggs here. This wonderful
instinct, that enables a fish to return to the waters of its birth after an absence of from
three to six years, is the most remarkable of the many peculiar habits of the salmon.
This fish eats nothing in fresh water. Thus it is useless to attempt to catch it with
bait in any of the rivers here. The concensus of opinion is that few if any of the
full-grown salmon that enter the rivers ever return to the ocean. This is borne out
by the fact that they are never caught heading down stream. The salmon ascend the
Columbia river for a distance of over 1,000 miles, to the headwaters of this stream in
the Rocky Mountains of British Columbia. Here they are found cut and bruised, with
broken fins and tails, the marks of their many desperate struggles with the rapids and
currentr. of the stream below. The salmon that escape the nets of the fisherman, it

Royal Chinook Salmon, Columbia Riveh.

is belie
to the

ling of t

In tl
canning
fished wii
fish for n:
ing seasoi
of the boi
have an a
wages pai
canneries
umbia riv<
Astoria,
described i
connected
all along t
canneries

PMOTO. BY A

Salmon Canne

ington pac
pack was n

Fishing Industry of the Pacific Northwest.

{>9

Fi»H wheci. (NO Trap roR Salmon,
Columbia River

is believed, die soon after depositing their eggs. If they do not die, they must return
to the ocean, for otherwise tlicy would literally choke the headwaters of the streams

;y frequent, and would thus attract attention. They prolwhly
: where they spau n and are eaten by birds and beasts of prey
or by numerous voracious varieties of small '''sh which
are found in shallow waters.

(Oregon ships i,50(j,(xxj pounds of fresh si'.mon, and
Washington 5ck),(kx) pounds to points as far e >st as Bos-
ton. About one-half the canned salmo'- from he North-
west is carried in vessels to FInglaiid a: ' luirope, aiul the
remainder finds its way into every hamlet and city of the
T' ;ion. Astoria, Oregon, situated near the mouth of the
Lolumbia river, is the greatest salmon-canning center
in the world. A description of the fi'^hing methods in
vogue here will answer as an illustration of the hand-
ling of this industry on other parts of the coast.

In the season of 1H93 about 2,178 men were directly engaged in the catching and
canning of salmon at Astoria. Of these, 175 men worked on fish traps, 1,300 men
fished with gill nets, and the balance were employed in the canneries preparing the
fish for market. Six hundredmnd fifty boats left this port every day during the fish-
ing season. Each boat carriea a gill net and necessary gear. The average earnings
of the boats were about $523 ^jach for the season. The seven canneries at Astoria
have an aggregate running ca^iacity of 300,000 cases for the season, and the total
wages paid by these canneries to the fishermen and help was $926,500 in !S93, The
canneries here annually use $165,000 worth of tin. During the past season the Col-
umbia river pack amounted to 424,000 cases, of which 260,000 cases were put up at
Astoria. In connection with some of the leading canning centers, which are fully
described in "The Handbook," will be found extended mention of the numerous details
connected with the cauningjof salmon for market. Canneries are now scattered
all along the coast from Yaquina Bay, on the south, to Alaska, on the north. Large
canneries are established at Alsea, below Yaquina, Nestucca, Tillamook, Puget

Sound, Fraser river, and all along the Alaska
coast. These numerous canneries handle mil-
lions of fish annually, and their product forms
one of the staples of Northwestern commerce.

The salmon pack of the Pacific Northwest,
for the season of 1893, was :ibout 1,721,660
cases. This pack was valued at $7,513,507. The
fall pack, included in the above total, was
198,660 cases, valued at $743,975. The Alaska
pack, for the year, was 610,000 cases, valued at
$2,460,332, and the British Columbia pack was
548,000 cases, valued at $2,411,200. 01 the
pack of British Columbia, 460,000 cases were
packed on the Fraser river, and 88,000 cases
on the Nass and Neuse rivers. The Wash-
ington pack, outside of that of the Columbia river, was valued at $456,500. This
pack was made up as follows : Geo. T. Myers' cannery, Seattle, 3';,ooo cases ; Fraser

PHOTO. BY A. OrUFE.

Salmon Cannery on the Willapa, SoU'H O&no, wash.

100

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

PMOTO. BY HEINS.

river, Blaine, 57,ooo cases ; Aberdeen, 35,000 cases ; making a total of 122,000 cases.
The Columbia river spring pack was 365,000 cases, valued at $1,898,000. The fall

pack was 30,000 cases, valued at $112,500. The Oregon coast
pack was 46.660 cases, valued at $174,975. This salmon was
canned at the following places : Nehalem and Tillamook,
15,000 cases ; Coquille river, 5,000 cases; Umpqua river, 5,000
cases ; Siuslaw river, 10,000 cases ; Coos Bay, 3,500 cases ;
Rogue river, 3,160 cases ; and Alsea, 5,000 cases.

Second in importance only to the canning of

salmon on the Columbia river, is the catching and

curing of sturgeon. Of all valuable varieties of

food fish the sturgeon is the most repulsive looking.

fciS It has a long hog-like snout, small glassy eyes, an

_ _ -^fe ugly protruding mouth, bony sides and a sharp fin

i '^ fr --^ ■• extending down the whole length of its back. The

Columbia river sturgeon is a Iransmonatanus or

Salmon Fishing, Tillamook Bay. Oregon. whitC StUrgCOU, aud it is the largest of the StUrgCOn

family. It is one of the oldest of the primitive
varieties of the fish family now in existence. The average weight of the sturgeon
dressed, caught in the Columbia river, is 125 poundsgand its maximum weight is
1,000 r.ouiids. One of these fish was caught near the tilouth of the Columbia river,
last October, that weighed 755 pounds. The head alone of the monster fish scaled
151 pounds. Like the salmon, the sturgeon is a sa'lt waler fish. It spawns in all the
rivers entering Puget Sound, and in those entering the oeean to the south. It has no
gamy qualities and is hauled up from the bottom of the river like a log. In the
early part of the season sturgeon are caught in the gjU nets along the Columbia
liver. After the gill net season is over the method of catching these fish isa peculiar
one. Doubtless, sturgeon is the only fish caught with a hook and line without the
use of bait. They are caught by lowering a line with a jjuimber of big hooks fastened
to ii. to the bottom of the river by means of sinkers. The big, clumsy sturgeon,
swimming sluggishly along the bottom of the stream, in search of food, suddenly
feels one of the sharp barbed hooks fastening itself in his scaly side. In threshing
about to clear itself the fish gets afoul of more hooks and is thus securely fastened.

The sturgeon, as an article of commerce, has
attained a position of great importance in the
Northwest. Its flesh is wholesome and palat-
able, and from its roe is made that epicurean
relish called caviar. Nearly every part of this
fish is utilized ; the bladder is manufactured
into isinglass, the spinal cord is removed and
dried and it is one of the many queer articles of
food highly prized by the Chinese. When boiled,
it forms a sort of gelatinous substance which
the Celestial eats with great relish. Large
quantities of prepared sturgeon spinal cord arc
shipped to China from the Columbia river an-
nually. On the Columbia river there are 200 boats aud 400 men engaged in the
sturgeon- fishing industry.

Trout fishing, Willamette Valley.

adopt

remo\

are th

are pi

their

in cas(

is thav

lime a

20 cen

article

less re£

smokec

extollc

North\

knowle

geon, V

of Engl

of there

and the

not l)e (

is not i

engaged

geon ca

firms sh

caviar, a'

principal

^ , finds a re

Off (
Alaska, c,
caught,
age depti
resorted t
abundant
Ihen beco
fish. The
are annua

The b
North Pac
Ihc cod c£
are not ini
and of ovt
banks, the
fresh, it is
rock cod i;
mouth of I
schooners
catch to S(

Fishing Industry of the Pacific Northwest.

101

The manner of preparing the sturgeon for market is as peculiar as is the method
adopted for catching the fish. The useless parts of the body of the sturgeon are first
removed and it is then cut into sections or strips about 24 inches long. These strips
are then placed in galvanized iron pans which hold about 60 pounds each. The pans
are placed in a freezing mixture of packed ice and salt and allowed to remain until
their contents are frozen solid. The fish thus frozen is wrapped in paper and packed
in cases, and thus shipped to Chicago and New York. On reaching its destination it
is thawed out, for it remaiiis frozen all the way across the continent, it is dipped in
lime and smoked. When ready for market in its smoked state it retails at from 18 to
20 cents a pound, and it is really a highly palatable
article of food. Much of this smoked sturgeon doubt-
less reaches the markets of the Northwest as "prime
smoked halibut, ' ' and its rich flavor has perhaps been
extolled for years among the knowing ones of the
Northwest who prided themselves on their thorough
knowledge of the merits of the great flat fish. Stur-
geon, which for many years was the "Royal" fish
of England, is entitled, however, to tickle the palates
of the residents of the Northwest as " smoked halibut,"
and the deception, which applies to name only, need
not be questioned when the Aerit of the article itself
is not impaired in the least. Four firms are now
engaged in the business of frizzing and shipping stur-
geon caught in the Columbia river. In 1893 these
firms shipped 2,081 tons of sturgeon, 714 kegs of
caviar, averaging 135 pounds each. This caviar is

Flamhurcr, Germs

lany,

TnouT I

principally shipped to Hamhu
finds a ready sale.

Off Cape Flattery and extending north along the shore of British Columbia to
Alaska, ^I'-e fishing banks where immense quantities of halibut and black cod are
caught. The banks off the cape are about 15 miles in length and they are at an aver-
age depth of from 35 to 75 fathotis below the surface. These arc the fishing banks
resorted to by the deep-water fisl.ernien of Puget Sound and Portland. Halibut are
abundant on the banks from March until late in the summer. The grounds here
then become infested with dog fis^h and sharks which run off the edible varieties of
fish. The halibut varies in weight from 5 to 250 pounds. Large quantities of this fish
are annually caught by the Macah Im.ians, with whom it is a staple winter food.

The black cod is the most delicate and exquisitely flavored of all the fish of the
North Pacific waters. It is taken in deep water, at from 30 to 300 fathoms depth.
1 he cod caught ofl" Cape Flattery weigh from 10 to 24 pounds each, although instances
are not infrequent where ihis fish has Keen caught weighing as high as 50 pounds,
and of over four feet in length. Of the other varieties of food fish caught on these
banks, the buffalo cod is tlie largest. Its flesh is white and well flavored, .'<ir' when
fresh, it is an excellent table fish. It averages from 10 to 25 pounds in weigl;. Ihe
rock cod is a smaller fish than the black cod. It is found in great abundance a^ the
mouth of the Columbia river and in the waters of Puget sou-'d A dozen fishing
schooners are engaged at the banks near Cape Flattery. These boats carry their
catch to Seattle and Tacoma, where it is shipped by rail south and to Fastern points.

'^1'

102

77ie Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

C*TC> 'NG Crabs Low Tide, Tacoma.

There are 28 varieties of the rock fish family found in Pacific Coast waters.
These range from ^the S. rubra to the S. niger, commonly called bass. All of the
family are excellent food fish and they find a ready market. The principal varieties

of the smaller food fishes caught in these
waters are the herring, smelt, sardine and
eulachan. The latter, from its excess of oil,
is also known as the caudle fish. This
fish, in its dried state, will burn as clearly
as a candle. It is taken by the natives in
, large quantities atNass river, British Colum-
bia. From the fish the Indians extract
an oil which resembles soft lard. It is used
by them as an article of food. In the early
spring imme ise numbers of herring are found in Puget Sound and in the bays
along the coas*;. This fish is equal in quality to the herring of the Atlantic. Estab-
lishmeuts for the curing of herring are located on San Juan Islands and at other
points on the Sound.

The Pacific Coast sardine resembles in taste, quality and appearance the sardine
of the Mediterranean, This is not the same fish as is canned on the Atlantic coast,
and sold as sardines throughout the country. This small fish swarms at the entrance
of the rivers and bays along the coast and it affords alplendid opening today for the
establishment of a sardine cannery somewhere in the Northwest. Monster whales
are frequently seen off Cape Flattery and the Oregon cbast. The species which fre-
quents these waters is known as the California Gray. Oil fish, dog fish and ground
fish also abound, and, like the whale, are valuable chiefly for their oil. About
$200,000 worth of this oil is manufactured annually at Friday Harbor, on San Juan
Island.

The United vStates fish commissioners, influenced, no doubt, by the fact that carp
is considered a great delicacy in some parts of Europe, planted large quantities of
this ugly, unpalatable and sluggish fish in the numerous ponds of Oregon and Wash-
ington some years since. These fish, during the freshets, escaped from the ponds
into the Columbia and its tributaries, and these waters are now alive with this unwel-
come fish. The carp is nothing less than a nuisance, and it is of no practical value.
Catfi.sh, of the smaller variety, is another pest in the waters of the Columbia and its
tributaries. This fish is also a fish transplanted from Eastern waters. Some years
ago shad were planted in the Sacramento. This desirable table fish has since worked
its way up the coast to the Columbia where it is now regularly caught in large
numbers.

The succulent little oyster found on the Pacific coast is much smaller than is the
variety of the Atlantic coast. This has often led to Eastern tourists visiting the cities
of the Northwest calling for a half dozen raw, when H takes 60 or 70 of the Pacific
coast oysters to cover a plate. What the local oyster lacks in size, however, it makes
up in quality. The transplanting and propagation of Eastern oysters here has a)' eady
met with success, and active steps are now being taken to ship and transplant large
quantities of oysters from Chesapeake Hay to the Pacific coast waters. The oyster-
beds here are found at the headwaters of Puget Sound, near Olympia, at Willapa
Harbor, on the Washington coast, and in a few other favored spots. At Yacjuina Bay,
south of the entrance to the Columbia river, is found what is known as the rock oys-

ter. Tl
imbeddt
possesse
dents n«
of an ar
and the
son. T
of clams
clam-bec
in 1893,

At
built up,
source,
of Yaqui
of the CO
in its infi
perity of

The
of Tacon

Grijigs is ^
by Georg(
Whei
described
are found
corner of
silversides
mallard ai
as fresh an
& Co. is tl

Chloi
at the foot
fresh, saltt

Fishing Industry of the Pacific Northwest.

103

ter. This is a distinct species from the oyster of comtnerce proper. It is found
imbedded in the soft rock just outside the bay at low tide. It has a soft shell, it is
possessed of a delicious flavor, and is highly prized as an article of food by the resi-
dents near Yaquina. It is not obtainable in sufficient quantities to prove anything
of an article of commerce. The oyster-beds of the Sound cover an area of 335 acres,
and the output of these beds last year amounted to 560 sacks a week during the sea-
son. The total output of the year was valued at about $43, 000. Ten thousand sacks
of clams are also dug on the Souud, principally by the Indians. The Willapa Harbor
clam-beds cover about 500 acres, and the output of oysters and clams from these beds,
in 1893, was valued at S8o,ooo.

At Yaquina Bay a fishing industry of considerable importance has recently been
built up. A large part of the fresh fish supply of Portland is obtained from this
source. All the bays and inlets along the coast are alive with fish. Under the head
of Yaquina Bay will be found a detailed mention of the fishing interests of that part
of the coast. Like the many other industries of the Northwest, that of fishing is yet
in its infancy, and the development of this industry will add materially to the pros-
perity of a section that is one of the richest in natural resources in the United States.

The Puget Sound Fishing Company. — The Puget Sound Fishing Company,
of Tacoma, is the largest concern of its kind on Puget Sound. Fish boxes labeled

with the brand of this company can be seen at all the
important railroad stations between Tacoma and Chicago.
The company has unexcelled cold-storage, freezing
and transportation facilities, and it is
thus enabled to give the consumer,
2,000 miles or more away, salmon, cod
and halibut as fresh as when the fish
were first taken out of the water.

The Puget Sound Fishing Company
docs a large local business, and it ships
thousands of pounds of fish to the
towns of Oregon and Washington. It
handles all kinds of fresh and salt fish,
and also makes extensive shipments of
oysters and clams. The president of
the company is Chester Thome, C. W.
Grijigs is vice-president, II. L. Achilles is treasurer. The office of secretary is filled
by George Browne, while E. A. Chase is the efficient manager.

Where 1'ins and Feathers Meet.— The delicious natives of sea and river
described in the foregoing article and the four-footed and feathered game of Oregon
are found in their recurring seasons at Malarkey & Co.'s fish and game stand, on the
corner of Fourth and Morrison streets, Portland. The royal Chinook, the glittering
silversides, the speckled trout, the succulent oyster, the timid quail, the v.'eb-footed
mallard and the Mongolian pheasant, daintiest of the feathered tribe are found here
as fresh and appetizing to epicurean palates as in their native elements Malarkey
& Co. is the only Portland firm dealing exclusively in fish, game, poultry and oysters.
Chloimcck Brothers. — TL.s well-known Pacific coast firm, with headquarters
at the foot of Alder street, Portland, are among the leading packers and shippers of
fresh, salted and smoked fish in Oregon and Washington. Their output includes all

Puget Sound Fishing Co., tacoma

104

The Orcg-unian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

the varieties offish caught in the Pacific ocean and tributary rivers, such as salmon,
sturgeon, smelt, herring, soles and flounders. Fresh fish packed in ice are forwarded
East by this firm during the season, and the number of cases of salmon which they
ship each year would seem almost incredible ifgiven to the readers of "The Handbook."

Thk Baltimore Market. — The Baltimore market, with Portland headquarters
at 290 First street, is conducted by Messrs. G. Covach and John Bercovich. This mar-
ket is always stocked with every variety offish found in the waters of the Columbia
river, Puget Sound and the fishing banks of the Pacific ocean. The best of oysters,
clams, muscles and other sh^ll fish are also found at this stand. Patrons of the Balti-
more market arc supplied at all times with fine poultry, and a special fine selection of
game is always kept in stoc'i during the open season. Messrs. Co^'ach & Co. also do
a wholesale shipping business, at the Baltimore market, under the firm name of the
Pacific Coast Fishing Company.

The Wlliaiiiette It'^allcy, Orejjfon.— Of all the fertile valleys of the Union
no one surpasses in richness or extent the famous Willamette valley of Oregon.

This beautiful stretch of land xtends from the Columbia
river on the north south to the Calipooia Hills, a distance
of about 130 miles. The valley for its entire length is
inclosed on either side by mountain ranges. To the west
lies the low Coast Range, the summits of which are dis-
tant from 20 to 38 miles from the ocean. East of the val-
ley rises the great chain of the Cascade Mount-'ius, with
its many peerless snow-capped peaks, the most prominent
of which is Mt. Hood, which rises to a height of 11,225
^^f^if^^'r^J^CHjS^HHP f'sst. Between the slopes of these two ranges there is an
5T*3imni eItIwSMHp average width of 60 miles of valley land. This is the

garden spot of Oregon and, -with its perennial green ver-
dure, it is one of the most inviting spots on the coast.

The total area of the Willamette valley is 7,800

Silver Prunes Rmsed in the Willamette sqUarC milcS, Or 4,992, OOCT aCreS, all of wllich is highly

fertile. From the Coast Range on the west numerous
streams flow into the Willamette river, the great water-course of Western Oregon. The
principal of these streams arc the Tualatin, Chehalem, Yamhill, La Crcola, I.ucki-
amutte, Mary's river. Long Tom and Calipooia rivers. The springs and melting
snows of the Cascade Mountains give birth to numberless small creeks which, uniting,
form the Clackamas, Molalla, Pudding, Santiam and McKenzie rivers, all of which
flow westward and empty into the Willamette river.

The Willamette is one of the principal tributaries of the Columbia. It is navi-
gable for a distance of more than 125 miles from its mouth. At Oregon City, the
oldest settlement in the valley, and now a great manufacturing center, the river falls
42 feet, over a solid rock dam. This is at a point 12 miles south of Portland. The
Willamette falls at Oregon City, with possibly one exception, furnish the greatest
available water power at any one place in the United States. Boats pass the falls of
the Willamette through a complete .system of locks, open all the year. On the cast
side of the river the main line of the Southern Pacific runs from Portland to San
Francisco. This skirts the walers's edge at Oregon City. The west side division of

this sam
ing at C

It w
in Oreg(
early pi(
dispense
migrant
its settle;
whether
Althoug
forms of
fresh as
the beaut
lamettc
the Paci
its south<
the bloss
kept farn
1850, and
time, but
quality o\
indigeuou
late years
remunerat
feet, surp
France,
broken fro
settlers in
ing good p
the localit
orchard in
thiee year
the}' are it

Anoth
The yield
pounds. '
raising an

Up-river 8tea»

POR

wheat on t
farmers wi

The Willamette Valley, Oregon.

10,5

A Willamette River Scene, Portland's Suburbs.

this same road runs south through the Willamette valley west of the river, termiuat-
ing at Corvallis, 96 miles south of Portland.

It was the government offer of 360 acres of land to every person who would settle
in Oregon that first attracted permanent settlers to the Willamette valley. These
early pioneers, many of whom are now living,
dispensed hospitality with a lavish hand. No im-
migrant arriving in the valley in the early days of
its settlement ever suffered for want of provisions,
whether he had money or whether he was penniless.
Although time has silvered the locks and bent the I
forms of these early settlers, their deeds are still as'
fresh as is the green of the perennial verdure of
the beautiful valley in which they live. The Wil-
lamette valley is today the best seiilcd portion of
the Pacific Northwest. . From its northern to
its southern limit it is a succession of orchards,

the blossoms of which perfume the air as early as March and April, firrely
kept farms and waving wheat fields Many of these orchards were planted prior to
1S50, and the gnarled trunks and limbs of their trees show plainly the ravages of
time, but the ripe and juicy fruit they bear each season gives no evidence of impaired
quality over what this same fruit was a quarter of a century ago. All kinds of fruit
indigenous to the temperate zone is grown to perfection in the W^illamette valley. Of
late years, fruit culture in the valley has become one of its most important aird
remunerative industries. The prunes grown in Western Oregon are absolutely per-
fect, surpassing in quality and size the same fruit grown in California, Italy and
France. In any prune orchard of the Willamette valley a stem a foot long can be
broken from a prune tree here with 50 large prunes hanging to it. To the prospective
settlers in the valley prune raising offers many inducements. Land capable of mak-
ing good prune orchards sells here for from $15 to $Ho an acre, the price depending on
the locality and whether or not it is cleared. The expense of settmg out a prune
orchard in the valley Uj .soout $18 per acre for a choice selection of young trees. In
three years from the time of planting the trees begin to bear, and in four or five years
they are in full-bearing condition.

Another important farming industry of the Willamette valley is hop culture.
The yield of hops per acre on the lands of Western Oregon is from 1,500 to 2,000
pounds. The average price of hops is iS cents per pound. The estimated cost of
raising and marketing hops is from 8 to 10 cents a pound. The great crop of the

Willamette valley today, however, just as it was 10 years ago,
is wheat. The prolific soil of this section of the state yields
millions of bushels of wheat annually. During harvest time
a traveler journeying through the valley sees a vast field of
golden grain, broken here and there by forest-fringed streams,
orchards, hop yards and pastures. Thirty successive crops of
wheat have been raised on the same land in the Willamette
valley, and the yield each season was not less than 25 bushels
and as high as 50 bushels to the acre. The average yield of
wheat on the valley lands is perhaps not as high as 25 bushels to the acre, as practical
farmers will understand, but this land is perfectly adapted to the growing of all

up-river steamboats at Docks,
portland.

lOG

The Orefionian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

^. S. Light House Tender, Columbine,

ON P«CIF1C const W*TERS.

kinds of cereals. In addition to cereals, the lands of the valley grow nearly every-
thing raised in any part of the United States except tropical fruits and the peculiar
ptoducts of the Gulf States.

The elevation of the Willamette valley ranges from 70 feet at the base of the falls
at Oregon City to 400 feet at the southern extremity, Scattered through it are broad

prairies, separated by streams shaded by strips
of woodland. The soil of these ^rairies con-
sists of decomposed volcanic rock and a large
proportion of alluvial deposits aad vegetable
mould. This soil is unsurpassed in fertility, and.
it is capable of producing successive crops with-
out any sign of diminution for generations.
Above the broad stretches of prairie land are
what are called the foothills, which expend en-
tirely around the prairie and merge into the
mountain slopes. These rolling lands lie at
an elevation of from 500 to 2,000 feet, and are covered with brush. At present this
high land is utilized only for the raising of stock. When cleared of brush much of
this upland, however, is as productive as are any of the best valley lands. Lying above
the foothills, on the slopes of both the Coast and the Cascade ranges of mountains, are
forests of fine merchantable timber. The timber belt on the slopes of the Cascades
is about 20 miles in width. The proximity of this vast amount of fine timber is of
the greatest economic importance to the inhabitants of the valley, and in time it will
find its way to many of the outside markets.

At the northern end of the Willamette valley, 12 miles south of the confluence of
the Willamette and Columbia rivers, is Portland, the metropolis of the Pacific North-
west. Portland, with the other leading centers of population of Western Oregon, is
fully described in " The Handbook." In connection with the mention of each of these
places considerable space is devoted to the principal characteristics of the tributary
country from which they derive their support. The towns of Western Oregon are
among the oldest settlements of the North wes<^, and they are all prosperous, depend-
ing for their support on the richness of a tributary farming district that has never yet
noted the failure of a crop.

Poi'tUiiul, Oregon. — Near where the Willamette river swells the volume of
the great Columbia is Portland, the metropolis of the Northwest, and a city of 92,000
inhabitants. Unsurpassed in the beauty of its surroundings, pre-eminent in its wealth

PORTLAND IN 1B68.

per capita, containing a cultured and prosperous people, this fair city occupies a proud
position among the leading commercial centers of America. To Portland flows the

steady stre
an area of |

Althoi
flying the
tide-water
America,
mense depl
years past!
mines whi|
dollars in
are vast ard
passed in f|
the ocean
in the worl
commercial
ucational c
baps a great
than any c

The de
today furnij
built at the
nessed man
fitting introi
land was on
ficient impo
limits, and I
had its influi

Like a r
narratives ol
ers of Ameri
the frontiers
From the tii
broad waters

oregonian buildin

POI

of Ghent, w
during the \

Portland, Oregon.

107

jjS(«rt*v

Front Street, Portland, in 1862.

steady stream of wealth from the valleys, mountains and waters of a region covering
an area of 1,000 miles square.

Although inland 120 miles from the ocean, Portland is regularly visited by ships
flying the flags of all maritime nations. At its doors is the greatest water power at
tide-water in the world. Immediately adjacent to the city are the greatest forests of
America. A few miles distant from its business center is an im-
mense deposit of iron ore, which has been successfully mined for
years past. In its tributary country are
mines which annually produce millions of
dollars in gold and silver. Near Portland
are vast areas of laud possessing a soil unsur-
passed in fertility. Between the city and
the ocean are the finest fresh-water fisheries
in the world. This remarkable city is the
commercial, manufacturing, financial and ed-
ucational center of a country possessing per-
haps a greater diversity of valuable resources
than any other part of the United States.

The development of the frontier village of 1846 into the magnificent Portland of
today furnishes the text for a most interesting story. Even before the first cabin was
built at the big bend of the Willamette, where Portland now stands, Oregon had wit-
nessed many stirring events. A brief sketch of the early settlement of Oregon is a
fitting introduction to an extended description of its chief city. The growth of Port-
land was only possible when the development of the state had reached a point of suf-
ficient importance to demand the establishment of a leading trade center within its
limits, and Portland has taken no step forward during the past 25 years which has not
had its influence on the prosperity of all of Oregon.

Like a romance reads the early history of Oregon. Charmingly portrayed in the
narratives of Astoria and Bonneville, by Washington Irving, it is familiar to all read-
ers of American literature. Eloquently told in the rough but impressive language of
the frontiersman, it became a part of the household tales of many a Western home.
From the time that Lewis and Clark and their intrepid followers first looked upon the
broad waters of the Columbia river, men led by a spirit of romance and adventure, or

a desire to better their fortunes, have journeyed across
the plains and over the mountains to the fertile val-
leys of Oregon. When the United States, just recov-
ering from the devastation wrought by the War of
Independence, was plunged into another momentous
struggle with England, there was a settlement on the
Oregon coast called Astoria. Over this fort, estab-
lished iu 1811, by John Jacob Astor, floated the first
American flag swung to the breeze on the Pacific
coast. Not long, however, did this banner wave, for
one day a Hritish warship cast her anchor in the river
opposite the fort and forced the little garrison estab-
lished there to surrender. Then followed the treaty
of Ghent, which provided for the restoration of all territory taken by either nation
during the War of 1812. Both Great Btitain and the United States claimed Oregon

OREGONIAN BUILDrNG tN CORNER.

Portland in 1864.

I 5

1 J'

108

The Oregoniun's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

PHOTO. BY TOWNE.

by right of discovery, or by purchase, an 1 until 1846 the Oregon controversy occupied
the attention of American and English statesmen.

Finally this dispute over the contested territory was settled by the establishment
of thr international boundary line at the 49th degree of north latitude, thus ceding
Oregon to the United States. The territory of Oregon then eni!)raced all of the pres-
ent state of Washington, Idaho and Montana lying west of the Rocky Mountains
I^eforc the treaty of 1846 was made, Oregon was occupied jointly by the Hudson's
Bay Company aiul a small but determined band of adventurous Americans. This
great fur monopoly was master of the field it occupied But ill fared the individual
or company who iiiterfered with its traffic or who questioned its exclusive right to
trade with the Indians of Oregon. In 1829- Fort Vancouver, now a United States
military post, seven miles distant from Portland, was selected as the headquar-
ters of the Hudson's Bay Company. At this post lived Dr. John McLoughlin, the
uncrowned monarch of the vast domain lying between the waters of the Pacific ocean

and the Rocky Mountains.
As chief factor of the
Hudson's Bay Company,
McLoughlin had absolute
control over the lives and
property of the 600 em-
ployes of the company.
Subsequently he became
an American citizen.
Among the ferns and
flowers in the old ceme-
tery at Oregon City there
is today a plain marble
slab which marks the last
resting place of a man
who, during his life, was
the guiding spirit of Ore-
gon's destiny; a man who
settled many vexed ques-
tions of the most serious
import to the future wel-
fare of the great state, and it is this little grave which contains the dust of Dr.
McLoughlin, that will ever remain a sacred spot in the minds of the people of the
great commonwealth who commemorate a name that was worthy only of brave and
noble deeds.

At the time the treaty of 1846 was made the Hudson's Bay Company had 45 offi-
cers and 513 articled men, all working together to maintain its supremacy and power.
Its 23 forts were located at points of vantage extending east as far as the Bitter Root
valley, in Montana. The few Americans in Oregon prior to 1840, braved many appall-
ing forms of death. Absolutely without protection, except that afTordcd by their
rifles and knives, many of these men fell an easy prey to the hordes of savages who
roamed over the country. Along the river, from Portland to the sea, are today many
historic spots, the scenes of deeds of heroism performed by these men, whose names
will always be held in veneration by the people of Oregon.

Third and Morrison Streets, Portland.

Stories!
soil and the!
States, caus|
train to crc
in 1842. Otl
the first timi
the ascendc
held under
Company,
debatable gr
States refusJ
Here were sj
out the pro!
out the protl
ernnient, wh
on. Thest
for relief h
playeJ the
In Congress
Oregon's c\i
senate chan
the bills whi
ritory of Ore
ton, in glow
and the Oriei
ton an immo
can residents
Government,
perfected a a

Third and y

and effectiv
equipped bj
Two battles •\

Portland, Orej^on.

100

First Street, Portland.

Stories of the beautiful valley of the Willamette, the wonderful fertility of its
soil and the perennial greenness of its verdure, circulated by trappers returning to the
vStates, caused the first great immigration to Oregon of the 40's. The first immigrant
train to cross the plains reached Oregon
in 1842. Other trains followed, until for
the first time, American interests were in
the ascendency in the territory so long
held under the sway of the Hudson's Bay
Company. At that time Oregon was a
debatable ground, over which the United
States refused to extend its jurisdiction.
Here were several thousand people with-
out the protection of the law, and with-
out the protecting arm of their own gov-
ernment, which they had the right to loan
on. These people petitioned Congress
for relief but their prayers were auswered only by sarcastic speeches, which ('is-
playeJ the narrow statesmanship and poor wit of the senators uttering them.
In Congress, at the time, however, were two loyal and staunch .supporters of
Oregon's claims. Both of these men were from the state of Missouri. Tlit
senate chamber vibrated with the eloquence of Louis F. IJnn, who introduced
the bills which provided for the donation of land to all who would settle in the ter-
ritory of Oregon. Pointing his prophetic finger to the West, Senator Thomas Ben-
ton, in glowing language portrayed the possibilities of an American road to India
and the Orient ; a vision that has since been realized and which has earned for Ben-
ton an immortal name among the galaxy of great American statesmen. The Ameri-
can residents of Oregon, finding their demands for protection ignored by the Federal
Government, established a temporary civil government of their own in 1843. They
perfected a code of laws which would protect their rights to home and liberty, and it

was thus that the brave little band of Oregon
pioneers rendered the greatest support to the
United States in holding the territory here for
the republic at the very time when the govern-
ment was laboring under the misguided senti-
.ment that it had no use for Oregon.

Thus, though never wavering in their alle-
giance to the United States, the Americans in
Oregon became citizens of a republic of their
own creation. The most serious thing which
this early pioneer government of Oregon had
to contend with was an outbreak of the Cayuse
Ii:diaus, on November 29, 1847. The red fiends
murdered the brave missionary. Dr. Marcus
Whitman, and his associates, at a point near
the present site of Walla Walla, Washington.
The death of these btave men was quickly
regiment of 14 companies was recruited and
government and this force moved to the front.

Third »nd Washinqton Streets, Portuno.

and effectively avenged. A
equipped by the provisional
Two battles with the red skins were fought, in which the Indians were completely

- M

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

-^^^>^^«^E^

A rOUR-MASTEDSNIP AT PORTLAND'S DOCKS.

routed. The savages were driven out of their
country and they were not allowed to occupy it
again until they had delivered up five of their
guilty ring-leaders, who were tried, convicted and
executed at Oregon City.

Om .\ugust 13, 1N4S, President Polk signed the
bill creating the territory of Oregon, and on the
third day of March, 1S49. General Joseph Lane,
the first territorial governor, issued his proclamation
assuming the control of the government of Ore-
gon. Thus the pioneers of Oregon were mak-
ing history before the greater portion of the
United States was settled. Oregon can justly lay claim to one of the older estab-
lished settlements of the Union. It has always been inhabited by a brave set of men,
intrepid to a degree that allowed no enterprise which they ever undertook to record
a failure ; never wavering in their allegiance to the United States government, and
the prosperity of the country they occupied must be taken as attesting the zeal of
the right kind of manhood, which is worthy of a grateful remembrance by the peo-
ple of a later generation who occupy a fertile country which these early pioneers had
conquered.

In the early history of Oregon, before the settlement of Portland, Oregon City,
at the falls of the Willamette, 12 miles south of the present great city, was the cap-
ital and the chief city of the territory. It was well understood by the pioneers of
Oregon, that somewhere between the city at the falls and the confluence of the Col-
umbia and Willamette rivers must be located the future metropolis of the Pacific
Northwest. St. Johns, Milwaukie, Linnton, St. Helens and Milton were formidable
candidates for this honor before Portland was even thought of. All these towns are
now interesting and picturesque settlements, most of them being suburbs of Portland,
but they have never attained distinction as trade centers, and the village conditions
which governed their existence before the first cabin in Portland was built are the
conditions which surround them at the present time.

A series of fortunate incidents, combined with the indominable pluck and the
untiring energy of its pioneer citizens, made Portland the principal town in Oregon,
after it had experienced many vicissitudes. Long before the first white man set foot
on the site of the present great city with the intention of assuming the ownership
of its land, a member of Lewis & Clark's expedition had landed his canoe at the big
bend of the Willamette river and camped in the
lodge of an Indian chief who told him wondrous
stones of the great tribe of the Calipooias many
days distant towards the mid-day sun. In 1843,
years after this, an adventurer, whose antecedents
and subsequent career are unknown, stepped
ashore and claimed the spot on which Portland is
now located. This was William Overton, a man
whom it is rumored afterwards met his death in
Texas at the end of a rope. Overton disposed of
one-half of his claim to A. L. Lovejoy, and a few
mouths later he sold the remaining portion of his
holdings here to F. W. Pettygrove. ship* that v.sit porti..no.

In 18.
cast her a
commerct
to 1S49 th
that of St
val of a
could hap
the rude,
here. In
est in the
l5,ooo woi
being cun
of gold in
new epoch
it was fror
really date

The tl
largely upi
Fruit, vege
goes of tht
enormous j
beautiful r(
at one dolli
from this ti
wer.i laid.
1862 gold V
these camp
these diggii
of bullion
leaving Poi
dollars in g
ness men c
supply and

A CHINA STE

PORTLAND'S

The Oreg
Scott beca

Portland, Orcffon.

Ill

POnTLANO, RCGULAR COASTING STEAMERS AT DOCKS.

In 1845 the bark Toulon, from Massachusetts, sailed up the Columbia river and
cast her anchor in the Willamette in front of Portland. This was the beginning of a
commerce that has made Portland one of the great American seaports. From 1 845
to 1849 the history of Portland does not differ from
that of struggling frontier settlements. The arri-
val of a ship here was the greatest event which
could happen to break the monotony of
the rude, primitive lives of the settlers
here. In 1848 Pettygrove sold his inter-
est in the townsite to D. II. Lownsdale for
l5,ooo worth of leather, specie not then
being current in Oregon. The discovery
of gold in California, in 1849, marked a
new epoch in the history of Portland, and
it was from that year that the present city
really dates its birth.

The thousands of people who rushed to the California gold mines depetided
largely upon Oregon to furnish them with the supplies necessary for their existence.
Fruit, vegetables, lumber and flour sold in San Francisco for fabulous prices. Car-
goes of these products shipped from Portland to San Francisco netted the owners
enormous profits. A consignment of 200 pounds of apples was sold for $500. The
beautiful red and golden apples from the Willamette valley were eagerly purchased
at one dollar each by the Argonauts of California. It was from the profits derived
from this trade that the foundation of many of the large private fortunes of Portland
wer.i laid. In 1852 rich mineral discoveries were made in Southern Oregon, and -
1862 gold was discovered on the Salmon river in Idaho. A stampede was made lo
these camps, and Portland, by virtue of her position, became the supply point for
these diggings. The output of these mines, consisting of millions of dollars worth
of bullion and gold dust, was sent to Portland for shipment to the mints. Ships
leaving Portland in those days frequently carried consignments of half a million
dollars in gold. This was a period of great business activity in which careful busi-
ness men could rapidly accumulate a fortune. Thoroughly understanding the laws of
supply and demand and taking advantage of the exceptional opportuuites for the
acquirement of wealth, the early merchants here accumulated, or
were instrumental in brirging to the city, the money that has
made Portland a great financial center, and, in proportion to its
population, one of the richest cities in the world.

Many of these pioneer business men are now multo-million-
aires, and much of their wealth is invested in the hundreds of im-
posing buildings that adorn the streets of Portland.

The establishment of a newspaper at Oregon City and one at
Milwaukie caused the people of Portland to induce Thos. J. Dryer,
a journalist, to bring an outfit to Portland and establish a paper
here. On December 4, 1850, the first issue of this paper was
printed. It was called The OrHGOnian. .Thus was born the
great metropolitan daily of today, which for 44 years has mirrored
the thoughts and protected the interests of the Pacific Northwest.
The Oregonian was purchased in 1861 by Henry L. Pittock, and in 1865 Harvey W.
Scott became its editor, a position he has held continuously with the exception of

A CHINA Steamer at

PORTLAND'S DOCKS.

? A

i I J I,

ill f

1i'

'^m

112

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

a short interval extending from 1872 to 1877. In 1892, Messrs. Pittock and Scott, the
present proprietors of the paper, built the palatial Oregon I AN building, mention of
which is found in another part of the present article.

In 1851, Portland became an incorporated town. Three years later Multnomah
county was created and Portland was made the seat of justice From that time the
town progressed rapidly, attracting to it weaith and the best elements of society. To
this inland seaport on the Willamette came the best representatives of the best classes of
the east. The dregs of Kuropean society have not yet reached the Pacific coast in any
considerable numbers.' This turbulent element, which divides itself into clans, lives
in squalid (juarters and antagonizes American institutions, has no existence at Port-
land. The beauty of the city and the purity of its municipal government are not
marred by the debasing influence of foreign paupers. Portland is distinctly an Ameri-
can city. It is the home of a progressive, intelligent and cultured people. Society
is graded here as it is elsewhere, but social differences are not so apparent in Portland
as they are in the East. The working men of Portland are a sturdy, intelligent and
thrifty class of men, imbued with that spirit of progress and desire for advancement
that characterizes every industrious man living in the Pacific Northwest.

The Portland of today owes none of its greatness to forced growth, caused by real
estate booms. There has been but little of this kind of speculation in Oregon. To
natural causes alone is the advancement of the city to be attributed. The causes
which conspired to make it the metropolis of a region 1,000 miles square will continue
to contribute to its growth, wealth and prosperity. The steady growth of Portland
from a struegling village to a magnifinent city of 91 ,ocx3 inhabitants can be accurately
traced. The local census taken in 1857 credits the town with a population of 1,280.
Three years later there were 2,917 people here. In 1862, Portland had 4,057 inhabi-
tants, and in 1865 the population of the city had increased to 6,058. The United
States census of 1870 gave the city a population of 9,565. In 1875, the population

was 13,470, and in 1880 it was 17,578. This growth was
taking place at a time when Portlatid did not have rail con-
nection with the rest of the United States, and it was

PMOTO. BY TOWNE

Battleship Monterey.

QrtLTiK.O^^

United States warships that have Visited Portland.

due princi
Pacific coa
the United

PORTLAkO.

A Steam Coast Pre

ful valley ii
remains grc
lamette val
unsurpassec
over 30 yea
this soil, an
is considcrc
of the Nile i
that the Wil
conditions o
valley alone
tributary sec
cade Mount
rounded on
covers an ar
in the world
flow the mi:
way of the C
Empire." '
producing p
the markets
strikes the (.
lows the riv
of Portland,
Branch line!
famous Pal(
other count
for the fcrt
abundant yi
produce to t
from these s
point it is k

Portland, Oreffon.

113

Portland.
A 8TE«M Co»sT FneiGMTEn

due principally to the city's position as the natural commercial center of the North

Pacific coast. In 1885, it is estimated that the population of Portland was 26,000, and

the United States census of 1890 gave Portland a population of 46,3H5. Since the last

government census was taken, however, the old municipalities of

East Portland, Albina, Sellwood and the adjacent suburbs, which

were always a part of Portland proper, have been consolidated

with that part of the city formerly known as Portland, and lying

on the west bank of the Willamette, t'onsolidated Portland, by

the carefully compiled directory of 1893, contains 90,785 inhabi-

nf ^^^'^ S^ tants. Thus has grown the commercial and manufacturing, finan-

rUj'\ i.Z<^v> cial and educational center of the Pacific Northwest. The

country of which it is the metropolis is a most magnificent one,

in distances, resources and beauty.

Stretching from the Columbia river to the Calipv aia hills, a
distance of 130 miles, is the valley which was the maguet that
attracted the first large immigration to Oregon. This is a land
of flowers, rchards, gardens, hop yards and wheat fields, a beauti-
ful valley in which, beneath Uie snow-capped summits of mighty mountain peaks grass
remains green the year round. This magnificent sweep of land is known as the Wil-
lamette valley. It is the primary cause of Portland's greatness. Possessing a soil of
unsurpassed fertility, this valley has produced enormous crops without diminution for
over 30 years past. It will undoubtedly take centuries of constant tillage to wear out
this soil, and owing to the peculiar climatic conditions existing here a failure of crops
is considered by the residents as an impossibility. At the dawn of civilization the valley
of the Nile sustained a population of 7,000,000 people. From this it can be adduced
that the Willamette valley with its 7,800 square miles of highly fertile land, under the
conditions of modern tillage, can alone support 5,000,000 people. The trade of this
valley alone is sufficient to support a large city, yet the \ alley is but one of the many
tributary sectiotis from which Portland derives its business. Lying east of the Cas-
cade Mountains is a vast natural amphitheatre of magnificent dimensions. Sur-
rounded on all sides by high mountain ranges, this "Inland Empire," as it is called,
covers an area of thousands of square miler of the most fertile cereal-producing land
in the world. It is today the great granary of the West. Throughout this section
flow the mighty Columbia river and its tributary, the winding Snake. The water-
way of the Columbia is the key which unlocks to Portland the trade of the "Inland
Empire," This river is and will always remain the great highway between the cereal-
producing region of the Pacific Northwest lying east of the Cascade Mountains and
the markets of the world. The transcontinental line of the Union Pacific railroad
strikes the Columbia at Umatilla, in Eastern Oregoi. and from this latter point fol-
lows the river to within a few miles '.

of Portland, 187 miles further west.

Branch lines of this railroad tap the

famous Palousc, Walla Walla and

other countries, sections all famous

for the fertility of their soil and the

abundant yields of wheat which they

produce to the acre. The bulk of the 14,000,000 bushels of grain annually exported

from these sections is hauled by the Union Pacific railroad to Portland. At the latter

point it is loaded into vessels and carried to England. The mere fact that Portland

'i>Ei."iS4

PORTLAND HARBOR- LOOK rjC NORTH FROM MORRISON-STREET BRIDGE.

■*l >

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

"-^■^

Portland Hahbop,
Looking South from
s. p. r. r. warehouse

is the port from which this grain is shipped, would give it a decided advantage in
competing for the trade of the rich agricultural country east of the Cascade Moun-
tains. The jobbers of Portland have always been able to undersell all competitors in
the field of the "Inland Empire" and it is doubtful if Portland
will ever be denied the principal trade of thib section which she
has so long held.

Near the mouth of the Columbia river, a few miles from
the ocean, is Astoria, the first American settlement on the
Pacific coast. This old city, with its quaint
legends and romantic history, is now the
base of operations for fishing industrit? whose
annual output is valued at over 13,500,^00.
Columbia river salmon is a staple article of
food in nearly all parts of the world. It is
related that a traveler, lost for days in the
pathless sand of an Egyptian desert, found imbedded in the sand a tin labeled, Col-
umbia River Salmon. Over 450,000 cases of can containing this delicious fish
are now exported annually from Astoria and neighboring towns. There are also
shipped from the Col imbia river to Eastern markets 3,000 tons of sturgeon and i,oc"
kegs of that epicurean relish called caviar. Along the Oregon and Washington coast
are numerous bays and indentations from which enormous quantities of fish are reg-
ularly exported. The trade of the principal part of these fisheries is monopolized by
Portland. From this source the city derives several million of dollars revenue a
year.

Another industry that contributes its quota of wealth to Portland is the raising of
sheep. Oregon now ranks fifth in the list of sheep-raising states of the Union. The
state is admirably adapted to the successful handling of this industry, the peculiar
climate, soil and vegetation being such that sheep almost invariably improve after
being imported here, especiallj' in the quality ^\ their wool. The sheep-breeders
have carefully selected the best breeds, and on the bunch-grass-covered hills and in
the luxuriant grass-carpeted valleys of the state there can be found enormous flocks
of the most fancy breeds of sheep in the world. The wool clip of Eastern Oregon
amounts to about 17,000,000 pounds a year, nearly all of which is marketed at
Portland.

Early in the 50's gold was discovered in Oregon and since that time the mines
of the state have yielded over |6o,ooo,ocj. This production is now going on at the
rate of about $1,600,000 a year, a greater portion of which by the laws of trade finds
its way to Portland. There is yet lying dormant in the mountains of the state untold
millions in mineral wealth. All the natural wealth tribu-
tary to Portland, however, is not hidden under the earth.
Over 25,000 square miles of the mountain and coast
lands of Oregon are covered by a growth of valuable tim-
ber uncqualcd in extent and in the size and uierchant-
able value of this timber in America. Many of the
tapering masts seen in the merchant ships that sail the
ocean come from tae forests of Oregon. Douglas
fir, or Oregon pine, is famous the world over as a ship titti.jcr. At the Tou-
lon dockyardsi at the great ship yards of England, and at the ports of all maritim-

•^^''■'m*^

'■aamtn^ig^

\i*f>:y :':.:. .

LooKiNQ South from Steel bridqe,
Portland.

Portland, Oregon.

115

Waiting for Draw to Open,
portland.

nations its superiority over all other wood for spars, masts and ship timbers is con-
ceded. From an economic standpoint the proximity of this vast forest is of the most
signal importance to Portland. It reduces the cost of building to a minimum here
and supplies the city with a cheap fuel. The manufacture
of lumber is now one of the most important industries. In
addition to the large timber preserves of Oregon, that part
of the state of Washington bordering on the Columbia,
which is heavily timbered, is also a part of Portland's tribu-
tary territory. A large part of the logs for runnii'g Port-
iaud's sawmills are taken from the shores of the Columbia
river within both the limits of Oregon and Washington. It
is impossible at the present time to foretell what the growth
of the lumbering industry of the states of Oregon and Wash-
ington will be in the future. It is generally admitted by lumbermen, however, that
it is but a question of a few yeara rt most when the East, by the rapid depletion of its
forests, will be compelled to look to tht Pacific Northwest for its «upply of lumber,
the demand for which is now enormous and which is yearly increasing.

The development of the resources of the country of whic i Portland is today the
leading center of population, did not really begin until late in the 'So's. About that
time the Pacific Northwest commenced to export its products. As early as 1873 the
foreign exports of Portland aggregated $2,000,000 a year, and the coastwise ship-
ments from this port at that time were about $3,cx3o,ooo a year. Prior to 1873, the
shipments annually from Portland to San Francisco frequently amounted to over
l7,(XX),ooo in value, but the bulk of these shipments was bullion taken from the
mines east of the Cascade Mountains. The commerce ot Portland steadily increased
in nubsequent years, keeping pace with the rapid settlement of the Pacific Northwest,
until today Portland is the greatest shipping port of the coast outside of San
Francisco.

From the mountains of Southern Oregon the Willamette river flov-'s north
through the beautiful valley of the same name until it finally empties into the
Columbia, twelve miles south of Portland. It is at the bend of the Willamette and
at the mouth of the' Willamette vallej' that Portland is located. The city is built
on both sides of the river, the main business district being on the west side. The
former municipalities of East Portland, Albina and Sellwood, now a part of Port-
land, are located on the east bank of the river extending for a distance of several
miles up and clown che stream. These two natural divisions are connected by four
bridges which span the Willamette, two of these bridges being free. The most
important of these bridges, that at Bumside street, is now Hearing completion.

Work was commenced on this structure in 1892. Its cost
will be about 1300,000. It has a total length of 162 1 feet
and a width of 46 feet in the clear. When open for
traffic it will be one of the finest bridges of the West.
The other free bridge spanning the Willamette at Port-
land is the Madison-street, in the southern part of the
city. Between Madison and Burnside streets is located
the Morrison-street bridge, which is owned by a private
corporation. This bridge occupies, perhaps, the most
valuable site for a bridge in the city, it connecting th'* business center of Portland
with the most thickly settled portion of the east side districts. North of the Bum-

Draw" Steel Bridge Opening.

"(l

'<i

i)*8

, ^v-

.i.m;

116

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

Stabk-Street Ferry-Portland,
steam yacht in foreground.

f^de street bridge is the steel railroad bridge. This bridge is used by the great lines
of railroad centering at Portland. Above the railroad track is a deck used for teams
and foot passengers. All the bridges of Portland are substantially built. They are
all crossed by lines of city and suburban cars except the Burnside street.

Portland is romantically located in the midst of a di-
versity of charming pastoral, river and mountain scenery,
the whole forming a panorama of enchanting beauty.
Far to the east, forming a background to the broad stretch
of orchards and gardens, are the Cascade Mountains,
in plain view of the city. Surmounting this range are
Mounts Hood, St. Helens and Adams, extinct volcanoes.
The view of these snow-capped peaks is the most
entrancing scene that Portland offers to its visitors.
Standing out distinct above all the other mighty sentinels of the Cascades in plain
view from Portland is Mt. Hood. This peak is about 50 miles due east of Portland.
It rises to a height of 11,225 feet above sea level. Its sides are covered with per-
petual snows, and the view of this mountain presented to the gaze of the people of
Portland is the most entrancing of any view of Hood gained from any other part of the
state. Far to the northeast of Hood the reflection of the morning sun can be seen
on the glacier-lined sides of Mt. St. Helens and Mt. Adams. When the conc^ ions
of the atmosphere are favorable, two other peaks in addition to those mentioned
above can be seen from Portland. Though over 100 miles distant, Mt. Rainier, the
monarch of the Cascades and the pride of Tacoma and Seattle, is plainly visible
from the tower of The Oreoonian building or from the eminence back of the cit}'.
Mt. Jefferson being necvrer than Rainier, reveals more of its glory when seen from
Portland. This latter peak, however, is seen at its best from some of the points in
the Willamette vallej' south of Portland.

Hxtending along the south bank of the Columbia river, and along the west bank
of the Willamette river, from the ocean to WillametLe falls, are highlands ending in
the Scappoose or Portland hills. From the bank of the Willamette, at Portland, a
gradually rising stretch of country extends back for a distance of one mile, ending
abruptly at the base of these hills. It is on this level strip that the original towusite
of Portland was laid out. The distance from north to south between the points where
these hills approach the river banks is two and one-half miles. Along this chain of
hills are six prominences which attain an altitude of from 800 to i ,000 feet. These
are Willamette heights, King'3 heights, Portland heights, Robinson's hill, Marquam's
hill and South Portland heights. On all of these higher elevations have been built
costly residences, and these sites furnish some of the more
attractive building spots in the city. The hills back of
Portland finally culminate in Mount Zion, of an altitude of
o,-er 1,000 feet. West of this eminence is Humphrey's
Mountain, which commands the prospect towards the Tual-
atin plains and the Coast Mountains. After the summit of
the hills back of Portland is reached, a broad and fertile
plateau, extends away for miles, forming what is one of the most highly fertile parts
of Portland's tributary section.

Scattered among the Portland hiils are great ravines and narrow canyons which,
with a profusion of wild flowers and forest growth, form many bits of romantic seen-

--'y^'>^

\\'^-7\

Through THE Draw " Portland.

ery an
nences
be obtj
seen fl(
tains.
Cascad
at the
of the
some
world,
dreds
as they
arc of
which
during

resideii
Extenc

Portland, Oregon.

117

Loading Wheat, Elevator, Portland,

ery and innumerable picturesque nooks. From the highest points of all the emi-
nences of these hills a magnificent view of mountain scenery, rivers and plains, can
be obtained. To the northeast the Columbia river can be
seen flowing out of the great gorge of the Cascade Moun-
tains. This great river, locked in the embrace of the
Cascades, forms the only pass through this great range
at the level of tide-water. From Portland to the gorge
of the Columbia, called the dalles, there is a panorama of
some of the finest river and mountain scenery in the
world. Tumbling precipitously from turreted cliffs, hun-
dreds of feet high, miniature rivulets are dashed into spray
as they fall to the rocks below. Some of chese waterfalls
are of surpassing beauty. Famous among these falls are Multnomah and Latourelle,
which are the scenes of many gatherings from Portland and the surrounding towns
during the summer months.

Lying below the hills back of Portland are the business houses and fashionable
residence districts of the city. The business district commences at the water's edge.
Extending along the water front are three miles of warehouses, docks and shipyards.
The river at Portland is from 30 to 60 feet deep. On its surface at Portland is ample
room to float hundreds of the largest sea-going vessels, and it is at all times the scene
of a great traffic which reaches from Portland to all parts of the Northwest on naviga-
ble water, and to all coast ports and the Orient.

Steamboating on the Willamette and Columbia rivers dates from the launching
of the Lot Whitcomb, at Milwaukie, on Christmas day, 1850. The Whitcomb was a
600-ton boat. She proved a bonanza to her owners. The fare by the Whitcomb, from
Portland to Astoria, a distance of about 100 miles, was $15, and freight rates were pro-
portionately high. In 1862 the traffic and travel on the river assumed great propor-
tions. Following the discovery of gold in Idaho, the boats plying on the Columbia
and Willamette rivers did a large and lucrative business. Freight rates from Portland
to The Dalles were then $1$ a ton, while it cost $60 to haul a single ton of freight from
Portland to Lewiston in the early 6o's. The great steamboat company of Oregon
and Washington, in those days, was the Oregon Steam Navigation Company. This
company was organized December 29, i860. For years it operated a fleet of swift and
handsome steamers on the waters of the Willamette and Columbia rivers. By means
of two short lines of portage railroad around the cascades and the gorge of the Colum-
bia above The Dalles, this company operated
a continuous line between Portland and
Lewiston, on the Snake river, the principal
city of Northern Idaho. In 1879 its entire
property was turned over to the Oregon
Railway & Navigation Company. The
amount involved in this transfer was the
enormous sum of |5, 000,000. The successors
of the Oregon Steam Navigation Com-
pany purchased a fleet of swift modern iron
steamships for the route between Portland
and San Francisco. The entire property
of the Oregon Railway & Navigation Company, including the river and ocean fleet
of boats, subsequently passed under the control of the Union Pacific Railway Com-

j,f:;;Mi!i:

The Bonevard" Portland.

. '...

118

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

|i I

'Sitfr.Thf'."^

Steamer T. J. potter-Portland.

pany by lease. In addition to the fine fleet of fast passenger and freight steamers
operated by the Union Pacific between Portland and San Francisco, the company also

operates a line of boats between Portland and Astoria and
intermediate points, between Portland and the principal
towns of the Willamette valley located on the river, and
from Portland to The Dalles. In addition to the boats
operated by the Union Pacific, there are about 13 naviga-
tion companies which make their headquarters at Port-
land. These companies own steamboats with an aggre-
gate registration of over 100,000 tons.
Continuous navigation of the Columbia river from the ocean to the grain fields of
Washington and Idaho is now prevented by obstructions at the cascades and above
The Dalles. The United States government is now building a ship canal around the
rapids at the cascades, at a cost of 13,553,403. This work will be completed by the end
of the present year, when boats will be able to ascend the river from Portland or the
sea to The Dalles. After the canal at the cascades is completed, immediate steps will
be taken to overcome the rapids above The Dalles, probably by means of a ship rail-
way. With the completion of the latter
work the Columbia will be navigable, with-
out obstructions, as far as Lewiston, Idaho.
The completion of these improvements will
be of the j^reatest importance to the agricul-
tural and commercial interests of the country
adjacent to the river. When the Columbia
and Snake are opened to free navigation to
Lewiston, employment will be found for at
least 100 additional steamboats and barges.

The Willamette river is now navigable throughout the year from Portland to Cor-
vallis, a distance of over 100 miles and at certain seasons of the year, boats
ascend the river as far as Eugene, 130 miles distant by rail from Portland. In addi-
tion to the Willamette, its principal tributary, the Yamhill river, is navigable at all
seasons to Dayton, 45 miles south of Portland. The only obstruction to uninterrupted
navigation in the Willamette river is at Willamette falls, 12 miles south of Portland.
An efficient system of canal and locks has been constructed around these falls, and
they are open throughout the year.

Portland, on both sides of the river, is attractively and symmetrically laid out.
The streets run parallel to each other. Of the 14S miles of improved streets in Port-
land, 45 miles are macadam, seven miles are planked, four
miles are paved with stone and three and one-half miles are
asphalt or bituminous rock. Two of the finest paved streets
in the city are Morrison and Sixth, paved with asphalt from
Trinidad Lake. The cost of these improvements was, re-
.«pectively, 167,697 and $53,366.04. All of Portland's streets
are thoroughly lighted by electricity, 600 arc lamps of 2,000
candlepower being used for this purpose. In addition to the
arc lamps, Hoo incandesccnts of 25 candle-power each are
used for street-lighting purposes. The plant supplying the
electric current for these lights is located at the Willamette falls, Oregon City.
This power is generated b he power furnished by these falls. The extensive works

Steamship Columbia- Portland-San Francisco Route.

Steamer Victorian -Portland.

of this cj
describee
The
pactly bi
ing bricl
paved
blocks ail
of the ri|
Front,
is the gi
The jol
|i35,ooo,l
capital i[
with ovel
business

Portland, Oregon.

119

Steamship oregon-Portlano-San Francisco Route.

of this company, and the extent of the great water power at Oregon City, are fully
described in the article on Oregon City, immediately following the article on Portland.

The business district of Portland is com-
pactly built up with large, substantial and impos-
ing brick buildings. The business streets are
paved with asphalt, bituminous rock, granite
blocks and vitrified brick. The first street back
of the river, running parallel with the stream, is
Front. This, with lower First and Second streets,
is the great wholesale thoroughfare of the city.
The jobbing trade of Portland aggregates
I135, 000,000 a year. The commercial agencies rate 22 firms of Portland as having a
capital in excess of |i, 000,000, four firms with resources over $750,000, seven firms
with over $500,000 capital, 18 firms with assets in excess of $300,000, 21 firms doing
business with a capital of over $125,000, and 35 firms rated above $75,000. These
houses have no serious competition outside of Portland. They have practically
driven San Francisco merchants out of this field, and direct trade with the East by
the merchants of the interior of Oregon, Washington and Idaho has in most cases
proved so unsatisfactory that these merchants now buy the most of their goods in
Portland.

Front street is lined with four, five and six-story substantial stone and brick

buildings, admirably adapted to the purposes for which

they are used. This street is paved with Belgian blocks,

as is also First street. First street, from Ankeny south,

is lined with retail stores. This street has long been

the principal retail district of the city. In recent years

the retail district, owing to the encroachments of the

wholesale trade, has moved back several blocks, and,

today, Third is perhaps the best retail street of the city.

Between Washington and Morrison streets there is

a large amount of business done on Fifth and Sixth streets, and it is the opinion of

many careful observers that Sixth street, a few years hence, will be one of the great

business thoroughfares of the city.

To the stranger, Second street is one of the most interesting of Portland's princi-
pal thoroughfares. On this street, in the center of a large and progressive American
city, is a colony of aliens, whose customs, habits and religion do not differ from those
of their ancesters who lived over
2,000 years ago. It is here that
the Chinese quarters of Portland
are established. The Chinese
shops, v/ith their queer orna-
ments and assortments of Ori-
ental wares an<l Chinese delica-
cies, the theaters, restaurants
and joss houses are in striking
contrast to the aspect of the
business district by which they
are surrounded.

Steam yachts on the Willamette at
Portland.

BUILDINO OCCUPIED BV CHINESE, PORTLAND.

« !}

Mm m

120

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

•

Seid Back, the distinguished merchant of Portland, was born in China in 1852.

He passed his boyhood days working on a farm for his parents and immigrated to the

United States at the age of 18. He reached
this country in a penniless condition. He im-
mediately after his arrival located at Portland,
where he found work in the drudgery of house-
work, which he followed just long enough to
master the more responsible duties of a cook,
which latter vocation he followed for a number
of years subsequently. Since that time the ca-
reer of this man has been one of constant pro-
gress. He mastered the English language until,
today, he talks this tongue as fluently as any
native-born American; he studied carefully the
customs and politics of this country until he
became as well versed in our affairs as the best
informed of business men; he embraced Chris-
tianity and became an earnest though not fan-
atical teacher of its doctrines, and, as a man of
affairs at the present time, his opinion is as
eagerly sought in the best informed business
circles as is that of the best known merchant of
the city. Seid Back is now a wealthy citizen,
and his life shows the best traits of the Chinese
charactei . He is a living example of the oppor-
tunities afforded in this country for advance-
ment, and it can be taken as an object lesson

by that class of foreigners who decry our form of government, who rail against the
icli, but who seem totally incapable of that earnest and honest effort which alone

can lead to success.

In 1S76 Seid Back was married to Quay Tlioy, a young Chinese maiden, who had

also come to this country from her native land. The

marriage took place at the First Baptist churcli here

and was largely attended. Seid Back started into

business here in a modest way, his capital at the time

being but |3,ooo, which he had saved from his earn-
ings. The premises first occupied by this merchant

were in the ■ building at the corner of Third and

Washington ^ets, where the stately Dekum block

now stands. ^ he engaged in a general Chinese

merchandise business, in connection with which he

conducted a contract labor bureau, and it was in this

occupation that he laid the foundation of his present

princely fortune. About 10 years ago he removed to

his present quarters at 129 Front street, an illustration

of which is shown in connection with the present

article. He now does business here on the ground

floor, occupying the upper story of the building for ^mammessmasagimipf'smm^

family rooms. In addition to his business on Front 8,o„e seid b*ck, porthnd.

Seid Back Portland.
leading chinese merchant and capitalist.

PHOTO. BV TOWNE.

Portland, Oregon.

121

street, he is also the head of the Wing Mow Luug Company, which does a
business of $200,000 a year outside of the revenue derived from sub-letting a
number of buildings on Second street, erected by the company on ground held under
long-time ground-rent leases. The company imports all kinds of Chinese merchan-
dise, such as clothing, teas, rice, sugar, nut oil, fire crackers, table delicacies,
etc., and they export American staple products, such as flour and lumber, in large
quantities.

Seid Back, in his individual right, now owns Portia id property which, at a con-
servative valuation, is worth about $200,000. He holds stock in a large number of
American and Chinese enterprises, including bank a'jd insurance companies. He
has been one of the heaviest contractors for Chinese labor on the coast. Hp '■calls
the time when he had 700 men contracted to the Northern Pacific, 400 to the v^regon
Railway & Navigation Company, and 500 to the Southern Pacific. The contracting
business has largely fallen oft during the past few years, but Seid Back even today
furnishes regularly from 150 to 2t)o men a year, principally to the salmon canneries.
Seid Back is easily the representative of his race in the Northwest, and in private
life he can be said to be as prominent as any Chinaman in the United States. He
devotes a considerable part of his time and attention to aiding his fellow country-
men, and has carried many a native of the Mongolian race through some temporary
difficulty. He has a wife and one child, a son. This boy,' Seid Gain, although only
16 years of age, is already a bright, alert young business man, and he is a great help
to his father in handling his large business interests here. The boy is as proficient
in the English and Chinese languages as is his father, and it is on the son that the
father places great hopes for the future. Seid Gain will conduct his father's busi-
ness when the old gentleman reaches the time of life where he will want to retire
and enjoy the fruits of his industry in travel and recreation.

Only one block above Second street is Third, the
principal retail street. Third street is well paved with
bituminous rock, and it is lined on both sides with
imposing buildings. Among the stately structures
which line this street are the Chamber of Commerce
building, the Dekum and Hamilton blocks, Worcester
block, Forbes & Breedcn building, and other fine
edifices. The Chamber of Commerce block is a fine
building, finished in 1893, at a cost of $500,000. The
Portland Chaml)er of Commerce is a representative
I'ody of progressive business men who have done
much for the welfare of their city. This body,
together with the Oregon State Board of Immi-
gration, with headquarters at Portland, regularly furnishes to the world a large lot of
valuable information pertaining to Portland and the state, and letters of inquiry,
addressed to the secretary of either of these organizations will
be promptly answered.

Facing Fourth street, between Salmon and Main, is the
county court house, a plain, unpretentious building, occupying,
with its ground, an entire block. Across the street from the
court house, between Third and Fourth, is the public square
known as the Plaza. Immediately south of the Plaza, the new
city hall is in course of construction. This will be one of the

CHAWBtR OF Commerce Building- stund.

Proposed New Court House,
Portland.

I'T

■'.<,

I',

122

The Oregonian' s Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

The Oreqonian Buildikg in 1864.

finest public buildings in Portland. Its cost will be
about $500,000, for which purpose the city of Portland
has issued bonds. The building will be completed
during the present year.

The best constructed building in Portland, and
one of the finest pieces of architecture in the West,
is the magnificent Oregonian building, located at
the intersection of Sixth and Alder streets. Work
on the construction of this building was com-
menced early in 1891, and it was finished in the spring of 1893. This stately
structure is nine stories in height, surmounted by a massive tower, the top of which,
is 194 feet above the curbstone of the street below^. The building is absolutely fire-
proof, being built throughout of stone, brick, terra cotta and steel. From the tower
of The Oregonian building is commanded the best view of Portland and the snow-
capped peaks of the Cascades obtained from any other point in the vicinity of the
city. The building is occupied by The Oregonian, one of the great papers of the
West. The part of the building not used by The Oregonian is rented for stores
and offices. The service in this building is perfect, tenants being supplied with
water, heat, lights and all of the conveniences found in any of the finest buildings of
the East. The Oregonian building is one of the attractions which Portland has to
off"er for the inspection of visitors, and the building, with its press room, is open at
all times for their inspection.

\S^'-§

The Oreqonian Building, Portland.

TOWER, Oregonian Building A9 Seen from Roof.

LOBBr Business Office.

PHOTO. BY MOOBE.

A Section of the Composing Room.

(ET::.:

Entrance to Business Office.

jl*-

1:!

■'■i;

''i-S'

^:;

Mailing Room.

Bi.:,_->N..)^-:

Main Entrance.

Stereotyping Room.

Dynamo Room,

VIEWS OF THE OREQONIAN BUILDING.

■vms
mm

124

The Oregoniati's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

HOTEL PORTLAND.

One block above The Oregonian building, ou Sixth
street, is the Hotel Portland, a fine structure of a novel
architectural design. This hotel was erected by a syndicate
of Portland capitalists, at a cost of 1750,000, The Hotel
Portland enjoys the distinction of being one of the best
conducted hotels in the Unifed States. Opposite the Hotel
Portland, and facing on Sixth and Morrison streets, is the

Marquam Grand Opera House. The auditorium in the Marquam is one of the neatest

theatres of the West. ■ The view of the Marquam ,

published in connection with the Portland article,

will show that the building is of a very imposing style

of architecture. Near the foot of Sixth street, the

massive and imposing union depot for the united

railroad lines centering in Portland, is now nearing

completion. The cost of this structure will be

1400,000. The Italian style of architecture has been

closely followed in the lines of this edifice. The main

station of the depot is 515 feet in length. It is sur-
mounted by an artistic clock tower 132 feet in height.

Connected with the depot is an elaborate system of

terminal grounds which cover about 70 acres.

MAROU<M GRAND OPERA HOUSE.

The Goodnough Block. — This building, corner

Fifth and Yamhill streets, was erected in 1892. The

material is brick and stone. The interior finish is in stained woods. The building

is lighted throughout by electricity and gas, and the water is .supplied from an

PHOTO. BY TowNE. artcsiau well on the premises from a depth

of 160 feet below the street grade.

There are no dark offices in the Goodnough
block, the interior ofiices being lighted by a
large light-well in the center of the struc-
ture. This affords light and ventilation for
the entire structure. The elevator is the
largest in Portland, carrying 20 passentfers.
The sanitary conditions of the building are
perfect. The toilet rooms are located in a
separate brick shaft outside of the main
building. On the first floor are five stores.
Five stories of the building are used for
offices and the sixth by the Portland Business
College. The building is a credit to the city
in which it is located.

Goodnough Block, Portland.

Among the leading Oregon houses is the Snell, Heitshu & Woodard Company,
of Portland, who conduct one of the largest wholesale drug houses on the coast.
The business of the company covers a very large territory, and they carry one of
the most complete lines of drugs and kindred goods handled by any house in the
United States.

The Snell, Heitshu & Woodard Company occupy one of the best-built and most

attractive
taken out

Wholesale Dru

creditable (

The st(
icines and
in this line
rarest and :
personnel
strong. Th
in business
He was fii
tion to his
this point
Mr. Emil
interest in
with Mr. ]
mauer, vic<
and Mr. J.

Henry
block boui
Thirteenth
horses, wa
block direc
establishm
same on a

Thesp

Portland, Oregon.

126

PHOTO BY TOWNE.

attractive business blocks in the city. It is a five-story stone structure, built of stone
taken out of the celebrated Tenino quarries, and is a substantial and striking piece

of architecture. It has a frontage of 130 feet on
Sixth street, 95 feet on Burnside and 42 feet on An-
keny. One notable feature is a lofoot driveway ex-
tending through the building from Burnside to An-
keny street, thus enabling teams to deliver mer-
chandise under cover in all weather and with great
rapidity. Carloads of goods, which for-
merly took three hours to handle, can now
be easily disposed of in three-quarters of an
hour. The cost of the building and the land
it occupies was $130,000. In the large base-
ment are placed the boilers, engines and
necessary machinery connected with the
building. This basement is also used for
storage purposes. The first floor of the
building is divided into offices, shipping-
room and the sundries department, while
the stories above are devoted to the various
drug departments and to storage purposes.
The building is admirably arranged
throughout, and it makes one of the most

•I'-lJ

Wholesale Drug House, Snfll, heitshu 1 woooaro Co ,
portland.

creditable drug establishments in the country.

The stock of the Blumauer-Frank Drug Company consists of drugs, patent med-
icines and druggists' sundries, embracing everything
in this line from the smallest of toilet articles to the ^ "'■• '^"

rarest and most expensive drugs in the market. The
personnel of the Blumauer-Frank Drug Company is
strong. The senior member, Mr. L. Blumauer, started
in business as a retail druggist about 15 years ago.
He was finally enabled to devote his entire atten-
tion to his large jobbing trade. When he reached
this point he associated himself in business with
Mr. Emil Frank. Subsequently Mr. Frank sold his
interest in the company when it was reorganized,
with Mr. L. Blumauer as president; Mr. Sol. Blu-
mauer, vice-president ; Mr. Phil. Blumauer, treasurer,
and Mr. J. P. Bronaugh, secretary.

Henry Weinhard's brewery is located on the
block bounded by Burnside, Couch, Twelfth and
Thirteenth streets. The cooper shop, stables for 32
horses, wagon sheds, etc., are located on the half
block directly opposite the brewery, while the bottling

establishment is located three blocks east of the blumauer-frank drug co., portlano.
same on a prominent corner occupying 50x100 feet.

The spacious office is on Thirteenth and Burnside streets. The malt-house has a

128

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest,

Brewerv, Henry Weinharo, Portland.

frontage on Twelfth street of 96 feet and a depth of 130 feet on Burnside street. A

Jarge elevator with a capacity of 750 bushels
per hour takes the barley up into the storage
bins. The engine room is located on Couch
street adjoining the stock houses. It contains
two refrigerating engines of 35 tons capacity
each, two brine pumps, a powerful air pump,
boiler feed pump, an engine of 50-horse power,
also an engine and a dynamo of the most ap-
proved pattern for lighting the whole estab-
lishment. . The necessary steam power is gen-
erated in four steel boilers which can either be
run separately or combined, and which also
furnish the 80-horse power engine in the malt-
house with steam.

There are three artesian wells used by the brewery. One is used exclusively for
the needs of the ice machinery. The other one is for furnishing the water for the
brewery and cleaning purposes, while the third one is only used for the malt-house.
Weinhard's brewery gives employment to 46 men, including clerks, engineers,
drivers, etc.

Taken altogether, the impression on leaving the brewery, after having seen
everything, is that it is impossible to find a similar establishment more complete in
every detail, especially the malt-house with its kiln tower high in the air, 176 feet
from the ground. The tower makes a nice and an imposing appearance.

Hahn's Terminal Warehouse occupies
one-half block, 200x100 feet in size, on the
corner of Tenth and Johnson streets. It is
adjacent to the terminal yards, where all
railroads entering Portland discharge
freight. The building is a solid brick struc-
ture with a capacity of 1,500 carloads.
Merchandise and goods of all descriptions

stored are
subj ect to
the lowest
in s u r a n c e

rates written in Portland. Tracks run directly into
the warehouse, as is seen by the accompanying cut,
and goods are received in the warehouse during all
kinds of weather without damage. A great advantage
of the track systems connected with the warehouse
is that goods consigned here require but one handling
instead of two, as in the other warehouses of the city.
Goods can also be re-shipped from Hahn's warehouse
to outside local points without extra cartage.

The Maher & Terwilliger block is a handsome
three-story pressed brick building with stone trim-
mings, located at No. 651 First street. It was erected

PHOTO flV TOWNE.

PHOTO BY TOWNE.

HAHN'S TERMINAL WAREHOUSE, POHTLANO.

Maher & Terwilliger Block, Portland.

Portland, Oregon,

127

Smithson Block, Albina, Portland.

in 1891 by Messrs. J. M. Terwilliger and W. h. Maher who constitute the popular
firm of Maher & Terwilliger, butchers of South Portland.

The cost of the building was $25,000 and it presents a fine and imposing appear-
ance. It is wired for electric lighting and has gas mains connection. Of the four
large stores on the ground floor, one is occupied by Messrs. Maher & Terwilliger
with their well appointed meat market. The second and third stories of the build-
ing contain 63 rooms which are occupied for lodging rooms. Mr. J. M. Terwilliger,
the junior member of the firm, is the popular alderman from the sixth ward.

Among the handsome structures of that
part of consolidated Portlatid known as Albina,
the Smithson block, erected by A. J. Smithson
in 1892, merits special mention.

The material used in the construction of
this fine building was pressed brick. The in-
terior finishing is in larch. The building is
three stories high and presents an attractive
appearance. The ground floor is divided into
five stores. The corner and adjoining store
are occupied by L. Blumenthal & Co. , clothiers.
The next two stores are occupied by the Oregon
Mercantile Company, wholesale and retail gro-
cery and crockery dealers, while the fifth store
is taken by the Delmonico restaurant. , .

The upper stories contain 54 rooms, divided into suites. These rooms are hand-
somely furnished, lighted by electricity and supplied wHh the purest of water.
The location is a convenient one, even for those who have business on the West Side,
as it is reached by electric cars and by free ferry which connects Albina with Port-
land proper.

Among the leading business streets of
Portland are Morrison and Washington,
two thoroughfares running due west from the
river. Both of these streets are lined with
large, costly and substantial buildings.
Near the head of Washington street, and
about one mile distant from the river, is
a large building which covers two full
blocks. This is the building owned and
occupied by the North Pacific Industrial
Exposition. It was erected at a cost of
$150,000. In this building are held Portland's
great annual industrial exhibitions. The
center of this mammoth structure is a music
hall with a seating capacity for about 6,000 people. In addition to the above there are
numerous other large and imposing buildings in Portland, many of wh.ch cost from
$100,000 to $300,000 each. In that part of Portland on the east side of the Willam-
ette river are a number of important retail business streets. The East Side,
however, is principally occupied for residence purposes and in this part of Portland
are some of the most tastily constructed residences on the coast. Along the water
front of the East Side are a large number of mills, factories, docks and warehouses.

iNousTKiAL Exposition Building, Portland.

;'■'* I

[

128

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

Scattered through the residence sections of Portland are a number of beautiful
parks which add greatly to the attractiveness of the city. The largest of these is the
City Park, .,^^ occupying a beautiful spot ornamented '.vith great banks of

flowers, rustic
bridges, ponds,
walks and drives,
which contrast
strangely with the
rugged beauty of
pyramidal forest
collection of wild
cougars, elk, wild
In Portland

agg i f

Union R»:lhoao Depot, Poutlano.

A Picturesque Drive, near Portland.

trees and deep fern-lined canyons. In the park is a large
animals and birds, among which are mountain lions, deer,
cats, be.irs, monkeys, coons, seals, kangaroos, eagles, parrots and owls
are 12 other parks and squares, all of which are characterized by a profuse growth
o^ shade trees. The public grounds of the city have a combined area of about 700
acres, and the cost of improving and caring
for these grounds has been about $20,000
a year for a number of years past. Equal-
ly as attractive as the city parks, however,
are the tastily laid-out grounds which sur-
round all the principal residences of the
city. Portland is a city of beautiful homes.
In the yards around the workingman's
cottage and the pretentious mansion of
the millionaire alike, blossoming roses
perfume the air from March until Decem-
ber. I:: i.he residence portion of the city
trees, flowers and shrubbery form continuous avenues of pi .turesque verdancy. I/ying
in the shadows of tht forest-covered Portland hills is Nob Hill, the fashionable residence
district of the city. Scattered throtigh this attractive locality are handsome houses
which have cost from $20,000 up to |ioo,ooo each. Many of these fine homes occupy
whole blocks which are beautifully decorated with trees, turf and flowers.

Among the most attractive features of Port-
land are the stately church edifices and quaint
chapels found in every part of the city. The re-
peated expansion of the business district has re-
sulted in several of these churches being sur-
rounded by great business blocks. The first church
of Portland was organized in 1848. There are
now 70 congipgations of nearly every line of the-
olo^^' ;al thought represented in Portland. The
first church in Portland was the First Methodist.
Its pastor was Rev. J. H. Wilbur. In 1H50 this con-
gregation built Portland's first house of worship
The building stood on the corner of Third and Taylor streets, where the fine brick
church erected by the same congregation some years later, in 1869, is located. The
Catholic church of Portland was established in 1851. The members of this faith in
the city now worship in six cathedrals and chapels.

posroFFicE, Portland.

dates
the

•^f

Portland, Oregon.

12?>

City Hall, Portland.

The supremacy of Portland as the corimercial center of the Pacific Northwest
dates, as before stated, from the time that gc\d was first discovered in California. By
the force of circumstances and geographical position, the city ha"* become the receiv-
ing and distributing center for a region i,ooo miles
square. The tv/o principal causes that have conspired to
bring about this result are the Columbia and Willamette
rivers. The distance from Portland to the ocean is about
120 miles. Of this distance 12 miles lies over the course
of the Willamette river, and the rest of the way is via the
Columbia. At extreme low-water mark there is today a
channel 22>< feet deep between Portland and the sea. All
ships that frequent the waters of the Pacific ocean can sail
up the channel of the two rivers to Portland vithout difficulty. The citizens of Portland,
with unparalleled enterprise, have organized themselves into a corporation called the
Port of Portland. Under the supervision of officers of this corporation the sum of
1425,000 has already been expended in improving and deepening the channel from
Portland to the mouth of the Columbia river. This work should proDorly have been
done at the expense of the general government, whose duty it is to make all neces-
sary imprcv^raents to navigable water-courses. These improvements have already
made Portland a seaport pos.-sessing many peculiar
advantages. From its junction with the Willamette
to where it widens as it enters the ocean, the Col-
umbia river maintains an average width of over one
mile. Its fresh waters free the ships entering this
stream from the accumulations of barnacles gath-
ered while in salt water. At Portland the waters of
the Willamette effectively destroy thosi forms of
marine life which are so destructive to docking
and wooden piling at salt-water porta. There is
sufficient room in the three-niile stretch of harbor at Portland to float hundreds of the
largest sea-going vc?sels. There can be seen riding at anchor in this harbor ships
hailing from all parts of the world and flying the flags of all maritime nations. Some
of these vessels draw as much as 27 feet o*" water, and some of them are over 2,700
tons net register. It is at Portland that aie railroads which tap the grain districts of
Oregon, Washington and Idaho trp-.sfer their loads of wheat to the holds of ships
boujd for various ports of the Orient. The product'.ons of the interior are earned to
Portland, and from this point shipped to the markets of the world. The ships engaged
in this export trade return to Portland with cargoes made up of the products of the
nations they visit. This city is thus made the great clearing-house for the best part
of the Pacific Northwest.

When the act was passed by Congress for dredging the Willamette and Col-
umbia rivers, from Portland to the sea, it was found
necessary to build a dredge of sufficient power to nccom-
plish the heavy work contemplated by the act. A con-
tract was let by the government to John F. Steflen, the
well-known ship-builder of this city, in 1892, for the
building of a hydraulic dredge. The boat was com-
pleted in 1893 at a cost of $65,000. It was named after W.
L.a^AHv Buao.Nn, Portland. •*"• ^-add, Portland's foremost citizen, recently dece.'^sed.

The Armory, Portland.

130

2'hc Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

PHOTO BVTOWNE

fe^

The Great Ute«m Dredge, W. S. Uod.

The dredge W. S. Ladd is
equal to almost any dredge in the
United States in capacity and
power, and is the first dredge of
this class built on the coast. Her
dimensions are : length, 146 feet,
6 inches over all ; beam, 38 feet,
4 inches; hold, 12 feet. She is
single-decked aft of the forward
house and pilot house. The shaft
alley is located under the main
deck and forward of this in the
order named are the engine room,
boiler room, coa) bunkers, dump-
ing bins and "rew space. The
engines used are the Neafie & Levy compound, 17-34 twenty-fourths. The hold of
the dredge has a capacity of 500 cubic yards. This hold is used as a dump for
dredgings from the river bed. The builder, John F. Steffen, has just reason to be
proud of his work on the W. S. La Jd. This together with the construction of some
of the finest floating palaces on the coast which are from his yards, has entitled him
to a position among the great boat-builders of the coast.

Portland, with its wealth, its facilities for trans-
portation, and the enterprise of its business people,
has secured control of the trade of the country, for
which it acts as a receiving agent. Even before
through-rail communication was established between
Portland and the East, this city contained a popu-
lation in excess of 17,000, and it occupied then the
same relative .osition of commercial supremacy to
the Northwesleia field that it does today. This
position was due primarily to the magnificent sys-
tem of waterways which connect this city with Eastern Oregon and Washington and
with all the best parts of the Willamette valley. This is an advantage which other
leading trade centers of the Northwest concede to Portland, and it is a factor that will
exert a decided influence in the contention which must arise in the future among the
different cities in the competition for the trade of this vast region. The magnitude
of Portland's commerce at the present time can be determined from the following
statements : The aggregate value of all articles exported from Portland, in 1H92, was
$16,114,925. The foreign exports of the city, for that year,
amounted to 18,340,655, and the domestic exports aggregated
$7,740,070 in value. Prom the "Inland Ivmpire" and the Wil-
lamette valley there came to Portland that year the enormous
total of 4,702,050 centals of wheat, of an aggregate value of
$6,795,895. Eighty-nine vessels carried this wheat to th.e market?^
of Europe. The exports of flour for the year amounte.'l
to 549,236 barrels, of a value of $2,182,250. In the same
year the wool growers of Eastern and Southern Oregon
consigned to Portland, for shipment, 8,607,840 pounds of
wool, worth $1,350,050. This was about oue-lialf of

AHi.tNOTON Club, Portland.

?J,c

;'eV=

8KI0MOHE ('OUNTAIN, PORTLAND.

Portland, Oregon.

131

ir. viMnENT's Hospital. Portland

Oregon's wool crop for the year. Of the remainder of
the wool crop, woolen goods to the value of $400,000
were manufactured at the woolen mills practically having
their headquarters at Portland. In 1H92 the canneries of
the Columbia river, between Portland and the ocean,
turned out 468,993 cases of salmon, valued at |2, 608,020.
In addition to this output, immense shipments of stur-
geon, caught in the Columi^^ia ^f^re also made to the East
from Portland. Oregon's hop crop for the year was valued
at several millions of dollars. Considerable over one-half
of this crop was bought by Portland dealers and shipped
The value of the lumber exported from the city is now aijout

i:^^'* '''W*»iy>-,»,

~ GOOD Samaritan Hospital, Portland.

thousands ■
ney Vtwei
trip.

The

1" •:) ■• ; East.
^i,ooc»,GOO a year.

The value of the imports annually received at
Portland is about $1,600,000. The statistics of Port-
land's export and import trade for 1893 are not avail-
able at the present writing, but from present indica-
tions these figures will not differ materially from those
quoted for 1892. Between January i and November
15- i'^93' IS shown by the records of the custom-house
of Portland, 96 vessels entered from and 114 vessels
cleared for foreign ports. During the same period 166 ves.'^els arrived from and 137
departed for domestic ports. These figures will tend to show the magnitude of Port-
land's commerce. That the completion of the projected Nicaragua canal would cause
this commerce 'o show a rapid and unprecedented increase hardly admits of a doubt.
Ships from Portland for foreign ports th^.t are now compelled to make a rietour of
u '(^ .round Cape Horn could, by utilizing the canal, make the jour-
; "'\id and I/iverpool in one-half the time now consumed in this
co-i : f tio;i of the fjanal would at once open up the markets of the
Atlantic coast for i; • ^ rcducts of the Pacific Northwest, products which cannot at the
present be profitably marketed East by reason of the high transj ortation rates on the
long haul by rail or by ship around Cape Horn.

Portland is the tcminus of three great transconti-
nental lines of railroads. Tn<.2e ui& the Union Pacific,
N'orthern Pacific and Southern Pacific. The Union Pa-
cific, which gains an entrance to the^state over the tracks
of the Oregon Short Line and the Oregon Railway &
Navigation Company, both operated by the Union Pacific,
follows the course of the Columbia river from Umatilla,
187 miles east of Portland, to a point about 20 miles dis-
tant from the city. Its branch lines .spread out and tap
the great wheat-producing sections of the Walla Walla,
Palouse and other districts, as well as Ihose of
EdUern Oregon, comprising the great wheat belt of the Northwest. In that
part of Portlaii'l known locally as Albina, the Union Pacific has established large
machine and repair shops which furnish employment to about 400 men. The
Southern Pacific operates 682 miles of road solely with the view of reaching Portland
for a Northwestern terminus for its extensive system. The Northern Pacific railroad,

^m^mt-

Cmildhen'5 Home, Portland.

1 (

132

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

running south from Tacoma, crosses the Columbia river at Kalama and reaches Port-
land over its own track. The through passen-
ger trains of this ling are all made up in Port-
land, and this city is practically the western
terminus of the heavy passenger traffic which regu-
larly passes over this road. These great systems of
railroads, their mileage, branch lines and the
country the_ ^-^vc-se are all fully described in
an article in .'. -sent publication under the

head of " Railro. .f the Pacific Northwest."
Portland there is an inexhaustible supply of raw
This, combined with commanding

Railroad Steel Bridge, Portland.

Train Crossing. Steel Bridge, Portland

In the region tributary to
material to meet the demands of manufacturers
location, cheap fuel and the advantage of the second greatest waterpower in America,
has already made Portland a great manufacturing center. Extensive beds of iron ore at
Oswego, seven miles south of Portland, have been successfully worked since iS66. At
Oswego are located the $503 000 blast furnaces of the Oregon Iron & Steel Company.
But 12 miles south of Portland are the wonderful falls of the Willamette river. The
Portland General Klectric Company arc now expending |2, 500, 000 in developing this
water power whicl?. next to Niagara, is the greatest
available water power in the United States. At extreme
low water the Willamette falls furnish an available power
of 60,000 horse. About 10,000 horse power will be gener-
ated into electricity at the electric compan\ 's station at
Oregon City and from that point transmitted to Portland
where it will be used for running all kinds of machinery.
This power is especially valuable from a manufacturing
standpoint, and it is the claim of the electric company
that they can suppl}' power for running machinery in
Portland much cheaper than the same power can be
generated for by steam. The economic importance of this power to Portland manu-
facturers cannot be overestimated in connection with the future industrial advance-
ment of this city.

Around the falls of the Willamette arc now clustered a number of very large
manufacturing plants. Some of these plants are owned by Portland capital. These
include woolen, flour and paper and pulp mills. The market that Portland manufac-
tures for includes not only the whole Paci ic coast, but also South America, the vSand-
wich Islands, China and Japan. The prod .cts of the mills and factories of Portland

are staple articles of commerce in all these coun-
tries mentioned. Flour is shipped from Portland
to Asia and lumber is sent by this city to the tree-
less plains of South America and Australia. To
the towns of the Pacific Northwest Portland an-
nually sends millions of dollars worth of finished
products. There is probably no section of the
United States that offers today inducements for the
investment of capital in manufacturing enterprises
that are afforded in Portland. With the available
resources of timber, wool, hides, wheat, flax, iron,
and wood for making paper pulp, the city pos-

,.t#'-

-^^•:

...V-:- II- £

Free Bhioge, ^.A^lSON Stfieet, Portland,

Portland, Oregon.

133

Morrison-Street Bridge, Portland.

sesses every advantage as a manufacturing cen-
ter. Portland has the available water power to
manufacture these products into the finished
articles of commerce, and the city has every
benefit of rail and ocean connection with all
parts of the world. The output of the fact<^' '.es
has steadily increased with each successive year
since the first shipment of lumber was made
from Oregon to the Golden Gate in 1S49. The
manufacturing industries of Portland today
represcut an in- estment of lig.ooa.ooo; they
employ 12,000 men and they pay out annua'ly
in wages about }6, 300,000. The annual value
of the product of these industries is about 132,000,000.

For many years past the city of Portland has derived its water supply from the
Willamette river. The water of this stream, while not unhealthful, contains much
foreign matter, especially during the winter and spring months, when the rains have
caused it to rise above its usual height. The waters of this stream are frequently dis-
colored by great quantities of mud washed into it. The riveV is also liable to pollu-
tion from the sewerage of the rapidly growing towns of the valley along its banks.
As earl)' as iScS; the citizens of Portland commenced to agitate the question of

changing the source of the water supply of the city. Finally,
by an act of the legislature which auti.orized the issue of
f 3, 200,000 of water bonds, the city wa^j placed m a position
to perfect the water system so long contemplated. Thirty
miles distant from Portland is the mouth of Bull Run creek.
This clear mountain stream bubbles from the ground in the
heart of the Cascade Mountains, about 11 miles distant from
Mount Hood. A careful analysis of the water shows the
absence of deleterious organic matter. Owing to the great
volume of clear water which this creek carries, and the
fact that the country adjacent to it is not* open for settlement, thus avoiding all dan-
ger of pollution to the siream, Bull Run creek was selected as tlie source of the future
water supply of Portland. By the close of 1S94 the cold spring-fed waters of this
creek will be flowing through the city mains of Portland. This s\stem, when com-
pleted, will consist of the following impiovements :

From the mouth of the creek a steel-plate pipe-line is laid, for a distance of 24
miles, to Mount Tabor, on which eminence are located two reservoirs, with a holding
capacity respectively of 10,000,000 and
15,000,000 gallon"*. 4. cast-iron pipe
connects the Mount Tabor reservoirs
with the reservoir at City park, on
the hill back of the business district
of Portland. The latter reservoir is at
an elevation of 300 feet above the
city's base, and it has a capacity of
22,000,000 gallons. Water will be dis-
tributed from the City park reservoir
only to the higher portions of the city, r,,^,,, ,,.„,„ p,.^ line, bull run river to Portland,

Bull Run Lake,

PORTLAND'S WATEH SUPPLY

PORTLRNO

'i
i, f

134

as the pres-
would be too
of a capacity
The pipe-Hue

Centenary M

Bull Ruu

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

! sure on the mains from this reservoir in the lower levels of the city
1 great. Below the City park reservoir 80 feet is a secoud reservoir
i of 10,000,000 gallons, which is kept full from the reservoir above.
£ from the Mount Tabor reservoirs to the City park reservoir is 6}4
miles in length. It crosses the Willamette river at Clay street by
means of a submerged pipe.

It is estimated that the volume of Bull Run creek, at its
mouth, at extreme low water, is 70,000,000 gallons per day.
Of this great available supply, 25,000,000 gallons will be car-
ried off in pipes to Portland. This is a sufficient quan-
tity of water to supply a city of 180,000 inhabitants.
With the exception of the water forced through the pipes
to the heights in the western part of the city, this en-
tire water-works system is operated by gravity. The city
has in reserve pumps having a combined capac-

21,000,000 gallons a da\-, which
used in case of accident to the
water-works system is com-
miles of water mains.

ity of

E. CHURCH. PORTLAND. '"'^^ "^

line. iVhen the new
pleted, the city wil' have about 83

As a financial center, Portland
cities of the same size in the world,
of corporate and individual wealth
channels of investment. Unlike
Portland !■■ not compelled to
onEasteii^*. pitalists. Theprin
owned and controlled by its
of this wealth is utilized by
Portland. This represents,
the aggregate wealth of the >
in Portland was established
Tilton, in 1859. This was
til 1866, when the First Na-
when the Bank of British

'-.T^i-^

First congregational Church.

stands pre-eminent among the
Here there is a vast aggregation
constantly seeking for profitable
many other cities of the West,
place her reliance for money
cipal wealth of Portland is
own citizens. A large amount
the great banking houses of
however, but a small part of
city. The first banking house
by Wm. S. Ladd and C. E.
the only bank in the city un-
tional Bank was organized, and
Columbia established a branch

here. From thai time the capital, stability and number of banks
in Portland steadily increased, keeping pace with the demands of the
rapidly growing tributary country. During the distressing business
panic of 1893 several of Portland's banks, although perfectly
solvent, were compelled to temporarily suspend payment, owing
altogether to the unreasonable demands of frightened
depositors. All of these banks were more than amply
able to pay depositors in full. It is worthy of note in this
connection that every national bank that closed its doors
in Portland during the panic has since resumed business,
and these banks are today on even a stronger footing
than they ever were before. There are now but two private
banks of the city that are in the hands of rpceivers, and
the affairs of these are in such shape that their doors will
be opened to business in the near future.

The seven national banks of Portland make the fol-

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lowi

I500

Com

divic

$500,

gon

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Grace Methooist tPi9C0PAL Church.

V '

Portland, Oregon.

135

lowing gratify-
ISoOjOco, sur-
Commercial Na-
divided profits
1500,000, sur-
gon National,

iug showing : First National, capital
plus and undivided profits, $824,130;
tional, capital |:'>5o,coo, surplus and un-
1166,403 ; Merchants National, capital
plus and undivided profits f 55, 2 19 ; Ore-
capital .S20O,cco, surplus and undivided
profits 141,950 ; Ainsworth National, capi-
tal $100,000, surplus and undivided
profits $ico,coo ; United States Na-
tional, capital $250,000, surplus
and undivided profits $27,854;
First National of East Portland,
capital $ioo,coo, surpltis and un-
divided profits, $45,456. The
total resources of these seven

national banks are nearly $10,000,000. The other banks
of Portland are as follows : Ladd & Tilton, capital
$250,000 ; (the resources of this bank are very large, but
the amount of the resources of the bank is not obtainable
for publication.) London and San Francisco, Ld., capital
and reserve $2,900,000 ; Bank of British Columbia, capital $3,000,000, reserve
$1,300,000, undivided profits |6o,ooo; Portland Savings Bank, capital $260,000, sur-
plus and profits $220,000; Portland Trust Company, capital $350,000; Security
Savings and Trust Company, capital $250,000; Hibernian Savings Bank, capital
$100,000; Northwest Loan and Trust Company, capital $250,000; Bank of Albina,
capital $100,000; Citizens Bank of East Portland, capital $100,000; City Savings
Bank, capital $100,000; Commercial and Savings Bank of East Portland, capital
$50,000; Albina Savings Bank, capital $50,000.

Calvary Presbyterian Church.

First Presbyterian Church.

Mi"

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. ii

Calvary Baptist Church.

Trinity 'episcopal^ Church.

PORTLAND CHURCHES.

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Church of the Immaculate heart.

Taylor-Street Methodist Church.

PORTLAND CHURCHES.

i<i*

Portland, Oregon.

The American Book Company.— The American Book Company of New
York, the largest educational publishing house in the world, has its branch house for

the Pacific Coast at 289 Yamhill street. Here are
kept in stock all the school and college text books
included in its long list of school publications.
This list embraces nearly all the school books now
in use in the state of Oregon and throughout the
Northwest.

The Portland house was established to serve as
a convenient base of supplies for the trade of the
Pacific Coast. Hitherto, the great distance of this
section of the country from the publishing centers
of the East has made it difficult and expensive to
properly supply the school patrons. The American
Hook Company now proposes, so far as possible,
to obviate these difficulties by supplying their
books freely from the Portland house, allowing
dealers a sufficient discount conditional on the
Vjooks being retailed to consumers atprices which
will be satisfactory to the people, and as a result,
the PVlucatior.cii Public of this region are as prompt-
ly and cheaply supplied with the publications of
the American Book Company as any part of the
Ihiitcd States,

Tlie Portland University.— The Port-
land University was organized under the auspices
of the Methodist Episcopal Church. The Univer-
AMERicr. BOOK COMPANY, 289 y.MH,LL ST., PORTL»^^, g|,_y jg ^j^^^^j. (jcnom i natloual control, as are most

of the great schools of the country, but is not in any sense sectarian.

The site of the University is a high plateau between the Columbia and Willamette
rivers, three miles northwest and overlooking the city of Portland. The beautiful
island in the river, the high range of evergeen hills on the western side, and to the
east the lofty peaks of five snow-
capped mountains, steamers
from local points on the river,
and ships from all countries
throughout the entire world,
passing every few minutes, with-
in a stone's throw of the Univer-
sity buildings, all combine to
lend a charm to the scene almost
unrivalled.

The attendance has reached
the number of 500 in less than
three years. In its Literary De-
partment are the College, Pre-
paratory, Normal and Business
courses. Schools of Theology,
Music, and Fine .Arts are also
departtncnts of the Portland

University. Portland University, west Hall.

' 1

:)!•'

!,<

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The Oregnnian's Handbook of the Pacific North

west.

First Baptist Church. Portland,

Portland, Oregon.

137

A Great Pi.ant.— The Wolff & Zwicker Iron Works and the Wolff, Zwicker &
Buehner Pipe Works, at the east approach to the Madison-street bridge, occupy a
number of buildings which cover a full block of ground lying along the water front.
The most important work handled by the Wolff, Zwicker & Buehner Pipe Works
during the past year was the completion of the contract for manufacturing the miles
of pipe for the Bull Run water works, which will furnish Portland's supply of water
for domestic use.

On taking possession of their new works in the spring of 1893, this company
immediately commenced the work of manufacturing the immense pipes or conduits
for the Bull Run plant. These pipes are made from heavy steel sheets and in mak-
ing this pipe it was necessary for the company to avail themselves of the use of the
latest improved machinery. The pipes are 35 inches in diameter and are made in
lengths of 30 feet each. The successful manufacture of these pipes by a home com-
pany was in itself a great triumph for the firm. In addition to the pipe works, the
old established firm of Wolff & Zwicker conduct a large foundry and machine estab-
lishment in a building adjoiningthe pipe works. In addition to their East Side plant,
in which 25 men are constantly employed, the firm also conduct their old machine
shop on the west side of the river, at the corner of Third and Plan ders streets, where
45 men find steady work. Taken together, the Wolff & Zwicker Foundry and
Machine Shop and the Wolff, Zwicker & Buehner Pipe Works constitute one of the
largest plants of the kind on the coast, and they are deserving of the heartiest sup-
port of the people of the Pacific Northwest.

!! V

Great Iron Works, Wolff i. Zwicker. Portland.

138

The Oregonians Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

? ti^i 11

First N»tion»l Bank, Pc 'l«no.

No bank of the North Pacific coast enjoys a hij^her standing than does the First
National of Portland. Started some years before 1H69, the First National really
dates its growth from that year, when Messrs. Henry Failing and H. W. Corbett pur-
chased the controlling influence in the insti-
tution. Both Mr. Failing and Mr. Corbett
have, since that time, attained great distinc-
tion in the Northwest as able financiers and
successful business men, and they have re-
peatedly been honored by their fellow citi-
zens with positionsof great trust and respon-
sibility. Mr. Failing served for several
terms during the most critical period of
Portland's existence as mayor of the city.
He has occupied leading positions in other
public capacities, and in financial circles of
the Northwest he occupies today what may
well be termed the position of leader. Mr.
Corbett served, with distinction, a term as
United States Senator from Oregon. He has
long been prominent in public affairs of the
state, and he is now one of the heaviest hold-
ers of the best business property in Portland.
The great personal success of Messrs, Cor-
bett and Failing has redounded directly to the benefit of the First National Bank,,
over whose destinies they have so long presided.

Immediately after securing control of this bank Mr. Flailing was elected its
president and Mr. Corbett was made vice-president. They have held these offices
uninterruptedly since that time. The capital stock of the bank at the time these gen-
tlemen secured control of its affairs was |ioo,coo. This was immediately increased
to |250,coo, and subscquertly to i*50o,ooo. The deposits increased from $48,000 in
1S69, to over |4, 000,000 in a period of 20 years. The resources of this bank today are
very large. It is the United States depository at Portland for the handling of public
money, and it is the financial institution which cares for the deposits of many of the
largest corporations of the Northwest, as well as for hundreds of the leading busi-
ness houses of Portland.

In connection with the mention of the First National Bank of Portland in the
present instance, some reference to the affairs of this institution during the memor-
able panic of 1893 will be particularly appropriate. The First National, as one of
the oldest and best established banksi in Portland, has long had a large list of interior
correspondents who placed their dependence for support during periods of financial
stringency on the FMrst National here. These banks were large borrowers of the
First National, and their own solvency depended largely on the solvency of the lead-
ing bank of Portland. It is to the credit of the First National Bank of Portland,
that at no time during the panic was one of its interior correspondents pressed for
the payment of its obligations by the Portland institution, and the fact that these
banks weathered the financial storm successfully is directly di^e to the financial sup-
port that was rendered them by the First National Bank here. Tii? two great bank-
ing houses of the Northwest, the Fir I National, and Ladd & Tilton, of Portland,
really prevented wide-spread disaster to Oregon and Washington during the panic

■'iVl

Portland, Orcf^on.

18<J

PMOTO. BY TOWNE.

Interior View, First National Bank Portland.

which wrecked some of the oldest banking houses in the United States, and it was
probably the large resources of these two banks, which has allowed Portland to
retain its position as one of the strongest financial centers of the coast.

The First National now occupies its
own building, at the corner of First and
Washington streets, Portland. The bank
occupies nearly the entire ground floor of
the large structure. The quarters occu-
pied by the bank are perfectly appointed
and especially adapted to the handling of
a large banking business. A feature of the
management of this bank is that no one of
its officers has ever been allowed to solicit
custom for the bank, and its affairs have
always been conducted strictly on bank-
ing ' ciples. It has been conservative
to t int of absolute safety, but it has

beeu ...jeral enough with its patrons to in-
sure a large support from the best business
people of Portland. It has been this
liberal spirit to the point of conservatism

and safety that has been the keynote to the success of the First National Bank of
Portland and the fact that it came out of the panic of 1893 with its resources unim-
paired, is ample evidence of the wisdom of the policy so long pursued by the
management of this strong financial institution.

No banking house of the coast, stands higher than the bank of Ladd & Tilton,
Portland. This strong financial institution is the result of the lifetime's work of the

late W. S. Ladd, one of the pioneer
citizens of Portland, and the prestige
it has gained in financial circles of the
West is directly due to the consciva-
tive manner in which its affairs have
always been managed.

Mr Ladd was one of the four
pioneers who reached Portland on the
8th day of April, 1851. At that time
he was 25 years of age. For a num-
ber of years previous to 1855 JNIr,
Ladd, in partnership with C. E. Tilton,
did an extensive mercantile business
under the firm name of Ladd 81 Tilton.
In April, 1859, these gentlemen
formed a co-partnership for the pur-
pose of engaging in the banking bus-
iness. The old firm name of Ladd &
Tilton was retained for the new en-
terprise. The bank at the time it was first started in Portland was capitalized
for 150,000. This capital stock was afterwards increased to 1250,000. The resources
of this single banking house today are no less than $2,000,000.

Bank, Lado i. Tilton, Portland.

*tl

1' i

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A :

1 1

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The Oreg-onian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

PHOTO. BY TOWNE.

Interior, bank, L»do a Tiuton, Portland

The partnership between Messrs. Ladd anrl Tilton -"vas dissolved in 1880. From
that time to the date of Mr. Ladd's death in 1893, the Dank was conducted by Mr.
Ladd, assisted by hia eldest son, William, bnt under th( old firm name of Ladd i*^
Tilton. Mr. William M, Ladd, the immediate successor of his father iu the manage-
ment of the large business of the bank, has
established a reputation as an able financier
b3' successfully carrying the bank through
one of the worst financial panics the country
has ever experienced. During the time of
the panic not the least distrust was felt by
the public in the solvency of the institution
and it was not subjected to anything that
even bore the semblance of a " run." Ladd
& Tilton, with the First National Bank of
Ponland, enjoy the distinction of having
been the bulwarks of the financial strength
of the Northwest during the panic of 1893,
and that this panic did not cause wide-spread
disaster among the banks of Oregon and
Washington during what will long be re-
garded as a memorable year, was directl}-
due to the aid rendered the interior banks during that time by Ladd & Tilton and the
First Nptional Bank of Portland.

Mr. Williani M. Ladd is assisted iu the mauagement of the great banking house
his father established in Poriland, by his brother, Mr. (.'has. U. Ladd. These gentle-
men are pursuing the same conservative policy in conducting the bank so long fol-
lowed by their father l)efore them, and at no time in its history has it enjoyed a greater
de,t, "e of public confidence than it does at the present time.

The assessed valuation of property in Multnomah county is, in round numl)ers,
$65,000,000. This does not include several millions of dollars worth of church and
school property which is exempt from taxation.

The first public school in Portland was opened in the fall of 1S47 by Dr. Ralph
Wilcox. It was conducted in a low, rudelj- constructed house at the
foot of Taylor street. Thi--^ school was conducted for about three
months. In the following February, Miss Julia Carter opened a
school in a log cabin at the corner of .Second and SLark streets.
Thirty-five pupils attended this school. In the winter of
1848 49, the only public hall in the village was a
rather dilapidated and shaky structure which, at a prior
time, had been used as a barrel factory. This building
was known as the " cooper shop." In November, i8.|8,
Aaron J. Hyde, a veteran of the Mexican war, opened a
school in this building. The lot on which the structure ]i
stood is now on First street, between Morrison and Yam-
hill. This lot was purchased by one of the early settler^of
Portland for the consideration of "t vo bull pups." This
old house, used during the yer.rc 1847 48-49, as a Christian sanctuary and school,
had , by 1857, degenerated into the ignoble use of a Chinese wash-houbc. To Rev.

HlOH SCHOOL, PORTLANN.

Portland, Oraxoti.

141

HARRISON School, Portland.

George B. Atkinson is due the honor of having inaugurated the movement that
resulted in the establishment of free schools in Portland. Thro<' ^h the efforts ot this
gentleman, and upon the recommendation of Gover-
nor Joseph La,ie, the first territorial legislature of
Oregon passed a school bill which became a law,
Septembers, i&4y. It was not, however, until 1851
that steps were taken by the citizens of Portland to
organize a school district here. In the meantime,
several private schools had been opened in Portland.
These schools were opened by the following gentle-
men on the dates named: Horace layman, Decem-
ber, 1849; Col. Cyrus '.. Reed, April, 1850; De Los
Jefferson, Augusi, 1850; Rev. N. Doane, December,
1850. In The Orbgonian of Deceuiber 6, 1851, a school board consisting of
Anthony L. Davis, Alonzo Leland and Reubei- P. Boise advertised the opening of
a free school here, with John T. Outhouse as its teachc»r. This, the first free school
of Portland, opened its doors with un attendance of about • pupils. When not en-
gaged in his school work. Mr. Outhouse laid cross-walks and helped to unload vessels.

In November, 1852, the citizens of Portland voted ;*',6ooto support a free school.

About that time the public school was moved to the
corner of First and Taylor streets. Owing to the increas-
ing attendance, Mr. Outhouse was supplied with an
assistant teacher in the pt-son of Miss Abigail M. Clark.
The school at once assumed the distinction of a " graded
school." It was " graded " because the building which
it occupied was two stories in height. In order to
properl}' acconnnodate the scholars who crowded the
school, the stairway was utilized for seats, the chil-
being seated or "graded" up the stairs as far as possible. The law regula-
of these pioneer schools allowed pupils to deport themselves about as theii
incliuations dictated. In addition to being an accomplished teacher Mr. Outhouse
soon learned that the duties of his position demanded the exercise r^ great muscular
power.s. With him, it was either a question of subduing the sch 'ol by brute force
or of being soundh thrashed by the tender youths he was endeavoring to guide into
the right channel of thougl.t. Tt is reported that Mr.
Outhouse managed the school successfully, and some
of the later successful men of Portland enjoyed the
distinction of having received their first instruction
in the primitive school presided over by this gentle-
man.

Among the legendary lore and historical incidents
connectedwith tJie early settlement of Portland, the
following, bearing on the early life of Oregon's
present governor, will bear relating :

In July, 1H55, the Portland school board advertised in TnK Orhgonian for a
competent person to take charge of the public school of district No. 1. This adver-
tisement was answered by Sylvester Pennoyer, a hesitating young man who had
lately come from New York io the Puget Sound country to practicti law. Becoming

FAILING School, Poiitlano.

dren
tion-

PARK School Portland.

i f|

, 1

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142

The Oregoiiiaif s Handbook of the PaciHc Northwest.

■' ''r.-^^:**'

Clinton Kelly School, Portland,
old district no. 2.

discouraged with a law practice that was not as profitable as the sawmill business
subsequently proved to be, younj.^ Pennoyer had sold his library and was preparing

to start on his return journey East to seek relief
from homesickness under the parental roof, when
he noticed the advertisement for a school teacher
in Portland. When the young man applied for the
position his modest demeanor, with his intellectual
cast of countenance and his vast fund of informa-
tion on "How to be a successful Populist of the
future," attracted the favorable notice of the board.
He was at once engaged to preside over the village
school at a salary of $125 a month, and he was told
to report to the county school superintendent foi;
examination. With high hopes of meeting some
luminary in standing collar, polished cuffs and
shining boots, Pennoyer wound his hesitating way to the great official's quarters.
What was the teacher's surprise and dismay to find the superintendent industriously
cleansing his own and his family's soiled linen in awash tub. Holding a bar of soap
in one hand and a book in the other, the superintendent examined Pennoyer on the
correct principles of teaching, in which the subject of wash-
ing clothes was carefully avoided. Pennoyer passed the
examination successlully, but his experience with the
superintendent at the wash tub destroyed the great respect,
which he had formerly felt for high official position, and
it is reported at the time, that Pennoyer made a firm re-
solve that the only man in the future who should receive
gracious treatment at his hands was the plain individual
in homespun clothes whose vote he was after, the president
of the United States, vice-president Stevenson or secretary
Greshani not excepted, and, further, that he would return
thanks to God in his own way, and on the day of his own choice, free from presiden-
tial interference.

The first school building owned by the city of Portland was that occupied by the
Central school, which was opened May 17, 1858. From this humble beginning has
grown the present admirable public school .system of Portland. The old log cabin
school-house and the dingy cooper shop withstood the ravages of time for a short

period only after they were utilized for educational
purposes, and they were finally torn down and sub-
stantial buildings cf brick and stone were erected in
their place. Scattered over the city of Portland
there are now 32 public schools, many of which are
monuments of architectural art. From the stately
High school, with its 21 commodious class rooms and
large assembly hall, seating 1.200, down to the MUpre-
tentious four-room school of the outlying suburb, the
.schools of Portland are under the supervision of ac-
complished teacliers, carefully selected for their pro-
ficiency in educational work. Through the conscientious efforts of thepe teachers and
the liberal support given by the citizens of the city the public schools of Portland have

STEPHEN'S School, Portland.

NORTH Central School, Portland.

Portland, Oregon.

143

Williams avenue Sch jol, Portland.

attained a high standard of excellence. There were 8,478 pupils in actual attendance
at the public schools in Portland in November, 1893. These pupils were taught, by 220
teachers, among whom are special teachers of penmanship and drawing. The num-
ber of pupils in attendance at these schools in November of
last year was as follows: High school, 475; Harrison, 812;
Atkinson, 633; Park, 551; Couch, 710; Ainsworth, 55; Fail-
ing, 6,So; Stephens, 437; "Willamette 29; Holladay, 420; Wil-
liams Avenue, 446; Fulton, 47; Fulton i^ark, 40; Central,
38^.; North Central, 404; Sunnysidc, 271; Brooklyn, 213;
Albina Central, 216; Chapman, 167; Multnomah, 180;
Woodlawn, 177 ; Peninsula, 64 ; St. Johns, 53; Portsmouth,
114; Albina Homestead, 14.5; Clinton Kelly, 158^ Sellwood,
169; High school (night school), 75; Albina night school,
50; Midway, 17; Marquam, 14; Fernwood, iS; Lownsdale, 225.

The estimated value of the school property owned by the city of Portland, with
the realty and improvements segregated, is as follows : High school grounds,
$100,000, building, $148,000; Harrison, grounds, 145,000, building, $47,000; Failing,
grounds, $30,000, building, $47,000; Atkinson, grounds, $50,000, building, $54,000;
Park, grounds, $50,000, building, $32,000; Couch, grounds, $35,000, build mg, $47,000;
Chapman, giounds, $13,000, building, $10,000 ; Watson, grounds, $3,(100, building,

$to,03o; Ainsworth, grounds, $14,001 (building des-
troyed by fire); Fulton, grounds, $4, t 'Miilding, $1,000;
Williams Avenue, grounds, $32,ocx), building, $20,000;
Central Albina, grounds, |3,oc>o, building, $3,onri Mult-
nomah, grounds, $5,cx)o, building, |6,ooo; Albina Home-
stead, grounds, $6,000, building, $6,500; Hollaiiay,
grounds, $16,000, building, $12,000; West Central,
grounds, $2o,oco, building, $17,000; Central, grounds,
$50,000, building, $20,000 ; Stephens, grounds, $25,000,
building, $20,000; Clinton Kelly, grounds, $5,000, build-
ing, $16,000; Sellwood, grounds, $1,000, building,
$5, OCX); Midway, grounds, $i,cx)o, building, $i,ocx); Marquam, grounds, $r,ooo,
building, $i,oo(j; Brooklyn, grounds, $6, 000, building, $12,000; Sunnyside, grounds,
$4,800, building, $12, <XK) ; Peninsula, grounds, $i,cxx), building, $4,000 ; Woodlawn,
grounds, $1,200, building, $3,000.

In addition to the above property, which is occupied, the city owns a tract of
land in Stephens' Addition valued at $25,o(X), and a lot and building in Tibbett's
Addition, known as ].ee chupel, worth about $i,4cxj. The total value of all this
school property, including furniture worth $50,000, is $1,157,900. This sum is made
up as follows: realty, $553,400; improvements (the first cost in excess of this),
$554,500. The cost of conducting the schools of Portland, for the fiscal year 1892-93,
was $251,110. The e.stimated cost of conducting these schools for the fiscal year
of 1893-94, is $335, 8(x). The cost per pupil, in 1893, was $26.98.

In addition to the excellent public schools, Portland is the seat of many well-
conducted private seats of learning. Among these are the law and medical schools
of the University of Oregon, the medical department and college of pharmacy of the
Willamette University, the Portland University, St. Helen's Hall, a school fot girls,
IMshop Scott Academy, a school for boys, two '.ine Catholic schools, and a num-
ber of boarding schools and academies. As educational factors, the six lib raries of

■:i;-MifJ»iJ«!W?

CENTRAL School, Portland.

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The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

St. Helens H»i.l, Portland.

the city are closely allied to the schools. The Portland Library Association has a
collection of 19,000 carefully selected books. This library occupies a massive build-
ing erected for its exclusive use, in 1893, at a cost of $100,000.

St. Helen's Hall, <^^? popular, well-known school is located on Park avenue
and St. Clair streets. It is a boarding and day school for girls. The school was
founded in 1869, by Right Rev. B. Wistar Morris, D. D. From the first the school has
stood on its own merits, and it has always enjoyed a wide reputation for the thor-
oughness of its instruction and for its refining influence. Its
curriculum is most liberal. Teachers of skill and experience
fill the various departments. The musical instruction is of
the highest order, and the art depart-
ment also offers great advantages.
Special attention is given to morals,
manners, and the use of good English.

The building occupied by the
school is a noble one. It is built of
brick and stone. It is heated, drained
and ventilated after scientific meth-
ods, and occupying an elevated site,
it commands a view of unsurpassed
beauty. The Misses Rodney have
had the management of the school
from its beginning, .•\pplications for
information regarding vSt. Tlelen's Hall may be addressed to them.

Portland is well protected from fire by a splendidly equipped fire department.
No great conflagration has devastated the city for 20 years past. The annual losses
by fire here are small when compared with those of other cities of the same size.
In the early days of Portland's history well trained volunteer firr companies vied
with each other in putting out fires and in making social conquests These compa-
nies and the dates of their organization, are as follows: \Villameti« Ivngine Com-
pany, 1853 ; Multnomah Engine Company, 1S56 ; Columbia Engine Company, 1859;
Protective Engine Company, 1862 ; Vigilance Hook & Ladder Company. As the
city grew larger the necessity of a regular paid department was felt. This was
accomplished in 1882. With improved apparatus and enforced discipline, the depart-
ment has attanied its present high standard of efficiency. There are now 178 men
connected with the fire department of Portland. These men are under the super-
vision of a chief and three assistants. The apparatus consists of eight steam engines,
five hook and ladders, four hose wagons and two chemical engines. The dep irt-
ment, with its engines and apparatus, occupies 15 houses. The cost of maintaining
the department, in 1893, was, approximately, $152,628.

Owing to its peculiar position as the terminus of three transcontinental lines of
railroad, and as a port at which numerous vessels arrive daily, Portland, at all limes,
has a large floating population. Among the people who arrive in the city are repre-
sentatives of the tnost vicious elements of society, who prey on the unsophisticated,
as they do in all large cities. To protect the man not accustomed to city ways from
the wiles of the confidence man and to rid the city of all objectionable or suspicious
characters, requires the services of a well disciplined police force. The first regular
police department was inaugurated in Portland in 1872. At first consisting of a mar-

high

Portland, Oregon.

146

IM'

Atkinson School, Portland.

shal and but few patrolmen. It grew in subsequent years to its present importance.
It was during the past year, however, th£,t the department was brought t-> its present
high standard of efficiency. Under the skillful supervision of a chief experienced
in all matters pertaining to the management of a police department, many reforms
have recently been made in the management of the department. By the adoption of

horse patrols, police protection is now afforded a large part
of the outskirts of the city that were formerly without
police officers. In the summer months crime in Portland
is reduced to a minimum, and but little trouble is experi-
^flf l?f llH^l i i enced by the police in keeping themselves informed of the
(jjlllll HHIi. ■ I movements of the vicious cliisses here. In the winter, how-
ever, men flock he-e from all sections of the ountry, audit
requires the utmost vigilance on the part of the police to
prevent depredations on property. It has been found neces-
sary to reduce the force and husband the police appropriation
during the summer monchs in order to give the city the required police protection
during the winter. The police force of the city, as it is now organized, consists of
a chief, four captains, two clerks, one captain as tax collector, two patrol drivers, one
guard, and 74 patrolmen. The police appropriation, for 1893, was $118,000, which,
by economical administration, was just sufficient to pay the expenses of the depart-
ment during the year.

Even if a city is favored by nature with climatic conditions favorable to the pro-
longation of life and the maintenance of health of its population, it will yet be an
undesirable and uuhealthful place of residence unless stringent sanitary measures are
adopted, covering sewerage, disposal of garbage, and stree'. cleaning. Combined with
its exceptional climate, Portland now has a complete and costly system of sewers.
The sewerage system of the city includes 62 miles of sewer mains and canals. The
largest sewer in the city — tht largest even on the Pacific coas'. — was completed here
in November of last year at a cost of |i 17,000. This sewer i . ^'4 miles in length,
and has a diameter varying from 34 inches up to the enormous «... 3 of 7 feet in the
clear. This sewerage system covers both sides of the river.

Portland's pride is the excellent rapid-transit system covering all parts of the

city and the adjacent suburbs. A network of elec-
tric lines converging in the business center, spreads
out through the city and reaches points as far
distant as 15 miles. The equal distribution of
these lines could not have been better planned, for
there is not today a suburb or part of Portland
that is without street-car connection with the
city's business center. There are now 98 miles
of street railwa} in Portland and its suburbs.
This system i • operated by seven companies.

The most important inter-municipal railway system of Portland is that operated
by the City & Suburban Railway Company. This company has a capital sU^^^k of
|i, 000,000. It operates 53 miles of electric road. Starting from the corner of Third
and Yamhill streets, in the center of the city, ir diffeic ■!. points can be reached
by the cars of this system. Woodstock, Wavcrly, Richmond, Mt. Tabor, Mt. Tabor
Villa and intermediate points, are reached by the lines of this company crossing the

An Electric Street Car, Portland.

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The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

Willamette river via the Morrison-street bridge. Upper and Lower Albina, Irvington,
Holladay's Addition, and St. Johns are reached by i'le lines of the company crossing
the Willamette river over the steel railroad bridge. ni the west side of the river the
lines of the City & Suburban Railway Company reach to all parts of the city. The
lines of this company are operated principally by electricity, with connections for
Mt. Tabor and St. Johns by steam motor.

The East Side Railway Company operates 22 mile" of railway on the east side of
the Willamette river, getting into Portland over the Madison street bridge. Through
arrangement with the electric line on Second street, this company now runs its cars
into the central part of Portland. The company was incorporated in 1892, with a
capital of 1250,000. It runs 19 electric-motor cars, four trailers and one steam-motor
and coach. The Oregon City line of this company is 15 miles in length. It com-
mences at the west end of the Madison -street bridge and ends at Oregon City, within a
few feet of the picturesque falls of the Willamette river. Along this line are many

charming bits of scenery. The road winds
in and out of great prune and apple orchards,
and it runs through the suburban points of
Brooklyn, Sellwood, Milwaukie and Glad-
stone. From Gladstone a branch, one-half
mile in length, runs to the beautiful tract
of land called Gladstone Park.

Another line operated by the East .Side
Railway Company, extends to Mt. Tabor,
a solitary and picturescjne butte 3^4 miles
cast of the river. The summit of this butte
attains an elevation of about 700 feet. Clus-
tered around this hill are numerous gar-
dens, cottages and elegant residences. At
Mt. Tabor the electric line connects with a
steam-motor line, 3)^ miles in length, run-
ning to Mt. Scott.

Entrance, Riverview Cemetery, Portl»nd.

The Portland Consolidated Railway Company has a capital of $r, 000,000. It
operates 32 miles of electric railway and owns 79 finely finished cars. The Second-
street line, operated by this company, is 6 '2 miles in length. It runs to the southern
suburb of the city, terminating at Riverview cemetery, one of the finest burying
grounds in the United States. The Washington-street line of this company passes
the City park, from which it runs due north, finally climbing Willamette Heights,
from which a beautiful view of the city and its surroundings is obtained. Branch
lines leave tlic Washington -street line at Thirteenth and .Sixteenth streets. On the
cast side of the river this company operates a line to Vancouver, seven miles in
length. This road was formerly operated as a steam-motor line, but it was electrified
on June 23d iast. The road reaches to the south bank of the Columbia river, opposite
Vancouver. Here connection is made for Vancouver by a steam ferry. In Van-
couver, which is really a suburb of Portland, the company operates lines of road
running to Fort Vancouver and to the driving park on Vancouver Heights. Before
the Columbia river is reached the electric line passes through several of Portland's
most attractive suburbs. The principal of these suburbs are Highland, Cloverdale,

Portland, Oregon.

147

Piedmont and Woodlawn. From Cloverdale a track branches off from the main line
running through Highland and Irviugton Park.

The Karnes Heights and Cornell Mountain Railway is three miles in length It
is an electric line, and runs from the head of Washingto!i street to Mountain Park,
a suburb located on the high lands back of the citj-. It io the intention of the
owners of thi^ ruad to extend it to Hillsboro, iS miles distant from Portland, in the
near future.

The City & West Portland Park Motor Company was incorporeted in April, 1889,
with a capital of 5 100.000. This company operates a motor Tne seven miles in
length, running from Hamilton street, in South Portland, through the attractive
additions of Bertha, Hillsdale and South Portland Park, to the beautiful tract of
land known as West Portland Park. This lies on the uplands back of Oswe^^o. This
line is equipped with two steam-motors, two coaches and 1 1 freight cars. The total
cost of construction and equipping this road was $150,000.

The Portland Cable Railway Company operates seven miles of cable road. The
main line extends from the Union passenger depot, at the foot of ."ifth street, to a
high elevation in the southern part of the city known os Portland Heights. From
Fourteenth street a track branches off running to the City park and the baseball
grounds. A short spur also runs down Alder street to Front, connecting with the
main line at Fifth.

Holladay'.s Addition. — Perhaps the most favored location by nature for t'le
erection of fine residences in Portland is in what is kncvvn as HoUaday's Addition.
The tract of land thus designated embraces about 400 acres, which lies on the east

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HOLLADAY'S AOOITrON, PORTLAND, LOOKING SOUTHWEST FROM WATER TOWER.

side of the Willamette river, opposite the best business part of the city. Iv is within
easy reach of all parts of Portland by means of the principal lines of electric rail-
ways, and direct access to the west side of the river is had jver the Railroad, Bum-
side, Morrison and Madison-street bridges. The property is all high and sightly,
the slope back from the river being a gradual and easy rise, and all parts of the Addi-

I Mi

148

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

PHOTO BY TOWNE.

tion command the best views of Portland and the surrounding country of any dis-
trict in the city. That portion of this desirable property which lies nearest to the
water front will become valuable for business purposes.

The owners of this property have inaugurated a system of improvements which,
with a wise policy in handling the property, has made this the most desirable resi-
dence portion of the city. These improvements consist of street work, including
grading, sewerage and paving, the laying of sidewalks, and supplying lights and wate/.
The residents of this part of Portland enjoy all the conveniences afforded any of
the best residence centers of the large cities of the continent, and many of the best
known people of Portland have homes here.

HoUaday's Addition, under the management of its owners, has not been allowed
to become the site of cheap or unattractive private dwellings. All deeds to prop-
erty in a special part of the Addition reserved for residences contain a building
clause which prevents the erection of any building except private dwellings. The
company which owns and controls that portion of the property which is still unsold
offers speciil inducements to purchasers who wish to build homes. In the reserve

district referred to above, in or-
der to insure the erection of
the finest class of residences,
the company offers a rebate on
the purchase price to those who
will build good houses. The
result has been to make Holla-
day's Addition the site of hand-
some residences, some of them
palatial in size and appoint-
ments, and all of these houses
are surrounded by well-kept
lawns and flower beds. This
part of Portland may be truly
said to be the home of the
wealthy, the cultivated, and the
better classes of Portland's peo-
ple. While the prices of prop-
erty in the Addition, consid-
ering the advantages of proximity to the business district, means of rapid transit,
location, etc., are not high, the figures which the owners early placed on the lots
were large enough to insure the building of homes here only of the better classes.
The erection of the many fine homes which the Addition now contains has resulted
in a regular appreciation of values here, and there is an absolute assurance that prop-
erty will make the same rapid rise in value in the future that it has in the past.

As before stated, HoUaday's Addition affords every advantage to those who desire
a good home among attractive surroundings and in a good neighborhood. The Addi-
tion is well lighted by gas and electricity ; imder the city water system an ample
supply of pure water is supplied for domestic and other purposes, and an efficient
system of sewerage has been constructed. The location of HoUaday's Addition
alone is sufficient to cause the property to rise steadily in value in the future. With
the solid business district of the city just across the river, barely half a mile distant
to the west, with the great railroad shops and thickly settled part of Portland known

P*RT OF H01-l.AD*y'9 ADDITION, LOOKING SOUTHEAST FROM WATER TOWER

Portland, Oregon.

149

as Albina touching the addition on the north, and with the old-established business
and residence sections included in the former municipal limits of East Portland on
the south, it is patent that this property must partake of all the advancement which
is made in Portland as a whole.

Holladay's Addition property is sold by the owners, the Oregon Real Estate Com-
pany, which has offices at No. 203 Morrison street, Portland. The company's offices
are open at all times for the reception of the general public. Those desiring infor-
mation about the Addition, and in regard to terms, prices, etc., can, by inquiry
by mail or otherwise of the Oregon Real Estate Company, No. 203 Morrison street,
Portland, Oregon, receive a prompt answer, and a fine birdseye view of Holladay's
Addition and the city of Portland.

The Hotel Perkins.— The Hotel Perkins occupies a Ifel.
central position, on the corner of Fifth and Washington
streets. The Washington -street electric line and the cable
line pass the door. These lines afford
easy means of reaching any part of
Portland, and the cable line connects
direct with the Union depot. The
Hotel Perkins is now under the pro-
prietorship of R. S. Perkins. Large,
well lighted and perfectly heated and
ventilated rooms have established an
enviable reputation for the Perkins
with the traveling public. The Per-
kins receives extensive patronage
from the stockmen, and the names
of the leading stockraisers of Oregon,
Washington and Idaho, who visit
Portland, are usually found on the ho-
tel register. A well conducted restau-
rant and a bar stocked with the finest liquors are features of this well conducted house.

The Perkins Restaurant. — The veteran Portland restaurateur, Mr. D. H.
Simmons, whose skill as a caterer is appreciated by epicures, conducts the Perkins
restaurant. He numbers among his patrons many Portland business men who have

dined with him for years. Meals are serve'l at all
hours at the Perkins restaurant, for from 25 cents up.

The HolTon House. — The popular Portland
hostelry so long known as The Holton House is
located on the corner of Fourth and Alder streets,
and is the point of departure and arrival of trains
on the West Side Division of the Southern Pacific.
The present proprietors of this well conducted
house are Messrs. J. R. Marklej', R. R. Hays and
M. D. Roche, the latter gentleman being the act-
ing manager. All of these gentlemen are well
known to the traveling public of the coast, and
they have hosts of friends among the large num-
ber of people they have so long helped to entertain.

Hotel Perkins, Portland.

The holton House, Portland.

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The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

PHOTO. BY TOWNE

New Qr«nd Central Hotel, Pohtland.

The Holton House occupies a substantial brick structure and contains 75 rooms,
all of which have recently been newly and handsomely furnished. All modem
improvements are found here for the comfort of guests. Traveling men have always
received special attention at the Holton, and the large patronage they have always
accorded the house attests their hearty appreciation of its merits. During the politi-
cal campaigns, the Holton is the headquarters for the leading politicians of all
parties. An elegant bar and billiard room, as well as a perfectly arranged barber
shop, are connected with the house for the accommodation of guests.

The New Grand Central. — This hotel occupies the
tS i^ handsome five-story pressed-brick and stone building located

on the corner of Third and Flanders streets. It was erected by
Henry Weiuhard in 1892, at a cost of $105,000. The furnish-
ings of the house cost an additional $20,000,
It is convenient to the Union depot and all
the steamboat docks of the city and is on the
direct line of the City & Suburban electric
railways.

The New Grand Central contains 142 hand-
somely furnished rooms, a well furnished office,
an attractive dining room, bar and barber shop,
electric lights and elevator. Artesian water
and steam heat are supplied throughout the
house. Under the management of those popu-
lar and well-known caterers, Messrs, Edwards,
Weiner & Clark, formerly of the Quimby House,
the New Grand Central is enjoying a large local patronage, and it is justly popular
with the traveling public from all parts of the world. It is the only first-class house
west of Chicago conducted at popular rates of from $1 to $2 a day.

" The Curtis." — No private boarding house in Portland occupies a higher place
in public esteem than " The Curtis," located on the corner of Twelfth and Morrison
streets. " The Curtis " has all the external appearance of a handsome private resi-
dence, but its facilities for the accommodation of guests are equal to any of the
leading hotels. So great a popularity does "The
Curtis " enjoy that during 1893 it was found neces-
sary to add an extensive
wing to the main build-
ing to accommodate the
patrons of the house. No
expense is spared by Mrs.
Curtis in engaging skill-
ful cooks and trained
house servants. The table
of" The Curtis" is noted
for its menus and the ser-
vice of the entire house
is unsurpassed. All the
comforts of home can be

found in the handsome the Curtis," Portland.

suites of this well conducted family house.

photo, by towne.

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Portland, Oregon.

" The CoivONiAL." — This handsome private boarding house is located
Tenth street, between Morrison and Yamhill. The building occupied by
Colonial " was erected by Hon. H.
W. Corbett for Mrs. Wisner, the ™°™- '" '°*~';

present proprietress. Under her
management the house has at-
tained a reputation as a home for
families desirous of escaping the
worries of housekeeping, and who
want more privacy than is afforded
in hotel life.

"The Colonial" is centrally
located in the most attractive part
of Portland. Its handsome apart-
ments, both single and en suite,
contain all modern appointments,
and the house is elegantly fur-
nished throughout. Mrs. Wisner
takes a special pride in her table.
She employs the best cooks and
keeps her table service up to the
highest standard of excellence. A few apartments are reserved at " The Col
for the accommodation of tourists visiting Portland, who will find here one
best conducted family houses on the coast.

at 165
"The

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The Colonial," Portland.

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The Cosmopolitan. — Well appointed restaurants where choice viands are

served, play an important part in metro-
politan existence. The Cosmopolitan res-
taurant at 270^^ and 272 Stark street, op-
posite the Chamber of Commerce build-
ing, stands high n.mong the restaurants
of Portland. All the delicacies of the
market are included in the menu of t.'ie
Cosmopolitan. These are rendered ap-
petizing by the exercise of the highest
culinarv skill and served to nacrons on
short notice, A fine merchant's lunch is
served at the Cosmopolitan during the
noon hours for 25 cents, and a choice
French dinner with wine and cognac is
served daily, between 4 and 8 p. M., for
50 cents. Monsieur George E. Combe,
a distinguished chef de cuisine, presides,
over the kitchen and attends to the ca-
tering department, while Monsieur J. M..
Gorlier looks after the dining rooms and
sees that the patrons receive prompt
and careful attention.

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COSMOPOLITAN RESTAURANT, PORTLAND.

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The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

PMOTO. BY TOWNE.

^»

The Hesperian, '■ Portland.

PHOTO BY TOWNE.

' 'The Hesperian." — ' 'The Hesperian," located at No. 533 Morrison street.corner

of Seventeenth, conducted by Mrs. L. E. Slat-
ten, is classed among the "exclusive" boarding
houses of the city. It occupies an eminence
overlc oking the city within easy communicat-
ing distance of all parts of Portland which are
reached by the electric and cable-car lines.
"The Hesperian" affords a healthful and con-
veniently located home for its guests. Patrons
of this house are loud in their praises of Mrs.
Slatten, who spares no effort to cater to their
every want. The culinary department of "The
Hesperian" is carefully looked after and the
table is supplied with all the delicacies of the changing seasons. A comfortable
and elegant home without housekeeping worries, is what the guests of ' ' The Hes-
perian " enjoy at all times.

HoTEiv ZuR Pheinpfai,z. — This popu-
lar four-story brick family hotel is under
the management of John Matthicsen. It
is located at the corner of Front and Madi-
son streets. The hotel contains 115 rooms, well
furnished for family or transient trade. While
the service at this populai house is good, the
rates are on a most reasonable basis. Perma-
nent guests are charged but ^4.503 week, while
the transient rates are 80 cents a day. Mr.
Matthiesen is very popular with the German
population and his house is considered the lead-
ing Deutches Gasthaus of the city and receives
the patronage of most of the Germans who visit
Portland.

The Zur Rheinpfalz is the headquarters of 'he Bakers' Union, an important trade
organization. Clean rooms and an excellent family table are the features of the Zur
Rheinpfalz.

The Portland Clay Com-
pany. — The Portland Clay
Company was incorporated in
1892, with E. B. McFarland as
president ; F. L. Litherland,
vice-president and manager ;
O. F'. Paxton, secretary and J.
L. Hartman, treasurer. The
yard and plant of the company
are located at Fulton Park, a
suburb of Portland. The ex-
cellent quality of clay found
here furnishes the best material
for making paving brick and
fi r e - proofing manufactured.

HOTEL Zur Rheinpfalz, Portland.

Portland Clay Co'S works, Fulton Park

T«^

Portland, Oregon.

168

Multnomah Box Factory, Portland.

The paving bricks of this company have a resisting strength of 140,000 pounds to
the brick. They were ordered by the Oregon City council for paving the streets of
that city. The fire-brick and fire-proofing made by the Portland Clay Compan r
were used in constructing the Chamber of Commerce, the Wells-Steinbach and the
Dekum buildings, of Portland. The resisting power of the hollow tile fire-proofing
used in the Chamber of Commerce building, and made by this company, is Sou
pounds to the square foot, in seven inch tiics with seven feet span.

The MLvrNOMAH Box Com-
pany. — The Multnomah Box Com-
pany was established in Portland by
S. E. VVrenn in 1885, and incorpor-
ated as a stock company in 1890, with
S. E. Wrenn as president and man-
ager. The conipaiiy's factory is loca-
ted at the foot of Harrison street.
This company manufactures a high
grade of trurtks raid all varieties of
packing boxt^,, 1" o.n the lightest fruit
box to the heaviest dry goods case.
These are made principally from Ore-
gon spruce lumber. Shipments are
made by the company to all parts
of the coast, including California,
Alaska and points east of the Cascades in Oregon, Washington and Idaho. The
output of the company is constantly increasing. This is due to the high reputation
which the output of the company justly enjoys with the trade and the liberal
methods which the management has always pursued in pushing its business.

Sellvvood Brewery. — The vSellwood
Brewery was built by the present proprietor,
John G. Wilhclm, in 18H9. Although small,
the brewing plant is a complete one, and is
supplied with the most modern machinery.
The ice plant used was manufactured by
the Oakland Iron Works, of California. Mr.
Wilhelm manufactures sufficient ice here
not only to meet his own demands, but
J also to supply the saloons of Sellwood and
a considerable family trade. The capacity
of the brewing plant is eight barrels of beer
and porter a day. The water used in the brewery is taken from an artesian well on
the premises. This well is 200 feet deep, and the water is drawn from it by one
of the celebrated Cook deep-well pumps. The cellar under the brewery is 25 x 50
feet in size, and is well supplied with storage vats.

The popularity of the " Half-and-Half " made here has reached Portland, and
this product has attained such a reputation that Mr. Wilhelm has opened a Portland
depot at the ivladison-street Exchange, No. 252 First street, where orders are taken.
A large wagon is now regularly employed by Mr. Wilhelm in delivering his beer to
all parts of consolidated Portland.

WiLHELM's Brewery, Sellwood.

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T/?e Oreii'oninn's Ha idbook of the Pacific Northwest.

PHOTO BY TOWNE

Fui/roN Tannery. — The Fulton Tannery conducted bj- Weber Brothers is loca-
ted on the bank of the Willamette river in that part of consolidated Portland known
as I'ulton Park. The capital invested in the plant amounts to $20,000. Hides are
shipped to the Weber Brothers to the extent of 125 a week from all parts of Oregon
and Washington, and the calf skins and kip skins received at the tannery average
200 a month. These are tanned and turned into the finest harness and saddle leather
as fast as they are received, and shipped to points as far east as St. Paul, Minnesota,
and Bozeman, Montana. The oak and hemlock bark used in tanning cost the tan-
nery $4,ajo a year. The machinery of the plant is of the best makes. The average
annual business of the tannery amounts to $25,000.

RisSiNGER & Co. — The repre-
-sentalive Pacific coast hide and
wool establishment of Messrs. Bis-
singer & Co., of Portland, is the
outgrowth of the pioneer house of
Lewis, SI OSS & Co., which was es-
tablished in this city ' 186,5. This
latter house also had ii '■ee interests
in the Alaska Commercial Com-
pany in addition to their heavy
businessi at r ortland. Lewis, Sloss
& Co. retired from the hide branch
of their business in 18S1, and the
present house of Bissinger & Co.
was established by two of the em-
ployes of the old firm, Mes.srs. A.
Bissinger and Max Heilbrunncr. The latter gentleman slill holds the important
position of secretary of the Alaska Commercial Company.

Bissinger & Co. make their present headquarters in San Francisco, with an
important agency at Portland. The firm conducts other branch houses at The
Dalles. Spokane, Seattle, Victoria, B. C, and Salt Lake City. Their Portland branch
is located at the Pacilic dock on Front street. Hides, wool, furs and leathers are the
products handled by the firm. They operate a .sheep-skin tannery at Portland and
an upper-leather tannery at San Francisco. They handle, at the present time, two-
thirds of all the hides and pelta produced by the two states of Oregon and Washing-
ton, and they sliip these prodiicts to all parts of the world. The firm is largel\' intcr-
v.sted in the Union Meat Company, of PortlanrI, and the Pacific Meat Company, of
Tacoma and Seattle. The present firm of Bissinger & Co. i i composed of A. Bissin-
ger, .Max Heilbrunncr, I. Bissinger, S. Bissinger and J. Heilbrunncr.

Walter a. Wood HarvicsTSR Co. This company is the outcome of the old
Minneapolis Harvester Works, with a complete new manufacturing plant, with
greaily increased facilities, and named after one of the most distinguished of Ameri-
ca's inventors. The Walter A. Wood Harvester Co. is now in a position to fill its
innnensc orders for harvesting implements from all parts of America. The new
company niauufactuie all the ma hines us made by the (original Hoosick Falls Co»m-
pauy, and in addition the celebrated Minneapolis binder. The " Minnie " has been
taken up on account, of its special suitability as a binder for Western n.se. While
certain manufacturers have been making their binders smaller each successive season.

HCAOQUARTERi, B|?5ING«H A CO., PORII.ANO.

Portland, Oregon.

156

The Minnie" HARVEsreR.

The Pacific coast office

and
the

until the machines have been brought into too contracted a condition for the broad-
gauge style of Western farming, the generous proportions of the "Minnie" have
been kept intact. It retains the big wheels,
big reel, big rollers, big gear, big elevator,
trussed main frame and strong self-relieving
packers. Farmers, especially tinoughout
Oregon, Washington, California and Idaho,
appreciate the merits of the " Minnie,"
and recognize its special adaptability for this
farming section, and will be pleased to
know that "Minnie" is now made by the
Walter A. Wood Harvester Co., with the
same care and fidelity always bestowed on
machines bearing the mark of " Walter A. Wood."

warehouse is located at No. 290 East Water street, Portland, Oregon, near
eastern approach to the Madison -street bridge.

Thiei/S Detective Service. — This well-known agency, with its general offices
at St. Ivoais, Missouri, and branch'..'S at New York, Chicago, St. Paul, Kansas City,
Denver and Portland, is one of the strongest associations in the United States for
the detection of crime Portland has cause for congratulation that such an efficient
service is placed aL the disposal of her citizens. Bankers, merchants, professional
men, insm-ance companies, all unite in saying that for the prevention of frauds and
the detection and arrest of criminals, even where they have escaped beyond the
limits of the state, Portland is indebted to Thiel's detective service. The general
offices for the Northwest are located on the third floor, in the Chamber of Commerce
building, in this city. The entire .system of the agency here is managed by W. St.
M. Barnes, who unites with a suavity of manner, a shrewdness and keen insight
into the probable action of fugitives from justice, which has led to many remarka-
ble captures.

Portland Ensor In.stitute and Hcspital. — The world frowns today on
tuose who are guilty of exces.ses in the use of liquor or othe- stimulants, where these

habits might have been smiled at a genera-
tioii ago.

vSeveral remedies were early discovered
for the cure of drunkenness, but these were
mineral in their nature and their use was
fraught with the objection which is open
to the introduction of any mineral into the
human system. It remained for Dr. T.
H, I<;nsor to discover a remedy for the cure
of drunkenness and the morphine habit
which is purely vegetable, a.id which ac-
complishes all, if not more than was ever
claimed for the mineral cures.

Having fully .satisfied themselves of the
efficacy of the cure, a syndicate of repu-
table citizens of Portland, last year, established tne Ensor Institute and Hu.>5pital in
this city. The institute is located on the corner of Twelfth and Main streets, in the

PHOTO. BV TOWNt

ENSon Institute, Portland

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156

The Oregonian's Handbook oi the Pacific Northwest,

large and well arranged buildings so long occupied by St. Helen's Hall. This build-
ing was put in condition for -he treatment of patients at a great expense, A good
home is thus furnished for th jse who take treatment at this institution. Dr. W. F.
Kremer, a well-known physician, is in charge of the institute. The Ensor Institute
guarantees to cure liquor cases without causing the least interruption with the usual
business of the patient, and the morphine habit is permanently cured without pain
to the victim. Those sufFerin ^j from an insatiable appetite for either alcohol, mor-
phine or tobacco should correspond with the Ensor Institute of Portland, and receive
satisfactory assurances that their disease is susceptible of an easy and permanent
cure.

The IrfOUVRE. — Among Portland's places of amusement there is no resort which
enjoys so high a reputation in its line as the Louvre, located on Fourth street,

between Washington and Alder. To all
intents and purposes The Louvre takes
the place of a well equipped club, with
advantages not possessed by the latter
institution. Fine meals are served here
during the day, at a reasonable price, and
the best of spirituous and malt liquors
and cigars are dispensed to patrons at
the bar, or at private tables. Leading
magazines and periodicals are kept on
file at the Louvre for the accommodation
of guests.

In the evening, at this popular resort,
first-class concerts are given, free of
charge, for the benefit of patrons who
may be desirous of passing a few hours of pleasant relaxation. These concerts are
varied occasionally by entertainments of a high order. The Louvre is conducted
as a pleasure resort, which enjoys a high reputation, and it is well worthy of the
large patronage it receives.

Two Representative Portland Markets. — The Franklin Market, Nos. 105
and 107 Third street, between Washington and Stark (telephone No. 1017), and the
Oregon Market, corner First and Madison streets (telephone No. 296), enjoy an envi-
able reputation. The Burckhardt Brothers, proprietors, are experts in selecting
high-grade meats and in perfecting them by their cold-storage process of handling
meats. The choice.st cuts of beef, veal, pork and mutton are found at these markets.
The sausage factory conducted by the firm is the best equipped in the Northwest.
The Burckhardt Brothers supply meats to hotels, restaurants, and make a specialty
of family trade. No order is received by this firm that is too small for the most care-
ful attention.

A Great Boon to Supperers. — While the climate of Portland will stand com-
parison with that of any American city, it is indisputal)le that the moisture-laden
clouds and the continued rain which prevail here during the winter months are con-
ducive to rheumatism, kidney troubles and cognate aflflictions. Against these the
famous Oeneva mineral water is an unfailing specific , and it is cordially recommende<l
by the Portland medical faculty. Among many citizens who cheerfully testify to its
curative powers may lie mentioned C. H. Lewis, Hon. Cyrusi Dolph, Sheriff Kelly,

The Louvre. Portland.

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Oregon City, Oregon.

157

W. S. Newbury, ex-mayor of Portland, and C. K. Harbaugh. The Portland depot
for Geneva mineral water is at 207 Morrison street, where all are invited to call and
test the water free of charge. The Seattle oflSce of the company is at the comer of
Second and Madison streets.

RoHSE's Park. — This well-known summer plf;asure resort is located on the
White House road, Portland's great pleasure drive. The park covers an area of
about four acres and has been arranged for the comfort and amusement of patrons.
A large dancing pavilion and band stand occupy the center of the grounds, and chairs,
tables and vine-covered grottoes are scattered throughout the park for those who find
their pleasure in sipping their beer while listening to the music and watching the
merry dance. Part of the grounds have been laid out for games and are used by the
Turners' society for their exercises. Frequent dances are given at Rohse's park dur-
ing the summer, at which only leading orchestras are engaged. Imported wines,
liquors and cigars and light refreshmeuts are served here.

Oregfon City, Oregon. — Oregon City, the seat of justice of Clackamas
county, and one of the most important manufacturing centers west of the Rockv
Mountains, is situated 12 miles south of Port-
land, in the beautiful and fertile valley of the
Willamette river. The historical traditions
and legendary lore concerning Oregon City,
and its picturesque location at the mighty falls
' ." the Willamette, make it one of the most in-
teresting spots in the Pacific Northwest. It is
visited annually by thousands of tourists, and
it is one of the most promising fields for the
profitable investment of capital in the North-
west.

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Fails Of Willamette River, Oregon City.

I<ong before the first intrepidpioneers journeyed across the plains to seek homes
in Oregon a little settlement had sprung up at the Willamette falls. In 1829, Dr.
John McLoughlin, the chief factor of the Hudson's Bay Company west of the Rocky
Mountains, appropriated a tract of land where Oregon City now stands. He pos-
sessed absolute power over a vast domain, but his inherent sense of ju.stice and

sterling integrity won for him the friendship of
the early pioneers. The first American immi-
gration to the Willamette valley arrived in
Oregon City in 1842. One of the number,
S. W. Moss, was engaged by Dr. Mcl^oughlin
to plat the townsite. This work was accom-
plished with the aid of a rope and a pocket
compass. For some years Oregon City was the
capital of the territory. The territorial legisla-
ture met in a primitive state house of split logs,
with slab seats for the members.

Invents were constantly occurring that kept

the village here in a ferment of excitement.

At short intervals the Indians of the territory commenced hostilities against

the invading whites. The armies that were sent to chastise the savages were

A NEAR View, Willamette Falls, Oreqon City.

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168

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

raised at Oregon City. It was in this city

Under Willamette Falls, Oheoon Citv.

that the first Protestant church
on the Pacific slope of either
of the Americas was built, in 1843.
This quaint old Methodist church
and its parsonage are still vStand-
ing in the business center of the
city, their moss-covered and
weather-worn roofs being shad-
owed by the first apple tree planted
in Oregon.

The present importance and
prosperity of Oregon City, and its
future development, depend largely
upon the utilization of one of the
greatest water powers in the United
States.

Willamette River Suspension Bridge, Oregon City.

It is at this point that the navigable Willamette river after flowing through a
beautiful valley famous for the fertility of its soil and its great naiural resources,
pours its great volume of water over a ledge of basaltic rock, making a vertical
drop of 42 feet. This is the greatest water power in the world at tide water, and the
greatest constant and entirely available one in the United States. It is estimated
by hydraulic engineers that
at the lowest stage of the
water in the dry season, the
power of the Willamette river
at the falls is from 60,000 to
80,000 horse power. It is
now impossible to accurately
measure the power exerted.
It is believed, however, that

when the improvements now being made are completed the falls will have an
available force of ick),ock) horse power at extreme low water. The magnitude ol
the falls can be appreciated when it is knov/n that the whole body of a great navi-
gable river flows over a solid rock dam here having a natural spillwav of 3,000 feet.
Nearly all this immense force can be utilized. On both sides of the river

below the falls art-
solid rock forma-
tions suitable in
every respect as
.sites for large and
substantial manu-
facturing plants.
There is am])lr
room here for mills
and stations to us<
the entire available
force.

Factories at OncooN City.

factunn

At
is now
station,
in the
nii.ssion
This st£
capacity
short Iv

Oregon City, Oregon.

159

THt BASIN, Oregon City.

PHOTO 8V TOWNE

On the east side of the
river are the extensive
plants of The Imperial
Flouring Mills, the Ore-
gon City Manufacturing
Co., Smith & Lovett's ice
plant and the station of
the Portland General
Electric Company. Ex-
tending below the falls
on this side is a oasin 600
feet in length, its entire
length furnishing admir-
able sites for mills and factories. On the opposite side of the stream, at the end of the
circular rock dam, are the works of the Willamette Paper and Pulp Company, the
Crown Paper Company and the new 12,000 horse-power station of the Portland Gen-
eral Electric Company. These plants face on the
canal leading to the locks through which tlie falls
are overcome to navigation. The Portland General
Electric Company own the entire water power and
a large tract of land adjacent, and have planned
improvements to cost |2,ooo,ooo. One-half
of this sum is now being expended. The Com-
pany also own the locks and canal and oharge a
small toll for freight and passengers carried
through by boats. An important improvement
made by this company was the widening of the
canal from 40 to 120 feet, and the replacing of
the old woodeti wall of the canal by a solid
wall of masonry four feet wide at the top with
a batter of one to five, and 34 feet high in places.
This greatly increases the volume of water carried
in the canal, facilitating both navigation and manu-
facturing, and allowing the largest river craft to pass each other in opposite directions.

At the edge of this canal the company
is now 1)uilding a monster electric-power
station, which will be the greatest station
in the world for the generation and trans-
mission of electricity by water power.
This station will start with a maximum
capacity of 6,000 horse power, which will be
shortly afterward increased to 1 2 ,000. Nearly
all of this power will be transmitted to Port-
land, where it will be utilized for almost
every purpose re(|uiring motive force. The.;
cost per horse power of electric power is
much less than that of steam, and its cheap-
ness is a most important factor in the eco-
nomical running of all kinds of machinery.

Court Hou.e, Oregon Citv.

PHOTO BY TOWNE.

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Public School, Oregon City.

'!'!' i

160

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

PHOTO

By TOWNE.

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Oregon City Woolen Mills.

As Portland grow^ and develops, so
will Oregon City. Tb nr interests are
identical. Portland is the great distrib-
uting and jobbing center of the Pacific
Northwest. The output of the mills and
factories of Oregon City is carried to
Portia d and from there it is shipped to
the retailers and jobbers throughout the
country. This trade and output will in
the future show the same ratio of in-
crease as the population of the Pacific
Northwest. There are today a great
many articles consumed in this sec-
tion which come from the East. It is but
a question of a year or two when much of
this stuff will be manufactured at Oregon City, at a cost less than it can be produced
for in the East. An advantage the power here has over theirs is that the river is
navigable directly up to the spillway of the falls, thus allowing steamboats and
barges to deliver and receive material and products directly from the factories and
mills.

Since the first crude attempt to utilize
motive power in manufacturing, water
power has remained the cheapest and
most serviceable force employed. When
a water power of great volume is situated
in close proximitj' to a metropolitan cen-
ter of population, and in the midst of a
country rich in raw materials, it is but
a question of time when its entire avail-
able force will be utilized for manufac-

PHOTO BV TOWNE.

^^-•fP-^-'iiiiiiifBi

The Gre«t Pulp Mills at Oregon Citv.

PHOTO BY TOWNE.

Residence, p f. Mohey, Oheoon City.

turing purposes. This is illustrated at St.
Anthony falls, Minneapolis, where the en-
tire available force of 2(i,cx3o horse power is
used in the operation of flouring and saw
mills. There are at the Willamette falls no
rapids or dangerous currents, and no con-
ditions that ever interfere with the steady
application of the power. In the winter
there is no floating ice, freezing or anchor
ice. Since the fir.st utilization of the power
in 1865, nothing has occurred to stop the
running of the woolen mills established in
that year.

Oregon City, its factories and mills,
have unexcelled rail and water transporta-
tion facilities. The city is a station on
the Southern Pacific railroad. A line of
steamboats is operated from this point to
Portland and down the Willamette valley

a distan

gives it

advanta

and the

between

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most atti

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Mrs. S. I

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The
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town of
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site of ty
project is
residence
will ever
control, t
Oreg<
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summit 01
the resid{
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mer moutl
On th(
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landscape
North
orchards a

PHOTO BY TOWI

M'V.?'

Oregon City, Oregon.

161

PHOTO 8V TOWNE.

Charman Block, Oregon City.

a distance of loo miles. The close proximity of Oregon City to Portland practically
gives it all the transportation facilities possessed by that city. Thus it has the
advantages accruing from three transcontinental railroads
and the large fleet of steamers and sailing craft that ply
between Portland and the ports of the Pacific and Atlantic
oceans. Doubtless no other city of this size has the street-
car facilities possessed by Oregon City. The East Side
Railway Company operate a line from the south end of
Main street, the principal business thoroughfare, to Port-
land. Cars run on this line every hour. A branch line
owned by the company runs to Gladstone, Oregon City's
most attractive suburb. This beautiful tract of land is pic-
turesquely situated on the banks of the Clackamas river,
about a mile distant from the business center of the city.
It covers an area of 60 acres and was platted by its owner,
Mrs. S. M. McCown. It is dotted with neat cottages, and
lies on the west side of the electric line.

The Willamette Railway Company have recently built
an electric line from the west end of the suspension
bridge, at Oregon City, south to the new manufacturing
town of Willamette Falls, situated at the confluence of the
Tualatin and Willamette rivers, a distance of three miles from Oregon City. The
site of this new suburb is an admirable one, both for factories and residences. A
project is now under way to build a belt line from Main street to the highlands and
residence district. It is also believed that the Portland General Electric Company
will eventually extend the line of the Willamette Railway Company, which they
control, to Portland.

Oregon City is built on both sides of the Willamette river and is connected by a
free suspension bridge. The business district of the city lies on the east bank of the
river, back of which is a moss-covered perpendicular bluff of basaltic rock, from the
summit of which a broad plateau stretches back inland. It is on this plateau that
the residence district is locatod. In this part of the city are broad macadamized
streets, lighted by electricit}-, and many elegant residences, surrounded by tastily
arranged lawns. Nearly every house is surrounded by fruit trees, and in the sum-
mer months by a bewildering profusion of flowers.

On the brow of the bluff is the imposing mansion of P. F. Moray, the president
of the electric company. From this bluff there is a beautiful view of diversified
landscape scenery.

North of the city, the Clackamas river is seen, tortuously winding in and out of
orchards and grain meadows until it is finally lost in the mighty Willamette. Imme-
diately below is the business
district throbbing with life and
activity. Beyond it the river
falls 42 feet into a basin 160
feet deep and sends its rainbow-
tinted spray 100 feet into the air.
Below the falls, on both sides of
the river, are great mills turn-
ing out millions of dollars

PHOTO BY TOWNE.

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A Glimpse of Gladstone near Oregon City.

162

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

worth of prodt cts annually. These mammoth concerns and the other indus-
trial plants, including an excelsior factory, a brick yard, two sash and door factories
and iron works, are industries, which with its exceptional natural advantages, and
its favorable location, have resulted in Oregon City attracting a population of 5,300.
Unlike the citizens of many other cities, the people of Oregon City act as a unit in
everything tending to promote its welfare. This public spirit is evidenced by the
many substantial improvements that have been made in the city. In the past year
Main street was improved with vitrified brick at a cost of |4o,ooo. Along this street
are many substantial blocks, including the building occupied by the Commercial
Bank and the Bank of Oregon City. 'The Commercial Bank is conducted by Messrs.
C. D. and D. C. Latourette. The Bank of Oregon City is successfully run l)y Messrs.
Chas. and Ed. Caufield. Both of these financial institutions are conservatively man-
aged and they are on the strongest of financial footings.

Occupying a command-
ing site, near the head of
the street, is the Clackamas
County court house, a sub-
stantial stone edifice, situ-
ated in the center of a grassy
square. The city has an ad-
mirable public school system.
The High School, costing
$14,000, is a handson- » frame
structure, as is l so the
Seventh-street school which
cost 1 10, 000. Within a ra-
dius of one mile from the
court house there are seven
schools, four of which are

PHOTO. BY TOWNE.

8UNSET Addition, Across Willamette River from Oregon City.

within the city limits. There
are 27 teachers employed in
these, and the total valuation of the school property is about $65,000. There are
also here a Catholic parochial school and a free kindergarten. Of churches, Oregon
City has 12. The city is thoroughly lighted by electricity generated in the 3,000
horse-power plant of the Portland General Electric Company. This electricity is
also used in operating the East Side railway, as far as Milwaukie, and in lighting
the city of Portland. Among the other features of Oregon City is a splendid water-
works system, the pumping station of which is the largest in the state outside of Port-
land. In the business section is a sewerage system costing $11,600, and in the
residence district a separate system is now being built which will cost about $10,000.
The city has a two-story brick jail, built on hygienic and humanitarian principles, at.
a cost of $7,000. The fire department, an excellent and well-disciplined organiza-
tion, has three hose carriages and one hook and ladder truck.

All business of quasi-public nature relating to Oregon City is transacted through
the Board of Trade. Much of the prosperity and the improvements of the city are dui
to this organization. It includes in its membership nearly all the representative men
of the city. Any information about Oregon City and vicinity will be cheerfully fur
nished upon application to any officer or member of the Board. The officers aro

Oregon City, Oregon.

163

irougli
redur
e men
ly fur
rs arc

George C. Brownell, president; F. E. Donaldson, secretary; F. T. L. Chamian,
treasurer. Mr. Brownell, the president of the board, is one of the prominent mem-
bers of the Oregon bar. He was born, in 1858, in Essex county. New York. He
was admitted to the bar in his native state, and subsequent!}- practiced law in Kan-
sas. In 1890 he removed to Oregon City, where he at once became prominently
identified with every public movement.

The pioneer manufacturing enterprise of the falls is the woolen mill of the
Oregon City Manufacturing Company. The mill was established in 1865, and it is
now a 14-set mill, and the largest west of Ohio. It consumes annually over 1,000,000
pounds of wool, and pays to its operators $100,000 a year. The output of the mill
consists of blankets, cashmeres, flannels, tweeds, woolen underwear and hose, which
is largely .-'hipped to the East. The company also operates a soap factory which
turns out 100,000 pounds per month. On the edge of the canal on the opposite side
of the river from the woolen mills, is the extensive plant of the Willamette Pulp &
Paper Company, a corpora-
tion with a capital of $600,-
000. This concern leases 2,600
horse power, and has a daily
capacity of 20 tons of pulp
in one mill by mechanical
process and 10 tons in a sul-
phite mill by chemical pro-
cess. In addition to this is a
mammoth paper mill ca-
pable of turning out 20 tons
of all kinds of paper. The
requirements of this com-
pany alone, for the making
of pulp and paper, outside of
its water power, are some
60,000,000 gallons of water
per day.or fully five times the
quantity consumed by the city of Portland. Adjoining this plant is the Crown Paper
Company's mill, erected at a cost of about $200,000. They have a daily capacity of
seven tons of wrapping paper of the various grades, and iti addition a large output
of straw and binders' board. Among the other industrial plants here are the two
large mills and niamtnoth elevator of the Portland Flouring Company. The mills
have a daily capacity of 900 bushels, and in the elevator a storage capacity of 200,000
bushels. The output of these mills is a staple article of commerce to the Orient and
at Liverpool.

Another enterprise here of considerable magnitude is the large artificial ice plant
owned by Messrs. Smith & Lovett. This is one of the most perfectly equipped ice
plants in the country, and owing to the cheapness of motive power it can manufac-
ture ice at almost what the fuel costs when steam is used. The plant cost over
$50,000, and has a daily capacity of 50 tons. The ice is made in cakes 10 feet long,
3 feet wide and 10 inches thick, which weigh from 1,300 to 1,800 pounds, and which
are nearly transparent. This ice is consumed in Portland, where it is in great
demand.

Oheoon's Mammoth world's Fair Salmon (fro2en and Shipped from Smith a Lovett's
Ice Works, Oregon City.)

I !■

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164

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

Erected 1889.
3000-HORSE Power.

Station A, Portland general Electric Co., Oregon City.

The Portland Generai, Electric Company was organized August 5th,
1892, with a capitalization of 14,250,000, this corporation being a consolidation of the
Willamette Falls Electric Company and the Willamette Transportation & Locks
Company. At the time of organization it acquired all the property formerly owned

by the two last-named com-
panies. This property con-
sisted of all the electric light-
ing plants in Portland and
Oregon City, the entire water
power of the Willamette
river at Oregon City, the
locks of the Willamette river,
which were built it a cost of
about $600,000; _ JO acres of
land , having a water frontage
of four miles, above and be-
low the falls, at Oregon City,
and covering all available
building sites for manufac-
turing institutions, and many
other valuable assets.
The officers of the company are : P. F. Morey, president; H. M. Byllesby, first
vice-president; F. V. Holman, second vice-president ; Bank of British Columbia,
treasurer; Charles H. Caufield, secretary; H. C. Levis, assistant secretary; H. W.
Goode, general manager. Board of Directors: P. F. Morey, president; H. Failing,
president First National Bank, Portland; F. Dekum, president Commercial National
and Portland Savings Banks, Portland; T. Woodward, president United States
National Bank, Portland; C. A. Coffin, president General Electric Co.; H. M.
Byllesby, president Northwest General Electric Co.; F. V. Holman, counselor-at-
law; S. Farrell, commission merchant; W. K. Smith, capitalist; H. W. Goode,
general manager; C. H. Caufield, manager Bank of Oregon City.

The company is making large improvements on its property both at Oregon City
and Portland, the principal feature of which is the construction of a new 12,000
horse-power electric station on the west bank of the river at the falls. The head-
works and ground work of station walls, and flumes for 12,000 horse-power, will be
installed at once, with water wheels for 6,oco horse-power, and 3,000 horse-power of
electrical machinery. The balance of the water wheels and electrical machinery can
be added from time to time, as additional capacity is required. The building will
be constructed of concrete
and iron, and be absolutely
fire proof. It is expected that
this new plant will be in oper-
ation early in the year 1894.
The wheels in this station
will be Victor turbines, of a
vertical type, of 600 horse-
power capacity each, and on
top of each shaft will be coupled direct the armature of a 600 horse-power electric
generator. As soon as the new plant is completed, it is the intention of the com-

Front View, Headworks Station b, Portland General Electric Co., Oregon City.

Woodburn, Oregon.

166

Rear View, heaoworks for Station S, 12,000

Horse Po*er, Portland Gen. Electric

Company, Oregon City.

pftny to extend its lighting business, and to also furnish electric power for stationary
and railway purposes.

The present plant of the
company, located on the east
bank of the river at the
falls, has been in operation
since the year 1890. This
plant, called Station A, has a
capacity of 3,000 horse power
in wucer wheels and electri-
cal machinery, and its entire
capacity is taken up in com-
mercial and city lighting at
Portland and Oregon City.

To transmit the electric-
ity between stations at the
falls and Portland , a distance
of 13 miles, overhead conduc-
tors are used and high-ten-
sion currents. The loss in
transmission on the arc cir-
cuits is about 10 per cent, and
on the incandescent circuits
about 20 per cent. It is ex-
pected, however, that from the new station the loss on incandescent circuits will
not exceed 10 per cent between Oregon City and Portland.

The company at present leases about 4,000 horse-power of direct water power to
mills and factories, located on both banks of the river, at Oregon City, and is pre-
pared to offer strong inducements to any first-class manufacturing concern desiring
a location.

Woodlmrn, Ort'gou. — Woodburn, Marion county, Oregon, is an incorporated
town of about 1,000 population. Most of this population has been gained during the
past five years. The town enjoys the best of railroad communication, being located
on the main line of the Southern Pacific, 35 miles south of Portland, and it is also
the northern terminus of the Wood burn-Springfield branch of the same road, a line
that taps the best part of Western Oregon.

The principal support of the town is the rich sur-
rounding farming section. A single flouring mill, with a
daily capacity of 140 barrels, is the only manufacturing
industry supported here. The raising of trees at this point
has developed into a business of considerable magnitude,
and Woodburn is frequently referred to as a "nursery town. ' '
Nineteen tree-growing farms in the vicinity of Woodburn
now ship more than 2,000,000 trees annually to various
points on the coast. The largest of these nurseries contains
more than 200 acres, nearly all of which is devoted entirely
to fruit-tree culture. The establishment of the nurseries in the vicinity of Woodburn
has tended to a gradual appreciation in the prices of the rich farming lands adjacent,

Public School, woodburn.

1G6

The Oregonian' s Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

and the valuations of good lands near the town are perhaps a little higher than as
good lands can be bought for in other parts of the valley.

Woodburn has a modern school building which was recently erected at a cost of
$10,000. It contains eight rooms, well lighted and ventilated. Only five of these
rooms are occupied at the present writing. Five teachers are employed in the public
school here, and the average daily number of pupils enrolled is about 250. Wood-
bum supports five church organizations, two Presbyterian, one Methodist, a United
Brethren and an order of the Seventh Day Adventists.

A bank on a strong financial footing is located at Woodburn, and all the different
lines of business are well represented here. T/ie Independent, a weekly paper,
furnishes the people of the town with news of a local interest. Two hotels and two
livery stables are located at this point. Woodburn, owing to its exceptional facilities
for shipping afforded by the railroads passing this point, will always be an important
town of the Willamette valley, and its growth in the future will, doubtless, be as
marked as has been noted here during the past few years.

Gei'vals, Oregon. — Gervais is a small town of about 400 population, located
on the main line of the Southern Pacific railroad, 38 miles south of Portland and 14
miles north of Salem. The place enjoys considerable trade with the rich tributary
farming district. A roller flouring mill with a daily capacity of 50 barrels is located
here. The town supports one weekly newspaper, The Star. A city hall is main-
tained with a seating capacity of 400; two hotels furnish fair accommodations to the
traveling public, and one livery stable and a number of well stocked stores comprise
the mercantile interests of the place.

Gervais, in common with the other prosperous towns of the Willamette valley,
enjoys the benefits of good schools. Two schools are maintained here, the public
and the parochial. The average daily attendance at the public school is about 60,
while at the parochial school the enrollment for the past year was 75 scholars daily.
The latter school is in charge of the Benedictine Sisters. This school is conducted
in a large lo-room building originally intended for use as a convent, whose erection
involved an outlay of $5,000. Five teachers are employed in the parochial school,
while the public school is taught by two teachers. Three church organizations are
maintained at Gervais, the Presbyterian, Baptist and Catholic, and each of these
organizations is on a prosperous financial footing.

Salein, Oregon. — Salem, the second city of Oregon in population and com-
mercial importance, is one of the most attractive populated centers of the Pacific
coast. It is the state capital which insures its social status. It is the judicial seat

of Marion county, one of the richest counties of
Western Oregon, which makes it the principal
point of interest to the people of a very prosper-
ous section, and its location in the center of a val-
ley which, owing to its fertility and beautiful sur-
roundings, attracted the attention of the earliest
settlers within the borders of the present state of
Oregon, has held for Salem a trade that has made
the city one of the most important inland com-
mercial centers of the Pacific Northwest.

Salem was incorporated in 1857. In the
pioneer history of the state the city played

State C*pitol, Salem.

Salem, Oregon.

107

PHOTO. Br CHERRINGTON A BRO.

Commercial Street, salem.

a most important part. Its selection as the state capital was but a fitting
acknowledgement of the many claims the city was enabled to advance for the

honor, and the erection of the elegant edifice
of the state capitol has sustained the wisdom
of the selection of this city as the capital by
the early legislators of the present rich and
prosperous state of Oregon.

Salem is located on the east bank of the
Willamette river, which is navigable practic-
ally the entire year between this point and
Portland. It is also on the main line of the
Southern Pacific, 52 miles south of Oregon's
metropolis. The corporate limits of the city
extend for a distance of two miles along the
bank of the Willamette river and for an equal
distance east of the water front. The townsite
occupies a gently sloping, level stretch of prairie, the fall from the higher parts of
the city to the level of the river being sufficient to afford a natural system of drainage.
The surrounding country is all rich and highly productive, and in the immediate
vicinity of Salem are found some of the finest farms of the state.

The present population of Salem is about 12,000. In the immediate suburbs,
however, are the homes of some 3,000 additional people, a population that should
be rightly credited to Salem proper. The appearance of the city is decidedly metro-
politan. A generous impulse with a true appreciation of future municipal importance
must have been a guiding factor in laying out the original townsite by the early pro-
jectors of a town at this point. The main streets are all 100 feet wide and all the
streets are lined with tall and graceful elm and maple trees, which add greatly to
the general beauty of the surroundings. With but few exceptions, the main business
portion of the city is solidly built up with brick and stone structures. Many of
these buildings are three and four stories in height and some of them are as attrac-
tive in architectural design and finish as are any of the best business blocks of
Portland.

Salem, like Portland, is an exceptionally wealthy city. An air of prosperity
pervades the business community. Attractive displays of ;^oods are made in the

plate-glass fronts of the lead-
ing stores, and some of the
largest houses here carry
stocks of goods ranging in
value from $25,000 to $75,000.
In addition to the trade
which a city of 12,000 popu-
lation naturally creates for
itself, Salem also does a
large amount of business with
numerous towns of Marion
and Polk counties and also
Statistics show that Salem is the
While the soil of the

Photo by cherrington a bro.

BRIDGE Across Wiljvmette River, Salem.

with the farming districts of this part of the state,
seat of the most productive agricultural county of Oregon,
and of other parts of the Willamette valley may be equally as fertile as is that of the

i!.|

-I"

'\ '

IMWHI

168

The Orc^oninn'ti Handbook uf the Pacific Northwest.

« 1

s? "<

|i;

PMOTC U» CKER..IM(iTCN Jl BRf .

land of Marion covuity, llie latter count}' is one of the older settled portions of the
state, and for this reason more of its land has been pat into cultivation than in other
counties of the valley. The present population of Mai ion county is about 23,000.
Salem is the trading center of all of Marion county and, as before stated, of aconsider-
able part of Polk county on the other side of the river, the section that has been
made tributary to the ci*y by the construction of the fine free steel wagon and pas-
senger bridge which ^pans the river at this point. Salem is the principal supply
point for about 14 smaller towns in the tributary district, a trade sufficient in impor-
tance to have already justified the establishment of considerable jobbing business at
this point in connection with the large retail trade of the city.

Salem, as the capital of the state, is naturally the home of the principal state
institutions. Located here are the penitentiary, state asylum for the insane, the
state school for the blind, the deaf and the dumb, the state reform school, as well as
being the place of location of the ftate capitol, one of the finest public buildings on
the coast. Tlie location of these- public institutions at Salem has done much to
advance the interests of the city as a business center, and the money regularly dis-
bursed here by the state is a considerable source of revenue to the business commu-
nity of Salem.

Salem as a manuiacluring point is one of the most important of the state. Two
large flouring mills, a woolen mill, a fruit cannery and
evaporator combined, one sawmill, t .vo sa.sh and door fac-
tories, iron works, carriage factory, a brewery and ice fac-
tory, and several .smaller industrial plants comprise the
factories located at the state capital. The flouring mills
are both equipped with the full roller process and the com-
Ijined capacity of the two mills is i,2uo barrels a clay.
The wheat for running these mills is raised princi-
pally in Marion and Polk counties, and the output
of the mills is shi])ped principally to Liverpool. The mills
manufacture the finest grade of flour and the brand,
"Salem Fancy Palcnt > oiler Four," manufactured
here is well known throughout the entire state. A^out 30 men are employed legu-
larly in these two industrial plants. The \.oolen mills are in constant operation and
furnish employment to about 50 men and women. The canacity of the latter mills
is about three-set. About 4oo,ock) pounds of wool are consumed in these mill
annually. The prodi.ct is a very fine grade of woolen goods, which finds a ready
sale in the P^astern and California markets. The sawmill here employs about 40
men and has a capacity of 4C),(.hjo feet of I'lmber per day. The other factories of the
city give employment to from 5 to 15 men each.

Salem already enjoys the benefit of a considerable water power, which is devel-
oped rit this point by a stream of water of considerable magnitude. This available
power, however, can be greatly incr-eased by cutting a canal to connect with the
Santiam river, 10 miles south, and this work can be dor? at a comparatively small
expense Thi,''. canal would develop, for manufacturing purposes at Salem, an avail-
able power of 5,000 horse, and it ■ ; highly probable that this important work will be
carried to a successful termination in the near future.

Salem already boasts of a good system of waler works. Twenty-five mile; of
cast-iron mains, ranging from i to 21 inches in diameter, are now laid througt the

CnunT House, 0»i.tM.

WHJ

Salem, Orej^on.

cay.

(level-
I liable
1 the
small
avail-
nil be

U ot
tiic

PHOTO Br CHERr.iNOTON.

Electric Cars. Salem.

city. The reservoir, with a capacity of 2,ooo,ock) gallons, is at ati elevation of 175
feet above the business portion of the city, an elevation that insures ample pressure
in the city mains to throw a stream over any of the highest buildings of the city.
At the pumping station are three powerful pumps with a combined pumping capacity
of 8,000,000 gallons of water per day, a supply that will ' c more than ample for the
requirements of Salem for water for many years in the fuUire.

Two fine lines of electric cars are in
operation at vSalem. The two lines of street
railway cover the business portion of the
city and run out as far as the state fair
grounds, connecting with the Southern Pa-
cific railroad depot, the penitentiar}', insane
asylum, and reaching as lar out as the
southern limits of the city. Cars run regularly
at intervals of 20 minutes each. About 10
miles of well equipped electric road are in
successful operation here. Salem is thor-
ouj^hly lighted by electricity, both the arc
and incandescent systems of lighting being
used. An efficient police and fire depart-
ment is maintained here. Salem has sin-
gularly escaped disastrous conflagrations in

the past, and the precaution taken here against fire practically removes all danger
of a serious holocaust in the future.

Marion and Polk counties are united at Salem by a steel bridge wliich spans the
Willamette at this point. This bridge was completed two years ago at a cost of
$65,000, and is free to both foot tiavel and teams.

As an educational center Salem is one of the most important cities of the state.
Five ccjmmodious public school buildings are located in different parts of the city.
Three of these are models of architectural design and are excellently arranged for
school purpo.ses. A thorough and rigid system of training is adopted, and the
courses of study range from the kindergarten and primary to the high school. A staff

of 30 teachers is employed in the public schools
^^ heiC, and the average number of scholars in daily
attendance is about 1,600. In addition to the fine
public schools Salem has the advantages for higher
learning afforded by the Willamette Universitv,
which was founded here by the Methodist Mission
in 1843. This school now ranks first among the
great schools of the state. It offers a full colle-
giate course, in addition to which departments of
law, medicine, music and art are maintained. The
average number of students in attendance at the
Wdlamette University in all departments dunng
the past year was about 3ckj. The Sisters'
Academy, a Catholic institution, the Friends Polytechnic Institute, and the Capital
City Busijiess College are the other seats of learning maintained at the capital city.

Salem may be appropriately denominated a city of state mstitutions, fine resi-
dences, schools and churches. There are no less than 14 church organisations main-

PHOTO. Br CHERRINOTON
A BRO.

•■««r ■■

EAST Salem School, Salem

:'5t*^*e^

i'^

170

The Orc^onian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

5*'
f ^

PHOTO 3¥ CHERHIN&TON A BHO.

LINCOLN SCHOOL, SALEM.

taiiied here, some of which worship in very fine church buildings. The denoniina-
tioiis represented are the Presbyterian, Cumberland Pr *.erian, Conj^regational,

Kvangelical, Kvangelical Mission, Baptist, Free Methc u-i, 'riends, M. l\. South,
Methodist Episcopal, Catholic, Episcopal, Church of God, a: ^ ^ ited Brethren.

The StaTK Institutions. — The Oregon Institute for the Blind now has a daily
attendance of about zo scholars. The literary faculty of the school is composed of

four teachers. The pupils employ their leisure time in
makinjf hammocks, about 200 of which are turned out
every year. These are sold principally at wholesale.
The State Reform School is located about 4 '2 miles
south of Salem. The building is a handsome four-story
brick, which was recently c."ected at a cost of ^30,000.
This institution is under the best of management, and
the incorrigible youth who are sent here soon yield to
the rigid discipline enforced. The largest number of
boys in attendance at this school, at any one time
during the past year, was 80. A farm of 317 acres
adjoins the school building. All the boys in attendance
are compelled to do light farm and garden work, and
also to assist in work about the building. The Oregon
school for the education of deaf mutes had 39 pupils enrolled during the past year.
Both girls and boys are admitted to this school. Two of the teachers and most of
the employes of the school are deaf mutes themselves. A printing otTice and broom
shop have been provided for this school to give needed employment to the pupils in
attendance.

The Oregon state penitentiary is located two miles east of the business portion
of the city. The principal employment for the convicts is furnished by the North-
western foundry, which is located on the penitentiary grounds. This fomnlry turns
out from 25,cxK) to 3o,ocx) sto\'es a year. It pays the state 40 cents a day for each
convict employed. Connected with the penitentiary are 160 acres of fine land. The
prisoners have the benefit of a $r,ooo library, and they are well cared for, while a
most rigid system of discipline is maintained.

One mile east of Salem, on a commanding eminence, is located Oregon's state
asylum for the care of the insane. Connected with the asylum is a farm of 1,000
acres. The farming of this land is conducted on an ex-
tensive scale, many of the convalescent and tractable
patients being used for this purpose. Large buildings
for the storing of grain, housing of stock, and for other
purposes, have been built here. A good water-works plant
and fire department, < quipped with electric-alarm signals,
are maintained on the asylum grounds. The patients have
the benefit of a large and well equipped bath house, and
every needed improvement for the proper care of the
insane has been provided here by the state. The Oregon
state asylum is conceded to be one of the best ecjuipped
and best managed institutions of the kind in the United
patients are now under treatment here, and this number
increased with the growth of population of the state.

PHOTO. BY CHERRINGTON t BRO.

YEW Park School, ball*.

States. About 800
is constantly being

Salem, Oregon,

171

PHOTO. BV CHEHRINGTON A BHO.

The state capitol and the Marion county court house, located at Salem, are
models of architectural skill. They occupy prominent positions in the center of the
city, and are the first buildings seen as the train rolls into the city from either direc-
tion in entering the corporate limits.

vSaltm's history in the past has been one of constant progress. The country
immediately tributary is so varied in its powers of production, and the location of
the city is so favorable for holding the
vast trade of this section that retrogres-
sion in Salem's prosperity will be an un-
known factor in the future history of the
city. Within the piist three years hundreds
of small farms have been sold in the im-
mediate vicinity of Salem, and most of
these smal' . s of land are being plant-
ed in fruit v.v- - , All kinds of farming is
done in this district, with the principal at-
tention being paid to the raising of wheat. The farmers of this part of the state have
recently been paying considerable attention to the raising of fine stock, both honses
and cattle, and this industry has proved a great source of profit to those who have en-
gaged in it. Land in this part of the state is still held at reasonable prices, and with
the possibilities here for diversified farming and fruit culture, the country no.v tribu-
tary to Salem will continue to fill up for many years in the future vt^ith a thrifty class
of people, a c'i.ss that has already made this one of the most inviting farming sec-
tions of the coast.

The Salem merchants have the benefit of several lines of steamboats which ope-
erate on the Willamette river, both north and south of the city. Regular connec-
tion is made from this point by water with Portland and the points on the

liver north, and also with the Oregon

State Insane Asylum, Salem.

PHOTO. BY CHERRINQTON i BRO.

'^ts^^^l*n^0^^mmh-

8TATE Penitentiary, Salem.

Pacific railroad at Albany and Corvallis
south, thus giving the merchants of
Salem the full benefit of the competitive
rates of freight afforded by the rival
lines of railroads and steamships which
reach the state from outside commercial
centers.
Salem has a good morning paper in T/ie Statesman, which also publishes a

weekly edition. The paper is publishetl by The Statesman Publishing Company,

which is a company of ample capital, a7id which is also ably

managed. The controlling force in the company is M.-. R. J.

Hendricks, who is also editor of The Statesman. Mr. Hendricks

is recognized as one of the brightest voung newspaper men of

the state, and the work he has done m The Statesman has

entitled him to an honorable position among Oregon's

lonamalists.

In a<d('"tion to The Statesman, there is also published at

Salem T//e Capital /ournu.', which fills the evening field.

There are also published liere the usual number of weekly

papers always found in a city of the size of Salem. ^^^ „„„„„ aeMooL. balem.

PHOTO. BY CHEBRINOTON t BHO.

PW.W?«BMBWl!W

'■im

f {|«i i

!«

17li

TIic Orcgonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

Ladd & Brsn. — The oldest and largest banking institution between Portland
and Sacramento is the bank of Ladd & Bush, at Salem. This bank was founded in
1868, and it now does an enormous business. It has connections with other banks
throughout Oregon, Washington, Idaho, Montana, and throughout the coast and in

PHOTO BY CMERRINGTON d DRO,

Photo ev cherrington a bho.

BANK, LADD i Bush, Salem.

INTERIOR, Bank, Uaoo A Bush, Salem.

the East. It buys and sells exchange on all parts of the world, and makes collec-
tions throughout the United States, British America and Mexico.

In addition to the bank of Ladd & Bush, there are three other large banking
houses at Salem, all on a strong financial footing. The finances of the city are good,
and everything in Salem, from bank stock to the business of the individual mer-
chants, ranks high in the most reliable commercial reports made on the state.

Marlon County, Orej^on. — The Willamette river and Butte creek mark the
boundary line between Marion and Clackamas counties on the north ; Marion
county is separated fiom Wasco on the east by the summit of the Cascade range of
mountains ; on the south the Santiam and North fork of the Santiam rivers sepa-
rate Marion from Linn, and the Willamette river is the boundary line of the county
on the we.^t.

The area of good land found in Marion county is about 36 tinles north and south
and 15 miles east and west in extent. Contained in this farming belt are rboul
9oo,(X)o acres of land highly fertile and ea.sily cultivated. The ;-ounty contains abor.
14 townships that are still unsurveyed, but the greater portiora of this unsurve^j**
section is mountainous and not adapted to a higher state of cultivation. T>^ <hs
tinctively mountainous sections of the county, however, are principally o>>»'»>fei
with a dense growth of timber, and lumbering in those forest districts is CfiFT?*«d or;
to a considerable extent. About one-half of the total area of Marion coiasiity ma}
be classed as agricultural land. This arable district is principally level, althougb
it contains u great diversity of soil. Diversity of soil means diversity of crops, anii
it has hieen proved that diversified farming is the most profitable in any section ot
country.

The climate and soil of the entire Willamette valley do not vary materially i\>
different locations. Marion county, from being located near the principal city of t)u
valley and from being longer settled, is, however, richer than are the other valU "

Marion County, Oregon.

173

counties. In the low, level portions of the county, especially in lands bordering on
the Willamette river, the soil is of a heavy black loam, the yields on which are always
heavy. In addition to the Willamette river numerous other watercourses lead through
the county. Prominent among these streams are the Santiam river, Butte creek.
Pudding river, Spring and Mill creeks. The valley of the latter stream varies in
width from one-half to three miles, and it is highls fertile. In the undulating and
more hilly portions of the coimty are patches of white oak, fir and cedar, but these
small forest growths are being gradually cleared off and the cleared land is found to
be easily cultivated and very productive.

On the west side of Marion county flows the Willamette river, which affords a
means of cheap transportation to the farmers here during all seasons of the year.
The Santiam river, on the south, is navigable for light-draft steamers for a distance
of ID miles above the point where it joins the waters of the W'llaniette river.

French, Howell, vSantiani, Salem and North and South prairies arc local names
applied to certain portions of the prairie lands of the county. These difTerent prairies
embrace thousands of acres of highly productive lands, lands that are now princi-
pally occupied. Wheat, hops, peaches, prunes, pears, cherries and root crops are
chief productions of the soil of this part of the state. Considerable attention is now
being paid by the farmers of Marion county to dairying and stockraising, with the
best of results.

The annual report of Marion county's schools, for 1892, showed tl ^t during that
year the total number of pupils enrolled was 5,374. The estimated value of all school
property in the county was ^,210,280. Employed in teaching these schools were 150
teachers, whose monthly salaries averaged about I45 each. The total assessed valu-
ation of all property in Marion county, for 1892, was a little less than |i6,ooo,ooo.

Turner, Orejjfon. — Turner is a small incorporated town with a population of
about 250, located on the main line of the Southern Pacific railroad 60 miles south of
Portland. It supports one flouring mill with a daily capacity of 200 barrels, which
is operated by water power obtained through a race from Mill creek, on which the
town is situated. Mill creek is an arm of the Santiam river, which is distant about
10 miles from Turner, A large grain warehouse with a capacity of 60,000 bushels of
wheat is also located at this point.

The public school system of Turner is well organized and the daily attendance at
public school here is about 60 pupils. Two teachers are in charge of the school.
The Presbyterian, Baptist, Methodist and Christian denominations have churches at
his town. The last named order worships in a large tabernacle, 100 x 150 feel in size,
which wao recently erected at a cost of $10,000 by George Turner, after whose father
the towK was named. Turner supports one hotel and one liver}' stable, and the dif-
ferent lines of business are well represented here. The principal shipment from this
point is flour, and the town is mainly supported by the prosperous farming com-
munity adjacent.

.letforson, Orejjfon. — The first .settlement at the present site of Jefferson was
made in 'Ssv The town was incorporated in 1870, and the population at the present
writing is about 300.

.letferson is on the main line of the Southern Pacific railroad, 70 miles south of
i\>rtland. iq miles south of Salem and 10 miles north of Albany. Three passenger
traifi p>i^> this point each way daily. The Santiam river flow8 by the townsite and

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i II

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174

The Orefionian's Handbook of the Pacific Xorthwest.

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this stream furnishes an available aud large water power at this point. This power is
now used to run the flouring mill located here which has a daily capacity of 125
barrels. A small lumber mill with a daily cutting capacity of 10,000 feet, at Jeffer-
son, is also run by this same power. Owin,<< to its most favorable location in a rich
farming section, Jefferson is a favorable trading point for a very large district. The
stores of the town are well stocked, and some of the business houses here enjoy a
very large trade. The general merchandise store of Anton and Alois Tanzler, which
is conducted under the firm name of A. Tan Jer & Co., furnishes a notable example
of the extent to which this line of business is carried on at Jefferson. This firm
carries a stock of goods valued at from |7,ooo to fio,ouo, and in addition to their
large local trade they enjoy a country patronage reaching out into the rich farming
district lying within a radius of seven miles of Jefferson,

The public schools of Jefferson have a daily average attendance of 75 scholars.
Three teachers are regularly employed in these schools. Three church organizations
own their own buildings at this point. These are the Evangelical and two organizations
of the Methodists. The handsome church building of the Evangelical denomination
has only been recently constructed. Jefferson supports one weekly paper, T/ic
Reviciv, The people of Jefferson enjoy the benefits of a free library. The town has
a public hall with a seating capacity of 300, and two hotels and one livery stable fur-
nish amp'?" aroommodations to the traveling public that frequents this point.

A ft ( '/fidgc, constructed at a cost of |i 2,600, spans the Santiam river at Jeffer-
son Other public improvement;:, of a substantial nature are also noted here. The
assessed valuation of town property is |ii<K),oou, and the place has no bonded indebt-
edness. The principal shipments from Jefferson are grain, flour and farm produce.
In the farming district tributary to Jefferson, hop-raising and fruit-culture are now
rece'ving considerable attention, and as the soil of thissectio 1 is especially adapted to
these crops, the raising of fruit and hops will probably claim more of the attention
of the farmers of this part of the state in the future.

Albany, Oreyoii. — Albany, the judicial seat of I, inn county, is .situated on
the east bank of the Willamette river, in nearly the center of the rich Willamette

valley. It is the place of junction of the two important lines of
railroad of the Southern Pacific aud Oregon Pacific systems, the
former of which runs north and south through the state,
while the latter road crosses the valley from east to west. By
the Southern Pacific Mne Albany is 79 miles south of Port-
land, and it is 80 miles from Albany to Yaquina Bay by the
line of the Oregon Pacific. The latter road, in addition to
affording connection between Albany and Yaquina Bay, is also
extended eastwards to the foothill districts of the
Cascade Mountains, thus opening up the rich part of
the Willamette valley east of Albany to the merchants
of this city. In addition to the two main lines of
road mentiotied above, Albany is also the place of
junction of the through line of the Southern Pacific
and the Lebanon branch of the aatne road. The
Leljtuioii liranch extendH wi!st from Albany to Le-
banon, a distance of 13 miles, and this line also
MAIN Strut, ALMHr. luakcs conuection at Lebanon Junction, nine miles

PHOTO BY CnAWFORO d PAXTON,

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Albany, Oregon.

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also
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ants
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ific
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also
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east of Albany, with the Woodbum-Springfield branch of the Southern Pacific,
which runs north and south through the rich part of the Willamette vallej' west of
Albany. The Oregon Pacific connects this point with the West Si<le division of the
Southern Pacific at Corvallis, ii miles west of Albany. No point in the valley
enjoys the advantages for cheap freight transportation which the business men of
Albany are able to avail themselves of. They liave the benefit of the main line of
the Southern Pacific, extending north and south through the entire state ; they can
reach the rich country east by the rival lines of road of the Oregon Pacific or the
Southern Pacific systems ; they can reach the San Prancisco market either by way
of the Oregon Pacific road to Yatiuina Bay, where connection is made by steamships
for all points on the coast south, or by the Southern Pacific to Portland, where close
connection is made with a number of steamer lines, or with freight vessels plying
up and down the coast ; and in addition to the railroads, the Willamette river is nav-
igable at nearly all seasons of the year between Albany and Portland, and during
the higher stages of water in the river, steamboats ascend the river above Albany for
a considerable distance.

Within a radius of 20 miles of Albany is a rich agricultural section of country
that now forms one of the best parts of the Pacific Northwest. E)ast of the Willa-
mette river this magnificent farming belt is drained by the North and South Santiam
and Calipooia rivers, streams that have their sources in the Cascade Mountains, and
which carry a large volume of water at all seasons of the year. West of the Willa-
mette river the district is drained by Mary's and Luckiamute rivers and Soap creek,
which rise in the Coast range of mountains. Nearly the entire course of all of these
streams lies through fertile valleys perfectly adapted to diversified farming, inchid-
ing grain-raising, fruit-culture and stock-raising. Some of the finest farms on the
coast are found in this part of the state, and the country of which Albany is the lead-
ing trade center has long been recognized as one of the richest sections of the North-
west.

The present population of Albany is about 5,000. The city has a decidedly metro-
politan appearance. A steam-motor line connects the union depot, where all pas-
sengers alight from the incoming trains, with the business part of the city. The
main business street, for a distance of three or more blocks, is solidly built up with
fine-appearing brick and stone structures. This street is well macadamized, and the
sidewalks fronting the principal business houses are paved with stone. The large
plate-glass show windows of the largest .stores are filled with a high class of goods,
and some of these stores are as well stocked as are any of the largest retail estab-
lishments of Portland.

The people of Albany are thoroughly imbued with the modern spirit of enter-
prise. The united and earnest efforts of the people have done much during the past
five years to advanc^. the best interests of their city. During this time a number of
large manufacturing plants have appreciated the advantages of Albany as an indus-
trial center, and have located at this point. Among these large plants can be men-
tioned the Albany iron works, which manufactures farm and mill machinery on a
large scale. Most of the product of this factory finds a ready sale in the country
tributary to Albany, and large shipments of machinery are regularly made to Port-
lum;. The Red Crown flouring mill, located here, is one of the leading plants of
the kiud in the valley. This mill has a daily capacity of 150 barrels, and the brand
of flour manufactured is among the highest in the market. The Albany woolen mills
consume 350,000 pounds of wool annually, and they furnish steady employment to

■4

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The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

50 men and women. The larger part of the output of these mills is shipped direct
to New York, where it is readily sold in direct competition with the products of the
largest Kastern mills. Albany has also a large planing mill, a brewery, the latter of
which has a daily capacity of 30 barrels, a furniture factor}', an ice plant, a foundry
and granite works of considerable magnitude.

Albany is practically the clearing-house and trading center for all the smaller
towns of Linn county. The city contains four large banking houses, all of which
are on the strongest of financial footings, and each of these banks occupies an ele-
gant building of its own. The average deposits carried by each of these banks is
1300,000, which can be taken as an evidence of the healthy condition of the place.

The First National Bank is the oldest bank in Albany, having been incorpo-
rated in 1883. Its capital stock is fSo,ooo, and its surplus and undivided profits now
amount to |4o,o(xj. The officers of the First National are : L. Flinn, president ;
S. K. Young, vice-president; E. W. Langdon, cashier, and E. M. Horton, assistant
cashier.

Albany has already attained some prominence as a seat of learning. During
1888 an imposing public school building was erected here at a cost of $20,000. This

building and grounds occupy a block in the central
part of the city. The building contains 10 rooms
and a basement, and is finished throughout in
modern style. A graded system, including high
school course, is adopted and the school is con-
ducted at the expense of the state and county
school fund. The Albany College, an institution
of higher learning, was founded under the auspices
of the Presbyterian church in 1867. This college
maintains a higher course of mental and moral
training, and it now numbers among its alumni
some of the most prominent men of the state.
The average number of scholars in attendance at the college during the past
year was 200. A Catholic school is also supported here. This latter school provides
for an academic course, and it is well patronized. The school building is large and
well arranged and the surrounding grounds are v.ell kept. The total number of
children of school age in Albany district now exceeds 1,000.

Ten neat church edifices are claimed by Albany. These belong to the denomina-
tions of the Presbyterian, Baptist, two Methodist, Congregational, Christian, Epis-
copal, Evangelical and Catholic faiths.

Albany is fully abreast of the times in the matter of public improvements. A
free steel passenger and wagon bridge spans the Willamette river at this point, thus
making directly tributary to the city an immense fertile district to the west. This
bridge was constructed at a cost of 1 100,000. A well-equipped fire department, with
three volunteer fire companies, is maintained here, as well as an efficient police force.
The city has an excellent arc and incandescent electric light plant. The city's health
is protected by a perfect system of sewerage, and it has a good system of water
works. One of the most prominent features of the town is the immense water
power developed at this point. Twelve miles southeast of the city a canal taps the
Santiam river, and this canal reaches Albany by an almost direct course. Near the
city the canal is divided into two branches, one of which empties into the Calipooia

Steel Bridge across the WrLLAMertE River, Albany

Alhiitiy, ()rc^i>n.

thus
This
with
orce.

alth
vater
,'ater
s the
the

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PHOTO BY CRAWFOBO i PAXTON.

river, the other cniptyiiig into the Willamette. On the former canal a fall of 32
feet is afforded here for manufacturing purposes, and where the other canal pours its
waters into the Willamette river, a fall of 36 feet is atiorded. These two main
branches are subdivided and are led through the manufacturing districts of the city.
Although the large number of factories now located here avail theni.selves of the
use of this power sufficient reserve power is afforded by this canal to run many addi-
tional manufacturing plants.

Albany supports two daily newspapers, The Democrat a.\\A The Herald, a.\\(S. also
one weekly paper. The Telescope. The city contains a handsome brick opera house
with a seating capacity of i,(k)o. A free reading room is alst) nuiintained here. The
city has three large hotels and four well-stocked livery stables. During the pant five
years Albanj' has made a very satisfactory growth and if the earnestness and con-
tinued effort of the people here is as important a factor in the future growth of the
city as it has been in the past, the city will always be able to lay claim to being one
of the largest and most prominent points of Western Oregon.

Samuel E. Young. — The city of Albany
boasts of having not onl}- the largest mer-
cantile establishment in Linn county, but
also one of the largest in the Willamette
valley outside of Portland. The h('Use re-
ferred to is that of Samuel H. Young,
which consists of four large departments,
viz : boot and shoe, dry goods, grocery and
carpet. The building shown by the ac-
companying illustration is a two-stor}- brick
with Vjasement, having a frontage of 48 by
100 feet, and situated on the most prom-
inent corner of Albany's business street.
The store was first established in 1866
under the firm name of J. liarrows & Co.,
but in 1876 Mr. Young became the sole proprietor.

Mr. Young is an Oregon pioneer, having crossed the plains in 1852, and soon
after that time he settled in Albany, where he has since been actively er gaged iu
mercantile business. He has been prominently identified with all interests that have
conduced to make Albany' the shipping and commercial center that it is today. Mr.

Young has ever proved himself to be
one of Albany's most valuable citizens.
In addition to his connection with
many local interests, he is also a
director and vice-president of the First
National Bank of Albany.

The Revere House, of which
Mr. Chas. Pfeiffer is proprietor, is in-
variably spoken of by commercial
traveling men, who are accepted
judges, as the best ho.stelry in Albany
and this portion of the Willamette
valley. Mr. Pfeiffer erected the Revere
House in 1877, and he, being an expe-

Store, Samuel e young Albany.

PHOTO BY CRAWFORD * r>AXTON.

Revere House, Albany.

ITS

The Orcgoniun's Ilundbook uf the I'neihc Northwest.

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rieiiced hotel man, he omitted none of the conveniences that are now found in every
thoroughly modern hotel. The ta])le service and cuisine are unexcelled anywhere
at any price, in the state. Mr. Pfeiffer lends his personal supervision to everything
connected with the dining room. The sleeping apartments of the hotel are neat,
cle;!ti and comfortably furnished. Free sample rooms fronting on the street are at
the disposal of commercial men. A free 'bus meets all north and south-bound
trains. The Revere House, shown by the accompanying illustration, is centrally
located, and is best known ])y its genial and courteous proprietor, who spares no
efforts to provide for the comfort of his guests.

PHOTO. BY CRAWFORD A PAXTON.

■ li-

Thk Farmers & Mkrch.\nts Inslkanck Co., of Al-
bany, have offices in a handsome brick structure, as shown
by the accompanying illustration. This company was organ-
ized in iSSy, with a capital stock of $100,000, but their busi-
ness has since increased to such pro-
portions, because of the well merited
confidence of a growing patronage,
that it has been necessary to in-
crease the capital stock to $300,000.
Aside from the solid financial stand-
ing of this popular company through-
out the state, the character and re-
sponsibility of the gentlemen at the
head of the company is a weighty ar-
gument for those seeking the strongest
protection.

The officers of the Farmers &
Merchants Insurance Company are :
W. F. Read, president; Geo. F. Simp-
son, vice-president; J. O. Writsman,
secretary; J. L. Cowan, treasurer, and

Farmers a merchants Insurance Co.'s Offices, Alb'n". i^- A, iVlliner, CUSnicr.

Tjhlli County, Oroja-on. — I.inn county, of which i\.lbanyis the judicial seat,
is distinctively an agricultural section, although some timber is found in the count}
along the eastern border of the Cascade range of mountains. The residents of this
county are especially favored in the matter of transportation facilities enjoyed. Tht'
Oregon Pacific railroad crosses the county from east to west, while the Southern
Pacific Company's main line of road connecting San Francisco with Portland runs
north and south through the county. A branch of the Southern Pacific system also
runs from Albany to Lebanon, a distance of 13 miles and theWoodburn-Springfield
branch of the same system runs north and south through the valley at a point some-
little distance east of the main line of road. In addition to the advantages of rail
comnnniication Linn county has the benefit of the steamboat lines operating on
the Willamette river south from Portland through the Willamette valley.

Linn county is today the third county in the state in population, and it is one o
the richest counties of Western Oregon. The population of the county is now about
17,000. The county contains about 1,500,000 acres of land, or 2,400 square miles.

I I

Lebanon, Oregon.

17!)

seat,

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The eastern part of the county is formed by the Cascade ran^je of mountains, a dis-
trict chiefly valuable for grazing and for the timber which covers these hilly sections.
The timber here consists of fir, ash, cedar, maple, alder and oak. The western por-
tion of the county supports about four-fifths of the entire population of the county.
The land of the county fit for occupancy has now all been taken up, but much of it
can yet be purchased at prices ranging frotn fi2 to $50 an acre, and the lands that
are offered at these prices are wt-ll adapted for agricultural purposes.

Wheat is the staple product of Linn county. Sufiicient attention has been
paid to fruit culture, the growing of vegetables, hops, etc., and to sheep and cattle
raising as well as dairying, to prove that the.se pursuits in this part of the state yield
larger returns than the growing of the single crop, wheat. The farmers of Linn
county who are turning their attention solely to fruit and vegetable raising arc reap-
ing small fortunes. The soil of the best lands of the county is of a mellow loam and
if properly cultivated the return from a single acre of this land in a season is as high
as |iQo to |3fJ<). Linn county is one of the choicest spots of Western Oregon and im-
migrants will find here one of the most attractive sections of the coast.

IjObanoii, ()rej4:oii. — Located in Linn county, near the foothills of the Cas-
cade mountains and 13 miles southeast of Albany, is situated the town of Lel)a-
non. The site of the town is an attractive one, and the surrounding country is
highl}' fertile. Lebanon is connected with Albany by a branch from the Southern
Pacific Company's main line. This branch intersects the Springfield branch of the
same company at Lebanon Junction, four miles west of Lebanon, and the latter town
is the terminus of the line. Excellent connection is made from Lebanon with points
north and south in the Willamette valley by means of the Lebanon branch of the
Southern Pacific with the trains of the through line, or by the same branch through
connections at Lebanon Junction with the trains of the Woodburn-Springfield line.

Lebanon is located near the center of Linn county, and is the trading point of a
rich tributary farming belt. Wheat, oats, liops, fruit, fine stock and sheep are the
principal productions of this section. Owing to the many fine streams of running
water found in this district, fruit raising and dairying are followed with most success-
ful results, and the entire country within a radius of several miles of this promising
young town is an ideal farming belt.

Lebanon was incorporated as a city in 1891. Its present population is about
1,000. Manufacturing is now carried on here to a considerable extent and the manu-
facturing industries of the town art:con^f. ntly increasing. Three years ago, through
the inducements of a liberal bonut proj. :sed by the people here, a paper mill was
established at this point. This mili is n^w running both day and night. It employs
constantly about 25 men, and it is c.i^- u ' the leading industrial institutions of the
Willamette valley. The abundance and cheapness of straw on which the mill is run
and the cheapness of reaching a market with the product of the mill, have been the
important factors in the success of the plant. The present capacity of the mill is
five tons of pa])er per day. The entire machinery of the plant is of the latest and most
improved pattern. This industry is a source of profit to the company operating the
plant, and it is the most important industry in furthering the growth of the town in
which it is located. In addition to the paper mill, Lebanon also claims a modern
llouringmill with a daily capacit}- of 100 barrels, two planing mills and a foundry.

The location of Lebanon on the South Santiam river has proved of great commercial
value to the town. A stock company composed of local men have completed during

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33 WEST MAIN STREET

WEBSTER, NY. 14S80

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The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest,

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the past two years a canal four miles in length which runs directly through the town.
The water for this canal is taken from the Santiam river four miles distant from
Lebanon, and a fall of from 19 to 25 feet is obtained for manufacturing purposes at the
town. Sufficient power is obtained from this source to run all of the factories at
Lebanon. The efficient arc and incandescent lighting plant of the town is run from
power furnished by this canal, and the water used in Lebanon is also taken from
this source.

Gootl wagon roads lead out from Lebanon in all directions. Sweet Home, an
important trading point 20 miles distant, is reached by easy drivt s from Lebanon, as
is also Sodaville, at which latter point are located the justly celebrated mineral
springs which contain medicinal properties of great value. The trade of these out-
lying towns naturally comes to Lebanon, and the development of this latter place for
the past few years has been rapid and of a most sulistantial chaiacter.

Santiam Academy, one of the oldest institutions of learning in the state, is
located at Lebanon. The average attendance of this school is about 60 sludenls.
The courses of study at the Santiam Academy are well outlined, and if diligiMitly
followed will fit the student for entrance to the freshman class of any of the l)cst
literary colleges of the United States. The public school building of the town was
recently erected at a cost of |6,(kkj, and, as shown by the illustration published in con-
nection with the present article, it is a l.andsome and commodious structure for
school purposes. Four tcachtrs are employed in the public schools here, and the
average daily attendance of scholars is about 225.

The moral and religious sentiment of the people of Lebanon is hi^'h, if six well-
organized churches located here exert the influence that would naturally be exj)ected
of religious organizations, strong in numbers and ably led. The denominations
represented at Lebanon are the Presbyterian, two Methodist, Haptist and the Chris-
tian. All of these bodies, except that of the Christian denomination, worship in
buildings of their own. Lebanon supi)orts two well edited weekly papers, T/ir
Express and The Adiance. The traveling public finds accomnuxlation in a gootl
hotel here, and every facility for riding or driving is afforded in the two livery stables
of the place. '•'

Lebanon is a wide-awake business place. The handsome buildings which line
the business street, the well-stocked stories, and the generftl activity of the citizens,

attest the prosperity 0/ the town at the present
writing. The conditions at Lebanon are favorable
for the same future substantial advancement in the
prosperity of the town which has been noted dur-
ing the past tw years, and the air of confidence
which the people show in the future of Lebanon
will tend to strengthen this growth.

The prices of farm lands in the immediate
vicinity of Lel)anon are moderate, when the ad-
vantages of location are considered. Information
on this subject can l)e obtained from Mr. Walter C.
Peterson, whose residence has been in Linn county
and Lebanon since boyhood, and whose father was
one of Oregon's pioneers. Mr. Peterson, whose
w. c. piTMtoN, LiB«NON. portrait is published in connection with this article,

Scio, Oregon.

181

quotes values of land located within one mile of the corporate limits of Lebanon at
from I25 to $75 per acre. Fine stock farms can be purchased within a distance of
three miles of Lebanon at $12.50 per acre. Mr. Peterson's prominence in the com-
munity in which he has so long resided, entitles him to the confidence of those
who may desire information of Lebanon, or of the section of which the town is
the principal tradinj^ center.

One of the prominent men of Lebanon is Samuel M. Garland, the present
efficient city attorney. Mr. Garland is thoroughly familiar with prices of town
property at Lebanon, and he has also watched carefully for u number of years past
land values in the farming district tributary.

StM.vtoil, OreHfoii. — Stayton is in Marion county, about 60 nnles south of
Portland. It is four iriles east of West Stayton, the nearest station on the Wood-
burn-.Spriugficld branch of the Southern Pacific railroad. Stpges make connections
with all trains over this road at West Stayton for Stayton direct, and daily stages run
from the latter place to Aumsville, a point also located on the railroad line six miles
distant. The line of the Oregon Pacific Railroad Company also passes within i}^
nules of Stayton, the nearest point on the latter road to the town being the station
of Kings.

The present population of Stayton is about 500. It is situated on the banks of
the Santiam river. Many years ago a canal three-fourths of a mile in length, con-
necting the two branches of the Santiam river at this point, was dug. This canal
passes directly through the present town of Stayton. It furnishes power for running
the factory wheels of the fown tc day, and it has sufficient reserve power for running
a large number of additional wheels. Stayton 's manufacturing industries at the
present writing consist of a roller flouring mill with a capacity of 75 barrels a day, a
sawmill and furniture factory combined, and a lawhide chair factory. The mercan-
tile interests of the town are represented by a number of stores which carry large
stocks of goods, and the place is generally prosperous.

The pul)lic schools of Stayton are conducted in a building recently erected. Th«
structure used for school purposes contains four rooms. About 125 pupils are regu-
larly in attendance at these schools, aud the public school system is in charge of four
teachers. The Methodist, Haptist and Christian denominations hold regular meet-
ings in Stayton, the Baptists and ChrisHans owning buildings of their own. T/te
Times, a weekly paper, is published at this point. Two hotels and one livery stable
furnish ample accommodations for the traveling public. The country immediately
around Stayton is especially adapted to the cultivation of fruit. Much attention has
been paid here of late years to growing strawucrries — a crop that yields abundantly in
this section — aud the fruit raised is of the finest quality. In addition to fruit culture,
the country tributary to Stayton has all the diversified wealth of forest and soU, and
it is a section capable of being developed into one of the richest farming distric
of the state.

8cl<>, Orcjiroii. — Situated between the forks of the Santiam river, 18 miles
ca.st of Albany and 72 miles south of Portland is the town of Scio. Thomas creek,
which furnishes an excellent water power at this point, divides the town and finds an
outlet in the Santiam river. A short line of railway, two and one-half miles in
length, connects vScio with the Woodburn-Springfield branch of the Southern Pacific
at West Scio. Scio is but a short distance north of the Oregon Pacific railroad and

' 1 p ]

;; 1

182

The Oregonian' s Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

on the completion of the latter road to an eastern connection the town will be practi-
cally on the direct line of a system of competing roads connecting with all points
in the United States, east, west, north and south.

Scio is an incorporated town and has a population of about 550. It is supported
by a rich agricultural district which produces in many instances 50 bushels of wheat
to the acre, while oats, flax, barley and all the grasses yield as large crops here as are
produced anywhere in the valley. The area of the county lying between the forks
of the Santiam river is greater than that of some of the smaller Eastern States, and
Scio is the commercial center for all of this vast expanse of territory. The water sup-
ply of this section is unlimited, as the three rivers and all their tributaries wh'ch
flow through this part of the state find their sources in the foothills of the Cascade
Mountains where they arc fed by perennial snows. An excellent water power
obtained from an artificial arm of Thomas creek runs the Scio Roller Mills, the plan-
ing mill and the efficient electric light plant of the town. Tlie roller mill at this
point is one of the best flouring mills in the county. Its capacity is 125 barrels

of flour a day. A large warehouse capable of storing So.ooo
bushels of wheat is connected with this mill. The flour
manufactured by the Scio Roller Mills finds a large sale in
Scio and the tributary country, and large quantities are reg-
ularly shipped to Portland. The
people of Scio take something of a
pardonable pride in their perfect sys-
tem of water works. Hjdrauts have
been placed at every street crossing
of the town, with fire hose connec-
tion. This, with the efficient volun-
teer fire department, insures absolute
protection to Scio against a conflagra-
tion. The streets, business houses and
dwellings of the town are lighted by
electricity. Both the arc and incan-
descent systems of lighting arc used.
The water works and electric light
plants at Scio are owned and operated
by private individuals.

A local brickyard has already supplied the brick used in the erection of four
brick blocks on Scio'smain thoroughfare. A number of business houses at Scio carry
very large stocks and do a bi< trade in the tributary section. The general merchan-
dise stores of Hibler, Shore aid Holdredge carry a stock of goods valued at ^15,000,
and in addition to their big city trade they enjoj' a large country patronage. S. M.
Daniel also carries a large stock of merchandise, the value of his stock approximat-
ing |5io,ooo. Mr. Daniel enjoys a large trade both from city and country customers.
The large furniture and carpet store of W. H. Ramsey does a paying business — a
business that is constantly increasing in volume, owing to the rapid growth of popu-
lation both in the town and in the country immediately tributary.

The Bank of Scio, the financial institution of the town, has a capital stock of
123,500. Its oflScers are, I.J. Munkers, president; J. W. Gaines, vice-president, and
A.J.Johnson, cashier. This bank is on the strongest of financial footings audit

*-^-&a6.*,.*'->-

Public School, Scio.

lirowiisville, Oregon.

188

enjoys the complete confidence of the people of the community in which it is located.

Scio is abreast of other towns of etjual population in educational advantages
afforded its youth. An eight-room brick school building was completed in the town
during the past, year at a cost of $i2,fxK). It is an attractive piece of architecture and
is perfectly adapted to school purposes. Four teachers are emjiloyed in the public
schools here, and the average number of scholars in attendance is 130. The religious
organizations at Scio are represented by the Haptist, Presbyterian, Christian and
Methodist denominations. The Christian and Methodist organizations own church
buildings of their own. A city hall, with a seating capacity of 150 people, affords
good accommodations for gatherings of a public nature. The Press, a weekly news-
paper, handles the town and country news at Scio in a creditable manner. The town
supports one hotel and has two livery stables.

Land in the vicinity of Scio is relatively cheap. Improved farms within one-half
mile of the town limits sell at about ^40 an acre, and a few miles out of town good
farms can be purchased at as low a figure as $10 an acre. Fuller information of the
rich lands in the district tributary to JScio can be obtained from Mr. R. Sheltoji of this
town, who is thoroughly posted on farm values in this section. .Ml letters addressed
to R. Sheltou, Scio, Oregon, will receive promi)t attention.

UroAvnsvlllo, Orcjifoii.— .\t the western extremity of one of the arms of the
Willamette valley, which merges into the foothills of the Cascade range of mountains,
is located the prosperous little city of lirownsville. The place is within the limits of
Linn county, and the site which the town occupies is one of the most picturesque
points of Western Oregon. Two buttes are conspicuous features of interest to the
north and south of the town limits of Brownsville, while on the east rise the rugged
outlines of the lofty Cascade range of mountains. The Calipooia river, a mountain
stream, which at all seasons carries a good volume of water, flows by the town, and
the banks of this stream are the scene of considerable industrial activity.

Brownsville was first laid out as a town in 1S50. It is today one of the most
important manufacturing points in the Willamette valley. Its present population is
about 1,000. All-rail communication is afforded with Portland, 95 miles north of
Brownsville, by means of the Woodburn-Springfield branch of the Southern Pacific
and the main line of the same company through connection with Woodburn, 60 miles
north of Brownsville, and with all points south in the valley, through connection
with the Lebanon branch of the Southern Pacific at Labanon Junctior., 13 miles
south, the latter line forming a junction with the main line of the same en., panj- at
Albany.

Brownsville is located in the midst of a rich farming and timber district. It occu-
pies a site perfectly adapted for the establishment of manufacturing industries on a
large scale, and it contains an enterprising population. The Eagle woolen mill"
among the few great woolen mills of the coast, is locatecl at Brownsville. .\ lengt'
description of this most important industry is published in connection with the pre
ent article. In addition to the woolen mills, Brownsville is also the seat of a pa**
roller flouring mill, with a daily capacity of 50 barrels and a saw and planing mill, *, ..ji
equipments for turning out sash and doors, and a tannery. An immense water power
at this point, which is also mentioned at length elsewhere in the present article, runs all
of the factories mentioned above, and there is sufficient reserve power in these falls to
run all the factories of the Willamette valley.

ll
II

184

The Orcffunian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

wr^'

Oen'l Meucmandise Store, R. n. Thompson. Brownsville

While the country in the immediate vicinity of Brownsville is perhaps more undu-
lating and hilly than are other parts of the Willamette valley, it is no less fertile than
are any of the best sections of this great agricultural and f»uit belt. In aiUlilion to
its special adaptability to the growing of cereals of all kinds, fruits and vegetables,
this hilly land is especially adapted to the raising of fine horses, cattle and sheep.
Wool-growers in this section find exceptional opportunities for disposing of their wool
crop in the large woolen mills located at Brownsville, and wool here always bring
good prices.

The general merchandise store of R. N. Thomp-
son, which was established in 18.S0, will serve to
give an idea of the volume of business transacted
here. Mr. Thompson's store, as shown by the
accompanying illustration, has a double front,
and occupies a prominent corner, 44x90 feet in
dimensions. The value of the stock carried is be-
tween $15, ax) and $2o,oco. Hesides an immense
local trade, Mr. Thompson enjoys a large patron-
age from the farmers, a trade that reaches a sec-
tion of rich country within a radius of 20 miles distance of Brownsville,

In Brownsville, on the opposite side of the Calipooia river from which the large
business establishment mentioned above is located, is the mammoth general mer-
chandise store of G. C. Cooley & Co., of which Messrs. G. C. Cooley, W. C. Cooley
and J, D. Irvine are proprietors. This firm carries a stock valued at from $15,000 to
$20,000, and enjoys an immense local and country trade. The Hank of Brownsville
is a strong financial institution of the city. The officers of the bank are : J. M.
Moyer, president; W. R. Kirk, vice-president, and I<. L. Say, cashier. The capital
stock of the bank is $30,ocx).

Brownsville is not behind an)' other point of the valley in an efficient system of
public instruction. A handsome new four-room school building has recently been
erected at this point at a cost of about $7,500. An older building, with two rooms, is
still occupied here for school purposes. The number of teachers employed in the
public schools here is five, and the average daily attendance of scholars is 250.
The schools are graded, and correct rules of discipline are enforced. The city sup-
ports one weekly newspaper, T/w Times, and a good public library is maintained.
Six church organizations are supported at Brownsville, and some of these occupy
very handsome church edifices. The denominations include two Presbyterian, two
Methodist, one Baptist, and the Christian. A good opera house, with a seating capac-
ity of 500, is located at this point. The town has two hotels, and good liverj' accom-
modations are afforded in one stable. With every advantage of an unexcelled water-
power, with an abundance of the finest timber near at hand, with the richest of farm-
ing districts tributary, Brownsville enjoys every facility for making steady and solid
advancement in the future. It might be assumed that good farming lands in the
vicinity of as rich a town as Brownsville, and exceptionally located, would command
very high prices. On the contrary, choice acre property can be bought here, accord-
ing to a statement by Mr. O. P. Coshow, whose long residence in Brownsville, and
whose familiarity with land values are well known, for from $10 to $50 and $100
per acre, the value of this land varying acco. Jing to improvements made on it and
proximity to town.

Silve~ton, Oregon.

185

The Eagle Woolen Mills.— The F^agle Woolen Mills, at Browusville, have
been in operation for more than 25 years. Since the present company acquired own-
ership, five years ago, the sound of looms and spinning machines has been uninter-
rupted, except on Sundays, for the mills run steadily, both day and night. New
machinery has been added as required, from time to time, since the building of the
mills, so that the present equipment is almost all modern and in first-class condition.
A dynamo, with generating power sufficient to furnish electric lights for thi entire
woolen mill plant, has recently been added.

The mills may be designated as two-set, but with four-set capacity, which is
explained by the statement that in operating the spinning and carding department
both day and night, and the other machinery having double their capacity, a four-set
mill is the result.

An immense water power is derived from the Calipooia river, across which, four
miles distant, a dam has been built which turns almost the entire river into a race
conducting the water to the mills in an inexhaustible supply. This water also
furnishes the power for the Brownsville Flouring Mill, which is also owned by the
woolen mill company. The grinding capacity of this mill is 50 barrels per day. It
has the new roller process and manufactures three grades of flour, which have attained
a reputation for excellence.

The Eagle Woolen mills manufacture into the finest fabrics 300,000 pounds of
wool every year. All of this wool is grown in the state of Oregon. I.inn county, in
which the mills are located, is especially adapted for wool growing, and a large pro-
portion of the supply comes from this source. Thousands of cords of wood are also
required for the engines in generating heat and steam for the cleansing, bleaching
dyeing and drying departments. It is thus seen that, outside of the mills proper,
employment is afforded to a number of men. The mills furnish direct employment
to more than 60 men, women and boys, and the monthly pay roll of the company
amounts to J2,2oo. The operatives all have their homes in Brownsville and, in most
instances, in near proximity to the mill. The gene-al air of neatness and healthful-
ness pervading this section of the city is apparent at all times.

The Eagle Woolen Mills Company have a large wholesale and retail store in
Portland, at 164 and 166 Second street, to which the entire product of the mill is
shipped as soon as manufactured. Froiti two to four shipments are made every week.
In connection with the Portland store is an order, cutting and fitting department. A
stock of $150,000 value, consisting of the fincjst grades of blankets, flannels, cassimeres
and tweeds is constantly kept on hand, from which to make selections. The latest
designs in oattern are closely followed, and it is the boast of the manufacturers that
every piece of cloth bearing the stamp, "The IDagle Woolen Mills," is guaranteed all
wool.

The officers of the Eagle Woolen Mills Company are : W. R. Kirk, president;
I. D. Boyer, secretary, and J. M. Jaeger, superintendent, all of whom reside in Browns-
ville. Mr. Jaeger has had 30 years' practical experience as a woolen manufacturer.
The directors of the company are W. R. Kirk, J. M. Jaeger, J. J. White, John Brown
and Hugh Fields.

Sllvertoii, OiH'jfoii. -Six years ago the present prosperous town of Silvei-
ton was a mere hamlet, enjoying but little trade, and classed among the insignificant
points of the state. Today the population of the town is no less than 900, it has the
air and bustle of a trading and banking center of prominence, and Silverton is now
ranked among the mo it progressive towns of Western Oregon.

■i\

186

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

8THEEr SCENe, 8ILVERTON.

Silvcrton was incorporated in 1885. Soon after the act of incorporation was
passed, the spirit of progress and enterprise pervaded the community, and this pro-
gressive spirit on the part of the inhabitants has resulted in building up at this point
a wide-awake little city that is a model of cleanliness and beauty. During the past
few years Silverton has continued to make substantial and steady growth, nor has
this increase in population and wealth yet subsided. On the sides of the gently slop-
ing hills which have the appearance of surrounding the city, are situated many hand-
some residences, some of which are almost palatial in the handsome appearance of

their superstructure, while the majority
of the private dwellings of the residence
district are good. New buildings are be-
ing erected in different parts of the city,
and the vacant lots within the corporate
limits are rapidly being occupied by a
good class of houses. The main business
thoroughfare of Silverton, during the
working lUiys of the week, has a decided
metropolitan appearance. Imposing
blocks, constructed of brick manufactured
from clay found in inexhaustible (juan-
tities in the immediate vicinity of the
city, stand on the prominent corners of
the business street. A number of very fine business blocks ha\c been erected here
during the year, and other equally as substantial structures are already planned and
will be built during 1S94.

Silverton occupies a site in one of the most productive portions of Marion county.
It is 45 miles south of Portland and 14 miles east of the state capital at Salem. It is
reached by the Woodburn-Springfield branch of the vSouthern Pacific system, the
branch connecting with the main line at Woodburn. io miles distant. An ctricient
train service has been established by the Southern Pacific company, which f;ives
Silvcrton the advantage of two trains each way daily between this point and Portland.
One of these trains runs north and south between the junction with the main line
at Woodburn (through Silvcrton) and Natron, 93 miles south of Woodbarn, and the
other train makes a daily round-trip between Woodburn and Silverton, making close
connection at the former place with the trains on the main line. Silvcrton thus enjoys
the best of advantages for reaching all parts of the Willamette valley, and this effi-
cient train service, both north and south, has done much to encourage the growth of
the city. In addition to the advantages of rail connection, Silverton also supports a
stage line which makes daily connection with Salem.

It has been the aim of the railroad company to extend every advantage to the mer-
chants of Silverton in the way of transportation facilities. A side-track extends from
the main line of the railroad at this point along the principal street to the flouring
mills of the Oregon Milling Company. These milU are among the largest in the
state. The capacity of the ;plant is 300 barrels of flour a day. The total output of
these mills, for 1892, which was considered a short season, was 42,000 barrels. The
celebrated brands of flour, " Royal " and " Pioneer," manufactured by this company,
arc among the best-known brands of the coast, and great quantities of this flour are
now regularly shipped to all parts of the world.

Silverton, Orcf^on.

187

PMOTO. B» W, L. JONtS.

Silverton boasts of an excellent water power, obtained by means of a short canal
from Silver creek, which flows by the edge of the town. This power is more than
sufficient for operating the large flouring mills here, and it also runs the local sawmill,
sash and door factory, and an efficient arc and incandescent electric light plant. Dur-
ing the past year a most complete system of water works has been completed at Sil-
verton. The water for domestic use in the city is pumped from the river direct into
a large reservoir which is sufficiently elevatetl to alTord ample pressure. Water
mains are now laid along all the principal streets. The pressure in the city's mains,

together with an efficient volunteer fire department
which is maintaircd here, aflbrds perfect protection
against disastrous holocausts, and there is no dan-
ger of the jjlace succumbing to the ravages of the
fiery element. Both the electric light and the
water-works plants are owned by private individ-
uals. In addition to the manufacturing plants of
Silverton enumerated al)ove,are two very important
brick-makitig plants. .\11 the brick used in the
construction of the fine business blocks of the
city were manufactured in the local yards, and in
addition to the heavy local demand, these yards
regularly ship large quantities of their product
to neighboring points in the valley.

Public Schooi., SiLVZRroN.

The finest brick block in Silverton, at the present writing, is that of Messrs.
Adolf Wolf & Son, an illustration of which is published in connection with the
present article. This building was erected two
years ago, at a cost of $io,coo. The first floor is
used as a general merchandise store, while the
scccjnd floor is devoted to ofllcc purposes. The
basement has a cement floor, and is used principally
for storage purposes. In the basement is located
the furnace which supplies the heat for the entire
building. Mr. Adolf Wolf and his son, Mr. J.
C. Wolf, have now been in business in Silverton
for lo years past. This firm conducts, at Silverton,
one of the best-appointed general merchandise
stores in the state, and they carry constantly a
stock valued at from |25,ooo to 130,000.

The banking house of Messrs. Coolidge &
McClaine, as shown by the accompanying
illustration, is a handsome brick struc-
ture, which was erected during the past
summer. The bank ftself is one of the
solid financial institutions of the Willamette
valley. It has a capital stock of 125,000,
and a surplus of equal amount. Its officers
are Alfred Coolidge, president ; Fielding
McClaine, vice-president, and M. J. Adams,

Bank, Coolidoe A McCLAiie, Silveiitom. jaSUier.

Adolf Wolf A Sons Qenl Merchandise Store, Silverton

! !'

'■ 5

I i

... ..;

■ -

'■■■'.*

- Ut^-f'lij

188

The Oregonian's Hundbook of the Pacific Northwest.

The firm of Cusiler & Davenport also does a larj^e general merchandise business

at Silverton. Mr. George Cusitcr, whose por-
trait is published in connection with the present
article, furnishes a typical example of the pos-
sibilities that await the young man of push and
enterprise in the Western country. Mr. Cusitcr
is but 31 years of age, but he is now ranked
among the most successful business men of the
Willamette valley, and he has attained the
highest gift within the reach of the people of
his adopted city, that of mayor of Silverton.
Mr. Cusiter makes a very cfficievit executive
officer and he enjoys the confidence of the en-
tire community.

OCO. CuSITfR, SlLVEflTON.

All the various business pursuits and profes-
sions are well represented at Silverton, and
the volume of business annually transacted here is large and is constantly increasing.

Silverton ranks high in the matter of educational advantages afiforded its youth.
The fine city public school is a pretentious and handsome piece of architecture, as
shown by the illustration accompanying this article. It contains six rooms and its
erection involved an outlay of |7,cx)o. The building occupies a full block of ground
in the central part of the city and is perfect in all its appointments. The grades of
the public schools arc well defined and the public school system is ably managed.
Five experienced teachers are employed in the public schools here and the daily
enrollment of scholars in attendance during the past year reached 225.

lUit three church organizations are maintained in Silverton. These include the
Presbyterian, Methodist and Christian denominations. Each of these organizations
owns its own church building, and each is strong in membership. TAe Tribune, a
weekly paper, is published at Silverton, audit is well supported. A good hall with a
seating capacity of 300, affords a convenient place here for public entertainments.
Good accommodations are afforded the traveling public in three well conducted
hotels. The Silverton livery stable, of which J. H. Moser is proprietor, is well
equipped with horses and vehicles. Mr. Moser pays special attention to meeting
the demands of the traveling public for riding and driving, and he has some of the
best stock in the country. In addition to the establishment presided over by Mr.
Moser, Silverton also supports another stable.

Silverton's main source of support is the exceptionally fertile and highly pro-
ductive farming section immediately tributary. While the soil of this land is especi-
ally adapted to the raising of fruit, including prunes and strawljcrries particularly,
hop culture and the raising of grain claim a large part of the attention of the farm-
ers of this part of the state. Dairying and stock raising here have also proved most
remunerative callings. Considering the proximity of Silverton to Portland, and the
exceptional facilities for shipping enjoyed by the farmers here, land in the vicinity of
Silverton is not held at high valuations. From Mr. G. A. Webb, a reliable real estate
agent, who has resided at Silverton for eight years past, it is learned that the prices
of improved land three to six miles distant from the city, today vary from $20
to I50 an acre. Within one mile of the corporate limits of the city choice lands

Mt. Angelt Orcfjotu

189

can be bought for from I40 to I65 an acre. Mr. Webb is ready at al! times to furnish
reliable information, either of Silverton or of the rich section of country tributary.

Silverton is a thri, iuj^ place, marie up of an enterprising populatioit. The people
here are at all times alive to the advantages of location which the city enjoys, and
they are disposed to make the best of the opportunities afforded them here for
advancement. The people of Silverton have strong hopes of making their town one
of the principal commercial centers of the Willamette valley, and the advancement
the place has made during the past few years augurs much for a continued growth in
population and wealth in the future.

Mt. Anjirel, Oroffon. — The town of Mt. Angel was incorporated by an act of
the last legislature. It now has a population of about 250, and is the seat of two of
the leading Catholic institutions of learning on the coast, the Mt. Angel Seminary
and College and the Queen of Angels riCadcmy. The parochial schools here have a
daily attendance of about 60 pupils, who are instructed by the Benedictine Sisters of the
Queen of Angels Academy. The public school system of the town is good, the aver-
age number of scholars in attendance at the public schools being about 30.

Mt. Angel is 40 miles south of Portland on the line of the Woodburn-Springfield
branch of the Southern Pacific, six miles from the main line at Woodburn, and is 14
miles southeast of Salem. Four passenger trains pass this point daily. The town is
making steady and constant advancement, both by reason of the exceptional educa-
tional advantages afforded here and also by its location in a rich and highly produc-
tive country. A large grain warehouse with a storage capacity of 75,000 bushels, is
located at Mt. ."Vngel, and the town also boasts of a keg factory, the output of which
finds a sale principally among the large breweries of Salem, Albany and Portland.
There is but one church building in the town at the present time, that of the
Catholics which is a recently erected structure.

The Mt. Angel hotel, of which Mr. B. Oswald
is owner and manager, is a handsome structure,
as is shown by the accompanying illustration.
The hotel building contains 11 neatly furnished
rooms, and the rates charged are from $1 to
$1.50 per day. Mr. Oswald has made the Mt.
Angel hotel a popular hostelry with the travel-
ing public, and he enjoys a constantly increas-
ing patronage. Mt. Angel supports a single
livery stable, which furnishes ample accommo-
dation to the people who visit this point.

From the top of Mt. Angel, legated but a short distance from the town of the
same name, is obtained a magnificent view of a wide stretch of the best part of the
Willamette valley, and also of the snow-capped peaks of the lofty Cascades, in both
Oregon and Washington. The rugged chain of the Coast Range of mountains on the
west are also seen to excellent advantage from this point, as are the Waldo Hills and
the historic Mary's Peak on the south. Mt. Angel is not a town of a large popula-
tion, but it is a prosperous settlement located in a highly attractive and rich section
of country, and as a place of residence it is one of the most charming points of the
Willamette valley.

Mt. Angel Motel, mt. Ansel.

190

The Orcffuttian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

Mt. Angel Skminary and Collkge. — Situated at the foot of Mt. Angel, a
gently sloping hill cuiitaining an area of about 8oj acres, is Mt. Angel Setniuary and
College, an educational institution conducted by the Hcncdictine fathers. The eleva-
tion known as Mt. Angel, rises to a height of 295 feet, and from the summit of
this elevation a commanding view is obtained of the surrounding country for miles
distant.

The monastery grounds comprise an area of 800 acres, and are crossed by the

Wood bur n-
this railroad

Mt. Angel Seminary and cc'-Lt;aE, mt. Angel.

Springfield branch of the Southern Pacific. The station of
line is located within one mile of the monastery. The col-
lege building, shown by the accompanying illustration,
is a three-siory structure, designed and ar-
ranged according to the most modern plans
for such an institution. The monastery, sem-
inary, church and other smaller buildings were
destroyed by fire in May, 1892. It is expected
that these buildings will be replaced with bet-
ter structures during the coming year.

The institution is divided into three de-
partments. These are for students of phi-
losophy and theology, for those who desire to study for the Catholic priesthood and
for those who may wish to prepare themselves for any other profession. The relig-
ion of the institution is Roman Catholic, but students of other beliefs are admitted,
the only recjuirement of scholars being that they be present at the common religious
exercises. The rules and regulations of the school have been carefully drafted, and
are rigidly enforced. The faculty is composed of an able body of men who are highly
efficient as instructors.

The number of students in attendance at this school during the past year was 90,
most of whom came from within the state of Oregon. The charges for tuition and
board here are within the reach of all. Mt. Angel Seminary and College, although
established but nine years, has already commanded widespread attention as an insti-
tution from which may be received a thoroughly correct training and a broad and lib-
eral education.

Queen of Angels Academy. — The academy is situated in a healthful and most
picturesque part of Oregon, and is one mile wi-st of Mt. Angel college. The build-
ing occupied by the school, as seen by the illustration published on this pa^e, is a
handsome structure of brick and stone, spaci-
ous, well lighted .and ventilated, and enjoying
all modern improvements. Elxtcnsivc grounds,
groves and orchards adjoining the Imilding,
afford ample advantages for healthful recrea-
tion. The Woodburn-Springfield branch of the-
Southern Pacific railroad passes by the convent
grounds, and the railroad station at Mt. Angel
is but one-fourth of a mile distant.

The academy is incorporated under the laws
of the stat:; ol Oregon, which empowers the
school to confer academic honors. It is con-
ducted by the Benedictine vSisters, and while
the rules of discipline are well defined, they arc enforced in a rigid but not harsh

Queen of Angels Academy, Mt. Angel.

Halsey, Oregon.

lltl

•iit

larsli

manner. Members of any religious tlenomiuation are received at the academy,
but pupils must lie willinj,; to conform to the rules of the school, and for sake of
uniformity, be present at the ordinary rcliyious exercises. There are three distinct
courses of study laid down in the institution. These are the normal, classical and
commercial. There are also special courses in shorthand and typewriting, Iclej^raphy,
drawing and painting, music and needle-work.

The expenses for board and tuition are exceedingly mmlerate. The number of
boarders enrolled at the school during the pi -J year was 34. The surroundings of the
yueen of Angels Academy are most inviting, l ♦ training received is thorough, and
the associations with the Benedictine sisters, wl'o are solicitous for the welfare of each
of the pupils, are most plcasani.

Halsey, Orejlfoii. — One of the aiost prosperous towns of the east sidt* of
the Willamette valley is Halsey, located in Marion county. Halsey is situated
oii the main line of the vSouthern Pacifi- railroad, 97 miles south of Portland
and 18 miles south of Albany, the latter plice Ijcing the point where the Oregon
Pacific crosses the tracks of the Southern Pacific. Halsey is incorporated and now
claims a population of about 400. A rich tributary section of country, typical of the
highly fertile farming belt included within what is known as tue Willamette valley,
surrounds the town, and this, with the enterprising population of the place, has
resulted in building up at this point a trade center of some little promintncc.

The leading manufacturing industry at llalscy at
the present time is a dram tile plant, which is owned and
operated by D. Nash & Co. , who are thoroughly practical
tile manufacturers. An inexhaustible supply of blue clay
is found within the corporate limits of the town, and this
clay is pronounced by experts to be of a quality especially
adapted to the highest grades of drain tile. The tile fac-
tory at Halsey has a capacity of i ,500,000 feet of tile an-
nually. This output is shipped to various parts of the
Willamette valley, most of the land of which, while very
rich, is greatly improved by sub-drainage. Halsey is also
an imporiant wheat storage and shipping point. Three

large warehouses are located here, with a combined storage capacity of 225,000 bushels
of wheat. The Southern Pacific Railroad Company has built a side track to these
warehouses at' J ;>very facility is afibrded by the railroad company for handling freight
from this place in ihe most expeditious and most economical manner possible.

Three large general merchandise stores are located at Halsey, as well as a num-
ber of smaller mercantile establishments. The aggregate stock carried by the three
largest houses is an evidence of the richn'^ss of the section of which Halsey is the
business center. The Stafford, Garrett Co. carry a stock of general merchandise
valued at from $12,000 to |i4,ooo. Koontz & Power, also dealers in general mer-
chandise, value their stock at from $17,000 to $20, (xx). Both of these leading houses
command a trade that is not by any means confined to the town proper, but that
reaches out from Halsey in all directions for a distance of from 5 to 10 miles. Another
large house of Halsey is the Oriental Tea Company, which enjoys a large trade in
staple and fancy groceries.

The efficiency of the public school system of Halsey is in advance of the popu-
lation of the place. A fine new school building, an illustration of which is published

Public Schooi., HALSer,

'11
'If

^^i

192

The Oregon'an's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

Ill

Hi
t-'

in connection with the preaent at tide, was recently erected at this point, at a cost of
|5,oao. It contains four well lijijhted and perfectly ventilated rooms. Four efficient
teachers are employed in the public schools here, and the average daily attendance of
scholars, exclusive of those residing outside the city limits, is about loo. Advanced
courses of study have been provided for at these schools in addition to the common-
school branches taught here. Church buildings are owned at Halsey by the United
Presbyterian, Methodist, Christian and Baptist denominations. The town supports
one weekly newspaper, 7'Ae Netos. It has a public hall with a seating capacity of
300, and one good hotel, occupying a large and well arranged building, and one livery
stable, afford ample accomniodatious to the traveling public,

Wheat is the staple product of the dislricl tributary 'J Halsey, ^id the shipments
of grain from this point are ve-y heavy. While the so' of this secijn is equally as
well adapted to fruit growing and hop culture as is th'~ ■ oil of other parts of the val-
ley, the raising of wheat still claims the principal attention of the farmers here. The
assessed valuation of the properly at Halsey is 1150,000, and the town is unincumbered
with any bonded indebtedness. Fvvery effort is now being made by the enterprising
citizens of Halsey to advance the interests of their town and, with the many natural
advantages in favor of the place as a natural trading point, these efforts will doubtless
not prove unavaili:jg.

Ilari'isbiiriar, Orcji:<>ii. — Harrisburg is one of the old settled towns of
♦he Willamette valley. It is i(J5 miles south of Portland on the main line of the
Southern Pacific and has a present population of about 500. Harrisburg is also
located on the Willamette river, which at favorable stages is nrv'^^able from this
point to the mouth of the river, thus affording Harrisburg the benefits of an all-
water route connecting direct with Portland.

One flouring mill with a capacity of 30 barrels, and a sawmill with a cutting capa-
city of 10,000 feet of lumber, per day, are located at this point. The output of both
of these manufacturing plants finds ready sale in ^ -risburg and in the rich sec-
tions of country adjacent. Work on the construction of a canal which will tap the
Willamette river at a point three miles distant from Harrisburg is now being
prosecuted, and it is expected to have the canal completed during the present year.
The canal will furnish suflicient water power at Harrisburg for running several fac-
tories, an electric light plant and city water works.

The soil of the land in the immediate vicinity of Harrisburg is especial!}
adapted to wheat and hop growing, and large quantities of wheat and hops are now
annually shipped from this point. This is an old settled portion of the state and
many large and highly improved farms are found in this section. Harrisburg sup-
ports a number of large stores and the different branches of business are well rep-
resented here. A spacious building containing four rooms is used for public school
purposes. Four teachers are employed in these schools and the average daily
attendance is about 125 scholars. The Christians and two denominations of Metho-
dists have organizations here and are well supjjorted. Harrisburg has one bank an<l
supports one w;ekly newspaper. The Courier. A new city hall, also used for public
gatherings, v;as completed in 1892. This hall has a seating capacity of 400 people.
The travelling public will find one good hotel at Harrisburg, and one livery stable.
The assessed valuation of the district in which Harrisburg is located — the section
properly tributary to the town — is $200,000, and the town itself is entirely free from
bonded indebtedness.

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Junction City, Oregon.

193

.■iallN
now
and

Junction City, Oregon.— Junction City, Linn county, was so named
owing to this point being the prospective junction of the East and West Side divi-
sions of the Southern Pacific railroad which now runs north and south on both sides
of the Willamette river through the highly fertile section of the Willamette valley.
The East Side division of this road is now the through line between Portland and
San Francisco, and it is on the main line that Junction City is located, no miles south
of Portland. The West Side division of the same road has its temporary southern ter-
minus atCorvallis, about 28 miles southwest of Junction City. The route for the ex-
tension of the West Side division of the Southern Pacific between Corvallis and Junc-
tion City lies through one of the most fertile sections of the valley. It offers no obsta-
cles to cheap and easy railroad construction and it is absolutely certain that this
extension will be built in the near future. Junction is now the end of the Roseburg
division of the Southern Pacific and it is here that the locomotive and train crews
are changed. Large disbursements are regularly made here by the railroad com-
pany and this, with the wealth of the tributary farming district, makes this an
especially prosperous town.

The official census of 1890 gave Junc-
tion City a population of 560. Since that
time the population of the place has in-
creased to 700. Two years ago a destructive
fire wiped out the main business part of the
town, but since the holocaust several fine,
new brick blocks have taken the place of the
wooden structures which lined the main
business thoroughfare Ijefore the fire. The
accompanying illustration is a correct repre-
sentation of the drug store and banking
house recently erected by W. S. Lee, who
opened the first drug store in Junction City
2r years ago. Mr. Lee has unlimited confi-
dence in the future growth of Junction City
and he has accumulated here some of the
most valuable city property. In conjunc-
tion with the drug store Mr. Lee does a
general banking and insurance business,
and \ie has built up a large city and country
patronage in each of these departments.

There are numerous other large and
successfu business establishments in Junc-
tion, but that of G. M. Jackson & Co. is de-
serving of especial mention as showing the
necessH.ily highly productive section of
country vvhichmustbe tributary to the town

in order to support as large a house as this b.<. •=?. Junction City is the principal
trading center for a large part of Tane county, The firm of G. M. Ja. k.son & Co.
liave established at this point an imuicnse general merchandise business. The value
of their stock during certain seasons of the year reaches as high as $25,000. This
store commands the best trade of the surrounding community and this trade extends
into the surrounding country for miles distant.

^m'-

w. 8. LEE'S Block, Junction City,

194

The Orejionian's Handbook of the Pacific Xorthwest.

Junction City boasts of one roller flouring mill which manufactures daily 75 bar-
rels of flour of an excellent grade. Three large grain elevators are also located
here, and these elevators have a combined storage capacity of 375,ck)o bushels. The
adjoining country is a great wheat and oat-producing section, and most of the grain
product of this section is stored in large elevators at Junction City, from which point
it is shipped to Portland and San Franci.sco. During 1892 the shipments of wheat
from Junction City aggregated 125,000 bushels. Hops and barley are also raised to
some extent in this part of the state. During 1892 a new and hand.some school house
was completed at Junction City at a cost of $6,000. This building contains four large
rooms, one teacher being assigned to each room. The average daily attendance of
scholars during the past year was about 150. The Presbyterian, Methodist an<l
Christian denominations have handsome' church edifices at Junction City and each
organization contains a large membership The city has a good water-works system,
the supply of water for city use being tal-en from two large reservoirs having a
combined capacity of i5,ooo gallons. The lower floor of the city hall is used for
holding the fire apparatus. A good volunteer fire department is tiiaintained here
and the city is amply protected against fire.

Situated on the main street of the city is an imposing brick block which is used
for hotel and opera-house purposes combined. The hotel is well arranged and well
conducted, and the opera-1 use, which has a seating capacity of ycxj, is one of the
neatest little public auditoriums in the valley. The erection of this block involved
an outlay of $24,000. One hotel in addition to the above is maintained at Junction
City. The town supports one weekly newspaper, The Times. Three livery stables
furnish ample accommodations to the traveling public.

Cue of the richest portions of the entire Willamette valley is directly tributary to
Junction City. Farming lands in this locality can be purchased at very reasona!)le
prices. Mr. G. M. Jackson, a prominent citizen of Junction City, quotes prices on
desirable wheat and hop land at from I35 to $40 per acre, land lying within one milt
of the corporate limits of the town. The same lands, from, three to four miles dis-
tant from the town, can be bought for from $10 to $20 per acre. Mr. Jackson is
acquainted with all land values in this vicinity, and he is a thoroughly reliable person
from whom to receive information on this subject.

Junction City is made up of a live and wide-awake people, who seem to appreci-
ate their favorable location, and who will doubtless exert every effort in advancing
the town's prosperity in the future as they have steadily done in the past.

Kujjfoiie, Oretf^on. — The most distinguishing feature of Eugene is its natural
beauty of location. The district in which the city is located is one of the most pic-
turesque parts of the state. This might truly be termed the gateway to the Wil-
lamette valley from the south. It is the dividing line between the low, level stretches
of the valley proper and the undulating but highly fertile lands to the south. All of
the section tributary to Ivugene is perfectly watered, the soil is both warm and rich,
and the country supports one of the most prosperous farming communities in the
state.

Eugene has a population of about 4,000, aid it is the highest point on the Will-
amette river that steamboats from Portland ever ascend. This stream flows by the
city on the east. To the west is a range of hills covered with forests. l-Vom the
highest eminences of these hills is commanded one of the widest views of the Will-
amette valley obtained from any elevation. Eugene is essentially a city of homes.
The city has the appearance of some well laid-out park, shade trees lining all the

•"!

Eugene, Oregon.

195

le Will-
by the
\o\\\ ilic
lie Will-
homes.
hU the

Willamette Street, Eugene.

principal streets. Around all the fine private residences of the city are well-kept
lawns and flower gardens, and these private grounds attest in a most striking manner
the inclinations of the people who have made their homes in
Eugene. It is the boast of the people here that Eugene is a city

of homes, and the effort made to
add to the home comforts of
Eugene's population has done
much to advance the city's inter-
c-ts in a material way.

Eugene is the seat of Lane
county, and it is also the seat of
the Oregon State University, a
higher institution of learning, that
has attained threat prominence
among the g.-eat schools of the
coast. Eugen? is 123 miles south
of Portland by the line of the
Southern Pacific railroad, and 650
miles north of San Francisco by the
same route. It is the natural trading and jobbing center of Lane county, and the de-
velopment of this county during the last five years has resulted in largely increasing
Ivugene's population and wealth. The staple product of the farms of this section, as
of the other parts of the valley, is wheat. In addition the farmers here pay large atten-
tion to fruit and hop growing, while the production of wool and stock raising are fol-
lowed with profit in the foothill districts of the county. This is an ideal fruit-growing
country. The nights here during the summer and fall months are warm, the soil is
rich and of that peculiar light quality especially adapted to fruit growing, and fruit
raising on the most extensive scale will some day be the most profitable industry of
Lane county.

The main business street of Eugene has the stamp of metropolitan importance.
It is wide and well kept, and it is lined, for a distance of four blocks in the center of
the city, with fine two and three-story brick buildings. The display windows of the
main business houses make a very attractive appearance. Every line of business is
well represented here, and a number of the largest stores carry stocks of goods valued
at from $25,000 to $40,000.

Owing to the many advantages of location a number of important manufacturing
institutions have been established at Eugene during the past few years, and these
industries are all on a paying basis. The local supply of raw material is large and is
easily obtained, and the excellent shipping facilities enjoyed by the city assure a r ady
market for the product of the factories here. Located here is a large roller flouring
mill with a daily capacity of 100 barrels. This mill manufacture's a high grade of
flour, and this flour is shipped as far north as Puget Sound. The company operating
these mills has an elevator capacity of 100,000 bushels, and the entire milling plant is
complete in every respect.

'^. e Willamette Tannery, shown by the accompanying illustration, was estab-
lished in Eugene 12 years ago, and since that time it has been turning out leather
at the rate of 7,000 sides a year. The proprietors of the tannery are W. W. Haines

■ill

n n r

196

The Oregoaian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

PHOTO BY HICKS PHOTO CO.

Willamette Tannery, W, w. Haines 4 Co., Proprietors, Euoene.

& Co., who are thoroughly expe-
rienced manufacturers in their
line. The tannery employs eight
men and consumes 250 cords of
hemlock bark per year. Almost
the entire output of the plant is
shipped to San Francisco, via the
Oregon Pacific railroad to Yaquina
Bay and by steamer plying regu-
larly between the latter port and
San Francisco. Messrs. Haines
& Co. state that the demand for

the grade of leather manufactured by them is far in excess of the capacity of their

plant.

Among the other factories located at Eugene is a sawmill with a cutting capacity
of 25,000 feet of lumber per day. This mill gives employment to 25 men. Logs are
floated to the mill down tlv Willamette river. The cannery and fruit-evaporating
plant combined, located at this point, represent an outlay of $15,000. The cannery
has a daily capacity of 50 tons of fruit while the evaporator can turn out 5,000 pounds
of fruit a day. During the busy season, this plant gives employment to about 200
men, women and children, and it is the means of disbursing large sums of money
here regularly. Eugene claims two planing and one shingle mill. The latter has a
capacity of 20,000 shingles a day. Among the other manufacturing plants here are an
ice factory and cold-storage house, foundr; and machine shops, and a furniture and
cutlery manufactory.

Eugene enjoys the benefit of a great water power. This has only been partially
developed as yet. The flouring mill, two or three of the smaller factories and tiit-
city electric plant are now being operated by this water power. The water is brought
to the city through a race which taps the Willamette river a short distance abovo
Eugene. Eugene has a good system of waterworks, water for city use being taken
from a reservoir located on a butte one-half mile distant. This reservoir is at an elf
vation of 175 feet above the city, and it has a holding capacity of 300,000 gallons.
The water is pumped into the reservoir direct from a deep well whose supply i.s
inexhaustible. Mains are laid through all the principal streets, and hydrants are
located at the street crossings. Fire engines are unnecessary as a protection against
a conflagration, as sufficient pressure is maintained at all times in the hydrants,
which are easily tapped, to throw a stream over the highest building of any of tho
streets. Four well-drilled volunteer hose companies are maintained here, and tin.-
city has every facility for successfully fighting fire.

Over $20,000 has already been expended by Eugene in an excellent system of
sewers covering the main streets of the city.

As a seat of learning, Eugene occupies a proud position among the most favortil
educational centers of the coast. In addition to the University of Oregon located heie
an excellent public ^chool sy.stem is maintained. Two large modern school buildings,
containing eight rooms each, furnish ample quarters for public school purposes.
Sixteen teachers are employed in these schools. The schools are graded, ami
scholars, upon the completion of their studies at Eugene's public schools, are pr -
pared to enter the freshman class in any of the best colleges.

Eugene, Oregon.

197

PHOTO. B» MICKS
PHOTO. CO.

■stem I'f

fa von 'I
ted heie

urpost-i.
ed, ami
are pr -

Eug«ne is the banking center of Lane
county. Three strong financial institu-
tions are located here, and they all do a
large business. The two leading banks of
Eugene are the Lane County Bank and the
First National. The oldest banking house
in Eugene and Lane county is that of Messrs.
Hovey, Humphrey & Co., known as the
Lane County Bank. It was estabhshed in
1882, and occupies one of the finest brick
corners, shown by the accompanying iHus-
tration, in Eugene. The president of the
Lane County Bank is Hon. A. G. Hovey, ex-
member of the state senate and ex-mayor
of the city of Eugene. Mr. Hovey is re-
garded as one of the leading and prominent
citizens of Eugene and of the state, and he
enjoys the ccmfidence of all who know
him. H. C. Humphrey, a son of one of
Oregon's pioneers, the late Hon. Geo.
Humphrey, is the cashier of the bank, J. M.
Abrams is the assistant cashier, and A. G. Hovey, Jr., is the teller.

The Lane County Bank continues to do an increasing business with all classes
and interests of the people of Lane county with each successive year.

The First National Bank of Eugene, shown by the accompanying illustration, is
one of the most solid financial institutions in the Willamette valley. It was first

established as a private bank in 1884 by the promi-
nent firm of Hendricks & Eakin, and was incor-
porated as a national bank in 1886. The First Na-
tional Bank was first capitalized with $50,000, and
the surplus now amounts to $50,000 more. The
total amount of business transacted by this bank,
in 1892, was $7,000,000. The Hon. T. G. Hendricks,
a resident of the state of Oregon since 1848, and
one of the prominent citizens of Eugene, is presi-
dent of the First National Bank ; Hon. S. B. Eakin
is cashier, and P. E. Snodgrass is the assistant
cashier.

L»NE COUNTY Dank, Eugene.

First National bank, Euqenc.

Eugene has the benefit of the strongest of religious influences. Eight strong
church organizations are maintained here, all of which own handsome church edi-
fices. These are denominations of the Presbyterian, Cumberland Presbyterian, Meth-
odist, F'piscopal, Catholic, Congregational, Christian and Baptist. Three well con-
ducted newspapers, The Daily Guard, The Semi- IVcekly Register and 7^he Weekly
Oregon State Journal, render effective aid in advancing the city's interests. A hand-
some opera house, with a seating capacity of 1,000, has recently been completed at
Eugene. Eugene's finances are in a most satisfactory condition. The assessed
valuation of city property, in 1892, was $1,600,000, and the total bonded indebted-
ness of the city today does not exceed $20,000. Excellent accommodations are pro-

^11

t , iA

! t I

11 I U!

lit!

198

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacihc Northwest.

• '

vided for tourists here, Eugene supporting three good hotels and four well stocked
livery stables.

An active board of trade has doue much to crowd Eugene to the front. Through
the agency of the board of trade here liberal inducements, in the way of proffers of
land and money, have been offered manufacturers to locate at this point, and this
liberal policy has resulted in much practical benefit to the city. Eugene's corporate
limits now extend two miles east and west and one mile north and south. The main
street leading from the depot out to the university, is traversed by a street-car line,
over which cars are run at frequent and regular intervals. Eugene has always been
a prosperous point, and the energy of its citizens during the past few years, together
with its many advantages of location, has resulted in making Eugene one of the lead-
ing centers of population in Western Oregon.

The Univei*slt.y of Ovofj^on. — The University of Oregon, established at
Eugene, in 1872, by act of the state legislature, and opened for reception of students
in 1876, has passed the crucial period of the struggles of all new institutions. The
able management and liberal support by the state have caused the institution to take
high rank among colleges of this country. Its location at Eugene cannot be sur-
passed for health, convenience of access and beauty of scenery. The control and
management of the university was entrusted to a board of regents consisting of nine
members appointed by the governor. The present board is composed of the follow-
ing members: Hotn R. S. Bean, Salem; Hon. L. L. McArthur, Portland ; Hon.
Henry Failing, Portland; Hon. A. Bush, Salem; Hon. S. Hamilton, Roseburg;
Hon. A. G. Hovey, Eugene; Hon. T. G Hendricks, Eugene; Hon. C. C. Beekman,
Jacksonville; Hon. Joshua J. Walton, Eugene. The late Hon. Matthew P. Deady,
I/. L. D., was the honored president of the board of regents for the last 20 years.

The university has the following endowment : $100,000 realized from the sale of
lands granted by the United States ; $50,000 generously donated by Mr. Henry Vil-
lard. The interest on said sums is used for the support of the school, in addition to
the sum of $30,000 annually appropriated by the state.

The university campus contains 18 acres, situated at the head of the great Wil
lamette valley, on a gradually ascending elevation, from which can be obtained ;i
splendid view of the surrounding country. The main buildings, as seen by the illus-
tration on the opposite page, consists of three brick structures, the two larger ones
being used for school purposes, while the smaller one is used for a gymnasium. Tht-
two other buildings arc used for rlormitories. The observatory occupies a sightly
location on the top of Skinner's Butte, which overlooks the city of Eugene and sur
rounding country, and is convenient to the other buildings.

The library of the university contains 5,000 volumes of carefully selected books,
which is being increased each year from the Henry Villard library fund. The regents
have expended $6,000 in the purchase of apparatus for the departments of chemistr;.
and physics, and mathemati>.al and astronomical instruments for the school.

There are four courses of study in the university, the classical, scientific, liter-
ary and English. Tuition is free, but each student is required to pay an incidental
fee of $10 per year. Students can obtain board and rooms in private families at rea-
sonable rates, and have use of dormitories at the cost of maintenance.

The school of law of the university is conducted at Portland, where access ■ i
more easily had to excellent libraries and a greater variety of courts. The ablest
lecturers are employed to preside over this department. The course of law studii s

■(

r "IT

200

The Orcgonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

(

consists of two sessions of 20 weeks each, and the tuition is |6o per session.
Application for admission to the school of law should be addressed to Prof. Richard
H. Thornton, Portland, Oregon.

The school of medicine is also cc aducted at Portland. The faculty is composed
of the best physicians of the state, most of whom are connected with hospitals of
the city, which offer advantages for clinical and didactic instruction unsurpassed in the
state. For full particulars as 10 course of study, fees and other information of medi-
cal department, address C. C. Strong, M. D., secretary, Portland, Oregon.

The conservatory of music of the university is conducted by Miss Mary E.
M'Cornack, graduate of the New England conservatory, assisted by talented teach-
ers. Instruction is given on the piano forte, organ, violin, and in voice culture ; also
in harmony and theory of music.

The University of Oregon has justly earned a reputation for higher education of
which the entire state niciy feel proud. Some of the ablest men and women of Ore-
gon and neighboring states belong to the alumni of this inntitutiou. From its
inception the aim of the regents and facult}' has been to make thorough scholars
rather than rush through to graduation a large number of students.

The curriculum of the university has always maintained a comparntive standard
with prominent Eastern colleges, and has long attracted attention as on; of the best-
conducted institutions of learning in the west, Aoplication for catalogues can be
made to Joshua J. Walton, secretary of board, Eugene, Oregon.

Lane County, Oregon. — Lane county occupies a position at the head of
the Willamette valley, the garden spot of Western Oregon. It is one of the largest
counties of the valley. It extends for a distance of 150 miles from the crest of the
Cascade Mountains west to the Pacific ocean, F'rom Linn county, by which it is
bounded on the north, it reaches for a distance of 50 miles south to the northern
boundary of Douglas county. The county contains about 3,7cx3,ocx) acres, about 500,-
000 of which are now under cultivation. A large part of the surface of the county is
mountainous, elevations that are covered with a dense forest growth of timber, as are
the higher portions of all Western Oregon. Some 300 square miles of the Willamette
valley in Lane county, or that part of the county lying between its northern bound-
ary line and Eugene, the county seat, and even for some distance beyond this latter
point cannot be excelled for agricultural and grazing purposes. To the east and v/est
of this very rich strip along the foothills of the Cascade and Coast range of mount-
ains respectively, are numerous small valleys which are rapidly being filled with a
class of industrious settlers. The lands of these small valleys are valuable for fruit
and hop raising, and they are equally as fertile as the lands of the Willamette valley
proper. Prominent among the large water courses of Lane county are the Willam-
ette, McKenzie, Siuslaw, Coast Fork and Mohawk rivers. These streams drain large
areas of country, and the valleys along their courses are all easily accessible and
especially adapted to a high state of cultivation.

Located on a branch of the Coast Fork of the Willamette river in the eastern
part of the county are the rich Bohemian gold and silver mines. The mining devel-
opment of Lane county is not as pronounced as the mining interests of the part of
the state further to the south, but sufficient prospecting has already been done in the
mountains of the county to show that valuable deposits of precious metal exist
here, and earnest efforts are now being made to develop the mines here into paying
properties.

Lane County, Oregon.

201

Fruit and wheat growing are the principal industries of the farming districts of
Lane county. The present annual yield of wheat in the county is about 5oo,cxx)
bushels. In addition to wheat, about 5,000 bales of hops are annually shipped from
the county, and the product of wool of the county reaches about 200,000 pounds.
The Willamette river, which is navigable during the winter months from Portland to
Eugene, was formerly the principal freight route for the products of Lane county to
reach a market at Oregon's chief city. Most of the shipments of this part of the
state now, however, are made over the lines of the Southern Pacific and Oregon
Pacific railroads, the former road extending north and south through die valley,
while the Oregon Pacific runs east and west, crossing the Southern Pacific at Albany
and terminating on the west at Yaquina City on Yaquina Bay.

Thousands of acres of government land are still unoccupied in Lane county.
Most of this land is well back from the old established towns of the county, but
along the McKenzic river are large tracts of good land still unoccupied. There is
much very fine land in the county offered for sale at from $5 to $10 an acre, and this
land is easily cleared and is highly fertile when put into cultivation

The present population of Lane county is ribout 16,000. It is one of the old
established populated parts of Western Oregon, and it is the home of many well-to-do
farmers, and the people who reside here are principally prosperous and contented.

East Cottasre Grove. — East Cottage Grove is located in Lane county, on the
east bank of the Coast Pork of the Willamette river. It is 145 miles south of Port-
land by the Southern Pacific railroad, on the main line of which it is located. On
the west bank of the river at this point is located the old and original town of Cot-
tage Grove, which was first established in 1862. The town was incorporated in 1889,
and it has a present population of about 150.

Old Cottage Grove is a place of but little importance. A flouring mill with a
daily capacity of 40 barrels is located here. It contains one large general merchan-
dise store as well as several smaller business houses, and these, with one hotel, are
the noteworthy features of the old town. Four years ago new life was infused into
this old established place, and in spreading out, the principal business interests of the
town were soon transferred to the oast bank of the river at this point. The town on
the east bank was incorporated by act of the last legislature under the corpora "^e
name of East Cottage Grove. This latter town is now a bustling place of about 450
population and the new town is making very rapid strides in substantial develop-
ment. It now boasts of a fine roller flouring mill with a daily capacity of 60 barrels.
A bank is located here with a capital stock of 130,000, and the town supports a
weekly newspaper, The Echo-Leader. A dozen or more business houses, as well as
two hotels and a livery stable, are well patronized in the town. Three substantial
brick buildings have been erected on the main street and the construction of other
buildings of a similar character is already contemplated. The public school of the
town K- conducted in a neat two-story building. About 100 scholars are in daily
attendance at the school here, which is in charge of three teachers. Five religious
organizations are supported here. These are the Cumberland Presbyterian, Christian,
Methodist, Baptist and Catholic. The first two denominations worship in church
edifices of their own.

The resources of the section tributary to East Cottage Grove are lumber, wool
and fruit, which constitute the principal shipments from this point. In addition the

I I

;t;:i

.(■i

^m-

■w

» i

\ i

202

The Orcgonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

V '

town is also the only supply point for the rich Bohemian gold rnd silver mines situ-
ated 40 miles east, and which are now being developed.

I>rilin, Orej^oii. — In Douglas county, at the junction of Pass and Elk creeks,
is located the flourishing little town of Drain. It is on the main line of the Southern
Pacific railroad, 161 miles south of Portland, and it contains a population of about
300. The town enjoys a considerable degree of prominence in being the seat of the
State Normal School, which receives considerable mention in an article published in
connection with the present article on Drain.

A small sawmill and a gristmill constitute Drain's manufacturing enterprises. In
the vicinity of Drain are forests of fine timber. This timber is now being extensively
cut, and the rafting of logs down the streams of this section to the mills at Drain
and other points, is one of the leading pursuits of the people of this part of the state.

The superior educational advantages of Draiti have always attracted many fami-
lies to this point. One of the strongest factors which led to the selection of Drain for
the scat of the State Normal School was the general healthfulness of this part of the
state. In addition to the normal school. Drain has ihe benefit of a good system of
public instruction, which is conducted under the auspices of the State Normal School.
The average daily attendance at the public school is about 80. Two church organiza-
tion 5 are maintained at Drain, the Methv. ?ist and the Christian, both of which have
largf memberships. One hotel and one livery stable take care of the interests of the
traveling public visiting this point.

All overland trains of the Southern Pacific stop at Drain, where connection is
made by stage for Coos Bay points. Coos Bay is Ho miles west of this place. The
principal shipments from Drain are lumber, live stock and poultry, and the country
immediately tributary is rich and capable of supporting a nmch laiger population
than now finds homes here.

Tlie State Normal School. — The State Normal School, at Drain, Oregon,

so designated by act of the Oregon legisla-
ture in 1HS5, is fast taking its place among
the prominent institutions of learning in the
Pacific Northwest. The main building
of the State Normal School, shown by the
accompanying illustration, was erected
during the past year at a cost of |io,ooo.
The most approved style of architecture
has been adopted in the design of the build-
ing, which is heated throughout by hot
air and which is provided with a perfect sys-
tem of ventilation. A new dormitory for ladies
and a boarding hall for both ladies and gen-
tlemen have been added daring the past year.

The courses of study adopted in the school are normal, business, academic and
post-graduate, all of which departments are presided over by a thoroughly competent
and efficient corps of instructors. State diplomas are given studentr who complete
the normal course, and diplomas from the school are awarded those finishing the
academy, business or post-graduate courses. Graduates from the academy are pre-
pared to enter the freshman class of any college in the state.

State Normal School, Drain.

Oakland, Oreffon.

ami

The necessary expenses of scholars in attendance at the State Normal School
have been reduced to a mininmm. Good board and room, principally furnished, can
be secured at the boarding hall for ;ft2.25 per week, while the tuition fee is but $6.50
per term of 10 weeks. It is a noteworthy fact in connection with the institution, that
families residing in Drain, or in the school district here, are entitled to free tuition
for their children both at the public and State Normal School. The average attend-
ance of scholars at the Normal School during the past year was 250. With the recent
enlargement of school-room facilities and with the increase of the membership of
the faculty to 10, it is expected that the attendance during the present year will reach
400. W. T. Van Scoy, A. B., the president of the Normal School, is well qualified
for such a position, he having received a classical education at the Northwestern
University of Illinois, and also having received the degree of A. B. from the Uni-
versity of Portland.

Drain is considered one of the most healthful locations on the line of the
Southern Pacific railroad. It is situated in a beautiful valley commanding a superb
view of the Calipooia Mountains, while two rippling .streams of water course
through the town. This is an ideal site in every respect for the establishment of an
educational institution of a high order, and the location of the State Normal School
at this point was a wise act on the part of the Oregon legislature.

Oakland, Oregon. — Oakland, Douglas county, Oregon, is very picturesquely
located in the very heart of the rich Umpqua valley. It is on the main line of the
Southern Pacific railroad, 181 miles south of Portland. The Calipooia river, a branch
of the Umpqua on the north side of the town, and Camas Swale creek on the south,
afford an excellent natural system of drainage for both Oakland and the country
surrounding the town. Oakland is, today, the f"''ond largest town in Douglas
county. It contains a population of about 500, and is a very prosperous trading
point.

The citizens of Oakland now contemplate providing the town with a good system
of water works by establishing a pumping station on the Calipooia river, one mile
distant from the town. The water will be forced from this
station to a reservoir located on an eminence near the town.
It is the intention to complete this water-works plant during
the present year. Oakland is distinguished from other towns
of equal population in Western Oregon by its large shipments
of fruit, poultry and eggs. The soil of the Umpqua valley is
well suited to fruit culture. At Chenoweth Park, three miles
from Oakland, is a tract of 3,000 acres of land which is being
cultivated for orchards and vineyards, by an incorporated com-
pany having a capital stock of $72,000. Already 500 acres of
this land are planted in prune and peach trees. Prune crops, in this section, are
considered the most profitable to growers, the average net profit per acre from a
carefully attended prune orchard, being about $200. Oakland annually ships more
poultry (raised in the vicinity of this town) than any other town of the same size in
the .state. During 1892 there were shipped from this point 6,950 dozens of geese,
chickens and ducks, 15,000 turkeys, and 70,000 dozens of eggs. The total receipts
here for all shipments made by the town, in 1892, amounted to $279,000.

Four brick business blocks occupy prominent corners in Oakland, and as many
more brick buildings will be completed here during the present year. The stone for

^SSrf

Public School, Oakland.

204

The Orcffoniari's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

the foundations and trimmings of Oakland's best buildings is blue sandstone
obtained from a quarry situated within a short distance of the town. The brick
used here is of an excellent quality, and is made by a local company. In the north-
ern part of Douglas county, six miles distant from Oakland, are rich quicksilver
mines, which have already attracted considerable attention, and these mines will
doubtless, in time, be worked on a large scale. In the line of manufacturing Oak-
land has a large roller flouring mill, which has a capacity of 80 barrels of flour per
day. The flour made here is of a superior quality, and it enjoys a wide sale. Four
large stores are located in Oakland, and these business houses carry stocks of goods
valued at from $10,000 to $25,000 each. The town also contains one bank and the
usual number of small business establishments found in a place of this size.

Oakland's .schools are conducted in a good building, and they are in charge of
one principal and one assistant teacher. The present school building is hardly large
enough to meet the demands for school room here, and it is the intention of the
school board to erect an addition to this building during the present year. The aver-
age daily attendance at the public schools here is 125. Oakland supports six church
organizations, four of which worship in their own buildings. The denominations
represented here are the Presbyterian, Baptist, two Methodist, Kpiscopal and Christ-
ian. Two hotels and a single livery stable meet the requirements of the traveling
public which visit this town.

Fruit culture, wool growing, and poultry and stock raising have together com-
bined to make Oakland a very prosperous trading and shipping point. The country
that is directly tributary to Oakland extends as far from the town, in certain direc-
tions, as 40 miles, and most of this tributary section is rich and easily put in a con-
dition for cultivation. The business men of Oakland are generally alive to their
opportunities, and they are making earnest eff"orts to advance their town's interests.

J. H. Ray, a wide-awake, reliable and old established real estate agent, of Oak-
land quotes prices on improved lands suitable for fruit culture, lying within one mile
of the town, at $15 per acre. The same character of lands, five miles distant from
the town, can be bought at from $7 to $10 per acre. The people of Oakland, at the
present time, are able to boast that their town is entirely free from debt, and that
thej- have a surplus in the town treasury, a somewhat exceptional condition of things
with the growing towns of the state. Everything at Oakland, however, is in a heal-
thy condition, and a flourishing center of trade will always be maintained here.

Rosebiirg, Oregon. — Roseburg, the judi-
cial seat of Douglas county, is located in the
Umpqua valley, at the junction of the South
Umpqua river and Deer creek. It nestles in a fer-
tile little valley, almost entirely surrounded by a
range of rugged hills, which serve as a most effec-
tive barrier against all violent wind storms. The
surface of the townsite is gently undulating, thus
affording a perfect natural drainage. Roseburg
is an attractive town ; it is the center of a country
which furnishes excellent sport in fishing or
hunting, and the location is a decidedly health-
ful one.

New Citv hall, RosEeuHC.

»'..' '

Roseburg, Oregon.

205

Roseburg is a division station on the main line of the Southern Pacific. It is
197 miles south of Portland. It claims today a population of about 2,500, and is the
largest town in Douglas county. The principal manufacturing industi ies of the place
are two roller flouring mills, which have a daily capacity of 100 barrels, a brewery
which supplies the local market, a sash and door factory, and a planing mill.
Smaller factories located here are devoted to the manufacture of brooms and cigars,
respectively, and a fruit cannery and brickyard are also in successful operation at
this point.

Roseburg, in the main, is well and substantially built. Many fine brick blocks
line the principal street, and the sidewalks in front of the principal business hou::es
are paved with stone. The merchants of Roseburg are prosperous, many of the
leading business men having resided there since the place was first established.
Roseburg has two banks, one of these, the Douglas County Bank, being the oldest
in the county. This latter bank was established in 18S3. Its capital stock is $30,000,

and its fina. ::al responsiViility, at the present writing, is
$100,000. The officers of the Douglas County Rank are :
O. F. Godfrey, president ; S. C. Flint, vice-president,
and Peter Hume, cashier.

Roseburg's educational facilities have kept pace with
the growth of the town. A new eight-room school build-
ing has recently been completed here at a cost of $15, -.xx).
A principal and eight assistant teachers are employed, in
the public schools, and the courses of study provided for,
to which has recently been added a high school grade,
compare favorably with that of the best public schools
of the state. Eight church organizations own build-
ings of their own at Roseburg. These are the Presby-
terian, two Methodist, Baptist, Episcopal, Christian,
United Brethren and Catholic.

County court House, Roseburg.

Roseburg boasts of a handsome new brick opera house, and it supports two live
papers, The Semi- Weekly Review and The Weekly Plaindealer. Three large hotels
are mainti.ined here, as well as the same number of smaller ones, and four livery
stables are well stocked wi*h horses and carriages. The Umpqua river, at this point,
furnishes a valuable water power. This power is now being utilized by the factories
already located here. Roseburg has a good system of electric lights, good water
works, and a good system of sewerage has been established. Two Isrge reservoirs,
with a combined capacity of 600,000 gallons, are located on a high eminence, and
these reservoirs affcrd an ample pressure in the city mains to throw a stream of water
over any of the hi^ est buildings. Five miles of water pipes have been laid over
the city, at a cost of ibout $30,000. Four volunteer fire companies are maintained
in Roseburg, and ail of these companies are well drilled.

The sewerage system of the city covers the principal street, and drainage of the
buildings bordering on the all^iys is provided by lateral lines of pipe tapping the
main sewers. The sewerage system and the city hall together involved an outlay of
$25,000. This money was raided by bonds guaranteed by the city. The fine electric
light plant of Roseburg was established in 189 1 at a cost of $20,000. This is con-
sidered one of the most efficient plants for lighting purposes on the coast.

v\\

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206

The Orcgonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

;

School Buiuoihg, Roseburg.

The soil iu the vicinitj' of Roseburg is especially adapted to the raising of fruit.
Prunes and pears do particularly well here. Cereals are raised in the Umpqua valley
to a considerable extent, although not quite so heavily as in portions of the Willam-
ette valley further to the south. The stock and wool-growing interests of Douglas
county are very large and have proved of great benefit to Roseburg, which is the
principal tiaUing and shipping point of the valley. The mining interests of the
county, while but slightly developed at the present writing, have contributed largely
to the solid growth of Roseburg.

The valuation of taxable property in Roseburg, as shown by the assessment rolls
of 1892, was $446,589, and the total bonded indebtedness of the city today is |25,ooo.

The si^^^e which Roseburg occupies is an enviable
location for the establishment of a city, both by
reason of the exceptional healthfuhiess of the
place, and also for the reason Lliat the town is
located in one of the richest parts of Southern
Oregon. The people of Roseburg are now placing
great hopes on the early completion of the Rose-
burg & Coos Bay railroad. The distance from
Roseburg to Coos Bay is but 90 miles, and already
25 miles of the Coob Ray end of the line have
been completed. The opening of this line con-
necting Roseburg with the coast, would open a
new market at Sau Francisco for the pruducts of
Southern Oregon, and Roseburg, as the t'-rminus
of the road, at a point where connection will be made with the through line of the
Southern Pacific, would be the principal shipping point of all freight from Southern
Oregon which would pass over the new road to reach tidewater.

Aaron Rose, the Founder ov Roserurg. — The story of the life of Aaron Rose,
after whom the p'-'^'^perous and promising town of Roseburg was named, and to
whom the place owes everything for its present prosperous condition, presents an
interesting narrative in connection with the early history and development of
Douglas county. Mr. Rose, whose portrait is published with this sketch, is a pioneer
in the true sense, he having crossed the plains from Michigan in 1851. He found his
way to the valley of Umpqua, inhabited at that time by a tribe 'f Indians of the
name the valley now bears, and here he settled ou a donation claim of 320 acres from
the government, the site which Roseburg now occupies. Mr. Rose, although now
in his Soth year, is etill comparatively strong in body and mind, and he delights to
tell of the struggles and hardships of the pioneer days in Oregon, and then contrast
that period with the present in which life is a dream in comparison with that of the
early settlers of the state. In the early days, however, Mr. Rose states, that money
was more plentiful than provisions. Eggs and apples sold readily at $1 apiece, and
flour at $1 a pound. Gold dust was the principal form of exchange, for even thus
early gold discoveries were being made here on every hand.

The site of Roseburg is a most natural one, being almost surrounded by a row of
hills which afford perfect shelter. Unlike many of the early pioneers of Oregon who
acquired vast areas of land, and who, in many instances, are adding to rather than
disposing of any part of their lande"* possessions, Mr. Rose has ever held out the
most liberal inducements for people to locate in Roseburg and join him in building

Douglas County, Oregon.

207

PHOTO BY GR*VES.

iose,
to
ts an
of
oneer
Ihis
the
from
now
its to
itrast
the
oney
and
thus

ow of
who
than
the
Iding

up a flourishing city at this
point. Every manufactur-
ing enter^jrise, and many of
the leading mercantile houses
in Pvoseburg today, were
given free sites and free lots.
When the Southern Pacific
railroad was being built
through Oregon, Mr. Rose
gave the company a laud sub-
sidy valued at $30,000 to run
through Roseburg, which is
now the end of one of the
divisions of the road. To the
Roseburg & Coos Bay rail-
road, now in course of con-
struction, Mr. Rose gave five
acres of land for depot facdi-
ties. Every church in Rose-
burg, of which there are
eight, was given a lot free
and money in addition to aid
in the construction of the
buildings. Mr. Rose, besides
being Roseburg's chiefc^t
benefactor, has also done
much lor charity. The poor
and needy have never ap-
pealed to him in vain for de-
served assistance.

Prior to 1S60 Mr. Rose gave most of Lis time to farming, but since then he has
devoted himself to the building up of Roseburg, having become interested in the
various city enterprises, both as a shareholder and in encouraging such institutions
Hs city water works, electric lights, etc., by giving liberal bonuses. Mr. Rose owns
the New Era flouring mills which have a daily capacity of "5 barrels, and a ware-
house capacity of 25,000 bushels.

The father and founder of Roseburg, although having passed the noontime of
life, is today just as ambitious for the welfare of the town as he has always been,
and his hope that Roseburg shall be the foremost city in Southern Oregon seems
likely to be fulfilled, even during the life of its earliest promoter.

J)oiiglns County, Orejjfon. — The northern boundary line of Douglas county,
the Calipooia range of mountains, makes one of the most important divisions of
Western Oregon. To the south of the Calipooia Mountains lie the rich but rolling
lands contained in Douglas county, while extending for more than 100 miles north of
this range is the flat and highly fertile section of the Willamette valley. The south-
ern boundary of Douglas county is the summit of the Canyon range of mountains,
immediately south of which lies the famous Rogue River valley. The county extends
east as far as the summit of the Cascade Mountains, while it is bounded on the west by

Aaron Rose, founder of Roseburg,

•f

!.^ ill

208

The Oregonian^ s Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

the Pacific ocean. The total area of Douglas county is about 4,900 square miles.
One of the most fertile parts of the county is the Umpqua valley, through which the
river of the same name flows. Numerous othersmaller valleys are found in the county,
and it is crossed in all directions by many small streams of the clearest mountaia
water.

The lands of Douglas county are more hilly in their nature than is the surface
of the lands of the Willamette valley to the north. The mountainous sections of the
county are covered with forests of the finest timber, while the foothill districts are
covered with a finfe growth of grasses which furnish excellent pasturage for all kinds
of stock. The soil of the valley lauds is of a mellow, fertile nature, and this soil
gives large yields of cereals and vegetables, and it is well adapted to the cultivation
of fruit. The climate of the Umpqua valley is even more equable than is the mild
climate of the Willamette valley. The average annual rainfall in the Umpqua valley,
as shown by records carefully kept for the past ten years, is but 34.32 inches, and
extremes of heat and cold are practically unknown here.

The resources of Douglas county are varied, and comprise agricultural products,
minerals and timber, wool growing, fruit culture and .stock and grain raising. Spec-
ial attention has been paid in the county to the raising of prunes, peaches and
poultry, and these three industries will outrank in magnitude those of any other
county of the state. The special adaptability of th"s land for prune raising is shown
by the statement that during 1892 the product of j acres of prune orchard in the
county sold for $2 ,000. It is estimated that from one-half to seven-tenths of the crop
is the net profit from prune raising.

The minerals found in Douglas county comprise gold, silver, quicksilver, iron,
nickel, and in addition extensive deposits of coal, cement, limestone and marble are
found in different parts of the county. Valuable gold mines in the county have
already been opened up on Coffee, Starve-out, Cow, Myrtle, Mitchell, Calipooia and
Jordan creeks. Renewed interest has been shown in the gold mines of this county
during the past few yea*-s, and recent discoveries of the yellow metal in this section
have convinced the people of the county that most valuable deposits of gold exist in
this part of the state.

Perhaps about one-half of the lands of Douglas county is susceptible of culti-
vation. The title to much of this land still vests in the government and is open to
entry by settlers. Douglas county today contains not to exceed 12,000 population,
while the latent resources of this county alone are sufficient to support a population
ten times as large. This is one of the most inviting parts of Western Oregon, and it
is worthy of the attention of people who contemplate settling in the West.

(« runt's Puss, ()roj<on. — Grant's Pass, the judicial
seat of Josephine county, has a population of about 2,000.
It is located in the heart of the valley of the
Rogue river which has its source in Jackson
county, flows through Josephine and Curry
counties and empties its waters into the Pacific
ocean. Grt.nt's Pass is the largest town in the
Rogue river valley. It is supported by the
rich mineral, timber and agricultural resources

Public School, Grants Pass. of the COUntry adjacent. It iS loCatcd On the

Josephine County^ Oregon.

cial
ooo.
the
Lson
irry
;:ific
the
the
rces
the

main line of the Southern Pacific, 296 miles south of Portland and 476 miles north of
San Francisco. The merchants here have the benefit afiForded by the competition of
the Portland and San Francisco wholesalers to sell goods in this field. The town is the
end of an important division of the Southern Pacific, and a round house and railroad
repair shops are located at this point. The principn.l industry of Grant's Pass is the
manufacture of sash, doors, blinds, . aouldings and boxes. A company with a capital
stock of $125,000 is engaged in this business here and about 100 men are employed in
the factory. Other smaller factories at Grant's Pass are a brick-making plant, planing
mill and broom factory. Several fine brick blocks have been ere^.ed on the main
business street of the town and one bank looks after the financial affairs of the busi-
ness community. A large ten-room brick school building occupies a prominent site
in the city a jd eight teachers are employed in the public schools here. The number
of scholars in attendance is about 350. There are seven churches located here, four of
which — the Methodist, Presbyterian, South Methodist and Baptist— own their own
buildings. A circulating li1)rary, free reading room and a new brick opera house,
with a seating capacity of i,ouo, are located at this point.

The Rogue River Courier and Oregon Observer, two weekly papers are pub-
lished at Grant's Pass. Grant's Pass annually ships a large amount of fruit, lumber
and brick, and about |ioo,ooo in gold annually reaches this point from the rich placer
deposits of the valleys adjacent.

Josephine County, Oreg^on.— Josephine county lies to the east of Curry,
south of Douglas, west of Jackson and extends to the California line on the south.

Its area is about 1,800 square miles and its
present population is about 8,000. Until
the completion of the Southern Pacific rail-
road through the southern part of the state
comparatively little was known of this rich
part of Oregon. During the past ten years,,
however, wonderful strides have been made
here, and this is now classed among the
most prosperous portions of the Northwest.

The soil of the lands of Josephine
county is of remarkable fertility and will
produce almost anything grown in the
temperate zone. Cereals and fruits of all
kinds grow in profusion here. Snow sel-
dom falls in the valleys of the county, but
on the higher elevations, which are covered with valuable forests of fir, cedar, oak,
pine and other timber, the snowfall is sometimes heavy. The valleys of Josephine
county are now practically one vast fruit garden. P^>aches grow here in size and
flavor equal to the most luscious of the New Jersey peach crop, and the tons of
melons raised here which are annually shipped to the Portland and other markets
to the north are not excelled in quality by the melons raised in the most favored
parts of the United States. All varieties of fruit do well on these lands and the vine-
yards and orchards of Josephine county will some day rival those of the famous
California fruit belt.

The entire area of Josephine county is well watered, numerous creeks of the

PHOTO. BV €. F. EVEHITT.

Hop Picking, ne*b Qrhnt's Pass.

'\.

'«;...

ill

I' <

210

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

Photo, qv e. f. everitt.

Watermelon Patch, near Grant'9 Pass.

clearest water flowing down the mountain
sides and traversing the land in all direc-
tions. These streams also furnish fine
water power at convenient points. The
mountainous districts of the county contain
rich deposits of gold quartz, silver, copper
and other metals. Widespread attention is
just at the present time being attracted to
the mineral wealth of this county and the
mines here some day will rival those of
Eastern Oregon or of the Coeur d'Alenes in
Northern Idaho.

Medford, Orej^oii. — Medford is one of the comparatively new towns of the
southern part of the state. It is located in the Rogue River valley, on the line of
the Southern Pacific railroad, and is 328 miles south of Portlend and 444 north of
San Francisco. It was established about 10 years ago, and now has a population of
some 1,800. Medford is four miles east of Jacksonville, the judicial seat of Jackson
county, the two towns being connected by a steam-motor line.

The countr}' in the immediate vicinity of Medford is devoted almost entirely to
the raising of corn, wheat, rye, barley, fruits and vegetables. Almonds, grapes, figs
and fruits of a semi-tropical nature, are raised here to perfection. The melons and
peaches of the Rogue River valley are renowned for their size and quality, and the
fruit industry here is conducted on a scale that has made this one of the best known
fruit-producing belts on the coast.

Medford supports a number of manufacturing industries, among which is a dis-
tillery, with a daily capacity of 25 barrels, two pork-packing establishments, a
sash, door and planing mill, a flouring mill, with a capacity of 100 barrels a day, and
a brewery and an ice plant. The distillery has been in successful operation here for
more than two years past. The inducements offered for the location of this plant at
Medford were a liberal bonus by the'people of the place and the special adaptability
of the soil of the tributary section to the raising of the finest quality of corn. The
farmers in the immediate vicinity of Medford, and in Klamath and Lake counties,
in the extreme southern part of Oregon, have found a valuable market for their hogs
at the pork-packing establishment established at Medford. The manufacturing
industries located here have done much to advance the interests of the town, and it
is significant of the enterprise of the people here that increased interest is yearly
being paid to manufacturing at this point.

Medford boasts of a number of fine bnck blocks which line the main street.
The business community is generally prosperous, and a number of the leading stores
carry very heavy stocks of goods. Good public schools are maintained here. A new
frame six-room school building has recently been erected at Medford, at a cost of
^10,000. This building is well ventilated, it is heated by hot air, and is perfect in all
its appointments. Six teachers are employed in the public schools at this point, and
the average daily attendance of scholars is about 500. Seven churches are main-
tained at Medford. These are the Presbyterian, Episcopal, Christian, two Metho-
dist, Baptist and Catholic. All of these religious organizations own church build
ings of their own. Medford contains one bank, and one weekly newspaper, T/tr
Mail is published in the town. Medford also boasts of a fine opera house, with a

treet.
fetores
new
)St ot
lit! all
t, and
lain-
tetho-
juilfV
Thi-
nth a

Medford, Oregon.

PHOTO BY EVERITT, GRANTS PASS.

Table Rock, near Medford, Rogue River Valley.

seating capacity of 500. One hotel and
two livery stables furnish ample accom-
modations to the traveling public. The
assessed valuation of city property at
Medford is $262,413, and the only bonded
indebtedness of the municipality is that
incurred for the construction of the city
water-works plant, which involved an
outlay of $20,000.

The motor line which connects Med-
ford with Jacksonville makes three round

trips daily between tliese two points. Work has actually been begun on the exten-
sion of this road to tap an unrivaled sugar pine district, 25 miles distant from Med-
ford. This road will ultimately be extended to Klamath Falls, 75 miles southeast of
Medford. Klamath Falls is the center of a wonderfully rich farming district, and
will prove a most important point on the completion of the road there. It is esti-
mated that 50 miles of the proposed route of the new road lies through an inexhaust-
ible forest of sugar pine timber belt, and the opening of this timber belt to the mar-
kets of Medford will do much to add to the solid prosperity of the latter place.
That the people of Medford appreciate the benefits of the extension of the road is
attested by the statement that they subscribed a bonus of $40,000 to the company
building the line.

If the resources of the tributary country and the prospective development of
this district are duly considered, the prices asked for farming lands in the immedi-
ate vicinity of Medford are not unreasonable. Messrs. Hamilton & Palm, the lead-
ing real estate firm of Medford, quote the price of property adjoining the city limits
^t $75 per acre. This price decreases as the distance from the town limits increases.
Messrs. Hamilton & Palm are thoroughly conversant with both city property and
farm values in this part of the state, and information furnished by them on this sec-
tion can be regarded as strictly reliable.

The Hotel Medford, of which M. Purdin is proprietor, is conveniently arranged
for the accommodation of commercial travelers, for whom free sample rooms are pro-
vided. This popular hostlery is located directly opposite the Southern Pacific Com-
pany's depot. The building is constructed of brick, it is two stories in height, and
is comparatively secure from all danger of fire. The rates per day, at the Hotel
Medford, are from $1.25 to $2. Courteous treatment of guests and an excellent table
service are prominent features connected with the management of this hotel. Trav-
eling men, and tourists especialh', have found Medford's hotel accommodations bet-
ter than the average, probably for the reason that the location of the town is
such that a large surrounding country is more accessible from this point than from
any other.

One of the prominent citizens of Medford, and Jackson county, is D. H. Miller,
who has lived in the Rogue River valley since 1876. Mr. Miller, although a com-
paratively young man, is the pioneer merchant of Medford, having been the first
man to engage in business at this point. He first opened a store here nearly 10
years ago. He is a prosperous hardware merchant, and seems to have the utmost
confidence in the future growth and development of Medford and the Rogue River
valley.

\<)

212

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

PHOTO BY E. F. EVERITT, GnANTS PASS.

,. ?-sss,^

Rock Point, roque River.

The present postmaster at Medford is
J. S. Howard, who has lived in Jackson
county since i860. Mr. Howard is a civil
engineer by profession, and he made the
preliminary survey through Southern Ore-
gon and Northern California for the South-
em Pacific railroad. Jackson county was
but sparsely settled at that time, and Med-
ford had not yet been heard of Mr. How-
ard thinks, however, that the development
which this section of the country has had
during recent years will be greatly increased
in the future, owing to the natural resources
of the district that, until recently, have been scarcely known.

Jacksonville, Oregon. — ^Jacksonville, the seat of Jackson county, is the
■ oldest town in Southern Oregon, and one of the oldest established places in the
state, having been first settled in 1851. It is five miles west of Medford, the nearest
point on the main line of the Southern Pacific railroad, with which place it has
direct connection by means of a steam-motor line. When the Southern Pacific rail-
road was being built through this part of the state, ic years a-^o, the people of Jack-
sonville refused to raise a bonus of $25,000 demanded by the railroad company to
insure the main Hue of road passing this point. In refusing to accede to the demands
of the railroad company at that time, the people of Jacksonville missed the greatest
opportunity that was ever afforded them to advance their town's interests, and the
result of this refusal was a general decadence in Jacksonville's former prestige in
favor of Medford, which is now one of the most prosperous towns of Southern
Oregon.

The present population of Jacksonville is about 900. The main dependence of
the town for support is on the agricultural and mineral resources of the country
adjacent. This part of the state has long been noted for its heavy output of gold,
and while mining is not today carried on as extensively here as it was before the era
of railroads, the gold output of the mines here is still heavy. During 1892 the bank
at Jacksonville handled about $150,000 in gold dust. The Sterling Mining Company
has put in a plant at a point seven miles distant from Jacksonville, and the output of
this company's mine is reported to be very satisfactory. Placer mining claims the
principal attention of the miners of this section, the quartz veins here being but little
worked up to the present time.

The business interests at Jacksonville are principally in the hands of the men
who settled here many years ago. The people lead a happy and easy existence, and
no great disposition is shown here to encourage immigration. The country around
Jacksonville is rich and is capable of supporting a much large, population at this
point than is now found here.

Public school at Jacksonville is taught in a four-room building. Four teachers
are employed in the school, and the average daily attendance of scholars is 175. In
addition to the public school, the Catholics conduct a private school which is attendei!
by about 40 scholars. The Presbyterian, Methodist and Catholic denominations own
church buildings at this point. The Jackson county courthouse, erected at Jack
sonville about 10 years ago at a cost of |4o,ooo, is a large, handsome and convenientl\

Jackson County and the Rogue River Valley, Oregon.

218

:hers

Indeil

own

lack-

■entlv

arranged structure, and it is one of the finest buildings in Southern Oregon. Jack-
sonville supports one weekly newspaper, T/ie Times, one hotel and a single livery
stable. The assessed valuation of town property is $150,000 and the bonded indebt-
edness is less than 4io,ooo.

Jackson County and the Rojuf ue River Valley, Oregon.— Jackson

county is bounded on the north b}' Douglas and Josephine counties, on the east by
Klamath, and on the south by the California state line. Its total area is 1,809,200
acres, all but 200,000 acres of which is surveyed land. The population of the county
at the present time is about 11,500. The surface of the county may be divided into
three great divisions, as follows : the mounta' >us, the hilly and the level lands
contained in the valleys. The higher elevations of the county, embraced in the
mountainous portion, are of value principally for stock grazing. The lower elevations
contained in the hilly portion of the county are covered with dense forests of tim-
ber, and the low lands contained in the valleys are highly fertile and will produce
anything indigenous to the temperate zone, and all fruits or plants of a semi-tropical
nature attain the highest state of perfection in these rich valley lands. The character
of the soil varies in different parts of the county, and it is not an unusual thing
to find several different kinds of soil on a farm of even 160 acres in this part of
the state.

The best part of Jackson county is contained in the famous Rogue River valley,
the most productive part of Southern Oregon. This valley is about 35 miles in
length and maintains an average width of about 20 miles. It occupies the central
part of the county and is crossed by the main line of the Southern Pacific railroad,
which furnishes excellent transportation facilities to the farmers of this section. The
valley derives its name from the river of the same name, which flows through it.
Other important stre^^ms, which drain a large area of the valley, are Bear, Littie
Butte and Sam's creeks. The soil of the Rogue River valley is especially adapted to
diversified farming. The climate is practically the same as that of Northern Cali-
fornia, the frigid winter blasts which sometimes sweep down over Eastern Oregon
being tempered here by the warm moist breezes constantly blowing here from
the ocean.

The Rogue River valley is essentially a fruit-growing belt. All kinds of semi-
tropical fruits do well here, and the Portland market is principally supplied with
peaches, melons and other "fruit of this nature from this famous fruit district. Near
Jacksonville are a number of very fine vineyards that are kept in a high state of cul-
tivation, and wine made from the grapes of Southern Oregon vies in quality with
some of the best productions of California wine producers. All the cereals, includ-
ing wheat, rye, oats, barley and corn, yield large crops on the lands of the valley.
The bottom lands of the valley are used largely for the growing of timothy,
clover and blue grass. Alfalfa produces here from two to four good crops without
replanting.

For the past 30 years gold hunters have found the mountainous districts of Jack-
son county attractive fields for prospecting. Placer mining claimed the whole atten-
tion of the early miner in this section. Valuable discoveries of gold quartz ledges
have recently been made in the county. Capital has been interested in these mines
and large stamp mills are now being constructed to work the mines on an extensive
scale. The future of the mining interests of Jackson county, as of all of the mining
centers of Southern Oregon seems brighter today than it has ever been before.

214

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

Aslilanrt, Oregon. — Ashland is the largest town in Jackson county, the pop-
ulation of the place today being a little more than 2,000. It is pictuiesquely located

near the southern extremity of Rogue
River valley. South and east lie a high
range of hills, while north and west of
Ashland extends a second elevation,
which contains some of the most fertile
patches of Southern Oregon. The town
itself conforms to the general unevenness
of the surface of the land at this point,
and the irregular streets of the place,
lined on both sides with handsome struc-
tures and substantial brick business
blocks, impart to Ashland an appear-
ance as unique as it is interesting to the
visitor. On the slopes of the hillsides
adjacent are many pretty villa residences,
• . and from these sites a view of Ashland

is commanded that shows this section to the best

VAiu Street, Ashland.

and the Rogue River valley
possible advantage.

Ashland is on the main line of the Southern Pacific, 343 miles south of Portland
and 430 miles north of San Francisco. It is the central division station between the
two largest cities of the Pacific coast. Ten miles south of Ashland the Siskiyou
Mountains rise abruptly ir^ an elevation of 8,000 feet. Ashland creek has its source
in these mountains. It is a stream which carries a considerable volume of water, and
rushing down the mountain sides with irresistible foi^_^^, it furnishes ample power
for all manufacturing purposes in the city itself. Water for domestic use in the city
is taken from this creek, and this water is of the purest quality. This stream already
furnishes power for running a five-stamp quartz mill, a large flouring mill, two sash,
door and blind factories, and the electric light plant at Ashland. All classes of
mercantile business are well represented here, and the local houses carry stocks of
goods larger Lad more complete than are usually found in a town of the present
population of Ashland. The large dry goods store of Messrs. D. R. & E. V. Mills,
and the furniture store of J. P. Dodge, the latter of which carries a stock of goods
valued at about $6,000, are notable examples of Ashland's activity as a business
center.

Ashland takes a pardonable pride in the excellent system of public schools main-
tained here. Three well designed school buildings furnish ample accommodations
for school purposes. Two of these bui' Mngs are located respectively in the north
and south end of the city, while the third provides room for the scholars of the cen-
tral district. The schools are divided into primary, secondary, grammar and high
school departments. The schools are in charge of a principal, under whom are nine
assistant teachers. All of the teachers in the public schools here hold the highest
grade of Oregon state school certificates.

The people of Ashland enjoy the benefit of a perfect system of arc and incandes-
cent electric lights. The city also has a good water-works system, and a well organ-
ized fire department. Prominent among the fine buildings of the city are a new
two-story brick city hall, a three-story brick opera house, and the Hotel Oregon.
This latter building is a handsome three-story brick edifice, constructed at a cost of

city

acly

sash,

les of

s of

sent

ills,

oods

iness

ndes-
rgan-
new
jgoti.
)st of

Ashland, Oregon.

216

$30,000, by a local stock company. Ashland, in addition to the Hotel Oregon, con-
tains two other large hotels, and three hostelries of a less pretentious character. A
free reading-room is maintained here, as well as a gymnasium. The town supports
two good weekly newspapers, 7Vie Ashlatid Tidint^s and The Valley Record. Hand-
some church edifices are owned at Ashland by the Methodist, Presbyterian, Baptist,
Congregational and Catholic denominations, and the churches here are well sup-
ported.

The country in the immediate vicinity of Ashland is especially adapted to the
raising of fruit. Peaches, prunes, plums, pears, apricots, apples of the larger vari-
eties, and blackberries and cherries, of the smaller fruits, do the best here. The
Rogue river melon crop has attained a widespread reputation. Hundreds of acres
of fine peach orchards are within plain view of the people of Ashland, and every
year notes an increase in the acreage planted to peaches in this section. The demand
for Jackson county peaches increases with the supply of this fine fruit, and Ashland,
as the center of the great fruit industry of the county, has earned the sobriquet of
the "Peach-blow Paradise."

The mining interests of the section of
which Ashlandis the trading center, are worthy
of special mention in the present article.
For many years past the rich placer gold fields
of Southern Oregon have attracted wide-spread
attention. Recently valuable discoveries of rich
mineral-bearing quartz have been made near
Ashland. The Patton ledge, three miles dis-
tant from the city, is now being worked by a
party«of Portland capitalists under the name
of the Ashland Mining Company. A five-
•stamp quartz mill has been in successful
operation at Ashland since November, 1892,

and the gold brick turned out of this mill each month since it was started has rep-
resented a value of between $6,000 and |6,5oo. Joseph A. Wilson, of Portland, is
superintendent of the mine, and this gentleman is authoritj' for the statement that
the width of the vein near the surface of the mine v/as 18 inches, while at a depth of
385 feet the vein had widened out to 8 feet. This tendency to an increase of width
of the vein is noted as the depth of the shaft increases. The Patton ledge is but
one of the many paying veins of quartz that have been discovered in the vicinity
of Ashland. Near Ashland are also vast mines of granite and .sandstone, especially
valuable for building purposes. Six miles south of the city a sandstone quarry has
been operated for the past three years. Stone from this quarry has been shipped
largely to Portland, and much of it has been used in the construction of some of the
finest buildings of Oregon's metropolis.

In the immediate vicinity of Ashland are located a number of mineral springs.
A value attaches to the waters of these springs second in importance only to the
famous Apollinaris. Ten to fifteen miles distant from Ashland are numerous soda
springs whose well-known curative properties have justified the expenditure of large
sums of money in establishing comfortable places of resort in their vicinity. Within
the corporate limits of Ashland are located the White Sulphur springs, at which large
bath-houses have been erected, and these baths are regularly patronized by large

HOTEL, The Oregon," Ashlano

216

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

(1^10' .l^jlH^ftjilrff^

Bank of Ashland, Ashland

crowds of Ashland's people. The citizens of Ashland
are thoroughly awake to the many advantages which
their city enjoys, and they are making every effort to
build at this point one of the most prosperous centers
of population in Southern Oregon.

The Bank of Ashland, an illustration of which is
shown on this page, is one of the strongest financial
institutions in Southern Oregon. The bank was estab-
lished in 1884, with a paid-up capital of |5o,coo, which
amount was increased, in 1889, to |iioo,ooo, all paid up.
The officers of the bank are: W. H. Atkinson, presi-
dent ; F. H. Carter, vice-president, and E. V. Carter,
cashier. The bank does an increasing business with
each successive year, not only with the mining and
agricultural interests of Jackson county, but it also en-
joys a large patronage from the Klamath Lake country,
which is 60 miles east of Ashland. Letters of inquiry

concerning Ashland, and Jackson county, addressed to the Bank of Ashland, will

be cheerfully answered.

The Ashland Flouring Mills, located at
Ashland, have a daily capacity of 75 bar-
rels. These mills are run by water power,
they have a full roller process, and the
grade of flour manufactured is considered
the best in the market. Besides supplying
almost the entire local market, the Ashland
mills ship a large part of their product
as far north as Roseburg, and as far 'south
in California as Redding. The proprie-
tors of the Ashland Flouring Mills are
W. E. Jacobs and W. J. Virgin, both of whom
are thoroughly practical flouring mill men.

Real estate in Ashland, and farming lands in the immediate vicinity, are held at
reasonable prices when the natural advantages ad developments already made are
considered. Mr. G. F. Billings, an enterprising real estate agent of Ashland, is
authority on realty values throughout Jackson county, and he is a thoroughly reli-
able gentleman from whom to obtain information concerning this section of South-
ern Oregon.

Klamath County and Klamath Falls, — Klamath county in Southern
Oregon is a very interesting section of the State. It maintains an average eleva-
tion of about 4,000 feet above sea level. It is situated 130 miles from the Pacific
ocean, on the eastern slope of the Cascade range of mountains. It has an area of
almost 6,000 square miles.

The resources of Klamath county are varied and abundant. The timber land,
which is covered with a dense and valuable growth of sugar pine and cedar, com-
prises about 1,500,000 acres. The area of the grazing lands of the county is over
500,000 acres and that of the agricultural land is about equal to that of the grazing

Ashland flouring Mills, Ashland,

Klamath County ami Klamath Falls, Oregov.

217

land,
corn-
over
izing

district. The Klamath Indian reservation situated in the northern and western
portions of the county contains 500,000 acres, which is about equally divided
between timber and grazing lands. There are about 1,000 men, women and children
in the Klamath tribe which is one of the most intelligent and industrious tribes of
Indians on the continent. On the reservation are two well-conducted schools in
charge of the United States government. A complete survey of the lands ol the
reservation has just been made and the people of Klamath county are exerting
every effort to have the lands allotted in severalty to the Indians by Congress and
the remainder thrown open to settlement. When this is accomplished the agricul-
tural and timber wealth of Klamath county will be materially increased.

The three most important valleys of Klamath county are the Great Klamath
basin, at the head of which is situated the county seat, Klamath Falls, until recently
called Linkville, Wood river and Sprague river. Each of these valleys is coursed
by a river which bears the name of the valley through which it flows. Klamath
basin is a magnificent stretch of agricultural land. It presents an interesting view
when first seen from the summit of the hill near Keno, on the road to Klamath
Falls from the Southern Pa-

..c^^Sg^a-ra.-

VIEW Klamath Falls.

cific railroad at Ager. It
has the appearance from this
point of a great basin, all but
round and almost surround-
ed by hills which seem to
form its sides. The area of
Klamath basin is almost
100,000 acres. The land here
is as level as a floor and is
coursed by the beautiful
Klamath river, which from
Klamath Falls to Keno is
navigable for vessels of light
viraft. A short distance

below Keno the river reaches the Cascade Mountains and from this latter point the
river begins a rapid descent into the Pacific ocean. Klamath basin, as before
stated, is a fertile belt of agricultural land. The climate and soil of this basin are
admirably adapted to the raising of cereals of all kinds, grasses, vegetables and fruits
of the hardier varieties. The Wood River and Sprague River valleys are smaller
in area than is Klamath basin, but are similar in characteristics.

Klamath county contains several lakes, the most important of which are the
Upper and Lower Klamath. The former is 30 miles long, with an average width of
eight miles. It is navigable for its entire length. The latter is approximately the
same in dimensions and extends south into the lava beds of California. Crater Lake,
situated in the mountains to the west, is probablj' the most remarkable freak of
nature of the kind in the world. It is situated at an altitude of 6,300 feet above the
level of the sea. It is eight miles long by six miles wide. Its depth is 1,996 feet.
It is enclosed within vertical walls which vary in height from 1,000 to 2,200 feet.
The water of this wierd lake is clear, cool, pure and sweet. It has neither visible
inlet nor outlet. It occupies what is the crater of an extinct volcano. The climate
of the section of country in which the lake is located is perfect. It is a section of

If!

i *

218

The Oregonian' s Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

^■^it"^^^

Klamath Falls.

great scenic attractions. It is a sportsman's ideal paradise. Trout in the neighbor-
ing streams are abundant, good deer hunting is found in the surrounding hills, and

large numbers of tourists are now
annually attracted here every sum-
mer. Klamath county is well sup-
plied with water, This is invalu-
able to the interests of a section
where stock raising is the principal
pursuit of its occupants. In addi-
tion to the rivers already men-
tioned are a number of smaller
streams which drain the less im-
portant valleys of the county. Of
these streams. Lost river is perhaps
the most important. It heads on
the southern boundary line of the
state, makes a circle of 80 miles
and empties into Tule Lake, but 12 miles distant from where it takes its source.
Tule Lake has no surface outlet. It is from this that Lost river derives its name.

The population of Klamath county is about 3,000. For lack of rail communica-
tion the farmers of the county have been compelled to devote their principal atten-
tion to the raising of stock. This industry here, however, has proved highly profit-
able. It is estimated that the present number of cattle in Klamath county is 20,000.
In addition the county contains 7,000 sheep and from 6,000 to 7,000 horses and mules.
California furnishes a good market for the stock raised in Klamath county. The
drive to the Southern Pacific railroad from the stock ranges of the county is less than
75 miles. This is over a well watered and good grazi ig country, so that cattle do
not sufiFer thi least in making the trip,

Klamath Falls, or Linkville, is a towr attractively situated in a sheltered cove of
the foothills on the eastern slope of the Cascade Mountains and on the banks of Link
river. In front of the town flows th?:- Kiamath river, which at this point has widened
out, giving it the appearance of a lake. For many years the settlement of Klamath
Falls was a mere government trading post for furnishing supplies to the troops of the
government stationed at Fort Klamath, now abandoned. The old fort was 25 miles
west of the present town of Klamath
Falls. The town has now attained a
population of about 700. The location
the town occupies is one of many
natural advantages. It is the natural
gateway to all the vast territory known
as Southern and Southeastern Ore-
gon. Link river, on the banks of
which it is located, affords a magnifi-
cent water power for manufacturing

industries. The extent of this power is better appreciated by the statement that the
river has a fall of 60 feet here in a distance of less than three-fourths of a mile. At
present this power is utilized only for running one flouring and one sawmill.

Klamath Falls is an incorporated town and is a prosperous center of population.

Driving Cattle to Market, Klamath Countv.

Baldwin 4 Reames, f

The number of s
past year was isc
only religious den
building at Klam
company. Troop
tained here. Twos
TAe Klamath Sta
Express, are pul:
Masons and Unite
orders which mai
Falls. Two hotels
nish good accomi
public here.

The assessed
Klamath Falls is
tion that is found
Cue of the largest (
ture of 200°. Thes
possess the follow

^■X'i^.jfJW

SECOND

Klamath County rnci Klamath Falls, Oregon.

21&

There are two large general merchandise
stores established here, one of which is
conducted by Messrs. Moore & Martin,
and the other by Messrs. Baldwin &
Reames. These two stores do a business
amounting to from |6o ooo to |75,ooo a
year. Every line of mercantile business
is represented at Klamath Falls and the
town bears every e%'idence of thrift and
enterprise. The public schools are con-
ducted in a large handsome frame build-
ing and the best of discipline i- uain-
taiued in these schools. The best of in-
struction is provided. The school is in
charge of three competent teachers.

Baldwin d Reames, Hardware Store, Klamath Falls.

The number of scholars enrolled during the
past year was 120. The Presbyterian is the
only religious denomination owning its church
building at Klamath Falls. A well drilled
company, Troop B, of the O. N. G., is main-
tained here. Two sprightly weekly newspapers.
The Klamath Star and The Klamath Falls
Express, are published at this point. The
Masons and United Workmen are the secret
orders which maintain chapters at Klamath
Falls. Two hotels and two livery stables fur-
nish good accommodations to the traveling
public here. '

The assessed valuation of property at
Klamath Falls is |i 50,000. A natural attrac-
tion that is found in the vicinity of the towns is a series of hot mineral springs.
Que of the largest of these discharges 800,000 gallons of water daily, of a tempera-
ture of 200°. These waters have been analyized by an expert chemist and found to
possess the following mineral properties : bases — soda, lime, magnesia and iron ;
_ acids — sulphuric, mrr'atic and

-^ ■ .jass;.: ■ . -- -- silicic. The waters are effective

in diseases arising from impurities
of the blood and for various other
complaints. A bath house has
been erected near Klamath Falls
and it is liberally patronized. The
climate of Klamath county is
equable, no extremes of either
SECOND CROP ALFALFA, KLAMATH CO. ^^^^ Of co^^^ beiug expcrieuced

Moore a mahtin's gen'l Mdse. Store, Klamath Falls.

T?p

ii (

J20

The Oregonian' s Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

here. The physicians of Klamath Falls are authority for the statement that it is the
most healthful portion of the state. The people of the tovvn are progressive. They
invite immigr£.tion of a desirable class. The man of small means will find no
trouble in pre viding himself with a productive farm in the county with the outlay of
a vk ry small amount of money. Lands here are cheap, and Klamath Falls people
take pleasure in aiding the stranger in seeking a desirable location here. The town
is at present 55 miles distant from a railroad. A daily stage line is in operation
between this point and Ager, on the Southern Pacific railroad. This line also extends
beyond Klamath. Falls to Lakeview. The town of Klamath Falls can also be reached
from the Southern Pacific railroad at Medford or Ashland, Oregon. It will not be
long in the future until Klamath Falls will have the advantages of direct rail coni-
muuication with the rest of the world. A project is now on foot to build a road to
this section from the Southern Pacific railroad at Medford. This line would tap rich
forests of sugar pine, a most valuable timb?r, and it would open one of the finest
parts of Oregon to settlement. The project of building this line has already assumed
something of a definite shape, and that it will be built is a ceitainty in the minds of
those who know anything of the varied resources of Klamath county and the many
inducements for building a railroad into this favored part of Oregon.

Lake Comity a?r»'.t liUkevleAV, Oregon. -

■* "V.v. ■■■'W^

L*KEVIEW, OREGOS.

-A section of Oregon of which
but cc nparatively lit-
_ tie is known, owing its

remoteness and inac-
cessibility from the
railroad is, Southeast-
ern Oregon. This part
of the state, however,
is rich in natural re-
sources, and it will
not be long in the future until it will begin to attract serious attention from the im-
migration pouring into the Wcpt.

Lake countv, so called owing to its being the center of the great lake district of
Soathein Oregon, is perhaps the most favored section of this part of the state.
Twenty-five years ago this section was occupied by not to exceed 10 white persons,
who had braved the hardships and privations incident to settling in a new country.
These men, thus eany even, saw a future for Southeastern Oregon, as had the early
settlers discounted the possibilities of the Willamette valley. P'rom this early van-
guard of civilization the population of Southeastern Oregon has steadily increased
uncil it is now about 3,000. The section of country in which these people live is
prosperous, ihe principal towns are the centers of culture and wealth and the devel
opments of these give every indication of a progressive anJ intelligent people.

L ' eview, the seat of justice of Lake county, is reached f-oni the town of Agei
just south of the California line on the Southern Pacific railroad. The routr
which is covered l)y stage presents a great variety of scenery. Some of the view^
commanded from the higher elevations of the mountains crossed by the stage or thi'-
journey are truly majestic in their grandeur, while the beauties of the road on tlu
lower levels of the valleys appeal strongly to the traveler over this route.

Lake county today is by no means a -vvilderuess. From its remotentss one miglit
reasonably expect to find here a civilization not so far advanced as is noted amon;;

if Aper

routi

vie\N>

or thi--

on. till

Lake County ant! Lakeview, Oregon.

221

the people of the .nore accessible portions of the West. The people of the towns of
this section are it just as close sympathy with the outside world as are the best
informed people oi Portland. The leading papers of the country find a large sale at
Lakeview and Linkville in this section. The well-to-do people of these towns have
fine homes which arfe often elegantly furnished, and that the people are readers is
attested by the many fine private collections of books which are found in private
residences here. There is a warmth of welcome to strangers in these settlements
remote from railroad lines that is lacking in towns more easily reached, and it can be
safely stated that no traveler ever visits the leading towns of Southeastern Oregon
without regretting when the time of his departure arrives that his stay here could not
have been a more protracted one.

Lake county, is before stated, is the center of the great lake district of Southern
Oregon. On account of the large surface area of water exposed here, together with
the elevation of the section, which is from 4,000 to 5,000 feet above sea level, the rain-
fall here is far in excess of what it is in other parts of Oregon lying east of the Cas-
cade range of mountains. Lake county is bounded on the north by Crook, on the
east bv Harney, on the west by Klamath, and on the south by the California line.
1 he lake district here is one of the most interesting parts of the coast. The lakes in
Lake county have no visible outlets, and in consequence their waters are somewhat
brackish. The largest of the chain of lakes here is Goose Lak'j. Almost half of the
body of this lake lies south of the California line. Its greatest area from north to
south is about 50 miles. From east o v/est it is abou 15 miles. On the east side of
Goose Lake, extending for its entire length, is one of the most fertile strips of agri-
cultural land in the Pacific Northwest. This constitutes the famous Goose Lake val-
ley. This is at the present time the most thickly populated serrtion of Lake county.
Goose Lake has no surface outlet and it does not overflow excepl during unusually
wet springs. Its ^,•aters are comparativel)' fresh and they teem with the choicest
varieties of game fish. The character of the country on the west side of Goose Lake
is for the most part abrupt, rugged and mounttiiuous. but it is covered with a dense
growth of the finest timber.

Tweniy-five miles north of Goose Lake is Lake Abert. Twenty miles north-
west of the latter lake is Summer Lake. There is much of interest in the peculiar
formation of Lak*- Abert. It is oblong in shape, and has a surface area of perhaps
60 square milp.,. The basin which the lake occupies is formed by a fault in the sur-
face rock, "o that while the bottom of the lake slopes gradually from the west, its
eastern shore-line rises abmptly to an elevation of i,oco feet. The wafer of this
lake is intensely brackish. It is said to contain in solution carbonate of soda and
glauber salt. Summer Lake has an area alni-^st equal to that of Lake Abert. From
the eastern shore of this lake a broad, level and fertile stretch of agricultural land
extends out for some distance, while the country lining the western and southern
boundaries of tiit lake is of a mountainous character. This lake has an outlet,
and its waters do not, therefore, contain so much chloride of sodium as do those of
Lake Abert.

South of Lake Abert is what is known as the Chewaucan country, a large tract
of valuable agri •ultural land, which, at the present time, is used principally for
stock-: aising purposes. \ few miles northwest of Summer Lake is another small
inland body of water known as Silver Lake. Beyond this latter body is a large area
of marsh and meadow land, which 's rapidly filling up with settlers. Wc»mer Lake

i M

fwr-

St:;S?=='-

FREIGHT Team from Amedee to Lakeview.

222 The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

is in the southeastern portion of the county. This lake
is described as a succession of smaller lakes, or large
pools, separated here and there by marsh plats. The
water in certain of these pools is totally absorbed during

the Summer months. Af-
ter the water has evapo-
rated the residium is a
thick crust of salt, which
is used by the ranchmen
of this sectio"' for their
stock. War >" valley
is a long, ;•.:••. cfile,
with precipitous walls on either side. It is 60 miles long by about 8 i. jilts wide at
its greatest width.

Lake county is one of the largest counties in the state, it having an area of about
8,000 miles. At least one-third of the county is susceptible of a high state of culti-
vation. The remaining two-thirds of the county consists of broken land, but thou-
sands of acres of this afford excellent pasturage for horses, cattle and sheep. Some
of the hills of the county are covered with a stunted growth of timber, while on some
of the other elevations are large and valuable bodies of sugar pine and cedar, which
will furnish an ample supply of timber to meet the local demands for many years in
the future. The farming lands of Lake county are chiefly located in the valleys
already described. The character of the soil of these lands is a rich, black loam, and
it produces abundant yields of all kinds of cereals and garden produce without
the aid of irrigation. The hardier fruits and vegetables of all kinds do well here.

Until rail connection is made between the settled districts of Lake county am'
the outside world, stock raising will be the principal industry of the county. Gx"
for the outside markets, at the present time, cannot be successfully uised 1; re
The stock interests of this county are beginning to assume great magnitude, .. ''
the revenue derived from this source is sufficient to make the population of Lake
county one of the most prosperous communities in the Pacific Northwest. A few
figures will justify the truth of this assertion. At the present writing th'-re are esti-
mated to be on the grazing lands of Lake county 30,000 horses, 75,cxx) head of cattle,
and 250,000 head of sheep. This county annually exports 1,750,000 pounds of wool.
Lake county mutton and beef regularly find a large sale in the Portland and San
Francisco markets.

The public domain in Lake county consists of swamp, wagon-road and gov^ . 1-
ment lands. There are large bodies of .swamp lands, the title to which has nrc "et
been confirmed. The wagon-road grants of the county are al.so in an unsettle ; ••'
dition, but it is probable that these will soon be thrown open to entry imdev i'--
homestead law. There are still some fine bodies of agricultural land in the coui:t>
which are unoccupied, and which are subject to settlement under the laws of tlu'
United States. The exact number of acres of , nrveyed and acant lairds in Laki
county is 2,626,187. The climate of this part of th-e state is ^ .lightiul one, and
with the advent of a railroad line this will become o;ie of the most inif ortant parts
of the state.

The chief trading center for Southeastern Oregon i" Lakeview, the seat of justice
of Lake county. It is a wide-awake little town of about 900 population. It is situateil

i
I

Lake County and Lakeview, Oregon.

223

near the head and on the east side of Goose L,ake valley, about four miles distant
from Groose Lake. The town is incorporated, and enjoys an excellent municipal
form of government. One of the five United States land offices of the state is
located here. The receiver is Mr. C. U. Snider, and Dr. J. W. Watts is the register.
Both of these gentlemen are pioneers in the state, and they are both regarded as
most efficient officers. The district under the jurisdiction of this office embraces
all of Klamath and Lake counties, half of Harney and Malheur counties, and a por-
tion of Crook county.

Lakeview boasts of a number of substantial and attractive-looking buildings.
Among these maj' be mentioned the court house, a public school which cosv $14,000,
a..d a handsome brick bank building. The Lakeview bank is a strong financial
institution, and enjoys the confidence of a wide patronage. It has a capital of
$75,000, and a rapidly increasing surplus. A. McCallen is the successful manager
and cashier of this bank. Prominent among the business houses of Lakeview may
be mencioned two hotels, two livery stables, a brewery, and perhaps a score of gene-
ral merchandise and other stores. The^Lake County Examiner^ of which Messrs.
Townsend & Beach are publishers, is one of
the most progressive interior publications of
the state. The fraternal and social organiza-
tions are represented at Lakeview by lodges of
the Odd Fellows, Masons, United Workmen
and Grand Army of the Republic. The Baptist
and Methodist denominations have comfort-
able church buildings at this point. Lakeview
offers superior educi.tional advantages. The
Lakeview State Graded School provides courses
of study in the common, hij^h school and nor-
mal branches, as well as instruction in vocal
and instrumental music. The school is now a
sectaria7i one. The state has provided ample
means for the purchasing of the nei essary
apparatus for the institution in illustrati.ig the physical and natural sciences. The
corps of instructors is composed of four well qualified teachers.

Lakeview has a good water-works s\stem, together with good facilities for fight-
n.w, ^re. Near the town are established three sawmills, one roller-process flour
ni , a lime kiln and several ledges of valuable building stone. A mile and a half
south of the town are two jboiling hot springs which are said to possess mineral
properties. Bath houses have been erected near these springs for the accommoda-
tion of those who may be desirous of testing the healing powers of these mineral
waters. Forty miles north of Lakeview is the village of Paisley, which is situated
in the Chewaucan country. Summer Lake is a trading post 25 miles to the north-
west of Paisley. Silver Lake is a small settlement 30 miles still further north.
Fifteen miles south of Lakeview, on the state boundary line is New Pine Creek,
another small trading point.

The railroad question is a vjxed one to the people of Lakeview and Lake
county. It is one, however, thac promises an easy solution within the near future.
The Union Pacific has already made surveys for a line through the county. This
would probably be its northern California extension. Reference to any map of the

State Graded School, Lakeview.

ill

224

The Oregonian^s Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

;}

1
1

Pacific Northwest should be made to enable the reader to fully appreciate the abso-
lute certainty of one or more of the transcontinental lines building through Lake
county in the near future. This would make a most feasible route from the north
through Oregon and California to San Francisco on the south. It is a well known
fact that James J. Hill of the Great Northern is biding his time when he will be able
to enter California with his road. Mr. Hill is too shrewd a railroad builder to par-
allel the line of the Southern Pacific west of the Cascades in selecting a route south.
In going south he will undoubtedly select a less expensive route than is afforded iu
the country cro; . h' by the Oregon branch of the Southern Pacific, and in building
through Lake co r will open up a new and wonderfully rich section of country

where he will not ii j meet competition. It is felt by those who have carefully

studied the situation i^at he will build south from the line of the Great Northern at
Butte, through Idaho and Southeastern Oregon. Mr. Hill is thoroughly familiar
with the easy grades and the inexhaustible resources of the country along this route
and these will prove a most important inducement for him to select this route when
he finally decides to enter the California field. Lake county and Lakeview offer
exceptional opportunities for trade to the merchants of Portland, and a railroad that
would reach this country from some point on the Southern Pacific this side of the
Siskiyou Mountains would prove a most important investment from the stand-
point of Portland's best business interests.

Hon. C. a. Cogswell. — As stated in the article on Lake county and Lakeview,
25 years ago there were scarcely more than 10 residents in what is now Lake
county, Oregon. Hon. Charles A. Cogswell, the distinguished senator in the last

three sessions of the Oregon
state legislature from the re-
mote southeastern part of the
atate, was one of the 10 hardy
pioneers above referred to.
Senator Cogswell was a mere
youth with but $25 in his
pockets when he decided to
brave the hardships of a fron-
tier life in the then wilds of
Southeastern Oregon. He hail-
ed from Vermont, where he wa.s
born in 1844. His parents re-
moved to Iowa in 1857, where
he received the benefit of a
cotumon school education.
During the war with the South,
he fought under Gen. Sher-
man's command, and subse
quently removed to Goose Lake
valley, in Lake county, Oregon .
where he has since resided.
For 25 years Senator Cogswell
has striven, and not in vain,
to bring about a development,
and civilization of one of the most remote comers of the continent. The results

HON. C. A Cogswell, Lakeview.

Lake County and Lakeview, Oregon.

225

id to.
mere
11 his
led to
fron-
5lds of
e hail-
he was
its re-
where
of <'i
Icatioii .
South,
Sher-
subse
le Lake
regoii ,
lesided.
gswell
vain,
pmeiii
resuUs

have been worthy of his inde Tatigable and well-directed efforts. After the rough
corners of his frontier existence had begun to wear smooth, Senator Cogswell took
up the study of the law, and was admitted to practice in the Oregon courts. In
1887 he was elected to the office of judge of Lake county. In 1888 he received a flat-
tering majority for state senator and was re-elected to the same office in 1892 by
double his former majority. During his term in the senate, Mr. Cogswell was a lead-
ing spirit, and raanv of the important measures that became laws during that session
originated with mm. He received the Democratic vote of the members of the
Senate for the office of president of that body, and he was made chairman of the
committee on federal relations. The name of Senator Cogswell is often mentioned
in connection with the gubernatorial honors of the state, but this has been done
without his sanction. Senator Cogswell is now the mayor of Lakeview. He enjoys
a most lucrative law practice besides having large stock as well as other interests
in Southeastern Oregon. He is a man of m-irked ability, an ardent Democrat in
politics and he is honored by an admiring constituency from both parties alike.

Hon. Bernard Dai^y, M. D. — There was probably no more distinguished
member of the house of the last legislature than Dr. Bernard Daly, the representa-
tive from Lake and Klamath counties. Dr. Daly is a native of Ireland, having been
born there in 18^,8, but he was
raised in the state cf Alabama.
He received a thorough prelim-
inary education in his youth
and graduated from the Ohio
Normal University at Ada in
1886, and from the Medical De-
partment of the University of
Louisville in 1887. During the
latter j'ear he took up his resi-
dence at Lakeview, where he
began the practice of his pro-
fession ill which he has met
with signal success. Although
hailing from a somewhat re-
mote part of the state, Dr. Daly
has always been indefatigable
in his efforts in behalf of South-
eastern Oregon. He was elected
to the last legislature by a most
flattering majority and he
served his constituents in a
most able manner. Although
on the side of the Democratic
minority, Dr. Daly was a leader
and many of the important
measures introduced and en-
acted are to be traced to his sagacious efforts. Dr. Daly's interest in behalf of education
led to his appointment as a member of the board of regents of the Oregon State
Agricultural College at Corvallis, the position made vacant by the death of Hon.

;i26

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

W. S. Ladd, of Portland. Dr. Daly is a most prominent citi/en of Lakeview and is
untiring in his efforts to make Southeastern Oregon one of the most important agri-
cultural sections of the state.

Hon. W. M. Tovvnsend. — The name of Hon. W. M. Townsendhas been promi-
nently identified with the growth and development of the Willamette valley, in Ore-
gon, for the past 30 years. Judge Townsend was born in the state of Indiana in
1839, where he received a common school education. Early in life he became
imbued with a desire to go west, and in 1855 he settled in Kansas. Ten years later
the Pacific coast proved a more inviting field for the man of push and ambition,

and Judge Townsend removed
to Yamhill county, in Oregon.
During his stay in Kansas he
enlisted in the 15th Kansas
regiment and served with hon-
or during the civil war. In 1S70
Judge Townsend was elected a
member of the Oregon legisla-
ture and in 1874 he occupied a
seat in the Senate along with
such men as Dolph, Hirsch,
Watson, Meyers and Cochran.
During his term as senator,
Judge Towtisend was made
chairman of the committee on
ways and means. In 1878 he
was elected judge of Yamhill
county. Judge Townsend has
always been a partisan democrat
and in recognition of his ability
as a leader and expounder of
the principles of democrac}',
he was chosen by the state cen-
tral committee in 1880 and 1884
to canvass the state for Han-
cock and Cleveland respectively. In 1878 Judge Townsend adopted journalism as a
calling and established The Oregon Register at Lafayette. In 1885 he was
appointed by Cleveland receiver of the land office at Lakeview where he has since
resided. Judge Townsend enjoys the honor of having been the first mayor of Lake-
view, to which position he was elected in 1888. He now holds the office of judge
of Lake county, and he also finds time to edit one of the most sprightly weekly
newspapers in Oregon, The Lake County Examiner. Judge Townsend is well-
known throughout the state and is a man of recognized ability. In 1878 he declined
the nomination for governor of the state and in 1884 he received the complimentary
vote of the democratic minority in the legislature for United States senator. Judge
Townsend has unlimited confidence in the future development of Lake county and
Southeastern Oregon and no one man is doing more than he is to aid and hasten this
rapid development.

Just as " The Handbook " is going to press word reaches The Oregon i an that

The Ute Hon. w. m. Townsend, lakeview.

In that

Hillsboro, Oregon.

Hon. W. M. Townsend, the subject of the above sketch, is dead. Judge Towti-
send was one of the best known and most highly respected citizens of the state, and
his death will be mourned by his numerous friends and admirers in all parts of the
coast.

Hillsboro, Oregon.— Hillsboro is 15 miles west of Portland, in an air line,
but by the usual means of travel between the two places — the West Side division of
the Southern Pacific railroad — it is 21 miles distant from Oregon's metropolis. It is
the county seat of Washington county, and contains a population of about 1,800.

The town itself gives every evidence of thrift, and it is most pleasantly located.
The growth of the place from a mere hamlet has been made within a very short
time past. Four years ago Hillsboro did not contain to exceed 800 people. The
cause of this rapid growth can be traced to the impetus given the town by the organ-
ization of the Patrons of Husbandry, a granger corporation, but in no way identified
with the Farmers' Alliance. The Patrons of Husbandry erected at Hillsboro a brick
block and established a general merchandise store under the name of the Hillsboro

farming trade of
instilled the spirit
Hillsboro, and in

COURT House, Hillsboro.

Co-operative Company. This largely increased the
the town, and the initiative taken by this organization
of progress into the minds of the leading citizens of
less than three years after the fii.:-t great stroke of en-
terprise was made by the Patrons, the population of the
place had more than doubled.

Hillsboro boasts of two large flouring mills,
both in operation. One of these mills makes a
specialty of the manufacture of oatmeal, which
finds a ready market in all parts of the coast. In
addition to these mills, the town also contains a
large warehouse which furnishes ample and con-
venient storage for the farmers of the vicinity.

Three new churches have been added to the
town of late years. The Methodist, Baptist, Con-
gregational and Christian denominations contain
very strong memberships. The educational facilities of Hillsboro have never been
neglected. A well graded school of 450 pupils is conducted in a fine school build-
ing, erected at a cost of $14,000. The school contains seven grades, with a teacher
at the head of each.

The town contains 16 brick stores, and the leading mercantil" and professional
pursuits are carried on with profit. A handsomely designed and expensive brick
court house occupies a full block in the center of the town. Sessions of both the
county and circuit courts are regularly held here.

Hillsboro has good planked streets, electric lights, water works, and every ade-
quate protection against fire. Municipal affairs have been conducted wisely and on
a conservative basis, as is evidenced by the statement that the city's indebtedness does
not exceed $4,ock).

The Southern Pacific railroad furnishes the transportation facilities of Hillsboro
at the present writing. Two trains run each way over this line daily, connecting
Hillsboro not only with Portland and the East, but also with all points of the Wil-
lamette valley. A motor line of road now runs out of Portland part of the way to
Hillsboro, and it is probable that this will be completed clear through to the latter

l-u

A 11

S ifi

1 1

'! !

r TIF"

■

li!

228

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

CITV HALL, HILL8B0R0.

place during the present year. Two hotels, with
rates varying from $i to $2 a day, furnish comfort-
able accommodations to the traveling public.
The town supports two good weekly publications,
T/ie Independent and The Democrat.

The climate of Washington county is essen-
tially the same as that of the entire Willamette
valley. Old age and disease claim their victims
here, however, as in every part of the world. Dr.
F. A. Bailey, the leading physician, and a promi-
nent figure in the growth of the city, makes a most
gratifying report of the healthy condition of Hillsboro's population. The doctor
has great faith in the future of the town, and this faith will certainly not be shaken
by the future development here.

Owing to Hillsboro's proximity to Portland, city lots and farming lands in the
vicinity find a ready sale among careful investors.
J. J. Morgan has constantly on hand a large list
of all classes of property in Hillsboro and the ad-
joining section. He has been prominent in al-
most every enterprise that has been inaugurated
in the town during the last 12 or 13 years. He
is now a stockholder in the Hillsboro Co-opera-
tive Company ; he is ai.* officer and a director of
the First National Bank of Hillsboro, and he
stands deservedly high in the community where
he has so long resided. All information furnished
by Mr. Morgan on Hillsboro and the tributary
district, can be relied on in all cases as strictly
accurate and of great value to the seeker for in-
formation on this part of the Willamette valley.

"Washlngfton County. — This is one of the oldest settled, and today it is one
of the most prosperous, counties of Oregon. In shape it is nearly square and con-
tains an area of over 300,000 square acres. Of the strictly agricultural counties of
the state it is the farthest north and the one which approaches nearest to the sea. It
is bounded on the north by the Scappoose Hills, a range maintaining an average ele-
vation of about 1,000 feet above sea level. These hills separate the west side of the
Willamette valley from the Columbia river and, skirting the Willamette river on the
west, form the eastern boundary of Washington county, separating it from Multno-
mah. Yamhill county adjoins Washington on the south, while the latter is separated
from Tillamook county on the west by the rugged chain of the Coast range of
mountains.

The topography of Washington county includes about four-fifths of practically
level land, dotted here and there with wondeifully rich beaver-dam marshes, and the
remaining fifth is hilly. Of the level portion of these lands perhaps two-thirds
might be termed prairie, adapted to the highest form of agriculture, while the
remaining third is covered with brush and timber. The hilly portion of the
county is all brush and timber. It is '.he varied nature of 1V '- lands of the county
that makes them especially desirable for settlement. The ik •.iutainous portion of the

Morgan 4 bailey Block, Hillsboro.

Washington County, Oregon.

229

Itically
Ind the
khirds
le the
>f the
|:ounty
of the

county, with its heavy growth of timber, insures an adequate supply of water for the
low lands at all seasons of the year, and the timber which is found in these mount-
ains is of the greatest value, both for domestic use and as lumber for export. The
most valuable of this timber for commercial purposes are the common fir and cedar
found in the higher elevations, as in the mountains of all parts of the Northwest, in
practically unlimited quantities. This belt also includes large quantities of white
fir, common, or pitch pine, and on the western border of the county is a valuable strip
of white pine. Scattered here and there through this timber belt are stretches of
hemlock and spruce, some of the trees of the latter varieties often attaining enor-
mous size, heights of 300 feet, or even more, being frequently recorded. In addition
to these soft woods is an inexhaustible supply of the finest white oak. This, with
the other hard woods found here, will be very valuable in the near future for the
manufacture of furniture and other articles of commerce requiring the use of the
harder varieties of woods.

Washington is one of the best watered counties of the state. Leading up from
the level portions of the county fertile valleys extend for a considerable distance into
the hilly sections, dividing these hills in all directions. Down these small valleys
flow Rock creek, Dairy creek. Gales creek, Scogging's creek and Patton's creek.
These are all mountain streams carrying large volumes of the purest water and offer-
ing rich opportunities in the water power afforded for future manufactories. These
streams unite near the central part of the county, forming Tualatin river. This latter
stream is navigable from Cornelius for a distance of about 40 miles to a point near
where it empties into the Willamette river a few miles above Oregon City. Rapids
near the mouth alone prevent steamers from entering the Willamette from this
stream. Before the railroad was completed through the /alley a steamer of 120 tons
measurement plied regularly on the Tualatin river from Cornelius, Hillsboro and
other points, connecting with the regular steamboat lines on the Willamette by
means of a short portage near the mouth of the Tualatin, and also making connection
at Oswego, a few miles above Portland, by a similar portage.

The lands of the entire Willamette valley are rich and well watered. Washing-
ton county is no exception to this rule. Covering a strong clay subsoil is a carpet of
the richest ioam, varying in depth from a few inches to many feet. Lands on the
Tualatin bottoms are especially rich, the thirtieth yield of wheat having now been
raised here with an average yield annually of 40 bushels to the acre. All cereals do
well here. One of the great future possibilities of this section is the raising of stock,
and dairying. The county is an ideal dairying section, and with practically an entire
absence of cold during the winter months, the expense of caring for cattle here is
less than in any other part of the Northwest.

Oregon has long been noted for her fine apples and pears. It is just such land as
is found in Washington county that produces the finest fruit. The cool nights of the
early fall months are especially hard on grapes and peaches, but with the exception
of these two varieties all semi-tropical fruits do as well here as in any part of the world.
So perfectly adapted are these lands to small fruits, that the flavor of the raspberries
and blackberries which grow in endless profusion in a wild state here is not equalled
by that of any cultivated fruit of the same varieties in the world. The hills during
the summer months are covered with blackberries, raspberries and huckleberries.
All kinds of small fruits do well here, and there is no reason why fruit canning on a
large scale should not be as profitable in Washington county in the near future as it
has already been proved to be in the b6st fruit districts of California.

•^

230

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

Cornelius, Oregon. — Three miles west of Hillsboro, on the line of the West
Side division of the Southern Pacific railroad, is located the town of Cornelius, with
a popul ition of about 300. A creamery, large wheat warehouse and a rich tributary
farming district are the chief dependencies of the place. The town claims a neat
church building [Methodist], a substantial building occupied by the public school
with an average attendance of about 100 pupils, a single hotel and one livery stable.
Before the era of great development in the Northwest, Cornelius had the promise of
becoming the junction of the proposed Astoria & McMiunville railroad. Ihis was a
line projected by the erstwhile railroad king, Ben Holladay and Colonel Cornelius.
The town was named after the latter gentleman. Railroad lines since that time have
gridironed the Northwest, cities have sprung up in the wilderness, deserts have been
broken up and made habitable, but Cornelius still boasts of a single line of railroad
which passes her doors, and Astoria, which had promise of p><rly rail connection
more than 20 j'cars ago, is still forced to rely on the open highway of the Columbia
and Willamette rivers for her sole means of connection with the rich cities of the
interior.

Cornelius enjoyed a considerable degree of prosperity during the two years that
the West Side division of the present Southern Pacific line terminated there, but since
that time it has allowed rival places to take the lead in municipal development.
Since that time no special progress has been made in the place, and Cornelius remains
today substantially as Ben Holladay left it more than two decades ago.

Forest Grove, Oregron. — Forest Grove, as its name implies, is a town of
sylvan surroundings. The location of the town is a sightly one, at an elevation con-
siderably above that of the country immediately around it, and it is well sheltered
b}' a heavy forest growth which skirts the placu on all sides.

Forest Grove is incorpor-
population of about 1,300. It
division of the Southern Pacific
land. Two passenger trains and
over this line, thus affording
between Forest Grove and the
dition to the line of travel af-
Grove also has daily connection

Public School, Forest grove

ated, and contains a present
is on the line of the West Side
railroad, 26 miles south of Port-
one freight run daily each way
ample means of communication
big city to the north. In ad-
forded by the railroad, Forest
with Vcrnonia and Greenville

by well appointed stages.

Forest Grove has long been noted as the seat of Tualatin Academy & Pacific
University, one of the best conducted colleges on the coast. A description of this
important seat of learning is published in connection with the present article. In
addition to the educational facilities afforded by the college, the town also supports a
good public school system with an average attendance of 2S0 scholars.

The manufacturing industries of the place comprise an arc and incandescent
system of electric lighting for the city, a fruit cannery, flouring mill, sash and door
factory, furniture factory and creamery. All of the various mercantile houses of any
prosperous town are represented at Forest Grove. The place boasts of one strong and
well conducted bank, The Bank of Forest Grove, it supports one good newspaper, T/ie
Times, has two livery stables and three hotels. One of these hostelries, the Forest
Grove, owned and operated during the past 28 years by Mrs. S. A, Sloan, is one of
the popular institutions of the town, and is regarded as one of the best conducted
houses of the valley.

Forest Grove, Oregon.

231

;sceut

door

any

and

The

'crest

jiie of

ucted

The principal products of the soil of the country tributary to Forest Grove are
fruits of all kinds, with prunes in the lead, grain and all varieties of vegetables.
Considerable attention has been paid of late years to the dairying possibilities of this
section, and it has been proved that this tributary district will give as satisfactory
results in dairying as any of the most favored parts of the coast. The country
here is also rich in a growth of the finest varieties of timber for commercial pur-
poses, and the lumber industry has already attained considerable prominence in this
part of the state.

Forest Grove has four good church buildings, the Congregational, Baptist, Meth-
odist and Christian, each of which denomination boasts of a good congregation.
Liberal hall, a large public room, free for all gatherings of a public character, is main-
tained here. The town is not behind any place in the valley of equal population in
enterprise and prosperity, and with the other inland towns of the state it is assured of
a solid growth with the certain increase in population and consequent steady addition
to the wealth of the country.

Pacific University. — Forest Grove, both by reason of its favorable location
and by the intelligence and moral standing of its citizens, is well adapted for the

location of an institution of advanced learning
These advantages were considered when Tuala-
tin Academy and Pacific University was char-
tered as an academy in 1848, and later as a col-
lege in 1854. That the aim of the founders
to maintain a high standard of scholarship has
been steadily adhered to, is attested by '" =;
character of its alumni, many of whom •■.
numberec" among the prominent men of '
coast. The institution now stands on a firm
financial basis, and in consequence has been
enabled to ga'her to itself an able faculty from the best colleges of the country.

Since the accession of Thomas McClelland, D. D., to the presidency of the insti-
tution, in 1891, the faculty has been enlarged and the courses of study revised and
strengthened by the addition of elective courses in histoi - English literature, Latin,
Greek, mathematics, chemistry and biology.

The buildings of the school, in ad-
dition to those shown in the accom-
panying illustrations, are the acad-
emy, the science building, contain-
ing the chemical and biological labora-
tories, and the young mens' dormitory.
The attendance at the university
has materially increased during the
past two years, and the prosperity of
the institution is apparent in all its
departments.

In 1885 a conservatory of music
was added, and its liberal patronage
shows it to be an attractive and profit-
able feature of the institution.

Marsh MEMORrAL Hall, Pacific University, Forest Grove.

PHOTO. BV MC ALPIN \ LAMB, PORTLAND.

! "t

LADIES' HALL, PACIFIC UNIVERSITV, FOREST GROVE.

• -I ■

f !

232

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

Stage fbom Fohest Grove to Tillamook.

Owing to its liberal endowmeut, the university is not wholly dependent upon tui-
tion for its support, and in consequence it is able to offer its privileges at a nominal
cost.

Over the Coast Tlnnge to Tillamook.— As "The Handbook" is
intended to serve largely as a guide to tourists visiting the Northwest, it could hardly

be said to be complete without some
mention of that part of the coast bord-
ering on the Pacific ocean and west of
the Coast range of mountains. One of
the most important of the coast settle-
ments on the Pacific ocean in the state
of Oregon is on Tillamook Bay, the
first harbor south of the entrance to the
Columbia river. The ride by stage
from Forest Grove, on the line of the
Southern Pacific railroad, -ross the
Coast range to Tillamook is one of the enjoyable stage journeys of 1 ^ast. A

description of the ride over these mountains will be read with pleasure b_ patrons

of "The Handbook."

Starting from Forest Grove just at break of day in the comfortable stage furn-
ished by H. D. Jones, the traveler finds enjoyment from the outset of the journey, and
this interest increases as the stage enters the mountains. Eithi..- Mr. Jones, the pro-
prietor, or his trusted henchman, Joe Bailey, both of whom are experienced whips,
handle the reins. For the first few miles out the stage runs smoothly and rapidly
along through a level strip of agricultural country with well cultivated farms on
either side of the road. The rise to the foothills of the Cascade range begins gradu-
ally. The ground from a dead level grows gently undulating. This is the famous
Gales Creek country, where land is worth fiooanacre and, as the driver remarks, "it
is mighty good soil, too." Several miles west of Forest Grove the little farming
village of Gales City is reached. This contains a store, postoffice and half a dozen
houses. From this point the stage road begins to grow steeper and the ascent to the
Coast Mountains is about to begin. The sturdy pair of mules, called " The Babies,"
who serve on the first relay, make light work of these preliminary climbs for they
are fresh from the stalls and m?ny trips over the same road have, perhaps, led to their
making light of the first pull, instinctively reasoning as they do that the hard work
is yet ahead on the steeper slopes. The toll gate is soon reached where the sleepy
toll-man, for it is still early morning when the stage reaches this point, presents him-
self in answer to the blast from the driver's horn, collects the fare for the stage, $2,
and opens the gate to the famous Wilson River toll road.

The toll road is worthy of more than a passing notice. Its construction Involved
difficult feats of engineering. It is 47 miles long. It was built by the Wilson River
Boom, ToUroad & Improvement Co., incorporated with a capital stock of $250,000.
The officers of this company are: W. S. Runyon, president and manager; James
Steel of Portland, vice president, and Claude Thayer, the banker of Tillamook,
secretary. The work of the construction of this road was commenced in 1890 by W.
S. Runyon, the prime mover iu the undertaking. This was after Tillamook county
had decided that the expense of building the road would prove too burdensome
to the taxpayers. A charter of 30 years' duration was granted to the company.

?*nw

Tillamook, Oregon.

233

mouB
"it

Ived
liver
,000.
mes
00k,
W.
unty
some
)anv.

PHOTO. BY REYNOLDS, TILL.iMOOK.

This included not only the right to collect toll from teams and foot passengers pass-
ing over the road, but also a franchise covering the rights of logging on Wilson river.
By this logging clause the company is entitled to collect 55 cents for every thousand
feet of timber floated down the stream during the term of the lease. Of this amount
50 cents goes to the company and 5 cents to the county. The logging franchise is
confined to Tillamook county, but the toll rights cover 41 miles of road in Tillamook
county and six miies in Washington county. As before stated, the construction of
the road involved great engineering difficulties. The county surveyor estimated in
one of his annual reports that the construction of the road would involve an outlay
of $i5>5oo. Already about |35,ooo has been spent on the road and the work is not
yet completed. The time covered by this construction work has been three summers
of four working months each, during which time from 30 to 45 men and four teams
were steadily employed. The curves, grades and bridge work reflect great credit on
Mr. Runyon's judgment, who met the difficulties of construction as they arose.
There are 102 bridges on the road and the i range from 20 to 282 feet in length. In
addition to the bridges are
miles of shoring which follow
the edges of precipitous hill-
sides. The road is a safe one to
travel in every respect. There
is no crib or false work under
the roadbed and no danger from
landslides can ever be encoun-
tered. The principal bridges on
the road are the Howe truss.
These are of extra strength, and
some of these bridges have dur-
ing the severe mountain storms
of winter successfully carried a
weight of snow estimated at
220 tons. All canting on the
inclines is toward the inside
bank and away from the decline, thus avoiding all danger of the stage
going over the bank. The rates of toll over this road, considering the heavy
expense of its construction, are very reasonable. But $2 is charged for double teams
$1.50 for single teams and $1 for horse and rider. The company has never enforced
the levy of 25 cents allowed in their charter for foot passengers. This is one of the
best driveways in the state and it affords easy access to Tillamook at all seasons of
the year.

Fourteen miles west of Forest Grove the summit of the Coast range is reached.
This is 1,743 feet above sea level. The view from the summit on the stage road is
entrancing. Far to the east can be counted no less than seven snow-capped peaks of
the Cascades. These are Mt. Hood, Mt. Rainier, Mt. Pitt, Mt. St. Helens, Mt.
Adams, Mt. Jefferson and the Three Sisters. Immediately below to the east lies the
fertile valley of the Willamette, one of the garden spots of ihe coast. As the descent
on the west side of the mountains begins, the driver, Joe Bailey, tightens his grip on
" The Babies," as the mules are called. The sagacity of the mules is as conspicu-
ous as the accredited stubbornness of this animal. They stop by instinct before cross-
ing a loose timber in a bridge and there is even a suspicion of a hesitancy in their

View in Wilson River.

•

284

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

PHOTO. BY REYNOLDS.

FALL Crfek, Wilson River Road to Tillamook.

step at points where the driver is accustomed to dwell with enthusiasm on the merits

of some particular bit of scenery along the way. A short distance the other side of

the summit the Devils Lake
country is reached. This coun-
try derives its name from, a
marshy lake within its limits
which shows strange lights ou
its surface after nightfall. The
country is gently undulating,
and the soil is as rich ns that
of the valley land. The stage
road crosses numerous creeks
"near which may be seen the de-
serted cabin of some home
steader who has p.ovtd up on
his claim and is now waiting to
sell his holding to some syn-
dicate when the big day for
timber shall have arrived. There
are about 40 of these abandoned
cabins along the road. West of
the Coast range, magnificent for-
ests of timber stretch away on
all sides. Trees from 6 to 12

feet in diameter at the base and 300 feet high grow so thickly in some parts of tins-
great forest that there is barely room for a horr>e to pass? between them. An interest-
ing part of the descent is the " zig-zag " or switchback. The road here to make a

descent of 300 feet describjs an inverted letter "S"

as it winds back and forth down the mountain

side. Looking down from the upper road of the

"zig-zag" into Sangho canyon, at the foot may

be seen the winding Wilson river as it dashes over

the rooks, forming innumerable waterfalls in its

course. The river fairly teems with mountain

trout and 300 fish is said to be a good catch with a

single rod during an afternoon's sport here. The

trout caught here are immense fish, and every

inch of their fifteen incLcc; or more is thoroughly

gamy. Thousands of silver-side salmon ascend

this stream during the late summer months to

spawn, and in the deep pools along the stage road

they can be seen swimming in the clear water of

the stream. From the bottom of the " zig-zag " to

the end of the journey on Tillamook Bay, the

road follows the course of the Wilson river, along

the banks of which are many fine bits of

scenery. Waterfalls varying fron. 10 to 250

feet m height come constantly within the

range of vioion of the traveler over this road. All ,^„,, f^lls, wilson rivir.

photo by REYNOLDS.

BBS

'^ 1

Tillatnonk, Oregon.

285

along this road art camping spots where camping parties are accustomed to spend
the summer. Elk, deer and bear, and grouse, pheasants and the Deuny pheasant are
found in abundance here, and the fishing in all the streams is good. The names
which these numerous camps bear indicate the spirit of abandon which takes pos-
session of the average camping-out party during the period of -elease from city con-
ventionalities. Among the names noted on the sign boards hung out over these
camps are: "Hungry Point," " Buzzard's Roost," "Last Loaf," " Widow's Osmp,"
" Camp Nix— no fish."

The traveler on this stage journey lunches at \Valt. Smith's Half-way house, and
it is here that the mules are changed for a pair of horses. A can of condensed milk
served at f dairy ranch would be uo more disappointing than is the fare of bacon and
beans which is said to be the usual noonday repast set before his guests by the
intrepid foundling of the Smith family at the Half-way house Right before Mr.
vSmith's door is a stream alive with trout, yet the inn-keeper has no ambition to lish
and his ^^uesis hsve the same lack of ambition to eat his beans when their appetites
call loudly for trout. Barring the meal at Smith's the journey by stage from Forest
Grove to Tillamook is one replete with interest and pleasure, audits growing popu-
larity with the tourists whc anii^.ally visit Oregon is rapidly making it one of the best
traveled stage routes of the West.

PHOTO, dy REYNOLDS.

-4-v^:

LOGQING, Wilson River Country, near Tillamook City.

Tllliunook, OrejfOii. — Tillamook, the judicial seat and chief cicy of Tilla-
mook county, is beautifully located on the edge of Hoquartan prairie, on an arm
of Tillamook Bay, known as Hoquartan slough. This slough pursues a somewhat
tortuous course for about three miles before emptying into t( e bay. It carries a suffi-
cient depth of water to accommodate steamers of moderate draft plying between Till-
amook Bay and Astoria.

Tillamook is reached by stage over the Coast range. Stages run from Forest
Grove and North Yamhill, on the West Side division of the Southern Pacific rail-
road, daily, to Tillamook. In addition to the stages, the steamers Elmore, Harri-
son and Augusta ply between Tillamook Bay and Astoria. The country immediately
tributary to Tillamook, although known as Hoquartan, South and Long prairies, is
prflv-tically one valley, 12 miles in length by 6 miles wide. This valley is the garden-

i '!.

236

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

spot of the entire country.
It is almost wholly clear-
ed, ^nd it is thickly set-
tled. The principal in-
dustry of this valley is
dairying. The products
of the farms of this valley
seek Tillamook for ship-
ment, and the town has
long been recognized as
the trading center of a very large section of country.

PHOTO. BY REYNOLDS.

VIEW, MAIN STREET, TlLUMOOK.

Three of the rivers which drain the part of Tillamook county west of the Coast
range of mountains empty into the bay near the town of Tillamook. The Wilson
river flows past the town to the north, the Tillamook flows to the south, while Lhe
Trask barely escapes flowing through the southern boundary of the townsite. All of
these are logging streams, and much of the timber floated down them finds its way
to Tillamook. The principal trade of the logging camps is handled at Tillamook.
Tillamook is one of the old settled communities of the state. The first white settlers
came here in 1851-2, and some of these old pioneers are still living to tell of the hard-
ships and isolation which fell to their lot in the early history of the state. The origi-
nal townsite plat of Tillamook was filed in 1864. It covered at that time a tract about
two city blocks in size. The growth of the village was slow, and as late as 1880 the
business of Tillamook was handled by two stores, and the population in that year did
not excvied 25. In 1888 the town received its first real impetus in growth. In that
year the bank of the town was opened, and the first newspaper, IVie Tillamook Head-
light^ was established, and merchants in various lines of business opened stores here
and made a bid for the trade of the surrounding country, which had, before that time,
gone to Astoria and Portland. One important factor in the advancement of Tilla-
mook, at that time, was in the extensive purchase of timber lands made by Eastern
syndicates, principally formed in Michigan and Wisconsin. These timber lands were
bought principally from actual locators, many of whom flocked here from other sec-
tions of the country. These locators, after proving up and selling their claims, which

readily brought from $1,200 to $2,000 each,
became residents of the town or they settled
on farms in the surrounding prairies.
Tillamook today is u thriving city of 800
inhabitants, with handsome public build-
ings, several important manufacturing indus-
tries, well equipped and prosperous busi-
ness houses, a solid bank, fine private resi-
dences, well laid-out streets, and it con-
tains a healthy, contented and well-to-do
population.

Tillamook is lighted by electricity. All the hotels and stores, and nearly all the
residences, use the incandescent lights furnished by the excellent home company,
while the main streets are lighted by arc lamp.s. Excellent water for domestic use is
drawn from wells all over the city. Among the residents here, however, there is ^
growing demand for a good system of rity water works, and they expect, in the nc.r

PHOTO. BY REYNOLDS.

Harbor Scene, Tillamook,

future, tc
an elevat
seasons.

In Jt

incendiai

city, desti

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the menu

buL they

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handsom«

courthou!

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school bi

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The sch(

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and busini

To the fin

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used in th

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institution

photo, by reyno

■^i.iii'Ss

....Sf.yn.r

Tillamook, Oregon.

237

•hich

each,

settled

rairics.

of iScHI

build-
indus-
busi-
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con-
l-to-do

PHOTO. BV REYNOLDS.

Court House riLUAMOOK.

future, to bring water, by the gravity system, from a pure mountain spring located on
an elevation a few miles distant. This would furnish an inexhaustible supply at all
seasons.

In June, 1893, Tillamook suffered from an extensive conflagration, which was of
incendiary origin. This great fire wiped out two blocks locKted in the heart of the
city, destroying three hotels, in addition to a number of store buildings and residences.
It entailed a loss of many thousands of dollars. Although this fire occurred during
the memorable panic of last year, the sufferers by the fire gave no thought to despair,
but they at once started in to rebuild. All traces of the fire are now practically oblit-
erated. The public buildings of Tillamook now consist of a fine courthouse and a
handsome and well equipped school building. The
courthouse is conveniently arranged to accommodate
the courtroom and various county offices. The public
school building meets all present demands made on
it for room by the 250 pupils which are enrolled here.
The school is presided over by four competent
teachers. Four religious denominations — the Metho-
dist, Methodist South, Catholic and Christians — con-
duct weekly services in their own edifices, and the
moral tone of the city shows the effect of their leach-
ing. The main street is lined on both sides with hotels
and business houses, and it presents a bii i)])earance.
To the fine structures of the town will si ailded a

creditable stone building, two stories in hci>., at. This is
now under construction by the owners, Messrs. C. & K. Thayer, bant-rs. The stone
used in this building is a native sandstone quarried a short distant fr^m Tillamook.
A plain, but handsome, style of architecture has been adopted for tht- building. The
ground floor will be devoted to the use of the bank, while the upper tory will be
divided into offices for professional men.

The C. & E. Thayer Banking Company was organized oy ' ! lude Thayer and his
wife, in 1888, merely as an accommodation to b"siness men heic, thus enabling them
to obtain exchange. A bank, however, was needed at Tillamook, and the new
institution was compelled to fill the breach. Its business has grow from |3,ooo a

month at the outset to $125,000 a montli tay, and it now
numbers among its depositors individu and firms in all
parts of Tillamook county. The bank went through the
panic of 1893 without a run and with the loss of a single de-
positor only.

The Tillamook Lumbering Company, in-
corporated in 1892, with a capital stock of
$20,000, is the leading industrial concern of
Tillamook. The officers are Leonard Heiner,
president ; William H. Eberman, vice-president,
and John Barker, secretary and manager. The
company's mill has a capacity of 15,000 feet
a day. It runs steadily, turning out all varieties
of dressed lumber, flooring, rustic, mouldings,
etc. This company owns and opr /ates the elec-
tric light plant of the city. Great credit is

photo, ev REYNOLDS

^^'iS.^iltof^^?^**^^^

Public School, TiLi.fMonK,

238

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacihc Northwest.

PHOTO. BY REYNOLDS

Stohe, Cohn a Co., Tillamook.

PHOTO. BY HEYN0LD8.

due them for their enterprise in furnishing the excellent electric lighting system
in use here.

Two creameries are in successful operation at Tillamook. One of these is con-
ducted by Messrs. Ogden & Townsend, produce men of Portland. The other is oper-
ated by the Tillamook Dairy Association. The latter is a joint stock company, incor-
porated under the laws of Oregon. It is owned and controlled by farmers living near
Tillamook. The company uses the largest sized Delaval steam turbine separator and
it is equipped throughout with first-class machinery. During the summer of 1893
this creamery handled 9,000 pounds of mill- pn day, and another separator will be
required th's season to accommodate the growing demands of itp pat*- '.s.

Among the leading general Uicrchandise
stores of Tillamook are those of Messrs.
Cohn & Co. and G. W. Fearnside. Mr.
George Cohn is the senior member of the
firm f A Cohr & Co., and he is recognized
as one of the most public spirited citizens
of Tillamook. He has never failed to do
his full share in aiding all enterprises look-
ing to the advancement of the city. The
firm was burned out in the fire of 1893, but
immediately after the fire they rented new
quarters on Main street, which they in-
tend to occupy until their new store is completed on the old sil:e adjoining the city
wharf Cohn & Co. carry a full line of
merchandise in all departments. Mr. G. W.
Fearnside is loc ated on the corner of Front
street and First avenue E. His large double
store is fully stocked with dry goods, boots
and shoes and clothing. Mr. Fearnside
has given satisfaction to his Tillamook nat-
rons for over 30 years past in his deal nii^'s
with the trade of this important sectio:i of
the state.

The representative hardware business of Tillamook county is carried on hy
Messrs. Tuttle fk Robeson. This firm is located on the m.ain street. They carry a
very full stock of stoves, tinware, hardware, cutlery, etc. The tin and repair shop
run in connection with the business turns out the best of work in this line. The
very complete drug store of A. Williams carries a full assortment of especially
selected drugs, druggists' sundries, fancy and toilet irticles. Mr. Williams makes a
specialty of putting up prescriptions. The TillanKmk bakery is conducted by Wni.
Knoell. The well conducted meat market of Tillamook is presided over by L. II.
Brown. He sells only the primest meats, fattened on the rich succulent grasses of
Tillamook county. The popular resort, the Graml Central saloon and billiard hall, i-
run by C. B. Hadley, one of the most popular nun of the city. The Jones brothers,
proprietors of the Tillamook livery stable, furnish teams for tourists and commerci.i!
men and board horses by the day or week. They conduct one of the best equipped
livery stables on the coast. Carl P. Knudson presides over the forge of a fully fittcil
up blacksmith shop at Tillamook, and he is prepared to do anything in his line from
shoeing a horse to manufacturing a wagon.

STOriE, Q. W FEARNSIDE, TILLAMOOK.

E. E. t

new an

before t

Cooper

A. W. S

but he i

Wise, tl

mers at

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corner o

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lamook,

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and is pr

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ous other
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Nehalem,

ber of stre<

Tillamook County, Oregon.

239

METHODIST Church, Tillamook.

Among the prominent professional men of Tillamook is photo, ev heins.
E. E. faolph. This gentleman, although a comparatively
new arrival in the city, has a large and growing practice
before the state and the United States courts. J udge W. H.
Cooper successfully combines law practice and farming.
A. W. Severance is one of the young lawyers of Tillamook,
but he is already recognized as a man of ability. Dr. W. A.
Wise, the dentist, of Russell street, Albina, spends his sum-
mers at Tillamook, dividing his time here between the prac-
tice of his profession and fishing.

There are three new hotels at Tillamook, all of which have been built since the
fire. The Alderman occupies a handsome three-story building on the main business
corner of the city. Under the charge of lY -^ popular proprietor, A. h- Alderman,
and his accomplished wife, the Alderman has earned a reputation for its excelleat
table, finely furnished apartments, and for the attention shown to the comfort and
enjoyment of its guests. The Larsen House is the largest hotel at Tillamook. It
was built and furnished in 1893, by M. H. Larsen, a pioneer hotel proprietor of Til-
lamook. Mr. Larsen thoroughly understands the hotel business and he never fails
to satisfy his patrons. The Allen House is located on the main street of Tillamook,
and is presided over by Mr. J. P. Allen, a very popular man, both with his fellow
townsmen and with the traveling public. Mrs. Allen presides over the culinary
department of the house, and the cooking is all done under her personal super-
vision.

Tillamook has made great advancement during the past year and the promise
for its future growth is encouraging. This is one of the most promising dairy
sections of the coast, and the making of butter and cheese, together with the numer-
ous other resources of the tributary couiitry, mrkes the outlook of the city a particu-
larly bright one.

Tillamook County, Oregon. — Tillamook ranks among the leading coun-
ties of Oregon in diversity and extent ^ its natural resources. It is bounded on the
west by the Pacific ocean, on the north uy Clatsop county, on the east by Washington
and on the south by the newly created county of Lincoln.

While certain sections of Tillamook county were settled as early as 185 1, it is
today but on the eve of a rapid development. The land of the county is diversified
in character. The portion of the county on the western slope of the Coast Range of
mountains is partly hilly and partly rolling, while that part lying immediately along
the coast, and the land for an average distance of eight miles inland, consists of a
series of prairies and valleys of great fertility. No less than four bays of considerable
extent break the coast line of Tillamook comity. ThCvSe are Tillamook, Nehalem,
Netarts and Nestucca. All of these inlets offer harborage for ships of light tonnage.
The largest, Tillamook Bay, is capable of being made a harbor of the first class at light
expense for improvements > the entrance. Numerous rivers, having their sources
in the Coast Range, tTtw through the county from east to west. These rivers are
valuable at the present time for floating logs from the forest districts to tide-water,
as well as aff"ording means of communication btt.»v^.. the farms of the valley lands
and the coast. The principal rivers of the county are the Wilson, Trask, Tillamook,
Nehalem, Miami and the Big ?"d Little Nestucca. In addition, there are a num-
ber of streams in the county of lesser importance.

•ai^

'''M

240

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

The Tillamook River basin contains the most extensive belt of agricultural land
in the county. It is today the most thickly settled district along this part of the
coast. This basin is ''vided into the Hoquarton, South, Long and Burnt prairies and
Pleasant valley. Ti;; > nook City, the county seat, is located on the border of
Hoquarton prairie, between Hoquarton slough and the Trask river. This is the
market place for the principal part of the crops of Tillamook county. The entire
basin here is cut up into small holdings. The farms here are well improved. The
Nehalem country, north of Tillamook River basin and just south of Clatsop county,
is another region of great undeveloped resources. These resources consist of mag-
nificent timber, easily reached from salt water, and patches of rich agricultural land.
There have been discovered in this district rich croppings of an excellent quality of
coal, the development of which only awaits the contitruction of a railroad through
this part of the state. With railroad connection, Portland and the entire Willamette
valley would draw upon the Nehalem district for their coal instead of on Puget
Sound as they now do. To the south of the Tillamook River basin, and bordering

upon Lincoln county, lies the Nestucca
country. This is formed by the Big and
Little Nestucca rivers. These streams
and their tributaries have fine
valleys which, taken together,
afford considerable area for
dairying, stock raising, general
farming, fruit culture and bee-
keeping. This latter is a grow-
ing industry of Southern Tilla-
mook. It pays large returns on
the investment of a small
amount of capital, and but
little labor is required in the production of the honey. Honey of Tillamook county
now stands high in the Portland market.

Viewed from the standpoint of future demands, the lumbering and logging
industry of Tillamook county must be give i the first place. The timber of this
region consists of fir, spruce, hemlock and cedar. The standing timber here is esti-
mated at 20,000,000,000 feet which, at the stumpage price of 50 cents per 1,000, is
worth $10,000,000. When to this is added the cost of cutting, running, booming
and manufacturing, it makes up a vast sum of money which will, some day, be dis-
tributed in Tillamook county, in the lumbering industry.

Next in importance to the timber industry of Tillamook county is that of dairy-
ing. Those who are today following this calling, or are looking for new locations,
can find no better location than is offered in Tillamook county. There is an abund-
ance of food here for cattle, the lands are perfectly watered and the climate is perfect.
The best of grasses, including red and white clover, are indigenous to the lands of
Tillamook , and they grow here profusely without cultivation. Just as soon as the land
is cleared here, these nourishing varieties of grasses, especially white clover, spring
spontaneously from the ground. One acre of this grass will support a cow, and it is
not uncommon, in certain localities, for two cows to keep fat from a single acre of
grass. The grasses here are the best butter producers known, and in Tillamook
county they grow throughout the winter. No abnormally cold weather is ever
experienced here. The heavy rains common to all parts of Western Oregon art

Tillamook Lumbering Co.'s Millc, Tillamook.

Tillamook, Oregon.

241

PHOTO OV MEIN9.

supplemented here during the summer months by occasional showers and heavy
dews. This excessive moisture militates against Ti'lamook as a wheat-producing/
region, but it possesses compensating advantages in its effect on the dairying
interests. For winter feeding for stock, in addition to the natural grasses, both barley
and oats grow well here. Oats are extremely productive on these lands, the yield
of oats per acre during favored seasons running as high as 95 bushels. The alluvial
deposits found along the bottom lai'ds of the numerous rivers and creeks produce
abundant crops of turnips, carrots am] beets, all good butter makers. A matter of
great interest to the dairymen is the abundance of cool running water found here.
Ther-; is scarcely a quarter section of land in the prairie belt of Tillamook county
that does not have its cool mountain stream, fed by perennial springs. Tillamook
dairymen who make their own butter rec'dily dispose of it for from 20 to 25 cents a
pound, 22 cents a pound being the average price throughout the year. Those who
do not make butter sell their cream without difficulty to the dairies of Tillamook
City for 20 cents a pound. A good milch cow here paj's for herself annually in the
milk she yields, in addition to adding hei calf to the herd. In addition to dairying,
stock raising for beef is a profitable industry h'_-re, and the Tillamook cattle are con-
sidered the best on the market.

The salmon fisheries of Tillamook county form ai.other important industry.
The Chinook enters the bays of Tillamook county in July and August, and these are
said to be equal in quality to the royal fish of the
Columbia river. Following the chinooks in Septem-
ber and October are the silversi Je salmon. These are
of a delicate flavor and, as they are very numerous,
they form the staple supply for the season's canning.
These fish are packed by the Columbia river can-
neries after the river rim of fish is over. These fish
are caught for the canneries in seines and nets. They
also afford rare sport in spoon fishing, w^ith a 300- foot
line trolling behind a boat. They are gamy, and the
landing of a 12 or 18 'jjound salmon here with a line tests the skill of the most expe-
rienced angler. There are four canneries in operation in Tillamook county. One
of these is located on Nehalem, one on Nestucca and ^wo on Tillamook Bay. The
average output of these canneries varies in value from $30,000 to $ioo,oco a year.

A growing industry in TillamoOk' county is cranberry culture. The oest land for
this purpose is found at Sand Lake, about 18 miles distant from Tillamook City, and
just south of Cape Lookout. Here there are 400 acres of marsh land, o'vned princi-
pally by W. C. King and C. H. Colton. These gentlemen commenced work on this
marsh in the spring of 1893, too late to enable them to plant more than two acres of
cranberries that season. This was sufficient, however, to afford a fair test of the pro-
ducing powers of this land, and the result was more than satisfactory. The Messrs.
King & Colton have procured the best vari«-«^ies of Cape Cod cranberries, and they
propose to plant a large tract next spring In a few years they expect to have their
entire holdings here planted to cranberries. A fii-e stream of water runs through the
marsh, and a fine beach of ^he best sand is near at hand for preparing the ground.
The shipping point for the berries v/il] be the bay at Cape Lookout, which affords a
sufficient harbor for the purpose. While the principal industry of the country sur-
rounding this bay will doubtless be the culture of cranberries, yet the cutting of tim-

Dairy ranch near Tillamook.

■■■■II

■Mi

242

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

The waters of the bay are alive

PHOTO BY HEINS, TILLAMOOK.

ber here on a large scale can be made profitable,
with fish, and all varieties of clams are found here.

The principal towns of Tillamook county are Tillamook City, Bay City, Neha-
lem and Garibaldi. Tillamook City is fully described elsewhere in "The Handbook."
Bay City is a promising little town of about 400 population. It is located on Tilla-
mook Bay, and promises to develop into a lumbering point of considerable impor-
tance. The place has a good hotel, and considerable business is transacted here.
Fine summer ocean beaches, which will make the summer resorts of Tillamook
county in the neai: future, are found at Netart's Bay and at Nehalem. These places
are already visited annually by hundreds of campers.

The county affairs of Tillamook are ably administered at Tillamook. There is
no actual poverty here. The resources of the county are capa1)le of supporting a
large population, and to the tourist the rivers and streams of the county present
attractions not offered by many water-courses on the coast. The coast points afford
every attraction as a summer resort, while the Coast Range affords some of the best
hunting grounds of the state.

The following statistical matter relating to the assessment of Tillamook county
for 1893, is kindly furnished for "The Handbook " by The Tillamook Headlight, one
of the leading weekly newspapers of the coast, and published at Tillamook :

"As compared with last year's summary, the assessment shows an increase of
17,929 acres of land, valued at $151,727 more; improvements are valued at $23,320

more ; merchandise and implements at
$26,324 less ; money, notes, accounts, shares
of stock, etc., are assessed $109,219 less;
household furnitnre, carriages, etc., are val-
ued at $20,315 more ; cattle have increased
778, and in value, $3,635 ; sheep show an
increase of 276, valued at $585 more. The
increase in the gross valuation is only
$110,176 more than last year, but the ex-
emptions are $221,417 less, leaving a total
increase of value in taxable property of $331,683. Summary of assessments of Tilla-
mook county for 1893: acres of land, 224, 190, value, $969,375, average value, $4.32 ; per-
sonal property, $40,620; town lots, 6,311, value, $138,025, average value, $21.87, with
improvements, $28 ; improvements, $43,225; merchandise and implements, $55,600;
money, $9,990; notes and accounts, $82,315 ; shares of stock, $1,200: 'aousehc'd fur-
niture, carriages, watches, etc, $34,745; horses and mules, 1,088, value, $34,410, aver-
age value, $31.12; cattle, 9,702, value, $80,885, average value, $12.06; sheep and
goats, 2,o4'^, value, $4,075, average value, $1.99; swine, 834, value, $1,595, average
value, $1.91; gross value of all property, $1,496,030; exemptions, $137,730; total
taxable property, $1,358,300."

North Yamlilll, Oreproii' — North Yamhill occupies a sightly location on
a high eminence i>^ miles distant from the depot of the West Side division of the
Southern Pacific railroad. Although the present population of this prosperous town
does not exceed 400, it is vested with a full municipal form of government, and the
high moral tone of the community bespeaks well of the governing powers of this
point.

..Vvf*

CLARK'S Lumber camp, Nehalem.

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Id the
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North Yamhill, Oregon.

243

A union church building, at North Yamhill, temporarily accommodates the four
organizations of the Congregational, Baptist, Methodist and Christian denominations.
At least one of these denominations confidently expects to have church quarters of
its own sometime during the present year. In addition to the auditorium of the
church building. North Yamhill also contains a public hall with a seating capacity
of about 300.

A feature of all the prosperous towns of the Willamette valley is the attention
that is paid to the perfection of the public school system. North Yamhill is not
behind any of the other valley towns in this respect. The public school of the city
is in charge of two teachers, one principal and one assistant, and the average number
of scholars in attendance is about 100. Located at North Yamhill is an important
plant devoted to the manufacture of tile, and the place also supports a good cream-
ery, whose product commands a large sale among patrons of first-class dairy products.
The tile factory at this point is devoted exclusively to the manufacture of drain pipe.
The clay for making this product is found in inexhaustible quantities within a con-
venient distance of the factory, and this clay is spoken of by practical men in the
business as really of a superior quality for the purpose of the manufacture of the pro-
duct turned out by this plant.

The creamery is a farmers' co-operative institution. It is conducted on a strong
financial basis, and its average returns to its owners are from $6oo to $1,000 a month.
Farmers of this section who are not directly interested in the plant of the creamery
bring their milk here, have it weighed, manufactured into butter, and this product is
then shipped to Portland, where it finds ready buyers at good prices throughout the
year. The creamery company, after deducting four cents a pound for the actual cost
of manufacturing, shipping and wear and tear of machinery, turns over the balance
of the money received from the sale of the butter to the farmers who are its patrons.
The plan of conducting this plant is giving the most signal satisfaction to both the
owners of the property and to the town in which it is located, and the farmers of
other parts of the coast can learn a profitable lesson on conducting a creamery on a
large scale by copying after the efficient plan adopted for conducting the creamery
at North Yamhill.

A thrifty and prosperous class of farmers occupy the country immediately tribu-
tary to North Yamhill. The farming belt contained within the district marked by
a radius of five miles from the town, last year produced 225,000 bushels of wheat and
oats. In addition to the attention which is paid ':o the raising of the cereal crops
here, this county also grows large quantities of hop? of an excellent quality annually.
About 800 acres are now devoted to hop culture in the country tributary to North
Yamhill at the present time. From 400 acres of land here last year 500 bales of hops
were grown, which brought the farmers about $20, 000, a profitable return for the
attention that the raising of this product required.

The soil of this section is especially adapted to the growing of fruits, and the
shipments of fruit from this point annually are regularly increasing. Of late years
special attention has been paid to prune culture, with excellent results.

A valuable water power is available within one mile of North Yamhill. This
power can be made of great value, both for running manufacturing plants and also
for the development of works of a public nature and it will also be of advantage to
the residents of the town.

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244

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

The Reporter, a weekly paper, is published at North Yamhill. The town has one
hotel. An omnibus meets all trains at the station of the Southern Pacific. Two
trains, carrying mail and passengers, pass this point daily, both north and south. In
addition to the line of transportation of the railroad, North Yamhill supports a stage
which makes daily trips to Tillamook, about 40 miles distant.

The resources of the country tributary to this town are varied and include tim-
ber and all of the products of the soil. The country is an ideal one for a home, and
it is now one of the most prosperous sections of the great Willamette valley.

One large general merchandise store, that of F. Hauswirth, and two or three
smaller ones, do the business in this line at North Yamhill. Mr. Hauswirth can be
truthfully said to be one of the pioneers of North Yamhill, having now resided in
the town and in Yamhill county for the past 35 years. Like many of Oregon's pio-
neers, he has, by close attention to business, and economy, accumulated considerable
property, and he confidently looks forward to the time when, as he says, North Yam-
hill will be the largest town in the county.

The lyivERY Accommodations. — The second largest livery stable in Yamhill
county is at North "Vamhill and is owned by P. H. Mesner. This stable has often
proved a great convenience to tourists or prospective investors who desired to make
a quick and pleasant trip into the rich country tributary to the town.

McMlnnvllle, Oregon. — McMinnville, the county seat of Yamhill county,
has a decided metropolitan appearance. The main business district of the city is
confined to one street, which is well macadamized, and the side-
walks of this main thoroughfare are constructed in part of well-
laid planks and in part of artificial stone. Substantial brick
buildings line both sides of the street for a distance of three
blocks, and in the heart of the business center but few frame
buildings are still standing. The principal stores of McMinn-
ville are well stocked with the goods usually demanded'by
a thriving young place of the dimensions of the city and
by a prosperous farming community which is the princi-
Y*MH,LL couNTr COURT HOUSE, McM,NNv,u.E pal maiustay of McMiunville's prosperity.

McMinnville was incorporated as a town in 1876. Its population today is not far
from 2,500. A steady growth has marked its history for the last decade, during
which period the population of the place has more than quadrupled. It is the proud
boast of the people of McMinnville that the growth of their town has been in the
lines of steady advancement and solid prosperity and the place has never experienced
even the shadow of a boom. The prosperity of McMinnville is due to the enterprise
of its citizens, which has been materially aided by rapid and solid development of
one of the richest farming sections of the Northwest which is directly tributary.

Like other growing cities of the Northwest, the educational facilities of McMinn-
ville have never been neglected, and the excellent schools located at this point have
contributed materially to the city's growth The excellent public school system of
McMinnville together with the well conducted Baptist college located at this point,
which is described at length in connection with the present article, has gained for the
place a standing as an educational center of no mean importance. Within the last
two years the district has voted to add another building to be used for school pur*

I i

AIcMinnville, Oregon.

24o

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PuBLic School, Mc|Min'<' '.lc.

poses. lu addition to the large six-room building, another structure of equal dimen-
sions, but better designed for school work, has been completed at a cost of |i4,ooo.
The value of the property of the city devoted to pub-
lic school purposes is now 130,000, an indication of
the intelligence of a community which can fully ap-
preciate the benefits of a proper schooling for the
rising generation and which has the enterprise to ad-
vance all the needed money for this purpose. The
public school system of McMiunville is well graded,
the grades ranging from one to nine. Nine teachers
are employed in the public schools, and courses of
study embrace the primary, grammar and high school,
just as they do in the best conducted schools of any
large city. The total number of pupils enrolled in
the public schools at McMiunville for the past year was 430.

Two flouring mills with a combined daily capacity of 225 barrels, a creamery and
an arc and incandescent electric light plant are McMinnville's most prominent indus-
tries. The city also has a most efficient water-works system. The water is delivered
all through the city on what is known as the "direct pressure" plan. This water
for city use is pumped out of the Yamhill river within a stone's throw of the city
and it is of the clearest and purest quality for domestic use. Both the electric and
water plants are owned by the city. A sufficient pressure is maintained in the city
mains at all times to insure ample protection against fire. Water plugs are located
at convenient distances all over the city and these with the efficient volunteer fire
department which is maintained here are absolute safeguards against serious con-
flagrations.

McMiunville is built on the strongest of foundations, a rich and well settled
farming district. The soil of Yamhill county has long been noted for its fertility.
Wheat, oats, fruit and hops are cultivated more extensively here than are other crops.
McMiunville is the trading center for the principal part of Yamhill county whose
resources are touched on fully in another article.

In addition to the trade of the farming communitv which McMiunville holds,
the lumbering interest of ihe tributary district is a ^-reat source of revenue I0 the city-
The Coast range of mountains west of the place ir> doited with sawmills thi output of

which mills is ntiarly all brought to McMiunville.
McMiunville furnishes aH the supplies used at these
mills and at the lumber camps. The timber belts of
this section contain an inexhaustible supply of as fine
a quality of merchantable timber as is found in any
part of the coast and the sawing of this timber will
always prove a source of great revenue to Yamhill
county and to the city which is the principal trading
center of this rich section of countrj-.

Near the foothills of the Cascade Range west of
McMiunville, sheep raising is carried on to a consid-
erable extent, although not sufficient sheep are raised
in this country at the present writing to meet the
H,oH scHoou, McM,N-.v,uLE. EHBCTE. ,N ,892. demBuds at McMinnville for mutton and wool.

246

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

PHOTO. BY J. MOQG.

Sheep raising is a profitable industry, and with proper attention can be made
a source of considerable revenue to thie ranchers of Yamhill county.

With other parts of the Willamette valley
the dairying possibilities of Yamhill county
have received the special attention of the farm-
ers of this section during the past few years.
With plenty of grass throughout the year,
with an equable climate and with an abund-
ance of the clearest mountain water, this is an
ideal dairying country, and it is highly prob-
able that there will be great development in
this line here during the next few years.

Yamhill county boasts of a fine brick court
house located at McMinnville. This public
building is cemented on the outside, thus giv-
ing it the appearance of a structure const? ucted
entirely of stone. It was built in 1888 at a cost
of $62,000. It covers an area of 9,000 square
feet and is 121 feet high. It occupies a sightlj-
location commanding a perfect view of the
entire city and surrounding country, and it is perfectly adapted in every way for
handling the public business of the county.

McMinnville has two strong banks, the 1 Irst National and the McMinnville
T7ational. Each of these banks has a capital stock of $50,000. Two good weekly
papers flourish here, the It^amhill Coiitity Reporter and the Telephone-Register.
Tourists have the advantage of two good hotels to choose from in the place and
also have the benefit of the competition afforded by two large livery stables.

McMinnville is well supplied with churches. These are five in number, the
Cumberland Presbyterian, Baptist, Methodist, Episcopal, Christian and Roman
Catholic.

The city is on the direct line of the West Side division of the Southern Pacific

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railroad, and is 50 miles south of Portland,
pass each way over this line through Mc-
Minnville daily. The city is located in
the richest of farming districts ; it contains
a large number of prosperous and well-to-do
people and there is no reason why McMinn-
ville should not continue to make the same
steady growth in the future as has marked
the progress of this point during the past
few years.

MCM1NNVILI.E CorxEGE. — The loca-
tion of a college at McMinnville, the county
se?»t of Yamhill county, a city situated in
the very heart of one of the richest agri-
cultural sections of the Willamette valley,
seems to have been well considered when
the McMinnville College was chartered by

Two passenger trains and one freight

McMinnville College, McMinnville.

Yamhill County, Oregon.

247

the legislature in 1858-9. The growth of the institution has not been marked by
rapid and uncertain strides, but by painstaking care on the part of the trustees and
faculty it has gradually taken its place in the front rank of Oregon's higher institu-
tions of learning.

McMinnville College is und^ the control of the Baptist denomination of Oregon.
It aims to provide young men and women with a liberal education at a low cost.
This is made easy in the first place owing to the able corps of instructors which it
maintains, and second, owing to the extreme cheapness of living in a rich farming
community. The college has a collegiate, business, preparatory and musical depart-
ment, with five courses of study prescribed, three of which lead to degrees and two
to certificates of graduation.

The college is superbly located on a broad campus of 30 acres just at the out-
skirts of McMinnville. The building is a large four-story brick which was erected
in 1882 at a cost of $30,000. Students are in attendance at this school who have
come from the various states of the Pacific coast and also from Montana and Idaho.
A feature that has ever been prominent in the history of McMinnville College is its
willingness to aid students of limited means to secure an education. Although the
institution is not heavily endowed, its resources are sufficient to aid those who are
deserving and are anxious to obtain an education.

Since the accession of Rev. T. G. Brownson
to the presidency in 1887, the permanent endow-
ment funds have been largely increased, and the
regular income of the college considerably more
than doubled.

Judge William Galloway, whose portrait
appears on this page, is president of the board of
school directors and present county judge. It is
commonly remarked of him that he would not ac-
cept an office on the school board except on the
promise that the district would vote to increase
the much needed school facilities by erecting the
handsome building described above. Judge Gal-
loway's efforts since that time in behalf of the
McMinnville schools have marked him as one
of the most ardent devotees of a thorough educa-
tion.

JUDGE Wl'.JAM GALi.OWAr, MCMINNVILLE.

Yamhill County. — Yamhill county is one of the oldest settled districts of
the Northwest and it is today one of the richest counties of the Willamette valley.
It is bounded by Washington county on the north, by Polk county on the south, it
borders on Marion and Clackamas counties on the east, and it extends as far west as
the eastern boundary of Tillamook county. It has an area of 720 square miles and
contains a population today of about 12,000.

Careful estimates place the amount of land cleared and under cultivation in this
county at about one-half its total area. Wheat is the great staple product of the
county. The yield of wheat on this soil varies all the way from 15 to 45 bushels per
acre. The soil is very fertile, and is especially adapted for raising all kinds of grain,
grasses and vegetables. It is a rich black loam, varying in depth from four to twelve

248

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

h. )

! i

feet, a^.d being well watered, warm, and capable of withstanding any spell of dry,
warm weather, it furnishes the finest land for fruit trees. It is here as it is in the
other favorable locations in the Willamette valley, that .11 kinds of small fruits,
including raspberries, strawljerries, currants, blackberries, etc., pni the larger varie-
ties, including apples, pears (and the Bartletts of Yamhill county beat the world),
plums, prunes and quinces grow to perfection.

The topography of Yamhill county is perhaps more of a rolling character of the
best lands than is noted in Washington county. A heavier growth ot timber is also
found on the higher elevations of the county than is found in the county to the north.
The entire county is perfectly watered, numerous small streams of the clearest water
crossing it in all directions. These smaller streams ahonad in the gamiest of brook
trout, and afford fine sport as fishing grounds. The principal water-course of the
county is the Yamhill river, into which most of the smaller streams How, and which
during most of the year carries a considerable volinne of water. During high stages
of water the Y;nnhiil river is navigable to McMiiin\iHe, t lus affording a water route
from the latter place to Portland and the other principal points of the Willamette
valley. The numerous water courses of the county afford at convenient points avail-
able water power, which will doubtless be \' - <ely utilized for turning the wheels of a
large number of small factories.

Lying along the foothills of the county are numerous dairy and stock farms that
can be purchased for prices ranging from fo to $15 per acre. Further back in the
hills there is still .1 little government land, but this land is being rapidly taken up.
Improved farming lands near the larger towns of the county command prices ranging
from ;j!i4o to f locj per acre. These lands can usually be purchased on ea^y terms and
the returns represent a fair interest on the money for which they can be bought. •

The valuation placed upon the taxable propert)- of Yamhill ct)uuty for 1892, as
shown by the assessment roll, was 14,046,309. The county is rich and progressive,
and it is settled by an intelligent class of people. The educational facilities f*fforded
the youth of this part of the state ate unsurpassed in au}' farming community. There
are now 70 districts in the county and 6S school houses. The county contains 2,500
persons of school age, and 121 teachers are employed in :tsr.chools. Yamhill county
has forged rapidly to the front during the past decade and has mtde both material
growth and solid advancement, and there is no present indication of the retrogression
of this prosperity in the future.

liidopemlenco, Orefxon. — If a location that olTers every facility for building
up a prosperous center of population, together with a wideawakeand intelligent set of
business men, determines the d'^t»ree of success which a town may attain, then Inde
pendence can justly Jay claim to both enterprise and the full measure of prosperity.
Its location can be appreciated t'lom the stai .ment that it is one of the largest towns
on the west side f the Willamette river, through which the trains over the west side
division of the Southern Pacific, running between Portland and Corvallis, pass. It
is reached by steamers on the Willamette river, navigable from Portland up to this
point, and it is connected with the narrow-gauge sy.stem of the Southern Pacific,
tapping the best part of the Willamcite valley, by a steam motor line which operates
hourly *^^raius between Independence and Monmouth, only 2J2 miles distant. It is 75
miles to I'ortland from Independence by rail. The town has the benefit of daily pas-
senger and freight trains, which connect with all points north and south, and com-

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rates

is 75
pas-
-oin-

Independence, Oregon.

1)iued passenger and freight steam s make two round trips a week between Corvallis
and Portland, touching at Independence both ways.

Indt;pendence is practically entirely surrounded by a rich and highly productive
farming district. Vast quaiititio« of hops, whsat, oats, vegetables and fruit raised in
this section are hauled to Independence for shipment by rail and by water. The
town handles nearly all the immense trade of the tilbutary section of farming
country, and it is one of the most important shipping points on either the east or the
west side of the Willamette river.

Independence is incorporated with a population of about 1,700. Although the
first stor> on the present site of the town was established as early as I1S50, the great
growth of Independence has been made during the past few years. With this rapid
growth in population has also come lue same rapid increase in the manufacturing
industries of the place. A well equipped sawmill is conducted on the river bank at this
point, and this mill is kept running constantly. A large flouring mill with a daily
capacity of kx) barrels is also located here, as well as two sash
and door factories, an axe handle factory, one wire fence works,
marble works, a foundry and a v.'fll conducted steam
laundry. Having the benefit of the competitive rates
of freight, afforded by the river and rail route to
Portlj'..id from this point, and being located in
the midst of a section in which the raw material
for all kinds of manufacturing is easily pro-
duced, Independence offers exceptional facili-
ties for the establishment of manufacturing
plants, and it will always remain as it is today,
one of the principal manufacturing points of
the valk5'.

The leading business houses of Indepen-
dence are all well stocked and they do a very
jjroRperous business. The largest dry goods
alore in Polk county is located at indepen-
dence. It was established a8 years ago by Mr. Isaac Vanduyn. Mr. J. M.
\Hnduyn is now the sole proprietor of this mammoth establishment, which carries
constantly a stock of goods whose vahie is about $20,000. Mr. Vanduyn, the present
proprietor, is a man of great push and enterprise, and he stands deservedly high in
the community whose interests he has done so much to advance. Independence
contains two strong banking institutions. The First National BauK of Independence
has a capital stock of |5o,ocx), with a surplus of |i4,ooo. Us officers are J. S. Cooper,
president; L. W. Robertson, vice-president, and W. H. Hawley, cashier. The Inde-
ptndeuce National Hank is quartered in a liandsonie brick structure, an illustration
of which appears in connection with the present article. This strong bank was
established about five years ago. Its officers arc H. Hirschbcrg, president ; Abram
Nelson, vice-president, and W. P. Connaway. cashier. Both of these institutions
have the best standing in iiuancial circles o'"lhe coast.

The public schools, as shown by the illustration above, are conducted in
an elegant and commodious imilding containing eight rooms. The school build-
ing and .site represent an outlay of $2o,ocx). The course embraces eight grades,
including common and high school depaitmenis, with a couipeteiit instructor in

PuBKC School. iNOEPENDEhCE.

1 II

I .1

.1
II

250

The Oregonian' s Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

charge of each grade. The average daily attendance at these schools is about 400.
J ndependence is well provided with churches, which speaks well for the moral tone
jf its inhabitants. The Calvary Presbyterian, Baptist, Methodist, Episcopal, Evan-
Telical and Christian denominations are strong in membership and influence, and
they all worship in church buildings of their own. The town also boasts of a hand-
some brick opera house, which is used for all gatherings of a public nature. It has
a seating capacity of 500, and is well lighted and ventilated.

Independence has a fine arc and incandescent electric light plant, as well as an
efficient water-works plant. Both of these plants are owned by private corpora-
tions. The town is protected against danger by fire
by a well equipped and thoroughly organized vol-
unteer, fire department. Independence supports
one good local newspaper. The West Side. Three
good hotels cater to the traveling public, while
two livery stables provide plenty of horses and
vehicles for the commercial traveler and the
tourist. A daily stage line runs from Indepen-
dence to Salem, a distance of 15 miles. This
place has made most substantial advancement
during the past few years, and there is no reason
why, with every advantage in location, and with
the efforts of a wide-awake people. Independence
should not make the same steady advancement

Independence National Bank, Independence. in the futurC.

Newbei'g, Oregon. — Newberg, in Yamhill county, is situated on the narrow-
gauge system of the Southern Pacific railroad, 26 miles south of Portland. The
town was incorporated in 1888, the population at the time of incorporation having
been about 500. Since that time the place has more than doubled in population,
and it is now one of the flourishing points on the west side of the Willamette val-
ley reached by the narrow-gauge system.

Newberg is located in the heart of the Chehalem valley, which, during the past
few years, has been attracting considerable attention as a rich fruit-growing section.
The town was first settled by a colony of Quakers, who yet bold the balance of
power in the matter of population and in control of the municipal government at
this point. The old town of Newberg still stands near the bank of the Willamette
river, where it was first located, but the new town is located midway between tlie
river and the railroad, the distance between each being about one mile. The oil
and new towns, however, are under a single municipal government, and the interests
of both centers of population are handled harmoniously.

The manufacturing interests of Newberg consist of a small roller-flouring mill
and a sawmill, both of which are located on the river bank. Both of these plants
are operated by water power. A drain tile works, which manufactures annually a
large quantity of tile from blue clay, which is found in the vicinity of the town,
is also located here. The Newberg Pressed Brick & Terra Cotta Company was organ-
ized last year, with a capital stock of $50,000. This plant has now been in opera-
tion for almost a year, and it is now turning out dr}'-pressed brick, made from d' v
clay, at the rate of 20,000 per day. The principal market for the output of this plant
is in Portland. "

Newberg, Oregon.

251

Pacific College, Newberg.

The various mercantile pursuits of Newberg are handled principally by a wide-
awake class of business men. The town claims two banks, which do a large and
safe business. Situated on the main street of the town are four brick blocks, and it
is the intention of the owners of other business property here to erect additional
fine buildings during the present year.

The people of Newberg take a pardonable spirit of pride in the fine schools
maintained here. The Pacific College, founded and fostered by the Friends' church,
is located at this point, and
it offers a full collegiate
course of instruction, em-
bracing the classical, scien-
tific, normal, music and art
departments. The average
attendance of students at
this school during the past,
year was 80. An efficient
corps of instructors preside
over each department of
the school. The college
building shown by the illus-
tration published on this
page, affords ample facilities
for conducting the thorough collegiate work of the school. The public school of New-
berg is conducted in an eight-room building, six rooms of which are now occupied.
Six teachers are now employed in the public school here, and the school, in its effi-
ciency, compares very favorably with the bent public schools of the state. The aver-
age daily attendance of pupils at the public school is about 250.

Newberg is distinctly a moral town. No saloon or resort of vice is found in the
town, the location of saloons here being restricted by a town ordinance. Eight
churches, most of which own their places of worship, are established here. The
denomination of The Friends own a church building of an orna-
mental nature, as shown by the illustration published in connec-
tion with this article. The erection of this church building in-
volved an outlay of about f 10,000. The other church denomi-
nations represented here are the Presbyterian, Baptist, two Metho-
dist, Christian, Evangelical and Adventists. In addi-
tion, a strong Y. M. C. A. organization is maintained in
the town, as well as a free reading-rocm for the benefit
of the public. Two newspapers are, published at this
point, The Graphic and The Chehalem Valley Times,
Tourists visiting Newberg find comfortable accommo-
dations furnished by the two hotels and two livery
stables of the town.

In the district tributary to Newberg fruit growing
is the principal occupation followed. The Chehalem valley proper includes an area
of 3 miles by 10 miles in extent, and the greater part of the land contained in this
area is especially adapted to fruit culture. Peaches, pears, prunes, cherries, and all
the smaller varieties of fruit, do well here. In addition, the land also produces
hops, cereals of all kinds, and vegetables, aa well as any land in the Willamette

I \U

Fbiends' Omurch, newberg.

\['-m

WK\

ft^

H- N

HB^i

■ r

, 11 ; '. %M

252

The Oregonian^s Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

valley. Prune growing pays well here. With an average of 125 trees to the acre, and
an average yield of 50 pounds of fruit to a tree, at 8 cents per pound, which is the
price paid for dried prunes in bulk, the annual income from an acre of prune land
here is about ^500. A most conservative estimate places the profit from a single
acre planted in mature prune trees in the Chehalem valley at from $250 to $300.

Newberg is within easy reach of Portland, either by the daily lines of steamers
which ply regularly on the river, or by the cars of the railroad passing this point.
The countr}' surrounding Newberg is comparatively a newly settled district, and the
inducements offered to newcomers to settle in this tributary section at the present
time are especially flattering.

Thr Yamhill Land Company. — The Yamhill Land Company, of Newberg,
was organized and incorporated in i.S9i,with the following officers : J. P. Price, pre,'-
ident, and O. C. Wright, secretary. This company is authority for the statement
that fruit and farming lands situated within a distance of from one to four miles of
the corporate limits of Newberg, can be purchased at "-om $40 to $100 per acre.
Parties desiring to obtain reliable information concerning Yamhill county, are com-
mended to the YauiLIU Land Company, of Newberg, Oregon, for prices of land or
statistics of this section.

The Bank of Newberg. — The Bank of Newberg was organized in July, 18S9,
with a paid-up capital stock of $30,000. The present officers are : Jesse Edwards,

president, and B. C. Miles, vice-president and cashier.
The Bank of Newberg, since its orgar.ization, has
done a con.stantly increasing business, which is
probably due to the fact that the public has always
had implicit confidence in the officers of the bank.
Mr. Edwards enjoys the honor of having first owr.ed
and platted the site upon which Newberg now stands.
He has also, since that time, been prominently iden-
tified with the best business interests of the town.
He is now, in addition to being prominently con-
nected with the Bank of Newberg, president of th-.
Newberg Pre,s.sed Brick & Terra Cotta Company.
Mr. Miles, whose father was the fir.st president of tlie
bank, was, until recently, a member of the mercantile firm of Morris, IMiles & Co.,
and he is well qualified to fill the position of cashier of the Newberg Bank.

LiaFayette, Orcjyoii. — Two miles east of St. Joseph, on the West Side
division of the Southern Pacific railroad, and located in Yamhill county, is the
flourishing town of LaFayeit^. In addition to direct communication aff'onUd
LaFajette with Portland and the principal valley towns by the Southern Pacific
line, the town is also on the line of the Oregonian [narrow gauge] railway, whidi
runs .south from Portland through the best part of the Willamette valley. Two pas-
senger trains run each way daily over both lines past LaFayette, thus affording the
ittttcr place the best ' f transportation facilities.

One of the most distinguishing featnr-^ , ■ f LaFayette, and one in which the ( iti-
zens take a greet dtal of pride, is the LaFayette Seminary, located at this po; it.
Tlie college is conducted under the auspices of the Ivducational Association of the
Oregon Conference of the Evangelical Church, and all of its privileges are open 10
men and women alike. The curriculum prescribed and plan of discipline adopt '^d

Bank of Newberg, Newberq.

Dayton, Oregon.

253

for the guidance of students rank w:th the scope of more noted institutions of
learning. The average attendance of this school during the past year v/as 80
students.

The public school system of LaFayette is also especially worthy of mention
here for the high degree of efficiercy maintained. The public school is in charge of
three experienced teachers, and the average enrollment is 125 scholars.

LaFayette is an incorporated town, with a population of about 450. It is largely
supported by a rich tributary farming district, the products of which consist chiefly
of cereals, vegetables and fruits. The soil in this district is no less fertile than is the
soil of the entire Willamette valley, and the prices asked for farming lands here are
reasonable.

A flouring mill with a daily capacity of 75 barrels supplies the citizens of La
Fayette with an excellent quality of flour, and this mill also supplies the town of
Dayton, a few miles distant.

LaFayette supports one good weekly newspaper, Tke Vainhill County Ledger.
It has two hotels, one livery stable and the various lines of mercantile business are
well represented here.

Three well supported churches, the Presbyterian, Methodist and Evangelical
bespeak the moral tone of the community. The town supports a public hall with
a seating capacity of 300. The place is particularly noted for the number of wealthy
retired mci chants it claims, ample evidence of the possibilities for obtaining wealth
here in the past and which may be also accepted as evidence bearing on the capacity
of the community for future prosperity.

Dayton, Orcgfou. — Dayton is incorporated and boasts of a population of
about 400. It is located at the head of navigation on the Yamhill river, 33 miles
southwest of Portland. The place has connection with Portland by a line operating
a steamer which makes a trip every alternate day between the two points. The
line of the narrow-gauge division of the Southern Pacific system of railroads in
Oregon passes a point within one mile of Dayton, and the citizens of the latter
place hope to have the cars of this line running into their town direct before the
close of the present year. A stage line carrying both freight and passengers makes
two trips a day to LaFayette and St. Joseph, making connection at the latter point
with the cars of the Southern Pacific Company's West Side division. The total
length of this stage line is five miles.

Although at the present writing no manufacturing is done at Dayton, the town
offers exceptional opportunities for che establishment of factories here on a small
scale. The extent of the rich tributary fanning district is shown by the large quan-
tities of hops, fruits and various other products of the soil which are regularly ship-
ped by the water line from Dayton to Portland.

The Dayton public school building recently erected at a cost of $6,000 occupies
a sightly location. The average daily attendance at the school is about iro. A
principal and one assistant teacher preside over the school here, which is well
conducted.

Dayton supports four churches of the Methodist, Baptist, Evangelical and Free
Methodist denominations. Each denomination owns its church building. The
town hall has a seating capacity of about 300.' Two weekly papers are supported
here, The Herald and Thr Nezvs, Traveling men find a good hotel at this point.

lli

' s^^B

MB '

M^^H.

264

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

and also a livery stable. Dayton at the present time makes no pretensions to great
commercial importance, but is a prosperous town containing a happy and contented
lot of people, and the possibilities for • future steady growth are equal to those of
the other favorably located valley points.

Dallas, Oregron. — Dallas is a name that was prominently associated with the
history of the early settlement of Oregon. The town of Dallas was established in
i?52, and was named after the Hon. George M. Dallas who was at that time running
for the presidency of
The i;ounty of which
named after the suc-
county has since that

PHOTO. 8V H.

MAIN STREET, DALLAS.

the United States against James K. Polk,
the town of Dallas is now the seat was
cessful candidate in this fight, and Polk
time been one of the most prosperous
counties of the Willamette valley.

A steady and substantial growth has
marked the history of Dallas since the
first settlement was made at this point,
and today it is a bustling little city with
a population not far from 1,500. Nature
first favored the location of a town at the
present site of the city, and the enter-
prise of the later residents of Dallas did
the rest. It is perfectly sheltered by the
mountains which rise to the west and
south. It is skirted by the La Creole

river, a pure mountain stream, which at all seasons carries a good volume of water.

Dallas occupies a position in the exact geographical center of Polk county, and it has

the support of a rich and rapidly developing farming community which will always

remain tributary.

The spirit of enterprise by which the citizens of Dallas have always been actuated
is shown in the attention which has been paid to the development of the manufactur-
ing industries at this place during the past two years. In this time a fine three-set
woolen mill with machinery of the most improved type has been completed and put
in operation here. The location of this mill at Dallas will do much to encourage the
wool industry of Polk and the adjoining counties, and it will be the means of hold-
ing much of the trade of this section to Dallas, which, without the mill here, might
have gone to other towns. The location of one large sawmill and two planing mills
at Dallas has made the place the principal seat for the lumbering of a large and rich
section. Dallas is also the seat of a perfectly equipped flouring mill, the product of
which vies in quality with the best flour produced in the state. The Dallas iron
works plant, which is run under the management and proprietorship of Edward Bid-
die, does a large business in moulding all kinds of castings used in the farm
machinery of this part of the state, in addition to other regular foundry work which
it handles, and it is a very profitable industry.

The country surrounding Dallas is especially adapted to fruit growing on a large
scale. Special attention has been paid to fruit culture in this section during the past
year and within a radius of i|^ miles of the town more than 600 acres of land havi^
been planted in prunes, peaches, pears and other fruits. A number of very fine hoj)
farms are situated within plain view of the people of Dallas. The profits realized
from hop culture on these lands is shown in the statement that land which can b ■

Delias, Oregon.

255

PHOTO. BY H. U. MISER.

Polk County Court house, Dallas.

bought here for $50 an acre commands from |l2oo to
I250 an acre when fully planted in hops. Within a
distance of 10 miles of Dallas is a fine timber belt
containing immense quantities of the finest merchant-
able timber. But three miles distant from the town
is a quarry of a high-grade building stone. This stone
lies imbedded as a solid strata, and before being ex-
posed to the air can be hewn into any shape or size
almost as easily as wood is cut. It rapidly hardens,
however, after lying open to the air and makes the
finest of stone for building material when fully seasoned. This quarry has been
but little developed yet, but it will some day be a source of great profit to the
owners and a most valuable addition to the many enterprises of Dallas.

Dallas is the seat of the La Creole Academy, one of the oldest institutions of
learning in the state. Three years ago the frame building so long occupied by the
school was abandoned, and a handsome and commodious brick structure was erected
for the academy at a cost of $10,000. Two years ago it was found advisable to com-
bine the excellent public schools of the city and the academy under one manage-
ment. This has resulted in furnishing more room for school purposes, and in a
highly improved course of study. The intermediate and primary grades are taught
in the public schools here, while the grammar and academic courses are pursued at
the academy. A principal and five assistant teachers preside over both schools. The
total enrollment of scholars at the schools here during the past year has been to
exceed 400.

Five church organizations are well sustained at Dallas. Within the past three
years the Presbyterian, Methodist, Episcopal and Christian denominations, has each
erected a neat church building of its own. The Southern Methodists and Baptists are
the oldest denominations in Dallas.

All branches of professional, mercantile and mechanical pursuits are well repre-
sented at Dallas. The Dallas City Bank, of which Mayor M. M. Ellis is president,

and C. G. Coad is cashier, has a capital stock of
|75,ooo. It is incorporated, and being on the strong-
est of financial footings and conducted in a conserva-
tive manner, it enjoys the full confidence of the peo-
ple of this section, and has a very large patronage.
Three good newsapers, T/ie Transcript, Itemiser and
Observer, are untiring in their efforts to advance the
interests of the section in which they thrive, and they
enjoy a large circulation.

A feature of great interest to the traveling public
which frequents Dallas is the excellent accommoda-
tion afforded here by the perfectly conducted hotel.
Six years ago a stock company was formed at
Dallas for the purpose of erecting a fine building
for hotel purposes. It was the aim of the company to meet every demand of the
large tourist travel and the commercial salesmen who frequented this place, and at
the same time to erect a building which would be an ornament to the city. The
Hotel Holman, an illustration of which is published in connection with this article

PHftTO. BY
«4. L. MISER.

La Creole Academy, Dallas.

§!

,' . I

2.56

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

PHOTO. BY H. L. MISER.

■^^^•'i:^i«^'

.-.Jj-Jifepiv: -

Hotel Holman, Dallas.

wa.s the result of this enterprise. The building was
erected at a cost of 1 10,000, knd is perfectly adapted for
hotel purposes. It contains 32 rooms, all of which are
well furnished. It is lighted by electricity and has every
modern appointment found in the best of hotels.
It is conveniently located, being within two blocks
of Ihe railroad depot. The Hotel Holman is now
owned by Nathaniel Holman, a well-known citizen
of Dallas, An attractive dining-room and an ex-
cellent cuisine are features of this well conducted
house. The rates of the Hotel Holman vary from
$1 to. $2 a day, as low rates as are charged for
first-class accommodations by any hotel i:i the
world.

Dallas supports two well equipped livery stables and two stage lines. One of
these connects with trains of the West Side division of the Southern Pacific at Derry,
about five miles distant, and the other line operates stages between Dallas and Salem
a distance of 15 miles. The city is located on the main line of the Oregonian [nar-
row-gauge] division of the Southern Pacific and is 62 miles south of Portland.
Trains make one round trip daily between Portland and Dallas. Owing to the many
advantages of location Dallas will doubtless continue to make the same steady
advancement in growth of population and material wealth in the future that the
place has enjoyed during the past few years, and it ^ives promise of always remaining
one of the most prosperous points of the Willam' e valley.

Good farming lands in the vicinity of Dal as find ready purchasers at prices
ranging from I50 to $100 an acre. Full information of these rich lands can be
obtained by addressing either Messrs. Fulton & Bell or William P. Wright, Dallas,
Oregon. These gentlemen will be ready at all times to answer all inquiries regarding
their city or the rich county of Polk, of which Dallas is the seat of justice, and all
information obtained from this source can be regarded as strictly reliable.

Polk County, Oregon. — As early as 1845 the name of Polk county had
been given to a part of Oregon, but at that time the county limits of Polk included
all 'that portion of the state lying between the Willamette river and the Pacific
ocean, and they extended from the southern boundary of Yamhill on the north to
the northern line of California on the south. Since that time the former extensive
area of Polk county has furnished territory for the formation of many other coun-
ties, and today Polk county is one of the smallest in area in the state. The total
area of this county is now less than 800 square miles. The present boundary lines
of the county are formed by Yamhill county on the north, the Willamette river on
the east, the Coast range of mountains on the west, and Benton county on the south.
Ine county is thickly settled, and it contains some of the best cultivated farms in
the state. About one-eighth of the total area of the county still vests in the govern-
ment and the Southern Pacific Railroad Company.

It is estimated that about two-thirds of Polk county is embraced within the fine
lands of the valley and the equally rich rolling stretches which border on the foot-
hills. The remaining one-third of the land contained in the county is rugged, but
it is covered with an almost impenetrable growth of the finest timber. The genera]
character of the soil varies little, if at all, from the rich soil of other parts of the

T«M

Sheridan, Oregon,

257

le fine
foot-
Id, but
leneral
lof the

Willamette valley. The soil here is equally as productive as that of the most favored
parts of the state. The soil of the valley lauds is best described as a dark loam
with a strong clay subsoil, the latter possessing the distinctive feature of retaining
moisture throughout any period of drouth, which accounts largely for the great pro-
ductive powers of all of this land. The soil of the bottom lands is composed of
rich alluvial deposits, which seem inexhaustible in their powers of production. The
foothill lands, while no less arable than are those of Llie valley proper, are composed
of a red, brown and, at times, black loam. They are warmer than are the valley
lands, and are especially adapted to the growing of early fruits and vegetables. No
county in the state surpasses Polk in the matter of quality aud quantity of its pro-
ducts, consisting principally of hay, hops, cereals, vegetables and fruits.

The natural grasses of the county grow luxuriantly. It has been proved that
one acre of this natural grass land will support a sheep, and two acres will furnish
forage for an ox the year round. With average cultivation wheat yields, in this
county, from 25 to 40 bushels per acre, l)arley 40 to 60 bushels, and oats 50 to 80
bushels. The cultivation of hops in Polk county, although comparatively an inno-
vation here, is becoming an extensive and a most remunerative industry. The bot-
tom lands of the county are especially adapted to hop culture. Vegetables of all
varieties attain unusual size in Polk county, and they are rich in flavor and nutritive
qualities. Potatoes, cabbages, beets, turnips, squashes, carrots, parsnips and cucum-
bers give prodigious yields on these lands. The potato bug, the dreaded pest of the
Eastern farmer, has never gained a foothold in Oregon, and a failure of root crops from
any cause has never been known in Polk county. Fruits, including apples, pears,
prunes, peaches, plums and cherries grow in such abundance in the orchards of Polk
county, that it is always necessary, during the ripening season, for the farmer of this
part of the state to give careful attention to propping up his trees to prevent the
limbs from breaking off under the immense loads of fruit which they carry.

The Coast range of mountains, as well as a large part of Polk county, is covered
with a dense forest growth of hard and soft woods. Trees 200 to 250 feet i:i neight
and of nine feet diameter are plentiful in this district. All of Polk county is well
watered. Several streams flow down the mountain sides into the valley lands of
the county with a sufficient head of water to furnish power for running hundreds of
factory wheels. Springs are found everywhere, and water can be reached any-
where b}' digging all the waj^ from 10 to 15 feet.

Polk county is abreast of any part of the state in the matter of provision made
for public education. There are now in the county 55 organized school districts
which employ 70 teachers. The average salary paid these teachers is about $50 a
month. The total value of school property in the county is |55,ooo. The popula-
tion of the county now approximates 8,000. The total valuation placed on all tax-
able property of the county is upwards of $4,000,000. The improved lands are
assessed at an average of $13.41 an acre. A ride through Polk county leads one over
one of the best parts of the Northwest and some of the highest cultivated farms in
the state are located within the limits of this county.

Sheridan, Oi'ejafoii. — Sheridan is located in Yamhill county, within one and
one-half miles of the northern boundary line of Polk county. It is reached by a
spur of the narrow-gauge system of the Southern Pacific Railroad Company.
This spur connects with the main line of the narrow-gauge system running
from Portland to Airlie, at Sheridan Junction, seven miles distant from Sheri-

■IW ■

258

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

dan. A mixed passenger and freight train makes one round trip between
I'ortland and Sheridan daily. In addition to the means of communication
afforded Sheridan by rail, a daily stage line, carrying both mail and passen-
gers, runs from Sheridan to McMinnville, the seat of Yamhill county and 14 miles
distant from the former town.

Sheridan is incorporated and contains a present population of 400. The Yam-
hill river, which is not navigable to Sheridan, divides the town. A wooden bridge
spans the stream connecting the main street of the town on either side of the river.
The usual mercantile lines of business are represented at Sheridan by a number of
small stores which seem to be well patronized. A flouring mill with a daily capa-
city of 100 barrels is located at this point. The section of country immediately
tributary to Sheridan is fertile and the farmers are prosperous.

A good public school system is maintained at Sheridan. The school is presided
over by a principal and two assistants am^ le average attendance is al)out 100
scholars. Three church denominations worship in buildings of their own. These
are the Methodist, Baptist and Congregational. The town supports one weekly
paper, T/ie Sun, has one bank, two hotels and two well stocked livery stables.

Amity, Oregon. — Located in Yamhill county, but a short distance from the
southern boundary, situated on a level plain and partly surrounded by a low range
of hills, is the town of Amity. It is on the line of the West Side division of the
Southern Pacific railroad, 57 miles south of Portland, and is within two andone-half
miles of the line of the narrow-gauge system of the same company. Amity thus
enjoys exceptional facilities for railroad connection with Portland and the larger
valley towns. Two trains pass each way over the narrow-gauge lines daily, and one
passenger train from the north and south stops at Amity's depot on the main line
of the Southern Pacific.

The population of Amity is about 400 and the place is incorporated. While no
manufacturing is done here at the present writing, its advantages as a site for future
manufacturing enterprise are worthy of attention. The town is located in the midst
of the richest of farming districts. The principal crops of this tributary section are
wheat and hops, with considerable attention paid by the farmers to the cultivation of
vegetables and fruit. The locality is one that has been settled for many years and
the farms are principally in a high state of development.

One principal and an assistant have charge of the public school system of Amity,
with an average number of pupils enrolled of 100. The Methodist, Baptist and
Christian denominations maintain strong organizations and the congregation
of each occupies a building of its own. The Odd Fellows hall is used for all public-
gatherings and has a seating capacity of about 200 people. T/ie Amity Popgun
handles the news features of the town in a truly effervescent style. Amity sup-
ports one hotel, and has a good livery stable for the accommodation of the traveling
public.

Good garden and farming lands can be bought adjoining the town limits of
Amity at the rate of |8o per acre. The value of land becomes less, of course, in :i
fair ratio as the distance from the town is increased. Mr. John L. Watt, a long-time-
resident of Amity, is thoroughly conversant with property values in the vicinit\
of the town and he is able at all times to offer good land at the prices indicated
above.

Monmouth, Oregon.

259

3Ionmouth, Oregfon. — Monmouth is the ideal college town of Oregon. It
occupies a site on a commanding eminence, and the climate is equable to a degree
that practically avoids all extremes of heat or cold, and the air is salubrious Mon-
mouth makes strict provision against the conducting of saloons, gambling houses or
other places of vice within the town limits, and the entire community is law abiding
and peaceably inclined.

Monmouth is incorporated and contains a present population of about 600. It is
located on the narrow-gauge division of the Southern Pacific system of roads, 70
miles south of Portland. In addition to the facilities for transportation afforded by
the narrow-gauge system, Monmouth is also connected with Independence, located
on the main line of the Southern Pacific, 2'/4 miles distant, by a well equipped steam
motor line. One passenger train a day makes a round trip between Monmouth and
Portland, while hourly trips are made over the motor line between Monmouth and
Independence.

Monmouth contains a number of well stocked business houses that are well sup-
ported. The Polk County Bank is a strong institution, with a capital stock of $50,000,
Its officers are J. H. Hawley, president ; P. L. Campbell, vice-preaident, and Ira C.
Powell, cashier. The town is also the seat of Mie Oregon State Normal School,
which is fully described in connection with the present article. Monmouth supports
a good public school system, which is in charge of four experienced teachers. The
average daily attendance at the public schools is about 151 1. The Christian and
Methodist denominations maintain strong organizations here, and each worships in a
church building of its own. Monmouth boasts of a good opera house, with a seating
capacity of 400 people. The town also contains one good hotel and a single livery
stable.

A rich farming district is tributary to Monmouth. This source of wealth,
together with its well accredited healthfulness and its many advantages as an educa-
tional center of importance, will result in regularly increasing its population each
successive year.

Tlie Oregon State Normal School, — A question of vital importance to
the prospective settler in a new country is the one of the educational facilities
afforded. No town, however favorably located, ever attains a position to command
the attention of the world without first having made every provision
for the education of its youth, and the better the educational facilities
of any community the better chance does the place enjoy for com-
manding the attention of the intelligent masses of the people.

Monmouth, in point of location, is an admirable
site for the establishment of educational institu-
tions. The location is a healthful one, the sur-
roundings are all pleasant and the town is easily
reached from any part of the Northwest by rail.
Added to its natural advantages are restrictions im-
posed by the charter and town ordinances of Mon-
mouth which make it absolutely impossible for
saloons, gambling houses or other resorts which
cater to vice in any form to be conducted within the
municipal limits. Thus no allurements, immoral in their tone, are held out to the
youth of this prosperous young town, and the status of the entire community is dis-
tinctly moral.

Oregon State Normal School, Monmouth,

260

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacihc Northwest.

The Oregon State Normal School, located at Monmouth, is today one of the most
prominent eclucational institutions of the state. By enactment of the legislature of
1891 this school was placed under the control of the state, general supervision of its
affairs being exercised by a board of regents whose appointment rests with the Gov-
ernor. Since the act placing the school under state control passed, the institution
has made most rapid advancement, and as a seat of learning it now commands the
attention of the best educational centers of the coast.

The curriculum of the Oregon State Normal School embraces four well defined
courses of study. • These are the elementary, regular, advanced and bitsiness. The
first three courses named are especially designed for a thorough training of pupils
who may desire to follow the profession of teaching, and graduates from either of
these courses are awarded certificates which entitle them to teach in the schools of
the state without further examination as to their qualifications. In addition to the
regular courses prescribed, the thorough training in instrumental music and voice
culture which the pupils of this school receive has proved a valuable and most
attractive feature to both scholars and instructors.

The necessary expenses of a course at the Normal School have, by careful man-
agement on the part of the principal, been reduced to the lowest possible amount.
Tuition for the entire school year does not exceed $25, while good board and room
can be secured in Monmouth at from $2 to $2.50 a week. The school is particularly for-
tunate in having succeeded in obtaining the services of P. L. Campbell, A. B., a graduate
of Harvard University, as president of the institution, and it is to the untiring and well
directed efforts of this able educator that the great degree of efficiency which the
school has attained during the last two years is largely due. J. B. Butler fills the im-
portant position of secretary of the board.

The building occupied by the State Normal School is a two-story brick structure
containing eight rooms. It occupies a site on a high elevation of ground which
commands a superb view of the Coast range of mountains on the west and the Wil-
lamette valley on the east, beyond which rise in sharp outlines the rugged chain of
the Cas( ades. On a clear day Mt. Hood, Mt. Jefferson and the peaks of the Three
Sisters are in plain view of the occupants of the school building. The surroundings
of the Normal School are healthful and inviting, the courses of study are well
defined, the discipline is good without being unnecessarily severe, and the future
growth of the school, both in its importance as a state institution and as a prominent
seat of learning is fully assured.

Corvallis, Oregon. — Corvallis is the judicial seat of Benton county. It is
located in the very heart of the Willamette valley, and is the central city of the rich-
est part of Benton county. It is the present southern terminus of the West Side
division of the Southern Pacific railroad ; it is at the junction of the Southern
Pacific and the Willamette Valley & Coast (Oregon Pacific) railroads, the latter of
which roads is the important line extending east from the deep-water terminus of
Yaquina Bay, 72 miles west of Corvallis, to Halstead, a point 56 miles east of Cor-
vallis and 128 miles from Yaquina. The road now known as the Oregon Pacific,
will ultimately be extended east to a connection with some transcontinental line at or
near Boise City, Idaho.

Corvallis is afforded excellent transportation facilities by these two lines, and
daily trains are operated over both roads, one train running north to Portland, 96
miles distant, and the other over the Oregon Pacific, making connection between

Corrallis, Oregon.

2()1

lind

een

Benton county Court House, Corvallis.

Corvallis and Albany, on the east, and with Yiiquina Bay, on the west. East of
Albany trains also run over the same road to the end of the track at Halstead. At
Yaquina Bay a line of steamers operated in conjunction with the rail-
road company, makes connection with trains of the Oregon Pacific
for San Francisco. In addition to the lines of transporta- (^

tion afforded Corvallis by the railroads, the Willamette
river is also navigable between this city and Portland.
A combined passenger and freight steamer makes
two round trips a week between Corvallis and Port-
land, and considerable traffic is handled over this
line.

The present popidation of Corvallis is about
2,500. While the great source of wealth of the city
has always been in the rich tributary farming dis-
trict, the manufacturing possibilities of Corvallis
have never been neglected. It is now the seat of
the Corvallis Carriage and Wagon Factory, which has now been in successful opera-
tion for two years past. This company gives constant employment to 50 men, and
it has a capacity for turning out 6,oco vehicles a year. The plant is thoroughly
equipped for the handling of a very large business, and its output finds a sale in all
parts of the coast. Two large roller flouring mills are also located at Corvallis, each
with a daily capacity of 100 barrels. The wheat grown in this part of the state
makes a special high qualit}- of flour, and the flour manufactured in Corvallis stands
high wherever it is known. The other manufacturing industries of the place are
represented by one large sawmill, with a daily capacity of 40,000 feet of lumber, two
sash and door factories, a foundry and machine shop, and few other small plants.
All lines of business are well represented hei-e. The place supports one strong but
conservative banking house.

Corvallis is the seat of the State Agricultural College. The means for running
this college are supplied both by the state and by the United States governments.
The annual income of the school from these two sources, at the present time, is
about $50,000, a sum sufficient to conduct the college here on a plan that is product-
ive of good results. Every department of industrial training at this school is pre-
sided over by a thoroughly competent and practical instructor.
The college farm which surrounds the school contains about 185
acres. This land adjoins the city limits of Corvallis, and is all
in a high state of cultivation. In addition to the main college
building, which was erected at a cost of about $30,000, a large
dormitory for male students, a smaller dormitory for lady stu-
dents, and a number of buildings used for experiments in me-
chanical work, have since been erected on the college grounds.
The average attendance at the college during the past year has
been about 250 scholars.

An excellent system of public schc-N is maintained at Cor-
vallis. The course of instruction includes primary, grammar
and high school. The average daily attendance at the public
schools is about 450. A new and handsome frame building for school purposes has
been erected at Corvallis during the past year at a cost of about $20,000.

photo, by J. L, UNDERWOOD.

WATER Tower, Corvallis.

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TAe Oregonian's Hnmlhook .-?/''"• I'acitic Northwest.

^tf'

AOHIUULTURAL COLLCOE, COnvMLIS.

The most s'^riking and attractive building at Cor'
vallis is the county court house, the construction of
which involved an outlay of $75,000. This building
occupies a beautiful site, but one block distant from
the main business thoroughfare of the city, and it is

■^^f ■'^'^ ^' ^ iiBK i'S&Li'; perfectly arranged in every way for the expeditious
I ■;; ■ .T^. * * r=^ffiB' JK>" handling of the large public business of Benton county.

Corvallis has a good system of water works, with a
capacity of i.(XX),(KX5 gallons of water per day. Pressure
is obtained in the ci,.y mains by a large reservoir, well
elevated, and located in the heart of the city. Cor-
vallis maintains a well drilled volunteer iire department.
The city is thoroughly lighted by arc and incandescent

lamps. A well equipped horse-car line is operated in the city. E'ght prosperous

church organizations are supported here, and the city boasts of a number of very

fine chu.ch buildings. Two weekly newspapers. The Times and The Gazette, and

one semi-weekly paper, The Benton County Leader, are

published here. Commercial travelers and tourists have

the choice of three hotels at Corvallis, and two well

stocked livery stables supply plenty of good teams frr

driving.

The growth of Corvallis has been considerably re-

taixled at times by the unsettled condition of the prac-
tically bankrupt Oregon Pacific Railroad Company. The

place, by virtue of location alone, however, will alwavs

conimaud a large and constantly increasing trade, and

with the status of the railroad problem at Corvallis

practically settled, the city will doubtless make ^ery

material advancement in the future.

lieilton County, Oi'egon.— The center of Benton County is within a few
miles of the center of the Willamevte valley, from north to south. It is bounded
on the north by Polk co' !^.y, on tie south by Linn, on the east by Lane, and on
the west by Lincoln. Its ;\rca is about 573 square miles, and its present population
is about 5,000.

The resources of Ben con county are chiefly agricultural, wheat and oats being
the principal crops grown. Wheat yields, in this sectioi: from 20 to 50 bushels per

acie, and the yield of oats pt^r acre is from 35 to 60 bush-
els. Second in importance to the raising of cereals in
the county is the growing of hops. Hop culture yields a
greater return per acre than does the raising of any
other crop, This has led to increa!^ed attention being
paid by the farmers of this part of the state to hop cul-
ture each successive year. Like other favored parts of
the valley, Benton is especially adapted to dairying on
a large scale. There is a greater demand for Benton
county butter than the ccunty now supplies. With the
price of good butter in Oregon ranging in price from 20
cents to 45 cents a pound, d lirying can be conducted in
the .state on a large scale wiOi the most profitable .'eturns.

New Public School House, Corvallis.

PHOTO. BVJ, L. UNPCnWOOD

SOtNE NtAn YAOUIN BAV.

ush-
& in
ds a
any
)eing
cul-
ts of
gon
nton
the
ni 20
d in
ims.

Yaquinn Buy, Oregon.

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PHOTO, BT J. I. UNDCItWOOO.

JuMF-orF-JOE Rock, y«quin« Ba"

The soil and climate of Benton county are especi-
ally adapted to the successful cultivation of fruit and
all kinds of vegetables. An instance is recorded as
attesting the value of lands in the county for fruit-
growing purposes, where four apple trees each gave
a net return of $7.50 from the fruit produced during
the single season. With an . v'.rage of 70 trees to the
acre, the yield from a single acre of apple trees, at
this rate, would insure a return of 1525. One acre of
land in this county, planted to prunes and properly
cultivated, will produce fyxj worth of fruit.

Benton is perhaps more distinctly an agricultural section than is any other
county of the state. Its soil is fertile to a degree that insures large crops through
any number of years, this land is easily worked, and the climate is good. The
fanners of the county enjoy the best of transportation facilities in the Southern
Pacific crossing the county from north to south, the Oregon Pacific, which forms
connection with the ocean steamers at Yaquina Bay, and in the line of light-draught
steamers which ply on the Willamette river between Corvallis and Portland.

Ya(|uiim Bay, Oregon. — Among the ocean waterways indenting the Ore-
gon coast, already mentioned in this work under the head, " Rivers and Harbors,"

Yaquina Bay occupies a position second only
to the mouth of the Columbia in commercial
importance. The arm of the sea known as
Yaquina Bay breaks the ocean line in Lincoln
county. This county was set off from Bentoti
county in 1892 by an act of the legislature.
It also embraces within its limits a .small por-
tion of land formerly contained in Tillamook
county.

The management of this seaport has been in the hands of the United States
engineering department for improvement since 1883. The appropriations so far
made for harbor improvements here amount to ^550,000. This sum has been care-
fully expended. Two jetties, one on the south and one on the north side of the bay,
have been built far out into the sea. The effect of these has been to increase the
depth of water on the bar from 7 to 18 feet at low tide and to deepen the channel
as far inland as Yaquina City, three and one-half miles from the ocean. At this
writing work on these improvements has stopped, the present appropriation having
been exhausted. It is expected, however, that another appropriation will be made
by congress now in session, and that work will be resumed in the spring.

The survey made by United States surveyors in
1893 showed conclusively that the outlay already made
had not been wasted, but had resulted in great improve-
ment to the bar and harbor channel. A line of steamers is
operated in connection with the Oregon Pacific railroad
from Yaquina on the bay to San Francisco. Tl- ^se
steamers and the Oregon Pacific railroad carry passen-
gers and freight from the Willamette valley points to
California. The importance of the transportation facili- subf 8*thinq, yaouina b»v.

Steamer Outwabo Bound, yaouina bay.

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The Oregonian's Ilandhoak of the Pueific Nurlhwest.

PHOTO. BY EMEHY

BUTMING, NOHTH JETTY, YAQUINA BAY.

tics thus afforded cannot be overestimated. Shipments from Yafjuinii Bay include
hnnber, wheat, honey, fish and oysters, besides a large amount of miscellaneous
merchandise.

The oysters found in the tn ^Ibeds in the upper Yacjuina Bay are small but
of excellent quality. The mail ' of these oysters was the first important indus-
try on the bay and has been goiT.;^ on for nearly 30 years. They are now cultivated
to a considerable extent on artificial beds in addition to those found on the natural

beds, and the average annual catch now
runs up to about 2,500 bushels. These
find a ready sale in the Willamette valley
and are shipped by steamer to San Fran-
cisco. About the middle of the summer
salmon begin to run into Ya(iuina Bay m
large numbers. These are caught in gill
nets and seines. Many or them are shit)-
ped fresh to interior points, but. i^
greater portion are put up by the tc .
neries on the bay. The ocean adjacent to Yacjuina Bay abounds in a variety of deep-
sea food fishes such as bass, cod, rock cod, kelp, sole and the delicious halibut.
The catching and marketing of these fish grows in volume and importance every
year, and will eventually develop into a very important business.

The country surrounding Yaquina Bay is excellently adapted to fruit culture,
especially prunes. Large areas of timber land are found in the interior in Lincoln
and Benton counties, along the line of the Oregon Pacific railroad, which finds an
ocean terminus at the bay. These natural resources alone justify the expendituics
made ;>,nd projected by the government for the improvement of the harbor. The
Oregon Pacific railroad survey reaches to Boise City, Idaho, where a connection
w'll be made for Kastern points. The Oregon Pacific railroad has been in the hands
cf a receiver, but it has been purchased by capitalists possibly al)le to carry out the
original intentions of those who established the road.

li'a<|iilna, Orejjron. — Yaquina is the port of entry for the Yacpiina district.
It is located on the upper end of Yaquina Bay, three and one-half miles from the
ocean, at the point where the Yaquina river empties into the bay. Yaquina is the
ocean terminus of the Oregon Pacific railroad and is
72 miles west from Corvallis. A line of passenger
and freight steamers plies regularly l)etween Yaquina
and San Francisco. The harbor at Yacjuina is land-
locked and has a depth of water in the channel
varying from 35 to 40 feet. The harbor and docking
lacilities at Yaquina are the best on the bay. There
are two sawmills in operation here and the railroad
shops of the Oregon Pacific railroad are located at this
point. The town is supplied with water by means
of an excellent gravity sj^slem of water works. The

finest building in town at present is the Yaquina hotel, owned by the railroad com-
pany. Educational advantages are offered by two excellent schools. Four religious
denominations, the Methodist, Episcopal, Presbvterian and Baptist have pi..ces of
worship here. The population of Yatjuina is al»oiit 200.

PHOTO. BY J. I.. UNDERWOOD,

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C»l- FOULWF.ATHER NEAn VAatlMA I

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'I he Coos Hay Country, Orc^^on.

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PHOTO. By CRAWtOPD A PAXTON.

YAQUIN* B»Y AT NEWPORT

Xe\vi»)l't, Orc'i^on.^— Newport, at the entrance to Vaquina Hay, was first
settled in 1867, and was incorporated as a city in 1882. It is 75'.. miles west of Cor-
vallis, and 165 miles southwest of Portland by rail and 220 miles by water. New-
port is today a town of about 501 inhabitants. It is a noted C^rej^on summer resort,
and tlu)usands of people from all over the state spend the summer months here.
The climate is delightful in the summer season and the
numerous pleasures aflbrded by sea-bathing, fishing and ex-
cursions to neighboring points of interest, are great attrac-
tions to visitors. Two hotels accommodate a number of
summer guests, but a large proportion of the visitors find
their enjoyment in camping out during the pleasant season.
A small steamer meets the trains over the Oregon Pacific
railroad at Yaquina and carries passengers to Newport, the
distance between the two points being thre<; and one-half
miles.

The business part of Newport consists of one long street which extends along
the water front. The residence portion is situated on a plateau directly back of this
street. Newport boasts of an opera house with a seating capacity of 600, which is
frequently visited by traveling theatrical companies. An excellent public school is
conducted by two teachers of experience. Religious matters arc looked after by the
Methodist, Presbyterian, Episcopal and Catholic denominations, all of whom liave
places of worship at Newport. The shipments from Newport consist of lumber from
two sawmills, oysters and sea-fish.

Tlie Coos IJay ('oiiiitry, C)roj»;on. — In Southwestern Ore'jfon is a region
of great natural wealth. Possessing a most delightful climate, covered with the
heaviest growth of timber in the state, and rich in most valuable deposits of coal, the
Coos Bay country offers a splendid field for the investment of capital, and for settle-
ment by a progressive and intelligent people.

What is here referred to as the Coo.^ Bay country stretches along the coast of
Oregon for a distance of 130 miles, terminating at the south on the California bound-
ary line. It embraces the counties of Coos and Curry, which together have an aren
of about 3,7<x) square miles. From the ocean the land of this section gradually rises
i)y a succession of benches until the crest of the Coast range of mountains is reached.
The average width of the strip between this range and the ocean, in this jiart of the
state, is about 40 miles. Numerous streams water the Coos Bay country. The largest

ofj these are the Rogue and Cofji'ille
rivers, both of which are navigable
for about 40 miles inland. At the
moutli of the Rogue river is the

yt^4Bij^^$t^ff^-^§^^^^^^^^^^^^ *"^" *^* ^°''^ Beach, the county

. .•...£-..-, J *----., ...Ts __ •»- >. . __. seat of Curry. This prosperous lit-
tle community is the shipping and
trading center of an exceptionally
rich but sparsely settled farming,
lumbering and mining country. On the coast at the mouth of the river of the same
name, about five miles north of the California bouudarv line. >s the town of Chelco,
Port Orford, situated on Port Orfonl Bay, along Ibis coast, '■ t » place selecied by
the Lnitca States engmeers as the harbor of refuge for the Cn go*i coatst.

Coal Bunkehs. MARSMnbLD, Coos Bay.

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' The Oreffonian'a Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

Coos Bay, the largest and best harbor on the coast of Oregon south of the
entrance to the Columl)ia river, is located at the mouth of the Coos river. Around
the shores of this hay have sprung up several ambitious and wide-awake towns.
Marshfield, the largest of these towns, has a present population of about 2,500. It is
an enterprising place, having water works, electric lights, a newspaper, a bank, saw-
mills, tanneries, furniture and a number of other manufacturing institutions. Other
towns ill Coos county are Randon, Randolph, Parkersburg, Coquille, Norway,
Arago, Angora and Empire City.

Nature has not only endowed the Coos Bay country with a remarkable diversity
of resources, but it has also given it a climate in which flowers blossom outdoors the
year round. The grass of this section is always green. Observations covering a
period of 14 years show that at Coos Bay. the greatest snowfall at any one time dur-
ing this period was i}{ inches. There were 8 years out of the 14 when absolutely no
snow fell in this section. The thermometer here seldom registers below the freezing
point, and the maximum summer heat is generally below Ho° Farenheit. The soil cif
the lowlands of the C los Bay country is a rich alluvium. From 600 to 800 bushels
of potatoes to the acre is not an exceptional yield in this section, and 50 to 60 tons
of sugar beets is an average crop here. All kinds of semi-tropical fruits do
well here.

The spil of the bench lands of the Coos Bay country is adapted to the growth of
fruits, vegetables, grasses and grains, but the yields of these products on the higher
elevations is not as great as they are in the lower lands. On the mountainous dis-
tricts of the country are excellent grazing grounds especially adapted to sheep raising,
and this industry is now an important one here. The greatest industry of the Coos
Bay country at the present time, however, is the manufacture of lumber. The
immense forests of Coos and Curry counties cover an area of 1,050,000 acres. These
forests contain 24,200,000,000 feet of the finest timber in the world. The magnitude
of these figures can be appreciated when it is known that Minnesota contains today
only 12,749,526,000 feet of standing timber, and Michigan, another great lumbering
state, contains ioo,ooo,cxx) feet lessth.m does the Coos Bay coimtry, a small part of
Oregon. Nearly 5,000,000,000 feet of the timber in the Coos 1' y country is white or
Port Orford cedar. This beautiful tree is not found nv)rth of the Umpqua river. As
an ornamental tree for landscape gardening it is doubtful it North America possesses
anything finer in its forests than the Port Orford cedar. So completely Tuarketahlc
is this tree that every part of it except the bark is utili.'ed. T^e log from the tree is
cut into boards and square timber, the slabs into pieot- s for Nrooni handles and laths,
and the scraps that are left are cut ino blocks for tho manuf*Klvae of matches. The
lumber manufactured in the Coos Bay countr\- finds >- rnncipal market in Saii
I'rancisco, though a considerable portion of this luniVvr. ts -hipped to other coast
points. The shipments of lumber from this district now aggregate about 100,000,000
feet annually.

With all its great wealth above the ground- ?r>ie Oeos Bay countrv 'has another
vast store of riches lying below the surface. Underlying 500 miles of its surface ai •
coal measures of an average depth of 35 fett. The quality of this coal for comniei
cial purposes is now fully established. The coal mines of Coos Bay hav« prodniHl
steadily since 1852. Most of the output of these mines is shipped to i^AU Francise
The sands of the ocean beach oi' this section and the graxtl along Lhe courses of t! ■
numerous streams are impregnated with gold. Placer mining h«» l)cen succesfuT

carried
adopted
Bay con
this reg
fishes,
of salmc
consider
of railro
land con

Bay, Ros(
Roseburg
Coast ran
a distance
Coquille (
between IV
of last ye

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east of Pc
the Colum
trading an
a pictures(
the east to
of some o
inland sun

The tc
ively by th
hold servi
building w
It is proba
present ye,
age daily a
stores, two
tained in tl
per, T//e h
prises of th(
turns out ei

The H:
It maintain
is rich and

Hood River, Orejj^^on. 2»)7

carried on here for many years past. Owing, however, to the primitive methods
adopted here the output of the precious metals has beon small. In 1S92 the Coos
Bay country produced $30,000 in gold. Fishing is another important industry of
ihis region. The bays and streams along the coast here teem with the finest food
fishes. At Gold Beach a salmon-canning estaV)lishment annually packs 30,000 cases
of salmon. The development of the Coos Bay country has been exceedingly slow
considering the vast resc irces it possesses. This has been due entirely to the lack
of railroad facilities for handling the business of the country. .'\t present its only
land communication with the rest of Oregon is by means of wagon roads. The Coos

" «•■. l?;'"fc-

BIO

thrr

Docks. Empire City, Coos Bay.

Bay, Roseburg & Eastern railroad, now under construction between Marshfield and
Roseburg, follows closely the line of the present stage road through the pass of the
Coast range mountains. The part of this line between Marshfield and Co(iuille City,
a distance of 25 miles, is now finished and trains are running over this road. Beyond
Coquille City the road is graded to Myrtle i'oint. The full surveys for the line
between Marshfield and Roseburg have been made, and it was the financial stringency
of last year alone that prevented the completion of the road before this time.

Hood Klver, ()rcj<oii. — Hood River is located in Wasco county, 64 miles
east of Portland, on the line of the Union Pacific railroad, and at the junction of
the Columbia and Hood rivers. It has a present population of about 350, and is the
trading and shipping point for the rich Hood River valley. The site of the town is
a picturesque one, sloping as it does to the north towards the Columbia river, and to
the east towards the smaller stream of Hood river. It commands a magnificent view
of some of the best Columbia river scenery, and it is today one of the popular
inland summer resorts of the state.

The town of Hood River contains two handsome church edifices, owned respect-
ively by the Congregational and United Brethren denominations. The Methodists
hold services in temporary quarters here. The public school here is held in a
t)uilding which is inadequate to properly accommodate the pupils in attendance.
It is probable that a larger and better school building will be erected during the
present year. Two teachers are employed in the public school here, and the aver-
age daily attendance of scholars is about 80. Hood River contains a dozen or more
stores, two hotels, and two well stocked livery stables. A free reading-room is main-
tained in the town for the accommodation of the public, and a good weekly newspa-
per, T/ie Hood River Glacier, is published at this point. The manufacturing enter-
prises of the town are represented by the Hood River Manufacturing Company , which
turns out everything in the line of woodwork.

The Hood River valley is about 18 miles in length by about 8 miles in width.
It maintains a level of from 4cx) to 1,000 feet above the sea. The soil of this valley
i^ rich and varied, and will produce all kinds of cereals and fruits equally as well.

2(18

The Oregoniun's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

This is one of the finest fruit belts in the state. The Hood river peaches are unex-
celled in quality, and large quantities of this delicate fruit raised here yearlj- fiml
a ready sale in the Portland market. Apples, pears, prunes, cherries, and ull the
smaller fruits do well on this soil. The farmers of the Hood River valley plact-
great reliance on their .strawberry crops. The berries of this fruit grown here attain
a remarkable size, the yields are always large, and the fruit is of the best quality.
In 1 892 the retv>rns from the strawberry crop of the Hood River valley alone amounteil
to $23,000, and the average value of the product of each acre planted in straw-
berries here during that year was about $600. During the season of 1893 the area
of this land planted in strawVjerries was about three times what it was the pre-
vious year. The principal markets for Hood river strawberries are in Montana and
Portland.

In the mountains around Hood river is a wealth in fine timber that is yet
hardly touched. This river has its source at the base of the easst and north slopes
of Mount Hood, and for a distance of 10 miles from the mountain it has an average
fall of about 70 feet to the mile. This stream is capable of furnishing a large avail-
able water power, which will some day be largely utilized for sawing the timber
found adjoining the stream.

The town of Hood River is fast becoming popular as a summer resort. A salu-
brious climate, with the attraction of the finest drives, flower-dressed hills, and pure
mountain streams of the coldest water filled with the gamiest of brook trout,
have combined to make this one of the most popular resorts for recreation in tlie
state.

Mount Hood, the moi-arch of the Cascades, with its covering of perpetual snow,
looms up plainly in the distance from the town of Hood River. The mountain is
reached from this point by an easy stage ride of but 28 miles in length.

In the neighborhood of Hcod River is considerable government land still sub-
ject to entry. This land, whili lying some distance back from the town, contains
fine soil and is perfectly adaptrd to fruit culture. All of this land will be occu-
pied a few years hence, and the town of Hood River will ultimately become one of
the most important fruit-shipping jioints on tl">-: Columbia river. '

The l>{illes, <)ivj4"<>n. The Dalles is the capital city of Wasco vS^nuty and
its present population is about 3,000. It is located on the south bank v^t the Colum-
bia river, 88 lUilcs east of Portland, and on the main line of the Union Pacific rail-
road. It is the head of uavigation on the Middle Columbia river, but with the com-
pletion of the government locks at the Cascades, The l>*lle4» will enjoy the beneiiis
of an unbroken water route to Portland and the sea.

The most important manufacturing industries located at The Dalles at the pres-
ent time are a rollei flouring mill with a capacity of 1^5 barrels a day, a brew-
ery, a planing mill and a sash and door facUMy. T\\\» mil<^8 east of The Dalles 'ii
the Columbia river is a large salmon cauuvHy which cans and packs annually from
J5,ooo to 4o,ixK) cases In the iinmediaK" viv'ituty v^t the town are 10 fish-whee''-.
During 1890 upwards of 3,000,000 pouuvls of fish were packed and shipped from tbis
point, in addition to large shipments of fresh ft^fck, for the Eastern markets.

Ivvery line of business is well represented iw The Dalles. The fown suppoi s
three banks, three newspapers, /yte iXiih Tin-ii'^-yiountaimer, The Daily Chronii ' ',
and The Weekly Sun. The public schools are held in four large buildings, and 1 'c

average
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Wasco County, Oregon.

2fi0

APPRo«CH TO The Dalles from the West.

average daily attendance at these schools is about 650. A state normal school and a
Catholic academy are also maintained here. The Congregational, Baptist, Methodist,
Christian, Adventist and Cath-
olic (leuominations own their
own places of worship here.
The Dalles possesses an excel-
lent system of water works and
an arc and incandescent electric
light plant. A flume canal ex-
tends back from The Dalles for
a distance of i.S miles to the
mountains. This flume has a
daily carrying capacity of 1 25,000
feet of lumber, which is floated
to The Dalles from the mills
back of the place.

The mean fall of the Columbia river from Celilo to The Dalles, a distance of 13
miles, is 100 feet. This constitutes the rapids of the dalles which are not navigable,
but which will be ultimately overcome either by canal and locks or boat railroad.
The Columbia river drains over 300,000 square miles and for a distance of over 100
miles above Celilo the depth of water in this great stream is 50 feet. The available
power afforded by this river at The Dalles is estimated to be fully equal to that of the
Spokane river at Spokane or of the Falls of St, Anthony at Minneapolis.

The chief exports at The Dalles, are salmon, wool, hides, horses, cattle, sheep,
and fruit. An immense extent of country extending in some directions as far as 150
miles back from The Dalles pays tribute to this place. During 1S90 there were ship-
ped out of this tributary section 200 carloads of hides, nearly 10,000,000 pounds
of wool, 4,200 head of cattle, 100,000 head of sheep, i.Soo head of horses, and ico
carloads of fruit.

Cheap means of transportation is afforded The Dalles by the Union Pacific rail-
road, which follows the Columbia river for 126 miles east and for about 75 miles west
and connects direct with Portland and the East, and also by the steamers of The
Oalles, Portland and Astoria Navigation Company as well as by the steamer line of
the Union Pacific, both of which water lines reach Portland by making a short
transfer at The Cascades. The completion of the Ciscade locks will mark a new
epoch in the history of The Dalles and will greatly advance Ihe town's prosperity.

Wasco County, Oregon. — Wasco county is separated from the state of
Washington on the north by the Columbia river. On the east it is bounded by vSher-
man and C.illiam counties. It extends south as far as the northern boundary of
Crook, and on the west it reaches to the summit of the Cascade range of mountains.
The county has an area of 3,024 square miles and it contains a present population of
about 9,500.

Along the Columbia river line of Wasco county are high bluff's of basaltic rock.
This is the unfavorable part of the county that presents itself to he eyes of the
tourists who follow the Columbia river route of the Union Pacific railroad. Back of
these bluffs, however, are miles of the finest farming lands in the Northwest. These
lands are adapted perfectly to diversified farming and stock raising, all kinds of

' i

2H)

The Orefconinn's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

grains and fruit doing well here. The grazing lands of the county are covered with a
heavy growth of bunch grass in which cattle keep fat throughout nearly the entire
year. Tht- western portion of the county, which extends into the Cascade Mount-
ains, is principally covered with a dense forest growth. The timber found here con-
sists of fir, larch, tamarack, hemlock, pine and cedar. The higher elevations of the
county are on the average of from 3,000 to 4,000 feet above sea level. The timber
belts arc crossed by clear mountain streams, which in many cases carry a sufficient
volume of water for rafting purposes. The most important of these streams are the
White and Deschutes rivers.

The fruit growing possibilities of the county are great. Apples, peaches, apri-
cots, plums, prunes, cherries, grapes, pears and small fruits of all kinds are raised
in the county to a considerable extent. The melons of Wasco county vie in quality
and size with the best productions of the southern part of the state. These melons
find a ready sale at The Dalles, and are shipped as far east as Chicago.

The unusual dryness of the climate of Wasco county makes a residence here one
peculiarly free from disease. The soil of the lands of the county is so deep, how-
ever, that a failure of crops here has never been recorded. The wheat yield in the
county averages from 20 to 40 bushels per acre. In 1891 there were 3,000,000 acres of
tilled land in the county, and during the p^st two years this area of land in cultiva-
tion has been greatly increased. The census of 1890 showed that there were 218,00)
sheep, 20,000 horses, 25,000 cattle, and 5,000 hogs in the county. The total assess-
ment of the county in 1891 showed a valuation of $3,578,745.

Ai'linjiftoii, Oregon. — Arlington is the largest town in Gilliam county. It is
located on the Columbia river, at about the center of the county on a line drawn east
and west, and is also on the main line of the Union Pacific railroad, 142 miles east of
Portland. The Columbia river affords the merchants of Arlington direct water com-
munication with Pasco where connection is made with the line of the Northern Pa-
cific for Taconia, Seattle and Spokane.

The present population of Arlington is p.bout 350. Two national banks are
located here, as well as two large general merchandise stores and a number of smaller
business houses. The town has a good water-works system and maintains a fire
department. It also supports a public school, two churches, a free reading-room and
a weekly newspaper, 77/(? Arlington Record.

Arlington lost much of the trade which formerly came to this point by the com-
pletion of the Ileppncr. branch of the Union Pacific in 18.S8. This branch line of road
has done much to develop the resources of Morrow county, the principal
trade of which section, instead of coming to Arlington as it formerly did, now goi s
direct to Heppuer, the county seat. Arlington, from advantages of location on the
Columbia river, and also on the main line of the Union Pacific, will perhaps alwa} s
remain a prominent shipping point, and it today enjoys the distinction of being tlic
leading town on the Columbia river east of The Dalles.

Tlopimor, < )reg<)n. — Heppner is the judicial seat of Morrow county and con-
tains a present population of about 1,000. It is the terminus of the Heppner bran h
of the Union Pacific railroad which connects with the main lineat Willow's Junctii 1,
45 miles distant. This branch was completed in 1888, since which time Heppner h is
enjoyed a steady and rapid growth.

The principal business portion of Heppner is confined to one wide street which.

■I

Heppner, Oregon.

271

PHOTO. BV THEO DANNER,

Public School, Heppner

for a distance of more than two blocks, is built up on either side with one and two-
story brick buildings. A number of general merchandise stores located at this point
do an annual business of from |25,ocxj to |i5o,cxxj each. Near the railn)ad at the
foot of the main street, are two large warehouses which have a combined storing
capacity of r,25o,oofj pounds of wool, and which are also used for the storage of wheat.
Sheep raising and wool growing may be called the two vital
interests of Heppner and Morrow county. In 1892, 2,350,000
pounds of wool, most of which was raised in Morrow
county, passed through the Heppner warehouses. The
money received from the sale of i(X),ooo sheep, 8,(xx) head of
cattle, 2,000 head of horses and soo.ocx) bushels of wheat
passed through the Heppner banks during the same year.
Wool growing and stock raising are the two industries of
Morrow county that are never known to fail. The climate
here is especially easy on stock, including cattle and sheep.
Heppner, and the country of which it is the trading center,
have always been prosperous from a financial standpoint and
many large fortunes have been amassed here in the legitimate lines of trade.

Heppner contains one roller-flouring mill with a daily capacity of 70 barrels.
This mill is operated by water power obtained from Willow creek, a small but rapid
stream which flows through the town. The city's water supply is obtained from an
artesian well, 600 feet deep. The water from this well is pumped into a reservoir
located at a sufficient elevation above the city to insure an ample pressure as a pro-
tection against fire. The capacity of the reservoir is about 100,000 gallons. The two
well drilled volunteer ho?e companies maintained here have often demonstrated their
ability to protect the city against any fire that might start here. Water-mains extend
along the principal streets of Heppner and hydrants arc located at all the prominent
street crossings. The city is thoroughly lighted by an excellent system of arc and
incandescent lamps, the system covering the main streets, the business blocks and
private residences.

The school district in which Heppner is located erected during 1892 a handsome
eight-room frame school building at a cost of |i 2,000. Primary and advanced grades
of study are taught in the public schools here which are presided over by six efficient
teachers. The average number of scholars in attendance at the public schools is
about 350. The Baptist, two Methodist and Catholic denominations own church
Imildings at Heppner. The town boasts of a good opera house with a seating capacity
of 500. Two weekly newspapers, The Gazette and The Record ^ are published at
Heppner. The town has three hotels, one of which The Palace, is a three-story brick
recently erected at a cost of $40,000. The bonded indebtedness of Heppner in 1892
was f 20,000 while the assessed valuation of town property in the same year made the
substantial showing of $400,000.

Heppner'p location in the valley of Willow creek, surrounded as it is by a range
of hills, is an attractive one. These hills not only add to the general beauty of Hepp-
ner's surroundings, but they also act as a protection against the strong wintry blasts
which sometimes sweep down over the plains of Eastern Oregon. The town is the
natural trading center of a very wide area of rich country and it will always be one
of the principal centers of population of Eastern Oregon.

The oldiist banking institution in Heppner is the First National Bank which was

■}i

272

The OregDniuti's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

.s^ji^'ll^^'-

incorporated in 1S87, with a capital stock of Iso.fxx). A recent statement of the hank
shows its surplus and undivided profits to he |32,cxx). The officers are Columhus A.

Rhea, president ; Frank Kellojrj^, vice-president,
and (ieo. Consei, cashier. The directors are
Columbus A. Rhea, T. A. Rhea, J. P. Rhea,
J. B. Natter and Frank Kellogg. The First
National Bank has always held the confidence
of the community in which 't is located. Its
principal stockholders are weaitby and promi-
nent sheep raisers in Morrow county, and any
communications addressed to the hank concern-
ing the purchase of wool, sheep, cattle and
horses will receive prompt attention. The P'irst
National Bank occupies quarters in a recently
of which is published in connection with the

First National Dank, Heppneh.

erected brick block, an illustration
present article on Ileppucr.

The National Bank of Heppncr began business in 1889 with a capital stock of
i*5o,(X)f). It occupies spacious quarters in the brick bU)ck shown by the accom-
panying illustration. This fine block was recently erected bj' the Heppncr Building
and Loan Association. The officers of the bank are Wm. Penland, president ; O.
K F'arnsworth, vice-president, and R. R. Bishop is the genial cashier. The National
Bank of Heppner has done an increasing business since the first year of its existence.
In now declares a dividend o'' 10 per cent yearly. \ recent statement of the bank
shows its net profits to be |i4,ooo. The present directors are V. C. Thompson, Wm.
Penland, E. R. Bishop, O. R. Farnsworth, R. D. Rood and O. W. Swaggert, all of
whom are prominently identified with the best business interests of Heppner. The
stockholders of the National Bank of Heppner are composed principally of stock-
men, and any information desired concerning the purchase of sheep and cattle in this
part of the state will be cheerfully furnished by this bank.

It is a noteworthy fact that the largest business houses of Heppner are owned
and conducted by comparatively young men. A striking illustration of this fact is
found in the McFarland Mercantile Company, the personnel of which is composed of
Frank McFarland, Homer McFarland and Rmil Voruz. Neither of these gentlemen
is over -^3 ars of age. The McFarland Mercantile Company is engaged in the
wholesale and retail general merchandise busi-
ness and carries a stock of goods valued at
l4(),cK)o. This is the largest mercantile institu-
tion in Heppner and Morrow county. The com-
pany do an annual business of about f 150,000.
Their trade reaches out into Grant, Harney,
Gilliam and Umatilla counties. In addition to
their regular business, this enterprising young
firm buys and sells annually large quantities of
wool, hides and pelts, grain and various farm
products. Messrs. McFarland & Voruz have only
been associated in business together since 1892, but the gentlemen have lived in the
eastern part of the state for a number of years past. The senior member of the firm,
Mr. Frank McFarland, is considered one of the most successful merchants in Eastern

McFarland Mercantile Company and National Bank
OF He'Pner block, Heppner.

•VK^

Morrow County, Oregon.

273

PHOTO. BV THEO, OANNKR.

Palace Hotel, Heppner.

Oregon, he having been engaged in business in that
part of the state for the past lo or 15 years. He also
has large interests in Southern California. The ac-
companying illustration shows the handsome brick
block in which the McFarland Mercantile Company
have their large stores. *

The Palace Hotel of Heppner, shown by the ac-
companying illustration, is a strictly modern house
in all its appointments. It is a three-story brick
building, practically fire-proof, provided wilh water,
baths and electric lights. A 'bu^s meets all trains and
a sample room in the hotel is at the disposal of com-
mercial travelers. The house was built three years
ago at a cost of about |4u,o(« by a local stock com-
pany. The present proprietress is Mrs. M. Von
Cadow, who has earned for the Palace hotel an envi-

T^ble reputation as a first-class hostelry. The table service and sleeping apartments
of the Palace arc far above the average of the leading hotels of the interior points
of the state.

M()rl•<)^v County, ()reji:<)ii. — Morrow is one of the prominent counties of
Eastern Oregon. It is bounded on the north by the Columl)ia river, on the east
by Umatilla county, on the south by Grant, and on the west by Gilliam. This
county is about 35x75 miles in size. The main line of the Union Pacific railroad
runs along the northern boundar}'. A branch extends south from the main line,
running through theWillow Creek valley and terminating at I leppner, 45 miles distant,
from Willows Junction, where the branch and the main line connect. Since the
completion of this branch line of road a number of small towns have sprung up
along its course. The trade of these settlements is held principally by the mer-
chants of Heppner, the county seat.

It is only a few years since Morrow county was regarded as a mere stock range.
With the increase of population in the county, however, there has been encouraged
the tendency among the settlers to pay more attention to diversified farming. The
soil of the lands lying along the numerous creeks in the county is highly product-
ive. The general nature of the country is rolling, but this undulating .surface is
covered with a heavy growth of bunch grass. Adjacent to the Columbia river is a
low, level -♦^retoli of land, varying in width from four to eight miles, which is sandy
and is ccvei :^ with sage brush. The southern portion of the county is rich in
timber re ourc«. -. There is still much land in Morrow county that can be obtained
from the govevj.meni:, and good land in the county can be bought from private
parties at tr;>m ^^ to $50 an acre.

The principal industries of Morrow county, at the present time, are wool grow-
ing and stock raising. The climate of the county is especially adapted to the rais-
ing of sheep. A reference to the article on Heppner, published in connection with
the present article, will furnish the reader with much valuable information on the
extent of the wool-growing interest of this county. During 1892 500,000 bushels of
wheat were raised in Morrow county, and this wheat was sold at prices varying from
68 cents to 85 cents a bushel. The assessable value of propercy in the county during
the same year was $2,088,308. The present population of the county is about 4,500,
and the population of this part of the state is rapidly increasing.

IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3^

1.0

I.I

1.25

— 6"

U 11.6

Photographic

Sciences
Corporation

23 WEST MAIN STREET

WEBSTER, NY. )4S80

(716) 872-4503

.<^

274

The Orcffoniun's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

Gilliam County, Oreyron.— Gilliau. county is bounded on the north by
the Columbia river, on the east by Morrow and Grant counties, on the south by
Crook, and on the west by the counties of Sherman and Wasco. Condon is the
county seat. This town is located near the geographical center of the county, and
is in the midst of a rich farming district. Condon has a population of about 2ou,
and it is a flourishing business point.

The total area of Gilliam county is about 2,oao square miles. It fronts on
the Columbia river for a distance of about 30 miles, and extends south for a dis-
tance of 70 miles to a spur of the Blue Mountains. Aside from the mountainous
sections of the county, it is one vast valley stretch of arable laud. Wheat, wool
and live stock are the principal products of the county. In 1891 800,000 bushels
of wheat were raised in Gilliam county, and the average price realized for this
wheat was 78 cents a bushel. The average yield of wheat to the acre, as shown by
statistics carefully compiled in that year, was 25 bushels. In the same year the
shipments of wool from Gilliam county aggregated 2,(xx),ooo pounds, and this wool
brought an average price of I2}4 cents a pound. The shipments of live stock,
during 1891, amounted to 62 carloads of horses, 49 carloads of cattle, and 15 carloads
of sheep.

Gilliam is one of the richest counties in natural resources in the state. Its
present populatic;- is only 3,600, but from the fact that t' ere are 600,000 acres of
government land in the county still unoccupied, and that more than one-half of
this unoccupied land is considered valuable for agricultural purposes, it is highly
probable that the population of the county will be greatly increased during the
next few years.

Pendleton, Orejf on.— Pendleton is a city of attractive environments. It is
located on the Umatilla river, a stream of considerable magnitude, in a little valley
nestling among a low range of highly fertile hills. The soil in the
immediate vicinity of the city is well watered, which insures a heavy
growth of vegetation and shrubbery here throughout even the dryest
seasons, and the carefully trimmed shade trees lining the principal
streets, together with the well-kept gardens which surround
all the principal private residences, make Pendleton one of the
most attractive cities of the eastern part of the state.

While Pendleton is not surrounded by a wealth of
timber and mineral resources, the remarkable produc-
tiveness of the soil of Umatilla coimty, of which it is
the seat of justice and the jobbing center and the heavy
wool-growing and stock interests of the county, make
this one of the richest interior points of the state.
Pendleton contains today a population of about 4,000;
its streets are wide and well cared for, and the entire
city presents an air of activity and prosiierity. Pire
limits have been established by the municipal govern-
ment, and within these limit-^ the erection of no wooden
buildings is allowed. Handsome one, two and three-
story brick and stone blocks line the principal business streets, and new buildings
are being constantly erected here. Business pursuits are well represented in the
city, and business at this point is generally prosperous.

View, Main Stneit. Pindliton.

Pendleton, Oregon.

276

View or Count Street, Pendlcton.

j^<S^<^*'»«^%N>

Few towns in the state enjoy equal opportunities in shipping facilities which
the Pendleton merchants are able to avail themselves of. Pendleton is situated on
the main line of the Union Pacific, 231 miles east of Portland and 44 miles south

of the Columbia river iit Umatilla. It is the end
of a division of the mala line. It is also the
terminus of the Spokane and Cfcur d'Alene
branches of the same system which touch Walla
Walla, all the important points of the wonderfull\
rich Palouse district of Washington, Spokane and
all the leading towns of the Coeur d'Alene mineral
belt. It is also the terminus of the Oregon &
Washington Territory system, which connects
with the Northern Pacific at Hunt's Junction,
near Wallula, and also with the Union Pacific, and
which also extends as far east as Walla Walla and
Dayton, opening up the rich fanning districts tributary to these latter points. Pen-
dleton thus has direct connection with Portland, which is reached by deep-water
vessels, with Seattle and Tacoma, the principal shipping points of Puget Sound,
with practically ah of Eastern Washington and Northern Idaho, and enjoys cot -
petitive freight rates from the East afforded by the two great systems of roads,
the Northern and the Union Pacific.

Pendleton is a city containing many modern improve-
ments. It has a fine water-works and electric-light
system; it maintains efficient police and fire departments,
and the city boasts of a well appointed brick opera
house. The Umatilla county court house, at this point,
is a model of modem architecture. It was erected at a
cost of |9o,cxx), and is one of the finest county
courthouses on the coast. Pendleton's water sup-
ply is obtained from the Umatilla river, which
flows along the edge of the city. This is a clear
mountain stream, and furnishes, practically, an
inexhaustible supply of the purest water for do-
mestic purposes. Power for running a number of
Pendleton's leading factories is also obtained
from this strean. . The manufacturing industries

of Pendleton are represented by a large fiouring mill, with a daily capacity of 500
barrels, foundry and machine shops, sash and door factory, and planing mill.

The public schools of Pendleton are conducted in a large brick building, which is
well arranged for school work. The grades taught rr.nge from the primary to the
high school course. The public schools here hold tctms covering ten mouths of the
year. In addition to the excellent public instruction maintained, the Pendleton
Academy provides a course of study which fits students for entering any college, and
a Catholic boarding school affords opportunity for pri\atc instruction. Koth hcsc
private educational institutions own their buildings and the grounds on which the
buildings are located. The Presbyterian, two Methodist, Baptist, L^ongregational,
Episcopal and Catholic organizations own their church buildings at Pendleton.

The average deposits in the three solid banks of Pendleton do not fall far short

CouKT House, Penoliton.

if '!

ii- 1.

276

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacif.c Northwest.

PusLic SCHOOL, Pendleton.

of |ioo,ooo. The city supports three newspapers, T/ie Daily East-Oyej^onian, which
also publishe? a semi-weekly aud weekly edition ; T/ie Daily and Weekly 1 ribune,
and The Weekly Oregon Herald. The East-Oregonian is published by the East-

Oregonian Publishing Company, which is under the
management of C. S. Jackson, one of the veteran news-
paper men of the state. Mr. Jackson is an able business
man and has earned a recognition in the leading centers
of the state, and he wields a pen that has excited the ad-
miration of the best critics on the coast. The owner and
editor of The Tribune is Hon, J. C. Leasure, one of the
prominent attorneys and a leading politician of the state.
Mr. Leasure is recognized as an able stump-speaker. He
hns held many prominent positions, including that of
mayor of Pendleton, and his abilities have entitled hii!i
to the respect of the best people of Oregon. The hotel accommodations of Pendle-
ton arc good, the four hotels here ranging from the hostelry of the first-class order
to the family house where accommodations are furnished at a moderate cost aud
where the fare is wholesome if correspondingly plain.

The value of the annual trade of Pendleton is estimated to be about $2,000,000.
The gross assessed valuation of city property in 1892 was $1,750,000. The city carries
a bonded indebtedness of Ijo.ocw. I'cndk ton is the trading center for practically all
of Umatilla county. This county produced in 1892, 1,750.000 pounds of wool and
fully two thirds of this was shipped from Pendleton. During the same year the
county 'aiscd 2,5cx5,ooo bushels of wheat, and the principal part of this product
passed through the Pendleton warehouses. Pendleton during the past five years has
enjoyed a growth that has
been surpassed by no itdand
point of the state and the
opportunities for advance-
ment here during the next
few years, which will be
taken advantage of by a
wealthy and progressive
class of people, promise even
greater things for the city in
the future than has accrued
to the place in the past.

The present mayor of
Pendleton is R. Alexander,
whose portrait is published
on this page. Mr. Alexander
is a native of Hengstfeld,
Wurttenburg, CTcrmany. He
came to Oregon 22 years ago.
Although now but 43 years
of age, Mr. Alexander has
attained a remarkable degree
of success during his busi-
ness career in Pendleton, r auxmoir, mayor or pinohton.

Pendleton, Oregon.

277

which began 15 years ago. Pendleton was then but a mere village, but Mr. Alexan-
der appreciated the natural advantages in location which the small town enjoyed and
he foresaw the Pendleton of today. Hnibarking in the general merchandise busi-
ness, Mr. Alexander easily kept pace with the rapid growth of the town, and he is
today the senior partner in the large general merchandise concern of Alexander & Hex-
ter who carry a line of goods valued at 1150,000. Besides being mayor, Mr. Alexander
is a prominent member of several fraternal organizations, among which are the Odd
Fellows, Masons and Knights of Pythias. Of the first mentioned order Mr. Alex-
ander has been grand master of the state, grand patriarch and grand representative,
having held the last ofiice for two terms of two years each. Mr. Alexander enjoys
the distinction of being the only 32(1 degree Mason in Pendleton. He has been mas-
ter of the local lodge for two years. Mr. Alexander has l)een vice-president of the Pen-
dleton Savings Bank, and he has been foremost in many of the public enterprises
which have resulted in making Pendleton one of the most prominent cities in East-
ern Oregon.

One of the most prominent business institutions of Pendleton is the Pendleton
Savings Bank, which was organized in 1889 with a paid-up capital of |ioo,ooo. The

present officers are W. F. Matlock, president ; W.
M. Pierce, vice-president and R. T. Cox, late of
the First National Bank of Portland, cashier. The
Pendleton Savings Bank has achieved a most grat-
ifying success to its shareholders since its organi-
zation, as shown by the statement that its undi-
vided profits now amount to $20,000 and its paid
dividends to $50,000. This success is, of couise,
due to the business sagacity of the bank's officers,
to the financial strength and standing of its stock-
holders, prominent among whom are Henry Fail-
ing, D. P. Thompson, L. L. McArthur and C. H.
Lewis of Portland, A. Bush of Salem, Levi Ankeny of Walla Walla and C. E. Tilton
of New York.

The Pendleton Savings Bank is looked upon
as one of the permanent institutions of the city. ^^^g?^^".
It has already manifested its confidence in Pend-
leton by erecting, at a cost of $33,000, the handsome
brick building, an illustration of which is published
in connection with the present article.

The Golden Rule Hotel at Pendleton enjoys
the reputation of being one of the best conducted
hostelries in Eastern Oregon. It is conveniently
located both with reference to the business portion
of the city and the union depot, where all in-com'^
ing and out-going trains are met by the Golden
Rule's free omnibus. The house itself is a three-
story brick, fire-proof and lighted by electricity.
The accommodations are strictly first-class. The
appointments are modern in every respect. Arthur
Hamnond, the proprietor, having been in the railroad business for 22 years

The PENDLtroN Savings Uank, Pendllton.

OOLDIN But-E HOTEL, PENDLETON.

, has a

278

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pnciiic Northwest.

Scene, Sheep Ranch, Umatilla County.

full appreciation of the needs and comfort of his guests and he spares no pains to
provide for their every want. The Golden Rule Hotel is to be commended to the
traveling public.

Umatilla County, Oregfon.— Umatilla county is situated in the extreme
northeastern portion of the state of Oregon. Its northern boundary is the state line
at the Columbia river ; it is bounded on the east by Union county ; it extends to
Grant on the south, and on the west it reaches to Morrow county. The approximate
area of the county is 2,073,000 acres.

The eastern and southern portions of Umatilla
county are somewhat mountainous. The northern
part of the county bordering on the Columbia river
is a strip of sandy laud which can be made highly
productive by irrigation. The vast agricultural
belt which lies between the rugged foothill dis-
tricts and the sandy strip above referred to
comprises an area of about 1,500,000 acres. This
land constitutes one of the richest sections of
the great " Inland Empire," and much of this
land is now in a high state of cultivation. The
higher elevations of the county are covered principally with a heavy growth of fine
timber, and the lumber and shingle interests of this part of the state are already
large. The rugged foothill districts furnish fine grazing lands for stock, and much
of this laud when cleared is especially adapted to growing the finest quality of
timothy.

The surface of the land of Umatilla county does not present ar attractive appear-
ance to the jLj-anger who is not familiar with the qualities of the soil of this land. If
seen when no rain has fallen here for several weeks, the surface of the ground pre-
sents a dry, even parched, appearance not at all conducive to successful grain grow-
ing. Yet this same land produces regularly yields of from 25 to 40 bushels of wheat
to the acre. The explanation of this wonderful fertility of the soil of Umatilla
county is its capacity to retain moisture. This land, which presents a dry appear-
ance to the eye, is always moist a few inches below the surface during even the
longest protracted period of drought.

The principal water-courses of Umatilla county are the Umatilla and Walla Walla
rivers and the Wild Horse, Birch, Butter and other creeks. These streams afford an
ample flow of water for domestic and irrigation purposes, and they also furnish at
convenient points power for manufacturing purposes.

Stock raising, wool growing and farming are
the leading industries of Umatilla county. Dur-
ing the early settlement of the county great atten-
tion was paid to stock raising and wool growing,
owing to the unexcelled opportunities afforded
here for grazing. A greater portion of the best
lands of the countv were at that time covered
with a heavy growth of the finest bunch grass, on
which cattle and sheep kept fat throughout the

year. Since it was discovered that the finest bunch-grass lands of the county
were capable of producing large yields of wheat, the area of the former grazing

Grain Field, Umatilla Countv.

Umatilla County, Oregon.

279

grounds has been greatly restricted, and the stock-raising interests of the county
have consequently declined of late years. Umatilla county is now one of the
greatest grain-producing sections of the state. Since 1885 the amount of wheat
annually exported from this county has averaged from 2,000,000 to 3,500,000 bushels.
In addition to wheat growing, certain portions of the county are well adapted to fruit
culture. In the Milton valley district, in the northeastern part of the county, are
some of the finest orchards of the state, and the fruit interests of the county are con-
stantly increasing.

Second in importance to the raising of grain in Umatilla county is the wool
industry. The average crop of wool in the county is from 1,500,000 to 2,000,000 pounds.
The value of this wool crop and of sheep is from $400,000 to $500,000 a year. A
definite idea of the extent the wool industry assumes in this part of the state can be
obtained from a careful perusal of the article descriptive of Mr. Charles Cunningham
and his sheep ranch, one of the largest and best conducted on the coast, which is
published in connection with the present article.

In "ertain parts of Umatilla county the conditions are favorable for dairying, and
a nuuibe. of persons are now engaged in this industry here on a large scale. The
mineral resources of tlie county have not as yet been developed to any extent,
although some valuable discoveries of ore have been made in the extreme southeast-
ern portion of the county. Deposits of coal have been found in the southern part of
the county.

In 189 1 about 400,000 acres of land were added to the taxable property of Uma-
tilla county by throwin^j open to settlement the Northern Pacific R. R. Co's forfeited
lands and also the lands of the Umatilla Indian reservation. Much of this laud,
including some very desirable tracts, is still unoccupied. A large part of the Uma-
tilla Indian reservation tract that was offered for sale at auction in 1891 found no bif* ■
ders, and it is expected that these lands will be again offered for sa^e in the near future.

The present population of Umatilla county is about 14,000. The total value of
all property in the county subject to taxation in 1891 was 110,768,342. This is one of
the best settled and most inviting sections of Eastern Oregon, and it is probable that
the population and wealth of the county will increase as rapidly in the near future as
has been noted here during the past few years.

The Cti'cat Slieep Kln^, Charles Cunningham, whose portrait appears on
this page, is the largest individual sheep owner of Umatilla county, and considering
the size of his herds and ihe blooded animals in his flocks, he may be fairly said to
be the leading representative of the sheep industry in Kastern Oregon.

A brief sketch of the life of Oregon's sheep king will undoubtedly prove of inter-
est to those who are personally acquainted with this gentleman, or who know him by
repute only. Born in County Galway, Ireland, in 1K46, Mr. Cunningham emigrated
to this country at the age of 18. Almost immediately upon his arrival here he prof-
fered his services to the United States navy. He was assigned to the battleship Ga-
lena, and received his first baptism of fire at the famous battle of Mobile Bay. At the
conclusion of the war he emigrated to California, and after a brief residence in Ala-
meda county, he removed to Oregon and located in Umatilla county in 1S69. In the
latter year he embarked in the sheep business, a business that was destined to bring
him both wealth and the proud distinction of being a successful and generous man
of the world. •

280 The Orcgoaian's Handbook of the Pacific Xorthwcst.

His apprenticeship in the sheep business was served in the employ of Major W.
H. Baruhart, then one of the leading wool-growers of Eastern Oregon. No better

opportunity for studying the
cares and duties of the man-
agement of sheep could have
afforded itself to the young
seeker for fame and fortune
in the West than the time
Mr. Cunningham spent in
the employ of Mr. Barnhart.
Kven while honestly help-
ing to enrich another he fully
made up his mind that in
the near future a good part
of his honest efforts should
be devoted to enriching him-
self. Being a thrifty lad he
saved his money, and in 1S73,
in association with Jacob Fra-
zer, known to all residents of
Pendleton as "Uncle Jake,"
he was able tol purchase a
respectable flock of sheep of
his own. The business of
Messrs. I-'razer & Cunning-
ham was a prosperous one
from the start, and these gen-
tlemen were soon able 10 pur-
chase the Webb slough i -inch,
since better known as the Hewlet & McDonald ranch. This new purchase affori^cd
additional and excellent browsing ground for their flocks, and the increase in the
wealth and importance of the firm was both rapid and of a substantial nature. The
partnership lasted between these two gentlemen until their flocks had increaseil to
such a size that they felt that they had a sufficient number of sheep to look after for
each partner to engage in business on his individual account. The firm then dis-
solved partnership by mutual consent, and each in the future devoted his attention to
the care of his individual flocks.

In 1877 Mr. Cunningham purchased what is now known as the Cunningham
ranch, located on Buffalo creek. At the time the gentleman purchased this place
it was in Umatilla count}', but by a subdivision of the cc nity it is now in Morrow
county. One 3'ear after this time Mr. Cunningham married Miss Sarah Doherty,
a niece of E. B. Nelson, who was massacred by the Indians in the outbreak of 1878.
This union, though a happy one, was of brief duration, for Mrs. Cunningham died
two years after her marriage, leaving behind ner a daughter, in whom the hopes ol
the father are centered today.

In the early days of the sheep industry in Eastern Oregon the more common
grades of sheep were raised, to the exclusion of what were then known as "fancy
breeds." This naturally resulted in a wool crop of a quality greatly inferior to the

Chas. Cu'iNrNOHAM, Pendleton, Shcep King or Eastern Ohegon.

Umatilla County, Oregon.

281

r%r

RANCH, Cha9. Cunningham, near Pendleton.

crop of today. Mr. Cunningham was among the first to perceive the advantage to
be derived from raising the standard of his breed of sheep. Following out this
line, he aimed to improve the quality
of his flock by the importation of a
number of thoroughbred rams. To
his excellent judgment in this direc-
tion is largely due the popularity and
increasing demand at the present time
for what is known as the "Cun-
ningham wool." This gentle-
man now numbers in
his flock 2o,ocx3 sheep,
4,000 of which
are thor-
oughbreds.
Outside o f
the thor-
oughbreds,
the rest of
his sheep are
graded, and
of fine qual-
ity. Steady
progress has
been his

constant motto through life, and he has never allowed any opportunity for advance-
ment to pass by unimproved.

When the famous blooded stock owned by William Ross, a noted sheep-herder
came into the market, Mr. Cunningham took advantage of the opportunity to pur
chase the entire band. These sheep were from the noted Hammond stock of Ver-
mont, and they never fail to in.spire confidence and admiration in the breasts ot
practical sheep men who regularly visit the ranch of Mr. Cunningham. The
fleece of these animals is long, white and of the staple quality for which there is
such an eager and steady demand. The Hammond bucks have established their
reputation as "leaders," and they are eagerly sought by sheep men whose knowl-
edge of sheep-breeding is abreast of the times. Those who have bred to the Ham-
mond bucks owned by Mr. Cunningham, have not only increased the weight of the
fleece on their own sheep, but they have also added to the size of the sheep them-
selves. It has been clearly demonstrated that a large fleece of actual wool depends
upon the quantity of wool raised to the square inch of surface on the sheep's back.
To produce the maximum quantity of wool, it must be long, dense and equally dis-
tributed over the body of the sheep. All of these conditions are fulfilled in the
Hammond breed, hence their value as wool producers is conceded. It is a well-
known and undisputed fact that all stockmen who have made or are making their
fortunes in sheep raising, are those who have bred to first-class bucks, and thus
improved their stock, and who have also improved their wool clip as a result of
raising the standard of their bred sheep. That the energy and good iudgment
which Mr. Cunningham has availed himself r>f in the sheep industry are fully appre-
ciated, is attested by the fact that this gentleman is now in constant receipt of

2H2

The Orcgonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

orders for rams from Oregon, Washington and Idaho, and even from distant Cali-
fornia.

The rearing and caring of sheep is also a very important factor in the sheep
industry. A thoroughbred animal is no more exempt from "scab " and other sheep
disorders than his plebi.in brother of meaner extraction. In this direction Mr. Cun-
ningham has also shown himself an expert in his business. By painstaking efforts
he has succeeded in keeping his flock free from all the disorders to which the
sheep is subject, and his entire ranch is today a model of cleanliness and good order.
This has been brought about by the closest attention to the particular line of l)usi-
ness to which Mr. Cunningham has devoted his best energies in life. As before
stated, he is looked upon today as an expert and authority in sheep-raising, and as
such is frequently consulted, not onl}' by new men embarking in the sheep business,
but also by many stockmen of experience who run across knotty points they are
incapable of solving.

When it is considered that the subject of this sketch came to this country as si
raw Irish lad, entirely without means, and that he has, by strict application and
hard work, placed himself among the wealthiest and most respected citizens of his
section, the native ability and energy of the man can be better appreciated and
admired. Some of the surroundings of Mr. Cunningham's home life mav be gathered
from the illustrations of his ranch published on this page. The larger illustration
is a view of his ranch showing a few of his celebrated Hammond sheep browsing in the
distance, a breed of which he is so justly proud. To gain anything of an accurate
knowledge of the immense industry presided over by Mr. Cunningham, and the
care and "ssponsibility involved in the management of 20,000 sheep, one should
pay a visit to the home of the Oregon sheep king. Mr. Cunningham is a most affa-
ble gentleman. He is unaffected and quite unspoiled by his great good fortune, and
he always takes particular delight in making visitors to his ranch feel perfectly at
home. Those who may be unable to pay a personal visit to the ranch of Mr. Cun-
ningham, but who may desire accurate information on .the subject of discriminating
in making a choice of different breeds of sheep, can always obtain the desired infor-
mation by addressing Charles Cunningham, at Pilot Rock, or at the Pendleton
Savings Bank, Pendleton, Oregon.

Athena, Orejfon. — Athena is a prosperous town of Umatilla county, having
a population of about 700. It is situated on the Washington division of the Union
Pacific Railroad, 19 miles north of Pendleton, the county seat, and 250 miles east of
Portland. A spur of the Oregon & Washington Territory railroad also extends from
Helix to Athena, a distance of seven miles. The town is surrounded by a magnifi-
cent wheat-growing section and today it is the largest wheat-shipping point in pro-
portion to population, in Eastern Oregon. The shipments of wheat annually made
from this point, with the heavy wool and stock interests of the tributary country,
make Athena a thriving point which does a constantly increasing business with each
successive year.

In addition to the usual business interests found in a town of this size, Athena
supports a bank and two weekly newspapers, T/ie Press and TAe Inland Kepublican.
The public schools are conducted in a commodious brick building. Four teachers
are employed in the schools and the average daily attendance of scholars is about
175. The Catholics, Baptists, Methodists and Christian denominations occupy church
buildings of their own here. The place also contains a good hotel and two well

stoc
and

\
i

■i'lte'h!'^

Weston, Oregon.

288

PuBLtc School, Weston,

Stocked livery stables. Athena's growth during the past few years has been rapid
and the prospects for a continued growth at this point are encouraging.

Weston, Oregon. — Weston occupies an attractive location on the Washing-
ton division of the Union Pacific railroad, 21 miles north of Pendleton and 252 miles
cast of Portland. The extension of the Helix branch of
the Oregon & Washington Territory railroad from Athena
to Weston during the present year is practically assured.
In addition to the local consumption of 30,000 bushels
of wheat in 1892, there were shipped from this point dur-
ing the same year 200,000 bushels of wheat, and 28 tons
of hay. During 1893 it was estimated that the ship-
ments of wheat alone from Weston before the close of
the year would reach 300,000 bushels.

A roller-process flouring mill with a capacity of 75 barrels a day is located, at
Weston. The town also contains a brick and tile factory which manufactures 30,000
brick a day. This latter enterprise employs 30 men and disburses on an average, at
this point, |iooa day. The output of this plant finds a market in the towns of I'ma-
tilla county and in the points not too distant, located in Oregon and Washington.

The last session of the Oregon legislature made an appropriation of $24,000 to be
applied to the construction of a state normal school building at Weston. The build-
ing for this school is now in course of erection. It is modeled after the most
approved designs in architecture and will be a handsome and perfectly arranged
structure. The public school building at Weston is a large two-story brick edifice
which was erected at a cost of $12, coo. Four well qualifietl teachers are employed in
the school, which is divided into as many grades. The average daily attendance at
the public school is about 200.

The municipal authorities of Weston recently bonded the town for $24,000, lobe
used in the construction of city waterworks and an electric-light plant. These plants
are now in operation and are doing good service. The water for the city is obtained
from three never- failing springs located on an eminence in the vicinity. The pressure
in the city mains insures an ample protection against fire. All lines of business are
well represented at Weston. The Farmers' Bank has recently increased its capital
stock to $60,000 and it pays a handsome dividend annually to its stockholders. A
local building and loan association, having a capital of $50,000, is well patronized.
The religious denominations having churches at Weston are the Episcopal, Metho-
dist, Baptist and United Brethren. The town supports one ably edited weekly paper,
T/tc Leader. It has one first-class hotel and two livery stables. Its present popula-
tion is about 800, and having every advantage of location is enjoying as great a degree
of prosperity as are any of the inland cities of the state.

Theo. T. Davis.— The present mayor of Weston, Theo. T. Davis, is a striking
type of the self-made man. Born in Jefferson county. 111., in i860, young Davis
attended the common achool at Mt. Vernon until he reached the age of 15, when he
engaged in the mcrcantilp business as salesman. Continuing in this occupation till
1884, Mr. Davis then removed to Umatilla county, Oregon, where he soon rose in
popular esteem and was elected mayor of Weston in 1891. During the same year Mr.
Davis was also made manager and cashier of the Farmers' Bank of Weston, which at
the end of the first year of his management declared a dividend, and at the end of

i;k

284

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest,

the second year the capital stock, $60,000, was doubled and Mr. Davis was. elected a
member of the board of directors.

John Gumming. — The largest general merchandise store in Weston and one of
the largest in Umatilla county is that of Mr. John Gumming, who carries a complete
stock of goods valued at more than $20,000. Mr. Gumming recently came to Weston
from Goldcndale, Washington, where he held for two years the office of treasurer of
Klickitat county. Mr. Gumming has had 20 years' experience in the general mer-
chandise business, and be is rapidly building up a large trade in his new quarters at
Weston.

Milton, Oregfoil. — Milton, in Umatilla county, Oregon, is a picturesque little
town on the line of the Washington division of the Union Pacific railroad. It is 267
miles east of Portland and is 10 miles wvst of Walla Walla. The business of the
town is done on one long, wide street. This street is well shaded and it forms one of
the most attractive main thoroughfares of any of the Eastern Oregon towns.

Running parallel with the main street of Milton, and at an average distance of
aljout 1,000 feet apart, is the Walla Walla river, one of the large streaiiis ot this sec-
tion. The river has a fall at this point which insures power for manufacturing pur-
poses. This power is now utilized for running two flouring mills and a foundry,
which constitute the manufacturing industries of the place.

Milton is not a large business center, but the trade of the town is in a healthy
channel. In addition to a number of stores, the place supports one bank, two hotels
and a livery stable. A weekly newspaper, T/ie Eagle y is published at this point.
The public school occupies a six-room building and is in charge of four teachers.
The religious denominations represented at Milton are the Methodists, Baptists and
Seventh Day Adventists.

The country surrounding Milton is highly productive, the chief products being
grain and fruit. The strawberries raised here are unexcelled in either quality or size.
During the past season a carload of strawberries was shipped each day from Milton.
These shipments having been male as far east as Helena and Butte, Montana. Mil-
ton has always been a flourishing little center of trade, and, as before stated, the
business handled at this point is all on a perfectly healthy basis.

TjU (iraiKle, Oregon. — La Grande, although not the county seat, is the
largest town in Union county. Its present population is about 3,500. It is situated
on the west side jf the Grand Ronde valley, and it is the principal supply point for a

section of country whose area is estimated
to be 500 square miles. The trade of this
district includes everj'thing that a marvel-
ously fertile soil, favored by an equable
climate, will produce. Ghief among the
productions of the territory tributary to La
Grande are grain, hay, hops, fruit and vege-
tables, as well as wool, hides, cattle, sheep
and horses, and lumber. Within a radius of
20 miles of La Grande there are no less than
25 sawmills, whose output during the cutting season is from 10,000 to 100,000 feet
each per day.

La Grande is the end of a division of the Union Pacific railroad, and is 305 miles

PHOTO. B> F. W. WOOD.

Depot STntET, L* orande, Looking North.

easti
Oral
estal
atx}t
this!

strce

city I

A wi

depji

the

ncari

gallc

best

ougl

elect

here

La Grande, Oregon.

285

PMOTO. BV F. W. tftOOO.

"■'^^■^•■.

Adams Avenue, La Grande, Lookinq East.

east of Portland by this line. A branch of the Union Pacific extends out from La
Grande to Elgin, in Indian valley, a distance of 22 miles. The I'nion Pacific has
established repair shops, n ind houses, coal bunkers, etc., at La Grande, at a cost of
alx}Ut $100,000. About 200 men are regularly employed in the company's shops tit
this point and the monthly pay-roll averages about |25,ofjn.

La Grande is fully abreast of the times in all modern ..improvements. The ma'u
streets of the city are 100 feet wide and they arc well macac; nmi/ed with gravel. The
city contains 30 brick business blocks made attractive by gracefully designed fronts.
A water-works plant, built by the city at a cost of ' 0,000, and a well equipped fire
department, are recent additions to the city's improvcmen; -. The water supply of
the city is fore;,! from a series of wells near the Gran I Rjnde river to a reservoir
near the city, with a capacity of 1,500,000
gallc 'v^. The streets, business houses and
best private residences of the city are thor-
oughly lighted by electricity. The efficient
electric light plant was recently completed
here at a cost of $37,000.

LaGrande contains one roller-process
flouring mill with a daily capacity of u;o
barrels, three planing-mills and a number
of smaller manufacturing enterprises. The
Grand Roude river furnishes during nearly
the entire year 150 horse power available for
manufacturing purposes here, but this power
is not being utilized at the present time.

The various mercantile pursuits at LaGrande are conducted by an enterprising
class of business men. Two national banks, with a capital stock of |6o,ooo each, are
located at this point. The city also supports three weekly newspapers, 'Hie La
Grande Gazette, The Grand Ronde Chronicle and The Union County Farmer. La
Grande contains a neat little opera house and two brick hotels, one of which. The
Foley House, was recently enacted at a cost of $30,000. This hotel is strictly modern
in all its appointments and is heated throughout by steam and lighted b} electricity.
In addition to the above, there are also two smaller hotels conducted in the place.

The public schools of LaGrande are conducted in a large handsome building of
six rooms and in two wooden buildings of four rooms each. The main school build-
ing was erected at a cost of $12,000. A principal and a staff of 11 assistant teachers
are employed in the public schools here. The courset of study taught range from
the primary to the high school. The average daily attendance of scholars at the pub-
lic schools of the city is about 625. The Presbyterian, Methodist, Baptist, Episcopal
and Catholic organizations own their own church buildings at LaGrande. The gross
assessed valuation of taxable property in LaGrande for 1892 was $1,500,000 and the
total bonded indebtedness of the city at the present time is $50,000.

During the past three years LaGrande has made very substantial progress. In
1889, 35 new private residences were erected here ; the following year 152 new resi-
dences were completed. In 189T, 183 private dwellings were added, and in 1892 this
was still further increased by the erection of 100 more. LaGrande is the trading
center of a rich section of country and its growth during the past few years has been
no more rapid than it is expected it will be in the immediate future.

' I

286

The Oregonian' i. Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

HOTEL Foley, L* Grande.

LaGrande boasts of having one of the finest hotels in the state outside of Portland.
The Hotel Foley at this point, an illustration of which appears in connection with

the present article, is a handsome three-story
brick structure, occupying one of the most
prominent corners in I^aGrande. The house is
heated throughout with steam and it contains
50 elegantly-furnished rooms, ail of which are
lighted by electricity. Free sample-rooms are
provided for the convenience of couimercial
travelers. The Hotel Foley was erecte*.' in 1891
at a cost of $30,000 by the present proprietor,
J. E. Foley. Mr. Foley is an experienced hotel
manager and has earned a patronage for his
excellent hostelry such as is won only by first-
class accommodations and thoroughly courteous
treatment of guests. The rates at the Hotel
Foley are from $2 to I2.50 per day.
Since the above was written the city of L,aGrande has signed a contract with the
LaGrande Electric Light Company for lighting the city by electric lamps. Twenty
1,200-candle power arc lights will b'j used for this purpose.

lEIjsrIii, Oregon. — Elgin, in Union county, is the present terminus of the
Elgin branch of the Union Pacific railroad, which leaves the main line at La Grande,
20 miles south of Elgin. The town is situated in Indian valley, an arm of the Grand
Ronde valley, and one of the most fertile spots in Eastern Oregon. This valley is,
about 16 miles long by eight miles wide. The principal shipments from Elgin com-
prise wheat, lumber and live stock. The town is the result of but three years' growth
and it contains today a population of about 300.

Within a radius of four miles of Elgin are located four sawmills which are kept
busy manufacturing lumber and railroad ties for the Union Pacific. tiese mills
give a constant employment to a large number of men and add materially to the
wealth of Elgin. Located at this point an- the usual number of stores found iu
small towns and business here is generally good. The town has two hotels, two
livery stables and a weekly paper. The Elgin Record Three teachers are employed
in the public schools at Elgin and the average daily attendance of scholars is about
100. The Baptist and Methodist organizations own church buildings at this point.
The completion of the branch of the Union Pacific to Elgin in 1889 made the town
and greatly aided the development of the tributary district, and it is this road
which will greatly add to the material advancement of this part of the state in
the future.

l^nion, Orejjfoii. — Union is the judicial seat of
one of the richest counties in mineral and agricultural
resources in P^astern Oregon. It is situated near the cen-
ter of Unioii county, at the southern extremity of the
rich Grand Ronde valley, and on Catharine creek, which
furnishes at this point valuable water power for manu-
facturing purposes. Union is on the line of the Union
Pacific railroad, 318 miles east of Tortland. The town
has a population of about 800 and is a prosperous busi-
ness community.

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Union County, Oregon.

287

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UNION County Court house, Unick

Prominent among the notable buildings of Union are the court house, city hall,
and public school. All of these are fine brick structures. The public school l)uild-
ing was erected at a cost of |2o,aoo and it is one of the best arranged buildings for
school work in the state. The schools here are graded from the primary to the high
school course, and they are taught by five teachers. The city has a fine gravity sys-
tem of water works, recently completed at a cost of $20,000. The water fur city
use is taken from a point on Catherine creek, a pure mountain stream, two miles from
the city, and from this point it is conducted through a lo-inch main under a vertical
pressure of 1 10 feet to the city. The city thus avoids all expense for pumping. The
city has its own water for municipal purposes furnished free and it derives a good ren-
tal for the use of private pipe lines. Union has expended $2,000 in the purchase of
fire apparatus, and a well drilled and equipped volunteer fire department is maintained
here. The place also enjoys all the benefits of an eflScient electric light plant,
the system covering both the streets, the private residences and the stores.

All business in Union is in a prosperous condition. In
addition to several large general merchandise stores, the town
supports one strong national bank and a number of manufac-
turing enterprises, including a roller-process flouring mil!, a
planing mill and a sawmill. T/ie Unioti Republican, a repre-
sentative journal, and The Oregon Scout, two well edited weekly
newspapers, are published here. Handsome church edifices
are owned at Union by the Presbyterians, Methodists and Epis-
copalians. The Baptists also have an organization at this point,
but they have no church building of their own. The traveling
public is cared for by one good hotel and two livery stables.

Union is the center of a considerable trade. Daily stages connect this point with
Medical Springs, Sanger and Cornucopia. The Union Railway Company's motor
line connects the town with the main line of the Union Pacific, whose depot is two
miles distant. Negotiations are now pending which have in view the extension of
this short line of road to the heavy timber belt a few miles east of Union. The prin-
cipal shipments from Union are live stock, wool, hay, grain and lumber.

In another article on the mineral productions and agricultural resources of l^nion
county, will be found valuable information on the wealth of this part of the state,
which is the main ^.ay of Union's prosperity and which insures this point the pros-
perity which it ha:) always enjoyed.

Unloii County, Oroj^oM. — Union county is situated east of Umatilla. A
small part of the northern boundary touches the state of Washington. The county
reaches south along th^ eastern boundary of Umatilla, it touches the northern boun-
dary of Baker on the south and reaches the boundarv line of the state of Idaho on
the east. Wallowa county was carved out of the extreme northeastern part of
Union in 1887. The Union Pacific railroad runs through Union county in a north-
western nd southeastern direction, and taps the most fertile lands of this part of
the state.

Union county contains 1,955,000 acres of land of which about r,497,ocjo acres are
surveyed. The unsurveyed portion of the country is principally mountainous, but
is v'>.luable for its timber resources, for its minerals and for grazing purposes. The lar-
gest single body of agricultural land in the county is the C.and Ronde valley.
This valley contains 300,000 acres of highly productive land. The Grand Ronde

->i«;t

l;«

288

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

river flows through this valley from southwest to northeast. The soil here is adapted
to the cultivation of grain, hay, hops, fruit and vegetables. All these products of
the soil, in addition to flour, bacon, wool, hides, horses, cattle, sheep and lumber are
shipped in large quantities from the valley. The other smaller valleys, the soils of
which are of the same high quality as that of the Grand Ronde valley, are Pine,
Eagle, Powder River, Clover Creek, Starkey Prairie and Indian.

The rainfall in Union county is sufficient to insure large crops each season, so
that irrigation here is unnecessary. The climate is equable, the winters being dryer
and colder than they are in the western part of the state. The soil here is generally
of an alluvial nature and a sandy loam from 3 to 20 feet in depth. The average
yield of wheat to the acre in the county runs from 20 to 60 bushels to the acre, oa*.s
40 to 80, and barley produces 40 to 90 bushels to the acre. The stock interests in
the county have always been large, and the mild w'nters, extensive ranges and
abundance of water combine to make this a favorite ysrt of the state for stock-
men. The prices of land in Union county range from $10 an acre and upwards
for improved valley lands, and unimproved land sells for from $6 an acre up. There
is room in the county for a much larger population than now resides here, and this
with other parts of Eastern Oregon is worthy the attention of the large immigra-
tion now pouring into the West.

Baker City, Oregon. — Baker Cit the seat of Baker county, is situated at
the head of Powder River valley, on the stream of the same name. Baker City in

also on the main line of the Union Paci-
fic railroad, 357 miles east of Portland,
and it is today one of the leading centers
of population and wealth in Eastern
Oregon. The present population of Baker
City is about 3,000. The city is well laid
out, the streets being wide and well kept,
the principal buildings used for busi-
ness purposes are handsome brick and
stone structures, and a number of tlie
private residences of the city will com-
pare vei y favorably with some of the ele-
gant residences of Portland.
Powder River valley, in which Baker City is located, is about 25 miles long by
12 miles in width. It is well watered by the Powder river and its tributaries, and is
highly fertile. The Powder river furnishes a large available water power at Baker
City, which has not been utilized to any extent up to the present time. Baker
City's manufacturing enterpri'-es, at the present writing, are limited to an iron foun-
dry and three planing mills. Within two miles of the city, however, are the mills
of the Oregon Lumber Company, which have a daily capacity of from 50,000 to
75,oco feet of lumber. Another sawmill in the district immediately tributary to
Baker City saws about 25,000 feet of lumber a day. Timber is one of the valuable
products of Baker county, and the supply of fine merchantable timber here is prac-
ticably inexhaustible. A short line of railroad, 25 miles in length, now runs oiil
from Baker City into the great Blue Mountain timber belt, in the Sumpter valley
district. The mountain terminus of the road is at McCune, which is a logginjr
camp of considerable importance. This road does a large and constantly increasing

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289

PHOTO. BY MAZELTINE.

Public School, Baker Citv.

business, and its construction has done much to develop the fine timber belt imme-
diately tributary to Baker City.

The climate of this part of the state is exceedingly healthful, the excessive moist-
ure of the western part of the state being altogether avoided here. Baker City has
one of the best public school systems of the state. The public
schools here are conducted in a large brick building, and are
taught by a force of 12 teachers. The courses of study run
from the primary to the high school. The average daily at-
tendance of scholars is about 5(X). In addition to the public
schools, a Catholic institution of learning provides an acad-
emic course of study. The Presbyterian, Methodist, Baptist,
Episcopal and Catholic organizations own church buildings
at Baker City.

The water supply of Baker City is obtained from artesian
wells. A large reservoir occupies an eminence sufficiently
high to afford a pressure that will throw a stream of water

from the city's mains a distance of 180 feet. The water-works plant was com-
pleted at a cost of $80,000, and it is unnecessary to state that it is more than ample
to meet the demands of the city for water for many years in the future. The
city is afforded every protection against fire in a well drilled fire department. In
addition to the efficient water-works plant. Baker City boasts of a fine electric
light plant, gas works, a street line of railway, a fine brick court house, and an opera
house with a seating capacity of 800. A good race track is maintained in connec-
tion with the county fair grounds, on the outskirts of the city, and the gatherings
here yearly are largely attended.

The Baker City Democrat, run by Messrs. Bowen & Small, is an ably edited daily
and weekly newspaper. In addition to The Democrat, The Weekly Oregon Blade \s
also published at Baker City. ■ The city contains two large hotels and a number of
well-stocked livery stables. The mining, stock-raising and lumbcrine interests of
the country tributary to Baker City are heavy, and constitute a large part of the
revenues which regularly flow to this point. The business men of the city are wide-
awake, and it is to the efforts of these men that Baker City's prosperity has been
chiefiy due. Tributary to the city are also some of the finest mines on the coast.
During 1892 the output of the niines tributary to this point amounted to f 300,000.
During the same year the two banks of Baker City handled about 1400,000 in gold
taken out of this mineral belt, but a part of this gold was from the rich placer niines
of this district. New and valuable discoveries of gold are constantly being made in
this section, and an increased amount of development work is done with each suc-
cessive year. The mines now tributary to Baker City promise to continue to be a
great .source of revenue to the city, and the development of these mining properties
will do much to encourage the growth and prosperity of all Eastern Oregon.

At the head of the municipal government of Baker City is Mayor C. A. Johns,
who is also a prominent attorney of the latter place. Mr. Johns is a graduate of the
Willamette University, which institution conferred on him the degree of A. M. At the
age of 21 Mr. Johns held the office of deputy sheriff of Marion county. Later he
moved to Polk cou"' :, where he was appointed to the office of county judgi. Six
years ngo Mr. John^ A^as attracted by the rapid growth and development of 1 astern
Oregon and located in Baker City. From the fact that Johns it Rand are now con-

290

The Orcgoninn's IJuiidbook of the Pacific Northwest.

C. A. JOHNS, B»KEH City.

sidercd one of the most successful law firms
iu Eastern Oregon, it is hut natural that Mr.
Johns should have unlimited confidence in the
future prosperity of Haker Cit)-, which is the
most central point of supply for a vast min-
ing and agricultural district.

The First National Bank of Baker City was
organized in 1S93, with a capital of |75,<.x)o.
Its officers arc Levi Ankcny, president; Walter
l-'eriiald, vice-jiresident ; J. H. Parker, cashier,
and T. W. Downing, assistant cashier. The
business success of the I'inU National Bank
has been somewhat remarkable, as is shown by
the fact that its present surplus and undivided
profits reach the handsome sum of |iii,uoo.
During the past year this bank handled more
than $225, (XXI in gold oljtained from the KIk-

horn, Bonanza, Virtue and other quartz mines and placer mines, which are directly

tributary to Baker City.

due of the most imposing structures in Eastern Oregon is the large thrce-storv

brick Hotel Warshauer, erected at a cost of )j^7o,ooo and located at Baker City. I,ouis

F. Cook is the successful proprietor of this fine hotel. The house contains 80 rooms

elegantly fitted up, several of which are arranged iu suites, and all are provided with

electric lights. Mr. Cook is a hotel man of long experience and he has succeeded in

making the Ilottl Warshauer one of the most popular cv "avansaries in Eastern

Oregon. Commercial travelers and mining men make

the Hotel Warshauer their headcjuarters while doing

business either in Baker City or in the.neighborii

towns. The Hotel Warshauer is strictly modern

in each of its appointments, and the courtesies

and attention shown its many patrons make

the hotel a source of much pride to Baker City.
The recent mining developments in the

country tributary to Baker City are attracting

such widc-sjircad attention that the Ivastern

Oregon Mining Bureau has been formed at

Baker City. Mr. James 1". Ferguson is secretary

of this organization and is prepared to furnisli

information regarding the mines of Ivastern

Oregon. Mr. Ferguson is also a mining and

real estate broker and, having lived in Baker

City for more than 24 years, is thoroughly posted on mining and realty values.

IJukor t'oiinly, <)rt'«;«ni. — Baker county is situated on the eastern border ot

the state. It comprises an area of i,3cx3,(x)0 acres. The present population of tin-

county is about 7,(kx). Union county bounds Baker on the north ; the state of Idaho

is the dividing line on the cast ; it is bounded by Malheur on the south, and by

Grant county on the west. It is watered by two important streams, Powdi 1 and

Burnt rivers. The county is crossed diagonally by the Union Pacific railroad which

furnishes an available outlet for the products of the county both cast and west.

Hotel wahshauer, Baker Citv,

Mines, Union and liakcr Counties, Oregon.

291

The climate of Baker county is healthful and the soil is adapted to the growth of
almost everything common to the temperate zone. The Powder River valley occu-
pies the central portion of the county and is the most important agricultural district
of the county. This valley covers an area 25 x 12 miles, and the attention of the set-
tlers here is directed principally to agricultural pursuits and stock raising. The
general elevation of the county is probably greater than that of any other portion of
the state. In the valleys of the county wheat, vegetables and fruit are raised in con-
siderable quantities. The agricultural products of the county are increasing with
its population, and the possibilities for agricultural development in the county are
great. The raising of cattle, sheep and high-bred horses is carried on in the county
to a large extent, and the climate seems to be especially adapte<l to successful cattle
raising. Instances are on record where cattle have grazed in some of the valleys of
the county for 15 years past without other sources of food supply than are afforded on
the grazing grounds. The timber resources of Baker county are very valuable, and
a number of sawmills are busily engaged in manufacturing lumber here for both the
Eastern and Western markets, as well as supplying the local demand. The mineral
resources of the county are sufficiently important to call for a special article on
the mines of this part of the state, which will be found following this article.

The lands of certain portions of Baker county are valuable for agricultural pur-
poses only when irrigated, but where water can be brought to these lands they are
among the most productive in the state. One or two irrigating companies have been
formed during the past year whose object is to perfect a system of irrigation that will
reclaim much of this arid .section. Baker is a rich and prosperous county, the total
assessed valuation of property in the county, during 1S91, having been 13,198, 157.
The development of the rich mines of the county has attracted considerable attention
to this part of the state during the past few years, and it is highly probable that
Baker county will make steady and substantial development in population and wealth
for many years in the future.

Minos ami iMiiiln^ In Union and llaker Counties, Orojiyon.—

The fo''""'tng statistics showing the gold and silver output of the mines of Union
county during 1S92 are compiled frotn the report of the director of the mint for that
year. It is significant in this connection that Union county is one of the most prom-
ising mineral-producing counties of the state. The output of Union county in 1892
was as follows: gold, 1753,715; silver, |i,gtK.), a total of 1755,615. The output of
gold and silver in the county the previous year was as follows: gold, 1625,956 ;
silver, $,^,500, or a total of $629,456. .'\ large part of the gold and silver produced in
the county during 1892 was taken out of the mines in the vicinity of Sparta.

During 1S92 the following were the heaviest producing mines of the county :
Cornucopia, |;2o,9ckj ; Little Pittsburg, |45,ooo; Windsor, $25,000; Union Tunnel
Company, $22,500 ; Gold Ridge Company, $35,000 ; PVee Thinker, $25,000 , Arkansas
Belle, $30,000; Dolly Varden, $45,o-)o ; New Gem, $2o,ojo ; Sanger Group, $275,000;
Golden Eagle, $20,000; Placers and Chinese, $85,000.

Baker and Union counties form the largest mineral-producing section of Ore-
gon. During 1S91 the output of 48 mines and mining localities was as follows :
Gold, $873,058 ; silver. $217,833 or a total of $1,090,891. The report to the directors
of the mint for 1892 stated that all efforts to get satisfactory replies to letters ad-
dressed to 22 mining companies in here had failed. Thirty-seven mines and

ji ,J

292

The Oregonian's Haiuibook of the Pacific Northwest.

mining localities iu Baker county for iSg? made the following showing : gold,
$367,587 ; silver, $3,256 or a total of $370,843. This showed a decrease in the output
over that of the previous year. The figures for 1893 are not yet obtainable.

The decrease in the output of silver here as elsewhere, is attributed to the pre-
vailing low price of that metal. Several of the largest silver-producing properties in
the county remained closed during 1892, and there is but little prospect of these prop-
erties resuming operations until the price of silver advances.

Prominent among the heavy producing mining properties of tht county for 1S92
were the following; White Swan, $72,642.72; Eagle No. i, gold, $i9,o(JO, silver,
$3,250; Bonanza, $54,994.25 ; Bradley, $20,000; I<)lkhorn, $16,500, and Chinese pro-
duced during the same year about $53,000. •

Gold placer mines were discovered iu Baker and I'niou counties more than 40
years ago, and th*: output of the placers in these two counties up to the present time
is estimated to have been no less than $20,000,000. The surface diggin>^s were
worked out pretty thoroughly during the first 10 years of mining operations here and
the problem of working deeper in the gravel here can only be solved by the success
of hydraulic mining of these properties. Hydraulic mining, however, requires large
capital, and until capitalists become interested in the development of the deep placers
in this part of the state, placer-mining on a large scale will not be successfully
conducted.

There is but little free-gold quartz found in Eastern Oregon. The numerous five ,
ten and twenty-stamp mills now lying idle scattered along the banks of the Snake
river as far as Canyon City, are monuments to the truth of this statement. In this
district, however, are numerous veins of base, low-grade sulphuret ores varying in
length from a few feet to many miles and from a few inches to 20 and even 30 feet in
width. These sulphurets when concentrated are worth from a few cents to $4 a pound.
While the sulphurets have a great range of value, it has been found that a majority
of these ores are high enough in grade to stand the expense ofshipment and still
leave a handsome profit to the mine owners. Union and Baker counties are rich in
many valuable mining properties now lying idle, and as soon as capital becomes in-
terested in this section this will be one of the greatest mineral-producing belts of the
coast.

To Mining? Men.— James W. Virtue, tht well-known mining man of the
state, with headquarters at No. 225 Stark street, Portland, has had the advantage of
25 years' experience in the mines of Oregon. Mr. Virtue was the mining commis-
sioner of Oregon to the Philadelphia and New Orleans world expositions and he also
made the valuable exhibits at the Portland exposition for three years. Mr. Virtue
examines mines and renders careful reports, and he can furnish all desired informa-
tion on the mines of the Pacific Northwest.

IIiliitln|?t(>n, Oroj<on. — Huntington, i ■. Baker county, is situated within two
miles of Snake river, which is the dividing line between the states of Oregon and
Idaho. It is the end of a division of the Union Pacific railroad and is 404 miles east
of Portland. It is also the end of an important division of the railway mail service,
east and west-bound postal clerks changing at this point.

Huntington is really a railroad town. The railroad repair shops of the Union
Pacific are located here, as are the round house and other important buildings. The
Union Pacific regularly disburses here every month all the way from $2,500 to $4,000.

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St. Helens, Oregon.

293

In addition to this source of revenue Huntington is also the trading point for the
Snake river valley and Harney river valley agricultural districts, the chief products
of which are grain and fruit. During the past year a steamboat was constructed at
a cost of $25,000 to run between Huntington and the Seven Devils copper district,
a distance of 70 miles, and the steamer is now plying regularly on this route. A
stage line is also operated from Huntington to Mineral City, 25 miles distant, at which
latter point are located two large smelters. The two points above named are directly
tributary to Huntington. The town now has a population of about 500. It contains
five brick business blocks, a brick school house, just completed at a cost of $7,000,
and a handsome Congregational church. The town supports one weekly paper, T/ie
HuntiHgton Herald. The traveling public finds excellent accommodations at Hunt-
ington in one good hotel and three well stocked livery stables. Huntington has
made a most encouraging growth during the past few years and the prospects for
advancement at this point in the near future are very encouraging.

8t. Helens, Orefyoii. — St. Helens, the seat of justice of Columbia county,
is located on the Columbia river, 27 miles distant from Portland by the water route.
It is also reached by means of the Northern Pacific railroad, via a short stage con-
nection at Milton, the distance between St. Helens and Portland by the laud route
being about the same as it is by water. All steamers plying on the lower Columbia
touch at this pohit.

St. Helens is one of the oldest towns in the state. The townsite here was
platted before 1850, prior to the time when the first plat of the Portland townsite was
filed. The town is supported by the farming and timber resources of the rich coun-
try adjacent. Columbia county, of which the town is the seat of justice, contains
nearly 500,000 acres of land. The largest piece of agricultural land in the county is
comprised within the Nehalem valley. The river from which this valley derives its
name, rises in the Coast Mountains. It reaches the ocean by a winding course, just
above Tillamook Bay. The soil of this valley is rich. In addition to its possibilities
in agricultural resources, coal of good quality has been discovered in the valley, and
it is lack of transportation facilities alone that prevents the prompt development of
the coal mines here. The croppings in the valley already prospected are only 50
miles distant from Portland, and when these mines are connected with Portland by
a line of railroad, the latter city will doubtless derive its principal supply of coal
from this source. St. Helens at the present time is the chief center of trade for
almost all of Columbia county. Established at this point is a large sawmill, a bank,
a number of merchandise stores, two hotels and a well conducted weekly newspaper.
The Oregon Mist. Among the public buildings of the town may be mentioned a
public school, a number of churches, the Columbia county court house, and resi-
dences of the wealthy residents, all of which structures are attractive piecesj of archi-
tecture. Many of these residences are built on the brow of the hill which skirts the
city, a site that comm mds a fine view of the river below and of the snow-capped
peak of the Cascades, Mount St. Helens. St. Helens today has a population of about
250, and it is the largest and most important town on the Columbia river between
Portland and Astoria.

Among the representative firms of St. Helens may be mentioned the real estate,
conveyancing and title abstract firm of Cole & Switzer. These gentlemen have pos-
session of the abstract books prepared by Judge Moore, which contain abstracts of
t itle to all the property iu Columbia county. Cole & Switzer have listed on their

294

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

OLD Custom House.

Custom House and Postoffice, AsTORtA,

books some of the most desirable farm property in Columbia county, and will cheer-
fully give information by mail or personally concerning the same to those seeking
this class of property for settlement or investment. The firm also has an extensive
law practice in all the courts of the states as well as the United States courts. IMr.
Dillard is associated with the firm as counsel in this branch of their business.

Astoria, Oregon. — An interest attaches to a recurrence to the events of the
early history of Astoria that is not perhaps connected with the history of any other

place in the state. It was at this point that one of the
first settlements was made on the coast. It was into the
placid waters of the Columbia river that Captain Gray
sailed his ship in 1792, the river now bearing the name
of the vessel which safely carried Captain Gray's little
party across the Columbia river bar more than 100 years
ago, and it was near the mouth of the Columbia where
Astoria is located that the famous Lewis & Clark expe-
dition rested from their long journey across the continent
in 1805. The party reached the present siie of Astoria in
November of the latter year and camped for several months
on the shores of Young's Bay just south of Astoria. Close
upon the heels of the Lewis & Clark party followed the
first actual while settlement at Astoria. In iSiothe great
fur trader and merchant prince of New York, John Jacob Astor, who lent his name
to the young city, established a trading point, and it was thus that Astoria was born,
and it has been since the date of the selection of this point by the Astor emissaries as
a trading point that the interesting events have occurred which make up Astoria's
history.

Between iSio and 1844 the life of the residents of Astoria was made up of many
vicissitudes and constant petty bickerinj^js. The country at the mouth of the Colum-
bia during that long period of 34 years being alternately under American and British
domination, the ultimate destiny of the people here was shrouded in uncertainty.
In 1S44 John M. Shively, of Kentucky, a worthy successor of the earlier pioneers,

took up a donation land claim where Astoria now stands
and laid out the first townsite here. The subsequent
history of Astoria is an oft-told tale. Between 1844 and
the early 70's Astoria struggled along very much as did
most of the small towns of the sparsely settled country
of Oregon and Washir^.on. The people here did a lit-
tle trading, they caught a few fish from the waters of
the Columbia here, which teemed with the rich salmon
and other varieties of the finny tribe, they sawed enough
lumber to meet the local demand, but business was
handled in Astoria during this time in the same careless
way that business was done in most of the small towns
of the state, and it has only been within the past 15 or 20
years that Astoria has made any substantial growth.
It was in 1S75 that the people of the coast first made the discovery that the royal
chinook salmon, which only frequents the fresh waters of the Columbia river, was
one of the finest food fishes in the world, and that it was especially adapted to can-
ning. Canneries at once sprung up all along the river for a distance of 50 to 75 miies

Public School, Astoria.

mama
mainlj
intere
or bac|
nmst ;

Astoria, Oreffon.

2^)5

above its mouth for handling this fish, and the headquarters for all this great fishing
industry has always been at Astoria. In a very short time after the establishment of
these canneries, Astoria sprung from a mere hamlet of a few hundred population to a
metropolitan city of 6,000 people. The place has continued to grow steadily since
that time up to the present time, when Astoria is now accredited with a population of
10,000 people. In population it is even the rival of the state capital, Salem, which
is the second largest city in Oregon,

The salmon industry is today, as it has been for more than 15 years past, the
mainstay of Astoria's prosperity. While a number of important industries are now
maintained in the city at the Columbia's mouth, it is the canning of salmon and the
interests which salmon canning supports on which Astoria bases its hopes for good
or bad business. The royal chinook, the steelhead and the silverside species of salmon
must all pass Astoria in their annual migrations to the spawning grounds at the heads

W<kSM-:

J O. Hantmorn a Co.'s Cannery, ASTORtA

of the numerous small streams which empty into the Columbia. Astoria, as before
stated, is the headquarters for the great canning interests of the river. In operation
at Astoria are nine large canneries, in which are invested over $2,ooo,coo of capital.
During the fishing season these canneries give employment to several thousand men,
and the value of their annual output is from $2,000,000 to $3,000,000. During pros-
perous seasons among the cannerymen 01: the river, shipments from these canneries
have reached over 2,ocki carloads during a single season. The salmon canning inter-
ests of the lower Columbia river are fully described in a separate article of " The
Handbook." Another great and con,stantly growing industry of Astoria is the saw-

296

The Oregonian's Handbook ol the Pacific Northwest.

injf of lumber. Thousands of square miles of pine, hemlock, spruce and nr forests
are found in the near vicinity of Astoria, and the (juality of the timber here is ot
the same high character as is found on the best parts of the I'uget Sound country.
Trees are found in these forests of over 250 feet in height, and measuring from 3 to
12 feet in diameter. The sawmills at and near Astoria have made shipments, prin-
cipally to Mexico, South America, Australia, China and the ports of the United
Stites, aggregating over 2o,ojj,oo) feet during a single year. Three large saw-
mills, in addition to several planing mills and a numlier of box factories, are now
running at Astoria'.

<i>,*

Interior Scenes, Cannery, J. o. Hantmorn i. Co., Astoria.

J. O, Hanthorn, the subject of this sketch, who is the sole proprietor of the
well-known salmon cannery known as the J. O. Hanthorn & Co. canneiy, was bom
in Westervillc, Franklin county, Ohio, in 1851. He came to Oregon with his father,
N. M. Hanthorn, in 1862. YoungJ. O. learned the tinsmith business in Portland,
Oregon ; starting out for himself when between fifteen and sixteen years old, then
became interested in the salmon business by working for Hapgood & Hume, the old-
est cannery on the coast. After working two seasons there, he engaged as snpcriu-
;enaent for R. D. Hume, a well-known salmon packer, and built his first cannery at
Bay View, Washington, where Mr. Hanthorn was superintendent for four years. In
1876-77 J. O. Hanthorn formed the partnership of himself, Wm. Wadhams and Wesley
Jackson, and built a large plant at Astoria, Oregon. Since then Messrs. Wadhams
and Jackson have disposed of their interests and Mr. Hanthorn is now the sole owner,
although the business is known as J. O. Hanthorn & Co. Nothing but the choicest

Astoriii, Orcf^ttn.

:2it7

J. O. Hanthorn, Astoria

j^'oods go out under the name of Hanthorn
&Co.; every can warranted Ai. His an-
nual pack of salmon is about 30,000 cases
of various sizes. The Hanthorn brand
of salmon has won for Mr. Hanthorn a
reputation that he is proud of and is well-
knortii all over the world. Mr. Hanthorn
has been successful in business and has
many ffiends all over the United States,
including a good number in l^uropL^
The cuts ou pa^^es 295 and 296 show the
interior and exterior of the plant.

The finances of Astoria are looked
after by four strong banks, which carry
average deposits aggregating over
$1 ,000,000. The city has the benefit of a
finely equipped electric light plant, the
street improvements are fully abreast of
the times, a good water-works plant is
maintained, and the city has a good vol-
unteer fire department. The ea.st and
west extensions of the city are connected
by an electric street-car line, which

operates three miles of road. The city supports good school, and 11 strong
church organizations are maintained here. In public improvements Astoria is not
behind any city of ecjual population on the coast, and the trade of Astoria, being
principally with those industries the product of which finds a ready market for cash,
the business here is generally in a very prosperous condition.

Astoria has excellent connection, by steamship lines, with San Francisco and
the other coast ports. Ships visit this point from all parts of the world, and numer-
ous lines of steamers ply regularly between A.storia and Port-
land, as well as between Astoria and all river .settlements.
The seaside travel during the summer months from the
interior to I<ong Beach and other points on the Washington
side, and to Clatsop on tlie Oregon shore, passes directly
through Astoria, and adds directlj' to Astoria's volume of
trade. Many of these pleasure-seekers stop off for a few
days at Astoria, while the principal part of the supplies
for the seaside resorts spread along the coast for miles
above and below this point, are purchased from Astoria
storekeepers.

The great jetty at the mouth of the Columbia river, a
work that owes its inauguration to the efforts of Con-
gressman M. C. George, in 1885, was practically com-
pleted in 1891, at a cost of $2,000,000. This jetty has proved of inestimable value
to Astoria, as it changed an 18- foot channel (low- water measurement) across the bar
to a channel of a minimum depth during the lowest tides of 30 feet. The new chan-
nel is perfectly straight, three miles in width, and leads to a well sheltered and

U. S. Light House, point Adams

■ 1,1

L 1

)

298

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

Light House, C«pe Dis*pi>ointment, WAtHiNQTON

large harbor inside the bar. It is as a seaport that Astoria lays her chief and best
founded claim for future greatness. It is worthy of note that there are really but

three first-class inlets on the Pacific coast shore-line
of the United States. These are the Golden Gate, at
San Francisco, the Columbia river, and the Straits of
Fuca, leading into Puget Sound. The waters of none
of these inlets drain as large or as rich a section ot
country as does the Columbia. Deep-draught ocean
vessels now ascend this stream and the Willamette
to Portland, i lo miles inland, without the least diffi-
culty, at all seasons, and river steamers have a clear
water-course from Astoria to the Cascades, a distance
of nearly 150 miles. From the Cascades to The
Dalles, a distance of nearly 50 miles, the river is navigable for large steamers.
Above The Dalles is a series of obstructions which can be easily overcome by the
construction of a canal and locks. Above these obstructions, on the Columbia and
Snake, the latter being the chief tributary of the Columbia, the river is navigable
to l/cwiston, in Idaho, a distance of over 400 miles from the Columbia's mouth
Boats ply, however, on the upper Snake hundreds of miles east of Lewiston, and the
upper Columbia, even into the British possessions, carries a sufficient volume of
water to float steamers of large tonnage, and this, too, at a distance of 1,000 miles
or more from the point where the waters of this noble stream join the salt waters
of the Pacific ocean. It is at the gateway of this vast empire that Astoria is located,
and it is the development of the varied resources of this wonderful region, coiiipris
ing thousands of square miles of territory, that will some day make .\storia one of
the large cities of the continent.

The great pressing need of Astoria at the present time is railroad connection
with Portland and the interior cities of the state. Oft repeated efforts have been
made by prominent citizens looking to the consummation of this great work, but
although work has several times been commenced on railroad lines leading out from
Astoria, that city is still denied the railroad connection she has so loug sought. A
line of road now runs from Astoria to Clatsop Beach points, a distance of 20 miles.
It is the hope of Astoria people that arrangements have at last been completed which
will result in the city's securing the much coveted rail connection with Portland and
the leading points of the Willamette valley. A land subsidy has been subscribed
and this has been accepted by a gentleman representing a very wealthy syndi-
cate. It is expected to have the line between Astoria and Portland in operation by
October of the present year, [1894]. The completion of this road would mean much
to both Astoria and Portland and it is grati-
fying in this connection to say that any'
steps looking to its early completion would
receive the cordial support of the leading
men in both cities.

Clatsop Uoaoli, Oregon. — I'rom
Fort Stevens, at the mouth of the Colum-
bia river, ot\ the Oregon side, south to Tilla-
mook Head, a distance of 20 miles, there
extends the unbroken line of shore beach known as Clatsop. For evenness of surface

v.- . ■ r- <• ./ .

Surf-Bathino on the Oregon Coast

Astoria, Ortf^oii.

li'l'J

NccANicuM River, Clatsop Beach.

and attractiveness of immediate surroundings, this shore has few equals iu the
United States. Its advantages for summer resort purposes are now so well appre-
ciated that numerous hotels and cottages have been built at different points along the
higher points above tide level, and this beach is now annually frequented by thous-
ands of pleasure seekers who find here relief from the heal of the interior during the
summer months, and relaxation from the cares of city life.

Clatsop Hcach points are reached from Portland by the Union Pacific line of
steamers and the steamer Telephone of the Columbia River & Pucet Sound Nav. Co.,
which connects at Astoria with the
Astoria & South Coast railroad. After
leaving Astoria (icarhart Park is the
first point on Clatsop Beach reached
bj' the cars. The Gearhart hotel here
is located in a beautiful grove just
back of the Ixncli. This house offers
all the com! )rts and conveniences
uusally found in any of the Atlantic
beach resorts. The Chataucjua circle
meets here every summer and a num-
ber of excursion parties regularly make Gearhart Park their objective point during the
open season. Seaside, located at the terminus of the railroad, is quite a settlement. It
has made a steady growth during the past few seasons and is now one of the promi-
nent coast points frequented by pleasure-seekers. At Seaside is found a wide beach
which slopes gradually back from the ocean. The bathing here is absolutely safe at
all stages of the tide. Back of this beach are pleasant {proves intersected by roman-
tic, shaded pathways, affording occasional glimpses of the winding Necanicum, one
of Oregon's famous trout streams. Only a short distance to the south of Seaside the
eye rests upon the rugged head of Tillaniook, which stretches far out to sea and forms
an effectual barrier to the south beyond this point. Summer guests at Seaside find
an ever unending round of pleasure in excursions to the interior, trout fishing, clam
digging and bathing, and this is rapidly becoming one of the most popular resorts of
the coast.

The Seaside Opera House. — The growth of Clatsop Beach in favor as a
seaside resort has made the location of a public hall or social club-room at this point

almost a necessity. To meet this want, Mr.
R. L. Eberman, son of a Clatsop county
pioneer of '42, who is still living, opened
the Seaside Opera House in 1893. The
building is a neat two-story frame structure,
surrounded by a delightful grove. The
upper floor is an airy, well-ventilated hall,
48 X 24 feet in size, and is devoted to
theatricals, dances, literary and other socie-
ties. It is only rented for respectable
assemblages and adds its quota to the enjoy-
ment of the seaside's summer residents.
,., The ground floor is used for saloon purposes

Seaside Opera House, Seaside, Clatsop Beach. and for private Card-rOOmS and SUpper-

PHOTo. ay towne.

■^^H

H^^«^4

^i< 1

(■

■*

■ '^

■ii

800

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northsvest.

PHOTO. BY TOWNE.

iM-^*^

Grimes House Seaside, Clatsop Beach.

rooms. Visitors who y-arn for an occasional returr. to city pleasures will find here
excellent billiard and pool tables as well as choice imported wines, liquors and
cigars. In the adjoining grove are tables for outside wine parties or clambakes.

The Griiues House, Seaside.— E. M. Grimes located at Seaside, Clatsop
Beach, with his father in 1S71. Their intention ^t the time was to build up a sea-
side resort at this point, and the
reputation earned by the Grimes
House attests the successful out-
come of their efforts. Located
in a grove on the picturesque
banks of the Necanicum and
within easj' reach of the ocean,
nature has doi.e much here to-
wards creating an ideal sum-
mer resort. Mr. Grimes leaves
no stone unturned in adding
needed artificial improvements
to nature's own handiwork at
this point. The Grimes House is annually the summer home of hundreds of weary
city dwv'llers from Portland and other cities who find here all the cou. forts of their
own homes combined with bracing air and delightful surf-bathing on a beach as
smooth and hard as a floor of asphalt. Mr. Grimes served i ,500 meals in one day
duringth/: "Elks" picnic to the seaside in 1892. This is an evidence of the capacity
of his house and of the ability of the caterer who has so long presided over its
destinies.

Tlie MeGiiii'e House, Seaside. — Genial C. A. McGuire, known to friends
and patrons as "Judge," conducts the well-known and popular McGuire House at
Seaside on Clatsop Beach. This house is open throughout the year. The number
of winter guests at the house annually becomes greater as the pleasure of seaside life
during this season of the year be-
comes better known and appre-
ciated. It is during the summer
that The McGuire is at its zenith
of popularity. During the long
days the house is crowded to its
full capacity, and it is worthy of
note that the same guests return
season after season to enjoy its
comfortable quarters and bounte-
ous fare. The house is located on
a beautiful drive extending along
the Necanicum and it is within
three minutes walk of the beach. An
cigars and liquors, is run in connection

PHOTO. BY TOWNE.

MCGUIRE'S HOTEL SEASIDE.

excellent bar, well supplied with choice
with The McGuire. The bar, however, i^

in a separate building from the main house so that it can not possibly prove of th<-

least annoyance to lady patrons.

Seaside llesorts of Paclfle Coimtj', \VasliIiij»;ton. --Commencing at

Ilwaco on Baker's Bay, which is, properly speaking, a part of the mouth of the Col-

Seaside Resorts of Pacific County, Washington,

801

utnbia river, on the Washington side,
and running north for about 20 miles
to Willapa Harbor (formerly known
as Shoalwater Ea> ), is t^ie half-sandy
and half-wooded peiiinsula which,
spoken of in its entirety, is referred to
as North Beach. This is in contra-
distinction to the beaches on the Ore-
gon side and south of the Columbia

PHOTO. By TOWNE.

Mi^vV/^^ll^fe^C^^ ,lil%*

PHOTO. BY TOWNE.

U. S. Life Saving Chew, long Beach.

;VVSv^::

BATHING HOUR, LONG BEACH.

river which, taken together, bear the name of South
Beach. Nature evidently intended the peninsula to
the north of the Columbia river for summer homes,
and during the p-^st few years the entire North Beach
may be said to have been devoted to seaside resorts
for the crowded cities of the interior.

Foreseeing the growth which the peninsula was
certain to enjoy in the future as an ideal summer re-
sort, a few capitalists, prominent among whom may be mentioned L. A. Loomis
of Ilwaco, and Jacob Kamm of Portland, some years since formed the Ilwaco
Railway & Naviga-
tion Company. The ._ ..,.:-......

plans ot the com- ' .-:•■.:.:.

pany included the
establishment of a
perfect system of
water and rail com-
m u n i c a ti o n be-
tween Portland and
the beaches of the
peninsula, with an
ocean terit\inus at
Sealand l.he most
northerly settle-
ment on tl e penin-
sula. This company
is now operating

two boats daily between Astoria and Ilwaco. These boats run the year round and
connect with trains at Ilwaco for Sealand and all intermediate beaches. These
boats are the Ilwaco and the beautifully modelled and fleet little naptha launch,
U", In addition to this regular service the company in 189 1 built the magnificent
sidewheel steamer Ocean Wave, which now plies regularly between Portland and
Ilwaco during the summer season. This may be said to be the popular route to the
coast as it is the only line making close connection by rail for all beach points, and
thousands oi pleasure-seekers crowd the decks of the Ocean Wave during the heated
season. This elegant steamer is 215 feet in len'jth, with 30-feet beam, and is fully
equipped with all of the latest improvements intended in any way to add to the com-
fort or enjoyment of passengers. A trip to the coast on the Ocean Wave affords a
delightful initiation to the subsequent pleasures of a summer outing at the seaside.
Ilwaco, on Baker's Hay, may propel ly be called the gateway through which all

-ilssss-

I. R. A N Co s NAPTHA Launch Iris, Astoria Ilwaco.

302

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

travel must pass to reach
the beaches beyond. This
is an attractive little
town of about 400 popu-
lation. The principal in-
dustries of the place are
fishing and lumbering,
and, during the summer
months, the entertain-
ment of Seaside visitors,
many of whom prefer the
attraction of this point to
those of points further up
the coast. The culture of
cranberries is yearly re-
ceiving increased attention on the marsh lands near Ilwaco, and with excellent re-
sults. The Pacific Cranberry Company of California
own about 2,000 acres of marsh land here of which

-iSC-'S?"^-::

I. R. 4 N. CO '8 Steamer, Ocean wave, Portland- Ilwaco.

about 40 acres have already been planted to cranber-
ries. The improvements already made b}' the com-
pany have involved an outlay of about f4o,ooo. It
is estimated that with two canneries, the lumbering,
cranberry and railroad interests centering at Ilwaco
annually put into circulation at this town about
$600,000. This is a solid town and is entitled to the
attention of all visitors to Washington's coast.

About one mile

Myi^^mi^'

i;*4,''-

FORT CANBV.

north of Ilwaco is North Beach
the nearest beach property to Baker's Bay. This
has one great advantage over some of the other
beaches in the abundant supply of spring water ob-
tained from an adjoining butte or knoll. This water
flows through piping by force of g-avity alone into
all the summer cottages at this point. This feature
of North Beach undoubtedly influenced the late W. S.
Ladd, Judge Whalley, Mrs. R. W. Holnian and others
in selecting North Beach for their summer homes,
fhe five-acre butte at North Beach would make a
commanding eminence, well adapted for the erection
of a fine hotel. A well-built picturesque plank road
connects Ilwaco

BiQ Gun and light House, Fort Canby.

with North Beach,
thus affording a
delightful driveway between the two points.
The two places, as before stated, are also con-
nected by the railroad of the Ilwaco Railway tS:
Navigation Company whose cars stop at Butte
Station. The celebrated rocks of the peninsula,
so popular for deep-sea fishing, are nearer to North
Bea^h than they are to any of the points along
the peninsula.

South Battery, Fort Canby.

Seaside Resorts of Pacific County, Washington.

803

The Ilwaco Railway & Navigation Company operates i8 miles of railroad between
Ilwaco and Sealaud. The broad expanse of old ocean with the white-capped surf
and glistening sands of the beach are in s\glit of the traveler over this line for nearly
the entire distance between the two points. The first stopping place of importance
made by the train is Seaview. At this point was located the famous Stout's hotel,
erected by Mr. Stout, the pioneer settler of the peninsula. This hotel was destroyed
by fire in 1891. Here, as elsewhere along this beach, are found delightful groves or
natural parks, which form a pleasing background to a wide, hard beach offering
advantages for bathing not excelled by the beaches of any of the Atlantic coast
resorts. Seaview was selected by the Hon. H. W. Corbett as the most desirable site
for the erection of his handsome two-story summer residence, which occupies a block
adjacent to the depot and which is also in full view of the roaring sea beyond. A
few moments after leaving Seaview by rail another collection of prett)- cottages is
reached. This settlement is known as Long Beach, Many prominent Portland
families own cottages here, and I^ong Beach may be said to be the center of popula-
tion on the peninsula. Throughout the season a greater number of people may be
seen sauntering along the beach or enjoying the benefits of surf bathing at Long
Beach than at any other place on the peninsula. Social gatherings both indoors and
on the beach are of daily occurrence at this point during the summer, and many
excursion parties from other seaside points select Long Beach as their objective
point. It is here that the famous " East Portland Camp " is located, and it is here
that some of the most pleasurable features of a sojourn at the seacoast are indulged in.

Tinker's, Long Be.\ch. — This popular resort at Long Beach, the center of
summer population on the peninsula, is managed by the owner, Mr. H. H. Tinker, a
gentleman who has done much towards building up the reputation of the Pacific
County seashore. Tinker's, a household word with summer ramblers, is surrounded

by many of the cottages of Portland's

PHOTO. By TOWNE.

.^1^"^

Long Beach hotel Itinker'sK lono Beach.

wealthiest citizens, and it is equally ac-
cessible to shady groves and dashing
breakers. The house contains 40 bed-
rooms, but so great have l)een the de-
mands on Mr. Tinker's popularity dur-
ing the past season that he found it nec-
essary to secure 50 extra rooms in out-
side cottages to accommodate his patrons.
The beach in front of Tinker's is a center
of attraction during the summer season.
A thousand people congregated here
during bathing hours is not an unusual sight. Tinker's has an established repu-
tation for first-class accommodations, excellent table and reasonable rates.

LoNC Beach Hot and Cold Sea Baths. — Invalids, or those who are not
strong enough to withstand the chill attendant on a plunge in the ocean, can find
a pleasant suV)stitute for surf bathing at the hot and cold sea-water baths established
at Long Beach by Mr. P. Kohl. Water for these baths is drawn direct from the
Pacific ocean, and is heated to any temperature desired by the bather. Cleanliness
is the leading feature at Mr. Kohl's establishment. The rooms, tubs and towels are
all carefully l<>)ked after. The health-giving results obtained by bathing in warm
sea-water are testified to by all physicians. Invalids, or those who desire private

! ill

1 i

304

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacihc Northwest.

PHOTO. BV TOWNE.

baths in water he- ted to suit their pleasure and comfort shouhl call at this sani-
tarium.

The next station beyond Long Beach on the line of road is Tioga, which is
owned by a Portland syndicate, and a little beyond Tioga is Pacific Park. This latter
place is another very popular resort and, like the other beaches, has its votaries who
claim that here is to be found the best bathing, the largest clams and the most
exhilarating breezes of the coast in Pacific county.

The " Sea Breeze " Pacific Park. — On the whole peninsula known as Long
or North Beach, there is no more beautiful location, or one affording more advan-

' . tages, than the Hotel Sea Breeze, at

Pacific Park Station, and conducted
by Mrs. A. E. Stout, so long con-
nected with the hotel at Sea View.

This house, in its present enlarged
and improved state, was thrown "^pen
to the public in the summer of 1893.
It enjoys the patronage of many
prominent Portland families, as well
as the best class of tourist patronage.
It is located in a large pleasure grove
containing 190 acres. It embraces
among its many attractions natural
picnic liowers, lakes where boating
and fishing are free to guests, rare
glimpses of lake and woodland

8f» Breeze hotel IMrs. Stout's', Pacific park.

PHOTO. BY TOWNE.

jiii/iCi

;^^glmmamm>tMii

?F!v

scenery, and patches of lawn
for croquet and other out-of-
door games. The lieach is
very accessible, and leaves noth-
ing to be desired for lovers of
surf-bathing. The furniture of
the "»Sea Breeze" is new, and
aV its appointments are neat
and tasty. Mrs. Stout takes
special pride in her table, which
is abundantly supplied with
fruit and vegetables from her
own gardens. The prime beef,
veal, mutton and chickens
which she serves to guests
are also raised on the premises.
Guest's horses and carriages can be cared for in the commodious stables
connected with the hotel! The beef used is from imported thoroughbred short-
horn stock. These fine animals can be purchased from Mrs. Stout from her annual
spring raising. The cream dinners for which Mrs. Stout has won an enviable repu-
tation, are supplied to parties of any size on short notice. Lots in the park adjoin-
ing the hotel are sold at reasonable figures and on easy terms to those who desire
to erect summer cottages at this ideal resort. The " Sea Breeze " is open the year
round.

Clear Laki-, near sea Breeze Hotel, Pacific Park.

Sealand, Washington.

306

As the truin sped northward Ocean Park soon hove in sight. This point is 12
miles north of Ilwaco, and a little beyond where the railroad makes a turn across
the peninsula to its terminus at Sealand on Shoalwater Bay. Ocean Park was
selected as a location for a seaside resort by the Methodists in 1883. An association
of prominent members of this denomination determined that here was an advan-
tageous site for the establishment of a semi-religious, semi-social summer home.
Rev. Wm. B. Osborn, who years ago selected the ground and presided over the open-
ings of the famous Ocean Grove near Long Branch on the New Jersey coast, picked
out this location and was instrumental in securing its adoption by the Methodists of
the Pacific Northwest for a summer home. The grounds here have been beautifully
laid out on a liberal scale as to parks, broad avenues, etc., and weighing all the
advantages offered for summer residences here there is perhaps noplace on the entire
peninsula which presents greater attractions than does Ocean Park. The sea-bathing
here is unsurpassed for enjoyment and safety. The beach here has a very gradual
descent into the ocean so that it is impossible for a bather to find himself suddenly in
water over his depth. There is also no undertow here. A short distance beyond
Ocean Park is the town of Sealand, the northern terminus of the line. This town is
located on Shoalwater Bay directly south of Oysterville, and is the headquarters for
clams and oysters. These delicious bivalves are shipped from here to all parts of the
coast, and they enjoy an excellent reputation in both Washington and California.

This short sketch but poorly portrays the advantages and delights of North Beach
resorts. It can be stated, however, that thia is one of the most attractive beaches on
the coast, and the thousands of people who annually congregate here furnish ample
evidence of the appreciation of the merits of this beach by the residents of the
states of Oregon, Washington and Idaho.

Sealand, Washington. — There is perhaps no part of the entire Pacific county
peninsula which presents greater attractions than does Sealand, the terminus of the
Ilwaco Railway & Navigation Company's line. The advantages of Sealand have
been considerably overlooked, while those of other beaches north of Ilwaco have
been constantly exploited and made prominent.

It is certainly time that Sealand and the many conspicuous advantages it pos-
sesses, which are lacking at other places, should be fairly and fully presented to the
public, and especially to those who meditate the purchase of seaside property, either
as an investment or for the erection of summer homes, Sealand is located on
Shoalwater Bay, now known as Willapa Harbor, within easy reach of the ocean,
which thus gives it double advantage as a bathing resort. Those who like the tur-
bulent tossing of the ocean surf, and arc sutliciently hardy to withstand the effects
of its chilly waters, can bathe here as their desires prompt them, while those, and
there are a large number at the beach every summer, who find the temperature of
the waters of the Pacific and the buffeting of the waves too much for their endur-
ance, can find calmer waters and waters of a temperature many degrees warmer
than those of the main body of the ocean washing the shores of Shoalwatei Bay,
at Sealand. Here one can swim, which is out of the question in the ocean, or
otherwise disport oneself in the water for half an hour or more at a time and come
out refreshed, invigorated and without the slightest chill or unpleasant after result.
Here, also, both razor-shell and Eastern clams are found in abundance, while at
other beaches the rnzor-shells are practically exhausted, and the Eastern clams are
not found at all. An excellent hotel, the Morrison house, is found at Sealand, and

i , 1

306

The Oregonian's Handbook ot the Pacific Northwest,

a number of excellent stores at which to purchase the commodities of life. An
investment in a few lots at Sealand now will be the cause for congratulation later
when its advantages are understood and lotd have advanced to double and treble
the price at which they can now be obtained.

Catlilaniet, Washington. — Cathlamet, the seat of justice of Wahkiakum
county, Washington, is situated on the Columbia river, 71 miles from Portland and
17 miles this side of Astoria. It is a thriving little town of about 200 inhabitants and
is one of the older established settlements along the river.

The principal industries of Cathlamet are lumbering and salmon canning.
Located near are four large logging camps. One of the logging companies operates
about four miles of railroad for hauling logs from the camps to the river. These
logs are floated principally to the large sawmills at Portland. The Warrens' salmon

cannery, located at Cathlamet, is one of the largest on the
river. Cathlamet has a good school house and an excellent
system of public instruction is maintained. Several large
business houses are located at this point. The town is ex-
ceptionally well supplied with hotels. The McGrath House
here, containing 25 rooms, is located within easy distance of
the steamboat wharves, on high ground, and is supplied with
pure, spring water conducted to the house through pipes.
The transient rates at this house are $1 a day, with a rate to
permanent guests of $5 a week. The Columbia Hotel has
32 bedrooms, besides a bar and billiard room. An excellent
home table is set at this hotel and special attention is paid to
Transient rates at the Columbia are from |i to I1.50 a lay,
with special rates to permanent guests of from I4.50 to $5.50 a week.

Cathlamet is reached by two steamers of the Union Pacific and also by the Tele-
phone and Lurline which ply regularly between Portland and Astoria daily.

Kalama, WaHhington. — Kalama, the county seat and chief city of Cow-
litz county, enjoyed the distinction at one time of being the rival of Portland. It
was at this point that many speculators selected a site for building one of the lead-
ing cities of the Northwest. This was at the time that the Northern Pacific rail-
road was being constructed between Kalama and Tacoma. The Columbia river
between Kalama and the sea is navigable for deep-draught vessels, and at the point
vhere this great transcontinental line of railroad reached the Columbia, it was hoped
' build up a great shipping and commercial center. In pursuance of this hope a
■ 'wnsite was platted here covering a distance of about three miles back from tht-
ri^ front. Lots went off rapidly to eager purchasers and the erection of a large
nninber of buildings was commenced. Kalama never attained metropolitan great-
ness, but is still a town of perhaps 200 population and it enjoys considerable tra.'e
with a prosperous tributary section.

Many thousands of cases of salmon are annually forwarded from Kalama by
means of the Northern Pacific railroad to New York and other eastern markets.
The industries of the town at the present time consist of two fisheries engaged in
the business of forwarding fresh Columbia river salmon, sturgeon, smelt and other
fish to interior and Eastern markets. These shipments are packed in ice and reach
their destination in as fresh a condition as they were when first taken out of the

Cutting Timber near C*thl»met.

commercial travelers.

of life. An
ulation later
; and treble

tVahkiakuin
ortland and
abitants and

in canning,
les operates
'er. These
2ns' salmon
■gest on the
u excellent
iveral large
town is ex-
rath House
distance of
pplied with
ugh pipes.
;h a rate to
Hotel has
II excellent
n is paid to
1.50a lay,

r the Tele-

y of Cow-
rtlaud. It
f the lead-
icific rail-
nbia river
; the point
was hoped
lis hope a
from the
of a large
tan great-
able traJe

alama by
markets.
1 gaged in
and other
ind reach
ut of the

Vancou ver, Wa shingt on .

307

water. In addition to the fishing company is a sawmill which is supplied with logs
cut in the immediate vicinity of the town. Kalama contains a number of stores and
two hotels. Recently the discovery of gold-bearing quartz at different points on the
Kalama river, varying from 13 to 18 miles distant from the town, has stirred up some
little excitement in the place. A milling district has been formed here and good
results are looked for on a fiiiler development of the many promising quartz ledges
located here.

Kalama is now reached from Portlani either by the cars of the Northern Pacific
or by any of the numerous lines of steamers plying on the lower Columbia river and
connecting with Portland. The town i'^, 38 miles distant from Portland by the river
route, and 40 miles by the Northern Pacific railroad. All tr- 1 over the Northern
Pacific for Portland are ferried across the Colum-
bia at this point, the huge ferry with a carrying
capacity of a full train making close connection
between Kalama and Hunters, on the opposite
side of the Columbia.

M*iN Street, Looking South, Vancouver.

Clarke County Court House,
vancouver.

Vancouver, Washington.— Vancouver,

the seat of justice of Clarke county, Washington, is
located on the Columbia river a short distance
above its junction with the Willamette. The town
was named after the early explorer and navigator,

Captain George Vancouver, and it possesses considerable his-
toric interest. Quite a settlement was established here 25 years
before Portland was thought of, and many things pointed at
that time to the selection of Vancouver as the future metropolis
of the Northwest. Portland soon forged to the front, however,
asjthe coming great city of the district, and Vancouver remained
the site of the fort established here by the United States gov-
ernment, and the trading center of a large and rich section of
tributary country.
In 1823 the Hudson's Bay Company selected this locality
for the establishment of one of their main supply head-
quarters. Representatives of this great trading company
made Vancouver their home. The growth of Vancouver,
has been slow and conservative. It is 18 miles distant from
Portland by water and but seven miles by land. Numerous
lines oT steamers ply regularly between the two points and
a finely equipped electric line of road runs from Portland^l
to the shore of the Columbia river opposite Vancouver.

The Columbia river terminus of
this road has connection with

Vancouver by a fast steam ferry which makes frequent
trips. Portland is now built down the peninsula nearly
to the ferry landing on the Columbia river, and it will
perhaps, be but a few years more until Vancouver will
become one of the important suburbs of this great city.
Vancouver now contains a population of about 5,000.
The leading industry of the section of country tributary

Public School, Vancouver.

School tor deaf Mutes. Vancouver.

- i

I' i

308

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

.^^^^9B^^^,

School for feeble-minded, Vancouver.

to Vancouver is the raising of fruit. Clarke county is
already noted for its fruit product, especially its Italian
prunes, and some of the largest and best bearing orchards
of this fine fruit are now found in the vicinity of Van-
couver. In the county close to the city are also found
fine forests of timber. Four large sawmills are in opera-
tion at this point and the output of these mills is sold to a
wide market The city owns its electric light plant and
excellent water is piped into all its stores and dwellings. A
noticeable feature of Vancouver is the number and the archi-
tectural beauty of its public buildings. Among these struc-
tures are state schools for defective and feeble minded youth,
located here ; the Clarke county court house, erected at a cost
of $75,000 ; the fne Catholic cathedral; the Catholic school
for girls, and a school conducted by the same denomination for
boys ; the city hall and other notable buildings.

Main street, beginning at the wharves on the Columbia
river, is the principal business street of Vancouver. It is built
up solidly on both sides, is well paved with cedar blocks, and it

St. James Cathedral, Vancouver.

presents a
quarter of

Interior, Cathedral, Vancouver,

are kept in perfect or-
der, equal to that of
any Eastern pleasure
park. In addition it
possesses attractions in
the different phases of
military life which
pleasure parks are
lacking in. Vancouver
Barracks has been

lively appearance during business hours. The residence
the city is back from the river. Handsome and attractive
homes are a feature of Vancouver which cannot fail to im-
press a stranger favorably. These homes are generally sur-
rounded by spacious and well laid out grounds, ornamented
with flowers and fruit trees. Vancouver has one of
the finest driving parks in the state. Annual races are
held here and they are attended largely even by the
people of Portland. The park is [located on Van-
couver Heights, about one mile back from the river.
The mile track in this park is considered by horse-
men as one of the finest tracks in the West. The
park has stable accommodations for 200 horses.

I Adjoining Vancouver on the east is the United

I States military reservation known as Vancouver Bar-
racks. This embraces one square mile of territory
and it divides with the Presidio at San Francisco the
honor of being the finest laid-out military reservation
in the United States. The parade grounds, lawns,
flower gardens and serpenti.. roads of the reservation

OFFICERS' Quarters, Vancouver Barracks.

steai

here

are

Van|

ant

hap^
ver.
PapJ
a lai
licat

Washouffal, Washington.

309

steadily occupied by United States troops since 1849. The present garrison stationed
here numbers all told about 1,000 people. Military drills accompanied by fine music
are of daily occurrence here and they afford a pleasant diversion for the citizens of
Vancouver as well as for visitors from Portland who throng the grounds on pleas-
ant days.

IjaCanias, Washliiprton. — The most important manufacturing town, per-
haps, on the Columbia river, in Washington, is LaCamas, 14 miles east of Vancou-
ver. This is the seat of the great manufacturing industry of the Columbia River
Paper Company, with head offices in Portland. This company conducts, at LaCamas,
a large paper mill, which now makes the paper for nearly all the leading daily pub-
lications of the Pacific Northwest.

The country in the immediate vicinity of LaCamas is rich in resources. All of
Clarke county is especially adapted to the growing of fruits, and some of the most
productive farms and most highly cultivated orchards in the state are situated near
LaCamas. Special attention is paid in this section to the cultivation of prunes.
Another rich resource of this section is lumber. The forests back of LaCamas con-
tain large quantities of fir and other woods of great commercial value. LaCamas,
at the present time, contains two sawmills, and considerable lumber is shipped from
this point. Near the town are streams and lakes which furnish a valuable water
power here. This water is conducted direct to the place for manufacturing pur-
poses, and this power is now largely utilized by the factories in operation here.

Congress has granted the right to bridge the Columbia river at LaCamas. The
bridge will probably be built by one of the great transcontinental lines of railroad
LaCamas has daily connection with Portland, 32 miles distant, by water, steamboats
running regularly between these points. Its present population is between 400 and
500.

Washougal, Waslilngton.— Eighteen miles east of Vancouver, on the
Columbia river, in Washington, is the town of Washougal. It is also at the mouth
of the Washougal river, which joins the Columbia at this place. The Washougal
river here furnishes an available power for manufacturing purposes. Washougal is
in the center of a rich agricultural and timber section. The chief pursuits followed
by the residents of this section are dairying, fruit culture and agriculture. A daily
line of boats plies regularly between Washougal and Portland, the distance between
the two points, by water,, being 36 miles. Washougal contains about 100 people.

Ooldemlale, Waslilngton. — Goldendale is the judicial seat of Klickitat
county. It is located 12 miles north of the Oregon state line at the Columbia river.
The town is reached by stage from Grant's Station, on the main line of the Union
Pacific railroad, 12 miles distant, daily connection being made between these two
points. A daily stage line also runs from The Dalles to Goldendale, the distance
being 25 miles.

The present population of Goldendale is about i ,000. The town is situated in
the rich Klickitat valley, on the river of the same name. This stream affords ample
water power, at Goldendale, to run a large number of factories, but this large power
is row only used by a single flouring mill located here, which has a daily capacity of
75 barrels. Another flouring mill is located, however, some distance back from the
river. This larger mill is operated by steam power. The other manufacturing enter-
prise located at Goldendale is a small sash and door factory. Goldendale is a trad-

11 (

E ;i f-r'

1 1'

14.

810

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

■!!

I|!

Ill j-llit

■i

i,tii

ing point for a section that is rich in agricultural products and stock, and it is quite
a flourishing town.

Goldendale was almost entirely destroyed by fire some three years ago. Hand-
some one and two-story brick buildings have taken the place of the old wooden
structures which formerly lined the business street here, and the town is now in a
far more prosperous condition than it was before the fire. The various lines of busi-
ness are well represented here, and the largest stores carry very heavy lines of goods.
A very strong bank, the First National, is located here. This bank was established
in 1888, with a capital of $50,000. Its present officers are : John G. Maddock, presi-
dent; Hugh Fields, vice-president, and O. D. Sturgess, cashier. Four teachers are
employed in the public schools here, which are attended by an average of about 200
pupils. Five church organizations are maintained in the town, and each of these
worships in its own building. The denominations represented are the Presbyterian,
Baptist, Primitive Baptist, Methodist and Christian. Goldendale supports two
weekly newspapers, T/ie Seniinel and The Courier. Two public halls are maintained
here, and the town contains three hotels and three livery stables. Considerable
money has been spent on a complete system of water works here, and an efficient
fire department is maintained. The assessed valuation of town property, in 1892,
was $272,000, and the bonded indebtness carried was $12,500, this indebtedness hav-
ing been incurred in the construction of the water- works system.

The principal products of the Klickitat valley, of which Goldendale is the
trading center, are grain of all kinds, fruits, wool and live stock. The area of the
valley is about 100 square miles, and it is fast settling up with a thrifty class of
farmers, ,

Kelso, Washington. — Kelso is a small but prosperous town, located in Cow-
litz county, on the main line of the Northern Pacific railroad, 51 miles north of
Portland and 94 miles south of Tacoma. In addition to the transportation facilities
by rail, Kelso has the benefit of a daily line of steamers to Portland by way of the
Cowlitz, Columbia and Willamette rivers, the former stream running through the
center of the town and navigable to Kelso throughout the year.

The present population of Kelso is about Soo. The town is located in the midst
of a rich district. The principal industries followed in this section are diversified
farming and lumbering. The lumber interests of Kelso are heavy, two large saw-
mills being operated at this point, in addition to which industries are two shingle
mills whose product finds a ready sale in Portland and in the markets to the north
and south of Kelso. The forests of valuable fir, cedar and hemlock surrounding
Kelso are easily accessible, and the sawing of this timber will prove one of the most
valuable industries of the town for many years in the future.

Kelso supports two banks which are on a good financial footing, two schools are
maintained here, the town has two churches of the Methodist and Presbyterian
denominations respectively, and one good weekly newspaper. The Courier, is pub-
lished at this point. The town was first settled in 1884, and is one of the compari-
tively new towns along the line of the Northern Pacific between Portland and
Tacoma.

Castle Rock, Washington. — Castle Rock is located on the line of the
Northern Pacific railroad, 6r miles north of Portland and 84 miles south of Tacoma.
It is also located at the head of navigation on the Cowlitz river, a navigable branch

of tt

the

atcdl

larg^

sawij

mini

offic^

600,

The I

the

tain^

news

lent

sentd

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Jul

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im
of
se£

aci
va
H'

quite

Winlock, Washington.

311

Metmooist Church, Castle Rock.

of the Columbia, and a Hue of steamers is operated throughout
the year between Castle Rock and Portland. The town is situ-
ated in the midst of a vast forest of the finest timber, and a
large area of rich agricultural country is also tributary. The
sawing of lumber is an important industry here and five saw-
mills and two shingle mills are located at this point.

The present population of Castle Rock is about 900. The
official census of 1S90 credited the town with a population of
600, but there has been a large growth here since that time.
The town is the trading point for the valleys of the South and
the Arkansas rivers, where lumbering is done on an extensive scale. Castle Rock con-
tains one bank, a neat opera house with a seating capacity ot 600, and a weekly
newspaper is published at this point. The people here have the benefit of an excel-
lent public school system, which is in charge of four teachers. The churches repre-
sented at Castle Rock are of the Methodist, Christian and Presbyterian denominations.

In the vicinity of Castle Rock are large and
valuable deposits of lignite coal. The property of
the Castle Rock Coal Company is connected with
the main line of the Northern Pacific railroad by
a spur track 2^2 miles in length. The coal is now
being mined and shipped to distant points. Mr.
George F. White is a resident owner of part of the
coal property and is also largely interested in
Castle Rock realty. This gentleman is the oldest
real estate dealer and surveyor in Cowlitz county.
Silver Lake, a beautiful sheet of water, six
miles in length, is situated five miles distant from
Castle Rock. The lake teems with many varieties
of gamy fish, and it is a favorite resort for sports-
men.

Castle Rock has the distinction of having
within its corporate limits the pioneer shingle m 11
in the state of Washington. Mr. John Robin erected
this mill in 1883, and he is engaged in operating it
at the present time. The plant has a daily capacity
of 50,000 shingles, and the number of shingles
manufactured in 1892 amounted to 12,000,000
The first carload of cedar shingles shipped east of the Rocky Mountains left this mill
July 4. 1885-

Winlock, Washington.— The town of Winlock, surrounded by hills covered
with fine timber, is picturesquely located on Olequa creek, in Lewis county. It is an
important station on the main line of the Northern Pacific railroad, 77 miles north
of Portland, 68 miles south of Tacoma, and 14 miles south of Chehalis; the county
seat.

In the valley of the Cowlitz, a few miles distant from Winlock, are some 20,000
acres of rich, black prairie land adapted to the highest state of cultivation. This
valley commands a full view of the Cascade Mountains, extending from Mount St.
Helens to Mount Rainier, and it is one of the most attractive spots in Western

Geo. F. White. Castle Rock.

; 1 :
■ i .

'J L

312

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

PHOTO. BY 0. K. MONO.

School House, Winiock

Washington. Located in this tract is the old mission of St. Francis Xavier, founded
by the Jesuits in 1830. The Green river country, near Mount St. Helens, where gold

has been found in paying quantities, is some 40 miles
distant from Winiock, which is the nearest and most
»^ P accessible outfitting point. The reports of experienced

prospectors indicate that this region will eventually
become a great mining district. Capitalists are now-
engaged in developing the mines of the Green river
district where placer mining is carried on to a considera-
ble extent at the present time.

Fields of an excellent quality of potters' clay are
located near Winiock, and a company is now engaged
at this point in the manufacture of fire brick and terra
cotta pipes.

Winiock claims a large and handsome school building. The public schools here
are in charge of a corps of experienced teachers. The town has one good bank,
hotels equipped with all modern improvements, and it supports one ably conducted
weekly newspaper. The Methodist, Baptist and Christain denominations own houses
of worship here.

Winiock contains today a population of about 900. In addition to being the
trading center of a large mining, timber and agricultural district, it is also the sup-
ply .point for 22 inland villages. Two sawmills are in operation at Winiock. The
largest of these mills is owned by the Capital Lumbering Company, which is incor-
potated with a capital stock of $50,000. This is one of the largest mills in the sec-
tion of the ;5tate in which it is located. It has a daily capacity of 45,000 feet and its
annual output amounts to 10,000,000 feet of lumber. N. A. Metzger is the president
of the company, A. T. Dix, .'ice-president, and D. Gubs;; r. secretary and treasurer.

Winiock offers certain attractions that will appeal w.:h particular force to the
tourist. Good trout fishing is found in the vicinity of tho town, and back from this
point in the foothill districts large game is still plenf ifa!.

Chelialis, Washington. — A glance backwards to the early history of that
part of Lewis county where Chehalis now
stands, will enable the reader to better
understand the origin and steady growth
of a city at this point. Located at the
junction of the Chehalis and Newaukum
valleys, the present townsite, originally
formed part of the donation land claims
of S. S. Sanders and Eliza Sanders, cover-
ing a space ol one square mile of ground.
These claims occupied the very heart of
the valley, and any person blessed with a
reasonable amount of foresight would have
predicted, even back in the 50's, the de-
velopment of an important distributing
point at the present site of Chehalis at some
future time when railroads and the conse-
quent increase of population in the sur-

PHOTO. BV H. SHEANE

\5>«r'k;_'s^''

1 lundl
aroun^
place.

Public School, Chehalis

Chchalis, Washington.

313

? junding country would support such a trading center. The valleys spread out
around Chehalis and the slopes of the rich tributary section all incline towards the
place.

The old Sander's farm-house, the precursor of the many buildings in this locality
which followed it, is still standing in sufficiently good condition for occupancy at the
edge of the present townsite. The first business structure erected in Chehalis was a
grain warehouse, built in 1872. Th : Northern Pacific was then running trains over
the present Kalama-Tacoma route with a stiition at Newaukum, which they favored
for a town. The officials of the road instructed the farmers of this section to haul
their grain to Newaukum and the road would ship it for them. No better evidence
of the natural selection o'' .he present site of Chehalis can be found than the rebellion
of the farmers of this section in 1872 against the fiat of the railroad company. The
farmers, taking the reins in their own hands, clubbed together and erected a ware-
house at the point most convenient for shipping their produce, although in doing
this they were compelled to get along without the accommodations of a station and
to flag reluctant trainmen to enable them to market their products by railroad. The
erection of a building for a general merchandise store by an old settler named
George Hogue soon followed. The farmers here could not only then find storage
room for their products, but they could also purchase at the present site of Chehalis
the staple articles of subsistence. A place of trade and barter, an infant city was
thus created. The embryo town was christened Sandersville, a name which can
still be found on old plats in the recorder's office. In 1875, the proud distinction of
a county seat was secured, and Chehalis, named after an old Indian chief, sprung
into existence. Here again the manifest destiny of the town was made apparent.
Against opposition, and by pledging his word that the court house should not be an
expense to the territory, the representative from this section obtained this building
at Chehalis by special legislation, which had not then fallen into disuse. The farm-
ers again drew from their coin stockings and a public building was erected at Che-
halis by individual subscriptions alone.

Strong in a population of about 100 sturdy citizens and in the undisputed posses-
sion of the court house, Chehalis was incorporated and advanced to the first place in
Lewis county. The growth of the old town of Sandersville, with its single ware-
house and one store, was proportionate to the importance of the days in which the
town flourished. Such a continued growth has ever been characteristic of Chehalis.
Booms have at divers times struck other Washington towns and in due season burst
from their own distention. Chehalis has escaped both booms and boomerangs.
Quietly keeping pace with the growth and requirements of its tributary country, it is
today a prosperous, self-supporting city of 3,000 population. These figures are con
servative, and good judges at Chehalis say that 3,500 population is a fairer estimate
of the city.

Each successive year shows an increase in the freight shipments from Chehalis,
both in bulk and value and the mercantile trade of the city grows in proportion. In
the matter of ample transportation facilities Chehalis is especially favored. It is
located on the main line of the Northern Pacific and is on the surveyed route of the
Union Pacific. It is also the western terminus of the Northern Pacific branch road
to South Bend, on Willapa Harbor, a road that was opened to traffic in December,
1892, and that is now doing a good business.

,,rA

814

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

PHOTO. BV r. SHEANE.

Barrett Block, Chehalis.

PMO'O. BY R. SHEANE

In 1892 Chehalis was visited by two disastrous fires which swept awa'- 36 bnild-
ings. This fire, however, inaugurated the era of brick buildings, only a few
of which, had been erected previous to the fire. Among the fine brick structures of
the city today may be mentioned the handsome three-story brick Barrett block, built

at a cost of $36,000, and the substantial brick
and stone building of the First National Bank
of Chehalis, erected at a cost of $23,000. The
Barrett block, depigned for a hotel, was built
with a view of the easy escape of its inmates
in case of fire. Its wide hallways and easily
accessible staircases, together with several reels
of hose and attachments in the ofFi«.e and in the
upper story, renders all danger from a fatality
in case of fire in the building a practical nul-
lity. The First National Bank building is the
finest structure occupied by any financial in-
stitution between Portland and Tacoma. The
portion of this building not used by the spacious
bank offices and vaults is used for store and ofrice purposes. Also well worthy of men-
tion is the new stone and brick building of the Commercial State Bank, completed in
the spring of 1893 at a cost of $20,000. T^ui.i is admitted to be the most artistic piece
of architecture in Chehalis. The Chehalis Improvement Company, incorporated in
1 89 1, with a paid-up capital of
$125,000, finishel two fine brick
blocks in Chehalis at a cost respec-
tively of $17,000 and $14,000, about
the time of the completion of the
Commercial State Bank building.
The Gem drug store, L. C. Faulk-
ner proprietor, a leading pharmacy
of Chehalis, occupies a cornet in
tlie more imposing of the two
structures with a frontage on two
main thoroughfares. Messrs. John
D Rice and W M Urouhart two chehalis improvement ccs building, chehalis.

pi( liter merchants of the town, are building and will occupy an imposing brick
ai.d stone block adjoining the First National Bank building. These two struct-
ures present a solid frontage of 150 feet, with 125 feet of depth, and are really
creditable to the city. Messrs. Urquhart and Rice repre,sent the oldest mercantile estab-
lishments of Chehalis, Mr. Urquhart having established himself in business here in
1880, and Mr. Rice started in the place a short time after this. .\n indication of the
good feeling existing between the different citizens of Chehalis is the slatemei't that
Messrs. Rice and Urquhart, both in the same line of business, general nierclmn Ris-
ing, should erect and occupy a building in common and engage only in generous
rivalry. The firm of Maynard, Everett & Co., carrying hardware and electrical
goods, the largest and best stock of goods in this line carried by any firm in Lewis
count", own the property adjoining the Rice-Urquhart building and it is their inten-
tion to begin in the near future construction work on a similar block.

The imp'ovpments noted above represent only a few of the many leading enter-

prises!
growtl

the eel

the pil
town.f
was tl
of th«
a paic
porat(i

N.
Dobsc
of Chi
son BJ
Bostol
Coffu
p.-esic
John
1892.
and tl
count
there

Chehalis, Washington.

315

?«s:.s;t5

f 1R3T National B*nk, chehalis.

PHOTO. BY R. 9HEANE.

prises of Chehalis, but they tend to show the steady advauce of the city in material
growth and solid prosperity.

To properly attend to the fin. ncial interests of the country of which Chehalis is
the center, banking houses early became a necessity it this point. For many years
the pioneer banking house of N. B. CofFman fully met this demand in the young
town The outgrowth of this early venture
was the incorporation in December, 1889,
of the Fi'st National Bank of Chehalis with
a paid-i,p capital of 150,000. The incor-
porators and stockholders of the bank were
N. B. Coffman, W. M. Urquhart, John
Dobson, D. C. Millett and Francis Donahoe
of Chehalis, Walter J. Thompson and Nel-
son Bennett of Tacoma and B. ^,ombard of
Boston. The officers elected were N. B.
Coffman, president ; W. M. Urquhart, vice-
p.'esident, and J. Y. CofFman. cashier. Mr.
John Dobson took Mr. Urquhart's place in
1892. The capital, surplus and undivided profits of the- bank now amount to $90,000,
and the deposits a^ eras>^e $200,000. In 1S91 the increasing vvsalth of the city and
county, with the consequent incre:.3e in financial transactions made it apparent that
there was room at Chehalis for another bank. Iii that year the Commercial State

Bank was iu jorporated in the
city with a capital of $50,000 all
paid up, by the following ^gen-
tlemen : M. L. Holbrook, Wm.
West, Jas. S, Greig, Jno. T.
Newland and F, M. Wade.
M. L. Holbrook was elected
president and Ja.-^. C. Oreig cash-
ier. This new institution has
made very rapid strides since it
was organized, ample evidence
of the confidence it merits from
the people. The surplus and
undivided profits of the bank
now amount to nearly $6,000
and the deposits average about
$75 ,000. Both banks loan money
liberally on good security, allow interest on time deposits and render such accom-
modations to their patrons as the wise administration of banking affairs will adiun.

The industries of Chehalis in the line of manufacturing include the large saw-
mill of The Mealy-Lacy Co., the sash and door factory of Luedinj;haus' Bros , Sny-
der & F'rost's shingle mill, the Gates shingle mill, the Seymour siiingle mill and the
Chehalis flouring mill, the latter with a capacity of 60 barrels per day.

The forests of Lewis ccunty supply all the logs used in the factories and mills
at Chehalis, and even with the hcvy united output of these plants maiiv _ytars of
constant cutting will not materially affect this heavy supply.

Commercial State Bank, Chehalis.

li I

it?

3 * '■

316

The Ore^onian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

The public improvements in Chehalis take a high rank among the cities of the
same size on the coast. The public school of the city was erected, in i888, at a
cost of $i2,ooo, and is admirably adapted to educational purposes. Professor J.
T. Forrest, the principal, has inaugurated an excellent graded system in the school,
and with his efficient corps of eight experienced teachers, he presides over a school
of 500 bright and happy pupils of both sexes. A finely equipped electric light
plant supplies Chehalis with both arc ana incandescent lamps, the former being
used for street lighting, and the Jiatter in stores, factories and in the hotels. The
people of Chehalis boast, with a pardonable degree of pride, of their efficient water
system. Both in the quality of water supplied and in the pressure obtained, this
system is certainly not excelled anywhere. The water is brought in flumes from
the Newaukum river, seven miles distant, and by an ingenious combination of
water-wheel and pump, at a point one and one quarter miles dislant from the city,
the water is thrown into a reservoir of 560,000 gallons capacity, and located on an
eminence adjacent to Chehalis. The pressure obtained in the city mains is from Soto
90 pounds to the square inch. Had these water works been completed at the time
of the great fire in 1892, no such a disastrous conflagration as visited the town then
would have been possible.

A glance at the ' diied interests, agricultural and mineral, of Lewis county, all
of which is tributary to Chehalis, and must continue to be in the future, not only
reveals the cause of the present prosperit> of the city, but p.lso supplies an argu-
ment for the continued growth of the place. Hops, hay and oats are the leading
products of the soil of this section. Wheat thrives equally as well on the lands
of the county, but the farmers of this section were not long in discovering that the
first-named crops paid the best, and as a result wheat growing, as a leading indus-
try on these lands, was abandoned in favor of the more profitable productions.
Hops are raised in great abundance here, and of superior quality. They are grown
on low, sandy soil, and the annual product of this staple, in Lewis county, is very
large. Washington hops enjoy a deservedly high reputation in Eastern markets, and
the Chehalis valley hops are graded with the best. Reliable reports place the pro-
». uc*^ of hops on lands of the county at from three-fourths to one and one-half tons
per acre, according to locality and the care exercised in cultivation. Fine hay crops
are also the rule in this section, and yields of from one to two and one-half tons per
acre of fine timothy are common here. In a period of 30 years crops have never
been known to fail here.

Fruit growing is now attracting considerable attention in Lewis county. The
uplands of the county are found well adapted for orchards of pru-e, plums, apples,
pears and cherries and trees here, which have already reached a bearing age, are
giving fine results, both in quality of fruit produced and the quantity of this same
fruit.

The time is hardly ripe for any extended notice of the mineral resources ot
the county, ^t is certain, however, that valuable veins of precious metais a*i"i < oal
exist in the slopes of Mount St. Helens, and many claims have a' read , leen huvl
in this section with a view of their speedy development. The lumbemg intfvf '.;.
of the county and adjoining counties are now second to those of no other part of
the Northwest. Many years must elapse before the billions of feet of yellow fir
and cedar now standing in these forests can be exhausted.

Ti
leading
tion,
Lacy,
gentler

South Bend, Washington.

817

PHOTO. BY R. SHEANE.

The Mealy-Lac^.' Company. — The Mealy-Lacy Company, proprietors of the
leading lumbering industry of Chehalis and its tributary section, is not a corpora-
tion, but a co-partnership, embracing the following membership : A. Mealy, F. C.
Lacy, G. S. Lacy, C. Leeper, C. M. Mackintosh and R. W. Shotts. All of these
gentlemen were, until recently, engaged in the lumbering business in Pennsylva-
nia, and they brought with
them to Washington the prac-
tical knowledge of the business
which experience alone im-
parts. The moving causes
which induced them to leave
the Atlantic for the Pacific coast
were the growing l "arcity of the
timber in the East, and the
keen business sagacity which
told them that now, if ever, the
time had come to secure tim-
ber lands in the great North
western timber belts. The
Mealy-Lac/ Company was
formed in August, 1891, and
the books of the company show
that their output for the first 18 months they were in business was 4,500,000
feet of lumber. The plant of the company at Chehalis covers about 12 acres of
land lying along the Chehalis river, and includes sawmills, drj'-kilns and the best
impro eci machinery for turning act rough and dressed lumber. They use both
the l-\ivi and air process for drying, bur they prefer the latter for best results
o1'* ■;!'&!.

( hi-'ii IS, at the present time, is worthy of the attention of manufacturers and
capi^ , .i\, The manufacturing possibilities of the city are good, and the extent and
richnes.. j" ae tributiry section will always support at this point a large and pros-
perous population.

Mill Boom, Me»l^-Lacy compaky, Chehalis.

FACir/C '. OrCAN

South Bend, Wasliliigton.— S^uth Bend,

the seat of j' 1 , of Pacific county, WashingL'^n, and
one c' "le pi ■"' )al cities of Southwestern Wash-
i: \ ton, is located near the mouth of the Willapa
-"er, iS milesi distant "rom the Pacific ocean.

i'he commercial importance of the site on which
iSonVv. '? ".(] is located was first recognized in 1889, at
th-.- hue when attention was first diverted from Puget
Sound, and increasmg interest began to be manifested
in the advantages of Southwestern Washington. Willapa Harbor, formerly known
as Shoalwater Bay, has long been recognized as one of the bes^ natural harbors in
the United States. Satisfying themselves of this fact a large number of promoters
vrA speculators at once began the search frr an eligible townsite on its shorcc.
In the fall of 1889, South Bend was platted. There were at that time about 150
people living in the vicinity of the proposed town, principally engaged in farming

Map of willapa Bay, Washington

: {

818

and lumbering.

PHOTO. BV «. OYLFE.

PHOTO, or *. GrLFE.

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

From the beginning of 1890 South Bend entered upon an era of rapid
■ "^ growth. Capitalists and home seekers flockeu

to the new seaport in great numbers and as a

result of this rapid inflow the United States

census of March,

1890, accredited

South Bend with a

population of 836.

This population
')een largely in-
.ed since that

tii-ic, and it is

claimed today that

the city contains at

least 3,500 inhab-

Scene *t Docks, South Bend.

itants.

K»LLS OF p*Lix River, ne*r South Bend.

photo, by gylFe.

South Bend is located on Willapa river, iS miles from
the Pacific ocean. It is as a seaport that the city makes
its chief claim to future importance. The Willapa
river u* this point is from 700 to 1,600 feet wide and has
a depth varying from 22 to 38 feet at the lowest tide.
This harbor offers safe anchorage to the largest ships
afloat, and has ample accommodations for all the ship-
ping that will ever visit the state of Washington. A

deep and ne: ' .y straight channel leads from South
Rend in the river, and through Willapa Harbor to
the sea. There are two channel entrances into the
bay from the ocean. These channels are shown
by the government survey of 1891 to possess a
depth of 18 and 2? feet respectively at low tide,
with an average daily rise of 8 feet. Smooth
water is found in these entrances in all weather
and they offer safe and easy navigation.

Its harbor advantages attracted the attention
of the Northern Pacific Railroad Company to
South Bend in 1890 and the company at once de-
cided to make this point a Pacific ocean terminus
of the road. A branch has since been constructed
from the main line of the Northern Pacific at Che-
halis to South Bend , a distance of 58 miles. This road was
completed and thrown open to travel in the spring of
1893, thus ' affording direct all-rail communication be-
tween South Bend, all parts of Washington and Oregon,
and the East. The Northern Pacific Railroad Company
contemplates extending this line beyond Chehalis to
North Yakima, thus affording facilities for the transpor-
tation the of wheat and other produce of Eastern Wash-
ington to South Bend. This will be a great saving in
^-'istance over the present circuitous route the road follows Fn*^KLlN block, south bend.

Public School, South bend.

PPOTO. BY OYLFE.

South Bend, Washington.

819

PHOTO. By QYLFE.

^f€m.

Ho let. wiLL*pA, South Bend.

PHOTO, BY A. GVLFE.

to Puget Sound. South Bend is now also reacfted from Astoria by the I. R. & N.
Co.'s line. This road runs from Ilwaco to Sealand. At the latter point connection
is made with steamers for South Bend. Num-
erous vessels also ply regularly between South
Bend and Astoria, Portland and San Francisco,
thus affording a third route for reaching this
prospf;rcus point.

The building of a substantial city and the
establishment of industries at South Bend have
kept pace with its increase in population.
The city now contains four banks, six hotels,
two newspapers, and a large number of pros-
perous mercantile houses. The Hotel Willapa,
intended to accommodate the tide of summer
travel which flows annually to South Bend, was erected at a cost of |i 00,000. The Allbee,
a handsome and well-equipped hotel, is open the year round, and it is highly spoken
of by tourists. Comfortable rooms, a first-class table and careful attention to the
wants of guests are recognized features of the house. The judicial seat of Pacific

county was removed from Oysterville in 1893 to
South Bend. Among the improvements con-
templated at South Bend in the near future is
the erection of a fine court house. The public
school building hi e is a fine structure, erected
at a cost of $10,000. Among the public im-
provements of the city may be mentioned miles
of graded and planked st^-eets, electric lights
and an excellent system of water works. Relig-
ious services are conducted in seven churches
of as many different denominations.

Manufacturing industries at South Bend
are represented by the Willapa Harbor Tannin
Extract Company, the Northwestern Lumber
Company, two other large sawmills, a sash and
door factory, a planing mill and a salmon can-
nery. The Willapa Harbor Tannin Extract
Company is a new enterprise, but it has already established a substantial reputation
and the demand for its products is rapidly increasing. The tanuin produced by the
company is considered superior to that
heretofore brought into Washington from
the Eas-t. The works are under the direct
superintenaence and management of Mr. T.
Cooper. The Northwestern Luml)er Com-
pany at South Bend is a large concern. It
owns an extensive plant and wharfage facili-
ties on the shores of the Willapa river. The

headquarters of the company are at San willapa h*hbob tannin extract co.'s plant, south beno.
Francisco and the resident manager at South Bend is Mr. R. B. Dyer. The immense
annual output of the company is shipped principally to San Francisco. The wharf-

The Allbee," South Bend, J. G. Heim, proprietor.

Photo bv a. gvlfe.

■ ■■ ., ii|i''i;iiii'ifiiiiiiiHMi!.ipIwjwii-*'

'i^:- i

820

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

PHOTO. BY A VLFE.

age facilities of South Bend along the
Willapa river are ample for the ac-
commodation of the large commerce
which frequents the city. The har-
bor has recently been deepened by
dredging at a cost of $500,000. The
sand taken from the river bed was
used to fill in and render available for
building a large tract of tide land flats.

PHOTO. BY A. OYLFE.

. ..r 1,;"! ■■

Plant, South Bend Lumber s. Mfg. Co., South Bend

PHOTO. BY T. R. WILLIAMS.

Northwestern. Lumber Co.'S Mills, South bend.

These former flats now form a most
important part of the townsite. Di-
rectly tributary to South Bend is the
rich Willapa valley, traversed by the
railroad terminating here. This furn-
ishes homes for a prosperous farming
community. Parts of it are covered
with a fine growth of heavy timber,
and with its diversified resources it is
one of the most inviting sections of
Washington.

Centralia, Washington.—

Centralia is, as its name implies, a
central city. This position is not fixed so much by geographical location as it
is by the central position which the town occupies in the rich agricultural, timber

and coal section of Southwestern Washington, and also by
the right which the place justly claims to of being a rail-
road center of considerable importance. Centralia is on the
main line of the Northern Pacific, 94 miles from Portland,
and 51 miles from Tacoma. It is the diverging point for
the two important lines of railroad, one running from
Centralia to the coal mining center of Florence and
the other running to Ocosta on Gray's Harbor. It is
at Centralia that the Tacoma, Olympia & Chehalis
Valley railroad connects with the main line of the Northern
Pacific. Cars are now running out from Centralia over
this new road as far as Florence coal mine, about five
miles distant. It is the intention to push this line
through to a connection with some important railroad
line east of the Cascade Mountains at some time in the
near future. In addition to the above roads now pass
ing and centering at Centralia, the Union Pacific has
secured the right of way for a line paralleling the Nor-
thern Pacific and running from Portland to the Sound,
which line will make Centralia one of its important
stations. Vast sums of money have already been ex-
pended on the roadbed of this new road, and the feeling
is general that the line will be completed and in
running order sometime in the near future. The

Centralia's Only School House.
January 1, 1889.

PHOTO. BY T.

Grea

very

ment

the!

thel

Soun

have

road,

and

train

senge

Seatt

ing

the

from

impc

NORTH SCHOOL, CENTRALIA

Centralia, Washington.

321

PHOTO. BY T. R. WILLIAMS.

H, STREET School, Centralia.

PHOTO. QY T. R. WILLIAMS.

Great Northern, which now has its western terminus at Seattle, is reported as being
very anxious to get to Portland, and it is not improbable that satisfactory arrange-
ments may be made between the Great Northern and
the Union Pacific to run the cars of both roads over
the latter company's line between Portland and the
Sound. Should this be brought about, Centralia will
have the benefit of three transcontinental lines of
road, thus affording this point unequaled passenger
and freight accommodations. Two through passenger
trains over the Northern Pacific and one local pas-
senger train running between Portland and Tacoma,
in addJtioii to a passenger train from Chehalis to
Seattle, are now run each way over the main line pass-
ing Centralia daily, and this service, together with
the trains over the branch lines of road running out
from this point, gives Centralia the appearance of a railroad center of considerable
importance.

The pioneer settler on the site now occupied by Centralia was a colored man,
who is still living, and who bears the distinguished name of the father of his country,
George Washington. Born in Virginia in 1817, the principal aim of the young man
was to escape beyond the limitations of the white man's control. His adventurous
wanderings finally led him to the junction of the Chehalis and Skookumchuck
rivers in Southwestern Washington. Here be took up a claim and settled down to

hard work and finally to reap the benefits of afflu-
ence which a future civilization had in store for him
at this point. George Washington is today one'of the
richest men in Lewis county. Somewhat bowed by
age, he is a prominent figure on the streets of Cen-
tralia. He gives his principal attention to the collect-
ing of his rents and looking after his large property
interests, he keeps a horse and buggy for his own
private use and he is today one of the most highly
respected citizens of the place he has seen grow from
nothing to a commercial center of considerable promi-
nence. Another pioneer of Centralia is Henry Hanson, a native of York, England,
who bought 40 acres of land at this point in 1882 for $1 ,000. This land is now city
property and has made the owner of it rich beyond his fondest anticipations.

The site on which Centralia is built is well
adapted for the location of a city. It is level, and
a gravel subsoil affords an easy and safe drainage.
West of Centralia lies the fertile Chehalis valley,
while stretching away to the south is the equally
rich Salzer valley. These two valleys contain some
of the richest land in the state of Washingion.
Back of Centralia grow the virgin forests of Lewis
and Chehalis counties containing inexhaustible
supplies of the finest timber. Logs from this tim-
ber belt are easily floated to the mills at Centralia on
the waters of the Chehalis river passing this point. denton block, centralia.

Iron and Brass Foundry, Centralia.

PHOTO. BY T. R. WILLIAMS,

'1.1

',-M

4 u

* i.fi

' {

i-iH

'if^

V, fWi

t V t3

"^-^

1, 51

' 1' tm

It M

flM

if ( ml

' )i^^

!f|

1 ^Ml

'.t ^xSksM

,1>^^

'4f^^ld

i^^^

322

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

PHOTO, BY T, R. WILLIAMS.

Ellsbury Block, Centrali*.

Centralia dates its growth from 1889. In January of that year the population of
the place was about 700. Centralia claims today a population irom between 3,50oand

4,000, and ranks amonjj the 10 largest cities of
Washington. Tower avenue, the main business
street of the city, is a long thoroughfare, lined on
both sides with many handsome and substantial
brick structures. Among these fine buildings may
be mentioned the First National Bank, the Binkley
block, the Ellsbury block, the Denton block and
the Lioug block. Other equally as fine structures
as the above are now in course of erection. The
two well established banks at Centralia, the First
National and the Bank of Commerce insure the
financiai -j'liJic'.ng of the city. The First Nat-
ional Bank of Centralia is the result of the i:malgamation of the old Lewis
County Bank, which was incorporated u. 1889 with a capital of $50,000, and the First
National Bank. When the Lewis
County Bank was incorporated the de- •'"•^^° «" '■ " *'^^'*"';
posits by noon of the first day the bank
opened its doors to business amounted
to $15,000. The First National Bank
is today strongly entrenched in the
confidence of the people of Centralia
and Lewis county, and its business
shows a steady growth with each suc-
cessive year. The officers of the First
National are : Chas. Gilchrist, presi-
dent ; Frank Hense, vice-president ;
and E. L. Bickford, cashier. The
statement made by the bank in J uly of
last year made the following show-
ing: capital, $50,000; surplus, $4,000.

The 'educational facilities of Centralia are something unusual for a place of the
age of the city. Centralia supports two good public schools which occupy two hand-
some and well appointed buildings, and the average
daily attendance at these schools is over 700 pupils.
The first public school was opened in Centralia in
April, 1889, with an enrollment of 50 scholars. The
school was held at that time in a little primitive
building that was taxed beyond the accommodation
afforded even the limited number of pupils in
attendance. In addition to the good public schools,
Centralia is the seat ofthe Grace Seminary, founded
by the Baptists. The citizens of Centralia contrib-
uted $10,000 in cash and gave the building site to
secure the location of this school at this point.
The college occupies a bandsome four-story b'lild-
ing erected at a cost of $17,000 and it is comp x in
every particular for school purposes. The curricu-

pjlj^^s^fesifei^'^S::'''-^^

First National Bank Building, Centralia.

PHOTO, BY T. n. WILLIAMS.

Ic
a

Opace Seminary, Centralia.

Centralia, Washing-ton,

323

lum of this school includes both the normal and academic courses of study. Pupils
leaving this school are fully prepared for either teaching or for business life, and they
are sufficiently advanced to successfully pass the examination for a collegiate course.
Music and art are also embraced in the curriculum of the school.

Centralia has a good water-works plant and also an
efficient electric light plant. The hotel accommodations
of the city have not been overlooked by the enterprising
citizens. The Hotel Centralia, which is now under con-
struction, will cost when completed and fully furnished
between $25,000 and 130,000. It will contain all the im-
provements essential to comfort and luxury. The Park
Hotel at Centralia, which is now run under the able man-
agement of Captain Robinson, was built by Col. Geo. H.
Ellsbury and stands high for the excellence of its cuisine
and for the attention paid to the requirements of its
patrons.

■'mmsi^ij^^^S^

hotel centralia, centralia.
(from plans.)

PHOTO. BY T,

Centralia is now the seat of a considerable

coal industry. The Florence mine which yields

a superior grade of bituminous coal lies about

five miles east of Centralia. The output of this

mine which amounted to 4,000 tons in 1892, is

shipped from the mine to Centralia over the

line of the Tacoma, Olympia & Chehalis

Valley railroad and reshipped from this

city to different points on the Northern

Pacific railroad.

The industries of Centralia are num-
erous and diversified. These include lum-
ber and shingle mills, brick yards, a brass
and iron foundry and a furniture factory.
The largest of these manufacturing plants
are the two mills operated under the man-
agement of the Centralia Lumber Ex-
change, which is the combination of the
interests of the two firms of Birge & Leitch and H. H. Martin & Son. The Exchange
opened its office in Centralia in 1891, and its
business is shared between the two compan-
ies which it represents. The joining of the
interests of these old firms has led to excel-
lent results. The value of the shipments
made through the Exchange in 1892, in
direct transactions with the jobbers, with-
out the aid of agents, was |6o,ooo. The
Exchange is prepared to furnish all grades
oflum'ifrand shingles on short notice and
keeps a large stock of these lines constantly i
on hand.

park HOTEL, CENTRALIA,

PHOTO. BY T. R. WILLIAMS.

:-'li\'';^^,.*«

Mill, Biroe t. Leitch, ccntralm.

'!'

I I I

;•!

The Birge & Leitch mill is located on the Chehalis river and its supply of logs is

824

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

PHOTO. BY T. R. WILLIAMS.

H. H. Martin .t Son's Mill, Centralia.

floated down this stream and its tributaries. The capacity of the mill is 40,000 feet
per day. The output of the mill for 1892, running 105 days, was 2,410,000 feet. H.
H. Martin & Son run both saw and shingle mills. The capacity of the lumber mill

of this company is 30,000 feet a day. The
output of this mill for 1892, ruuning 150
days, was 2,500,000 feet. The shingle
plant of the company was started to running
in November, 1892. It has a capacity of
90,000 shingles a day and the output up to
January i, 1893, reached 3,500,000. The shin-
gle mill is located on the Skookumchuck river
near its confluence with Hanuaford creek.
Mr. Martin states that there is bufficicnt Ai
timber reached by the waters of this creek
to keep his mill running constantly for 50
years in the future.

The Tower Lumber and Manufacturing Company's plant occupies a site along
the track of the Northern Pacific railroad. George H. Ellsbury is president of the
company, and George Davies is secre-
tary. The capacity of the mill is 30,000 ''"°'°- '■ "• "''''*"'•
feet per day. The output for 1892 was
6,500,000 feet. This company now has a
contract with the Northern Pacific to cut
30,000,000 feet of lumber on the lands of
the latter corporation. The Centralia
Furniture Company is the same estab-
lishment that was formerly located at
Milwaukie, six miles above Portland.
This company was induced to move their
plant to Centralia by the offer of a lib-
eral subsidy. The company does a large
business, and is rarely without advance orders. Their annual pay-roll, outside of
piece work, is between |i2,ooo and $13,000. Two brickyards do a flourishing busi-
ness at Centralia. The clay found in the vicinity of
Centralis is of a superior quality for brick-making.
The fine brick blocks at this place were erected of
brick made at the home yards, and these yards also
supplied the brick used in the construction of the
finest buildings of the Gray's Harbor towns. In addi •
tion to the manufacturing industries enumerated
above, Centralia supports a number of smaller fac-
tories, all of which contribute largely to the prosperity
of this most favorably located point.

The Gray's Harbor Country.— The large pear-shaped inlet, or bay, known
as Gray's Harbor, is located on the southwest coast of Chehalis county, go miles
south of Puget Sound, and about 40 miles north of the entrance to the Columbia
river. Accident led to the discovery of Gray's Harbor about a century ago. Cap-
tain Robert Gray, ot the ship Columbia, from Boston, a vessel engaged in the fur

The Tower Lumber and Mfg. Co., Centralia.

photo, by T. R. WILLIAMS.

^ — ... J*."!*-'

Furniture Factory, Centralia.

Gray^s Harbor Country, Washington.

325

MAP, CRAY'S HARBOB.

trade, sighted the inlet to the har-
bor on April 7, 1792. He turned
the prow of his ship towards the
land and proudly sailed into the
harbor. His entry on the log-book
was to the effect that he found a
commodious bay well sheltered
from the sea by long sandbars and
spits. He christened the bay Bull-
finch Harbor, in honor of a friend.
Subsequently, however, the inlet
was named after its gallant discov-
erer, and it has since been known to the world as Gray's Harbor.

The entrance to Gray's Harbor from the ocean is i^ miles wide. The extreme
length of the harbor is 18 miles, and its greatest width 14 miles. Old sea captains
say that before the time antedating " appropriations," they considered Gray's Har-
bor a good haven to sail for in foul weather. The bay is almost completely land-
locked, the narrow entrance alone affording ingress from the ocean. A ship at
anchor in the harbor is as safe from the storms which beat outside of the heads
as she would be in the Willamette at Portland. The area of the harbor approxi-
mates 100 square miles. The estimated anchorage area of the harbor is over 4,500
acres. An appropriation has recently been made by the government for the erec-
tion of a lighthouse at the entrance to Gray's Harbor, but so far not a dollar has
been spent by the government for the improvement of this important inlet from
the ocean.

Small steamers and lumber schooners of large tonnage now enter the harbor

in all kinds of weather. These vessels run up as
far as Cosmopolis, located on the Chehalis river,
and at the high stages of water even as far inland
as Montesano, the seat of Chehalis county. Prac-
tical and experienced seamen b V''"ve that the ex-
penditure of $250,000 in in' vjtnents to the
harbor would open it to vessels of the largest ton-
nage. The experiment of opening this harbor to
vessels of the deepest draught, is worthy of at
least a trial. The obstructions found in the har-
bor at the present time consist of a well defined
bar at the entrance, and two minor bars inside
the bay. Three larger chaimels carry the great
body of water seeking an outlet to the ocean through
Gray's Harbor — the north, south and middle chan-
nels. By confining the great flow of .yater to any
one of these channels, on a principle easily under-
stood by all practical engineers, a depth could be
easily secured here that would float the very larg-
est vessels. The Chehalis, Hoquiam, Wishkah,
Humptulips, Charlies, Neuskahl, John's and Elk
rivers all empty their waters into Gray's Harbor.
Bio TIMBER NBAR ABERDEEN. Thcse streams drain over 2,000 square miles of

PHOTO. BY PRATSCH i CO.

iiWJi:

:- \\

826

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

territory, and the volume of water which they carry is sufficient, if properly directed,

to remove all the bars in the harbor
least 30 feet at mean low tide.

and to maintain at the entrance a depth of at

PHOTO. BY PRAT9CH « CO.

The vast area drained by the numerous
streams pouring into Gray's Harbor is covered
with a heavy growth of the finest fir, spruce,
cedar, alder and hemlock timber. The wealth
of the timber alone found in this district, is a
sufficient claim on the government for the im-
provement of Gruy's Harbor. The district has
been settled since 1855, and it is today one of
the richest parts of the state of Washington in
the assured promises of future rapid and sub-
stantial growth. The country back of the har-
bor is not only rich in the resources of avail-
able timber alone, but it also contains thou-
sands of acres of the finest agricultural land
in the Northwest, which, when fully settled,
will support a large and prosperous population.
Five towns are today located on the shores
of Gray's Harbor and the banks of that part of
the Chehalis river navigable for ocean-going
vessels. These are Ocosli, Hoquiam, Aberdeen,
Cosmopolis and Montesano. Each of these towns receives special mention in
connection with the present article, and these notices of the individual settlements
of the section, together with this introductory article on Gray's Harbor, will furnish
the reader with a valuable fund of information on a part of the state of Washington
that is certain to show a most substantial development during the next few years.

DENSE Timber near Aberdeen.

Th
tio
ye£

gu
nis
lib
pie

PHOTO BY A J MERWIN.

Montesnno, Wasliliigrton. — Montesano, the county seat of Chehalis county,
Washingtcii, possesses several decided advantages of location. In the many changes
which must take place before the rel-
ative position of the leading and per-
manent cities of Washington can be
once firmly settled, many advantages
will doubtless be considered in favor
of Montesano for a I'uture large
growth and solid prosperity.

The old settlement of Montesano
[mountain of health] was firsi estab-
lished on the opposite side of tLe
Chehalis river from the present town-
site in 1862. Later the present site of
the city was discovered to be a better
location for the establishment of a
town, and in order to keep the county
seat for the place the name Monte-
sano was retained for the new town. residence, c. n. byles, montesano.

Montesnno, Washington.

827

PHOTO BV A. J. MEHWIN.

The townsite of the present city was first platted by C. N. Byles in 1882. Incorpora-
tion followed in 1883. The town made a steady though slow progress from this latter
year until 1890, when the first important enterprise in Montesano's history was inau-
gurated. This was the completion of a lumber railroad to Montcsano, which fur-
nished an outlet for the rich timber belt of this district. The citizens subscribed a
liberal subsidy to insure the choice of route in the location of this road, and its com-
pletion was found to be of incalculable benefit to the town. At a later period this
line of road came into the possession of the Northern Pacific Railroad Company,
and is now one of the most important feeders of the trunk line of the entire system.

The official census of 1890 placed
the population of Montesanoatover 1,700.
The best informed citizens of Montesano
claim today a population exceeding 2,000
for their city. This point is the head of
navigation on the Chehalis river, and is
really the highest point reached by water
in the entire Gray's Harbor district. Ves-
sels of large aggregate tonnage yearly
land at Montesano's docks. The depth
of water in the river up to this point will
be greatly increased by future improve-
ments, and this will always remain the
farthest point" inland to which ships can
ascend and make connection with the land transportation lines centering at this place.

Ships now regularly ply between Montesano and San Francisco, and also between
Montcsano and Portland. The water front of the town affords excellent opportuni-
ties for the location here of manufacturing plants. Thus early in the growth of the
place a large number of factories are operated here. These include Stetson's mill,

Public School, Montesano.

The Montesano
Sash & Doc r Fac-
sano Tannery and
sano are the most
Promising as are

PHOTO. BY
A. J. MERWIN

Mill & Water Co.'s mill. The Montesano
tory, Ayer's Furniture Fictory, The Monte-
two brick yards. The brick yards at Monte-
successful operated in Chehalis county,
the future possibilities of Montesano for ship-
ping and manufacturing, the future of the
place will be largely dependent upon the
growth and increase in wealth of the rich
tributary agricultural district. Very reliable
estimates place the number of acres of good
agricultural land in Chehalis county, of which
Montesano occupies about the geographical
center from east to west, at about 300,000.
About 40,000 acres of this land are already in
cultivation. The figures given below regard-
ing the average yields are made from careful
inquiries among the practical farmers of
this section and can be accepted as reliable
The average growth of hay on this laud is about three tons to the acre. The
yield per acre of the cereals is as follows : wheat, 35 bushels ; oats, 60 bushels ;
barley, 54 bushels; peas, 48 bushels; rye, 40 bushels. The root crops and vegetables

COURT HOUSE, Montesano.

i Mm

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11- tS^

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828

The Oregonian^s Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

PHOTO. BY A. J. MERWIN.

make the following showing ptr acre : potatoes, 308^ bushels ; carrots, 760
bushels ; parsnips, 545 bushels ; beets, 950 busbeis ; rutabagas, 1,050 bushels ; turnips,
1,000 bushels, and all other vegetables 'I'' equally as well. Cabbages grown here
have trcquently been exhibited measuring three feet in diameter and weighing as high
as 30 pounds. This soil is especially adapted to the growing of hops, and the yield of
this product is about 1.800 pounds to the acre.

The lumber interests of the entire Gray's Harbor district are large, and are
touched on to considerable extent in a separate article. The country immediately
tributary to Montesano is rich in the finest supply oi^ fir, spruce, cedar and hemlock,
and cutting this timber into lumber is now (and it promises to make wonderful devel-
opment in the future) one of the principal manufacturing industries of the place.

The growth of Moutesano has been steady, but not at a pace beyond the possi-
bilities of the town for self-support. The public improvements at Montesano are
fully in keeping with ..le commercial prominence of the town. The streets are
thoroughly lighted by electricity, and the local plant also supplies power for interior
lighting by the incandescent sysiem. The water-works system of the city is especi-
ally worthy of notice. The extraordinary pressure of 105 pounds to the square inch
is maintained in the city's mains, while the pressure in the mains of the average
water system varies from 90 to 100 pounds.

The people of Montesano are justly proud of
their elegant public school building which was
erected at a cost of f6,ooo. They also point with
pride to the fine court house located at this point.
Among the many other fine buildings of
the cit}' is tlie elegant edifice occupied and
owned by the Bauk of Montesrano. This
building cost |25,coo and is one of the
liandsomest structures in Chehalis county.
It is occupied by the Bank of Montesano
one of the oldest banking houses in South-
western Washington. The Bank of Monte-
sano is the outgrowth of the old Ijank-
ing ho'jse of Byles & Co., composed
of C. N. Byles, of Montesano, and I.
N. C ise, of Astoria. Mr. Case is still
a stoi'kholder in the Bank of Moute-
sano. The officeis of the bank at the
present writing are C. N. Byles, presi-
dent ; J. E. Metcalf, vice-president,
and H. L. Gilkcy, cashier. The
financial statement of the bank is as
follows : capital, $75,000 ; undivided profits, $8,000.

A strong banking house that is comparatively new here is the First National
Bank of Montesano. This latter institution opened its doors to business in August,
1892. H. B. Marcy is president, Dr. F. L. Carr is vice-president, and J. P. Carson is
cashier. The capital stock of the bank is $50,000; deposit-s, $35,892.12, and undivir'. 4
profits, $1,987.93-

BANK OF MONTESANO BVILDING, MONTESANO.

pro

city
met
r'^sic
the

j ..Ml

Cosmopolis, Washington.

329

PHOrO BY ». J. MERWIN.

FWiT NATIONAL Bank, Montesano.

The assessed valuation of Montesano
property today is about $1,000,000. As a
city of homes the place is well worthy of
mention. Among the many elegant private
r'^sidences of the city, the illustrsliou of
the home of C. N. Byles, the pioncor
fcivider of Montesano, is found especially
worthy of publication in connection with
the present article. The father and mother
of Mr. Byles were the first settlers in the
southwestern part of Washington who came
direct to the territory from the East,
their pre'^.ecessors having reached Washington by way of the route through Oregon,

Ihe sanitary conditions of Montesano are unsurpassed. The town is really
built on a succession of three terraces rising one above the other, thus affording a
natural and perfect system of dra-.mge. The climate here is equable to a degree that
can be said to be practically without sudieu and great changes of temperature, and
this, with the mauy avenues of wealth and p osperity which are open to the citiz-jns
of the plai ', will make Montesano, in the near future, one of the important cities of
Southwestc in Washington.

Cosmopolis, Wa,8hliigton, — Cosmopolis, a thriving little town of about 500
population, is located on the opposite side of the Chehalis river froni Aberdeen,
and a few miles further up the stream. The sito is a good one for the location of a
town. Cosmopoli.s has about one and one-half miles of water front, especially
adapted to wharfage use. The Chehalis carries a depth oi" about 30 feet of water
along this entire city frontage, with deep places in the river where the water attains
a d<;pth of 60 feet.

The Gray's Farbor Commercial Company is an important factor in the prosper-
ity of Cosmopolis. The extensive lumber mill plant of this company is the only
industry at the present time located at this point. In addition to their large saw-
mill the company also conducts at Cosmopolis a large ^ neral merchandise business
They also operate a line of steamers, giving emplc nient to several boats, on the
river and harbor. The largest single day's output b the plant of the company at
Cosmopolis during 1892 was 222,000 feet of lumber, which can be taken as an indi-
cation of the e^:tent of this great industry at Cosmopolis. The company employs in
its mill and store hereovcr 100 men. Loafers and unemployed men are not found in this
community. Cosmopolis has a pleasing air of thrift. A good public school build-
ing, erected at a cost of $4,500, and a line city hall, which cost about $3,500, are
claimed for the town. The place also has the advantages of a good 'ater-works
sy,stem and an efficient and well-conducted electric light plant. Cobmopolis is
entirely free from debt. The foundation of the town is the solid one of manufac-
turing industry and legitimate trade and it presents every evidence of a substantial
growth.

Aberdeen, Waslitiijyton. — Aberdeen is both the center of a great industry
and a shipping point of no mean importance. These two advantages in the hands
of an enterprising population that is usually located in a coast town of any promi-

• 4l-

I'MJ^

4 m

I '!

8 ! t '1 1" I

ill

330

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

nence, can be made stroug levers in lifting a town out of obscurity to a position of
wealth and importance, and it may be stated here for the benefit of the outside
world that Aberdeen's citizens have neither been derelict in the exercise of intelli-

PHOTO. BY P. F. FINCH.

^fT^g"^^

View of Abehdeen and harbor.

PHOTO BY PRATSCH A CO.

gence in watching the interests of their town or in pushing it to the front as a coming
place of importance on Gray's Harbor.

In 1855, Samuel Benn, the pioneer resident of Aberdeen, located a ranch on the
site now occupied by the flourishing young city. Mr. Benn is still alive and is one of
the best-known citizens of the town for whose birth he was responsible and whose
interests he has done so much to advance. The townsite was platted in 1883 and con-
tained at that time 45 blocks. The room provided for in the original plat was inade-
quate to meet the demands of the rapidly-growing population, and since that time
additions to Aberdeen have been laid out until the site of the city proper now covers
a considerable area. The place is compactly built and it has every appearance of a
wide-awake and prosperous town.

The population of Aberdeen today is about 2,000. The county census taken in
the spring of 1892 showed 1,860 actual residents within the precincts of Aberdeen,
and the vote polled in the fall of the same year at the town was 514. The popula-
tion of 2,000 for Aberdeen at the present writing is made on a conservative basis.

It was a wise foresight which
chose the site of Aberdeen,
located as it is at the junction
of the Chehalis and Wislikah
rivers, near the point where the
latter stream enters Gray's Har-
bor. The harbor at Aberdeen is
land-locked, and the depth of
water on both sides of the town
is sufficient to float the largest
vessels. The Chehalis river at
this point is 2,700 feet wide and
maintains an average depth in
front of the town of over 30
feet. The Wishkah river, which
bisects the town, is 200 feet
wide at this point, and at high
tide carries a depth of about 30 feet of water for some distance from its mouth.
These two deep-water frontages afford ample wharfage facilities for the shipping
of Gray's Harbor, and the depth of water is such that vessels of any tonnage will
always be able to reach the docks here without the least lifficulty.

MAIN STDIIT, AeeRDEEN.

Sol
of Abe^
a well-
anelecj
ment
school
limits,
nishinj
The bl
what isl
very el|
been cc
districti
breathf
every
commu
On
the oce
the mo
Puget £
of this
capable
ernmer
seat of
and all
Cisco,
advanci
tion to

Aberdeen, Washington.

331

PHOTO, at PRATSCM i CO.

'?!^**-^»i^^^'

High School, Aberdeen.

Some time since the enterprising citizens
of Aberdeen constructed and are now operating
a well-equipped water-works system and also
an electric light plant. In this line of improve-
ment they also erected a handsome public
school building on a sightly knoll in the city
limits. This building, including cost of fur-
nishing, represents a total outlay of $29,000.
The best residence ponlcn of the place is
what is known as North Aberdeen, where some
very elegant private residences have already
been constructed. The air of both the business
district and the residence portion of the town
breathes of prosperity, and Aberdeen bears
every evidence of a wealthy and progressive
community.

On the Pacific coast there are but five indentations, exclusive of Coos Bay, from
the ocean which form easy and safe anchorage for shipping of large tonnage. Among
the most important of these harbors, outside of Coos Bay, the Columbia river and
Puget Sound, is Gray's Harbor, on which Aberdeen is loc led. The country back
of this harbor is rich in all the varied products of forests, mines and soil, and it is
capable of supporting a large and dense population Cray's Harbor, without gov-
ernment improvements, is now entered by vessels deep draught, and it is the
seat of large shipping interests. Regular lines of ^^ ids ply between Aberdeen
and all coast ports, including Portland, the points on Puget Sound and San Frni
Cisco. In 1892 161 sailing vessels and 55 steamers left Aberdt- us wharves, ii .^rtat
advance in the tonnage which came to this port during the previous year. In idti-
tion to the finest of facilities for shipping by water enjoyed b\' Aberdeen, the town is

within easy communicating distance of the regu
lar passenger and freight trains of the Northern
Pacific Railroad Company, whose lin- is now
completed to that part of the town lying along
the south shore of Gray's Harbor, connecting
with all parts of the United States. It is ho d
that by the time this book is ready for tli< ess,
the cars of this road will be running along the
north shore of the harbor on which Aberdeen is
located.

The most important industry at Aberdeen,
today, is the sawing of lumber. The people of
the Gray's Harbor district claim, and it would
seem with some little justice, a part of the wheat
shipments of the rich Palouse, Big Bend and
Potlatch sections of Eastern Washington and Ida-
ho, which now find an outlet at Puget Sound and
Portland. On the consummation of the railroad
enterprises now on foot, which will advance the
interests of the entire Gray's Harbor country,
SALMON iNou.7Ry, akcroien, thc predictiott is doubtless a safe one that Aber-

photo by PRATSCH i CO.

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332

The Ore^onian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

PHOTO. BY PR«TSCH i CO.

THE J. M. WEATHERWAX LUMBER CO.'S SAWMILL, ABERDEEN.

deen, in t^^ime, will become an important shipping point for a part of the wheat and
other rich crops of the great state of Washington.

The Michigan Lumber Company, of Aberdeen, is authority for the statement

that there is no finer or more acces-
sible belt of merchantable timber on
the coast than is found along the
numerous streams wh'ch form the
water-courses of the Gray's Harbor
district. jiaguificent forests of fir,
cedar, spruce and hemlock of coiossai
growth , can be easily floated to the
mills at Aberdeen. A conservative
estimate of the extr.nt of this timber
belt places the measurement of lum-
ber at 1 80, oo'", JOG, cor feet. The coast,
South American and Australian de-
mand for this lumber is even now
great, and with the increased de-
mands for lumber which are constant
ly being made in all parts of the world, the great belt of the finest timber within easy
reach of the sawmills at Aberdeen will not long remain untouched.

There are now located at Aberdeen three large sawmills. The output of these
mills for 1892 was as follows : The J. M. Weatherwax mill, 22,500,000 feet ; the West
mill, 10,000,000 feet, and the Wilson mill, 6,800,000. The output of the four large
shingle mills located at Aberdeen aggregated, for the first six months of the year,
68,100,000 shingles.

In addition to the lumber and shingle mills at Aberdeen, there are also located
at this point a large sash, door and box factory, operated by Whitehouse, Crimins
& Co., and a factory devoted to the manufacture of furniture and fixtures, operated
by A. Damitio. .\berdeen would furnish an advantageous site for the establishment
of a paper mill, as the fibrous spruce timber
which is found in inexhaustible quantities
in this .section is especially adapted to the
manufacture of wood pulp. Aberdeen
would also furnish an excellent site for the
establishment of tanneries on a large scale,
as the finest hemlock used in this industry
can be obtained in any quantity desired, at
this point, at a minimum cost.

The J. M. Weatherwax Lumber Com-
pany have already presented the strongest
possible argument in favor of Aberdeen as
a most favorably located point for ship-
building on a large scale, by constructing,
at their mill yards, a staunch .schooner,
which is now engaged in the coast trade.
This vessel was launched at Aberdeen, amid the enthusiastic rejoicings of the
citizens of the place. This vessel is one of the largest and best appointed boats

PHOTO. By PHATSCM « CO.

Mill Boom, j. m. Weatherwax Lumber co., Aberdeen.

Hoquiam, Washington.

333

of her kind ever bull*- on the coast. She has
a carrying capacity of 550,000 feet of lumber,
and is both a matter of pride and a standing
advertisement for the entire Gray's Harbor
section of county.

With the expenditure of a reasonable ap-
propriation for improvement, Gray's Harbor
can be made to rank with even the Colum-
bia river or Puget Sound as an accessible har-
bor for the largest shipping. With the con-
stantly increasing importance of the shipping
interests of this section, congress will doubt-
less be willing, before many years iiave passed,
to make the improvements needed at Gray's
Ha'-bor to cause it to equal any of the finest

harbors

PHOTO. BY PHATSCH A CO.

'"^^S^r--'

D^A

PHOTO. BY PRATSCH « CO.

Launch of the »i M. Weatherwax, Aberdeen.

on the coast, both in ease of

St. JOSEPH'S HOSPITAL, ABERDEEN.

access and in depth of water.

An institution located at Aberdeen
that is a great source of pride to the
people of that town is the fine hospital
conducted under the auspices of the Cath-
olic vSisters. Two strong local banks, the
Aberdeen Bank and First National,
each with a capital of $50,000, carry suffi-
cient money at all times to meet the
legitimate demands of the people here.
The mercantile interests are weM repre-
sented at this point and the number
of storc'.«5 is constantly increasing with
the growt'- in population and wealth of
the town.

Ho<iulatn, Washington. — Hoquiam, an enterprising town of 1,150 inhabi-
tants, is situated on the north side of Gray's Harbor, 19 miles from the bar at the
entrance. The town sprung into existence at the time of the establishment of the
Northwestern I^umbcr Co.'s mill at this point in 1882, For years previous to that
time Hoquiam had been known as a place of considerable industry, but was desig-
nated with other points of the section simply as a "sawmill town."

In 1890, when the first authentic information of early connection of Gray's Har-
bor with the outside world by rail reached the people of the older settled communi-
ties of the coast, Hoquiam took a new lease of life and the growth of the place from
that time forward was rapid and of a substnntial nature. The population of Hoquiam
in 1889 did not exceed 400 ; today the poj lation of the town is no less than 1,200
and this population is constantly incr. asing.

The location of Hoquiam at the mouth of the Hoquiam river and also on the
deep-water frontage of Gray's Harbor is favorable. The best oi wuciiiage facilities
for shipping are afforded at this point, and anchorage in the harbor in front of the
city is both safe and easy. The Hoquiam river .uns between unusually steep banks
and it carries a depth of 30 feet of water from the point where it joins the waters

'I'

i :

884

The Oregonian's Handbook of the PaciBc Northwest.

of Gray's Harbor for a distance of three miles inland. While it is navigable for
deep-water vessels but for this latter distance above Hoquiam, steamers of light
draught ascend the stream for a lU ."Tnce of lo miles above the deep-water ship-
ping point.

The people of Hoquiam express a confidence, that with the growth of that part of
Southwestern Washington bordering on Gray's Harbor, Hoquiam will become one of
the important maritime towns of this part of the state. It is already the seat of con-
siderable manufacluring, and these industries arc constantly increasing. The North-
western Lumber Company's mill is one of the best equipped lumber plants in the
state. When run to its full capacity this mill can cut about 31,000,000 feet of lum-
ber annually. Slade's mill, as it is now known to the people of Gray's Harbor and
conducted by Mr. Kellogg, of Aberdeen, is the second largest industry of Hoquiam.
A site has been purchased and the machinery Is now on the way from San Fran-
cisco for the establishment at Hoquiam of a large basket factory. Mr. Carlson, who
will be the resident manager of the latter company, will look to Portland princi-
pally as a market for his product.

Hoquiam has good hotel accommodations in the Hotel Hoquiam, a very credit-
able structure for a town of 1,200 population. It is well conducted and is the pride
of the citizttns of the place.

Excellent hunting and fishing are found within easy distance of Hoquiam, The
streams which join the waters of the Hoquiam river within an easy walk of the town
teem with trout, there is good salt-water fishing in the harbor, and the adjoining
hills furnish fine sport for elk, bear and deer shooting. During the season the lakes
in the vicinity of the town are covered with ducks, including mallards, canvas-back,
teal, etc., as well as geese and swan, the shooting of which furnishes excellent sport
for the hunters of water fowl.

Ocosta, Washington. — " Ocosta by the Sea." This is the somewhat poetic
designation given to Ocosta by its enthusiastic and romantic citizens. Of the right
of the citizens' claim to this title for their town no one is disposed to contend. On
entering Gray's Harbor from the sea, Ocosta on South Bay is :he first town sighted,
and it is the last on which the gaze of the outgoing mariner lingers as his vessel
speeds seaward. South Bay and a narrow strip of land in shape something like the
index finger alone separate the town from the waters of the ocean itself.

It was not a reliance on picturesque surroundings alone that created Ocosta.
The management of the Northern Pacific Railroad Company in their search for an
ocean terminus for their line on Gray's Harbor favored Ocosta with the choice.
J. W. Kendrick, chief engineer of the road, made the preliminary surveys for the
line, skirting the shores of Gray's Harbor, and apparently having satisfied himself
fully of the advantages of Ocosta, selected this place as the terminal point. The Gray's
Harbor braiich of the Northern Pacific was completed to Ocosta in June, 1892. The
completioii of the road to this point found a good-sized town awaiting the arrival of
the iron horse, and since the driving of the last spike the town has made consider-
able advancement in a material way.

The population of Ocosta today is perhaps about 500. A sawmill and flouring
tnill are already located at this point and other manufacturing industries are con-
templated. Iviberal subsidies have been offered at Ocosta for the establishment of
factories, which can be taken as an indication of the wide-awake policy of the place.

Sever
ity of
the vi

O
perfec
devel
poiut.

T
sport
They
of nea
style
houses
never
carvin
to cut

Olympia, Washington.

836

Several mills are located in the vicinity, industries that add directly to the prosper-
ity of tbe place. The town claims one brewery whose product finds i large sale in
the vicinity,

Ocosta is still too young to own a street-lighting plant and wate; works, but
perfection of plans for the establishment of these important industries in municipal
development will doubtless soon be considered by the enterprising people at this
point.

The shooting of fine mallard, canvas-back, sprig and teal ducks affords fine
sport on South Bay in front of Ocosta, and these ducks are exceedingly palatable.
They are, singularly, entirely free from the rank, fishy taste which taints the flesh
of nearly all fowl killed on salt water. Visitors to the bay are served in truly royal
style with the fattest of ducks browned to a turn, and the lult at all of the public
houses of the section is "a duck apiece for every guest. ' ' Th*; people of Ocosta
never do things by halves, and they place implicit reliance in the knowledge of
carving, which every enlightened man is supposed to possess, by making no attempt
to cut a duck for a man who is hungry enough to eat a whole ore.

Bucoda, Washinjj^toii. — Bucoda is :>n important town in Thurston county,
on the main line of the Northern Pacific, about 20 miles south of Olympia, five miles
south of Tenino, the junction of the main
line of the Northern Pacific and the Port
Towasend Southern branch to Olympia.
It is 43 miles south of Tacoma and 102
miles north of Portland. The population
of Bucoda by the U. S. official census of
iS90was945. The principal reliance of
the town 'or support is the large mine of
the Buco( a Coal Company, located at this
point. T lis mine has a daily capacity of
500 tons and large shipments of this coal
are made regularly from Bucoda to Port-
land and other points on the line of the Northern Pacific. Immense deposits of lig-
nite coal are found in the immediat'i vicinity of Bucoda and the mining of this coal
will always be one of the leading industries here.

Bucoda contains one bank witli $25,000 capital, a fine school house the erection of
which involved an outlay of f6,ooo, a good opera house with a seating capacity of
400, it supports one good weekly newspaper and two churches, the Methodist and
Baptist. One large sawmill and a shingle mill are located at this point. Along
Skamokawa creek in the vicinity of Bucoda several companies are engaged exten-
sively in logging, vast forests of the finest fir and cedar being directly tributary to
the place. Good agricultural land is also found in large bodies near the town.
Bucoda is a well built town, it contains a number of good stores and well constructed
private residences and it is perhaps one of the largest inierior shipping points of
the Northern Pacific railroad in Western Washington,

Olympia, Washington.— Olyn.pia, the cr.pitaT of the ttate of Washington,
and the county seat of Thurston county, is located at the head of Puget Sound, on
an arm of this great inland body of water known as Budd's Inlet. The Sound is nav-
igable for deep-water vessels to this point.

Water Power, ciucoda.

< <il
' t 1

836

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

PHOTO. By ROGERS.

^=iFt!=W5u=ai^'iSt>.

Olvmpia, Lookinq down the Sound.

The old Smith land claim was located
in 1846, and the present site of Olympia
was formally dedicated as a townsite in
1850. The town was christened Olympia,
by Colonel I. N. Ebey, a name suggested
by the snow-capped peaks of the Olympic
range, which rise abruptly to the north,
and also by a happy recurrence at the time
to the following lines of poetrj :

•'Afar their crystal summits rise
Like gems against the sunset skies,
While far below the shadowy mist,
In waves of pearl and amethyst,
'Round stately fir'and^sombre pine.
Its dewey-jeweled fingers twine ;
Olympia's gods might view with grace
Nor scorn so fair a dwelling place."

Olympia is a beautiful city, both in the
site it occupies and in its surroundings.
The broad stretch of the waters of Puget
Sound spreading out before the city, with
its constantly moving shipping forms a
changing panorama that claims the attention
of all visitors to Washington's capital. The
skirting forests and towering hills back of
the place set off to good advantage a picture
that is as rich in colors as only nature in
her happiest mood can paint them. The
beauty in location doubtless had some-
thing to do in determining the selection of
Olympia as the state capital, and the growth
these same beautiful surroundings.

PHOTO. Br ROGERS.

MAIN Street, Olympia.

of the place is, in a measure, due ta

PHOTO. BY ROGERS.

For many years after the era of railroads in the Northwest, the growth of Olym-
pia, in comparison with the other large cities of the Sound district, was slow. During
the past few years, however, much substantial improvement has been made at this

point, and Olympia now occupies a position of consider-
able commercial importance. During this time a num-
ber of very handsome public buildings have been
erected here, and the numerous fine brick blocks on
Main street attest the confidence of Olympia's citizens
in the future growth of their city. The Thurston county
court house, recently built at Olympia, is one of the
handsomest public buildings in thest ate. It is built entire-
ly of Bellingham Bay blue sandstone, and in point of con-
struction and as a handsome piece of architecture, it
outshines any county court house in Washington or Ore-
THURSTON COUNTY COURT HOUSE, ocYMPiA. g^" ^oday. Thc ccst of this maguificeut building wa&

'm-

Olympia, Washington.

337

$140,000. The four stories of the building furnish ample room for the various county
officers and for the halls of justice. The interior finishing is in keeping with
the Very handsome appearance of the exterior. Surmounting the structure is a
lofty octagon-shaped tower. In each of the eight faces of this tower is placed a
large clock dial, and this clock furnishes a correct timepiece for all Olympia. In
addition to the magnificent court house, Olympia has two elegant brick and stone
school buildings. The regular daily attendance at the public schools of the city is
about 1,500. In addition to the fine public schools, the Collegiate Institute, under
the auspices of the Methodist Episcopal church, and the Providence Academy, con-
ducted by the sisters, are located at this point.

Private enterprise has not been remiss in furthering Olynipia's interests. The
McKenny block, the Chilberg block, the First National Bank building, the Hotel
Olympia, the opera-house block and other

fine structures have all been erected here ^ a m "•■w

during the past two years. Noticeable among
these fine buildings is the McKenny block,
located on the corner of Fourth and Main
streets. This was erected in 1890 by Mr.
T. I. McKenny, at a cost of $80,000. It
is four stories in height, and has a front-
age of 60 feet on Main street, with a
depth extending back on Fourth street of -1
120 feet. The material used in its con-
struction is brick, with massive stone trim-
mings, and it presents to the eye every ap-
pearance of solidity and grace of outline. mckennv block, olympia.
The finely finished woodwork of the interior of the building vies with the best inte-
rior finishing of any of the finest buildings of
the Northwest. The building is well heated,
and every attention has been paid to perfect
lighting. The three upper stories of the Mc-
Kenny block are now occupied by the various
state departments of Washington, pending the
erection of the capitol at Ol.vmpia. The state
pays $6,600 a year for these quarters, and the
stores on the ground floor br'ng the owner $5,000
a year more. The erection of such fine struc-
tures at Olympia, as the McKenny block, marks
an epoch in the growth of the city, and it was
just such enterprise as was shown in putting up
this building here that so often crowds places
less favored in location than Olympia to the
front.

Two strong banks are located at Olympia,
the First National and the Capital National
Bank. The First National is the oldest national
bank in the city, having been established in
1884. It is the outgrowth of the old banking

First national bank, Olvmpia.

PHOTO ar ROGERS

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338

The Oregonian's Handbook ot the Pacific Northwest.

PHOTO. BY HOQERS.

Lincoln school, Olympia.

PHOTO. BY ROGERS.

firm of George A. Barnes & Co., afterwards merged into the business of Hoy t, Phillips
& Co. The directors of the First National having determined to erect a building suit-
able for the requirements of the bank, finally accepted the plans of the present structure

which they occupy. The building now occupied by the First
National is a model of the tasteful in architecture, and it is
elegant in design. The foundation is cf stone, and the two-
story superstructure is composed of brick with stone trim-
mings and terra cotta facade. Although the building is only
30x90 feet in size, its erection involved an outlay of $20,000,
as no expense was spared by the bank either in the exterior
or interior finish. The present officers of the First National
are as follows : president, A. A. Phillips ; vice-president, John
F. Gowey ; cashier, L. W. Ostrander ; assistant cashier, Henry
P. Lee. The following is the report of the condition of the
First National Bank of Olympia, Washington, at close of business July 12, 1893 :
Resources — Loans and discounts, $261,275.68; overdrafts, I154.66 ; United States
bonds to secure circulation, $25,000; premiums paid,
$850 ; real estate, furniture and fixtures, $42,533.40 ; cur-
rent expenses and taxes paid, $6,996.85 ; cash on hand,
$43,907.41 ; due from banks, $22,925.99 ; due from United
States treasury, $1,125 ; total, $404,768.99. Liabilities —
Capital stock paid in, $100,000; surplus, $35,000 ; undi-
vided profits, $12,919.25; circulation, $22,500; deposits,
$234,349-74; total, $404,768.99.

Among the leading industrial establishments of

Olympia may be mentioned the Olympia Door and
Lumber Company, the West Side Mill and the
Puget Sound Pipe Company. The present popu-
lation of the city is about 6,000. A large propor-
tien of the citizens own their own homes. Some
of the finest of these private residences are
perched on a high hill which commands a fine
view of the business district of the city, and also
of the entire bay in front. A number of very fine
residences arS also located on the west shore, op-
posite the main part of the city. • A long liridge,
spanning the inlet intervening, connects with the
business part of the town. On the hill, which
furnishes a site for some of the finest residences, is located St. Peter's hospital,
erected at a cost of $20,000. It is in charge of the Catholic Sisters,

Extensive improvements are now being made to the harbor at Olympia, under
the direction of the government, which made an appropriation of $35,000 for this
purpose. This improvement is badly needed, as the water formerly became so shal-
low at the city's docks, during low tide, that it was difficult for deep-water vessels to
approach these landings. The expenditure of this money on harbor improvements
here, however, will entirely remedy this trouble. The Northern Pacific Railroad
Company now runs daily trains south from Olympia to Portland, north to Seattle
and Tacoma, and east and southwest to the lower Chehalip valley and to Gray's
Harbor by connection at Centralia. Connection between Olympia and Tenino, a dis-

ST PETER'S HOSPITAL, OLYMPIA.

PHOTO. BY ROGERS.

HOTEL OLYMPIA, OlvMPIA.

Tumwater, Washington.

339

PHOTO BY R0QER9.

W^^^mf^

YOUNG'S HOTEL, OUYMPIA

tance of 15 miles, is made by the Port Townsend & Southern. The steamer Multno-
mah makes round trips daily between Olympia and Seattle, touching both ways at
Tacoma. The steamer Willie plies between Olympia and Shelton, making two round
trips between these points daily. Olympia now has as good transportation facili-
ties as any city on the Sound, and these facilities are being constantly improved.

By an act of congress the state of Washington was endowed with a dona-
tion of 132,000 acres of land when the state was created. The proceeds of this
laud were to be devoted to the erection of suitable capitol buildings. As the value
of this land is now estimated to be about
$2,500,000, the erection of fine state build-
ings at Olympia, in the near future, is
assured, and it is probable when the time
comes to build these fine edifices for state
purposes, that special attention will be
paid to making them the most creditable
public buildings on the coast.

Young's Hotei^. — Among the his-
toric landmarks of Olympia spared by the
effacing ravages of time. Young's hotel,
on the corner of Second and Main streets,
is worthy of special mention. The building now occupied by the hotel was finished
away back in 1849, and under its original name of the Washington hotel attained a
degree of celebrity in the early 50's, still remembered by the pioneer settlers of
Olympia and Tumwater. It was the first house of refreshment in the capital city and
for a long time after its erection the only one. Its patrons embraced the names of
all the public men famous in the formative period of the territorial government of
Washington. Many of these old patrons of the Washington hotel have long since
paid their last debt to nature, leaving behind them nothing but a shadowy memory
of their accomplishments on earth, but not a few still survive to recall the old-time
discussions to which the walls of the Washington once echoed ; discussions on 'opics
then instinct with life but today so long since forgotten that even an argument on
ihe p70S andi cons oi African slavery would sound recent and fresh by comparison.
In 1873 the old Washington hotel passed into the hands of E. T. Young and its name
was changed by the new proprietor to Young's hotel. The house has been enlarged
from time to time under Mr. Young's proprietorship, and today it is capable of enter-
taining 120 guests. It has lost none of its old-time popularity in the hands of E. T.
Young, who is an ex-mayor of Olympia, and who for many years was a prominent
member of the common council of the city. Large, well-ventilated rooms, fine
brands of wines, liquors and cigars, sample rooms for commercial travelers and all
the old-time attention to comfort of guests still make Young's hotel a drawing card
•with the general public.

Tuniveatei*, Washington. — Tumwater, a suburb of Olympia, enjoys the
distinction of having been the first settlement in the Puget Sound country. It is
located on the Des Chutes river, about i^ miles south of Olympia, and is connected
with the big city by an electric railway line. The town enjoys the benefits of a vast
water power in Tumwater falls, which lend their unceasing roar to the business life
of the place. Power for operating the electric line and also for running the street-
lighting plant at Olympia is obtained from these falls. The power of the falls wa

^^^1

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:!*i|

11-

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f-'

I'j ••)

-If

840

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

formerly utilized for running a large flouring mill at Tumwater, but a disastrous fire
in 1892 destroy ed the plant, and owing to general depression in business the mill has
not yet been rebuilt. The falls here are formed by the entire body of the Des Chutes
river plunging over rocky lec'gcs at this point, making a total descent of 82 feet.
The different falls are three in number, making a perpendicular fall of 20, 16 and 26
feet respectively. Rapids inter • ne between each fall. The short-sighted policy of
the original owners of the water power at this point greatly retarded what would
otherwise have' been a great development at Tumwater. This is one of the most
available and most easily controlled water powers of the state and it will some day be
the scene of considerable activity in manufacturing development.

Tumwater contains today about 5'K) people, many of the residents doing business
in Olympia. It is on the line of the Port Townsend & Southern railway running
between Olympia and Tenino, and it is also on the direct line of the proposed Union
Pacific line between Portland and Puget Sound. It is a favorably located point for
building a prosperous town at some time in the future.

81ielt<)n,Wasllilijtj:t<>n. — Shelton, the judicial seat of Mason county, is located
on the arm of Puget Sound known as Hammerton's Inlet. Almost all of Mason coun-
ty's area, consisting of 900 square miles, is mountainous and is covered with vast
forests of fir, pine and cedar. Millions of feet of lumber are now annually logged
in this county and floated in rafts to the different seats of the sawmill industry on
Puget Sound. Shelton is practically the center of this great logging industry and it
is the supply station of the various logging camps located in the county.

The present population of Shelton is about 600. The greater part of the popula-
tion is engaged in the service of the lumber corporations having interests at this
point. Two logging railroads are operated in Mason county with Shelton as the
terminus. The Washington & Southern Railway Company operates about 36 miles
of railroad, inchuhng side-tracks, in the county, and the Shelton & Southwestern
Railway Company has now laid about nine miles of road. This latter company
expects to extend its road to an ultimate connection with the Gray's Harbor branch
of the Northern Pacific at Elma. The extension of this road will prove of great
benefit to Shtlton, as it will op.n up all-rail communication between the town and
all parts of the country. Shelton is 22 miles northwest of Olympia, from which
point it is reached by steamboat which makes two round trips a day between the
two places.

Tacoma., Waslllnjytoii.— Tacoma, the chief industrial city and the most
important seaport of Washington, is located on that part of the headwaters of Puget

Sound known as Commencement Bay. This
bay is an indentation of Admiralty Inlet,
the largest and most important branch of
Puget Sound.

PHrrO. BY FRENCH.

FIBST POSTOFFICE IN T»COM».

backed by statistics, cannot
Handbook."

The rapid rise of Tacoma from mere
village conditions to the position of one of
the most progressive cities of the coast
makes it one of the remarkable cities of
modern times. The record of this marve-
lous growth accurately portrayed in words
fail to be of great interest to the readers of "The

Tacoma , \Vi> hington.

341

•.1!

PHOTO. BY FRENCH.

'fsf:....^.v

-*♦!»

An Histohic Church, Tacoma.

vast forest, the

The great inland sea called Puget Sound, with its forest-lined shores .shadowed
by the mighty peaks of the Cascade and Olympic Mountains, remained practically
an unknown region until early in the 50's, when a few hardy pioneers cut their way
through the dense forests and established a settlement on the shores of KUiot Bay, the
presentsitc of the flourishing city of Seattle. Occasionally,
before that time, a venturesome ship with a foreign flag flying
c its mast head had sailed through the Straits of Fuca into
Puget Sound in search of spars and timber. The crews
of these ships doubtless told in distant lands that far to the
westward lay a beautiful inland body of water bluer than
the Aegean Sea. But even the stories of Puget Sound, em-
bellished by a sailor's vivid imagination, could hardly do
th>" region justice. No other section of equal extent in the
world contains as much natural wealth as does the coun-
try bordering on Puget Sound. Embraced in this region is
the greatest forest on the continent, the most extensive coal
■"^|. sures in the United States, millions of acres of fertile
land, and mountains that contain enormous deposits of
gold, silver, copper, lead and iron-bearing ores. Stretching
back from the water's edge at Tacoma to the foothills
of the mountain peaks, covered with perennial snow,
monarchs of which lift their green-crowned heads as high as 400 feet above the
ground. Beyond this forest, and towering to a height of nearly 15,000 feet is a great

white glacier-covered dome which bears the Indian name
of Tacoma. Beneath the summit of Mount Tacoma and
extending away for miles until lost to the view of the
beholder, is a series of snow-capped peaks of the Cascade
Mountains. Trickling down the mountain sides are hun-
dreds of little creeks which finally unite and form the
several rivers which empty into Puget Sound. One of
these rivers, the Puyallup, flows through an exception-
ally fertile valley and enters Commencement Bay in
front of the city of Tacoma. In the valley of this river
are the most productive hop fields in the world, surpass-
ing in almost every respect the famous hop yards of Kent, England.

It is not to be wondered at that when men learned of the fertility of the soil 01
this region, its matchless resources and mild and salubrious climate they were will-
ing to suffer privations and undertake long hazardous journeys to reach the shores of
Puget Sound. The location of Tacoma,
the birth of the present city, and its foun-
dation date from ]868, when General
Matthew M. McCarver, a well-known
California pioneer, arrived on Puget
Sound, and platted about 60 acres on
what is now called the original townsite
of Tacoma, In the same year Charles
Hanson built the Tacoma mill. For 15
years or more this sawmill was practically
the main support and the only industry

Oldest Church on Puget Sound.

auILT BY REV. DE VORE IN 185^.

-■■1

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i w

SAWMILL SCENE AT TACOMA.

■\m

T ii

HI I
1 :

342

The Ort'gonian's Handbook oi the Pacific Northwest.

PMOTO. BY FUENCH.

Indian Canoes at Tacoma.

of the village. It is now one of
the largest sawmills in the
.United States. At '■■-. dockf can
be seen vessels hailing from all
ports of the Pacific and Atlan-
tic oceans. In the early years
of the settlement of Tacoma,
a boat arriving at this mill from
some outside port was welcomed by the entire population of the village.

Tacoma remained a comparatively unknown town until 1873. Up to that time
the prediction that Tacom«A would ever conta-n a population of i,ocjo people would
not have been considered by any resident of the place. In 1873 an event occurred
that not only amazed the people of the village but which also msde Tacoma a place
of great promise. In that year Tacoma was selected and put down on the maps as
the western terminus of the Northern Pacific railroad. Before this s .lection was
annoimced the company had quietly acquired possession of nearlj- all the land for a dis-
tance of two or three miles back from and a'ong the water front of the village. Unlike
many speculators the men who at that time controlled the Y ■ rthcrn Pacific did not wait
until some one else had made improvenunits beforo; taking . prominent part in pub-
lic matters themselves. They at once went to work, alter acquiring title to the land,
felling the mighty forests, and among the stumps and underbrush laid ,#»
out wide business streets and residence avenues. It was the purpose of
the Northern Pacific to establish here a large and beautiful city, and
although the project was delayed for some years, it
was 6ubsec[uently carried out on a much larger scale
than was first contemplated. The delay in building
the city was caused by the Cascade Mountains pre-
senting a seemingly impassable barrier to the path-
way of the railroad to Pugct Souud. The mountains

turned the line of road to the south so that in reaching the Pacific ocean
was forced to make connection with the Oregon Railway & Navigation Com-
pany's line down the Columbia river to Portland. In 1.SS8, however, ;-;kiJl-
ful engineering demonstrated that the road could be built over ard through the Cas-
cades. The great Stampede tunnel was subsequently built and the Northern Pacific
completed its main line to Taccma, The advent of the railroad to Tacoma was fol-
lowed by a period of great activity in the growth of tiie city, a growth that has sel-
dom been equaled in city building in the United Slates.

The Northorn Pacific in building to the rb.ores of Puget Sound opened up for
settlement the vast area of country surrounding this inlar'^ body of water, and it
caused its matchless resources to become known to the world. A great Ptream of
:m:nigrntiori finding its source .1 the states of the East and South at once commenced
to tlow into the Northwest. Two years afier the completion of the Northern Pacific
to Puget Sound the cities of Tacoma. .Seattle and Spokane had j^rowu to important
centers c-f trade and of a population of about i^^ooo each. Houses could not be built
fast cnoi'gh at Tacoma to shelter the incoming multitude. Capital poured into the
city by millions and 'c was immediately employed here in the erection of dwelling
houses and substantial business blocks. Mills, factories, warehouses and elevators
began to fill up the low ground at the waters' edge, and stores and offices multiplied

ww"rt'.t.'iUL«t

P. R. R. Co. '8 Car Shops, Tacova.

Tacowa, Washington.

343

IN1ERI0H. N. P. R. R. Machine Shops, Tacom*.

on the business streets. The Northern Pacific built extensive side-tracks and gave
the city terminal rates which placed it at an advantage over all other points on Puget
Sound. It is due to these rates that Tacotna
has handled most of the wheat of the state of
Washington shipped from Puget Sound ports.
The growth of Taconia has not only
been phenouieual, but in many respects it
has been the most marvelous of the growth
of any American city. Since the comple-
tion of the Northern Pacific over 27,000 peo-
ple have arrived in Tacoma and made the
city their p(.'rn:anent home. The United
States census or i8t;o placed the census of
Tacoma at 36,200. This rapid increase of
population is still taking place, for the care-
fully compiled directory of 1S93 showed
that Tacoma and its suburbs ai that time
contained about 49,000 people.

The location of Tacoma and the beauty of its surroundings make it one of the
mo'jt attractive of residence cities. Tacoma is built upon a peninsula which runs to
a point forming a triangle. The highest point of this promontory is its center, a
hip^ plain extending its entire length, ending at its extreme norther" boundary in
?.n abrupt precipice. This is Point Defiance. F'rom the water front and the tide
fl:.ts covering three and one-half square miles and lying below and in front of the
city the land rises gradually and in natural terraces. The summit of the slope is
about 300 feet above the waters' edge. The ea.st and west streets ascend the hill at
easy grades and the main avenues running north and south stretch along the natural
benches of the hillside for miles, forming magnificent drives. The residence district
o.' the city is situated on the high lands where the windows of nearly every house
command a magnificent view of the romantic mountain scenery. In this part of the
city arc many costly mansions surrounded by beautifully laid-out lawns and gardens.
The rippling waters of Commencement Bay, with its high promontories and the
irregular contour oi its thickly wooded shore line, form a picturesque foreground foi

the fir-clad sljpes and great snow-capped peaks of the
Cascade Mountains. Surmounting this range, and in
plain view of Tacoma, is Mount Tacoma, the monarch
of the Cascades. This superb peak, clad in robes of
virgin white, incomparable in its beauty and grandeur,
towers 14.444 feet above sea level. Encircling its slopes
is a system of enormous glaciers and ice fields presenting
an almost impassable obstacle in the pathway of the
Alpine climber attempting to scale its heights. Beyond
the tide lands beneath the city the Puyallup river can be
seen winding its way through the dense forest and thick
underbrush of the Puy.Uup Indian reservation, emerg-
ing from which it flows a short distance and empties its
waters into the bay in front of the city.

It is on the low lands bordering the tide flats that many of the city's industrial
plants are located. These include woolen mills, foundri^c, match, soap, furniture,

Mt. Tacoh* (rainier) from tacoma.

V, .1^^

844

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

PHOTO. BY FRENCH.

Co*L Bunkers, T..com*.

I'HOTO. BY FRENCH.

box and cracker factories, stockyards, iron and
boiler works, breweries and sawmills. Among the
latter is the extensive plant of the St. Paul and
Taconia Luniber Conipau)-. This is one of the
largest plants of the kind on the coast. Further
oown the bay is the terminal yard of the Northern
Pacific railroad. Next come the bijf ocean wharves
and coal bunkers. From here down to a point
near Point Defiance the shore is lined with great
elevators and warehouses, large flouring mills and
saw and shingle mills. Just outside the city limits and before the end of the peninsula
is reached is the Tacoma smelter. This is the largest plant of the kind on the coast.
Ores are received here from Alaska, British Columbia, California and Mexico. In
1892 this smelter turned out 14,861 ounces of gold, 528,060 ounces of silver and
4,176,803 pounds of lead. This output was worth $937,740.

Tacoma is essentially a manufacturing city. From manufacturing alone it
derives a large part of its revenue. The products of its mills and factories are staple
articles of commerce in the cities of South America, Oceanica and the Orient. It
has been within the past five years that Tacoma has
showed its remarkable conmiercial developments.
Starting with a few .sawmilLs, it now has within its
limits manufactories representing $9,400,000 of in-
vested capital. These industries employ 3,500 men
and their output for 1893 aggregated over $9,000,000.
The advantageous location of Tacoma, at the head of
deep-water navigation on Puget Sound, makes it a
natural manufacturing center. At its very thresh-
hold are resources that would support a city of large
population. The future of Tacoma rests alone on the
development of these great resources which today ofler splendid opportunities for
the investment of capital.

The coal fields of Pierce county are the most important in the state. This coal
makes a coke equal to that of the famous Connelsville coke of Pennsylvania. At
Wilkinson, a few miles from Tacoma, 60 coke ovens are now in full blast. The im-
portance of the proximity of this coking coal to Tacoma cannot be overestimated, in
its bearing on the future prosperity of the city. In the manufacture of iron alone it
will play an important part here. The mountains of Western Washington contain
inexhaustible quantities of the best iron ores, and it is but a question of a few years
when this ore will be converted into pig iron at Tacoma. The vast and almost
unbroken forests surrounding Puget Sound are the greatest of America's timber

reserves. This forest contains the finest timber in
the world for general building purposes. The manu-
facture of lumber is now and will be for years the
most important industry of We.stern Washington.
Tacoma is the greatest lumbering center in the state,
jlJ^i^k and Pierce county, of which it is the seat of justice,
contains millions of feet of the finest timber. The
agricultural lands adjacent to Tacoma produce 30,000
bales of hops per year. Of the wheat crop of the

LOADING LUMBE't, TACOMA.

PHOTO. BY FRENCH.

Ship Bjildinq, Tacoma.

'B--^^Mfi

Tacoma, Washington.

846

PHOTO OV FRENCH.

State Insane Asylum, Steilacoom.

PHOTO. BV FRENCH.

State, estimated for 1893 at 22,000,000

bushels, nearly one-half is brought to

TacoDia for shipment to foreign ports.

Another great industry that contributes

to Tacoma' s prosperity are the fisheries

of Puget Sound. This inland sea teems

with the best of food fishes. Oti' Cape

Flattery the halibut fishing surpasses

that off New F'oundland. These fish are

brought to Tacoma in small sailing craft and from this point they are shipped to

Eastern and interior points.

The suburbs of Tacoma contain manj' interesting and picturesque points which
are reached, as are all parts of the city, by a well-equipped and perfectly-managed
rapid-transit system. There are now 60 miles (f electric lines and two miles of
cable road in operation at Tacoma. The Tacoma Railway & Motor Company, with
a capital stock of $2,000,000, has an equipment of 52 first-class cars and employs 150
men. It operates 49 miles of street railway. The company makes its own cars
which, in workmanship and finish, are equal to the most expensive cars manufac-
tured in the East. The Eleventh-street cable road, operated by this company,

forms a connection with a motor line run-
ning to American I/ake, a beautiful sheet
of fresh water four miles in length. From
the lake the line runs to Fort Steilacoom,
15 miles distant from Tacoma. This old
abandoned fort, now the site of the state
insane asylum, was established as an out-
post of the Hudson's Ray Company, and
later, in 1849, it was garrisoned by a company of United States artillery. The his-
torical traditions that surround it make it a spot of great interest. It was here that
General Sherman and other noted soldiers gained their first experience in actual
warfare. The first term of court held north of the Columbia river convened at this
point in October, 1849. This court tried and convicted two Indians of the Snoqual-
mie tribe, who had led an attack on Fort Nisqually, and these Indians were
luinged here.

The Point Defiance, Tacoma and Edison Railway Company is cai?italized for
$50o,ijoo. It operates an electric line 13 miles in length. This line runj from the
suburban part of the city called Edison to Point Defiance, located just beyond the
western limits of Tacoma. At Point Defiance the city maintains a magnificent
natural park of over 700 acres in extent. This park is beautifully situated on a high
and broad plateau which slopes down to the wide, sandy and pebble-strewn beach of
Commencement Bay. In it are great pyramidal
forest trees, numerous rivulets and miniature
waterfalls, and in the summer a bewildering
confusion of ferns and wild flowers. In 1893,
seven miles of drives were laid out here, and
50,000 trees and shrubs were planted in the
park. A walk 15 miles in length is now being
built around the beach. There a number of

.^sm;f^-i'."

Point Defiance, Puget Sound.

photo, by FRENCH.

41W*'

Wriqmt Park, tacoma.

346

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

PHOTO. BY FRENCH.

C Street Business Blocks, Tacom*.

Other public parks in the city that are much frequented by residents and visitors.
The largest of these is Wright Park, a tastily arranged and designed tract of land
containing 27 acres, located in the heart of the residence portion of the city.

When the Northern Pacific F ailroad Company determined to make Tacoma its
terminal city, its engineers were instructed to forget the wilderness that covered the
prospective site of the city, and to bear in mind only its future greatness. These

instructions were carefully carried out and today Tacouia
presents the appearance of one of the most splendidly
planned cities on the continent. The spirit of having every-
thing connected with Tacoma done on a most magnificent
scale has always, dominated the actions of its citizens, and
nearly every public or private enterprise has been planned
and matured with an idea of the future greatness of the
city constantly in view. The business streets of Tacoma
are built up with fine blocks of brick and stone that in
architectural design, appointments and cost are not sur-
passed by the finest structures of any cii.y on the continent. Commencing in 1888,
with the advent of the railroad, business blocks and residences multiplied at a
remarkably rapid rate. In carrying on these extensive building operations, the
citizens entered into a friendly rivalry in their attempts to make each other's build-
ing surpass in point of architectural beauty and solidity the class of buildings that
had preceded it. This public-spirited rivalry has resulted in making Tacoma a com-
pactly and attractively built city. Nearly all the buildings that line its business
streets are of the most modern style of architecture, being of brick and stone and
they are ecjuipped and furnished in the most approved style.

The four principal business thoroughfares of Tacoma — Pacific, Railroad
and Tacoma avenues and C street — run parallel to each other. Tacoma avenue,
which is at an elevation of about 200 feet or more above Pacific avenue, is paved
with asphalt, and is lined with small retail shops and stores.
At the head of C street is the new Chamber of Commerce
building, an imposing brick and stone structure six stories
high, and which cost $150,000. The Tacoma Chamber of
Commerce is a representative body of business men who
zealously guard the city's interests. The Chamber acts as
an intelligence body in answering questions pertaining to
Tacoma, or the country of which the city is the commer-
cial center, and all letters addressed to this body will re-
ceive the most prompt attention.

Pacific avenue, the principal retail business street, is
120 feet wide, and extends from a point north of the North-
ern Pacific depot to the ocean wharves. Occupying a

T .. A it 1 1 r ii • • ii -i City Hal., Tacoma.

commanding site at the head of tins avenue is the city

hall, one of the most imposing municipal buildings occupied for municipal purposes
in the West. It is built of Roman brick, and its construction involved an outlay of
1300,000. Another public building here, the finest of its character in the Northwest,
is the Pierce County court house. '' ais stately stone edifice cost about $450,000. It is
the handsomest building in ti?e city. A large quantity of the stone used in the con-
struction of the court house was turnisiied by the Pittsburg Stone Company, which
owns an extensive blue sandstone quarry at Burnett, Washington. The stone of this

PHOTC. BY FRENCH.

FHOTO. BY FRENCH.

LOADING Wheat, Tacoma.

PHOTO. 8Y FRENCH.

Tacoma, Washington. 847

quarry is in great demand, owing to its cheapness and superior
quality. It has been extensively used in the be>t structures
of Tacoma and Seattle. The Pittsburg Stone Company, with
offices at Tacoma, are prepared to fill orders for promiscuous
blocks, dimension and rubble stone, and sawed stone.

On the eastern side of the Cascade Mountains, and beyond
the broad Columbia river, lay the great wheat fields of Wash-
ington. The prolific soil of this region annually yields over
20,ooo,ooc:) bushels of wheat. This wheat is shipped by vaiP'"" '=™'"" -^"""^ "™5'' "'=°"*

to Tacoma and there loaded in vessels for shipment
to different parts of the world. The first wheat ship-
ment made from Tacoma was made in 1881, by the
American ship Dakota. This was the beginning of a
commerce which, in 12 years, has made Tacoma one
of the greatest grain-exporting ports of the Pacific,
and the only point on Puget Sound from which for-
eign shipments of grain are made. The wheat is
handled in Tacoma by four elevators, with a total
storage capacity of 2,500,000 l)ushels. This will be
increased, in 1894, by the erection of a 1,000,000 bushel elevator
by a combination of the farmers of Eastern Washington. The
carrying of this wheat to Tacoma for shipment has resulted in
the establishment here of four large flouring mills, whose com-
bined output, in 1893, was valued at about ;J2, 000,000. Of this
flour 70 per cent is exported to China and Japan. That Taioma
is fast becoming one of the important seaports of the world is
shown by the wheat and flour shipments from this place since
1881. The first cargo of wheat for foreign ports from Tacoma
was valued at $51,000. During the next season, 1882-3, the
American ships Gregory and Iroquois, took away an aggregate of
129.000 centals of wheat, valued at |;207,Stxj. The following sea-
sons the British ship Hecla cleared with a cargo of 44,923 cen-
tals, valued at $67,384. In 1885 three ships car-
ried away from Tacoma 140,920 centals, val-*
ued at $185,860. During the season of 1887-8
Tacoma shipped ii cargoes, containing 717,510
centals, valued at $894,583. In the season of
18S8-9 27 cargoes cleared from Tacoma, aggre-
gating 1,774,139 centals, valued at $1,522,140,
The next season's shipments showed a large
increase. In 1890 i 45 vessels cleared from
Tacoma with 2,150,776 centals of wheat, valued
at $3,593,440. A recapitulation of the custom-
house reports shows that during the season
of 1891-2 there left Tacoma 48 cargoes, containing an aggregate of 2,152,016
centals of wheat and 90,393 barrels of flour, of a total value of $3,658,146. At the
present writing seven ships are loading wheat at Tacoma, and a fleet of eight more
is on its way to the city. The following table gives the name of each ship loaded
with flour or wheat, its tonnage, amount of value of each cargo and tonnage which
left Tacoma between vSeptember 10, 1892, and September 2, 1893 :

Discharging Tea, Tacoma.

PHOrO. BY FRENCH.

■^s

Wharf Scene, iacoma.

'i 'tW \
,U

348

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

DATE

Sept. 10
Sept. 27
Sept. 21t
Oct. (I
Oct. 15
Oct. 15
Oct. 15
Oct. 15
Oct. -22
Oct. 22
Oci 22
Oct. 27
Oct. 21»
Oct. ;!0
Nov. 2
Nov. 8
Nov. (t
Nov. 12
Nov. 12
Nov. 15
Nov. 17
Nov. 20
Nov. 21
Dec. H
Dec. !5
Dec. S
Dec. i>
Dec. II
Dec. 15
Dec. 22
Dec. 21
Dec. 20
Jan. 3
Jan. 7
Jan. 12
Jiui. 18
Jan. 20
Jan. 24
Jan. 21
Jan. 28
Kel). rf
Feb. It
Feb. 15
Feb, 15
Feb. 21
.Feb. 20
Fcl>. 28
Mar. 10
Mar. 15
MRr. 2.">
Mar. 20
Mar. 20
Mat. 21)
Apl. 20
Apl. 21
May 8
May 10
June 10
June 30
July 1
July 22

Auk. '•^-
Sept. 2
Sept. 2

RIG

Br. S. S

nr. S. S

Dr. Uark

Br. Ship

Hr. Ship

Hr. Ship. ...

Hr. Ship

Hr. S. S ;.

Br. .Ship

Br. Bark

Ur. Ship

Hr. Bark

Hr. Ship

Br. Bark

Hr. Bark

Br. Ship

Hr. Ship

Hr. Bark

Bi.Ship

Br. S. S

Br. Ship

Oer. B:irk

Br. Sliip

Br. Ship

I'r. Ship

Br. Ship

Br. Sh.p

Br. S. S

Br. Ship

Br. Bark

Br. Sliip

Br. Ship

Br. S. S

Br. Ship

Hr. Ship

Br. Ship

Am. snip....

Br. Ship

Hr. S. S

Hr. Ship

Hr. S. S

Ocr. Ship

Br. Ship

Br. Ship.

Br. S. S..

Br. Ship.

Br. Ship..

Br. Ship.

Br. S. S..

Br. Ship

Br. S. S

Br. Ship

Br. S. S

Br. S S

Br. S. S

Am. Ship

Br. Ship

NAME

Phra Nang

Victoria

F;Uiot

Uarty Lawrence

Ft'.rest Hall

B;n Nevi.4

Aiulreta

1,0c Sok

Recoi .i

Inveresk

Colony —

I.ucipara

Wynnstay

Ariadne

Karl Derby

North Riding

Mylometie

Flarnsclifl

Drumburtou

Zambesi

Star of Italy

(;ut?ii')nrg

Diiu.sdale

Fingal

Hawksdale

Timandra

l,aily l.sabella

Ventura

Victoria

Annc.sley

luvermark

MacMillan

Persian l<;inpire

Lindisfanie

Tacoma

British Commodore.

Pass of Brander

Middlesex

Pass of Melfort

*Abner Coburn

(5alatea

Mtlrfuope

Flintshire

Centurion

Victoria

ICmin P.'isha

Crown of F;ngland..,

City of Delhi.

Dalgonar

Tacoma

Archdale

St. Moiian

Andora

Mogul

Oarsdale

Drumclifl'.

Victoria

Tacoma

Kcclefechan

Mogul

Victoria

Tacoma

tC. S. Bement

Glenalvon

REG

WHKAT

FLOUR

TOMS

CEHTALS

BBLS.

1,021

8,850

1,1H)2

5,750

1,0<!6

17,(W0

1,107

47,405

i.mm

70,81)0

1,061

32,!!03

1,708 :

00,210

1012

125

1,722

01,111

1,297

61,727

1,W)4 !

50,225

1,8(W

(i4,818

1,573 !

53,700

1,107

ll),()83

iHii

32,310

1,371

44,1)1)0

l,!i00 !

07,02i-.

1,875 '

(i;{,074

1,840 1

(J6,I25

1,505 1

14,713

1,571 i

41),57(i

027 j

22,2,{2

1,771) 1

02 21)4

2,488

88,175

1,723

01,8111

1,5(M)

50,1K)5

l,4(i2

51,01)4

l,(i()it

57,320

l,iM)2

10,875

l,5i)l

5:1,155

1,331

20,085

1,450

4l),(i83

1,5.T2

40,217

l,(i(iO

r)8,210

l,«(il

6,102

1,31K)

45,008

1 0!)3

75,85(i

1,(11)2

5S,251

2,llMi

84,8;!0

1,8711

40,841

1,01)4

55,652

l,(i08

47,(WO

2,«)4

10,250

1,701

02,088

1,1)1)2

9,500

l,5(f7

54,351

1,703

01,443

l,l!ll)

38,088

2,5(15

87,31)0

l.(Hil

5,050

1,471)

54,280

1,4')3

48 052

1,070

50,1)80

1,827

; 1,4(H)

l,(l(li')

57,105

2,408

83,101)

1,1)1)2

0,512

1,001

1 7,380

2,031

06,1)50

1827

3.7r)0

1,1)02

2,050

1,001

0,472

1,8!M)

58,255

2.072

72,800

S !W,280
29,375
-().4(K»
58 000
85,000
4(),0(K)
76 000
015
77, (XX)
05,520
70,3(H)
■SO.OOO

00 (X)0
«2,l)7(i
40,100
56,0(K)
84,500
78,(MX)
81,405
58.K52
(H),318
28,(XX)
75.0(X)

110,(HK)
74, (XX)
(il.(HX)
(i3,()00
7(),0(X)
38,002
0«,0(H)

100,(XK)

01 (XX)
5I,(XK)
(i8,0tX)
10 32(1
55,0(X)
S9,0(X)
08,000

1(X).(XX)
65.000
(i5,(XX)
58,(XX)
60,842
75,(i(H)
30,1)57
(6,000
73.0(X)
47(K;0

102,(XX)
20,2(X)
00,015
60,000
00,000
4,4;iO
(10,500
1)8,500
20.8:18
23,010
70,(XX)
11,812
(i OiVi
m),074
50,(XXJ
73, (XX)

DESTINATION

Hong Kong
Hong Kong
Limerick
U. K. 1. o.
('. K. I. o.
U K. f. o.
Gloucester
Hong Kong
U. K. f. o.
U. K. f. o.
U. K. f. o.
II . K. f. o.
U. K. f o.
London
II. K. f. o.
U. K. 1. o.
U. K. f. o.
Bristol
V. K. f. o.
Hong Kong
U. K. f. o.
U. K. ». o.
II. K. {. o.
Antwerp
Anlwerj)
I'lyniouth
Cork
Cork

Hong Kong
U. K. r. o.
U. K. f. o.
Cardiff
U. K. f. o.
II. K. f o.
Hong Kong
U. K. 1. o.
U. K. f o.
U. K. f. o.
U. K. f. o.
Liverpjol
U. K. t. o.
U. K. f. o.
Hong Kong
I'. K. f. o.
I long Kong
U. K. f. o.
IT. K. f. o.
IT. K. f. O.
Liverpool
Hong Kong
U. K. f. o.
U. K. f. o.

K. f. o.

ng Kong

K. f. Q.

K. f. o.
Hong Kong
Hong Kong
U. K. f. o.
Hong Kong
Hong Kong
Hong Kong
Liverpool
U. K. f. o.

V.
H
V.
U.

• Also 11,010 cases .salmon, value $44,(XX).
t Also 10,6(U cases .salmon, value J47,500.

Tacoma, Washington.

The exports from Tacoma are not exclusively con-
fined to wheat and flour. Long before a bushel of
whea. was shipped from this port an industry sprung
up at Tacoma which in subsequent years proved to l>e
the most potent cause of the city's rapid develop-
ment. This industry was the manufacture of lum-
ber. It is estimated that the forests of which Tacoma
is the lumbering center contain 1,500,000,000 feet of
lumber. Of this 60 per cent, is fir, a wood more valu-
able than pine and as durable as oak. A large por-
tion of the remaining woods of this vast forest is red

cedar. From this wood

;u»

"MOTO. BY FRENCH.

Te« Steameh at t*com» Wharves.

PHOTO BY FRENCH.

....^i^

Pacific Avenue from 1;ith, tacoma.

Pacific Avenue from Ninth, Tacoma.

PHOTO. BY FRENCH.

there were manufactured in

1H93 over 125,000,000 shingles. The lumber industries

doing business in Tacoma have an aggregate capital

invested of 14,600,000 and they employ 1,235 men. The

total output of the Tacoma sawmills in 1892 was 153,137,-

840 feet of lumber. Among the sawmills of Tacoma are

two of the largest in the

United States. These two

mills alone shipped by water

in 1892 59,744,218 feet of

lumber and 20,ck;o,ooo laths.

The same causes which have combined to make

Tacoma an important manufacturing city have also

tended to make it one of the leading jobbing centers of

Puget Sound. With the advantages of shipping facilities

both by rail and by water and with cheap freight rates to
local and distant points, Tacoma holds the key to the trade
of the rich and boundless expanse of country surrounding
it and stretching away far to the east. The success and
rapid growth of Tacoma's wholesale trade almost surpasses
belief From a business of $2,500,000 in 1888 the trade of
the city increased to $io,o<k),ooo in 1890, and to over |i 8,000,-
000 in 1893. This is a record that has never been equaled
in the Union. There are today in Tacoma 107 firms doing
a jobbing business. These houses employ 84 traveling
salesmen and 2,544 other men.

The extensive car shops of the Northern Pacific Railroad Company are located in
the suburban part of the city called Edison. The.5e comprise a substantial group of
buildings covering about 60 acres of land. The
total cost of this immense plant was about
1850,000. The monthly payroll of these shops
amounts to over $40,000, and the manufactured
product coming from them consists of engines,
boilers, cars and everything connected with the
operating of a railroad. During 1892 these shops ^
turned out 200 patent stock cars, and 65 engines.
Arrangements are now being made for manufac-
turing here nearly all the passenger coaches used

Eleventh Street, Tacoma.

PHOTO. BY FRENCH.

r;;:;;;i;!i::!!;it';''"""

I >i

^'im

ji-

C STREET FROM UNION CtUB, TACOMA.

350

The Orefionian' s Handbook ot the Pacific Northwest.

DRV Dock. Tacom*.

PHOTO. BY FRENCH.

The Whitma' School, Tacom*.

by the company. The iron-working establishments
represent $275,000 invested capital. They employ 260
men and the value of their product is about |8o5,ooo.

The public school system of Tacoma is an admir-
able one The parsimonious policy of some com-
munities in providing narrow halls and poorly venti-
lated rooms has not prevailed in Tacoma. On the
contrary, the city has large modern school buildings
which present a fine architectural appearance. These
buildings are furnished with every convenience for
the comfort and health of the pupils. Tacoma has
closely followed the most approved methods of edu-
cation from other cities. In 1885 the school property
of Tacoma was valued at $30,000, and the average daily attendance at the public
schools at that time was 600. At the present time over
5,500 pupils receive instruction in the 15 handsome and
commodious school buildings of the city, and these build-
ings are valued at $379,oco. These buildings contain
furniture worth '$45, coo, and the grounds they occupy
are worth $285,000. This makes the total valuation of
all school property in the city $609,600. The Tacoma
high school is an excellent institution, and its graduates
enter college without additional preparation or study.
The names of the different public schools and their respective cos . are as follows :
Bryant, $61,000 ; Central, $30,000 ; Emerson, $34,000; Edison, $12,000; Franklin,

$27,000; Hawthorne, $31,000; Irving, $30,000;
$12,500; Longfellow, $15,000; Lowell, $47,000;
$10,000; Sherman, $28,000 ; Sheridan, $10,000 ;
$32,000.

The growth of the churches of Tacoma has
with the growth of the other interests of the city,
church organized in Tacoma was the St. Peters Episcopal,
V- the congregation of which is still holding services in the
quaint old church building with its detached wooden bell-
tower erected in 1857. There are now 54 churches in Tacoma.
They have an aggregate membership of 7,500. The Sunday schools and mission
organizations fostered by the stronger churches will
add almost as many members more. The Young Mens'
Christian Association was organized in Tacoma in 1883.
Since that time it has rendered valuable practical aid
to hundreds of young men in the city. The association
is now perfecting plans for the erection of a large
building, which when completed will give the institu-
tion the best equipment of any association on the coast.

The shrewd business man is aware of the fact that
banks always indicate accurately the financial condi-
tion of a community in which they do business. Hence
statistics of banks and banking of any community fur- ,„,„q 8<.„ool, tacoma.

photo, by FRENCH.

Lincoln,

Oakland,

Whitman,

kept pace
The first

Lowell School, Tacoma.

photo, by FRENCH.

Tacoma, Washing-ton.

351

PHOTO. BY FRENCH.

nish nnqueslioned statistics of the city's standing. The remark-
able growth of Tacoma is shown by the volume of business trans-
acted by its financial institutions. From comparative poverty of
a few years ago, Tacoma has grown to be one of the great money
centers of the West. There are now doing business here 20 banks,
with a capital of $3,504,200, and whose surplus and undivided
profits amount to $705,000. Of these banks seven are natioral,
five state, six savings, and two are branches of foreign banks.
The showing of these banks is as follows: Tacoma Nation al,P''"Bi'TEni»N church, tacom«

$200,000; Merchants National, $250,000; Pacific Na-
tional, $200,000; Washington National, $500,000; Na-
tional Bank of Commerce, $200,000 ; Citizens National,
$ioo,coo; Columbia National, $279,200; Traders Bank,
$500,000 ; Fidelity Trust Company, $500,000 ; Commer-
cial Bank, $200,000; Scandinavian Bank, $100,000 ; Ger-
man American, $60,000 ; Tacoma Trust & Savings,
$50,000 ; Union Savings, $100,000 ; Tacoma Building
& Savings Association, $100,-
000 ; State Savings, $75,000 ;
Puget Sound Savings, $50,-
000 ; Edison Savings, $50,000 ; Bank of British Colum-
bia, [branch], $3,000,000; London & San Francisco,
limited, [branch], $2,450,000 ; Metropolitan Savings,
$ioo,coo. During the panic of last year, the Tacoma
banks, like many other strong financial institutions of
the country were called upon to meet several runs, and
as a result some of the banks of the city were forced to
suspend payment. Satisfactory steps have since been
taken however to put these suspended banks in con-
dition for reopening, and

The tONQFELLOW SCHOOl-, TACOMA.

PHOTO. BY FHENCH.

Lincoln school, tacoma.

with the faith which the
people of Tacoma show in their home banks, it is high-
ly probable that the affairs of all the banks will be soon
placed in such shape that they will all continue in
business.

Tacoma is in a good financial condition. Its credit
is good, its bonds rank high in moneyed circles of the
East, as is evidenced by the recent purchase of $1,750, -
oco of Tacoma water bonds, at a premium by one East-
ern capitalist. The city's indebt-
edness is exceedingly low when
extensive public improvement which the city has made
duly considered. The following figures showing the
assessed valuation of property in Tacoma at different periods
during the past 12 years will prove interesting. In 1882 the
total assessed value of property in Tacoma was $75.ooo- Five
years later this had increased to $4,090,798. During the next
three years the influx of population and wealth caused an
increase in property valuations of over 700 per cent., and in 1890 the assessed valu-
ation of property amounted to $29,841,750. In January, 1893, the valuation of Tacoma

Bryant School, Tacoma.

PHOTO. BY FRENCH.

the
are

Emerson school, tacoma.

'! ■■;■*■■'

i : ■'.■■'

\:-,

862

The Oreg^oninn's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

PHOTO. BY FRENCH.

U-

■'!.
ill

h "
<1

The franklin School Tacoma.

PHOTO. BY FRENCH.

Central School, Tac:)ma,

property as shown by the city's assessment roll, wa.s
$43,074,147.

Tacoma is now |the only American competitor of vSan
I'Vaiicisco for the Asiatic trade. The Nortliern Pacific
Steamship Company run two fast passenger steamers and
mail steamers each month between Tacoma, Hong Kong,
Shanghai and Yokohama. This company also owns a fleet
of sailing vessels which ply between Tacoma and the Orient.
The westward cargoes of these vessels consist of liunher,
flour, salmon and general freight. The return cargoes from
the Orient are made up of silks, rice, jutes, curios and pro-
ducts of Chinese and Japanese skill. The Pacific Steamship Company runs a line
of boats between Tacoma and San Francisco. Another T l- of steamers plies be-
tween Tacoma and Alaska, and the boats of the recently
organized North Pacific Steamship Company run from Ta-
coma to Vancouver, B. C, and from the latter port to Port-
land, touching at Seattle and Port Townsend each way.
In addition to the large fleet of ocean vessels which touch at
Tacoma, numerous small craft ply between Tacoma and all
points on Pugct Sound. The custom's report of the Puget
Sound collection district shows that the value of exports
for the fiscal year ending June i, 1S93, was 15,255,966. Of
this amount $3,321,511, or nearly 61 ''2 per cent., was cred-
ited to exports from Tacoma. In 1892 it was shown that 416 vessels, having a regis-
tered tonnage of 478,828, entered the port of Tacoma, as against 310 vessels of a
tonnage of 384,295, which sailed into the harbor here in 1891. The imports to Ta-
coma from China and Japan for the six months ending June
30, 1893, aggregated in value $4,252,540.
,nV" 1 '6^,,:^^ To its commerce Tacoma owes much of its greatness.

It is here that the tracks of the Northern Pacific railroad
first reach tide water. Here the ocean steamers and wheat
ships which come ito Pnget Sound reach the farthest point
inland. It is at Tacoma that the riches of the Ivast meet
in exchange for the products of the West. The meeting
here of the iron horse with the ocean greyhounds forms
the shortest and most direct route between the Atlantic seaboard and the ports of
Australia, India and the Orient. I'orty year.-, ago the prophetic finger of Thos.
H. Benton pointed to this route as the American road to Asia. There is demon-
strated today what the utterances of this far-vSeeing
statesman intimated when he said that it would "revive
upon its Hue all the wonders of which we have read
and eclipse them, and that the wilderness from the
Mississippi to the Pacific would start into new life
at its touch." Today the Asiatic trade is controlled
to a great extent by England. An examination of
the geographical location of Puget Sound, and a
comparison of distances between it and Asia and be-
tween Asia and Liverpool, will disclose the fact that
this trade naturally belongs to the United States.

photo, by FRENCH.

Hawthorne School, Tacoma.

photo, by FRENCH.

■ '-'^ff^^SS^^.

St. JOSEPH'S Hospital, Tacoua.

Tacoma, Washington.

3o;}

was

Exposition Building, T*com«.

PHOTO. BY FRENCH.

I'St:.- "•'■•- •

Puget Souiul is 5,iK)o miles nearer IIotif( Konj^ than is
Liverpool, and by way of Tacoma, New York is brouyht
1,400 miles nearer to Canton than is Liverpool. Australia,
Oceatiica and vSil)eria are thousands of miles nearer the state
of Washiiijrton than they are to Kngland. It is impossible
to estimate the magnitude of the commerce that will some
day spring up between Puget Sound and the Orient.
In 1H93 the city of Tacoma purchased from a private corporation a system of
water works and a complete electric light plant. This purchase was consummated at a
cost of |i,75o,oo<j. The city was bonded for this amount and it is a source of much
gratification to its citizens that during one of the most wide-spread and severe busi-
ness depressions the country has ever experienced, the bonds of Tacoma readily com-
manded a premium in the financial
centers of the Kast. The ciiy now
daily uses 6,tx)o,ooo gallons of water
out of an available daily supply of

9,000,000 gallons. The present sources ,^^^M»<^^^.j^i>'iigit0^\
of supply are Spanaway lake and
Clover creek. These are connected by a rectangular
conduit — a flume 24 inches scjuare, parts of whic'.i
are now being replaced by a 22 it;ch stave pipe. Tne
system embraces four dams havii:g a combined out-
flow of 6,5oo,ocK) gallons, and a storage oapr.city of
1,400,000 gallons, and a reservoir with a capacity at a
depth of 13 feet of about i,7So,a)() gallons. Two
pumping stations, with a capacity of 3, ooo.cxx) gallons
per day, send the water to elevated parts of the city,
of street mains and 245 fire hydrants.

Tacoma is well protected from fire by a department that has achieved a reputation
of being one of the best disciplined and most efficient organizations of its kind on
the coast. The force consists of a chief, an assistant chief and 60 men. The appa-
ratus and department property cost 1147,790. It includes six steam fire engines, two
chemicals, three hook and ladder trucks, four hose wagons and four supply wagons.
The operating expenses of the department amount to about 190,000 a year.

Thk Eurkka S.\ndstone Company. — The most extensive stone quarry in
Western Washington is located at Tenino and is owned by the P'ureka Sandstone
Company of Tacoma. It is with one exception the only blue sandstone quarry in

Oregon or Washington. The crushing
strength of this stone is 5,000 pounds to
the square inch. All the stone from this
quarry is quarried and cut by machinery,
steam channelers, steam derricks, gang
saws and other improved machinery
being used for this purpcse. The stone
is sawed in all dimensions and of any
desired thickness. The daily output of
the plant is about 1,500 cubic yards of
sawed stone. This is taken out of a solid
EUREK* SANDSTONE C0..9 WORKS, TENiNo. wall ofrock ovcr I oo feet high. It is

AMERICAN LAKE, TACOMA.

The system includes 67 miles

364

The Oregoniati's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest,

used in the erection of the finest structtjres of all the
large cities of Western Washington and Oregon. The
new Chamber of Commerce building of Portland, and
a part of the Pierce county court house at Tacoma,
are built of this stone.

John W. TaiT. — The Tacoma Business College
and Normal Training School is one of the best known
and most prominent of Washington's private edu-
cational institutions. It is managed by Professor
John W. Tait, an able and widely known instructor.
The pupils attending this college come not only from
Tacoma, but also from the smaller cities and rural
districts of the state.

The business course at this school includes in-
struction in commercial law, book-keeping, penman-
ship, actual business and office practice and com-
mercial correspondence. The normal course is especially adapted to those who
desire to become teachers. The English course prepares students for admission to
Eastern universities. Besides these, elocution and shorthand are taught. The tui-
tion fees are very moderate. Circulars explaining the systems taught at the col-
lege will be sent by Professor Tait on application.

The Tacoma School or Shorthand.— The Tacoma School of Shorthand and
Typewriting is one of the few permanent institutions of its kind on the coast,
curriculum of the school embraces a

Prof. j. w. t»it, t»com»,
(tacoma business college.)

The

photo, by FRENCH,

thorough and systematic course in sten-
ography, the system taught being ba.sed
upon simple principles of brief phonetic
writing which are easily mastered by the
student.

A course of three months, in this
school qualifies the student to do satis-
factory work as an amanuensis or sten-
ographer. The terms of tuition and cir-
culars will be sent, on application, by
Mrs. A. C. McGiven, the principal of the
school. This lady is widely known, not
only as a teacher, but as a charming
hostess. The school has night classes which pupils can attend without neglecting
their business. Graduates of this school are assisted in securing positions.

Puyallup, Wash iniyf ton. — Puyallup, located on the mainline of the North-
ern Pacific, nine miles east of Tacoma, and near the junction of the Seattle and
Tacoma branch of the same road, is easily the banner city of the rich tributary
hop and farming district from which it takes its name. Puyallup occupies a site
on the banks of the Puyallup river, and is the banking and commercial center of
one of the best parts of the state of Washington.

Watered by the Puyallup and Carbon rivers, the Puyallup valley is unsurpassed
in richness by any of the other famous valleys of the Northwest. It is 3 miles wide,
and its length is about 20 miles. Practically every acre of this valley land is unex-

Tacoma School of Shorthand, Tacoma.

Puyallup, Washington.

866

PHOTO. BY H. SICWEHf.

FIH8T Nat'l bank Block and Opera House, Puyallup.

PHOTO. BY H. SIEAbRT.

^i.-;:^v*%&5

celled for hop and fruit growing, and it is this
valley which is today one of the greatest hop
gardens of the world.

Puyallup was first settled in 1861. It was not
until 1SH9, when the wonderful development of the
hop fields of this section made the estahlishment
of a trade center here imperative, that Puyallup be-
gan to make any substantial advancement in
growth and material development. Since that
time the growth of the place has been rapid, but
by no means phenomenal when the many natural advantages of its location, its
wonderfully rich tributary district, and last, but not least, the energy and pluck of
its inhabitants are duly considered. Viewed from any other standpoint than that
of Western progress, where cities are expected to grow if they ever get started in
the right channel, the increase in population and wealth of Puj'allup, during the
past four years has been phenomenal, and in this time a city has sprung up where,
before the era of progress began, nestled a small village of but little commercial

importance. Since 1889 hopyards at the present site of
Puyallup have been replaced by well paved streets and
solid business blocks, and where farms were cultivated
a few years back is now the site of the residences of the
best people of a flourishing young city.

The assessed valuation of the citj^ property in Puy-
allup today is $1,910,000, and the population is upwards
of 2,000. The city is perfectly lighted by electricity, a
good water-works system is maintained, and excellent
protection is afforded against fire by a well trained fire
department. The city has good schools, well supported
churches, and has all the evidence of a prosperous
and wide-awake community.

Puyallup is especially favored in the matter of transportation facilities afforded
its business men. The main line of the Northern Pacific passing this point fur-
nishes direct connection between Puyallup and all points in Eastern Washington
and Eastern Oregon, as well as with the East, while connection with Western Wash-
ington, Western Oregon and California on the south is made by the same line.
Puyallup also has direct connection with Seattle by rail. Eighteen passenger trains
stop at Puyallup every day in the year, and in addition to this a proportionate iium-
ber of local and through freight trains also register at
the city depot. This statement in itself is sufficient to
establish Puyallup's claims as a prominent railroad
center. This rapid and frequent train service over the
line passing Puyallup affords the best of shipping facili-
ties to the place. Hops, the staple product, are shipped
direct from Puyallup to all parts of the United States,
while the perishable fruit and vegetable products of the
tributary district are easily shipped from here to all ^
the principal points of the Sound, where they find a
ready sale.

Residence, Ezra Meeker, Puyallup.

Bank of Puyallup Building, Puyallup.

PHOTO, by H. SIEWERT.

I 'i|

356

The Orcgoniav's HnmUmok of the Pacihc Noritixv'^it.

■m

PHOTO. 8V
, 9IP.WERT

^»«^fiii

SriNNINO bLOr.K.. PUYALLUP.

PHOTO. BY H. StEWERT.

The kailiii).; pul)lic schcxjl buildii!}^ of Puyallup is a handsome structurt, the
construction of whicli involvKci an outlay of ^g.txx). The school is presidt-d over by

conii)etent teachers, and the daily attendance is
318 pupils. In addition to the excellent public
school system of the city, Puyallup supports two
other schools of a semi-private nature, which are
doing excellent educational work. Seven relig-
iouj; organizations own their own church build-
ings at Puyallup The Unitariati church has re-
cently dedicated its vestry for free library and
reading-room purposes. Residents and strangers
alike are welcome at all times to the library, and
they are offered Here every facility for general reading and self-improvement.
Already the library is in receipt of some 70 of the leading periodicals of Europe
and America, and it is the hope of the leading spirits in this commendable enter-
prr^e to have the iibrar/ stocked with about i,oix> volumes of the standard works
some time during the present year.

Among the leading business houses of Puyal-
lup, the Irirge general merchandise store of J. P.
Stewart 1;'^ Son easily takes the lead. This firm
occupies its own spacious and elegant two-story
brick building, 72 feet wide by no feet deep, which
was erected jit a coat of $27,000. The Puyallup
Hardware Company, located in the First National
Bank Building, Ezra Meeker & Co., leading hop-
growers and mercbant.-i are also representative
firms of the city who have done much to advance
the general prosperity of Puyallup, One strong
bank is located at Puyallup.

.Among the many handsome and substantial
buildings of Puyallup, the Spinning block, erected
hy Prank R. Spin ling at a cost of |2o,qoo, is worthy
of :;pec mentio 1. The upper .33 rooms of this
elegant structure f.re occupied as a well conducted
family hotel, under the name of the Spinning
House, Clean beds, well-kept apartments and an
excellent table have earned for the Spinning House
a high reputation, among the city people of Puyal-
lup and transient guests alike. Five large rooms
on the ground Hoor of the Spinning block are oc-
cupied for store purposes. Other fine building.'*
of Puyallup are the Bank of Puyallup, the J. P.
Stewart Idock, the First National Bank building
and the Opera House, the latter of which has a
seating capacity of 600.
The one crop which has made famous the Puyallup valley and the city which i,i
the commercial cente. ^f this woiulerfuUy rich district is that of hops. In an able
article on hops and hop calture, written by the Hon. P>.ra Meeker and publislied in
connection with the present article on Puyallup, will be found a great fund of infor-

J. p. STEWART BUjOK, PUYAllUP.

BY H fifEWEflT.

CtNTBAI. SCHOOL, PUyAII.UP.

Hops ami their Culture.

3*);

mation on one of the most important industries of the great state of Washington.
Jacol) R, Meeker, the father of Kzra Meeker, was the pioneer liop-grower of the
Puget Sound country and the latter gentleman is today regarded everywhere on the
coast as one of the best authorities on the subject of hops in the I'niled States. The
raising of hops in this section is the leading industry for the one reason that hops
have always paid better than aiiy other crop. The highly productive soil of the
lauds of the I'uyallup valU'v, together wit., the equable climate of this .sectio!', the
abundant rainfall and the heavy dews all cv-nibine to make this one of Uie best fruit
and vegetable-producing districts of the stale. Vegetables atid fruit from the I'uy-
allup valley can be placed in the Tacoina market in about half an hour after they
are gathered, and in a little over an hour they can be placed on sale in the stores of
Seattle. Berries of all kinds do well here, and berry raising in tlie valley is now a
most profitable industry. Strawberries, under the warm sun of this section and in the
rich, well watered soil attain a size here that seems almost incredible to those who
have seen this fruit raised in other sections. Kach hill of strawV)eiry i)lants in the
Puyallup valley is relied upon to yield a (juart of fruit a season and the flavor of this
delicate fruit is unsurpassed. In addition to the agricultural resources of the Puy-
allup valley, the lumbering interests of the section fortn a most important industry.
Near Puyallup are large forests of fine fir and cedar, together with an ample supply
of timber suitable (or sawing into the finest finishing woods. The output of the
Hastie Lumber Company located at Puyallup for 1S92 was 3,ocx),ooo feet of lumber
and 3,ooc),ocK) shingles. Stevenson Bros., located at the same i)lace, turned out at their
mill during 1S92 i,5cx),ooo feet of lumber.

A creditable weekly paper, VVie Citizen, is published at Puyallup under the edi-
torial charge of H. H. LeP'evre. With good schools, wideawake people and a per-
fect climate. Puyallup is one of the most attractive places in Washington for a per-
manent residence and with the growth of one of the richest sections of the state
tributary, will come an increase in Puyallup's population and wealth that will always
maintain for this point a place among the leading commercial centers of Western
Washington.

Hops ami Their Culturo.— [ By E. Meeker, of Puyallup, Washington.]
For centuries past hops have been used for brewing beer and ale and have always
been esteemed the best material for the manufacture of the lighter beverages coming

under the head of " malt licjuors. " In addition
to their use by brewers, the tender shoots of the
young hop plant have been used as an article of
food, the surplus hop vines are fed to stock and the
leaves and roots of the plant are valuable for tan-
ning purposes.

In olden times hops were much used for medi-
cine. Of late years the use of hops in the medical
profession, while not particularly discouraged, has
not kept pace with the demand for other herbs for
their corrective powers on the system, and the
hop today is chiefly valuable for brewing purposes.
The earliest mention of the cultivation of hops
of which any accurate account of the crop was made

PlONtEH Hop H0U5E, State OF WASHINQTOh, PUV«LLUl>. . , ,,,. >i<i.;., „ ,„ < „l.« „ «t.,.t »u«

^su,LT Br E^RA MEEKER.) w^s giveu by Pluiy. 1 his account shows that the

Photo, by

M. SlEWERT.

.. J.UL.JU HUM

858

The Orcgoiiiau' s Handbook oi the Pacific Northwest.

Romans were acquainted with the virtue of lupulin or "hop dust." In the eighth ami
ninth centuries mention was made of the " hop gardens" in France and Germany, but
it was not until the beginning of the 17th ceu''-'-v that the cultivation of hops assumed
suflicient importance to attract general attent .n ui Europe. It has only been within
a period covered by the life of the writer, betwc^^' ^30 and the present time, that
hop culture in the United States has been recognu;?d as an important industry of the
country. In 1840,6,000 bales of hops were produced in the United States. The
product reached a total of 5o,cxx3 bales in i860. In 1870 the hop product of the
country 'eached a total of 125, ckx) bales, and for the years 1890 and 1S91 the annual
yield reached the enormous quantity of 200,000 bales. It is worthy of note that one-
fifth of the entire hop product of the country during the last two mentioned years
was raisFil in the young state of Washington.

The first hops known to have been grown in Oregon or Washington for commer-
cial use were raised by my father, Jacob R. Meeker, on his farm in the Puyallup val-
ley, about three miles from the site of the present flourishing city of Puyallup.
This, if my memory serves me right, was in the year 1866. From a small planting
among the trees in his young orchard the first crop, equivalent to one bale of 180
pounds, was cured over the kitchen fire and was marketed in small sacks at Olympia.
The purchaser of this crop was Chas. Wood, a small brewer of that city, who paid 85

cents a pound. This crop was eclipsed 20
years later by one of 50,000 bales, or in
round numbers 9,000,000 pounds, but the
price of hops has never been exceeded but
once over what was received by my father
for his first picking, and this was in the
famous year 1882, when for a short period
sales were made at I1.05 a pound, thus
yielding to the hop. grower a clear profit
of nearly $2,000 per acre. The first crop
raised in the Puyallup valley was followed the next season by a larger one which
aggregated a few bales. This was cured in an outhouse which was subsequently
remodeled into a primitive hop house. This old building is still standing near Puy-
allup as a memento of the early attempts at hop raising in Washington.

My first planting of hops as a field crop was made in 1867. This resulted in a
yield the first year of 17 bales or about 3,000 pounds. Gradually increasing the
amount of ground each successive year planted to hops, by 1884 I had 170 acres in
hops, from which I harvested and sold over 168 tons. This was an average yield of
nearly a ton to the acre. The consumption of hops in the United States when my
first yard was planted, a site that is now covered with the fine brick blocks of Puy-
allup, was, quoting from memory, about the quantity which would l)e required in the
manufacture of 6,000,000 barrels of beer. Notwithstanding the great temperance
reform of later times the consumption of ale and beer in the United States now
attains the enormous amount of 32,000,000 barrels every year, and the demand for
these fermented drinks is steadily increasing at the rate of over 2,000,000 barrels a
year. These figures will give the reader a faint conception of the extent and value
of the brewing industry to the country and also of the importance which the culture
of hops must attain here in the near future. Nearly one-half of the hops raised in
the United States are from the Pacific coast, the greater part of the product being
from Washington and Oregon.

Hop house, E. Meeker A Co., Kent, (built in isHa.)

Hops and their Ctilttire.

aj}>

■ '^rtllfi^,

¥lmm

Hop Fteuo between Tacoma and Semtle.

The effect of the large plantings
of hops ill the newer fields of the
coast has been to discourage in-
creased planting in the older hop
fields of the world. There has been
an actual diminution of acreage
planted to hops in Kngland, and a
neglect of the yards in many of the
districts of the old world, and even
on this side of the Atlantic, especi-
ally in New York. The decrease in
the acreage planted to hops in Kng-
land alone, where actual statistics are given, was over 5,ocx) acres prior to 1890,
since which time the former steady decline of hop raising has been arrested.

In hop raising the yards of Washington have given some remarkable yields. lu
891 I produced, harvested and sold over 5,000 pounds of choice hops from one acre
jf ground. Were it not for the fact that this statement can be verified by responsible
living witnesses the writer would almost shrink from giving this publicity. I have
never heard of this being equaled anywhere in the world, but several cases have
come under my direct observation where the yield of 4,000 pounds has been har-
vested from a single acre. It is average results in raising any crop that count for the
most. Although I have not the advantage of exact statistics at my disposal, I know
that the average yield of hops in the state as a whole has never been less than from
1,600 to 1,700 pounds per acre, counting of coun-e from one year to another. This
showing is in sharp contrast to the yields of all the old hop-growing centers of Ger-
many, England and the United States, where the average crop as shown by statistics
does not exceed 600 pounds to the acre.

The cost of the production of hops in the slates of Washington and Oregon will
compare favorably with the cost of raising this crop in any other part of the world.
In Germany the cost of growing hops can no more be computed than can the cost of
eggs marketed from the r'arm. for there hops are grown in small gardens, cultivated
and packed by families owning their own
ground and who do not even know the
average annual yield, to say nothing of the
cost of raising theni until the crop is
marketed after being partially dried in open
lofts. In Hnglaiid the cost of raising hops
is stated by conservative writers to be not fai
from an average of 20 cents per pound,
counting the cost of tithes, rents, fertilizers,
washing, spraying, etc. In New Vorii the
cost may be stated at about 14 cents a pound,
while in Washington hops can be success-
fully raised, as s>. wn by careful experiments, at a cost of nine cents a pound.
Thus it will be readily noted that the vantage ground in hop culture lies within
the limits of the two favored states of the Northwest, at least so far as the cost of
production is concerned.

The co.st of planting hops and stocking the yard with poles aftc- " -^ land has
been made ready for the plow, is from f 40 to $65 an acre. The cc r. providing

({"If

PHOTO BV H. SIEWERT.

Picking Hops, Puvallup.

3ti0

Tlw Orc^onlun's Ilaiidhook of the Pacific Northwest.

suitable buildings, hop-presses, boxes, etc., is about $60 an acre additional. The
cost of starting a hopyard on a successful scale is thus seen to be i'rom $100 to |i2o
an acre. This, of course, is independent of the value of the land, which varies
greatly according to (luality of the .soil and locality. The cost of hop land can be
roughly stated, however, at from $40 to $300 per acre.

In the older hop-gi owing districts of the United States and Kurope a newly
planted hopyard will yield nothing the first year, but half a crop the second sea-
son, and not come into full bearing condition until the third year. From my own
experience, gained by hard work in the fields of Washington, I can confidentl}' state
that we are sure here of at least half a crop the first year, planting in April and
harvesting in October. This would mean at least an average of 800 pounds of
hops the first season. From first plantings made in March 1 have harvested the
following October a ton to the acre. The second year all the new plantings yield
a full crop in Washington.

Tlie average life of a hopyard in the older districts of the world is not more
than 12 years, and by some conservative o))servers is placed at even less than what
I have quoted. In the deep alluvial soils of the best parts of Washington hopyards
planted 20 years ago are yet strong and vigorous, and seem to have still a centur}-
of life before them. In certain favored spots in Europe where mild climate and
deep soils are especially conducive to the best results of hop raising, are hop gar-
dens 150 years old, and I see no reason for expecting any degeneration in the pres-
ent hopyards of Washington during the lifetime of the oldest hopyards in the old
world.

As I have before stated, the average cost of raising hops in this state, put up
into bales ready for market, is about 9 cents a pound. This cost is distributed as
follows: cultivating, i '2 cents; picking and delivering to the kiln, 5 cents; curing
and baling, I'/i cents. Interest and deterioration of perishable property is included
in cost of baling and curing. For three years past the hoj) fields of lioth Oregon
and Washington have been attacked by the hop louse, and great ravages have
resulted during the pafit two seasons from this pe^t, thus reducing the yield and
lowering the quality of the product. Following the example of the luiglish hop-
growers, the farmers in this section, in many cases, immediately declared war on
the hop louse, and they made extensive preparations for spraying the vines. The
cost of spraying adds, on an average, about i cent a ix)und to the cost or' raising the
crop. The first year of spraying, two horse-power sprayers were brought over from
Kngland. These proved too heav\', cumbersome and expensive, and Yankee fjenius
was called upon to perfect a machine that would ao the work succe<!sl»3I> . A

machine was made here which can K m«ir.wiuotur*si at
a third the cost of tne English .sprayf. Tt lioes more
than twice the amount of work, ami sa^«es 'ully one-half
the emulsion used in the old macho'**:. '^Mie conse-
quence is that the dismay and disc<:*aragement which
met the hop-growers here on the first announcement
that the hop louse had come to this ]'Hrt of the world
to stay, has given way to one of cheerfulness and con-
fidence, and today, instead of growers talking about re-
ducing their acreage, thev show their ability to compete

PurALLUP Roller Sprayer, Solo bv Puvallup -.i .1 • j , • '. , 1 ■ , ' 1 i-x-

HARDWARE CO., puyAL..up. With this destroyiug agent by making large additions to

PHOTO BY
H 8IEWERT.

Sumner, Wnshington.

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their hop fields, in both Oregon and Washington. In order lo give the render
ail intelligent idea of the magnitude of the preparations made hore to fight the
hop louse, it is only necessary to state that nearly 400 of these horse-power
sprayers have been manufactured and sold here in addition to numerous hand
sprayers, and 190 tons of quassia wood have been imported from South Anu'rica with
which to "dose " the lice should tl'e pest appear here again. It has been demon-
strated, bejond all question, that tne crop here can be saved from the ravages of
the pest, and this, too, as before stated, at a cost not exceeding i cent a pound for
spraying.

The net profit of any crop is, after all, the great absorbing question. It mat-
ters not bow large a yield of any crop the farmer can obtain from an acre of
ground, if the crop does not pay he turns his attention to raising something else.
The growing of hops has the reputation of being one of the most fluctuating pur
suits connected with farming. Of late years there seems to have been more steadi-
ness in the hop market (since the great high-priced year of 1S82). Ever since the
production of my second crop of hops I have had an abiding faith in the ultimate
successful outcome of hop growing. Acting on this assumption, I have regularly
increased mj^ acreage in hops with each succeeding year, and I know that this will
always continue to be one of the principal and profitable industries of the state of
Washington.

Henry Weinhard, the great Portland brewer, after having practically tested my
second crop of hops, frankly told me their great inl-Misic value, and showed his
faith in their worth by purchasing liis supply of hops for his brewery from me for 14
consecutive years following. The hops grown in Washington and Oregon, when
properly treated, /. r., when they are fully ripened and thoroughly cured at a low
temperature, make the best "summer-use hops" in the world. It is this that has
made it possible to build up the great export trade in these hops that followed their
first introduction ir lie l^oiidon market. As before stated, it is I)ecause of their
keeping qualities that our hops have found such favor in England, and while the
climate and soil have much to do in determining the (piality of hops grown, yet
without proper care in curing, the cpiality is much impaired, and sometimes, even,
entirely ruined for first-class hops.

With the completion of the Nicaragua canal, thus cheapening freights to the
Old World, or with the lowering of the present rail rates, now abnormally high, to
the Atlantic seaboard, the hop fields of Oregon and Washington, with conceruvi,
intelligent action by the growers, are destined to prove a formidable rival to the old
fields of Europe, and practically revolutionize the sale of hops. Even today the
extent of the hop fields of the Northwest is constantly being iiu leased, but with the
lowering of freight charges on exports this industry would suddenly become one of
the most important agricultural pursuits on the coast.

Siiiiinor, Wasliinjifton. — Sumner, Pierce county, Washington, is a,town of
1,000 inhabitants as shown by the poll of 279 votes in the election of November, 1H92.
It is located on Stuck river, between which stream and the Puyallup river at this
point only a few hundred yards of meadow land intervene. It is rtached by the
Northern Pacific Company's road which connects Taconia with Seattle. The town is
12 miles northeast of Tacoma, two miles north of the main line of the Northern
Pacific at Meeker Junction and 29 miles south of Seattle. The products of a con-
siderable part of the rich district of the Puyallup and Stuck valleys find a narket
place at Sumner, and the place is a trading point of considerable importance.

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Hops furnish the great staple product of this section, and a number of very large
hop-growers make their headquarters at or near Sumner. The large acreage of the
Puyallup and Stuck river valleys is annually being increased, both by the old growers
of the section and by new comers. Sumner is cssentinlly a hop town and evidence of
this is seen in the patches of towering hop vines which are cultivated in the very
yards surrounding vSumner's residences. During 1892, 1,137 bales were shipped from
Sumner, a very light aggregate shipment as compared with the total shipments of
former years. This falling off in the number of bales handled at this point in 1892
was due directly to the ravages of the hop lice which invaded the hop fields of both
Oregon and Washington during that year. Mffective means for destroying this pest
have now been devised, however, and hop lice in the future will not fare very sumptu-
ously on the growing hops of the Northwest.

Another important industry of the Puyallup and Stuck valleys is the growing of
fruit and vegetables for the Tacoma and Seattle markets. The whole country is an
ideal truck garden, and the fruits and vegetables grown here vie in size and quality
with the best productions atiy where. The soil here is of unknown depths, it is well
watered and it is easily cultivated. Strawberries grown in this section photographed
side by side with the American dollar, outshine the coin of the realm in size, and
their, flavor is excellent. Sumner, owing to its proximity to both Seattle and Tacoma,
and the means of communication afforded between these places and Sumner by
me.tns of the Northern Pacific trains, was chosen as a most available site for the
'■voa;ion of the Whitworth College, which is now conducted at the latter point under
their auspices.

Whitworth Cor.r^KC.K. — This is a college open to both sexes, and it is one of
the best conducted educational institutions of the state. The curriculum of the
school includes classical, scientific and business courses, as well as a preparatory
department. Telegraphy, typewriting and short land are taught at the college, and
special attention is also paid to a thorough instruction in vocal and instrumental

music, as well as in elocution and art. The
charges for tuition and board at the school are
extremely moderate, and the att' ndance at the
college is cf>jistantly increasing.

The building occupied by Whitworth Col-
lege is a fine structure, heated by steam, well
furnished, and containing all modern appoint-
ments and conveniences. The locativ>n ol the
school is particularly favorable. U vs on the
line «1 the Northern Pacific raihxvad, nearVv
midway between Tacoma and Seattle. The
location is in one of the garden spots o( Wash-
ington, and all the surroimdings of the school
are health fid and pleasant. The purest and coldest water taken fn^ni the f\H>thills of
the Cascade Mountains is supplied for college use.

Rev. Calvin M. Stewart, D. D., is president of Whitworth CoUvk^n and Rev. A.
T. P'ox, B. L. B. D., is vice-president. Both of these gentlemen H«HVe had large ex-
perience in educational work, and under their conH\>l the inslitvvlion is rapidly
coming to the front as one of the foremost colleges of the Norlhwvst. Parents and
guardians will do well to correspond with the officers of Whitworth College with
reference to the education of their children of either sex. It is the intention of the

Whit^ohth Colleqe, Sumner.

Kent, Washington.

authorities of this college to provide facilities for ati education here that will eiual
in every way the opportunities afforded by the best Kastern colleges, and at a .nod-
erate cost.

The public schools of Sumner are conducted in a creditable structure. The
system of public instruction at this point is elhcient, and the youth of this growing
town are afforded by the good public schools of Sumner and in the Whitworlh
College the means of obtaining a thorough education without being put to the
necessity of leaving home.

Kent, WashlnjJTton. — The town of Kent, named after the leading hop cen-
ter of Great Britain, is situated in King county, on the I'uget vSound Ijranch of the
Northern Pacific railroad running between Tacoma and Seattle. It is but i6 miles
by rail from Kent to Seattle on the north, and Tacoma is 25 miles distant by rail to
the south. Kent is the principal trading point of the fertile While River valley, near
the center of which the town is located. The land of this valley is especially adapted
to hop culture, and over 3,000 acres of this land are today devoted to the cultivation
of this staple product of Western Washington.

The rapid development of the hop industry of the section now tributary to Kent
some time since necessitated the establishment of a town of considerable importance
at this point, For a considerable time after the town was laid out, the growth of
Kent was extremely rapid, and the population of Kent increased within the short
space of two months from 700 to 1,500. This growth was due to the luxuriant hop
harvests, immunity from hop lice and good prices for the product of the hop fields,
together with the efforts to push the town to the front. As an instance of the enor-
mous profits which rewarded the hop growers of this section during the palmy days
of the early history of the town the two following cases can be cited: One was where a
sinjilc hop-grower sold over |i4,ooo worth of hops from seven acres of land, and the
other where the hop yield of 121 acres in this same valley for a single season brought
a return of $"o,(.xxj. With the lower prices for hops now prevailing, and the expense
incurred in Ughling hop lice, which succeeded in gaining a foothold in this !-ection,
hop growing, while still a lucrative calling does not yield the profits of former years,
when growois became rich out of a single sea,son's crop. The tendency of this
depreciation in prices for the staple ])roduct of this section has been to bring trade
down to a normal basis at Kent, and where the population of the town was 1,500 a
few years ago, it does not today exceed 1,000 people.

The White River valley is adapted to raising all kinds of fruit and vegetables as
well as are the rich lands of the Pnyallup and Stuck valleys to the south. The sec-
tion of which Kent is the trading center is rich in resources, and a good town will
always be supported at this point. Kent now boasts of a|i2,ooo school house, three
fine brick blocks and a good bank. It supports five churches and has a good system
of public instruction.

The King County Pair Association have laid out extensive grounds at Kent,
including a one mile kite-shaped track. The stables in connection with the racing
track contain 2cx) box stalls and all necessary equipments. It is hoped to make this
one of the prominent racing centers of the state.

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77r" Orcf^uniiin's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

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PHOTO. BV LA ROrME.

Chief Seattle.

(after whom SEATTLE WAS NAMED.)

PHOTO. BY MC CLAIRE.

WcattU', Wsishiiijjftoii. — Seattle, the metropolis of Washinj^toii. is located
in King county, and on Klliot Hay, an indention in the east shore of Admiralty

Inlet, the most important part of that great inland body
of salt water known as Pnget Sound. The phenomenal
and unprecedented growth of vSeat.tle, combined with
its beauty of location, and the marvelous progressive
spirit which its people have always shown, afford inci-
dents for a story unparalleled in the annals of American
cities.

The events connected with the early settlement of
Seattle are but memorable records of the long and hard
struggles of courageous, far seeing and ambitious men,
who always showed what might be termed almost a sub-
lime confidence in the future of the town they had found-
ed. A notable feature connected with the growth of all
the vSound cities is the spirit of loyalty to home inter-
e.'^ts, which the people here have always shown. The
people who live in Seattle are no exception to this rule.
A Seattle man firmly believes that his city is destined
some day to be one of the greatest centers of popula-
tion and wealth on the coast, and it may be remarked
here that it is this enthusiastic forecast of future possi-
bilities which has been one of the most important factors
in the growth of both Seattle and Tacoma. Seattle is an
old settlement, but its substantial growth has all been
made within a period of eight years, and in this short
time a cit}' has been built that in metropolitan appear-
ance vies with San Francisco, and in push and enterprise
does not lag behind even Chicago.

Prior to 1884, Seattle was a comparatively un-
known and isolated town enjoying a small trade
with the sparsel}' settled parts of Washington bor-
dering on the shores of Puget Sound. The historj'
of Seattle dates back to the autumn of i<S5i, when
A. A. Denny, C. D. Boren and the Terry brothers
located on what is now known as Alki point, near
the present site of the business district of the Queen
City, as Seattle is called. In the month of Feb-
ruary following, these men began to look around
for desirable claims, and they finally selected sites on the shores of Elliot Bay, where
Seattle now stands. This was the initial stage of Seattle's future greatness, and
thus was the town born. The town was named after a powerful and friendly Indian
chieftain, who with his tribe, lived just across the inlet from the new settlement.
Soon after the location of the claims by the
founders of Seattle, families began to settle
around them, and in May, 1853, A. A. Denny
and C. D. Boren filed the first plat of the
townsite of Seattle. In 1852, Henry L. Yesler
had built a sawmill at this point, the first harbor, Seattle.

First house, Seattle, built at Alki Point
IN 185t.

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Front and James Streets, Seattle, 1859.

Seattle, Washinf^'^ton.

866

H. A. Smith, Seattle.

PHOTO. BY LA ROCHE.

steam sawmill on the shores of Puget Sound, and soon after the filing of
the first tovvnsite plat, ships began to visit Seattle for the fine hnnher which
was sawed here. The small colony which settled
here soon began to receive accessions to their
ranks Among these early additions was Dr. H.
A. Smith, an honored citizen of Seattle at the
present time. During 1S52 and 1853 the little
band here suffered m-my privations. But few ves-
sels visited the settlement during these years, and
as a result provisions were scarce, and the prices
asked for the staple articles of every-day con-
sumption were fabulous. Salt pork sold as high
as I45 a barrel, and flour brought $35. For a
short time during this period of suffering, neither
of these commodities could be obtained at any
price. During these two years the pioneers of
Seattle were hemmed in by impenetrable forests,
they lacked all means of commuuicating with the
outside world by water, and the general air of confidence in the future which the
handful of men never failed to show, was in marked contrast to the loneliness of
their position and the prospect for immediate relief.

During 11855 and 1856 the Klickitat and
Duwamish Indians caused much trouble in this
part of the state. On January 26th of the latter
year,thc savages after murdering isolated set-
tlers and burning a number of houses, landed
in a large body on the western shores of Lake
Washington, The people of Seattle sought
safety in a stockade, where with the assistance
of the government sloop of war, Decatur,
anchored in the harbor at that time, they re-
pelled the attack of the savage horde. The war
with the relentless Indians continued, how-
ever, until the fall of 1856, and during this
every vestige of improvement in King county was
reigned after this time, it was not until about i860
that the people of this sparsely settled portion of the West fully recovered from the
depredations committed by the Indians during the two years they were on the warpath.
For the 10 years following the conflict with the Indians, Seattle's advancement
was scarcely noticeable. The first important step in the commercial growth of the
town was made in 1867, when the wagon road was com-
pleted, which opened communication between Seattle
and the rich part of Washington lying east of the Cas-
cade Mountains. For the next eight years the people
here followed along in the even tenor of their way, reach-
ing out for trade wherever possible, and adding grad-
ually to the wealth of the town. In 1875 an era of great
activity in Seattle and the tributary coal districts was
inaugurated by the completion of 26 miles of the Seat- water front, Seattle

WATER Front, Seattle.

period of savage warfare,
obliterated. While peace

photo, by LA ROCHE.
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86(5

The Orcginiiiin's Iluudhouk ai the I'ncific Xorthwest.

PHOTO, ir LA HOCHI,

Front Street, Se»ttle.

PHOTO. BY LA ROCHE.

tie & Wallii Walla railroad, which
tapped the rich coal mines, the
product of which is now among
the largest and most important
outputs of coal on the coast. vSoon
after this the people of Seattle
made strenuous efforts to induce
the managements of other lines of
railroads to build to this point. An
immense sum of money was off-
ered the Northern Pacific to make
its western terminus here, but the
effort miscarried for reasons which
are well understood by everyone
who has even a smattering knowl-
edge of the early history of the
Puget Sound cities. Denied proper transportation facilities with the interior by
rail, the effort to build a city here for a time was an unequal one. A period was
finally reached, however, where Seattle's im-
portance as a commercial center demanded atten-
tion from the railroads, and it is in the events
which led up to making Seattle the great railroad
center of Puget Sound, and which will be treated -?[!
of in a succeeding chapter, that forums \h^ most !jj
important part of the city's history.

On January 13, 1SS2, an event occurred in
Seattle which indicated clearly the spirit of the
people who had struggled to build a city at this
point. For some months previous to that time
many dastardly and open acts of violence had
been committed by the vicious elenunts which
had found lodgment here. At length the wrath
of the people was fully aro • ed by a most cow-
ardly murder vhich was committed on one of the main thoroughfares of the town.
No time was wasted on making out commitment papers or in serving wairants.
On the date mentioned above, the men who had committed this last deed of violence

— ^Janies Sullivan, William Howard and Benja-
min Payne — were lynched in the heart of the
city without ceremony. This proved a lesson
to wrongdoers, which had a most salutary effect,
and it is, perhaps, not necessary to state that
a city where the people thus plainly intimated
that they would stand no trifling from law-
breakers, enjoyed a long period of safety and
security from the open acts of the vicious
element.

Another period of disturbance commenced
with the agitation against the employment of
cheap Chinese labor, during 1885. This agita-

Seconc Street, Seattli;.

PHOTO. BV LA ROCHE.

Second Street, Seattle.

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Seattle, Washingtov.

A Prominent Cohns

PHOTO. By LA ROCHE.

i5-#*S

tion finally led to the well-retnembered outbreak pmoto. by la hocmi
at Rock Springs, Wyoming, in which much prop-
tTty of the Chinese was destroyed and in which
many Chinamen were injured. The feeling against
the employment of Chinese finally culminated in
the Chinese riots of l-'ehruary 7, 1.SS6, in that city.
A large mob had collected for the express pur-
pose of deporting all the Chinese in the city, and'
in accordance with their preconceived plans of
ejectment, the mob took practical possession of
the city and commenced the work of removing

the Chinese from their houses. The local militia was called out to quell the dis-
turbance, which they finally succeeded in doing after killing one of the mol- atid
injuring a number of other lawbreakers. With the exception of the two ca.ses noted
above, Seattle has been singularly free from mob violence, and the people here have
always been as law-abiding, and have shown as great respect for the mandates of
the law, as have the people in any of the older-settled cities of the United »States.

Railroads and water lines of transportation
do much to advance the interests of any com-
munity. Under the head of "Railroads," in
another part of this article, will be found a
complete resume of the excellent transporta-
^\ tion facilities which Seattle now enjoys, and
under this head will be given a history of the
struggles which Seattle's people were com-
pelled to make to secure for them the many ad-
vantages they now enjoy in perfectly equipped
railroad and steamship lines which now touch
at this point.

Following the completion of the railroad
which tapped the rich coal mines back of
Seattle, the town made steady and substantial growth as a manufacturing point.
Sawmills, factories, and other industrial plants sprung up here along the water
front, and following the construction of these manufacturing industries came fine
business blocks, elegfj:'. 3 iivate dwellings and hotels. People flocked to Seattle from
all quarters, and the incr .se in population was rapid. The suburbs and outlying
districts of the city \inciev",;ent a transformation that converted dense forests into
sightly gardens, and c.i the ,e erstwhile timber lands handsome houses were erected,
and the suburbs became the homes of hundreds
of contented families. Soon outside capital began
to be attracted to the place. Speculation was rife ;
schemes involving the expenditure of millions
were put into operation here, and, as a consequence,
the real estate market assumed a stage of feverish
activity. No one will dispute that Seattle really
enjoyed a boom, but that the city has not suffered
in material wealth by the bursting of the bubble

must be taken as evidence of the varied resources y 1''' ' ' "*

which have built a city here, and of the latent third street, seaitle.

Seattle after the Fire, 1889.
South from Second and James Streets.

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The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

PHOTO. BT L* ROCHE.

A Prominent Business Block, Seattle.

PHOTO. BY LA ROCHE.

Strength of the conditions here for maintaining a
city. On June 6, 1889, occurred the evet-memorable
fire, which practically destroyed the entire business
district of Seattle, burned up a mile of wharves, and
involved a loss of over $10,000,000. The burnt dis-
trict covered an area of 65 acres. The history of
Chicago after the great fire, was repeated at Seattle.
For a number of months after the holocaust in Seat-
tle the business of the city was done under tents.
During this period, however, plans were fully matured
for rebuilding the city on a more extensive scale than
before, streets and avenues were widened, and in less
than 12 months after the city was leveled to the ground, many fine busi-
ness blocks, of brick and stone, buildings that in architectural design and finish are
not surpassed by any of the finest structures of Chicago, were ready for occupp:;cy
in Seattle, and the city was once more in the race for supremacy. Seattic'cs busi-
ness streets are now built up solid with imposing blocks or brick, stone and iron ;
the city has fine and commodious hotels within the corporate limits, and miles of
well-paved streets, lined on each side ' ith handsome private residences, and the
city bears every aspect of a rich and prosperous commercial center and a great
shipping port.

The following figures, compiled from sources of unquestioned authority, will
show conclusively the wonderful advancement Seattle has made
during the past 13 years. In 1870 the United States official cen-
sus gave Seattle a population of 1,107. The territorial census of
1875 credited Seattle with 1,512 people. The government returns
of the census of 1880 found 3,533 souls within the corporate limits
of the city. Three years later the territorial canvass showed that
Seattle's population had increased to 6,645, a"tl in 1885 another
canvass made by the territory gave Seattle a population of 9,786.
In 1887 Seattle, on the basis of the names in the city directory
of that year, contained 12,167 people, and the city census of the
year followikig found that the population had increasea to 19,116. *''°"'" ""'"'"'"'• *""'••
In 1889 another census was taken by the territory which showed that 26,740 people
found homes in Seattle. The official government census of 1890 made the city's
population 42,837, and the directory of 1893 established Seattle's claim to 58,126
people who lived v/ithin the limits of the ci^v.

Seattle is now us compactly b-iilt as are many of the large cities of the East.
The two principal retail business streets, Front and Second, run parallel with the
water front, and both thepe streets are lined with as fine a class of buildings as aie
found in any city of the West. These buildings are all modern in their appoint-
ments and are equipped with fast-running elevators, arc lighted by electricity, and
are heated by steam. Poth of these streets bustle with life and they serve as arteries
into which most of the traffic from other parts of the city naturally flows. One and
one-half miles of warehouses and wharves extend along the water front. On the
water front are also located a large number of leading jobbing houses of the city.
The principal business houses of Seattle carry large stocks of goods and the trade
which the city enjoys is large and on the most satisfactory of footings.

Seattle, Washington.

SUtf

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PHOTO. B» L» HOCHC.

Kino county Court House, Seattle.

A number of suburban towns of Seattle, towns under separate municipal gov-
ernments, are really a part of the city itself. Ballard, Kirkland, Fremont and
Latonia are all connected with Sea'.tle by well equipped electric lines of road, and it
is only a few minutes' ride to cithtr of these places.
At Ballard, on Salmon Bay, five miles distant from
Seattle, are located shingle mills whose combined
daily capacity is 2,000,000 shingles, while the sawmills
at the same place have a capacity of 280,000 feet of
lumber a day. Also located at Ballard are a steel mill
and extensive yards for the construction of wooden
vessels. Covering Jail of these outside points as well
as all the outlyi ag districts of Seattle is one of the
most extensive and perfectly equipped rapid transit
systems in the United States. The primitive horse
car is entirely unknown on Seattle's streets. Thirteen
different cable and electric railway companies, with an aggregate capital stock of
$7,470,000, have in operation at Seattle and in the suburbs 34 miles of cable road and
65 miles of electric lines, making a total of 99 miles of street-car tracks covering the
city and reaching out from this point. This mileage exceeds that of 23 cities in the
United States which have a larger population than Seattle. The city is completely
gridironed with a network of tracks, and the remotest suburban point is brought
by means of these roads within a few minutes' ride of the business district of
Seattle. Five of these lines run north of the city, four lines extend out south,
and four lines of road run out to Lake Washington, a fine body of fresh water to
the east. Three of the city roads, the Madison Street, Union Trunk, and Seattle City
Railway Companies own and maintain splendid parks which are much frequented by
residents and visitors to the city. The Rainier Avenue electric line runs in a south-
easterly direction and reaches out as far as the south end of Lake Washington. The
West Street and North End lines run from the business center of the city in a north-
westerly direction along the shores of Elliot Bay to Ballard, 5}4 miles distant. The
Grant Street line runs to the race track in South Seattle. The Green Luke road
runs through Fremont and around the eastern side of Green Lake, which is four
miles distant from the city. The Woodlawn Park line follows the same course and
terminates on the western shore of Green Lake. The equipments of all these lines
are of the very highest order and service is excellent, frequent and rapid trips [being
made between all points. The following is the capitalization, mileage and number
of cars of the different street-railway svstems of Seattle :

Front Street Cable Railway Company,
capital $600,000, mileages, number of cars 16 ;
Grant Street Electric Railway Company, capi-
tal $200,000, mileage 7, number of cars 4 ; Green
Lake Electric Railway Company, capital
$70,000, mileage 4}4, number of cars 2 ; Madi-
son Street Cable J.ailway Company, capital
$750,000, mileage 7, number of cars 16; Rainier
Avenue Electric Railway Company, capital
$250,000, mileage 8, number of cars 4 ; North Seattle Cable Railway Company, capital
$^00,000, mileage 2 [uses Front street cars] ; Rainier Power & Electric Railway Com-

PHOTO. aV LA ROCHE.

YESLER Avenue, TitHi Park, Seattle

If-*

870

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

PHOTO. 8Y LA ROCHE.

A will-Known Corner, Seattle.

pany, capital |5oo,cxx), mileage 6, number of cars 8 ; Seattle City Railway Company,
(Cable), capital $1,000,000, mileage 5, number of cars 16; Seattle Consolidated Rail-
way Company (Electric), capital $1,200,000, mileage i2yi, num-
ber of cars 30; South vSealtle Railway Company (Electric),
capital $450,000, mileage 5, number of cars 2 ; Union Trunk
Line (Electric and Cable), capital $1,000,000, mileage 11, num-
ber of cars 18; West Seattle Cable Railway Company, capital
$150,000 mileage 4, number of cars 4 ; West Street & North
End Railway Company (Electric), capital $1,000,000, mileage
10, number of cars 14. This makes a grand total of $7,470,000
invested in Seattle street railways ; 99 miles in operation, on
which 134 cars are used.
In counection with the perfect railway systems of Seattle, something may be said
regarding the site the city occupies. Elliot Bay, on the shores of which Seattle is
located, has an area of over 20 square miles and furnishes safe anchorage for the largest
of deep-water vessels. The city extends back froi- the bay over a rise of easy grades
to Lake Washington, four miles distant. This lake is a magnificent body of fresh
water over 20 miles in length and varying in width from i>^ to 3 miles. The streets
of the city extending east and west are graded through from Elliot Bay to Lake
Washington, terminating on salt water on one end and reaching out to the fresh-
water reservoir at the other. In the northern part of the city is Lake Union and
beyond this latter body of water in the same direction is Green Lake, both of which
while much smaller than Lake Washington, are equally as attractive as the larger
body of water.

Seattle is built on a series of terraces rising above the harbor to a considerable
altitude. From the crest of the slope is a broad plateau which stretches eastward
almost to Lake Washington. It is on the higher terraces and on this plateau that
the best residences of the city are built. These homes are far removed from the busi-
ness activity of the city below and from the sites which they occupy is commanded a
view of magnificent scenery not offered to the residents of any city in the Union.
Across the harbor from Seattle is seen the long stretch of the waters of Admiralty
Inlet, beyond which rise the rugged and snow-capped peaks of the Olympic range of
mountains. To the west the view is even more impressive than the panorama pi*e-
sented to the vision of the sight-seer looking west. The tranquil waters of Lake
Washington form a fitting foreground to the thickly wooded shores beyond, while
far in the distance the eye follows the course of the Cascades for miles, one of the
most important rangrs of mountains on the continent. Surmounting this chain of
mountains, in plain iew of Seattle, is the snow-capped peak of Mt. Rainier, one of
the monarchs of the Cascades, while to the
north, 100 miles distant, rises in plain view the
lofty peak of Mt. Baker, which is also covered
with perennial snows. The effects of sunrise
and sunset over the distant peaks seen from
Seattle baffle description. Seattle itself and the
country immediately surrounding form one of
the most picturesque spots in America. The
suburbs present at once a combination of wild
and rugged mountain scenery, pastoral landscapes, dense forests and the rippling
waves of both tide and fresh water.

PHOTO. BT LA ROCHE.

Coal BuNKENa, Seattle.

Seattle, Washington.

PMO^O. er MOORE.

Seattle offors many features of interest to the visitor. In addition to the enjoy-
ment of a ride on the numerous car lines of the city, a number of public parks are
maintained in which are found great pyramidal trees, high bluffs and deep canyons
and extensive and diversified views and vistas through thick forest foliage, the
natural wildncss of the whole being softened by artificial walks, fountains and flower-
beds. The parks owned by the city cover 64 acres while the private parks open to
the public embrace 75 acres additional. Seattle is especially fortunate in having fine
public buildings. The King county court house, located here, is a handsome stone
structure of the Doric style of architecture, as shown by the illustration accompany-
ing this article. Its cost was about $500,000. It is fitted with safes, vaults and other
safeguards for the protection of public records. Seattle has also a fine Chamber of
Commerce building, city hill, fine schools, elegant churches and other buildings,
which will receive suitable mention under the proper headings in another part of this
article.

During the history of the King county bar, many brilliant and profound lawyers
have been heard pleading before its tribu-
nals, and today it occupies a high place in
estimation of the legal profession. Judge John
J. McGilvra, one of the oldest and most dis-
tinguished practitioners in Washington, is
recognized as the father cf the Seattle bar.
Ju Jge McGilvra was born in Livingston county,
N. Y. , July II, 1827. He afterwards removed
to Illinois, and was admitted to the bar in
Chicago in 1853. In 1861 he was appointed
United States attorney for the territory of
Washington. After discharging the duties of
the office for five years he declined a reappoint-
ment. He was also city attorney of Seattle in
1876-7. His greatest legal triumph was in in-
ducing Congress to restore 5,000,000 acres of
land for settlement, land which the Northern
Pacific Railroad had forfeited.

It is said that the character of the people

Hon. j. j. Mc\<ii "i«, Seattle.

rippling

RltioiNCl, Mm, M. 0. YESLEit, Seattle.

residing in a city is indicated to a large extent
by their homes. If this is true, Seattle pos-
sesses many wealthy and cultured citizens,
for the many elegant private residences which
line its streets will compare favorab' ith the
best homes in the fashionable residt:^ *ction
of any large city. The illustration ' je resi-
dence of Mrs. Minnie Yesler, the / of the
late Henry L. Yesler, who during his lifetime,
was one of Seattle's foremost citizens, is a type
of many of the best houses of the city. An
illustration of Mrs. Yesler's elegant residence
is shown in connection with the present article.
In addition to the homes of the wealthy, Seattle

372

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

PHOTO. Br L* HOCHC.

Offices, Board of Education,
Seattle.

PHOTO. BV la ROCHE.

contains hundreds of neat and cosy cottages, occupied largely by the working classes,
who enjoy in this Western city, comforts that are de lied the laboring man in most
of the cities of the East.

Seattle, in keeping with its spiritof advancement, has the best of public school
systems. The schools here are in charge of trained and able teachers. The facili-
ties afforded here for obtaining a thorough and systematic
education are unexcelled, and in the support of the public
schools, the citizens of the city have always manifested a
laudable progressive spirit and liberality. In 1887 the city
owned but three school buildings, and the average daily
attendance of scholars was about 2.000. Today 16 large
school buildings are found to be barely adequate to hold
the rapidly increasing school population. A large appro-
priation has been made for the construction of additional
buildings for school purposes, and it is expected that before
the close of the present year the number of school buildings here will be increasi^d
to 20. The present va)ue of the school property of Seattle now amounts to $756,cxx),
divided as follows: buildings, 11416,238; real
estate, $3001000; furniture, $40,000. At the
close of 5893, over 7000 pupils were in regular
attendance at the Seattle public schools. In
addition to teaching the elementary studies,
music, drawing, languages and manual training
are included in the curriculum of the public
schools here, and in the high school course a
thorough collegiate preparatory course is given.
The names of the different public schools of
Seattle, their cost and average attendance are
as follows :

Central, cost, $85,290; attendance, 1,227; South,
cost, $61,950; attendance, 420 ; Denny, cost, $64,788.65;
attendance, 996 ; Mercer, cost, 5(134,964 ; attendance, 712;
Columbia, cost, $27,735 ; attendance, 570 ; T. T. Minor,
cost, $23,750, attendance, 875 ; Rainier, cost, $35,774 ;
attendance, 556 ; Olympic, cost. $6,158.88; attendance,
235 ; Queen Anne, cost, $500 ; attendance, 40 ; Randell,
cost, $500; attendance, 41 ; Green Lake, cost, $1,372;
attendance, 42; Latonia, cost, $3,720; attendance, 190;
Ross, cost, $964.45; attendance, 59; Salmon Bay, cost,
$952 ; attendance, 65 ; B. F. Day, cost, $24,994 ; attend-
ance, 348; Pacific, cost, $42,800; attendance, 40; Depot
Street, Night and Senior Grammar have an attendance respectively of 69, 201 and
291, making a total attendance of 6,877.

In addition to the public school system, there are a number of important private
institutions of learning located at this point. Among these private institutions are
excellent Catholic parochial schools and seminaries, a Methodist university, and
i^everal academies.

The University of Washington, located at Seattle, is situated on a beautiful tract

,,,:vni'f,ns,

i.^i^

South School, Seattle.

PHOTO BV LA ROCHE.

Central School, Seattle.

Seattle, Washington.

373

Denny School, Scattli.

PHOTO. Br L* ROCHI.

of land containing lo acres, in the heart of the city. ""hoto. by l* rocmi.

Three hundred pupils regularly attend the university,
which ranks with the highest seats of learning in the
country. By setting aside lo per cent of the amount
collected in fines and licenses the city has provided
for a liberal library fund, which has already resulted
in establishing a free library. The library now con-
tains about 8,900 volumes, which, with the periodicals
and fixtures, have involved an outlay of about $18,400.
The income available for library purposes now amounts to about $1,200 a month.

Seattle has a distinctly moral tone. The first church building erected in the
town was a modest little structure, put up by the Methodist Episcopal denomina-
tion, in 1855. As the city grew the erection of edifices for
public worship kept pace with the increase in population,
and today the city contains 52 church buildings, with a
valuation of church property of $700,000. In addition to the
regular churches, an organization of the Young Men's
Christian Association is maintained here, with a member-
ship of 500. The latter organization now occupies quarters
which, with the ground it stands on, is valued at over

$6o,OOQ.

One of the most noted humanitarian institutions in
Washington is located at Seattle, at 604 Columbia street,
and also at Spokane. This is the Keeley Institute, where
the most desperate cases of the liquor, morphine, opium,
chloral, cigarette and tobacco cases are permanently cured
in from three to five weeks' time by the administration of
the famous d'juble chloride of gold remedies. The Seattle
and Spokane institutes are branches of the celebrated Keeley Institute, at Dwight,
Illinois. All the medicines used come fron' the great Keeley laboratory at Dwight,
and are administered by skilled physicians, trained for this particular work by Dr.
Keeley himself. The great results obtained in the treatment of liquor and kindred
habits by the chloride of gold, or Keeley cure, furnishes one of the marvels of the
age. Of over 150,000 patients treated in the past eight years, less than 5 per cent
have lapsed, and these delinquents have only fallen back to their old habit through
deliberation, and not through any de-
sire for stimulants. The Keeley work
is the greatest temperance movement
ever inaugurated.

Seattle is amply supplied with the
best of amusement facilities. In ad-
dition to the cheaper places of resort,
the city boasts cf one of the finest
and best appointed opera houses on
the coast. This is the Seattle theater,
which is under the management of
Mr. John W . Hanna. This is one of the
neatest and most thoroughly equip- ,„„,o,, 8.„tle op.-* Houit.

Congregational Chunch, Seattle.

-vT

374

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

J. T. Minor School, Seattle,

ped opera houses in the West. The building is situated on the corner of Third and
Cherry streets. It has a frontage of 80 feet, and is five stories high. The architect-
ural design is after the Italian-Renaissance style, which i? .arried out in buff pressed
brick, with stone trimmings. The interior is elaborately lecorated. The floors are
of tile, the windows of stained glass, and the interior woodwork is all finished in
quartered oak. The chairs in all parts of the house have leather seats and plush
backs. The decorations of the proscenium arch, foyers, boxes and the fronts of both
the balcony and gallery are done in a very artistic manner, and the colors used are
all in harmony with the interior fittings of the theater.

The stage is 80x40 feet in size, and is fitted with the most approved mechanical
accessories. Mr. Hanna books the very best companies, and his efforts receive sub-
stantial encouragement from the amusement-loving public of Seattle.

Seattle has now reached a position from which, judg-
ing by the growth of* other cities, there can be no retro-
gressive movement. The era of wild real estate specula-
tion here is past and the city now depends on the de- ,
velopment of the matchless resources of the tributary
section for future advancement. Even during the dull
period of the past two years Seattle has continued to in-
crease in both population and wealth, and the city is now
on a stronger footing than it ever was before. The number
of buildings which have been erected here since the fire furnish satisfactory evidence
of the substantial growth of the city during the past four years. From July i, 1889, to
July I, 1893, 6,358 brick, stone and frame buildings were erected in Seattle at a cost of
$13,892,450. Considerable activity in building is now noted in Seattle, especially in
the jobbing district where the increased trade of the city makes the demand for
additional quarters an imperative one.

Many improvements of a public nature are now nearing completion in Seattle.
Work on the most important of these improvements has not yet been inaugurated.
This is the construction of a short ship canal to connect Puget Sound with Lake
Washington. Congress has for a number of years past had this measure under
advisement and it is believed that the government will soon make an appropriation
for building this canal. When this great enterprise shall once have been carried to a
successful termination Seattle can justly lay claim to having the finest harbor facilities
in the world. Lake Washington has a shore line of over 100 miles, and it presents a

sufficient area of surface to float all the ships that
will ever visit the Pacific coast. With the com-
nletion of this canal Seattle will possess the ad-
vantage of a double harbor, the salt waters of
Elliot Bay touching the city on the west and the
deep fresh waters of Lake Washington on the east
forming excellent ingress to that part of the city.
The advantages of a fresh-water harbor for salt-
water vessels are fully appreciated by all sea-far-
ing men, and in the minds of men who engage in shipping, Seattle's claim for
national supervision of the great work of digging this canal is one that demands
the most earnest consideration of the government.

Day school (fmmont), Siattli.

a^
tl

ai
tl

w
w

P
w

di
w
tl

Seattle, Washing-ton.

375

SOME OF SEATTLE'S SCHOOLS

Pacific School.

, i

IUi>iiiii School.

' >

Olympia School.

rHOTO. tV LA ROCHE.

; ;

cotMtau School.

MtRCtR School.

PHOTO. IT swu*.

Seattle contains 90 miles of graded streets, 30 miles of which are planked. The
average width of the streets is 66 feet, but some of the main thoroughfares are wider
than this, some of the principal avenues being K6 feet wide. The width of sidewalks
is from 8 to 12 feet, and in the principal l)usincss district most of the sidewalks are of
stone. Seattle is now expending over |2oo,ooo in perfecting the sewerage system,
and a large sum of money is also being expended in
the opening and grading of new streets.

Seattle, following the course pursued by other
wide-awake cities, now owns and operates a fine
water-works system. There has been expended on this
plant to date the sum of {1,250,000. The supply of
water is obtained from Lake Washington, on the shores
of which reservoirs and pumping stations having a
daily capacity of 10,000,000 gallons are located. The
water, which is of the purest quality, is distributed
through the city by means of 94 miles of pipes. ,,„ o,„,„,„ „.,noo«T.«.. s,attl,.

876

The Oreffonian's Handbook ot the Pacific Northwest.

Engine House No. 3, Seattle,

PHOTO. BV BRAAS.

PMOTo. BY 8HAAS. Just sftcr tfac grcat fire of June 6, 1889, the citi.;ens

of Seattle commenced the work of reorganizing the city
fire department. In the eflficicncy of its members and in
appliances for fighting fire Seattle's fire department ranks
with the best of the country. The paid department, which
was created in 1890, occupies six handsome and commo-
dious engine houses, and on the harbor is kept a fire boat
to protect the heavy shipping interests along tne water
front. During 1892 the maintenance of this department cost
192,000. The total valuation of the property belonging to
the fire department of the city is 1299,452. The fire equip-
ment is as follows : one fire boat, six steamers, six hose
wagons, one hose carriage, one aerial truck, one hook and ladder, three chemical
engines, one supply wagon. The total number of full-paid men on the force is 75.

The lighting of the city at the present time is done by a private company who
furnish an excellent service. Electricity is used for lighting purposes and arc or
incandescent lamps are found on every corner in the city proper and in its suburbs.
There are in use in Seattle 16,000 iucandescent lamps of 16 candle power each and
1,290 arc lamps of 2,000 candle power each. Of this num-
ber 115 arc and 600 incandescent lamps are used for street
lighting.

The early railroad history of Seattle is replete with bit-
ter disappointments, long and vexatious delays, antagonism
and discrimination. These obstacles, however, were all in
time surmounted, and this, too, without outside assistance,
and the city with its unexcelled location and commercial
importance, has forced every railroad, operating lines in
Washington to enter Seattle and compete for a share of the patronage of the city.

For 10 years Seattle practically lived upon the hope that the Northern Pacific
would make this city its western terminus, but when the tracks of this road finally
reached Puget Sound in 1883, it halted at Tacoma. This was a sore disappointment
to Seattle, but with an enterprise seldom paralled, its people set to work to build a
railroad themselves. This resulted in the construction of a short line of road, but
before the system was completed it was absorbed by the Northern Pacific. In 1886
the Northern Pacific completed its line across the Cascade Mountains which furnished

direct connection between Eastern Washington and the East
with Puget Sound. At the same time the road made arrange-
ments for entering Seattle by constructing a short line of road
from the main line north to Stuck Junction, where connection
was made direct for Seattle by a track which had been built by
another company. This gave Seattle its first through transcon-
tinental line of road. Following in the wake of the Northern
Pacific other great railroad companies began to turn their eyes
toward Seattle. The year 1893 witnessed the completion of
the Great Northern railroad from St. Paul to Seattle, its west-
ern deep-water terminus. This road opened up the vast agri-
cultural belt lying in Washington east of the Cascades as well
8Noo.Au«,E FALL,, NEAR SEATTLE. ^^ tfae woudcrfully rich mlucral and timber belt west of the

F(HE Boat, Seattle.

Seattle, Washington.

877

Indian Canoes lanoinq Seattle.

mountains, resources that have already added greatly to Seattle's prosperity. The
Great Northern has already invested large sums of money in obtaining proper ter-
minal facilities at Seattle p.nd the company is also building a line of steamers to ply
between Seattle and the Orient.

The Canadian Pacif.c railroad gains an entrance to Seattle from Sumas, B. C,
over the Belliugham Bay & British Columbia railway to New Whatcom, and from
this latter point over the Sound branch of the Great Northern. The Columbia &
Puget Sound railroad connects Seattle with the rich coal-mining districts of Frank-
lin, Black Diamond, Newcastle and Talbot and the Seattle, Lake Shore & Eastern
running through the rich agricultural district east of the city forms a connection at
Snohomish with the line of the Everett & Monte Cristo railroad which extends
from Everett on the lower ^^nohomish river into the great gold and silver-producing
regions of Silver creek and Monte Cristo. The Seattle, Lake Shore & Eastern road
also handles the hop product of the vSnoqualmic valley, the output of the iron mines
in Skagit county and is also the outlet
for the rich coal mines of Gilnian. It
•will be seen from the above statement
that Seattle is already a railroad cen-
ter of considerable importance. The
city now has direct connection with
the East by three lines of transconti-
nental roads and direct communica-
tion is afforded with Tacoma, Olym-
pia, Portland, all Sound points and
the towns of the interior by a network of branch lines of roads which now makes Se-
attle the most important railroad center of the Puget Sound country.

Seattle also has the best of transportation facilities by numerous lines of ocean
and sound steamers which connect with all points reached by water. Large and fleet
steamers ply regularly between Seattle and San Francisco, Victoria and Vancouver,
B. C, and Portland. A line of steamships also operates between Seattle and the
Alaska ports. Conmiencing some time during the present year the Great Northern
Railway Company will operate a line of large passenger steamships between Seattle
and China and Japan. Steamers, including side-wheel, stern-wheel and propeller,
run from Seattle to all ports on Puget Sound, the service between the Queen City
and the largest ports giving frequent trips and very fast time. Some 220 sailing ves-
sels are now regularlj* engaged in the carrying trade between Seattle and outside
ports and the export trade now reaches a large volume yearly.

Passengers and tourists arriving in Seattle will find a perfect baggage and car-
riage system operated by the Seattle Transfer Company. This company handles all
the big excursions from the East, and also has messengers on board all inconung
trains and boats to exchange checks with passengers and to sec that baggage is for-
warded to its destination without causing the owner the least inconvenience. The
company operates 20 Gurney cabs, 10 hacks, 6 baggage wagons and 15 drays and
trucks, and owns terminal facilities consisting of three large warehouses.

Great cities are produced by the commerce they enjoy, and any place favorably
located to command trade and enjoy exceptional facilities for handling a large job-
bing and shipping business, has all the potency of greatness. Seattle's location
is not only favorable for commanding a considerable share of the shipping trade

878

The Oregoniati's Handbook ot the Pacific Northwest.

PHOTO. BY LA ROCMf .

which frequents the waters of Puget Sound, but the vast section of country tributary
to the city has sources of natural wealth as great as they are diversified. It is esti-
mated that the forests of Washington contain no less than 250,000,000,000 feet of mer-
chantable timber. Of this timber belt a considerable part is directly within easy reach
of Seattle, and the amount of timber found in the forests tributary will not be exhausted
by constant sawing for scores of years in the future. Vast as are the extent of the
timber resources of the country back of Seattle, the wealth to l)e derived from
cutting this timber will doubtless hardly equal the money which will be obtained
from the development of the great mineral resources of this same district. The coal
mines of the Puget Sound basin are already a great source of v^ealth to Western Wash-
ington. The largest and best developed coal fields in the state are in King county,
of which Seattle is the judicial seat and the leading jobbing center. These fields
cover an area of obout 400 square miles. The total output of the King county coal
mines, in 1H9'?, reached the enormous total of 484,000 tons. Outside of the li'r-'ted
output of a few mines in Oregon and California, almost the entire supply of the
Pacific coast tomes from the mines of Washington, and a considerable part of this
coal is shipped direct from Seattle.

Over 1,500 tons of coal are received daily at the bunkers in Seattle, and the
shipping of this coal gives steady employment to a large fleet of coasting vessels.

A detailed and comprehensive description of the
coal, mineral and timber wealth of Western Wash-
ington will be found in another part of " The
Handbook."

Seattle is the distributing point and base of
supplies for the great gold and silver-producing
districts of Silver creek, Monte Cristo and Sno-
qualmie. These mines are only partially develop-
ed, but enough has already been done in these
fields to show conclusively that they, in time,
will rank among the most important mines in
the West. Mining in these districts can only be carried on through the agency of
expensive machinery, but the fact that thousands of dollars have already been
expended on these properties, shows that the owners have every reasor. to believe
that their investments are judiciously made.

During 1892, 222 ocean steamships, of a gross tonnage of 280,580, visited Seattle,
and during the same year 138 sailing vessels, of a gross tonnage of 103,768 anchored
in the harbor in front of the city. In 1892 the imports received at Seattle, from
ocean -carrying vessels, amounted to 67,297 tons, and the exports reached 208,333
tons. During the same time Seattle shipped to ocean ports 43,151,000 feet of lum-
ber, and 196,146 tons of local merchandise were haiHIed at Seattle's docks and
wharves.

The volume of business handled by the railroads entering Seattle is great, and
exclusive of the traffic of the Great Northern, which has not been completed a
sufficient time to furnish reliable information on this subject, these roads forwarded,
during the first four months of 1893, 313,435 tons of freight. This included 136,211
tons of coal. In pro-rating the business handled by these roads for the entire
year of 1893, fully 20 per cent should be added for the increased traffic of the
Great Northern and the increased business of the other roads during the latter
part of the year.

Shipping at port Blakelv.

Seattle, Washington.

879

PHOTO, av LA nOCMC.

The following information of the manufacturing an-l jobbing interests of Seat-
tle is cumulative to the foregoing evidence of the city's commercial standing and of
its wealth.

The manufacture of lumber and shingles is, at the present time, the most impor-
tant of the growing industries of Seattle. The increasing Eastern demand, together
with the home consumption of Washington fir and cedar, taxes the mills of this
city to their full running capacay Mid hardly a month passes without noting the
erection of a new lumber plant ht i.his point. It is estimated that King county
alone has 448,000 acres of stand iui; timber, and that 60,000 acres only have been
logged over up to the present ime. There arc now eight logging companies ope-
rating in this county. The ^utput of these camps in 1892 was 67,5oo,(hx) feet, the
average value of which was $4 per thousand feet. These companies employ 482 men,
and during 189: their aggregate 'riyroU amounted to $161,000.

Of the 32 sawmills and shingle plants located in King county, 21 are claimed by
Seattle. These plants are valued at $1,201,110. The total output of these mills in
1892, was as follows: 209,163,500 feet of lumber, 10,679,000 laths, and 405,630,000
shingles. The 946 men employed in these mills duiing the same year received in
wages the sum of $520,000. The cut of these mills during 1893 and 1894, was and will
be largely in excess of what it was in 1892.
In June of last year the lumber and shingle
plants of Seattle had a daily capacity of
765,000 feet of lumber and 2,380,000 shingles.
The following are representative mill and
lumber lirms of Seattle :

The Newell Mill Company was estab-
lished on a small scale in i88r, by George
Newell, who arrived in Seattle 15 years ago,
with only $8 in his possession. By strict
attention to business details, however, he
has, since that time managed to build up
a large and valuable sawmill and sash and door factory. The sawmill has a
capacity of 45,000 feet daily, and the sash and door factory is one of the largest
in the state. The plant occupies 53 city lots, and includes a large boarding-house
for the employes, and also a number of cotti ;jes. Mr. Newell is a thorough and

practical business man, and
he successfully manages the
enterprise of which he is the
head. Shipments are made
by this company to local and
foreign forts.

A representative Wash-
ington lumber firm having
excellent facilities 'or hand-
ling large Eastern orders and
making prompt shipments,
is the Allen & Nelson Mill
Company of Seattle. The
company's plant is located
ALLtN A Nf isoH MILL co.'s SAWMILL, MoNOMAN. at MoHohan OH Lake Samma-

NEwELL'a Mill, Seattle.

m^':^^"^y^<^^^^'-

^mamsmmnm

880

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

PHOTO, BV LA ROCHE.

6AWMILL, A. S. Kerrv, Seattle.

ish. A modern sawmill with a capacity for cutting 50,000 feet of lumber per day has
just been completed and the mill is now running up to that output. The company
owns a large tract of fine timber land adjacent to the lake from which logs are
floated to the mill, thereby reducing the cost of lumber production to a minimum.
Although this company does a large local business and also operates a retail yard at
Snohomish, the bulk of its trade is done with Eastern buyers. This is one of the
most importapt lumber firms of Seattle.

The handling of the lumber business of Seattle is not by any means entirely in

the hands of the old element, for a num-
ber of bright and energetic young men
are engaged in operating sawmills here.
One of the most prominent of these is
A. S. Kerry, proprietor of the perfectly
equipped sawmill located at the foot of
Charles street. This mill furnishes em-
ployment to 60 men and has a daily ca-
pacity of 60,000 feet of lumber. The
manufactured product consists of all
kinds of lumber, shingles, laths and
mouldings. The plant is built on a wharf
projecting into the Sound, thus enabling vessels to load direct from the mill and
also facilitating the handling of logs. Consignments of lumber are shipped from
this mill to all sections of the East and a large btjsiness is also done with local points.

Among the important industrial plants at Seattle is the large wood-working
factory owned and operated by the Holmes Lumber Company. The factory occupits
an advantageous site on the shores of Lake TTr-ion. From it a dock projects into
deep water, at which the steamboats that ply on .ue lake receive and discharge their
cargoes.

The Holmes Lumber Company manufacture sash, doors and n)ouldings, and all
kinds of finishing lumber, counters, shelving, brackets, turning, etc. The company
have built up a large outside business, and arc prepared to fill large orders for
shipment for which they have ample facilities. Marcus M. Holmes, the president of
the company, has for some years been prominent in business and public life at
Seattle. All business transacted by the company is attended to by Mr. Holmes
in person.

Among the other manufacturing establishments of Seattle are iron works worth
$310,000, whose output for the year 1892 amounted to $657,000. In the manufacture
of carriages and
wagons there is
$48,000 of capital
invested, and the
output of these
plants is $96,000 a
year, and they em-
ploy regularly
about 75 men.
Planing mills, sep-
arate from the lum- „„^^„ ,„^„„ g„,,,,.

PHOTO. BY LA ROCHE.

Seattle, Wcshington.

381

ber industries, turn out work annually to the value of $1,600,000. In the
16 establishments engaged in cigar manufacturing 65 men are employed and
5,000,000 cigars, valued at $195,000, are turned out annually. The output of the
Seattle furniture factories is valued at about $198,200. About $200,000 in capital is
employed in the butchering business. This industry pays out about $72,000 a year in
wages and the value of the annual output is about $1,145,813.

Another great industry in Seattle and in the immediate suburbs is the manufac-
ture of brick, tiling and pottery. A fine quality of potter's clay is found in the
vicinity of the city. One large concern engaged in this business here employs 80
men and is now turning out large quantities of terra cotta goods and ornamental
pottery ware. There are also about 50 brick yards in and near the city. These
industries employ 900 men and their output reaches about 120,000,000 brick per
annum. The value of this annual product is over $1,400,000.

Seattle's manufacturing enterprises, large and small, number 236. The aggre-
gate capital invested in these plants is $5,110,000, and the value of the product in
1893 [approximate] reached $11,942,000.

While Seattle has for many years past been a great emporium for retail and
jobbing trade, it may be stated that the wholesale business of the city has just
begun to assume proportions of any considerable magnitude. The volume of the
business transacted by the 95 jobbing houses of Seattle during 1893 has shown a most
marked increase over the business of the previous three years. The aggregate cap-
ital now employed in these houses is about $5,200,000. Their trade for 1893 was
approximated at $16,500,000. The leading jobbing houses of the city are located on
the water front where they are afforded unexcelled facilities for making and receiv-
ing shipments, goods being landed at and shipped direct from their doors by either
water or rail.

The waters of Puget Sound, the rivers which empty into this inland body or
water and the banks of the Pacific ocean off the Straits of Fuca abound in numerous
varieties of the finest food fishes. In the Sound and in the rivers which flow into it
large catches of salmon are made each year, and fishing for cod, halibut, herring
and other fishes forms one of the leading industries of the Sound country at the
present time. These fish are landed in Seattle a few hours after they arc taken from
the water, and from this point they are shipped for hundreds of miles inland. The
total shipments of fish from Seattle during 1893 amounted to about 1,810,000 pounds.
During the same year one cannery in operation on the Sound turned out a pack of
nearly 25,000 cases.

At West Seattle, which lies just across the bay from Seattle proper, a large grain
elevator has been erected which has a capacity of 2,000,000 bushels of wheat. The
largest sea-going vessels find easy anchorage alongside this warehouse, and ships are
loaded direct from the elevator. This concern shipped about 1,300,000 bushels of
wheat in 1893. Owing to the inequalities of freight rates it has only been recently
that the grain of Eastern Washington has sought an outlet at Seattle, but as rates by
rail for grain shipments have been satisfactorily adjusted to favor Seattle the grain
shipments from this port are rapidly increasing, and this is fast becoming one of
the principal points of the coast for the handling of wheat in large quantifies.

The substantial basis upon which the business of a city is transacted is best evi-
denced by the number and soundness of it3 financial institutions. There are in Seat-
tle today 20 banks with an aggregate cr^ital of $2,830,000. The individual banks of
the city make the following showing :

882

The Oreffonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

Dexter Horton & Co., capital, $200,000; First National, capital, $150,000, sur-
plus, $(50,000; undivided profits, $50,000; Puget Sound National, capital, $300,000;
surplus, $60,000, undivided profits, $48,000 ; Boston National, capital, $300,000 ; sur-
plus, $16,750; undivided profits, $45,000; Merchants National, capital $200,000; sur-
plus, $24,000, undivided profits, $25,000; Commercial National, capital, $100,000, sur-
plus, $10,500, undivided profits, $10,000 ; Seattle National, capital, $250,000, surplus,
$6,000, undivided profits, $18,400 ; Washington National, capital. $100,000, surplus,
$20,000, undivided profits, $36,000; National Bank of Commerce, capital, $300,000,
surplus, $12,500, undivided profits, $15,000; British Columbia [branch], capital,
$3,000,000 (estimated); Guarantee Loan & Trust Co., capital, $200,000, surplus, $25,000,
undivided profits, $10,900; Seattle Savings, capital, $50,000; Peoples Savings, capital,
$100,000, surplus, $24,117, undivided profits, $20,000; Security Savings, capital,
$50,000; Seattle Dime Savings, capJtal, $50,000; Washington Savings, capital,
$100,000; Scandinavian American, capital, $75,000, surplus $6,ooo- North End, capi-
tal, $50,000; Filkins Banking Company, capital, $55,000 ; Puget Sound Savings, capi-
tal, $100,000, surplus, $3,600.

Of these banks il will be noticed that eight are national, six are private com-
mercial and six are savings banks. The number of savings banks in Seattle indicate
a thrift and industry '' the working people of the city that is commendable.

The oldest bank in Seattle is that of Dexter Horton & Co., founded in 1870, and
the most recently organized bank is the Security Savings, which began business
June I, 1892. On June i, 1893, the total deposits in the Seattle banks were $7,354,367,
an increase since June, 1888, of $3,810,367.

That Seattle is one of the great financial centers of the West is shown by the
statement of the business transacted through the clearing house by months for the
year ending April 30, 1893. The clearances by months were as follows :

May, 1892, #5,405.574-70; June. $5,110,598.67; July, $4,925,978.68; August,
$5,460,124.25; September, $4,670,361.69; October, $4,614.844.55 ; November, $4,786,-

878.32 ; December, $5,284,472.02 ; January, 1893,
$4. 79S. 369-82 ; February, $3,923,712.13; March,
$5,016,136.93; April, $4,563,440.64. This made
a total of $63,560,592.40 for the entire year.
The above clearances are considerably greater
than those of other cities with a population
equal to that of Seattle. There has never been
a bank failure in Seattle, and while the banks
here are exceedingly liberal in supporting any
enterprise that will materially benefit the city,
on the whole they transact business on a safe
and conservative basis.

The banking house of Dexter Horton & Co. ,
has always stood at the head of the financial
institutions of Washington. It was founded in
1 870 by Dexter Horton and David Phillips with
a capital of $50,000, and it temained a private
bank until 1887, when it was incorporated as a
state bank and the capital stock was increased
to $200,000. At that time W. S. Ladd was
president, A. A. Denny, vice-president and

•'^M=.

-^^:^fisiifeirt«itii[&iiiif^

Bank of Oixtir Horton a Co., Seattlj.

Seattle, Washington.

383

&Co.,
naiicial
nded in
ps with

private
;ed as a
creased
dd was
nt and

J. H. Hoyt, manager. In 1887 the latter gentleman resigned and N. H. Latimer
was chosen manager in Mr. Hoyt's place. For 10 years this was the only bank in
the city and it is today the only bank occupying its own building. This building is
an imposing and costly structure, six stories in height, of a handsome architectural
design and equipped with every modern convenience.

The finances of the city are in an excellent condition. Its bonds command a
premium in the money centers of the East, and its indebtedness is comparatively
low, being limited by the charter to five per cent, of the total assessed valuation of
city property) with an additional five per cent, if approved by the citizens. On
January i, 1893, the interest-bearing debt of Seattle amounted to $3,117,730. Of this
amount $520, 180 was a floating debt, and the remainder was bonded. The following
figures showing the assessed value of property in King county are interesting,
especially when It is remembered that a few years ago the county was an almost un-
broken wilderness, and that even today its vast resources are just beginning to be
developed. The assessed value of property in the county as equalized by the state
board in 1892 was as follows: railroads, $1,248,056 ; personal property, $6,961,225;
real estate, $39,801,571 ; improvements, $8,718,180, making a total of $56,720,036, of
which j|f43,852,o85 was the assessment of property located within the corporate
limits of Seattle. This is a remarkable increase over the assessed valuation of
property in the county in 1890, which then amounted to $26,431,455.

The post office receipts show a corresponding increase. In 1885 there was re-
ceived at the Seattle post office $14,076. In 1890 the receipts amounted to $77,298,
and in 1892 the receipts footed up to $97,216.

The Seattle Chamber of Commerce with a membership of 300 energetic business
men has done much to advance the city's welfare. It makes itself a clearing house
of information on Seattle and its resources, and any letters addressed to the
Chamber regarding Seattle, or the country of which it is the chief commercial center,
will be cheerfully and promptly answered.

Of Seattle hotels, doubtless the Hotel Northern is the one best patronized by
commercial men and tourists. It is located in the business heart of the city, con-
veniently near all depots, docks, theaters and street-car lines. The appointments of
the hotel are of the best. The rooms are large and richly furnished. The hotel is
supplied with elevators, steam heat and all modern conveniences. The dining room
is cu the top floor. The superior service and excellent cuisine of this hostelry have
won for it a wide popularity.

The proprietors of the Hotel Northern, Messrs. Dodge & Smith, are well known
in hotel and business circles. The senior member, Mr. John W. Dodge, was until
recently the secretary of the Seattle Chamber of Commerce. Mr. Smith is known
to the traveling public as the former steward of the Ebbitt House, Cincinnati, and
of the Washington Park Club, Chicago.

This ends a brief and summarized description of Seattle. That the future of
the city is bright is not questioned bv those who know anything of the possibilities
for the future growth of the entire Puget Sound country. With the hidden stores
of wealth in timber, coal, iron and other metals, in the agricultural stretches of the
interior, and with the matchless opportunities for building up a great maritime
trade, Seattle must always rank among the great cities of the coast, and there is every
reason for believing that a few years hence will see here one of the great seaport
cities of the United States.

384

The Oregonian's Handbook of the T'aciGc Northwest.

The illustrations of scenery, buildings and industrial plants in "The Handbook"
were made from original photographs, and while great credit is due the respective
photographers for their artistic work in taking these views, some credit is also due
Messrs. C. W. Parker & Co., of Seattle, dealers in photographic supplies, for the
materials furnished, which allowed these excellent negatives to be taken. This firm
furnishes nearly all the photographers in Washington with the material that enables
them to turn out such excellent work, and the firm also carries a complete stock of
cameras and amateur outfits.

Ballai'd, Washington. — Ballard is in King county, Washington, five miles
distant from Seattle. It is situated on the arm of Puget Sound known as Salmon
Bay, and has a deep-water frontage one mile
long, the depth of water along this front varying
from 14 to 25 feet. In view of the great canal
which is to connect Puget Sound with the fresh
waters of Lake Washington, work on the con-
struction of which will soon be commenced, Bal-
lard may be appropr itely styled the "Gate City."
All vessels entering this canal must first pass
through Ballard's harbor. The construction of
the canal will materially deepen the water at Bal-
lard's docks, and the completion of this great
work will be of the most signal benefit to the
city. Salmon Bay itself is completely landlock-
ed, and it affords one of the safest h /bors for the
anchorage of shipping on the coast.

Ballard enjoys the best of transportation facilities. In addition to its fine water
approaches, it is on the main line of the Seattle, Lake Shore & Eastern railroad, and
is also passed by trains over the Sound division of the Great Northern. It is con-
nected with Seattle direct by an electric road, which runs cars for passengers between
the two points every 20 minutes during the day, and which runs freight cars as
required. The franchise and right-of-way for another electric road to conne.,. ^;tl-
lard and Seattle have been granted, and this latter road will probably be in running
order by the time this book goes to press.

Although Ballard is but five miles distant from SecHle, it is more than a suburb
of the city. Ballard is incorporated and has a present population of over 2,000. It
is one of the most important manufacturing points in the state. Considerable ship
building has been done at this point, and the fastest and best appointed sternwheel
steamer in the world, the Bailey Gatzert, so well known in Pacific coast waters, was
built here by the late Captain J. J. Holland, at a cost of $90,000. Among the large
number of manufacturing establishments at Ballard, the following are particularly
prominent : the West Coast Manufacturing & Investment Company ; the Seattle
Cedar Lumber Company ; the Stinson Lumber Company ; the Auld & Johnson and
Fleming & Ayers lumber mills. The aggregate output of the lumber mills of Bal-
lard, for 1892, amounted to 31,400,000 feet of lumber, and during the same time 192,-
955,000 shingles were produced at the same place.

Ballard is distinctively a progressive town. In 1890 the official census gave Bal-
lard 1,178 inhabitants. It is suggestive of enterprise on the part of its citizens and
its natural advantages, that during the past two generally dull years, the population of

A. E. Pretty, Mayor of Ballard.

Ballard, Washingtov.

885

dbook"
jpective
ilso due
for the
his firm
enables
stock, of

ve miles
Salmon

ine water
-oad, and
It is con-
between
cars as
ne.. yA-
runnitig

a suburb
2, GOO. It
■able ship
ernwheel
iters, was
the large
rticularly
Seattle
nson and
Is of Bal-
ime 192,-

^ave Bal-
zens and
ulation of

A Scene *t Evehett.

the place has nearly doubled. Ballard now has a good double waterworks system,
water for protection against fire being drawn from the bay, while clear mountain
spring water, for domestic use is supplied here in ample quantitj' for all demands.
Ballard has a fine schoolhouse, erected at a cost of $20,000, and the public schools
here are presided over by good teachers. The city is lighted by electricity, has well
stocked stores, and bears every evidence of prosperity. The present city ofiicers,
under whose fostering care Ballard's most substantial progress has been made, are :
A. E. Pretty, mayor; John Keene, treasurer, and H. B. Pederson, assessor.

Everett, Washington. — Everett is located in Snohomish county, Washing-
ton, on a peninsula lyi miles wide, lying between the salt waters of Puget Sound,
and Port Gardner on the west and the Snohomish river
on the east. It is one of the terminal points of the Great
Northern railroad lint on Puget Sound. The distance to
Everett from St. Paul, the eastern terminus of the road,
is 1,772 miles, about 130 miles shorter than the distance
between St. Paul and Tacoma by the Northern Pacific.
Everett is reached from the south by the Seattle & Mon-
tana branch of the Great Northern, this latter line connect-
ing Seattle, 33 miles distant on the south, with South
Westminster, British Columbia, on the north. Everett is
also the terminus of the Everett & Monte Cristo railroad, which connects Everett
with the very rich Monte Cristo mines. An electric road, seven miles in
length, connects the western, or bay side of Everett, with the eastern, or Snohomish
river side. This line affords rapid-transit facilities between the city and the barge

works to the north and the paper mill at Lowell, two
^„ ,,.„.. ^ miles south of Everett. Several lines of steamers also

ply regularly between Everett and Seattle and between
Everett and all Sound ports.

Everett was not in existence at the time the govern-
ment census was taken in 1890, the townsite plat not
having been filed until September, 1891. When incorpo-
ration was effected in March, 1893, the population of the
place was estimated at 5,200. This population was on a
basis of 2)^ persons for every male name in the careful-
ly prepared directory of Everett issued by the well-known
directory publishers, R. L. Polk & Co., in January of that year, and the estimate
is believed to be both conservative and reliable.

Everett is essentially a manufacturing town. The Pacific Steel Barge Company
have a large plant at Everett for the manufacture of the whaleback steamships.
They have $600,000 of invested capital and their plant here represents an outlay of
$250,000. They are now employing about 200
men. The Puget Sound Wire Nail & Steel
Company, also located at this point, have a cap-
ital of $400,000, and they have invested in their
plant $300,000. The output of the nail works is
one carload of nails a day. The Puget Sound
Pulp & Paper Company of P>erett, have a capi-
tal of $500,000. They have invested in their plant
$400,000, and their plant is now kept running

Docks and Works, Everett.

A FACTORY AT Everett.

386

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

PHOTO. BY
FRANK PEBRY.

day and night. In addition to the above important works, the Sumner Iron Works
at Everett, have a capital of $25,000, and are doing a large local business, and the
Puget Sound Reduction Company employ regularly about 125 men and are on a strong
financial footing. The aggregate capital now invested in the different manufacturing
industries at Everett reaches the grand total of |i, 881, 000.

During the past two years a number of very fine buildings have been erected at
Everett. Prominent among these fine structures maybe mentioned the Clark block,
erected at a'cost of $35,000; a public school building which cost $30,000; the Wiscon-
sin block, the erection of which involved an outlay of $25,000 ; the Slack block, on
which $25,000 was spent ; the Mohawk block, which represents an outlay of $25,000 ;
the Hewitt block, which cost $20,000; the Swalwell block, at a cost of $30,000 ; the
Craddock block and the Chamber of Commerce building, each of which cost $20,000.
In addition to the buildings enumerat»,'(l above, a large number of buildings have
been erected in Everett during this same time at a cost of from $5,000 to $15,000, and
in this same short period of two years Everett has emerged from the chrysalis state
of a mere hamlet to its present important position as one of the most promising
cities of the Puget Sound country.

Snohomish, Washington.— The city of Snohomish is located in the rich
valley of the Snohomish, through which flows the river of the same name, 38 miles

north of Seattle by the Seattle, Lake Shore & Eastern rail-
road, and 42 miles by the Great Northern. Itis the judicial
seat of Snohomish county and is the commercial center of a
large district rich in natural resources. This section con-
tains prominent features of interest both to the tourist and
to the man looking for a home in the West, and it is one of
the most fertile of the valleys watered by the many streams
flowing down from the Cascade Mountains and emptying
their waters into the main body of Puget Sound.

The Snohomish river is formed by the junction of two
turbulent streams, the Skykomish and the Snoqualmie,
which, flowing down from the Cascades through narrow
gorges and contracted valleys, finally merge into a single
stream at a point 18 miles distant from the mouth of the
Snohomish. The latter river is a navigable stream, lines
of boats plying regularly between the city of Snohomish,
Everett and other points on the river, and Seattle, Taconia and other centers of pop-
ulation of the Sound. Snohomish is situated on the river, about 11 miles above its
mouth, and it is a point easily reached from Seattle and Tacoma by either boat or cars.
The settlement of Snohomish antedates the establishment of most of the other
cities of the Sound Co^untry. The first house was erected on the site of the present
city in 1859 by E. C. Ferguson, the present mayor of Snohomish. Mr. Ferguson
filed a homestead claim on the site on which the city was subsequently built.
Shortly after settling here he opened a store and by some little effort he induced a
few people to settle near him, thus early forming the nucleus of the present flourish-
ing city. The growth of Snohomish is largely due to the energy and perseverance of
Mr. Ferguson himself, who, during the entire history of the city, has been promi-
nently identified with its enterprises and public improvements, and who is today the
most prominent citizen of the place whose welfare he has so materially advanced.

Oil well. Snohomish County.

Snohomish, Washington.

887

Works
ind the
I strong
.cturing

;ctcd at
t block,
ATiscou-
ock, on
^25,000 ;
XX); the

$20,CXX).

igs have
000, and
ilis state
roniising

the rich
38 miles
,tern rail-
e judicial
;nter of a
tion con-
urist and
, is one of
f streams
imptying

m of two
)qualmie,

narrow
a single
:h of the
am, lines
ohoniish,
s of pop-
above its
t or cars,
the other
e present
Ferguson
tly built,
nduced a

flourish -
?erance of
en promi-
oday the
dvanced.

Mr, Ferguson was a leading spirit in the coterie
of adventurous men who settled in Washington in
the early 50's. The names of these men are linked
and interwoven with the history and development
of the western part of Washington. In i860 and
prior to that year, Mr. Ferguson was interested in
building trails through the dense and impenetrable
forests that separated the settlements of the Puget
Sound country. He was the first man to take a
train of pack horses over the Cascade Mountains.
The route followed by Mr. Ferguson at that time
was by way of Cady Pass, thence down the We-
natchee river to the Columbia and up the latter
stream to Lake Chelan. Mr. Ferguson has re-
peatedly represented Snohomish county in the
legislature, and has always been recognized as its
leading citizen. Every movement tending to pro-
mote the interests of Snohomish city and county
has received material support from his hands.

Mr. Ferguson is now president of the Snoho-
mish L,and Company, and he also holds the same
office in the Snohomish National Bank.

During the past three years Snohomish has
made most substantial improvement. The popula-
tion of the place today is about 3,500 and the trade
which the city enjoys is on a most substantial
basis. The business streets are compactly built up with a good class of buildings
and the costly and beautiful private residences of the city attest the degree of prosper-
ity which has attended the efforts of the
citizens who occupy them. The county court
house, high school and other public build-
ings located at Snohomish are elegant and
substantial structures that would be a credit
to any of the larger cities of the Sound coun-
try. The city passesses a fine water-works
and electric light plant, gas works, telephone
service, a well equipped fire department,
one daily and two weekly newspapers, two
banks, each capitalized for $50,000, commo-
dious hotels and a good opera house. During
the past four or five years the annual ex-
penditures for buildi' ' improvements at
Snohomish have averaged a quarter of a million dollars. In addition to this, large
sums of local capital have been spent during this time in building and equipping saw
and shingle mills and other manufacturing industries located in the vicinity of the
city, enterprises that now add greatly to the material wealth of Snohomish.

The tracks of three important lines of railroad pass through Snohomish. These
roads are, the main line of the Great Northern, the Seattle, Lake Shore & Eastern,

HON, E. C. Ferguson, Snohomish,

RESIDENCe, HON, E. C FERQU80N, SNOHOMISH.

1 I

388

The Oregow'an's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

PHOTO BY FRANK PERBV.

; II

now operated by the Northern Pacific and the recently com-
pleted system of the Everett & Moute Cristo. The coun-
try surrounding and tributary to Snohomish is rich in the
fertility of its soil, in the extent of the forest growth of
valuable timber and in deposits of coal and minerals. At
the headwaters of the numerous creeks which feed the
Skykomish and Stillaguamish rivers valuable mineral dis-
coveries have been made which it is thought will ultima-
tely lead to considerable mining development.

An English and American syndicate is now spending
several million dollars in development work in the famous
Monte Cristo region located at the headwaters of the Sauk
river in Snohomish county. Mining operations are also
being carried on extensively in the Silver Creek district,
which is drained by the Skykomish river. The entire
mineral district which can be made tributary to Snohomish

Giant Ceo»« NEAR Snohomish. . ,, .. • -i \ ■, .. ..• r .• t •

.« FEET IN DIAMETER. IS uow attractmg considerable attention from practical min-

ing men and the development of this rich section will do muoh to advance the in-
terests of Snohomish. The Everett & Monte Cristo railroad, which now passes
through the city and which has just been completed, opens up the entire mineral
belt referred to above and the completion of this road has greatly facilitated the de-
velopment of this district, which has heretofore been practically isolated owing to
lack of opportunities afforded for getting the product of the mines to market.

Six of the 48 shingle mills in the county are located at Snohomish and these
mills are doing a good business. The constantly increasing demand for red cedar
s^iingles in the East makes the industry of sawing shingles here of considerable im-
portance at the present time, and the business is a profitable one. Two large sawmills
are operated in the vicinity of Snohomish as are a number of other industrial plants.
The farmers occupying the rich valley in the vicinity of Snohomish are prosperous
and some very fine farms are seen in this section. The staple products of the valley
are hops and fruit, although large quantities of hay are also raised here which owing
to the proximity to a market, always commands a
good price. The section of country near Snoho-
mish is one of the most picturesque and attractive
to tourists in Western Washington. A leading
feature of interest in this section are the famous
falls of the Snoqualmie river, which drop some
268 feet over a sheer precipice. The country pre-
sents all the contrast of hill and valley with

their variegated coloring and sharp contrasts, and '^^'^5%S^":^V,^^'''#^P^

it is a part of the Sound country that is worth ^ ^..^5^^<k i i

visiting by all tourists who come West to see a
country that is some day to startle the world with
a rapid and substantial growth consequent on the development of the varied material
sources of wealth which have so long laid dormant here.

Mt. Vernon, Washington. — Mt. Vernon, a rapidly growing town of 1,300
inhabitants, is surrounded by the rich agricultural and timber section of Skagit
county, of which it is the seat of justice. It is built upon both banks of the Skagit

PHOTO. BV FRANK PERRY.

.Ci(C:S

Cedar Stump near Snohomish, 19 feet in Diameter

y^'.,^-" ,11,

IN DlUMETER

SCHOOt. HOUSE, MT, VmNOM.

Mt. Vernon, Washington.

river, and is joined by a costly wagon bridge, and is
an important station on the Sound branch of the Great
Northern railroad. It is 79 miles north of Seattle by
rail. The Skagit river, on which the town is located, is
the largest .stream in Washington north of the Colum-
bia river. The Skagit finds its source in the heart of
the Cascade Mountains, and flowing through the center
of Skagit county, empties into that part of Puget Sound
known as Saratoga Passage. The liver is navigable for
large boats for 75 miles from its mouth, and for a
distance of 15 miles inland it is affected by the tides.

Skagit county, of which Mt. Vernon is the principal trading point, covers an
area of about 2,400 square miles, or 1,250,000 acres. It contains 55 townships, of
which only 18 are surveyed. It is estimated that the 1,650 square miles of forests in
the county contain nearly 20,000,000,000 feet of timber. About one-half of this
forest belt occupies bottom land, which is capable of a high state of cultivation
when cleared. In the county are abo' t 200 square miles of low and high lands
adapted to the highest state of cultivation, as well as rich marsh lands. A great
part of the latter has been reclaimed by means of ditches and dikes. This land
yields enormous crops, the average yield of oats here being 100 bushels to the acre.
Hops yield an average of one and two-thirds tons, hay three tons, potatoes, 296
bushels, onions, 500 bushels, mangel-wurzel beets, 1200 bushels, carrots, 1200 bushels
and cabbage 18^ tons to the acre.

In the mountainous parts of the county are extensive and valuable deposits of
coal and iron. The development of these latter resources is described at length in
the coal-mining and mineral articles in another part of " The Handbook."

The town of Mt. Vernon was founded in 1890, and keeping pace with the rapid
development of the surrounding country, has within the past three years grown to be
the principal trading and manufacturing point in the county. The principal in-
dustries engaged in here at the present time are the manufacture of lumber and
shingles. In the vicin ty of the town extensive logging operations are carried on.
Three shingle mills, in addition to a large sawmill with a daily capacity of 50,000 feet,
are located at Mt. Vernon. These mills have a daily capacity of 250,000 sningles. The
town itself presents an attractive appearance. Its streets are broad and well kept.
It has an eight-room brick school building, several churches and many costly resi-
dences. The streets are lighted by an electric light plant, which was erected at a
cost of $19,000. This plant is equipped with one 45-arc machine and two incan-
descent machines with a capacity of 350 lights each.

The First National Bank of Mt. Vernon, organized March 5, 1891, is now one of
the soundest financial institutions in Washington. It is closely connected with the

banking houses of Dexter Horton & Co., of Seattle, and
Ladd & Tilton, of Portland. Mr. \Vm. M. Ladd, of the latter
bank, is one of the stockholders of the First National at
Mt. Vernon. Since its organization, this bank has remained
under the same management. The capital stock of the
bank is $50,000, the surplus and undivided profits on March
I, 1893 were $12,434, and the individual deposits subject to
„ „ check at the same time were $124,615. The officers are as

Finsi r**TiONAL BAXK CoRNEH, Mt Vernon »- -r. ^^

390

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

follows : Geo. D. McLean, president ; F. R. Van Tuye, vice-president : C. S. Moody,

cashier. The directors are G. D. McLean, P. Halloran, F. R. Van Tuye and C. S.

Moody.

I^a Conner, Waslilnjjfton. — La Conner, the trading and shipping point for

the most fertile agricultural district in Western Washington, is located 70 miles

distant from Seattle, by water, on that part of
the shore of Puget Sound known as Saratoga
Passage, which also sometimes goes under the
name of Skagit Bay. A daily steamboat ser-
vice connects La Conner with Seattle and other
Sound points, and stages run daily between La
Conner and Whitney, a station on the line of
the Seattle & Northern railroad, four miles dis-
tant, as well as to Mt. Vernon, the county seat,
whet'.- rail connection is made with the Sound
The distance between La Conner and Mt. Vernon,

View of la Conner

branch of the Great Northern,
by stage, is 10 miles.

La Conner was founded in ^^^69, and was incorporated as a city in 1883. It now
claims a population of 800, and is a thriving and prosperous town enjoying, as it
does, a large and steady trade with the adjacent rich farming country. Near La Con-
ner the Skagit river divides into a number of arms, or estuaries, forming the largest
delta of any river of the Puget Sound basin. This delta is diked with mud walls
two or three feet in height, and this section forming the cream of an agricultural
belt of the lands bordering on Puget Sound, is thickly settled by prosperous farmers,
whose chief products are oats, hay and cattle. The 75,000 acres comprising the
Skagit delta and bordering on the Swinanish Indian reservation flats, are directly
tributary to La Conner. The productions of this wonderful belt of agricultural land
are said to represent in volume the products of 200,000 acres of the best land any-
where else in the state. As an instance of the wonderful fertility of this land, it can
be stated that oats yield here over 125 bushels to the acre. Nearly the entire pro-
ducts of the farms here find an outlet at La Conner, and this point, outside of the
large commercial centers, is one of the most important shipping ports of the Sound.
The average annual yield of the country tributary to La Conner is about 1,500,000
bushels of oats, 12,000 tons of hay, and over 500,000 pounds of hops. La Conner is
founded on a basis of the solid prosperity of the
country adjacent, and its prospects for continued
prosperity are absolutely assured. The govern-
ment has made a $25,000 appropriation for the
commencement of preliminary work in deepening
and enlarging the channel which separates Fidalgo
island from the mainland. When this channel
is made navigable it will greatly shorten the dis-
tance between Bellingham Bay and Taconia and
Seattle, and boats on this route, after the com-
pletion of the channel, will all stop at La Conner,
as the latter point will lie on the direct course
between Bellingham Bay and Seattle.

La Conner has a number of substantial brick and wooden business blocks, a
fine electric light plant, a weekly newspaper, a bank, and a sawmill with a daily

High School, La Conned.

Anacortes, Washington.

391

capacity of 20,000 feet of lumber. The town also contains a handsome eight-room
school house, a town hall, several churches, and just beyond the town limits are
large and well laid-out fair grounds, which contain a fast one-half mile course.

The district in the vicinity of ha Conner furnishes one of the best locations in
the Northwest for a seed farm, and the one owned and operated by A. G. Tilling-
hast, at La Conner, is now widely known throughout the entire Pacific Northwest
for the superior quality of the seeds it produces. The seeds grown on this farm are
of a much higher vitality and make more vigorous plants than the Eastern-grown
seeds. Mr. Tillinghast commenced business in 1885, and since that date has built
up a large wholesale and retail seed trade. He ships tons of seeds to the East,
and transacts a retail business by the means of catalogues, which he mails on appli-
cation to any address.

Sertro, Washiiijifton. — Sedro,an important lumbering town in Skagit county,
is situated 68 miles north of Seattle, and 22 miles east of Anacortes. It is on the
Skagit river, one of the largest navigable streams in Washington. The town is the
junction of the Seattle, Lake Shore & Eastern, Seattle & Northern, and Fairhaven
& Southern railroads. The last-named road connects with the coal mines at Jen-
nings, and the Seattle & Northern is operated between Anacortes and Hamilton, a
distance of 35 miles.

Sedro now claims a population of 600. It contains a large hotel, a four-room
school house, two churches, a bank, and a saw and shingle mill with a daily capacity
of 20,000 feet of lumber and 100,000 shingles. The town presents an attractive
appearance with its wide streets, which are thoroughly lighted after nightfall by
electricity. The sidewalks are wide, and the townsite is laid out on a liberal plan.
But a few miles distant from Sedro are tl— foothills of the Cascade Mountains, and
in the vicinity of the town are found excellent hunting and fishing.

Anacortes, Washington. — Lying directly opposite the Straits of Fuca and
separated from Bellingham Bay by a short stretch of land-locked water, is Fidalgo
Island, which at low tide is a penitsula surrounded on three sides by excellent har-
bors. Situated on the north shore of this island is Anacortes, a rising young trading
point, and the site of considerable manufacturing enterprises. The town was founded
in January, 1890. Anacortes owes its existence as a town to men of great wealth and
influence. Its rapid growth was due primarily to the wild wave of speculation which
swept over certain parts of the Northwest in 1890. The town has now emerged from
the boom stage of its existence into a state of dependence for its support on the
legitimate trade of a rich tributary section. The wild hopes of the early promoters
of the townsite here have been far from realized. Anacortes is not today of ;he
importance that its promoters hoped it would be. Some of its projected enterprises
have lagged, its business is slow and its natural growth has been somewhat retarded
by the causes which are the outgrowth of any " busted boom." Anacortes, however,
occupies exceptional natural advantages of location. Its harbor is easily accessible
at all times by the deepest vessels. This harbor is free from storms, and the country
back of Anacortes is one of matchless resources. These advantages backed by capital
will insure the town a prosperous existence, and Anacortes today can not be regarded
as one^of the dead boom towns of the West.

Anacortes is now the terminus of the Seattle & Northern railroad, which runs
east for a distance of 40 miles to Hamilton. At the latter point are located the large
coal mines owned by the Oregon Improvement Company. At Burlington this road

892

The Orcffonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

connects with the Puget Sound branch of the (ireat Northern railway, and t»t Wooley
it forms a junction with the Seattle, Lake Shore & Kastern railroad, with its Pacific
coast terminus at Seattle. In addition to excellent railroad connections, Anacortcs
has the advantage of numerous steamer lines which pass this point daily. These
lines connect Anacortes with Tacoma, Seattle, Port Townsend ; Victoria and Van-
couver, British Columbia ; New Whatcom and Fairhaven, on Bellinghani Bay, and
all Sound points.

Anacortes claims a population of 1,200. It is compactly built, the principal busi-
ness structures being of brick. Among the substantial buildings of the town are a
|534, 000 school house, a palatial hotel, an opera house and three handsome church
edifices. The people here have the advantages of a fine water-works system, a well-
equipped electric light plant, a volunteer fire department and a line of electric street
railway. Among the industrial plants of Anacortcs arc three sawmills, two sash and
door factories, a brick yard and a fish-packing establishment. As a sumtner resort,
Anacortes is not excelled by any point on Puget Sound. Here there is a happy blend-
ing of marine and landscape scenery which, combined with romantic nooks in the
vicinity and the mild and salubrious climate, makes the town an ideal spot in which
to pass a summer's vacation.

PHOTO. BY B. B. DOBBS, NEW WHATCOM.

Bellinjjrliam Bay and the North Puget Sound Country. — A glance
at any map of the state of Washington will show that Bellingham Bay is the most
northerly, land-locked harbor on the Pacific coast boundary of the United States.
This large inlet is formed by a peninsula extending out into the waters of Puget
Sound on the north, and by Lummi Island on the south. Between this peninsula
and Lummi Island is a deep channel, marked on the maps as Hale's Passage, which
affords a wide and perfectly safe entrance to the bay inside. Bellingham Bay is an
ideal harbor of refuge. This large inlet is practically entirely land-locked, the high

hills surrounding it on all sides
serving as a perfect protection
against all high winds. The sur-
face of the bay itself is always
as smooth as are the waters of
any large inland lake. The
shores of the bay for a distance
of five miles are suitable for
dockage purposes, and there is
a sufficient depth of water along
this entire stretch of shore line
to float the largest vessels. The
hackneyed expression of a har-
bor's "capacity to float the
navies of the world " is not
lacking in significance when
used in connection with Belling-
ham Bay, and it is conceded by
all old Puget Sound navigators
that this is one of the best har-
bors of the coast.

Mt. Baker

Hellingham Hay and North Pufjct Sound Country, Washington.

All the .surroundings of Bellinghani Hay are attractive. The land washed hy the
waters of the bay is indented in the shape of a semi -circle, or perhaps better
described as a horseshoe. This land maintains a general level for some distance back
from the shore Hue Back of this level stretch
there is a general ri.se in the surface of the land
for a distance of perhaps one mile, at which 'point

an elevation of about 200 feet is attained. Beyond _^ - ^at" '■*.:. iK3?E''*'

the summit of this elevation, the land slopes gradu-
ally downwards as faraway as the foothills of the

Cascade Mountains. The evergreen fc rests of fir, _

cedar and hemlock, with the perennial snows of ■-~."- _' •-. "'*^^-^^--7

the lofty Cascade Mountains to the \^ est in sharp

contrast with the placid waters of Bcllingham Bay "^ ^*'""' "°" '*°"" •'°"''' nooks.ck rivek.
in thi. foreground, form a pict* c that claims the attention of even the tourist who is
surfeited with scenery and scenic effects of landscape.

Before the era of railroad development in the West, three unimportant villages
were located on the shores of Bellin^ham Bay. These were Whatcom, at one time
a trading post of the Hudson's Bay Company, Sehome and Bellingham. In the early
history of this section, the great advantages of the harbor were but illy appreciated,
the latent resources of the country back of the harbor were unknown, and the popu-
lation of these hamlets was too small to allow these points to detract in the least
from the importance of the better settled portion of the Puget Sound country. In
1889, the Tacoma capitalist, Nelson Bennett, becoming fully convinced of the
advantages of the shores of Bellingham Bay for future great development, formed

with others, the Fairhaven Land Com-
pany. This company at once formu-
lated a liberal plan of development
work, they cleared away the forests
skirting the shores of the bay and
located the present city of Fairhaven.
As the population of the section in-
creased, a consolidation between the
old towns of Whatcom and Sehome
was effected, under the corporate name
of New Whatcom, and today this
latter city and Fairhaven, with a com-
bined population of 15,000 covers the
entire semi-circle, forming the shore
line of the bay.

Both jkagit and Whatcom counties find the natural outlet for their products at
Bellingham Bay. Both of these counties contain most valuable deposits of coal,
iron, the base and precious metals and stone. The stone taken out of the quarries
of this section is conceded to rank as high for building purposes, as any stone
quarried in the United States, and large quantities of this stone are now shipped to
all pa'-ts of the coast. Added to this hidden wealth are vast forests of the finest
merchantable timber and rich deposits of alluvial soil, adapted to the highest state
of cultivation. The timber belt lying within a radius of 30 miles of the harbor, and
easily reached by both rail and water, contains unnumbered millions of feet of fir

TURAL BRIDGE, BAKER RiVER, NEAR MT. BAKER.

-r

804

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

PHOTO. BY FRENCH.

BAKER River, near Mt. Baker,

and cedar, as well as other valuable woods, which are yet practically untouched,
although the logging interests of this section are second in importance to those of
no other part of the Puget Sound country. Giant trees are found iu these forests,
and even the large timber is sound to the core. One mighty giant of the forest

towers for several hundred feet above the waters
of Lake Whatcom, that is strikingly typical of the
big trees of this section. This tree is 44 feet in
circumference at the base, and its rise heavenward
is truly majestic. A single log 20 feet in length,
taken out of the forests back of Bellingham Bay,
scaled 11,^ "25 feet of lumber. On a single stump
in this same forest, 172 persons were photographed
not long since. These tales almost rival the
stories of the giant red woods of California, but
they are statements easily susceptible of verifica-
tion, and they are not doubted by those who have
had the pleasure of an inspection of the virgin
forests of Western Washington.

In its coal deposits alone, the district tributary to Bellingham Bay contains re-
sources that iu time will rival those of even Pennsylvania itself. In Whatcom and
Skagit counties are found the largest and most valuable deposits of coal on the
Pacific Coast. The presence of bituminous coal in the state was made known to the
world by the opening of the old Sehome mine located on Bellingham Bay. This
mine has long since been abandoned, as better and more extensive deposits of the
black diamond have been uncovered in this section. Two of the great developed
coal mines of the Bellingham Bay country are the Fairhaven mine, owned by Fair-
haven capitalists, and the Blue Canyon mine, on the eastern shore of Lake Whatcom,
eight miles distant from tide water. This latter mine is nearer the shores of navig-
able salt water than are any of the other mines of the Puget Sound basin. The Fair-
haven mine is located 20 miles southeast of Fairhaven. This mine contains several
veins, varying in width fiom 7 to 30 feet. These veins lay across a high elevation,
and as the tunnels run along the "strike," the coal isru*i out of the mines by grav-ity
alone at a very light expense. Careful experimenting has demonstrated the col ing
qualities of this coal to be of the very highest standard, as shown by the follov ing
table of comparison between this coal and the product of the celebrated Connels-
ville product. Connelsville coal, carbon, 59.6; Fairhaven coal, carbon, 60.70:
Connelsville coal, volatile matter, 30.0; Fairhaven coal, volatile matter, 29.00; Con-
nelsville coal, ash, 8.3 ; Fairhaven coal, ash, 9.10 ; Connelsville coal, sulphur, 0.8 ;
Fairhaven coal, sulphur, 0.6; Connelsville coal, moisture, 1.3; Fairhaven coal,
moisture, 0.35 ; Connelsville coke, carbon, 87.6 ; Fairhaven coke, carbon, 87.8 ; Con-
nelsville coke, volatile matter, 0.5 ; Fairhaven coke, volatile matter, 0.0; Connels-
ville cokj, ash, II. o; Fairhaven coke, ash, it. 2; Connelsville coke, sulphur, 0.8 ;
Fairhaven coke, sulphur, 0.6; Connelsville coke, moisture, c, i ; Fairhaven coke,
moisture, 0.3.

The superintendent of the Tacoma Coal Company, an unprejudiced and unbi-
ased authority on this subject, makes the following statement, in a written report
which he made to the stockholders of the Fairhaven mine; " I would say this in
regard to your coal : I have been making coke for 20 years from almost all the coal

able

Bellingham Bay and North Puget Sound Country, Washington.

S96

in the United States. I have never found any coal superior to yours for coking,
if properly handled." The Great Northern Railroad Company is part owner in the
Fairhaven mine, and now uses this coal in its locomotives. The shipment of the
coal is made over the Skagit Valley branch of the Great Northern.

The Blue Canyon coal mine is also a very valuable propertj-, both owing to the
quality of its product and to the accessibility of the mine to deep water. The out-
put of this mine is shipped to large coal-bunkers located on the water front adjoin-
ing Fairhaven, Part of this coal is shipped over the railroad owned by the coal
company, and t.'ie rest over the line of the Fairhaven & New Whatcom electric rail-
way connecting Bellingham Bay with Lake Whatcom. The Blue Canyon coal is
unusually free from phosphorus and sulphur, it is good for steaming purposes, and
also for making gas. Following is the average of several analyses made of this coal ;
volatile matter, 32.19; fixed carbon, 60.81 ; ash, 6; moisture, i.

In close proximity to these deposits of fine coking coal are extensive croppings
of iron ore. If development v.ork establishes the commercial value of this ore, as
every indication now points that it will, Bellingham Bay wil' some day be the center
of one of the greatest s lelting districts in the United States, Fuel for reduction
is obtained in inexhaustible quantities, at the lowest possible cost, the shipping
facilities are more than ample for handling the product of the smelters, and the
great demand now being made for iron and steel in all parts of the West will make
a demand for this product here that will justify the establishment of smelting plants
on the most extensive scale in this district.

Silver and gold ledges have been located by prospectors, both in Skagit and
Whatcom counties. The future construction of railroad lines will make these depos-
its of great commercial value. Graphite, asbestos, sulphur and copper have also
been unearthed in the Skagit valley within a distance of 30 miles of Bellingham Bay,
but they have not been worked.

Just south of Fairhaven, on Chuckanut Bay, is located the great Chuckanut
stone quarry. The stone mined in this quarry is a dark gray sandstone, of even

grain and susceptible of great beauty of finish.
It hardens rapidly after having been exposed
to the air, and it makes a handsome and dur-
able building material. A great demand exists
at the present time for this stone throughout
both Washington and British Columbia, Some
of the finest buildings in the Bellingham Bay
country have been constructed of this stone,
as well as some of the finest structures of other
cities of the state. The fine new court house
located at Olympia, one of the handsomest
pieces of architecture in the state, war- l)uilt
of this stone. At Roche Harbor, on San Juan
Islands, 30 miles southwest of Fairhaven, are
the larges. lime works on the coast, and valu-
able deposits of lime rock have been discovered at points nearer to Bellingham Bay.
Although the mineral and forest wealth of Whatcom and Skagit counties, will
perhaps always prove the principal source of revenue in this favored part of the
state, thousand" of acres of fine agricultural land are found within the limits of

Lake Whatcom, neap New >Vhatcom.

W'M

396

The Oregoniah's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

PHOTO Br B. B. 008BS.

these counties. The statement is authoritively made that this section contains no
less than 600,000 acres of farming land. Every acre of the small percentage of this
arable portion which is now under cultivation is yielding handsome returns. A
great part of the best farming land of these two counties is located in the Nook-
sack valley, which is now traversed by the lines of three great railway systems, the

Great Northern, the Northern Pacific, and the
Canadian Pacific. Oats furnish one of the most
valuable crops of the farms of this section. The
average yield of oats to the acre here runs from
60 to even as high as 125 bushels. Barley also
does well on this land, yields of from 50 to 75
bushels to the acre being common crops. Hops
are raised as well here as in the best favored sec-
tions of Puyallup valley. A common yield of hops
in this district is about 2,000 pounds to the acre,
and hop culture here has proved a highly remun-
erative calling. In raising potatoes the farmers of
Whatcom county are easily awarded the palm.
Crops of 700 bushels to the acre do not astonish
the nat'- es here, and a yield of less than 400
bushels to the acre is hardly deemed worth dig-
ging. The growth of the cities located on the
shores of Bcllingham Bay has made truck gardening on the adjacent farming lands a
most profitabe industry, and with the increased demands for vegetables in the pop-
ulated centers here the value of all of this highly fertile land is rapidly increasing,

Fairhaveii, Wasliliistoii. — Fairh&ven is a type of the young cities of the
West which have attained prominence as commercial and populous centers as a
direct result of advantages of location and the spirit of enterprise which dominates
the growth of all modern cities. A few years ago the present site of Fairhaven was
unoccupied by a population which could even have claimed for

Lumber Camp on Lake Whatcom.

PHOTO. BY E

Qatiway to Bellinoham Bay,

•■^>S -■ JSa;:

Fairhaven, Washington.

397

"-^'S^'^

- >^**t -J

the place the pretensions of a village. At the present writing Fairhaven is an im-
portant railroad and banking center ; it boasts of the finest hotel in Western
Washington outside of Tacoma and Seattle ; its main business streets are lined with
buildings that would be a credit to the principal thoroughfares of Portland, and the
city is the home of some of the wealthiest and best known people of the Jtate.

Fairhaven has a history, and like the history of the individual who has risen
from obscurity to a position of wealth and importance, the historical sketch of the
city's progress is not without interest. The life of Fairhav .1 dates from 1889, when
Nelson Bennett, the Tacoma millionaire who cut vhe famous Stampede tunnel through
the backbone of the Cascade range of mountains for the Northern Pacific, purchased
the present site of the city. Mr. Bennett became a rich man ow'ng to his thorough
mastery of business propositions. He early foresaw the growth of Tacoma and
profited by this foresight in numerous purchases of Tacoma realty which appreciated

PHOTO. BY E. * HEGG.

VIEW OF BELLINGHAM BAY, LOOKING EAST, MT. BAKER AND
The 8I8TEB8" IN THE DISTANCE.

in value as the city attained promi-
nence. He successfully solved the diffi-
cult problem of piercing the rugged chain of the Cascades in making a pathway for the
iron horse from the sagebrush districts of Eastern Washington to a tide-water connec-
tion on Puget Souncl, and with the same foresight which he evidenced in his other busi-
ness investments, Mr. Bennttt was the first man to realize fully the advantages of the
shores of Bellingham Bay ?s a prospective.' site for the establishment of a city of
large population and commercial importance and the development of Fairhaven dur-
ing the past few years has realized fully the reliability of the forecast made by Mr.
Bennett when he first carefully looked over the ground some four years since.

The present site of Fairhaven in 1889 was owned by an old settler named Dan
Harris. Mr. Harris was a living example of the " wait and gain " policy of the men
who have grown rich by real estate investments in the far West. He had neither the
money nor the disposition to improve his real estate holdings, but he had the utmost
confidence in what the future had in store for the land on which he had squatted.
When Nelson Bennett first made the old man an offer of |5o,ooo for the piece of
property ou Bellingham Bay on which Harris had so long banked his hopes for future

r.-i

[

398

The Oregonian' s Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

riches, the old Bellingham settler positively refused to sell. When Bennett supple-
mented this princely offer with one of f 100,000 for the same property, Harris coolly
pocketed the check for this amount and retired to the life of ease which the fortune
assured him. Like many others who have had sudden fortune forced upon them
after a life of privation and hardship, Harris lived but a few months to enjoy his
hastily-acquired riches, and with his death closed the epoch which classed the Bell-
ingham Bay section with the unimportant parts of the state of Washington.

Immediately after acquiring possession of the land on which Fairhaven has since
been built, Mr. Bennett formed a syndicate composed of millionaires and commenced
active work in clearing the site which the new city was to occupy. In May, 1889, a
small army of men was employed by the company in cutting trees, building docks,

PHOTO. BY E. A HEGG.

Chuckwcxut bay, Looking North, Showing Chuckanut Sandstone Quarries to the Right.

opening the coal mines adjacent and in railroad grading. The line of the Fairhaven
& Southern railroad was pushed out from Fairhaven toward the Skagit river, in
which section some of the richest coal deposits of the state are located. Rolling
stock was hastily secured for this line, arrangements were made for the establish-
ment of the best steamboat connection between Fairhaven and all other Sound ports
and this place soon became one of the most important transportation points of the
Sound district. Fairhaven today has the best of railroad connection with all parts of
the coast both north and south, it has the choice of several transcontinental lines
for reaching the Fast and it is a large shipping point for vessels of deep-water draught.
Fairhaven, located on Bellingham Bay, fully described in an article published
in connection with this article, has a harbor of splendid proportions carrying a suffi-
cient depth of water to float the largest vessels, easily accessible and perfectly shel-
tered. The site of the city itself is especially adapted for the upbuilding of a city.
The grades of the main streets while easy are sufficient to afford perfect drainage.
Add to this magnificent scenery, a wealth of country tributary sufficient to build here
a city of the dimensions of Portland or San Francisco, and the advantages in favor of
Fairliaven for future growth and rapid development are not surpassed by those of any
other city located on the salt waters of Puget Sound.

Fairhaven, Washington.

399

haven
^'er, in
oUiug
jlish-
ports
of the
arts of
lines
aught,
lished
suffi-
shel-
a city,
linage,
d here
vor of
of any

PHOTO. BY E. A. HEGG.

The entire two miles of water-front at Fairhaven affords a sufficient depth of
water to float ships of any tonnage, and it affords the best of locations for wharves,
sawmills, foundries
and other manu-
facturing plants.
A large number of
factories now line
the water-front
here and, as shown
by the accompany-
ing illustrations of
Fairhaven 's har-
bor, the cit)' has
excellent harbor
facilities. Fair-
haven has perfect
railroad connec-
tions. It is located
on the Fairhaven
& Southern branch
of the Great Nor-
thern railroad.
Connection is
formed between
Fairhaven and Se-
attle on the south
by the Seattle &

Montana branch of the Great Northern system and with New Westminster, in British
Columbia, on the north, where close connection is made with the Canadian Pacific by
the New Westminster & Southern branch of the same great system. It is given
out aj the ultimate purpose of the management of the Great Northern to make
Fairhaven its official terminus on Puget Sound. With this end in view, the
company has already acquired title to a large lot of very valuable land in and
around this city. The company owns some of the most valuable water frontage at
Fairhaven and they are also largely interested in some of the best paying coal

. mines located near the city.
The United vStates terminus of
the Canadian Pacific on the
Pacific coast is already officially
established at New Whatcom, a
city also located on Bellingham
Bay and whose interests are
closely allied with those of Fair-
haven and whose corporate lim-
its adjoin the present limits of
Fairhaven. Connection is also
made with the Northern Paci-
fic's Seattle, Lake Shore &
Eastern branch at Scdro via the

ISLAND Scene near fairhaven.

■">iia

■If ■r

LAKf Padden, Fairhaven.

*>l

400

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

Lake Samish, fairhaven.

Fairhaveu & Southern railroad. Fair-
haven has direct connection with her
sister city, New Whatcom by the
Fairhaven & New Whatcom electric
road. Cars run over this line be-
tween the two cities every 15 minutes
during the day and until late at night,
and this is today one of the best equip-
ped and best operated lines of electric
road on the coast.

Larrabee Ave. School, Fairhaven.

Fairhaven now boasts of miles of well graded streets, good sidewalks are laid all
over the citj' and every attention has been paid to other public improvements here.
The city has a water supply that furnishes wfitc-r of unequaled purity for domestic
purposes and in inexhaustible quantities. The water is
conducted into the city from Lake Paddcn through a 12-
iuch steel main and is distributed throughout Fairhaven
by means of lateral mains respectively 10, 8, 6 and 4 in-
ches in diameter. This lake is located two miles from
Fairhaven, and as the elevation of its waters is 41S feet
above the main business street of the city, sufficient pres-
sure is afforded in the mains at Fairhaven to furnish an
ample protection against fire. The city is well lighted by
both gas and electricity. The Fairhaven Electric Light & Motor Company operates
two engines of a combined horse power of 225. Two American arc dynamos run by
these engines keep up no 2,000-candle power arc lamps, and two No. 20 Edison
incandescent dynamos, operated in connection with this same plant, have a capacity
of 2,000 i6-candle power incandescent lamps. The Bellingham Bay Gas Company
supplies a fine quality of gas to both the cities of Fairhaven and New Whatcom at a

reasonable price. Fairhaven has the best of
public school facilities. It has several hand-
some and commodious school houses, and the
schools here are presided over by competent
instructors. The Hotel Fairhaven, erected at a
cost of f 150,000, is one of the handsomest and
best conducted hotels on the coast. The build-
ing is 4 J^ stories high, surmounted by a cupola.
It is constructed entirely of brick and st'^ne.
and it is one of the most striking pieces of
architecture in the state. The gray sandstone
used in the construction of this building was
taken out of the Fairhaven quarries. The in-
terior finish of the hotel is in antique and red
oak and California redwood. The hotel con-
tains magnificent suites of apartments, it is
fitted with every modern appointment, and it is
conducted in the same lavish style as is noted in The Palace, of San Francisco,
The Portland, of Portland, or The Tacoma, at the "City of Destiny."

Hotel Fairhaven, fairhaven.

A number of very large manufacturing plants are located at Fairhaven. W. A.

New Whatcom, Washington.

401

Woodin's lumber mill here turned out 13,500,000 shingles during 1892, and during
the same year the mill manufactured 13,500,000 feet of lumber. The output of tne

^m^

Water Power, fairhaven land Co. 's Mill, Fairhaven.

W. A.

Sketches at the Fairhaven Coal Mines,
(operated by the Fairhaven Land Co.)

mill will be largely increased the present year. In
the shipment of coal Fairhaven is one of the most
important points on Puget Sound. The coal bunkers of the Blue Canyon Coal Com-
pany, immediately adjoining Fairhaven, handle immense quantities of the black
diamond, and ships and steamers are constantly taking in coal at thes~ bunkers.
The Fairhaven Foundry & Machine Company's plant, erected at Fairhaven at a
cost of $75,000, is an enterprise of considerable importance to the entire Bellingham
Bay section. The plant consists of several buildings, foundry, machine shop and
boiler room. The plant occupies a piece of ground 200 x 200 feet in size, and is fitted
with all modern appliances.

Fairhaven has a number of very
strong banks. Four banks are located
here, all on the best of financial footings.
These are the Fairhaven National, The
First National, The Citizens, and the
Bank of Fairhaven. Fairhaven as a
money and trading center, as a shipping
point and a railroad center of promi-
nence, has attained a position that more
than assures the city's future. The Fair-
haven Land Company here will furnish
all desired information on Fairhaven.

Bellinqham Bav Mill, Fairhaven.

!N"ew Whatcom, Washington. — New Whatcom is the principal city of
Whatcom countv. It is located on Bellingham Bay, and is a place of considerable
importance as a trade center and shipping port. New Whatcom is the result of the
combination of the two old towns of Sehome and Whatcom. With the development

402

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

PHOTO. Br B. B. OOBBS.

PHOTO. Br B. B. OOBBS

^•..

of the section borderiug on Bellingham Bay the two old settlements of Whatcom and
Sehome practically grew together, and when the time was reached where the limits of

one town touch-
ed the limits of
the other, the
question of an-
nexation was
broached, and
annexation of
population and
business inter-
ests was the re-
sult under the
corporate name
of New What-
com. The com-
bined popula-
tion of the old

towns of Whatcom and Sehome, as shown by the official census of 1890 was 7,000.
The population of New Whatcom has largely increased since that time, and this city
today in population and commercial standing ranks third among the cities located
on the shores of Puget Sound.

Whatcom county, of which New Whatcom is the seat of justice, is the largest
county of the state located west of the Cascade Mountains. It has all the diver-
sified resources of a fertile soil, thousands of
acres of forest containing the best timber, rich
veins of coal, varying from 3 to 12 feet in width,
fine quarries of the best building stone, and the
waters whichjwashrthe western shores of the

NEW WHATCOM HARBOR-FROM CORNWALL MILL.

Ship AT Dock, New Whatcom,

PHOTO. Br B. B. DOBBS.

Photo. Br b. b. dobbs.

Residence, Huoh Eloridge, new Whatcom.

county teem with the best ot the salt-water
food fishes. Bellingham Bay, on which New
Whatcom is located, has an area of 50 square
miles, and the water at the city's docks is deep
enough to float any large sec-going vessel. New
Whatcom is a shipping port of great import-
ance, and it is also a railroad center of promi-
nence. It is the official United States terminus
of the Canadian Pacific railroad, the trains of
which reach the city over the line of the Bell-
ingham Bay & British Columbia branch of the

Scene, Fairhaven A New Whatcom Electric RAiLWAr.

New Whatcom, Washington.

403

POMER AND Car House, fairhaven a new Whatcom
Electric Railway, New Whatcom.

PHOTO. BV B.

Canadian Pacific system. This road connects
New Whatcom with Vancouver, British Col-
umbia, direct. New Whatcom is also on the
line of the Fairhaven & Southern railroad,
which connects with the Seattle & Montana
railroad line on the south, and with the West-
minster & Southern railroad on the north.
The three last mentioned roads all form a part
of the Great Northern system, which now runs
through trains between St. Paul on the east, and
New Whatcom, Fairhaven and other Sound
cities on the west. In addition to rail con-
nection with all parts of the United States,

New W^hatcom has also the advantage of communication with all Sound ports by
a numberof lines of passenger steamers. Rapid-transit facilities are afforded between
New Whatcom and Fairhaven by the Fairhaven & New W'hatcom Electric Railway
line. This same line also affords connection with Lake Whatcom and with the
outlying suburbs. Frequent trips are made over this road between New Whatcom

and Fairhaven during the day, as well as until
late at night. The president of the line is Mr.
Hugh Eldridge, one of the most successful
young business men of W^estern Washington.
The construction and equipment of the road
call for the favorable indorsement of all those
who have had the benefit of a ride in its cars.
The service it renders its patrons in easy and
rapid transit, is so perfect that complaints of
the inefficienc}- of the line have never been
made to the management, a distinction in favor
of the company operating the road that is in
sharp contrast to the abuse usually heaped upon
companies operating rapid-transit lines. The company operating this line now
owns 15 miles of road, and it is its intention to increase this mileage as the growth
of the city and suburbs requires extensions of the present complete system. Three
lines of road are now operated under this system. One of these connects Fairhaven
and New Whatcom, another line runs from the
heart of the citj' of New Whatcom out to the court
house, and the third line connects New Whatcom
and Lake Whatcom. Over the road running be-
tween the cit}' and the lake, in addition to the
passenger trafiic, a large freight business is done
in hauling the product of the Blue Canyon coal
mine to the bunkers located on Bellingham Bay.

Among the many fine public buildings at New
Whatcom, the couri house erected at a cost of
$100,000, the city hall and the handsome brick
school houses, the latter of which cost from $15,000
upwards, are worthy of special mention. These county court house, new whatcom.

SS^'

Blue Canyon Coal Bunkers, new Whatcom.

photo, by b

i .-Hi
\v "]
I. ill

404

The Oregonian^s Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

City Hall, New Whatcom.

buildings, as well as many of the finest business blocks of the city,

are built either entirely or in part with trimmings of the famous

blue sandstone of the Chuckanut quarries, located on Chuckanut

Bay, just south of Fairhaven. This stone is shipped largely to

British Columbia, and has found its way even as far

south as Portland. The stone trimmings and arches

of the new Presbyterian church of Portland, one of

the finest church edifices of the coast, are from the

Chuckanut quarries, as is also the stone used in the

constr iction of Portland's postoffice.

New Whatcom has the purest of water supply.
Water for use in the city is taken from Lake^What-
com, a beautiful sheet of water located three miles
east of the city. This lake is fed by mountain springs
and by the melting glaciers of the eastern part of
the county. The lake is 13 miles in length, and
from one-half to two miles wide, and varies in depth

from 200 to 500 feet, thus assuring an inexhaustible supply of the purest water for

all time at New Whatcom. The elevation of the lake is 318 feet above tidewater

level. The hydrants in New Whatcom carry con-
stantly a pressure of 90 pounds to the square inch,

a sufficient pressure to throw a stream of water

175 feet through a one-inch nozzle. The pressure

in the city's mains alone furnishes a most ample

protection against fire. Lake Whatcom is one of

the most charming resorts near Puget Sound. It

is easily reached from New Whatcom by the

electric road. The waters of the lake abound

with lake trout of the black spotted variety, fish

that weigh all the way from one to six pounds

each. They are gamy and highly palatable. A

good hotel is now conducted on the shores of Lake

Whatcom for the accommodation of tourists, and

the lake is becoming more popular as a summer

resort each successive year.

In the matter of street improvements New

V/hatcom is fully abreast of the times. The

Lincoln School, New Whatcom.

Bellinqham Bay nationai. Bank Building, New Whatcom,

city now contains many miles of well-planked side-
walks and streets, and this work of street im-
provement has never been allowed to lag here,
even during the dullest periods of the city's history.
Two engines of 250 horse-power capacity each,
furnish the power for running the dynamos of the
city's electric light plant. This plant has a capac-
ity of 300 arc lights and 1,000 incandescent lights.
The city has also the advantage of a good quality
of gas for illuminating purposes supplied by a
local company. New Whatcom is the seat of con-
siderable manufacturing activity. The largest mill

New Whatcom, Washington.

405

CORNWALL MILL, NEW WHATCOM.

iu the city is the Cornwall mill, owned by the
Bellingham Bay Improvement Company.
This is conveniently located on the water
front, and is connected by switches with the
Great Northern and Bellingham Bay & Brit-
ish Columbia railroads. The mill company
enjoys the best of transportation facilities
both by rail and by water. This mill is fit-
ted with the latest and best improved ma-
chinery and is under the management of the
veteran lumberman, Mr. George E. Atkinson,
a gentleman who stands deservedly high in
all parts of the coasv. The output of the Cornwall mill for 1892 was 41,600,000 feet
of lumber. This was the fourth largest output of any mill in Washington during
that year. The three mills showing a larger output than the Cornwall mill during
that time were those owned by the Port Blakely Mill Company, 70,647,000 feet ; the

Tacoma Mill Company, 62,931,214 feet ; and
the St. Paul & Tacoma Lumber Company,
47,706,726 feet. In addition to the Cornwall
mill, three other large milling plants are
located at New Whatcom. These are the
mills of the Fairhaven Land Company, Miller
& Bridenstine, Meridian Mill Company and
W. E. McDonald. The total output of the
New Whatcom lumber mills for 1892 was
57,010,000 feet. The aggregate output of
the eight shingle mills located here during
the same year was 72,660,000 shingles.

During the spring of 1893 propositions
from experienced men to locate woolen
mills at New Whatcom received the favor-
able consideration of the people here. A
bonus of $15,000 was quickly raised to secure the establishment of this extensive
plant, and the citizens of New Whatcom now entertain the ambition that the output
of woolen goods will soon be second in importance in the line of manufactures here
to those of the present great output of lumber at this point.

The business streets of New Whatcom oc-
cupy level ground adjacent to the bay in front.
The residence portion of the city is on gently
sloping ground, affording perfect views of the
bay and surrounding country. From the win-
dows of the many fine private residences crown-
ing these slopes the eye can wander across the
broad expanse of the waters of Bellingham Bay
as far away as the snow-capped peaks of the
Olympic range of mountains to the west, while
to the east can be seen the towering expanse
of Mt. Baker, one of the most striking peaks
iu scenic effects of the entire Cascade range. roth block, new whatcom.

Whatcom Creek Falls, new whatcom.

photo, by b.

l-l

iti

406

The Orcgonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

PHOTO. Br e. B. OOBBS.

Victor Block, New Whatcom.

PHOTO. BY B. B. DOBBS.

New Whatcom has a good hotel, and with
the many attractions of the city, this is
rapidly becoming one of the most frequented
points by tourists in the Northwest. The
Bellingham, the leading hotel here is con-
ducted by its owner, Mr. John H. Stengcr, an
experienced hotel man. The tables of the
Bellingham are always loaded with the
choicest of game and fish, and the house
is deservedly popular with the traveling
public.

Foremost in the ranks of those whose
energy and whose unwavering confidence
in New Whatcom's future have done much to advance the city's interests, is Frank N.
Barney. This gentleman's foresight has enabled him not only to make profitable
investments for himself at this point, but
also as a reliable investment and real estate
agent he has been able to invest his cus-
tomers' money where it has brought large
individual returns to the investors. Mr.
Barney enjoys the entire respect of all those
who have ever had business dealings with
him. He is familiar with real estate values
in the entire Bellingham Bay section. He is
quick to anticipate an appreciation of values
in city or suburban propeny and he is al-
ways glad to furnish any iniV.rmation by
mail, or in person, to those \Vr:o are desir-
ous of investigating the arVvsatages of property here with a view of either a per-
manent residence or for investment only.

Blaine, Waslllngton. — Blaine, named after the illustrious American
statesman, is located in the extreme northwestern part of the state of Washington,
on the boundary line between the United States and British Columbia. The inlet
from Puget Sound, on which Blaine is located, although really a part of Semiah-
moo Bay, is known as Drayton Harbor. This is a large and land-locked body of

water, capable of affording anchorage to a large fleet of vessels.
i' '.^-' C^ja^ ^ Blaine is directly opposite the .^tra^'ls of Fuca. The line from

i.t jirfMHH2W ^jjg entrance to the straits fron t>j - ocean to Blaine's wharves

is practically a perfectly straight one, and so free from ob-
structions to navigation is the entrance to Semiahmoo Bay,
that vessels frequently sail from the ocean direct to the wharves
of Blaine without the aid of a tug.

Blaine has been made a port of entry. From its location
it is the last point in the United States that vessels sailing north
into the waters along the shores of British Columbia can touch at, and this has
made Blaine quite an important seaport town for the large number of vessels en-
gaged in the Alaska trade. In addition to the importance of the town from a

HOTEL Bellingham, New Whatcom.

Public School, Blaine.

Blaine, Washington.

407

maritime standpoint, it is a railroad point of some prominence. The two divisions
of the Great Northern railway, the New Westminster & Southern, and the Fairhaven
& Southern effect a junction at this point.

The manufacturing industries of Blaine include three large sawmills and several
shingle mills. The Point Roberts cannery, located on Semiahmoo spit, directly
opposite Blaine across the harbor, is a very important industry at this point. A full
description of the working of this great salmon-canning plant, fully illustrated with
scenes typical of the fishing interests here will be found published in connection
with the present article. The leading exports from Blaine are lumber, salmon,
oysters and clams, fruit and vegetables. The latent resources of the section tribu-
tary to the town are mines of coal, iron, copper, lime, and several ledges of fine sand-
Kt'jne have been discovered in this district.

Blaine is a flourishing town of about 2,500 population, and it is one of the promi-
nent centers of population located on the shores of Puget Sound, in the North-
western part of Washington.

On the Canadian side, just across the boundary line between the United States
and British Columbia at Blaine, Washington, is the popular and well known hotel,
known as the St. Leonard. This hotel is conducted by J. B. Atkinson. The house en-
joys an enviable reputation for its well kept apartments and its first-class table.
Tourists will find excellent opportunities for the use of the gun and rod in close
proximity to the St. Leonard. The popular manager of the St. Leonard enters fully
into the spirit of the sports of his guests and he caters to their every comfort.

Tlie Po!nt Roberts Canning Company.— Among the great indus-
tries of the Pacific Northwest the canning of salmon takes high rank and it is yearly
increasing in import-
ance. It was for many
years believed that the
Columbia river sal-
mon, known as the
Chinook, was superior
to any fish running up
the rivers of the Pacific
coast. Latterly, how-
ever, the variety of
this palatable fish
known as "sockeye,"
which makes its fresh-
water haunts in the
Fraser river, in British
Columbia, has rapidly
gained in repute with
consumers untd it is
now recognized as

standing in full equality with the Columbia river salmon, and it is by many English
and Australian consumers even preferred to that famous fish on account of its
deeper tinted flesh.

Recognizing the excellence of the "sockeye," or Fraser river salmon, and

PHOTO. BY J. B. ATKINSON

T-TI-

408

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

il I

PHOTO BY J. B. *TKtNSON.

satisfied that it must continue to grow in public esteem, Mr. Daniel Drysdale estab-
lished a salmon cannery on Semiahmoo peninsula, opposite Elaine, on the north-
western boundary of the United States in 1891, He incorporated the Point Roberts

Canning Company in 1892, remaining presi-
dent and general manager of the concern.
Mr. Drysdale is the pioneer American can-
ner of Fraser river salmon and it is his
intention to thoroughly introduce his b^and

into the United States,
believing as he does
that it will continue to
grow in popularity and
stand comparison with
the leading brands of
the Columbia river.
In England, Australia
aud other British col-
onies, this fish is al-
ready well (known,
where it is in great
demand and is highly
esteemed by epicures
and bon-vivants. In a
few localities it has the
proud distinction of
having ousted its great
rival from the firr: place, as is proved by the fact that it already commands a
higher price in some markets than does the Columbia river canned salmon.
Mr. Drysdale's belief has always been that salmon are of better quality wheu
taken from deep salt water on their annual spawning migrations up to the
Fraser than they are when caught in the fresh waters of the river. He therefore
established his traps in the Gulf of Georgia and his daily catch from the briny
waters here is taken to the cannery alive and in prime condition. Experts admit that
the salt-wate.--caught fish are of superior grade, and Mr. Drysdale is reaping the
benefits of his correct judgment and foresight.

The "sockeye" variety of salmow has a deep red and rich appearing flesh, firm
and fat, and it improves by canning. The oil contained in the fish gives it a rich
flavor, keeps the meat moist ?nd palatable and preserves its excellent quality in all
climates. This has been an important factor in estc'blishingand maintaining its repu-
tation. Today the Point Roberts Canning Company finds a ready market for its
pack in England and Australia and Mr. Drysdale expei^ts with increased facilities '"or
canning to introduce the fish into the United States niirkets in full faith that it will
meet with the same acclaim and recognition it has won from connoisseu'-s abroad.

The company's cannery now contains all the latest improvements for canning
and the closest daily supervision is exercised to see that only the best fish are packed
by the best and cleanliest methods. About 15,000 fish are packed daily during the
season and the catch at times runs as high as 30,000. A cold-storage warehouse forms
part of the plant of the company and the fish are kept here in perfect condition for

Catching Salmon Point Roberts c.'ining Co 's (drysdale's) Trap.

Port Townsend, Washington.

409

cannicf. There is no
doubt .>ut that the facts
referrea to above as to
quality of the pack and
the care exercised in
maintaining the reputa-
tion of the brand will in
the near future render it
necessary for the Point
Roberts Canning Com-
pany to double their
packing facilities to meet
American and foreign de-
mand for their product.
Two brands of equal
grade, but with different
labels to avoid complica-
tions are now put up by
the company. These are
the Scroll brand for for-
eign and the Medallion for

PHOTO. BY J. B. ATKINSON.

H»UL," Point Roof.hi s Canning Cp.'S (drysdale's) Salmon Trap.

the Americci trade.

Port Townsend, Washington.— Port Townsend, on the bay of the same
name, is located on the eastern side of Quimper peninsula, and is on the shores of
the eastern extremity of the Straits of Fuca. Its position at the head of Admiralty
inlet, the main chanael of Puget Sound through whioh vessels sail to and from the
wharvi.s of Seattle, Tacoma and Olympia, has earned for it the title of the "Key
City." Port Townsend is the United States port of entry for the Puget Sound dis-
trict, and it may be stated in this connection that it is one of the leading ports of
entry on the coast. The harbor in front of the city is highly commended by mari-
ners as being easily accessible at all times, as b-iing perfectly sheltered, and as afford-
ing safe anchorage for vessels during tbft severest of storms.

Port Townsend is one of the oldest established towns
in the state of Washington. Until 1888 the town was
prosperous, its merchants carrying laige stocks of goods,
and its trade being heavy and of p most satisfactory na-
ture, but the population of the place before that time
was s.iiall, Since 1888 Pore Townsend has made a
wonderful increase in population, the city has spread
out to treble its former size, many fine public and
private buildings have beer erected, and while the gen-
eral depression which has i^een seriously felt at this
point during the past two years has greatly retarded
the growth anticipated here, Port Townsend is still one of the large cities on
the "hores of Puget Sound, and it is in the line of advancement which will some
day make it one of the prominent 'tenters of population of the coast.

Shipping to the extent of over 2,500,000 tons is annually entered and cleared at
the Port Townsend custom house. The city has now connection with San Fran-
cisco by the line of the Pacific Mail Steamship Company's steamers, and transfers

^T^

L) 8. Custom i.ouse, Port Townsend.

ijl

1 B

410

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

Courthouse, portTownseno

are made at Port Towusend by this line for Alaska ports. Daily-
steamers ply between Port Townsend and Victoria, British
Columbia, as well as between Port Townsend and the prin-
cipal ports of Puget Sound. A line runs from this place to
the points located on the Straits of Fuca as far west as Neah
Bay. During the halcyon days of Port Townsend's boom, the
Oregon Improvement Company was liberally subsidized by the
city to build a line of railroad from this place to Olympia,
with an ultimate extension to Portland. Tl'irty miles of this
road were built, reaching as far south as Ou '• e-'ie, and this
line is now operated by the Port Townsirrl ' . - lliern Rail-
way Company. The company hopes to get its imancial affairs
so shaped in the near future that it will be possible for them to extend this road to
Olympia. Port Townsend is 'he judicial seat of Jefferson county.

During the past few years some very fine buildings have been erected at Port
Townsend. The magnificent custom-house building, standing on the high bluff
back of the main business part of the city, is con-
structed entirely of stone taken out of local quarries,
and its erection involved an outlay of $250,000. The
Central public school building was erected at a cost of
$70,000, and the construction of the fine city hall cost
$50,000. A number of very fine three, four and five-
story stone and brick business blocks line the main
thoroughfare. A number of important manufacturing
plants are located at Port Townsend, chief among which
are extensive nail works now being successfully operated
here. The city claims a population of about 5,000, and
its finances are in a healthy condition.

Central Puoic 80HO"'.. 1R

Port Aiijyeles, Wasliliigtoii. — Port Angeles, as the first port of appi a '.
on the American side for ships entering the Straits of Fuca, occupies much the same
position in relation to the Northwestern coast of the United States as Victoria does
to the province of British Columbia. The harbors at Port Angeles and Victoria
afford ships visiting Puget Sound the first safe and easy anchorage after entering the
straits from the ocean.

The origin of Port Angeles is historic. It was selected by the go 'rnm. .itas
a government reserve during Lincoln's administration and a townsite • -is laid out
here at the time. It is significant in this connection that Port Angelc:: «.v.ii* the only
townsite ever platted by the United States government with the exoc,- >f the

national capital, Washington, D. C. The motives which led to the passiuj^ the act
setting aside the townsite of Port Angeles as a government rf^serve can only be con-
jectured at the present tine. It is assumed, hrwevPi cy those who are thoroughly
familiar with the location of Port Angeleii ' .laL the rv>t\ve of the government in
passing the act was a recognition of the man'- advanta;,..t jf Po t Angeles as a point
for offensive and defensive op2rations to keep in check LLe lavge Engl''«h interests
in Canada should Great Britain have espoused the cause of the Confederacy, which
then seemed probable. Three thousand acres were included in this reserve. The
provisions governing the act making this a reservation were such, however, that any
American citizen was allowed to locate a homesite 100x140 feet on this reserve,

t-t

Buckley, Washington.

411

provided he cleared the land, built a cabin and actually resided on the site he
located. These rights have been extensively used and as a result of this liberality
some 1,500 squatters' cabins arc now scattered over this reservation.

The lon^ natural spit which encircles the harbor at Port Angeles has been wholly
reserved for national purposes. On this spit the Ediz Point lighthouse was erected
and this is now maintained by the government. The oval basin lying between the
spit and the shore line is the harbor of Port Angeles. This harbor is perfectly pro-
tected against rough seas, and its total area is about nine acres.

Port Angeles is now a port of entry and a large number of vessels are now
annually entered and cleared from this place. The town is distant from Victoria but
17 miles, and the establishment of an international ferry is now contemplated
between the two points.

A vast stride in the advancement of Port Angeles was made early in 1893 by the
raising of a bonus of $350,000 to secure the construction of the Everett, Port Angeles
& Pacific railroad. By means of this road to Port Ludlow and a ferry which will be
established to cross the waters of the S-^uud from this latter point, the water route
being 21 miles in length, Port Angeles will be connected direct with the Great North-
ern and Northern Pacific systems of rcids at Everett, Washington, on the mainland
proper of the Puget Sound section.

The present population of Port Angeles is about 5.000, It is the chief city as
well as the judicial seat of Clallam county, and has the advantages of an excellent
electric light and water-w:)rks plant. It is surrounded by a rich section of country
and, with the completion of the railroad system terminating here, will become one
of the leading cities on the shores of Puget Sound,

Ortfng, "Washington. — Orting is an important station on the Northern
Pacific railroad. iS miles east of Tacoma, The Tacoma, Orting & Southeastern rail-
road runs from this point to the lumbering regions of the Muck and Sucotash val-
leys. The town is the center of a rich farming district, where the raising of hops is
extensively carried on. The main street is on a direct line with Mt. Rainier and it is
here that the incomparable ptak reveals itself in its full glory.

Orting has a bank, thre; churches, an excellent public school, several hotels,
and two saw and shingle m lis. One and one-quarter
miles distant frcm the town is a beautiful spot where,
surrounaed by pastoral scenes, 100 veterans of the Union
army pass their declining years. It is here that the
Washington State Soldiers' Home is located. The build-
ings of the home occupy the center of a grassy plat.
The structures occupied by the home consist of two
large main buildings, a hospital, several neat cottages,
the handsome residence of the commandant, and a num-
ber of smaller buildings. The site of the home covers
an area of 183 acres. The home has accommodations for 160 inmates, and it is a
model institution in every respect.

Buckley, WasUinjfton.— The important lumbering center of Buckley is
picturesquely situated in a heavy forest near the foothills of the Cascade Moun-
tains, on the Northern Pacific railroad, 31 miles east of Tacoma. Forty miles east
of Buckley the railroad passes through the great Stampede tunnel, and from that
point descends the eastern slope of the Cascades into Eastern Washington,

8T»TE SOLDIERS' HOMf , ORTINQ.

■'

412

The Oreg-onian's Handbook ot the Pacific Northwest,

PHOTO. By SIEWERT. PUVALLUP.

^^V

^^^^^^sa^

HE»o OF White Riveb.

Flowing through Buckley is the White river, a turhulent uiountain stream, that
rises among the enormous glaciers of Mount Rainier. Along this stream is splendid

trout fishing. Many charming views of
mountain and river scenery are obtained
from its banks. Buckley is now a town
of 1,400 inhabitants. It is attractively
laid out, with broad streets, nearly all of
which are planked. Most of the build-
ings on the main business street are sub-
stantial two-story brick structures. The
public school is a handsome eight-room
frame building, surrounded by a neat
lawn. The streets, as well as nearly all
the business blocks and residences, are
lighted by electricity. The town has a
fine system of water works, which cost
about $13,000. The supply of water for
city use is obtained from White river.
On the 5th of May, 1892, Buckley was nearly completely destroyed by fire
rebuilding the town the energetic citizens
replaced many of the frame buildings with
brick blocks, and they adopted every pre-
cautionary measure to prevent a repttitiou
of the disaster. In the immediate vicinity
of Buckley the raising of hops is an im-
portant and growitjg industry. The soil of
the lands near the town is especially adapted
to hop culture. It does not differ from the soil of the lands in the famous Puyallup
valley near Tacoma.

Buckley is one of the most important of the smaller lumbering towns of Wash-
ington. Its close proximity to the mountains makes it an advantageous point from
which to ship lumber to the treeless prairies of Eastern Washington. There are
located here three sawmills. These mills, when running, furnish employment to over
200 men. One of these mills is one of the most perfectly equipped sawmills in Wash-
ing on. This mill wa^ built in the fall of 1893 and is owned by the Buckley Lumber
Cotipany. It is equipped with new engines and boilers of the most approved pat-
tern and with a new set of Alice machinery and band saws. It is supplied with a

complete set of planing
machinery. Adj\>ining
the mill is a dry-kiln wi»i
a capacity of 25,000 feet a
day. The mill employs
60 men and has a capac-
ity of 80,000 feet of lum-
ber per day. The officers
of the company are as fol-
lows : W. P. Sargeant,
president; W. L. Barth-
olomew, vice-president ;

LoGOiNO, Buckley. ' r '

Street Scene, Buckley.

PHOTO. Br FOBEIDP.

Ellensburgh, Washington.

418

Wash-
from
ere are
to over
Wash-
umber
ed pat-
with a
planing
Ijviining
iln with
X) feet a
mploys
capac-
of lum-
officers
re as fol-
argeant,
Barth-
esident ;

PHOTO. BV OSCAR JAMES.

S. L. Sargeant, treasurer and E. L. Jacobs, secretary. Mr. W. P. Sargeant for some
years took a prominent part in public life in Minnesota. He is now contemplating
establishing a branch yard at Minneapolis. The Buckley Lumber Company now
have branch yards at Noith Yakima, Washington and Athena, Oregon. It is pre-
pared to fill orders for all sizes and quantities of fir, spruce, cedar and cottonwood
lumber, l-'.th, pickets, shingles and mouldings.

Eoslyn, Washington. — Roslyn, the largest coal-mining town on the Pacific
slope, is located in Kittitas county, on a branch of the Northern Pacific railroad,
four miles north of CleElum, on the main line. Cle-
Elum is loi miles east of Tacoma, and 28 miles noith-
west of Ellensburgh.

The celebrated coal mines of the Northern Pacific,
among the great mines of Washington, are located at
Roslyn. Of the 3,500 people residing in the town, over
1,000 are employed in the company's mines here. The
miners receive good wages, which has enabled nearly 25-ton block of coal, shipped frlm roslvn,

,, - , , ,. • , r WASH.. TO WORLD'S Fair.

all of them to occupy their own houses, many of

which are attractive cottages, furnished in a comfortable manner. Roslyn contains

a large number of retail stores, a bank, several churches and a large four-room

school house. The daily attendance at the public school here averages about 325

scholars.

Located at P.oslyn is a large wood-working plant owned and operated by Mr.
Charles S. Adam. This gentlemar arrived in Roslyn when the town contained
only three tents and commenced work at his trade. In the following years Mr.
Adam became connected with every enterprise tending to promote the interests of
Roslyn, and from a small beginning he has managed to build up a large sash, door
and moulding factory, the output of which is now in great demand at Roslyn, and
in the immediate vicinity.

Another large establishment at Roslyn, is the Roslyn Brewing Company. This
company commenced the work of erecting a brewery in October, 1892, and in the

foHowing December, they placed upon the market their
firtft brew of beer. The excellence of this beverage soon
caused it to attain a wide-spread popularity in Kittitas
county trade. Since that time the brewery has managed
to build up an extensive and profitable business in Roslyn
and the neighboring towns. At the present time there is
more of this beer sold at Roslyn and CleElum than any
other brand. The buildings occupied by the brewing plant
cost about $8,000, and they are owned by Mr. Ernest
Durawachter and Henry Racar, the principal stockholders
of the company.

PHOTO. BY OSCAR JAMES.

Public School, Roslvn.

Ellensbiirjyli, Washington. — Ellensburgh is situated a few miles distant
from the foothills of the Cascade Mountains in the feit'!s valley of the Yakima
river. It is the judicial scat of Kittitas county and has a present population of about
,"^200. It is on the main line of the Northern Pacific railroad, 126 miles east of
Tacoma and 273 miles west of Spokane. It is a rich and thriving center of trade
and is one of the important inland cities of the state.

414

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

Public School, Ellensburgh.

The first settlement at the present site of
Ellensburgh was not made through any knowledge
of the richness of the surrounding country, but for
the reason that this was the most available site for
the location of a store and trading post on the then
existing stage route through Eastern Washington.
In 1871 John A. Shoudy opened a store at this
point and the small settlement that subsequently
sprung up around his store was at j. later period
christened Ellensburgh. The growth of the primi-
tive-town was slow, and in 1886 its total population
was only 520. In the latter year it was incorporated
as a town, however, and it then began to attract
attention among the growing settlements of the state.

The completion of the line of the Northern Pacific to this point infused a new
life into the town, and with the coming of the iron horse the population began to
rapidly increase and outside capital began to seek investment here. About the time,
however, that the place was fairly on its feet and the prospects for business and rapid
growth were most encouraging, Ellensburgh was almost entirely swept out of exis-
tence by the great fire of July 4, 18S9. Outside capital was offered the people here for
rebuilding the Lown, and plans were at once formulated for a resurrection of the city
on a more extensive basis than it had occupied before. The streets were widened
and evenly laid out, fire limits were established within which no wooden buildings
were allowed and everj' provision was made for the important city that was to spring
up at this point. Many blocks of fine brick and stone buildings were erected. There
is today a notable absence of wooden buildings in Ellensburgh and the claim is made
that the city today contains more brick buildings in proportion to its population
than any city in the West.

The location of Ellensburgh is a favorable one. It occupies a position near the
geographical center of the state. It occupies a site in a rich valley 25 miles in '°ngth,
the soil of which possesses a wonderful fertility. Farming here on an extensive scale
is only practicable by the aid of irrigation, but water for irrigation purposes can
easily be obtained in any desired quantity. Small fruits and vegetables do particu-
larly well on this land. Large quantities of hay, principally timothy, are annually
shipped from Ellensburgh and
this hay brings from |io to $15
a ton. Three crops of alfalfa
are cut on the lands of this val-
ley each season.

The educational facilities
of Ellensburgh arc of the high-
est order. The public school
is taught in a fine brick build-
ing which was erected at a cost
of $50,000. In addition to the
excellent public schools, Ellens-
burgh is the seat of the Wash-
ington State Normal School, state normal school, ELLtNeeuROH.

E. C. PRICE, ARCHITECT

are
ine;
coa
limi
trie

EUensburgh, Washington.

416-

E. C. Price, Ellensbuhoh.

ARCHITECT, WASHINQTON STATE NORMAL SCHOOL.

which occupies au imposing brick and stoue structure of modern design. It contains
15 large class rooms and an auditorium with a seating capacity of 400 people. The
location of this state institution at EllensburgVv
is a source of great gratification to its citizens and
doubly so because Mr. Eugene C. Price, a local
architect, was awarded the contract for drawing
the design of the building and superintending its
erection. Mr, Price learned the building trade at
The Dalles, Oregon, and subsequently in carrying
out large contracts in that state and in Washing-
ton, he acquired a thorough knowledge of archi-
tectural designing, which knowledge was greatly
improved by a long course of study. Mr. Price
arrived in EUensburgh in 1888, and in the follow-
ing year, just after the great fire, his serrices were
in great demand in the city of his adoption. The
attractive appearance of EUensburgh is largely
due to his plans and suggestions, which were
carefully followed out in the rebuilding of the city.

The city of EUensburgh owns its own electric light plant, which was constructed
at a cost of $50,000. The sum of |;5o,ooo was also expended on the line water-works
system of the city, which is owned by a private corporation. The five flouring mills
established at this point have a daily capacity of 350 barrels of flour. EUensburgh
is the end of a division of the Northern Pacific railroad, and the company has
erected here a roundhouse and large repair shops, which furnish steady employ-
ment to a number of men. In addition to the flouring mills, a sash and door fac-
tory, and a sawmill are kept constantly running at this point.

Surrounding EUensburgh, and directly tributary to the city, is a highly pro-
ductive farming district, which is rapidly being filled with a desirable class of set-
tlers. In addition to this farming wealth, however, EUensburgh is the seat of con-
siderable mining activity. Thirty miles distant from the city are the famous pla-
cer and quartz mines of the Swauk, Pechastin and other mining districts. The
Swauk placers are very rich in both gold dust and nuggets. In this district pock-
ets are frequently found containing from $1,000 to $3,000 each in native gold. The
Swauk placers are now the most productive placers in Washington, and when the
primitive methods of mining now in use here are supf.>:.2ded by improved hydraulic
machinery the output of the district will be greatly increased. The Pechastin dis-
trict contains, in addition to valuable placers, a number of fine quartz ledges on
which extensive development work has already been don«i. The entire output of
these several mining centers is brought to EUensburgh, thus making this point the
clearing-house for a vast amount of wealth. The furnishing of outfits and supplies
for the miners is an important part of the trade enjoyed by EUensburgh.

In the vicinity of EUensburgh are also extensive deposits of iron ore, which
are made all the more valuable by the existence in close proximity to them of almost
inexhaustible beds of coal, the finest fluxing lime, and an unlimited supply of char-
coal timber. The carbonate of lime found here analyzes 85 per cent chloride of
lime, and it makes a fine hydraulic cement. Another mineral resource of the dis-
trict lies in '.he enormous deposits of graphite found near EUensburgh. These

■t i

416

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

.4!

deposits can be traced for miles. The value of these deposits has not, as yet, been
determined, as they have not been worked up to the present writing. Near the
rich coal drifts, within five miles of Ellensburgh, is a 12-foot vein of fire clay and
"blue joint," which could be used for making Dresden china. Large deposits of
clay also exist in this district from which excellent sewer-pipe, terra cotta and
pottery can be made. The mineral wealth of the country tributary to Ellensburgh
is susceptible of great development, and this, in time, will furnish one of the prin-
cipal sources of revenue to this rapidly growing city.

North Yakima, Waslllngton.— North Yakima, the chief commercial
center of the great section of Washington lying between the Cascade Mountains
on the west and the Columbia river on the east, is located in one of the fertile val-
leys of the Yakima fiver. It is a station on the main line of the Northern Pacific,
164 miles east of Tr.^oma, and 242 miles west of Spokane.

North Yakit.'.a is one of the most attractive cities in the state of Washington.
The site occupied by the city was, but a few years since, a sagebrush waste. Nature,
however, provided here a fertile soil and furnished from the great reservoir of the

Cascade Mountains to the
gate it. It was the effort to
flows through this part of
quired of the hand of man to

west plenty of water to irri-
control the water which
the state alone that was re-
make this section highly
fertile. Vast sums of money
have already been spent in
perfecting the irrigating sys-
tems centering at North
Yakima, and many miles of
great irrigating ditches today
carry water to all parts of
the Yakima ,valley, and the
country immediately sur-
LAKE KiTCHEuw AND ARTESIAN WELL, NoHTH YAKIMA. rouudlng North Yakima IS

made up of fertile meadows, fine hopyards and well-kept orchards.

The broad streets of North Yakima are lined on either side with beautiful shade
trees, and along the sides of these streets flow streams of living water which are kept
full during 9 or 10 months of the year. The profusion of trees, shrubbery, flower-
beds and well-cared-for lawns, combine to make this a city of surpassing beauty and
attractiveness.

The climate of this part of the state is not without the extremes of heat and
cold, and yet the days during the hottest part of the summer are not uncomfortable,
and the rigor of winter in the Middle Western states is altogether avoided here. On
the broad plateau of Washington, on which North Yakima is located, the air is dry
and bracing, and this is one of the healthiest localities on the coast. The long, dry
summers are mad^ pleasant by the cool breezes which sweep down from the Cascade
Mountains, and the autumns are unsurpassed even in California. The rainfall in this
part of the state is light, but the swift-flowing streams of water which course through
every street furnish suf?''tint moisture for irrigating purposes, and throughout the
long, dry summers at North Yakima the lawns jd gardens of the city present the
bright, green verdure of spring.

North Yakima, Washington.

417

yet, been
Near the
; clay and
leposits of
cotta and
llensburgh
f the prin-

ommercial
Mountains
fertile val-
rn Pacific,

ashington.
:. Nature,
voir of the
ter to irri-
ter which
hat was re-
ion highly
IS of money
;n spent in
igatinp sys-

at North
ny miles of
tches today
parts of
and the
lately sur-

Yakima is

itiful shade
ch are kept
ry, flower-
beauty and

heat and
>mfortable,
here. On
e air is dry
e long, dry
he Cascade
ifall in this
se through
ighout the
)resent the

PHOTO. BY E. E. JAMES.

'*»

NArcHE2 River at North yakima.

The valleys which converge at North Yakima
are the Wenas, Natchez, Cowychee and Ahtan-
um. The streams which flow through these
valleys have their source in the Cascade Moun-
tains, and they empty into the Yakima river.
The four tributary streamsof the Yakima river,
near North Yakima, flow through valleys vary-
ing in width, respectively, from i to 3 miles,
and about 20 miles in length. The Yakima
river, the main water-course of this part of the
state, carries a large volume of water during
the entire year, and it furnishes u source of supply foV irrigating purposes that is
easily made available.

All farming and gardening in the section surrounding North Yakima is done by
means of irrigation. Hundreds of thousands of acres of land here are being re-
claimed and made highly productive by means of irrigation. The great irrigating
ditches with their laterals spread out in every direction in this part of the state.
North Yakima is the headquarters of a number of large irrigating companies, which
are now engaged in perfecting great irrigating systems here. Vast sums of money
are regularly expended in this work. When all the irrigating ditches now outlined
in this system, are completed, the entire section of country extending from North
Yakima on the west, to the Columbia river, 90 miles distant to the east, will be con-
verted into rich farms, which can be made as highly productive as any farming land
on the coast.

About four miles south of North Yakima, the valley in which the city is located
is encircled by a range of mountains, through which flows
at Union Gap, the Yakima river. From this point the stream
enters a broad plain. On one side of the river this plain is oc-
cupied by the Yakima, Klickitat and other tribes of Indians,
and forms the Simcoe Indian Reservation. The reservation is
naturally well watered by the Toppenish and Satas rivers. The
waters from these streams spread out over the low lands adja-
cent, making rich grazing meadows for the cattle and horses
of the Indians. The valuable lands comprised in the reserva-
tion will some day be thrown open to settlement, and it will
all then contribute directly to North Yakima's wealth and
prosperity.

The population inhabiting the country tributary to North Yakima are engaged
principally in the pursuits of agriculture, horticulture and stock raising. Ten or
fifteen acres of the land in the vicinity of the city, if carefully tilled, will easily sup-
port a family, and a man owning 50 acres of land here is considered well off. In the
district arc about 3,000 acres which are devoted to the cultivation of hops which do
exceedingly well here. It is worthy of note that this is the only district in the
world where hops are grown by means of irrigation. With the most careful cultiva-
tion and good care an acre of this land will yield annually about 2,000 pounds of
hops, and as the average cost of picking, curing and baling this crop is about S}4
cents a pound, and as the average selling price of hops for 15 years past has been 18
cents a pound, it will be perceived that hop raising here is attended with the most

COLUMBIA School, North Yakima.

!»1

418

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

Central School. North yakim*

profitable results. During the eight years that hops have been cultivated in the Yakima
district, vines have never suffered from the pest known as the hop louse. Occasion-
ally it appears on the vines in the early spring, but it invariably disappears with the
advent of hot, dry weather of the early summer mouths, and hop-growers here have
never been compelled to resort to spraying as a means of destroying hop lice. Dur-
ing the present year [1894] it is estimated that this section will produce at least 20,000
bales of hops.

Another leading occupation of the farmers here is fruit growing on an extensive
scale. All kinds of fruit indigenous to the temperate zone do
well here. The orchards of this section annually yield large
quantities of the finest quality of peaches, pears, grapes, apples
and quinces, ana the smaller varieties of fruits such as straw-
berries, blackberries, raspberries, currants, etc., do equally as
well as the larger fruits. All kinds of grain are grown as well
here as in any part of the West, but the farmers of this sec-
tion have found that other crops yield better returns, and for
this reason they have turned their principal attention to
other pursuits than grain raising.

The Yakima country is a splendid grazing section, and pastured on the fine
banchgrass lands of Yakima county are thousands of horses, cattle and sheep. The
county is also rich in minerals. Placer mining has been carried on to some extent
in the county for many years past, and in the vicinity of North Yakima are a number
of quartz ledges that will probably prove valuable when developed. Wide coal
measures of a high grade of lignite coal extend through the county and as far east as the
Columbia river. Marble, limestone and clay and iron are among the leading miner-
als found to exist in large quantities in the section tributary to North Yakima. The
mines here are yet practically undeveloped, but better transportation facilities and an
increased population will do much to encourage the opening of the rich mines that
have laid so long with their latent stores of wealth.

North Yakima itself is a typical prosperous Western city. It contains today a
population of 3,000 which is enterprising and alert. Most of the people who have
settled here came from the East and the Central West. The city presents a busy
appearance, and its stores, warehouses and elevators all do a large business. There
is not at the present writing a vacant store or office in
the city, and the large number of farmers from the
surrounding country who regularly come here to do
their trading impart a particularly lively appearance
to the streets. The city at the present time may be
said to depend solely for its support on the rich agri-
cultural belt surrounding it. The city is making con-
stant and rapid advancement, however, and the people
here look for the place to double its population daring
the next five years.

North Yakima affords its youth the best of edu-
cational advantages. In the two large brick public
schools of the place 13 teachers are employed and the
total enrollment of pupils daily is about 550. In ad-
dition to the public schools, the place supports a private

J. G. LAWRENCE, North Yakima.

The Yakima Valley, Washington.

419

academy and a Catholic parochial school. In Yakima county outside of the
city, 3,000 pupils attend 33 schools. The county school property is today valued
at over |ioo,ooo. The perfection of the excellent public school system of
Yakima county is largely due to the efforts of Prof. J. G. Lawrence, who is now fill-
ing a second term as county superintendent of schools. Prof. Lawrence, who is also
a member of the state board of education, has been actively engaged in school work
for 20 years past. Before commencing his work as an instructor, Prof. Lawrence
attended the Stale Normal School at Carbondale, Illinois, and subsequently he was
engaged for a number of years in educational work in Kansas and Illinois. He came
to North Yakima in 1888. For two years Prof. Lawrence was principal of the public
schools at North Yakima, a position he resigned when he was elected to the important
office he now holds.

There are two national banks at North Yakima with a combined capital of $150,-
000. The city also boasts of a fine electric light plant, a complete water- works system
and an efficient fire department, equipped with the best of apparatus for fighting fire.
The business streets are lined with many fine business blocks, and scattered over the
city are many costly and elegant private residences.

The near completion of the canal of the Northern Pacific, Yakima and Kittitas
Irrigation Company, 35 miles long, will open to settlement 65,000 acres of land in
this part of the state. The other irrigating systems of great magnitude are those of
the Prosser Falls and Priest Rapids Canal Company, known as the Leadbetter Ditch,
which is 80 miles long and will reclaim over 100,000 acres, the canal of the Yakima
Improvement and Irrigating Company, which was completed last yea»- and irrigates
about 12,000 acres, the Selah Valley Irrigation Company's ditch, ring 27,000

acres, besides numerous smaller ditches, which will reclaim for cu t • \tion nearly
all the land lying in the valley of the Yakima river. The settlement 01 this vast dis-
trict, which has so long reraained unoccupied, will lead to a rapid increase in the
population and wealth of Noith Yakima, and it is not unreasonable to hope that this
will become in time one of the most important inland cities of the Pacific Northwest
embraced in the limits of the great states of Oregon, Washington and Idaho.

The Yakima Valley. — This part of .u • state of Washington is now attracting
wide-spread attention on account of the - :.-ts being made to reclaim a large part
of its arid land by means of irrigation. A few years ago a barren and uninviting
sagebrush waste greeted the eye of the traveler journeying through this part of the
state. Today a large portion of this land is highly cultivated and some of the finest
farms and orchards in Washington are found in the Yakima valley.

Winding its way through the
Yakima valley to the Columbia
river is the Yakima river, a large
stream which finds its source in
the perennial siiowpof the Cascade
Mountains. This river drains a
watershed ofjabout 2,500 square
miles and its entire basin is nearly
200 miles in length. The western
part of this basin in pre-historic
ages consisted of four great lakes
enclosed by mountain ranges, now sunnyside canal, yakima Y^LUEy.

PHOTO. BV CARPENTER, TACOMA.

■ S;'.?'

'•i.t

E t
1 j

■ tit

420

The Orcgonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

cut through by the Yakima river. In some great convulsion of nature the water of
these lakes was draiued oflF and the heavy luxuriant vegetation along the shores of
these great bodies of water withered and passed away from lack of moisture. The
beds of the old lakes remained for unknown centuries a dusty desert covered by
sagebrush and scattered tufts of bunchgrass.

About the year i860 a small itinerant body of men driving their flocks before
them, reached the Yakima valley. They sought here a means of livelihood in a
region that' had always been deemed worthless for agricultural purposes. It did not
take these pioneers long to discover, however, that the soil of this valley was remark-
ably rich, and where it was possible to get water to it, it could be made to blossom as
the rose. Sheep raising at that time, however, was an extremely profitable indus-
try in these parts, and for a number of years this was the principal calling followed
by the early settlers of the valley. Among the people who formed the second tide
of immigration to the Yakima valley were practical farmers, who at once commenced
the work of digging irrigation ditches through the valley. Th-se men set out or-
chards, planted hop yards and they commenced the work c*" ming on a small
but a profitable scale. The success which attended the efl f these farmers

soon attracted the attention of capital to this part of the staie. Something over
12,500,000 is now being expended in building canals and lateral ditches through

this part of the state. This great irrigation
system when completed will redeem over 300,000
acres of land in the Yakima valley. All of this
irrigated land is highly productive, and being
'■ cleared ready for the plow in its native state,
it offers excellent opportunities for the atten-
tion of the husbandman.

In 1892, the Northern Pacific, Yakima and
Kittitas Irrigation Company built what is known
as the Sunnyside canal. This canal waters
65,000 acres of land. In December, 1891, work
was begun on the Leadbetter system of canals,
the first work being done on the Yakima &
Kennewick line, which has since been disposed of to the Yakima Improvement &
Irx-igation Company of Kennewick.

In June, 1892, construction work was begun on the Columbia and Yakima
canal. This canal is practically finished

ii^rgpHiimisasi!'-^

Flood Gate, Sunnvside Canal, Yakima Vallev.

at the present writing. It is the longest
canal in the Northwest, its length being
about 60 miles. The canal takes its water
supply from the Yakima river at Prosser
falls, and running parallel with the river
through costly flumes and rock work, at
the end of uo miles reaches Kiona. At
the latter place it crosses the river at an
altitude of 167 feet in a five-foot steel
pipe, thence it flows sou^^heasterly for
another 20 miles, when it emerges out
upon the broad, level plains of the Col-
umbia, where it waters 27,000 acres of

PHOTO. BY E. E. JAMES NORTH YAKIMA.

:,^''^0^f:.0ii^--

Head Flume 1, Leaobetter Ditch, yakima County.

The Yakima Valley, Washington.

421

the most fertile soil imaginable. This section is des- photo, bv e. e. james.

tined to become one solid fruit and hop farm, as the

climate here is more particularly adapted to these

industries than is even the rest of Yakima county.

The "Chinook " winds which follow up the Columbia

river from the Japan current, temper the cold of the

winters to almost Southern California mildness, and

usher in the springtime from two to three weeks

earlier than it arrives in the upper Yakima valley,

only 50 miles away. Kennewick, on the Columbia, is

almost 1,000 feet lower than North Yakima, being less

tnan yxi leet above sea level. leaobetter ditch, ne»r kennewick, yakima county.

This mildness of climat< and early spring insure
the farmer against losses fn mi late frosts and make the raising of peaches and prunes
as certain as that of the hardier varieties of fruits. These conditions also give them

the control of the early market in
Tacoma, Seattle, Spokane and Port-
land. In 1893, five months from the
time of the clearing of the sagebrush
from the land, a farmer in this locality
picked 1,200 pounds of hops to the
acre, equal to a gross return of $225
per acre, or a net profit of $125 per
acre. This for a first year's crop, dur-
ing a year when, owing to unfavorable
weather, almost all hops planted in
other localities failed to produce any
first year's crop, is a remarkable show-
ing. This region is also especially
adapted to the raising of the Tokay
grape, which is the best for green shipment. Fruit rates to the great non-fruit-pro-
ducing portions of the United States are from a quarter to a half as much as they are
from California, besides a differ-
ence in time of from two to

five days in getting the fruit to . ...r — "~

market. These advantages
greatly increase Yakima fruit-
producers' profits and allow the
fruit to ripen on the trees in-
stead of in transit, thus improv-
ing the quality greatly. Here
t-vo or three transcontinental
lines of railroad, the Northern,
Union and Great Northern, all
traversing or connected with
this locality by the broad, open
highway of the Columbia river,
which according to the reports
of government engineers, car- .eadbette^ d.tch, section or oitch above flume no. ?

Leadbetter Ditch, lower End,
Flume No. 1.

.!■!

422

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

ries more watp*- at The Dalles, hundreds of miles above its mouth and above one of
its largest tribiUaries, the Willamette, than the Mississippi does at New Orleans.
The Governmen. is now removing the obstructions, and in a few years the river will
be open to the sea.

The Columbia & Yakima Irrigation Company was in 1893 merged into the Prosser
Falls & Priest Rapids Canal Company, which is nov building the canal larger, and
the line crossing the Yakima river in the great pipe is but a small branch of the sys-
tem which will water all of the valley of the Columbia from opposite Wallula to Priest
rapids, a distance of almost 100 miles. The policy of these companies is most
liberal to water-users and especially to those who have settled upon the government
lands, and development and improvement are the order of the day.

XiitiEi- !•;";!,.,„ " Irrigation is King, " uad the time

..■^■' ""'i^'-^^i^if^^^^.-^ is not far distant when the cities of the

^^ Northwest will feel the reviving in-

'-:^^^^S^^^^'^^^^h fluences of the great principalities of

wonderfully productive lands which
are being reclaimed by this mtans.
Other canal enterprises will ultimately
bring into cultivation all the valley
land lying between North Yakima
and the Columbia river.

Prosser f*li.s *nd Priest Rapids Canal, Three Miles from HEAOGArE.

WIDTH OF CANAL, IB FEET AT BOTTOM, 36 FEET ON TOP, 6 FEET DEEP;
FLUME, 12 FEET WIDE, FEET DEEP.

The Yakima country is broken by
low mountain ranges running in an
caster'* and westerly direction. Be-
tween these ranges is a succession of
small valleys which finally end in the
broad Yakima prairie, 60 miles in
length and from 10 to 15 miles in width.
The Yakima river, after leaving the
high peaks of the Cascades, follows a
tortuous course for some distance and then enters a wide expanse of valley land
known as the Kittitas basin. In this valley is located EUensburgh, a prosperous
town of 2,500 inhabitants. The stream from here descends rapidly and finally, 50
miles below Bllensbu;gh, emerges from a series of canyons into the broad and beau-
tiful valley, ii tbe center of which is located the prosperous city of North Yakima.
Immediately beyond this valley, through a gap in the eticlosing mountains, is the
Yakima Indian reservation. Beyond this reservatioji the river follows a winding
course through the rich Yakima prairie, which extends to the Columbia river. The
principal town of this part of the valley is Keunewick.

The Yakima river is fed by the Kittitas, Katches, CleElum, Tannuni, Natchez,
Tieton and Ahtanum rivers. The Yakima river carries a sufficient volume of water
to irrigate the entire lands of the valley through which it flows, and if necessary, water
storage can be resorted to, this supply can be largely increased b\ saving the
spring flood vvaters. The natural reservoirs are found in the basins of lakes Cle-
Elum, Katches, Kitchelas and Tannum. The combined surface area of these
lakes is over 50 square miles. They could be made to store sufficient water to irrigate
an area twice as large as that embraced in the Yakima valley. A large part of the

tuUrilte-

)ove one of

ff Orleans.
; river will

the Prosser
larger, and
of the sys-
la to Priest
;s is most
rovernnient

ad the time
cities of the
eviving in-
cipalities of
ands which
:his ni ans.
1 ultimately
the valley
th Yakima

is broken by
juing in an
ection. Be-
accession of
y end in the
o miles in
esin width,
leaving the
es, follows a
valley land
prosperous
d finally, 50
d and beau-
th Yakima,
tains, is the
s a winding
river. The

m, Natchez,
me of water
ssary, water

saving the
f lakes Cle-
;a of these
er to irrigate

part of the

The Yakima Valley, Washington.

428

irrigation in this valley is carried on by means of ditches built by the farmers,
either individually or iii partnership. These ditches are from i to 15 miles in
length, and they irrigate from 50 to 1 ,500 acres each. The fall of the Yakima river
and its tributaries is sufficient to bring water into the ditches without the building
of dams. East of the town of Yakima, in the Moxee valley, are two artesian wells,
respectively 285 and 325 feet deep, which have a combined flow of 1.35 feet a second.
The waters of these wells are used for irrigation purposes.

The irrigation projects now under way in the valley embrace systems of canals
and lateral ditches extending from a point on the Natchez river, to above North
Yakima, to the Columbia river, a distance of about 100 miles. Two hundred miles
of main canal have already been built between these points.

All of the Yakima valley from the town of North Yakima down to the mouth
of the river is a superior fruit country. The soil is of great depth and richness,
and when it is well watered, its producing powers are wonderful. Four or five crops of
alfalfa i,re raised from the same ground here every season. In the valley an alfalfa
field over two years old will yield from 6 to 10 tons to the acre. The cost of rais-
ing and cutting th'". crop averages $1.25 a ton. At the present writing, alfalfa sells
in the valley for $6.00 per ton. Taking the lowest yield of six tons to the acre, this
would leave a net profit to the raiser of alfalfa here of ^^27.. 50 an acre.

The so 1 01 the Yakima -valley is perfect for hop culture. The yield of hops per
acre here .averages 1,900 pounds. Land that is carefully cultivated wili yield from
2,000 to 2,800 pounds. The cost of raising a crop of hops in the valley and getting
the crop to "larket is from 8 to 10 cents a pound. The average price received
for hops is about 18 cents .'; pound. This leaves a net profit to the hop grower of this
part of the state of $144 per acre. This region produced 12,000 bales of hops in 1893,
and it is estimated that the crop of 1894 will exceed 23,000 bales. The hop louse,
which is such a pest in most of the old hop-growing districts of the United States
and Europe, has never done any damage in the Yakima valley. The steady, bright
dry heat of the summer months here effectually destroys the pest when it does
appear.

Next to the hop industry, fruit growing is the most important and remunera-
tive business in the Yakima iilley. This region produces most all of the semi-trop-
ical varieties of fruits, inc uding peaches, pears, cherries, prunes, all varictie'^ of
grapes, nectarines and apricots.
All the fiuit grown in the valley
is of a superior quality, and is
widely noted for its fine color and
delicious flavor. A noticeable thing
about the orchards of the Yakima
valley is their clean and regular
growth. Almost any of the many
large orchards of this section might
be seleclo-d for illustration in a
nnrserj^ catalogue, so perfect are
their form, ixvA so heavily laden
with fruit are the trees, The cities

of Tacoma, vSeattle and Spokane are distant from the principal points of the Yakima
valley only about eight hours' ride by rail, and these markets are accessible with
easy freight rates tc them for the growers of Yakima valley fruit.

Two-rE»R Old Orchard, y»kima County.

ill!

424

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

PHOTO. BY CARPENTER, TALOM*.

As an illustration of how profitable fruit growing can be made in the Yakima
valley, the following facts are taken from sworn statements made by farmers residing
near North Yakima. An orchard of lo acres here netted its owner $3,000 in 1892.
One-half acre of this produced in a season 4,000 pounds of Catawba and Delaware
grapes, which sold for $250. In 1891 five acres of land produced $300 worth of melons,
$200 worth of potatoes, $100 worth of grapes, $100 worth of onions, ^100 worth of
strawberries, alfalfa enough to keep a horse a year and sufficient garden produce to
last two families for the same time. One Alexander peach tree here produced during
the season of 1893 2,000 pounds of peaches which sold for ^s52.

The expense of grubbing sagebrush land and preparing it for an irrigated
orchard, including the digging of small lateral ditches to distribute the water suppl)',
can be estimated at about $10 per acre. The cost of trees and planting in peaches,
prunes and apples is about $7 for young trees and $8 for labor per acre.

In the Yakima valley, land, under ditch, with a perpetual water right, costs from
$40 to $60 an acre. A settler here can, therefore, estimate that 10 acres of orchard
planted in young trees and supplied with water from irrigating ditches will cost
about $700. Ten acres more planted in alfalfa and other crops will make a farm suf-
ficiently large to support a family in comfort, and from a farm of this size which has
been cultivated for three years or more an income can be derived of from $2,500
to $3,000 a year.

Prosser, Washington. — This recently established town is rapidly becoming
one of the most important distributing and manufacturing points in the great Yak-
ima valley. It is located on the
main line of the Northern Pacific
railroad, 41 miles west of Pasco
and 50 miles east of North Yakima.
The latter place has, within a few
years, grown from a dozen houses
to a prosperous city of 4,000 in-
habitants. This growth is due
solely to irrigation. The land at
Prosser is identical with that at
North Yakima. The country trib-
utary to Prosser embraces hun-
dreds of thousands of acres of land
on which hops, most all the semi-
tropical fruits, cotton, tobacco, and
cereals of all kinds can be profitably raised. The fertility of this soil is shown by
the statement that five crops of alfalfa are successfully raised here aniuially.

Of the numerous irrigation projects for redeeming all of the arid land east of
North Yakima, several are now nearing completion. The remarkable fecundity of
the soil of this valley, the crops it produces, and the means by which it is irrigated,
are fully described in an article on the Yakima valley published in this work.

Between North Yakima and the Columbia river, a distance of 90 miles, there

will, in all probability, be but one important town, and this will be Prosser. This

atter town is now the trading center of the exceptionally fertile part of the vallej'

known as the Sunnyside country. This section is watered by the great canal of the

North Pacific, Yakima & Kittitas Irrigation Company. The canal redeems 65,000

IRRIGATING, NEAR pROSSER.

tlil

Pasco, Washington.

426

Yakima
5 residing
3 iu 1892.
Delaware
f melons,
worth of
roduce to
id during

irrigated

;r supply,

peaches,

:osts from
f orchard
will cost
farm suf-
vhich has
)m $2,500

becoming

reat Yak-

d on the

rn Pacific

of Pasco

Yakima.

hin a few

houses

4,000 in-

is due

land at

h that at

ntry trib-

ices hun-

s of land

the semi-

acco, and

shown by

id east of
undity of
rrigated,
•k.

les, there
er. This
le valley
al of the
is 65,000

acres of land that is absolutely worthless without irrigation, and converts it into
hop yards, orchards and gardens. Ten acres of this land, if carefully cultivated, will
net from $1,500 to $3,000 a year.

The agricultural resources of the country liibutary to Prosser will doubtless
make it a town of 4,000 or 5,000 inhabitants. It has only been within the last three
years that the Yakima valley has attracted wide-spread attention. It may be said
to be but yet in its infancy. It is rapidly settling up, and the acreage of cultivated
land in it is more than trebling each year. In 1892 the hop crop of the country adja-
cent to North Yakima was 5,000 bales. The following year the same section pro-
duced 15,000 bales, and 35,000 bales is considered a conservative estimate of the crop
for this year. A discerning mind will see that Prosser, with as great and equally as
rich an acreage of irrigated land as that tributary to North Yakima, will become one
of the prosperous agricultural towns of Washington. At this point the Yakima
river dashes down a rocky incline, forming a series of beautiful cascades, known as
Prosser falls. The water power of these falls is estimated at 3,000 horse. This
power can all be utilized for manufacturing purposes. A syndicate is now expend-
ing $150,000 in developing and utilizing this splendid water power. It now turns
the wheels of a flouring mill with i capacity of 80 barrels daily. Of the 3,000 horse
power here, 1,000 is controlled b\ Fred. R. Reed. This gentleman is the manager
of the syndicate owning the townsite of Prosser. He has published several pamph-
lets descriptive of Prosser I the Yakima valley, which he will mail to any address
on application.

Pasco, Washl ngf ton. — Situa; i on the eastern lank of the Columbia river
at a point one mile from where that strean is crossed <y he main line of the North-
ern Pacific is the town of Pasco, the seat of Franklin county. It is the end of a pas-
senger and freight division of the Northern Pacific, and i is here that a branch
leaves the main line, crosses the Snake rivei at Ainsworth, a few miles to the south,
and connects with the Union Pacific and the Hunt line of roads for Walla Walla,
Waitsburg, Dayton and intermediate points to the east and Pendleton and all points
on the Union Pacific to the west. Pasco is 146 miles from Spokane, and the distance
from this point to Tacoma is 254 miles.

Pasco contains about 400 people. It has a pul school, two hotels, a brewery
and 12 stores. The immediate site which the town occupies in its present shape is
not an inviting one. The surrounding country consists of a broad, level stretch of
arid land. This sagebrush waste, like other parts of Eastern Washington, needs but
irrigation, however, to transform it into a garden spot. The soil here is a decom-
posed volcanic ash which in itself is a great fertilizer, and under the action of water
this is the most productive land in the state.

It is the hope of the residents of this section that at no distant date the country
immediately surrounding Pasco will be made up of fine farms, well-kept orchards
and gardens. The land here can be easily watered by means of artesian wells or
from irrigating ditches. Already through the primitive means of irrigation adopted
here there has sprung up here and there over the country little oases of fine gar-
dens, the green verdure of which contrasts strangely with the leaden color of the
surrounding sagebrush land. All of this land can be redeemed by water, and at a
comparatively small expense, as the supply of water here for irrigating purposes is
easily obtained, and the supply is inexhaustible.

; I-

426

The Oregonian's Handbook ot the Pacihc Northwest.

School house, Ritzville.

Even the apparent wastes c*" sagebrush land here possess a value. This land is
covered in places with self-curing bunchgrass which retains its nutritious qualities
throughout the winter. Cattle turned out on this land feed on the bunchgrass
here throughout the year without attention. There are today 15,000 head of stock
in Franklin county, and stockraising is the chief industry of the county at the
present time.

Ritzville, Wasliinjyton.— Ritzville, the county seat of Adams, is a thriving
ing town of about 500 population. It is locat'^i on th*; main line of the Nor-
thern Pacific railroad, 64 miles west of Spokane, the l*-"'1ing city of Eastern
Washington.

Ritzville is the banking, trading and shipping point for a large area of agricul-
tural and grazing country that is well settled. The land in
the vicinity of the town yields large crops of wheat, barley, rye
and oats. In som_ sections of Adams county horticulture is
receiving considerable attention. In the county is still a la ge
amount of unoccupied land which is open to settlement and
which can be nu'de highly productive. Faitr>!iig in this part
of the state is successfully carried on without the aid of irri-
gation. Good water lor domestic use is obtained by sinking
artesian wells to an average depth of about 80 feet. Much of
the land of the county would -produce perhaps greatly increased
yields if water were carried to it, and as the supply from the
artesian wells of this section is inexhaustible there is no reason why the arid portions
of the county should not be well watered

fron this source in the near future.

Ritzville's future growth depends on
the settlement of the surrounding rich
farming lands. The town at the present
time contains a $25,000 brick court house,
a handsome school buildinu which cost
$13,000, a flouring mill with a daily capac-
ity of 50 barrels and a bank which occupies
a substantial brick building in the busi-
ness center. The place enjoys consider-
able trade and the solid basis on which the town is built can be appreciated frotn the
statement that this trade is annually increasing in volume.

Sprajyue, Wasllliivrton. — Situated in the .southeastern corner of Lincoln

county, on the border of
the great wheat-produc-
ing belt of the Big Bend
of the Columbia river, is
the prosperous and grow-
ing city of vSprague. In
addition to being the
commercial center and
seat of justice of Lincoln
county, Sprague is also
GENERAL v,Ew OF 8PP.ouf. the lieadquBrtcrs of the

Cuttle Round-up NE«n sprague.

■U ii-ui

Sprague, Washington.

427

riiis land is
us qualities
buuchgrass
;ad of stock
unty at the

s a thriving
of the Nor-
of Eastern

L of agricul
The land
barley, rye
rticulture is
still a la ge
lement and
in this part
; aid of irri-
l by sinking
Much of
ly increased
•ly from the
rid portions

cd from the

of Lincoln
e border of
eat-produc-
le Big Bend
bia river, is
s and grow-
srague. In

being the
:enter and

of Lincoln
gue is also
ters of the

iS;::^:si;. '".«i,;>^

Harvesting near Shrague.

PHOTO. BY MClNNIS.

Idaho Division of the main line of the
Northern Pacific railroad. At this point
the company have established extensive
repair and machine shops, round houses
and several miles of side-tracks. The
payroll of the railroad company at
Sprague now amounts to $30,000 a month.
All this money is spent at Sprague, thus insuring the merchants a steady and never-
failing revenue, and forming an important item in the trade of this important point.

Surrounding Sprague, and tributary to the place, ;ire over 85,000 acres of the now
famous wheat fields of the Big Bend country. This laud, together with the rich
lands or the famous Paloust. belt, yield more wheat to the acre than any other grain-
producing belt of America. In this country a failure of crops has nev^er been re-
corded, and since the soil was first tilled in the Big Bend counl.-y, the average yield
of wheat here has been from 25 to 40 bushels per acre. Nearly all the farmers who
occupy the rich agricultural lands in the vicinity of Sprague, are in a prosperous con-
dition, as is evidenced by their comfortable homes, the large granaries, windmills,

great barns and other costly improvements noted on their
farms. With the large monthly payroll of the railroa'^
company, and with a large trade from one of the richest
tributary districts in the Northwest, Sprague's prosperity
has been as lasting as it has been substantial, and this has
long been considered one of the most promising cities
of Eastern Washington.

Sprague is inhabited by an enterprising and cultivated
people, who have the utnost confidence in the city's future.
The town was founded by the Northern Pacific Railroad
Company in 1882. In December of the following year, the
te 1 itorial legislature passed an act creating the new county
ot i/incoln. Sprague was incorporated and made the county

seat. Geo. S. Brooke, who organized the first city government, was elected the first

mayor of Sprague and the present incumbent of this office, is a member of the his-
toric Brooke family of Maryland, a family who

have been residents of that state since 1650. Mr.

Brooke, the subject of this sketch, was born in

Dubuque, in 1855, and graduated with honors

from Griswold College, Davenport, Iowa in 1872.

In 1874 he came to Portland where, during his eight

years' residence in the leading city of the Northwest,

he was connected with the well-known firm of

Allen & Lewis, ^iid for four years he was general

passenger tiTent of the Oregon Railway & Naviga-
tion Company. Mr. Brooke came to Sprague in

1882 and established the banking liOuoC of Faii-

weather & Brooke, which continued in business

until succeeded by Jic First National Bank of

Sprague in July, 1886. Mr. Brooke became cashier

of the latter bank on its organization, and in 1891

LINCOLN County Court House, Sprague

PHOTO, BY MClNNIS.

HON. Geo. 8. BROOKE, Mayor, Sppaque.

( 1'

I r

I A\

ill

428

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacilic Northwest.

, ! I

he was elected to the responsible position of president of the bank, an oflSce he still
holds. Ir : 89 the gentleman organized the Sprague Water Company, of which he
was elected president. This company has given the people of Sprague an abundant
supply of the purest and best water. Mr. Brooke has always taken an active and
leading part in the organization of all enterprises tending in any way to the promo-
tion of the best interests of Sprague. He is now serving his fourth term as mayor
of the city, having been elected to the office for three times in succession. He has
the full confidence of those who know him, and he is one of the most respected citi-
zens of Eastern Washington.

Sprague now claims a population of over 1,500. 'Xhe city is attractively laid out
with broad, graded streets, well kept sidewalks and fine shade trees. The municipal
authorities have shown commendable enterprise in following the example of larger
centers of population, and the city uow owns and operates its own electric light
plant, and an extensive water-works system which is of more than ample capacity to
supply a much larger population than is now centered here.

The educational facilities of Sprague are superior to those etjoyed by most
cities of the same population. In addition to an excellent public school, Sprague
possesses a large Catholic seminary and several private schools. Every township of
Lincoln county is supplied with a small public school house. Including the schools
maintained in the incorporated towns, 112 public schools are maintained in the county.
The average daily attendance at these schools is 3,600, and they are liberally sup-
ported.

The present excellent condition of the public schools of Lincoln county

is due to the efforts of Mr. H. N. Martin, the
county superintendent of schools, wt.> has
successfully endeavored to employ only experi-
enced teachers. It has been through the efforts
of Mr. Martin that a number of new schools in the
t:ounty have been established. Mr. Martin is a
native of Ohio. He attended the Normal School
of West Virginia, and subsequently read law and
taught school in his native state. In 1890 he came
west and located at Sprague, where he was ad-
mitted to the bar in 1891. When Mr. Martin was
24 years of age, he was elected county superin-
tendent of schools for Lincoln county, and he is
now filling his second term in that important
office. In addition to performing the duties of his
official position, Mr. Martin also devotes consider-
able time to attending to his large law practice.

Sprague possesses a well-edited daily newspaper as well as an excellent weekly
publication. Established at this point are a brewery, a flour mill with a daily
capacity of 150 barrels, and an extensive wood- working establishment. The Lincoln
county court house at this point, is a large, commodious brick structure with hand-
somely appointed offices. The style of architecture of the city, while not imposing,
is of the solid, tasty order, and the leading business houses as a rule occupy fine
brick buildings of modern design and finish.

PHOTO. BY MC INNIS.

Hon. h. N. martin, Spraouf., School Superintendent
Lincoln County.

h li

Sprague, Washington.

429

ce he still
which he
abundant
ictive and
le promo-
as mayor
He has
ected citi-

y laid out
municipal
; of larger
ctric light
lapacity to

I by most
1, Sprague
)wnship of
he schools
he county,
erally sup-

)ln county
lartin, the
wh -.^ has
y jxperi-
le efforts
lools in the
artiu is a
nal School
law and
90 he came
le was ad-
Vlartin was
' superin-
and he is
important
ties of his
s consider-
practice.

nt weekly
th a daily
; Lincoln
■vith hand-
imposing,
ccupy fine

PHOTO. BY MC INNI3.

•>

-^9

I *''^,vr..-

1^^^ (IfKYj" -1 1

,^^Bi

BW^ /l^^^HS^'^^

'^^^^^^H

n'^^^R^'

%''^f^jH^^^|

v^lB^

_^H

IHI^ —

Judge Wallace Mount, Sprague.

The following sketches of public officials of Ijncoln county will illustrate the
rapid advancement of men of worth and ability to positions of honor and trust in the
newly settled sections of the West.

Judge WaIvIvACE Mount. — The judicial tribunals of Washington are in many
instances presided over au;? adorned by young men
whose professional attainments and sterling integ-
rity have received the early and well merited rec-
ognition of their fellow citizens. Wallace Mount,
judge of the superior court of Lincoln count)', was
but 30 years of age when he was promoted to the
bench. Judge Mount, who is known throughout
Washington as an able jurist and au accomplished
student, was born in Clackamas county, Oregon,
in 1859, After graduating from the University
of Oregon in 18^3, he commencet! the study of law

in the offices of
Williams, Ded-
man & Thomp-
son, at PorV
land, and in
1885 he was

admitted to the bar. One year later he removed
to Sprague, where he practiced his profession until
1888, when he was elected county attorney. In
1889 he was elected superior j' '.ge and was re-
elected to the same office in 1892 without opposition.
James B. Gray. — A splendid illustration of
what a man may accomplish in a few years in Lt.'.-
colu county is shown by the successful career of
James B. Gray, the clerk of the superior court.
Mr. Gray left his birthplace in Dubuque county,
Iowa, in 1878, and after 10 years of business expe-
rience in ^.p\i-
fornia and lUi- photo, by mo innis.
nois, he finally arrived at Tacoma in 1888, with
but |ioo in his possession. From Tacoma Mr.
Gray went to Waterville, in Douglas county, where
for one year he was engaged in the land business.
He then removed to Davenport, in Lincoln coun-
ty, where for four years he managed the mort-
gage loan business of Mr. C. C. May, the well-
known banker. From time to time Mr. Gray in-
vested small sums of money in property situated
near Davenport, and the rapid increase in the val-
ue of this realty has netted him over ;* 30,00c' in
the past four years. Mr. Gray was electc^d clerk
of the superior court of Lincoln county in the fall
election of 1892.

T. P. Donahue.— Mr. T. P. Donahue, who for hon. t. p. donahue, spraque, sheriff Lincoln county

Hon. James 6. Gray, Sprague.

■I

''l

ift'fl

■

480

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

many years was known to the traveling public as one of the most genial and cour-
teous passenger conductors on the lines of the International and Great Northern
railroad in Texas and the Northern Pacific in Washington, is now the sheriff of
Lincoln county. Mr. Donahue was born in Northfield, Washington county, Ver-
mont. He removed from the place of his birth at an early age to Indiana. On attain-
ing his majority he moved to California and subsequently to Texas. In 1882 Mr.
Donahue arrived in Spokane, where he was immediately appointed passenger con-
ductor qn the Northern Pacific. Four ye^rs later he resigned this position and
settled at Davenport, where he was engaged in buying grain. Without solicitation
on his part, Mr. Donahue received the nomination for sheriff, to which office he was
elected by an overwhelming majority in 1893.

Cheney, Wasliington. — Cheney, the gateway to the broad wheat fields of
the famous Big Bend country of the Columbia river, is located on the main line of
the Northern Pacific railroad, 16 miles west of Spokane. It is also the terminus of
the Central Washington branch of the same road. This latter line runs west from
Cheney for a distance of 108 miles, through the heart of the Big Bend country, ter-
minating at Coulee City.

Cheney contains today a population of about 1,000. It is attractively situated
on a rolling plain, and is surrounded by a fringe of timber. Its broad and well
improved streets are lined with a substantial class of buildings. Among the fine
structures of the town are the handsome and costly brick structure occupied by the
First National Bank of Cheney, the building of the Bank of Cheney, and the Cheney
hotel. The two banks of Cheney rank among the solid financial institutions of the
state. They have a paid-up capital of |5o,ooo each. The hotel at Cheney would
be an ornament to a town of much larger population. The State Normal School,
which now occupies a fine building at Cheney is permanently located at this point.
Among the industrial plants of Cheney are several wood-working establishments
and a flouring mill with a capacity of 80 barrels a day. A large brickyard in the
vicinity of the town turns out several hundred thousand brick a year. The enter-
prise of the citizens of Cheney is shown by the fine water-works system here. This
plant cost $50,000. It is connected with a reservoir that has a holding capacity of
400,000 gallons. Cheney is well lighted by electricity supplied by a complete plant
equipped at a cost of $20,000.

The merchants of Cheney do a large business with the p.djacent farming country,
which is justly called the garden spot of Washington. Ten nrnes west of Cheney
is Medical Lake, one of the most remarkable bodies of water on the continent, and
which is fully described in a subsequent article. But seven miles east of Cheney is
the edge of the famous Palouse country, one of the great wheat-producing sections
of the world. With its advantageous location, Cheney will always remain one of the
prosperous inland towns of the state of Washington.

The man who has built up Cheney is Hon. D. F. Percival, the head of the two
banks here, the mayor of the town, and the owner of large tracts of valuable land
in the immediate vicinity. Mr. Percival has repeatedly been honored with public
office by his fellow-citfzens, and he is today one of the most respected residents of
Eastern Washington.

Spokane, Washington. — Situated near the eastern border of the great
basin of the Columbia river is the important city of Spokane, the inland metropolis

M'^^

•^^

I^H^

t^JSn

^1^

Spokane, Washington.

481

of the Pacific Northwest, and one |of the most enterprising centers of population
on the coast. The commanding location of this city, and the remarkable diversity
of the resources of its 60,000 square miles of tributary country, have made it a place
of metropolitan importance, with distinctive features of its own possessed by no
other city in the West.

The early history of Spokane, unlike that of most Western cities, is devoid of
sensational events. It is but the story of the struggles, hopes and disappointments of
a score or more of intrepid pioneers. Among this number were a few discerning

WATER FOWEK AT 5PQKANEL.

i^-lif/J^V. BtUELGPED WATER. POWEI^,

&^-

l.cp»ER FALLS.

(til

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men who came to the present site of the city firm in the belief that the completion
of the Northern Pacific railroad across the continent would witness a rush of immi-
gration to the fertile sections of Eastern Washington that would rapidly increase the
population and importance of the then territory. These men also saw that with the
great water power afforded by the falls of the Spokane river, and with its favorable
location for holding the trade of a vast tributary basin, Spokaiie would become, ia
time, one of the leading centers of population of Eastern Washington. Spokane
was already destined to be a city before the townsite was platted, and the growth of
this place during the past decade is a tribute to the spirit of the West which stops at
nothing when there is anything to be accomplished by effort, and to the people of
Spokane, who have never lost hope in the future of their city.

,! t 1

432

The Oregonian's Handbo'^ i of the Pacific Northwest.

The expectations of the early settlers on the present site of Spokane have been
more than realized. The broad, rolling plains of the Big Bend and Palouse sections
are now dotted with the homes of thousands of prosperous faimers, the rugged
mountain ranges of the Cceur d'Alene, Kootenay, Colville and Okanogon mining
districts now annually add millions of dollars of wealth to the coffers of the nation,
the broad stretches of grazing land in the fertile country west of Spokane now sup-
port thousands of head of cattle, horses and sheep, and all of this rich tributary
belt to this city is now tapped by as complete a system of railroads as has been per-
fected in any part of the coast. Spokane's population, in 1870, was 100 or more.
Spokane, today, is a magnificent city of 35,000 people. This is the history of Spo-
kane's rise from obscurity to wealth and importance, and it is a chronicle of events
that has marked an epoch in Western city building.

The famous military highway known as the MuUan road, connecting Fort Walla
Walla on the west with Fort Benton, at the head of navigation on the Missouri, on the
east, passed within a short distance of the present site of Spokane. This great thor-
oughfare between the years i860 and 1881 was the only highway for travel between
Montana and Washington and Oregon. Of the thousands of pioneers who journeyed
over the Mullan road, many tarried to admire the wild rapids and mighty falls of
the Spokane river. A few of these adventurous spirits, impressed with the romantic
beauty of the falls and possessing a vague idea that the surging and foaming waters
might at some distant date in the future be utilized for manufacturing pur-
poses, ended their journey here. The earliest of these settlers on the present site of
Spokane were Benjamin Downing and Wm. Scranton. In 1873 J. N. Glover pur-
chased the claims of the settlers who had preceded him here. Mr. Glover paid in all
the sum of $4,000 for the site which Spokane now occupies. In the following year
H. T. Crowley came to the settlement and established here an Indian mission school,
many years before the Jesuit Fathers had founded a mission near the point where the
Cceur d'Alene river empties into the lake of the same name. The "Old Mission"
established by Father Joset in 1846 is still standing in a good state of preservation.
In addition to the natural beauty of its surroundings and the sacredness which reli-
gion bestows on the spot, there are other stirring events in the history of the " Old
Mission " which make the site especially cherished in the minds of all old settlers
in the Northwest. Beneath its moss-covered roof have rested Generals Sherman and
Sheridan and Isaac Stevens, Washington's pioneer governor. The priests of the
mission labored long and earnestly for the moral and material advancement of the
Indians of Eastern Washington. In spite, however of the pacific advice of the
"blackgowns," as the reverend fathers were called, the tribes of the Spokane,

Pend d'Oreille, Palouse and C(jeur d'Alene Indians banded
together in a mighty confederation for the repulse of the
gold-seekers and other settlers who were invading their
domains. A detachment of United States soldiers under
the command of Colonel Steptoe, was sent to quell the out-
break. The Indians learned of this move and, with the cun-
ning of their race, prepared an ambuscade into which the
unsuspecting troops rode to their death. This fight occurred
on the 16th day of May, 1858, and the scene of action was on the Snake river in
what is now the best settled portion of Eastern Washington.

After this first repulse the Government commeuced an active campaign against
the hostiles under the direction of Colonel George Wright. On the ist of Septem-

LOON LAKE, NEAR SPOKANE.

ibL

Spokane, Washington.

433

e have been
»use section*

the rugged
igon mining

the nation,
ne now sup-
:h tributary
as been per-
oo or more,
tory of Spo-
;le of events

Fort Walla

souri, on the

5 great thor-

vel between

lo journeyed

;hty falls of

he romantic

ming waters

luring pur-

esent site of

Glover pur-

r paid in all

lowing year

sion school,

It where the

d Mission"

reservation,

which reli-

f the "Old

old settlers

lemian and

ests of the

nent of the

/ice of the

? Spokane,

ins banded

ul?e of the

iding their

iiers under

ell the out-

th the cun-

which the

it occurred

ke river in

ign against
of Septem-

PHOTO. Br MAXWELL.

Riverside Avenue, 8pok«ne.

PHOTO. BV MAXWELL.

ber, Colonel Wright engaged the savages in
battle at Medical Lake, and completely routed
them without the loss of a single soldier. Six
days later the troops again encountered the In-
dians and, in a fight which lasted seven hours,
drove them a distance of 14 miles. This de-
cisive victory ended the war and a few weeks
later the warriors came in from the hills to
which they had taken flight and gave tokens
of perpetual peace. The leading instigators of
the war were summarily executed on the
banks of a oretty little brook within the pres-
ent city limits of Spokane. It was from this incident that the stream received the
gruesome name of Hangman creek.

It was at the "Old Mission" that Colonel Wright made his terms with the
Indians after he had conquered the confederated tribes. Father Joset, in charge of
the mission, had endeavored to prevent the Cceur d'Alenes from taking part in the
threatened war. The reverend father succeeded in quieting the tribe, and he then

started lor Vancouver Barracks, Washington, to
confer with the general in charge of the troops
there. During his absence the Cceur d'Alenes,
free from his restraining influence donned their
war paint and joined the hostiles. It was at
a later period than this, however, that the un-
selfish work of the Catholic priest bore fruit.
In 1877 the Nez Perces Indians made war on
the whites. In all the towns and settlements
of the Palouse country aud at the little hamlet
of Spokane Falls consternation took the place
of the peace and happiness iuiong the inhabi-
tants. During the height of the excitement it
was rumored that^he Ccturd Alene Indians had
taken the warpath. It is hard for any otio who has never lived ir. a small outpost cf
civilization surrounded by hostile savages to realize the consternation that a rumor
of this kind carried with it. There arost before the pioneersof Eastern Washington
at thp.t time visions of torture by fire, slraightered infanta and outraged womanhood.
Of all fiendish cruelty, that concocted in f.he brain of the blood-thirsty savage is the
worst. The excitement subsided, however, when it was learned definitely that the
Coeur d'Alenc Indians would not take the warpath. After careful consultation they
had decided to remain true to the teachings of the
Jesuit Fathers. Under the guidance of these mis-
sionaries they have since advanced rapidly towards
civilization and they are today the most enlight-
ened and prosperous tribe of Indians in Eastern
Washington. They occupy a reservation on the
beautiful shores of Lake Cccur d'Alene. They
have finely cultivated farms, fine wagons, stock,
and even carriages and good houses. Old Chief Sal-
tice, the leader of the tribe during the troublesome street scene, spokane.

Business Centfr. Spokane.

484

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

PHOTO. 8Y MAXWELL.

times of 1877, is now frequently seen walking the streets of Spokane in as digni-
fied and quiet a manner as any law-abiding citizen, He dresses in good taste. He
is a man of both ability and wealth and the confidence reposed in him by his own
people is no greater than is the respect which is shown him by his pale-faced
brother.

The Indian outbreak of 1877, and the great conflagration of 1889 were the
exciting periods of Spokane's existence. Spokane's advancement has been as steady
as it ur.? been free from disturbances of the public peace, and it has a'\vays enjoyed
the distinction of being one of the best governed cities of the West.

In 1 878, General Sherman with an escort of cavalry made the journey from
Walla Walla to Spokane. At the earnest solicitation of the few inhabitants of the

village at that time, he established a military
post on Coeur d'Alene lake, near the point
where the Spokane river leaves this great
body of water. This post is now known
as Fort Sherman. In the same year another
important event was recorded iu Spokane's
history. In that year Messrs. '*^.l Cannon
and J. J. Browne, the leaders in Spokane's
subsequent prosperity, purchased a one-half
interest in the townsite here, owned at that
time by J. N. Glover. It is to tlie energy
and public spirit of these three pioneers ,
all now prominent bankers of that city,
that Spokane owes much of its present
greatness, and it is these men who perhaps
today stand the highest in the confidence of the people of this flourishing city.

Until 1880 Spokane's growth was slow. In that year the place did not contain
to exceed 200 people. An impetus was given to the growth of the place however
by the reorganization of the Northern Pacific Railroad Company, and the promised
early completion of their line to Spokane. In 1881 the first cars over this road
reache.: Spokane from Wallula Junction, but it was not until the summer of 1883
that the road was completed to a transconti-
nental connection. From the time of the com-
pletion of the Northern Pacific, the growth of
Spokane was phenomenal. In 1885 the town
contained 3000 people. A careful census made
in June, 1887, gave the city a population of
7,000. Two years later, based on a showing
made in the city directory, Spokane contained
a population of 22,000. The city directory of
1893 contained 13,267 names. Basing the popu-
lation at that time on a ratio of two and one-
half people in the community for each name
in the directory, and this is recognized as a
most conservative estimate, Spokane contained a population in 1893 of 33,167.

A potent factor in the growth of Spokane was the discovery of enormous
deposits of lead and silver ores in the Cceur d'Alene mountains in what is so well

"5^

Riverside Avenue, Spok*ne.

PHOTO. BY BAILEY.

Riverside Avenue, 8»okane.

Spokane, VVashinf(ton.

435

A BUSINESS Block, Spokane.

known to the world as the Ccenr d'Alene mining district. The development of the
rich mines in this district was of the greatest importance to Spokane. The city at
once became the principal source of supply for taese mines and it was at Spokane
that the main travel from the Northern and Union Pacific diverged for the mining
district. The people who made fortunes in the mines, built themselves palatial
homes in Spokane. They invested largely in property
there, and it was Spokane which profited most by the de-
velopment of the mining district. From the advertisement
received through the opening of this mining belt thousands
of people journeyed across the continent to cast their for-
tunes with those of Spokane. The surplus population of
the city poured into the rich agricultural districts of the Big
Bend and Palouse countries, all tributary to Spokane and
the settlement of these rich lands made this part of Eastern
Washington one of the best tilled sections of the West.

In the Palouse and Big Bend sections were thousands
of acres of virgin soil ready for the plow. The soil on
all this land is deep and it produces enormous crops

of all kinds of cereals as well as being especially adapted to fruit culture. From
these lands are now annually harvested 20,000,000 bushels of grain. Even with iliis
showing the country as yet is but partially settled and there is enough unoccupied
land here today to furnish homes for thousands of families, in a country where crops
never fail and where the climate is without extremes of either intense cold or tor-
rid heat.

The mineral resources of the country tributary to Spokane are but partially
developed. In the articles on the Coeur d'Alene, Colville, Kootenay and other min-
ing districts appearing in other parts of " The Handbook " will be found interesting
statistics of the mineral wealth of these sections. These districts comprise the best
part of Western mineral belts, and they contain today the largest deposits of galena-
silver-bearing ore in the world. Another source of wealth to Spokane is the vast
forests of Eastern Washington, which are yet standing in their virgin state. It is
estimated by competent lumbermen who have examined into the subject that the

forests of Eastern Washington contain no less than
50,000,000,000 feet of standing timber, a source of wealth
that will some day support a great industry in this section.
North of Spokane and extending nearb- to the interna-
tional boundary line is the fertile Colville valley. The 90,000
acres of meadow land in this valley are capable of produc-
ing annually 225,000 tons of hay. In addition to this the
adjacent bunchgrass lands yield bountiful crops of cereals,
fruits and vegetables. In the hills lining the valley are de-
veloped and dividend-paying mines. In these hills are also
large deposits of the most durable of building stone. The
mining districts of which Spokane is the trading center annually produce about
|io,ooo,ooo in wealth. In the Coeur d'Alene district alone when the mines are all
being operated, the payroll aggregates $3,000,000 per annum.

One of the most important districts tributary to Spokane is the Okanogan coun-
try. This lies far to the north of the city and is rich in both gold and silver

Auditorium, Spokane.

i M

I :
I 1

I <

i!^

- 'A

- ] P

t i

i k

M! ■ i

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436

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

PHOTO. BY MAXWELL.

j&zsai^siiME

A Spok'ne Residence.

deposits. This district commences at Lake Chelan, the most beautiful of American
lakes, and extends to the mighty glaciers of the C-iscade Mountains. It contains a
number of flourishing towns, and its deposits of m'neral wealth are inexhaustible.
Lying northeast of the Okanogan country, in British Columbia, is West Kootenay
with its romantic Alpine lake, along the shores of A'hich are great ledges of high-
grade galerf ore. From its surface-showing, West Kootenay is the richest silver
district in the world. The district also contains heavy deposits of gold-bearing quartz,

A large part of which is free milling, and
great beds of gold-bearing gravel from which
thousands of ounces of the yellow metal
have alread}' been washed. It is something
of an anomaly that nearly all the inhabi-
tants of West Kootenay situated in the Brit-
ish possessions are American citizens. Most
of chese men started for the mines from Spo-
kane, and most of the money they make in
the diggings is spent in Spokane. The city
is the supply center for most of this vast
mineral district to the north, the trade with
which amounts to thousands of dollars an-
nually.

It is worthy of note in this connection that no rival city shares with Spokane
the trade of this vast district. Tacoma and Seattle, to the west of the Ca! cade range
of mountains on the shores of Puget Sound, are the nearesL cities of any size west of
Spokane, while to the east the nearest populated centers of any commercial impor-
tance are Helena and Butte, distant about 3S0 miles.

On a quiet Sunday evening, August 4, 1889, occurred the great fire, which in less
than two hours destroyed the entire business district of Spokane. This holocaust
wiped out of existence 450 buildings and it entailed a direct loss of j^5, 000,000. The
insurance on the property of the burned district amounted to $2,600,000, The spirit
of Spokane's people was shown by their action before the embers of the gieot lire
had cooled. The work, of clearing away the debris was at once commenced by the
property owners, and m less than one year after the destruction of the city a grander
one had risen on the ashes of the burned district. The public and private improve-
ments made during this time of iccuperation were on the most handsome .scale.
Business blocks were erected that had no superiors in the largest cities of the conti-
nent. The rich men built palatial homes and the structures put up for the accomo-
dation of public bv'iiness would be the pride of any city on the conlitient. There are
homes in Spokane today that represent the expenditure of amounts ranging all the
way from j?25,0(x> to $t5jo,o(X) p..ch, and the business district is as compactly and as
har soniely built as are any of the best streets of Chicago.

Spokane is today one of the most attractive of Western cities. It is symmetri-
cally laid out and contains many beautifully arranged parks and public squares. The
streets in the residence portion of the city are 7^ feet wide, while the business
thoroughfares are 100 feet wide, with 16-foot sidewalks. Looking down Riverside
avenue, in the city, the eye beholds an imposing array of live and seven-story build-
ings constructed of granite and pressed brick. The Granite block, the Spokane
National Bank's one-story Igo.ooo Grecian building, constructed of Tennessee mar-

f American
; contains a
xhaustible.
t Kootenay
es of high-
:hest silver
ring quartz,
illing, and
from which
illow metal
. something
he iuhabi-
in the Brit-
ens. Most
s from Spo-
ey make in
. The city
f this vast
trade with
iollars an-

h Spokane
carle range
dze west of
;ial inipor-

dich in less
holocaust
OCX1. The
The spirit

e greot lire

ced by the
a grander

e improve-

)me scale,
the conti-

ic accorao-
There are
ng all the

tly and as

symmetri-
ares. The
! business
Riverside
ory l)uild-
Spokanc
ssee mar-

Spokane, Washington,

437

ble, the Rookery, Hyde, Jamison, Eagle, Traders, Voegler, First National Bank and

other buildings on this street, are monuments of architectural art. At the end of

Rive: aide Avenue is The Reviev> building occupied

by Spokane's ably edited and well-managed morning

paper. This stately edifice is seven stories- in height

and is surmounted by an artistic tower or front which

rises heavenward for five additional stories. The

Revic70 building is a distinguishing landmark in

Spokane for miles distant, and it is one of the great

newspaper buildings of the West.

Sprague, Main, Front and First are business streets
which run parallel to Riverside Avenue. These
streets are lined with imposing buildings. Of the in-
tersecting streets, Howard, Stevens and Monroe are
compactly built up with business blocks that are not
inferior to those whicli line the other main streets of
the city.

In the center cf Spokane are the mighty falls
and picturesque cascades of the Spokane river. This
swift-flowing stream is the outlet of the Coeur d'Alene
Lake. In its course to the Columbia it winds through
long stretches of level prairie land, plunging down
the rocky inclines of narrow canyons and great ra-
vines. Along its course are many charming views
of landscape scenery. Twenty-five miles above
Spokane the river has a fall of 42 f<;et. Around this fall the flourishing little town
of Post Falls, Idaho, has sprung up. At Spokane the river falls, in a distance of
about one-half mile, 130 feet. This is divided into two main falls. The fall at the
upper cataract is 60 feet while the lower one has a fall of 70 feet. It is to the great
power aff"orded by these falls that Spokane owes its birth. The development of
this power has been a most potent factor in the growth of the city, and were this
entire power utilized for manufacturing purposes which it nmst be some day, Spo-
kane would easily be a city of 200,000 population. The amount of water power
now available within the city limits of Spokane, at extreme low water, is 30,000
horse. Of this vast power 20,000 horse is controlled by the Washington Water

Power Company, and 10,000 horse by the Spokane
Water Power Company, Of the great power here
but 3,500 horse is now in use. The falls of the
Spokane river, at vSpokane, furni.sh ore of the
greatest water powers in America.

The power of the falls here is easily controlled.
The river is entirely free from ice in winter, im-
provements are easily made at the falls, and the
river-bed being of basaltic-rcck formation is not
subject to abrasion, as is the case in other
The magnitude of the power afforded by the falls
at vSpokane can be appreciated wLv..i it is stated that the famous St. Anthony falls,
at Minneapolis, furnish 10,000 horse-power less than is furnished by the river at

Review Building, Spokane.

Middle Channel, Post Falls, Spokane River.

great falls of the continent.

.11

m
If"

438

The Oveffortian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

ii:

N. Y. Brewery, Rudolph Gcrkow, Spokane.

Spokane, At the foot of the lower fall at Spokane, on the property of the Wash-
ington Water Power Company, is the large $2c»,ooo plant of the Edison Electric
Illuminating Company. This is one of the greatest water-power .stations for the gener-
ation of electricity in the world. From a dam 500 feet distant, water is delivered
through two steel penstocks, each seven feet in diameter, to the first floor of the
station here, which is 70 feet below the level of the dam. On this floor is
one of the best hydraulic equipments in the Union. Here are located 12 pairs of

wheels, 6 being used in each pen-
stock. The dj'namos are arranged
on the second floor, and are driven
by a system of direct and almost
perpendicular belting. Electricity
is transmitted from this plant to
all parts of Spokane. It is used
here for a large variety of pur-
poses. Perhaps no other city in
the world uses electricity for so
many purposes as does Spokane.
Every printing press in the citj',
an extensive brewery, with a ca-
pacity of 450 barrels per day, nu-
merous passenger elevators, elec-
tric stoves and fans, sawmills, wood saws, several r anufacturing plants, and
all the street cars here are run by el'.ctric power. Thf Edison plant also lights the
city, 550 arc and 10,000 incandescent lamps being used.

The cheapness at which this power is supplied and its easy adaptability to all
purposes for which power is required, is a most important factor in the economical
operation of machinery in Spokane. It minimizes the cost of manufacturing at this
point, and as the city progresses, and as the adjacent country becomes more developed
it should be the means of encouraging the establishment of many industrial plants
at this point.

The water power at Spokane now turns the wheels of three large flouring mills,
with a combined daily capacity of 1,900 barrels. There are also four iron-working
plants and several wood-working establishments which are run by this same power.
Of the vast power lying idle here, there is now 10,000-
horse power developed to a point where it is available for
use at a moment's notice. The cheapness of this power
can be appreciated when it is stated that a barrel of flour
can be made in Spokane for a fraction of over i cent. Ahorse
power sold here for fio per annum, will grind, in a year,
900 barrels of flour. In manufacturing flour by steam, the
cost of fuel alone is 7 cents a barrel. In every line of
manufacturing a proportionate saving is made by the mills
using water power at Spokane over the cost of operating
the same mills elsewhere by steam.

Aside from their commercial value, the falls at Spokane possess ever; scenic
beauty. They have been admired by thousands of tourists with wondei and admi-
ration. The Spokane river, in its course through the city of the same name, is divided

Second congregational Church,
Spokane.

lyk.

Spokane, Washington.

439

by rocky islands into five separate channels. Where it is first divided it plunges
wildly downward forming a series of rapids below. Here it tumbles over the rocks
in a series of beautiful falls. After uniting, the water makes a final plunge of 70 feet.
Spanning nearly the center of this last great fall is the Monroe-street steel cantilever
bridge. From the surface of this bridge is obtained a most delightful view of the
seething waters below. The water here first flows over the apron of a dam, and
then dashes down a precipitous and rocky incline, finally falling into a deep basin
where it is constantly churned to foam. This boiling caldron of white, with its
rainbow-tinted spray and the green waters beyond it, forms one of the most enchant-
ing of views.

The extensive and admirably equipped rapid-transit system of Spokane is ope-
rated by 500 horse power, furnished loy the Edison station. The street-car facilities
of Spokane are equal, if not superior, to those of any city of the same size in the
world. A network of street-railway tracks reaches out in all directions from the busi-
ness center. These lines connect with the most remote of the outlying suburbs.
The system consists of 41 miles of electric lines, 3 miles of cable road, 2 miles of
motor track, and 65 cars of the most modern equipment.

The Spokane Cable Railway ascends Monroe street to a blutF 300 feet high lying
in the southern part of the city. The slope at the top of the bluff is covered with
elegant residences which cost all the way from $10,000 to $80,000 each. These fine
homes, together with the fine business blocks in the heart of the city, prove con-
clusively that the men who made their money in Spokane did
not seek outside points for investments, but showed their faith
in their home city by putting their money back in the place
where they had made it. The Spokane & Montrose Railway
Company, with a capital stock of $50,000, operates an electric
line 3X niiles in length, running from Riverside avenue to
Cook's Addition and Montrose Park. Both of these addition
are dotted with costly homes and are beautiful tracts of Ipnd
occupying the highlands south of the business center of the
city. The City Park Transit Company, capitalized for $250,000,

operates seven miles of electric road. The cars of this company run to Ledgerwood
Park, one of Spokane's most attractive suburbs.

Spokane's most important suburb is the town of Hillyard, where are located the
extensive shops of the Great Northern railroad. There are 300 men employed in the
shops at Hillyard. It is reached by an electric street railway. The townsite is under
the sole control of Messrs. Carrittee & Grinnell, a prominent Spokane real estate, loan
and investment firm. This firm will cheerfully answer inquiries about Hillyard. It
also makes a specialty of attending to business for non-residents and has a large
clientage throughout the United States.

Ross Park, a residence suburb occupying a romantic position near the river and
three miles distant from Riverside avenue, is reached by the cars of the Ross Park
Electric Railway Company. This company has a capital .stock of $125,000, and it
operates nine miles of electric road. The Arlington Heights Motor Railway Com-
pany, with a capital of $50,000, operates an electric line two miles in length. The
Spokane Street Railway Company's system is the largest in the city. This company
has a trackage of 22 miles through the business streets and residence portions of the
city. It is operated entirely by electricity. The capital stock of the company is

mm£

Bryant xhool, Spokane.

»'■■

440

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

i 'i^

I .i

;!' !

1 !l;. I

ii ill I*

N. P. R. R. Station, Spokane,

$5oo,(X)o. One of the lines operated by this company runs to the suburban town of
Hillyard. It is at this point that the Great Northern Railroad Company has estab-
lished extensive shops. The Washington Water Power Company, in addition to own-'
ing 20,000 of the available 30,000 horse power afforded by the falls of the river at this
point, also controls the Edison Electric Illuminating Company, the Spokane Street
Railway Company, the Spokane Cable Railway Company, the Spokane Electric
Railway Company, the Ross Park Street Railway Company and the Arlington
Heights Motor Company.

In journeying to Spokane and other points in Eastern Washington the early set-
tlers traveled over the Mullan road in canvas-covered wagons or on the backs of
cayuse ponies. A remarkable change in reaching .Spokane has been efftcted since
the first vanguard of civilization invaded its precincts. The " prairie schooner "is

now a reminiscence. The great Mullan road with its historic
traditions is nowbrokL.i into romantic country highways
connecting towns and villages. The long line of ox teams
that once daily left Spokane laden with merchandise are
now things of the past. Important lines of railroad now
radiate from Spokane in all directions, and but few parts of
the accessible tributary territory are today without the bene-
fit of direct rail connection with all parts of the United
States.

The important trunk lines now reaching Spokane are the Northern Pacific, Union
Pacific and Great Northern. Recognizing the importance of Spokane as a natural
distributing center, the Northern Pacific has built several important branch lines into
the surrounding country from this city. These lines arc the Spokane & Palouse,
which runs southeast from Spokane to Juliaetta, Idaho, 123 miles distant ; the Cen-
tral Washington, running from Spokane to Coulee City, in the Rig Bend country, a
distance of 125 miles; the Spokane & Idaho, which connects Spokane with the
famous Coeur d'Aleue mining belt ; the Seattle, Lake Shore & Eastern, 'vhich runs
west from .Spokane lo Davenport, in the heart of the Big Bend country, 50 miles
distant. The Spokane & Palouse branch extends through the celebrated Palouse
country, one of the finest wheat-growing sections of the West. In Whitman county
alone, through which this road runs, there are 701,261 acres of improved land auvi
taxable property, which is assessed at $19,500,000. Cf the 123 miles of this branch
115 miles extends through a succession of almost unbroken wheat fields. The
remarkable fertility of the soil of this part of Washington is attested by the average
yield of 30 bushels of vheat to the acre in 1893. From the Palouse country Spokane
derives much of its jobbing trade. The Central Washington branch of the Northern
Pacific runs through the heart of the great w'aeat-prodncing section of the Big Bend
country. From Coulee City, the western terminus of this road, stages run to the
rich mining districts of the Okanogan. Part of the route between Spokane and the
CiEur d'Aleue mines, by way of the Northern Pacific, is made by boat on Lake Cccur
d'Alene, a beautiful mountain-walled body of water 60 miles in length. The C(eur
d'.^lene mines are also reached from Spokane by a branch of the Union Pacific which
makes direct all-rail connection. The Seattle, Lake .Shore & Eastern, operated by the
Northern Pacific, is the direct route from Spokane to Davenport, in the center of the
Big Bend country.

A line of railroad that has opened up a vast area of country tributary to Spokane

UJ • _

Spokane, Washington.

441

a town of
has estab-
n to own-'
;er at this
me Street
; Electric
(Arlington

early set-
backs of
;ted since
ooner " is
s historic
highways
ox teams
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V parts of
the bene-
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ic, Union

a natural

lines into

Palouse,

he Cen-

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vith the

icli runs

50 miles

Palouse

1 county

and an>l

s branch

Is. The

average

i^pokane

Northern

tig Bend

n to the

and the

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e CcL'Ur

ic which

1 by the

r of the

ipokane

FRANKLIN School, Spokanf

is the Spokane & NortherE. This road runs north from Spokane through the fertile
Colville valley to Fort Sheperd, an old Hudson's Bay Company's post, situated
immediately north of the international boundary line. From Fort Sheperd the road,
continues to Nelson on Kootenay Lake, under the name of the Nelson & Fort Shep-
erd railroad. At the American town of Northport the Spokane & Northern now
makes daily connection with the line of boats running on
the Columbia river and through the Arrow leaker, to Ravel-
stokc, a station on the Canadian Pacific railv/ay. This
steamboat service and its connections practically gives Spo-
kane a fourth transcontinental line. It is but a question of
time when the Canadian Pacific will run its cars direct to
Spokane. This company is now building a branch line to
the Slocan Mining District near Kootenay L?-kc. This
branch will eventually reach Nelson, connecting there with the Nelson & Fort Sheperd
railroad.

The Union Pacific reached Spokane in 1890, and in the summer of 1893, the
Great Northern railroad commenced running its trains into the city. Spokane is
today one of the largest and most important railroad centers west of the Rocky

Mountains. Owing to its extensive system of railroads,
with its favorable geographical location, making it the com-
mon distributing center for 6o,coo square miles of territory,
Spokane is now an important jobbing center, whose trade ag-
gregates millions of dollars annually. "With the advent of the
Great Northern to Spokane, there came a readjustment of
freight rates on the transcontinental lines reaching this point,
which has been of the most signal benefit to the jobbing trade
of the city. These concessions placed Spokane, so far as railroad rates were con-
cerned, on an equality with the large terminal cities of the West.

Like nearly all the large cities of the continent, Spokane did not escape the ef-
fects of the disastrous business panic of 1893. Owing to a lack of confidence
shown by depositors, several banks at this point were compelled to temporarily close
their doors. The assets of these suspended banks were all however, far in excess of
their liabilities. Most of them have now resumed, and it is a safe assertion that all
the banks which had trouble here will either resume business or liquidate in full.
The banks of Spokane with their capital, surplus and undivided profits are as fol-
lows : Browne National, capital, |too,ooo, undivided profits, $35,000 ; Old National,
capital, f 250,000; Traders National, capital, $200,000, surplus and undivided profits,
$100,000; Exchange National, capital, $250,000, surplus and undivided profits, $45,-
000; Washington National, capital, $250,000 ; A. M. Murphy Co., [private bankers],
capital, $25, 000; First National, capital, 1250,000, surplus and undivided profits, $52, 000;
Citizens National, capital, $150000; Bank of Spokane Falls, capital, |i5o,ooo, sur-
plus, $125,000 ; Commercial Savings, capital, $50,000; Spokane Savings, capital,
$100,000, surplus, $32,000; Washington Savings, capital, $50,000.

Of the prominent citizens of Spokane, none have been more actively identified
with the welfare of the city than L. C. Dillman. No public enterprise which has
benefitted Spokane has ever been undertaken without the material aid of this gentle-
man. Mr. Dillman is the senior member of one of the most T)rominent real estate

Bancroft School, Spokane.

ill |!

L. C. DiLLMAN, Spokane.

442 The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

and investment broker firms of the city. He is a
director in the Washington National bank, p'-esident
of the Pacific Bullion Mining Company, director in
the Spokane Hydraulic Mining Company, and gen-
eral manager and treasurer of the St. Paul Land and
Improvement Company, a corporation owning large
tracts of land in the city and in Eastern Washington.

Mr. Dillman is a native of Louisville, Kentucky,
and is now 38 years of age. He has donated with-
out any compensation, valuable tracts upon which to
locate industrial plants. The aggregate value of these
donations is not less than $75,000. He has an ex-
tensive acquaintance with prominent capitalists
throughout the United States, and is the accredited
representative of interests aggregating in value,
13,000,000.

The school census of 1893 showed that there are
now 4,610 white children between the ages of five
and twenty-one years in Spokane. Of this number, 3,280 pupils are now enrolled
in the public schools of the city.

The first building occupied for school purposes was a small frame structure
erected in 1878. The demands of the city soon called for larger school quar-
ters, and several frame and brick school houses were erected here a few years later.
Then came the great fire of 1889. In rebuilding the city the old frame structures
were supplanted by massive modern school buildings of handsome architectural
design. The citizens of the city, from the time of the establishment of the first
school here, have made every effort to improve the educational sj^stem of Spokane.
There are now 10 large and handsome brick and stone public
school buildings in the city. These buildings are artistic
monuments to a progressive and intellectual community. An
observing writer has said that the typical American is found
in the West, and that in no other section of the Union are
American institutions more cherished. It is doubtless true
that in no other sections do parents more earnestly desire the
education of their children. The percentage of illiteracy is
less in the Pacific Northwest than in any other section of
country of equal size in the world.

The public school property of Spokane consists of realty valued at $188,000, and
improvements that have cost $336,500. The cost of the different schools of the city,
exclusive of the grounds they occupy, is as follows : High school, $150,000 ; Irving,
$30,000; Bryant, $30,000; Bancroft, $29,000; Franklin, $30,000; Lincoln, $25,000;
Edison, $30,000; Longfellow, $7,500; Emerson, $3,000; Lakeview, $2,000.

The high school, with its artistic clock tower, occupies the center of a large
square, the grounds of which are tastefully arranged in walks and flower beds. It is
finished throughout in oak, and it contains, in addition to a number of large, well-
lighted classrooms, a laboratory, library, gymnasium, and an assembly hall, with
500 opera chairs. Sixty-four teachers are employed in the public schools here. Of
the excellent private educational institutions in Spokane, the most prominent are the

Lincoln School, Spokane.

Jen
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Spokane, Washington.

443

He is a
president
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and gen-
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ishington.

S^entucky,
ated with-

which to
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las an ex-
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8,000, and

f the city,

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I25 ,000 ;

3f a large
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hall, with
here. Of
nt are the

High School, Spokane.

PHOTO. BY MAXWELL.

Jenkins University, the Spokane College, the Gonnaga College,
conducted by Jesuit Fathers, a Catholic seminary, and a busi-
ness college.

In 1880 a missionary journeyed overland to Spokane and
induced the citizens here to subscribe to a fund for the erec-
tion of a church. Since the establishment of this pioneer
house of worship, the churches of Spokane have rapidly mul-
tiplied, until there are now 43 religious organizations in the city.

Among the notable public buildings in Spokane is a city
hall. This is a handsome building, constructed of pressed
brick and granite at a cost of $100,000. It is finished entirely

in oak. The court house, now nearing completion here, will cost, when completed,
about $200,000.

The Spokane bar is held in high estimation throughout the country. It num-
bers among its members brilliant and eloquent orators, accomplished students and
trained counsellors versed in the' intricacies of the law. The fame of the most tal-
ented of these gentlemen is not confined to Spokane and its judicial tribunals, but
extends to and beyond the borders of the Spokane bar. Samuel C. Hyde is a dis-
tinguished member of the Spokane
bar. As farmer, soldier and lawyer,
his career has been a long and honor-
able one. His intellectual attain-
ments, striking individuality and
legal triumphs have won for him a
position in the foremost ranks of
Washington lawyers.

Mr. Hyde was bom April 22, 1842,
in the old historic town of Fort Ticon-
deroga, New York. At an early age
he removed with his parents to a then
remote wilderness near Oshkosh, Wis-
consin. It was here he grew to man-
hood, at work clearing the dense for-
ests that surrounded his father's house.
The war broke out, and Mr. Hyde
went to the front, where he served as
a private soldier in the 17th regiment
of Wisconsin, volunteer infantry. He
subsequently graduated from the law
school of the Iowa State University. He practiced his profession at Rock Rapids,
Iowa, for seven years, then removed to Puget Sound, and in 1S79 arrived at Spokane.
In 1880 Mr. Hyde was elected prosecuting attorney for the northeast district of Wash-
ington, and was re-elected for three consecutive terms. lie is now in active prac-
tice at the bar.

Of the successful lawyers and brilliant orators of Washington, no one is better
known than Thomas C. GrifBtts.

Hon. S. C. Hyde Spokane.

n:-^'

'! ;i

444

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

PHOTO. By MAXWELL.

HON T. C. GRIFFITT8, SPOKANE

Born in Carthage, 111,, December 5, 1857, he
grew up in the sterling society of that part of
Illinois which Lincoln and Douglass were, in the
early part of his life, making their battle-ground.
As a member of the constitutional convention of
Washington, as vice-president of the National
Association of Democratic Clubs for the state and
as Washington's first democratic candidate for
Congress, Mr. Griffitts became widely known. In
order that he might more assiduously prosecute
his profession, he retired from politics. Although
not a criminal lawyer, he posses'rjs tht remarkable
record of havingd.efended and secured the acquittal
of 22 men accused of murder in the first degree.
He is now engaged in attending to his large prac-
tice.

The enterprise of the city and its progress are reflected in the advancement of its
citizens, and for this reason biographical sketches are in a measure an indication of
what integrity and ability can accomplish in certain communities.

Among the young men of Spokane who have
been honored by their fellow citizens i Arthur D.
Jones, councilman from the fifth wan Mr. Jones
was born in Cass county, Michigan, in 1859. At
the age of 11 years he removed to Iowa and later
he attended the Iowa State University. After com-
pleting his education he taught school in Minnesota
for two years when he removed to Chicago, where
for five years he occupied a responsible position in
the employ of The Chicago Daily News. Mr.
Jones on account of ill health, removed to Spokane
in 1S87. In 1891 he was elected Alderman and in
1892 was re-elected to the same position. He is
now the senior member of the prominent real
estate and insurance firm of A. D. Jones & Co.

Arthur 0. Jones, Esq., Spokane.

Since the great conflagration of 1889, Spokane has maintained a paid fire depart-
ment which in point of discipline and efficiency now ranks with the best fire depart-
ments in the Union. The Spokane Fire Department's property is valued at $90,000.
The force consists of 45 officers and men. The apparatus is classified as follows
three engines, two hose carriages, two hose wagons, two chemical engines, one
serial truck and a hook and ladder truck. The cost of maintaining the department
is estimated at $70,000 a year.

Another well-conducted and disciplined branch of the municipal government is
the police department. It consists of a chief, four offices and 22 patrolmen.

The finances of Spokane have been ably and economically administered as is
evidenced by the low tax rate here of 10 mills. The total bonded indebtedness of
the city is $1,200,000. In the building of a great city in less than six years large

tion.
zone

Spokane, Washington.

44o

PMOTO BY MAXWELL.

HON. J. F. Leghorn, Spokane.

civic expenses were necessarily incurred. Of the city's indebtedness $500,000 was
for a water-works system and $750,000 was used in building bridges and other public
improvements. The taxable wealth of Spokane well justified this expenditure.
According to the assessment roll of 1893 the assessment valuation of property in
Spokane was $28,776,083. To this should be added
$1,110,390, the assessed valuation of property in
additions to Spokane lying outside of the munic-
ipal limits. These assessment figures were fur-
nished by county assessor, J. F. I^eghorn. The
election of this gentleman to a position of honor
and trust is an illustration of the possibilities for
advancement in the West of young men of ability
and worth. Mr. Leghorn was born in 186S in
Clonis, County Monaghan, Ireland. He finished
his education at the Royal College of Surgeon.^,
Dublin and then came to America, arriving at
Portland in 1884. He there secured a position with
a large tobacco firm and remained in its employ un-
til 1889. His business duties called him to Spo-
kane where he subsequently opened a wholesale
tobacco house under the firm name of Leghorn
Bros. This business burned out in iSgo, when he was appointed clerk of the Probate
Court. In November, 1892, he was elected assessor on the Republican ticket by an
overwhelming majority.

The Spokane'water-works system represents an outlay of $750,000. It consists of
a pumping station with a developed water power of 2,500 horse, 30 miles of street
mains, and 2co fire hydrants. The water supply is pumped from the Spokane river
five miles northeast of the city. This water comes from the snowshed of the Cocur
d'Alene Mountains and is of the purest and clearest quality.

Spokane is a healthy city. Its death rate in 1893 was only 11.03 per thousand.
The dry, invigorating atmosphere and mountain breezes of Eastern Washington are
especially helpful to the relaxed system. The long delightful summers are followed
by the finest autumnal weather, often extending into December. Then follows a
short winter, with occasional heavy falls of snow, but with few extremely cold
days. In this connection it is well to call attention to the peculiar climatic condi-
tions of the state of Washington. In this state a change of altitude, often within a
distance of a few miles, secures a greater change of climate than is noted in a change
of distance of 400 or 500 miles on the Atlantic side of the continent. Owing to the
warm influence of the Japan current Western Washington has a long rainy season.
The Cascade range of mountains acts as a barrier to the moist winds from the ocean.
On the eastern side of this range instead of rain in mid-winter there is snow. The
humidity of the atmosphere in Eastern Washington is much less than it is on the
western side of the mountains. In Eastern Washington, too, many climatic differ-
ences are noted in different localities. In the Columbia and Snake river valleys, for
instance, which are from 200 to 1,500 feet below the level of the bordering country,
every variety of semi-tropical fruit, except oranges and lemons, is grown to perfec-
tion. A change from the semi-tropical conditions of these valleys to the temperate
zone of the Big Bend country, is one of the noticeable features of this section. The

'HI

■ftt

;' ' It- I

■'4k

446

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

State Insane Asylum, Medical Lake.

difFereuce in elevation between these two sections is not greater than 1,500 feet. It
is the diversified resources of the tributary country that have already contributed so
largely to the growth of Spokane, and it is the development of these resources which
promise the most for the future city.

All inquiries relating to Spokane realty and the resources of the adjacent coun-
try will be answered by Walter Hughson & Co., a leading real estate and investment
firm of the city. Tnis firm consisting of Mr. Hughson and Frederick E. Elmendorf,
controls large interests here. Included in the property controlled by them are the
Arlington Heights Additions. This attractively situated property is reached in a few
minutes from the business center of the city by the cars of the Arlington Heights
motor line.

Medical Lake, "Washlnprton. — Around the shores of the Great Medicine
Lake as Medical Lake was called the Indians, camped the sick and the afflicted

members of the Colville and Coeur d'Alene
tribes of Indians long before the white man
invaded this part of Washington. To this little
lake, nestling beneath a granite cliff at the edge
.f.'^;iMSSai»jWtggj8j||[i^jii^j.tM.^,^ 'Jj^if of the Big Bend country, came the Indians from

the tribal lands many suns distant. To them
it was a sacred spot furnished by the Great
Spirit for the benefit of the sick and debilitated
who found renewed vigor by bathing in its waters.

The healing and curative properties of the waters of Medical Lake have given
it a wide-spread reputation, and it is not infrequently referred to as the "Modern
Pool of Siloam." The density of this water is as great as is that of Great Salt Lake
in Utah. The least rubbing of the surface of the body touched by the water imme-
diately produces a lather equal to that produced b\' the best soap. Medical Lake salt
evaporated from the waters of the lake now finds a sale in all parts of the United
States. It imparts to water in which it is dissolved the properties of the waters of
Medical Lake itself. During the summer months thousands of tourists and invalids
visit the lake, and excursion trains are run tri-weekly during the season between
Medical Lake and the neighboring city of Spokane.

In 1872 Mr. A. LeFevre, a native of France, visited the lake and pre-empted a
claim of 160 acres of land along its shores. For years he had been afflicted with par-
alysis of the right arm caused by rheumatism. Noticing one day some sheep that
had the scab plunging into the lake his curiosity was excited. An inspection a few
days later of these same sheep led to the discovery that the scab had entirely disap-
peared. Mr. LeFevre at once determined to apply a little of the water to his arm.
To his great surprise the blood soon began to circulate naturally in the afflicted
member. A few weeks later the last trace of the former paralysis disappeared and
today Mr. LeFevre, who is a highly respected and wealthy citizen of Medical Lake,
emphasises the story of his cure by gesticulating with the very arm of which for
years he was denied the use.

Rapid settlement followed Mr. LeFevre's location at Medical Lake. It at once
became a great resort for invalids. On the east bank of the lake has since sprung up
an attractive and prosperous town which bears the name of the lake on which it
is located. The town of Medical Lake contains today about 1,000 people. It is in
Spokane county, 20 miles west of Spokane by the Seattle, Lake Shore & Eastern

The Big' Bend Country, Washington.

447

) feet. It
ributed so
CCS which

:ent coun-
Qvestment
;lmendorf,
m are the
d in a few
1 Heights

Medicine
le afflicted
r d'Alene
fhite man
> this little
it the edge
Hans from

To them
the Great
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ave given

"Modern

Salt Lake

ter imme-

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waters of

invalids

between

enipted a
with par-
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ely disap-
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cal Lake,
which for

t at once
prung up
which it
It is in
: Eastern

branch of the Northern Pacific, and lo miles west of Cheney by the Central Wash-
ington branch of the same road. Immediately west of Medical Lake and occupying
a commanding and picturesque location on the summit of a high hill overlooking the
placid waters of the lake is the Eastern Washington Hospital for the insane. A short
distance from the immense structure occupied by the asylum are great granite quar-
ries. vStone from these quarries is in great demand in Washington, and the quarrying
of this stone is Medical Lake's most important industry.

The BIjjf IJend Country. — The largest subdivision of agricultural land in
the state of Washington lies near its geographical center, and is known as the Big
Bend country. The northern, western and part of the southern boundary of this
section is formed by the Columbia river, which describes an irregular half circle here
from which the section it encircles derives its name, Big Bend. To the east the Big
Bend country is bounded by the rich Palouse wheat belt, which stretches away to
the east into the state of Idaho.

The Big Bend country includes the counties of Douglas, Lincoln, Adams and
Franklin, which together have an area of 9,300 square miles, or nearly 6,000,000
acres. The northern portion of the B' ( Bend country, or about one-third of its
total area requires no irrigation to produce good crops of grain and vegetables. The
southern portion at the present time is principally utilized for stock raising, farming
here without the aid of irrigation being an uncertain calling. This southern part of
the country however, invariably produces a good growth of bunchgrass each season,
which being self-curing, offers the best of food for cattle and horses during even the
most protracted of winters.

The surface of the Big Bend country is generally less hilly and rolling than are
the agricultural lands of any other parts of the state. There is but little surface
water on this vast area, but water is easily obtained by digging or boring to a depth
of about 50 feet. The soil here is similar to that all over this section, being decom-
posed volcanic rock [a fertilizer in itself.] In the northern half of the country how-
ever, the soil does not approach the ashy appearance noted in the soil of the south-
ern part. This is owing to a greater rainfall in the north, and also to the mixing of
a vegetable mould formed from years of decay of the rank grasses which have
covered this section.

It is stated by leading chemists that the soil here will prove the most lasting, and
stand more continued cultivation than any other soil in the world. Before this time
a lack of proper railroad facilities has greatly retarded the growth of this fertile part
of Washington. This however are now obviated. There are today two transcontinental
lines of road, the Great Northern and the Northern Pacific passing over this coun-
try. The country is also crossed by two branches of the latter road, the Washing-
ton Central and the Seattle, Lake Shore & Eastern. These roads furnish ample
transportation facilities for the needs of the country at the present time, but on its
fuller development, it will tax these systems to their full capacity to haul its pro-
ducts to market.

Situated on the broad plateau of Eastern Washington, and at an elevation of
over 2,000 feet above sea level, the Bjg Bend country is free from the blighting
effects of the hot winds, and although occupying a higher elevation than any other
part of the farming section of the state, this section is singularly free from frosts
during either the time of growing or maturing crops. Early or late frosts never de-
stroy tender vegetable plants or fruit in this part of the state.

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448

The Oreffonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

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A disadvantage this section long labored under was the impression which for
some unaccountable reason was widespread, that crops would only grow well here at
irregular intervals on account of a supposed deficiency of moisture here to insure
the proper maturing of vegetation. After a practical trial of nine years, this feeling
of prejudice, for such it has proved to be, has been entirely dispelled. During all
this time there has not been a single failure of crops recorded in the Big Bend coun-
try, and it has been shown that this is one of the most productive sections of the
state. The crop from the farms here each season would seem phenomenal to the
farmers of the Middle and other Western states. The staple crops of the Big Bend
country are wheat, oats, barley and corn, yielding respectively 25, 50, 70 and 30
bushels per acre, and upwards. It has only been recently that the farmers of this
section have turned their attention to fruit growing, but now may be seen thriving
young orchards of apples, pears, cherries and plums. The smaller fruits including
berries, ail do well here. The principal centers of population of the country furnish
a good market for fruit, and fruit growing has already been shown to be one of the
most profitable industries of the husbandman.

In Douglas county alone there are still open to settlement 800,000 acres of gov-
erment land (land needing no irrigation), and Lincoln county offers 250,000 acres
more of governent and railroad land. The best sections of the Big Bend are of
course in the vicinity of the principal towns of this section. This favored section
may be said to commence at Reardon, and extends west through Mondovi, Daven-
port, Wilbur, Almira, Coulee City and Waterville. The latter is a thriving town, 50

miles from a railroad. The town pos-

PMOTO. Br * H. ALBRECHT

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HORSE AND Mule Ranch, Davenport.

sesses electric lights and other modern
public improvements. The country sur-
rounding Waterville produces over i ,000,-
000 bushels of grain annually, a portion
of which finds a market in the great min-
ing regions to the north. The Big Bend
Country is rapidly filling up, and each
year witnesses an increase of over 100 per
cent in the acreage sown to grain here.
It is a country of practically no extremes
in heat or cold. During the spring, summer and autumn the weather here is de-
lightful, the temperature, even during mid-summer, seldom registering above 85°,
while the nights are always cool and pleasant. The winters are comparatively
mild, with heavy falls of snow at times. Sunstrokes, electrical storms and cyclones
are unknown here. The harvest seasons are free from showers, and in consequence
the grain harvested here is of a beautiful light yellow color, which recommends
it especially to buyers.

An ordinary team of horses can easily break the virgin soil of the Big Bend
country, and a good crop of oats or wheat can be raised on this land the first season.
There is still plenty of government land in this part of the state, perhaps a little
remote from settlements, but in the line of projected railroads. This land is as good
as the best that is now under cultivation. The seeker for a home in the West will
find here a chance to obtain some of the finest grain-producing land in the West,
and it is this part of the state which offers exceptional opportunities for settlement
at the present time.

ill

Pasco, Washington.

449

Photo, or a. m. albrecht.

Threshing Grain, Davenport.

PHOTO BY A.

Dave 11 port, \VashInH:t<>n. — At the gateway of the 6,000, oot) acres of rich
a^rit^ultural land comprising what is known ns the Big Bend country of the Columbia
river, is the prosperous town of Davenport. It is a station on the Central Wash-
ington railroad, a line operated by the North-
ern Pacific, and is 45 miles west of Cheney.

Before the advent of the white settler in
this part of the West, the present site of Da-
venport was the over-night camping ground
on the Indian trail to Western Washington.
The spring at this point, which today pours
out its steady volume of the purest water, re-
freshed many of the savage tribes in their long
journeys across the bunchgrass lands of this part of the state, and this, with other
advantages which the site enjoys, made this one of the most popular stopping places
for the Indian hordes in the West.

In 1879 Charles C. May, at the present time Davenport's foremost citizen, whik
engaged on a government survey in Eastern Washington, became impressed with

the belief that the Big Bend country would some day be-
come a great and well settled farming section. As an ex-
periment of the fertility of the soil of this part of the state,
he selected a claim and sowed 40 acres of this land to
wheat. This was the first attempt to till the virgin soil of
the Big Bend. When the crop of the.se few acres was har-
vested a showing of 40 bushels of wheat to the acre was
made. It has only been within the past six years that im-
mense quantities of grain have begun to be shipped from
the Big Bend country. Each succeeding year, since 1879,
has witnessed an increase of 100 per cent in the acreage
sown to grain in this section, and the crop of 1893 was at
least four times as great as that harvested here in any pre-
vious year. Fruit raising is also carried on very successful-
ly in this part of the state, and especially in the vicinity of
Davenport. Apples, pears, apricots and cherries seem to
grow as well as these varieties of fruit do in any part of
Washington. Peaches are grown on the sandy lands bor-
dering on the Columbia river, but this fruit does not do
well on the plateau back from this great stream. Currants,
raspberries, gooseberries and strawberries give large yields
here. Fifteen acres of strawberries, near Davenport, pro-
duced 35,000 quarts in 1893. This entire crop found a ready market at Spokane.
About 350,000 acres of the rich lands of the Big Bend country are directly trib-
utary to Davenport, but beyond this district the trade of this important town ex-
tends for many miles up the Columbia river.

Davenport was founded in 1882, by John N'~hols. Eight years later the town
was incorporated. Davenport now claims a population of 800. It possesses the
advantages of an excllent public school, with an enrollment of 160 scholars. There
are also established at this point a flouring mill with a daily capacity of 150 barrels,
two weekly newspapers, a well conducted hotel, a national bank, and a number of
very important business houses.

Hawk RfVER Fails near Davenport.

(height of falls, 60 FEET.)

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PHOTO OY A. M AwBHECHT.

Big BfcNO Nati(>:<al Bank Building, Davenport.

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The Big Kend National Bank, of
Davenport, was established in 1879. It
has a capital stock of $50,000, and a sur-
plus and undivided profits amounting to
$60,000. During the financial panic of
1893, when bank after bank suspended
payment, the Big Bend Bank not only
rendered assistance to other banks, but
also continued to make loans at a time
when most of the financial institutions
of the country refused to discount the
very best of negotiable securities. The
Big Bend National Bank enjoys the busi-
ness and confidence of the people who live even as far remote from Davenport
as the Okanogon mijiing district. It is considered, in financial circles, as one of
the strongest banks in Washington. The ofTicers of the bank are as follows : Dr.
N. Fred. Essig, president; D. M. Drumheller, vice-president; C. C. May, cashier,
and A, F. Lambert, assistant cashier.

About 12 miles from Davenport is the Egypt mining district, where some devel-
opment work is now being done. The ore from this district assays from $40 to |ioo
in silver and $8 in gold. Extensive mar])le quarries are being worked 22 miles from
Davenport. Another resource of this tributary district, though perhaps of doubt-
ful value at the present time, lies in the opal fields, some six miles distant from
the town. Experts have pronounced the opals found here to be of an excellent
quality, and if they can only retain their lustre and color, the mining of these
gems win, in time prove of considerable value to the district in which the mines
are located.

Wilbur, Wasliinjjfton. — Wilbi-.r is an important staticn o'l the Central
Washington branch of the Northern I'acific, 74 miles west of Cneney and 90 miles
west of Spokane by this line of road. It is lo-
cated in Line . , count}, in the heart of the
great wheat belt of the Big Bend of the Colum-
bia river. Wilbur is the trading point for a
large and prosperou.^ farming comniunitv.
The principal punsuits followed by the farme.s
here are the raising of grain, fruit and live
stock. The same conditions exist here for the
suc^'essful pursuits of diversified farming as are found in the sections of rich coun-
try tributary to Spraguc, Cheney, Davenport and other imnortant trade centers of
the state and which are fully described in the articles on these respective localities.

Wilbur contains a population of about 500. It has a flouring mill with a daily
capacity of about 100 barrels of flour, a bank, pul^lic school house and a well-edited
weekly newspaper.

Coulee City, Was^.iln^ion.— Coulee City is the terminus of the Central
Washington branch of the Northern Pacific railroad. It is located in Douglas
county, 124 miles west of Spokaneby the lii'c of road, and 108 nii'es west of Cheney,
where the Central Washington connects w'th the main line. It is from Coulee City

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View of Wilbur.

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Lake Chelan, Washington.

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COUUEE CITV.

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that the supplies for Water-
ville and other smaller places
in the Hig Bend country are
freighted by team. Stages
run daily from Coulee City
to Waterville, a dist'i.ice of
45 miles, and couneciion is
made at the latter point with
stages for the Okanogan
mining district as well as
with stages for Wenatchce
and points on the Colum-
bia river. The country immediately surrounding Coulee City is rocky and barren
and is not adapted to agricultural purposes. The town owes what importance it pos-
sesses to the fact that it is the outfitting and freighting point for a fertile and well
cultivated part of the Big Bend countrj' some miles distant.

Lake Clielau. — Lying immediately beyond the broad, rolling plains of Doug-
las county and the Columbia river, is Lake Chelan, the most beautiful of Western

lakes. It nestles among the mighty mountains of the Cas-
cades at an elevation of 900 feet above sea level. The lake
is 72 miles in length and from two to four miles in width.
Its surface comprises an area of over 900 square miles and
it is navigable for large steamers its eutire length. For
beautiful and varied scenery, the country surrounding Lake
Chelan cannot be surpassed.

The lake is fed by streams having their source among
the mighty glaciers of the higher ranges of the Cascades.
It is drained by a foaming river which flows south for three
miles and empties into the Columbia. This stream bears the name of the lake
which is its source of supply. Before emptying into the Columbia, the Chelan
river cuts its way through a narrow and tortuous canyon. In its course through the
defile it is a mass of foam and spray. At the mouth of the canyon it plunges down
over ledges of rock in a series of cascades, forming what is known as the Chelan
falls. It has been estimated by hydraulic engineers that with the use of the lake as
a reservoir, the Chelan river would afford a power of 18,000 horse. The extent of the
power which could be derived from this stream can be appreciated from
the statement that in its short course of three miles the fall of the river
is 300 feet,

Lake Chelan is one of the deepest lakes in the world. During 1892
the United vStates Geological Survey sounded it to a depth of nearly 1,200
feet without reaching bottom. How much deeper the water is than this
can only be conjectured. Lake Tahoe, in the Sierra Nevada Mountains,
now ranks as the deepest lake in the United States. Its greatest depth
is 1,645 feet. Of European lakes there are but two deeper than Tahoe.
These are Lake Maggiore and Lake Lag'> di Como, in Italy. Lake
Chelan qcrtainly ranks as one of the deepest lakes in the world and chelan.
future soundings may entitle it even to the first position in deep freshwater bodies.
For a distance of 12 miles from its lower end Lake Chelan is surrounded by low,

Lake Chelan.

Cedar falls, Laki

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CRANE'S FALLS, Lake Chelan.

4")i» The OrcfTonian's Handbook ot the Pacific Northwest.

uiululaling and bunchgrass-covcred hills. The lake then bends almost at right angles
and from this point along its course the country becomes more mountainous and the
s enery from its surface grander and more picturesque. The
mountains rise here from the waters' edge for thousands of feet
i^' retelling back from the line of vegetation to where the great
glaciers of snow and ice arc found. The surface of these glaciers
melts in summer, but the main body of glaciers high up in the
mountains are never affected by the summer heat. A number of
beautiful cascades and water falls can be seen from the lake, prin-
cipally from its western shores. These falls leap from heights of
hundreds of feet, falling in spray into the deep waters below.
The upper 35 or 40 miles of the lake comprise what is probably
the finest mountain-girt stretch of water in the United States.

At the head of Lake Chelan is Castle Rock, the most prominent landmark on
its shores. Towering to a height of 10,500 feet, its slender pea ;. i-esembles a huge
needle pushing its way upwards through the dark green of the hea'vvy-wocded hills
below. For miles down the lake this enormous shaft can be
seen rising high above the neighboring peaks. One of the most
awe-inspiring sights of the lake is the rocky wall which extends
for a distance of 10 miles along the shore, its bold and craggy
face unbroken save here and there by some silvery stream
which dashes down hundreds of feet over its perpendicular
face. Along tlu; shore line of the lake and immediately back
of it are deep and dark gorges, pyramidical crags, castellated
and turreted cliffs, lofty precipices, gigantic domes and numer-
ous sparkling trout streams. The scenes along this lake present
a panorama of ever-changing beauty. A writer has said that
there is no more beautiful or purer body of water in the world
than I^ake Chelan and the scenery along its banks and pre-
cipitous walls excels the scenes of Switzerland, which many Americans annually
cross the Atlantic to view and extol.

The largest streams emptying into Lake Chelan are Railroad creek and vStchekin
river. About 10 miles up Railroad creek there is a vertical fall of 1,600 feet, and
above this fall is another 900 feet. Above this second fall is a
beautiful little lake which nestles among high mountain peaks,
below which arc immense glaciers 100 miles or more in extent.
TheStehekin river is a much larger stream than is Railroad creek,
and mlmerous tributary streams empty into it. Rainbow creek
enters the Stchekin about two miles above the lake. Near the
mouth of Rainbow creek is a fall yxi feet high, which goes by
the name the river bears. Forty miles al:)ove the foot of the lake
Bridal Veil falls drops into it, making a last verticil plunge of 75
feet to the placid waters of the lake below. FoUovviiig this stream
up for 1,000 feet the traveler comes to Crane Lake, a clear crystal
sheet of water, thnie miles long an<i surrounded by rugged moun
tains green with dense forests of fir. pine ami cedar.

Lake Chelan is not in the beaten track of tourists. It is remote from railroads
and is reached only by stage from Coulee City, the terminus of the Central Washing-

Castle Rock, lake Cmelan.

RXIN D OW FALL*i LAKL

Chelan.

The CoIviHc Pulley, Washitifrton.

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Scene, Colvilie River at Kettle Falls.

ton branch of the Northern Pacific or by boat and stage from Wetiatchee, a station
on the line of the Great Northern railroad.

The C'olvllle \'allo.v, Washinjrton.—Porty miles north of Spokane and
lying on the snmmit of the divide between the Spokane aiid Colvilie valleys is Loou
Lake, a beantiful sheet of water fonr miles long.
The south and west walls of this lake are walled in
by high mountains. Extending north from the lake
to Kettle Falls on the Columbia river is a fertile val-
ley varying in width from i to lo miles. This valley,
the greatest in Eastern Washington, is perfectly irri-
gated by nature. Through its center flows the Col-
vilie river, a deep, narrow stream fringed with a
growth of thick, matted brush. The valley is enclosed
on each side by granite-ribbed and densely timbered
hills from the springs of which hundreds of brooklets trickle down the hillside to
the river below.

The soil of the Colvilie valley is a rich, black loam. From 4 to 16 feet of this
mould lies over a solid floor of bedrock through which the water cannot escape.
There are not less than 90,000 acres of meadow land in the Colvilie valley and the
valleys tributary to it. On account of the close proximity of this valley to market
the raising of hay on the lands here is an important and profitable business. The
demand for hay in the neighboring mining districts and cities is in excess of the sup-
ply, and as a consequence good prices can always be obtained for it. The average
yield of timothy hay per acre in this valley is 2 '/^ tons. The meadow lands of the
valley are capable of producing annually 225,000 tons of hay. In addition to the hay
cut from the meadows the adjacent bench lands produce bountiful crops of oats, bar-
ley, wheat and vegetables.

A.t the upper end of the Colvilie valley is the Colvilie Indian re-icrvation. One-
half of the 2,8oo,oo3 acres of this reservation arc now open to settlement. It was in
this pari of the valley that the Hudson's Bay Company established a trading post in
the early years of the present century. In 1S39 Father Demers, a Jes"'t missionary,
visited the Colvilie Indians. Five years later St. Paul's Mission was founded on the
banks of the Columbia river where the mighty waters leap over the rocks, forming
what is now known as Kettle falls.

In 1890 the Spokane Falls & Northern railroad was built north from Spokane
through the valley to the international boundary line. Along this line arc the flour-
ishing towns of Springdale, Chewelah, Sherwood, Colvilie, Kettle Falls, Marcus and
Meyers Flails. At the latter place the water power afforded by the falls here was first
used by the Hudson's Bay Company in i8j6 to run a flouring mill. On the site of this
old mill a large mill has been erected with a daily capacity of 100 barrels of flour.
The river here in a distance of three-eighths of a mile falls 135 feet.

Beyond the valley and before the international boundary is reached are the new
towns of Little Dalles, Northport, Pend d'Orcille and Boundary City, At Little
Dalles the Columbia river, in flowing over huge masses of submerged rocks, forms a
series of wild rapids, which are an effective barrier to navigation. This town is the
trading center of a rich gold-mining district, the '"re from which is shipped to North-
port, where it is reduced in a pyrites smelter. r";c .own of Pend d'Oreille is situated
at the confluence oi the Columbia and Pci > '.Oreille rivers. The latter stream

i' vl

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5- 5\ VI

454

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

Kettle Falls. Columoi* River.

rises in the mountains surrounding Butte, Montana, where it is known as Silver Bow
creek. Before it reaches Lake Pond d'Oreille, it is successively known as the Deer
Lodge, Hell Gate, Missoula and Clarks Fork of the Columbia.

Journeying westward through the Colvillc country a succession of charming
landscape views greet the eye. Leaving Spokane the railroad runs through a pitie
forest broken here and there by huge masses of basaltic rock, until Loon Lake is
reached The line skirts one side of the lake and descends from this point into the
Colville valley. The transition from the unproductive and rock-strewn land of the
Spokane valley to the fertile and picturesque Colville valley is as sudden as it is refresh-
ing. The meadows with their luxuriant growth of green grass, the alder, birch and
cottonwood-fringed river, the herds of cattle grazing on the bench lands and the neat

homes that dot the valley form a pastoral scene which
L suggests to the mind all the elements of plenty and con-
tentment. After leaving Colville, one of the oldest set-
tlements in Washington, the line crosses a coimtry which
gradually becomes more rocky and more undulating.
Finally the railroad winds around a high and granite-
studded hill and then there breaks upon the vision of the
astonished beholder a panorama of surpassing beauty and
grandeur. It is here that the broad plateau of Ea'-tern Washington ends. t ends
not in mountains or river bank?, but in a sheer perpendicular precipice, 1,500 feet be-
low the summit of which is the valley of the Columbia river. Far down the valley
from the top of the plateau the snake-like course of the Columbia can be seen as it
wends its way to tVie distant ocean.

The mineral resources of the Colville country are as great, if not greater than its
agricultural wealth. The mountains that line the valley on either side contain enor-
mous deposits of galena ore. Tn the vicinity of Colville are the Old Dominion and
Bonanza mines, both long known a.-^ bonanza properties. Of the numerous other
mines in the Colville district, the most valuable aid best developed are the Silver
Lake, Dandy, Excelsior, Terderfoot, Eagle, Dead Medicine, Daisy, Silver Crown and
Young America.

With the exception of the famous ledges of San Juan Islands there are no exten-
sive ledges of limestone of a superior qu.tUty in Washington outside of the Colville
country. In the southern end of the Colvllfe \-«iley arc several large lime kilns
owned by vSpokane capitalists. Near Meyers F«i«ls there is another large deposit
of limestone which is -rarned for local use. Tr '>.h« same vicinity there is a vein of
clay, 60 feet thick from whicti a superior .[n.'Itiy < '' brick is made. Of building sVone
the Colville countrv contains an iuexnustibK quantity of the oest and most durable
varieties. Much of the granite and rn; irble in the massive buildings of Spokane
came from this locality.

Beyond the northtiii end of tbeColvdle country proper are several rich mining
districts locally known under a variety of names. Of these districts the Boundary,
Metaline and Northport are the richest atid most prominent.

There is still much vacant land ready for occupancy lu the Colville country.
With its great diversity of resources, its splendid water jK)vvetN, its equable climate
and its excellent rail facilities, it is rapidly becoming one of the moat prosperous
sections of Washington.

Walla Walla, Wasliiimtor).

4.V>

Coiville, Washinjxton. — Colville, the seat of justice of Stevens county,
is an important station on the line of the Spokane I'alls «& Northern railroad, S8
miles north of Spokane. It is picturesquely located in the north end of the Colville
valley, a fine body of land of about 50 square miles in extent.

The country tributary to Colville is rich in timber and minerals and much of
this land is the most productive in the state. The Colville valley produces larj;c
crops of grain and timothy hay. It is well watered by mountain streams throu>;h
its entire extent and unlike some other parts of Washington, this section requires no
irrigation to insure abundant crops. This is an excellent dairy and stock section.
Fruit does well here and some of the finest orchards in Northern Idaho are found in
the vicinity of Colville. The products of the Colville valley find a good market at
Spokane and in the great mining districts adjacent.

The mountains on either side of the Colville valley arc rich in gold, silver, cop-
per, galena and iron. Immense quarries of marble and sandstone are al.so found
here. All these mineral resources arc being rapidly developed and the constant pros-
pecting that is being done here is regularly opening up new mining districts. Within
si.x miles of Colville is situated the Old Diminion mine, a very valuable property
which since the time it was first opened has turned out over 1250,000 worth of silver
ore. The Bonanza and a number of smaller silver mines in the vicinity of the town
have also been large producers and the working of these properties has done much
to add to the solid wealth of the place.

In the Colville and neighboring valleys are still large areas of unsettled laud
suitable for the highest state of cultivation. This land is valuable for agricultuic
fruit culture or grazing purposes. Colville occupies a commandint^ position in the
midst of a section rich in the diversified resources of agriculture, fruit growing, stock
raising, timber and mining. Its present population is about 900 and it is the mo.>t
important town in Washington north of Spokane. It has a bank, a good public
schoo', two weekly newspapers, a small smelter and several churches. The disaster
which has overtaken the silver-producing territories of the United States has in a
measure affected Colville's prosperity, but the backing of the town is good and the
present temporary depression will only have the effect to spur the people here to
renewed effort, and with the settlement of the tributary district Colville will continue
to make the same steady advancement that has been aiade here during the few
years past.

Walla Walla, Wasliiii^toii. — Walla Walla is the second city in population
and commercial importance in Eastern Washington, Spokane alone being ahead of it.
It is the seat of justice of Walla Walla cjunty, one
of the oldest settled and today one (jf the most
productive parts of the Northwest. The county
is justly famous for its annual large production of
wheat and fruit. Walla Walla itself is a modern
city of about 7,000 population. It occupies a most
attractive site in the Walla Walla valley, a section
that is perfectly watered and the soil of which is
as productive as is any of the best land on the coast.

Walla Walhiisespeciallj favored in the matter
of transportation facilities. It is only a davlight
run from Walla Walla to either Portland, Spokane,

PHOTO. BV GREENWOOD.

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3Tfl£Er ScENf. Wail* walia.

MMmsm

459

The Ore/iuninn's Handbook ot the l^acilic Northwest.

■IS

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COURT House and Hall or REConos,

WALLA WALwA.

Seattle, or Taconia, and the city is reached either over the lines of the Union Pacific,
Northern Pacific, or the Oregon & Washington Territory Railroad Companies. Sur-
rounded as the city is by a productive and highly prosperous section of country,
the growth of Walla Walla has been the result of the demand of the country itself
for a large conmiercial center at this point. Walla Walla was never boomed, and
yet there is perhaps more wealth represented here in proportion to population than
at any other inland city of the coast.

The approach to Walla Walla by rail from either direction, is intended to give
the traveler a favorable impression of the country he is passing through. There is

an enviable spirit of rivalry shown between the diffeient
farmers of the fertile lands in this section of the state,
and in the vicinity of Walla Walla are farms that are
not only highly productive, but which are also made as
highly attractive as constant care can make them. The
farmers here avail themselves of the generous use of
the latest improved machinery, special high grades of
horses have been encouraged for farm use, the finest
breeds of cattle and sheep have received especial atten-
tion, and the buildings occupied by the rural classes
are made neat and attractive from an architectural
standpoint, and they are comfortably and in many cases, even elegantly furnished.
Walla Walla is a city typical of Western push and energy. Its main business
blocks are of br'ck and granite, two and three stories in height and of a modern
style of architecture. The streets cf the city are all wide and well kept, they are
well shaded, and the many fine lawns seen in front of the private residences speaks
much for the good ta^te and thrift of the inhabitants. Rising above the tops of the
great poplars which shade the main streets are the spires of 13 churches. The
tlenominations repi-es Mited are the Baptist, Presbyterian, Congregationalist, Chris-
tian, Episcopal, Methcdist, Lutheran, United Brethren, Catholic and Seventh-Day
Adventist. The educational advantages of the city are of the highest order. The
public schools are conducted in two large brick buildings, one of wliich was recently
erected at a cost of |40,ooo. The number of pupils in attendance at the publu
schools here during the past year was 1,000. The grades v>l study, under the pub-
lic system of instruction, range from the primary up to and
including the high school. In addition to the fine public
schools. W^alla Walla is the seat of Whitman College, which is
conducted under the auspices of the Congivjjational church.
This institution affords a full collegiate c\>v>vse of stutiy, and is
liberally patronized. St. Patrick's school ri>r bovs, and a
Catholic convent for girls, are akso located at this point, as
well as a business college and an Academy of line arts. The
Seventh-Day .\dventists have a tine o^llege building in course
of erection at Walla Walla. This will N' * union college of
that denomination for the states of thv IHicific Northwest.

Prominent among tlie business Hvmses of Walla Wall," are the hanks. The five
banks established hert enjoy a standuij^ in financial circles that is not surpassed
by any moneyed institutions o>t the vHXist. The business houses carry large stocks,
and Walla Walla, like Portland, does business principally with home capital. While
not a great manufacturing center, Walla Walla l)oasts of three roller-process flouring

Paine School, Walla Wai la.

•'"^'' '"

Walla Will hi, Washington.

4o7

Oppra House, walla waila

PHOTO. BY r.HEENWOOU.

mills, two planing mills, a foundry and nn agricultural implement manufactory.
These several industries together furnish eniploymeiif. to a considerable number of
men, and the}' are all co^'servatively and ably managed.

Walla Walla is especially proud of the excellent transportation facilities enjoyed.
The rival lines of the Union and Northern Pacific furnish easy meaiis for the Walla
Walla merchant to ship his goods from the large Kastern
markets, and they also afford ecjually advantageous facili-
ties for shipping the great wheat and farm products of the
tributary section to tidewater at Puget Sound or to Port-
land. The Oregon & Washington Territory railroad, which
taps the best part of Eastern Washington and Kastern
Oregon as far south as Pendleton, and passing through
Walla Walla, has done much to advance the interests of
the latter city. These three lines of road furnish, at the
present time, ample transportation facilities for the section of country of which Walla
Walla is the commercial center.

Walla Walla furnishes its citizens with all the benefits of a free library, an opera
house with a seating capacity of 600, a handsome court house, a city hall, and a well
appointed and ably conducted hospital. The Odd Fellows' Temple here is one of
the most imposing buildings of the city. The press is represented by 77?^ Union-

Jourital, an ably edited daily publication, which handles as-
sociated press dispatches, and 77/^ Daily Statesman, one of
the best known papers of the slate. The city is lighted
both by gas and electricity, it has a fine street railway line,
efl[icient water works, and a well organized and thoroughly
equipped fire department.

Adjoining the municipal limits of the city on the west is
Fort Walla Walla, a government military reserve which oc-
cupies a fine piece of land one mile squai-e. This fort was
first established here in 1856. It now contains five troops
of the fourth cavaly. The grounds and buildings of the post
are >ept in the best of order, and it is one of the most
interesting ftatnres of Walla Walla's many attractions. About $500,000 are annually
expended by the government in the ^-upport of this post, and most of this money is
of course spent in Walla Walla.

The state penitentiary, located at Walla Walla, is said to be one of the best con-
ducted penal institutions in the United States. The grounds connected with the
penitentiary are 155 acres in extent. They adjoin the limits
of Walla Walla. The penitentiary building itself has a
capacity for 500 convicts. Ihe present number of convicts
confined here is about 450. To furnish employment for
these inmates a mill containing 70 looms and other ma-
chinery necessary for making jute bags has l)ecu provided
by the state at a cost of |i55,coo. In addition to the jute
plant a large number of convicts are employed in the
brick yard connected with the institution, while those of the
convicts who do not find work in the jute mill and !)rick
yard are employed in various capacities around and in the

Fire Department Headquarters,
Walla walla.

photo, by greenwood.

ENTRANCE TO PFNITENTIARY
WALLA './ALLA.

'i \'M

«. ' ; X,' '1

4o8

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

Penitentiary, Wall* Walla.

peniteutiary. The jute mill has a capacity of 4,cxx> bags a day, aurl the uuniber of
men employed in the mill is about 300. The bags are manufactured from the raw-
material and find a ready sale among the
farmers at the price of 6}4 cents each. The
cost of maintaining the penitentiary co the
state for the fiscal year 1S92 was in excess of
$268, 000.

Walla Walla is reputed to be one of the
wealthiest cities in the United States in
proportion to population. The astcs.sed value of property in the city subject to taxa-
tion in 1892 was $3,106,290. The article on Walla Walla county, of which Walla
Walla is the trading and banking center, will afford much valuable information on
the basis of the city's prosperity.

Walla Walla County, Washinji^ton.— The boundary lines of Walla
Walla county are the Snake river on the north, the state of Oregon on the south,
Columbia county on the east and the Columbia river on the west. The county has
an area of about i ,200 square miles and it is one of the oldest and most thickly set-
tled sections of the state.

With the exception of a narrow strip on the western border, Walla Walla county
is a solid body of rich, rolling agricultural land. The rainfall in this part of the
state is sufficient to insure abundant crops and no irrigation is necessary here, exce] t
perhaps on rare occasions and on the lightest soils, and then only on such crops as
vegetables and other garden products. Wheat is the staple product of the county.
The yield of wheat here is from 25 to 50 bushels per acre, and other cereals do equally
as well. Walla Walla valley, in this county, about 30 miles square, is rapidly gain-
ing fame as a favored fruit-producing belt. Large quantities of apples, pears, plums,
peaches, cherries, prunes, grapes, strawberries, blackberries and other small fruits are
annually shipped from the valley. These shipments are made principally in carload
lots, and the leading market is found in the East. The following statement of the
product of four acres of land in this valley and its value during 1892 will be of inter-
est in this connection. This land is owned by a well-known resident of Walla Walla.
The showing was as stated below : 16,000 pounds strawberries at 6 cents, $960 ; 500
pounds raspberries at 7 cents, $35 ; 1,000 pounds blackberries at 8 cents, $80 ; 4,000
pounds cherries at 7 cents, $280; 7,500 pounds prunes, one-half at 3 and one-half at
5 cents, $300 ; 2,o(X3 pounds apples at 2 cents, $40 ; 500 pounds pears at 3 cents, $15.
The total value of the product of this little piece for a single year is thus shown to
have been |ii,7io, which can be taken as an indication of the value of the land of this
part of the state for fruit-growing purposes.

One advantage fruit growers of Walla Walla valley have over the fruit producers
of other parts of the Northwest is that they can get their fruit to the market about a
month earlier than the growers in other parts of Oregon and Washington can. Fruits
ripen in the Walla Walla valley about the time that California fruits of the same
variety first put in their appearance in this market.

The value of farming lands in the vicinity of Walla Walla and Waitsburg, the
leading centers of population in the county, varies from $50 to |ioo per acre. Large
quantities of land adapted to the highest state of cultivation and near railroad lines,
can be purchased in this county for from $5 to |20 an acre. A.n important industry

^r"--^-^

~M •;;?

Waitsbiirg^, Wasliiiij^ton.

4r)!>

in the county at the present time is the raising of fine stock, inclmlin^ horses, cattle
and sheep. During 1892 the agricultural products of the ct)unty made the following
• showing : wheat, 3,696,937 bushels^ ; barley, 6.^7,609 bushels ; oats, 1211,240 bushels ;
corn, 49,000 bushels ; rye, 25,362 bushels; timothy, 4,132 tons; alfalfa, 6,7ck) tons.
The population of the county today is about i5,0(K) and the wealth of the county, as
shown bj' the assessment rolls, is in the neighborhood of Ji 2,000,000.

Waltsbur^, \Vjl!shiilj»:loil.— Waitsburg, in Walla Walla county, is one of
the most progressive towns in E;astern Washington. It is attractively situated in the
heart of the Touchet valley, 18 miles northeast of Walla Walla, and 273 miles east
of Portland. Two competing lines of railroad, the Union Pacific and the Oregon <^
Washington Territory line, the latter having the closest traffic arrangements with
the Northern Pacific, have done much to advance the interests of Waitsburg. The
place now contains a population of about 1,000 and the business done here is on a
most satisfactory basis.

Good public highways connect Waitsburg with a thickly settled and productive
farming country. The Touchet valley, of which Waitsburg is the commercial and
trading center, varies in width from one to five miles and is about 30 miles in length.
The lands of this valley arc especially adapted to the production of wheat and other
grains as well as fruits and vegetables. The Touchet river runs the entire length of
the valley. This stream by a fall develops sufficient power at Waitsburg to run a
number of large factories. At the present writing, however, this power is only
utilized to run a flouring mill with a daily capacity of 180 barrels. Waitsburg stands
ready to donate the free use of water power to anj' manufacturing enterprises of
merit that will locate here. Located as the town is, in the midst of a country that
produces an abundance of raw material for manufacturing purposes, the advantages
offered here to manufacturers will probably not long be neglected.

Waitsburg boasts of one of the most attractive public school buildings in Wash-
ington. It is a two-story brick having eight large and well ventilated rooms and was
erected at a cost of |i6,ocx). The average number of
pupils in attendance at this school during 1892 was 250.
Six teachers are employed in the schools and an excel-
lent system of instruction is adopted. The Waitsburg
Academy, under the auspices of the United Presbyterian
church located at this point enjoys a liirge attendance
from both Washington and Oregon. The course of study
at the academy is designed to fit its graduates for entrance
to the best American colleges. Waitsburg has just com-
pleted an excellent system of water works. It is a gravity
plant, the water being obtained from the Coppei river, a
pure, mountain stream three miles distant. A well-trained
and perfectly equipped fire department is maintained here and the city is well
lighted by electricity and contains every modern improvement found in any pro-
gressive town of this size.

Waitsburg supports six church organizations, four of which, the Presbyterian,
United Presbyterian, Christian and Methodist, have buildings of their own. The
town maintains a free library. A company of the Washington National Guard has
been organized at this point and this company is well drilled for efficient service,

SCHOOL Building, Waitsburg.

;

■ .

1 i

46U

The Oreffoniun's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

All lines of business are prosperous. There is one national bank here, two weekly
papers, T/ie Times aiul The Democratic Banner, one first-class hotel and two well-
stocked livery stables.

Waitiburg, like Walla Walla, depends for its prosperity on the richest of tribu-
tary countries. Crops in this part of Washington are never known to fail and tlie
satisfactory growth the place has made in the past is doubtless nothing more than
will be realized in the future as the population of the tributary section increases.

One of Waitsburg's most prosperous, enterpris-
ing and public-spirited citizens is the pr^.seut
mayor, Mr. J. H. Morrow. Mr. Morrow is a native
' of Missouri, having l)een born in that state in 1S53.
He received his education in the public schools
and McGee College, Missouri, and in 1S74 he em-
igrated to California, where he taught school for
three years, when he removed to Walla Walla.
At the latter place Mr. Morrow held the position
of principal of the Baker Public School until he
decided to engage in the general merchandise bus-
iness in Waitsburg. Mr. Morrow is now the suc-
cessful manager of the J. H. Morrow Mercantile
Company, one of the largest general merchandise
stores in Walla Walla county.

Hon. J. H. Morrow, waitsburg.

Mr. Morrow has always taken a prominent part in every enterprise designed to
promote the interests of his own town and surrounding community. As mayor of
Waitsburg he has shown himself a conservative yet efficient officer.

One of the largest general merchandise stores in Walla Walla county is that of
the S. W. Smith Company, at Waitsburg. This successful firm carries a stock of
goods valued at $40,000 and enjoys a trade that already extends over a section of
country comprised within a radius of 20 miles of Waitsburg. Mr. L. B. Haberly
until recently of Portland, Oregon, is at the head of the company, and through his
efficient management the already large volume of business enjoyed by the firm is
" >pidly increasing.

Dayton, Washinim'ton. — Dayton, the judicial seat of Columbia county,
Washington, is situated between the forksof the Touchet and Padit rivers. It is a
prosperous point of about 2,300 population, and is the trading
and shipping center for one of the best productive sections of
Eastern Washington. It is the terminus of the Dayton branch
of the Union Pacific railroad system. This system of roads
covers the best part of Eastern Washington and Northern
Idaho, .and has direct connection with the main line at Pen-
dleton by means of the Washington division of this road. In
addition, Dayton is also the terminus of the Washington &
Columbia River railroad [the Hunt line], which has direct con-
nection with both the Union and Northern Pacific systems at
Hunt's Junction. These two roads may be classed as competing lines, and Dayton
thus enjoys the best of transcontinental facilities.

Columbia county produces on an average 2,000,000 bushels ot wheat per year.

COURT H0U9F., Dayton.

Dayton, \Vnshiii)^t(}ii.

461

PuoLic School, davion.

More than one-half of this product is either ground into flour at l)ayt(Ui or is
shipped from this point. In additiDii to the heavy wheat shipments, Dayton also
ships annually, larj^e quantities of rye, barley and corn. Like the other favoral)ly
located points of luistern Washington, Dayton's trade is steady and of a stable
nature, and the merchants {generally are in a prosperous condition.

The Touchet river at Dayton develops a considerable horse power. The water
here rushes down a declivity with great force, the fall beinj.; 70 feet to the mile. Two
large flouring mills, one with a capacity of 250 barrels and the other of 50 barrels
capacity a day, a brewery, a foundry and a planing mill arc run by the power gener-
ated by the Touchet river at Dayton. This power is capable of very full develop-
ment, and by the expenditure of a little money, this could be made one of the mo.st
available water powers in the state.

Dayton is an attractive town. Its main business street, which is broad, is well
built up with imposing brick buildings, some of which are two and three stories in
height. The residence streets are well shaded, and are
graced with some very attractive private homes. .An
imposing structure in the town is the brick and stone
court house. This building occupies a site on an en-
tire block on the main street. The building and
grounds represent to the taxpayers of Columbia county,
an outlay of |5o,ooo. The grounds surrounding the court
house are well kept, and this is one of the most attractive
features of the city. In Dayton are three public school

buildings, one large central structure, and two smaller edifices. The average daily at-
tendance at these schools in 1892 was 450. Nine teachers preside over the various de-
partments in the main building, and the grades of instruction adopted are equal to
those of the best public schools of the state. The town supports a free library
that would be a credit to a city of twice its size. A thousand or more volumes of

standard literature, the leading periodicals, together with a
number of leading daily papers are kept on file here. The
library is in charge of a salaried librarian, and its affairs are
carefully managed. Of the religious organizations in Dayton,
the Presbyterian, two Methodist, Congregational, Christian,
Bapti.st, United Brethren and Catholic orders own church
buildings. The press of the town is represented by The Col-
umbia Chronicle, The Courier and The Inlander, three well
supported weekly publications. The people of Dayton have
the advantage of a neat little brick opera house with a seating
capacity of 400. The city has an excellent gravity system of
water works, a well trained and perfectly equipped fire department, and an arc and
incandescent electric light plant.

The business interests of Dayton arc looked after by an enterprising lot of men.
In the city are a number of stores which carry stocks of goods ranging in value from
$25,000 to |6o,ooo. Two national banks are located here and the financial institu-
tions do a large business with the city and surrounding country. Dayton also con-
tains one strictly first-class hotel, several smaller hostelries, and a number of good
livery stables.

The assessed valuation of all propertv in Dayton in 1892 was !rli,ooo,ooo. This
has long been regarded as one of the most solid and most prosperous points of Rast-

r,\PTIST CHURCH, DAYTON.

■I

I •

\l ' • •-■'

IMAGE EVALUATICiM
TEST TARGET (MT-3)

1.0

I.I

111

li£ lllllio

1.8

1.25 1.4 16

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Photographic

Sciences
Corporation

33 WEST MAIN STREET

WEBSTER, NY MSBO

(716) 873-4S03

.<?

462

The Oregiinian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

PHOTO. BV MC8TCH.

ern Washington, and by virtue of location alone it will always remain the principal
distributing center for a large and highly productive farming section.

Dr. M. Pietrzycki, the mayor of Dayton, is one of the most eminent physicians
and surgeons in Rastcrn Washington. Born in Galicia, Austria, in 1S43, the doctor

obtained his education as an apothecary
and chemist in his native country, and
came to the United States in 1866. Two
years later he received an appointment
to the German Hospital in San Francisco,
California, soon after which he attended
the Pacific [now Cooper] Medical College,
from which institution he was graduated
in 1872. The following spring Dr. Piet-
rzycki went to Stockton, California, to
engage in the practice of his profession.
In 1873 he removed to Rio Vista in
Solano county, where he became promi-
nently identified with many enterprises
that had for their object the upbuilding
of the town and community in which he
lived. In 1879 Dr. Pietrzycki removed to
Portland, Oregon, and the following year
to Dayton, Washington, where he has
since resided. The doctor's pronounced
success as a physician and surgeon, and
his public spirit shown at all times as a

HON. M, PlITRtVCKI, M. 0., D*rTON.

citizen, have been manifested in appreciation on
the part of the people by his election to anumber
of positions of honor. During the raging small-
pox epidemic of 18H1, which he succeeded in
quickly controlling. Dr. Pietryzcki was the health
officer for Dayton and Columbia county. Later
he was elected president of the Eastern Wash-
ington Medical Society, and vice-president of the
Washington State Medical Society. Dr. Pietrzycki
now holds the honorable position of mayor of Day-
ton, Washington. He has ever taken a prominent
part in the promotion of Dayton's welfare, and is
the possessor of a few thousand acres of land in
Columbia county employed for agricultural and
stock-raising purposes.

Perhaps the most elegantly furnished offices
in Dayton are those of George B. B&ker, who is
engaged in the real estate, loan, insurance and
abstract business. This enterprising gentleman has
been located in Dayton for more than 10 years, and

Orncii, 0(0. B. B»ker, Datton.

Pomeroy, Washington.

403

liin

'Wm^

he is conversant with the values of land throughout Columbia county. Ai-cording to
his statement, lands especially adapted to the raising of wheat, fruit or stock can be
purchased for from $20 to $50 per acre, the distance of this land from Dayton beiqg
from two to six miles. Mr. Baker is considered eminently reliable, and any commu-
nications addressed to him concerning the advantages of Columbia county will
receive prompt and careful attention. The illustration published in connection with
the present article is a correct representation of the elegant offices of Mr. Daker.

Pomeroy, Washington.— Pomeroy, the county seat of Garfield, is situated
in the narrow valley of the Pataha, at the end of the Pomeroy branch of the Union
Pacific, 322 miles east of Portland. It has a population of about 1,000, and occupy-
ing a position near the geographical center of the county, is the trading center and
shipping point for one of tlie greatest wheat-producing centers of Eastern Wash-
ington.

Garfield county has an area of about 1,000 square miles, and a population approxi-
mating 5,000. Its average annual wheat crop shows the remarkable yield of 2,000,000
bushels. At least three-fourths of the land of the county
is adapted to agricultural purposes. The surface is gen-
erally hilly, being slightly rolling from Pomeroy on the
south, north to the banks of the Snake river. The great
water course of the Snake is for 60 miles of its distance
the boundary line of Garfield county, which is situated
in the extreme southeastern portion of Washington,
When the river is opened for unobstructed navigation
to the sea by the improvements around the obstructions
at the cascades and the dalles, Pomeroy and Garfield
county will have a magnificent water outlet to Portland and the Pacific ocean, as it
will then be possible for boats to ascend from the sea as far inland as Lewiston, Idaho,

That part of Garfield county, which is generally described as mountainous and too
rugged for cultivation is admirably adapted for grazing and stock-raising purposes,
pursuits that now claim considerable attention from the farmers of this section. As the
area of tilled land increases, however, the limits of the stock raiser naturally diminish.
Stock raising is fast becoming here, as elsewhere in the west, one of the diversi-
fied interests connected with successful farming, and as the sole occupation of a
large number of men it does not occupy the position that it did in the early history
of the state,

Pomeroy, from its central location and from the prestige it naturally enjoys as
the county seat, is an important town of Eastern Washington. It is now enjoying a
rapid growth. The municipal authorities have always shown an enterprising spirit
in the matter of public improvements. Its fine water-works plant, its perfect sys-
tem of electric lighting, its well drilled fire department, its fine business blocks and
tasty residences stamp ^omeroy as a thriving center of population of the true V^est-
ern type. Its public schools are up to the standard aimed for in the la gest commu-
nities. More than 250 scholars are in daily attendance at these schools. Six teach-
ers are employed in these schools, which are graded from the primary to the
advanced grammar course. The moral tone of the people is in keeping with the
general progress of the place. The Presbyterian, Methodist, Baptist, Episcopal,
Congregational and Catholic denominations own church buildings and are liberally
supported. Two weekly newspapers, The East IVashinjlonian and The Washington

Public ochool, pomirov.

■ ^i

464

The Oregonian's Hamibook ot the Pacihc Northwest.

f'idcpendent, are published here. Pomeroy boasts of one of the best drilled military
companies in the state. The town has a good hall for public gatherings, and all
lines of business are well represented. The financial interests of Pomeroy are looked
after by two strong local banks. The place has two hotels, and travelers find accom-
modations here for seeing the country in three well stocked livery stables.

The Pataha valley, in which Pomeroy is located, is about three-fourths of a mile
wide and about 40 miles long. It is watered by the Pataha river, which furnishes
an abundant power at Pomeroy for operating two 'arge roller-process flouring mills
and a planing mill. This valley is to Pomeroy what the Willamete valley is to
Portland, and in this little stretch of rich land are found some of the best culti-
vated farms of the state.

Colfax, Washlnyfton. — But a short distance east of the geographical center
of Whitman county, which embraces all but a small portion of the rich lands of what
is known as the Palousc country, is the prosperous town of Colfax, the county seat.
Colfax is located at the confluence of the north and south branches of the Palouse
river. It is the trading center of one of the richest sections of country of the coast,
and it is today one of the chief commercial centers of Eastern Washington.

Fifteen years ago one small store and two or three small houses occupied the
site on which the present flouriching little city is built. Since that time a popula-
tion of 2,500 people has been built up at this point, the surrounding country has
been cut up into rich farms, fine orchards and garden patches, and the city an<l

country surrounding it are in a
most prosperous condition. In 1870
Mr. James A. Perkins, a gentleman
who has since become prominent
in state affairs by reason of the
active part he has always taken in
advancing its interests, clearly
foresaw the advantages of location
which a city built at the present
site of Colfax must enjoy. With
a faith in his judgment, which,
coupled with his energy and abil-
ity, has since made him one of the
wealthy men of Eastern Washing-
ton, he setded here, and with the
help of others commenced to build
a city. Following Mr. Perkins
came other able men, many of
whom today are prominent leaders
in the state's finances and politics,
and with the rapid settlement of the
surrounding country, which begun about that time, Colfax rapidly grew an'' pros-
pered, and for many years past it has been a rich center of trade and the chief bank-
ing center of the great wheat-producing belt of the Palouse section.

Colfax is confined within narrow limits, the little valley in which it is located
being scarcely more than 1,000 feet wide. Rising on either side of this valley are

Whitman County Court House, COLrikx.

VI
(1
11

d<|

si|

Til

Colfax, Washington.

466

INTERIOR, Whitman Countv Court Houae, Colfax

hills which attain an average elevation
of about 200 feet. On top of these ele-
vations stretch away for miles in all
directions the rich plateau lands of the
Palouse country, lands which have aston-
ished the world with their wonderful pro-
ductive powers. The main business
street of the town is almost one mile in
length. Along this street, outside of
the business center, are the fine resi-
dences of the well-to-do people of Colfax,
while the two or three streets on each
side of the main thoroughfare are well
builtup with a substantial class of houses.
The general topography of the site which
Colfax occupies is such as to allow the
erection here of some of the prettie.st

villa residences in the state. These fine homes occupy high sites reached,
however, by easy grades, and they, with the surrounding well-kept yards, form
some of the most attractive features of the city. The business blocks are attractive
pieces of architecture, and they are well built, brick and stone predominating. The
center of the city is compactly built. The buildings of the place, which tower
above the other structures, and which are especially worthy of note, owing to their
cost and elegance of construction, are the new high school, an elegant piece of arch-
itecture, an illustralioi. of which is published in connection with the present article,
and which cost j3o,ooo ; the Whitman county court house, which was erected at a
cost of $173,000, a view of which is also published in "The Handbook;" the Sis-
ters' hospital, which, when completed,
will have cost $45,000, and an un-
finished hotel building that is to cost
about $50,000. Colfax, as before
stated, is a wealthy center of trade.
It practically holds the best part of
the trade of the Palouse section, and
it is at this point that the prind^„l
banking business and shipping of this
rich district is handled. The town is
on the main line of the Washington
division of the Union Pacific, 394
miles east of Portland, and it is also
the terminus of the Moscow branch
of the same system. From 1,000,000
to 1,500,000 bushels of wheat are an-
nually shipped from this point, in
addition to large shipments of rye,
oats, barley and other farm products.
Four large warehouses and one grain
elevator are located here. That Col-
fax is a large distributing and supply

'- ,v»

HlOH tCHOOl,

OOUPAK

466

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

i I

center is shown by the statement that about $500,000 worth of agricultural imple-
ments are annually sold at this point. In addition to the bale of farm implements,
the five large general merchandise stores located here enjoy sales aggregating over
$500,000 more. Three banks are established at Colfax. These banks have a combined
capital of about $400,000, and deposits averaging about the amount of the capital
invested. The assessed valuation of taxable property in Colfax is about $1,^50,000.

The most important manufacturing industries of Colfax are a roller-process
flouring mill with a daily capacity of 75 barrels, and two sawmills whose combined
daily capacity is 45,000 feet of lumber. The flouring mill is operated by water power
furnished at this point by the Palouse river. It is claimed that at a comparatively
small expenditure, the entire volume of water carried by the Palouse river at this
point could be used to furnish power for running manufacturing and other industries.
This stream at the present time is of the utmost importance to the industrial
progress of the city. Over 5,000,000 feet of logs are annually floated down the
stream to the mills at Colfax, and the sawing of this timber is a source of consider-
able revenue to the community. •

Coltax has the advantage of good electric lights, which are supplied by two
well equipped plants. The place is supplied with an excellent and abundant supply
of water by an eflicient water-works plant, and the sanitary condition of the city is
in the best possible condition. The city's water supply is obtained from a large res-
ervoir, which is located at a sufficient elevation to maintain a strong pressure in the
city mains at all times. This with a well drilled fire department, insures protection
against fire. The demand:) for educational opportunities are met by four school

buildings in charge of competent teachers. Three of
these buildings are used for public school purposes,
while the fourth is occupied by a thoroughly equipped
college, which is conducted under the patronage of the
Baptist church. The elegant new high school building
here was completed in kSo* , at a cost of }3o,ooo, and it is
a credit to the city. The various schools of the city have
a daily attendance of about 600 pupils. Colfax supports
sever, churches, most of which own attractivii edifices
in which to worship. The denominations represented
here are the United Presbyterian, Methodist, Baptist,
Congregational, Christian, Episcopal and Catholic.

Three newspapers are published at Colfax. The Daily Commoner, The Weekly
Gazette and The Weekly Advocate, The place is supplied with a number of hotels,
which furnish good accommodations. Located here are between 150 and 200 busi-
ness houses, and an air of prosperity pervades the entire community. Colfax is
prosperous because the place relies for support on a country that must always re-
main prosperous, and if a section that contains one person today, v/here ten people
could easily be supported, makes any advancement, which it certainly must do,
Colfax must continue to increase in population and wealth with the growth of this
tributary section.

Stephen J. Chadwick. — The present head of the municipal government of
Colfax is Stephen J. Chadwick, the present ab^e mayor. Mr. Chadwick is a young
attorney, who has already won signal success in his chosen profession. He is the
son of Hon S. F. Chadwick, ex-governor of the state of Oregon. He read law in

MARTHA WAtHINQTON RoCK, NEAR
COLfAX.

■ \

Garfield, Washington,

467

the office of his father, and began the practice of his profession at Colfax, in 1885, in
partnership with Mark A. Fullerton, with whom he is still associated. Mr. Chad-
wick has now been mayor of Colfax for two terms, and it has been his constant
effort while in office to do all in his power to further his adopted city's interests.

Whitman County, Wilshlngton.— Comprised in Whitman county is an
area of land consisting of over 2,qck) square miles, or i ,28o,oocj acres. At least svven-
cighths of this land is susceptible 0I' cultivation. It comprises a vast variety of soil,
all of a rich nature, however, and these lands will procluce wonderful large yields
of wheat, rye, oats, barley, flax, timothy, alfalfa, all kinds of grasses and garden
products, as well as countless varieties of fruits. The barley raised in the Palousc
country equals the best Canadian product, which enjoys a world-wide reputation,
and thousands of bushels of barley raised here are now annually shipped cast for
brewing purposes.

Wheat is the great staple product of the county. The yearly product of this crop
is from 6,000,000 to 7,000,000 bushels. The county, in addition to the immense
quantities of wheat bandied here, also annually exports all the staple products raised
on the soil of any part of Washington, the principal markets for these products being
the Coeur d'Alene mines and points along the line of the Northern Pacific as far cast
as Helena, Montana.

Whitman is not behind any other county in the state in its fruit products.
Apples, pears, plums, prunes, grapes, peaches, nectarines and apricots grow here to
the best possible advantage. By careful experiments it has been found that the cli-
mate and soil of Whitman county are especially adapted to the successful raising of
hops, tobacco and peanuts, products not usually raised successfully in the northern
temperate zone. Stock raising (including horses, cattle and sheep, as well as hogs) is
one of the staple industries of the farmers of this section. The varicus kinds of
bunchgrass found in inexhaustible quantities on the rolling lands of the county fur-
nish an available and abundant supply of food throughout the year. The farmers of
Whitman county own more sheep and export more wool than any other county in the
state. The population of the county today is about 30,000, and the assessed valuation
is 118,535,460. The county is divided into 143 school districts. It claims 21 banks,
15 flouring mills, and has about 300 miles of self-supporting railroads. Although this
is today one of the richest counties of Eastern Washington, there is still room here
for the homes of thousands of additional people, and this will at some time in the
near future be one of the most thickly settled portions of the West.

Garfield, Waslilnjjfton.— Garfield, in Whitman county, is located at the
intersection of the Washington division of the Union Pacific and the Spokane &
Palouse branch of the Northern Pacific railroads. It thus
enjoys all the advantages of competitive railway rates
over rival lines of road for the transportation of the
large quantities of wheat which are annually handled
at this point. The wheat product of the section of
country immediately tributary to Garfield amounts to
about 400,000 bushels annually. This country has been
rapidly filling up during the past few years, and in the
vicinity of the town are some of the largest and best kept
farms of the state.

Public School, oarfiild.

PHOTO. IV OIMORIST,

468

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

The population of Garfield is now about Soo. The business interests of the place
are in a prosperous condition. In addition to a strong local bank, the town contains
a number of large general merchandise stores, which carry stocks of goods equal to
those carried by many of the large houses of the leading centers of population of the
state. In the business center of the town are a number of goo<l brick buildings.
The most prominent structure in the town, however, is the public school, which was
erected at a cost of about $15,000. The people take much pride in their perfect public
school system. The schools are conducted by five teachers and the average daily
attendance of scholars is about 200. Garfield contiiins a roller- process flouring mill
with a daily capacity of 50 barrels, and one sash and door factory. During the past
year the municipal authorities voted bonds for the erection of a water-works plant to
cost |2o,ooo. An electric light plant has recently been completed here and the town
is well lighted. TAe Garfield Enterprise, a weekly paper, is publishe<l at this point.
Church buildings are owned here by the Methodist, Haptist, Christian and Seventh
Day Adventist denominations.

The assessed valuation of property in Garfield in 1892 was $300,000. The loca-
tion of the town in nearly the center of Whitman county and in the heart of the
great Palcuse wheat-producing belt is unexcelled. The transportation facilities of
the town a^e good. Good roads lead out in all directions and the character of the
country is such that it will continue to support an increased population with each
succeeding year. This is one of the n.ost interesting parts of Eastern Washington,
and the development of the resources of this section will in time make it one of the
most prosperous and thickly settled portions of the coast.

Farmlnjjftoii, Washlii^U'ton. — Karmington is a small town with a popula-
tion of about 500. It is located on the Wnshiugton <livision of the Union Pacific
railroad, 28 miles north of Colfax, the county soat, and is also the end of a short
branch road of the Spokane & Palouse system, which is operated by the Northern
Pacific. The sole dependence of the town for support is on the rich and product-
ive farming country by which it is surrounded.

Located at Farmington is a 75-barrel flouring mill. The town supports two
weekly newspapers. The Journal and The Forum, and a number of large business
houses are established here. Four teachers are employed in the public schools,
which have an average daily attendance of about 125 scholars. The Congregational,
Methodist and Seventh-Day Adventist denominations own church buildings at Farm-
ington. The town has an excellent system of electric lights. One good hotel and
two livery stables are maintained here. Farmington is an important shipping point,
and several grain warehouses and one elevator are required to handle the large
quantities of grain which regularly seek this point for shipment. At one time
Farmington was even a more important town than it is today, the completion of
the railroad beyond this point having built up a town at Tekoa, some miles
east. The country in the vicinity of Farmington, however, is all rich, and the
shipment of the products of this section and the regular trade which the district
furnishes, will always support a ."Nourishing little town at this site.

Oakesclale, WasUlnsrton.— But little more than a year ago the town of Oakes-
dale was visited by a conflagration that wiped out almost the entire business portion
of the place. Undaunted enterprise, however, on the part of the leading citizens
here has resulted in the erection of substantial brick blocks on the site of the

Tekoa, Washington.

400

OHOTO. av f. I. LEHON.

burned district, and as a result the town today presents an appearance of solidity
and prosperity, with a population of 1,200, where before the fire it had that cheap-
ness which a lot of wooden buildings hastily erected always imparts.

The causes which have contributed the most to the rapid growth of Oakesdale
during the past few years are, first, the location of the town in a rich section of
of farming country; and, second, the per-
fection of the transportation systems
which reach Oakesdale and which allow
these products to be hauled to market
from this point at reasonable freiglit
rates. About 800,000 bushels
of wheat are annually ship-
ped from this point, the pro-
duct of a rich part of the
Pa louse grain -producing
belt. The town enjoys the
advantages p (forded by two
competing lines of railroad,

the Spokane & Palouse branch of the Northern Pacific and the Washington
division of the Union Pacific. These lines intersect each other at this point. The
distance from Oakesdale to Portland, by the Union Pacific, is 375 miles, and by the
same line it is 46 miles to Spokane.

Oakesdale has a large flouring mill, with a capacity of 150 barrels a day, a plan-
ing mill, and a foundry and brick plant. The town has a good system of electric
lights, and $20,000 in bonds has recently Iwu voted here for city water works. The
financial standing of the place is shown by the statement that three banks flourish
here. One weekly newspaper, T/ie Sun, is published in Oakesdale, and the paper
gives evidence of being well supported.

As shown by the illustration published in connection with the present article,
Oakesdale has a neatl}- designed public school building, which was recently erected
at a cost of 1 15,000. The number of scholars daily enrolled in this school is about

250. The school is graded, and is in charge of six teachers
assigned to the different departments. A handsome brick
church building is owned here by the Presbyterians, while
the Methodists and United Brethren also own neat houses
of worship at this point. Oakesdale has two hotels, one of
which is conducted in a large brick building. The as-
sessed valuation of all property here, in 1892, was $600,000,
which can be taken as evidence of the solid wealth of a
town that now r^nks well with the prosperous inland towns
of the state.

PHOTO, ar r l. lemon.

PuaLic School, Oakcsdale.

Tekoa, Waslilniufton. — Four years ago but one store and a single house occu-
pied the site on which the town of Tekoa now stands. This is today one of the most pros-
perous little towns in Eastern Washington, and contains a population of about 850.
The town is located on the Washington division of the Union Pacific railroad, 433
miles east of Portland and 50 miles south of Spokane. It is also the junction of the
Washington division and the Coeur d'Alene branch, of the same road, and is the end
nf a division on this important system. The roundhouse and car shops of two divi-

470

The Orcffonian's Handbook ot the Pacific Northwest.

sions are located here. The railroad regularly disburses at Tekoa from J8,ooo to
$10,000 a tnouth. This is oue of the most popular towns among railroad men in the
slate, and a considerable part of tlie revenue of the town is derived from the money
spent here by the railroad employees.

Tekoa is situated in the center of one of the richest portions of the famous
Palouse wheat-producing belt. The warehouses and elevator cslablishcd here regu-
larly handle from 2{K),ooo to 3cxj,o<k) bushels of wheat a year, which can be taken as
evidence of the great productive powers of this section. The growth of the town
has all been made since 1S90. Almost every line of business is now represented
here, and on the main thoroughfare are many fine one and two-story brick buiMings.
The town supports two strong banks, two weekly newspapers, T/ie G/ooc and T/ie
/Hade, aud the leading business houses are on a very strong Bnancial footing. In
the matter of public itnprovements the town has not lagged behinil any other town
in the state of ecjual size. The city sold bonds to the amount of J 13.000 for water-
works and electric lighting purposes. Tekoa now boasts of a perfect water-works
and electric light plant. The water for city use is pumped from an artesian well to a
reservoir located at a considerable elevation alxjve the town. The town authorities
expended f3,oc» in the purchase of suitable apparatus for 6ghting fire, and this with
a well-drilled volunteer fire department together with an ample supply of water
under a strong pressure, is deemed an ample safeguard against a conflagration in the
future at this point.

The educational advantages enjoyed by the youth of Tekoa are considered
remarkably good for a town of this size. In addition to the advantages furnished by
the $S,ooo public school building recently erected here, the enterprise and liberality
of the citizens have resulted in the establishment of a large Catholic academy at this
point. This latter school is largely attended and well supported. The public school
is in charge of four teachers and the average daily attendance is about 200. 1 he Bap-
tist and Congregational denominations own church buildings here. Tekoa has but
one hotel.

The country tributary to Tekoa is essentially a wheat-growing section although
considerable attention has been paid here of late to fruit culture. The climate in this
part of the state is especially favorable for successful fruit growing as is also the char-
acter of the soil here. Within two miles of Tekoa are the limits of the Ccuur d'Alene
Indian reservation. This reservation is occupied by a large, prosperous and wealthy
tribe of Indians. These Indians have fallen into the ways of the white man and own
large and well-stocked farms, good houses and in many cases even blooded stock
and fine carriages. Tekoa is their principal banking and trading point. Tributary
to Tekoa is a large part of the rich CcL'ur d'Alene mining section. A large part of
the supplies for these mines is shipped direct from this point, and the trade of this
section is an important factor in Tckoa's prosperity. No inland point in the state
has made a better showing during the past few years than has been noted in Tekoa
and this prosperity is of the solid order which promises much for the future in an
increase of wealth and population at this point.

Paloiise, Wash inj^toH.— Palouse, which takes its name from what is prob-
ably the most wonderful wheat-producing section of country in the world, is one of
the most prosperous inland centers of poulntion in the state. Palouse dates its birth
from the settlement which was made here in 1873, at which time the site of the present
prosperous city was occupied by a single family. Today it contains about 1,700 popu-

I'ulijusc, Wsishinfft on.

471

A tTMIT SCINC, PAlOUtl.

latioii. It has finely graded streets and well
laid sidewalks, its buildings are modern in
architecture and appointments, and it boasts
of modern improvements that would l)e a
credit to a place of much larger population.
In i88S, the business portion of the town
was almost entire!;- wiped out by a fire.
Since that time substantial brick cud stone
buildings have taken the place of the old
wooden structures, ami the main street for
a distance of three or more blocks is now
lined with as good a class of buildings as arc found in any city of equal size on the
coast. Kire limits were established ini..iediately after the fire, and now nothing but
brick and stone are allowed in the central part of the city.

ralouse is perfectly sheltered on all sides by towering hills. The sides of these
are not too steep to furnish sites for the erection of attractive residences. These
residences are in many instances graced with well kept terraces, the surrounding
yards are planted in fruit trees, and they are reached by winding approaches, which
add to the pictures(iueness of the scene. Palouse is situated very much as Colfax is,

which is fully described elsewhere in "The Handbook."
The town is located in the eastern part of Whitman county,
on the banks of the Palouse river, and it is in one of the
best portions of the rich Palouse district. It is on the
Spokane & Palouse branch of the Northern Pacific. Its
nearest large commercial and banking center is Spokane,
which is 68 miles to the north. To the west, north and
south of the town extend the rich rolling hills of the Palouse
wheat belt, while extending for 60 miles away to the east is
a great basin varj-ing in width from 5 to 20 miles. This
basin terminates at the Cieur d' Alene Mountains, and on the north and south it is
enclosed by high ranges of rugged and densely timbered buttes. At the mouth of
this basin stands Palouse, its natural supply point. The timber cut along the banks
of the Palouse river, which runs through the basin, has made Palouse the principal
lumbering center of Eastern Washington. One large lumber mill at this point with
a daily capacity of 50,000 feet per day, is kept constantly busy supplying the demand
for lumber throughout the Palouse country. In 1H92 this mill manufactured more
than lo.tKXJ.ooo feet of lumber and exclusive of those employed in the logging camps
back, this industry gave steady employment to more than 100 men.

The Palouse river before reaching the town of the same name is largely in-
creased in volume by a great num-
ber of small streams which empty
into it. At Palouse a large water
power is developed by this stream.
This power is utilized at the present
time by a fiouring mill which has a
daily capacity of 75 barrels. There
is sufficient power developed here to
run a large number of factories, and

Putiic School, Palouse.

LUMIIR M«NUr*CTUIIINO, PALOUSE.

472

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

the people here hope to see considerable manufacturing development at no distant
date in the future.

Palouse now has a splendid system of water works, sewerage and electric lights.
The town is protected against fire by a well-organized volunteer fire department which
comprises two hose and hook and ladder companies. Occupying a high eminence
overlooking the town is a well arranged public school building which was completed
in 1892 at a cost of |2o,ooo. The school here is taught by eight teachers. It is
graded 'up to and including the grammar department. The number of scholars
enrolled at the school during the first term of 1893 was 325. In addition to the pub-
lic school a good Catholic school is also maintained here. This latter educational
institution gives instruction in all the common branches as well as in music, painting
and drawing.

The religious tone of t/te community at Palouse is in keeping with the desires of
the most devout Christian The denominations of the Cumberland Presbyterian,
Baptist, two Methodist, Episcopal, Church of Christ and Roman Catholic have strong
organizations here and own church buildings. The town supports two weekly news-
papers, The News and T/ie /Republican. It also contains three banks, two first-class
hotels and a number of livery stables. The various mercantile pursuits, trades and
professions are well represented here.

Enough has already been said in "The Handbook " of the great productive pow-
ers of the Palouse wheat belt. It is only necessary to add in connection with the
present article on the town of Palouse that a vast area of this rich section is directly
tributary to Palouse. During 1892 550,000 bushels of wheat were shipped through
the warehouses and elevators at Palouse. In addition to grain growing this is a
fine fruit country. The climate here is exceedingly healthful, and with rich soil,
good transportation facilities and attractive surroundings this is one of the most invit-
ing sections of Eastern Washington.

Pull mail, WashtnjU'toii. — One of the most promising towns of Eastern
Washington is Pullman, located in one of the best parts of the fertile Palouse dis-
trict. Rut little more than
three years ago a fierce con-
flagration swept away the
main business portion of the
town. Pullman then had a
population of not more than
600. Immediately after the
fire the growth of the town
seemed to receive a fresh im-
petus, and large one and
two-story brick blocks, with
many modern city improve-
ments are today the result ot
a determined spirit shown
by the enterprising people
at this point.

Within less than four years Pullman's population has increased from 600 to
2,000, and evidences of a future growth here are today stronger than they ever were
before.

Main Street, Pullman.

Pullman, Washington.

LOAOiNO Wheat, P<.> im«n.

Pullman's location is not far from the geo);raphical center of the famous Palouse
wheat ))el:. Its railroad facilities are probably superior to those of any other point
in the Palouse country. The Union
Pacific, Spokane & Palouse and Le«v-
iston extension of the Northern Pacific
railroad, radiate in four different di-
rections from Pullman. Surrounding;
Pullman is a beautiful country of
many diversified resources, and the
soil here is all ricli *' Palouse" land.
Wheat is the chief product of this
section, but the farmers here are now
', )••. ' ,>g to realize that there is profit
in diversified crops. It was on a farm
near Pullman that loi bushels of
wheat were grown on one acre in 1890.
Pullman claims to be the largest grain-
shipping point in the state of Wash-
ington. Here are the statistics of the shipments from this point for 1891 :
wheat, 1,482,000 bushels ; barley, 421,000 bushel :> ; flax, 311,000 bushels; oats, 180,-
ocx) bushels. All kinds of fruits and vegetables yield bountiful crops here, and the
country surrounding the town is among the richest in the state.

As before stated, the business blocks of Pullman are substantial brick struct-
ures, while the residences are tastily designed frame buildings. The town presents
a clean and inviting appearance. The improvements of Pullman have been made

on a broad and liberal scale, the people having
had confidence in the future growth of their town.
During the past year a handsome brick city hall
and a brick op>era house, which will accommodate
from 800 to 1 ,000 people, have been added to the
city's improvements. The artesian wells of Pull-
man, of which there are 11, are less than 100 feet
deep, and cost about $500 each. The water- works
system owned by the tow n is supplied from one
of these wells, which discharges about 1,000 gal-
lons per minute. The water from these wells pos-
sesses medicinal properties, and their free use is
recommended for kidney and stomach troubles.
Pullman lo also provided with electric lights and
an efficient fire department. The town supports
two banks, which do business on a solid financial
basis. Two weekly newspapers, TAe Herald and
The Tribune, are published at this point. All
lines of business pre fully represented in the town.
Pullman has three good hotels and as many livery
stables, and the place is fully as popular with the
traveling public as is any town ir the state.

Pullman has every reason to boast of her
ARTctiAN WELL, Pullman. cducational advantages. The town is, in fact,

474

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

PHOTO. BY L. T«ri.OR

the educational center of Eastern Washington. The State Agricultural College
and School of Science, the largest endowed institution of the state, locateil

here, was opened in the fall of 1891, and in the following
year, 1892, 300 pupils were in attendance. The present
buildings occupied by the school are only temporary.
The last legislature appropriated $120,000 for the erec-
tion and maintenance of permanent buildings here.
These fine edifices are now in course of construction,
and when finished they will be models of modern archi-
tecture. The college is both a national and a state in-
stitution. From the government the school is
assured the receipts from the sale of 190,000
acres of land, which cannot be sold for less
than $10 per acre. The interest from the
fund thus created is to be permanently used
for the maintenance of the school. In addi-
tion to this liberal endowment, the school will
receive from the national government $15,000
per annum for experiments in agriculture, and
$25,000 for the benefit of mechanical arts and
agriculture. The institution is open to both
City Hall, Pullman. young mcu and youug womcn. The curric-

ulum and discipline pursued are necessarily up to the standard o*" the very best
institutions of the kind in the United States. The college owns a valuable tract of
220 acres of land at Pullman, which is to l)e used for farm and garden purposes,
lawns and campus. The college buildings are located on a commanding eminence
overlooking the city and surrounding country. The endowment and assured income
of the college are sufficient to maintain a magnificent e^ -ment for practical exper-
imental work. Tuition and rent are ft-ee for all students who are residents of the
state.

In addition to the state school, Pullman is the seat of a military college. This
is a private institution. The discipline at this school is military, while the course of
study adopted is similar to that of other colleges.

The public high school of Pullman,
erected in 1892, at a cost of $30,000, is one
of the best designed structures in the
state. A full corps of efficient teachers is
employed in the public schools of the city,
and the average daily attendance of schol-
ars at the public schools here is 350.

Seven strong religious organizations
have neatly constructed churches at
Pullman. These are the Presbyterian,
Congregational. Christian, Methodist,
Baptist, Episcopal and Catholic.

Pullman is situated 85 miles south of
Spokane, and|4i3 miles west of Portland.
It has every advantage of location, and is
destined to become a city of from 8,000 to

PHOTO. BY L. TAYLOH

Public School, Pullman.

Colton and Uniontown, Washington, and Genesee, Idaho.

475

10,000 people. Its business men are prosperous and are fully alive to their opportu-
nities for advancement. A notable and praiseworthy feature of the conduct of affairs
here is that the citizens work as one man for the upbuilding of their favored city.
With all the marks of enterprise noted here, as shown by the many municipal
improvements, the entire bonded indebtednes of Pullman does not exceed ^30,000,
while the assessed valuation of the town is about $800,000. Pullman is one of the
most prosperous and progressive towns in P^astern Washington, and its future growth
is as fully assured as is its ability to maintain its present important position as the
chief commercial center of a very rich section of country.

PHOTO. BV MCCAMEV.

Colton and Uniontown, Washington, and Genesee, Idaho. —

The Spokane and Palouse division of the Northern Pacific intersects the Moscow
branch of the Union Pacific at Pullman, and from this latter point it extends south-
ward through a most fertile portion of the Palouse farming country. On the route
of the road through this section lie the towns of Colton and Uniontown, in Whitman
county, Washington, and Genesee in Latah county, Idaho, the latter point being the
terminus of the road.

All of these towns are deserving of more than a passing notice owing to the
thrift and enterprise of each. The character of the country traversed by the Spokane
& Palouse on this end of the road is similar to that of the Palouse belt in general.
The landscape is attractive, the surface being of a general rolling nature and the land
here is equally as productive as are any of the best sections of this part of the state.
While wheal raising claims the principal part of the attention of the farmers of this
section, stock raising is also an important industry here. At Genesee extensive stock-
yards have been established and large quantities of live stock are annually shipped
from thi'i point.

Colton is the first town on the line of the Spokane & Palouse south of Pullman,,
the distance between the two points being 17 miles. The
population of the place is about 500. About 250,000 bush-
els of wheat are annually shipped from this point. The
town supports a weekly newspaper, T/te News-Letter, a
small flouring mill and anumberof well-conducted business
houses are established here. The town also boasts of a fine
public school building which cost |io,ooo. The Catholic
church has just completed ai Colton a handsome brick con-
vent at a cost of $25,000. The churches represented in the
town are t^e Presbyterian, Methodist and Catholic. The
town contains one hotel and two livery stables.

Uniontown, three miles south of Colton, has about the same population as
Colton. The population of Uniontown consists principally of a well-to-do Ger-
man class of people, as is also that of the country in the immediate vicinity.
Uniontown has one bank, two weekly newspapers. The Washington Journal and The
Washington Homestead, the latter being devoted to the interests of farmers and
stockmen. All lines of business are well represented here. The town has a brewery
with a capacity of 15 barrels a day, which is the sole manufacturing industry of the
place. A good system of water works has been constructed here. A new public
school building has just been completed at Unioucown at a cost of $7,000. The
Catholics have a convent here with a daily attendance of about 125 scholars. The

Public Schoou, colton.

476

The Oregonian^s Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

(

churches represented are of the Catholic and Congregational orders. The town claims
two hotels and an equal number of livery stables.

The annual wheat shipments from Uniontowu aggregate about 300,000 bushels.
Lewistou and the Snake river country are reached from this point by stage, the dis-
tance between Union town and I,ewiston being 12 miles.

Ten miles south of Uniontown is the town of Genesee, Idaho. This place, as
before stated, is the terminus of the railroad. It is the largest of the three towns
south of Pullman, on the line of the road, its population being about 800. About
500,000 bushels of wheat are annually shipped from this point, while the live stock
shipments from Genesee are greater than they are from either Colton or Uniontown.
Genesee has two banks and a weekly newspaper. The News. The town has a good
system of electric lights. About 200 scholars are in daily attendance at the public
schools. The religious organizations at Genesee are the Presbyterian, Methodist,
Baptist and Catholic.

In all of the three towns described above are brick blocks, and each town con-
tains a number of attractive residences. All of these places are surrounded by a
very rich section of farming country, and the business of each is in a most healthy
condition.

Rathdrum, Iilalio. — ix.athdrum, the seat of justice of Kootenai county, is
situated a few miles from the Washington state line in that part of Idaho which,
owing to its geographical contrast with the southern portion, is commonly known as
the '' Panhandle" of Idaho. The town is an important trading station on the main
line of the Northern Pacific and is 30 miles east of Spokane, in addition to the
large retail business done at this point, Rathdrum enjoys a large trade more or less
of a jobbing character with the rich tributary mineral and agricultural country. The
place is also a manufacturing town of some importance. Two sawmills are located
here, the output of which is consumed in the immediate locality and in the neigh-
boring towns. The largest of these

PHOTO. BY BERTRAND, SPOKANE,

KOOTES>. f^lVER, NEAR BONNER'S FERRV.

mills is operated by A. W. Post.
This mill has a capacity of 10,000
feet of lumber a day, which is ship-
ped to points in the Kootenai
country and which also finds a
large sale at Rathdrum. Surround-
ing and near the mill of Mr. Post
is a section and a quarter of land
which is the property of the owner
of the mill. A part of this land
is covered with timber from which the mill is supplied, and the balance, comprising
about 200 acres, is now in a high state of cultivation. Mr. Post came to Rathdrum
in 1882 and he is now serving his fourth term here as justice of the peace.

The land in the vicinity of Rathdrum is very productive and yields large crops
of wheat, oats, barley and hay. The growing of small fruits and vegetables for the
Spokane market is a remunerative branch of the farming industry of this section.
Although the chief dependence of Rathdrum for support at the present time is on
the timber and agricultural resources of the country adjacent, it is not improbable
that the recent discoveries of gold a few miles distant from this place may result
in making this quite an important mining center.

Hope, Idaho.

\11

View, Lake Pend d'Oreille.

Following the example of nearly all the enterprising cities of the Pacific Coast "
Rathdrum now possesses an excellent water-works system. The town supports a
well-conducted public school, a weekly newspaper, a bank, a large hotel, a brewery
and several fine busiqess blocks line the main street. The present population of
Rathdrum is about 400. Near this point are numerous small lakes and mountain
streams which are well stocked with trout and in the uplands of the immediate
vicinity large game is plentiful. During the summer and fall seasons this is one of
the most attractive sections of Idaho and tourists will find here one of the best coun-
tries for recreation and pleasure on the coast.

Hope, Idaho. — The site which the town of Hope occupies overlooks the
broad waters of the beautiful Pend d'Oreille Lake, one of the finest bodies of fresh
water on the coast. It is the end of two divisions of
the Northern Pacific, the Rocky Mountain and Idaho,
and it is at this point that the change from "Moun-
tain "to " Pacific" time is made. The town is located %
on the main line of the Northern Pacific, 84 miles
cast of Spokane and 173 miles west of Missoula and it
contains today a population of about 500.

At Hope are established large division round
houses and repair shops of the Northern Pacific. The
railroad company regularly disburses at this point over
$25,000 a month. Although the town is typical of railroad life it is in addition a sum-
mer resort of considerable prominence. It occupies a terraced site on the north
shore of Lake Pend d'Oreille, a magnificent sheet of water 65 miles in length and
over 15 miles wide. The lake is encompassed by spurs of the Bitter Root range of
mountains. In many places the mountains rise out of the lake itself, the waters
washing their perpendicular sides which extend below the surface for unknown

depths. Adding to the general beauty of the lake is an
irregular shore line which consists of numerous bays and
inlets, many of which extend for miles inland from the
main body of water. Rising ^above the surface of the
lake are four attractive islands which are great centers of
attraction for tourists. Located at different points on the
shore line are a number of small villages which are easily
reached by a regular line of small steamers plying on
the lake and by sail boats. Pend d'Oreille Lake is fed
principally by the watersof the Clark's Fork river, which
empties into the lake a few miles distant from Hope. The outlet of the lake is the
Pend d'Oreille river which finally finds its way to the broad Columbia, the grea.
water-course of the West.

Hope is fast growing in popularity as a summer resort. Established at this point
are several good hotels and anchored in front of the town during the summer season
are a large number of sail and row boats for the accommodation of tourists. In
addition to the pleasure afforded by a row or a sail on the placid waters of one of the
most at ctive of inland bodies of fresh water, this lake is full of trout and other
gamy fish. In the mountains back of Hope is plenty of game to attract the atten-
tion of the sportsman, and the excitement of a deer or mountain lion hunt in these

PHOTO. BY MAXWELL.

Scene on Peno d' Oreille River.

':i*.

478

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

■fastnesses is hardly equaled by the chase of the tiger in the jungles of the tropic * of
the old world.

Considerable prospecting is constantly being done in the vicinity of Hope, and
valuable mineral discoveries have already been made in the 'Black Tail and Lake
View districts, which are located from 15 to 20 miles to the south. The ores found in
these districts are principally galena, carbonates, pyrites of copper and black sul-
phides. Assays of these have shown as high as 787 ounces of silver to the ton. It is
the general belief among practical mining men who have carefully examined into the
merits of these mines that the general averages of the ores found and the width of
the veins and ledges will warrant mining operations being carried on here on an
extensive scale with profit, in the near future.

The citizens and business men of Hope are en-
terprising and they take a deep interest in all mat-
ters tending to promote the welfare of their town.
One of the most prominent and most highly respected
men of Hope is Dr. Talleyrand Martin, who is now
engaged in conducting a drug store here, in addition
tt) which he is interested in several other enterprises.
Dr. Martin was born in Cayuga county, New York,
September 2, 1821. On reaching manhood he went
to Ohio, where he graduated from the Cleveland Col-
lege in the class of 1848. He resided in the East
for some years after that time, when he moved West,
finally settling ir Hope in 1888. The ancestors of
Dr. Martin came to America in 1635, and their de-
scendents have figured conspicuously in the history of
the United States.

The Ccpur d'Alene Country, Idaho. — Lying among high and rugged
mountain ranges, broken here and there by narrow valleys and deep canyons through
which flow foaming mountain streams, is the famous Coeur d'Alene country of
Northern Idaho, with its numerous mining camps and its vast stores of precious
metals.

This famous mineral region comprises that part of Shoshone county lying west
of the Bitter Root Mountains and north of the range which separates the St. Joseph
from the Coeur d'Alene river and extending as far east as the line of Kootenai
county. The district is heavily timbered, being covered with pine, tamarack and
cedar, and it is crossed by numerous mountain streams which afford unlimited water
power for running the machinery of any number of mining and lumbering plants
that might be located here.

While the old Mullan road, built
in th*^ early 5o's, leads through the
heart of the Creur d'Alenes, and pas-^
sess within a stone's throw of the pres-
ent town of Wardner, the heart of the
silver-producing district, no people
were attracted to this section until the
discovery of gold on the North Fork
of Cceur d'Alene river in the fall of

Dh. Talleyrano Martin, hope.

LAKE OauR O'ALENE.

The Cocur d'AIene Country, Idaho.

479

1882. Prior to that time thousands of people had passed through the Cceur d'Alenes
over the famous Mullan road referred to above. This great military highway run-
ning from Fort Benton, at the head of navigation on the Missouri river, to Fort
Walla Walla, in Washington, traversed almost the entire lengfli of the Cceur d'AIene
country. The pioneers who followed .this pathway to the West did not prospect
the country they crossed, and for many years it remained an unexplored and unin-
habited wilderness.

In the fall of 1882 a venturesome miner, seeking for placer diggings, on his way
over the Bitter Root range of mountains, discovered pay dirt in the heart of
the CcEur d'Alenes. This man was A. J. Pritchard, who first discovered gold
in this region, and it was on the creek which now bears his name that he first
found pay dirt. It requires at times but a wild and exaggerated rumor to work up a
mining excitement, and the winter following the discovery of gold here by Pritchard
witnessed a stampede to the vicinity of Pritchard creek that was only equaled by the
rush of gold seekers to the California gold fields in 1848 and 1849. Notwithstanding
the fact that the leading trails into the Cceur d'Alenes were covered with 20 feet of
snow, hundreds of men walked into the promised new eldorado during that winter.
As a result of this foolish stampede there was much suffering in camp during the winter.
Some died of hunger and cold, and even the men possessed of money could not at all
times purchase either a meal or a bed in the camp. The country contained plenty
of gold, but the mines have required capital and much labor to work them. The
first stampede to the Cceur d'Alenes was a failure, the winter following the rush the
country was practically deserted, and it remained for the discoveries of a later period
to establish its wealth.

After the main body of men had departed a few experienced miners carefully
prospected the hills in the vicinity of the deserted camp for gold prospects. Among
these was John Cartin, who, in the spring of 1884, discovered a vein of rich galena
ore near where the town of Wallace now stands. He subsequently sold this location
for I35.000. This is now the famous Tiger mine, valued at about $i,cxx),cxx). Other
rich discoveries were made here and a few years after the first rush, the Cceur d'Alenes
again began to attract the attention of the world as a promising field for future min-
ing operations. Towns sprung up all over the district. With the town of Murray on
one side of the divide, where the rich gold properties were located, and the towns of
Wallace and Wardner on the other side, the seat of the great silver belt, the country
soon began to be the scat of the greatest piining activity. Capital flowed in freely from
the East, the new mines were opened, railroad lines projected and built, and the
country entered on an era of prosperity which finally resulted in making it one of
the greatest mining camps of the West.

One of the later of the big discoveries in the Cceur d'Alenes was tiiat of the rich
Bunker Hill and Sullivan mines. This last discovery was of such magnitude and rich-
ness as to awaken the interest of Montana capitalists in the country. As a result, a
few rich men of Montana constructed a narrow-gauge railroad from Mission Land-
ing, at the head of navigation on the Cceur d'AIene river, to Wardner, which had
been built up near the rich properties of the Bunker Hill and Sullivan. In 1887 the
Bunker Hill and Sullivan properties were sold to Portland capitalists and these mines
and other rich properties in the vicinity soon became the seat of the most active
operations in the Cceur d'AIene district.

The Cceur d'AIene district is divided into a gold, and a silver and lead-producing
belt. The gold belt is situated in that portion of the country traversed by the North

„i^

The Oregonian's Handbook oi the Pacific Northwest.

Steamer QEORGic Oakes, Lake CauR D'Alene.

fork of the Cceur d'Alene river and its tributaries, Eagle, Pritchard and Beaver
creeks, and it extends east to the range of the Bitter Root Mountains. There arc

extensive placer deposits in these gulches through which
<aM^ • flow the above named streams. The mountains un either

side of the gulches are covered with deposits of gravel,
which in some instances reach a depth of 130 feet. This
gravel is known locally as "old wash." It probably
formed the beds of prehistoric river channels. It is rich
in placer gold, but it is difficult and expensive to work
owing to its elevation and the necessity of constructing
long flumes and ditches to get water to it. Water has bten brought to work these
gravel deposits by several rich companies and hydraulic mining is now successfully
carried on in this region. Since the first discovery of gold here in 1882, the placer
mines of the Cceur d'Alenes have yielded 12,500,0^3 in gold.

In the gold belt of the Cceur d'Alenes are many valuable quartz gold mines, some
of which have been extensively worked. There are now three stamp mills and
several arastras engaged in crushing and treating the ores from these mines. It is
estimated that quartz properties here annually produce $150,000 m gold bullion.
This output would be largely increased if the district had the advantages of trans-
portation by rail, which are now denied the mine owners of this section. A project
is now being considered for connecting the gold belt of the Cceur d'Alenes with one
of the transcontinental lines of road by rail, and when this is accomplished many
rich gold properties now lying idle in this section will become very productive mines.

Lying south of the gold belt in the Cceur d'Alenes, and principally on the south
fork of the Coeur d'Alene river and its tributaries, are the great developed silver
and lead-producing mines of the Coeur d'Alenes. The principal mines of the silver
belt are the Bunker Hill and Sullivan, Last Chance, Tiger, Poorman, Badger, Gem,
Custer, Black Bear, Morning, Granite, Sierra Nevada and Stem winder. There are
II concentrators connected with these mines, of an average capacity each of 100
tons a day. The daily output of the mines, when being worked, is estimated at
298 tons of concentrates. The Bunker Hill and Sullivan lead with a daily output of
65 tons, the Poorman follows with 45 tons, with the Badger third on the list with a
daily output of 35 tons. The smallest producer of the silver properties is the Black
Bear, which turns out but 5 tons of concentrates a day. The average yield from the
ore of these mines is about 30 ounces in silver and 60 per cent lead per ton of con-
centrates. This would make the daily output of the mines here about 8,940 ounces
of silver and 357,600 pounds of lead. When in operation these mines furnish employ-
ment to 3,ocx3 men. The average wages paid these men run about $3 per day, mak-
ing the daily payroll of these properties foot up to about $9,cxx), or an annual outlay
for wages of about $3,000,000.

The above statistics apply to mines when in operation. At this writing, owing
to the depression in the price of silver and lead, all the mines of the Coeur d'Alenes
producing these metals are lying idle. During 1892 the mines of the Cceur d'Alenes
produced ii.cxx) ounces of gold, worth $237,390, and 1,195,904 ounces of silver, with a
coinage value of $1 ,546.184. During that year labor troubles caused a large reduction in
the output of silver and lead in this district. In July, 1892, several men were killed
by striking miners, and one mill and concentrator were destroyed by giant powder.
The mine owners of the Coeur d'Alenes appealed to the federal government for pro-

The Cceur d'Alene Country, Idaho.

481

tection, and martial law was established and continued in force until the middle of
November of the same year. In the conflict the striking miners were victorious,
and they remained at work until the mines were closed by the owners in the summer
of 1893.

Those operating the mines of the Cteur d' Alencs have experienced many draw-
backs, and they have had many obstacles to overcome. First of these troubles was
the inaccessibility of the district, which was remedied, however, at a later period by
the construction of the two lines of the Union and Northern Pacific railroads through
this section. Then followed several disastrous conflicts betwt en the miners and the
mine owners. The trouble finally culminated in silver reachi^ig a price at which its
mining was no longer profitable. There are few, if any, gr atei silv<:r and lead-pro-
ducing districts in the world than is that of the C(eur d'Aitues. The future of this
region depends entirely upon the value lead and silver ijiay attain. With silver at
83 cents and lead at $3.80, the mines of the Cceur d .Uenes can be operated without
loss. These prices, however, would leave no margin of profit to the owners of mines
of average grade, mines in which the silver runs from 27 to 29 ounces per ton and
the lead averages 57 percent. At th*" prices and averages named above, after deduct-
ing the usual 10 per cent on lead and 5 per
cent on silver for loss in treatment, the
silver per ton would be worth ^21 and the
lead $39, thus making the total value of a
ton of the concentrates $60. The freight
and smelter charges per ton will average
about $26. This leaves a balance of $34 per
ton for the mine owner, except when the
concentrates run more than 10 per cent in
zinc. From this $34 the mine owner must
meet all working expenses of the mine, in-
cluding wages, interest on capital invested
and loss caused by breakage. It can thus
readily be seen that operating the great
silver-producing properties of the Cceur d'Alenes is not a profitable industry at the
present low price of silver in the markets of the world.

The Coeur d'Alene district, apart from its mineral-producing possibilites, is a
sportsman's paradise. The streams here abound in the gamiest of fish and the
mountains are full of game. In the hills, remote from the settlements of the district,
are countless numbers of deer and bear that have never heard the report of a gun.
In any of the swift-flowing streams here the casting of a fly brings numerous speckled
trout to the surface. This country is much frequented by pleasure seekers during the
summer and fall months, and it is gradually becoming one of the most popular resorts
of the West.

Two railroads now run parallel with each other through the center of th Cceur
d'Alene country. A branch of the Union Pacific leaves the Washington division at
Tekoa and runs through the Cceur d'Alenes as far as MuMan. The Northern Pacific
cuts clear through the district, the initial points of this road being Missoula and
Spokane. All of this route is by rail except a short stretch o*" 50 miles on Cceur
d'Alene Lake which is cro^^sed by steamer. After leaving the main line at Missoula,
the Northern Pacific runs its branch to the old Jesuit mission on the Coeur d'Alene

Old Mission landing, Cciur d'Alene River.

lUr"

482

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

Fort Sherman and lake CauR o'Alene.

river. From the latter point boats run down the stream seven miles to the lake of
the same name, and thence 47 miles to the town of Cceur d' Alene, where connection
is made by cars for Spokane.

The whole Cceur d' Alene district is of the picturesque order. Along the rail-
roads running through this section are foaming rivers, precipitous and overhanging

cliffs, deep and dark canyons, high forest-
covered mountains and narrow valleys. It is
in these mountain-enclosed valleys, with scarce-
ly sufficient area for a broad street, that the
towns of the district are located. The princi-
pal towns of the section are Wardner, Wallace,
Murray, Burke, Gem, Osborne and Mullan.
After leaving the last of these towns, Wardner,
the traveler journeying westward through the
CcEur d'Alenes reaches Mission Landing, where
still stands the old mission church erected
by the Jesuit Fathers many years ago. Neai this point the wild and romantic
grandeur of the mountains is broken by a charming vista of forest-inclose;^^; river and
a mountain-walled lake.

CcEur d' Alene Lake is one of the most beautiful and picturesque sheets of water
in the Northwest. It is 60 miles long and of an average width of but two and one-
half miles. It is surrounded by low wooded hills which gradually rise in height
until, in the background, mountains 8,000 or 9,000 feet greet the eye. The scenerj-
all along this lake is of the grandest order. Two important streams empty into this
lake. These are the St. Joseph and CcEur d'Alene rivers. The latter is navigable
for a distance of seven miles above its mouth. The St. Joseph river is navigable for
a much greater distance. It runs through a beautiful farming country and taps a
splendid timber district.

The Cceur d'Alene Indian reservation borders the lake for several miles. It
embraces a large area of the richest farming land, and is occupied by one of the most
intelligent and most advanced Indian tribes of the continent. At the foot of the lake
is located Fort Sherman, garrisoned with about 400 soldiers. Near Fort Sherman and
30 miles distant by rail from Spokane is located the attractive little city of Cceur d'
Alene. The country surrounding this beautiful alpine lake is remarkable in its
diversity of contour, its beauty and its grandeur. The rugged mountain peaks that
lie far beyond the gently sloping hills that enclose the limpid waters of the lake are
divided by enormous canyons thousands of feet deep. The country is one that
appeals with irresistible force to one of a romantic nature, and it is justly regarded
by tourists as one of the most attractive parts of the United States.

Wardner, Itlalio. — Wardner is a picturesque mining town occupying a site
extending along Milo gulch for a distance of nearly two miles. The town commences
at the point where the gulch opens into the South fork of the Cceur d'Alene river,
and ends near the famous Bunker Hill and Sullivan mines, two of the best known
properties of the Cceur d'Alene mining district.

It was the discovery of these two mines in 1886 that led to the establishment of a
town at Wardner. The main street of the town runs along what was once an old
trail leading up the center of the gulch and it is on this thoroughfare that nearly all

Wallace, Idaho.

483

■«5\''K^j'»^~'^

the buildings of Wardner a'-e erected. In the narrow gulch which the town occupies
there is barely room for a single street. Some of the houses are perched high up on
the side of the mountain, which slopes down to a point near the center of the main
street.

The population of Wardner is about 1,000. It is loi miles cast of Spokane and
145 miles west of Missoula. It is reached by the lines of the Union Pacific and the
Northern Pacific railroads. The features of Wardner that
attract attention are its school houses, its churches, its fine
electric light plant and water-works system, weekly news-
paper, its good hotels and its large retail stores.

In the vicinity of Wardner are five large, developed
mines and a hundred or more prospects which are tributary
to it. The greatest of these mines are the Bunker Hill and
Sullivan, two of the largest silver and lead-producers in the
United States. These mines are located on the sides of the
gulch in which the town is situated, one on either side of
the gulch. The concentrator of these mines has a cnpacity
of 700 tons per day. The ore is conveyed from the mines to
the concentrator a distance of nearly three miles, by means of iron buckets suspended
from a cable. The other four large mines of Wardner are all good producers of rich
silver-galena ore when in operation. These are the Last Chance, with a concentrator
which has a daily capacity of 150 tons, the Stemwinder, with a loo-ton concentrator,
the Tyler and the Sierra Nevada.

Wallace, Idaho. — Wallace is located in a beautiful valley at the junction of
the Canyon, Nine Mile and Placer creeks, with the South fork of the Cceur
d'Aleue river.

Fivt: narrow and deep canyons here open into the small and level valley which is
occupied by the townsite. It is up these canyons that some of the great silver and

lead mines of the Cceur d'Alenes are lo-

BuNKER Hill *no Sullivan Miitet,

WARDNER.

cated. Wallace is located on the Cceur
d'Alene branch of the Northern Pacific.
Between this point and Mission Landing
on the Cceur d'Alene river the company
operates a narrow-gauge railroad. The
distance between Wallace and Mission is
25 miles. Boats connect with the cars at
Mission for Coeur d'Alene City, from
which latter point cars run to Spokane.
Wallace is also a station on the Mullan
branch of the Union Pacific. Both of
these lines parallel each other touching
at nearly all the camps of the silver and
lead-producing belt. Branches of both
roads leave the main lines at Wallace
and run to Burke and Gem.
The population of Wallace is about r,2oo. It contains a number of handsome
residences and substantial brick business blocks. The streets are wide, are lined with
good sidewalks and are lighted by electricity. A supply of pure, mountain water is

View of Wallace.

ff"'

484

The Oreffonian's Handbook of the Pacific North , vest.

conveyed in pipes to the town from the • i:ighboring creeks.
Fire hydrants are conveniently located on the main streets,
and a volunteer fire department equipped with good appa-
ratus guarantees the town against fire. The Meihcdist and
Episcopal denominations have houses of worship here. The
school facilities of Wallace are of the first order, there being
established here two well conducted and largely attended
public schools.

CMURCH WALtACI.

A feature of Wallace is the Providence Miners' Union
Hospital, which occupies a large three-story brick structure with a handsome mansard
roof. The future of Wallace, like that of other mining camps of the Coeur d'Alcnes,
wholly depends on the price of silver and lead. With silver at 90 cents and lead $4
the mines here can be profitably worked. Near Wallace are a number of mines that have
already added hundreds of thousands of dollars to the wealth of the nation. Among
these mines is the Granite, owned by a Portland syndicate. The output of this mine
averages $23,000 per month when the price of silver is above 90 cents. Seven miles
northeast of Wallace is the Custer, another rich mine. The ore from this mine is con-
veyed by cable tramway to a 200-ton concentrator located three miles south of the mine
shaft. This property is supplied with the best of machinery and during its palmy days
yielded large regular returns to its owners. In Nine Mile Canyon near Wallace is a
a group of claims consisting of the Black Cloud, California, Monarch and Panhandle,
all of which would under favorable conditions become dividend-paying mines.

Tiger Mine, Burke.

Biirke, Idaho. — Burke is located on Canyon creek, eight miles north of Wal-
lace. It is reached from the latter place by spurs of the Union Pacific and Northern
Pacific railroads. The population of the town is about
700. It has a good hotel, water works, fire department
and a public school.

Immediately surrounding Burke is a rich mineralized
area, very little of which has been explored or developed,
Burke owes its birth to the discovery near this point of
the now famous Tiger and Poorman mines. In i883-'84
a stampede took place to the placer fields of the North
fork of the Coeur d'Alene river. The miners, on arriv-
ing at their destination, found that the richness of these

fields did not reach their expectations, and as a result many of the early comers left
the country at once. Among those who remained was John Carten, an old Montana
miner, who knew the value of a good prospect when he saw it. On his prospecting
tours he reached farther out into the mountains than the other prospectors, and in
the spring of 1884 he discovered a vein of rich galena ore on Canyon creek. This
was the first location of a quartz ledge in the CcEur d'Alenes. Carten subsequently
sold his discovery here for |35,ooo, and it is now known as the Tiger mine.

It cost $200,000 to open the Tiger mine and erect a concentrator on the property.
All of this money was expended before a ton of ore was shipped from the mine.
The concentrator here has a daily capacity of 130 tons. The mine produces 35 tons
of concentrates a day, which average 39 ounces in silver and 30 per cent. lead.

Mullan, Idaho.

48.'>

V-

P30RWAN Mine, Burke.

The Poorman mine was located soon after the
discovery of the Tiger. A large sum was also ex-
pended in developing the former mine and in equip-
ping it with machinery and in building a concentra-
tor on the property. The daily output of this mine is
45 tons of concentrates. This ore is of the same
average richness as is that of the Tiger. These two
mines arc among the best producing properties of
the Creu/ d'Alenes and the town of Burke is practi-
cally supported from their operation.

Osborne, Idaho. — Osborne is an attractive little town of the Coeur d'Alenes,
and is located on the South Fork of the Cneur d' Alene river. It is 107 miles east of Spo-
kane and 139 miles west of Missoula by the line of the Cceur d'Alene branch of the
Northern Pacific. It is also a station on the Mnllan branch of the Union Pacific.
The town contains a population of about 300. It is the diverging point from the rail-
road for the stage line connecting with Murray, in the heart of the gold belt.

Osborne has an excellent system of public schools for a place of its size, a church
and several handsome residences. The townsite occupies 320 acres. The town is
practically mountain-enclosed. Like every important town of the Cceur d'Alenes,
Osborne is the center of a rich mineral district. The three large mines here are the
Mineral Point, St. Elmo and Killbuck, all of which adjoin each other on the same
ledge on Mount Percnthesis. Other claims near Osborne, all of which are silver and
lead properties, are the Nellie, Knickerbocker, Daisy, Comet and War Eagle.

Gem, Idaho. — Located in Canyon creek, four r--'"^s from Wallace, is the town
of Gem, one of the most important mining camps of tue Coeur d'Alenes. Like all
the towns of this section, Gem is located in a narrow valley surrounded by high
mountains, far up on the sides of which, and overlooking the town hundreds of feet
below, are the houses of the Gem and other rich mines here.

Gem is reached by the Northern Pacific and Union
Pacific railroads. Its population now is about 500.
The mines located in the immediate vicinity of Gem
are the San Francisco, Granite, Black Bear, the Gem,
and the Formosa group. These mines when in opera-
tion furnish employment to over 300 men and they
have a capacity of 80 tons of concentrates a day.
Concentrators have been built on the Gem, Granite
and San Francisco mines. The ore from these mines
averages 30 ounces in silver and 50 per cent lead to
the ton. It is by the operation of these mines that
the town of Gem depends wholly for existence. When
the mines here are shut down the camp is practically deserted. When the mines are
in full operation, however, this is one of the most active and most prosperous towns of
the Cceur d'Alene district

Mullan, Idaho.— This important mining center of the Cceur d' Alenes is located
on the Coeur d'Alene branch of the Northern Pacific, 112 miles east of Spokane, and
128 miles west of Missoula. It is also the terminus of the Mullan branch of the
Union Pacific.

Gem Mine and Concenthator, Oem

i t

486

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacihc Northwest.

Nature has not only deposited enormous mineral wealth in the immediate vicin-
ity of Mullan, but it has made the site of the town a romantic and attractive loca-
tion. The town is built on the south fork of the C(fiur d'Alene river, in a small
valley of less than 40 acres in extent. Surrounding this valley arc high and rugged
peaks presenting almost every phase of wild mountain scenery. The little town of
500 people is the one bright spot in the center of the green rock-studded mountains
that surround it.

Mullan was settled in 1884, and it was named in honor of that intrepid and tal-
ented pioneer, John Mullan, the builder of the great Mullan road through this sec-
tion. Mullan is a progressive town. It contains a $3,000 school house, a handsome
Catholic cathedral, and a well cpnstructcd town hall. The lines of industry of the
town are represented by a sawmill, a shingle plant and a planing mill. The water
for use in the town is conveyed from a mountain stream by a flume to a reservoir
located 257 feet above the streets of the town. The gravity pressure of this water in
the hydrants is sufficient to throw a stream to considerable more than cover any
building in the place. This, with a well drilled volunteer fire department here, is
an absolute safeguard against fire. Mullan is lighted by about 350 incandescent
lamps.

In the immediate vicinity of Mullan is the Chloride Hill group of mines. This
group consists of the Morning, Evening and Night Grouse, Gettysburg, You Like,
Lucretia, Independence and other valuable properties. Among the other promising
mines and claims near the town are the Little Giant group on Silver creek, the Cen-
tral on Boulder gulch, the Paymaster, Keno, Jersey, Little Chip and Bullion on Hunter
gulch, the Daisy, Missoula and Black Diamond. The two largest and best known mines
here are the Gold Hunter and the Morning. The Gold Hunter was discovered by
J. D. Hunter, in 1885. Th»» mining district around Mullan is known as the Hunter
district, named in honor of the discoverer of the Gold Hunter. The Gold Hunter
is now owned by St. Paul capitalists. It has a daily output of about 100 tons of
ore. The concentrator connected with this mine has a daily capacity of 100 tons
per day.

The Morning mine here was purchased for |i2,ooo, and it is now valued at
$r,ooo,ooo. It is one of the best developed mines in the Coeur d' Alenes. The con-
centrator of this mine has a daily capacity of 100 tons.

The You Like is another good mine on which a large body of rich ore has been
uncovered. It is operated by a stock company with a capital of $1,000,000. All the
mines of this district are of average grade and yield about 30 ounces in silver and 58
per cent lead to the ton of concentrates,

Murray, Idafio. — Situated in a narrow valley, in the heart of the gold belt
of the CcEur d' Alenes, is the town of Murray, the seat of justice of Shoshone county.
Six miles from Murray, Pritchard creek, on which it is built, forms a junction with
the north fork of the Coeur d'Alene river. It was at this point that A. J. Pritchard
first discovered gold in tbe Cceur d' Alenes, in 1882. Since the country was first
opened to settlement Murray has remained the chief town and supply point for the
" North End," a term designating the gold districts bordering on P'itchard and Bea-
ver creeks and their tributaries. Murray, at the present time, is without railroad
connection. It is reached by stage from Osborne, a station on the Union and North-
em Pacific, 18 miles to the sovith. The lack of transportation facilities has been a
serious impediment to the development of the many rich quartz mines in the vicinity

Murray, Idaho.

487

of Murray. For this reason the exceptionally rich gold district of Bald Mountain ,
at the head of Eagle creek, has never been worked. In 1893 hundreds of miners,
who had been thrown out of employment by the closing down of the silver-produc-
ing properties of the Cceur d'Alenes turned their attention to placer mining along
Pritchard creek and its tributaries. These men made good wages at this work, thus
deoonstrating the richness of the district. Pritchard creek emplies into the North
Fork about two miles above the mouth of Beaver creek. It runs for about 13 miles
through the gulch containing the placer deposits which first attracted attention to
the Cceur d'Alenes. The mountains on either side of this and other gulches are
covered with what is called "old wash," being hf^avy deposits of gravel in which
large quantities of gold are found. This " wash " was either a prehistoric river bed
or the track of a moraine. As great a depth of gvavel as 150 feet has been found
here. Over $2,500,000 in gold has already been :aken from this ground by labor
on the rinirock ar :1 shallow gravel by part' ;s of uien working with primitive imple-
ments. The attention of capital and labor is now being largely directed toward
Murray district, and the waters of the neighboring lakes and rivers are being con-
'ucted to such points along this " old wash" as will allow the placer ground here
10 be fully tested and developed. It was not u'ltil
then that a successful attempt was made to reach
bedrock of these gravel deposits which are recog-
nized by all mining men to be exceedingly rich in
gold. A syndicate of capitalists is now working this
ground with the latest hydraulic appliances and
after the most approved methods of placer mining.
One company has constructed an extensive bedrock
flume along one of the sides of Eagle creek, which
is a tributary of Pritchard. Another company has
under consideration the building of a bedrock flume
eight miles in length along the main channel of
Pritchard creek. These and other enterprises now
under way have done much to make Murray a prosperous and important mining town.

The towT-. of Murray itself is an attractive place, surrounded by romantic moun-
tain scenery. It is built in a gulch, from which steep timber-covered mountains
rise to a height of over 3,000 feet. One principal street runs through the town, on
which the business houses front. The remainder of the narrow valley here in which
the town is built is occupied by residences, some of which are crowded well up on
the mountain side. Like other progressive mining camps, Murray possesses excel-
lent school facilities, several churches, and good hotel accommodations. It now
claims a population *■ about 1,200. The discovery of the placer mines here was
followed later by the inding of lodes from which the gold originally came. There
are now several gooc' paying quartz mines in the vicinity of Murray. One of the
best known of these is the Mother Lode, on which a lo-stamp mill has been located.
This mine has already produced about $275,000. Other good properties here are
the Golden Chest, with a lo-stamp mill, the Golden King, also with a lo-stamp
mill, the Idaho, with a 20-stamp mill, and the Fay Templeton, with a 25-foot Hunt-
ington mill.

The Buckeye group of mines, at the head of Dream gulch, are paying gold pro-
ducers, as are the Occident and Treasure Box, adjoining the Mother Lode. It now
requires large capital to work the placer mines of Murray district, as water in great

MOTHER Lode Mill, Murray.

1 1 ^

488

The Oreg-onian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

M-iN Street, Moscow, looking North rnjM Fourth

quantities for working the deposits here has to be brought from great distances.
The Cceur d'Alene Mining Company are working the placers of Fancy gulch, near
Muiray. Their water is conveyed to the gravel deposits, by ditch and flume, for ii
miles, a fall of So feet being obtain'^d. In Dream gulch, the Spokane Hydraulic
Pipe Company have expended over $250,000 in grounds and improvements. Eight
miles of 16-inch pipe are used to convey the water to their grounds, which yield
an average of 37 cents per cubic yard from surface to bedrock. The increased
activity in gold mining here, in 1893, which resulted from the depression in the
silver districts of the Cceur d'Alenes, is exerting a powerful influence in Murray's
advancement. The town is today one of the important mining centers of Idaho,
and the attraction of capital to the rich gold district of which it is the base of ope-
rations, is an assurance of the permanence and prosptr tus future of the camp.

Moscow, Idaho. — Owing to its favorable location at the west end of Paradise
valley, Moscow has been frequently styled the " City of Paradise," a term that any-
one who has ever visited the town will admit is aptly chosen. Ap-
proaching this sightly city by cither of the
parallel lines of railroad, the Union Pacific
or the Northern Pacific, the traveler is at
once struck with vhe beauty of Moscow's lo-
cation and also by the imposing appearance
which the city itself presents as a whole.
Many new and tov/ering brick blocks rise
above the lower structures of the city and
the place has every aspect of a solidly built
and prosperous center of trade.

Although Moscow's population at the present writing is barely 3,500, the first
impression of the stranger visiting the city, is that the place is much larger. This is
owing to the unusupl size of some of the buildings here which are seldom found in a
city of Moscow's population.

Thirteen years ago Moscow was a mere trading point and as late as 1889 the popu-
lation of the place hardly exceeded t,ooo. The rapid growth of the city since that
time has not been attended by a boom. It was a natural result of the development
of this portion of the Palouse country in the most fertile portion ot >7liich Moscow
is located, and the building to this point of two important lines of railroad, the
Spokane & Palouse branch of the Northern Pacific, and the branch of the Union
Pacific, which now connects with the main line of the Wash-
ington division at Colfax. Moscow is the terminus of the Union
Pacific branch, while the Spokane & Palouse extends beyond
this poirt south for 31 miles to Juliaetta. Between Juliaetta
and Lewiaton the line for the extension of this road is almost
all graded, a distance of 25 miles. Lewiston is the head of nav-
igation on the Snake river, and it has long been one of the
most important cities of Northern Idaho. When the line shall
be completed clear through to Lewiston, a large extent of the
richest country in the state will be opened to settlement, and as
this country is developed it will do a Iprge part of its trading with Moscow.

The town of Moscow, although young, is already a rich center of population.
Its asoessed valuation is now placed at about |i ,500,000. It boasts of three retail and job-

HioH School. i.ioscow.

Moscow, Idaho,

489

, I

i^*;. ,

Jlfff

•^^t

Public School, Moscow.

bing stores, each of which occupies quarters covering a full block of land. These
stores carry stocks of goods valued at from $ioo,oao to $200,000 each. No less than
four banks iire doing business here on a solid basis. The city has nine warehouses
and two elevators, while the average annual wheat receipts here aggregate from
1,000,000 to 1,500,000 bushels. In addition to wheat there is yearly handled at this
point 50,000 bushels of flax seed and 40,000 bushels of barley.

Among the public improvements noted at Moscow is a fine system of water works
that cost $45,000. The water, furnished by artesian wells, is pumped into a standpipe
which is located on an elevation 75 feet above the main street
and is 80 feet in height. 1 he mains extending throughout the
city are six inches in diameter. Hydrants are located at the
principal street corners and the p-essure is sufiiciently strong in
these mains to throw water over the highest buildings of the city.
The city has an excellent fire department, an arc and incandescent
electric light system, and has all the modern improvements ever
found in a place of this size.

Moscow is the seat of justice of I atah county. A block of ground has already
been appropriated for a court house h^re, and a building for county purposes has been
erected on this ground at a cost of $25,000. Moscow's educational advantages are
unsurpassed. The new state university is located here. An illustration of this
building, together with an article descriptive of it, is published in connection with the
present article. There are two public school buildings in the city, one of which is a
frame structure which cost $12,000, and the other is a brick high school the erection
of which involved an outlay of $30,000. An excellent system of grades has been
adopted in these schools, and 1 competent corps of teachers is constantly employed
here. The average daily attendance of scholars at the public schools of the city
is 800.

Moscow has a number of fine church edifices. The denomin-
ations represented are the Presbyterian, Baptist, two Methodist,
Christian, Congregational, Episcopal, Catholic, Seventh Day Ad-
ventist and Dunkards. A strong organization of th° Young Men's
Christian Af-sociation is maintained here. The press is also well
represented in the three weekly publications, T/ie North Idaho
Star, The Democrat and The Mirror. Moscow is well supplied
with hotel accommodations, having a new $30,000 hotel building
and three other good hotel structures.

Moscow impresses one as possessing more of a metropolitan appearance than
perhaps any other city of equal size in the Pacific Northwest. Its moral and social
features are in striking contrast to what is usually found or expected in cities of
equal population. It is a good business point, as is demonstrated by the fact that
three large and successful jobbing houses are established here. The territory that
is necessarily tributary is vast in extent, and the trade of this fertile section is
rapidly increasing. Moscow is already the largest city in Northern Idaho, and it
gives promise of leading in population among the cities of the state within the next
few years.

Hon. I. C. HatTahaugh.— The Commercial Bank, of Moscow, was organized in
1889, with a capital of $50,000. Its surplus and undivided profits are now $20,000.
The bank has paid a semi-annual dividend of 6 per cent ever since its establish-

EPiscoPAL Church,

MOSCOW.

1
.1.' K I

■■ i

490

The Oregonian^s Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

raent. The officers are I,
and I. A. Funk, cashier.

COMMERCIAL BANK, MOSCOW.

C. Hattabaugh, president, George Laugdon, vice-president,
The president of the Commercial Bank, Hon. I. C. Hatta-
baugh, is a representative and prominent citizen of
Moscow, inasmuch as there are but few undertak-
ings of public enterprise here with which he has
not been conspicuously identified. Mr. Hattabaugh
was born in Indiana in 185 1, and he received a
high school education. He is a democrat in poli-
tics and enjoys the distinction of being the only
one of his party elected to office, that of county
treasurer, at the last state election. Latah county
is strongly republican, but Mr, Hattabaugh ran
ahead of his ticket 500 votes. Mr. Hattabaugh is
a member of the board of regents of the State
University. He is grand master of the Masonic
order of Idaho, and he is prominently identified
with several business enterprises of Moscow whose
success has been largely due to his sagacious efforts.

R. S. Browne. — The Moscow National Bank was organized in 1891 with a capital
stock of $75,000. Its officers are R. S. Browne,
president ; J. H. Maguire, vice-president ; C. S.
Scott, Cashier; and C. M. Browne, assistant cashier.
Mr. Browne, the president, is one of the shrewdest
financiers of the Northwest, and he has been
offered at various times positions with some of the
strongest banks in the city of Portland, Oregon.
Mr. Browne was born in Portland, Michigan, in
1862, where he received his education in the high
schools. Twelve years i.go he came to Moscow
and identified himself with the well-known firm
of McConnell & Maguire. Afterwards he accepted
a position as cashier of the First National Bank
of Moscow, and later was instrumental in organiz-
ing the Moscow National and Savings Bank, of
which institution he is now president. Mr. Browne
has been treasurer of Latah county for three terms and he now holds the office of
treasurer of the regents of the University of Idaho.

W. W. Watkins. — There is perhaps no more prominent man in Moscow than
Dr. W. W. Watkins. He has earned the distinction among his fellow citizens of
being foremost in almost every stroke of public enterprise that requires some one to
lead. Dr. Watkins is a native of New Hampshire, having been born- in that stale in
1846. He received his literary and medical education in the city of St. Louis, where
he took his last degree in the study of medicine in 1872. He practiced in St. Louis
until recent years, when he came to Moscow, where hi has at^^nined marked prominence
as a physician and surgeon. Notwithstanding the arduous toil necessarily entailed
by a successful physician. Dr. Watkins has always found time outside his practice to
spend pro bono publico. He is an ardent republican and was chairman of the first
state convention held in Idaho, He is president of the Moscow chamber of com-

R. S. Browne, President Moscow National Bank,

Moscow, Idaho,

491

W. W. WATKINS, M. D., MOSCOW.
SECRETARY BOARD OF REGENTS. UNIVERSITY OF IDAHO.

uierce and is secretary and member of the board of
regents of the Idaho State University. Dr. Wat-
kins is a prominent Knight Templar and is a
member of the Odd Fellows. He has accumulated
considerable property in both Idaho and California,
an evidence of the success which has aiways at-
tended his practice as a physician.

The University of Idaho. — For a young
state to repeat the mistakes of its elders is inex-
cusable. Many states, yielding to sectional clamor,
have materially and permanently weakened their
educational powers by trying to maintain several
so-called institutions for higher education. Such
schools necessarily become ill-fed pensioners upon
the public bounty. They are purely local and
consequently poorly patronizerl, disappointing local
expectations both as to their value in a commercial sense and their rank as institu-
tions of learning.

Idaho has wisely chosen to concentrate its support of higher education upon its
university, with the hope of making it a school of commanding influence, an expec-
tation that present appearances fully justify, for no institution -^ver made a more
auspicious beginning or more quickly won popular confidence and support. The

University of Idaho has been peculiarly fortunate from the
first in having representative men of the state upon the regency,
men of personal honor and business methods to manage its

affairs and to shape its destiny. It is the
unwritten but effectual law of the state
that political subserviency and religious
emulations must not enter into the man-
agement of the university. So we find
the governor of the state making his bi-
ennial appointments of regeuts solely in
the interests of the university.

Hon. Willis Sweet, M. C, was the
first president of the board of regents, re-
signing on account of his public duties in
favor of Philip Tillinghast, Esq., whose
training in Columbia College and profes-
sional experience admirably qualify him
for the position. W. W. Watkins, M. D.,
the efficient secretary of the board, is a man of tireless activity and unbounded de-
votion to the institution. The other regents, I. C. Hattabaugh, Moscow, C. W. Shaff,
AI. D., Lewiston, J. F. Ailshie, Grangeville, Sherman M. Coffin, Caldwell, H. H.
Hoff, Montpelier, A. A. Crane, Harrison, and A. J. Crook, Clayton, are their worthy
co-workers.

The University was opened to students October 3, 1892, with a faculty consisting
of the president, F. B. Gault, and one professor. A yea*- later the institution had 12
professors and instructors. Here again the regents showed complete freedom from

University of Idaho, Moscow.

492

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

( '

personal and political interests by canvassing the country for the best possible
qualified men and women for teachers. It takes teachers to make a school, a fact
that is often overlooked. These professors have graduated from the leading colleges
of this country, some of them adding foreign study and travel to their preparation.
Beginning without equipment of any kind, the libraries, laboratories and other
facilities are now worth over $10,000, and well selected additions are being made con-
stantly.

The main university building is one of the finest college buildings in the coun-
try." It is built of brick, the interior finish being in California redwood. Being four
stories in height, in length 180 feet and in width 122 feet, the building contains about
50 bright, cheerful rooms, admirably adapted to school purposes. It is heated by
steam, lighted by electricity,' and supplied with artesian water. Toilets, lavatories,
cloak rooms and all the improvements and conveniences that characterize modern
public buildings are supplied.

A choice of five collegiate courses of sttidy is already offered students. These
courses, which will be enlarged in scope as circumstances permit are the classical, the
scientific, the civil engineering, the agricultural and the English, the latter embrac-
ing courses in political, financial, ethical and sociological sciences and designed
especially for teachers, business men and those preparing for public life. While it is
the intention to give thorough classical training, the institution will make its courses
in the English classics, the sciences and those subjects pertaining to the industries
of life and the public questions of the day particularly strong and inviting.

The university is located in a dry climate at an altitude a little less than 3,000
feet. The climate is an agreeable relief from the arid regions and the higher altitudes
and from the humid climate along the Pacific coast. There is no climate in the
world more conducive to effective study. If Idaho shall wisely maintain its present
policy as to higher education, the University of Idaho is destined to become one of
the leading schools of the great West.

Kenrtrlek, Idaho. — The distance from Moscow to Kendrick, which is situated
in Latah county, is 26 miles by the line of the Spokane & Palouse branch of the
Northern Pacific. This road extends for a distance of four miles beyond Kendrick

to Juliactta, a small town of perhaps 250 people. A part of the
route between Moscow and Kendrick, possibly ten or more
miles, lies through a narrow defile or canyon along the water-
course known as Potlatch creek. It is in this canyon that the
town of Kendrick is located. The stranger visiting this point
for the first time is led to inquire, on what can a town located
here be supported ? On either side of Kendrick rise sharp hills
to an elevation of about 1,500 feet. Outside of the railroad
route the place is seemingly inaccessible and yet the condition
of the business enjoyed by the town shows this to be one of the most prosperous
points of the state.

An easy ride over one of the numerous winding highways which reach the top of
the hills back of Kendrick is the best educator on the subject of Kendrick 's prosperity.
As far as the eye can reach from the summits of these hills stretch away the rich
lands and well kept farms of the district which pours all its wealth into the coflFers of
its principal trading center, Kendrick. This land is gently rolling as is all of the
good wheat land of Eastern Washington, and it comprises one of the most fertile

Public Schooi, Kendrick.

; -l

Kendn'ck, Idaho.

493

sections of the coast. This land when properly cultivated yields from 30 to 60 bnsh-
els of wheat to the acre, and in this district are situated fine farms, well kept orchards
and it is occupied by a well-to-do and progressive set of farmers. In plain view of
the summits of the hills back of Kendrick is the Nez Perces Indian reservation, only
six miles distant from Kendrick. This reservation comprises fine lauds, its total
area being about 500,000 square acres. Those who are thoroughly acquainted with the
wonderful productiveness of the soil of the Potlatch district of which Kendrick is
the trading and banking center, look forward with considerable interest to the time
when the lands of this reservation will be thrown open to settlement. It is hoped
that this will be done within the next two years. The opening of this reservation
would largely increase the general prosperity of the entire section tributary to Ken-
drick and it would also insure a greater degree of importance to the town itself than
this place now enjoys.

No less than six "ridges" or narrow strips of agricultural land, separated by
canyons, converge at Kendrick. Good county roads connect the town with all
these outlying districts. The names applied to these several "ridges" are the Pot-
latch, Cedar creek, Texas, Big Bear, Little Bear and American. The soil of all the
lands on these *' ridges " is noted for its wonderful fertility and it will produce all
the cereals and fruits such as peaches, apples, pears, plums, quinces, prunes, cherries
and smaller fruits in great abundance. It is estimated that at least 1,500 square miles
of land is tributary to Kendrick and the character of this tributary section is such
that its trade can never go to any other point but Kendrick. In addition to this,
Kendrick is also the nearest trading point for the Boulder, Ruby and Cedar mining
districts. The section tributary to this town is also rich in timber, and within 20
miles of the place are hundreds of acres of valuable white pine, which is yet practi-
cally untouched.

Kendrick's location is a strong one. The merchants here have no fears of a rival
town springing up at a near point, and the trade that comes here cannot well go any-
where else. The trade of the place being in the staple lines of an agricultural com-
munity where crops never fail, the people here do not suffer from the financial
depressions which with annoying regularity worry the banks and business men of
other less favored localities. The town of Kendrick is today less than four years old.
Two years ago the place was almost entirely wiped out of existence by a fire, and its
growth has practically been compassed within the two years past. It now contains
about 700 people, and is substantially and handsomely built up. Several good busi-
ness blocks line the main street, and the merchants here carry large and well assorted
stocks of goods. The town has the benefit of good water works, a fine electric light
plant and supports a weekly newspaper, The Gazette. Two Methodist, one Presby-
terian and one United Brethren churches are established at Kendrick. The town has
the advantage of excellent public schools and the many public improvements which
have been made here are in keeping with the progressive policy of the citizens who
have built a town at this point.

Kendrick now contains a flouring mill, with a daily capacity of 50 barrels, and
three grain warehouses. During the past year (1893), the shipments of wheat from
this point amounted to about 500,000 bushels. The Spokane & Palouse railroad line
which was completed to this point in 1891, has given a great impetus to the growth
of the rich section of country in which Kendrick is located and it is this railroad
which is responsible for a large part of the prosperity which the town now enjoyB.

Vi\

W,'\

494

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

f 1

First National Bank, Kendrick.

The First Nationai^ Bank. — The First National Bank of Kendrick was organ-
ized in August, 1892, with a capital stock
of 150,000. Its undivided profits now ex-
ceed $6,000. The officers of the bank are
F. N. Gilbert, president, A. T. Gilbert, vice-
president, Matthew Jacobs, cashier, and A.
W. Gordon, assistant cashier. The First
National Bank, through the financial prom-
inence of its stockholders and the conserva-
tism of the cashier, Mr. Jacobs, has won
the confidence of a long list of depositors
since the date of its organization, and is now
on the strongest of financial footings and is
justly popular with its customers.
HoTEi. St. Elmo.— The Hotel

St. Elmo is a new and practically

fire-proof two-story brick hotel. It

contains 32 neatly furnished rooms,

all of which are lighted by elec-
tricity. It is the only hotel in

Kendrick and is conducted on a

strictly first-class plan. M. C.

Normoyle is the proprietor and he

is a hotel man of I'jng experience.

Guests at this hotel are conveyed

to and from trains and they receive

the most courteous attention while

stopping at this popular house.

Potter & Coutts. — The well-known firm of Potter & Coutts are authority 011
all matters pertaining to real estate, loans, insurance, investments and collections in
the country tributary to Kendrick. This firm has now been engaged in business in
Kendrick for three years. Mr. Potter, the senior member, is one of the original
owners of the towusite of Kendrick. Mr. Coutts, the junior member, is an attorney
at law. All communications addressed to this reliable firm will receive prompt
attention.

E. S. Crumbaker. — Mr. E. S. Crumbaker is an attorney at law and gives
special attention to collections and real estate as vvell as investments and insurance.
Mr. Crumbaker will be glad to reply to all inquiries concerning Kendrick of what-
ever nature.

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HOTEL St. Elmo, Kendrick.

Iiewlston, IdaliO. — The history of Lewiston, the capital of Nez Perces
county, Idaho, dates back vs far as i860, or to the time when gold discoveries
were first made in the Oro Fino and Florence districts 80 miles to the east. By the
latter part of May, 1862, it is claimed that 20,000 people had flocked to the scenes of
these early mining operations and the yield of gold from these diggings was reported
at $7,000,000. Lewiston owes its location to the fact that it is at the head of naviga-
tion on the Snake river, and it was from this point that the thousands of early gold
hunters who had come up the river from the coast found their chief outfitting station.

Lewiston, Idaho.

495

Nez perces county Couht House,
Lewiston,

During the early days of her existence, Lewiston en-
joyed a remarkably rapid growth, though perhaps a little
of the mushroom order. During the height of the gold
excitement in Norther:^ Idaho the town boasted of a popu-
lation of fully 10,000. today, Lewiston contains scarcely
more than 1,500 people, and yet it is now one of the pros-
perous and solid town? of the northern part of the state. It
is the wealthiest town in proportion to population in the
state. The assessed valuation here shows real estate valued
at 1750,000. This is conceded to be about one-third the
actual value of the property assessed. The 300 vc s of
Lewiston, perhaps, make up the majority of land owners here. The assessment rolls
accredit $2,500 worth of taxable property to each of these voters, property that, at
its actual valuation, is conceded to be worth |7,5oo. Lewiston challenges the world
for a parallel statement. The people here are all prosperous and happy and, with-
out the aid of railroad connection, Lewiston is conceded to be one of the richest
inland cities of the coast.

Lewiston is located at the confluence of the Snake and Clearwater rivers, each
of which streams carries a sufficient volume of water to float large steamers. A regu-
lar line of steamboats operates on the Snake river between Lewiston and Riparia,
connection being made with the Union Pacific railroad at the latter point. The
elevation of Lewiston is but 700 feet above sea level, while rising on all sides of the
town are plateaus of the richest farming land of a general altitude of from 2,000 to
4,000 feet. The winters of Lewiston are not cold, the thermometer seldom dropping
here below zero, while the summers are not uncomfortably hot.

The soil of the lands idjacent and tributary to Lewiston is excellent in quality.

It is deep and, without the aid of irrigation , yields large crops of cereals and grasses.

In certain parts of the countr}' tributary to Lewiston crops during seasons of pro-
tracted drought have suffered, but it is claimed by those
who have given the subject the most careful attention here
that irrigation can easily be provided for these arid belts at
a small expense. The valley lands in the vicinity of Lewis-
ton are especially adapted to fruit raising. These lands
produce with the most lavish abundance almost every
variety of deciduous fruits. The climate and soil combine
here to make fruit raising a very profitable industry. The
grapes, peaches, apricots and melons of the Snake River
valley are famous, while apples, pears, prunes, cherries and
all the smaller fruits grow as well here as on any part of the

coast. Grapes yield as high on these lands as six tons to the acre, while the peach

crop never fails, and the quality of the peaches raised here vies with that of the finest

peach crops of New Jersey.

The transportation problem is one which the people of Lewiston have vainly
attempted to solve for many years past. A tri-weekly steamer now runs between
Lewiston and Riparia, a six-hours' ride down the river, where close connection is
made with the Union Pacific railroad, on the through line betwen Portland and Spo-
kane. Two daily stage lines, one of which is run to connect with the Northern
Pacific trains, make the trip from Lewiston to Uniontown, a station on the line of

Public School, Lewiston.

i I

496

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

First m e. Chuhch, lewiston.

the Northern Pacific, 12 miles distant. It is probable, however, that Lewiston will
enjoy railroad communication with the outer world at an early day in the future.

The Northern Paci.ic has already built to Juliaetta, in the
Potlatch district, a point within 25 miles of Lewiston. The
citizens of Lewiston have raised a cash bonus of $75,000,
to be paid to the Northern Pacific on condition that the
road be completed to Lewiston by January of the present
year. The roadbed is partially graded, but owing to the
prevailing stringency in the money market during the past
year, the Northern Pacific was unable to earn the subsidy.
The time will probably be extended, however, and although
the road is now in the hands of a receiver, the short con-
nection between Juliaetta may be finished during the present year.

Lewiston is solidly built. The main street is graced with a number of two and
three story brick blocks. Main street, the principal business thoroughfare, is broad
and well kept. It is fully two miles long, and beyond the business section of the
city is lined with handsome residences with ample and well kept surrounding yards.
The street is well shaded on either side with the Lombardy silver poplars. Lewis-
ton contains two national banks, which are on the strongest of
financial footings. A complete system of water works, which cost
$too,ooo, is owned by citizens of the town. The supply of water
here is inexhaustible, and the pressure is ample for protection
Bgainst fire. Lewiston has a good fire department and an electric
light system. Among the manufacturing industries of the
city may be mentioned a patent roller-process flouring m:l\
a brewery, two saw mills, a planing mill and machine works.
Other important factors that contribute to Lewiston 's pros-
perity, are two daily stage lines to Uniontown, one daily
stage line to Camas prairie, and stages daily to Moscow,
Genesee, Asotin and Pomeroy, and a tri-weekly line to the
Potlatch country. A department of the United States land
office, for the counties of Nez Perces, Idaho and Latah, is

also established at this point. Lewiston also boasts of a branch of the supreme court
of the state. The town is the distributing center for a large area of rich country,
and it is the headquarters for the immense logging interests which annually handle
large drives of logs on the Clearwater river.

Lewiston is justly proud of her excellent educational advantages. The public
schools are of the first order in their appointments. The average attendance at
the public schools of the city is about 200. The last session of the Idaho state
legislature designated Lewiston as the place where the State Normal School should
be located. The state endowed this institution with the revenue to be derived
from 50,000 acres of land. The buildings for the normal school here will be erected
during the present year. The St. Alcysius Academy, a Catholic institution, was
first opened to students in the fall of 1883. The attendance at this school has stead-
ily increased each year since it was first opened. Lewiston boasts of some very hand-
some church edifices, among which may be mentioned the First Methodist, the Meth-
odist Episcopal South, the Episcopal, Presbyterian and Catholic.

Lewiston supports two good weekly newspapers, The Teller and The Tribune
it has two hotels and two livery stables.

Episcopal Church, Lewiston.

GrangeviUe and Camas Prairie, Idaho.

4J>7

The following figures, obtained from the United States land office at Lewiston,
will furnish satisfactory information of the amount of land tributary to this town.
In Nez Perces county there have been surveyed : fruit
and garden lauds, 20,000 acres; grain land, 40,000 acres ;
grazing land, 54,945 acres, making a total of surveyed
land in the county of 114,945 acres. In addition to
this there are in the county 350,000 acres of unsurveyed
grazing lands. On Craig's Mountain there have been
surveyed 75,000 acres of grain and timothy lands, and
125,000 acres of grazing lands on the mountain are still
unsurveyed. On Nez Perces Indian Reservation, in Nez
Perces county, there are 385,000 acres of agricultural,
timber and grazing lands, making a grand total of
1,049,945 acresof land which can be considered tributary
to this town.

Presbyterian Church. Lewiston.

Granfjeville and Camas Prairie. — Idaho county occupies a central
position in the state of the same name. It reaches from the boundary line of Oregon
on the west to the dividing line between Idaho and Montana on the east, a distance
of about 200 miles, while the length of the county from north to south is about the
same, the shape of the county being nearly square. While the surface of a large
portion of Idaho county is rugged and mountainous, yet the largest body of agri-
cultural land in the state lying in one piece is found in Idaho county. This fertile
belt is what is known as Camas prairie. It is with this remarkable section of land
that the present article has to deal.

Camas prairie can be reached at the present time only by stage from Lewiston,
which is located in Nez Perces county, on the Snake river. A few miles above Lewis-
ton is the mouth of Salmon river. The Lewiston and GrangeviUe stage line extends
in a southeasterly direction from Lewiston, running between the Salmon and Clear-
water rivers. Forty miles above Lewiston the stage crosses the dividing line between
Ntz Perces and Idaho counties. For one-half of this distance the road crosses a
country of low elevation and prairie-like character, a greater portion of the land of
which is now under cultivation. At the boundary line of Idaho county the foot of
Craig's Mountain is reached. This elevation is ascended by a circuitous though not
a precipitous county roadway. Near the summit Lake Waha, a crystal sheet of

blue water abounding in gamy fish and sur-
rounded by the most picturesque charms of na-
ture, is passed. The shores of this lake are
fast becoming a popular summer resort for the
people of the surrounding country.
The summit of Craig's Mountain is
reached from the lake by easy grades.
On top of the mountain are a few
miles of very easy traveling, through
fields of hay and waving fields of grain,
over prairie and table-lands. This is
the great plateau of the summit.
STOCK SCENE, cam«8 pRAiHrE. Tfac first vlcw of Camds prairie from

any part of the stage route is obtained when Cottonwood butte is reached on

..;i. \

gtr

498

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

the descent of the eastern slope of Craig's Mountain. It is safe to venture the
assertion that the traveler who has arrived at this point for the first time will uncon-
sciously pause and meditate for some moments on the grandeur of the landscape
that is suddenly presented to his view here. The scene from Cottonwood butte is
truly an inspiring one. Spread before the beholder is a section of country 30 miles
in length and about 20 miles wide. On a clear day these thousands of acres of gently
undulating land, dotted here and there with settlements, and on which large bands
of horses and cattle are contentedly feeding, with their waving fields of wheat, oats,
barley, flax or timothy, form a panorama that is more entrancing than is the greatest
painting of the master artist. To the south from this point are seen the snow-capped
peaks of the Salmon River Mountains, and towering still above these lofty elevations
are the sawtooth eminences of the Seven Devils. Far to the east are the lofty heights
of the Bitter Root Range, which merges into the CcEur d'Alene Mountains on the
north and which joins Craig's Mountain on the west. This magnificent circle of
mountains is unbroken with the exception of easy passes here and there which will
in the near future furnish open gateways for the entry of railroad lines to Camas
prairie, one of the most fertile sections of the West.

As before stated, Camas prairie is about 30 miles long and about 20 miles in width.
It lies between the Salmon and Clearwater rivers, streams which parallel each other,
the Salmon river running on the south and the Clearwater on the north and east.
The distance between these streams at the point where they come closest to each
other is 30 miles. These rivers flow through deep canyons. The Camas prairie is
reached from these water-courses by following the courses of the several creeks
which find their source along the foothills of the mountains back and which empty
into the larger streams below.

The topography of Camas prairie is best described as being of a gently rolling
character. The bedrock below the soil is basalt of volcanic origin, while the sur-
face above this is a deep, black loam of the same character as is found on the best
lands of the famous Palouse wheat belt of Washington. This soil produces remark-
able yields of all kinds of cereals and grasses, fruits and vegetables. Camas prairie
is well watered by the Cottonwood, Three Mile, Butcher and John's creeks, which
flow through it and empty into the Clearwater and Grave creeks and the waters of
Rocky canyon, which flow into Salmon river. A bountiful supply of well water is
obtained on the prairie in almost any locality at depths varying from 10 to 60 feet.
The altitude of Camas prairie is about 3,000 feet above sea level. The climate of this
part of the state is by no means severe. Frosts seldom appear here before Decem-
ber, and the snowfalls during the winter months are not heavy and snow seldom
remains on the ground here longer than a week at a time. The warm chinook winds
blowing up from the southwest and the currents of warm air which rises from the
river canyons below tend to greatly temper the rigors of winter on Camas prairie.

The population of Camas prairie at the present time does not exceed 4,000.
Owing to lack of railroad connection with the outside world, the farmers here
now give their attention principally to stock raising, although sufficient products
of agriculture are raised to amply meet the local demands. The sale of sur-
plus stock in this section is annually increasing and it now averages yearly about
$100,000 in value.

The mineral resources of Idaho county are worthy of more than passing notice
in the present article, owing to the proximity and accessibility of these mineral

Grangeville and Camas Prairie, Idaho.

499

deposits to Camas prairie. The excitement attending the discovery of the placer
gold-fields of Oro Fino, Elk City, Florence and Warrens diggings here in the early
6o's will be remembered by many of the old residents of the Northwest. Although
placer mining is now on the decline, recent valuable quartz discoveries in these same dis-
tricts and the active preparation already made for their development promise a
greater activity in mining in these districts than was noted 30 years ago. In
the Warrens district several valuable gold-quartz ledges are now being worked at a
profit, although at something of a disadvantage owing to the lack of wagon roads
and the consequent heavy cost of hauling supplies to the mines. A state wagon
road has just been completed at a cost of $50,000, which will reach these mines.
This road is about ready to be opened to travel and it will undoubtedly give a great
impetus to the working of the valuable quartz mines of Idaho county.

A very rich section of Idaho county is the Alton mining district. It is noted for
its rich ledges and it only awaits the building of wagon roads to become a very prom-
inent mining section. The Elk City district lies in the foothills of the Bitter Root
Mountains and is regarded by experts as being remarkably rich in surface display.
A road to this district is assured during the present year (1894). The completion of
this road will give Camas prairie means of communication with one of the most
promising mineral belts of the Pacific coast. The famous Seven Devils mines
are copper properties. Active preparations are now being made to develop these
mines on a large scale.

The timber resources of Idaho county are apparently inexhaustible. The western
slope of the Bitter Root Mountains alone is covered with a dense growth of pine, fir,
tamarack and cedar. This timber belt is about 100x80 miles in extent. The forests
here are easily accessible and they contain sufficient timber to meet the demands of
this section for many years in the future.

The towns of Camas prairie will always remain the principal supply points for all
the vast mineral and timber sections of countrj' back of this belt of rich agricultural
land. Camas prairie is the only bodj* of agricultural land between Lewiston prairies
and the mining districts of Montana and it is also the only fertile belt separating the
great mineral section of Northern and Southern Idaho. The prevailing cheapness
of land in this prairie at the present time will undoubtedly attract a large immigra-
tion to this part of the state during the present year. The finest ranches, all under
fence and with the usual farm improvements can yet be bought here for from $10 to
|20 an acre. Wild and unimproved lands on the prairie find a ready sale at from $5
to $8 an acre. Three years ago these lands could have been purchased at less than
one-half their present selling price and three years hence it is not unreasonable to
expect that they will as readily bring twice the amount they are today being sold for.
The population of Camas prairie is rapidly increasing and immediate prospects of
railroad connection with the outside world promise quite a boom for this section
in the near future. There is now but little desirable government land on Camas
prairie.

The soil of Camas prairie is a black loam varying in thickness from a few inches
to several feet. The subsoil is clay and is about 18 inches in depth. The land here
produces a fine bunchgrass which is self-curing and very nutritious. Cattle and
horses range on the natural pasturage almost during the entire year without attention.
Some of the finest breeds of cattle and the best grades of horses are raised on Camas
prairie. The surplus stock is rounded up every spring and fall and is driven to Lew-

'■\ 1

500

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

iston or Genesee, distant about 65 miles, and shipped from these points by the Union
or Northern Pacific railroads to different parts of Oregon, Washington or Idaho.
Large bands of horses are frequently bunched and driven to Montana or Dakota
where they command prices ranging from $15 a head for cay uses to $300 a span for
blooded mares. The principal crop now raised on Camas prairie is timothy. The
cereals do well here, wheat averaging from 30 to 60 bushels to the acre, oats 50 to 75
bushels and barley 60 bushels.

Adjoining Camas prairie on the north and east is the Nez Perces Indian reserva-
tion, \<rhich contains 765,000 acres of land. At least three- fourths of this land is sus-
ceptible of a high state of cultivation. There are todaj* about 1,800 Indians in the
Nez Perces tribe which is recognized as one of the most prosperous, industrious and
intelligent of the primitive American race. The Indians here have already received
their allotments of land in severalty. The remaining lands of the reservation, com-
prising about 500,000 acres, will soon be thrown open to settlement by congress.
This land is among the finest in the Northwest. The people of Camas prairie, as
well ai others interested in the development of this part of the state, are urging con-
gress to speedy action in the matter of appropriating this land, and it is hoped that
the national government will take some action on this matter during the present
session of congress. A large portion of the reservation is directly tributary to Camas
prairie. It lies directly between Camas prairie and Snake river. It is felt that the
opening of the lands of this reservation to settlement will alone insure Camas prairie
speedy railroad connection. Both the Northern and the Union Pacific have already
made surveys for extending their lines into the Camas prairie country. The Spokane
& Palouse branch of the Northern Pacific will probably be completed from Juliaetta
to Lewiston during the present year, and it is expected that the line will be
extended from that point to Camas prairie. The Union Pacific has run surveys from
Lewiston via Camas prairie to a connection with the main line in the southern por-
tion of the state. It is hardly probable tha! one of the most inviting sections of the
state will long be denied railroad coriutctior with the outside world, and with the
advent of the iron horse Camas prairie n'ill become one of the most prosperous sec-
tions of the West.

Grange vllle, Irtalio. — Grangeville is the largest center of population on
Camas prairie, the town claiming today about 500 people. It is favorably situated,
being near the center of the prairie from east to west, and not far from the foothills

of the Bitter Root range of
^^ ' mountains to the south. Its

proximity to the mountains
makes its a particularly
healthful location, and a most
desirable lace in which to
reside.

Grangeville has always
enjoyed a marked degree of
prosperity. Its three large
general merchandise stores
do an annual business of at
least $250,000. Two solid
banks and various small bus-

Main Street, Qranqeville, Julv 4, isei.

Cottonwood, Idaho.

501

always

jree of

large

stores

of at

solid

11 bus-

iness houses are located at this point. In addition to having a large country
trade, Grangeville is the present supply and outfitting point for the rich mines
in the vicinity. In manufacturing industries the town has a large roller-process
flouring mill and a brewery. A large sawmill is located two miles distant from
the town. The social and moral tone of the community of Grangeville is of a very
high order. The Methodist and Episcopal denominations have church buildings and
strong organizations here. A Chataiiqua circle, brass baud, and a company of Idaho
National Guards, which is one of the best drilled military organizations in the state,
the Patrons of Husbandry, who own a fine hall here, are notable features of the life
of the town. A well conducted hij<h school and an academy, under the patronage of
the Methodist church, are an indication of the demands which exist here for the best
educational f • ilities. Grangeville supports one of the best conducted weekly news-
papers in Idaho. This is The Idaho County Free Press, edited and conducted by
A. F. Parker, who is doing much to advertise the resources of the Camas prairie
country. East of Grangeville i '2 miles is located the government experimental sta-
tion, one of three of the kind assigned to the state. The government has purchased
here 160 acres of land which has been set apart for experiments in agriculture.
Appropriate buildings for this purpose have already been erected here and scientific
men have been employed to conduct experiments along the lines above specified.

Grangeville was first started as a town in 1H74. It has steadily advanced in
wealth and population since that time until it has become a most important center of
trade for the Camas prairie country and for the mines of the districts adjacent. The
business men of Grangeville are thoroughly alive to every advantage which their
promising city enjoys, and they are united in all efforts to further the city's interests.
The citizens of Grangeville are public spirited and they fully appreciate the fact that
the development of the Camas prairie country insures the building up of their city,
which is now the chief commercial center of this rich district. It has been
through this ambition of the people here which is largely responsible for the pres-
tige Grangeville now enjoys. Among the more enterprising citizens of the city may
be mentioned W. W. Brown, the successful manager of the Bank of Camas Prairie;
A. F. Parker, editor of The Free Press ; Messrs. Alexander & Freidenrich, Henry
Wax, Messrs. Vollmer & Scott, the proprietors of the three large general merchan-
dise stores located here; Frank McGrane, a successful business man, and George
Schmadeka, one of the pioneers of Camas prairie. Any of these gentlemen will
be glad to answer all letters of inquiry addressed to them concerning Grangeville or
Camas prairie. Grangeville is in the line of rapid improvement and its many
advantages are worthy of the most careful inspection of people from abroad at the
present time.

Lewiston Addition to Grangevillk. — The Lewiston Addition to Grangeville
lies southwest of the city in a most desirable locality. The Addition is beautifully
situated and commands a magnificent view of Camas prairie and the mountains
beyond. Lots here are 50 x 142 feet in size and are held at $50 for inside and $100 for
corners. The addition is owned by the Lewis'on Land Company, which is composed
of Lewiston and Grangeville capitalists.

Cottonwood, Idaho. — Descending the east slope of Cottonwood butte, re-
ferred to in the article on Camas prairie, the traveler is greeted with a view of the
flourishing little town of Cottonwood. This is one of the oldest settled points on
Camas prairie, and it occupies the only gateway for travel by stage from the Snake

-.:; J,

«■

502

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

" f !

river country below, and it will, in all probability, be the first point on Camas prairie
reached by railroad .

Cottonwood is attractively situated on the west side of Camas prairie, under the
foothills of Craig's Mountain. The location for a town at this point is desirable in many
respects. The pure mountain air here is invigorating, and the ample supply of the
purest mountain water which the town enjoys is an additional safeguard to the
health of the inhabitants. The wealth of timber with which the surface of Craig's
Mountain is supplied makes Cottonwood a promising manv.facturing point. One
sawmill here, recently erected by E. S. Sweet, is already turning out 15,000 feet of
lumber a da;*. The merchantable timber accessible to Cottonwood is apparently
inexhaustible, and as the demand for lumber increases on Camas piairie, the num-
ber of sawmills at Cottonwood will naturally increase in proportion. It is worthy
of note here that when the summit of Craig's Mountain is reached the descent does
not commence until a broad, fertile section, varying in width from 5 to 10 ruiles,
the great plateau on the summit, is crossed. Much of the land on this plateau is
naturally barren of forest growth, while a large portion is but lightly timbered.
These ariible lands are being lapidly occupied by an industrious class of settlers.
These people, living for a dis<^ .r.ce of 18 miles back of Cottonwood, do their trading
at the latter point. Cotton vvcod also derives a large patronage from Camas prairie
proper, and from the thickly populated districts of White Bird and Dumax plains.

The citizens of Cottonwood are always
on the alert for new enterprises which will
aid in building up their town. As a result
of this enterprise, the largest roller-process
flouring mill in the state of Idaho is lo-
cated here. This mill has a daily capacity
of 200 barrels. It was established at Cot-
tonwood during the past year. The man-
ager was induced to select this point for
the establishment of his plant by the many
advatitages offered here for a large flouring
mill, and also by a liberal land and cash
subsidy which the enterprising people subscribed to here.

Prominent among tue business institutions of Cottonwood are a bank, the large
general merchandise .otore of Messrs. Goldstone & Wax, which carries a stock of
goods valued at $25,000, a live weekly newspaper, The Cottonwood Report, and the
usual number of smaller stores, as well as a good hotel and two livery stables. Cot-
tonwood has a population of about 150. New stores and new residences are noted
on everj hand, and the probabilities are that Cottonwood, a year hence, will contain
twice as r* 'ny peoplv* as reside here today.

The Methodist and Catholic denominations have neat little c lurch buildings at
Cottonwood, and the organization of each is strong. The public schools of the town
are well attended, and are presided over by two competent te'ichers. As befo' ^
stated, the town enjoys an enviable location, when considered in relation to futur*
railroad connection between Camas prairie and outside points now reached by lines
of road. Cottonwood and Meadow Creek passes are said to be the most practicable
routes for railroads entering the prairie. Surveys have already been made through
these gaps, A careful examination of a map of this country will show very plainly

GENERAL Store, Goldstone & w«x, Cottonwood.

Denver, Idaho.

oOH

las prairie

that Cottonwood is en the direct line with railroads which must reach Camas prairie
through either of th> above-named passes.

Cottonwood is fortunate in possessing a few public- spirited citizens, who are
untiring in their efforts to make their chosen town one of the most important points
en Camas prairie. Prominent among these are Mr. Goldstone, of the firm of Gold-
stone & Wax ; F.J. Hogan, a successful business man, representing the interests of
L. P. Brown, of Mt. Idaho ; J. H. Wann, assessor for Idaho county, and owner of a
valuable addition to Cottonwood, and J. S. Rhoads, who is interested in the townsite
of Cottonwood. Any or all of these gentlemen will give prompt attention to all
communications addressed to them concerning Cottonwood or Camas prairie.

Denver, Idaho. — The Denver of Idaho has been founded and located exactly
in the geographical center of Camas prairie, on the broad plateau lying between the
Salmon and the Clearwater rivers. Scarcely a year and a half ago a syndicate com-
posed of well-known capitalists of Moscow, Pullman and Camas Prairie was formed,
and the name adopted for the syndicate was the Camas Prairie Land and Town
Company. They purchased from Hon. B F. Morris, of Camas prairie, a tract of
2,720 acres of the richest loam soil, platted the center section of 640 acres, and
founded on this site the town of Denver.

The site occupied by the town of Jjenver is a natural one both topographically
and geographically. The land occupied by the town is somewhat higher than land
in the immediate vicinity. This affoid.s the best of dia'nage facilities. The view
crmmanded from the site occupied by the town is almost as perfect as that described
from Cottonwood butte. Grangeville and Mount Idaho, distai.t 10 and 13 miles, res-
pectively, from Denver, are in plam sight to the east, while tc the north and south
rise the rugged spi'-es of the Seven Devils, Buffalo Hump and the loftier range of
the Bitter Root Divide, wiiich is capped with perennial snows.

While all the attractions of the new town of Denver arc inviting and the view is
entrancing, it was the necessity, from a commercial standpoint, of a tov/n at this
point, that induced its location here. The syndicate, in choosing this point, located
a young city that would be easy of access from all points and where it would naturally
command the trade of a vast territory that, from its resources alone, must become
thickly settled in Liie near future. Even to the casual observer, the selection of this
site for the ur'.juilding of a city must have been patent at a glance. The promoters
of the new townsite claim tV.at Denver is destined to become the metropriis and
commercial center of the Panhandle of Idaho, and the results of developmeuts at this
point during the past year furnish them sufficient grounds for making this claim.

The town was started scarcely a year and a half ago. Today Denver is a bust-
ling little town having a population of about 200. A saw and planing mill and a sash
and door factoiy are kept constantly running here to meet the demands for lumber
and building material for the large number of structures that are constantly going
up here. Almost every line of busineds is already represented at the new town,
including two good hotels and a well stocked livery stable. A weekly newspaper,
T/ie Denver Tribune, is a very creditable pubHcation for a new town of the size of
Denver, Denver is on the route of the daily otage line running, from Dewiston to
Mount Idaho, and it is midway between Cottonwood and Grangeville, the distance
between either point and Denver being 10 miles. Both the Northern and Union
Pacifi . railroads have made surveys for new lines of road which cross Denver's

604

The Oregonian's Handbook oi the Pacific Northwest.

ii'i

boundaries, and it is confidently believed that both these roads will reach Camas
prairie in the near future. It is also believed that sufficient influence vests in the
shareholders of the Denver Townsite Company to make Denver one of the objective
points for any railroad that enters Camas prairie.

The members of the townsite company are I. C. Hattabaugh, I. A. Funk, Spots-
wood & Veatch, Dernhim & Kaufmann, Jay Wood worth, Wm. Hunter, Moscow;
Robert Scblicher, John P. VoUmer, Lewiston ; Wallace Scott, Grangeville ; B. F.
Morris, Denver ; W. A. Nixon, Palouse City, and the Pullman Mercantile Company,
PuUtrian. All of the above are well-known business men and firms in Idaho and
Washington, and they will undoubtedl}' exert every effort to make Denver ti e i^rost
important point on Camas prairie.

The resources of Camas prairie, together with the timber and mining di«t.ncts
tributary, are sufficient in themselves to build a large town at the present site of Den-
ver. The townsite has been laid out with a liberal hand. The streets are loo feet
wide, with broad alley-ways. The land company are liberal in their donations of
land or money to enterprises of merit, and they hold out reasonable inducements to
every worthy manufacturing industry, or to individuals, to locate at this point.

Mount Idalio, Idaho. — Snugly situated under the "Golden Rim" of the
Bitter Root and Salmon River Mountains is the seat of Idaho county, Mount Idaho.
This is the most picturesque spot on Camas prairie. As early as 1862, Hon. Loyal
P. Brown, the pioneer settler of Camas prairie, chose the present site of the town for
an ideal place to settle. Mt. Idaho is situated at the timber line amid the most
inviting surroundings of groves and springs. Perfectly sheltered from the blasts of
winter, it has the advantage during the heated term of the summer months of the
gentle, cool mountain breezes which come down from the higher elevations at this
point.

Mount Idaho is located on the southeast corner of Camas prairie, at the loot -^t
the Melnor trail. In early days it was the sole trading point on Camas prairie for
the rich placer diggings which were then at the zenith of their success. With the
decline of placer operations here other settlements sprung up at various points on
Camas prairie, and the attention of the settlers here gradually became directed to the
diversified pursuits of agriculture and stock raising. The trade which Mount Idaho
had thus so long enjoyed thus became divided. The popularity of the town as a
place of resort and as a site for residence increased with the growth of population or
the prairie. It still maintains the county seat, a commodious jail and court house
being located here. The county officers reside at this point and many of them owj;
attractive residences here. The population of the town today does notperhap,
exceed 100. The place, however, shows many evidences of prosperity. A new am',
attractive Masonic hall has just been completed here at a cost of $2,000. i^ new
public school building is now in course of erection, and established at this point are
a flouring mill with a daily capacity of 40 barrels, a sawmill with a "sypacity of 10,000
feet a day, a planing and shingle mill and furniture bliop. The I^rcobyteriai.s have
an organization here, and they contemplate building a ni w churtl I . ildin.f,' at this
point in the near future to cost about |i,8oo. The town possesses tw^ good general
merchandise stores, a hotel, livery stable and other less important places of business.

Mount Idaho is the oldest town in Idaho county. The .^irst Republican conven-
tion held in Idaho territory assembled at Mount Idaho in 1863. The first settler on

H-

I )

Weiser, Idaho.

505

HON. L. P. Brown, Mt. Idaho.

Camas prairie, as before stated, was Hon. Loyal P. Brown. Mr. Brown emigrated to
Idaho county from Oregon in 1862. He early foresaw the possibilities of future
development on Camas prairie, and he chose for his home the present site of Mount
Idaho, where he is still residing. He has
all along pinned his faith to the future of
Mt. Idaho and Camas prairie. He has
already done much to advertise the ad-
vantages of this section of the state, and
he is now exerting his influence in aid of
the present needs of Idaho county. The
citizens generally of Mount Idaho appre-
ciate the fact that Camas prairie must be
occupied by settlers and the mining dis-
tricts of Mount Idaho must be developed
before Mount Idaho can hope to increase
largely in population. Since the atten-
tion of capital has been attracted to the
valuable quartz deposits in the Elk City,
Warrens, Florence and other mining dis-
tricts, the people here have looked for a
return of the prosperity in these mines
noted in the early 60' s. Active prepara-
tions are now being made for the develop-
ment of these mines. Mount Idaho is
most easily accessible from these districts
by any of vhe numerous trails that were cut here during the early days of the placer
diggings.

Weisev, Idaho. — The new town of Weiser, Idaho, is the outgrowth of the old
"own of th'i same name which was almost totally destroyed by fire three years ago.
'.he old town having been situated more than a mile from the depot of the Union
Pacific railroad was only partially rebuilt, the location chosen as a site for the new
town being on the direct line of the road. The present combined population of the
new and old town of Weiser is about 700. Weiser is 427 miles east of Portland and
If i.ated at the coiifluence of the Snake asd Weiser rivers. The Snake is one of the
giv »t ,1 ater-courses of the United States, it really being the main body of the Colum-
bia vviiich it joins near Pasco, Washington, just as the Missouri is a larger stream than
is t,.e Missi ;5ippi above the point where the former river empties into it.

Weiser contains a number of good brick buildings in which the principal part of
the business of the place is conducted. In addition to the business blocks the town
contains a fine brick court house, erected at a cost of $20,000, a public school build-
ing whose erection involved an outlay of $to,ooo and two hotels which cost
$25,000. Weiser is the judicial seat of Washington county, and the place is the
center of considerable trade.

A roller-process flour mill is loca'.ed at Weiser. This mill has a capacity of 125
barrels a day and supplies a large number of neighboring towns with floui in addition
to shipping largely to the town'; of Oregon. Weiser is the trading point of that
part of Idaho which extends tor about 150 .miles north. The remote sections of
this district have connection with Weiser by a w^xgon road which was built by the state

:r;^t'i

506

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

^ !
I ■

at a cost of $50,000. The public schools of Weiser are well conducted and have
an average daily attendance of about 150 scholars. The Episcopal, Baptist, Con-
gregational and Catholic denominations own church buildings in th j town.
The town supports one good bank and also a weekly newspaper, The Weiser
Signal. The chief exports from the section of country of which Weiser is the
trading point are horses, cattle, sheep, wool and fruit. The shipments of wool from
the town for the past year aggregate 750,000 pounds and this is one of the great sta-
ple products of this ^ -i of the state.

Payette, Idaho. /ette is a small town situated in the Payette valley on

the river of the same name. It is on the main line of the Union Pacific railroad, 440
miles east of Portland, and contains a present population of about 400. Located at this
point is one small sawmill with a daily capacity of 15,000 feet. The logs for runniuj^
this mill are rafted down the Payette river from the timber belt about 150 miles dis-
tant. This is the only manufacturing enterprise at this point.

The business district of the town is divided among three separate localities which
lias resulted in a townsite covering a large area but very sparsely settled. The busi-
ness interests of the town are represented by a bank, three fair-sized stores, three
hotels and two livery stables, together with a number of small business establisli-
nients usually found in a town of this size. The place supports one weekly newspa-
per, The Payette Independent. The enterprise of the people here has led to the
erection of a fine brick school house. The average daily attendance at the public
schools is about 100.

The country immediately sur runding Payette has until recently been compara-
tively barren. About 5,000 acres of this land have been reclaimed, however, by a
system of irrigating canals which have been perfected in this section. This land
when watered is among the most productive of the state. It is estimated that tribu-
tary to Payette are no less than 40,000 acres of land which will eventually be made
highly productive by irrigation. The irrigating company now operating in this part
of the state demands |io per acre for a perpetual water right and an additional rental
for the use of the water of |r an acre per year. The principal dependence of Payette
for advancement rests largely on the prospect of reclaiming the tributary lands by
means of irrigation and the success which has already attended the eiforts to get
water to these lands promises much for the future of a section which can be made
highly fertile by the perfection of the system of irrigating canals which are now
being dug here

Washington County, Idaho. — Washington county lies in the south-
western part of Idaho and is 75 miles in length by 50 miles in width. Chief
among its resources are the products of agriculture, stock, timber and mining.
The Weiser valley through which flows the river of the same name, maintains a
general level of about 2,000 feet above the sea. The climate of the valley is miUl,
which especially favors fruit growing in this section. The yield of wheat on the val-
ley lands runs from 25 to 40 bushels to the acre, while other grains yield equally as
well. Weiser valley is about 25 miles in length and about 5 miles wide. This is
the best part of Washington county and the valley contains many farms in a high
state of cultivation. An irrigating canal 20 miles in length has been constructed on
the west side of the river through the valley at a cost of $40,000. This canal furnishes
plenty of water for irrigating purposes to about 35,000 acres of land. These lands are

Caldwell, Idaho.

507

and have
tist, Con-
h; town.
te Weisey
ser is the
wool from
great sta-

valley on
Iroad, 440
ted at this
ir runninj^

miles dii--

ties which
The busi-
)res, three
establisli-
y newspa-
ed to the
:he public

conipara-
;ver, by a
This land
that tribu-
y be made
1 this part
mal rental
of Payette
lands by
irts to get
a be made
1 are now

le
h.

south -
Chief
mining,
aintains a
is milrl,
m the val-
equally as
This is
I in a high
itructed on
1 furnishes
t lands are

PHOTO. BY FRANK MOORE.

being rapidly settled and hundreds of acres are being planted in orchards of prunes,
apples and other fruits. Much attention is also being paid in this part of the state
to the raising of cereals and vegetables.

Other important valleys of Washington county are those of Mann's creek, Middle
Salubria, Crane creek and the Indian, Council, Hornet and Salmon Meadows
valleys. All of these <^.e great grain and stock- producing sections. On the grazing
lands of the county are about 30,000 head of cattle, 25,000 head of horses and 125,000
sheep. The timber belt of the county covers a total area of about 900 square miles.
Located in the northern part af the county are some very valuable mineral deposits
which are now being developed lo some extent. The resources of Washington
county are as varied as are those of any other county of the state and the attention
of the large immigration which is now pouring into the west cannot fail to be
attracted to the opportunities afforded in this part of the state for farming, stock rais-
ing or successful mining if intelligently handled.

CaldTvell, Idaho. — Probably the most progressive town in Southern Idaho
is Caldwell, the judicial seat of the recently created county of Canyon, which was
formed from the ri -vision of what was formerly Ada county. Caldwell boasts of a
prosperous populati«.u of about 1,200. The town has made its principal growth
within a period of a few years past and the prospects for future advancement are
most encouraging. •

Caldwell is located in the heart of the Bc'-e valley
and is on the main line of the Union Pacific, 478 miles
east of Portland. The course of the Boise river lies
within lYz miles of the center of the town. This is a •
stream which carries a large volume of water. Near
Caldwell the river has a fall of 40 feet, a power that
could be easily utilized for manufacturing purposes.
The Boise empties into Snake river, the principal
water-course of Idaho and one of the great riveis of
the West.

From a geographical standpoint Caldwell's position is a most favorable one. It
is the principal shipping and trading point for the counties of Ada, Owyhee and Can-
yon, in Idaho, and Malheur, in Oregon. In 1892, the Caldwell Forwarding Com-
pany shipped 1,600,000 pounds of wool from this point. This was the bulk of the
product of the four counties named above. During the same year the Central Lum-
ber Company of Caldwell manufactured and shipped 4,000,000 feet of lumber, which

was sent to supply the demand in the mines at Silver City and
De Lamar, the Jordan valley and Bruneau countries and the
territory lying east of Caldwell on the Union Pacific.

The importance of Caldwell's position with reference to the
surrounding country which is tributary has been strengthened
by the united efforts of the live young and energetic business
men of the place. A noticeable feature connect^'' with Cald-
well's progress is that the principal promoters of the town's
welfare are young men. Caldwell contains a number of gen-
eral merchandise stores, the values of the stocks of which vary
Presbyterian CHURCH, CALDWELL, all the way from $25,ooo to $5o,ooo cach. One bank is locatcd

■.

MASONIC Building, Caldwell.

Photo, by frank moore.

508

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

PHOTO. Bv Frank moohe.

M. E. Church, Caldwell.

here. This bank has a capital of $50,000 and is ably managed. Practically every
business enterprise at Caldwell is in a flourishing condition. In 1892 the volume of
the business handled at this point aggregated 11,830,000. Caldwell
offers exceptional educational advantages to its youth. The public
school system of the town is considered to be one of the best in
the state. It provides a high school grade in addition to instruc-
tion in the primary and grammar branches. The school building
is of brick and cost the district $7,000. A principal and three as-
sistant teachers are employed in these schools and the ave'-age
daily attendance of scholars is about 200. In addition to the ex-
cellent public school Caldwell is the seat of the College of Idaho,
which is conducted under the auspices of the Presbyterian church.
This school offers opportunities for a full collegiate course of study,
and it is one of the best conducted colleges of the West. Caldwell
has a good water-works plant, and an efficient fire department. The place contains
three hotels, the largest of which, the Pacific, was built by the Union Pacific Railway
Company. One weekly newspaper, T/te Tribune, is published at this point. The
Presbyterian and Methodist denominations have recently completed very handsome
church edifices at Caldwell, and the Baptists contemplate erecting a building for
worship here in the near future.

The assessed valuation of property in Caldwell in 1892 was $230,000, and the only
bonded indebtedness of the town at the present time is $1 ,000. Caldwell, although a
comparatively new town, is today the fourth in population in the state. A number of
brick buildings have already been erected at this point, and other fine structures are
now in course of construction. . The people here have always been alive to everything
that promised any lasting benefit to their town. The division of Ada county was
largely due to the efforts of Caldwell's citizens, and it was also through their efforts
that the temporary county seat was located at Caldwell. Being the most centrally
located point in the county and holding the balance of the ballot power, there is but
little doubt that Caldwell will be chosen as the permanent county seat when the
question shall be voted on by the people at the polls. The united and wide-awake
efforts of the people at this point doubly assure Caldwell's future prosperity and con-
tinued advancement.

Caldwell now has stage line connections with the various tributary sections of
Ada, Owyhee, Canyon and Malheur counties. The proposed North & South railroad
which is planned to connect the Owyhee mining country with the forests of Long
valley, and which will eventually furnish an outlet for the great copper mines of the
Seven Devils district, will probably cross the Oregon Short Line at Caldwell. The
completion of this road will do much to advance the interests of Caldwell and the
country of which the town is the commercial center, and this, in connection with the
Union Pacific system, will furnish Caldwell transportation facilities not excelled by
any populated center of Southern Idaho.

Canyon County, Idaho. — The new county of Canyon, in Southern Idaho,
is bounded on the north by Washington county, on the east by Boise and Ada, on
the south by Owyhee, and on the west by the state line of Oregon. The area of the
county is about 800,000 acres, half of which is susceptible of cultivation by means
of irrigation. The remaining lands of the county are principally valuable for

Canyon County, Idaho.

509

jctions of
railroad
of Long

les of the
11. The
and the
with the

:elled by

grazing purposes, and afford line winter range for cattle. The county is watered by
the Snake, Boise and Payette rivers and the smaller tributaries of these streams.

The Boise valley, of which Caldwell is the commercial center, is a magnificeht
piece of agricultural land. This valley but a few years ago was a barren waste. The
impression of the valley at that time was one of absolute worthlessness for farming
purposes. The matter of reclaiming these lands from the government under the
"Desert Act," and making them highly fertile by means of irrigation, has been
solved. The best lands of this part of Idaho lie back some distance from the line of
the railroad, which does not allow a traveler over the Union Pacific to form an esti-
mate of the capabilities of production of this part of the state. An hour's drive back
uom Caldwell, however, takes one into one of the most fertile districts of the state.
Here are magnificent farms of waving fields of grain, orchards of trees groaning
under their loads of fruit, and live stock of all kinds kept fat throughout the year on
the succulent grasses of this section. It is not an uncommon sight in this part of the
state to see alongside a field of alfalfa or wheat the virgin sagebrush land from which
the highly productive fields have been made through the reclaiming power of irrigation.
Water for irrigating purposes has done wonders for the Boise valley, just as it has
done for other parts of the state. The success of the irrigating system in use here
can only be appreciated by a personal visit to this section. In the Boise valley for
instance, there are perhaps 400,000 acres of land which are being made productive by
means of irrigation. The Idaho Irrigation & Colonization Company of Caldwell,
have excavated a canal for a distance of 23 miles. This leads from the Boise river,
near Caldwell, almost to the Snake river, and its construction has involved an outlay
of about $35,000. The canal is at a sufficient elevation to cover with water 10,000
acres of land located at a lower level. This is accomplished by means of lateral
ditches, the flow into which is easily regulated by means of small locks.

The soil of Boise valley is a red loam, strongly impregnated with alkali. When
this soil is well watered it yields enormous crops. Grains of all kinds, fruits, veget-
ables and grasses give large returns on this land. Alfalfa produces three crops a
year, at the rate of about four tons an acre for each crop. Wheat yields from 40 to
60 bushels to the acre on this same land. The world-renowned fruits of Idaho are
all grown on irrigated land. The cost of watering this land is not high. Some irri-
gating companies operating here charge as much as $10 an acre for a perpetual water
right, and $1 per acre a year additional for the use of the water. Other companies ask
from $x to $1.50 per cubic inch for water, the amount ordinarily required for an acre
of land. The title to thousands of acres of this dry sagebrush land still vests in the
government, and this land can still be obtained under the " Desert Act " at $1.25 an
acre, provided it is brought under cultivation within three years from the time the
first filing is made. The cultivation of this sagebrush land is an easy and inexpen-
sive matter. The cost of removing the sagebrush does not exceed $1.50 an acre. After
the sagebrush has once been removed the soil is so mellow that plowing is wholly
unnecessary to put the land in condition for planting the crop. The ordinary grain
or disc drill works the soil sufficiently for the sowing of seed. The sagebrush
lands of Canyon county are fast being reclaimed, and in a few j'ears the system
of irrigation so successfully inaugurated here will be extended to cover the entir^^
area of the county that can be made productive by water carried in these irrigating
ditches.

f ■■^■i t:

510

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

Idaho State oaoptol, BorsE Citv.

Boise City, Idaho. — "Gem of the Mountains," is the happy sobriquet
applied to the new state of Idaho. In a more contracted sense the same term could
be fittingly applied to Boise City, the leading city and capital of the state. Boise
City is one of the oldest settled communities of the state. It is beautifully located,
and in all the attributes of beauty of location it is one of the most favored cities of
the West.

Nature dealt sparingly with the original townsite of Boise City. Before the
reclaiming hand of man made a section fertile that was once barren, the site now
occupied by the capital of Idaho was a sagebrush plain as uninviting to the eye as
it was unpromising to the husbandman. Boise City is located in the Boise valley,
through which the river of the same name flows. This level stretch of land is sur-
rounded by towering mountains entirely destitute
of forest growth. Before the problem of irriga-
, tion was satisfactorily solved in this part of the
state, the surroundings of Boise City were as un-
inviting as they are today attractive. The city is
now the scene of a fine park, fine trees line the
principal streets, and the city is surrounded by
green pastures, well cultivated farms and attrac-
tive fruit orchards. The farms of Boise valley,
for the entire distance of 20 miles between Nampa,
on the main line of the Union Pacific, and Boise
City, present as attractive an appearance as do any
of the best farms of the Willamette valley in Oregon, and the country in the im-
mediate vicinity is now among one of the best cultivated sections of the state.

Prominent among the many striking features of Boise City are the long, i-road
and well kept streets. These streets, with the exception of the main thoroughfare,
are, as before stated, all lined with finely developed shade trees. In the residence
portion of the city are many handsome private dwellings, surrounded by broad green
lawns, which bespeak much for the prosperity and good taste of the citizens of the
capital city. Boise City also contains a number of very fine public buildings, chief
among which are the state capitol, court house, city hall and public school. This is
the richest center of population in the state, and it can be said to be the social and
commercial metropolis of Idaho.

In addition to being the state capital, Boise City is also the judicial seat of Ada
county. Ada is almost a counterpart of Canyon county, of which the town of Cald-
well is the seat of justice. Boise City is the terminus of the Boise branch of the
Union Pacific system, which leaves the main line at Nampa, 507 miles east of Port-
land. This branch road is 20 miles in length, and it is one of the best paying
branches of the Union Pacific. The present population of Boise City is about 5,000,
and this population is constantly increasing. The claim has been made that this
city, in proportion to population, is one of the richest cities in the United States.
The assessed valuation of city ^^roperty, by the returns of last year, are 11,850,000.
The estimated value of real estate situated within the municipal limits is estimated
to be no less than $5,000,000. Boise City being the leading populated center of
Southern Idaho, has long been the leading supply point for the principal por-
tion of the southwestern part of the state. Within the pt : few years the new
town of Caldwell, on the main line of the Union Pacific, has contended with Boise

Boise City, Idaho.

511

Cour:-' House, Boise City.

for a part of this trade, but although Caldwell's busi-
ness with this part of the state is constantly increas-
ing, it is a safe assertion that the volume of the
regular business held by the merchants of Boise City
has not been in the least contracted by these efforts.

At the present time but little manufacturing is
done at Boise City. The principal manufacturing
industries here, at the present writing, are a rol-
ler-process flouring mill, and a foundry and machine
shop combined. As a supply center for a wide and
rich area of country, however, Boise City is an im-
portant city, and it is this jobbing trade, together
with the business which naturally comes to the city
as the capital of the state and the seat of a rich country, that constitute Boise's
principal means of support.

The settlement of Boise City as a town commenced with the establishment of the
military post of Boise Barracks here by the government in 1863. In the following
year the territorial capital was removed here from Lewiston, where it had been for-
merly located, and the impetus thus given to the growth of the town was followed
soon after by the location at this point of the United States assay office, the federal
land office and the office of the government surveyor-general. The military post at
Boise is still maintained by the government. Located here are an infantry and cav-
alry troup, and while the force of men kept in the barracks is not large, the govern-
ment disbursed at this point during the last fiscal year no uss a sum than |6o,ooo,
most of which money was added directly to the revenues of the city. The building
now occupied by the government assay office is a handsome stone structure, which is
situated in the center of a whole block in the heart of the city. During 1892 the
amount of gold bullion handled by the assay office reached a total value of $830,753,
and the number of depositors during the year was 1,594. The government annually
expends about $15,000 for the maintenance of this office at Boise City. Most of the
gold bullion which reaches Boise is taken out of the rich placer diggings in the coun-
try tributary to this point and a large part of the dust brought to the city is exchanged
here by the miners for merchandise. Two and one-half miles east of Boise City is
located the state penitentiary. The penitentiary is situated at the foot of Table Rock,
an eminence of considerable elevation and the site is an attractive one. The build-
ings here consist of two stone cell structures, which were erected at a cost of $55,000.
The grounds comprise 160 acres and they are well laid out and neatly kept. The
average annual cost of maintaining the penitentiary is about $25,000, and the average
number of prisoners confined here is about 72. Just west of the penitentiary grounds
is a graceful knoll, out of which flows the hot springs, which have done more to
effectually advertise Boise City than any other feature of interest here. A company
has already expended $175,000 in the construction of a natatorium at Boise City to
which this hot water is conducted, and by means of pipes this water is carried to all
parts of the city where it is used for heating and domestic purposes. Two wells
located 30 feet apart were bored to depths respectively of 165 and 404 feet, and from
these depths water of a temperature of 170 degrees Fahrenheit was obtained. The
flow from these two wells aggregates about 1,000,000 gallons. During 1891 six
additional wells were sunk by the company and from these about 1,250,000 gallons of
cold water flow daily. This cold water is conducted to the large reservoirs and dis-

512

The Orej^onian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

City Hall, Boise City.

tributed from these throughout the city under a
head of 165 feet. This provides more than an am-
ple supply for domestic purposes, and also fur-
nishes the safest protection against fire. The nala-
torium itself, designed after the famous Broadwater
natatorium at Helena, Montana, is in the shape of
a gigantic "T." It has a frontage of 150 feet and
a depth of 200 feet. The entire building is con-
structed in a most elaborate style. The great
plunge is 50 x 80 feet in size, through which a fresh
supply of water is constantly passing. An electric
car line extends from the city to the natatorium,
a distance of two miles. The entire natatorium is
lighted by electricity and is supplied with all
modern conveniences.
It was found after a careful test, that the hot water taken from the wells here
could be used for heating the buildings ot Boise in place of steam. Over 7,000 feet
of mains and 1,500 feet of laterals were laid for conducting this hot water to all parts
of the city. The water, which maintains a temperature of 165 degrees after flowing
through 2,900 feet of pipe, is now being used in many of the best residences and busi-
ness blocks of Boise City.

The city's supply of water tor irrigating purposes is obtained from a canal lead-
ing from the Boise river. This canal runs through the city and distributes the water
by means of large wheels which are kept in con^.tant motion by the natural flow of
water in the canal.

The fire department of Boise City consists of two engines and the same number
of hook and ladder trucks. There are 150 men connected with the department which
is run as a volunteer organization.

Boise City has the best of public school advantages. The Central High School
here is one of the most imposing edifices in the state and was erected at a cost of
$100,000. It is of brick and stone combined and contains every modern appointment
and accessory for the most efficient school work. Fifteen teachers are employed in
the public schools here at salaries ranging from $70 to $80 a month each. In addi-
tion to the efficient public schools, St. Theresa's
Academy, a Catholic institution of learning, is
maintained at Boise. This school is in charge of
eight sisters and the average daily attendance is
about 90. St. Margarettc's school for young ladies,
under the patronage of the Episcopal school, occu-
pies a new building recently erected here at a cost
of $25,000. The attendance at the latter school
averages about 50 scholars. The Presbyterian,
Baptist, Congregational, Methodist, Episcopal and
Catholic denominations own church buildings
here. These churches have large memberships and they are all well supported.

The banking business of Boise City is on the strongest of footings. The three
laige banking houses located here did an aggregate business of $4,510,000 during
1892. TAe Boise Statesman, published at this point, is one of the ably-conducted

Public School, Boise City.

Boise City. Idaho.

513

inder a
an am-
Iso fur-
It nala-
adwater
shape of
feet and
r is coll-
ie great
I a fresh
electric
itoriuui,
)rium is
with all

2lls here
,000 feet
all parts
r flowing
and busi-

nal lead-
;he water
1 flow of

number
nt which

School

cost of

ointment

oyed in

In addi-

ted.

he three
K) during
onducted

daily papers of the West. In addition to The Statesman^ The Idaho Democrat (tri-
weekly), and The Boise Sentinel (weekly), are also published here. Boise City has a
new opera house, completed at a cost of $30,000, with a seating capacity for 1,000
people. Views of a number of the fine public buildings are published in connection
with the present article.

For a number of years Boise City suffered many disadvantages from not having
connection by rail with the main line of the Union Pacific which passes within 20
miles of the city. The advantage of a location on the main line of road was not
fully appreciated by the people of the city at the time the Oregon Short Line was
being built, and as a result the proposition of the railroad management to carry their
line through Boise for a certain subsidy was not favorably acted upon. This matter
was subsequently partially rectified by the completion of a branch road from Nampa,
on the main line to Boise. This branch slopped within a distance of i^ miles of the
city proper, however, until a little more than one year ago when it was extended into
the city. The railroad company has since constructed a handsome freight and pas-
senger depot at Boise City at a cost of about $60,000. Boise, as before stated, is an
attractive place of residence, the climate is healthful, the surrounding country is rich
in diversified interests of farming and mining, and the prospects for future growth at
Boise are believed to be encouraging.

Governor William J. McConnell. — W. J. McConnell, the present governor
of Idaho, was born in Commerce, Oakland county, Mich,, on September 18, 1839.
His early life was spent upon the farm. He received his education in the common
schools and academies of his state, alternately teaching and attending school afte
he was 16 up to the time he was 20 years of age.

In the spring of i860 he started overland to California. Being without money,
upon reaching the Missouri river he hired out to drive a six-mule team to Salt Lake
City, and successfully accomplished the feat, although he had never had his hands on
a mule before. Fifty-three days were consumed on this trip, for which he received
$1 per day.

Mr. McConnell has had a very exciting and eventful life. He crossed the
plains, fought Indians and for a short time he followed r '; '/g in California. He
subsequently taught school in the Willamette valley, Oregon, and afterwards farmed
very successfully in Idaho. He proved his executive ability and bravery in the im-
portant office of deputy United States marshal, and when in charge of the head office
at Boise City during the most troublesome times of the territory.

In the fall of 1866 Mr. McConnell returned to Oregon, where he had been engaged
in teaching school before coming to Idaho, and married a j'oung lady there and
returned to Humboldt county, California, engaging in the cattle business, for five
years, after which he again returned to Oregon and interested himself in merchan-
dising and in politics. In 1887 he removed his family to his present home in Mos-
cow, Idaho.

During the time he was in politics in Oregon, he made frequent political cam-
paigns for the republican party, of which he was always a member, and served as
president of the state senate during the memorable Mitchell contest.

He took a prominent part in the convention which framed the present constitu-
tion of the state of Idaho and went to Washington and assisted in securing the admis-
sion of the state. He was elected one of the first senators who represented Idaho in

514

The Orcgonian's Handbook of the I'acific Northwest.

the United States Senate. He was there but the short term of the fifty-first congress,
having drawn the shortest term, but while there he was noted for his activity and the
promptness with which he entered into the questions of the day. When only a few-
days in the senate, he made a speech on the silver question, and on the i6lh of Febru-
ary, 1 891, he made his memorable speech on the bonded indebtedness of the Union
Pacific railroad.

Mr. McCounell is a type of the self-made American. What he has accomplished
he owes to his own energy and determination to succeed. He has ever proved him-
self a foeman worthy of any champion's steel, whether in debate or otherwise. His
term of office as governor of Idaho will expire January ist, 1895.

GENERAiy James F. Curtis. — General James F. Curtis, the present able secre-
tary r*" the state of Idaho, was born and passed his early youth in Boston, Massachu-
setts, vsince 1850 he has resided on the Pacific coast. He has for a number of
years past been very prominent in Idaho's state affairs, and he is justly reputed
today to be one of the most popular and able men in public life in the '"^w state
of Idaho.

The ancestors of General Curtis were distinguished in the early hist ' New

England. His father was a lieutenant on the frigate Constitution and other ships of
the United States navy during the war of 1812. At the breaking out of the Rebel-
lion General Curtis recruited a regiment of California volunteers, of which he was
appointed major. In 1864 he received his promotion as colonel of the Fourth Cali-
fornia Infantry, and he was subsequently promoted to the rank of brigadier general
of volunteers. He commmanded this regiment until the close of the war. The
Fourth saw much service on the coast from Washington on the north to Arizona
on the south.

General Curtis came to Idaho in 18S6. In the spring of 1891 he was appointed
inspector-general on the staff of the governor of the state, and was sent to the
Coeur d'Alenes at the breaking out of the mining troubles there, where he was
appointed to the command of the Idaho National Guard. Upon his return from
active duty Governor Willey reported a message to the legislature in which he
referred to the able service rendered by General Curtis as follows : '* For the peace-
ful solution of the difficulties the state is greatly indebted to the coolness and sound
discretion of General J. F. Curtis."

General Curtis, as before stated, holds the highly honorable position of secretary
of state of Idaho, he is a member of the Grand Army of the Republic and of the
Loyal Legion of California, and he is one of the best known and most highly respected
citizens of the Pacific Northwest.

Gecirge M. Parsons. — George M. Parsons, the present attorney-general of the
state of Idaho, was born in Cambridge City, Indiana, January 15, 1850, and received
his education in the public schools of Cincinnati and Hamilton, Ohio. At the youth-
ful age of 15 Mr. Parsons enlisted as a soldier, and he served during the last year of
the war as a private in company F, i89thOhio volunteer infantry. In 1871 Mr. Parsons
moved to Idaho, where he has since resided. Being possessed of indomitable pluck,
which is marked in self-made men, Mr, Parsons pressed rapidly to the front in pub-
lic esteem, and he was finally chosen a member of the 7th and loth sessions of the
Idaho legislature. During the years 1883-84 he held the office of probate judge of
Alturas county, Idaho, and in the following year he was admitted to the bar. Mr.
Parsons now enjoys the honor of holding one of the highest offices within the
gift of the people of the state, and he is justly popular with his constituents.

ngres>,
iiid the
y a few
Febru-
; Union

iplished
;d him-
le. His

e secrc-
issachu-
nber of
reputed
^w state

■ New
ships of
» Rebel-
1 he was
rth Cali-
r general
ar. The
I Arizona

ppointed
to the
he was
urn from
irhich he
le peace-
id sound

secretary
d of the
respected

ral of the

received
le youth -

t year of
Parsons

e pluck,

t in puli-
ns of the

judge of
Dar. Mr.

thin the

ts.

Is!

i!^;;'

'1 ■' V

516

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

Frank C. Ramsey. — Frank C. Ramsey, the present auditor of the state of
Idaho, is yot a young maii, u wing been born in Fulton county, Pennsylvania, in
1855. Mr. Ramsey attended tlii public schools of Fulton and Blair counties until he
had reached the age of 10, when he was thrown on his own resources. In 1871 he
went to Ohio, ana later spent several years on cattle ranges in Kansas aVid Colorado.
Inspired with the Far Western fever, Mr. Ramsey came to Idaho, in 1884, where he
again engaged in the cattle business. In the meantime he had begun to take some
interest in politics, and he was finally elected assessor of Cassia county, in 1888. In
1890 he was sent to the state legi.«lature, and in 1892 he received a flattering majority
for the office of auditor of the state, which office he now holds. Mr. Ramsey is
another strong type of the self-made man. By persistent endeavor he has won for
himself a distinction that has often been denied those who enjoyed greater opportu-
nities dur:rg their youth than fell to his lot from the time he was first compelled
to care for himself as a boy until he reached manhood's estate.

WrivWAM C. Hit,!,. — Hon. William C. Hill, the presc^nt efficient state treasurer of
Idaho, is a native of Missouri. He was born in St. Louis, of that state, in 1846. He
had the advantages of a good common school training in his youth, and later
attended college until 1863. Mr. Hill's early manhood was devoted to a purely busi-
ness career, during which time he gained a practical knowledge of business and
finance that has proved of great benefit to him hi his subsequent life. Until 1870 he
was engaged successfully in the mercantile business in St. Louis. In 1871 he moved
to Denver, Colorado, where he again became identified with the mercantile business.
Mr. Hill spent nearly 13 years in the Eldorado of the West, and during that time he
noted the same great changes in that city that he subsequently saw in the young state
of Idaho, his present home. The period between 1370 and 1883 was the initial stage
of Denver's future greatness, and it was the efforts of the progressive young business
men of the city, among whom Mr. Hill occupied a prominent position, which insured
the subsequent rapid growth of the city.

In 18S3 Mr. Hill moved to Idaho, and the results of his efforts in the latter state
since that time are best shown in his election to the highly honorable and responsible
position of state treasurer, November 8, 1892.

B. EvRON Lower. — B. Byron T,ower, the state superintendent of public instruc-
tion in Idaho, was born in Wabash coanty, Indiana, May 7, 1861. In 1865 his parents
moved to Isabella county, Michigan where he attended the county schools in the
winter season, and as he be(;ame o'dcr worked on the farm during the suramet
months. At the age of 20 Mr. Lov/er graduated from the Mount Pleasant high
school, and after three years of teachinjj; school he entered the Northern Indiana
Normal School at Valparaiso, Indiana, from which institution he graduated in 18S6.
Mr. Lower came to Idaho in the fall of 1887 i>nd taught the schools of Matad City and
Silver City until 1890, when he received the appointment of deputy auditor and
recorder of Owyhee county, which office he filled with credit until his election as
state superintendent of schools in 1892. Mr. Lower, although a comparativelj- young
man, is thoroughly acquainted with school work in all its branches, and he is there-
fore well qualfied for the exalted position which he now holds.

Irrigation In Idaho. — Ten years ago a large part of that section of Southern
Idaho which now contains fine farms, well kept orchards, and is the home of thous-
ands of contented settlers, was a sagebrush waste, as sterile as it was uninviting.
There was then ab? >lutely nothing in this section to merit the attention of home-

Irrigation in Idaho.

517

; state of
Ivania, in
!S until he
[n 1871 he
Colorado,
where he
take some
1888. In
g majority
Ramsey is
as won for
T opportu-
compelled

reasurer of

1846. He

and later

urely busi-

iiness and

;il 1870 he

he moved

s business.

at time he

^oung state

lilial stage

ig business

ich insured

latter state
esponsible

ic instruc-
his parents
jols in the
le summer
isaut high
n Indiana
d in 1886.
id City ami
jditor and
election as
vely youuj>
e is there-

f Southern
: of thous-
minviting.
of home

seekers, and outside of a few settlements and the mining centers, Southern Idaho
was as much a wilderness as was the v'rgin soil of Dakota before the advent of the
railroad.

The open sesame to future prosperity in this part of the state was the one word,
irrigation — with the ability to make irrigation a success. In the articles on Canyon
county, found in another part of "The Handbook," will be noted a brief description
of a single system of this, the vast chain of irrigating canals which now cover a
large part of Southern Idaho. The results which have been accomplished here during
the past 10 years have been no greater than can be looked for during the next decade
and it is safe to predict that 10 years hence but little available land in this vast district
will be denied the use of water to insure its cultivation.

In Washington county no large canals have yet been dug, but a number of small
ditches connecting with the Weiser, a branch of the Snake, have been dug, and these
laterals water a section of considerable extent. In Canyon county the Payette canal
just completed, at a coLt of 1250,000, is one of the most important irrigating ditches
of the state. This caaai is 60 miles long and carries a volume of water sufficient to
irrigate ioo,cx)o acres of land. TJ ■' Phillis canal starts in Ada county near Boise City,
and extends through Canyon county to the rich placer mines. Its entire length is
ibout 70 miles. The water from this canal is used both for irrigating purposes and
tor placer mining. The source of supply 'or this caual is the Boise river. Near
Caldwell are two smaller canals which are described at length in the article f^n Can-
yon county. The Boise City and Nampa canal is the longest completed irrigating
ditch in the state, its total U igth now being 100 miles. The water for this canal is
taken out of the Boise river and it covers a territory of 150 000 acres in extent. The
New York canal, in the same district, has already cost a half a million dollars, and
when completed will be 100 miles long and will irrigate no less than 250,000 acres,
hi Elmore and Owyhee counties there are no large streams, but about 60 000 acres in
the Snake River valley in Owyhee county, can be watered by means of a system of res-
ervoirs, the supply for which will be obtained from the Bruneau river. Logan county
which perhaps contains the largest body of agricultural land in the state, and Alturas
county, rich in mining development, are irrigated with water taken from Wood river.
In this portion of the state there are no large canals, but a number of small irrigating
ditclies have been dug here by the individw ^1 farmers. Cassia county, south of Logan,
is dependent on Goose, Cassia and Salmon Falls creeks for its water supply. The farm-
ers in this county have already constructed several small canals. Bannock county, cf
which Pocatello is the seat of justice, has a canal 25 miles in length, which extends
to Bancroft. The water for this canal is taken from Soda creek and is of sufficient
volume to irrigate from 3o,o<3o to 40,000 acres. The greater portion of Bannock
county at present is occupied by the Fort Hall Indian reservation. This reservation,
as stated in the article on Pocatello, contains about 250,000 aces of fine agricultural
land lying principally along the banks of the Snake river, which will some day
furnish homes for thoasands of people. In Bingham and Fremont counties are the
St. Anthony and the Grv^at Western canals, both located on the west side of the
Snake river, and respectively 25 and 60 miles in length. These canals will irrigate
about 65,000 acres of laud. Ou the east side of Snake river in the county, are the
Eagle Rock, Willow Creek and Idaho canals, the last of which is 50 miles long and
extends to the Blackfoot river. The Idaho canal furnishes water for the Indian res-
ervation, It is the intention to extcmd this canal in the near future to Pocatello,
which will make it the longest canal in the state.

3(1

l ffTf"

518

The Oregonian' s Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

:.|

i ! i;'

i.r

The above description, for want of space, merely touches on the principal canals
of the soathern part of the state, and does not mention the many irrigating ditches
of this section, which vary in length fron 5 to 10 miles each. The general character
of the soil of the low lands of Southern Idaho is a red, sandy loam, impregnated
with alkali, or a decomposed lava free from alkali. Either of these soils is barren
only when parched under the heat of the summer months, and when well watered
this land is as highly productive as is any of the choicest land of the state. Irriga-
tion has already done much for this part of the state, and it is irrigation which will
prove the strongest factor in the future advancement of this promising part of the
Northwest.

Slioslioiie, Idaho. — Shoshone is in Logan county, and is located on the main
line of the Union Pacific railroad, 623 miles east of Portland. It is the place of
junction of the main line and the Wood River branch of the Union Pacific system.
Shoshone was at one time the division headquarters for an important part of the
Union Pacific, and in the palmy days of the existence of the town from 200 to 300
men were regularly employed by the company in the roundhouse and repair shops
here. On account of some dissatisfaction on the part of the railroad management
with the proprietors of the townsite of Shoshone, the Union Pacific made Glenn's
Ferry, a point 53 miles west, division headquarters, and large repair shops are now
conducted at the latter point. All the railroad buildings at Shoshone, occupied
formerly for repair shops, were built of stone, and they are very substantial edi-
fices. Only 50 men are now employed in these shops, the principal part of the repair
work being done at Glenn's Ferry.

The population of Shoshone is about 400, The most attractive building in the
town is a brick school house, vVhich was erected at a cost of $10,000. The town
supports a weekly newspaper. The Journal, it has two hotels and a single livery sta-
ble. The Methodist and Episcopal denominations own church buildings here. Sho-
shone is supported principally by the rich farming section tributary, and increased
areas of this land are yearly being made fertile by means of irrigation.

The Wood River Valley, Idaho.-— The Wood River valley country, which
includes both of the counties of Logan and Alturas, is about 35 miles in length, and
has a width varying from i^ to 3 miles Although there are thousands of acres of
land in this valley which can be cultivated by means of surface and sub-irrigation,
the attention of the people in this part of the state has been confined principally, in
tfap past, to the pursuit of mining. Some of the finest mining properties in the
state are located in the northern part of the valley, in the vicinity of Bcllevue,
Hailey and Ketchum, and beyond Ketchum isa mountainous section, not easih' acces-
sible, which is rich in precious metals. The depression of the silver market has
retarded, in a great measure, the whole of this great mining district.

Embraced within the limits of the Wood River valley is Camas prairie, an unus-
ually fertile belt of farming land, which is watered by the sub-irrigation process.
These lands, together with the lands of the valley proper, yield, when properly
watered, Ir.rge crops of alfalfa, all kinds of cereals, root crops and fruits. The stag-
nation in mining circles in all parts of the Northwest has had the effect to cause the
people of the Wood River country to turn their attention more and more to agricul-
ture and stock raising, and this is fast becc jiing one of the most prosperous farming
sections of the southern part of the state.

Hailey, Idaho.

51!)

Bellevixe, Idalio. — Bellevue is a tired looking town, with a population of
about 500. It is prettily situated in the Wood River valley, on the line of the Wood
River branch of the Union Pacific, 52 miles north of Shoshone, and 5 miles south
of Hailey.

Until recently the sole dependence of Bellevue for support was on the mining
resources of the rich mineral belt adjacent. With the decadence of mining in this sec-
tion, however, has come the necessity for the people here to turn their attention to
other pursuits, and as a result the cultivation of the rich agricultural lands of Logan
county, of which Bellevue is the seat of justice, is now perhaps the most important
industry of this part of the state. Bellevue contains a good brick public school
building, four churches, of the Presbyterian, Baptist, Episcopal and Catholic (denom-
inations respectively, two hotels and two livery stables. Two weekly papers, T/ie
Herald and The Review, are published at this point. A number of strong business
houses are established here, and the place enjoys considerable regular trade with a
section of country that is making steady, if not rapid, progress.

At one time Bellevue was the seat of some of the heaviest mining operations in
the Northwest. Located within a stone's throw of the town are the Minnie Moore
and Queen of the Hills mines, two of the best known mining properties of the state.
These mines are silver and lead-producing properties. The Minnie Moore has already
yielded over |8, 000, 000 in silver, and over $3,o(kj,ooo worth of silver has been dug out
of the Queen of the Hills. Roth of thest cat mines have not been worked for nearly
three years past. An English syndicate 'vover, has recently purchased the Queen
of the Hills and this syndicate is now making every preparation to 'esume opera-
tions here. In the mining section tributary to Be' ivue, valuable ('iscovcries arc
constantly being made and the only thing wauteil to infuse lift into the town is
plenty of capital to work what would undoubtedly develop into goml paying proper-
ties. In the agricultural development of Logan county is sufficient proniise for the
support of a considerable town at this point and there is no reason foi conjecture
that Bellevue will ever be any smaller than it is to day.

Hailey, Idaho. — Hailey, the county seat of Alturas county, is situated between
the foothills of the Sawtooth range of mountains and on the east bank of Wood river .
It is on the Wood River branch of the Union Pacific, 57 miles nor' > of Shoshone.
Hailey is the mining and commercial center of the Wood River i' Sawtooth mining
sections and the city has a population to-day of about 1,200.

The first discoveries in the rich mineral belt of which Hailey is the center were
made in 1880. SiJicc the time of the first great Wood River
excitement more than 13 years ago, over $25,000,000 has
been produced by the great mining properties here, a record
that is not surpassed by the output of any other mining
belt of the state. Among the best known mines of this sec-
tion are the Minnie Moore, Idahoan, Jumbo, Red Cloud,
Mayflower, Bullion, Queen of the Hills, Red P'lephant and
Buttercup. In the palmy days of the Wood River country
these were all great mineral-prodining properties and this
section was the seat of one of the greatest bullion-producing belts of the United
States.

Hailey is a town of an attractive appearance. It contains a number of tery fine

ALTURAS County Court House, Hailey.

620

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

brick business blocks in addition to a fine brici'. court house, school building, hotel
and a fine bank building. The public school building at this point was erected at a
cost of $35,000. The school is presided over by good teachers and it is graded and
well conducted. The Presbyterian, Methodist, Episcopal and Catholic denominations
own churches at Hailey. The town contains a complete system of water works, a
fine electric light plant, and a telephone exchange which also connects with the prin-
cipal mines, smelters and mills located within a radius of 12 miles of Hailey.

Located at Hailey are sampling works with a daily capacity of 200 tons. A side-
track connects these works with the line of railroad passing this puiut. Tlie sampling
works give employment to a large force of men and they regularly disburse in the
town large sums of money, which adds directly to the prosperity of the place.

Two small daily papers. The Times and The Neivs- Miner a.r& published at Hailey.
The fact that two daily papers are supported in a town of the size of Hailey can be
taken as evidence of the progressive spirit of its people. A feature of interest to the
visitor to this point lies in the numerous fine drives leading out from the town in all
directions. Natural roads lead from Hailey to the very ridges of the mountain chains
which hem in the valley here, and a drive over any of these roads presents niie

stretches of scenery of remarkable rnggedness and grandeur.
The forests through which many of these roads run are filled
with an abundance of large and small game and the small
streams along the way are alive with the gamiest of trout.
The entire surroundings of Hailey are healthful and invicing.
The altitude of this part of Idaho is high, affording a clear,
dry atmosphere that is delightfully cool during the summer
months and this is fast becoming one of the most popular
inland summer resorts of the West. Added to delightful
surroundings, Hailey is the seat of a mining district that
contains untold stores of wealth and wlim operations are once again resumed in
this mineral belt on a scale that they wen- fDrmerly conducted, this will be one of
the most prosperous towns in the state of Idaho.

HaiIvEY Hot Springs Hotel. — This beautiful health and pleasure resort is
kept open the year round. The hotel is of a colonial style of architecture, three
stories in height, and the hotel is strictly first-class in all it.s appointments. It has
incandescent lights throughout. In connection with the house is an elegant ball-
room, a billiard room, lo-pin alleys and ladies' and gentlemen's cement hot plunges,
35 X 70 feet in size. All the bath tubs of the house are of porcelain. The rates of the
hotel per day are from $2.50 to $3.50, and per week frcn 114 to $21.

The hot springs connected with this hotel are highly mineralized, and of a tem-
perature of 160° fahrenheit. The water of the springs is unsurpassed for the cure of
rheumatism, kidney troubles, dyspepsia, malaria and all diseases humanity is subject
to. Hotel guests have the benefit of hot mineral miul plunges which are more highly
mineralized than any others in the United States. These baths have no equal for
the cure of rheumatism, venereal disorders, gout and al^ chronic diseases. This
beautiful resort is reached by the Wood River branch of the Oregon Short Line from
Shoshone. Shoshone is distant only 57 miles from Hailey. This latter is a beauti-
ful city of 2,500 inhabitants. The Springs Hotel is one and one-half miles distant
from Hailey. The hotel hack meets all trains at Hailey. With the finest climate

PUBLIC School, hailey.

Ketchum, Idaho.

521

HAiLEr Hot Springs, hailev.

in this liil'ir-mountain coun-
try, with fine drives in all di-
rections from the hotel, with
trout in abundance in the
numerous mountain streams
near the doors, with grouse,
chicken and deer hunting
unsurpassed in the foothills
near by, this is at once an
ideal pleasure and health
resort. The hotel is run
under the proprietorship
of R. Strahorn Co.

The analysis of the water
of the Hailey hot springs,
rtade by Professor N. Gray

Bartlett, of Chicago, gives the following results : (This is to each nine gallons of
water. ) silica, 3.6 grains ; carbonate of magnesia, 1,5 grains ; carbonate of lime, 1.3
grains ; carbonate of soda, 2.6 grains ; sulphate of soda, 4.3 grains ; chloride of
sodium, 4.7 grains ; total, 18 grains; oxide of iron, alumina and organic matter,
traces ; carbonic acid gas, 5.6 cubic inches.

Lemmon & Boone. — One of the most enterprising and successful business firms
of Hailey is that of L,emmon & Boone, who have been engaged in the insurance,
real estate and loan business since 18S2. This young firm's business extends over
Alturas county and a large portion of Southeastern Idaho, and their knowledge of
this territory is both accurate and reliable.

Ketclilim, Idaho. — Ketchum, Alturas county, is the terminus of the Wood
River branch of the Union Pacific railroad, and is 69 miles north of Shoshone. This
a few years ago was an active and prcjgr'^ssive mining town of twice, possibly thrice

its presi. . population , which is perhaps about 500.
Located at this point is a large smelter with a capacity
of 180 tons of ore a day. The erection of this mam-
moth plant involved an outlay of f 500,000. With the
exception of a short period during the winter of
1892-93, this smelter has not been operated since 1887.
Some notably rich lead and silver mines in the
immediate vicinity of Ketchum are the Elkhom,
which produced fi, 000,000 between 1882 and 1884,
and the Baltimore and Independence mines, which
are said to have at least $100,000 in ore in sight.
The Parker, another rich mining property of this
district, netted $100,000 in 1884, and $750,000 has been
taken out of the North Star here. All of these mines are now idle, a condition at-
tributed to the prevailing low price of silver.

Ketchum is the principal outfitting and shipping point for the miners, tourists
and hunters of three-fourths of Alturas county, all of Custer and portions of Idaho
counties. The town boasts of one bank, a $10,000 brick school house and supports
a weekly paper called The Keystone. The Methodists, Episcopalians and Catholics

Public School, Ketchum,

522

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

own churches here. Two hotels and two livery stables are located at this point. The
people here base their p ]r>cipal hopes for future prosperity on renewed activity in
the mining region, the rt.c irces of which are now lying dormant.

PHOTO. BY J. J. MCeVOV.

•Sire^M

Opera house Block, pocatello.

Pocatello, Iclaho. — The official government census of 1890 credited Pocatello,
tha scat of Bannock county, with the largest population of any town in the state.

Since that time there has been a retrogression in the pros-
perity which the place formerly enjoyed, and todaj- the
population does not exceed 3,500. Pocatello is strictly
a railroad town. The machine and carshops, as well as
the boiler works and roundhouses of the Union Pacific
are located at this point. These works give employment
to a large number of men, from 300 to 350 hands being on
the company's payroll at this point. The railroad com-
pany regularly disburses here from |4o,ooo to |6o,ooo a
month.

Pocatello is at the junction of the main line and the
Utah & Northern branch of the Union Pacific. It occu-
pies a site in the Portneuf valley, a level stretch of country
which extends west and north to the rich lands of the
Snake river valley. All of this territory which surrounds
the town, however, is embraced within the limits of the
Fort Hall Indian reservation, and comprises about i,ooo,coo acres, one-half of which
is regarded as good agricultural land. Two tribes of Indians, the Bannocks and
Shoshones, numbering in all about 1,400, occupy this reservation. Until this reser-
vation is thrown open to settlement, Pocatello's growth will necessarily be slow, its
sole dependence being centered in the heavy railroad interests at this point.

Almost every line of business is represented here. The town boasts of two na-
tional banks, two weekly newspapers. The Tribune and The Herald, and two good
hotels. The public schools are held in a very h tndsome two-story stone structure,
which was built at a cost of $30,000. Five teachers are employed ii the public
school here and the average dail^' attendance is about 400. In addition to the public
school, St. Joseph's Academy, a Catholic seat of learning, is located here. This
school employs five teachers and is well patronized. The Cougregationalists,
Episcopalians, Methodists, Baptists, Catholics and Latttr Day Saints own attractive
church buildings here. The town is provided with two electric light plants. It has
an efficient water-works system and boasts of a number of
notable public improvements. The supply of water for city
purposes is held in two large reservoirs of 3,300,000 gallons
capacity. Pocatello contains a handsome brick opera house,
with a seating capacity of 700, which was erected at a cost
of $25,000. The people here base their hopes for future
prosperity on the opening of the Fort Hall Indian reservation
to settlers. The occupancy of this land by a thrifty class
of people would add largely to the regular trade which
Pocatello now enjoys, and the cultivalion of the thousands
of acres now lying idle here would make this one of the most prosperous farming
sections in Idaho.

PHOTO. BY J. J. MC EVOY.

Public School Pocatello.

Idaho Falls, Idaho.

623

Blackfoot, Idaho.— Blacktoot, tne county seat of Bingham county, lies
about 25 miles north of Pocatello, on the line of the Utah & Northern branch of the
Union Pacific. It is located just beyond the northern liriit of the Fort Hall Indian
reservation on the Blackfoot river, and the town is surrounded by a fine stretch of
farming country.

Blackfoot has a population of about 450. In addition to the regular lines of
business usually found in a town of this size. Blackfoot contains a bank and supports
one weekly newspaper, T/ie News. A fine orick court house, the erection of which
involved the expenditure of about |25,coo, occupies a full block in the center of the
town. A three-story stone flouring mill hts recently been completed at this point.
This mill has a daily capacity of 75 barrels and represents the manufacturing industrj-
at this point.

Located at Blackfoot are the two churches of the Presbyterians ano the Baptists.
The town is the seat of the state insane asylum. The building occupied for the
insane here is of brick and was erected at a cost of $65,000. A fine farm of 120
acres surrounds the asylum. This farm is weM watered by an irrigating canal con-
necting with Snake river and it luruishes the asylum occupants with an ample supply
of the choicest vegetables. At the present time there are about ico patients confined in
the asylum here. In the immediate vicinity of Blackfoot a number of large irrigat-
ing canals are either completed or are in course of construction and it is this system
of irrigation which is proving the greatest factor in the steady advancement y this
section.

Idalio Falls, Idaho.— The town of Idaho F^.lls is located on the east bank
of the Snake river, 50 miles north of Pocatello on the line of the Utah and North-
ern branch of the Union Pacific system. It is 790 miles east of Portland, 186
miles north of Ogden, 196 miles south of Butte, Montana and 540 miles northwest
of Denver.

Idaho Falls is a progressive town of about 700 population. Within the city
limits is an available water power of very great extent. This magnificent

power is utilized at the present time by a single roller-
process flouring mill witii a daily capacity of 75 barrels.
The people of the town hav*. hopes, however, of making
this a manufacturing point of considerable magnitude
and strong efforts are being made to induce manufac-
turers to locate here. Bingham county, in which Idaho
Falls is located, is one of the most productive agricultural
IDAHO STATE ooD FELLOWS' HOME IDAHO FAL.s scctious of the State. lu 1 89 1 the shipmcuts of produce

from Idaho Falls aggregated about 17,000,000 pounds,
about 63o carloads. In addition the merchandise and stock shipments from this
point during the same year were 520 carloads. The valuation of property within the
corporate limits of Idaho Falls is now p.bout $600,000 and this value is rapidly
appreciating.

Among the prominent ^:uildings of the town are a handsome brick owned and
occupied by the state order of Odd Follows, which represents an outlay of $30,000, a
brick school house which cost $10,000, a brick and stone hotel which also cost
$10,000, three fine churches occupied by the Baptists, Presbyterians and Mormons.
The town contains four large business houses, a bank, the regular number of smaller

, V

; ■

. i ■-

i.
i i
; f

t <

624

The Oregonian^s Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

PHOTO. By J. J. MCEVOY.

Stores and two weekly papers, T/ie Times and The Register. The city has a good fire
department and also a fine system of water works. Idaho Falls boasts of a crack
militia company which occupies a stone armory building. The armory is also used
for the purposes of a public hall. The traveling public here is cared for by three
hotels.

Irrigation ha? done as much to reclaim the lands in the vicinity of Idaho Falls
as it ^has in other parts of Southern Idaho, and it has been the cultivation of this

reclaimed land v\hich has been responsible
for the principal growth of the town during
the past few years. In Bingham county at
the present writing are about 500 miles of
main canals and laterals which carry water
for irrigating a very large area of land. The
fertility of the soil of this section, which
is free from alkali has attracted the atten-
tion of a very desirable class of settlers who
have been pouring into the country at a very
rapid rate. Among the largest and best
VIEW, GREAT WESTERN CANAL, THROUGH ?2-Foor CUT, IDAHO FALLS, kuowu caHals uow vo. use ucar Idaho Falls

are the Idaho, 50 miles in length, the Great
Western, 60 miles long, the Eagle Rock, Willow Creek, Idaho Falls, Porter and
Farmers' Friend, the latter of which are much shorter than the two first mentioned.
The development of this section during the past five years has been very rapid.
Prior to that time large quantities
of farm produce were regularly
shipped to Idaho Falls. Today
this town is one of the most im-
portant shipping points in the state
for wheat, oats, hay, barley and
potatoes as well as horses, cattle
and sheep. The volume of business
now regularly handled at Idaho
Falls reaches a total of about 1500,000 and with the solid wealth of the tributary ter-
ritory this business is on a most satisfactory basis.

T. J, Smith. — When the advantages of Idaho Falls as regards water power and
shipping facilities are considered, land values in the immediate vicinity are remark-
ably low. Mr. T. J. Smith, a prominent and reliable real estate agent of Idaho Falls,
states that he can furnish land, including a perpetual water right in the vicinity of
Idaho Falls for from |8 to $10 an acre. The annual assessment per acre for irrigating
the same land varies from 5 to 25 cents. Although there is scarcely any government
land within range of irrigating canals thus far constructed, Mr. Smith always has on
hand a number of relinquishments which he is in a position to sell at from $200 to
I300 per half section of 320 acres. The government price for this land is $1.25 per
acre. The perpetual water right will cost from $1 to $5 per acre.

Mr. Smith is thoroughly acquainted with lands and their values throughout
Bingham county and communications addressed to him on the subject will be
cheerfully answered. •

PHOTO. BY J. J. MCEVOY.

Upper View, main Headgate, Great Western Canal. Idaho Falls.

Horse Plains, Montana.

525

Tliompsoii Falls, Montana. — Thompson Falls is a prosperous mining and
and lumbering town located on the main line of the Northern Pacific railroad and on
Clark's Fork river, 102 miles west of Missoula. Its name was derived from the falls
near the town formed by the Clark's Fork river flowing through a narrow canyon and
tumbling over precipitous masses of rock. These falls furnish an excellent available
water power at this point, although up to the present writing this power has only
been utilized for operating a small sawmill.

Thompson Falls now contains a population of 300. A number of large general
merchandise stores located here enjoy a good trade with the tributary mining and
lumbering districts. The mountains adjacent to the town are covered with a heavy
growth of good timber, and lumbering has been and will continue to be for many
years in the future one of the chief industries of the town. There are now two saw-
mills located here with a combined daily cutting capacity of 35,000 feet of lumber.
The output of these mills is consumed in the towns and among the mines of Missoula

county. In the mountains 20 miles distant
from Thompson Falls are extensive deposits of
antimony. This is a rare mineral which, when
converted into a marketable state, is useful in
promoting the fusion of metals, and is used es-
pecially in the casting of cannon balls. It is
also used as an ingredient in the manufacture
of concave mirrors. Its use in bell metal ren-
ders the sounds of bells more clear and added
to tin makes the latter metal hard, white and
sonorous. In its crude state it is harmless to
the human constitution, but many of its com-
pounds act violently as emetics and cathartics.
The only medicinal value of the mineral at the
present time is in its use as an ingredient in
condition powders for animals. Gold and silver
are found in paying quantities a few miles from Thompson Falls and the number of
apparently valuable prospects here are now awaiting capital to develop them.

Thompson Falls is much frequented during the summer season by anglers who
find in the vicinity some of the best fishing in the state. The trout here are all gamy
and living as they do in the ice-cold waters of the streams of this section their flesh
possesses a firmness and sweetness not found in the same variety of fish caught in
the streams further to the west.

■<*••.

Pend d'Oreille River.

■..f«ii^

Horse Plains, Montana. — At the eastern extremity of a beautiful and fertile
valley, is the town of Horse Plains, an important agricultural trading point of West-
ern Montana. It is on the main line of the Northern Pacific railroad, 76 miles west
of Missoula.

In the early history of Montana the country surrounding the present town of
Horse Plains was a favorite grazing ground for wild horses, and it was from this that
the town subsequently built here derived its name. The valley in which the town is
located lies on both sides of the Clark's Fork river and covers an area of about 60,000
acres. The entire valley is settled and divided up into farms which are generally of
about 160 acres each. These farms are all well improved and the farmers here are in
a prosperous condition. The soil of the valley lands is a rich, sandy loam and crops

526

The Oregonian' s Handbook of the Pacif- Northwest.

NEW County Court House,
Missoula.

are raised here without irrigation. The valley farms produce annually large crops of
grain and hay. It is also a fine gardening country and certain varieties of fruit do
well here. In bearing condition are now fine orchards in the valley which were set
out more than 20 years ago.

The town of Horse Plains contains a population of about 150. It is the most
important place in the valley and the merchants here do a good business. It pos-
sesses a Catholic church and a good public school, and is in advance of other towns
of the same size in the matter of public improvements.

Missoula, Montana. — In the mountain-inclosed valley of the Missoula river
and at the mouth of Hell Gate canyon, is located the commer-
cial center of Missoula, one of the large and prosperous citits
of Montana. A few miles above the mouth of the Hell Gate
canyon the Hell Gate and Blackfoot rivers join each other
and form the Missoula (river of awe). This turbulent stream
then passes out through the canyon, and in its winding course
of 30 miles to the mountains to the west it cuts in twain the
beautiful Hell Gate valley. This valley,
inclosed on all sides by grass-covered
mountains, is 30 miles long and from 2
to 7 miles in width. Opening into it from
the south is the Bitter Root valley.
The waters of the river of the same name join those of the
Missoula a short distance below the site of the city of Missoula.
Missoula derives much of its trade from the farming com-
munities and towns of the Bitter Root valley, which extends

north and south from this point, its length being about 85 miles, while it varies in
width from i to 15 miles. It was in this valley that Father DeSmet, in 1841, es-
tablished the St. Mary's Mission, the first white settle-
ment in Montana. The Bitter Root valley is called the
garden spot of Montana. Its rich soil yields large crops
of grain and vegetables, and it is the only section of Mon-
tana where fruit raising is successfully carried on. This
valley dates its occupancy by the white people from the
building of the famous Mullan road in the early 6o's. This
historic road, which extends from The Dalles, on the West,
clear through to Fort 'Benton, on the east, passes through
Hell Gate canyon. This great thoroughfare, over which
thousands of immigrants wended their westward way in the early history of Ore-
gon, Washington and Idaho, was completed by the federal government in i860.
Accounts of this great trail are closely interwoven with the history of Montana,
and for years preceding the coming of the iron horse it furnished the only great
artery of travel over that vast s'-.retch of country, 800 miles in length, between
the head of navigation on the Missouri river, dt Fort Benton, to The Dalles, where
connection was made on the Columbia river for Portland and the sea.

In June, i860. Captain C. P. Higgins and Frank L. Worden arrived in the Hell
Gate valley with a pack train of 76 horses laden with merchandise. These men
built a log store on the Mullan road at a point <"our miles above the present site of
Missoula. This store and the small settlement which subsequently sprung up

Hell Gate Canyon, near Missoula.

A Business Block, Missoula.

uii.

Missoula, Montana.

527

A Prominent Cornfr Missoula.

around it, became known as Hell Gate. The origin
of the name in this section was as follows. In the
earliest history of Montana the Blackfoot and
Flathead Indians were deadly enemies. The
Blackfeet claimed the canyon now known as Hell
Gate, and used it as an open hij^hway for their
war parties. If the Flatheads or others camped
near the canyon, the camping parties were almost
certain to be raided and their camps despoiled
by the Blackfeet, From these frequent depreda-
tions of the Indians came the trite remark that it was as unsafe to camp at the gates of
hell itself as near the mouth of the canyon. It was thus that Hell Gate canyon was
named, and it is by this name that it has since been known.

The little settlement at Hell Gate passed through the trying vicissitudes incident
to the growth of the frontier towns before the advent of railroads. For a consider-
able time after its establishment it enjoyed the unenviable reputation of being a
"tough place." In 1864 the store at this point was moved to the site now occu-
pied by the flourishing city of Missoula. It was thus that the town of Missoula was
born, and although from the date of its first settlement the name of Missoula was
attached to the town, it was for many years subsequent to its settlement known bet-
ter as Hell Gate.

On August 7, 1883, the first cars of the North-
em Pacific railroad reached Missoula. The com-
pletion of this great transcontinental road, 30
years after its route across the continent had been
selected, gave Missoula its first real start towards
metropolitan importance. It opened up new
avenues of tiade for the town, it brought many
people to settle in the immediate vicinity, and
was the means of bringing capitpl to the West to
develop its wonderful resources Missoule. owes
its great growth since the completion of the Northern Pacific to its location in a sec-
tion of country of great and diversified resources. From a mere hamlet of proba-
bly 50 people, in 1864, the place has grown to a cit> of -, cx) population. It is now
the great jobbing center of Western Montana, enjoying an extensive trade '.vith the
rich agricultural valleys of the Bitter Root and Flathead valleys, and with the rich
mining centers of the Coeur d' Alenes. The business streets of the city are lined with
imposing three and four-story buildings, constructed of pressed brick, cut stone and
granite. These buildings are all modern in their appointments, being as finely
fitted as are any of the best structures of Chicago or New York.

There is still a prevailing impression in the
minds of the Eastern people that Missoula and the
other cities of Montana are still the scenes of
wild frontier life. In refutation of this, it can be
stated that all the great cities of Montana are
today as well governed as are any of the older set-
tlements of the East. In Missoula the people
are not only law-abiding, but they are prompt to
discountenance all efforts of the vicious element ^„„^„„^ p.^,,„ „. „. „„3,,„,, „„,„,,,.

Fort Missoula

IIP

ill

528

The Oreffonian's Handbook ot the Pacific Northwest.

'Sir- t«>*"=i^,^^^'^-^.*''-i>

Water Works, Missoula, in isee.

to create disturbances of any kind. It may also be news to Eastern readers of
"The Handbook" to state that few cities of the present population of Missoula,

anywhere, contain as many costly business blocks
as are found here, while the elegant private homes
of the city would grace the best streets of Chicago.
The residence portion of Missoula presents a most
attractive appearance. Its homes are of a modern
style of architecture, and these homes are sur-
rounded with well kept lawns, while the profusion
of flowers, trees and shrubbery which are found
here has led to the adoption of the title, "Garden
City," for this flourishing center of trade. The
principal streets of the city are loo feet wide. The
streets are well lighted after nightfall by electricity,
the business portion of the city is connected with the Northern Pacific depot by a
well equipped horse-car line, and on every hand is seen here evidence of the manv
public improvements which are found in any of the largest Eastern cities.

Missoula's supply of water is taken from the Rattlesnake, a pure mountaii
stream which furnishes an inexhaustible source of supply for the city. The fall from
the point where the water is taken out of this stream to the city affords sufficient
pressure to furnish an ample protection against any fire that might ever obtain head-
way here. A fine volunteer fire department is maintained here, which is a double
safeguard against fire.

Excellent educational advantages are afforded the youth of
Missoula. The public school system of the city requires the
use of three large school houses, in which 15 teachers are em-
ployed. In 1893 the total average enrollment at these schools
In addition to the public schools the youth of the
soon have the advantages for a higher education
by the Montana State University. The building
which this advanced seat of learning will oc-
cupy is now under course of construction.
It will have cost when completed about

|ioo,ooo. There is also maintained at. Missoula an excellent
Catholic school which has a large attendance of pupils. The
people of Missoula take a just pride in their excellent school sys-
tem. In addition to the educational work of the schools here is a
fine public library, which contains over 2,000 volumes of standard
literature. The religious organizations of the city are represented by one Catholic
and six Protestant churches which are liberally supported.

Missoula is an important railroad center. In addition to its location on the main
line of the Northern Pacific, it is also the terminus of the Missoula & Bitter Root
V:iMcy and the DeSmet & Cceur d'Alene branches of the same system. The Bitter
Root Valley branch runs through the valley of the same name to Grantsdale, a dis-
tance of 50 miles. All the country traversed by this road is well settled, and its trade
is controlled by Missoula. The DeSmet branch runs through the great Coeiir
d'Alene miaing districts, and with its extensions makes a continuous route from
Missoula to Spokane, the largest inland city in Washington. The building of this

was 700.
city will
afforded

NORTH Side School,
Missoula.

Central School, Missoula

1 :, I

Missoula, Montana.

52{>

Catholic Church, Missoula.

' cut off," as the DeSniet branch is culled, has resulted iu mak-
ing Missoula the eastern outfitting point for the mines of the
Crt-'ur d'Alenes. The commercial relations of Missoula with
the rich mineral belt opened up by the completion of the De-
vSmet branch, and with the other mining districts which im-
mediately surround the city, are most important factors in its
progress and prosperity. With these mineral districts and with
the rich agricultural sections tributary, Missoula now does a
trade which approximates about |2, 000,000 annually.

It is claimed that Missoula occupies the only site on which a large city can be
sustained, l)etwecn Helena on the east, 125 miles distant, and Spokane, 250 milts
west. A careful study of the topographical features of the sections of country
intervening between these points will convince any reader of the truth of this state-
ment. Missoula is thus made the metropolis of a vast area extending north from
this point to the British boundary, west to the Idaho line and east to the summit of
the Rocky Mountains. It is also the banking center for a rich and populous center
of country. The banks of Missoula today are the First National, with a capital of
1150,000 and a surplus and undivided profits of $350,000 and the Western Montana
Bank, with a capital stock of |75,ooo and a surplus and undivided profits of $25, (XX).

Missoula is the headquarters of the Rocky Mountain division
of the Northern Pacific. Residing in the city are 350 regular em-
ployes of this road. Large machine acd repair shops, car houses
and roundhouses are maintained here by the railroad company.
The company's hospital is also maintained at this point. With
the exception of the railroad shops there are no large industrial
plants located at Missoula. In the immediate vicinity of the city,
however, are a number of large sawmills and wood-working
plants owned principally by Missoula capital. At Bonner, six
miles distant, is a large sawmill with a daily capacity of 135,000 feet of lumber.
The output of this and the other mills in Missoula county is largely used in mining
development work throughout Western Montana. The lumber industry here is an
important one, and in this connection it is significant that the greater portion of the
lumber consumed in Montana is cut in Missoula county.

The immediate surroundings of Missoula are attractive to both the home-seeker
and to the tourist. The mountain scenery here is picturesque. Viewed from any
of the principal streets of Missoula, the entire valley in which
the city is located is apparently entirely enclosed by mountain
ranges. The peaks of these ranges, while not covered with
perennial snows, are yet lofty enough to serve as landmarks
for a wide extent of country. The valley is perfectly sheltered
by these hills from the cold blasts of winter, while during the
heated term of the year cool breezes sweep down from these
heights into the valley below, thus insuring the people of Mis-
soula an escape from the torrid heat of other parts of the state,
and nights sufficiently cool t(> insure sleeping with comfort un-
der a blanket.

Near Missoula are a number of thermal springs the waters
of which are largely mineral in their nature. The most fre-

METHODIST Church,
Missoula.

First Presbvteriam Church.

MlSSOUL.a,,

w
m

530

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

quented of these springs are those at the head of
the Lo Lo canyon, 30 miles distant. Four miles
southwest of Missoula on .be easi bank of the Bit-
ter Root river is the fort of the same name, at
which a government post is ma ntained. It is
garrisoned by three companies of infantry. The
military reservation on which the fort is located
comprises 3,000 acres. This post was established
in 1876 on account of its favorable location for dispatching troops and supplies to
various points in the Northwest. This fort is a distinguishing feature of interest
in the section of country of which Missoula is the trading ce.nter, and it is visited
by the great numbers of tourists v/ho uow annually visit Missoula in search of health
aiid recreation.

Hfff''Jfiti;'\:'^H,'*'-' '"

Historic Foht Owen, Stevensville, Bitter R'j.jT Valley.

n^-"

Stevensville, Montana. — vStevensville, tne oldes'. settlement in Montana,
is located on the east side of the Bitter Root valley, 28 miles south of Missoula. The
line of the Missoula & Bitter Root Valley branch of the Northern Pacific runs aboi\t
three miles distant from the town, on the opposite side of the river. A good bridge
spans the river at the railroad station, thus affording eas}' access to the town.
Stevensville now contains a population of about 200, and it contains many of the
types of men who were famous n Montana a quarter of a century ago.

Stevensville is a place of great historic interest. It was first known as vSt.
Mary's and, subsequently, as Fort Owen. The Flathead Indians occupying the val
ley here before the advent of the white man were a tractable race
much further advanced towards civilization than were the other
Northwestern tribes. These Indians having heard of the "Black
Gowns," as they termed the Jesuit priests, were anxious to have
these priests come to their valley. They dispatched four of their
number to St. Louis to invite the reverend fathers to come and live ,^____„.
among them. The result of this visit was that Father De Smet and
other priests came to the Bitter Root valley in the spring of 1841 and ■"'""'■" " stpvensviue.
established the famous mil•;^5ion of St. jNIary's. The Flathead Intlians, under the
teachings and example of the Jesuit Fathers, rapidl}' embraced the Caiholic religion,
and it is the boast of the tril>e that they never shed wliite man's blood.

In 1850, Major John Owen, an army sutler, caviie into the Bitter Root valley.
He saw tlie eligibility of the site of St. Mary's mission for a trading post. He pur-
chased the land here from the Catholic Fathers who removed a mile or two further
up the valley, where they established a new mission but retained for it tiie old name
of St. Mary's. The church at the site of the lat<^?r mission is .still standing in a good
state of preservation. At th<- abandoned mission Major Owen first
bn'' . a palisade fort and, sub.sequently, he erected a iort of adobe.
The enclosure was known as l'"ort Owen, auvl portions of the walls
of this early fort and two of the bastions are still standing as land-
marks of the early settlement of the Bitter Root valley.

In 1864 the townsite of Stevensville was laid out. This occu
pied n, site between Fort Owen and .St. Mary's mission. In the old
mission cemetery, near the town, stands a marble shaft which marks
Church at Stevensville. the last rcstinj^ place of Father Ravalli, a pioneer priest who figured

fmmm

The Flathead Valley, Western Montana.

531

figured

prominently in Montana's early history. This was erected by act of the Montana
legislature.

Stevensvllle is no*,,' the seat of justice of Ravalli county, which was created by
act of tiie state legiaiature in March, .^393. The town presents a pastoral appearance,
with its four houses of worship and its neat and tasty residences well shaded by fine
trees. Among the features of the town worthy of mention are a five-room school
house, erected at a cost of $7,500, a public library and two weekly newspapers. The
Bitter Root valley at this point assumes its greatest width, it being about 15 miles
wide here. It is well settled in the vicinity of Stevensville, and the town enjoys the
trade of a 1 -osperous farming community which is yearly increasing in population
and importance.

Hamilton, Montana. — Hamilton, the largest town in the Bitter Root val
ley, is located 47 miles north of Missoula, on the Bitter Root branch of the Northern
Pacific railroad. It was founded in the fall of 1890, and now contains a population of
about 1 ,200. The townsite is attractively laid out with broad streets, the lots all
having a wide frontage. In addition to a number of general merchandise stores,
Hamilton contains a fine public school, three churches, a bank, one weekly news-
paper and two well-conducted hotels. Nearly all the wage earners of the town are
employed in the large sawmill of the Bitter Root Development Company located at
this point. This mill has a daily capacity of ioo,cxk) feet of lumber and it is ore of
the great manufacturing industries of Western Montana.

Hamilton's chief distinction lies in its being situated within the confines of the
famous Marcus Daly stock ranch. The area of this ranch is between 9,000 and 10,000
acres. Over 150 men and women are employed on
tlie great ranch in various capacities. The brood
mares on the Daly ranch have been culled from ?.ll
tbe noted breeding establishments both of the East
and the Wast. They have been selected not only for
their breeoing qualities but for the individual perfec-
tion of the animals. Nearly every trotting sire of
note in the United States has one or more represen-
tatives on tin 5 ranch. The tho oughbred running
horses owned by Mr. Daly won many of the great
turf races of 1S92. The total winnings of horses from
this ranch in that single year amounted to |i 15,000.
This remarkable success of Western horses on East-
ern race tracks resulted in Montana's becoming famous throughout the Union as the
home of some of the greatest racers that were ever put on the turf.

The Flatliead Valley, Western Montana. — The picturesque and fer-
tile Flathead valley with its numerous creeks, lakes and rivers, lies between the
ranges of the Rocky, Mission and Kootenai Mountains. It is an irregular basin ex-
tending north and south for about 150 miles. Its northern limit is British America
and its southern boundary is found within the limits of the Flathead reservation,
abo'it three miles north of Ravalli, a station on the Northern Pacific railroad. It
varies in width from lo to 30 miles. Numerous smaller valleys open into the Flat-
head and these, with the main valley of the Flathead, form an immense body of rich
agricultural land.

Superior, Montana.

"'[

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o32

TAe Oregonian's Handbook ot the Pacific Northwest.

Glimpse of Fl»the»d Lake.

The Flathead river, flowing south from the British
possessions to the north, empties into Flathead Lake near
l|?r the center of the valley of the same name. This river
is fed by numerous streams which find their source in the
ij small lakes in the valley and the mountains which sur-
I* round it. Flathead Lake is a magnificent sheet of water,
about 30 miles long and 10 miles wide. It is the largest
lake in the Rocky Mountain system. Its outlet is the
Pend d'Oreille river, a swift-flowing stream that joins its
waters with those of the Clark's Fork river near Horse

An Indian Chief and Family, Montana. --., . /r^i i c t-^i i.i i t i i • i i

Planis. Ihe shoresof I'lathead Lake make an ideal sum-
mer resort, the surroundings being beautiful and highly picturesque in scenic effects.
Tall mountains rise at the sides of the lake, wooded islands with craggy shores dot
the surface of the waters, and numerous arms
of the lake stretch far towards the interior of
the mountain ranges. The water of the lake is
clear, of a deep blue tinge and in places it is
very deep. The lake teems with gamy fish and
its shores and islands are favorite resorts and
breeding places for aquatic wild fowl. A number
of steamboats ply on the lake and, with the ex-
ception of a short season during the winter
when the lake is frozen over, make daily trips.
The lake is reached without difficulty by a daily stage from Ravalli.

The rich soil of the Flathead valley produces good crops without .ne aid of irri-
gation. Some of the lands under cultivation yield from two to three tons of hay, 60
bushels of oats and 45 bushels of wheat to the acre. Apples, plums and cherries are
grown here and the success attending their culture has stimulated the settlers in the
valley to further effort in the raising of fruits. A good market for the products of
the valley is found in the cities and mining camps to the south. The Flathead valley
was for many years known as a grazing country, and at one time immense herds of
cattle roamed over its grass-covered lowlands. This was not considered a good farm-
ing country until about five years ago. The tilling of the soil may be said to have
commenced about the time the Great Northern railway proposed to build a line
across its northern limits. When the tracks of this road did reach the valley it
brought with it a great tide of emigration which settled here. In a short time
thousands of acres in the valley were placed under cultivation and a greater portion
of the lands in the northern part of the valley were enclosed by fences.

The principal towns of the Flathead valley today are Kallispell, Demersville,
Columbia Falls and Egan, all flourishing towns with excellent schools, churches,

etc. The general altitude of the valley is
about 3,000 feet. The summers here arc
warm and pleasant with cool nights.
Winter does not set in here as early as it
docs in the Middle Western States, and
while the fall of snow during the winter
months is usually heavy it disappears early
in the spring, thus allowing ample time
ST iQNATiu, MISSION, FLATHFA. INDIAN resf.rvation. ^r UiB plautiug &xu\ matuHng of crops.

•^■^■■MfBMfnannumuii

Phillipsburg, Montana.

538

■i<S<-s-

There is still a large area of vacant government land in the valley and when the
government throws open the great Flathead Indian reservation thousands of acres
additional, the finest land in the state, will be ready for occupancy. This reserva-
tion comprises an area of over 2,cxk) square miles. It is a tract of country extending
from the center of Flathead Lake to the mountainous district lying south of the line
of the Northern Pacific railroad. It is now occupied by 1,500 Indians and half breeds,
many of whom have farms under a high state of cultivation. These Indians are
law-abiding and they form an important adjunct to the working population of the
state of Montana.

Drximmoncl, Montana. — Drummond is the diverging point from the main
line of the Northern Pacific for Phillipsburg. This branch connects Drummond with
Phillipsburg and the famous Granite Mountain mines, a distance of 26 miles.

Drummond is 72 miles west of Helena, and 310 miles east of Spokane, It has a
population of about 150. The principal importance of the town is its connection
with the Northern Pacific as the terminal point of the Phillipsburg branch road.

Pliillipsbnrg, Montana. — This old and interesting town is the supply cen
tor for one of the most important mining districts of Montana. It is located 26 miles
south of Drummond, on a branch of the Northern Paci-
fic which runs to the famous Granite Mountain mines.
The town lies in the Flint Creek valley, at Lhe base of a
heavy spur of the Rockies. It was first settled in 1866.
In the following year the first silver mill in Montana
was erected in Phillipsburg, on the Hope mine property.
The pans of this mill were shipped by wagon all the
way from San Francisco. In crossing the Rio Virgin, in
Southern Utah, the wagon sunk in the quicksands, and
the pans remained buried therr; until they were finally

raised by derrick months afterwards. With the exception of slight intervals of rest,
this lo-stamp mill has been constantly operated, since 1867, in crashing the free-
milling ores taken from the deposits of Hope Hill.

Phillipsburg is now an attractive city of 3,000 inhabitants. It occupies a site of
sufficient area for a city of many times its size. The grassy vale in which it is built
■s surrounded bj' high wooded mountains. Five miles from Phillipsburg are the
great mineral properties of Granite Mountain. These mines, when in operation, fur-
nish employment to over 2,(X)o men. The trading for these
mines is all done at Phillipsburg. In the town one princi-
pal street leads down the gradual incline on which the
place is built to the Northern Pacific depot, located half a
mile distant from the business center. Leading across this
main thoroughfare the other broad streets of the town ex-
tend. On the main street are a number of substantial busi-
ness blocks, Two strong banks are located here. Phillips-
burg has several hotels and a number of very strong busi-
ness houses. It has a complete system of electric lights,
and it is supplied with pure mountain water taken off the
granite bedrock and piped to the town from large reser-
voirs. Two public school buildings are established here, as
are several strong church organizations. Phillipsburg is

Dry Crushing Chloridizing Mill,
Bi-Met»llic Mining Co., Phillipsburq,

;3r>A,.-f-

HOISTING Engine and Mill,

Bl-METALLIC MiNF, GRANITE.

584

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

one of the principal mining centers of Montana outside of Butte and Helena, and
large sums of money are invested in the city and in the mining properties adjacent.

An act of the Montana legislature, in the session of 1892-93, created the county
of Granite, which was cut olT from the former large county of Deer Lodge. Phillips-
burg, by this act, was made the seat of justice of the new county. This has added
considerably to the importance which the town previously enjoyed. When the
mines are all in operation here, their combined pay-roll amounts to thousands of
dollars a month. This money is regularly spent in Phillipsburg, thus insuring suffi-
cient money in circulatien here at all times to insure the prosperity of the business
community.

The district of which Phillipsburg is the center, contains about 5,000 mineral
locations, but few of which have been sufficiently developed to show their merits.
A large number of these claims show immense deposits of low-grade ore, which varies
in richness from 7 to 20 ounces in silver per ton. This is knc /n as the Flint Creek
mining district. It comprises an area of mineral land 15 miles square, situated on
the western exposure of the Granite range, near the head of Flint Creek valley. It
incloses the famous Granite Mountain ledge. Three miles from Phillipsburg is the
Granite mine. This was discovered in 1872. by Eli D. HollaucT, and it was recorded
in July, 1875, by J. W. Estill, E. D. Holland and J. M. Merrell. There was but very
litttle development work done on this property until the autumn of 1880. In that
year a sj'ndicate was formed under the name of the Granite Mountain Mining Com-
pany, to make the attempt to demonstrate the value of this property. Befoie the
syndicate purchased this claim it had been bonded, on several different occasions,
for less than ;^o,ooo. A mine that could have been held at one time, by tho.se who
had bonded it, on the payment of a few thousand dollars, subsequently paid divi-
dends of over $1 2,000,000. The Granite is now one of the bonanza mines of America.
From August, 18S5, to July 31, 1891, the output of the mine amounted to 250,043
gross tons of ore, which yielded 17,756,374 ounces of silver and 21,648 ounces of gold.
Up to December 31, 1892, the Granite had paid dividends of |i 1,880,000. In 1890
the Granite company paid dividends of $2 500,000, and during the same jear they
expended, in development work, over $1,300,000. In that year the ore from the
mine averaged 71 ounces in silver per ton, and in 1891, 51 ounces. The Granite com-
pany operates a loo-stamp mill at Rumsey, and a 90-stamp mill at Granite. Both of
these places are small camps near and directly tributary to Phillipsburg. During 1891
the average cost of mining the ore of the Granite mine was I15 a ton.

Adjoining the Granite and on the same ledge are the properties of the Bi-Metallic
Mining Companj-. This company was organized in 1S86 with a capital stock of $10,-
000,000, divided into 400,000 shares ot a value of I25 each. Its history is similar to
that of the Granite Company. At first the Bi-Metallic properties were not considered
of the first order. As they were developed, however, immense bodies of ore were
discovered. This ore runs from 60 to 75 ounces in silver per ton. In the Blaine,
owned by this company, a shoot of ore two feet wide and 150 feet long, assayed 800
ounces of silver to the ton. The Bi-Metallic is now one of the bonanza dividend-
paying companies of Montana. The total dividends paid by the company up to
December, 1892, amounted to f 1,800,000. This company owns 20 lode claims on and
adjoining the Granite Mountain ledge, and 12 claims near Phillipsburg where their
two 50-stamp chloridizing dry -crushing mills are located.

South of Phillipsburg lie the possessions of the Algonquin and Northwest Mining
Companies. The property owned by these companies consists of well developed

Deer Lodge, Montana.

635

mines. The Northwest Company suspended operations in 1879, and the Algonquin in
1882. At that time the heavy cost of transportation in hauling supplies to these
mines only permitted the companies operating them to handle high-grade ores.
Ores then that averaged less than 70 ounces in silver to the ton could not be profit-
ably worked. Two chloridizing dry-crushing mills, erected by these companies at a
cost of 1325,000, have been permitted to lie idle and decay during the past few years
when they could have been run at a profit to the owners. The stockholders in these
two companies reside in the East, and for 10 years prior to 1893 they neglected prop-
erties at Phillipsburg which, if worked, would have paid large dividends. Other
mines at this point are the Bath, West Granite, North Granite, San Francisco,
Latonia and Princeton. In addition to these are many other rich mines or claims
near Phillipsburg, which the owners hope will ultimately develop into as great prop-
erties as are the Granite and the mines of the Bi-Metallic Comp^ihy.

Garrison, Montana. — Garrison is situated in Deer Lodge county, on the
Hell Gate river, 51 miles west of Helena. Although a small place, containing but
about 100 population, it is an important point on account of its being the junction of
the Northern Pacific and the Montana Union railroads. The latter line runs in a
southerly direction from Garrison to Butte, a distance of 51 miles. The road between
Garrison and Butte passes through the towns of Deer Lodge, Stuart, Anaconda and
Silver Bow. In the vicinity of Garrison is excellent hunting and fishing. Large
game is plentiful here, and the Blackfoot river and its tributaries near by are full of
the finest varieties of speckled trout.

Deei' Tjortjjfe, Montana.— Deer Lodge, on-- of the oldest settlements in Mon-
tana, is situated in the center of the agricultural valley of the Deer Lodge river. It
is a station on the line of the Montana Union railroad, 11 miles south of Garrison,
the junction of the Montana Union and the Northern Pacific. Helena is 62 miles
distant from Deer Lodge, while the town is separated from Butte by a distance of
40 miles.

The early history of the town of Deer Lodge is replete with interesting and sen-
sational incidents of frontier life. It was near this place in 1864 that many of the
desperate characters of Montana's early history paid the penalty for their crimes, they
having been executed by the Montana committee of safety. In the early days of
Montana there were no courts of justice in the territory and the protection of life and
property was by common consent relegated to the vigilantee committees made up
o*" the most respected people of the community. By summary methods, taken in all
cases, however, after the fairest of trials and the fullest convictions, the territory soon
ceased to be terrorized by the lawless element and it is the boast of the surviving
members of the old vigilantee committees of the early history of the present rich
state that life and property were never more secure than they were during the time
that the people governed themselves without the aid of courts or lawyers.

It was in that portion of Montana which is now embraced within the limits of Deer
Lodge that the first discovery of gold was made in the stale. The honor of
this first discovery rests on Francois Finlay, an Indian trader, who took out the first
dust in 1850. In 1864, following the great discovery of surface gold at Bannock City
and Alder Gulch, prospectors began to arrive in Deer Lodge county, and about the
same time Deer Lodge was founded as a trading and outfitting point for the surround-
ing mineral districts. The importance of the sotttement here in the early days of its
history and the amount of trade it enjoyed may be inferred from the fact that the

636

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

placer fields of Deer Lodge county yieldea the immense sum of 113,250,000 between
1863 and 1868. In 1870 the first signs of t .e failing returns from the placers here
became apparent and the attention of the mining men from that time forward began
to be diverted to the more arduous and then less promising fields of profit oifered by
the development of the rich quartz ledges which the territory contained.

The working of quartz ledges in Deer Lodge county is now an industry of great
and constantly increasing Magnitude. In 1891 this county produced 4,850,821 ounces
of silver, and 19,586 ounces of gold. The decline of the price of silver in
1893 has resulted in the working of the placer mines here, and at the
present writing within a radius of 20 miles of Deer Lodge there are hundreds
working at fair wages in the placer diggings. Some of the placer fields in Deer
Lodge county have now been constantly worked for more than 20 years past with-
out anj- indication of their giving ont, but the yield of gold from these diggings
is small today in comparison with the wonderful output of the placers here in
the early 6o's.

The growth of Deer Lodge City has kept pace with the development of the
county of which it is the trading center and seat of justice. It is now an attrac-
tive and wealthy city with a population of about 1,600. The site it occupies is evenly
laid out, with wide and deep lots, broad thoroughfares which are lined on each side
with shade trees. The business blocks are well built and many elegant and costly
residences are scattered over the city. Few cities of equal population contain a
greater number of fine residences than are found in Deer Lodge. There are in the
city today mansions that cost as high as $50,000 and there are many beautiful homes
here valued at from fio.ooo to $20,000 each. A feature of the city that adds much to
its attractiveness is a $50,000 court house which occupies the center of a square laid
out in walks and flower beds. Other imposing edifices of the place are the large
brick buildings of the College of Montana and vSt. Mary's Catholic Academ}-. These
institutions rank high among the seats of learning in the West, and their establish-
ment at this point has resulted in making Deer Lodge an important educational cen-
ter. The city possesses a lo-room public school building which was erected at a cost
of $30,000. The western division of the Montana state penitentiary is located here
and it occupies well appointed buildings with ample surror.nding grounds.

A model system of electric lights illuminates the streets and business houses of
Deer Lodge and an excellent system of water works provides an ample supply of the
purest water to its citizens. This water is taken from a mountain stream near the
city. The altitude of Deer Lodge is 4,500 feet. The extremes of heat and cold are
not felt as much here as they are on the lower levels of the state, and the climate
of this part of the state is said to be a delightful one.

The raising of standard bred and blooded stock is an important and growing busi-
ness on the ranches in the vicinity of Deer Lodge. The land and climate here are
especially favorable tothe raising of fine slock, and during recent years Deer Lodge has
become known throughout the East as the home of hor.scs of national reputation. Thor-
oughbreds foaled and raised at Deer Lodge have figured prominently in some of the
classic events of the American turf. Deer Lodge is the home of Poet Scout, High Tariff,
Nevada, Eolian, Regent, and a number of other well-known thoroughbreds that have
won laurels on the turf.

Farmering is now carried on in Deer Lodge valley by means of irrigation.
The small grains, vegetables, grasses and hardy fruits grow here to perfec-

Helena, Montana.

587

•1 ;h
■ ;» ■

'•"ft'^^Kti"

135"!?=:=;;

MT. Helen*. Helen*.

tion. The lakes and hills in the vicinity of the city abound in fish and game.
The Big Blackfoot river is a famous trouting ground and within half a day's ride of
the city are the Dempsey Lakes where myriads of speckled trout are found.
Eighteen miles to the south of Deer Lodge are the famous Warm Springs while a
few miles beyond these is the favorite resort of the Gregsou Hot Springs. Both of
these springs are noted resorts for tourists and invalids.

The location in Deer Lodge of splendid educational institutions, the homes of
wealthy men together with its fine climate and healthful environments all combine to
make the city a most desirable place of residence.

Helena, Montana. — Helena, the capital city of Montana and the judicial
seat of Lewis & Clarke county, is situated on the eastern slope of the main range of
the Rocky Mountains. The great wealth, unsurpassed scenic surroundings and
romantic history of this city have combined to make it widely known throughout the
United States.

Nature has endowed the country in the immediate vicinity of Helena with many
scenic attractions and a diversity of mineral wealth. Towering behind the city
proper is the grass-covered
and pine-clad Mount Hele-
na. Lying in front of the
city and stretching away for
15 miles is the beautiful
Prickly Pear valley. Near
the city are a number of
health- restoring thermal springs. Twelve miles to the north of Helena lies the
Missouri river, which from this point north to Fort Benton presents one of the
scenic wonders of the world.

It was not natural beauty of surroundings or favorable climatic conditions that
first led to the establishment of a settlement at this point. Out of the neighbvjring
hills, from the gulches in the immediate vicinity and f-om the very site on which the
city stands today millions of dollars worth of gold dust has been taken, and it was
the discovery of the rich gold deposits here that gave birth to a place that has since
become one of the most prosperous inland cities of the continent.

Helena owes its birth to a fortunate incident in the career of four men. On Julj'
15, 1864, four weary and disappointed prospectors, who had been wandering in search
of gold among the gulches of the Rocky Mountains, camped for the first time within
the present city limits of Helena. The following day they began to prospect along
a small tributary of the Prickly Pear. It was their last chance to find gold before
turning homeward, and before a pan of dirt was washed they named the locality
Last Chance gulch. Fortune smiled on these intrepid miners. The first pan of

washed gravel revealed $20 in coarse gold. They had
finally "struck it rich " The news of this rich dis-
covery was not long in reaching the mining camps
of the territory and a few weeks later hundreds of
men were working the Last Chance placers. For-
tunes were made in these diggings in a few days,
and during the first six years after their discovery
these placers had yielded over $15,000,000 in gold.
OLD LAND MARKS, MAIN STREET, HELENA. p'roui thc 200 fcet SQuarc uow occupied by the Helena

538

The Oregonian' s Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

PHOTO. BY LAWSON,

depot of the Montana Central Railway Company two men took out over $330,cxx) in
gold dust. Another rich strike was made within the present city limits pn the site
now occupied by the First National Bank building. All the business section of
Helena may be said to cover what was once one of the richest gold fields in the world.

Soon after the discovery of gold in Last Chance gulch there sprung into
existence in its center a town of several hundred inhabitants. On October 30 of the
same year gold was discovered here, the gallant miners named the new town Helena,
in honor of Homer's heroine of ancient Troy. The early history of Helena is but a
repetition of the history of the other rich and isolated mining camps of the state.
The fame of the rich placers of Last Chance gulch attracted not only thousands of
honest miners but a horde of the most disreputable members of society as well.
Many of the fortunes made here by the miners, after the hardest kind of toil, v ere
spent by them in riotous living, and many a lucky prospector in the gulch spent his
gold as fast as he took it from the sluice box. It was not uncommon for miners to
wash out of the ground from $15 to |(75 a day apiece, and yet these same men

returned to work each morning penniless after their
night's debauch. Others, more prudent, amassed for-
tunes, and many of the stately buildings which now Hue
Helena's streets are monuments to their enterprise and
energy. The vicious element not only coveted the hard-
earned money of the miners but they were a menace to
the lives of law-abiding ( tizens. The better element in
the camp at length four it necessary, in order to pro-
tect their lives and property, to execute a number of
these thieves and murderers. Thirteen men in all met
their death at the hands of the Helena Vigilance Com-
mittee. All of these men had committed atrocious crimes
and justly deserved the punishment which was meted
out to them. Hanjiman's tree, from a branch of which
the rope that executed these men was suspended, was for
many years an historic mark of Helena. The tree stood as a menace to wrong-doers
until finally cut down in 1876.

In 1869 the former greatness of the placers in Last Chance gulch began to wane
and population here began to dwindle. In 1867 Helena contained 3,400 people. In
1876 it did not contain to exceed 2,000 people. During the years of Helena's decad-
ence an indu'itry was being developed in the section of country which subsequently
became the best of Helena's tributary district. This was the raising of live stock.
By 1878 and 1879 the live stock interests of Montana had attained proportions of con-
siderable magnitude. A number of the wealthy cattle men of the territory selected
Helena as their headquarters. These men traded with Helena and they built their
homes in the town. The coming of these men with their millions of capital stimu-
lated the growth of Helena, and by the time the tracks of the Northern Pacific rail-
road reached this point the town was in a very flourishing condition.

Following the period when the placers of Last Chance gulch gave out the miners
of this section began to turn their attention more to quartz mining. A large number
of quartz locations were made near Helena. Some of these in time proved very valu-
able, but before the advent of the railroad they were practically worthless as their
owners were without the facilities for properly treating the ores they contained. In

Main Street, Helena, Looking South.

Helena, Montana.

539

PHOTO, BY LAWSON.

MAIN STREET, HELENA.

1880 the Utah Northern railroad reached Montana from the south, and three years
later the tracks of the Northern Pacific reached Helena. The building of these roads
wrought a great change in Helena and in the section
of country of which the town had long been the
trading center. New mines were opened up here, old
prospects which owing to low-grade or refractory ores
had been deemed worthless became paying properties,
and new life was infused into a rich country which
had remained unoccupied for the one reason of its
isolation. The 4th of July, 1883, was a memorable
one in the history of Helena. On that day a train of
36 cars loaded with 1,000,000 pounds of silver bullion left Helena for the East. This
shipment attracted the attention of the world, and although it was but the fore-
runner of many which followed it, it was one of the most effectual advertisements
the city in the heart of the Rockies ever received.

The coming of the Northern Pacific railroad at once removed all doubts regard-
ing the permanence of Helena as a prosperous city of the West. This road opened
up for the city new avenues of trade and industry and it brought it into closer con-
nection with the large section of tributary country it had so long dealt with. At the
time of the completion of the Northern Pacific to this point Helena was, as it is
today, the political, judicial, financial, commercial and educational center of Mon-
tana. From 1883 to the present writing the city has made remarkable strides in a
rapid increase of population and wealth. Its people now claim that it is the richest
and most compactly built city of its size in the world. The wealth of the city is
shown by its assessed valuation of property here in 1893, when the returns showed
|2o,ooo,ooo worth of taxable property, property that was assessed at about 50 per
cent, of its valuation. Dividing the $20,000,000 by 13,000, the present population of
Helena, it gives a wealth per capita, based on the figures of the assessment roll,
of $1,538.

Another evidence of the vast amount of capital accumulated in this city is the
number and wealth of its strong financial institutions. Seven banks are now doing
business in Helena. These banks have an aggregate capital of $2,325,000, a surplus
and undivided profits of $1,079,646, and total deposits of $7,176,812. These are the
First National Bank, with a capital of $500,000 ; the Merchants National, capital
$350,000; Montana National, capital $500,000; Second National, capital $75,000;
Helena National, capital $500,000; American National, capital $200,000; Cruise Sav-
ings, capital $100,000, and Montana Savings, capital $100,000. Deposits flow to these

banks from all parts of Montana, and they form a clearing
house for the vast amount of mineral wealth annually pro-
duced in the vicinity of Helena. The buildings owned
and occupied by these banks are imposing five and six-story
structures, constructed principally of granite and marble.
The banks of no other city of the West are better housed
than are the banks of Helena. During the stringency of
the summer of 1893 two of the Helena banks suspended, but
the assets of these banks were in the most satisfactor)'
shape, and the suspensions, as in the case of other strong banking houses of the
country, were the result of a temporary scare of the people, which the most con-

PHOTO, BY LA*SON.

A Business Block, Helena.

540

The Oregonian' s Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

scrvative of bankers find it impossible to prepare for. The business blocks of Helena
are costly, stately and modern edifices of handsome architectural designs.

The depots of the Northern Pacific and Great Northern railroads are situated in
the valley, a mile or more from the business center of Helena. The. traveler who
alights from the train of either road at Helena, sees, first, stretches of gravel or
furrowed ground, which was dug over years ago in the search for gold. Near the
depots the large warehouses are located, and this is the least attractive part of the

city. About half a mile from the depots the outskirts of
the business and residence sections of the city are crossed.
Beginning on Main street, at its intersection with Sixth
avenue, and extending for half a mile towards the base
6f the mountains, is one almost unbroken line of suli-
stantial and elegn^ ' business houses. Many of these
buildings are couh.ructed entirely of Montana granite,
quarried about three miles distant from the city. Others
are constructed of marble, red sandstone and pressed
brick. Several of these buildings are five, six, and even
seven stories high, and nearly all arc equipped with
electric lights, modern elevators, and other conveniences.
Scattered here and there through the city are many
fine buildings, including several first-class hotels, and
the |i5o,ooobuildingof the Montana Club, a strongsocial
organization of the city.

The public and private improvements of Helena are
on a most magnificent scale. Everywhere in the city is
there this same evidence of lavish expenditure. These
expensive improvements were not the result of a poorly administered city govern-
ment or the squandering of public moneys. The tax rate of
the city is low, being but 14 mills, while Helena's bonded in-
debtedness is less than $300,000. The millionaire mine owners
have, in Helena, some of the finest appointed homes and
most beautiful surrounding yards on the continent. The fine
houses here are all of brick and stone, and the residence por-
tion of the city vies favorably with the most select residence
section of any city in the West. 1

Montana Club, Helena

PHOTO. BV LAWSON.

PHOTO. OV LAWSON.

COURT House, Helena.

li !-'• E.

UNITED States Assay Office,
Helena.

The public buildings of Helena are
especially worthy of attention. The
Lewis & Clarke county court house
here, stands on an eminence at the head
of Broadway street. It was erected at a cost of $250,000, and,
as shown by the accompanying illustration, is a handsome and
striking piece of architecture. It is occupied by the governor
of the state, by the state and county officers, and it is here
that all state and county business is transacted. A marble-
statue of the Father of the Declaration of Independence,
Thomas Jefferson, occupies a prominent place in the lawn
fronting the court house. Other fine public buildings of Helena
are the auditorium, with a seating capacity of 10,000 people, a

Helena, Montana.

o41

of Helena

ituated in
veler who
gravel or
Near the
art of the
atskirts of
e crossed.
nth Sixth
s the base
le of sul)-

of these
a granite,
y. Others
d pressed

and even
)ped with
,'eniences.
ire many
)tels, and
ong social

lelena are
;he city is
e. These
y govern-

PMOTO. BY UAASON.

GOO, and,
some and
governor
it is here
A marbU'
)endence,
the lawn
f Helena
people, a

City hall ano Fine Department
headquarters, helena.

PHOTO. BY LAWSON.

The NATATQHtUM, HELENA.

PHOTO. BY LAWSON.

county jail, constructed of granite at a cost of |5o,ooo,. and
a large brick city hall. The United States assay office is
located at Helena. There were deposited in this assay office,
during 1892, 68,429 ounces of gold, valued at $1,273,104, and
99,111 ounces of silver, worth $78,932, a total of $1,352,036
in precious metals handled here during the year.

Helena has its fashionable West End, and in this part
of the city are many elegant and palatial residences. The

wealthy citizens of the city have vied with each
other in erecting houses that cost tens of thou-
sands of dollars each. These mansions do not
differ materially from the class of fine houses
found on Summit avenue, St. Paul, Walnut
Heights, Cincinnati, Nob Hill, Portland, and
the fashionable districts of other leading cities.
The noticeable absence of frame structures in
Helena is due to the fact that in the early his-
tory of the place die city was visited by three
great conflagrations. It was the lesson learned
by these great fires which was largely respon-
sible for the adoption of brick and stone for building
material here. No great fire could gain headway in
Helena today, and the city is as near fire-proof as the
adoption of fire-proof materials in building could make it.
Among the notable features of Helena are its
libraries. The public library here contains 10,000 vol-
umes of carefully selected books. This institution is
supported by a tax levy of three-tenths of a mill. This
furnishes a steadily increasing fund for the purchase of
hooks. The library rooms are large and pleasant, and

are located in the auditorium building. The state
library here contains about 5,000 volumes. A valuable
collection of books, original manuscripts, maps, etc.,
numbering in all 5,000 pieces, is held by the historical
society's library here. The law library and the historical
society are quartered in the county court house.

In marked contrast to the bull teams which trav-
ersed Helena's streets in the early history of the town, is
the splendidly-equipped system of electric cars which
now reaches to all parts of the city, photo, by lawson
The street-railway system here consists of 23 miles of electric
lines. Nine miles of this track is operated by the Helena Elec-
tric Railway Company and 16 miles by the Helena Rapid
Transit Company. The first-named company has in use 10
electric cars and the last-named company are now running six.
Both of these companies operate a line to the natatorium, Hele-
na's great summer resort. Over $500,000 was expended on this
resort. Water is supplied here at a comfortable temperature for
bathing and the natatorium is much frequented by Helena's

A Summer Resort hotel, Helena.

PHOTO. BY LAWSON.

SWIMMINQ BATH, HELENA.

High School, Helena,

542

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

PHOTO. B¥ LAWSON.

Bryant School, Heuna.

chil.dren in the camp.

PHOTO. BY LAWSON.

Kenwood School, Helena.

PHOTO. BY LAWSON.

people and by the thousands of tourists who annually visit
the city. Helena is well supplied with other places of
amusement. Among these is a cozy theater, an athletic
park, gun club grounds and a fast driving park at which
race meetings are held twice a year.

A wandering pedagogue opened the first school in Last
Chance Gulch in 1865. He did not meet with much suc-
cess, because at that time there were only five or six
The pioneer teacher, however, managed to
eke out a living here by working as a stone mason during the
time he was not engaged in his school duties. A remarkable
transformation has been effected since the first school was opened
in Helena. The city now boasts of nine public school houses,
a Catholic convent and parochial school, the Montana University,
several sectarian schools and two business colleges. The school
property owned by the city is now valued at 1432,574. The
buildings occupied for school purposes represent a value of $241,-

809. There is invested $155,975 in realty and 134,790 is in-
vested in the school furniture. In 1893 there were 1,823 pupils
enrolled in the public schools of the city. Forty teachers are
now regularly employed in these schools. The school build-
ings are models of architectural beauty and they are a source
of great pride to the citizens. The cost of each of the school
buildings here was as follows : Central, $20,000 ; High
School, $120,000; Hawthorne, $30,000; Sheridan, $3,981;
Carey, $14,682; Lincoln, $3,000; Jefferson, $15,000; Bry-
ant, $4,000; Emerson, $20,146.
The Helena High School is worthy of more than a
passing notice. This school occupies a beautiful granite
edifice, superior in design and finish to that of any school
house of the Pacific Northwest. Its exterior appearance can
be judged by the illustration of it which appearr in this pub-
lication. A winding granite stairway witli round brass rail-
ings leads from the ground to the top floor. The different
floors are supported by massive pillars of granite and sand-
stone richly carved. A wainscoting of porcelain-covered
brick extends along the walls of the hallways, the floors
of which are laid in ornamental tile. Private study rooms

for the use of the teachers open off the large class rooms. The
building is also supplied with a library, laboratory and gyni-
nasium.

Like the schools, the churches of Helena date from an
humble beginning. The first church here was a log buildini,'
erected in April, 1865. This pioneer church was liberally sup-
ported by the miners who, however, seldom attended it unless
a funeral or a marriage was the attraction. It is on record that
the keeper of a gambling house daily eased his conscience by
depositing a few dollars in gold dust in the contribution box
CAREY School. Helena. which huug on the outsidc of the church, regularly after his

HAWTHORNE SCHOOL, HELENA.

PHOTO. BY LAWSON.

■^ "iiiffffi^^^ ^.

LINCOLN SCHOOL, HELENA.

PHOTO. BY LAWSON.

Helena, Montana.

.J43

PHOTO, av LAW90N.

JEFFEHS"N School, Helen*.

PHOTO. BY LAWSON.

Emerson School Helen*.

game was closed for the night. In subsequent years the church-
going element of Helena largely increased and the tone of
the city today is a distinctly moral one. The church buildings
are among the most attractive edifices of the city and the con-
gregation of each is very strong.

As an adjunct to the religious organizations of the city, the
hospitals and orphan asylums of Helena are well supported.
The St. John's Hospital (Catholic) occupies a $35,000 building
while the building occupied by St. Peter's Hospital (Episcopal)
was erected at a cost of $40,000. Orphan asylums are maintained here by the Cath-
olic and Protestant churches.

Helena is the railroad center of Montana. The city is reached by the lines of
the Northern Pacific and the Great Northern railroads, and
connection is also made with the Union Pacific from this
point. The Great Northern gains an entrance to the city over
the tracks of the Montana Central, which it controls. At
Butte, 75 miles to the southwest of Helena, both the Montana
Central and the Northern Pacific connect with the Utah North-
ern, a branch of the Union Pacific. A number of lateral lines
spread out from Helena, and these roads tap the rich mineral
districts in the vicinity of the city. The Helena, Jefferson,
Wicks, Boulder Valley & Butte branch of the Northern Pacific
runs 58 miles through a well settled mineral and agricultural
district. The Helena & Red Mountain branch runs out from Helena to Rimini, a
distance of 16 miles, and another branch of the Northern Pacific, called the Helena
& Northern, runs to Marysville, where the great Drum Lunimon gold mine is located.
On the lines of the Montana Central and Northern Pacific railroads, four miles east
of Helena, is Prickly Pear Junction, or East Helena. It
is at this point that the extensive smelting works of the
Helena Smelting and Refining Company are located. Over
300 men are employed in these works, which cost $750,000,
and which have a capacity of 250 tons of ore per day. The
railroad systems centering at Helena are among the most
complete in the West, and the city can justly lay claim to
being a great railroad center.

Helena's water supply is obtained from creeks, which drain an area of 3,600
square miles. A large portion of this area drained is a perpetual snowshed. The
available flowof water here is from 12,000,000 to 13,000, 000 gallons every 24 hours. The
water company at Helena has constructed storage reservoirs in the mountains back
of the city. These reservoirs have a combined holding capacity
of 1 1 ,000,000 gallons. Water for city use is taken from these res-
ervoirs by gravity to the reservoirs within the city limits, from
which latter it is distributed throughout the city. The water-
works plant consists of 65 miles of pipe and f-^ur reservoirs hav-
ing a total storage capacity of 16,000,000 gallons of water. The
pressure of water in the city mains is sufficient to throw streams
over any of the tallest buildings of the city, thus saving the city the
great expense of the purchase and maintenance of fire steamers.
FIRE Alarm Tower, Helen*. The fire department of Helena consists of one hook and lad-

Entrance, cemetery, Helena.

photo, by lawson.

rA4

The ()rei;oninn's Handbook xif ^ht^ I'acific Northwest.

fMOTO. BV 1.AV/80N.

Congregational Church Ht-nNA

PHOTC. BY LAWSOS.

Methodist Church,
Helena.

<ler, 24 whet! hose carriages, one chemical enjjine, and n
reserve apparatus consistiiij^ of a 7.5-foot aerial ladder ami
one steLmer. The working force of the lire departnunt
consists of 75 men 9 of whom are fully paid.

The police force of Helena is well disciplined and otTi-
cered. It consists of a chief and 14 patrolmen.

Until the organization of a municipal government, in
18.S1, Helena was ruled by the Board of Trade. This or-
ganization is still maintained and is in a nourishing con
dition. It numbers among its members all the substantia
busiiiess men of the city. It has done much to advance
the interests of the city, and is the medium through which all the business of •:
quasi-public natui'e pertaining to Helena is transacted.

The climate of that part of Montana in which Helena is located ir- perfect. Tlu'
dry atmosphere of the Rocky Mountain districts is highly bene-
ficial to ihvalid.s. Pulmonary troubles are practically unknown
in the vicinity of Helena. The city is located in a sheltered nook
of the mountains, at an elevation of 4,200 feet above sea level. It
offers numy advantages both as a place of residence and as a
re.sort for tourists and invalids. 1 he summers here are cool and
pleasant. The heat of even the days when the thermometer gets
the highest, is not oppressive. During the winter months there
are, at times, some extremely cold days, but the absence of
moisture in the atmosphere has a remarkable influence in tem-
pering the keenness of the cold, and even dnrirg the coldest
days people go on the streets without discomfort. The meteorological records at
Helena show that for a period of eight years the city enio3-ed an average of 2S1 fair
days each year during that tune. sA^ithin easy distance of Helena
are a number of mineral springs whose remedial properties hav°
lieen known for years. The greatest of these springs art the
White vSulphur, ir Meagher county, the Jefferson, Clancy and
Boulder w ■ m springs of Jefferson county, the warm sprmgs in
Deer Lod,s;c county, and Hunter's hot springs in the upper Yellow-
stone valhn\ The last named springs have identical properties
with the famous hot springs of Arkansas, and the minerals of
these springs are almost a sure specific f >r the cure of diseases re-
sulting from any form of blood poisoning.
Lying within a radius of 80 miles of Helena are bodies of silver and gold ores
of inestitiablc value. Centuries of constant working will not exhaust the riches
of these vast deposits. On the bunchgrass ranges of Mon-
tana are vast herds of cattle and sheep which contribute direct-
ly to Helena's wealth and prosperity. In the pocket gulches
of the mountains within easy distance of Helena, are la.rge
quautiticj of precious stones. Among these deposits is that of
Kldorado bar. The sapphire fielcts here are now being worked
by an English company. This company is capitalised for
1500,000, and the work it is handling at Eldorado bar is yield-
ing large returns. Near Helena are deposits of the bes* clay ^

. '^ " A^ ■' Church of the Sacred H'-^ht,

tor making brick, terra cotta and pottery, as well as quarries Helena.

Temple ■"■•^NUEL, Helena.

rHOTO <JV LA*"'0N.

ITl

Wicks, Montana.

545

ne, ami i
;lck'r ami
partme-nt.

and offi-

imeiit, ill
This oi-
ling con
ibslantia''
advance
iiess of :i

ect. The

DiST Church,

-tCLENA.

records al
)f 2S1 fair
of Helen .1
rties hav?
s art the

incy and
spnngs in

r Yellow •
properties

nerals of

seasies it. -

t'old ores
le riches

\p"f

Lutheran Gehman Chuhch,

HELENA.

CREU H'"\.1T.

of numerous varieties of the most durable and most valuable of building stone.

In addition to these great sources of wealth, Helena has the advantage of being lo-
cated near the geographical center of Montana,
thus making it the most convenient point to
reach from all parts of the state.

In the tril r'^ary district to Helena new
mines are beinj^ constantlj- opened. These
mines, as soon as their value is determined,
are bought up by the rich syndicates. The
opening of a new mine on a large scale calls
for the investment of thousands of dollars, and

St. PETEFi's Episcopal, Church.

HELENA. already millions 01 dollars are invested herein

mines and mining machinery. Helena is the

center of one of the greatest mineral-producing sections of the world, and the

handling of this vast mineral wealth has made this city one of the greatest c(mi-

mercial centers of the West. •

Rimini, Montana. — Rimini, an important mining town of Montana, is
situated in the center of an important mining district, 16 miles southwest of Helena.
It is the terminus of the Helena & Red Mountain branch of the Northern Pacific
railroad.

Rimini is picturesquely located at the base of Red Mountain and near the junc-
tion of Ten Mile and Beaver creeks, two swift-ilowing mountain streams. A mile to
the west of Rimini is the Lee Mountain mine, owned by the Consolidated Ten Mile
Mining & Reduction Company. It is a gold, silver and lead property with 2,oex) feet of
developments. The main tunnel is 960 feet in length and the other tunnels are 700,
400, 300 and 340 feet. The ore in this mine is found in a fissure vein over 30 feet
wide, in vSyenitic granite. It is a low-grade concentrating ore, running from |2o to
J30 to the ton.

Another mine at Rimini owned by the same company is the David Stanton.
This contains ore averaging 40 ounces in silver and 40 per cent, lead and I5 in gold.
South of Rimini is the Red Mountain group of mines. These consist of the Ameri-
can Flag, Rureka, Northern Pacific and other developed and working properties.
South of these mines on the same mountain are the Good Priday and Nellie Grant.
On Providence Hill near Rimini are the Vautour and PeerleS;^ Jenny mines, both of
which are heavy silver producers. Rimini will eventually become a much larger
and more important mining center than it is today. There are some very rich
gold properties near the town still undeveloped and in the vicinity of the place are
some of the most promising prospects of Montana.

Rimini now contains a district school, two churches, a hotel and several well
stocked mercantile .stores. Its population is about 350. The creeks in the vicinity of
the town furnish good trout fishing and large game is found in the neighboring hills.
V single carload of ore from the Vautour mine here yielded $3, 900 and large bodies of
ore in the Peerless Jenny have assayed from 250 to 600 ounces in silver. This can be
taken as evidence of the richness of the mining district tributary to the town and of
the resources on which this flourishing little place relies for support.

WiflvS, Montana. — This town occupies a commanding position in the center
of a large and rich mineral district. It is the terminus of the Helena & Jefferson

546

The Orcffonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

ill

branch of the Northern Pacific railroad and it is also a station on the line of the
Montana Central.

Wicks is located in Joffersc . mty, lo miles northwest of Boulder and 25 milts
south of Helena. It now contains a ], ipulation of about 600. It has excellent public
school facilities, good churches, we 1 co..ducted hotels and the usual number of stores
found n a place of this size.

Ivocated near Wicks arc the large mines of the Helena vSmelting & Refining Com-
pany, which are locally known as the Hauser properties. The mines owned by this
company here are the Alta, Comet, Northern Pacific, Gregory and Banner. The Aha
is the largest and best developed mine of the group. Its main shaft is down i,oc;o
feet and it has ten levels with developments of over i,2CO feet each. The ore chutes
in all these levels run low in grade but are extensive, varying from 15 to 24 feet in
width. The mine is connected with a concentrator located at Corbin by a narrow-gauge
railroad 3J^ miles in length. The coticentraled ore from the Alta mine averages 2u
ounces in silver and 50 per cent, lead to the ton. The Comet is developed by a f^
500 feet deep and by five levels. It is connected with the smelter at Wicks ]..■
bucket tramway 4^ miles in length. The Comet is an average-grade mine. Of the
other mines of the group, all of which are well developed, the Custer is the most
valuable and the one of best promise.

At Corbin, two miles distant from Wicks, is the Rumley mine. The shaft of this
mine is now down 350 feet. The ore is a sulphide running about 12 per cent, lead,
30 ounces in silver and $3 per ton in gold.

Among the other mines in the vicinity of Wicks are the Munich, Pen Yan,
Blue Bird, Weiser and the Kennedy group near Clancy. In the Sterling mine a;
Clancy two leads of high-grade galena ore have been opened up. The ore runs t,(i
ounces in silver and $6 in gold per ton. There are also a number of gold properties
near Wicks which are in various stages of development. The Basin mining district
is 'lirectly tributary to Wicks. The latter is one of the most promising mining dis-
tricts of Montana. The trade of Wicks is altogether with a mining section of coun-
try and it enjoys all the prosperity which attaches to a mining section when all the
mines are being worked.

Marysvlllo, Montana. — Marysville, one of the most important miniiu^
towns in Montana, is situated on Silver creek, 21 miles north of Helena. It 1^
reached by the Montana Central railroad, and it is the terminus of the Helena is:
Northern branch of the Northern Pacific.

Placer gold was discovered on Silver creek in May, 1.S64. In subsequent

years the diggings here yielded a large
amount of gold. Following the work-
ing out of the vSilver creek placers
miners began to seek for the quart/
ledges which it was known must exist
in the vicinity of the former nch pk
cers. In ICS76 Thomas Cruse, now ;
well-known banker of Helena, found
the ledge of the famouv Drum Lum-
mor mii'.e. This mine is no\ the
greatest gold producer in Montana.
Fvariy in 1883 Mr. Cruse sold this

PHOTO. BY HALL.

Mah>5ville, Montana.

Alarrsville, Montana.

547

mine to an FInglish syndicate for |2,5cx),otx), who organized under the name
of the Montana Company (Limited) stocked for 6ix),i.k)o shares of a par value
of $5 each. T'p to January, 1892, this mine had produced 494,838 tons of ore, from
which |5, (375,298 in gold and I3, 593,228 in silver, a total of 19,268,526, had
been taken. The average value of the ore taken from the Drum lAimmon has
varied greatly since it was first worked. In 1883 the ore averaged |'65.63 per ton.
In 1890 it averaged $13.43, a»d in 1892 but $7 43. The total nndergrt)und
development in this mine represents 45,000 lineal feet, or about 8'j miles of
drifts, shafts, crosscuts and tunnels. The miners operate through a tunnel 1,200
feet long, which cuts the vein 400 feet from the surface. From the level of this tun-
nel two shafts have been sunk and these shafts have now reached a depth of over i ,400
feet below the surface. There are two mills on the property, one of 50 and the other
of 60 stamps. In the smaller mill the stamps weigh 900 pounds each and drop 96
times a minute. Each of the stamps of this mill crushes about 2 '4 tons a day. The
other mill cost $140,000 and its stamps weigh 620 pounds each and drop 94 times a
minute. The toial engine capacity of the Drum Lumnion plant is 2,435 horse power.
The vein of this mine is a true fissure anti extends north and south through slates
and near a contact of granite and slate on the footwall side. On the hanging walls is
a porphj'ry dyke, which is regarded as intluencing the formation of ore bodies. The
ore is not continuous in the vein, but occurs in shoots. Between these shoots tiie vein is
barren and is in some places pinched to a mere seam. The ore shoots vary from 5 to
over 30 feet in width.

About 30CJ men are employed in the Drum Lummon, and it is this mine which
practically supports the town of Marysville. The population of Mar^ sville is about
1,500. In addition to this mine, however, the town has other resources, the develop-
ment of which will prove an important factor in the growth of the place. Within a
radius of eight miles of Marysville are numerous silver and gold claims, which can
be nitide good paying properties. On the foothills of Mount Belmont, a short dis-
tance from Marysville, are the Peuobscott and Whipperville mines, both of which
have been gond producers and are still valuable mines. Other mines in this locality
are the Blue Bird, Hickey and Belmont. Three miles from Marysville are the prop-
erties of the Bald Butte Mining Company. These consist of the Black, Douglas,
Albion, Genesee, Sterling and Keiiawa. The
Albion is developed with a shaft 200 feet deep
and six working tunnels. The ore from this
mine runs about $32 a ton. Since July, i8t;o,
it has yielded $390,000. Next in point of de-
velopment in ihis group is the t euesee, which
has a shaft 250 feet deep and about 1,200 feet of
tunnels. The ore is free-mil'ing gold, running
about $34 to the ton. It is found in a solid vein
from 5 to 24 feet wide. The Bald Butte Company operates a 20-stamp mill , with a crush-
ing capac. • of 30 tons a day. Development work has been done on the other four
mines here opened by this company.

In the vicinity of Marysville are other numerous quartz mines, many of which it is
believed will becornc dividend-paying ])roperties. As with ^very other mining dis-
trict, capital is needed here to develop rich claims now lying id''^

Marysville occupies an attractive site in a narrow valley <' lu base of a spur of
the Rocky Mountains. A few hundred feet up the mountaii 'i 'c is the shaft-house

Drum lummon Minl. M*HysviLi.t

T7T1

'ii£«

f j

11,

' ' 1

M ■ i

- .'■ 1

!p !

l-iH

lli

Lli^-_

548

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

CROSsiNn The Plains" to Montana.

of the Drum Lummon niiue, immediately under which, on level ground, are the
stamp mills to which the ore is sent down in a chute. Scattered through the town
are many cosy cottages and several brick business Ijlocks. Two good public schools
are maintained here, and three strong church organizations are supported in the town.
Marysville presents a more attractive appearance than do most mining camps. The
streets are graded good sidewalks have been laid and the town is lighted by electric-
ity. A system of water works supplies the town with the best of water, taken from
the springs and creeks in the vicinity. Marysville has daily stage connection with
Empire via Gloster. The place is a prosperous mining camp and a trading center
that claims for the town considerable commercial importance.

Butte, Moiitaiia. — Situated at an altitude of 5,700 feet above the sea level,
on the western slope of the main divide of the Rocky Mountains, is Butte, the largest
city in Montana and the greatest mining camp in the world.

Nearly all mining camps consist of a motley col-
lection of cheaply constructed buildings, but Butte is a
city possessing every metropolitan feature and with a
population of 35,000 energetic and public-spirited people.
It is a place without parallel in America. Underlying
the city and its environs are apparently inexhaustible
bodies of copper and silver ores. The whole district of
which Butte is the center is a network of mineral veins.
The site occupied by Butte is a part of the great mineralized area, nearly all of
which, under favorable circumstances, could be profitably mined. A shaft could be
sunk in almost any of the back yards of the city and a body of ore encountered. In
the very heart of the city, at the rear of
some of the imposing business blocks, are
developed mines with their shaft houses and
hoisting engines. This peculiarity of Butte
at once impresses the stranger with the faot
that he is in a great mining camp, an<! that
perhaps under his very feet lies hidden the
wealth of a Croesus. With this evidence
of mining before his eyes, however, he
notes on all sides every evidence of a great city, and he finvls hew a thousand miles
or more from the Pacific ocean, one of tltte great inland cities of the continent.

The bonanza mines of Butte are the ^rreatest copper v^rodnoers -ii the world. Of
the silver and gold mines here, there are a scort' or nioin- whose annual output
aggregates millions of dollars. In this district over 4,000 -Miners daily deiicer'l into
the very bowels of the earth and extract from the storehc>«s!e 01 nature here thousandj>

of tons of copper an.: ^.Iver ores. In addition to
this large force of Mti,, 5, kx) others are employed
in various capacities about the mines and m the
great smelting operations about this point. These
men and the other wage earners of Butte arc paid
about $1,300,000 monthly. Nearly all oJ this im-
mense sum is expemled with a lavish extrava-
gance peculiar to mining camps anx5, 10 the aver-
age man who has been brought up in the niivist

PHOTO. PALAIS STUDIO.

" -■■■■ --■?»{-""-■ .- ,^^S?»

BUTTt, IN 1fl76.

PHOTO. PALAIS STUDIO.

View or Butte

■U\

Ihitte, Montana.

649

PHOTO. PALAIS STUDIO,

Business Center, Butte.

of the petty economies of the people of the Eastern states, the manner of spending
mone}- in Butte by even the common laborer is a revelation.

Butte claims to produce more wealth and to expend more money pi'r capita than
does any other city of equal population in the
world. Within a radius of two miles from the
court house here, ores of che enormous aggre-
gate value of |26,ouo,ooo are annually dug out
of the earth. Were this great annual reve-
nue equally divided among the inhabitants of
Butte, every man, woman and child in the ..
city would receive the snug little sum of $8o<3 a
year. The production of this wealth and the
distribution of a large part of it in wages has
given Butte characteristics possessed by no
other city in America, and a reference to the
idioms of the people will not be found devoid of interest in the present article.

On the streets of Butte may be seen all the characteristics and picturescjue phases
of mining life, together with the scenes incident to an industrial and commercial
center of prominence. Situated on the hills, within the corporate limits of the city,
are the large red-painted shaft houses of some of the greatest producing mines in
America. Along the railroad tracks at the foot of the city and on the uplands of the
suburbs are smelters to which are carried for reduction not only the product of the
many mines in the vicinity of Butte, but also ores from other mineral properties of
distant Washington, British Columbia and even Alaska.

Before becoming the centerof great quartz mining
operations, Butte was for some time a rich placer
camp. In the early 60' s, at a time when thousands
of men were washing gold from the sands of Alder
gulch, a party of hardy and adventurous fortune
seekers pushed their way over the main divide of the
Rocky Mountains and discovered, in the vicinity of
the site on which Butte now stands, the ricii placer
mines on Silver Bow creek. Shortly ruler the ad-
Vent of these men, others followed, and by the fall of
1S64, hundreds of miners were working the vSilver
Bow placers. The camp that sprung up at this point
derived its name frovn a solitary and picturesque
PARK STREET, BuTTE. mouud OX buttc whlch rises from Silver Bow valley,

in front of the present imposing city.

The placers at Butte proved very productive, and for some years this settle-
ment, together with the flourishing camp of Silver Bow, was in a flourishing con-
dition. As was the case in all the camps of Montana during the early days of the coun-
try's history, food supplies brought, fabulous prices. I'iour sold for $100 a sack, eggs
brought $1 apiece, apples were scarce at 50 cents each, and grapes sold readily at $10
a pound. At even these prices for the necessaries of life, the miners did well, and
maiiv a fortune was taken out of the placers here by the miners> of 30 years ago.
The yield of all placer mines in this district, from 1862 to 1868 inclusive, was $13,-

PHOTO. PALAIS STUDIO.

'if

550

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

K«! ■ n

PHOTO. BV
PALAIS STUDIO.

SlLVEfl BOW.

PHOTO, PALAIS STUDIO

250,000. lu 1867 Butte, as a placer camp, reached its climax.
At the end of that year its future doubtless seemed as hopeless
to the then residents of the city as did the outlook of the Mon-
tana mines during the great agitation of the sil-
ver question last year. The people who had braved
the hardships to reach this point in their search
for fortune, were not the men to be deterred by ad-
verse circumstances in their career, and the men
who have built a city at this point are not the
men who will allow their present great interests at
Butte to long remain idle, even should the world
demonetize silver as a medium of exchange.
After the placer mines at Butte were practically exhausted, the town was almost
deserted. The few years immediately following 1S64 saw a revival of the old-
time excitement in the town, and in the early 70's Butte took a start which has built
here one of the most progressive cities of the continent. The first quartz location
tfrom heresay evidence) was made north of the present city, in August, 1864. Today
over 4,000 claims have been filed in the city and its immediate vicinity. Prior to
1875 quartz claims were located here only for the gold they were supposed to con-
tain. No development work worthy of note was done on these claims, and the
knowledge of the large deposits of rich
copper and silver ore hidden but a few
feet below the surface was reserved for a
later generation. In that time there were
no facilities for treating the ores of these
ledges, and there was but little prospect
of the establishment of smelters and
stamp mills here, owing to the then so-
lated condition of the entire country. In
those days prospects that have since
proved immensely valuable sold for a few
dollars. As an instance of the Inck of
confidence felt in the quartz ledges here
during the early history of the camp, it
can be stated that the Lexington,
which is now one of the greatest silver-producing prv^i>erties in Montana,
was purchased, by the late millionaire, A. J. Davis, in the early 70's, for a |20 horse.
This same mine was afterwards sold by Mr. Davis, to a V^^ench company, for |i,ooo,-
000. Other valuable claims here were traded by their original owners for a sack of
dour and a piece of bacon.

In the fall of 1S75 a number of the old abaitiloU'od quartz claims were re-located by
parties who had learned of their value, and it soon Ivcamv vuuiored abroad that the

black ledges of Butte were rich «» silver and copper. This
discovery of the value of tht\"»v ledges soon attracted the at-
tention of provspvctors, and hvuidrt-ds of men eii.ger to in-
vestigate the merits of the new field journeyed across the
mountains to Butte, which, in a few months' time, again
V)ecanic the mecca of Western mining men. In 1876, the
PARROT SMELTERS, Bui TE buildiug of thc Centeunial, Dexter, Burlington and Lexing-

MouLTON Mill anp Smelteh, Butte,

PHOTO. PALAIS STUDIO.

TOP

liutte, Montana.

561

-cS*'^,

Colorado Concentrator, outte.

ton mills here for crushing ore, greatly facilitated mining operations i.t this pt)int,
and soon after the completion of these mills, Butte became one of the most promis-
ing mining centers of the West. From that time until the completion of the Union
Pacific to this city, in j88i, the camp steadily advanced.

In the spring of 1881 Butte was incorporated with a population of about 3,cxk).
It was about this time that the extensive development of mining properties was
begun here, as well as the erection of large smelters and quartz mills. With the
coming of the railroad and the building of the great smelters, Butte emerged at
once from the uncertain condition of a primitive camp, with an unsettled and tur-
bulent population to the dignity of a city. Its growth, the development of its mines,
their production of wealth and the prosperity of the city from that time to the
present have been phenomenal, and scarcely without parallel in the rise of mod-
ern cities.

Soon after the completion of the Union Pacific to this point the Montana Union
was finished to Butte. This latter roads connects Butte and Garrison, 51 miles dis-
tant, where a junction is made with the
main line of the Northern Pacific. At a
later period the Great Northern complet-
ed its main line to Butte, and in 1S90 the
Northern Pacific constructed a 'cut-off"
from Logan in the Gallatin valley, via
Butte, to Garrison. The latter company
now runs one of its overland passenger
trains through Butte. It will thus be seen that with three great transcontinental lines of
road passing through or terminating at Butte, the transportation facilities of the city
are not excelled by those of any other city of the west. The volume of business
regularly handled by these railroads at Butte aggregates millions of dollars annually,
and this business furnishes a good illustration of the city's prosperity. Forty-six
trains now leave or arrive at the various depots of Butte every 24 hours, of which 20
are passenger and 26 freight trains. These trains, it is estimated, carry on an average
i,<vv> people in and out of the city. The annual receipts of the railroads from the
freight business of the city approximates about $5,000,000 a year.

The site occupied by the city of Butte, begins in the valley
of Silver Bow creek, where are -^ituated the railroad yards, and
extends by an easy grade to the top of one of the foothills of
the Rocky Mountains. On the crest of the highest hill of the
city the shaft houses, concentrators and rock piles of the chief
mines stand out in bold relief. Back of these
mines are the suburbs of Centerville and Walk-
erville, both lively aud picturesque places, pre-
senting interesting scenes typical of mining
life. lYoni the '"rest of the hill here a delight-
ful view is obtained of the densely built city
lying hundreds of feet below. Ten miles to
the east from this point is the rugged slope of
the main divide of the Rockies. Extending in front of the city is
Silver Bow valley, from which rises the bare, cone-shapt-dbutte which Scandinavian me. church
gave the name to the city built near it. Beyond the valley rise the

photo. PALAIS BTUDIO.

PHOTO. PALAIS STUDIO.

Catholic Chusch, Butte.

552

The Omgonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

I i

PHOTO. PALAIS STUDIO.

snow-capped peaks and bleak slopes of broken ranges and the Rocky Mountains. To
the west of the city the monotony of bleak and rocky hillsides is broken by nu-
merous prospect holes and shaft houses. Here, on all sides, there is evidence of
man having endeavored to make the earth reveal here the hidden sources of its
treasures. Some of these early seekers worked for months in digging, only to be
rewarded with failure. Others, more fortunate, sunk shaft holes only a few feet dis-
tant from barren places, only to find rich croppings which finally resulted on a later
development in their becoming millionaires.

■Main street, one of the principal business thoroughfares of Butte, extends from
the valley below to the crest of the hill, and from this latter point to Walker villc.
Along this street are many five and six-story business blocks, all of which equal in
construction and appointments the largest structures of any Eastern city. A cable
line runs on this street from the depot to Walkerville, a distance of three miles.
Nearly all parts of the city are reached by splendid rapid-transit lines of road. This
system is controlled by the Butte Consolidated Railway Company. The system con-
sists of 15 miles of track, lyi miles of which are cable, and the remainder is operated
by electric power. These lines carried in 1H92 1,500,000 passengers, out of a popula-
tion of 35,000, an average of 43 rides to each resident of the city.

Crossing Main street about midway up the hillside, are the
four other business streets of the city. These streets are named
respectively, Mercury, Park, Broadway and Granite. All '>f these
streets are constantly crowded day and night with repress itatives
of nearly every nationality, and it is this cosmopolitan and pic-
turesque mass of humanity, its lavish expenditures for amuse-
ments and the luxuries of life, and the resorts that are supported
by it, that has made Butte famous as the liveliest city in the
union.

One reason for the flourishing condition of affairs at Butte is the fact that
nowhere in America are laboring men paid as high wages as they are in Butte. Here
the common laborer receives $3 a day for his work, while the miners are paid from
I3.50 to $5 a day, and skilled mechanics from I4 to $8 a day. This scale of wages is
maintained and protected by the labor organizations of Butte, organizations that have
a total membership of 8,323.

Butte is distinctly a well governed city. It is re-
markably free from the depredations of the lawless
element, which is held in .subjection by a well disci-
plined police force consisting of 28 patrol men, a
chief and a marshal. The city hall is a handsome
four-story brick structure occupied by the police de-
partment and the officers of the city. The mayor of
Butte is Eugene O. Dugan. The career of this gen-
tleman is an illustration of the rapid advancement
made by men of integrity and worth in the West.
Mr. Dugan was born in St. Johns, New Brunswick,
on March 24, 1862. He attended the public schools
of his native city and after a brief business experience
there he moved to Butte in 1884. Shortly after his
arrival in Butte the citizens of the second ward elected hon e. o. dugan, mavor. butte.

Episcopal Church, butte.

PHOTO. PALAI? studio.

Ihttte, Montiitm.

SAS

Photo,
palais studio

him a representative in the city council, (^thcr honors were bestowed on Mr. Dii^an
and in April, 1S93, he was elected mayor of the city, dekating liis republican oppo-
nent by a large plurality. He is now the senior member of the lirm of Diigan &
Jones, insurance and financial agents.

Among the public buildings of Butte is the county court house, a stately edifice
occupied by the countv officials of Silver l^owcounty, of which Hutte isthcseat of jus-
tice. Another handsome structure recently completed at a cost of 575.o'io is the Hutte
Public Library building. This library contains over I5,ckjo volumes of carefully
selected literature and is a fitting refutation of the charge sometimes made in the juist
that a mining town does not contain a cultured peoi)le with social and literary as])ir-
ations. Of the other fine buildings of Butte arc several first-class hotels, a costly
opera house and numerous brick and stone business block?..
A peculiarity about the dwelling houses of Butte is that
most of them, while small but cozy cottages, occupied by
workingmen, arc furnished with costly furniture and the ap-
pointments of elegant homes. The high wages paid here
have allowed the workingman to live in a manner un-
dreamed of by his less favored co-worker of the Eatt. Al-
though small houses predominate here there are many
palatial homes scattered over the city. There are also main-
tained in Butte three social clubs or organizations which
enjoy a wide reputation for hospitality and which afford
their members all the comforts afforded by any of the best
maintained clubs of the East. These clubs, the Irish-
American, Oro Plata and Silver Bow occup)' apartments
fitted up in an expensive manner and the doors of all these clubs are always open to
the stranger or the tourist visiting Butte.

During the financial crisis of 1893, when frightened depositors gathered around
the paying-tellers' windows of hundreds of banks throughout the United States
and forced many of the strongest financial institutions to suspend payment, the
pcJople of Butte, having the utmost confidence in the soundness of their local banks,
refused to withdraw their deposits. This confidence was not misplaced, for during
the eventful period there was not a single bank failure in Butte. The banks of the
city arc the First National, with a capital and undivided profits of $1,000,000, the
Silver Bow National, with a capital stock of $100,000 and a surplus and undivided
profits of $300,000, the State Savings Bank, with a capital stock of $100,000 and a
surplus and undivided profits of $30,000. In addition to the above are the private
banking houses of W. A. Clark & Bro. and Hogc, Brownbee & Co., both of which
have at their disposal over $1,000,000.

The educational facilities of Butte, both public and private, are equal to those
of any city in the progressive West. The history of the public
schools of Butte is but a repetition of the history of the city
itself. From in humble beginning in 1866 the public school
system has grown here until it is now a crowning monument
to the intelligence and public spirit of the people. There
are today 16 public schools in Butte and its suburbs, and the
school property here is valued at $200,000, exclusive of the cost
PUBLIC SCHOOL, BUTTE. of thc grouud thc buildings occupy. These consist of a large

COURT HOUSE, Butte.

PHOTO. PALAIS STUDIO.

l>^

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

PMOTO. PALAtS STUDIO.

PHOTO. PALAIS STUDIO.

brick high school, erected at a cost of $80,000; three handsome 12-
room buildings, modem in design and equipment, and nine smalltr
buildings. The total enrollment in the public school shere in 1892 \v;is
3,643, which was an increase of 600 over the total number of pupils
enrolled the previous year. The course of instruction in these
►schools corresponds with that of the best public schools of the Kasl.
In the primary department there is a kindergarten system. The
SOUTH School, Butte, grammar course is the same as pursued elswhere, and the high sciool
gives a pupil a thorough preparatory collegiate course. In addi.iun
to the public, school system of the city is a Catholic parochial school, which occu-
pies an |8o,ooo school building.

The spiritual welfare of the citizens of Butte is cared for by 15 church organiza-
tions, nearly all of which occupy imposing edifices. These churches have over io,o<x>
communicants, and own property valued at |375,ooo.

A description of the water-works system of a mountain city near where there are n ^
large lakes or streams may prove interesting in con-
nection with this article. The Butte City Water
Company iias, within the past two years, entirely
rebuilt and remodeled the water-works system of the
city. The source of supply of this water is the melt-
ing snows of the mountain, augmented by springs
and creeks, a source that insures the absolute purity
of the water. The company is now constructing a ma-
sonry dam 120 feet in height and located al)out 13
miles south of the city. This will dam the waters of
Basin creek at its junction with Bear creek and, when
completed, will form a storage reservoir with a hold-
ing capacity of many million gallons of water. This
water will cover an area of 130 acres, and its greatest
depth will be about ico feet. The reservoir supplies
water by gravity to the highest point on Broadway
street. From that point it is pumped twice in order
to reach the most elevated sections of the city and to
supply the large mining properties to the north of

Butte, This water is carried from the reser-
voir to within three miles of the city in a 24-
incli banded redwood pipe. The remaining:
distance, owing to the heavy pressure of the
water, it is conducted through a wrought-
iron pipe. The redwood main is constructed
of California redwood staves, banded to-
^^- gether with steel bands, and it is capable of
with,standinga maximum pressure of 200 feet.
The street pipe system is built of Ka-
lowein pipe, varying from 6 to 20 inches in
diameter. Mains are laid on all the prin-
cipal streets, and there are 132 double fire
•apiiisr^" "s ,;- * - hydrants located at various points through-

DAM, watcr works, BUTTE. o^t tlic city. Thc pressure on these mains

24-lNCH Redwood Main from Reservoir to
City Water Works, Butte.

PHOTO. PALAIS studio.

m : '>'

dsome 1 2-
tie smaller
11 1S92 was
■ of pupils
in these
the Kast.
:em. The
igh sc.if)ol
ti acUli-.ion
liich occu-

orgaiiiza-
ver io,o<M)

lereareu^

t>u^>

Wp-.

p''

Reservoir to

UTTE.

the reser-
tyin a 24-
emaiiiing
ure of the
wrought-
ustructed
iided to-
:apable of
>f 200 feet.
It of Ka-
inches in
the priii-
ouble fire
thro ugh -
se mains

^^m

liutte, Montana.

a-v^

"MOTO. P«LAH »TUD'0.

varies from 65 to 175 pounds per scjuare inch. A pumping station located on Ciulena
street takes the water from the gravity system and punips it into what is known as
I'Hevation 6,ckxj, from which it is rei)umped to give a fire pressure at an elevatioii of
6,300 feet. The paid and volunteer fire department of Hutte, with apparatus consist-
ing of two fire engines and two trucks and five hose wagons, furnishes ample pro-
tection to the city again.st fire.

Butte is lighted almost exclusively by electricity, although the city also boasts
of a good gas plant. There are in use here 15,000 incandescent lights and 250 arc
lamps. In addition to surface lighting,
some of the underground workings of the
largest mines are lighted by electricity gen-
erated in the shaft houses.

The permanence of Butte's mineral re-
sources is now conceded. Unlike other
mining camps that have sprung up in a
month, produced their millions in an in-
credibly short time and then faded away
into oblivion, Butte, with her practically
inexhaustible veins of copper and silver
will, probably, 100 years hence still be the
center of vast mining operations. Copper
is, today, king in Butte. From the mining
of this mineral the city derives the greater
portion of its revenue. Over |6oo,oc;o is
paid out monthly here to the employes of
copper mining and smelting companies.
There are millions of dollars invested here
in silver properties, but if, by any misad-
venture, the white metal should even be no
longer an article of commerce Butte from
her other resources, would still remain a
wealthy and prosperous city.

The mines of Butte are annually adding to the wealth of the world many mil-
lions of dolU.s. For the 12 years ending with 1S92, the total production of these
mines amountc^i v ) the enormous sum of $176,707,600. This output by years is as
follows: i.'8r, Ji, 247, 600; 1882, $2,100,000; 1883, $4,160,000; 1884,16,720,000; 1885,
$11,479,000; (886,113.246,500; 18S7, $18,275,000; 1888, $22,i86,fX)o ; 1890, $25,900, -
(XX3 ; 1891, $26, .\5o, joo ; 1892, $28,000,000. At no other place on the surface of the
globe dfies so small an area as that of the mining district here yield from the store-
houses of nature such vast annual sums of wealth. The greatest of the mines here
are the famous Anaconda group, managed by the well-known millionaire, Marcus
Daly. These mines are copper producers, but their output in silver amounts to many
thousands of dollars a month. The Anaconda Company own the Anaconda, St.
Lawrence, Mountain Consolidated, Wake Up Jim, Green Mountain and other prop-
erties, nearly all of which are located within half a mile of the business center of
Butte. The average daily output of these mines is about 5,000 or 6,000 tons. This
ore is shipped to Anaconda, where the company operates extensive reduction works.
The reduction works of Butte and Anaconda together represent an invested capital of

Chief Skeeas, Cree Indians, Montana.

.<>, *>

IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-S)

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I%otogrdphic

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Corporation

23 WEST MAIN STREET

WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580

(716) S72-4S03

<'^

556

The Oreffonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

PHOTO. PALAIS STUDIO

$12,003,000, which in itself is an assurance of the confidence of the mine owners in
the permanence of the great bonanzas of Butte.

The Anaconda and St. Lawrence, two of the greatest copper mines in the world
adjoin each other on the same vein. The underground workings of both are lij^lued
by electricity. The main shafts of these mines are i .000 feet in depth and the veins are
from 60 to loj feet in width. The Mountain Consolidated, another of the -AnacoiKla
group, is a copper and silver producer, and is developed by a 1,000 foot shaft and l)v
numerous cross-cuts and level.s. The vein of this mine is about 60 feet wide, and the
daily output is about 1,200 tons. The Green Mountain, Wake Up Jim, High Ore and
Modoc all belong to the .\naconda Company and are situated just east of the Mount-
ain Consolidated. These properties are all in operation and are supplied with the
latest improved machinery.

Next in size to the Anaconda are the Boston & Montana Company's possessions,
consisting of 38 mines and two smelters, having a daily combined capacity of 450
tons. This company also operates a smelter at Great Falls having a capacity of 1,000
tons. Of the claims owned by this company only six are developed. The.se are the
Mountain View, Enst Colusa, West Colusa, Harris Floyd, Moose and Badger State.
Of the six the Mountain View is the most promising. It is developed by a i.ofKi
foot shaft from which cross-cuts and levels have been extended to the north and south
veins, each of which is from 30 to 40 feet wide, from the 500- foot level to the bottom.
Ii is estimated that there are now more than 1,200,000 tons of ore in sight in this

mine. The two Colusa mines
are next in importance belonji;injr
to the company. In the East
Colusa a body of copper ore 60 feet
in width has been opened up,
while in the West Colusa two
bodies the combined width of
which is about 70 feet, have been
explored to such an extent that
1,000,000 tons are now exposed.
The Harris-Floyd is another good
property from which the com- ''^'^iiiBK' pary derives a large amount of
revenue. It was purchased for .♦fj' '*^^ $^'^^,^^00 and is now valued at

$i,50(j,ooo. The Moose nnd "■*'!v;^S^ Badger State are both smaller prop-

erties, but are fast being de- ' yeloped into great mines. There

are now over 1.500 men on the payroll of the Boston & Montana Mininj,'
Company. The dividends paid by the Butlc mines of this company up to the first of
December, 1892, amounted to $2,075,000.

Another large corporation operating here is the Butte & Boston Company.
Besides a 4o-stamp mill and a well appointed smelter the company owns 33 mines,
all of which produce when the ore is desired. The principal mines worked by the
company are the Silver Bow, the ore from which is mostly copper ; the Belle of Butte
(silver), the Rast and West Grey Rocks (silver and gold) and the La Platte, con-
taining gold and silver. The output of these claims keeps both the mill and smeller
in constant operation. The smelter owned by this company has a daily reducing
capacity of 400 tons. There are about 500 men on the payroll of this compan\ .
The amount of money regularly paid out to these men in wages foots up to over
$60,000 a month.

Butte, Montana.

iVM

up,
two
th of
i)eeu
tliat
posed,
gooil
unt of
led a I
rpro]i-
There
Mining
first of

Indian Squaw, Montana.

Next in size to the Butte & Boston is the Parrot Copper & Silver Mining Company
whose possessions consist of a smelter having a daily capacity of 400 tons per day,
and four good mines, all located at Butt'j. The amount of fine copper turned out by
this company each month amounts to about 2,ooo,(xk) pounds, and the monthly out-
put in silver is valued at about |6o,ocx). The company employs about 400 men.
The dividends paid by this company up to the first of December, .-Kga, amounted to
Ji.Soo.cxx).

The Colorado Copper & Silver Mining Company owns and operates a smeker
here having a capacity of 150 tons a day, together with about six gooa mines, all of
which arc now producing a large amount of high-grade ore, carrying
copper, silver and a 1 mall percentage of gold. Of the mines belong-
ing to the company, the Gagnon, located right in the heart of the
city, is the most productive. This mine is developed by a i.ocxa foot
incline shaft and numerous cross-cuts and levels. The monthly
output of the company is approximately 2cx) tons of matte, con-
taining 70,000 ounces of silver, 150 ounces of gold and lootons of
copper. In addition to the smelter, the company also operates a
100-ton concentrator. The company employs about 300 men in its
various departments.

Among the copper producers of Butte are the Butte Reduction Works, owned
exclusively by W. A. Clark, The ore on which the works are kept in operation
comes from Mr. Clark's mines, of which there are about 14, all producing properties.
The daily capacity of the smelter is ^oa tons, 200 tons of which passes through the
concentrator, while the remainder is reduced in blast and reverberating furnaces.
These works furnish employment to over 150 men.

The largest silver producer in the camp is the Alice Company. The Alice mine
has reached a depth of 1,300 feet, at which depth ore bodies are showing up very
rich veins. At intervals of each 100 feet from the surface, both the north and souih
veins have been explored and have shown remarkably large reserves of sulphuret ore.
Besides the Alice proper the company owns nearly 15 other mines, of which several
are producers. The annual output of these mines is over |7cx),ooo, and the working
force employed here averages between 300 and 375 men. The dividends paid by the
Alice up to the first of December, 1892, amounted to #975,000.

The silver and gold-producing properties of the Blue Bird Mining Company, con-
sisting of the Blue Bird, Mono and Poorman mines, are located about two miles west
of Butte. The ore from the Blue Bird averages about 50 ounces in silver and p>>
in gold, and is free milling. The company operates a go-stamp mill, and employs
about 350 men.

The Lexington company is also a large gold and silver producer. Its proj)erty
is located just north of the city limits, and consists of the Lexington, AUie Brown
and other mi es, and has a 6o-stamp mill having a daily capacity of 85 tons. On
the Lexington proper, a shaft has been sunk to a depth of 1 early 1,480 feet, which
is deeper than any other shaft in the camp. Like the other large mines in the
district, the Lexington contains a north and south vein, from which millions of
tons of ore have already been extracted. The payroll of the company averages
about 240 men, who receive, in the aggregate, about $27,000 in wages per month.
Up to the 1st of December, 1892, the total dividends paid by the Lexington amounted
to $609,000.

668

The Ore^onian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

There are a great many other valuable producing mines near Butte, but space
will not permit a description of these mines. The combined number of mines
owned and operated by corporations in Butte, today, exceeds 230, in addition to
which there about 300 more being worked by individuals. All of these mines, when
sufficiently developed, become heavy producers, and thereby add much to Butte's
wealth and prosperity.

^-^The formation around Butte is granite, with occasional porphrj', and all veins
run east and west, dip towards the south, and are true fissures. Unlike those of
other mining camps, the veins of the Butte mines are numerous,
and run parallel to each other at a distance of from 50 to 150 feet
apart. They vary in width from 10 to hxj feet, and seem, as tliey
appear in granite, like vast channels filled with argentiferous or
scrupiferous ores. The ore occurs in shoots, usually
varying in length from 100 to 1,000 feet. The niaj,'-
nitude and extent of the ore bodies can, therefore,
be imagined from the size of the district, which com-
mences at a point south of the city limits and extends
four miles north. The length of the district is abont
10 miles. In the heart of the city it is almost ini-
cusTEH MONUMENT, ON THtGHf. D.TTLE GROUND, possiblc to uxcavatc forthc fouudatiou of a house
without encountering a body of ore rich in precious metals. All of the copper
ore, however, is found in the veins passing just north of the center of the city, while
south and north of this point silver predominates.

In many of the copper mines here enough gold and silver is found to pay all
operating expenses. This is the case with the Anaconda company's large copper
mines. The great mineral veins of Butte are practicably inexhaustible in their su])-
plies of wealth. Experts who have carefully examined into the situation here are
confident that centuries of constant mining would not e.xhaust the ore bodies in the
mines of Biittc already opened.

Of the real estate and financial agents of Butte, the firm of W. McC. White iS:
Co. is the oldest and most prominent. The gentlemen connected with this finn
have, for some years been actively identified with every movement of a public nature
in Butte, and they will cheerfully answer any inquiries about the realty, mines or
finances of the city. W. McC. White &. Co. make a specialty of investing money of
non-residents, both in real estate and mortgages.

Aiiacoiida, ^^oiituim. — Among the mountains of Deer Lodge County, Mon-
tana, a prosperous n ining town has sprung up in recent years. The country imme-
diately surrounding .Vnaconda is bleak and barren. Here and there on the black and
rocky sides of the adjacent hills a stunted pine tree struggles for life. Nourished bv
water trickling down from the melting snow, grass springs up here during the first
few days of spring, but the summer heat soon causes it to wither.

Far below Anaconda, and contrasting with its bleak surroundings, is a beautiful
green valley through which winds the Deer Lodge river. Krom chis valley the site
of the city can be determined by the clouds of smoke which hover over it night and
day. Although Anaconda has no mills, factories, wholesale houses, or mines, it con-
tains 2,800 wage-earners, none of whom work for less than $3 a day. Everything
consumed in the place is shipped in from outside points. The place depends for its

;i '!;

Stock Rnisitiff in Montann.

-).-){)

but space
jf mines
dition to
es. when
Butte's

all veins
those of
umeroiis,
) 150 feet
I, as they
iferous or
I, usually
fhe niti),'-
herefore,
licli coiii-
il extends
t is about
most im-
a house
le copper
ity, while

to pay all

L?e copper

heir su])-

here are

ies in the

White .S:
this firm
ic nature
mines or
inouev of

tv, Men-

imine-

lack ami

ished b\

the first

jeautiful
the site
ifjht and
it con-
jrythiug
Is for its

Anaconda Smelters.

support upon one industry alone. Yet this city has the finest hotel in Montana and
here is published a daily paper which enjoys the distinction of having a circulation
larger than that of any other paper in the state.

Anaconda owes its existence to the genius of Marcus Daly, one of the great
men of Montana. The poor boy who left Ireland many years ago and landed at
at the docks of New York penniless now counts his wealth by millions. This boy
was Marcus Daly. The city itself, its newspaper,
its hotel and the model cottages in which its work-
ingmen live, are the productions of Mr. Daly.
This gentleman selected Anacon<la as the site of
the reduction works for the treatment of the ore
output of the famous Anaconda group of mines at
Ruttc. These mines are today the greatest copper
producers in the world. They are owned by a

syndicate, of which Mr. Daly is the manager. The works for the reduction of ore,
established by Mr. Daily at Anaconda, are the largest of their kind in the United
States. Around these works has sprung up the now prosperous city of Anaconda.

Anaconda is located 27 miles northwest of Kutte and 25 miles southeast of Deer
Lodge City. It is connected with tlie main line of the Montana Union Railway by
a branch eight miles in length. A company, of which Mr. Daly is the leading spirit,
is now engaged in constructing a railroad direct from the mines at Butte to the
reduction works. The works of the Anaconda Reduction Comj)any have a capacity
lor treating 5,000 tons of ore a day. They etnploy 2,500 men. About 3,(xxj tons of
copper ore arc treated here daily. The company has recently added a new building
640x350 feet in size which contains in additioti to its concentrating machinery, stamps
and pans for the treatment of silver ore. This plant has a capacity of about iSo
tons a day.

The machine and car shops of the M(mtana I'nion Railway located at this
point furnish employment to 300 men. Anaconda has an electric light plant, water
works, a police department, a fire department and a fine opera house. In the matter
of public improvements it is far ahead of most cities of equal population in the
world.

fStoek liaising hi Moiitaiiai. — .\n industry of Montana thac 'i second only
to that of mining in the state, is the raising of cattle on the fine bunciigrass lands of
this part of the West. This is a great source of wealth in Montana, and the large
cattle owners of the state are no less heavy capitalists than arc many of the leading
mining men here.

The greater portion of the fine bunciigrass lands of Montana were on'i ""ew
years ago covered by an Miimense herd of 6,(xxj,cxx) buffalo. This vast herd u er

an extent of country extending from the valley of the Little Missouri to t' )ot-
hills of the Main Divide. Unmolested, except by small hunting parties c ,.ians
who inhabited the country, the buffalo herds constantly increased in number until
the threads of the great railroad systems began to stretch their way across the
plains toward Montana. With the advent of the iron hor.se there came an army of
pot-hunters. These men poured into the Yellowstone valley and at once commenced
their war of extermination against the buffalo. During the first few months mil-
lions of Imffalos were killed, and a few years of the slaughter eflfectually did the
work of extermination. In 18S3 the last remnant of the vast herd was exterminated

660

The Oregoniiin'a Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

A Montana Ranch.

near Glendive, and with the exception of a few scatter-
ing animals which escaped the general slaughter, and
which ai e protected in the Yellowstone Park , and a ffw
small bands which hi^ve been domesticated by the
stockmen here, the buffalo which formerly roamed
by the thousands over the plains of Montana is an
extinct animal. As an indication of the importance
the buffalo traffic attained at one time, it may be
stated that there was once noticed at Glendive a stack
8 feet high and over 1,000 feet long awaiting ship-

of the hides of these animals
ment at this point.

During the time the buffalo of Montana were being killed off thousands of head
of cattle began to be driven from Texas and Kansas to the grazing grounds along
the Yellowstone and Missouri rivers. This was the commencement in the state of
an industry on a large scale. Prior to the time of the influx of these outside herds
there had been about 200,000 cattle scattered throughout different sections of the,
then, territory. The individual holdings of cattle here were small, but the busiiiess
of cattle raising, in the aggregate, was an important one in the territory. The cattle
industry of Montana dates back to the early 6o's, when the bull teams of several
freighting outfits were turned loose for the winter on the bunchgrass lands here.
To the surprise of the owners of these animals, they turned up in the spring in bet-
ter condition than they were when turned out to graze before snowfall. This estab-
lished the possibility of raising cattle here without attention during the winter
months, it l)eing proved that cattle could care for themselves on the open plains
during even the heaviest snowfalls.

The vast plains and foothills of Montana afford pasturage for millions of domes-
tic animals. Nearly one-half of the lands of the state are valuable chiefly for graz-
ing purposes. It has been found that much of this land, while very rich, will pro-
duce only the native grasses, it not being adapted to agricultural pursuits for the
reason that it can not be irrigated, and without irrigation crops will not do well
here. It is estimated that there are in the state, today, i6,oco,ooo acres of farm-
ing land, and 38,000, xx) acres of grazing land. Nature l;c2 covered the latter
with various varieties of rich grasses which thrive on little moisture. Where the
lands are apparently the dryest or most sterile the grass grows in scattered tufts,
from which the name, bunchgrass, is derived, while on the richer soils it attains a
luxuriant growth. This grass, after reaching maturity, is self-curing. Although
apparently dead, it retains its nutritive qualities, and becomes an unsurpassed winter
food for cattle and horses. Cattle turned out on the open ranges here have no trouble
in keeping in prime condition, except during the severest of winters, and it is onl^'
occasionally that severe losses are incurred by the cattle men of this part of the
West. The heavy loss which the cattlemen here met with during 1886, when nearly
one-third of the range cattle perished from hunger, resulted in some radical changes
in the manner of wintering cattle here which had formerly been in vogue. The
fencing of large tracts of grazing land, either as leased property or when taken up
under the desert land law, is generally the system now adopted by Montana cattle-
men. This system enables the cattlemen here to drive their cattle to close ranges in
winter, and if necessary, owing to ht .vy snowfall, to feed these corralled stock with
hay. This has resulted in largely reducing the loss incurred by cattlemen here, and
it accords more with the views of the various humane societies throughout the coun-

Stock Raisinff in Montana.

661

try who entered the most earnest protests against the heartlessness of allowing thou-
sands of cattle to starve to death during severe winters.

At one time the cattle business of Montana was practically controlled by a few
individuals or companies, whose herds appropriated the greater portion of the
ranges here. The tendency of late years, however, has been rather *o increase the
number of small ownerships of cattle and there are today thousands o/ stockmen in
the state where a few years ago the herds were controlled by hundreds. The cheapntss
with which stock can be fattened on the ranges here and the natural increase of the
herds has made cattle raising in the state a most profitable industry. The growth of this
industry is indicated by the following figures: In 1877 there were 182,659 cattle in
the territory, in 1880, 274,316 head; 1884,509,768, head; 1S85, 613,882 head ; 1H86,
663,716 head; 1887, 471,171 head; 1888, 488,467 head; 1889, 650,033 head; 1890,
649,757 head ; 1891, 621,742 head ; 1H92, 684,090 head. Over one half the cattle now
in the state are on the ranges of Custer, Chateau and Dawson counties. In these
counties are the immense herds and large outfits of the bonanza cattle concerns of
Montana. The annual round-up of these great herds and the scenes connected with
their care present one of the most picturesque phases of Western life around which
even literature and art have already woven a veil of romance which appeals with
equal force to the educated and the untutored mind alike.

The cowboys who take care of the immense herds of cattle in Montana are an
active and fearless l)ody of young men. They are splendid horsemen and with their
ponies, lariats, branding irons and picturesque personal attire form an interesting
feature of life on the plains. The relative rank of the "cow counties" of Montana
with the number of cattle in each in 1892 was as follows : Custer, 200,000 ; Choteau,
108,375; Dawson, 86,541; Fergus, 69,373; Yellowstone, 28,583; Madison, 25,393;
Meagher, 24,714; Beaverhead, 23,111; Cascade, 22,573; Park, 2i,3So; Gallatin, 18,298;
Deer Lodge, 18,900; Lewis & Clarke 14,684; Missoula, 12,053; Jefferson, 8,722; Silver
Bow, 1390 ; total for the state, 684,000. Ihe assessed valuation of this stock was
1110,296,003. It is estimated that the cattle in Montana increased eight per cent, in
1893 and that the showing for the present year will be equally as satisfactory.

There is still room in Ihe thousands of acres of good land now lying idle along
the numerous streams for increased cattle raising in the state. This land can be
secured at a nominal cost. Back of nearly all the rich bottom lands are splendid
j^razing ranges: Many of these ranges are unuppropriated today. A settler with
moderate means can start here with a small band of cattle and if he takes good care
of his stock during the winter it is only a question of a few years hence when he
will be independent.

Next in importance to cattle raising in Montana is the raising of sheep and the
handling of wool. In every county of the state are thousands of sheep the handling
of which is attended with most profitable results. The mountainous portions of the
state furnish good grazing grounds for sheep and there are still vacant in the state
thousands of acres of grass-covered hills, lands especiallj' adapted to this industry.
The United States depirtment of agricultural statistics places Montana seventh in
the list of sheep-raising states, the states ranking ahead of Montana in this industry
being as follows : Texas, Ohio, California, New Mexico, Oregon and Michigan.
The first record of Montana sheep is found in the territorial auditor's report for 1868.
This report states that the total number of sheep assessed that year was 1,752 head of
a total valuation of 19,685, or about $5.50 per head. In 1892, 24 years later, the total

662

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

number of sheep in the territory had increased to 1,884,086 and the assessed valuation
of this immense flock was $5,098,931. The growth of the sheep industry of the state
is shown by the following figures. The number of sheep found in the itate in the
different years was as follows : 1877, 79,288; 1880, 249,978; 1884, 593,896; 1885, 79.S,-
682; 1886,968,298; 1887, 1,062,141; 1888, 1,153.771; '^89, 1,368,848; 1890,1,555,116;
1891. 1.597./53; 1892, 1,883,840. The returns of 1893 showed that Choteau county is
now the principal sheep-raising section of the state, and that the three counties
Choteau, Fergus and Meagher contain considerable more than one-half of all the
sheep in the state. The sheep of Montana yield annually 14,000,000 pounds of wool
and the value of mutton sold here annually is |2, 200,000.

The raising of horses is al^o a great industry of Montana. Horses here arc left
to graze on the ranges throughout the year, they receiving little if any attention from
their owners even during the severest winters. These horses arc rounded up at cer-
tain intervals and shipped to Eastern points for sale. The ("ange horse industry of
Montana has maintained a healthy growth through a long series of years and it is
now one of the permanent resources of the state. Its development is recorded by
the territorial and state auditor's reports as follows, the number of head of horses in
Montana being given after each year: 1879, 44,416; 1884, 99,843; 1885, 114,925;
1886, 127,748; 1887, 136,978; 1888, 142,040; 1889, 160,940; 1890, 161,962; 1891, 161,311;
i?92, 169,259.

Montana possesses in addition to thi; range stock, a large number of valuable
standard-bred horses and cattle, and some of^ the greatest thoroughbred runninj^
horses in America. The raising of thoroughbred horses is now successfully and
extensively carried on in the Deer Lodge and Bitter Root valleys. At Hamilton, in
the last named valley, Marcus Daly has established one of the largest horse ranches
in .America. A number of Knglish and Normaa draft stallions have been imported
into the state and arc used for breeding with native horses. The su:all farmers of the
state and the leading stock men are now raising a fine breed of cattle and in the near
future Montana will be as widely known for its blooded animals as it is now famous
for its range stock.

The Vlj^llantes of Montuna.— Nowhere in the world is justice more
impartially administered or is crime more severely punished than it is in Mon-
tana. In nearly every city of the state are stately temples of justice, the
tribunals of which arc presided over by fearless and impartial judges. Every
hamlet has its well disciplined police force or constabulary, and the citizens here
absolutely secure in the possession of their property and in the safety of their lives
are more free from the depredations of the lawless element than are even the people
of New York. In marked contrast to the safeguards now thrown around life and
property here, and the law-abiding and peaceful citizens now lomiciled in Montana,
was the lawlessness of the camps and the turbulent elcme.it residing here in 1863.

In the early 6o's the settlements of Montana were over 400 miles distant from any
official authorized 10 administer an oath, and there was no officer authorized to
administer the law nearer than the Mormon towns of Utah. The outlaws and des-
peradoes who flocked to the newly discovered placer diggings of the territory, find-
ing there was practically no restraint put on their actions here, at once commenced a
career of crime. The atrocities of the criminal element continued until determined
and law-loving men banded together and formed the Vigilance Committee of Mon

,11 1

The Vigilantes of Montana.

S68

.'aluation
the slate
ite in the
^85, 79'^,-
,555. '16;
county is
counties
>f all the
3 of wool

: are left
tion from
ip at cer-
dustrj- of
and it is
orded by
horses in

114,925;
, 161,311;

valuable
runnin)4
fully and
tiilton, in
; ranches
imported
ers of the
the near
w famous

ce more
in Mon-
tice, the
Every
ens here
leir lives
le people

life and
^I on tan a,

in 1863.

roni any
orized to
and des-
)ry, find-
nenced a
lemiined
of Mon

tana. A detailed recital of the acts of this committee, and the crimes perpetrated by
the outlaws if published would fill a volume. A short account of the work of this
committee in the present publication will be found of great interest, however. The
Orkgonian is indebted to T. J. Dunsdale's work, entitled " The History of the
Vigilantes," for the following summarized account of the work of the vigilantes
of Montana.

In 1863 Bannock and Virginia City were the two principal mining camps of Mon-
tana. The first named camp sprung into existence on Grasshopper creek in the
spring of 1862. Virginia owed its birth to the discovery of rich placer diggings in
Alder gulch in June, 1863. These camps, now well governed towns, are situated 75
miles apart from each other. In 1863 and 1864 it is estimated that their combined
population exceeded 15,000. With the thousands of gold hunters that flocked to
these camps there also came many desperadoes, outlaws and abandoned women, who .
scenting the prey from afar, flew like vultures to the battle field.

The streets of Virginia and Bannock in the early history of the camps presented
scenes which will doubtless never again be witnessed in a civilized community. On
all ' iies there were saloons, dance halls, bawdy houses and gambling dens. The
patrons of these resorts were constantly quarreling with each other, and disputes
were commonly decided on the spot by the knife or the revolver. Wounded men lay
almost unnoticed abo it the camps, and a night or a day without a shooting or a seri-
ous cutting or shooting escapade would have been recognized as a small and welcome
installment of the millenium. So far were the depredations of the lawless element
carried that it was unsafe for resp2Ctable people to venture out of doors after night-
fall. Every few days there would be found lying on the highway the murdered and
robbed body of some unfortunate miner. Women of easy virtue promenaded
through the camps habited in the gayest and most costly apparel. Drunken desper-
adoes booted, spurred and armed to the teeth, paraded through the streets, ready to
commit homicide on the slightest provocation. The trails le.'^ding into the camps
were infested by a band of road agents under the leadership of t'.ie notorious Henry
Plummer. This individual, known among his friends as "a perfect gentleman," was
in reality not only a profe.ssional gambler but also one of the most dangerous villains
in the territory. He was a man of prepossessing appearance, well educated, and with
a certain degree of refinement that made for him many friends. He concealed for a
time his many misdeeds under an assumed cloak of gentility, and even while chief
of the road agents he managed to induce the miners to elect him to the responsible
position of sheriff" of Montana. He appointed his deputies from his band of robbers.
The members of this gang were scattered all over Montana. Many a miner, after
having toiled for months in amassing a few thousand dollars in gold dust, left camp
for home, only to be robbed and possibly murdered by the very men who were sworn
to protect him and on whom he relied for protection.

So bold did these miscreants become in time that they made little]effbrt to conceal
their identity. Men who had been robbed on the open highway, on returning to
camp, would often see their plunderers lounging around the streets, but so great was
the dread felt of these malefactors that the innocent suff'erers by their misdeeds dared
not to accuse them, and under the authority of the law Henry Plummer robbed and
ruled the community as the fancy seized him.

By the discoveries of the bodies of several victims of this band and through the con-
fessions of several of the murderers before they were executed and through the valuable

664

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

information sent to the vigilante committee, it was discovered to a certainty after
several months of these depredations that 102 people had been killed by Plummei s
gang and their confederates in various places, and it was believed in addition to this,
scores of unfortunates had been murdered and buried whose remains were undiscov-
ered and whose fate to this day is not definitely ascertained. All that was known
definitely regarding these missing people was that they started from camp with sums
of money in their possession and were never heard of afterwards. Such was the con-
dition of affairs in Montana when five of the leading men of Virginia City and four
of the best citizens of Bannock started the movement which resulted in the forma-
tion of the vigilance committee of Montana. Nearly every law-abiding and respected
resident of the territory at once joined this organization and within a ft;w
weeks afler its formation every desperado in the West knew that the voice of
outraged justice had spoken in no uncertain tones. It was about this lime
that a most atrocious cold-blooded robbery and murder, committed by Geof^e
Ives a renowned desperado, aroused the law-and-order element of Alder gulch
to prompt action. Ives and two or three members of Plummer's gang were arrested
by a committee of citizens and broui!;ht to Nevada for trial. Tidings of the capture
spread rapidly through every inhabited part of Montana. Couriers were sent by the
road agents to inform distant members of their band that the life of one of their
number was in danger. The arrest of these men caused the most intense excitement
and hundreds of men anxious to be present at the trial soon reached Nevada from
Virginia and the other camps of Alder gulch.

Ives was tried in the open air in the presence of the whole body of citizens. The
miners reserved to themselves the ultimate decision of all questions arising durinjf
the trial, but, fearing that an injustice might be done the prisoner, they appointecl
an advisory jury consisting of 24 men. Never has there occurred in the West a more
sensational or dramatic trial. Before the arrest of Ives, citizens had spoken of the
atrocities of Plummer's band with bated breath. Even during the progress of this
trial many of the spectators expected to see the judge and jury shot down by the
outlaws and their friends. Not only was the fate of Ives depending on the result of
this trial, but also the lives of numerous other desperadoes, and the question of the
future preservation of law and order in Montana. It was the crisis of the fate of the
territory. The judge, prosecutors and jurors, in taking an active part in the Ives
trial, staked their lives for the future welfare of society. Judge Byam shouldered
the responsibility of the whole proceedings, and the prosecution was conducted by
Colonel W. F. Saunders, now one of Montana's foremost citizens. The defense
of the prisoners on this trial was conducted by several able lawyers.

In the center of the crowd at this famous trial, and surrounded by a guard armed
to the teeth, was a wagon occupied by the judge and advocates. Seated near the
wagon was the jury, and in front of the jury the prisoner was seated, heavily ironed.
After listening to the evidence the jury retired for deliberation and, within an hour,
returned with the verdict of guilty. Colonel Saunders then mounted the wagon and
moved that George Ives be forthwith hanged by the neck until he is dead. The
prisoner was led to the scaffold in 58 minutes after his doom was fixed. A perfect
babel of voices saluted the movement. Every roof was covered, and cries of " hang

him," "don't hang him," *' banish him," " I'll shoot," " their murdering soul."

"let's rescue him," were heard on all sides. The guard around the prisoner stood
like a rock, however. They heard the muttered threats of rescue from the crowd

The Vigilantes of Montana.

666

nty after
immei's
I to this,
udiscov-
s known
ith sums

the con-
and four
e for ma -
especttMl
in a few
voice of
his time

Geori^e
ler jj;ulcli

arrested
; capture
it by the

of their
citetnent
ada from

ins. The

ig durinij;

ppointeil

5t a more

-.n of the

IS of this

n by the

result of

an of the

ite of the

the Ives

ouldered

noted by

defense

d armed
near the
ironed,
an hour,
igon and
1. The
L perfect
f " hang
igsoul."
jer stood
le crowd

before the prisoner was led out, and they stood ready to keep the rescuers back with
rifle balls if necessary. As the prisoner stepped on the large dry goods box above
which hung the hempen noose, however, the noise ceased, and the stillness became
even painful. The noose was quickly adjusted, and to the usual question as to
whether the condemned man had anything to say, brought forth the reply : " I am
innocent rf this crime." All being ready, ihe signal was given ; the ominous click
of the gun locks rang shrirply and the gun barrels flashed in the moonlight as they
were brought to bear on the crowd. The box flew from under the murderer's feet
with a crash and the body of George Ives swung in the night breeze facing the moon
that lighted up the scene of retributive justice. As the click, click of the locks
sounded their note of deadly warning to the intended rescuers, the crowd stampeded
in wild confusion, even roUiho over one another shrinking and howling with terror.
A few resolute desperadoes who knew not fear, but seeing that their case was hope-
less and that their comrade was dead, retired with muttered curses of the fate that
had befallen them.

George Ives was a young man of rather prepossessing appearance, probably about
27 years of age. The carriage of this renowned desperado was sprightly and his
coolness imperturbable. Long practice confronting danger had made him absolutely
fearless. He would face all danger of death with an indifference that had become a
part of his nature, and the spirit of reckless bravado with which he was animated
made him the terror of the citizens. Ives' death, however, sounded the death knell
of the Plummer gang's desperate acts, and it was a realization of this fact by the dis-
cerning members of the band that caused them to take the execution of Ives so
f.eriously to heart.

George Hilderman, a petty thief, was arrested by the same committee that captured
Ives. His gastronomic feats at Bannock had procured for him the name of the Great
American Pie-eater. He earned this title by placing his capacious jaws over a layer of
ten pumpkin pies and biting through their entire thickness. As pies at that time were
worth $1.50 apiece the pastime was an expensive one. He escaped the results of
lawless pie-eating, but the committee banished him from Montana for his petty
stealing.

Following the execution of Ives, all the prominent friends of justice were dogged,
threatened and watched by the roughs. An attempt was made to kill Colonel Saund-
ers and the lives of other men prominent in the trial of Ives and who have since
gained a national reputation, were in constant jeopardy. The ramiflcations of the
league of safety and order, however, extended in a week or two after Ives' execution
all over the territory, and on the 14th day of January, 1864, the coup de grace was
given to the power of the band by the execution of five of the chief villains of Plum-
mer's band at Virginia City. In the meantime a number of highly dramatic events
occurred, the most startling of which was the execution of Henry Plummer himself,
*.he chief of the road agents and the sheriff of Montana.

The vigilantes of Bannock arrested Plummer just as he was preparing to leave
the country. At the same time Stinson and Ray, two members of the band, were
taken into custody. Through the darkness of night the three prisoners were marched
to a scaffold erected a few yards from the camp. The spectators were allowed to
come up to within a certain distance, but they were halted here by the guard who
refused to allow them either to depart or to come nearer the dead line on pain of
being instantly shot. Plummer exhausted every argument and plea that his imagiua-

666

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

•¥

tion could suggest in order to induce his captors to spare his life. He begged to he
chained down in the meanest cabin, he offered to leave the country forever, he wantc(l
a jury trial, he asked for time to settle his affairs and falling on his knees with tears
and sighs decUred to God that he was too wicked to die. He confessed his numer-
ous murders and crimes and seemed almost frantic at the prospect of immediate
death.

After the execution of Ray and Stinson, the order to "bring up Plummer," was
passed and repeated, but no one stirred. The leader went over to this "perfect gen-
tleman," as Plummer's friends called him, and was met with the request to "give u
man time to pray." Well knowing that Plummer relied for a rescue on other than
Divine aid the leader said briefly but docidedly, " Certainly, but let him say his
prayers up here." Finding that all efforts to avoid death were useless, Plumnici
arose and said :'o more prayers. He mounted the gallows which he him<«f1f had
erected in his capacity as sheriff for the execution of a murderer sentencctt by a
miners' jury, He slipped off his necktie and threw it over his shoulder to a yoiinj^
friend who liad boarded at his house and who believed him innocent, saying as he
tossed it to his friend, "Here is something to remember me by." In the extremity of
his grief the young man threw himself weeping to the ground. Plummer requested
that his executioners give him a good "drop " and a moment later the most polished
but desperate villain that ever terrorized Montana was dead.

The effect of the execution of Plummer wes electrical. There was much yet to
be done, however, to insure lasting peace to the community. By this time eight of
the road agents had met a felon's death. There were still, however, many blood-
thirsty villains at large. These men had made constant threats against the members
of the vigilantes, and a plot to rob several stores in Virginia had been nearly matured
when it was discovered. Every man who had taken part in the pursuit of the crim-
inals in Montana was marked for slaughter by the vigilantes, and the work of the
vigilantes remained unfinished until the last of these miscreants was captured and
summarily executed on the scaffold.

On the 13th of January, 1864, the executive committee of the vigilantes, in sol-
emn conclave assembled, determii'ed on hanging six of the outlaws forthwith.
Express messengers were sent to inform the members of the vigilantes of the neigh-
boring towns of Alder Gulch of the action decided on by the executive committee.
All that night grim and determined men rode towards Virginia City. The breaking
of dawn on the following day found the pickets of the vigilantes stationed on the
crest of every eminence and point of vantage around tht city. The news flew like
lightning. Many a guilty heart quaked with fear, and many an assassin's lips turned
pale, and the roughs quaked with inexpressible terror. The detachments of the vigil-
antes, with compressed lips, for they were thoroughly in earnest, marched into the
town and halted in a body on Main street. Members of the band were at once
detailed for the capture of the road agents, and all succeeded in their mission except
the ones who went after Hunter, who managed to escape by crawling out of town
through a drain pipe.

Frank Parish was the first desperado brought in. He was arrested without the
least trouble in a store, and he seemed not to expect death. He even took the exec-
utive officer aside and coolly asked what he was arrested for. He was told for being
a road agent and a thief. At first he pleaded innocence, but at last he confessed to
having committed many crimes.

The Vigilantes of Montana.

')(J7

Club-Foot George, as he was known (George Lane), was brought in. He was
perfectly cool and collected, and on being told that his sentence was death, quietly
asked for a minister. He evidently thought no more of hanging than the ordinary
man would of eating his breakfast. Boone Helm was seized before he was able to
make an effort towards resistance. A man at each arm and one behind him with a
cocked revolver, brought him to tVe place of rendezvous. Helm lamented greatly
that hfc " had no show " when t&ken id he quietly added, "they would have had
a gay time taking me if I had known what they were after.' He said further : " I
am as innocent as the babe unborn. 1 have never killed anyone, or defrauded any
man. I am willing to swear it pm .he Biule." Anxious to see if ht was really so aban-
doned a villain as to swear to this, the ^ook was handed him, when, with the utmost
assumed solemnity, he repeated an oath to that effect, making the most terrific pen-
alties on his soul in case he was swearing falsely. He kissed the book most rever-
ently. He then addressed a gentleman present, and asked him if he would accom-
pany him (Boone) into a private room. Thinking that Boone wanted someone to pray
with him, he proposed sending for a clergyman, Imt Boone quietly retorted, " You'll
do." On reaching the room the prisoner asked his friend if there was no escape
from his present predicament. Being told that there was not, and that he must die,
Boone admitted that he did kill a man named Shoot, in Missouri, after which he
escaped to the West. He also admitted killing of a "chap " in California.

Helm was the most hardened, cool and deliberate scoundrel of the whole band,
and murder, with him, had become mere pastime. Finding that all his asservatioiis
and pleas availed him naught, he thus unburdened himself: " I have dared death in
all its forms, and I do not fear to die." He called repeatedly for whisky, and it was
necessary to reprimand him several time for his conduct on the verge of eternity.
The other two outlaws. Haze Lyons and Jack Gallagher, were brought in, the former
penitent and the latter abusing and cursing his captors.

After all arrangements had been made for hanging the desperadoes the prisoners
were marched into the center of a hollow square which was flanked by four ranks of
the vigilantes and by a column in front and rear armed with shotguns and rifles car-
ried at half present, ready to fire at a moment's warning. Other members of the
vigilantes, armed with pistols, were dispersed through the crowd. The party started
forward and marched to an unfinished building which had been prepared for the exe-
cution. The main beam for the support of the rooi', which ran across the center of
the building, was used as a gallows, the ropes being thrown over it and then taken to
the rear and fastened around some of the bottom logs. Five boxes were placed
under the beam as a substitute for drops. The procession halted for a few moments
before reaching the place of execution, Club-Foot George having called a citizen to
him and asked him to speak regarding his character. This the gentleman declined
to do, saying to George that while their dealings with each other had been square he
was not competent to speak of the prisoner's dealings with other people. Club-Foot
George then asked the gentleman he had spoken to to pray with him. This request
was granted, both men kneeling down and offering a fervent prayer. Ge^/ge and
Jack Gallagher also knelt in prayer. Boue Helm, after the prayers were over, called

to Gallagher, "Jack, give me that coat; you never gave me anything." "D d

sight of use you'd have for it," replied the man who had been on his knees a moment
before. The two worthies after this kept addressing shore and pithy remarks to their
friends around them, such as " Hello ! they have got me this time." " Bill, old boy
I'm going to cash in, sure," and other remarks typical only of wild mining life.

668

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

The guards finally marched iuto the place appointed for execution. They opered
ranks here and the prisoners stepped onto the boxes above which hung the dangling
ropes, the nooses were quickly adjusted and all being ready Jack Gallagher got a stay
of proceedings by asking as a last request for a glass of beer, which was given him.
Club-Foot George, recognizing an old friend in the audience, cooly hailed him with
the remark, " Good-by, old fellow ; I'm gone," and hearing the order, "Men, do your
duty," without waiting for the box to be knocked from under him, as coolly
jumped to his death. Jack Gallagher used the most profane and obscene language while
standing on the box awaiting execution, a tirade he kept up until the tighteniii;,'
noose cut him short. The character of Boone Helm can be judged by his careless
remark as he looked at the quivering form of Gallagher dangling by the rope, " Kick
away, old fellow ; I'll be in hell with you in a minute." Helm's last words wen-,
"Everyman for his principles ; hurrah for Jeff. Davis; let her rip." The sound of
his voice had hardly died away before he too was hanging from the rope, Frank
Parrish requested the privilege of having a handkerchief tied over his face. His own
black tic, fastened in the road agents knot, was taken from his throat and dropped
over his face like a veil, and with this death mask he was dropped. A bystander,
after the execution, asked a guard who had adjusted the rope around the neck of
Parrish, if he did not feel for the poor man when he put the rope around his neck.
The vigilante, whose friend had been murdered by road agents, regarded his interro-
gator for a moment with a stern look and then answered slowly, " Yes ; I felt for his
left ear." Haze Lyons evidently expected deliverance from death up to the last
moment. Finding, however, that entreaty was useless, he requested that his gold
watch be given to his mistress with his dying regards.

The bodies of the desperadoes, after being allowed to hang for two hours, were
cut down and carried to the street in front of the house, where they were found
by friends and carried away for burial. The'*- '-odies now lie in the cemetery at
Virginia.

These last executions ended the rule of the road agents in Montana. Where
once rode masked highwaymen and midnight marauders in the state are now ojjcn
highways where man is assured of the protection that he has in any of the best governed
communities of the United States. It v/as stern justice meted out to the desperadoes
that impressed all wrong-doers with a full sense of the fate that awaited them if tliey
committed any overt acts and these executions at the same time impressed the law-
abiding people with their full power when once thoroughly aroused, and it was the
moral force of the community that was triumphant here jnst as it always is in any
civilized country after the man who respects his own rights and the full rights of his
fellow man has been goaded to a certain point by the lawless acts of desperadoes and
criminals.

British Coluiubla. — The first settlement made in the vast territory now
known as British Columbia dates back to the establishment of a trading post at I'ort
Victoria, on Vancouver Island, by the Hudson's Bay Company in 1842. It was not
until 1H71, however, that the mainland north of the 49th degree of nortli latitude and
Vancouver island were united under the name of British Columbia and entered into
confederation with the Dominion of Canada. Victoria was chosen the capital of the
new province. The nature of the country was such that only a few people were
attracted to British Columbia and, until 1886, the only two towns of importance
in the entire province were Victoria, situated on Vancouver Island, and New West-

British Columbia.

269

minster, on the mainland, the latter place being located on the Fraser river, i6 miles
above the point where the waters of this stream enter the Gulf of Georj;ia. In 1886,
the Canadian Pacific railroad was completed to tidewater on the Pacific coast. The-
western terminus of this great transcontinental line is at Vancouver, situated on the
mainland, on Burrard Inlet, about 14 miles distant from the old town of New West-
minster. Vancouver is today the metropolis of British Columbia. The completion
of this greatest of transcontinental roads has marked a new epoch in the history of
the province. Before the cars of this road reached tidewater at Vancouver, Victoria
was the leading city of British Columbia, and it was one of the richest and most
prosperous cities of the coast. It was the one port of British Columbia to which all
the diversified productions of the province paid tribute, and it was at this point ihat
countless fortunes were made from the immense trade with the north and east which
Victoria so long held. Today, Victoria is still the home of many of the richest men
of British Columbia, but her former prestige is gone. Victoria is the leading city on
Vancouver Island, the resources of which, when fully developed, will alone support
a city at this point of a much larger population tlian Victoria contains today. Van-
couver, however, as the western terminus of the Canadian Pacific, will, probably,
always remain the leading city of British Columbia, and it is at the present site of
Vancouver that the people of the province expect to see a city grow that will some
day rival San Francisco or Portland in wealth and commercial importance.

British Columbia is a country of wonderful possibilities. Long before a city of
any pretensions had been established on the shores of Puget Sound, the rich gold
deposits of the Fraser river and of the Caribou district farther inland had attracted
gold seekers from all over the coast, and the Fraser river gold excitement of the early
6o's was second in importance only to the great rush of gold hunters to California
a little more than 10 years earlier. British Columbia is essentially a mountainous
country. Far to the interior of the province are found those same vast plains, covered
with alluvial deposits of the richest soil, which are found in Eastern Oregon and
Eastern Washington, but for a distance of 200 miles or more inland from Puget
Sound the province is one vast upheaval, mountain piled on mountain, and the
entire section is generally rough and uneven. Lying between the higher elevations
of this part of the province are many little valleys easily cultivated and highly
fertile. The principal sources of wealth of the province, however, prior to the time of
the completion of the Canadian Pacific, were the wonderfully rich gold n^incs of the
interior, the great coal deposits of Vancouver Island, the fisheries of the Fraser river
and of the Gulf of Georgia, and the vast quantities of fur-bearing animals which were
annually trr.pped along the coast and in the streams of the mainland. These were
pro lucts that were easily convertible into money. The lack of proper transportation
facilities and the cost of reaching the province necessarily kept people out of British
Columbia, and the result of these conditions, which existed prior to 18H6, was that
money was plentiful here, and Victoria, the leading city, may have been fairly said
to have rolled in wealth, a tribute she exacted from the immense trade which for
many years regularly came to this port.

The largest body of agricultural land in the western part of British Colu nbia is
found along the Fraser river between the (iu'if of Georgia and Yale. Three varieties
of soil, all highly productive, are found in tue Fraser River valley. These are deep
black earth, alluvial deposits and a clay loam. Wonderful crops are raised on these
lands and this is truly the agricultural belt of the province. Good lands for agricul-

■'A :

570

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

Ill

tural purposes are also found on Vancouver Island, and a'iong the banks of the Thomp-
son river and Shuswap lakes are many fine farms in the highest state of cultivation.
East of the Cascades in the province are vast stretches of the finest grazing and
farming lands, and the cattle fattened on the succulent grasses of these inland prai-
ries are the largest and best beef cattle raised on the Pacific coast.

The most important industry of British Columbia at the present writing is the
mining of coal. On Vancouver Island are found the largest and most valuable
deposits, of coal on the coast. Nanaimo, a city of about 6,000 inhabitants, located on
the eastern side of Vancouver Island, and north of Victoria, is supported entirely by
the ten great coal mines situated in the vicinity of the place. Four of these mines
are operated by the New Vancouver Coal Company. The daily output of these four
mines is 2,400 tons. The coal tal'en from one of these mines is unexcelled for gas-
making purposes. It burns to a red ash, making a fine quality of coke and yielding
about 11,000 feet of gas to the ton, of an illuminating power of 22 candles. The coal
from another of this same company's mines is burned largely by the steamers plyiuj^
on the Puget Sound and up and down the coast. The New Vancouver Coal Company
employs regularly about 1,400 men. They also use about 140 mules in the mines,
these animals working constantly underground. The principal part of the product
of the company is fhipped to San Francisco, although regular shipments are also
made from these mines to Portland, Southern Cali/omia and the Sandwich Islands.

The Great Wellington coal mines are located at the terminus of the Esquimalt &
Nanaimo railroad and operated by the same company that runs the railroad. Welling-
ton coal is the best of the coast coals, and is always in great demand in San Francisco
and other coast cities. The output of the Wellington mines is only limited by the
transportation facilities afforded for getting it to market. Most of the output of the
mines is sent over the Esquimalt & Nanaimo Company's own road to Departure Bay,
where the company owns large wharves and coal bunkers. Steam colliers of as high
as 3,00c tons carrying capacity carry the coal from Departure Bay to San Francisco
and other coast ports. Four miles from Nanaimo are located the East Wellington
Collieries, and there is also the rich Comox coal mine near Union, also located ou
Vancouver Island a few miles distant from Nanaimo.

Th2 mountains of British Columbia are rich in deposits of gold, silver, copper,
iron and all the baser metals. The greatest of the gold and silver-producing sections
of the province today is the Kootcnay district. This mineral belt is located in the
southeastern part of the province, and contains an area of about 7,000 square miles.
The section is enjoying something of a boom at the present time, and during the
latter part of 1892 and early in 1893 over 2,000 claims were filed in this section within a
pericr' of six months. The old gold diggings around Yale, the Lilloet, Cassiar and
Caribou gold-producing districts are still rich in gold quartz and silver ores, and the
working of the mines of these important districts will some day prove one of the
most important industries of British Columbia.

A large part of the area of British Columbia is covered with dense forests of the
finest timber. The varieties of timber found here are the same as are contained in the
forests of Western Washington and Western Oregon to the south. The British Col-
umbia timber belt is practically a part of the same forests which extend from the
southern boundary of Western Oregon north as far as Alaska, and as the timber
resources of Oregon and Washington are fully treated in another part of this publi-
cation, any extended mention of the great forests of British Columbia is unnecessary
in the present instance.

Victoria, British Columbia.

571

One of the great industries of British Columbia at the present time is the catch-
ing and curing of fish. The great inland streams of the province abound in the suc-
culent salmon, the mimmoth sturgeon and other food fishes found in the Columbia
and Sacramento rivers to the south, and the waters of the Gulf of Georgia and other
parts of the great inland sea washing these shore are alive with the finest of salt
water fishes. These waters furnish an inexhaustible supply of the finny tribe, valu-
able as food products, rich in oil, hundreds of barrels of which are annually exported
from the province, and the value ot fur- bearing aquatic animals annually caught in
these waters runs into the thousands of dollars. During 1890 the product of the fish-
eries of British Columbia, including seals and oil, reached the enormous amount of
$6,550,275. This amount was made up as follows: approximate value offish con-
sumed in the province, $3,085,000 ; canned salmon, 400,000 cases, $2,400,000 ; salted
salmon, 3,800 ban sis, $41,800; fresh salmon, 2,000,000 pounds, $240,000; smoked
salmon, 13,000 pounds, $3,250 ; fresh halibut, 750,000 pounds, $75,000 ; fresh sturgeon,
320,500 pounds, $16,025 ; fresh trout, 20,000 pounds, $2,cjo ; other fish, fresh, salted
and smoked, 905,000 pounds, $90,500; making a total ^f $5,953,575. Add to this
150,000 gallons of fish oil, $75,000; isinglass, etc., $21,700, and seal skins and other furs,
$500,000, and we have the grand total of $6,550,275 as the value of the year's product
of the fishing industries of the province.

Most of the salmon canned in British Columbia is handled by the many large
canneries located on the Fraser river. During 1890 the product of these canneries
amounted to 246,050 cases, valued at $1,476,300. Invested in the canneries of the
Fraser river is the sum of $1,357,000. These plants employ over 7,500 men during
the fishing season and pay out annually in wages about $1,025,000. An important part
of the fishing industry of the province is the shipping of fresh halibut, sturgeon and
trout to the East. These shipments arc made in refrigerator cars, and the fish is
landed thousands of miles from where it is caught in as fresh a condition as it was
when first taken out of the waters.

The climate of British Columbia, more especially that portion bordering on the
waters of the Straits of Georgia, which is the most densely populated, is similar in
every respect to the climate of Oregon
and Washington to the south. It is a
country of the same many and diversified
resources as Oregon and Washington
farther south, and that part of the
United States known as the Pacific North-
west will probably note no greater ma- l^„^.'<^ \^^tij^§- WMBIfM ^',f:^<. '-T""*^ ■,
terial growth and solid advancement than

the country to the north which is now .w^— — — j«43aK!«^™^™KVi' -^j-
under the British flag, a country so ^ "=^^5^^==^ ^^^tT

thoroughly wedded to British traditions,
and which has only been kept back by
the average Englishman's regard for prestige which so often discourages progress
under any regime which ignores precedents.

Victoria, British Columbia.— Victoria, the capital of the province of
British Columbia, is situated at the extreme southeastern end of the large island of
Vancouver. The most striking feature of the site the city occupies is the rare beauty
of this site and its surroundings. The citizens of Victoria honor their city with the

>Tt

H. M. Dr> Dock, Esquimalt.

572

The Oregonian's Handbook of the I'acihc Northwest.

CAREY Castle, Lieut. -Governor's Residence, Victoria.

sobriquet of " The Gem of the Pacific," a name which the general attractiveness of
the place fully warrants. The surface of the land on which Victoria is built is

made up of a succession of hills and
level patches, and from the higher eleva
tions of the city is commanded an im-
posing view of the grand stretch of the
Straits of Fuca and the waters of tlic
Straits of Georgia glisten in the sunlight
a few miles away, while in the distance

^Sl' llil M^:-•^" Jff T H i 'I" i^miS ^ IL^ JWPi^l^' ^^^ seen the imposing peaks of the
'^'^"SI^KsilMttMdJMlSHIMI^R^PSIW wV -i . Olympic range, and rising from the

mainland of the United States side stands
the hoary Mt. Baker, immaculate in all
the brightness of perennial snow, which
covers this giant peak of the Cascades.
Victoria is the mecca of tourists to Puget Sound who desire to visit the province.
The Englishman kn \vs how to enjoy himself. He takes
life easy, and he prepares the way for the enjoyment of
everyone who visits a city in which the English element
predominates. Victoria boasts of the finest drivewaj-s on
the coast, which lead out from the city in all directions, and
of the attraction of the great warships and drydocks at Es-
quimau, but a few miles distant. The place has good parks,
the numerous arms of the Straits of I -ca extending inland
at this point afford excellent boating, the city has the best
of hotels, and the tourist here finds as much to interest and
amuse him as he will find in any city on the coast.

Of late years manufacturing interests have made but little advancement at Vic-
toria. Victoria is a shipping port of considerable importance, and it is a city of
great wealth, heap)ed up here during the palmy days preceding the completion of the
Canadian Pacific railway to Vancouver. Although the first settlement was ma i- ^.
Victoria, in 1847, by the Hudson's I5ay Company, it enjoyed no large growth until
1871, when the provincial capital for British Columbia was established here. The
official census made by the dominion government, in 1891, gave Victoria a popula-
tion of only 16,849, and the most enthusiastic of Victoria's citizens do not today

claim for their city a greater population than 2o,ocx). The
growth of the city has been retarded by lack of railroad
connection with the mainland. The line of the Esquimalt
& Nanaimo railway, which connects Victoria with the
great coal mining district of Nanaimo, is the only railway
in operation on Vancouver Islav.d at the present time.
The Canada Western railway, however, it is hoped, will
ultimately reach Victoria from the mainland by taking
advantage of the numerous islands in the channel north of
Vancouver Island, to bridge the short stretches of water
which divide the island and mainland at this point, and the people of Victoria
confidently expect to see this line built at a time not far distant.

Victoria has excellent connection with all the Sound ports by numerous lines
of steamers. The fine steamships of the Canadian Pacific Company stop at Vic-

CiTY Hall, Victoria.

High school, Victoria.

1j;

^f^

Nanaimo and the dreat Coal Mines.

573

toria, both in coming to Vancouver and in
departing for the Orient. Lines of steamers
regularly ply between Victoria and Van-
couver, between Victoria, New Westminster
and Nanaimo, as well as between
the leading city of Vancouver Is-
land and all ports of the Sound on
the United States side.

The Gorge, Victoria Arm, Victoria.

lines
Vic-

Beacon Hill Park, comprising

several hundred acres, is well laid

out, good driveways, leading in

all directions, and standing in this

park are stately oaks whose age is said

to represent centuries of time. A good

start for a creditable ' ' Zoo " has already

been made in this park, and the hun-
dreds of animals already gathered here

prove a great source of interest to visitors. Esquimalt, three miles distant, is

reached by a perfectly kept driveway, and also by an electric line of road. This is

the place of rendezvous for the British squadron of warships oti the Pacific coast.

The government naval -
j'ards and large drydock
are established at Esqui-
malt. The drydock is
built entirely of cut stone,
and was constructed at
great expense jointly by
the Imperial and Domin-
ion governments. An-
other delightful suburb of
Victoria is Oak Bay, and
this resort is rapidly be-
ing built up with seaside

homes. As the seat of the provincial government, Victoria enjoys a considerable.

prestige. The city is an old and wealthy center of population, and it is by far the

most attractive city of the province.

iNanalino and the CJreat Coal Mines.— The most interesting feature of
a visit to Vancouver Island is the trip by rail from Victoria to Nanaimo, where the
great coal fields of the province are located. The journey is made over the Esqui-
malt & Nanaimo railwa}', a distance of 78 miles. The route lays through the most
picturesque part of Vancouver Island. The line passes through what may be fairly-
termed a sportsman's paradise. The numerous lakes and small streams of this sec-
tion are stocked with the gamiest of trout. The scenery along the entire line of
road is interesting, and at times grand and almost awe-inspiring. One moment the
eye of the traveler rests on a peaceful vale with a placid clear lake in the center,
and the next moment he is looking through broken and rocky gorges to abrupt
forest-clad hills beyond. Many engineering difficulties were encountered in the con-
struction of this line. High trestles, with a seemingly dangerous pitch to one side

Bridge »t Beacon Hill Park, Victoria

574

The Oregonian' s Handbook oi the Pacific Northwest.

HARBOR AT NANAIMO.

of the track, are as trying to the nerves
of the timid traveler as the construction
of these elevated bands of steel on stilts
was to the engineer who planned the
line, but it may be stated that no ac-
cident has ever occurred on this line,
and the entire road is pronounced, by
railroad experts, to be one of the best
built on the continent.

At the towns of Shawnigan, Chemainus and Cowichan, along the line of road
are located a few small sawmills, and in the timber belt which the road traverses,
considerable cordwood is cut and shipped to market over this same line. The prime,
and it may be said the only object in the construction of this road, however, was
to open rail connection between Victoria, the principal city of Vancouver Island, and
the great coal districts at Nanaimo and Wellington. Nanaimo, the second largest
center of population on Vancouver Island, is located on the east coast of the island,
on an inlet which goes by the name of the town. Nanaimo harbor opens direct
into the Straits of Georgia. The total population of Nanaimo, at the present time,
is about 6,000, and a glance through the directory of the town shows that about
three out of every five of the male adult population are either miners or employes
in the service of the great mining company operating here. The town is beauti-
fully located, fronting on a broad sheet of water, and the site, rising gradually from
the waters' edge, finally reaches an elevation which commands a perfect view of
the harbor and the Straits of Georgia beyond. The streets of the town are narrow,
so narrow, in fact, that friends can almost shake hands across the narrow drive-
way which separates the sidewalks, and it is evident to the visitor that the town
simply grew here without any attention having been paid to platting the townsite
by the original settlers.

Nanaimo's prosperity is practically entirely dependent on the operations of the
New Vancouver Coal Mining & Land Company which operates so extensively at this
point. This company bought the Nanaimo estate with its collieries, shipping wharves,
sawmills and water front from the Hudson's Bay Company in 1862. In Nanaimo
coal is king as cotton was in the South before the war. The New Vancouver Com-
pany have now five coal mines in successful operation, although these mines have
only been opened since 1S84. The shafts in these mines run down to the great depth
of 600 feet or even more. Double ventilating shafts have been constructed in these
mines in compliance with the protective laws governing coal mining in British
Columbia. The output of the company's mines is 2,ocx) tons a day. The company's
possessions on Vancouver Island in the vicinity of Nanaimo embrace about 30,000
acres, this estate exte* ding up and down the coast for a distance of 10 miles. Two
shafts of the company's mines, the one in Protection Island at the mouth of the har-
bor opposite the town, and the Esplanade shaft on the outskirts of Nanaitno, across
the harbor from the main business center, are connected by passages running under
the harbor. Above these passage-ways, through which the black diamond is being
constantly hauled, ships ride peacefully on a body of water deep enough to float the
largest of vessels. This great tunnel, over one mile in length, is a feat of successful
subterranean engineering that must call for the admiration of whoever traverses it.
The Esplanade mine is the largest operated here and the main shaft of this mine is

Naaaimo and the Great Coal Mines.

575

Old Block House, Nanaiwo.

located only a few yards from the company's offices and power houses. The tall,
heavy-built chimneys of the great coal mining plants at Nanaimo pour out their vol-
umes of black, heavy smoke day and night the year
round. The endless steel cables hauling the coal cars
from the depths of the mine, 600 feet below, arc run at the
rate of speed of half a mile a minute, and the scene of
operations of one of the great mines here with its cars of
coal being dumped on the surface without cessation day
or night, is oue that cannot but impress the beholder
who is visiting a coal-mining center for the first time.
The engines of the coal company's plant of theEsplanade
miue have a hoisting capacity of 1,000 tons every eight
hours, and at the same time pump water out of the mines
if pumping is necessary. Most of the power for pump-
ing is supplied by electricity, generated by the company's
own dynamos and power house. The company have for
a number of years past heen operating far out under the
waters of the harbor at Nanaimo and also under the Gulf
of Georgia beyond, and they are gradually extending
their tunnels and shafts as the mines are opened.

In addition to operating largely at Nanaimo, the New Vancouver Company also
operates mines at Northfield and Southfield, towns in close proximity to the princi-
pal raining center. The company regularly spends large sums of money in prospect-
ing over its lauded possessions here with diamond drills with the most .:atisfactory
results. They now have sufficient coal in sight here to allow their mines to be con-
tinually operated at their present capacity for 80 years in the future. The coal mined
here is of a true bituminous character, and is pronounced by experts and the general
public to be the best coal mined on the coast. Shipments of this coal are made in
very large quantities to San Francisco, San Diego, I,os Angeles, Portland, Alaska and
all parts of the Dominion. The coal is carried principally in American bottoms, and
from four to one dozen ships and steamers are constantly in Nanaimo harbor await-
ing their turns to load with coal from the company's mines. The company itself now
has regularly 150,000 tons of shipping under charter, and private buyers of the com-
pany's product are constantly sending vessels here to be loaded.

The company employs in its mines 1,500 miners. These men work in shifts of
eight hours each, and they are generally contented and thrifty. This is a well paid
class of labor, and many of the miners here own their own homes. The reporter of
TAe Nanaimo Free Press, who is constantly making the rounds of the tov/n, is
authority for the statement that these men as a rule drink in moderation, and that
crimes of violence imong the laborers are of very rate occurrence. The money put
into circulation every pay day at Nanaimo reaches at least |ioo,ooo, and with the
money paid out for wages at the Wellington mines, and the mines of Northfield and
Southfield, all of which camps are tributary to Nanaimo, the monthly payroll
amounts to more than $200,000.

Nanaimo contains several good brick busiiiess blocks, and the town boasts of a
good hotel and a comfortably arranged opera house. As long as coal mines continue
to be operated here Nanaimo will be prosperous, and as the demand for this coal in
all parts of the coast is constantly increasing it is fair to presume that there coal
mines will b: operated on a more extensive scale with each successive year.

M-

576

The Oreffonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

Wellington, five miles north of Nanaimo, is the terminus of the Esquimalt &
Nanaimo railway. The coal mines at Wellington are owned and operated by the
company operating the railway. Wellington is really nothing but a great coal camj).
About 800 men are employed in the mines here. The product of the Wellington
mines is similar in every respect to the coal taken out of the mines at Nanaimo, and
Wellington coal is too well known on the coast to call for any future mention of its
qualities in the present article.

Vuiicouver, British Columbia. — Vancouver, the largest and most impor-
tant city located on the mainland in British Columbia, occupies the peninsula lying
between Burrard's Inlet and English Bay, just north of the mouth of the Fraser river.
It is called the Terminal City, and it is the terminus of the Canadian Pacific railway,
and the point of arrival of the three majestic steamships, the Empress of India, the
Empress of China and the Empress of Japan, a line run under the management of
the Canadian Pacific, and connecting Vancouver with China and Japan. The
immense cargoes of Oriental merchandise brought from Asia on these three mam-
moth steamships are unloaded at Vancouver and dispatched from this point over
the Canadian Pacific railway to all points of Canada and tli ^ United States. This
is one of the greatest of the trans-Pacific lines of steamships C(>nnecting the Occident
with the Orient, and the establishment of this line has already done much to advance
Vancouver's interests.

Daily connection is afforded between Vancouver and Victoria by the steamers of
the Canadian Pacific Navigation Company. The Seattle, Lake Shore & Eastern
branch of the Northern Pacific railroad is already completed as far north as Sumas,
situated on the boundary line between the United vStates and British Columbia, and
work on this line is being rapidly pushed to its ultimate terminus at Vancouver. The
Bellingham Bay & British Columbia branch of the Canadian Pacific railway runs daily
freight and passenger trains between Vancouver and New Whatcom, connecting at the
latter place with the Sound division of the Great Northern railway to Seattle. The
New Westminster & Vancouver Electric Tramway Company runs passenger cars
each way between Vancouver and New Westminster every hour during the day,
making the 14 miles in 45 minutes.

The growth of Vancouver dates from the completion of the Canadian Pacific
railway to this point in 1886. Immediately following the completion of this line
to tidewater, the advance of Vancouver was so rapid for several years, both in the build-
ing line and in the establishment of large commercial houses and banking institutions,
that the city partook of something of the degree of prosperity which attends the
growth of one of the great centers of population in the United States. Of late
years, however, the conservative spirit of the English founders of Vancouver has
asserted itself, and a halt has been called in a growth that promised to make Van-
couver one of the big cities of the coast.

Vancouver is solidly built. Its buildings hav ■• been erected with a view of
furnishing as classic ruins, in distant ages of the future, as are found in the old
chateaus of France, or the deserted castles of England. During 1893 several hand-
some brick and stone buildings, both of a public and private nature, were completed
at Vancouver, but there is now an evident tacit agreement among property owner.s
of the city that no more large buildings shall be erected here until the present fine
business blocks that line all the main streets are fully occupied. The warning from the
Vancouver Board of Trade agrinst putting up any more buildings than the business

New Westminster, liritish Columbia.

677

of the place fully -equires, grates a little discordantly on the ears of a typical resident
of Uncle Sam's domain, but the English only divorced the church from the state with
a fatal inclination to ask government protection of every possible private enterprise.
A number of large saw and shingle mills are operated along Burrard's Inlet and
F'alse creek, at Vancouver, and the products of these mills are shipped principally
to Eastern Canada, Australia and South America. Several schooners and one steamer
were built at the Vancouver shipyards in 1892, and while vessels of small tonnage
only have been constructed at these yards in the past, moreextenive shipbuilding,
it is expected, will be developed at this point in the future. Vancouver is the great
shipping point of British Columbia, and it perhaps can l)e conservatively stated that
the city is in the line of a material future advancement that will make this one of
the leading distributing centers of the coast.

The surroundings of Vancouver may be referred to as of the majestic picturesque
order. Lofty peaks of the Cascades tower high above the city, and two projecting
spurs, at the mouth of Burrard's Inlet, so closely resemble lions couchant that the
entrance is generally known as the Lion's Gate. Stanley Park, the driveway around
which is 10 miles in length, affords an exc Uent breathing spot for the overworked
people of Vancouver. This will become, in time, one of the finest public parks of
the British possessions, and already thousands of dollars have been expended in
adding to the attractions of this great resort. Vancouver possesses many fine busi-
ness blocks that would be a credit to the best business street of any city, and the
public structures are all of a heavy and attractive style of architecture. The city
lias good hotels, its banks are on the strongest of financial footings, its stores are
well stocked, and with the prestige the city has already gained as the leading
center of population and wealth of British Columbia, Vancouver will doubtless
always remain the principal city of the Pacific coast north of the 49th degree of
north latitude.

New Westminster, British Colinnbia. — New Westminster is situated
on the north bank of the Eraser river, 16 miles from the
point where this great stream empties its waters into the
Gulf of Georgia. It is ono of the oldest settlements in
the province, having been founded in 1858. It is reached
from the United States, the northern boundary of which
is but a few miles south of the city, by the New West-
minster & Southern branch of the Great Northern rail-
way and by the extension of the Canadian Pacific which
runs as far south as Mission Junction, near Bcllingham
Bay. It has direct connection with Vancouver, the term-
inus of the Canadian Pacific on Burrard's Inlet, by a
well equipped electric line of road, and also by a branch
of the Canadian Pacific. Steamers ply regularly between New Westminster and
Victoria, as well as making connection for Nanaimo and other Sound points. The
present population of New Westminster, or Westminster as it is commonly called, is
about 7,000. In the palmy days of the city's history this was one of the most pros-
perous towns of the Northwest. It was the only town of any importance located on
the mainland of the province and all of the rich trade of the interior passed this point
to reach tidewater. Many fortunes were made here in the early history of the
place, and like Victoria, New Westminster is today the home of great numbers of

Court House, New WESTMiNSTtK.

67S

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

wealthy, retired business men who lead a life of eab^- in elegant residences, and who
show a disposition to spend their declining days at the scene of their former business
conquests.

The Fraser river is one of the great rivers of the continent. It bears the same
relation to British Columbia that the Columbia river does to Oregon and Washington.
The Fraser drains the great watershed of British Columbia lying west of the Rocky
Mountains, and while it carries a great volume of water practical navigation of the
stream is only possible as far up as Yale, a point about 90 miles above its mouth, owing
to rapids and other obstructions to easy navigating found in the river above the latter
point. Hundreds of miles inland, however, are found great lakes which this river
drains which furnish may miles of navigable water and during the time of the con-
struction of the Canadian Pacific regular lines of steamers plied on these lakes carr\ -
ing passengers and supplies for the railroad company. As far inland as New West-
minster the Fraser is navigable for vessels of 21 feet draft, but above this point
light-draft steamers only are able to ply.

New Westminster is the principal trading point for the Fraser river canneries and
for the rich agricultural district bordering on this same stream. Confidence in the
future of the city on the part of its inhabitants is seen in the character of the build-
ings which line the principal streets. New Westminster is the seat of the peni-
tentiary, the erection of which involved an outlay of
$140,000. The provincial asylum also located here, was
erected at a cost of $155,000, and the postoffice buildinj^
here cost $25,000. The construction of four new business
blocks at New Westminster involved an outlay of from
$50,000 to $75,000 each. Over $200,000 has been spent on
the 33 miles of well paved streets of the city and the
".'. complete water-works plant involved an expenditure of
$380,000 more. A good electric light plant is in success-
ful operation here. The municipal government at New
Westminster has spent over$5o,ooo on a system of fine
public parks. The leading one of these, the Queen's
Park, contains about 87 acres and is one of the most popular resorts of the city.
In this park a permanent exhibition building has been erected and annual gatherings
are now regularly held here.

The finances of New Westminster are on "a strong footing. Two branches of
leading provincial banks are located here and ample money is furnished at all times
to meet every legitimate demand of trade. The city is not without attraction to the
tourist and it is regularly visited by a large transient travel which finds here a typical
provincial settlement and a place that can well claim the attention of the traveler, as
a prominent center of British Columbia.

Exhibition Building, Queen's Park,
New Westminster.

The Kootenay District. — Lying in British Columbia between the Rocky
Mountains on the east and the Gold range of mountains on the west, and extending
south to the international boundary line is the Kootenay district. This region em-
braces over 16,500,000 acres and is subdivided into East and West Kootenay. It is
in the latter division that the great mineral developments now attracting so much
attention from the world are being made, and it is in West Kootenay that the main
interest of the present article centers.

The Kootenay District, British Columbia.

57J)

West Kootenay is principally a mountainous country. It includes, however,
two important valleys formed by a division of the Selkirk range of mountains. These
valleys are enclosed on either side by parallel and continuous ranges of mountains
which maintain a uniform height of from 5,000 to 7,000 feet. The first of these val-
leys is that lying between the Selkirk and Gold ranges. It is through this that
flows that part of the Columbia river known as the Second Bend as well as the
Arrow Lakes. The Upper and Lower Arrow Lakes are deep expansions of the Col-
umbia river itself. The upper lake commences at a point 30 miles south of Revel-
stoke, a station on the main line of the Canadian Pacific. This lake is considered
the most beautiful of all the many waterways of the Kootenay country. Near the
opening of the lake is the Northeast Arm which extends inland to the left for a dis
tance of about ten miles. Into this arm flows Fish creek on the banks of which have
already been located some promising claims of argentiferous galena.

Upper Arrow Lake is very straight and its waters are hemmed in on each side by
high ranges of mountains charmingly regular, with here and there small valleys
cutting through them. These valleys are formed by streams which wend their way
towards the lake through narrow defiles or canyons. Eighteen miles below Upper
Arrow Lake the Columbia river again broadens out forming Lower Arrow Lake.
This lower lake is shaped like a bow. It is 51 miles in length and is one of the most
striking features of interest in the British possessions north of the United States.
The general surroundings of the lake are similar to those of the upper lake. At a
point on the east side of the lake, just above wh^'-e it narrows, thus again forming
the Columbia river, is a remarkable landscape vie afforded by what is known as
Deer Park. This is so named from its attractive and park-like appearance, and from
the fact that it is frequented by a large number of deer. At the " Painted Rocks,"
a few miles below Deer Park are many Indit... pictographs which have been rudely
painted on precipitous and overhanging surfaces of rock. On the Columbia 10 miles
south of the lake is the town of Robson the terminus of a railroad which runs 28
miles east to Nelson. It is this line of road which conveys passengers and supplies
to the great mining camps of the Kootenay Lake, and it is at Nelson that the prin-
cipal trade of this rich section is handled.

The Columbia & Kootenay Navigation Company operates a line of first-class
passenger steamboats between Ravelstoke and Robson, a distance of 145 miles.
About 90 miles of this distance lie through the Arrow Lakes, the remaining part of
the journey being on the waters of the Columbia river. From Robson boats run south
into Washington, where connection is made at Northport with the Spokane Falls &
Northern railway. The Kootenay river flows into the Columbia at Robson. Nine
miles from this point the volume of the Kootenay is increased by the waters of the
Slocan river. The sinuousities of the valley of the latter stream are followed by the
Columbia & Kootenay railway to Nelson. This valley is 28 miles in length and it is

the most picturesque part of West Kootenay. The river
here forces itself through a rocky pass to its junction with
the Columbia below. The stream is very swift and
along its course are numerous rapids. At one point on
the river known as St. Agnes falls, the stream is divided
into channels, the water in one channel falling vertically
a distance of 30 feet and in the other it rushes down a
deep chute with frightful velocity. The fall on the north
side is a picturesque and striking feature of the river,

Steamboat, Upper Columbia River.

580

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

its beauty being enhanced by the clear blue color of its waters. At certain seasons
of the year fine trout may be taken from the basin below the falls in inexhaustible-
quantities. The other main falls of the river are known as Pillar and Geyser, both of
which are situated a few miles below Nelson.

The town of Nelson is situated on the west arm of Kootenay Lake, and it is at
this point that the second great waterway and valley of the West Kootenay may be
said to commence. It is in this region that the mineral developments now occupying
so much attention are being made. Upper Kootenay Lake and Kootenay Lake
proper are formed by the Kootenay river and numerous smaller streams which flow
into the great basins lying between two distinct ranges of the Selkirk Mountains.
Kootenay Lake, around which nearly all the mining camps of this section center, is
a magnificent navigable body of water, loo miles long and from three to five miles
wide. The elevation of the lake is 1,750 feet above sea level, while the crests of the
mountain ranges which border it rise to a height of from 6,000 to 10,500 feet, the lat-
ter elevation, however, being reached by but one or two peaks.

The Kootenay river heads in the Rocky Mountains in East Kootenay. It firs'
flows into the territory of the United States and thence courses back again int
British Columbia through West Kootenay. Bonner's Ferry, Idaho, on the line of
the Great Northern railroad, is the head of navigation on the river. From Bonner's
Ferry it is about 100 miles to the north end of the lake. A line of boats runs between
Kaslo and Nelson, on the lake, and Bonner's Ferry. The country surrounding
Kootenay Lake has a most interesting history. Its progress during the past four
years, more especially during the 12 months immediately preceding the date on which
this article is written, indicates that it is rapidly becoming one of the greatest min-
eral-producing districts in the Northwest.

In the early 6o's the section of country bordering on Kootenay Lake was pros-
pected for gold placers, and during that time a little dust was obtained from the beds
of some of the creeks here, but not in sufficient quantities to justify the adventurers
of those early days in remaining here long. The great deposits of galena on the east

bank of the lake were noted by many
PHOTO. Bv N^uANDs B-os _ CBrly prospcctors. Yet it is hardly

proper to say that these deposits were
discovered by them. Long before the
country was prospected the officers of
the Hudson's Bay Company had util-
ized these galena ores for making their
bullets, and the remains of the prim-
itive furnaces may still be seen here.
The first real start the section had as a
mining section had its origin in the
discovery of the Silver King mine on
Toad Mountain, in the fall of 1885.
The following spring a few hardy
prospe :tors straggled into the country,
but most of these remained here only
a short time. Between the time of
the discovery of the Silver King and 1890 the Kootenay Lake district was prospected
to some extent, but it was not until the season of 1891-92 that the rumors of the fabu-

FlHST PETEKBORO C <OOTEN*Y LAKE.

The Kootenay District, Hriiish Columbia.

681

lously rich discoveries on Kaslo creek and in Slocan basin be^an to attract the atten-
tion of mining men from abroad. These rumors were not at ."".rst given much cre-
dence outside of the coast states, but as prospector after prospector returned with
samples of ore which assa>ed over loo ounces of silver to the ton, the wonderful rich-
ness of this district began lo be hci aided to the world. Careful in\estigation
showed that the.sc samples were taken from large ledges, and this was at once ac-
cepted as conclusive proof of the remarkable mineral surface showing of the entiie
Kootenay district.

These discoveries resulted in the establishment of numerous mining camps which
were scattered over the Kootenay country and in the laying out of a large number of
townsites. A few of the latter have developed into prosperous towns, but this sec-
tion, like all other silver-producing belts, has felt the stagnation in the silver market
and for the last months of i8'>3 the section was duller than it was during the
early part of the year.

Commencing with the Toad Mountain District, this article will briefly recite
the principal features of interest of the more important mining centers of West
Kootenay.

The Silver King group of mines on Toad Mountain are the best developed and
the most valuable mines of West Kootenay. The ore in these mines is chiefly what
is known as Peacock copper, with iome copper pyrites and tctrathedite. The strati-
fied rock in which the metalliferous deposits of Toad Mountain have been found
appear to be surrounded on all sides by granite. The lode of the Silver King group
of mines is of a peculiar character, inasmuch as it has no distinct walls but occurs as
a zone of variable and sometimes apparently indefinite width of shattered and
mineralized rock, throughout which veins of pure and rich argentiferous ore occur
somewhat irregularly. Where gangue appears it is principally quartz, but there is
on the whole here a notable absence of crystalized vein matter, the ore apparently
filling irregular crevices and running in chutes and spurs into the rock so as to form
here and there in considerable masses.

The Silver King mine was bonded to an English syndicate for $2,000,000. About
$iro,ooo has already been expended in development work on the mine and it is esti-
mated that there is now half a million dollars worth of ore lying on the dump in front
of the mine. Shipments of nearly 200 tons of ore from this mine have been made to
the smelters at Butte, Montana, at a cost of $33 a ton. The ore has yielded on an
average 300 ounces of silver to the ton and 28 per cent, in copper.

Other Toad Mountain mines have produced ore which averages 35 ounces in sil •
ver to the ton and 12 per cent, copper. On this mountain there is also a gold belt on
which somi levelopment work has already been done. The free-milling gold quartz
found here ' .says from $15 to $30. These gold properties will prove valuable on a
fuller development.

After leaving Nelson and the Toad Mountain mines, the next important mining
section on Kootenay Lake is at Pilot Bay. This indentation is located about 20 miles
east of Nelson. It is on the shores of this bay that the Kootenay Lake Reduction
Company are now erecting a smelter which, when completed, will have a daily capa-
city of ioo tons. About 70 claims located near Pilot Bay have been recorded. The
Hendry group of mines here, of which the Blue Bell is the richest, are the most im-
portant in the locality. These mines contain numerous deposits of low-grade silver-
bearing galena and also a mixture of iron and copper pyrites. Almost directly oppo-

oS2

The Oregonian'3 Handbook of the Pacihc Northwest.

'"l

-Up

site the Hendry camp is the town of Ainsworth, with a population of 300. A group
of mineral springs is situated in the northern part of the townsite. The waters of
these springs contain sulphur and soda and their temperature is about 120 degrees
Fatenheit. Some radical oixres of chronic rheumatism have been effected by the
waters of these springs, and they are also beneficial in cases of dyspepsia and general
debility.

The mineralized area back of Ainsworth rises abruptly from the lake to a height
of nearly 6,000 feet. This elevation is attained, however, by a series of terraces
varying in height from a few hundred feet each up to 1,000 feet. On these terraces
veins of galena ore run northerly, almost parallel with the lake, and the continu-
ous croppings of these veins may, in somt^ instances, be followed two or three miles
wituout a break. The veins dip to the westward at an average angle of 45°. The
ores of most of the mines in this locality run from 25 to 100 ounces in silver, and
carry from 20 to 70 per cent of lead. In a few of the mines here very rich deposits
of ore have been found, assaying as high as 300 ounces in silver.

There are 2 1 mines in the Hot Springs camp at Ainsworth on which extensive
development work has been done. Ten tons of ore shipped to the Tacoma smelter
from one of these mines, yielded an average of $600 to the ton. One hundred tons
of ore sent to a Butte smelter from a mine here, averaged 100 ounces in silver to the
ton. Two hundred mining claims have been recorded in the recorder's office at
Ainsworth, and the indications are that this point will become one of the most suc-
cessful mining camps on the lake.

Twelve miles north of Ainsworth is the town of Kaslo, which is situated at the
mouth of the creek of the same name. The group of mines nearest to Kaslo are situ-
ated on the south fork of Kaslo creek, seven miles distant from the town, and are
known as the Montezuma group. The principal claim here shows a vein eight feet
wide of nearly solid ore, assaying very high in lead, and from 60 to 136 ounces in
silver. On Lhe north fork of Kaslo creek several valuable discoveries have been
made. Some very rich ledges of gray copper have been found here, but the ore
of the group is principally a high-grade galena. On nearly every creek in the
vicinity of Kaslo immeni'e ore lodes have been opened up in the past two y;ars.
These ores are carbonates, gray copper and galena. * large number of mines ir the
district have been developed sufficiently to show the permanence of the lec.ges.
That this is one of the most remarkable mineral regions in the West is now admit-
ted by practical mining men and capitalists. Many of the mines here have been
bonded for from $40,000 to $80,000 each. Shipments of ore from these mines to the
smelters in the United States have yielded, in some cases, over 200 ounces of silver
to the ton. Some of the mines in the district have well defined ledges of carbon-
ates and galena, assaying from 300 to 350 ounces. Other mines have certain ledges
from 8 to 20 feet wide, which contain high-grad^ galena ore.

A local paper at Kaslo concisely states the possibilities of this region in the fol-
lowing p-'ragraph : "Within 18 miles of Kaslo there are now discovered more rich
mines than there are within 200 miles of Denver, Colorado, which now has a popu-
lation of nearly 175,000."

The present depressed condition of the silver market is a serious drawback to
the development of the m'w aral properties of West Kootenay. At the present writ-
ing it is almost impossible for mine owners to secure capital to develop silver prop-
erties which, under more favorable circumstances, would be rich paying mines.

The Kootenay District, British Columbia.

688

However, the fortunate fact remains to console the mine owners of this section, that
the ores here are sufficiently rich to allow the mines to be worked at a prnfit even if
silver should be limited to utilization in the arts. If the present agitation for a
universal bimetallic standard of coinage should succeed, as its advocates hope it
will, it would result, it is believed, in making the Kootenay district the foremost sil-
ver-producing district of the world.

Nearly 28 miles west of the town of Kaslo and about 30 miles north of the con-
fluence of the Slocan and Kootenay rivers, is Slocan Lake. This lake lies in the
center of the wonderfully rich mineral district known as the Slocan country. The
richest mines in the Slocan district are situated on the summit of the divide between
Kootenay and Slocan Lakes. It was not until October, 1891, that the first discov-
eries were made here. The area of the mineralized zone on this slope is roughly es-
timated to be from 10 to 12 miles square. In this area the rock is slate or shale of a
blackish color traversed by dikes of porphyry, and its limits are clearly marked by
the country granite which cuts it off on all sides, except to the east, where it extends
across the range of hills through what has been described as the Kaslo country, back
of which the granite comes in, making the circle complete. Throughout this area
the ledges of high-grade gf en a are numerous. They are also all definitely known
as fissure veins. The ledges run in one unvarying direction, northwest and south-
east, while the lay of the slate is also northwest and southeast. The country rocks
dip to the east at an angle while the mineral ledges dip just the opposite way.
Hardly any ore has been found here running under 100 ounces in silver and 40 per
cent, lead, and from this the returns have been way up into the thousands, the re-
sults of the assays depending on the proportions of gray copper, native ruby or anti-
monial silver present ;n the ore. In this district about 150 claims have already been
developed. Along Seatin and Carpenter creeks are a number of prospects that have
been bonded for over |4o,ooo each.

On a mouiitain called Noble Five Hill is the Bonanza group of mines, valued at
;J;5C)o,oc.io, At the Slocan Star Mine, on London creek, thtre is a boulder of galena
flout measuring 125 tons which recently sold on the ground for I5, 000. There are
dozens of mines here with ores assaying from over 100 ounces in silver. Twenty
assays made of ore from this district ran all the way from 20 to 2,000 ounces in silver
per ton, the average having been 175 ounces. Man}' of the mineral ledges here are
from eight to 25 feet wide and contain from 18 inches to six feet of solid galena.
Never in the history of mining in America has there been a purely surface showing
of ore and character of assay equal to that of the Slocan district. On a number of
ledges in the Slocan district sufficient development work has been done to show their
permanent nature, and mining engineers and experts are of the opinion that none of
the galena-bearing ledges of the Slocan slope will deteriorate in value as they be-
come developed. The best and most accessible trail into the Slocan country is the
one from Kaslo via Kaslo creek, although there are two other traveled trails and
half a dozen passes through which easy ingress is made to the district.

Throughout the entire mineral belt of West Kootenay there are a number of pro-
jects on foot for building trails and railroad lines to the more important mining cen-
ters, and work on some of these projects has al.. eady been commenced. The pro-
vincial government is now expending large sums in grading roads to the mines and
in a year or two hence the most remote parts of West Kootenay will be reached with
but little difficulty from points on Kootenay Lake which are now on the regular lines
of steamboat travel.

584

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

■at

The Salmon River Mines.— Just north of the international boundary and
22 miles from the British town of Wanita, are the extensive placer fields of the Sal-
mon river. This stream rises near Toad Mountain and flows south, emptying into
the Pend d'Oreille river. The latter stream is noted for its varied nomenclature. It
rises among the mountains around Butte, Montana, and is first known as Silver Bow-
creek . When it reaches the Deer Lodge valley it becomes the Deer Lodge river, and
afterwards successively the Hell Gate, Clark's Fork of the Columbia, and finally the
Peud d'Oreille. Along the tortuous course of this mountainous river are many pic-
turesque bits of canyon structure and a succession of charming landscape scenes. It
flows into the Columbia on the boundary line near Fort Shepherd, an old abandoned
post of the Hudson's Bay Company. It is at and near the confluence of the Pend
d'Oreille and Salmon rivers that the placer mining of the Salmon River district is
successfully carried en.

The placer ground in this district consists of a blue gravel containing little, if any,
pipe clay. It is rich in coarse gold and it yields on an average 25 cents per cubic
yard. In spots the ground is much more productive than this, and a few miners here
have realized a large sum by ground sluicing with the most primitive apparatus.
Nearly all the gravel banks here are high and it is necessary to convey water to them
by ditches from i to 10 miles in length. T^^e cost of building a ditch with a capacity
of 600 inches of water here is about $2. 5. per rod. The Salmon river has a fall of
from 20 to 150 feet to the mile. It is believed by expeits who have examined the
ground here that the largest deposits of placer gold are to be found in the bed of
the river.

The Salmon River district is as yet a comparatively unexplored country. It has
recently attracted the attention of mining men of wealth, and this, with its accessi-
bility and the richness of its placers, will doubtless lead to its soon becoming the
scene of extensive raining operations.

A descriptirn of the claim owned by Mr. Rudolph Gorkow, the Spokane brewer,
will give a fair illustration of mining on Salmon river. This claim is 130 acres in
extent. It is a well developed, dividend-paying property. The gravel on it yields
on an average 35 cents per cubic j'ard. Over $7,000 was spent in improving the
claim. A ditch two miles in length with a capacity of 1,500 inches of water was
built from Six Mile creek to the mine. The fluming is 800 feet in length. The work-
men in setting the sluice boxes here cleaned up $25 in coarse gold off" a strip of bed-
rock 4 feet wide and 12 feet long. This indicates the richness of the ground. There
are in use on this mine a number of 4-foot sluice boxes set on a grade of 8 inches to
every 16 feet. The plant has a 300-fcot water pressure and a capacity of 2,000 cubic
yards per day. Associated with Mr. Gorkow in the ownership of the mine are Leo
Suter and Captain McCormick.

The Salmon river gravel banks are much richer than those now being worked in
California, as the latter yield only 10 cents per cubic yard. Nor far distant from the
Salmon river diggings is the Trail Creek district, a mining region of growing
importance.

Tlie Trail Creek District.— The Trail Creek district is situated on the
west side of the Columbia river, 12 miles from Northport, a station on the line of the
Spokane Falls & Northern railway. This district contains a number of developed
mines. These are the War Eagle, O. K., Le Roy, Center Star and Josie. In all of

Kaslo, British Columbia.

686

these mines except the O. K., the ore is a sulphide of iron and copper averaging $30
of gold to the ton. A sample ton of ore shipped from Trail creek in 1893
netted $304.

Not far from the head of Trail creek, and separated from it b)' a low divide, is
Sheep creek. In August, 1893 two men working on the O. K. mine on this creek,
ponnded out $1,200 in gold in a common hand mortar in six daj-s. The ore in this
mine is a sulphide carrying free gold and galena. A pyritic smelter will be built at
Northport for the treatment of ores from Trail creek. This sr-elter will cause the
thriving town in which it is to be built to become tn important mining center. It
will also tend to attract attention to the many valuable Trail creek properties now
awaiting capital to develop them.

Kaslo, British Coliiinbia.— For several year? prior to 1892 many valuable
mineral discoveries were made in the Selkirk range of mountains near Kootenay
Lake. These discoveries finally attracted thvi attention of prospectors in the United
States and commencing with the spring of 1892 thousands of mining men started for
the mineral districts of West Kootenay. In anticipation of the comingof this army of
men, an enterprising company staked out a townsite where the Kaslo river empties into
Kootenay Lake. The town which sprung up here was named Kaslo and is today one
of the leading centers of the great mining district of West Kootenay.

In March, 1892, Kaslo contained but one house. Twelve months later there
were over 200 buildings in the town and the population had increased from nothing
to nearly 1,600. Not including the town's population at that time, there were 2,500
men prospecting in the mountains near Kaslo during the summer and fall months
of 1893.

It is something of an anomaly that the entire population of a town on British
soil should consist of citizens of the United States. The most distinctive feature of
Kaslo's population is the entire absence of foreign faces and the people here are made
up principally of the same types that in the early 6o's flocked to Butte, Leadville,
Creede and other great American mining camps.

The people of Kaslo have the utmost confidence in the permanency of their town,
yet its future at the present writing can hardly be said to be a fixed fact. The hopes
and possibilities of the maintainance of a town a.'^. this point depend altogether on
the future development of the great mineral districts surrounding it. Were it not
for the decline in the price of silver, Kaslo could in 1893 have secured ample capital
for the development and opening up of the rich mineral discoveries in the vicinity
of the town. As it is, many ei.couraging prospects in the neighborhood of Kaslo are
lying idle, properties that in an encouraging condition of the money market would
be worth many thousands of dollars. Should silver resume its place as a medium of
value which it formerly enjoyed, Kaslo and its immediate tributary mineral belt would
become the scene of one of the greatest activities in the mining world.

The picturesque location of the town of Kaslo, the mountain-enclosed lake on
which it is located and its wealth of scenic surroundings combine to make it one of
the most attractive mining camps in the world. Kaslo is easily reached from Ameri-
can points by either one of two routes. One of these is via the Spokane Falls &
Northern Railway to Nelson and from thence by a daily line of steamers which oper-
ates to Kaslo direct, and the other is over tlie Great Northern Railway to Bonner's
Ferry, Idaho, where connection is also made with steamers running to Kaslo. Kaslo

v.- I

jij

I !

M I
MH ' ' I

■rfij,

086

The Oregonian' s Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

PHOTO. BV NEEUNDS BROS.

is about 45 miles east of Nelson, 90 miles north of Bonner's Ferry and nearly 210
miles northwest of Spokane. The town contains several well conducted hotels, and
recently the miners here, with the customary liberality of their class, have subscribed
for the erection of a church and school house. A wagon road has been graded from this
point to tap the rich Slocan country, some 26 miles to the west. A railroad line is
also projected to follow the course of the wagon road and some preliminary work has
been done on this line. All the supplies for the Slocan district are conveyed from
Kaslo by freight wagons and pack mules. These freight trains bring back from the
mines sacks of ore which are loaded on steamers at Kaslo and carried away for
reshipment by rail to distant smelters in Montana and on Puget Sound. The first
shipments of ore from the Slocau-Kaslo district were made in 1893. Although these
shipments were small in quantity they netted a large sum of money after paying
tr;insportation charges.

Kaslo is now the outfitting point, the port of entry and the base of supplies for
the richest mineral districts of West Kootenay, which, together with its command-
ing position and accessibility, will always make Kaslo one of the leading mining
centers of British Columbia.

Nelson, British Columbia. — Situated in the heart of the mineral belt ot
the Selkirk Mountains, on the navigable western arm of Kootenay Lake, is the town

of Nelson, the port of entry
and the judicial and com-
mercial center of the subdi-
vision of British Columbia
known as West Kootenay.
The topography, geographi-
cal location and resources of
this section are fully de-
scribed in a separate article
published in "The Hand-
book."

A branch of the Cana-
dian Pacific railway starts
from Nelson and extends for
a distance of 28 miles to Robson, on the Columbia river, where connection is made
with a steamboat line which operates on the Columbia river as far north as Ravel-
stoke, on the main line of the Canadian Pacific. A steamer also runs south from
the rail connection on the Columbia as far as the Little Dalles, a station in Colville
county, Washington, on the line of the Spokane Falls & Northern railway. After
about February of the present year (1894), Nelson will have direct rail connection
with Spokane over the line of the Fort Shepherd & Nelson railway, which is practi-
cally a continuation of the Spokane Falls & Northern.

Nelson owes its birth and its present importance as a lown to the discovery of
valuable ledges of silver quartz, in 1886, on Toad Mountain, six miles distant. It
was not until July of 1887, however, that the now famous silver claims of Toad
mountain were recorded under the names of the Kootenay, Bonanza and Silver King.
These discoveries soon attracted the attention of the Provincial government, railway
men and traders, and as a result an excitement was stirred up which resulted in the
country being covered with an army of prospectors, and the great influx of people

Looking Up Kootenay Lake from nelson.

Nelson, British Columbia.

587

PHOTO. BV NEELANDS BROS., NELSON.

resulted in the establishment of the town of Nelson in the spring of 1888. In 1891
the railroad was completed to Nelson, and about the same time the Columbia & Koot-
enay Navigation Company commenced to operate a line of boats from Nelson to.
points on Kootenay Lake and to Bonner's Ferry, Washington, where connection was
made with the Great Northern railway.

Nelson was at once made the mineral
recording point for the surrounding min-
eral districts, including those of Kaslo,
Slocan and the Duncan river. The same
year the Provincial government expended
14,500 in making streets and in other pub-
lic improvements at Nelson. With the
substantial support from the govern-
ment Nelson soon grew to be a thriving
town of over 1,800 inhabitants. It now
has fine school houses, comfortable
church buildings, a fine system of water

works, a telephone line, a sawmill, and a good fire department.
The leading business houses occupy substantial buildings, and
many of the residences of the town are large and of a very attrac-
tive style of architecture.

Nelson is the banking center of the Kootenay min-
eral districts. There are located at this point branches
of the Bank of British Columbia and the Bank
of Montreal. In the vicinity of the town is some
of the most picturesque scenery in America.
The routes of travel to this point, from any di-
rection, and by either rail or water, present an
ever-changing panorama of river and mountain
views. Kootenay Lake, which is 1,750 feet above sea level, occupies a basin in the Sel-
kirk range of mountains. It is completely hemmed in on all sides by snow-
capped mountain peaks, which end abruptly at
the water's edge. This lake is over 80 miles
in length, and is formed by a widening out of
the Kootenay river. The waters of the lake
are very deep. The Kootenay river, by which
it is fed, suddenly emerges here from a con-
tracted channel and pours its waters into the
deep depression which the lake occupies. At
Nelson and from this point to its junction with
the Columbia river at Robsou, a distance of 28
miles, the river again becomes very narrow.
For this distance the stream is a turbulent tor-
rent, making three distinct falls over huge
ledges of rock before its waters finally join
those of the larger stream below. Along this
entire distance of 28 miles there is the best of
trout fishing. The river here teems with the
largest of mountain trout, and during the

inJs

NELSON FROM ACROSS KOOTENAY LAKE.

PHOTO. BVNEELANDS BROS

Silver Kino Mine, Nelson.

588

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

months of July and August, when the water is low, catches of 75 pounds are fre-
quently made by visiting anglers in a single day's fishing. In the mountains near
Nelson are plenty of large game, bear being the most plentiful.

Nelson is at present a mining town depending solely upon the development of
the great mineral districts that surround it. That these districts will eventually
become the scene of the greatest mining activity in the West is now conceded by
practical mining men who have carefully investigated their possibilities. This region
is as yet comparatively unknown, but as it is developed the importance of the town
of Nelson will increase, and this will probably always remain the chief commercial
center of the immense district now tributary to it.

Horticulture In Oregon.— [Extracts from an able article written by E. W.
Allen, secretary of the State Board of Horticulture, for The OrEGONian'S "Sou-
venir." It may be mentioned that the lands especially adapted to fruit culture in
the State of Washington are similar in every respect to the best fruit lands of Oregon
to the south, and any article on horticulture written for Oregon will apply equally as
well to this industry in Washington.]

Among the heroic souls who came to Oregon in 1847 was Henderson Lewelling,
from Southeastern Iowa. This pioneer conceived the idea of transporting to Oregon
a nurser}' on wheels. This idea he proceeded to put into execution by making two
boxes 12 inches deep and just wide enough to fill the wagon bed. These he filled
with a composition of earth and charcoal, in which he planted some 700 trees and
shrubs. These were protected from the stock by a light framework fastened to the
wagon bed. That load was, doubtless, for many reascns, the most difficult one to
handle that ever crossed the plains, and yet it has been truly said "that load of
trees contained health, wealth and comfort for the old pioneers of Oregon ;" and
that load of living trees and shrubs brought more wealth to the state than any ship
that ever entered the Columbia river. It was the parent of all our nurseries, and
gave to Oregon a name and fame she would never have had without it. These trees
were planted at Milwaukie, six miles south of Portland, and the sale of fruit and
grafts from them brought wealth to the enterprising proprietor. William Meek, who
had the forethought to provide himself with a sack of r.pple seeds before starting
for Oregon, arrived here the same year, and a partnership was formed between Mr.
Lewelling and Mr. Meek, and the first nursery was started in 184S.

The first stock upon which to bud and graft was secured from plum roots
brought from Rogue River valley, and from seedlings grown on French Pra'rie
from apple seeds taken from apples grown on the trees that were produced from
the apple seeds brought to this coast 20 years before. It soon became known to
the settlers of the Willamette valley that a limited supply of nursery stock could
be purchased here, and during the fall of 1848 and spriiig of 1849 they came from
all parts of the valley for trees to set in the yards surrounding the new homes of
the pioneers. In 1850 a second nursery was started near Butteville by a Mr. Ladd.
George Settlemier (father to J. H. and H. W. Settlemier, present well-known nursery-
men), arrived the same year from the East with a good supply of fruit and orna-
mental tree seeds of different kinds, which he planted on Green Point, but after-
wards removed them to Mt. Angel, his present home. The same year Mr. Lewel-
ling returned East and made another shipment of trees, this time selecting them
from some of the cfelebrated nurseries of New York state, and shipping them via

Horticulture in Oregon.

o89

Panama. Thus reinforced by the addition of many new varieties, it may be said
that horticulture was firmly and pretty thoroughly established in Oregon.

The Varieties First Introduced.— Among the fruits first planted in Oregon
the following well-known varieties appear. In apples, the Gravenstein, Red June,
Red Astrachan, Summer Sweet, Early Harvest, Blue Pearmain, White Winter Pear-
main, Genet, oloria Mundi, Baldwin, Rambo, Winesap, American Pippin, Red Cheek
Pit)pin, Rhode Island Greening, Virginia Greening, Spitzenberg, Northern Spy,
Swaar and Waxen. In pears, Fall Butter, Bartlett, Seckle, Winter Nellis and Pound.
In cherries, Early Kent, May Duke, Oxheart, Governor Wood and Black Tartarian.
In peaches, Hale's Early, Early Crawfo* and Golden Cling. In plums. Peach
Plum, Green Gage, Jefferson, Washington, Coe's Late Red, Reine Claude and the
Little German Prune. In grapes, the Catawba and Isabella. In addition to the
above standard varieties, there were a number of Oregon grown seedlings that were
not without merit, and many of them have since taken rank as among the first in
the catalogue of choice varieties.

Prosperous Times eor the Fruit Grower. — The first box of apples placed
upon the market by Lewelling & Meek contained 75 apples, and were eagerly pur-
chased by the fruit-hungry crowd that surrounded them on the sidewalk in the
streets of Portland at f i each. The great immigration to California, caused by the
discovery of gold, created a market for everything edible, and the " big red apples "
from Oregon were sold at enormous prices to miners and others. In 1853 a few
boxes, securely bound with strap-iron, were shipped to San Francisco on a venture,
and found a ready market at $2 per pound. A second shipment of 500 bushels was
made in 1854 with equally good results. In 1855, 6,000 bushels were shipped and
netted the shippers $20 to $30 per bushel. These prices not only stimulated the
farmers of the Willamette valley to put forth their best efforts in the planting of
fruit trees, but the climate and soil seemed also to vie with these efforts in bring-
ing forth wonderful crop results, and in 1856 20,000 bushels of apples were shipped,
one bushel of Esopas Spitzenbergs bringing the shipper a net profit of $60, and three
bushels of Winesaps sold on the streets of Portland for $102. Several persons made
fortunes from fruit growing, and these persons are at the present day enjoying the
well-merited reward of their early labors in thus laying the foundations of horticul-
ture in Oregon. The high prices then obtained gave a great impetus to the planting
of orchards, but when these came into bearing the increase of supply brought prices
down, and California being the only market available, the supply very soon exceeded
the demand, the result of which was that a general feeling of carelessness perme-
ated the fruit growers of Oregon, and but little attention was paid to taking proper
care of the orchards, or the enormous crops that they produced. These remarks apply
almost exclusively to that part of Oregon known as the Willamette valley. The fruit
yield in this valley alone has been estimated at 1,300,000 bushels per annnm.

Prune Growing. — The part of the earth's surface where the prune can be
grown in all its perfection is comparatively very small, and in no part can the vari-
eties be grown to such perfection as they can in Oregon. France, Germany and
Italy are the great prune-producing countries of Europe, and yet in not one of those
countries do all the different varieties do equally well. The French, the German
and the Italian prunes are each adapted to the country from which they take their
name, but in Oregon they all do well, and each variety attains its highest stage of
perfection. Oregon had no trouble in taking the four sweepstake premiums on the

11:

590

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

above varieties, when placed in competition with prunes grown in these European
countries, at the Centennial Exposition, at Philadelphia, in 1876, and again at the
World's Cotton Centennial Expo;.ition, at New Orleans, in 1885. There is no fruit in
the world so easily produced and so readily prepared for the market, and with so
large a percentage of a certainty of a crop, and so remunerative to the grower, as is
the prune when planted in a soil and surrounded by a climate suited for it. Thus it
is that in Oregon is found that combination of soil and climate in which the prune
especially delights and in which it reaches perfection.

The prune is a fruit peculiarly sensitive both to soil and climate. The fruit is a
large feeder and reaches its greatest perfection in a rich and heavy soil, with a good
under-drainage, but with a sufficient moisture to feed it. The prime requisites in
the prune are, a solid, firm flesh that will not ferment at the pit in drying, a rich
fruity flavor and bouquet, and a keeping quality that will stand the test of years with-
out serious loss from shrinkage, and those sections of the world which possess the
peculiarities of soil and climate which insure these in their greatest perfection are
the true and only places where the prune can be grown with success. The drying
qualities of the prune are also greatly aflFected by the different soils in which it is
grown. In some localities it will shrink in drying four to one, whilst in others two
and one-half pounds of green fruit will make one pound of evaporated. If the cli-
mate is too hot when the prune begins to ripen, it shrivels up and becomes leath-
ery ; if too cold, the fruit does not acquire the saccharine juices that are so essen-
tial to its flavor. This is peculiarly true of the best variety grown, the Italian, which
is without question the par excellence of all prunes grown. Thus it will be seen, when
the comparison is made between the soil and climate of Oregon as it is, and that required
to produce the prune in all its perfection, that licre is found the natural home of the
prune, and while other less favored sections of the world will continue to produce
the prune in a limited extent, still the time will soon come when the consumer
will look to Oregon for that prune which will outrival all others in all the essen-
tial qualities of the most perfect fruit. The fact that the climate and soil of Oregon
are so well adapted to the grov/th of the prune is but little known even among her
own pjople. A number of her more enterprising horticulturists have, however, suc-
ceeded, during the past few years, in demonstrating this fact, and the horticultural
pulse has been very much quickened thereby.

It is not within the province of this article to enter into the details of the pro-
duction of the prune ready for the market, and yet it may not be out of place to
give a few figures relative to the cost of planting and caring for an orchard until it
comes into bearing or paying condition. The cost of the trees — 108 — set 20 feet apart
each way, together with the plowing, planting and necessary cultivation for the period
of three years, will, in an orchard of not less than 10 acres, be not far from $50 per
acre.

The trees come into bearing the third year, and reach their full bearing about
the seventh. One hundred end fifty pounds of green fruit to the tree is a low esti-
mate of the average yield, and i)4 cents per pound is a low price for the green fruit.
The gross amount received from one acre of prunes, at this rate, sold green, would
be I243, p.nd the $43 will more than pay the annual expense per acre. By evaporat-
ing the prunes, these profits can be still further increased, three pounds ot green
fruit making one of the evaporated. That these figures are low is evidenced from
the fact that many times that amount has been realized per acre from the crop of

Horticulture in Oregon. 591

prunes produced. Is it to be wondered at, then, that prune orchards in full bearing
are valued at $i,ooo per acre ?

Apples, Pears, Cherries and Peaches.— Apples grow to perfection in all
parts of the state. Oregon is justly entitled to the sobriquet of "The land of the big
red apple." The tree is indigenous to the soil, the fruit of the orchard is large, and
highly colored and of delicate taste. Trees are stout and hardy, and bear so bounti-
fully that without due care they are liable to be broken down by overbearing. All
the varieties grown anywhere can be successfully grown here, therefore there is no
call for growing a poor variety because it is better adapted to the climate than is some
choice one.

What has been said about apples will apply with equal force and truth to the
pear. Pears of all the best known varieties are grown and do well in nearly all parts
of the state. The trees are hardy, bearing at a remarkably early age, and yielding
sweet, mellow fruit, which cannot be excelled either in size or flavor. Nothing is
more delicious than an Oregon grown pear. Some specimens attain a weight of
three pounds and upwards. So much can be said about the perfection the apple and
the pear attain here, that one is inclined to be a little modest when talking about
some of the other fruits. Yet the writer has often thought that if there was any one
fruit that just reveled in Oregon soil and climate more than another, that one was
the cherry. The person that has not seen an Oregon cherry, has certainly never
seen one in all its perfection. The trees are hardy and heavy bearers, and the fruit is
so superior in size and beauty, that its value for shipping and market purposes, leaves
nothing to be desired. There are trees in the Willamette valley that yield annually
over 1,000 pounds of fine marketable cherries. All varieties do well here, and yet
some of the very best grown are Oregon seedlings, viz : the Black Republican, the
Oregon, the Bing and the Lambert. Peaches are grown here in great profusion and per-
fection, especially in Southern Oregon, and in certain portions of the Willamette valley,
and in the district surrounding Portland, and in the valleys adjacent to the Columbia
river in Eastern Oregon. With proper care the peach orchard may be made to yield not
alone for home consumption, but also for export. Some varieties of this delicate
fruit are produced which, for beauty and quality, cannot be surpassed.

Apricots, Quinces and Figs. — The apricot, like the peach, does well in the
valleys of Southern Oregon and in the valleys along the Columbia river. It has also
been found that the apricot is unlike the peach, inasmuch as it will also do well in
the strong and heavier soils wherein flourish the apple and the prune. This fact will
give it more prominence among the fruits that will be grown for markets, for the
apricot is a rapid grower and an early and heavy bearer, and the fruit produced is of
the finest quality.

The quince is a fruit but little grown in Oregon, as yet, on account of the limited
demand for home consumption. The conditions, however, of the climate and soil
arc well adapted to the production of the quince in its highest stage of perfection.

The fig is not a fruit that can be grown in Oregon with the same success and per-
fection as can those before mentioned, but that figs can be grown in Oregon, under
favorable conditions and treatment, has been fully demonstrated. Mr. A. T. Hawley,
a gentleman and writer of large and extensive observation, both in the Southern
states and California, in an article on " Fig Culture in Oregon," read before the State
Horticultural Society, afler reciting his observations since 1885, says : "The follow-

& !

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The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

Ii i'.i

ill

ing couclusions can be deduced with absolute certainty : Figs of fine varieties can
be grown in the valleys of Western Oregon. The most intelligent care must be exer-
cised in the selection of localities for planting. Absolute protection against the frosts
and ice of our infrequently severe winters must be carefully provided for. From
judicious planting and cultivation of the slips of the acclimated and naturalized trees
or bushes already referred to, the shade of the fig tree as well as the vine, could in a
few years become a universal feature of Western Oregon landscape." These things
are said of the fig, not that it is claimed that any great financial profit will ever be
realized from fig culture in Oregon, but that those not acquainted with the climatic
conditions of Oregon may be made acquainted with some of her wonderful possibil-
ities, and those who are residents may know that " the value and beauty of every
homestead in this section can be greatly enhanced by introducing this healthful and
delicious fruit."

Grapes. — The grape may be profitably grown in nearly all parts of the state,
and yet the climate of the lower Willamette valley is not so well adapted to its suc-
cessful cultivation as are the valleys of Southern Oregon, or those adjacent to the
Columbia river in the eastern part of the state. In these localities they may be, and
are, produced in unlimited quanties, and of the very best quality. Men of wide
experience concede that the grapes grown in Jackson county are unequaled, ami
enthusiastic wine drinkers have foreseen a "time when all the hillsides of that and
adjoining counties will be covered with vineyards, and when the appetites of an over-
flowing population, appeased by their own beverage, will enjoy life in the shade of
the vine, and that the laurels of France and Germany andother foreign wine- produc-
ing countries, as well as California, would be wrested from them and worn by the
lovely vale of the Rogue river, which will then be the abundant producer of the
best wines."

Smali, Fruits. — Small fruits of all kinds and of all varieties, large insize, delic
ions in flavor, and perfect in all respects, are easily grown and pre abundant in all
parts of the state. Some valuable seedlings among the small fruits have been pro-
duced here, notable among which may be mentioned, the Oregon Everbearing Straw-
berry, which is thought to be a seedling of the Triomphe de Gand, which is also an
Oregon seedling produced by a cross between the native strawberries of Oregon and
West Virginia. This promises to be one of the most prolific and continuous bearers
ever produced. Berries from these vines have been grown in the open field, near
Portland, and placed in the market as early as the middle of April, and as late as the
middle of December.

Soils and Location. — In our favorable climate fruit trees of all but the citrus
varieties, will thrive and do fairly well in almost any soil or location found in West-
em Oregon, except dry sand or wet swamp, but there is much to be gained in this as
well as in other climates, by a judicious selection of soil and location. A strong
loam soil, with just sufficient sand to make it easily worked is, on the whole, the
best for fruit trees. The soil most inviting to the eye is the sandy loam. Owing to
its loose and very fragile nature it is easily worked, and the rapidity which from its
warmth, trees of all kinds attain their growth and come into early bearing, causes it
to be looked upon with almost universal favor. The facts are that, on the whole, the
light, sandy loam is the worst soil for fruit trees. During the warm summer months
the tree needs a soil which will retain and afford a moderate and continued supply of
moisture, and here the sandy soil fails, the consequence of which is that the vigor

Horticulture in Orcffon.

608

and health of the tree are impaired, and it is comparatively short lived and unpro-
ductive. As a tree in a weak and feeble state is more liable to be attacked by insects
than those that are healthy, those that are grown upon light, weak soil are the first
to fall a prey to them.

The heavy soils of the valleys and the foothills, are therefore the ones to be
selected in preference to the light, sandy soils of the river bottoms. One thing, how-
ever, is absolutely necessary to make a success in orcharding, and that is, to see that
the land is thoroughly under-drained. If it has not a natural under-drainage, then it
should be tiled. Wet, cold feet is the cause of more failures in growing fruit trees
in Oregon than all other causes combined.

Insect Pests. — Oregon, to within a few years, has enjoyed a freedom from
insect pests in her orchards not found in any other fruit-producing state in the union.
This was largely due to her isolation from the states thus infested, making it difficult
for insects to be transported and find lodgment within her borders. This very desir- '
able — on some accounts — condition of affairs had existed for so many years that
many of the fruit growers of the state had settled down to the firm belief that, owing
to some peculiar conditions of climate and soil, Oregon was destined to remain
exempt from the pestiferous insects that were pla.ying so destructive a part in fruit
growing in other parts ' of our country, where they were contesting the field, as it
were, with the orchardists as to which should secure the crop. The advent of rail-
roads, which brought the .importation of fruit and fruit trees from other states,
brought to our healthy trees and luscious fruits enemies that have, since their ac.'vent,
waged a war upon them that has brought the thoughtful and observant fruit grower to
realize that hereafter in Oregon, as elsewhere, only by eternal vigilance can the big red
apple of Oregon be preserved from the ravages of the codlin moth, and the fruit and
other trees saved from the destructive greed of the wooley aphis and San Jose scale.
This new condition of affairs has, however, been promptly met by proper legislation,
creating a State Board of Horticulture, whose business it is to guard against the
importation of insects injurious to fruit and trees, and to aid the orchardists in extermin-
ating those that have already found lodgment in our orchards. This board has, dur-
ing the three years since it was organized, accomplished a good work in that assigned
it, and has done much in introducing the new era in fruit growing in Oregon

In addition to the State Board, there is a State Horticultural Society, and a num-
ber of county and district organizations, that are doing much to develop and build up
this most important interest upon its true basis. It can, therefore, be said that horti-
culture in Oregon has a bright future before it, and it can be truthfully added that
no section of our broad country can offer such inducements to those who desire to
engage in this noble and remunerative work as can Oregon.

Aberdeen, Wi
stump, 56 ; bi
deiif- . timber,
school, 331 ;
330 ; salmou
St. Joseph's :
timber felling
city and harboi
erwax mill
Weatherwax s
WeatherwaxT;
er), 333.
Ada Co. Court
City, Idaho, 51
Ada Co. Court He

Mont., 526.
Albany, Or. :— Fj
Ins. 'Co., 178
174; Revere
Willamette Rivi
Young SE (stc
Allbee The ( I
Bend, Wash., 3
Allen &. Nelso
Monohan, Was
Alfalfa Crop, Kla

219.
Alturas Co. Court

Idaho, 519.
American Book
opposite, 136.
American Lake, '
Anaconda, Mont.,
Anaconda, Mont.,
Arlington Club, F
Armory, Portland
Arrow Lake, B. C
Artesian well,

Wash, 416.
Artesian well, Pu

473.

Ashland, Or. :— I

land, 216 ; fli

216; Hotel C

Main street, 21'

Astoria Or. : C

294 ; Hanthort

trait), 297; H

& Co. ( cannery

thorn, J. O. &

interior), 296:

294.

Atkinson school, ]

Baker City, Or. :-

288; Hotel Wa

Johns, C. A. (p(

public school, 2!

Baker, Geo. B. (

ton. Wash, 462.

Baker River, Wasl

I N ID b:s: .

(ILLUSTRATIONS.)

:•[

Aberdeen, Wash.: — A giant
stump, 56 ; big timber, 323 ;
dens, timber, 32(5; high
school, 331 ; Main street,
330 ; salmon industry, 331 ;
St. Joseph's hospital, 333 ;
timber felling, r>7 ; view of
city and harbor, 330 ; Weath-
erwax mill boom, 332;
Weatherwax saw mill, 332;
WeatherwaxThe J M ( schoon-
er), 333.

Ada Co. Court House, Boise
City, Idaho, 511.

Ada Co. Court House, Missoula,
Mont., 526.

Albanv, Or. ;— Farmers' & Mer.
Ins." Co., 178; Main street,
174- ; Revere House, 177;
Willamette River bridge, 176 ;
Young S E ( store' ), 177.

Allbee The (Hotel), South
Bend, Wash., 319.

Allen it Nelson C sawmill ),
Monohan, Wash., 379.

Alfalfa Crop, Klamath Co., Or.,
219.

Alturas Co. Court House, Hailey,
Idaho. 519.

American Book Co., Portland,
opposite, 136.

American Lake, Tacoma, 353.

Anaconda, Mont., 83.

Anaconda, Mont., smelters, 559.

Arlington Club, Portland, 130.

Armorv, Portland, 129.

Arrow Lake, B. C, 27.

Artesian well, N. Yakima,
Wash, 416.

Artesian well, Pullman, Wash.,
473.

Ashland, Or. :— Bank of Ash-
land. 216 ; flouring mills,
216 ; Hotel Oregon, 215 ;
Main street, 214.

Astoria Or. : Custom House,
294; Hanthorn, J. O. (por-
trait), 297; Hanthorn, J. O.
&Co. (cannery), 295 ; Han-
thorn, J. O. & Co. ( cannery,
interior ), 296 ; public school,
294.

Atkinson school, Portland, 145.

Baker City, Or. :— Front street,
288 ; Hotel Warshauer. 290 ;
Johns, C. A, ( portrait ), 290 ;
public school, 289.

Baker, Geo. B. (offices), Day-
ton, Wash, 462.

Baker River, Wash, 394.

Baldwin & Reames (store),
Klamath Falls, Dr., 219.

Ballard, Wash. : Pretty, A. K.
(portrait), 384.

Baltimore ( U. S. cruiser), 112.

Bancroft school, Spokane, 441.

Bank of Ashland ( Or. ), 216.

Bank of Montesano ( Wash. ),
328.

Bank of Newberg ( Or. ), 252.

Bank of Puyallup( Wash ) bldg.,
355.

Barrett block, Chehalis, Wash.,
314.

Barrett's spur, Mt. Hood, 12.

Basin The, Oregon City, Or.,
159.

Beacon Hill Park, 'Victoria, B.
C, 573.

Beaver ( steamer ) , 36.

Bellingham Bay, Wash : gate-
way to, 396 ; general view,
397 ; Island scene near Fair-
haven, 399.

Bellingham Bav mill. Fair-
haven, Wash., 401.

Bellingham Bay Nat. Bank, N.
Whatcom, Wash, 404.

Benton Co. Court House, Cor-
vallis. Or., 261.

Big Bend 'Vat. Bank, Daven-
port, Was,h, 450.

Big Falls, Kootenay River, B.
C. 26.

Bi-Metallic Mill, Granite, Mont.,
533.

Bi-Metallic Mill, Phillipsburg,
Mont., 533.

Birge & Leitch (sawmill ). Cen-
tralia. Wash, 323.

Bissinger & Co., Portland, 154.

Bitter Root 'Valley and River, N.
P. R. R., 51.

Blaine, Wash. :— Fish trap, 407,
408, 409 ; public school, 406.

Blue Canyon Coal Bunkers,
New Whatcom, Wash, 403.

Blumauer-Frank Drug Co.,
Portland, 125.

Boise City, Idaho :— City hall,
512 ; co'Tt house, 511 ; Cur-
tis, J. F. (portrait), 515;
Hill, W. C. (portrait), 515 ;
Lower, B. Bvron (portrait),
515 ; McConnell, W. J. ( por-
trait), 515 ; Parsons, Geo. M.
(portrait), 515; public
school, 512 ; Ramsey, F. C.
(portrait), 515; state capi-
tol. 510.

Boneyard, The Portland, 117.

Boom, Logs, Puget Sound, 60.

Bridal Veil Bluffs, Columbia
River, 43.

Bridal Veil Falls, Columbia
River, 41.

Brown L. P. (portrait), Mt.
Idaho, Idaho! 505.

Browne R. S. (portrait), Mos-
cow, Idaho, 490.

Brownsville, Or. : Thompson R.
N. (store), 184.

Brooke Geo. S. (portrait),
Sprague, Wash., 42 7.

Bryant School, Helena, Mont,,
542.

Bryant School, Spokane, Wash.,
439.

Bryant School, Tacoma, Wash.,
351.

Buckley, Wash. :— Head of White
River, 412 ; logging, 412 ;
street scene, 512.

Bucoda, Wash. :— Water Power,
335.

Buffalo Herd, Montana. 86.

Bull Run Lake, Or., 133.

Bull Run River Water Pipe
Line to Portland (map route),
133.

Bunker Hill & Sullivan Mines,
Idaho, 483.

Burke, Idaho :— Poorman Mine,
485 ; Tiger Mine, 483.

Butte, Montana :— Business cen-
ter, 549 ; Catholic church,
551 ; court house, 553 ; Du-
gan E. O. (portrait), 552;
Episcopal church, 552; Indian
camp, 556 ; Indian chief,
554 ; Lexington mine, 72 ;
Moulton mill, 550 ; Park
street, 549 ; Parrot smelters,
550 ; eiacer mining, 71 ;
public school, 553 ; Scandi-
navian church, 551 ; Silver
Bow, 550 : South school,
554; view city in 1875,
548 ; water works ( 2 views ),
554.

Butte Short Line R. R., scen-
ery, 50.

Byles C. N. (residence), Monte-
sano, Wash., 326.

Caldwell , Idaho:— Masonic build-
ing, 507 ; M. E. church, 507 ;
Pre.sbyterian church, 507.

Cal. Baptist church, Portland,
135.

596

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Prfific Northwest.

Cal. Fresb. church, Portland,
135.

Cat.ias Prairie, Idaho, stock
scene, -tOT.

Campbell & Jones' block, Mc-
r.Iinnville, Or., 2+6.

Cape Di.sappointment, Wash,,
298,

Cape Foulweather, Or.. 265.

Cape Horn, Columbia River, 25.

Carey School, Helena, Mont,,
33.

Cascae^e Locks, Columbia River,
30.

Cascade Rapids, Columbia Riv-
er, 29, J<0, 78.

Catching Crabs, Tacoma, 102.

Castle Dome, Columbia River,
37.

Castle Rock, Columbia River,
( 2 views;, 38.

Castle Rock, Lake Chelan,
Wash. 452.

Ca.stle Rock.Wa.sh. :— Methodist
church, 311 ; White Geo. F.
( portrait), 311.

Cathlamet, Wash,: — Log roll-
way. 53 ; timber f '.Irng, 306.

Cedar I alls, ^akJ Chelan,
Wash., 4.51.

Centenarv M. K. church, Port-
land, 134.

Central School, Portland, 143.

Central School, Tacoma, S52.

Centralia, Wash. :— Uirge &
Leitch, mill, 323 ; Denton
block, 321 ; Ellsbury block,
322 ; First Nat. Bank, 322 ;
furniture factory, 324 ; Grace
Semi-.iary, 322 ; Hotel Cen-
tralia, 323 ; H -street school,

320 ; iron and braf '. foundry,

321 ; Martin H. U. & Son,
mill, 324; North school,
320 ; Park Hotel, 323 ; pub-
lic school, in '89, 320 ; lower
Lumber & Mfg. Co., 324.

Chamber of Commerce Bldg.,
Portland, 120.

Charleston, U. S. C;uiser, 112.

Charman block, Oregon City,
Or., 161.

Chehalis Co. Court House, Mon-
tesano, Wash., 327.

Chehalis lui. Co.'s Bldg., Che-
halis. Wash., 314.

Chehalis.Wash. :— Barrett block,
314; Chehalis Im. Co.'s
Bldg., 314 ; Com. State Bank,
315 ; First Nat. Bank Bldg.,
315 , Mealy-Lacy boom, 317 ;
public i-chool, 31 2.

Childrens Home, Portland. 131.

Chuckanut Bay, Wash., 398.

Church of the Immaculate
Heart, Portland, 136.

City Hall, Portland, 129.

Clarke Co. Court House, Van-
couver, Wash., 307.

Clark's Fork, Columbia River,
27.

Clark's Lumber Camp, Neha-
lem. Or , 242.

Clatsop Beach, Or. • — Grimes
House, 300 ; McGuirt'"* Hotel,

300 ; Necanicum Plver, 299 ;
Seaside opera house, 299.

Clackamas County Court House,
Oregon City, Or , 159.

Clear Lake, Pacific Park,Wa.sh.,
304.

Clinton Kelly School, Portland,
142.

Columbia River : — Above The
Lalles, 76 ; Arrow Lake, 27 ;
below the Cascades, 74;
Bridal Veil bluffs, 43; Bridal
Veil falls, 41 ; Cape Horn, 25 ;
Cascade Locks, 30; Castle
Dome, 37 ; Castle Rock ( 2
views), 38; fish wheel and
trap for .salmon. 99 ; gorge at
the Cascades, 33 ; gorge at
The Dalles, 29 ; Horsetail falls,
39 ; Indian fishing for salmon,
97 ; Indian spearing salmon,
95 ; jetty at mouth, 31, 32 ;
Kettle falls, 454; Latoun^lle
falls, 40 ; lightship at mouth,
82 ; mountain scenery near
Viento, 61 ; mouth of river,31 ;
Multnomah falls, 40 ; near
Bonneville, 34 ; near the Cas-
cades, 32 ; Oneonta bhiffs, 43 ;
Oneouta falls, 39 ; Pace Creek
falls, 41 ; rapids at Ca.scades,
29, 30, 78 ; rapids above The
Dalles, 28 ; Rooster Rock, 37 ;
Royal Chinook salmon, 98 ;
scene near Mosier , 61 ; steamer
Harvest Queen running rapids
at Cascades, 29 ; steamboat
(upper river), 579; U. P.
Rv. track near Viento, 75.

Coal Bunkers, Seattle, 370.

Coal Bunkers, Tacoma, 344.

Coal Mine and Dump iiear Taco-
ma, 88.

Coal iviining. Oilman, Wash. ,90.

Coal Shipped to World's Fair
fr im Roslyn, Wash., 413.

Columbia River, steam boating,
upper river, 579.

Cogswell, C. A. ( portrait ), Lake-
view. Or., 224.

Cohn & Co. (store ~i, Tillamook,
Or., 238.

Coke Ovens near Tacoma, 88.

Colfax, Wash. : — Court House,
464, 465 ; high .school, 466.
465; Martlia Washington rock,

Colonian The, Portland, 151.

Colorado Concentrator, Butte,
Mont.. 551,

Colton.Wash.:— Pub. schoi.'.475.

Columbia County Court Ho'ise,
Dayton, Wash,, 460.

Columbia School, N. Vakin a,
Wash., 417.

Columbia School, Seattle, ,H75.

Columbia (steamship), 118.

Columbine ( U. S. light house
tender ), 106.

Colville River, Wash., 453.

Cotr.tnercial Bank, Moscow, Ida.
490.

Commercial State Bank, Cheha-
ii.s, Wash., 315.

Commercial Street, Salem, Or,,
162.

Congregational Church, Seattle,
373.

Congregational (Second)
Church, Spokane, 438.

Congregational ( First ) Church,
Portland, 134.

Coolidge & McClaine, Bank, Sil-
verton. Or., 187.

Coos Bay, Or. : — Coal bunkers
at Marshfield, 265 ; docks it
Empire City, 267 ; entrance,
35.

Coos River, Or., Logging Team,
54.

Cornwall Mill, New Whatcom,
Wash., 405.

Corvallis, Oregon: — .\gricultur il
college,262; Court House. 26 1 ;
public school, 262; water low-
er, 261.

Cosmopolitan Restaurant, Port-
land, 151.

Cottonwood, Idaho, Goldstone &
VVax( store), 502.

Coeurd'Alene District, loggini,',
64.

Coeur d'Alene Jt&utains, Line,
"'. P. R. R., 49.

Coeurd'Alene Mountains, Tun-
nel, N. P. R. R., 49.

Coeur d'Alene River, Old Mis-
sion Landinii, 481.

Coeur d' Alet;e Mines : — Bunker
Hill and Sullivan mines, -is,'? ;
Fort Sherman and lake, 482 ;
Gem, 485 ; Lake, 478. 482 ;
Mother Lode Mine. 48"; Poor-
man Mine, Burke, 485 ; Rive
at Old Mission, 481 ; steamer
on lake, 480 : Tiger Mine,
Burke, 484 ; Wallace, 483 ;
Wallace, church, 484.

Coulee City, Wash.: — Railroail
depot, 451 ; street scene, 451 .

Cowlitz Glacier and TatoDsh
Range, Mt. Rainier, 18.

Covv'itz Glacier, Mt. Raitu;.r, 17,

Crane's Falls, Lake Chelan,
Wash., 452.

Crater Lake, Or., 36.

Crater Rock, Mt. Hood, 7.

CunningliiUn. Chas. i portrait i.
Pendleton. Or., 280.

Cunningham Chas., ranch near
Pendleton. Or., 281.

Curtis Jas. F. ( portrait ), Boise
City, Idaho, 515.

Curtis The, Portland, 150.

Cusiter Geo. (portrait), Silver-
ton, Or., 188.

Custer Monntnent, Montana 5.5.'^

Dairv Scene near Tillamook,
Or.", 241,

Dallas, Oregon : --Court Houst,
255 ; Hotel K -Iman, 256 ; La
Creole AcadcMiy, 255 ; Main
street, 254,

Daly. Bernard ( portrait ), Lake
view. Or., 225.

Davenport, Wash: — Big Ben<l
Nat. Bank, 450 ; Hawk River
falls, 449 ; horse and mule

ileui, Or,,

li, Seattlo,

i Second )
38.
) Churcli,

Bank, Sil-

1 bun'.:ers

; docks ;it

entraiict.-,

ing Team.

Whatcom,

Rricultnr il
louse. 201 ;
water low-

irant. Port-

oldstoue &

:t, loggiiiK,

lins, Line,

;ains, Tun-

r, Old Mis-

: — Bunker
lines, -Js-i ;
lake, 4S2 :
4.78, 482 ;
4-87: Poor-
485 ; Rivi-
1 ; steanur
iger Mini,
lace. 4.83 ,
'*4.

— Railroad
scene, 451 .
Tatoosli
18.
iainiir, 1.7.
;e Chelan,

)d, 7.

portrait i.
0.

ranch near
1.
•ait ), Boisf

150.
it). Silver-

)ntana 55.s
Tillamook,

)urt House,
n, 25G ; La
>55 ; Main

ait ), Lake

-Big Bend
awk River
and mule

ranch, 448 threshing grain,
449.

Dayton, Wash :— Baker, Geo. B.
(offices), 462 ; Baptist church,
461 ; Court House, 460; Piet-
rzycki, Dr. M. ( portrait ), 462;
public school, 461.

Denny School, Seattle, 373.

Denton Block, Centralia, Wash ,
321.

Dexter Horton & Co., Bank,
Seattle, 382.

Dillnian L. C. (portrait), Spo
kanc, 442.

Donahue F. P. ( portrait ) ,
Sprague, Wash , 429.

Douglas Co. ■:ourt Hou.se, Rose-
burg, Or., 205.

Drain, Or., Stpte Normal School,
202

Drum Lnmmon Mine, Marys-
ville, Mont., 547,

Dry Dock, Tacoma, 350.

Dry Dock, Victoria, B. C, 571.

Dugan, E. O. ^ portrait ), Butte,
Mont., 5'i2.

Eastern Wash., Farm Scene, 21.

East Salem School, Salem, Or.,
169.

Kldredge Hugh ( lesidence \ N.
Whatcom, Wash., 402.

Electric Street Car, Portland,
145.

Electric Street Car, Salem, Or.,
169.

Eliot Glacier, Mt. Hood. 10.

Ellensburgh,Wash. :— Price.E.C.
(portrait), 415 ; public .school.
414 ; State Normal school,
414.

Elliot Bay, Seattle, 364.

EUsbury Block, Ctntralia.Wash.
322.

E'-.ierson School, Helena, Mont.,
543.

Emerson School, Tacoma, 351.

Empire City, Or., docks, 267.

Ensor Institute, Portland, 155.

Esquinio.lt & IJauaimo Ry.,
B. C, 52.

Esquima'*, U. C, Dry Dock, 571

Eugei" . , Oregon : — First Nat.
B" .ik, 19T: Jane Co. Bank,
i.97 : Univers tv of Oregon,
199 ; Willanuae street, 195 ;
Willamette Tannery, 196.

Eureka Sandstone Co's Quar-
ries, Tenino, Wash , 353.

Everett, Wash ; -A factory, 385;
docks, 385 ; view of city, 385.

Exposi'.iot! Building, Portland,
127.

Exposition Building, Tacoma,
353.

Factories at Oregon City, Or.,
15?.

Failing School, Portland, 141.

Fairhavef, Wash : -Bellingham
Bay (four views) 396, 397,
398, 399 ; ChucK.aiiut Bay,
398 ; Hotel Fairhaven, 400 ;
island scene, 399 ; Lake Pad-
den, 399 ; Lake Samish, 400 ;
Larrabee Ave School, 400.

Index. — Illustrations.

Fairhaven ( Wa.sh.) Coal Mines,
401.

Fairhaven ( Wash.) Land Co's
M 11, 401.

Fairhaven ( Wash.) & N. What-
com Elec. Ry., 402.

Fairhaven i Wash.) & N. What
com BUec. Ry. Co's Power
House, 403.

Fall Creek, Wilson River, Or,,
234.

Farmers & Merchants' Ins. Co.
( offices), Albany, Or., 178.

Farm .-,cene. Eastern Washing-
ton, 21.

Farm Scene near Walla Walla,
Wash., 22,

Ftarnside, G. W. ( store ), Tilla-
tnook. Or.. 238.

Ferguson, E. C. ( portrait ), Sno-
homish, Wash., 387.

Ferguson, E C ( residence ), Sno-
homish, Wash., 387

Fir Lo^ sent t > World's Fair
frotn Wa'-.hington, 52.

First Paptist Church, Portland,
opposite 137.

First Cong, cnurch, Portland,
:t?.4.

Fi'st Nat. Bank Block, Cen-
tralia, Wash., 322.

Fir.'it Nat. Bank,Che!- ilis,Wash.
315.

First National Bank, Cheiialis,
Wash , 315.

First Nat. Bank, Eugene, Or.,
197.

First Nat, Bank, Heppner, Or.,
272.

First Nat. Bank, Kendrick,
Idaho, 494.

First Nat. Bank, Montesano,
Wash, 329.

First Nat. Bank, Mt. Vernon,
Wash., 389.

First Nat. Bank, Olvmpia,
Wash., 337.

First Nat. Bank, Portlatid, 138.

Fir.st Nat. Bank, Portland (in-
terior ), 139.

First Nat. Hank and Opera
Hou.^e, Puvpllup, Wash., 355.

First Pre.sb." Church, Portland,
135.

First street, Portland, 109.

Fish wheel and trap ftir .salmon,
Columbia River, 99.

Fish whee!, Columbia River, 97.

Flathead Indian Reservatioti
Mission, Mont., 532.

Fl.ithead LaKe, .Mont., 62-532.

Hathead Valley, Mont., BuflTalo
Herd, 86.

Fort'.it Grove, Or. :— Ladies' hall,
facific I'liiversily, 231;
Marsh hall. Pacific University,
231 ; public school, 230.

I'ore.^t Grove, Or. to Tillamook,
stage, 232.

Fort Caiibv, n^■lsh. : — Big gun
and light hou.:e, 302 ; south
battery, 302.

Fort Missoula, Moni. , 527.

Fort Owen, Mont., 580.

l<ort Sherman, Idaho, 482.

697

Fort Vancouver, Wash, 308.

Franklin Block, South Bend,
Wash., 318.

Franklin School, Spoks.ne, 441 .•

FrankMn School, Tacoma, 352.

Friends' Church, Newberp-, Or.,
251.

Front street, Portland, in 1852.
107.

Galloway, Wm ( portrait ), Mc-
Minnville, Or., 247.

Garfield, Wash., public school,
467.

Gem mine. Gem, Idaho, 485.

Gibralter and Nisqually glacier,
Mt. Rainier, 13,

Oilman, Wash. :— Coal mining,
90 ; coal mine, 800 feet under
ground, 91 ; hauling coal
from mine, 89.

Goldstone, suburb Oregon Citv, ■
Or., 161.

Golden Ri'.ie Hotel, Pendleton,
Or.. 277.

Goldstone & Wax ( store ), Cot-
tonwood, Idaho, 502.

Goodnough Block, Portland,
124.

Good Samaritan Hospital, Port-
land, 131.

Gorkow Rudolph (brewery),
Spokane, 438.

Grace M. E. Church, Portland,
134.

Grace Seminary, Centralia,
V. ash, 322.

Grain Field, Umatilla Co., Or.,
278.

Grand Central Hotel, Portland,
150.

Grangeville, Idaho, Main street,
500.

Granite, Mont, Bi-Metallic mill,
533.

Grant's Pass, Or., 208.

Gray's Harbor, Wash., map,
325.

Gray, Jas. B. (portrait),
Sprague, Wash., 429.

Great Northern Ry. town, 46.

Cireat Western Canal, Idaho
Falls, Idaho ( li views), 524.

Griffitts, T. 0. ( portrait ), Spo-
kane, 44'1..

Grimes Iiouse, Seaside, Or. ,
300

Hanrt s Terminal warehouse,
Pjrtland, 126.

Hailpy ( Idaho), Hot Springs,
521.

Hailey,
519

Halsey,
191.

Hanthorn, J. O. (portrait), As-
toria, Or., 297.

Hanthorn, J. O. & Co (can-
nery ), Astoria, Or. ( 2 views ),
295-296.

Harrison school, Portland, 1141.

Harvest Queen ( steamer), run-
ning rapids at Cascades, 29.

Hauling ^.oal from mines, Gil-
man, Wash., 89.

Idaho : court house,
public school, 520.
Oregoii : public school.

I, 1

k I

Ill

598

The Oreg-onian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

Hawk River Palls, Davenport,
Wash, 449.

Hawthorne School, Helena,
Mont., 542.

Hawthorne School, Tacoma,
352.

Helena, Mont. : — A business
block. o39 : issay office, 540 ;
a summer hotel, 541 ; Bry-
ant school, 542 ; Carey school,
542 ; cemetery ( entrance ),
543;. city hall, 541; Cong,
church, 544 ; Court House,

540 ; Emerson school, 543 ;
Episcopal church, ,545 ; fire
alarm tower, 543; Hawthorne
school, 542 ; High school,

541 ; Jeflferson school, 543 ;
Kenwood school, 542 ; Lin-
coln school, 542 : Lutheran
church, 545 ; Main street,
538-539 ; Methodist church,
534 ; Montana Club, 540 ;
Mt. Helena, 537 ; Natato-
rium, 541 ; old landmarks,
538 ; swimming bath, 541 ;
Temple Emanuel, 544.

Hellgate Canyon, Mont., 526.
Heppner, Or. :— First Nat. Bank,

272 ; McFarland Mercan. Co.
(store), 272; Nat. Bank ot
Heppner, 272 ; Palace Hotel,

273 ; public school, 271.
Hesperian The, Portland, 152.
High School, Coltax, 465.
High School, Helena. 541.
High School, Portland, 140.
High School, Spokane, 443.
Higli School,Victoria,B.C.,572.
Hillsboro, Or. :— City hall, 228 ;

Court House, 227; Morgan &

Bailey block, 228.
Hill, win. C. ( portrait ), Boise

City, Idaho, 515.
Holnies Lumber Co., Seattle,

380.
HoUadav's Addition, Portland,

( 2 views), 147, 148.
Holton House, Portland, 149.
Hope, Idaho : — Martin T. ( por-
trait), 478.
Hope Station, Idaho, 77.
Hop field between Tacoma and

Seattle, 359.
Hop growing, Yakima Valley,

Wash., 23.
Hop picking, Puyalhip, Wash.,

359.
Hop picking near Grant's Pass,

Or., 209.
Horsetail Falls, Columbia River,

39.
Hotel Bellingham, New What-
com, Wash., 406.
Hotel Centralia, Wash., 323.
Hotel Fairhaven, Wash., 400.
Hotel Foley, La Grande, Or.

286.
Hotel Holman, Dallas, Or., 256.
Hotel Olympia, Olympia.Wnsh,,

338.
Hotel Oregon, Ashland, Or.,

215.
lotel Portland, Portland, 124.

Hotel St. Elmo, Kendrick,

Idaho, 494.
Hotel Warshauer, Baker City,

Or.. 290.
Hotel Willapa, South Bend,

Wash., 319.
Hyde, S. C. ( portrait ), Spokane,

443.
Hydraulic Mininj?, 68.
Hydraulic Mining, Southern

Oregon, 67.
Idaho Falls.Idaho:— Great West-
ern canal ( 2 views ), 524 ;

Odd Fellows' Home, 523.
Idaho State Capitol, Boise City,

510.
Idaho State Odd Fellows' Home,

Idaho Falls, 523.
Iler's Falls, Wilson River, Or.,

234.
Illumination Rock, Mt. Hood,

10.
Ilwaco Ry. & Na v. Co. 's launch

Iris, 301.
Ilwacc Ry. & Nav. Co.'s steam-
er Ocean Wave, 302.
Independence, Or : Independ-
ence Nat. Bank, 250 ; public

school. 249.
Indian Cairp, Mont., 556.
Indian Canoes, Seattle. 377.
Indian Canoes, Tacoma, 342.
Indian Chief, Skeeas. Mont.,

555.
Indian family, Mont., 532.
Indian fishing for salmon, Co-
lumbia River, 97.
Indian spearing .salmon, head-
waters Columbia River. 9.5.
Indian .squaw, Mont.. ,557.
Iris, launch, Ilwaco Ry. & Nav.

Co., 301.
Irrigation, Yakima Vallev,

Wash., ( series of views ), 41 9

to 424.
Irving School, Tacoma, 350.
Jefferson Co. Court House, Port

Townsend, Wash, 410.
Jefferson School, Helena. Mont.,

543.
Jetty, mouth Columbia River,

31, 32.
Johns, C. A. ( portrait ), Baker

City, Or , 290.
Jones, Arthur D. (portrait),

Spokane, 44+.
Jones, H. D. stage. Forest Grove

to Tillamook. Or., 232.
JumpOff-Joe Rock, Yaquina

Bav, Or., 263.
Junction City, Or., Block W. S.

Lee, 193.
Ktndrick, Idaho :— First Nat.

Bank, 494; Hotel St. FI;nn,

494; public -chool 4vU*.
Kent, Wash.:— H'sp ;iOu;ie E

Meeker. 358.
Kenwood Schoo', , Helena,

Mont., 542.
Kerry, A. S. (sawmill), Seattle,

3S0.
Ketchum, Idaho: — Public school,

521.
Kettle Falls, Columbia River,

454,

King Co. Court House, Seattle,
369.

Klamath Co., Or.:— Alfalfa Crop.
219 ; crop oats, 21 ; driving
cattle, 218.

Klamath Falls, Or. :— Baldwin vS:
Reames' store, 219 ; genc.-al
view, 217 ; Klamath FalK
( water ), 218 ; Moore & Mar-
tin's store, 219.

Kootenay Lake, B. C, 26, 47i'..

Kootenay Lake, First Peterboro,
580.

L ;' k e , looking up

M'--1scn, 586.
. . i(^ Nelson, B. C ,

Kiver B. C:, Big
1) , St. Agnew's Falls,

.-itle

P. i'lLjow

Kootenav
lak-frc

Koo(." ;.v
58 V

Kooteii,.',
Falls, 25
25.

La Conner, Wash. : — Town and
High School, 390.

La Creole Academy, Dallas, Or.,
255.

Ladd Glacier, Mt. Hood, 6.

Ladd W, S. ( steam dredge ),
Portland, 130.

Ladd & Bush, bank, Salem, Or..
(2 views ^ 172.

Ladd & Tilton's bank (exte-
rior), Portland, 139.

Ladd & Tilton's bank ( inte-
rior ), Portland, 140.

La Grande, Or. :— Adams ave.,
285 ; Depot street, 281 ; Ho-
tel Foley, 286.

Lake Chelan, Wash. 45

Lake Chelan, Wash
Rock, 452 ; Cedar ;
Cranes Falls, -li 2
Falls, 45:;

Lake CcEur d'Aii.:i ■ 4'.' V'.

Lake Cofiur d'Alene, b,.^ -i

Lake Cicur d'Alene ( .stei
480.

Lake Kitchelas. North ".■ iuia,
Wash., 4.16.

Lake Pad den Fairhaven.
Wa.sh., 399.

Lake Pen d'Oreille, 477.

Lake Pen d'Oreille, Hope St.i
tion, 77.

Lake S a m i s h ,
Wash., 395.

Lake Whatcom,
Wash., 395.

Lake Whatcoi,'
Wash., lunibe. .

Lakeview, Or,, 2~f

Lakeview, ..)r. : Cofis-.cll, C. A.
(rortrail), 224; Daley, Ber-
nard ( pjrtrait ), 225 ; freipht
team, 222 ; State graded
school, 223 ; Townsend, W.
^I. ( prrtrait), -;26.

Lane Co. Bank, Eugene, Or.,
197.

Larrabee Ave. school, Fair-
haven, Wash., 400.

Latourelle Falls, Columbia
River, 40.

Lawrence, J. G, (portrait), N. Ya-
kima, Wash., 418.

i»'r '

Fairhaven.
Whatcom,

■<''hatconi.
^6

Index . — Illustra tio ns.

599

Leadbetter Ditches, Yakima
Valley, Wash., series ot views,
420-421-422.

Lebanon, Or. :— W. C. Peterson
I portrait), 180.

Lee.W. f>., business block, Junc-
tion City, Or., 193.

Leghorn, J. F. ( portrait ), Spo-
kane, 445.

Lewiston, Idaho :— Court House,
495 ; Episcopal church, 496 :
First U. E. church, 496 ;
Presb. church, 497 ; public
school, 495.

Lewis and Clarke Co. Court
House, Helena, Mont., 540.

Lexington mine, near Butte,
Mont., 72.

Library building, Portland, 129.

Lightship, mouth Columbia
river, 82.

Lincoln Co. Court House,
Sprague, Wash., 427.

Lincoln school, Helena, Mont.,
542.

Lincoln school, N. Whatcom,
Wash., 404.

Lincoln school, 01ympia,Wash.,
338.

Lincoln .school, Salem, Or., 170.

Lincoln school, Spokane, 442.

Lincoln school, Tacoma, 351.

Log driving in Oregon, 54.

Log hauling near Seattle, 62.

Log roUway, Cathlamet, Wash.,
53.

Logging, Buckley. Wash., 412.

r.ogging, Coeur d''Aleiies, 64.

Logging, Puget Sound, 59.

Logging scene, Oregon, 56.

Logging: tec^ni, Coos Bay, Or., 54.

Logging train, Puget Sound, 59.

Legging, Wilson River, Or., 235.

I. ong Beach, Wash.: — Surf bath-
ing, 3<)1 ; U. S. life saving
crew, 301.

'yOng Beach Hotel, Long Beach,
Wash., 303.

Lougfellow School. Tacoma, 351.

Loon Lake, near Spokane, 432.

Lowell School, Tacoma, 3t>;>.

Lumber can»p Lake Whatcoii-
Wash., 39G.

Lumber camp, near Tillamook
Bay, Or., 53.

L"'mber manufacturing. Pa-
louse, Wash., 471.

Lumber shipning. Port Blakely,
Wash., 378".

Lumber shipping, Tacoma, 344,

Madison Street Bridge, Portland,
132.

Maher & Terwilliger's Block,
Portland, 126.

Main Street, Albany, Or., 174.

Main Street, Ashland, Or., 214.

Marble ledges near Spokane, 73.

Marent trestle, near Missoula.
Mont.. 48.

Marion Co. Court House, Sakni,
Or., 168

Maniuam (irand vJoera House,

Portland, 124.
Marslifield, Or., coal bunkers,
265.

Martha Washington Rock, Col-
fax, Wash , 466.

Martin, H. N. (portrait), Spra-
gue, Wash., 428.

Martin, T. (portrait), Hope,
Idaho, 478.

Martin, H. H. &. Son, sawmill,
Centralia, Wash., 324.

Marysville, Mout., 546.

Marysville, Mont., Drum-Lum-
mon mine, 547.

McConnell, Wm. J. (portrait),
Boise City, Idaho, 515.

McFarland Mercantile Co., store,
Heppner, Or., 272.

McGilvra, J. J. ( portrait ), Seat-
tle. 371.

McGuire's Hotel, Seaside, Or.,
300.

McKenny Block, Olympia, Wash.
337.

McMinuville, Or.:— Campbell &
Jones' block, 246; court house,
244 ; Gallowav, Wm. (port-
rait), 247 ; high scnool, 245 ;
public school, 24.5.

McMinuville, Or. . college, 246.

Medical Lake, Wash., Insane
a.sylum, 446.

Medical Lake, Wash., tall oats,
22.

Meeker, E., hop house, Kent,
Wash., 358.

^ieeker, E., residence, Puyal-
lup, Wa.sh., 355.

Mercer School, Seattle, 375.

Methodist Church, Tillamook,
Or., 239.

"Minnie" Harvester, Portland,
155.

Minor, T. T School, Seattle,
374.

Missoula, Mont: — Business block
526; prominent corner, 527;
Catholic Church, 529 ; Cen-
tra School, 528 ; Court House,
52ii; First Presb. Church, 529,
First Waterworks, 528 ; Fort
Mi' soula, 527; Hell Gate Can-
yoi , 526 ; Methodist Church,
52' > ; N. P. R. R. Hospital,
r-'Zr ; N. S. School, 528.

Monmouth, Or,, State Normal
School, 259.

Monohan.Seattle.Sawmill Allen
& Nelson Mill Co., 379.

Montana Club, Helena, .'j40.

Montana : — Building World's
Fair, 84 ; Crossing the Plains,
548 ; Camping Two, Medi-
cine Creek, 23 ; Ranch, 560 ;
SilverStatue World's Fair, 85.
Monterey V. S. Battleship, 112.
Montesano, Wash:— Byles, C. N.
(residence), 3V6; CoiirtHouse,
327 ; First Nat 3ank, 329 ;
Public School, 327.
Moore & Martin ( store ), Klam-
ath Falls, Or., 219.
lV»i,rey P. F. (residence), Oregon

City, Or., 160.
Morgan & Bailey Block, Hills-

boro, O-., 228.
Morrison Street Bridge, Port-
land, lai,

Morrow J. H. (portrait). Waits-
burg, Wash,, 460.

Moscow, Idaho :— Browne R. S.
(portrait). 490; Commercial .
Bank, 490; Epi.scopal Church,
489 ; High School, 488 ; Main
Street, 488 ; Public School,
489 ; University of Idaho,
491 ; Watkins W^. W. ( por-
trait), 491.

Motner Lode Mill, Murray, Ida-
ho, 487.

Moulton Mill, Butte, Mont.. 550.

Mt. Angel, Or.:— Hotel, 189;
Queen of Angels Academy,
190 : Seminary and College,
190.

Mt. Baker, 392,

Mt. Baker : Baker River, 394 ;
from Nooksack River, 393 ;
Great North Glacier, 18 ; Nat-
ural Bridge, 393 ; waterfall,
near mountain, 19.

Mt. Helena, Helena, Mont., 537.

Ml. Hood ;— At timber line, 9 ;
Barrett's spur, 1 2 ; Broken
mountain near summit, 11 ;
Crater rock, 7 ; Crossing ash
beds near summit, 72 ; De-
wcrt party on summit, 81 ;
E'iot glacier, 10 ; From Cl,oud
Cap Inn, 5 ; From Govern-
ment camp, 8 ; From stage
road, 7 ; Great slope towards
summit, 80 ; Illumination
rock, 10 ; Ladd glacier, 6 ;
Sandy River (source of), 6;
Steel party at Crater rock, 11 ;
Summit, 8.

Mt. Idaho. Idaho :— Brown, L.
P. ( portrait ), 505.

Mt. Jefferson, from Grizzly
Tarn, 19.

Mt. Rainier : — A river of ice, 12 ;
a near approach, 14 ; Camp
Portland, 15 ; Cowlitz Glacier,
17; Cowlitz Gla.-'ier and Ta-
toosh range, 18 ; Falls near
mountain, 1.5 ; From Tacoma,
343 ; Gibralter and Nisqually
glacier, 13 ; Mt. Rainier and
Lake Washington, 14 ; Nis-
qually glacier, 17 ; Scenic
effect. , 13.

Mt. Tacoma (Rainier), Tacoma,
343.

Mt, Vernon, Wash, :— A big log,
57 ; Fir.st Nat, Bank, 38'j ;
.school. 389.

Mount Wallace ( portrait ),
Sprague, Wash, 429.

Multnomah Box Factorv, Port-
land, 153.

Multnomah Co. Court House,

Portland, 120.
Multnomah Falls, Columbia

River, 40.
Murray, Idaho, Mother Lode

min*. 487.
Nanaimo, B. C. :— Harbor, 574 ;

Old Block House, 575.
Natatorium, Helena, Mont,,

541.
Natchez River, North Yakima,
Wash., 417.

vfl

if'
If,

I ■

600

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

:— Bank of Nevv-
t rif (ids' Church,

-, 251.

ttle, 379.

liua Bay,

National Bank of Heppner,
Or., 272.

Necanicuiu River, Or., 279.

Nehalem, Or.: — Clark's Lumber
Camp, 24.2.

Nelson, B C. : — Looking up Koot-
enay Lake, 58(5 ; Silver King
mine 587 ; from across lake,
587.

Newberg, O-
berg, 252
251 ;Pacii

Neweli's sawir

Newport, Or :-
265.

New Westminster, B. C. :— Court
House, 577 ; Exhibition Bldg.,
578.

New Whatcom, Wash.:— Bel-
linghain Bay Nat. Bank, 404 ;
city hall, 404 ; coal bunkers,
403 ; Cornwall mill, 405 ;
Court House, 4()3 ; Kldred^e,
Hugh ( residence ), 402 ; Fair-
haven & N. Whatcom Elec.
Ry., 402 ; Kairhaven & N.
Whatcom Elec. Ry. power
house, 403 ; Harbor. 402 ;
Hotel Bellingham, 406 ; Lake
Whatcom, 395; Li-xoln
school, 404; Lumber Camp,
Lake Whatcom, 396 ; Roth
block, 405 ; ship at dock,
402; Victor block, 405;
Whatcom creek falls, 40r^.

New York brewery, Spo. ne,
438.

Nez Perces Co. Court House,
Lewiston, Idaho, 495.

Nisqually Glacier, Mt. Rainier,
17.

North Central School, Portland,
142.

Northern Pacific R. R. :— Bitter
Root Valley & River, Mont.,
51 : car shops, Tacoma (two
views ), 342, 3i.3 ; Cct'ur
d'Alene Mountains, 49; depot,
.Spokane. 440 ; hospital. Mis-
soula, Mont., 527 ; Marcnt
trestle, 48; "Switchback,"
summit N. P. R. R., 44 ;
trestle, Rocky Mountains near
He>na, 48 ; tunnel, Citur
d'.^ cue Mountains, 49.

Nort.i Glacier, Mt. Haker, 18.

N. W. Lumber Co. 's mills. South
Beud, Wash., 320.

North Yakima, Wash. :— Central
school, 418 ; Columbia school,
417 ; Lake Kitchelas it Ar-
tesian well, 416; Lawrence
J.G. (portrait), 418 ; Natchez
River, 417.

Oakesdale, Wash.:— Group three

f)romiiient corners, 469 ; pub-
ic school, 469.
Cakes Georgie ( steamer ), Lake

Cceur d'Alene, 480.
Oakland, Or.: — Public school,

203.
Oai Crop, Medical Lake, Wash.,

22.
Oat Crop, Klamath Co., t)r., 21.

Ocean Wave ( steamer), II waco
Ry. & Nav. Co., 302.

Oil well Snohomish Co., Wash.,
386.

Old Mission landing,Idaho,481

Olympia school, Seattle, 375.

01ympia,Wash. :— Court House,
336 ; Eirst Nat. Bank, 337 ;
Hotel Olympia, 338 ; Lincoln
school, 338 ; looking down
Sound, 336 ; Main street
336 ; McKennv block, 337 ;
St. Peter's hospital, 338 ;
Young's Hotel, 339.

Oneonta Bluffs, Columbia River,
43.

Oneonta Falls, Columbia River,
39.

Orchard, Yakima Vallev,Wash.,
423.

Oregon:— State Agricultural Col-
lege, Corvallis, 262 ; State
Capitol, Salem, 166; State
Insane Asylum, Salem. 171 ;
State Normal School, Drain,
202 ; State Normal School,
Monmouth, 259 ; State Peni-
tentiary, Salem, 171; State
Reform School, Salem, 171.

Oregon coast surf bathing, 298.

Oregon Citv, Or. :- Basin, The,
159 ; Charman block, 161 ;
Court House, 159 ; factories,
158; Gladstone, 161 ; Morey P.
F. (residence), 160; Oregon
City Woolen Mills, 160; Port-
land Genl. Elec. Co. (3 views),
164, 165 ; pulp mills, 160,
salmon shipped to World's
Fair, 16.3; public school,
159; Sunset Addition, 162;
Willamette Falls (3 views),
157, 158 ; Willamette Falls,
title pape ; Willamette River
suspension bridge, 158.

Oregon City ( Or.) Woolen Mills,
16().

Oregoiiiaii building, Portland,
title page (al.sol22); com-
posing room, 123 ; dynamo
room, 123 ; entrance business
office, 123; in 1854, 122;
lobbv, business office. 1 2.3 ;
mailing room, 123 ; main en-
trance, 1 2.3 ; stereoty])iiig
room, 123 ; tower, from roof
122.

Oregon Pacific R. R., Or., ( 2
views), 42.

Oregon State graded school,
Lakeview, Or., 223.

Orting, Wash., State Soldiers'
Home, 411.

Pace Creek I-'alls, Columbia
River, 41.

Pacific College, Newberg, Or.,
251.

Pacific Park, Wash. : —Clear
Lake, 304 ; Sea Bree/e Hotel,
304.

Pacific school, Seattle, 375.

Pacific University ( Marsh Me-
morial hall ), Forest Grove,
Or., 231.

Pacl'^c University ( Ladies hall i,
Poorest Grove, Or., 232.

Paine school, Walla Walla,
Wash, 456.

Palace Hotel, Heppner, Or.,
273.

Palix River Falls, South Bend,
Wash, 318.

Palouse, Wash. : — Lumb..-r man-
ufacturing, 471; public
school, 471 ; street scene,
•1.71.

Park Hotel, Centralia, Wash.,
323.

Park school, Portland, 141.

Parrot smelter, Butte, Mont.,
550.

Parsons. Geo. M. (portrait;,
Boise City, Idaho, .515.

Pend d'Oreille River, 477-525.

Pend d'Oreille River P'alls, 47.

Pendleton, Or. : — Alexander, R.
( portrait ), 276 ; Court House,
275 ; Court street, 275 ; Cun
ninghain, Chas. (portrait),
280 ; Golden Rule Hotel,
277 ; Main street, 274 ; pub-
lic school, 276 ; savings bank,
277,

Perkins Hotel, Portland, 149.

Peterson, Walter C , Lebanon,
Or, (portrait ), 180,

Phillipsburg, Mont., mill, Bi-
MetallicCo., 533.

Pierce Co. Court Hou.se, Tacoma,
347,

Pietrzycki, Dr. M (portrait),
Dayton, Wash., 462.

Placer mining, 69.

Placer mining, Butte, Mont.,
71.

Pocatello. Idaho: — Opera house,
522 ; public school, 522.

Point Adams, Oregon coast,
297.

Point Defiance, Tacoma, 345.

Point Roberts ( Wash ) Canning
Co.'s salmon traps ( 4 view.s ),
407, 408,409.

Polk Co. Court House Dallas,
Or., 255.

Pomeroy, Wash., public school,
463,

Poorman mine, Burke, Idaho,
485.

Port Blakely, Wash., shipping,
378.

Portland: — American BookCom-
])any, opposite 136; a drive,
128'; Arlington Club. 130;
armory. 1 29;. \tkiiison .Scl^^cl,
145; Uissinger S. Co., 154;
Bliiiiianer-Frank Drug Co.'s
building, 1 25 ; Bull Run Lake,
Or., 133; Hull Run River to
Portland, route of pipe line,
133 ; Calvary Baptist Church,
135; Calvary Presbyterian
Church, 135; Centenary M. E.
Church, 134 ; Central School,
143 ; Chamber of Commerce
Building, 121 ; Children's
Home, 131 ; China steamer at
docks. Ill ; Chinese buihling,
119 ; Chnrcli of the Iinmacu-

Index. — Illustra tions.

601

late Heart, 136 ; City Hall,
129 ; Clinton Kelly School,
l-i2 ; coasting steamers at
docks, 111 ; The Colonial,
151 ; Columbia (steamship),
118 ; Court House(proposed),
121 ; Cosmopolitan restaurant,
151 ; Curtis, The, 150 ; draw,
steel bridf ■ pen, 115 ; J'^nsor
Institute and Hospital, 155 ;
electric street car, 145 ; Kxpo-
sitioii Building, 127 ; Failing
School, 141 ; Kirst Congrega-
tional Church, 134 ; First Bap-
tist Church, opposite 137 ;
First National Bank (exter-
ior), 13K ; First National
Bank (interior), 139; First
Presbyterian Church, 135 ;
First street, 109 ; four-masted
ship at dock, 110; Front street
in 1852, 107 ; Goodnough
Block, 124 ; Good Samaritan
hospital, 131 ; Grace M. E.
Church, 134; Grand Central
Hotel, 150 ; Hahn's Terminal
War?*""-^se, 126 ; harbor look-
ing north ""rom Morrison street
bridge, llo : Harrison School,
141; Hesperian The, 152;
High School. 140 ; Holladay's
addition ( 2 views ), 147, 148;
Holtou House, 149 ; Hotel
Portland, 124 ; in 1858, 106 ;
in 1854, 107; Ladd, W. S.,
The, (steam dredge). 130 ;
Ladd & Tilton's Bank ( ex-
terior), 139: Ladd & Til-
ton's Bank (interior), 140;
Library Building, 129 ; look-
ing !-outh from S. P. ware-
house, 114; looking norih
from R.R.'indge, 114; Louvre,
The, 15'i ; Madison Street
Bridge, 132 ; Maher & Ter-
williger's Block, 126; Mar-
(luani (irand Opera House,
124; "Minnie" Harvester,
155 ; Morrison Street Bridge,
133 ; Multnoniali Box Fac-
tory, 153 ; North Central
School, 142; Gregoii (steam-
ship ), 119 ; Oregoniati Build-
ing, title page i also series rf
views, pages 122, 123) ; Park
School, 14t ; Perkins Hotel,
149 ; Portland Clay Co., 152 ;
Portland University, opposite
136 ; Post Office, 128 ; Potter
T. J. (.steamer), 118; Rail-
road Bridge. 132; Railroau
Bridge, showing train of cars,
132; Riverview Cemetery en-
trance, 146 ; Rheinpfalz Hotel
Zur, 152 ; Seid Back, Chinese
merchant ( portrait t. 120 ;
Seid Back, Chinese merchant
( store ), 1 20 ; Sell wood Brew-
eiy, 153 ; Ships that visit Port-
land, 110; Skidmore Foun-
tain, 130; Smith.son Block,
127 ; Snell, Heitshu & Wood-
ard Block. 125 ; Stark Street
Ferry, 116; steam coast
freighter at docks. 113; steam-

er waiting for draw to open,
115 ; steam yachts in river.
119 ; Stephens' School, 142 ;
St. David's Episcopal Church,
x35 ; St. Helen's Hall, 144 ;
St. Patrick's Church, 136; St.
Vincent's Hospital, 131; Syna-
gogue, 136 ; Taylor Street M.
E. Church, 136 ; Third and
Morrison Streets, 108 ; Third
and Washington Streets, 109;
through the draw, 116; the
boneyard, 117 ; Trinity Epis-
copal Church, 135 ; up river
boats at docks, 105 ; Union
Depot,128; Unitarian Church,
135 ; United States war ships
in harbor, 112; Victoria
( steame*-), 118; Weinhard's
Brewerj-, 126; Wheat F;ieva-
tor, 117 ; Wilhelm's Brewery,
153 ; Willamette River, scene
suburbs, 105; Williams Ave.
School. 143; Wolff & Z wicker
Iron Works, 137.

Portland Clay Co.. Portland, 1 5 2.

Portland Geu'l Elec. Co., three
views, plant at Oregon City,
Dr., 164-165.

Portland University, opp. 1 36.

Port Townsend. Wash: Central
School, 410 ; Court House,
41 Custom House 409.

Post : lis. Spokane River, 437.

Post Office. Portland, 128.

Potter, T J. (steamer), 118.

Price, E. C (portrait), Ellens-
burg, Wash. 415.

Presbyterian Church, Tacoma,
351.

Pretty, A. E.f portrait ), Ballard,
Wash., 384.

Prospecting, Mont., 70.

Prospector for mines. 65.

Prosjjector's pack train, 66.

Prosser F.ill.s and Priest Rapids
Canal, Yakima Valley, Wash.,
422.

Pros.ser, Wa.-,h., irrigiiting, 4'24

Prunes raised in Willamette
Vallev. Or.. 104.

Puget Sound :— Boom logs, 60 ;
logging, ,59 ; log chute, 58 ;
log from chute striking water,
6(J : logging train, 59 : steam-
boating, 33.

Puget Sound I'ishing Co., Taco-
ma, 103.

Pullman. Wash .:— Artesian
well, 473 : city hall, 474 ;
loading wheat, 473 ; Main
street, 472 ; public school,
474.

Pulp mills, Oregon City, Or.,
1(50.

Puyallup Wash. :— Bank of Puy-
allup building, 355 ; Central
school, 356 ; First Nat. Bank
and opera house, 355 ; Meek-
er, E., residence, 355; picking
hops, 359 ; Pioneer hop
house, 357 ; Spinning block,
356 ; Stewart, J. P., block,
356.

Puyallup, Wash., roller spray-
er, 360.
Queen of Angels Academy, Mt.

Angel, Or., 190.
Railroad bridge, Portland, 132.
Railroad bridge ( showing train

of cars), Portland, 132.
Rainbow Falls, Lake Chelan,

Wash., 452.
Ramsey, F. C. ( portrait ), Boise

City, Idaho, 515.
Rainier school, Seattle, 375.
Revere House, Albany, Or., 1 77.
Review building, Spokane, 437.
Rheinpfalz Hotel Zur, Portland,

152.
Ritzville, Wa.sh., school house,

426.
Riverside ave., Spokane, ( 3

views), 433, 434.
Riverview cemetery, entrance,

Portland, 146.
Rock Creek, near Newport, Or.,

O'-., 96.
Rock Point, Rogue River, Or.

212.
Rocky Mountains, scenery

Butte Short Line, 50.
Rogue River Valley, Or., Table

Rock, 211.
Rooster Rock, Columbia River,

37.
Roseburg, Or. : — City hall,

204 ; County Court House,

205 . Rose, Aaron ( portrait ),
207 ; school building, 206.

Rose, Aaron ( portrait ), Rose-
burg, Or., 207.

Roslyn, Wash. :— Block coal,
413 ; public school, 413.

Roth block, New Whatcom,
Wash., 405.

St. Agnes Falls, Kootenav Riv-
er, B. C, 23.

St. David's Episcopal church,
Portland, 136.

St. Helen's Hall. Portland, 144.

St. Ignatius Mission, Mont.,
532.

St. James Cathedral i 2 views).
Vancouver. Wash, 308.

St. Joseph's Hospital, Aberdeen,
Wash, 333

St. Josephs Hospital, Tacoma,
352.

St. Patrick's Church, Portland,
136.

St. Peter's Hospital, Olvmpia,
Wash, 338.

St. Vincent's Hospital, Port-
land, 131.

Salem, Or.:— Commercial street,
167 ; F'ast Salem school, 169 ;
electric cars, 1 69 ; Ladd &
Bush bank (2 views). 172;
Lincoln .school, 1 70 ; Marion
County Court House, 1 68 ;
Svr'" capitol, H>6 ; state in-
sane asylum, 171 : state pen-
itentary, 171; state reform
.school,' 1 71 ; Willamette riv-
er bridge. 1(57 ; Yew I'ark
school, 170.

Salmon cannery, South Bend,
Wash., 99.

«■

602

The Oregonian's Handbook ot the Pacific Northwest.

Salmon fishing, Tillamook Bay,
Or., 100.

Salmon ( frozen ) shipped to
World's Fair from Oregon City,
Or., 163.

Salmon industry, Aberdeen,
Wash., 331.

Salmon, Royal Chinook, Colum-
bia River, 98.

Salmon traps, near Blaine, Wash.
( 4 views ), 4-07, 408, 409.

Sandy river, source of, Mt. Hood,
6.

Sawmill scene, Tacoma, 341.

Scio, Or., public school, 182.

Sea Breeze Hotel, Pacific Park,
Wash., 304.

Seaside opera house, Clatsop
Beach, Or., 299.

Seaside, Or. :— Grimes House,
300 : McGuire's Hotel, 300.

Seattle: —After the fire, 367; Al-
len & Nelson Mill Co. sawmill,
379 ; an office building, 368 ;
a prominent business block,
368; a prominent corner, 367;
a well known corner, 370 :
Central School, 372 ; Chief,
Seattle, 364 ; coal bunk,°rs,
370 ; Columbia school, 375 ;
Congregational church, 373 ;
Court House, 369 ; Day .school
(Fremont), 374; De-..iy .school,
373 ; Dexter Horton & Co.
Bank, 382 ; engine house. No.
3, 376 ; fire boat, 376 ; fire
department headquarters,
375 ; first hou.se. Alki Point,

364 ; Front Street, 366; Front
and James Streets, 364 ; Har-
bor, 364 ; hauling logs, 62 ;
Holmes Lumber Co., 380 ; In-
dian canoes, 377 ; Kerry, A.
S., sawmill. 380 ; McGilvra, J.
J. (portrait), 371; Meroer
school, 375 ; Minor, T. T.
school, 373 ; offices Board of
Education. 372; Olympia
school, 375; opera house, 373;
Pacific school, 375 ; Rainier
.school, 375 ; Second street, ( 2
views), 366 ; schools, 372 to
375 ; Smith, H. A. (portrait),

365 ; Siioqualmie ftiUs, near
city, 376 ; South school, 372 :
Teshi school, 369 ; Third
street, 367 ; water front (2
views ), 365 ; Yesler, Mrs. M.
G. ( residence ), 371.

Seid Back, Chinese merchant,

Portland ( portrait), 120.
Seid Back, Chinese merchant,

Portland ( store), 120.
Sellwood brewery, Portland,

153.
Sheep ranch, Umatilla Co., Or.,

278.
Ship building, Tacoma, 344.
Shoalwater Bay, Wash. ;— ( Map

Willapa harbor), 317.
Silver Bow, Buttt, Mont., 550.
Silver Bow Co, Court House,

Butte, Mont., 553.
Silver King mine. Nelson, B.

C, 587.

Silverton, Or. : — Coolidge & Mc-
Claine bank, 187 ; Cusiter
Geo. ( portrait ), 188; public
school, 187; street scene,
186; Wolf, Adolf & Son
(store), 187.

South Bend, Wash., lyUmber
Mnfg. Co., 320.

Sovithern Oregon Mining, 67.

Spinning block, Puyallup,
Wash., 356.

Spokane : — A business block,
435; a residence, 436; Au-
ditorium, 435; Bancroft
school, 441 ; Bryant school,
439 ; business center, 433 ;
Cantilever bridge, 431 ; Con-
gregational (second) church,
438; Dillman, L.. C. (por-
trait ), 442 ; Franklin school,
441 ; Griffitts, T. C. (portrait),
444; High School, 443;
Hyde, S. C, 443 ; Jones, Ar-
thur D. (portrait), 444 ; Leg-
horn, J. F. (portrait), 445;
Lincoln school, 442 ; manu-
facturing district, 92 ; marble
ledges, 73 ; N. P. R. R. depot,
440 ; N. Y. brewery, 43S ;
Review building, 437 ; River-
side avenue (3 views), 433,
434; street scene, 433;
water power, 93 ; water pow-
er (4 views), 431.

Spokane river at Spokane, 431.

Spokane river Canyon, Wash, 94

Spokane river at Post Falls,
437.

Spokane river scene, 45.

Spokane river, Spokane,
28. 45.

Spokane water power, 28.

Sprague, Wash.: — Brooke, G. S.
( portrait ), 427 ; cattle round-
up, 426 ; Court House, 427 ;
Donahue, T. P. ( portrait ),
429 ; general view, 426 ;
Gray, James B (portrait),
429 ; harvesting, 427 ; Mar-
tin, H. N. ( portrait ), 428 ;
Mount Wallace ( portrait ),
429.

Stark Street ferry, Portland,
lit).

Steamboating, Puget Sound, 33.

Steilacoom, Wash., State in-
sane asylum, 345.

Stephens school, Portland, 142.

Stevensville, Mont. : --Churches,
530 ; Fort Owen, 530.

Stewart, J. P., block, Puyallup,
Wash, 356.

Stock scene, Camas Prairie,
Idaho. 497.

Stouts I Mrs.) Hotel, Pacific
Park, Wash., 304.

Sumner, Wash. : — Whitworth
College, 362.

Sun.set addition, Oregon City,
Or., 162.

Superior, Mont.
Surf bathing.

Wash, 301.
Surf bathing,

298.

531.
Long

Beach,

Oregon coast,

" Switchback," summit Cas-
cades, N. P. R. R., 44.

Synagogue, Portland, 136.

Table Rock, Rogue River Val-
ley, Or., 211.

Tacoma: — American Lake,
353 ; Bryant school, 351 ;
catching crabs, 102 ; Central
school, 352 ; City Hall, 346 ;
coal bunkers, 344 ; coal mine
and dump, 87; coke ovens, 88;
C street, 349 ; C street busi-
ness blocks, & «6 ; discharg-
ing tea, 347 ; dry dock, 350 ;
Eleventh street, 349 ; Emer-
son school, 351 ; Eureka
Sandstone Co.'s quarries Te-
nino, 353 ; Exposition build-
ing, 353 ; first postoffice,

340 ; Franklin school, 351 ;
Franklin school, 352 ; Haw-
thorne school, 352 ; Historic
church, 341 ; Indian canoes,

342 ; Irving school, 350 ;
Lincoln .school, 351 ; loading
lumber en ships, 344 ; load-
ing wh'.-at, 347 ; Longfellow
school, 351 ; Lowell school,
350 ; Mt. Tacoma, 343 ; N.
P. R. R. car shops, 342 ; N.
P. K. R. car shops, interior,

343 ; N. P. R. R. yards, 44 ;
oldest church on Puget Sound,

341 ; Pacific avenue from 9th,

349 ; Pacific avenue from
13th, 349 ; Pierce Co. Court
House, 347 ; Point Defiance,
345 ; Presb. church, 351 ;
Puget Sound Fishing Co.,
103 ; sawmill scene, 341 ;
school of shorthand, 354 ;
ship building, 344; St.
Joseph's hospital, 352 ; Tait
J. W. ( portrait ), 354 ; tea
steamship at docks, 349 ;
trout stream, 101 ; v,-''<irt
scene, 347 ; Whitman sc .^ol.

350 ; Wright Park, 345.
Tait, J. W., Tacoma, 354.
Taylor Street M. E. church,

Portland, 136.

Tea ship at Tacoma, 347.

Tea steamship nt Tacoma, 349.

Tenino, Wash.: — Eureka Sand-
stone Co.'s quarries. 353.

Teshi nark, Seattle, 369.

The dalles gorge, Columbia
River, 29.

The Dalles, Or., approach to,
269.

The dalles rapids, Columbia
River, 28.

Third and Morrison streets,
Portland, 108.

Third and Washington streets,
Portland, 109.

Thompson, R. N.,store,Browns-
ville, Or., 184.

Thurston Co. Court House.
Olyupia, Wash, 336.

Tiger mine, Burke, Idaho, 484.

Tillamook Bay : — A lumber
camp, 53,

Tillamook Bay, Or., salmon fish-
ing, 100.

Index. — Illustrations.

603

Cas-

Val-

Tillamook county, Or., logging,
235.

Tillamook, Oregon : — Court
House, 237 ; dairy scene, 241 ;
harbor scene, 236 ; Main
street, 236; Methodist church,
239 ; public school, 237 ;
store, Cohn it Co., 23« ; store,
Fearnside, G. W., 238 ; Tilla-
mook Lumbering Co.'s saw-
mill.

Tillamook stage from Korest
Grove. Or., 232.

Timber felling near Aberdeen,
Wash., 57, 326.

Timber felling near Cathlamet,
Wash., 306.

Timber felling near Chehalis,
Wash., 58.

Timber felling, Oregon, 55.

Timber felling near Snohomish,
Wash, 388.

Timber felling in Oregon, 55.

Tinker's Hotel, Long Beach,
Wash. 303.

Title page, 1,

Tower Lumber & Mnfg. Co.,
Centralia, Wash, 324.

Townsend, W. M. ( portrait ),
Lakeview, Or., 226.

Trinity Episcopal church, Port-
land, 135.

Trout fishing near Tacoma.lOl.

Trout fishing, Willamette Val-
ley, Or., 100.

Two Medicine creek, Mont., 23.

Umatilla Co. Court House, Pen-
dleton, Dr., 275.

Umatilla Co. grain field, 278.

Umatilla Co. sheep ranch, 278.

Union Co. Court House, Union
Or., 287.

Union Depot, Portland, 128.

Union, Or.: — Court House, 287;
public school, 286.

Union Pacific Ry., approach to
The Dalles, 269.

Union Pacific track near Viento,
Columbia river, 75.

Unitarian church, Portland,
135.

U, S. life saving crew. Long
Beach, Wash., 301.

University of Idaho, Moscow,
491.

University of Oregon, Eugene
( group), 199.

Vancouver, Wash. : — Court
House, 307; Main street, 307;
officers' quarters, barracks,
308 ; public school, 307 ; St.
James cathedral ( 2 views ),
308 ; school for deaf mutes,
307 ; school f o r feeble-
minded. 308.

Victor block, New Whatcom,
Wash., 406.

Victoria, B. C. :— Beacon Hill

Park, 573 ; Carey castle, 572;
city hall. 572 ; dry dock, Es.
quimalt, 571 ; high school,
572 , the gorge, 573.

Waitsburg, Wash.:— Morrcw, J.
H. (portrait), 460; school,
459.

Wallace, Idaho, 483 ; church,
484.

Walla Walla Co. Court House,
Walla Walla, Wash., 456.

Walla Walla, Wash.: — Court
Hou.se, 456 ; farm scene, 22 ;
Fire Dep't. Headquarters, 457;
Opera House, 457 ; Paine
School, 456 ; Penitentiary
(2 views), 457, 458; a street
scene, 455.

Wardner, Idaho, Bunker Hill
and Sullivan Mine, 483.

Washington Co. Court House,
Hillsboro, Or., 227.

Wa.shington : — Insane asylum.
Medical Lake, 446 ; insane
asylum, Steilacoom, 345;
Normal school, Ellensburgh,
414 ; Penitentiary, Walla
Walla (2 views), 457, 458;
school for Defective Youth,
Vancouver, 307 ; school for
Feeble Minded. Vancouver,
308 ; Soldiers' Home, Orting,
Wash., 411 ; State Normal
school, 414.

Watermelon Patch, near Grants
Pass Or., 210

Watkilis, iv.W. (portrait), Mos-
cow. Idaho, 491.

Weatherwax, The, J. M. Co.'s
Mill, boom, Aberdeen, Wash.,
332.

Weatherwax, The, J. M. Co.'s
Mill, sawmill, Aberdeen,
Wash , 332.

Weatherwax, The, J. M. Co.'s
schooner ( launch of), Aber-
deen, Wash., 333.

Weinhard's Brewery, Portland,
126.

Weston, Or., Public School, 283

Whatcom Co. Court House, New
Whatcom, Wash., 403.

Whatcom Creek Falls, New
Whatcom, Wash., 405.

Wheat Elevator, Portland, 1 17.

Wheat (loading ), Pullman,
Wash ,473.

Wheat raised in Willamette Val-
ley, 20,

Wheat vessel loading, Tacoma,
347.

White, Geo. F. (portrait). Cas-
tle Rock, Wash., 311.

White River, Wash., 412.

Whitman Co. Court House, Day-
ton, Wash, 464.

Whitman Co. Court House, inte-
rior, Colfax, Wash., 465.

Whitworth College, Sumner.
Wash., 362.

Wilbur, Wash., 450.

Wilhelm's Brewery, Sellwood,
Portland, 153.

Willamette Falls, Oregon City,
title page.

Willamette F'alls (3 views),
157, 158,

Willamette river bridge, Al-
bany, Or., 176.

Willamette river bridge. Pore-
land, 132, 13.3.

Willamette river bridge, Salem,
Or, 167.

Willamette river scene, Port-
land's suburbs, 105.

Willamette river suspension
bridge, Oregon City, 158.

Willamette street, F,ugene, Or ,
195.

Willamette Tannery, Eugene,
Or., 196.

Willamette Valley : — Limb of
prunes, 104 ; tall wheat, 20;
trout fishing, 100.

Willapa Harbor Tannin Ext.
Co., South Bend, Wash., 319.

Willapa Harbor, Wash., map
317.

Williams ave. school, Portlanil,
143.

Winlock, Wash : — School house,
312.

Wilson River, Or., 233 ; Fall
creek, 234 ; Hers fall.s, 234.

Wilson River countrv, Or., log-
ging, 235.

Wolf, Adolf & Son block, Sil-
verton. Or., 187.

Wolff" & Zwicker, iron works,
Portland, 137.

Woodburn, Or,, public school,
165.

Wright Park, Tacoma, 343.

Yakima Valley, Wash.: — Hop
growing, 23; Lcadbetter
ditches (series of views), 420,
421, 422; Sunnyside cansil,
419, 420 ; two year old or-
chard, 423.

Yamhill Co. Court House, M»;-
Minnville, Or., 244.

Yaquina Bay. Or. :— At Newport
265 ; bathing north jetty,
Ii64 ; Cape Foul weather, 264;
entrance, 35 ; Jump-Oif-Joe
Rock, 263; scene nearba.v,

262 ; steamer outward hound,

263 ; surf bathing, 263.
Yesler, Mrs. M. G. ( residence ),

.Seattle, 371.

Yew Park school, Salem, Or.,
170.

Young's Hotel, Olympia.Wash.,
339.

Young, Samuel E. ( store ), Al-
bany, Or., 177.

IN DBX.

(READING MATTER.

Aberdeen, Wash.: — General
description, 329 to 333 ; sal-
mon pack, 100.

Abert Lake. Oregon, 36.

Achnie, Wash., coal mines, 91.

Ada County, Idaho, 510, 517.

Ada County, Idaho, gold and
silver output, 78.

Adam, Chas. S., Roslyn, Wash.,
413.

Adams County, Wash., 426,447.

Adams Couutv Court House,
Ritzville, Wash., 426.

Adams, M. J., Silverton, Wash.,
187.

Admiralty Inlet, Puget Sound,
33. 409.

Ajrer, Cal., 217.

Ager, Cal., stage to Lakeview
and Klamath Falls, 219, 220.

Ahtanum River, Wash. 41 7.422.

Ahtanum Valley, Wash., 417.

Ailshie, J. F.,Graugeville,Idaho,
491.

Ainsworth Bank, Portland, 135.

Ainsworth, B. C, 582.

Ainsworth school, Portland,
143.

Ainsworth, Wash., 425.

Airlie, Or., 257, 40.

Alaska : — Area, 8 ; fishing, 97;
mines, 85. 86 ; population, 8;
purchase price, 8; .salmon can-
ning, 99 ; seals, 8 ; timber, 64,
65 (Alaska is reached bj'
stea.ner from Puget Sound
ports).

Alaska Commercial Co.. 8.

Albanj-. Or.: — General descrip-
tion^ 174 to 176, also see 39,
42.

Albany (^Or.), college, 176.

Allbee. The, (Hotel), South
Bend, Wa.sh., 310.

Alberta Coal & Ry. Co., B. C. 52.

Albiiia Central school, Portland,
143.

Albina Homestead school, Port-
land. 143.

Albina Sav. Bank, Portland, 1.35.

Albina, suburb, Portland, 41,
113, 115.

Albina, railroad shops, 41.131.

Albion Mine, Montana, 547.

Alder Gulch, Mont., 77, 81, 82.

Alderman, The, (Hotel), Tilla-
mook, Or., 239.

Alderman, A. L., Tillamook, Or.
239.

Alexander, R., Pendleton, Or.,
276, 277.

Alexander & Freidenrich ,
Grangeville, Idaho, 501.

Alfalfa: — Canyon Co., Idaho,
509; Ellensburgh, Wash .,
414 ; Prosser, Wash., 424 ;
Rogue River Valley, Or., 213 ;
Walla Walla, Wash., 458 ;
Whitman Co., Wash., 467 ;
Wood River Valley, Idaho,
518 ; Yakima Valley, Wash.,
423, 424. ( Also grown in
Southeastern Oregon, the
Willamette Valley, and nearly
all parts of Pacific Northwest.)

Algonquin Mining Co., Mon-
tana, 534, 535.

Alice Mine, Butte, Mont., 84,
557.

Alice Mining Co.. Butte, Mont.,
557

Alki Point, Seattle. 364.

Allen, E. W., Portland, 588.

Allen House, Tillamook, Or.239.

Allen. J. P.. Tillamook, Or., 239.

Allen, Mont., 51.

Allen & Nelson Mill Co., Seat-
tle, 379, 380.

Allie Brown Mine, Mont., 557.

Almira, Wa.sh., 448.

Almonds, Medford, Or., 210.

Alsea, Or., 99, 100.

Alta Coal Mine, Wash.. 90.

Alta Mine, Montana, 540.

Althouse Creek, Oregon, 69.

Alton Mines, Idaho, 499.

Alturas County, Idaho:— Court
House, .520 ; gold and .silver
output, 78, also see 517, 518,
519, 521.

American Creek, Idaho, 493.

American Flag Mine, Men. ,545.

American Lake, Taconia, 345.

American Nat. Bank, Helena,
Mont., 539.

Amity, Oregon, 258.

Amy and Silversmith Mine,
Butte, Mont., 84.

Anaconda, Mont. : — Copper
mines, 83 ; general descrip-
tion, 558; mines, 64, 555,
556 ; railroads, 56.

Anaconda Reduction Co., Mon-
tana, 559.

Aii.icortes, Wash. : — G e n e r r !
description, 391, 392; r,:
roads, 45.

Ankeny, Levi, 290.

Annie Con. mine, Oregon, 61.

Antimony, Thompson Falls,
Mont., 525.

Apples : — Bentoti Co., Or., 263 ;
first tree in Oregon, 158 ;
Oregon, 588 to 593 ; Walla
Walla, Wash., 458. (Also see
fruit culture; grown in nearly
all parts of Pacific Northwest.)

Apricots: — Ashland, Or.,
215 ; Big Bend country.
Wash., 449 ; Oregon, 591 ;
Snake River Valley, 495 ;
Wasco Co , Or., 270 ; Whit-
man Co., Wash., 467 ; Yaki-
ma, Valley, Wash., 433. (Al-
so see fruit culture ).

Arago, Oregon, 266.

Arkansas Belle mine, Oregon.
291.

Arkansas River, Wash., 311.

Arlington Heights addition,
Spokane, 446.

Arlington Heights addition,
motor line, Spokane, 439,

440, 446.

Arlington, Or., 41, 270, 271.
Arrow Lakes, B. C, 25, 44,

441, 579.

Artesian wells: — Adams Co.,
Wash., 426 ; Moscow, Idaho,
48P ; Moxee Valley, Wash.,
423 ; Pasco. Wash., 425 ;
Pullman, Wash., 473 ; Tekoa,
Wash., 470 : Yakima Valley,
Wash., 423.

Ashland. Or. ; — .^19; general
description, 214 to 216.

Ashlanci creek, Or., 214.

Ashland ( Or. ), flouring mills,
216.

Ashland ( Or. ), mine, 61.

Ashland (Or.), Mining Co.,
215.

Asotin, Wa.sh., 27, 496.

Astor, John Jacob, 107, 294.

Astoria, Oregon: — Early rail-
road history, 230 ; early
transportation, 117; first
settlement, 107 ; fishing,
114; general description,
294 to 298 ; precipitation,
16; salmon canning, 99;
temperature, 16.

Astoria & McMiunville R. R.,
230.

A.storia & South Coast R. R.,
298, 299.

Athena. Or. : — General de-
scription, 282, 283 ; rail-
roads, 47.

Index. — Reading Matter.

605

Falls,

44,

Co.,

R. R.,

Atkinson, Geo, B., Portland,
140, 141.

Atkinson, Geo. E.. New What-
com, Wash, 405.

Atkinson, J. B., Blaine, Wash.,
407.

Atkinson, W. H., Ashland, Or.,
216.

Atkinson school, Portland, 143.

Auld & Johnson Mills, Ballard,
Wash., 384.

Ayer's Furniture Factory, Mon-
tesano. Wash., 327.

Badger Mine, Idaho, 480.

Badger State Mine. Mont., 556,

Bailey, Dr. V. A., Hillsboro, Or,,
228.

Baker's Bav, Wash., 300, 301.

BakerCity, Or., 70 ; general de-
scription, 288 to 290 ; pre-
cipitation, 16; temperature,
16.

Baker County, Or., 291, 292;
general description, 288 to
290 ; gold, 67 ; mines. 70.

Baker, Geo. B., Dayton, Wash.,
461, 462.

Bald Butte Mining Co., Mont.,
547.

Bald Mountain, Idaho, 487.

Baldwin & Reames, Klamath
Falls, Or.. 219.

Ballard, suburb, Seattle, 369,
384, 385.

Baltimore Market, Portland, Or.,
104.

Baltimore Mine, Ketchum, Ida-
ho, 521.

Bancroft, Idaho, 517.

Bancroft School, Spokane, Wash.
442.

Bandon, Or., 266; precipita-
tion, 16 ; temperature, 16.

Bank of Albina, Portland, 135.

Bank of Ashland, Or., 215.

Bank of B. C, Portland. 135.

Bank of B. C, Seattle, 382.

Bank of B. C, Tacoma, 351.

Bank of Brownsville, Browns-
ville, Or., 184.

Bank of Cheney, Wash., 430.

Bank of ConDnerce Centralia,
Wash., 322.

Bank ot Fairhaven,Wash., 401,

Bankof Forest Grove., Or., 230.

Bank of Grangeville, Idaho, 50.

Bank of Montesano,Wa.sh..328

Bank of Newberg, Or., 252.

Bank of Oregon City, Or., 162.

Bank of Scio, Or., 182, 183.

Bank of Spokane Falls, Spo-
kane, Wa.sh., 441.

Banner Mine, Montana, 546.

Bannock Co., Idaho, 517, 522,

Bannock Indians, 522,

Bannock, Mont., 81, 83, 563.

Baptist College, Colfax, Wash..
466,

John, Tillamook, Or.,

Barker,

236.
Barker,
Barley :

448 ;

500 ;

327 ;

Montana. 51.
— Big Bend,
Camas Prairie,
Chehalis Co.,
Colfax, Wash.,

Wash,,

Idaho,

Wash.,

465;

Dayton, Wash , 461 ; Junction
City, Or., 194 ; Moscow, 489 ;
Pullman, Wa.sh., 473 ; Skagit
Co., Wash., 396; Union Co,
Or., yield, 288 ; Walla Walla,
Wash., 458 ; Whatcom, 396 ;
( also see wheat ; raised in
nearly all parts of Pacific
Northwest ).

Barnes, Geo. A. & Co., Olvm-
pia, Wa.sh., 338.

Barnes, W. St, M. Portland,! 55.

Barney, Frank M, New What-
com, Wash, 406.

Barrett block, Chehalis, Wash.,
314.

Barry, Col. Chas., 39

Bartholomew, W. L.. Buckley,
Wash, 412.

Basin Creek, Mont., 554.

Basin mines, Mont., 546,

Basket factory, Hoquiam,Wash.,
334.

Bath mine, Mont., 535.

Bay City, Or., 242.

Bay Creek district, Idaho, 79.

Bay Horse mines, Idaho, 70.

Beacon Hill park, Victoria, B.
C, 573.

Bear Creek, Mont., 554.

Bear Creek, Or., 213.

Beaver Canyon, Idaho, 48.

Beaver Creek, Idaho, 480, 486,
487.

Beaver Creek, Mont., 545.

Beaverhead Co., Mont., ■<4,

Beaverton Valley, Mont., rail-
roads, 48.

Bees, Tillamook Co., Or., 240,

Beets, Skagit Co., Wash., 389.

Beets, -sugar, Coos Bay, Or., 266.

Belle of Butte mine. Mont. ,5.56.

Bellevue, Idaho, 519.

Bellingham, Wash., 393.

Bellingham Bay, Wash., 33,
393.

Bellingham Bay and adjacent
country, general description,
392 to 396. ( Also see Fair-
haven and New Whatcom ).

Bellingham Bay, Wash., coal,
88.

Bellingham Bay, Wash., Gas
Co., Fairhaven, 400,

Bellingham Bay & B, C. R. R.,
44, 46, 377.

Belmont mine, Mont., 547.

Belmont, Wash., 45.

Belt Mountain and Sand Coulee
branch, Grt. North. R. R., 51.

Benedictine Sisters, Mt, Angel,
Or., 190.

Bennett, Nelson, Tacoma, 393,
397.

Benn, Samuel Aberdeen, Wash,,
330.

Benton Co. Court House, Cor-
valHs, Or., 261.

Benton Co., Or., general de-
•scription, 262 to 264.

Benton Co., Or., timber, 54,

Benton, Thos. H., 43.

Berries ; — ( See fruit culture ;
grown successfully in nearly
ail parts of Pacific Northwest).

Bertha, suburb Portland, 147,

Bickford, K. I,., Centralia,
Wash., 322.

Biddle. Kdward, Dallas, Or.,
254.

Big Bear Creek, Idaho, 493.

Big Bend Country, Wash. : —
Centers of population, 446 to
448 ; general description,
447 to 449 • Great Northern
Ry., 45, 46 ; lime, 94 ; .soil,
23. (Also see 26, 426, 427,
430, 435.)

Big Bend Nat. Bank, Daven-
port. Wash., 450.

Big Horn Mountains, Mont., 81,

Billings, G. F., Ashland, Or.,
216.

Bi-Metallic mine, Mont., 84, 534

Bi-Metallic Mining Co., Mont.,
534.

Bingham Co., Idaho, 78, .517,
523.

Binkley block, Centralia, Wash.,
322.

Birch Creek, Or., 278.

Birge & Leitch, Centralia.
Wash., 323, 324.

Bishop, E. R., Heppncr, Or..
272.

Bishop Scott Academy, Port-
land, 143.

Bissinger & Co., Portland, 154.

Bitter Root Development Co.,
Hamilton, Mont., 531.

Bitter Root ^lountains (see
Idaho & Montana.)

Bitter Root River, Mont., 530.

Bitter Root Valley, Mont., 526,
527, 530, 531.

Black Cloud mines, Idaho, 484.

Black Bear mine, Idaho, 77,
480, 485.

Blackberries ( also see fruit cul-
ture), Walla Walla, Wash.,
458.

Black Diamond coal mine,
Wash., 90.

Black Diamond mine, Idaho,
486.

Black Diamond, Wash., 47,
377.

Blackfoot, Idaho, 48, 523.

Blackfoot Indians, 526.

Blackfoot Milling & Mfg. Co.,
Bonner, Mont., 64.

Blackfoot River, Mont., 526,
537.

Black Jack mine, 77, 79.

Black mine, Mont., 546, 547,
557.

Black River Junction, Wash.,
47, 90.

Black sand, Oregon Coast, 68.

Black Tail mines. Idaho, 478.

Blaine mine, Mont., 534.

Blaine, Wash. :— Genl. descrip-
tion, 406, 407 ; Point Rob-
erts' Canning Co., 407, 408,
409 ; .salmon pack, 100.

Blue Bell mines, B. C, 581.

Blue Bird mine, Mont., 546,
547, 557.

Blue Bird Mining Co., Mcrtit.,
557.

'if

|i|

:.d ;

606

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

Blue Canyon Coal Co., coal

bunkers near Fairhaven,

Wash., 40.
Blue Canyon coal mine. Wash.,

394-, 395, 403.
Bohemia mines, I^ane Co., Or.,

200, 202.
Boise City, Idaho : — Barracks,

511 ; description, 510 to

516 ; precipitation, 16 ; tem-
perature, 16.
Boise City branch U. P. R. R.,

48.
Boise City & Nampa Canal,

Idaho, 517.
Boise River, Idaho, 28, 507,

509, 510, 517.
Boise Valley, Idaho, 507, 509,

510.
Bolles Junction, Wash., 46.
Bonanza mines, B. C, 583,

586.
Bonanza mines, Colville, Wash.,

454.
Bonanza mines. Or., 70, 292.
Bonner, Mont., 64, 529.
Bonner's Ferry, Idaho, 25, 36,

52, 580.
Bonner's Ferry, Wash., 587.
Boston mine, Wash., 74.
Boston & Montana mine, Butte,

84.
Boston & Montana Mining Co.,

Butte, 556.
Boston & Montana mine, Glos-

ter, 84.
Boston Nat. Bank, Seattle, 382.
Boulder gulch, Idaho, 480.
Boulder Hot Springs, Mont.,

544.
Boulder mines, Idaho, 493.
Boulder, Mon., 50, 546.
Boundary City, Wash., 453.
Boundary line (International) 7.
Boundary mines. Wash., 454.
Boven, C. D., Seattle, 364.
Bowen & Small, Baker City,

Or., 289^

Brownsville, Or.,

Idaho,
Idaho,
Mt. Idalio, Idaho,
Grangeville,

Boyer, J. D.
185.

Browne, C. M., Moscow,
490.

Browne. R. S., Moscow,
490.

Brown, L. P
504, 505.

Brown, W. W
Idaho, 501.

Bruneau River, Idaho, 517.

Bradley mine, Or., 292,

Bredemeyer, Dr. W., Tacoma,
76.

Bridal Veil Falls, Wash.. 452.

British Columbia : — Descrip-
tion, 568 to 588 , area, 8 ;
exports 8; fisheries output,
8 ; fishing, 97. 99, 100 ;
mines output (gold), 8 ; pop-
ulation. 8 ; railways, 51 ; sal-
mon canning, 99 ; timber re-
sources, 65.

Brooke, Geo. S, Sprague.Wash.,
427, 428.

Brooklyn school, Portland, 143.

Brooklyn, suburb Portland, 146.

Browne, J. J., Spokane, 434.

Browne Nat. bank, Spokane,
441.

Brown, t,. H., Tillamook, Or.,
238.

Brownell, Geo. C, Oregon City,
163.

Brownson, Rev. T. G., McMinn-
ville, Or., 247.

Brownsville, Or., 183 to 185.

Bryant school, Spokane, 442.

Bucoda. Wash : — Coal, 92 ; de-
scription. 335.

Bucoda, Wash., Coal Co., 335.

Buckeye Mines, Idaho. 487.

Buckley, Wa.sh., 411, 412.

Buckley, Wash., Lumber Co.,
412, 413.

Budd's Inlet, Puget Sound, 335;
improvements. 338.

Buffalo, 559, 560.

Buffalo Hump (hill), Idaho,
503.

Bullfinch harbor, Wash.. 325.

Bull Run Creek, Or., 133, 134.

Bullion Mines, Idaho, 486,
519.

Bunchgrfiss : — Big Bend coun-
try, Wash., 447 ; Camas Prai-
rie, Idaho, 499 ; Colville Val-
ley, Wash., 435 ; Montana,
559 to 562 ; Pasco, Wa.sh.,
426 ; Umatilla Co., Or., 278 ;
Whitman Co., Wash., 467.

Bunker Hill & Sullivan mine,
Idaho, 479, 480, 482, 483.

Burckhardt Bros., Portland,
156.

Burke, Idaho, 482, 483 ; de-
scription, 484 ; railroads, 48,
49.

Burlington Mines. Mont., 550.

Burnett, Wash., 346.

Burn.side Street bridge, Port-
land, 115.

Burnt Prairie, Or., 240.

Burnt River, Or., 290.

Burrard's Inlet, B. C, 569, 577.

Butcher Creek, Idaho, 498.

Butler, J. B. Monmouth, Or.,
260.

Butte, Mont. — Description, 548
to 558 ; banks, 553 ; business
blocks, 552 ; churches, 654 ;
clubs, 553 ; copper, 83, 84,
548 to 558 ; Cons. Ry. Co.,

552 ; Court House, 553 ;
Daly, Marcus, 55.5 ; Dugan,
E. O.. Mayor of, 552, 553;
early history, 548 to 551 ;
fire protection, 554, 555 ;
{fold (placers), 548 to 551;
incorporation, 551 ; library,

553 ; lighting, 555 ; location.
551, 552 ; McC. White, W. &
Co., 558 ; mines, 84 ; mines
production, 555; mining, 548
to 558 ; mining companies,
556 to 558 ; police, 552 ;
quartz mining, 550, 551 ;
railroads, 551 ; reduction
works, 557 ; residences, 553;
schools, 553, 554 ; smelting,
551 to 558 ; Streets, 552 ;
street railways, 552 ; suburbs.

551, 552 ; wages, 552 ; water

works, 554, 555.
Butte, ( Mont.), Cons. Ry. Co.,

552.
Butte & Boston Mining Co,, 556 .
Butte Creek, Or., 173.
ButterCreek, Or., 278.
Buttercup Mine, Idaho, 519.
Byam, Judge, Mont., 564.
Byles, C. N., Montesano, Wash.,

327, 328, 329.
Byles & Co., Montesano, Wash.,

328.
Cabinet Rapids, Columbia Riv-
er, 26. \
Caldwell, Idaho. 507, 509.
Caldwell For. Co., 507.
cal. it Col. River R. R. Co.. 38.
California Mine, Idaho, 484.
Calipooia Creek, Or., 208.
Calipooia Hills, Or., 104, 113.

207.
Calipooia River, Or., 175, 183,

203.
Calvin, Mont., 50.
Camas Prairie, Idaho, 497 to

504.
Camas Praire Land & Town

Co., Denver, Idaho, 503.
Camas Swale Creek, Or., 203.
Cameron Mine, Or., 69.
Campbell, P. L., Monmouth, Or.,

259, 260.
Canadian Pacific Ry. in B. C,

51 ; Lumber shipments, 65 ;

at Seattle, 377.
Canadian Pacific Ry. in Wash.,

44.
Canals (also see irrigation.)
Canal & Locks, Oregon City,

Or., 159. 164, 165.
Canal, (lumber). The Dalles,

Or., 268.
Canal ( water power ), Albany,

Or., 175, 177: Eugene, Or.,

196; Harri.sburg, Or., 192;

Lebanon, 179, 180; Salem,

Or., 168 ; Silverton, Or, 187;

Stayton, Or., 181.
Candle Fish (Eulachan), 102.
Cannon, A. M. Spokane, 434.
Canoe River, B. C, 25.
Canyon Creek, Idaho, 483, 484,

485.
Canyon County, Idaho, 507,

517.
Canvon County, Idaho, Genl.

Description, 508, 509.
Canyon Mountains, Or., 207.
Cape Flattery, Wash., 33; fish-
ing, 345 ; Hshing banks. 101.
Cape Lookout, Or., 241.
Capital Lumbering Co., Win-
lock, Wash., 312.
Carbon River, Wash., 354.
Carbon River, Wash., coal, 91.
Carbonado Coal Mine, Wash.,

91.
Carbonate mine, Or., 70.
Caribou Mines, B. C, 569.
Carp, Oregon & Wash., 102.
Carpenter Creek, B. C, 583.
Carr, F. L. Montesano, Wash.,

328.

Index. — Reading Matter.

607

Win-

Caritte & Griniiell, Spokane,
4.3<).

Carrots, Skagit Co., Wash., 389.

Carson, J. P., Moutesano,Wash.
31.'8.

Carten, John, Idaho, 484-.

Carter, E. V., Ashland, Or., 21 6.

Carter, V. H., Ashland, Or., 210.

Carter, Missjulia, Portland, 140.

Carlin, John, Caeur d'Alene
Mines, 479.

Cascade County, Mont., gold
and silver output, 84.

Cascade Mining District, Wash.,
74.

Cascade Mountains. ( Also see
Oregon, Wash, and B. C).
General course, 9 ; Stampede
tunnel, 342 : view from Seat-
tle, 370 ; view from Tacoma,
343 ; in Wash., 73, 74.

Cascades, gorge and rapids, Co-
lumbia river, 28.

Cascades, locks and canal, Co-
lumbia River, 28, 29, 118.

Cascades, railroad portage, 117.

Cascade River, Wash., mining,
74.

Cassia County, Idaho, 517;
gold and silver output, 78.

Cassia Creek, Idaho. 517.

Cas,sia Mines, B. C . 570.

Castle Rock, Lake Chelan, Wash.
452.

Castle Rock, Wash., 210 ; coal,
92; Coal Co., 311.

Catfish, Oregon and Washing-
ton, 102.

Catherine Creek, Or., 286, 287.

Cathlamet, Wash., general de-
scription, 300.

Cattle. ( Raised in all parts of
Pacific Northwest ; also see
stockraising.)

Cattle, Baker Co., Or., 291 ; Gil-
liam Co., Or., 274; Heppner,
Or., 271 ; Union Co., Or., 288;
Wasco Co., Or., 270.

Caufield, C. H.. Portland, 164.

Caviar, manufacture. 1 00, 101,
114.

Cavuse, Indian War, Or., 109.

Ceciar Creek, Idaho. 493.

Cedar District Mines, Idaho,
493.

Cedar Mountain Coal Mine
Wash., 90.

Celilo, Wash., 27, 28.

Cement, Douglas Co., Or., 208.

Centennial Mine, Mont., 550.

Center Star Mine, B. C, 584,
585.

Center\-ille, Mont., 551.

Centralia, Wash.; description,
320 to 324; coal, 92; also
see 43.

Centralia, Wash., Furniture Co.,
324.

Centralia, Wash., Lum!)er Ex-
change, 323 ; also see 45;

CentralMine, Idaho, 486.

Central Lumber Co., Caldwell,
Idaho, 507.

Central School, Portland, 143.

Central, Wash., branch N. P. R.

R., 45.
Chadwick, S. F., Or., 466.
Chadwick, Stephen J., Colfax,

Wash., 466, 407.
Chamber of Commerce building,

Portland, 131.
Chapman School, Portland, 143.
Charles River. Wash , 325.
Chnrman, F. T. L., Oregon City,

Or., 163.
Chehalem Or., 250. 251.
Chehalem River, Or., 104
Chehalis, Wash., 312 to 316;

also see 46 ; (louring mills,

315.
Chehalis, Wash., Improvement

Company, 314.
Chehalis Co.. Wash., 324, 326 ;

timber, 58.
Chehalis River, Wash., 34, 317,

323, 325, 326, 327, 329,

330.
Chehalis Valley, Wash-, 312,

321.
Chelan Falls, Wash., 453.
Chelan Lake, Wash. (See Lake

Chelan ).
Chelan Mines, Wash., 76.
Chelan River, Wash., 26, 321,

451.
Chemainns, B. C, 574.
Cheney, Wash., 45. 430.
Chenoweth Park, Oakland, Or.,

203.
Cherries (See fruit culture.)

Grown successfully in nearly

all parts of Pacific Northwest.
Cherries, Oregon, 591.
Cherries, Walla Walla, Wash.,

458
ChetcoCountv, Or., 265.
Chewaucan, Or., 221.223
Chewelah, Wa.sh., 453.
Chilberg Block, Olympia,

Wash., 337.
Chinese in Portland, 119 : min-
ers. Baker and Union C ., Or ;

291, 292; miners - cvcn,

70 ; miners, Wnshinj^i vi, 73 ,

riots, Seattle. 366 ; 367.
Chlopeck Bros., fish dealers,

Portland, 103.
Chloride Hill mines, Idaho,

486.
Chuckanut Bav, Puget Sound,

395 ; coal, 88.
Chuckanut Sand.stone Quarry,

Wash., 395, 404.
Citizens Bank, Fairhaven,

Wash.. 401.
Citizens Bank, Portland, 135.
Citizens Nat. Bank. Spckaise.

441.
Citizens Nat. bank, Tacoma,

351.
City ,Sav. Bank, Portland, 135.
City Park, Portland, 128.
City Park Transit Co. , Spokane,

439.
City & Suburban Rv., Portland,

143.
City & West Portland Park

Motor Co.. Portland, 147.

Clackamas Co., Or.: — Coal, 71 ;
iron at Oswego, 70, 71.

Clackamas River, Or., l()4, 161;
salmon hatcherv, 97.

Clallam Co., Wash, 411.

Clancy Hot Springs, Mont. ,444.

Clancy Mine, Mont., 540.

Clarke Co. Court House, Van-
couver, Wash., 30S.

Clarke Co., Wash., 307 to 309.

Clark. Miss Abigail M., Port-
land, 141.

Clark, W. A., Butte, Mont., 557.

Clark, W. A & Co., Butte, Mont.,
553.

Clark's Fork, Columbia River,
25, 454. 477, 525, 532, 584-
Thompson's Falls, 525.

Clatsop Beach, Or., 298 to 300.

Clatsop Co.. Or., 294 to 300 ;
coal, 71.

Clay ( blue point ). near KUens-
burg, Wash, 41 6 ; ( fire ). near
Ellensburg, Wash., 416;
Helena, Mont., 544; (pot-
ters ), Seattle, 381 ; ( potter's),
Winlock, Wash., 310 ; Yaki-
ma Co., Wash., 418.

Clearwater river, Idaho, 28,
495, 497, 498, 503.

CleElum mining district.
Wash.. 74.

CleElum river. Wash., 422.

CleElum. Wash., 413.

Climate Pacific Northwest, 9 to
20.

Clinton Kelly schoi • jrtland,
143.

Clover Creek, Tacon , J53.

Clover Creek Valley, Or., 288.

Cloverdale, suburb Portland,
140.

Clubfoot George, Mont., 508.

Coad, C. G.. Dallas, Or., 255.

Coal : — Bellingham Bay, Wash,,
394, 395 ; British Columbia,
570; Bucoda, Wash., 335;
Castle Rock, Wash., 311 ;
Centralia, Wash, 323 ; Coos
Bay, Or., 266; Cowlitz Co.,
Wash., 311 ; Douglas Co.,
Or., 208; Ellensburgh,Wash.,
415 ; Fairhaven, 395, 401 ;
Florence, Lewis Co., Wash.,
316 ; Oilman, Wash., 377 ;
Hamilton, Wash., 391 ; King
Co., Wash.. 378 ; I-ake What-
com, 394 ; Lewis Co., Wash.,
316 ; Montana, 85 ; Nanai-
mo, B. C, 574, 575 : Neha-
lem Valley, Or, 293; New
Whatcom, Wash., 403 ; Ore-
gon, 71 ; Pierce Co., Wash ,
344; Roslyn, Wash.. 413;
Sand Coulee, 51 ; Seattle,
377 ; Skagit Co., Wash., 394,
395 ; Tacoma, 344 ; Tilla-
mook Co., Or., 240 ; Umatilla
Co., Or., 279 ; Wellington, B.
C, 574 ; Whatcom Co., Wash.,
394, 395 ; Yakima Co.,
Wash. 418.

Coal Creek, Wash., railroads, 47.

Coast Fork Willamette River,
Or., 201.

The Ore^onian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

Coast Mountains (see Oregon.^

Coast Range Mountains, gen-
eral course, i).

Cod, I'acific Northwest, 101.

C<enr d'Alene branch, U. P. R.
R., +8.

C(tur d'Altne branch, N. P. R.
R., 4.'.).

Cd'ur d'Alene Indians, Idaho,
4-31.', +33.

CcEur d'Alene Indian Reserva-
tion, 4.33, 4-34., 470, 482.

Cfeur d'Alene City, Idaho, 49,
51.

Cceur d'Alene, Idaho, farms,
482.

CtEur d'Alene Lake ( see Lake
Cteur d'Alene ).

CcEur d'.Mene Lake, Fort Sher-
man, 434.

Cicur d'Alene Lake, 3 ; naviga-
tion, 49.

5<eur c\'Alene MiningCo.. 488.

Ctcur d'Alene Mining District,
description, 478 to 488, 78,
434, 435 ; labor troubles, 77 ;
railroads, 47.

CcEur d'Alene River, Idaho, 36,
49. 478. 479, 480, 482, 483,
48.5, 486, 487 ; navigation,
49.

Coffee Creek. Or., 208.

Coffin, Sherman Caldwell,
Idaho, 491

Coffinau, J. Y. Chehalis, Wash.,
315.

Coffinan, N. B., Chehalis,Wash.,
315.

Cogswell, C. A. Lakeview, Or.,
224, 225.

Cohn & Co., Tillamook, Or.,
238.

Coke : — Fairhaven, Wash., coal
mine, .394, 395; Hamilton,
Wash., 89; Taconia, 344;
Washington, 88 ; Wilkeson,
90.

Cole & Switzer, St. Helens, Or.,
293.

Colfax, Wash. : — Description,
464 ; railroads, 46.

College of Idaho, Caldwell, 507.

College of Montana Lodge,
536.

Collegiate Institute, Olynipia,
Wash., 337.

Colonial, The, Portland, 150.

Colorado Copper it Silver Min-
ing Co., Mont., 557.

Colton, C. H., Tillamook Co.,
Or., 241.

Col'on, Wash. : — (jcnl. Descrip-
tion, 4-75.

Col. Rivei & Pug. Sound R. R.,
47, 377.

Col. River & Pugf. .Sound Navi-
gation Co., 299.

Columbia Co., Or., 293.

Columbia Co., Wash., 460;
Court House, 461.

Columbia Falls, Mont., 532.

Columbia Hotel, Cathlamet,
Wash., 30.

Columbia Nat. Bank, Tacoma,
351.

Columbia River Paper Co., La

Camas, Wash., 309.
Columbia River :— Description,

25 to 31 (also see 298,
425, 441, 447,454; Arrow
Lakes, 579 ; British Colum-
bia (navigation), 47, .52;
Cascade Locks ^^ Canal, 2H,
29 ; Clark's Fork. 454, 477,
( also see Clark's Fork) ; Deer
Park, 579 ; Di.scovery, 294 ;
Early explorers. 107 ; fish-
ing industries. 9.5 to \0\ ;
gold mining, 73 ; in British
Columbia, 25, 587, 579, 586;
in Washington, 26.421,422;
jetty at mouth, 297, 298 ;
Little Dalles, 453 ; lower
river and Willamette river
improvements, 30 ; mouth,
297, 298 ; obstructions, 118;
painted rocks, 579 ; Priest
rapids, 26 ; relation to Port-
land, 129; Rock Island
rapids, 26 ; Rock rapids,

26 ; salmon canning, 96 to
lOO ; salmon output, 1892,
131 ; scenery. U. P. R. R. 41 ;
sturgeon fishing, lOO, 101 ;
the Cascades gorge and rapids,
28 ; the Dalles rapids, 28 ;
tide, 31 ; traffic from Port-
land, 117, 118; upper river
transijortation, 76.

Columbia School, Seattle, 372.

Columbia, (ship), 34, 294, 324.

Columbia it Kootenay Nav. Co.,
B. C, 579, 587.

Columbia & Yakima Irrigation
Co., 422.

Colville Countv, Wash., 435 to
441 , 450, 94.

Colville Indian Reservation,
Wash., 453.

Colville Mines, Wash., 75.

Colville River, Wash., 453.

Colville Valley, Wash. : — De-
scription, 450, 451, ( also see
435. 441; railroads, 47.

Combe, Geo. K., Portland, 151.

Comet Mine, Idaho, 485.

Comet Mine, Mont., 546.

Commencement Bay, Puget
Sound, 340, .343.

Commercial Bank, Moscow,
Idaho, 489, 490.

Commercial Bank, Oregon City,
Or., 162.

Cominercial Nat. Bank, Port-
laud 135.

Commercial
351.

Commercial Nat. Bank,
382.

Commercial Savings Bank, Spo-
kane, 441.

Commercial State Bank, Che-
halis, Wash., 314, 315.

Commoner, The, Colfax, Wash.,
46 O.

Comox Coal Mine, B. C, 570.

Concentrators ( see mining.)

Cmconnully. Wash., 76.

Confederate Gulch, Mont., gold,
82.

Bank, Tacoma,
Seattle.

Connaway.W. P., Independenct-,

Or., 249.
Connell, Wash., 46.
Connor Creek mine, Or., 69.
Conser, Geo., Heppiier, Or.,

272.
Cook's Addition, Spokane, 439.
Cook, Louis P., Baker City, Or.,

290.
Cooley, G.C. &Co., Brownsville,

Or., 184.
Coolidge, Alfred, Silverton, Or.,

187.

McClaine, bankers,

Or., 187.

S., Independence.

South Bend, 319.
Tillamook, Or.,

..,eburg & E. R. R.

Coolidge &

Silvert ju
Coopei, J.

Or., 249,
Cooper, T.,
Cooper, W. H

239.
Coos Bay, Or.; — Description,

265 to 267. (Also see 3;",
266) ; tl, 71 ; route from
Drain 202 ; route fsoiu
Roset )r., 206; salmon
pack,

Coos Ba^
42, 43.

Coos Co., Or. :— 265 to 267;
Coal, 71 ; gold in black sand,
68 ; gold output, 69.

Copper : — Anaconda, Mont.,
559 ; British Columbia, 580 ;
Butte, Mont., 83, 84, 548 ;
Josephine Co., Or., 210 ; Mon-
tana, 80 to 85 ; Oregon, 71 ;
Seven Devils di.strict, Wash.,
459.

Copper River, Wash., 459.

Coquille City, Or , 42.

Coquille River, Or., 32, 265,

266 ; salmon pack. 100.
Corbett, H. W., Portland, 138.
Corbiu, Mont., 50.

Corn : — Big Bend country.
Wash, 448 ; Dayton, Wash.,
461 ; Medtord. Or.. 210 ;
Rogue River Valley, Or., 213 ;
Walla Walla, Wash, 458.

Cornelius, Col. T., 230.

Cornelius, Or., 230.

Cornucopia, Or., 287.

Cornucopia, Or., jnine, 291.

Cornwall Saw Mill, New What-
com, 405.

Corvallis, Or. : — Description,
260 to 262 ; carriage ami
wagon factory, 261 ; distance
from Junction City, 193 ;
water transportation, 118.

Coshow, O. P., Brownsville, Or.,
184.

Cosniopolis, Wash., 325, 329.

Cosmopolitan Restaurant, Port-
land, 151.

Cottage Grove, Or., 201.

Cotton. Prosser, Wash , 424.

Cottonwood .Butte, Idaho, 497,
501.

Cottonwoo'l creek, Idaho, 498.

Cottonwood, Idaho, 501 to 503.

Coulee City, Wash., 450, 451.
(Also see 45, 130, 440, 448,
452. )

Council Valley, Idaho, 507.

Daisy

Couch school, Portland, 143.
Covach, G H.. Portland, 104.
Cowan, John. Mont , HI.
Cow Creek, or., 20K.
Cowlitz Co., Wash., 300. 3()7,

310, 311 : coal mines. iVJ
Cowlitz River. Wash., 28. 31().
Cowlitz River Valley, Wash..

311, 312.
Cowichan. H. C, 57-t.
Cowychee Valley. Wash , -H7.
Cox, R. T., Pendleton. Or.. 277.
Craig's Mountain, Idaho, 497.

4.9H, 502.

Cranberry culture, Tillamook
Co., Or., 24-1 ; Ilwaco, Wash.,
302.

Crane, A. A., Harrison, Idaho,
491.

Crane Creek Valley, Idaho, 507.

Crane I.ake, Wash.. 452.

Crater Lake, Or., 217.

Crater Rock. Or.. 32.

Crook, A. J., Clayton, Idaho,
491.

Crowley, H. T., Spokane. 432.

Crown Paper Co., Oregon City,
Or.. 163.

Cruise Savings Uank, Helena.
Mont., 539.

Cruise, Thos., Mont., 540.

CrumViaker, E. S., Kendrick,
Idaho, 494.

Cumberland Mine, Mont., 84.

Gumming, John, Weston, Or.,
284.

Cunningham. Chas. ( sheep
king ), Pendleton and Pilot
Rock, Or., 279 to 282.

Curry Co.. Or., 265 to 267 ;
gold, 68, 69 ; timber, 54.

Curtis, Jas. F., Boise City,
Idaho, 480.484.

Curtis, Mrs.. Portland, 150.

Curtis, The, Portland, 150.

Cusiter & Davenport, Silverton,
Or,, 188.

Cusiter, Geo., Silverton, Or..
188,

Custer County, Idaho, 5 21 ;
mines, 78, 79.

Custer Mine, Idaho, 480, 484.

Custer Mine, Mont., 546.

Dairy Creek, Or , 229.

Dairying ( conducted iii nearly
all parts of Pacific North-
west) : — Ben ton Co., Or..
262 ; Clarke Co.. Wash., 309;
Forest Grove. Or., 231; North
Yamhill, Or., 243 : Tilla-
mook Co., Or.. 240, 241 ;
Tillamook, Or.. 236 ; Uma-
tilla Co., or., 279 ; Washing-
ton Co., Or., 229; Yamhill
Co., Or., 246.

Daisy Mine. Colville country.
Wash., 454.

Dai.sy Mine, Idaho, 485, 486.

Dakota Quartz Lode, Mont.. 83.

Dallas, Geo. M.. 254.

Dallas, Or., 254 to 256.

Dallas, (Or.) City Bank. 255.

Dallas (Or.) Iron Works, 254.

Daly, Bernard, Lakeview, Or.,
225, 226.

Index. — Reading Matter.

Daly, Marcus, Mont., 531, 555,

559.
Damitio, A., Aberdeen, Wash.,

332.
Dandy Mine. Colville country,

Wash.. 454.
Daniel, S, M.. Scio, Or., 182.
Davenport, Wash., 45, 448,

449.
David Stanton Mine, Mont.,

545.
Davis. .K. J., Mont., 550.
Davis. A. L., Portland, 141.
Davis, Theo. T,. Weston, Or.,

283, 284.
Day, B. I-"., school, Seattle, 372.
Dayton, Or,, 118, 253.
Dayton, Wash, : — Description,

460 to 463 ; railroads, 46,

47.
Dead medicine Mine, Colville

country. Wash,, 75, 454.
Decatur (U. S. warship), at Se-
attle, 365.
Deschutes River, Wash., 339,

340.
Deer Creek, Or., 204.
Deer Lodge, Mont . 559.
Deer Lodge Co., Mont., 80, 84,

535, 558.
Deer Lodge Co. Court House,

Deer Lodge, 536.
Deer Lodge, Mont.. 535.
Deer Lodge River, 26, 454,

535, 558, 584.
Deer Lodge Valley, 535, 558.
Deer Park, B. C, 579.
Dekum Bldg., Portland, 121.
De Lamar Mine, Idaho, 77.
Demersville, Mont., 532.
Dempsev Lakes, Mont., 537.
Denny. A. A., Seattle,364, 382.
Denny Coal Mines, Wash., 90.
Denny School, Seattle 372.
Denton Block. Centralia,Wash.,

322.
Denver, Idaho. 503, 504.
Departure Bay, B. C, 570.
Derrv. Or., 256.
Deschutes River. Or., 28, 270.
DeSmet &, Cttur d' Aleue branch,

N. P. R. R,, 50, 51.
Devil's Lake country. Or., 234.
Dexter Horton &, Co,, bank,

Seattle. 382, 383.
Dexter Mine, Mont., 550.
Dillman, L. C, Spokane, 441.
Dillon, Mont., 48.
Discovery Passage, Puget Sound,

33.
Distillery. Medtord, Or., 210.
Dix, A.' ?., Winlock, Wash.,

312.
Di.vie, Wash.. 46.
Doane, Rev. N., Portland, 141.
Dodge, J. P., .A.shUuid. Or., 214.
Dodge & Smith, Seattle, 383.
Dog Fish, 100.
Dolly Varden Mine, Or., 70,

291.
Donahue, T. P., Sprague.Wash.,

429, 430.
Donaldscn, F. K., Oregon City,

Or., 163.
Douglas Aline, Mont., 547.

609

Douglas Island, Alaska, 86.
Douglas Co., Or.: — Description,

207, 208 ; gold output, 69 ;

■.lickel, 71.
Douglas Co. Bank, Roseburg, •

Or., 205.
Douglas Co. Wash., 447, 448.
Downing, Benj,, Spokane, 432.
Downing, T. W., Baker City,

Or., 290.
Drain, Or., 202.
Drayton Harbor, Puget Sound,

406.
Dream Gulch, Idaho, 487, 488.
Drumheller, D. M., Davenport,

Wash., 4F0.
DrumLummon Mine, Mont..

50, 84, 543, 546, 547, 548.
Druinmond, Mont., 50 ; general

description, .533.
Dry Dock.Esiiuimalt, B. C.,573.
Dry Dock. see Tacoiiia.
Dryer, Thos. J.. Portland, 111.
Drv.sdale. Daniel, Blaine, Wash.,

408.
Dry.sdale's salmon canneries,

Blaine. Wash., 407 to 409
Dudley Junction, Wash., 4(5.
Dugan, E. O., Butte, Mont.,

nr.'i nr.

>53.

Dumax Plains, Idaho, 502.

Duncan Mines. 15. C. 587.

Dundee, Or,, 40.

Dunsdale, T. J. ( hi.story Vigi-
lantes, Montaim), Mont .5(53.

Dunsmore, B. C, 52.

Durachter, Ernest, Roslyn,
Wash., 413.

Durham coal mines. Wash., 90.

Duwamish Indians, 365.

Duwamish River. Wash., 34.

Dyer, R. B., South Bend, Wash.,
319.

Eagle Block, Spokane. 437.

Eagle Creek, Idaho, 480, 487.

Eagle Mine, Wash., 454.

Eagle No. 1 , Mine, Or., 292.

F;ag!e Woolen Mills, Browns-
ville, Or., 185.

Eagle Woolen Mills, .store, Port-
land, 185.

Eakin, S, B., Eugene, 197.

East Colusa Mine, Mont., 556.

F;ast Cottage Grove, Or.. 201,
202.

Eastern Oregon Mining Bureau,
Baker City, 290.

East Helena, .Mont., 543.

East Fork Mines, Idaho, 79.

East Kootenay, B. C, 25, 578.

East Oregonian, Pendleton, Or.,
276.

East Portland, Portland, 113,
115.

East Rock Canal, Idaho, 517,
524.

East Side Ry., Oregon City, Or.,
161.

East Side Ry., Portland, 113,
115.

East Wellington collieries, B.
C, 570.

East and West Gray Rocks
Mine, Mont., 556.

■ :.. '■■

! 1

}10

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

Ebertran, Win., Tillamook Or.,
236.

Ebennan, R. L., Seasick, Or.,
299.

Ebey, Col. I. N., Olympia.
Wash., 336

Edison Klec. Ilium. Co., Spo-
kane, 438, 4.4.0.

Edison Sav. Bank, Tacoma,
351.

Edison Srhool, Spokane, 442.

Edison suburb, Tacoma, 345,
349, 350.

Ediz Point light house. Wash.,
411.

Edwards, Jesse. Newberg, Or.,
252.

Edwards, Weiner & Clark, Port-
land, 150.

. „an, Mont., 532.

Eggs shipped from Oakland,
Or., 203.

Egypt Mines, Wash., 450.

Eldorado Bar, iMmt., 85, 544.

Eldredge, Hugh, N.°wWhatconi,
Wash., 403.

Electrical development, Oregon
City, Or., 163, 164.

Electric power, Willamette
falls, Oregon Citv. 158 to
165.

Electrical development, Spo-
kane river. ( See Spokane. )

Eleventh St. Cable Road, Taco-
ma, 3+5.

Elgin, Or., 41. 285, 286.

Elk City, Idaho, 77. 499,

Elk Creek, Or., 202.

Elk Horn Mine, Idaho, 521.

Elk Horn Mines, Mo;it., 50, 84.

Elk Horn Mine, Or, 'J92.

Elk River, Wash., 340.

Ellensburgh, Wash., 413 to
416, 74.

Elliot Bay, Puget Sound, 341.
364, 370.

Elliot, Simon G.. 38

Ellis, M. M., Dallas, Or., 255.

Pi;sburv, Geo. H., Centra!'a,
Wash.. 323, 324.

Klma, Wa.sh., 340.

Elmendorf, F. E,, Spokane, 44(5.

Elmore Co., Idaho. 78,517,

Emerson School, Spokane, 442.

Emerson School, I'aci.nm, 350.

Empire City, Or. 266.

Empire Mine, Idaho, 79.

Empire Mine, Mont., 84.

Empire, Mont., 548.

I'Insor Institute, Portland, 155,
156.

Eiitrito River, Wash., 26.

Ivsplanade Coal Miiie.H. (^,574.

B. C.

precipi-

temperaturc, 16.
Nanaimo Ry., B.
, 573, 574.
Fred, Davenport,

Esquimau,

tation, 1(> ;
F)s(|uimalt &

C, 52, 572
Essig, Dr. N.

Wash., 450.
Estill, J. W., Montana, 534.
Eugene, Or,, 194 to 20O ; also

see 32, 118.
. i,ulachan ( candle fish ), 102.
E;;rcka Junction, Wash., 47.
Eureka Mine, Mont., 545.

Flureka Sandstone Co., Tacoma

and Tenino, 353, 354.
Evening Mine, Idaho, 486,
Everett, Wash., 385, 386 ; also

sec 47, 377, 411,
Everett & Monte Cristo R. R,,

Wash., 48, 74, 377, 385, 388.
EvereLt, Port Angeles & Pac. R.

R., 411.
Excelsior Mine, Wash., 454.
Exchange Nat. Bank, Spokane,

441.
Failing, Henry, Portland. 138.
Failing School, Portland, 143.
Fairhaven, Wash., 396 to 401.
Fairhaven Foundry & Machine

Co., 401.
Fairhaven Land Co., 393, 398.
Fairhaven Land Co's sawmill.

New Whatcom. Wash.. 40.'=.
Fairhaven (Wash.,) Nat. Bank,

401.
Fail haven & New Whatcom

Elec. Ry., 395,400 403.
Fairhaven ( Wash. ) & Southern

R R., 398, 399, 400. ( Also

see Fairhaven and New

Whatcom ).
Fairweather, W. M.. Mont., 81.
F'ancy Gulc'i. Idaho, 488.
Farmers' Bank, Weston, Or., 28. T.
Farmers' Friend Canal, Idaho,

524.
Farmers Ik. Merchants' Ins. Co.,

Albany, Or., 178.
Farmington branch N. P. R. R..

45.
Farmington, V/ash,, 468 ; also

see 45. 46.
Farnsworth, O. R., Heppner,

Or., 272.
Father Demers (Jesuit ) 453.
Father De Smet, 526, 530.
Father Joset, 432, 43.'V
Kather Ravalli, Mont., 530.
Faulkner, L. C.,Chehalis,Wash.,

31 4.
I'ay Templeton Mine, Idaho.

487.
Fearnside, G.W., Tillamook, Or.,

238.
Fergus Co., Mont., ijold and

silver output, 84.
Ferguson, K. C. Snohomish,

Wash.. 386, 387.
Ferguson, James F. Baker City,

Or., 290.
Fernald, Walter, Baker City,

Or., 290.
Fernwood School, Portland,

143.
Fidalgo I.s'.uul, Puget .Sound,

39(), 391.
Fidelity Trust Co.. Tacoina,3r) 1 .
Fields, .Ingh, (iotdendale, Wash.

310.
Fig."., Medford, Or,, 210 ; in

Oregon, 591.
Filkins Bank. Co., Seattle, 382.
Finlay, Francoi.s, Mont., 535.
First Nat. Bank, Albany, Or.,

176.
First National Bank, Baker City,

Or., 2C0.

First Nat. Bank, Butte, Mont..
553.

First Nat. Bank, Centraliii,
Wash., 322.

Fir.st National Bank, Cheney.
Wash., 430.

First National Bank, Chehalis,
Wash., 314, 315.

Firs^t National Bank o. E. Port-
land. Portland, 135.

F'irst Nat. Bank, Eugene, Or..
197.

First Nat. Bank, Fairhaven,
Wash.. 401.

First Nat. Bank, Goldendale,
Wash., 310.

First Nat. Bank, Helena, Mont..
539.

First National Bank, Heppnt-r.
Or., 271, 272.

First Nat Bank, Hillsboro, Or ,
228.

First Nat. Bank, Independence.
Or, 249.

First Nat. Bank Kendrick, Ida-
ho, 493.

First National Bank, McMinn-
ville. Or , 246.

First Nat. Bank, Missoula. Mont.
529.

First. Nat. Bank, Montesatio,
Wash., 328.

First Nat. Bank, Mt. Vernon,
Wash., 389,

First Nat. Bank, CMympia,
W^-ish., 337, 338.

First Nat. Bank, Portland. 138.
139.

I'.i-i National Bank Building.
PuvalUip, Wash.. 356.

First' Nat Bank, .Seattle 382.

First Nat. Bank, Spokane, 436.
441.

Fir (timber). 54, 5,5.

I'ish Creek, B. C, 579.

F i s h i n g Industries Pacific
Northwest, 95 to 104 ; out
put, 7 ; output. B. C. 8,

Fishing (also see salmon); As-
toria, or., 294 lo 297; Blaine,
Wash., 407; British Colum-
bia, .'"ii71 ; Cape Flattery,
;{45 ; Cav>e Lookout U.iy,t)r..
242 ; Cathlamet, Wash.. 306;
Columbia river, 9!J to lOl :
Coos Bay, Or., 2(>7 ; llwnco.
Wash., 302 ; Kalama, Wash..
306 ; Klamath Co.. Or., 218 ;
Near Roseburg. Or, 204;
Puget Sound, 345, 381 ; Seat-
tle, 381 ; Semiahmoo, Wash.,
407, 408, 409 ; Tillamook
B.iy, Or., (see Tillamook it
Tillamook Co.) ; Washing-
ton Coast, 3-t5 ; Wilson Riv-
er, Or., 234: Vatiuiua Bay,
Or., 264.

F i s h i n g (pleasure) ; ( also
see trout fishing ) : Cocur
d'Aleue, Idaho, 481 ; Deer
Lodge, Mont., 537 ; Flathead
Lake. Mont., 532 ; Hailey,
Idaho, 520 ; Kootenay River,
B, C, 579; Lake Whatcom,
Wash., 404 ; Near Hoquiam,

Index. — Reading- Matter.

611

Wash., 334; Necanicum Riv-
er, Or, 279- Pacific Park,
Wash., 304; Pen d'Oreille,
Idaho, 497; Ratlidrum,
Idaho, 477; Rimini. Mont.,
545; Silver Lake, Wash., 311 ;
Thompson Fa'.ls, Idaho, 525;
Vancouver Island, H. C. 573;
White River, Wash.. 412 ;
Winlock, Wash., 312; Yam-
hill Co., Or., 248.

Fish Oil, British Columbia, 571.

Flf.thead Indians, 527, 530.

Flathead Indian Reservation,
Mont. 531. 532, 53o.

Flatb.ad Lake, Mont., 532, 3G.

Flathead River, Mont., 532.

Flathead Valley, Mont., 527.

Flathead Valley, Mont., genl.
description, 531 to 533.

Flax: — Camas Prairie, Idaho,
'ii)8; Mu-scow, Idaho, 489;
Pullman, Wa-\, 473; Whit-
man Co., Wash. 41^7.

Fleming & Ayers ('\imber
mills), Ballard, Wash., 38-.,

Flinn, L., Albany. Or., 176.

Flint Creek Mines, Mo'it., .534.

Flint Creek Valley, Mont.. 533,
534.

Flint, S. C Rosehurji, Or.. 205.

Florence Coal Min'-s. Wash.,
320, 323.

Florence, Idaho. 77.

riorcnce Mines, Idaho, 404,
499.

Flour : —Albany, Or,, 175;
A.shland, Or,, 21 r> ; Blackfoot,
Idaho, 523 ; Boise City, Idaho,
511 ; Brownsville, Or., 183,
185; Cheney, Wash., 430 ;
Chehalis, Wash., 315 ; Col-
fax Wash., 4t>() ; Corvallis,
Or., 2<U ; Cottc>nwoo<l. Idaho,
502 ; Dallas, Or,, 254 ; Dav-
enport. Wash., -t49 ; Dayton,
Wash., 4(51 ; East Cottase
(irove, Or., 201 ; I^lleiishurgh,
Wash., 415 ; Kugene, Or ,
195; I'armington, Wash.,
4(58; Forest Grove, Or., 230;
Garfield. Wash,. 408 ; Gold-
endale, Wash.. 309 ; Grange-
ville, Idaho, .501 ; Heppnir,
Or.. 271 ; Hlllsboro, Or,, 227;
Idaho Falls, Idaho, 523; In-
dependence, Or. 249 ; Jeflfer-
soii, Or., 174 ; Junction City,
Or., 194; Kendrick, Idaho,
493 ; Lafayette, Or., 252 ; La
Grande, Or , 28.5 ; Lakevievv,
Or., 223; Lebanon. Or., 179 ;
Levviston, Idaho, 490 ; Mc-
MinnvtUe, Or.. 24.5 : Mcdford
Or., 210 ; Milton, Or,, 284 ;
Mt. Idaho, Idaho, 504 ; New-
berg. Or , 250 Oakcsdale,
Wash., 409; Oakland, Or..
204 ; Ocosta, Wa^H 334 ;

Oregon City. Or,, 103; Pa-
louse. Wash., 471 ; Pendle-
ton, Or., 275 ; I'omerov.
Wash., 464; Portland, 130;
Prosser, Wash., 425 ; Ritz-
ville, Wash., 426 , Roseburg,

Or., 205 ; Salem, Or., 168;
Scio, Or., 182 ; Sheridan, Or.,
25!-'.; Silverton, Or., 186;
' pokane, 4 38; Sprague,
Wash., 428 ; Stavton, Or.,
181 ; Tacoir.a, 344. 347 ;
The Dalles, Or., 268 ; Union
Or.. 287 ; Waitsburg, Wash.,
459; Walla Walla, Wash., 456,
457, 458 ; Weiser, Idaho,
505 ; Wilbur, Wash., 450.

Flux fur smelters, 93, 94

'■oley, J. E., La Grande, Or..
286.

Forbes & Breeden Building,
Portland, 121.

Forest Grove, Or., gen. descrip-
tion, 230 to 232.

Forest Grove to Tillamook, Or.,
stage ride, 232 to 235.

Forests. ( See timber).

Formosa Mines, Idaho. 485.

Fort Benton, Mont,, 38, 49, 51,
82, 432.

Fort Hall Indian Reservation,
Idaho, 517, 522, 523.

Fort Klamath, Or,, 218.

Fort Missoula, Mont., 530.

Fori Nisqually. Wash., 345.

Fort Owen, Mont., 530.

Fort Shepherd, B. C. 25, 584.

Fort Shepherd & Nelson Ry., B.
C, 586,

Fort Sherman, Idaho, 434,
482.

Fort Steilacoom, Wash., 345.

Fort Stevens, Or.. 298.

Fort Vancouver, Wash., .307 to
309 ; also see 108, 14(>.

Fort Victoria, B. C, 568.

Fort Walla Walla, Wash., 457.

Ko>irth-of-July Canyon, Ida,, 51 .

l-'ox, A. T., Sumner, Wash. ,362.

Franklin Co., Wash., 425, 447.

Franklin, Idaho, 48.

Franklin Market, Portland, 156.

Frankhn School, Spokane, 442.

Frankl-n, Wash., (coal mines),
377, ), 47.

Eraser Kiver, B. C, 569, 571,
57 ~. 578 ; salmon, 99, 407
t( K)9.

Free Thinker Mine, Or., 291 .

Fremont Co., Idaho, 51 7.

Fremont i suburb), Seattle, 369.

French Prairie, Or., 173

Front St. Cable Rv. Co., Seattle,
369.

Fruit C\iUure ; — Adams Co.,
Wash.. 426; Amity, Or., 258;
Ashland, Or., 215; Baker '^o.,
or., 291; Benton Co., )r.,
263; Big Bend counl.-y,
Waih., 448, 449; Bitter Root
Valley, Mont., 526; Camas
Prairie, Idaho, 498; Canyon
Co., Idaho, 509 ; Chehalem
Valley, Or,, 250; Clarke Co ,
Wash., 308, 309; Columbia
River Vallev, Wash., 445;
Colville, Wash., 455 ; Coos
Hav, Or., 266; Dallas, Or.,
254; Dayton, Or., 253; Deer
Lodge Valley, Mont., 536;
Douglas Co., Or., 208; Ellens-

burgh, Wash., 414; Flathead
Valley, Mont., 532; Forest
Grove, Or., 231 ; Grant's
Pass, Or., 209; Hood River
Valley, Or., 267, 268; Horse
Plains, Mont., 526; Independ-
ence, Or., 249; Jackson Co.,
Or.. 213; Jefferson, Or,, 174;
Josephine Co., Or., 209;
Klickitat Vallev, Wash., 310;
Lafayette, Or., 252 ; La
Grande, Or., 284; Lane Co.,
Or., 200, 201 ; Lewis Co.,
Wash., 316; Lewiston, Idaho,
495; Linn Co., Or., 179; Med-
ford. Or., 210; Milton, Or.,
284; Milton Valley, Or.. 279;
Newberg, Or., 251 ; North
Yamhill, Or., 243; Oakland,
Or., 203. 204; in Oregon,
588 to 593; Palou.se, Wash.,
472; Polk Co., Or,, 257; Pot-
latch country, Idaho, 493;
Prosser, Wash., 424; Puyal-
Inp, Wash., 356, 357; Puyai-
lup Valley, Wash., 362;
Ra( hdrum, Idaho, 476; Rogue
Ri\ ?r Valley, Or., 213; near
Rospb\irg, Or., 206; Salem,
Or., 179; Silverton, Or., 188;
Snake River Vallev, Wash.,
445; Stuck Valley, Wash.,
362; Teko'i, Wash., 470; The
Dalles, Or., 269; Tillamook
Co., Or., 240; Touchet Val-
ley, Wash., 459; Umatilla
Co., Or., 279; Union Co., Or.,
288; Walla Walla Co., Wash.,
458; Wasco Co., Or., 270;
Washington Co., Or., 229;
Weiser, Idaho, .506; Weiser
Vallev, Idaho, 507; Whitman
Co., vVash., 467; White Riv-
er Vallev, Wash., 363; Wil-
lamette Valley, Or., 105;
Wood River Valley, Idaho,
518; Yakima Valley, Wash.,
417, 418. 421, 423, 424;
Yaml ill Co., Or., 248; Ya-
quina Bay, Or., 264.

Fruit, first shipment from Port-
land, 111.

Fr\iit Insect Pest, 593.

Fruit frees, Woodburn, Or., 165.

Fulton & Bell, Dallas, Or., 256.

Fulton School, Portland, 143.

Fulton Tannery, Portland, 154.

Funk, I. A., Moscow, Idaho, 490.

Furs, British Columbia, 571.

Gagnon Mine, Mont., 557.

Gaines, J, W., Scio, 182.

Galena. ( See lead.)

Gales City, Or., 232.

Gales Creek, Or., 229.

Gallagher, Jack, Mont.,
568.

Gallatin Co.. Mont., 84.

Gallatin Valley, Mont., 49, 551.

Galloway,
Or., 247.

Garfield Co
ing. 73.

Garfield, Wash.. 467, 468.

Garibaldi, Or., 242.

Garland, S.M., Lebanon, Or., 181

567,

Wra., McMinnville,
Wash., 463 ; min-

612

The Ovegonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

Garrison, Mont , nsf). (Also see

48, 50, 551.1
Gate City. Wash., 4.5.
Gates Shinple Mill, Chehalis,

Wash., ;U5.
(>auU, K. B., Moscow, Idaho,

491
Gazette, The (Newspaper),

Colfax, Wash., 460.
Gearhart Park, Dr., iiOlt.
George, M. C, lil»7.
Gem Drug Store, Chehalis,

Wash., 314.
Gem, Idaho, 485.
Gem Mine, Idaho, 480, 485.
Genesee, branch N. V. R. K.,45.
Genesee, Idaho, 47G. (Also see

49.)
Genesee Mine, Mont., 547.
Geneva Mineral Water, Port-
land, 156, 157.
German American Rank, Taco-

ma, 351.
Gervais, Or., 166.
Gettysburg Mine, Idaho, 486.
Gevser Falls, Kootenay River,

B. C, 580.
Gilbert, A.T., Kendrick, Idaho,

494.
Gilbert, 1'". N., Kendrick, Idaho,

494.
Gilchrist, Chas., Centralia,

Wash., 822.
Gilkey, H. I,., Montesano.Wash.

oow

Gilliam Co.. Or., 274.

Ciilman, Wash, (coal), 89, 90,
377, 45.

Glacial drift. Wash., 89.

Gladstone, suburb, Oregon City,
Or., 161,

Glenn's Ferrj-, Idaho, 518.

Gloster, Mont., mines, 84, 584.

Glover, J. N., Spokane, 432,
434.

Goble, Or., 42, 70.

Godfrey, O. F , Roseburg, Or.,
205.

Gold Beach, Or., 265.

Gold. ( Also see mining ). Ash-
land, Or., 215; assay office,
Boise City, Idaho, 511 ; Baker
City, Or., 289 ; Baker and
Union counties. Or., 291,292;
Butte, Mont,, 548 to 558 ;
Coos Bay, Or., 266, 267 ;
Douglas Co., Or., 208 ; early
shipments from Portland, 111 ;
Florence, Idaho, 494;
Green river country, Wash.,
312 ; Helena, Mont., 537 to
545; in British Colunibi!i,569;
in Idaho, 77 to 80 ; in Mon-
tana, 80 to 85 ; in Oregon, 67
to 70, 114; in Washington,
72 to 77 ; Jackson Co., Or.,
213; Jacksonville, Or., 212;
Josephine Co., Or, 209, 210 ;
Kalama river. Wash., 307 ;
l.ane Co., Oregon, 200 ; Last
Chance Gulch, Mont., 537,
538 ; Montana output, 84 ;
Murray. Idaho, 486, 487,
488 ; Oro Fino, Idaho, 494 ;
output Tacoma smelter, 344 ;

Pechastin district. Wash. ,415;
Salmon river, B. C, 584 ;
Sheep creek, B C, 585 ; Sil-
ver creek, Mont., 54(i> ; Sil-
ver Bow creek. Mont.. 549 ;
Similkimeen river, B. C, 75 ;
Swauk district. Wash,, 41.'");
Thompson Falls, Mont., 525 ;
West Kootenay, B. C, 436.
( .\IsoseeC(tur"d'Alcue mines,

Kootenay mining district and
Montana ).

Cold Creek, Mont., 80, 82.

Golden Chest Mijie, Idaho, 487.

Goldendale, Wash., 309, 310.

Golden Kagle Mine, Or,, 291.

Golden King Mine, Idaho, 487.

Golden Rule Hotel, Pendleton,
Or., 277, 278.

(iolden. Wash., 52, 76.

Gold Hill, Or., iron, 71.

Gold Mountains, B. C, 578,
579.

Gold Ridge Mining Co., Or.,
291.

Goldstone S: Wa.x, Cottonwood,
Idaho, 502, 503.

Gonnaga College, Spokane, 443.

Goode, II. W., Portland. 164.

(ioodnough Block, Portland.
124.

Good Friday Mine, Mont., 545.

Goose Creek, Idaho, 517.

Goose Lake. Or., 221, 36.

Goose Lake Valley, Or., 221.

Gordon, A. W.,Ke>'.drick, Idaho,
494.

Gorkow, Rudolph, Mine, Salmon
River, B. C, 584.

Gorlier, J. M., Portland, 151.

Gowey, John F., Olympia,
Wash., 338.

Grace Seminary, Centralia,
Wash., 322.

Grain. ( See wheat. )

Grand Central Hotel, Portland,
150.

Grand Ronde river, Or., 28,
285, 287, 288.

Grand Ronde River Valley, Or.,
284 to 288. (Also s"ee La
Grande, Union and Union Co.,
Or.)

Granite Block, Spokane, 436.

Granite Co., Mont., 534.

Granite Ledges, Ashland, Or.,
215.

Granite Mine, Idaho, 480, 484,
485.

Granite. Mont., 533, 534.

Granite Mine, Mont., 84, 533,
534.

Granite Mountain Mining Co.,
Mont., 534.

(irantCo., (ir., mines, 70, 67.

Grant's Pa.s-s, Or., 208, 209.

Grant'F Station, Or., 309.

Grant Street Klec. Ry. Co., Se-
attle, 369.

Grapes : — ( Also see fruit cul-
ture. ) Josephine Co., Or.,
209; Medford, Or. (near),
210 ; Oregon, 592 ; Rogue
Rivei Vallev, Or., 213 ; Snake
River Valley, Idaho, 495 ;

Walla Walla Co., V/ash., 45.S;
Wasco Co.. Or., 270 ; Whit
man Co., Wash., 467 ; Vaki
ma Co., Wash., 417 ; Yakima
Vailey,Wash., 421, 423. 42 1

(iraphite, near Ivllensburgli.
Wash., 415.

Grangcille, Idaho, genl. de-
.-.cription 497, 500 to 502.

Grasshopper Creek, Mont. 77,
81, 82.

Grave Creek, Idaho. 498.

Grav, Capt. Robert ( ship Co
lumbii ), 34, 294, 324.

Gray, Junes B, Sprague, Wash.,
429.

Gray's Harbor Com. Co., Cos-
mopolis, Wash., 329.

Grav's Harbor country. Wash.,
( description ), 324 to 335.

Grav's Harbor, Wash. : — 34,
45, 60. 334 to 335.

Cirazing : — ( Also see stock
raising and dairying. ) Ca-
mas Prairie, Idaho, 499 ; Can-
yon Co., Idaho, .509 ; Colville,
Wash., 455 ; Flathead Val-
ley, Mont., 532 ; Klamath Co,,
Or., 218; Montana. 559 to
562 ; Umatilla Co., Or., 278 ;
Washington Co., Idaho, 507 ;
Yakima Co., Wash., 417.

Great Falls, Mont., 51.

Great Falls & Canadian Ry.,51.

Great Northern Rv. : — Descrip-
tion, 45, 46 ; at Seattle, 370,
377 ; completion to Spokane,
441 ; connection with Cana-
dian Pac, 51 ; in Idaho, 48 ;
in Montana, 49, 51 ; shops at
Spokane, 439, 440.

(ireat We.stern Canal, Idaho,
517, 524.

Green Lake School, Seattle,372.

Green lake, Seattle, 369.

Green River Mining Country,
Wash,, 74, 312.

Green Mountain Mine, Mont.,
555, 556.

(irecnville. Or., 230.

Greig, James S., Chehalis,
Wash., 315.

Gregory Mine, Mont., 546.

Gregsen Hot Springs, Mont.,
537.

Griffitts, Thos. C, Spokane,
443, 444.

Grimes, K. M.. Seaside, Or.,3O0.

Grimes House, Seaside, Or., 300.

Grunter Mine, Idaho, 79.

Guarantee Loan & Trust Co.,
Seattle, 382.

Gubser, D., Winlock, Wash.,
312.

Gulf of Georgia, 33, 569, 571,
572, 579. (Also see Straits
of Georgia.)

Hadley, C. B., Tillamook, Or.,
238.

Haggin, J. B., Mont., 83.

H a h n ' s terminal warehouse,
Portland, 120.

Hailcy. Idaho. 519, 520.

Hailey (Idaho), Hot Springs Ho-
tel, 520, 521.

Haines, W. \V. & Co., Kngene,
Or., 1<)5, 19(>.

Hale's Passage, Pitget Soiind,
392.

Halibut (also see Fishing;.) —
British Colunihia. 571 : caught
oft" Cape Flattery, Wash., .-5+5;
Pacific Northwest. 1()1.

Halloran, P., Mt. Vernon,
Wash., 390.

Hr.ispv, Or. 191. 191.'.

Halsteaci. Or., 260.

Hamilton BUIg.. Portland, 121.

Hamilton, Mont,, 531.

Hamilton & Palm, Medford.Or.,
211.

Hamilton, Wash., 391 . 88.

Hammerton's Inlet, Pnget
Sound, 340.

Hammond, Arthur, Pendleton,
Or., 277.

Hangman's Creek, Wash., 4-33.

Hannaford Creek, Wash., 324.

Hanna, Jno. W.. Seattle, 373,
374.

Hanson, Chas.. Tacoma. 61,
3+1.

Hanson, Henrv, Centrali.-i,
Wash, 321.

Hanthorn, J. C, Astoria, Or.,
29G, 297.

Hanthorn, J. O. & Co. 's salmon
cannerv, Astoria. 296, 297.

Harney River Valley, Or.. 293.

Harris, Dan., Pairhaven, Wash.,
397.

Harris. Floyd, Mine, Mont. ,556.

Harrisburg. Or., 192.

Harrison, Mont., 5().

Harrison School, Portland, 14-3.

Hastie Lumber Co., Puvallup,
Wash., 357

Hattabaugh, I. C, Moscow,
Idaho, +89, +90.

Hauser, June. Idaho, 49.

Hauser, Samuel T., Mont., 83.

Hanser Mine, Mont., 5+6.

Hauswirth, T., North Yamhill,
Or., 24+.

Hawley, J. H., Monmouth, Or.,
259.

Hawley, W. H., Independence,
Or., 249.

Hay : — ( Raised in nearly all
parts of the Pacific North-
west. ) Camas Prairie, Idaho.
500 ; Chehnlis Co., Wash.,
327 ; Colville Vallev, Wash.,
+35, 453 ; E 1 1 e n sb u r g h,
Wash., 414; Flathead Valley,
Mont., 532 ; Horse Plains,
Mont., 526; LaConner,
Wash., 390; Lewis Co.,
Wa.sh., 316 ; Snohomish Val-
lev, Wash., 388 ; Walla Walla
Co., Wash., 458. ( See Wil-
Ipmettc Valley, Or. )

Hecla Con.solidated M i 'i e ,
Mont., 84.

Helena, Mont. : — Assay office,
541 ; assessment, 530 , audi-
torium, 54<) ; banks, 539,
540 ; board of trade, 544 ;
business blocks, .540 ; church-
es, 542, 543 ; city hall, 541 ;

/nf'j.Y. — Reading Matter.

clav, 545 ; court house, 540 ;
early history, 537, 538, 539 ;
fire departiiien:, 543, 544 ;
fires, .5 1.1 ; first gold discov-
ery, 537 ; general description,

537 to 545: granite ([uarrie^:,
540; hangman's tree, 538;
hospitals, 543 ; hot springs,
544 ; jail, 541 ; Last Chance
gulch, 537 ; Lewis it Clarke
Co., 537 ; libraries, 541 ;
mines, 545. i Also .see Ri-
mini, Wicks and Marysville I;
mining, 544; Montana club,
5+0 ; Mt. Helena, 537 ; nam-
ing citv, 538 ; natatorium,
5+1, 542 ; N. P. R. K., 539 ;
orphan asylums, 543 ; placer
mining, 537, 538 ; popula-
tion, 539 ; police, 544 ; pre-
cipitation, 16; Prickly Pear
Valley, 537 ; quartz mining,

538 to 545 ; race track, 542 ;
railroads, 539, 543 ; railroad
depots, 540 ; residences, 54C»,

541 ; sapphires. 544 ; schools,

542 ; sheep, 5+4 ; silver ship-
ments, 5.'!9 ; smelting 5+3 ;
stock raising, 538, 5+4 ;
street cprs, ,") + l ; tetnin ta-
ture, 1(> : theater, 5+2 vigi-
1 Mills ."38; warehouses,

w liter works, 5+3.
H' lr> Rv, Co., 5 + 1.

Helci. -at. !!ank, 539.
Helena Rapid Transit Co . 5+1.
Helena Snicltini Jt Refining

Co., 5+3, 5+<i.
Helena, Boulder Vnl! v .S; Hutte

R. R., 50,
Helena & Jeffer.son Co. R. R.,

50.
Helena & Northern branch ' '

P. R. R., 50.
Helena & Red Mountain Irai

U. P. R. V .iO.
Heli.x. Or., 282.
Hell Gate, Mont., 526.
Hell Gate canyon. Mont., 526.
Hell Gate River, Mont., 2t>

+54, 526, 535, 584.
Helm, Boone, Mont., 567, 568.
Hemlock tanbark, Wash., 60.
Hendricks, R. J., Salem, Or.,

171.
Hendricks, T. G., Kugene, Or.,

197.
Hendricks tt Eakin, Kugene,

Or., 197.
Hendry Mines, B. C, 580.
Hense, I'"rank, Centralia.Wash ,

322.
Heppner, Or , 41, 270 to 273.
Heppner branch V . P. Ry,, 41.
Heppner BniMingit Loaii Assn.,

272.
Herriiiitc, 1()2.

Hesperian, The, Portland, 151.
Hibernian Sav. Bank, Portland,

135.
Hibler, Shore it Holdredge,

Scio, Or., 182.
Hickey Mine, Mont., 547.

618

Hides :- The Dalles, Or., 269 ;
Union Co., Or., 288. ( Also
see stock raising. )

Higgins, Capt. C. P., Mont.,
526.

Highland, suburb Portland,
146, 147.

High Ore Mine, Mont., 556.

Hildermann, Geo., Mont., 565.

Hill, James J., 45. 224.

Hill, Wm. C, Boise City, Idaho,
516.

Hillsdale, suburb, Portland, 147.

Hillsboro, Or., 227, 228.

Hillsboro(Or. I .Co-operative Co.,
227.

Hillyard, subirb, Spokane, 439,
440.

Hir.schberg, H., Independence,
Or., 249.

Hoff", H. H., Montpelier, Idaho,
491.

Hogan. F. J., Cottonwood, Ida-
ho, 503.

Hoge, Browntree & Co., Butte,
Mont., 553.

Hogs. ( Rai.sed in all parts of
Pacific Northwest ; also see
stock raising); Southern Ore-
gon, 210 ; Wasco Co., Or., 270.

Hogue, Geo., Chehalis, Wash.,
313.

Holbrook, M. L., Chehalis,
Wash . 31 .-.

HolU' la\'- .\.ddition, Portland,
IJ r I 149.

Hollulav, Ben, 230.

Holh day School, Portland. 143.

lf')l!. nd, I'.li 1)., Mont., 534.

Holland. Capt. J. J., 384.

Hdlman, Nathaniel, Dallas, Dr.,

256
Holmi

384.
Holmes,

Lumber Co., Seattle,

Marcus, Seattle, 380.

Honey, Tdlamook Co., Or., 240.

Holton House, Portland, 149,
150.

Hood's Canal, Puget Sound, 33.

He ' River, Or., 267, 268.

M 111 River Valley, Or., 267,
.'08.
lope Hill, Mont., 533.

Hope, Idaho, 477, 478.

Hope Mine, Mont,, 84, 533.

Hope Mining Co., Mont., 83.

Hop Louse Spraying, 360, 361.

Hops and their Culture, de-
scription, 357 to 361.

Hops. ( Grown principally in
Puget Sound valleys and
Western Wash., on the irri-
gated lands in Eastern Wash,
and Or., and in the Willam-
ette valley. Or. ). Amity, Or.,
258 ; Benton Co., Or., 262 ;
Buckley, Wash., 412; Che-
halis Co., Wash., 327 ; Dallas,
or.. 254, 255 ; Dayton, <^)r.,
253; Harrisburg, Or., 192;
Independence, Or., 249 ; Jef-
ferson, Or,, 174; Junction
Citv, Or., 194; Kent, Wash.,
363 ; La Conner, Wash. ,390 ;
La Grande, Or., 284; Lane

!■

«:

614

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

Co., Or., 200, 201 ; Ivcvvis Co.,
Wa.sh., 31(> ; Uiin Co., or.,
170; Newberg, Or,, 251;
North Yakima, Wash., 4-25 ;
North Yamhill, Or., 24.3;
Orting.Wash., 411 ; I'olk Co..
Or., 257; Prosser, Wa.sh.
424; Puyallup vallev. Wash.,
341, 357 to 301, 3(52; I'uv-
allup. Wash., 355, 356, 357 ;
Skagit Co., Wash., 389, 396 ;
Snohomish valley. Wash., 3,S8;
Snoqualmie vallev, 3H8 ;
Stuck valley, Wasli., 362 ;
Sumner, Wash., 362 ; Taco-
ma, 344 ; Union Co., Or., 288 ;
Whatcom Co., Wash., 396 ;
White river valley. Wash.,
363 ; Whitman Co., Wash.,
467 ; Willamette valley. Or.,
105 ; Yakima Co.. Wash. ,41 7 ;
Yakima valley, Wash., 421,
423.

Hoqiiarton Prairie, Or., 235,
240.

Hoquarton Slough, Or., 235.

Hoquiam River, Wash., 325,
333, 334.

Hoquiam, Wash., general de-
scription, 333, 334.

Hornet Valley, Idaho, 507.

Horse Plains, Mont., 525, 526,
532.

Horses ( blooded.) : —Deer
Lodge, Mont., 536; Hamilton,
Mont., 531.

Horses.:— Camas Prairie, Idaho,
499, 501; Gilliam Co., Or.,
274; Hepi)ner, Or., 271 ; Mon-
tana, 562; The Dalles, Or.,
269; Union Co.. Or., 288.
(Raised in all parts of the Pa-
cific Northwest; also see stock
raising.)

Hortioilture in Oregon, 588 to
593.

Horliciiltiire (see fruit culture )

Horton, Dexter, Seattle, ,'f82.

Horton, K. M., Albany. Or., 1 7<).

Hotel nellingham. New What-
com, Wash., 406.

Hotel C e n t r a 1 i a , Centralia,
Wash., 322.

Hotel Fairhaven, Fairhaven,
Wash., 400.

Hotel Foley, La Grande,Or.,286.

Hotel Holnian, Dallas,Or., 255,
256.

Hotel Hoquiam, Hoquiam,
Wash., 334.

Hotel Northern. Seattle, 393

Hotel Olympia,Olynipin,Wash.,
337.

Hotel Oregon, Ashland, Or.,
214, 215.

Hotel Portland, Portland, 1.24,

Hotel St. Elmo, Kendrick,
Idaho, 494.

Hotel Warshauer, liaker City,
or., 290.

Hotel Willapa, .South Bend,
Wash., 319.

Hot Springs :— Ashland, Or.,
215 ; Ainsworth, li. C, 582 :
Boise City, Idaho, 511 ; Deer

Lodge, J'^ont,, 537, 544 ;
Gregson, l»iont., 537 ; Hailev
Idaho, 520, 521 ; Helena,
Mont., 544 ; Jefferson, Mont.,
544; Klamath Falls, Or.,
219; Lakeview, Or., 223;
Meagher Co., Mont., ,544 ;
Montana, 537.

Hot Springs Mines, B. C, 582.

Hovey, A. G., Kugene, Or,, 197.

Howard, W. M., Seattle. 366.

Howell Pi.iirit., Or., 173.

Hoyt, J. H., Seattle, 383.

Hoyt, Phillips & Co., Olympia,
Wash., 338.

Hud.son's Bay Co., 25, 88, 97,
157, 307, 345 393, 441,
453, 568. 572, 574. 580.

Hughson, Walter & Co., Spo-
kane, 446.

Hume, P., Roseburg. Or., 205.

Humphrey, H. C, Eugene, Or.,
197.

Humphreys Mountain, Or., 116.

Hutnptulips River, Wash., 325.

Hunt, Hiler H., 56.

Hunts. June. Wash., 47.

Hunt Lines, Wash. ( Wash, and
Col. Riv. Ry. Co.), 47.

Hunting:" — Cieur d'Alene,
Idaho, 481 ; Deer Lodge,
Mont., 537 ; Flathead Lake,
Mont., 532 ; Hailev, Idaho,
520; Hope, Idaho, 477;
Ho(iuiam, Wash., (near) 334;
Klamath, Or., 218; Nelson,
n. C, 588; Ocosta, Wash.,
(near) ,'5'{4; Rathdnmi, Idaho,
1-77; Koseburtr, ()r., (near;
204; Wilson River country,
Or., 235.

Huntingdon. U. C, .51, 52.

Huntington, Or , 27, 40, 48.
( Al-M see 292, 293.)

HuntuC.ulch. Idaho, 486.

Huntci. I. I)., MuUan, Idaho,
48(>.

Hunter's Hot Springs, Mont.,
544.

Hyde, Aaron J, Portland, 140.

Hyde, Sanil. C, Spokane, 443.

Idaho: — Area, 8; centers of
population, 475 to 524 ; cen-
tral atid southern \.'ater
courses, 28 ; elevation, mean,
maximum and minimiiin, 10 ;
Indian troubles, 43.3 ; lead,
77 to 80 ; mine^ 77 to 80 ;
population. ,S ; so 21, 23;
State Capitol, Hoisi City,510 ;
State Insane Asylum,' 523 ;
State Penitentiars Hoise City.
511; "The Panhandle,"
476 ; timber resources, (53.
64.

Idahoan Mine, Idaho, .519,

Idaho Canal, Idaho, 517, 524.

Idaho Co., Idaho, 78, 49", 504,
521.

Idaho Falls, Idaho. 523, 52 4-.

Idaho Irrigation t'i. Coloiii/ati m
Co., Caldwell, Idaho, 509.

Idaho Mine, Idaho, 4S7

Idaho State Odd F'ellows' Home,
Idaho Falls, Idaho, 53.'!.

Ilwaco (steamer), 301.

Ilwaco Rv. & Nrv. Co., 301,
305, 319.

Ilwaco, Wash., 30O, 301, 302.

Independence Mine, Idaho,
486, 521.

Independence, Or,, 248 to 250.

Independence, Or., Nat, Bank,
249.

Independent Gulch, Mont., out-
put gold, 82.

Indians : — Bannocks, 522 ;
Hinckfrjt, 523 ; Cayuse war,
109 ; Co'-iUe, Wash., reserva-
tion, 453 ; Cteur d'Alene res-
ervation, 433, 434, 470, 482;
C(cur d'Aiene tribe, 432; dis-
turbances in Oregon, 157 ;
disturbances at Seattle, 365 ;
executions at Fort Steilacooni,
Wash., 345 ; executions on
Hangman's Creek, Wash, 433;
Flatheads, 527 ; i-latheads,
Mont., 530 ; Flathead reserv-
ation, Mont., 531, 532, 533 :
Fort Hall reservation, Idaho,
517, 522, 5'-i3 ; Klamath
tribe, Or., 217 ; Klickitat
tribe, 417 ; Medical Lake,
Wash., 446 ; Mission .School,
Spokane, 4,32 ; Nez Perces
reservation, 493, 497, 500 ;
Old Mission Landing, Idaho,
432 ; Palouse 'ribe, 432 ; Pen
d'Oreille Tribe, 432 ; Saltice
'Chief), 433, 434; Seattle
(chief,)364; Shosliones, 522 ;
Sinicoe, Wash., reservation,
417; iiwinainirth reservation
Wash., 390 ; trail through
Davenport, \Vasli.,449; trou-
bles, Hud.son's Hay Co

troubles, Mont,, 527

108 ;
Uma-
tilla reservation. Or., 279 ;
war, F'astern Wash., 432,
433 ;\Vhitinan niassacre, 109;
Yakima reservation, 422; Ya-
kima tribe, 417.

Indian Valley, Idaho, 507.

Indian Valley, Or., 286, 288.

International Boundary, 108.

Iris ( iiaptha launch ), 301.

Iron:— Bellinghani Bav, Wash.,
395 ; Douglas Co., (")r., 208;
F;ilensburgh, Wash (near),
415 ; Oregon, 70, 71 ; Port-
land ( near ), 132 ; Skagit Co.,
Wash., 377 ; Tacoma, 344 ;
Western, Wash., 344; Yaki-
ma Co.. Wash., 418.

Irrigation : — Adams Co., Wash.,
426; Baker Co., Or, 291;
Big Bend country, Wash. ,447;
Bingham Co., Idaho, .524 ;
Blackfoot Idaho, 523 ; Boise
City, Idaho, 512; Boise val-
ley, Idaho, 509 ; Canyon Co.,
Idaho, 509 ; Deer Lodge val-
lev, Mont., 53(5 ; Ellcnsburgh,
Wash., 414 ; Idaho, 50(5, 516
to 518; Idaho Falls, Idaho.
524; North Yakima, Wash.,
417 ; Oregon, Wash, and Ida-
ho, 24; Pasco, Wash., 425;
Pro.sser, Wash., 424, 425 ;

Index. — Reading Matter.

615

301,

Wash.,
:J91 ;

ih.,4.47;

524 ;

IJoisc
ise val-
■oii Co.,
li^f val-
--hiirKh,
)(■>. 51(>
lilalio.
\V:ish.,
iiul Iria-

4.yr. ;

+25 ;

Umatilla Co.. Or., 278;

Wei.ser vallej'. Idaho, 506,

507 ; Yakima CO. ,Wa.sh., 417;

Yakima valley. Wash., 24,

41G, 419 to 424.
Irvingtoti School, Spokane

Wash., 442.
Irvingtoii Park, suburb, Port-
land, 147.
Isinglass, B., C, 571.
Ives, Geo., Mont., 504.
Jackson Co., Or., 67, 69,71 , 21 3.
Jackson, C. S., Pendleton, Or.,

276.
Jackson, G. M. & Co., Junction

City, Or., 193.
Jackson, G. M., Junction Citv,

Or, 194.
Jacksonville, Or., 212, 213, 43.
Jacobs, Matthew, Kendrick, Ida-
ho, 494.
Jacobs, E. L., Buckley, Wash.,

413.
Jacobs, W. E., .\shlaHd, Or.. 21 6.
Jaeger, J. M., Brownsville, Or.,

185.
Jamison Block, Spokane, 437.
Japan Current. 12.
Jeffer.son Co., Mont., H4, 546.
Jefferson Co., Wash., 41().
Jefferson, I)e I,os, 141.
Jefferson Hot Springs, Mont.

544
Jefferson, Mont., .">().
Jefferson, Or., 173, 174.
Jenkins University, Spokane,

443.
Jennings, Mont., 25.
Jenv.ings, Wash., H8, 391.
Jersey Mine, Idaho. 486.
Jesuit Fathers : — 433. 453 ;

Spokane, 443 ; Montana, 526,

530.
John Day River, Or., 28.
John Day Valley, Or., coal, 71.
Johns, C. A., Baker City, Or,,

289.
Johns Creek. Idaho, 498.
Johns River, Wash., 325.
Johns it Rand, Baker Citv, Or.,

289.
John.son, A. J., Scio, Or., 182.
Jones, Arthur I)., Spokane, 441.
Jones Bros., Tillamook, Or., 238.
Jones, H. 1)., (stage). Forest

Grove, Or., 232.
Jordan Creek, Idaho, 78.
Jordan Creek, Or., 2()8.
Josephine Co., Or., 2()9, 21 0;

gold, (57, 69 ; copper, 71.
Josie Mine, B. C, 584, 585.
Juliaettp, Idaho, 44, 49, 488,

492, 496.
Jumbo Mine, Idaho, r>
Jumbo Mine, Wiifh., 74.
Junction Citv, Or., 193, 194.
Jute Mills, Walla Walla, Wash.,

( state), 457.
Kaintuck Mine, Idaho, 79.
Kalama, Wash., 300, 317, 42.
Kalania River, Wash., 307.
Kallispel, Mont., 532.
Kamm, Jacob, Portland, 301.
Kangley Coal Mines, Wash., 90.
Kasto, B. C.: — General descrip-

tion, 585, 586 ; also 52, 580;
582, 587.
Kaslo Creek. B. C, 580, 582,

585.
Katches River, Wash., 422.
Keeley Institute, Seattle, 373.
Keene, J., Ballard, Wash., 385.
Kellogg, Frank, Heppner, Dr.,

272
Kelso, Wash., 310 ; coal, 92.
Kendrick, Idaho, 492 to 494 ;

also, 49.
Kendrick, J. W., 334.
Kenawa Mine, Mont., 547.
Kennedy Mines, Mont., 540.
Kennewick, Wash., 42i .
Keno Mine, Idaho, 486.
Keiio, Oregon, 217.
Kent, Wash., 363.
KeiTv, A. S., sawmill, Seattle,

380.
Ketchum, Id;iho, 521, 522, 48.
Kilches Rive.-, Or., 35.
Killbuck Mine, Idaho, 485.
Killion Junction, Wash.. 47.
King Co.. Wash.: — See Seattle ;
also, coal, 89, 90; Court House,
Seattle. 371 ; mining, 73, 74.
King Co., (Wash.) F"air Associa-
tion, 3r>3.
King's Station. Or., 181.
King, W. C, Tillamook Countv,

Or.. 241.
Kinnikinneck Mines. Idaho, 79.
Kiona, Wash., 420.
Kirkland (suburb), Seattle, 369.
Kirk, W. R., Brownsville, Or.,

184, 185.
Kitsap Co., Wash., 33.
Kittitas Basin, Wash., 422.
Kittitas Co., Wash. : — Min 'S,
73. 74 (also 413,414,41.5,
416.)
Kittitas River, Wash., 422.
Kl "uath Basin, Or., 217.
K' nath Co., Or., 216 to 220.
Klaiiiath Falls, Or. : — General
description, 216 to 220, (also
211.)
Klamath Falls (water course),

218.
Klamath Indian Reservation,

Or., 217.
Klamath Lakes (upper and low-
er). Or., 36, 217.
Klamath River, Or., 217, 218.
Klickitat Co , Wash., 309, 310.
Klickitat Indians, 365, 417.
Klickitat River, Wash., 309.
Klickitat Valley, Wash., 309,

310.
Knickerbocker Mine, Idaho,

485.
Knoell, Wm., Tillamook, Or.,

238.
Knudson, Carl P., Tillamook,

Or., 238.
Koontz & Power, Halsey, ^^Y.,

191.
Kootenai Co., Idaho, 63, 476.
Kootenay Lake, t>. C , 25, 36,
47. 52, 96, 441, 586, 587,
588.
Kootenay Lake, Reduc. Co., B.
C, 580.

Kootenay Mine, B. C, 586.
Kootenay Mines, B. C, 578 to

587.
Kootenay

96, 579,
Kootenav

River, B. C, 25, 36,
580, 582, 587.
River, 25 • Gey.ser

Falls, 579; Pillar Falls, 580;

St. Agnes Falls, 579.
Kremer, W. F., Portland, 156.
Kuro Siwo (Japan current), 12.
La Camas, Wash., 309.
La Conner, Wash., 390, 391.
La Crosse, Wash., 46.
La Creole Academy, Dallas, Or.,

255.
La Creole River, Or.. 254, 104.
Lacy, F. C, Chelmlis, Wash.,

310.
Lacv, G. S., Chehalis, Wash.,

3i7.
Ladd, C. E., ^ortlana, 140.
Ladd, W. M Portland, 140,389.
Ladd, W. a., Portland, 70, 134,

139, 382.
Ladd, W. S. (hydraulic dredge),

129, 130.
Ladd it Bush, Salem, Or , 172.
Ladd it Tilton, Portland, 139,

140.
La Fayette, Or., 252, 253.
La Fayette (Or.) Seminary, 252.
La Grande, Or., 284 to 286.
Lake Abert, Or., 221.
Lake Chelan, Wash.:— Descrip-
tion, 451 to 453 (also 35,

36, 76, 96.
Lak- CleElum, Wash., 422.
Lake Cctur d'Alepe, 36, 482,

96, 437. 440.
Lake Co., Or. :— Description,

220 to 227; timber, 54.
Lake Katches, Wash., 422.
Lake Kitchelas, Wash., 422.
Lake Padden, Wash., 400.
Lake Pend d'Oreille,36, 63, 96,

477.
Lake Sammaish, Wash., 379,

380.
Lakes, Klamath Co., Or., 217,

218.
Lakes, Lake Co., Or., 221, 222.
Lakes, Pacific Northwest, 3.5,

30.
Lakes, S. W., Oregon, 90.
Lake Tannum, Wash., 422.
Lake Union, Seattle, 34.
Lakeview Mines, Idaho, 478.
Lakevicw, Or., 220 to 227.
Lakeview (Or.) Bank, 223.
Lakeview School, Spokane, 442.
Lake Washington Ship Canal,

374, 384.
Lake Whatcom, Wash., 88,

394, 395, 403,404.
Lambert, A. F., Davenport,

Wash., 450.
Lake Waha, Idaho, 497.
Lake Washington, Seattle, 34,

369, 370, 375.
Lane Co. Bank, Eugene, 197.
Lane Co., Or., 200, 201, 69.
Lane, Geo., Mont., 537.
Lane, Gen. Jos., 110, 141.
Langdon, E. W., Albany, Or.,

170.

616

The Oregontan's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

Lanf^don, Geo., Moscow, Idaho,

490.
La Platte Mine, Mv. .: 556.
Larseii House, Tiliar lok. Or.,

239,
Larsen, M. H., Tillamook, Or.,

239.
Last Chance Gulch, Mont., 81,

82, 537.
Last Chance Mine. Idaho, 480,

483.
Latah Co., Idaho, 475, 489,

492.
Laths, (made in most large saw-
mills of Oregon and Wash.)
Latimer, N. H., Seattle, 383.
Latonia Mine, Mont., 535.
Latonia School, Seattle, 372.
Latonia, .suburb, Seattle, 369.
Lava neds, 20.
Lava Rocks, Or. 70, 71.
Lawrence, J. O., N. Yakima,

Wash.. 419.
Lead. ( Al.so .see mining ) See

CoeuT d'Alene mines ; Idaho,

77 to 80 ; see Kootenay mines,

B. C; see Montana mines ;

output Taconia smelter, .H44 ;

Washington, 72 to 77.
Leadbetter Ditch, Yakima Co.,

Wash., 419,
Leadbetter .sy.stem , canals, Yak-
ima valley, Wash., 420 to 422.
Leap-For-Life Mine, Or., 70.
Leather made at Kugene, Or.,

195, 196.
Lebanon, Or., 179 to 180, 49.
Lebanon branch S. P. R. R., 39.
Lebanon Junction, Or., 39.
Ledgerwood Park, Spokane, 4.S9
Lee, H. P., Olympia, Wash. ,338.
Lee, W. S., Junction City, Or.,

193.
Lee Mountain Mine, Mont.,

545.
Leeper, C, Chehalis, Wash.,

317.
Le Fevre, A., Medical Lake,

Wash., 446.
Le Fevre, H. B., Puyallup,

Wash., 357.
Leghorn, J. F., Spokane. 445.
Leisburg, Idaho, 79.
Lemhi Co., Idaho, mines, 79.
Le Roy Mine, H. C, 584, 585.
Lethbridge, B. C, 52.
Leudinghaus Bros., Chehalis,

Wash., 315.
Lewelling, H., Milwaukie, Or.,

588.
Levis, H. C Portland. 164.
Lewis Co. Bank, Centralia,

Wash., 322,
Lewis Co., Wash., 92, 311 to

316, 321.
Lewiston Addition to Cirange-

ville, Idaho, 501.
Lewiston, Idaho :— description,

494 to 497 ; also .see 27, 476,

488, 117.
Lewiston Land Co., Lewiston,

Idaho, 501.
Lewis & Clarke Co., Mont.; see

Helena ; Court House, 540 ;

mining, 81, 84.

Lewis& Clarkeexpedition,107,
294.

Lexington Mining Co., Butte.,
557.

Lexington Mine, Butte, Mont.,
550, 557.

Lime, Bellingham Bay, Wash.,
395 ; Colville country. Wash.,
454 : Douglas Co., Wash.,
208 ; Ellen.sburgh, Wash.,
415 ; Lakeview, Or., 223 ;
Myer's Falls, Wash., 454 ; Or-
egon, 93 ; Roche Harbor,
Wash., 395 ; Wa.shingtcn, 92
to 95; Yakima Co., Wash. ,41 8.

Lincoln Co., Or., 263.

Lincoln Co., Wash., 73, 426.
427, 447, 448.

Lincoln Co. Court House,
Sprague, Wash., 428

Lincoln School, Spokane, 442.

Link River, i ir., 218.

Linkville, Or.; see Klamath
FaKs.

Linn Co., Or., description, 178,
179 : gold output, 69.

Liunton, suburb, Portland, 110.

Litherland, F. L., Portland,152,
153.

Little Bear Creek, Mont., 493.

Little Chief Mine, Idaho, 486.

Little Dalles, Wash, (town),
453. 586.

Little Dalles, rapids, Columbia
River, 453.

Little Giant Mines, Idaho, 486.

Little Pitt.sburfe Mines, Or., 70,
291.

LogtiU Co., Idaho, 517, 518,
519

Logan", Mont., 49, 50, 551.

Logging :—( Also see timber).
Bucoda. Wash., 335 ; Cath-
lamet,Wash., 306 ; Centralia,
Wash , 323, 324 ; Chehalis
Co., Wash., 321 ; Clearwater,
Idaho, 496 , Lewis Co., Wash..
321 ; Lewiston, Idaho, 496 ;
Ma.son Co., Wash., 340; Mt.
Veriion,Wash., 389; Palouse
river, Wash.. 466, 471 ; Pav-
ette, Idaho, 506 ; Shelbv,
Wash,, 340; SkagitCo.,VVi.sh.,
380 ; Tillamook, Or., 236.

Lo Lo Canyon, Mont , 5^0.

London Creek, B. C, 583.

London & S. F. Bank, Portland,
135.

London it S. F. Hank, Taconia,
351.

Long Beacli, Wash., 303.

Long Beach (Wash.) Hotel, 303.

Long Block, Centralia, Wash.,
322.

Longfellow School, Spokane,
442.

Long Prairie, Or., 235, 240.

Long Tom River, Or., 104.

Long Valley, Idaho, 508.

Looniis, L. A., Ilwaco, Wash.,
301.

Loomiston, Wash., 52, 76.

Loon Lake, Wash., 453, 454.

Lost River Mines, Idaho, 79.

Lost River, Or,, 218.

Louvre, The, Portland, 156.

Lovejov, A. L., Portland, 110.

Lownsdale, D H, Portland, 11 1 .

I.ownsdale Scliool, Portland.
143.

Lower, B. Byron, Boise Citv.
Idaho. 516.

Luckiamntte River, Or., 104.
175.

Lucretia Mine, Idaho, 486.

Lumbering: — ( As a great in-
dustry confined to Western
Oregon, Western Washington
and British Columbia. Also
see Timber, i Industries ot
> 'regon, 56 ; Industries of
Washington, 61 t5 63 ; Aber-
deen, Wash. ,331 ,332; A.storia,
Or., 296; Baker Citv, Or.,
288 : Ballard. Wash., 369.
384: Blaine , 407: Bonner.
Mont., 529; Buckley, Wash..
411, 412; Caldwell, Idaho.
507; Ca.stle Rock, Wash., 311 ;
Catlilamet, Wash., 306 ; Cen-
tralia, Wash., 323 324; Che-
halis, Wash., 315, 317; Che-
halis Co., Wash , 327; Collax,
Wash., 466; Coos Bay, Or.,
266; Cosmopolis, Wash. ,329;
Denver, Idaho, 503 ; Fair-
haven, Wash., 401; Grant's
Pa.ss, Or., 209 ; Hamilton,
Mont., .531; Hociuiatn,Wash.,
334 ; Ilwaco, Wa.sh,, 302 ;
Kelso, Wash., 310; La Grande,
Or., 284 ; Lewiston, Idaho,
496; Missoula, Mont., 529;
Montesano, Wash., 327; Mt.
Idaho, Idaho, 504; Mt. Ver
non. Wash., 389; New What
com. Wash., 405; North Yam
hill. Or., 244; oulput. Pacific
Northwest, 7; oulput four larg-
est mills, Washington, 40.5 ;
Oriing, Wash , 411 ; Palouse,
Wash., 471; Portland, 131;
Puyallup. Wash., 357; Ralh-
druni, Idaho, 476; Seattle,
369. 379, 380, 381; ,Sedro,
Wash., 391 ; Skagit Co.,
Wash., 391 ; Snoliomish.
Wash., 38S ; South Bend,
Wash,, 319; Tnconia, 340.
341, 344; Thompson Falls,
Mont., 52.5; Tillamook Co.,
Or.. 24(); Vancouver, B. C,
577; Winlock, Wash., 312

Lummi Island, I'uget Sound,
392.

Lnrline (steamer) 30(>.

Lyman, Horace. Portland, 141.

Lyons, Haze, Mont., 567, i">(>8.

Macintosh, C. M., Chehalis,
Wash , 317.

Maddock, John G., Goldendale,
Wash., 310.

Madison Co., Mont., gold and
silver output, 8.5.

Madison St. Bridge, Portland,
115.

Madison St. Cable Ry. Co., Se-
attle, 369.

Maguire, J. H., Moscow, Idaho,
490,

Index. — Reading Matter.

«17

Maher & Terwilliger, Portland,
126, 127.

Mahogany Mine, Idaho, 79.

Malarkey & Co., fish dealers,
Portland, loa.

Malheur Co., Or., Mine.s, 70.

Malheur Lake, Or., 36.

Malheur River, Or., 28.

Mann'.s Creek Vallev, Idaho,
507.

Manufacturing at:— Aberdeen,
Wash., 331, 332, 333; Al-
bany, Or., 175, 176; Aua-
cortes, Wash., 392; Ashland,
Or., 214 to 216; Astoria, Or.,
296; Baker City, Or., 288;
Ballard, Wash., 369, 38+ ;
Blacktoot, Idaho, 523; Blaine,
Wash., 407; Boise City, Ida.,
511 ; Bonner, Mont., 529 ;
Brownsville, Or., 183; Buckley,
Wash., 412; Bucoda, Wash.,
335 ; Castle Rock, Wash.,
311 ; Centralia, Wash., 323;
Chehalis, Wash., 315. 317;
Cheney, Wash., 430; Cf'fax,
Wash., 466 ; Coos Bay, Or.,
266; Corvallis, Or., 261; Cos-
mopolis. Wash., 329; Cotton-
wood, Idaho, 502; Dallas, Or.,
254; Davenport, Wash., 449;
Dayton, Wash., 461 ; Denver,
Idaho. 503; Drain, Or., 202;
East Cottage Grove, Or., 201 ;
EUensburgh, Wash., 41 o ;
Eugene, Or., 195, 196: Ev-
erett, Wash., 385, 386; Fair-
haven, Wash.. 399,400, 401;
Farmingtou, Wash , 468 ;
Forest Prove, Or., 230; Gar-
field, Wash., 468; Goldendale,
Wash., 309; Grangeville.Ida.,
501; Grant's Pa.ss, Or , 209;
Harrisburg, Or., 192; Hamil-
ton, Mom., 531; 'leppner.
Or., 271; Hillsboro, Or., 227;
Hood River, C»r., 267; Ho-
quiam. Wash., 334; Idaho
Falls, Idaho, 523; In-
dependence, Or., 249; Junc-
tion City, Or., 194 , Ka-
lania. Wash., 307; Kelso,
Wash., 310; Kendrick, Idaho,
493; I<aCanias, Wash.. 309;
LaConner, Wa.sh., 390.391;
Lafayette, Or.. 252; La
Grande, Or., 285; Lakeview,
Or.. 223; Lebanon, Or., 179;
Lewi.ston, Idaho. 496; Marsh-
field, Or., 266; McMinnville,
Or., 245; Medford. Or., 210;
Milton, Or., 284; Missoula.
Mont.. 5 2 9; Montesano,
Wash., 327; Mt. Idaho, Ida-
ho, 504: Mt. Vernon, Wash.,
889; MuUan. Idaho, 486;
Newberg, (ir., 250; New
Whatcom. Wash., 404, 405;
Oakesdale, Wash.,4u9; Oak-
land, Or., 204: Ocosta,
Wash., 334; Olvmpia, Wash.,
338; Oregon City, Or., 15"
toir-..^; Palouse, Wash. 47'.;
Payette, Idaho, 50(»; Pendle-
ton, Or., 275; Portland, 132,

133; also 126, 130, 187,152
and 153; Pomeroy, Wash.,
464; Port Townsend, Wash.,
410; Pros.ser, Wash,. 425;
Puyallup, Wash., 35V; Uath-
drum, Idaho, 476; Ritzville.
Wash., 426; Roseburg, Or.,
■205; Roslyu, Wash., 413;
b.ilem. Or., 168; Scio, Or.,
18:?; Seattle, Wash., 369,
379, 380, 381; Sedro, Wasn.,
391; Sheridan, Or., 258; Sil-
verto.i. Or., 187; Snohomish,
Wasti., 388; South Bend,
Wash., 319, 320; Sprague,
Wash., 428; Spokane, Wash.,
437, *38. 439; Staylon, Or.,
181 ; Tacomt., 340, 341, 343,
344, 347, 349, 350; The
Dalles, 268; Thompson Falls,
Mont., 525; Union. Or., 287;
Union'own, Wash.,47.'j, Van-
couver, B. C, 577; Vancouver,
Wash., 308; Waitsburg,
Wash., 459, Walla W^alla,
Wash., 466 to 458; Weiser,
Idaho, 505; Weston, Or., 283;
Wilbur, Wa.sh., 450; Win
lock. Wash., 312.

Marble: — Colville country,
455; Davenport, V/ash.,
450 ; Douglas Co., Or., 208;
Washington, 93 to 95 Yaki-
ma Co., Wa.sh., 418.

Marcey, H. B., Moutesano,
Wash., 328.

Marcus, Wash., 4.:;3.

Marion Co., Or.:— Description,
172 -73; population, 168.

Markley, Hays & Roche, Port-
land, 149.

Marquam Grand Opera House,
Portland, 124.

Marquam School, P;,rtland, 143.

Marshall, Tunc. Wash., 44.

Marshfield, Or., 42, 266, 267.

Martin, H. H. & Son, Centralia,
Wash., 323, 324.

Martin, H. N., Spragi'e, Wash.,
428.

Martin, Talleyrand, Hope,
Idaho, 478.

Marj's River, Or., 104, 175.

Marysville, Mont., 50, 543.

Marysville, Mont.:— General de-
scription, ,')46 to .548.

Mary.sville, Mont., Mines, 84.

Mason Co., Wash., 340.

Matlock, W. F., Pendleton, Or.,
277.

Matthiesen, John, Portland,
152.

May, Charles C, Davenport,
Was'i., 4-.* 9, 450.

Mayflower Mine, Idaho, 519.

Maviiard, Evtrett & Co., Che-
\\n.\\s. Wash., 314.

McCallan, A., lakeview, Or.,
223.

McCaniman, Idaho, 48.

McCarver, (ienl. Matthew M.,
Tacoma, 341.

McClaine, Fielding, Silverton.
Or., 187.

McClelland, Thos., Forest Grove,

Or., 231.
McConnell, W. J., Boi.se City,

Idaho, 513, 514.
McCorraick, Caot., Salmon Riv-.

er, B. C, 584.
McCowan, Mrs. S. M., Oregon

City, Or., 161.
McCune, Or., 288.
McDonald, W. E., New What-
com, Wash., 405.
McFarland, Fraiik, Heppner,

Or., 272.
McFarland, Homer, Heppner,

Or., 272.
McFarland Mercantile Co., Hep-
pner, Or., 272, 273.
McGilvra, J. J.. Seattle, 371.
McGiven, Mrs. A. C, Tacoma,

354.
McGrane, Frank, Grangeville,

Idaho, 501.
McGrath House, Cathlamet,

Wash., 306.
McGuire, C. A., Seaside, Clatsop

Beach, Or., 300
McGuire House, Seaside, Clat-

soo Beach, Or., 300.
McKenny Block, Olympia,

Wash., 337.
McKenny, T. I., Olympia,

Wash., 337.
McKenzie Rise., Or., 104, 200,

201.
McLean, Geo. D., Mt. Vernon,

Wash., 390.
McLoughlin, Dr. John, 1()8,

157.
McMinnville, Or., 244 to 247.
McMinnville (Or.) College,246,

247.
McMinnville (Or.) Nat. Bank,

246.
McC. White, W. & Co., Butte,

Mont., 558.
Meadow Creek Pass, Idaho,502.
Meager Co., Mont,, Mining, 84.
Mealy, A., Chehalis, Wash.,

316.
Mealy-Lacy Co., Chehalis, Wash. ,

315, 317.
Medlord (Or.) Hotel, 211.
Medford, Or., 210 to 212, (also

see ^-.T,;
Medical Lake, Wash., 446,447,

45.
Medical Springs, Or., 287.
Meek, W . M., Milwaukie, Or.,

588.
Meeker, Ezra, Puyallup, Wash.,

356, 357.
Meeker, Ezra & Co., Puyallup,

Wash., 356.
Meeker, Jacob R., Puyallup,

Wash., 357, 358.
MeekersJunc, Wash., 45, 361.
Melnor Trail, Idaho, 504.
Melons:— ( Also see Fruit Cul-
ture.) Ashland, Or., 215;

Josephine Co., Or., 209; Med-
ford, Or., ( near) 210; Rogue

River Valley, Or., 213; Snake

River Valley, Idaho, 495 ;

Wasco Co., Or., 270; Yakima

Valley, Wash., 424.

fi.

618

The Oregoniati's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

Mercer School, Seattle, 372.

Merchants Nat. Bank, Helena,
539.

Merchants Nat. Bank, Portland,
135.

Merchants Nat. Bank, Seattle,
382.

Merchants Nat. Bank, Tacoma,
351.

Meriden Mill Co., New What-
com, Wash., 405.

Merrell, J. M., Mont., 534.

Mesner, P. H., North Yamhill,
Or., '24-1.

Metalline Mines, Wash., 75,
454.

Metcalf, J. E., Montesano,
Wash., 328.

Methodist Mission, Early, Or.,
169.

Methow River, Wash , 26.

Met. Sav. Bank, Tacoma, 351.

Metzger, N. A., Winlock,Wash.,
312.

Miami River, Or., 35, 239

Michigan Lumber Co., Aber-
deen, Wash., 332.

Middle Salubria Valley, Idaho,
507.

Midway School, Portland, 143.

Miles, B. C, Newberg, Or., 252.

Miller, D. H., Medford, Or.,211.

Miller & Briden.stine's Sawmill,
New Whatcom, Wash., 405.

Milner, E. A., Albany, Or., 178.

Milo Gulch, Idaho, 482.

Mills, D. R. and E. V., Ashland,
Or., 214.

Milton, Or., 284, 110.

Milton Station, Or., 293.

Milwaukie.Or.. 110, 111, 146.

Mining: (Gold, Silver, Copper
and Lead.) Alaska, 85, 86;
Anaconda, Mont., 558, 559;
Baker City, Or., 289; Baker
Co., Or., 291, 292; Bellvue,
Idaho, 519; Boulder, Idaho,
493 ; Boundary District,
Wash., 454; British Columbia
(output), 8, (also see 568 to
588); Butte, Mont., 548 to
558; Cedar District, Idaho,
493; Caeur d'Alene, Idaho,
478 to 488, (also see 434,
435); Colville country. Wash.,
434, 435 ; Corbin, Mont.,
546; Deer Lodge Co., Mont.,
536; Ellensburgh, Wash. ,415;
Egypt District, Wash., 450;
Granite, Mont., 533, 534 ;
Graugeville, Idaho, 501 ;
Green River, Wash., 312 ;
Hailey, Idaho, 519, 520 ;
Helena, Mont., 537 to 543,
(al.so see Marysville, Rimini
and Wicks ) ; Hope, Idaho,
478; Idaho, 77 to 80, 517;
Idaho Co., Idaho, 498, 499;
Kalama River, Wash., 307;
Kaslo, B. C, 585, 586;
Ketchum, Idaho, 521; Koot-
enay, B. C, 436, 578 to 584,
587; Lewis Co., Wash., 316;
Little Dalles, Wash., 453 ;
Marysville, Mont., 546 to

548; Metalline Di.strict, Wash.,
454 ; Montana, 80 to 85,
(also see Montana centers of
population); Monte Cristo,
Wash., 377, 378; Nelson, B.
C, 586 to 588; Northport,
Wash., 454; Okanogan coun-
try. Wash., 435; Oregon, 67
to 72; Pacific Northwest, 65
to 85 ; Pechastin ristrict.
Wash,, 415 ; Phillii sburp,
Mont.,533 to 535; Rati drum,
Idaho, 476; Rimini, .VIont.,
545; Ruby, Idaho, 493; Sal-
mon River, B. C, 584; Sho-
shone Co., Idaho, 478 to
488: Silver Creek, Wash.,
377, 388;Slocan District, B.
C, 441; Snohomish, Wash.,
388 ; Swauk Creek District,
Wash., 415' Thomp.son Falls,
Mont., 525; Trail Creek, B.
C, 584, 585; Union Co., Or.,
291, 292; Washington, 72 to
77 ; Washington Co., Idaho,
506, 507; Wicks, Mont,, 545,
546; Winlock, Wash., 312;
Wood River Vallev, Idaho,
518, 522; Yakima Co., Wash.,
418.

Mineral City, Idaho, 293.

Mineral Point Mine, Idaho, 485.

Minor, T. T., School, Seattle,
372.

Minnie Moore Mine, Idaho,519.

Mission, B. C, 51.

Mission Landing, Idaho, 49,
51, 479, 482.

Missoula Co , Mont., 85, (also
see Missoula.)

Missoula Mine, Idaho, 486.

Missoula, Mont., 526 to 530,
(also see 49, 51.)

Missoula River,Mont., 26, 454,
526.

Missouri River, 49, 432, 537.

Mitchell Creek, Or., 208.

Modoc Mine, Mont., 556.

Mohawk River, Eugene, 200.

Molalla River, Or., 104.

Monarch, Mout., 51.

Monarch Mine, Idaho, 484.

Mondovi, Wash.. 448.

Mono Mine, Mont., 557.

Monohan, suburb Seattle, Allen
& Nelson Mill Co., 379, 380.

Monmouth, Or,, 259, 260.

Monroe Street Bridge, Spokane,
439.

Montana : — Area, 8 ; coal, 85 ;
centers of population, 525 to
568 ; early gold discoveries,
66 ; early history ( see vigi-
lantes ) ; elevation, mean,
maximum and minimum, 10;
first gold discovery, 535 ;
first quartz mill, 83 [ first sil-
ver mill, 533 ; first white set-
tlement, 526 ; gold and silver
output, 84 ; lead, 84 ; mines,
mining, genl. description, 80
to 85. ( Also see 525 to
559 ) ; population, 8 ; rail-
roads, 49, 50, 51 ; soil, 23,
24 ; State Penitentiary, Deer

Lodge, 536 ; stock raising,

genl. description, 559 to 562;

timber resources, 64.
Montana Bar, Mont., gold, 82.
Montana Central Ry., 49, 51.
Montana Club, Helena, Mont.,

540.
Montana Consolidated Mine,

Mont., 555, 556.
Montana Co., ( Id ) Milling,

547.
Montana Nat. Bank, Helena,

539.
Montana Savings Bank, 539.
Montana State Library, Helena,

541.
Montana University, Helena,

542.
Montana University, Missoula,

528.
Montana Union Ry., 48, 49, 50.
Montana Union Ry. Shops, An-
aconda, Mont., 559.
Monte Cristo Mines, Wash., 74,

377, 378, 388.
Monte Cristo Mining Dist.,

Wash., railroads, 47.
Montesano. Wash., 326 to 329.
Montezuma Mines, B. C, 582.
Montrose Park, Spokane, 439.
Moody, C. S., Mt. Vernon,

Wash., 390.
Moore & Martin,' Klamath

Falls, Or., 219.
Moose Creek Mines, Idaho, 79.
Moose Mine, Mont., 5.56.
Morey, P. F., 161, 164.
Morgan, J. J., Hillsboro, Or.,

228.
Mormons at Idaho Falls, Idaho,

523.
Morning Mine, Idaho, 480,

486.
Morning Star Mine, Idaho, 79.
Morning Star Mine, Wash., 74.
Morris, B. F., Camas Prairie,

Idaho, 503.
Morris, Right Rev. D. D., 144.
Morrison House, Sealand,

Wash., 305.
Morrison Street Bridge, Port-
land, 115.
Morrow Co., Or., 273.
Morrow, J. F , Waitsburg,

Wash., 460.
Moscow, Idaho, 488 to 492.
Moscow, Idaho, Nat. Bank, 490.
Moscow, Idaho, railroads, 49.
Moscow, Idaho, U. P. R. R.

branch, 46.
Moscow, Idaho, University of

Idaho, 491, 492.
Moser, J. H., Silverton, Or.,

1 88.
MO.SS, S. W., 157.
Mother I.ode Mine, Idaho, 487.
Moulton Mine, Mont., 84.
Mountain View Mine, Mont.,

556.
Mount Wallace, Sprague,Wash.,

429.
Mt. Adams, 233; from Port-
land, 116.
Mt. Angel, Or., 189 to 191.
Mt. Angel (Or.) Hotel, 189.

Index. — Reading Matter.

619

Mt. Angel (Or.) Seminary and
Collefre, 189.

Mt. Baker, Washy -iOS, 572;
elevation, 9 ; from Seattle,
370.

Mt. Belmont, Mont., 54.7.

Mt. Chapaca Mines, 75.

Mt. Helena, Mont., 537.

Mt. Hood, Or., 104, 233; ele-
vation, 9; from Hood River,
Or., 268; from Portland, 116.

Mt. Idaho, Idaho, 504, 505.

Mt. Jefferson, 116, 233.

Mt. Olympus, elevation, 9.

Mt. Pitt, 233; elevation, 9.

Mt. Rainier, 233,411, 412; ele-
vation, 9; from Portland, 116;
from Seattle, 370; from Taco-
ma (Mt. Tacoma), 343.

Mt. St. Helens, 233, 293; ele-
vation, 9; from Portland, 116;
gold, 312;mine.s, 316; min-
ing, 74.

Mt. Scott (suburb), Portland,
146.

Mt. Shasta, Cal., 40.

Mt. Tabor (suburb), Portland,
145, 146.

Mt. Tacoma (Rainier), 341,
343.

Mt. Vernon, Wash., 388, 389,
390.

Mt. Zion, Or., 116.

Moyer, J. M., Brownsville, Or.,
184.

Moxee Valley, Wash., 423.

Muck Valley, Wash., 411.

Mullan, Idaho, 485, 486; rail-
roads, 48, 49; U. P. R. R.,
46, (also see 482.)

Mullan, John, 486.

Mullan Road, 37, 49, 431, . .'8,
479, 486, 526.

Multnomah Box Co., Portland,
153.

Multnomah Co. Court House,
Portland, 121.

Multnomah Co., Or., assessed
valuation, 140.

Multnomah School, Portland,
143.

Munich Mine, Mont , 546.

Munkers, I. J., Scio, Or., 182.

Murphy, .'V. M. & Co., Bankers,
Spokane, 441.

Murray, Idaho, 486 to 488,
(also .see 479, 482, 485.)

Myer's Falls, Wash., 453.

Myers, Geo. T., Salmon Can-
nery, Seattle (pack), 99.

Myrtle Creek, Or., 208.

Myrtle Point, Or., 267.

Nail Factory, Kverett, Wash.,
385.

Nail Works, Port Towusend,
Wash., 410.

Nampa, Idaho, 48, 510, 513.

Nanaimo, B. C. : — Description,
573 to 576 ; railways, 52,
570.

Naples Creek mines, Idaho, 79.

Nash, D. & Co., Halsey, Or.,
191.

Nass River, B. C, 99, 102.

Natatorium, Boise City, Idaho,
511.

Natatorium, Helena, Mont.,
541.

Natchez River, Wash., 417,
422 423.

Natchez Valley, Wash., 417.

Nat. Bank of Commerce, Seat-
tle, 382.

Nat. Bank of Commerce, Taco-
ma, 351.

Nat. Bank of Heppner, Or., 272.

Nat. Mine, Wash., 74.

Natron, Or., 39, 186.

Neah Bay, Wash., 410.

Necanicum River, Or., 299.

Nectarines : — Whitman, Co.,
Wash., 467 ; Yakima Valley,
Wash., 423.

Nehaleni, Or., 100, 242.

Nehalem Bay, Or., 239.

Nehalem River, Or., 239, 293.

Nehalem Valley, Or., 71, 240,
293.

Neihart, Mont., 51.

Nellie Grant Mine, Mont., 545.

Nellie Mine, Idaho. 485.

Nelson, Abraham, Independ-
ence, Or., 249.

Nelson, B. C. : — Description,
586 to 588. ( .'Uso see 47, 52,
441, 579, 580.

Nelson & Fort Shepherd Ry., B.
C, 47, 441.

Nestucca Bay Country, Or., 99,
239, 240.

Nestucca Rivers (Big and Little),
Or., 239, 240.

Netarts Bay, Or., 239, 242.

Neuse River, B. C, salmon, 99.

Neuskahl River, Wash., 325.

Newaukum, Wash., 312.

Newaukum River, Wash., 316.

Newaukum Valley, Wash., 312.

Newberg, Or., 250 to 252.

Newberg, Or., Pressed Brick &
Terra Cotta Co., 250.

Newcastle Coal Mines, Wash.,
89 90 377

Newell, George, Seattle, 379.

Newell Mill Co., Seattle, 370.

New Gem Mine, Or , 291.

New Pine Creek, Or,, 223,

Newport, Or., 265.

New Silver Bell Mine, Or., 70.

N. Vancouver, B. C, Coal Co.,
570.

N. Vancouver, B. C, Coal, Mine
& Land Co., 574.

New Westminster, B. C. : — De-
scription, 477; precipitation,
16; temperature, 16. (Also
see 51, 568, 569.)

New Whatcom, Wash. : — De-
scription, 401 to 406; ship-
ments coal, 88. (Also see
393.)

New York Canal, Idaho, 517.

Nez Perces Co., Idaho. (See
Lewiston.)

Nez Perces Indians, 4.33.

Nez Perces Indian Reservation,
493, 497, 500.

Niblocks, Wash., coal, 90.

Nichols, John, . Davenport,
Wash., 449.

Nickel, Douglas Co., Or., 208.

Nickel, Oregon, 71.

Nine Mile Canyon, Idaho, 484.'

Nine Mile Creek, Idaho, 483.

Nisqually River, Wash., 34, 90,
91 92.

Noble Five Hill Mine, B.C., 583 ;

Nooksack River, Wash., 34.

Normoyle, M. C, Kendrick,
Idaho, 494.

North Beach, Wash., 301, 302.

North Bend, Wash., 45.

Norris, Mont., 50.

North Central School, Portland,
143.

North End Bank, Seattle, 382.

Northern Pacific Railroad : —
Description, 41, 42 ; lines in
Idaho, 48, 49 ; lines in Mon-
tana, 49, 50, 51 ; line in Ore-
gon, 42 ; lines in Washing-
ton 43 to 45 ; branches
from .Spokane, 440; Canadian
Pacific connections, 51 ; car
shops, Kllensburgh, 415 ; car
shops, Hope, Idaho, 477 ; car
shops, Missoula, .527 ; car
shops, Sprague, 427 ; car
shops, Tacoma, 349 ; coal
mines, Roslyn, 413 ; comple-
tion, 342, 434 ; on Gray's
Harbor 324, 325 ; at Seattle.
376, 377 ; stampede tunnel,
342, 411 ; steam ferry, Co-
lumbia river, 307 ; at Taco-
ma, 352.

N. P. Mine, Mont., 545, 546.

N. P. S. .S. Co., Tacoma, 352.

N. P. Yak. & Kit. Irrigation
Co., Wash., 419, 420, 422,
424.

North Granite Mine,Mont.,535.

Northport, Wash., 44, 47, 52,
75, 441, 453, 529. 584.

Northport Mines, Wash., 454.

North Prairie, Or., 173.

North Seattle Cable Ry. Co.,
369.

North Star Mine, Idaho, 521.

Northwestern Luni. Co., Ho-
quiam. Wash., 333, 334.

Northwestern Lum. Co., South
Bend, Wash., 319.

Northwest L. & Trust Co., Port-
land, 135.

Northwest Min.Co., Mont.,. 534,
535.

North Yakima, Wash., 416 to
419.

North Yamhill, Or., 241? to 244.

North & South R. R., Boise
City, Idaho, 508.

Norway, Or.. 266.

Nurseriec at Woodburn, Or.,
165.

Oak Bay, B. C, 573.

Odkesdale, Wash., 468, 409.

Oakland, Or., 203, 204.

Oats : — ( Grown in nearly all
parts of Pacific Northwest,
Al.so see wheat.) Big Bend
country. Wash., 448; Camas
Prairie, Idaho, 500; Cheha-

620

The Oregotiian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

;l i

lis Co., Wash., 327; Flathead
Valley, Mont., 532 ; La Con-
ner, Wash., 390 ; Pullman,
Wa.sh., 473 ; Skagit, Wash.,
389, 396 ; Tillamook, Or.,
241: Union Co., Or., 288;
Walla Walla, Wash., 458 ;
Whatcom Co., Wash., 396.

Occidental Mine, Or., 69.

Occident Mine, Idaho, 487.

Ocean Park Wash., 305.

Ocean Wave (steamer), 301.
■ Ocosta, Wash. :— Description,
334, 335 (Also see 45, 320.)

Oil, Wash., 88.

Okanogan Ivake, B C, 26, !52.

Okanogan Landing, B. C, 52.

Okanogan Mining Country, B.
C, 72, 73, 75, 76, 435, 440,
451.

Okanogan River, 26.

O. K. Mine, B C, 584, 585.

Old Dominion Mine, Wash.,
75, 454, 455.

Old Mission Landing, Idaho,
432, 433.

Old Nat. Bank, Spokane, 441.

Olequa Creek, Wash., 311.

Olympia Branch Or. Im. Co.'s
R. R., 47.

Olympia (Wash.) Door & Lum.
Co., 338.

Olympia, Wash : — Description,
335 to 339 ; oysters, 102 ;
precipitation, 16; road from
Port Townsend, 410; temper-
ature. 16.

Olympic Mountains, 405, 370.

Olympic School, Seattle, 372.

Onions : — Skagit Co., Wash.,
389. (Also grown in nearly
all parts of Pacific North-
west.)

Opals: — Davenport, Wash., 450.

Oregon: — ( See general ar^icles,
climate, mining, fishing, etc. ;
also pages 104 to 300 ) ; area,
7 ; Cayuse Indian war, 109 ;
centers of population, 104 to
300 ; coal, 71 ; coast, har-
bors, 35 ; coa.st points, 232 to
242 and 263 to 267 ; copper,
71 ; creation of territory,
110 ; early history, 107 to
110 ; early history, Astoria,
294 ; early steamboating,
117; eastern centers of pop-
lution, 267 to 293 : elevation,
mean, maximum, minimum,
10 ; first railroad, 38 ; first
sawmill, 56 ; fishing indus-
try, 95 to 104 ; gold output,
114 ; hops, 357 to 361 ; In-
dian disturbance, 109, 157 ;
iron, 70, 71 ; irrigation, 24 ;
lime, 93 ; lumbering indus-
tries, 56 ; mining, 67 to 72 ;
nickel, 71 ; organization of,
7 ; population, 7 ; silver, 70 ;
soil, 21 ; southeastern lakes,
36; southern centers of pop-
ulation, 202 to 227 ; State
Agricultural College, Corvallis,
261 ; State Board of Immi-
gration, 121 ; State Capitol,

Salem, 166 to 172 ; State In-
sane A.sylum, Salem, 170;
State Normal School, Drain,
203 ; State Normal School,
Monmouth, 259, 260 ; State
Normal School, Weston, 283 ;
State Penitentiary, Salem, 170;
State Reform School, Salem,
170 ; State School for Blind,
Salem, 170; State School for
Deaf and Dumb, Salem, 170 ;
Territory of, 108 ; Timber re-
sources, general description,
53 to 65 ; Willamette Valley,
104 to 202: 227 to 232 ; 242
to 263 ; Wool crop, 1892,
130, 131; Woolen goods,
manufactured, 131.

Oregon City, Or.: — Descrip-
tion, 157 to 165 ; canal and
locks, 32 ; Indian executions,
110 ; light for Portland, 118,
119 ; as territorial capital,
110; Willamette falls, 31,
104, 158, 159, 160.

Oregon City, Or., Woolen Mills,
163.

Oregonian, The, Portland, 111,
122.

Oregonian, The, Building, Port-
land, 122.

Oregon Blade, Baker City, Or.,
289.

Oregon Improve. Co., 47, 391,
410.

Oregon Lumber Co., Baker City,
Or., 288.

Oregon Market, Portland, 156.

Oregon Milling Co., Silverton,
Or., 186.

Oregon Nat. Bank, Portland,
135.

Oregon Pac. R. R., 42, 174,
175, 260, 263, 264.

Oregon Railway & Nav. Co.,
40, 41, 46, 117, 342.

Oregon Real Estate Co., Port-
land, 149.

Oregon Short Line R. R., 40.

Oregon State Graded School,
Lakeview, Or., 223.

Oregon Steam Nav. Co., 117.

Oregon & Cal. R. R., Co., 37,
39, 41.

Oriental Tea Co., Halsey, Or.,
191.

Oro Fino Creek, Idaho, 77,

Oro Fino Mines, Idaho, 79, 494,
499.

Oro Fino Mine, Wash., 74.

Oro Fino Mining Co., Idaho, 79.

Ora, Wash., 52.

Orting, Wash., 411.

Osborne, Idaho : — Description,
485. ( Also see 48, 49, 482,
486.)

Ostrander, L- W., Olympia,
Wash., 338.

Oswald, B., Mt. Angel, Or.,
189.

Oswego, Or., Iron & Steel Co.,
70, 132.

Oswego, Or.. 70, 132.

Overton. W. M., Portland, 110.

Owen, Maj., Montana, 530.

Owyhee Co., Idaho, 77, 78,
508, 517,

Oyster beds, Shoalwater Bay,
Wash 35.

Oysters : — Blaine, Wash., 407;
Pacific Coast. 102, 103 ; Pu-
get Sound, 96 ; Shoalwater
Bay, Wash., 96, 305 ; Va-
quina Bay, Or., 96, 264 ;
Oysterville, Wash., 305, 319.

Pacific Northwest : — Area, 5 ;
boundary lines, 5 ; boundary
( internutional ), 7; climate,
9 to 20 ; elevation, general,
9 ; fishing, 7 and 95 to 104 ;
gold, discovery ol, 6 ; history
(early), 6 ; introduction, 5 to
8 ; lakes, 35, 36 ; lumber
output 7 ; mining, 65 to 86 ;
mining output, 7 ; railroads,
36 to 52 ; rivers and harbors,
25 to 36; rainfall, 18 ; re-
sources, 5, 6, 7, 8 ; scenery,
7 ; soils, 20 to 25 ; tempera-
ture, 11, 16, 17, 18 ; timber,
52 to 65 ; topography, 9 to
20 ; wheat crop, 7.

Pacific Coast Fishing Co., Port-
land, 1.04.

Pacific College, Newberg, Or.,
250.

Pacific Co., Wash., seaside re-
sorts, 300 to 306.

Pacific Co., Wash., 317 to 320.

Pacific Cranberry Co., Ilwaco,
Wash., 302.

Pacific Hotel, Caldwell, Idaho,
507.

Pacific Junction, Mont., 51.

Pacific Nat. Bank, Tacoma,351.

Pacific Ocean, effects on climate,
12.

Pacific Park, Wash., 304.

Pacific School, Seattle, 372.

Pacific S. S. Co., Tacoma, 352.

Pacific Steel Barge Co., Everett,
Wash., 385.

Pacific University, Oregon, 231,
232.

Padillo Bay, Puget Sound, 34.

Padit River, Wash., 460.

Painted Rocks, B. C, 579.

Paisley, Or., 223.

Palace Hotel, Heppner, Or..
273.

Palmer Mountain, Wash., 76.

Palou.se Branch N. P. R. R., 44.

Palouse Country, Wash.: — 464
to 475. ( Also .see 23, 44, 46,
94.)

Palouse Indians, 432

Palouse Wash., 470 to 472.

Palouse River, Wash., 463,
464.

Pandora Mine, Mont., 84.

Panhandle Mine, Idaho, 484.

Paper Mills, Everett. Wash.,
385.

Paper Mills. LaCamas, Wash.,
309.

Paper Mills, Lebanon Or., 179.

Paper Mills, Oregon City, Or.,
163.

Park Co., Mont., mining, 85.

Index. — Read in ff Mutter.

621

VV. & Co., Seattle,
H., Uaker City, Or.,

Or..

84.
Boise

City,
(Also

85.

Park Hotel, Centralia, Wash.,
322.

Parker A. P.. Graugeville, Ida-
ho, 501.

Parker C.
384.

Parker J.
290.

Parker Mine, Idaho, 521.

Parkersburg, Or., 206.

Park School, Portland, 143.

Pari.sh Frank, Mont., 567, 568.

Payette Canal, Idaho, 517.

Payette, Idaho, 506.

Payette River, Idaho, 50, 509.

Payette Valley, Idaho, 506.

Paradise Valley, Idaho, 488.

Parrot Copper & Silver Min.
Co., Mont., 557.

Parrot Mine, Mont.

Parsons, Geo. M.
Idaho. 514.

Pasco, Wash., 425, 426.
see 27, 270.)

Pa.ss Creek, Or., 202.

Pataha River, Wash., 464

Pataha Valley, U'ash.. 463,464.

Patrons of Husbandry, Hills-
boro. Or., 227.

Patton's Creek, Or., 229.

Patton Ledge Mine, Ashland,
Or.. yi5.

Payette River, Idaho, 28.

Paymaster Mine, Idaho. 486.

Payne, Benj , Seattle, 366.

Peaches:— (Also see fruit cul-
ture.) Ashland, Or., 215; Big
Bend country. Wash., 449 ;
Dallas, Or.. 254; Douglas Co.,
Or., 208; Grant's Pass, Or.,
209; Hood River, Or., 268;
Medford, Or., 210; Newberg,
Or., 251; Oakland Dr., 20r
Oregon, 591; Pcik Co.
257; Potlatch country,
493; Rogue River, Or.,
Snake River, Idaho,
Walla Walla, Wash,
Wasco Co., Or., 270;
man Co., Wash., 467;
ma Co., Wash., 417; Yakima
Valley, Wash. ,421, 42.'J, 424.

Peanuts:— Whitman Co.. Wash.,
467.

Pearce, Capt. Jas., 77.

Pears:— (Grown in nearly all
parts of Pacific Northwest.
See fruit culture.) Oregon,
591 ; Walla Walla, Wash.,
458.

Pechastin Mines, Wash., 415.

Pederson. H. B., Ballard, Wash.,
385.

Pen d'Oreille Indians, 433.

Pen d'Oreille Lake. (See Lake
Pen d'Oreille.)

Pen d'Oreille River, 453, 454,
477, 532, 584.

Pen d'Oreille, Wash., 453.

Peerless Jenny Mine, Mont,,
545.

Pendleton, Or.: — Description,
274 to 278; mines, 70.

Pendleton Sav. Rank. 277.

Peninsula School, Portland, 143.

Or.,

Ida.,

213;

405 :

458-
Whit-
Yaki-

Pennover, Sylvester, as .school

teacfier, 141, 142.
Penland, Wm., Heppner, Or.,

272.
Penobscott Mine, Mont., 547.
Penticton, B.C., 51.
Pen Yan Mine, Mont., 546.
People's Sav. Bank, Seattle,

382.
Percival, D. !>'., Cheney, Wash.,

432.
Perkins, Jas. A., Colfax, Wash.,

464.
Perkins' Hotel, Portland, 149.
Perkins' Restaurant, Portland,

149.
Perkins, R. S., Portland, 149.
Peshastin Creek, Wash., 74.
Peterson, Walter C, Lebanon,

Or,, 180, 181.
Pettygrove, K.W.,Portland,l 10.
Pfeiflfer, Chas., Albany, Or., 1 77,

178.
Phillips, A. A., Olynipia, Wash.,

338.
Phillip.sburg, Mont.:— Descrip-
tion. 533 to 535. (Also see

50, 83, 84.)
Phillips, David, Seattle, 382.
Phillips & Sullivan Mine, Ida.,

79.
Phillis Canal, Idaho, 517.
Pierce Co., Wash.:— Coal, 90,

91, 92, 344; Court House,

346, 347; timber, 344. (Also

see Tacoma, Puyallup and

Sumner.)
Piedmont (suburb), Portland,

147.
Pierce, W. M., Pendleton, Or.,

277.
Pietrzvcki, Dr. M., Dayton,

Wash., 461.
Pillar Palls, Kootenay River, B.

C, 580.
Pilot Bay Mines, B. C,, 580.
Pine Vallev. Ot ,, 288.
Pioneer Gulch, Mont.. SC.
Pioneer Silver Mill, Mont., 83.
Pittock, Henry L. Portinnd.lll.
Pittsburg Stone Co., raccma,

346, 347.
Pittsburg, Wash., 91.
Placer Creek, Idaho, 483.
Placer Mining, f See .mini ag and

gold.)
Pleasant Valley, Or., 2-0.
Pleasant View, Wash., 47.
Plummer, Henry, Mont,, 81.

(Also see vigilantes.)
p;i u ni s : — ( See fruit culture ;

grown successfully in nearly

all parts' of Pacific North-
west.)
Pocatello, Idaho: — Description,

522. (Also .see 48.)
Pocatello Co., Idaho, 517.
Point Defiance, Tacoma, 343,

344, 345.
Point Defiance, Tacoma & Edi-
son Ry., 345, 346.
Point Roberts Canning Co.,

Blaine, Wa.sh., 407 to 409.
Polk Co. Bank, Monmouth, Or.,

259.

Polk Co., Or., 256, 257.

Pomeroy Branch, N. P. R. R.,
46.

Pomeroy, Wash., 463, 464.

Pony, Mont., 50.

Poorman Mine, Idaho, 77, '480,
484.

Poorman Mines (group), Idahr,
79.

Poorman Mine, Mont., 557.

Port Angeles, Wash., 410, 411.

Port Blakely Mill, Wash, (out-
put), 405.

Porter Canal, Idaho, 524.

Port Gardner, Wash., 385.

PortIand:-(^106tol57); Albina
113; Albina car shops, 131;
architecture, 121; Atkinson,
Rev. Geo. B., 14 ••, 141; Balti-
more market, 104; banks,
134, 135, 138, 139, 140;
Barnes, W. SIM., 155; Bishop
Scott Academy, 143; Bissin-
ger & Co., 154; bridges, 115;
Bull Run Creek,Or.,133, 134;
Burckhardt Bros., 156; busi-
ness district, 119 ; Carter,
Miss Julia, 140; Chamber of
Commerce Bldg., 121; Chi
nese, 119 ; Chlopeck Bros.,
fish dealers, 103; churches,
128 ; Citjj Hall, 121. 122 ;
Clark, Miss Abigail, 141 ;
Colonial, The, 151; Columbia
River. 129; Commerce, 115,
130, 131; Combe, George E.,
151; Corbett, H W. 138;
Cosmopolitan restaurant, 151;
Court House. 121; Covach. G.
&Co., fish dealers, 104; Cur-
tis, The, 150; Curtis, Mrs.
150; Davis, Anthony L., 141;
Dekum block, 121; depth of
V ater to sea, 129; Doaiie,
lev. N., 141; East Portland,
113; east side di.strict, 127;
Edwards, V/einer & Clark,
i50; electr'c power, 159 ;
Elisor Inst/tute & Hospital,
155, 156; .'xports, 115, 130,
13l;expo-.t trade, 113,114;
Exposition building, 127 ;
Kriiling, Tienrv,138; finances,
134, 135, 1.38, 139, 140;
fire department, 144; first
incorporation. 112: First Nat.
Bank, 138, 139; first settle,
ment, 110; fishing industry,
131; fishing trade, 114; flour
shipments, 130 ; Forbes &
Breeden block, 121; Frank-
lin market, 156; Fulton tan-
nery. 154; Geneva mineral
water, 156, 157; gold min-
ing, 114; Goodnough block,
124; Gorlier, J. M., 151;
Grand Central Hotel, 150 ;
Hamilton block. 121; harbor,
129; heights back of city,
116; Hesperian, The, 152 ;
Holladay's addition, 147 to
149; Holton House, 149,150;
hop shipments, 131 ; Hotel
Portland, i:;4; Hyde, Aaron
J., 140; imports, 131; im-

622

The Orcgoniun's Handbook of ttie Pacific Northwest.

i
1 1

provements to Willamette and
Columbia Rivers, 31 ; iron
mines tributary, 132; Jeffer-
son, Uel.os, l-tl ; jobbing
trade, 119; Kremer, Dr. W.
F., 150; Ladd, Charles E.,
140; ladd, Wm M., 140;
I<add, \v, s., 134., 139.140;
Ladd, v. S. ( hydraulic
dredge), \: 9, 130; Ladd &
Tilton, bank, 139,140; Lane,
Gen. Joseph, 141 ;LitherIand,
F. L., 152; lighting, IIH, 119;
location, 115, 116; louvre.
The, 156; lumber shipments,
131;Lyman Horace, 141; Ma-
larkey & Co., fish dealers,
103 ; manufacturing, 132,
133. 126, 137, 152, 153;
Markley, Hayes & Roche, 149;
Marquam Grand Opera
House, 124; Matthiesen,
John, 152 ; Morris, Right
Rev. U. D., 144; mountains,
snow peaks, 116 ; Multno-
mah Box Co., 153 ; Multno-
mah Co., Or., assessed valua-
tion, 140: Oregonian, The,
111 ; Oregonian, The ISuild-
ing, 122 ; Oregon Market,
156 ; Oregon Real Estate Co.,
149 ; Pacific Coast Fishing
Co., 104 ; parks, 128; Pen-
nover. Sylvester, as a teacher,
141 and 142 ; Perkins Ho-
tel, 149; Perkins Rcstauratit,
149 ; Perkins, R. S., 149 ;
plaza, 121 ; police depart-
ment, 144 and 145 ; popula-
tion, 112 and 113 ; Portland
Clay Co., 152 and 153 ; pre-
cipitation, 16; public grounds,
128; railroads, 131 and 132;
Reed, Col. Cyrus A., 141;
residences, 128 ; retail dis-
trict, 119, 121 ; river traffic,

117, 118 ; Riverview Ceme-
tery, 146; vheinpfalz Hotel,
Zur, 152; Roche, M. D., 149;
Rodney, Misses, 144; Rohse's
Park, 157;salraon shipments,
131; scenerj', 116, 117:
schools, 140 to 144; Seid
Back, Chinese merchant 120;
Sellwood, 113; Sellwood
Brewery, 153; sewerage, 145;
shipping, 129 to 131; Sim-
mons, D. H., 149; Slatten,
Mrs. L. E., 152; Smithson
Block, 127; snow peaks, 116;
Steamboating, 117, 118;
Steffen.J. F., 129, 130; St.
Helens Hall, 144; streets,

118, 119; street cars, 145 to
147; suburban lines of trans-
portation, 145 to 147; tem-
perature, 16; Thiel's Detec-
tive Service, 155; Third street,
fine buildings, 121; Tilton,
C. E., 134, 139; timbertribu-
tary, 114, 115;Toulon (bark),
110; transportation ( water ),
■J.17, 118; tributary country,
113; Union depot, 124; Uni-
versity of Oregon, 143; water

de-

supply, 133, 134; Weber
Bros:, 154; wheat shipments,
130; wholesale business,
119; Wilcox, Dr. Ralph, 140;
Wilhelm, John G., brewer,
153; Willamette River, 129;
Willamette River, depth at
Portland, 117; Willamette
Valley, relation to, 113; Wil-
lamette University, 143; Wis-
ner, Mrs., 151; Wolff &
Zwicker Iron Works, 137;
Wolff, Zwicker & Buehner
Pipe Works, 137; Wood,
Walter A. Harvester Co , 154,
155; wool shipments, 130,
131; woolen goods manu-
factured, 130; wool trade,
114; Worcester Block, 121;
Wrenn, S. E, 153.

Portland Cable Ry. Co.. 147.

Portland Clay Co., 152, 153.

Portland Con. Ry. Co., 140.

Portland Gen. Electric Co.,
velopment work at Oregon
City, 32 159, 160, 164, 165.

Portland Heights, 147.

Portland Hills, 70, 116.

Portland Indus. Ex., 127.

Portland Sav. Bank, 135.

Portsmouth School, Portland,
143

Portland Trust Co., 135.

Portland & Yamhill & Oregon
Div. S. P. R. R., 40.

Portland & Vancouver Ry., 307.

Port Ludlow, Wash., 411.

Portneuf Valley, Idaho, 522.

Port of Portland, 31.

Port Oribrd Cedar, Or., 266,

Port Orford, Or., 265.

Port Orford Bay, Or,, 265.

Port Townsend Bay, Puget
Sound, 409.

Port Townsend, Wash., 409,
410.

Port Townsend & Southern R.
R., 47, 410.

Post. A. W., Rathdrum, Idaho,
476.

Post Falls, Idaho, 437.

Potatoes : — ( Grown successful-
ly in nearly all parts of Pacific
Northwest.) Coos Bay, Or.,
266; Skagit Co., Wa.sh., 389;
Whatcom Co., Wash., 396.

Potlatch Country, Idaho. ( See
Kendrick.)

Potlatch Creek, Idaho, 492.

Potter & Coutts, Kendrick, Ida-
ho, 494.

Poultry:— (Raised in all parts of
Pacific Northwest.) Douglas
Co., Or., 208; Oakland, Or.,
203.

Powder River, Or.. 28, 288,
290, 291.

Powell, Ira C, Monmouth, Or.,
259.

Prebilof Islands, Alaska, 8.

Pretty, A. E., Ballard, Wash.,
385.

Price, E.C., Ellensburgh,Wash.,
415.

Price, J. R., Newberg, Or,, 252.

Prickly Pear Creek, Mont,, 81,
537.

Pricklv Pear Junction, Mont.,
50, 543.

Prickly Pear Valley, Mont ,
537.

I'riest Rapids, Columbia River,
26, 422.

Princeton Mine, Mont., 535.

Pritchard, A. J., Cceur d'Alene
Mines, 479, 486.

Pritchard Creek, Idaho, 479.
480, 486, 487.

Pro.sser Falls, Wash , 420.

Prosser Falls & Priest Rapids
Canal Co., Wash., 419, 422.

Prosser, Wash., 424, 423.

Protection Island, B. C, 574.

Protestant Church, first on
Coast, 158.

Providence Hill Mine, Mont.,
545.

Providence Miners' I'nion Hos-
pital, Wallace, Idaho, +H4.

Prune Culture : — Ashla.i ,. Or.,
215; Ilenton Co., Or., '03;
Clarke Co., Wash., ^.;- . 09;
Dallas, Or., 254; Douglas
Co,, Or., 208; Forest Grove,
Or., 231; Hood River Valley,
Or., 268; Lewis Co., Wash.,
316; Marion Co., Or., 173;
Newberg, Or., 251, 252; N.
Yamhill, Or., 243; Oakland,
Or., 203 ; Oregon, 589 and
590 ; Polk Co., Or., 257 ;
Potlatch Country, Idaho. 493;
Roseburg, Or., 206; Silverton,
Or., 188; Snake River, Idaho,
495; Walla Walla Co., Wash.,
458; Wasco Co.. Or., 270;
Weiser, Idaho, 507; Willam-
ette Valley, Or., 105; Whit-
man Co., Wash., 467; Yaki-
ma Valley, Wash, 421, 423,
424; Yaquina Bay, Or., 264.

Pudding River, Or., 104, 173.

Puget Sound: — Admiralty In-
let, 409; Budd's Inlet. (See
Olympia); centers of popula-
tion, 335 to 413; Chuckanut
Bay, 395; coal, 86 to 92, 378;
Commencement Bay, 340,
343 ; first settlement, 339;
Drayton Harbor, 406; early
settlement, 341; Elliot Bay,
364, 370; exports, 352; first
steam sawmill, 364, 365 ;
fishing,381;fishing industries,
96 to 103; general descrip-
tion, 33; Hale's Passage, 392;
Hammerton's Inlet, 340; im-
portance of, 6; lime, 93 to 95;
oysters, 102, 103; Port An-
geles Harbor, 410; Port
Townsend Bay, 409; Roche
Harbor, 395 ; Salmon Bay,
384 ; salmon canning, 99 ;
Saratoga Passage, 389, 390;
Semiahmoo Bav, 406; Skagit
Bay, 390; soils," 22; Straits of
Fuca, 391, 406, 409, 410,
411, 572; tributary rivers,34.

Puget Sound Fishing Co., Ta-
coma, 103.

Pug. Bound Nat. Bank, Seattle,

3HU.
Pug. Sound Pipe Co., Olynipia,

Wash., 338.
Pug. Sound Pulp & Paper Co.,

Everett, Wash., 385, 3H6.
Puget Sound Reduction Co.,

Everett, Wash., 386.
Pug. Sound Sav. Bank, Seattle,

382.
Pug. Sound Sav. Bank, Taconia,

351.
Pug. Sound Wire, Nail &, Steel

Co., Everett, Wash., 385.
Pullman Junctioti, Wash.. 4.5,

4.9.
Pullman, Wash., 472 to 4-75.
Pulp Mills, Everett, Wa.sh.,385.
Pulp Mills, Oregon City, Or.,

1G3.
Purdin, M., Medford, Or., 211.
Puyallup River, Wash., 34,

34-1, 343, 354, 3G1.
Puyallup Valley, Wash. 354,

355.
Puvallup Vallev, Wash., Hops,

357 to 3G1.
Ouyallup, Wash., 354 to 357.
Puyallup Hardware Co., 35G.
Quakers, Newberg, Or., 250
Queen Ann School, Seattle.372.
Queen of Angels Academy, Mt.

Angel, Or., 189, 190.
Queen of the Hills Mine, Ida.,

519.
Queen's Park, New Westmin-

.ster, B. C, 578.
Quicksilver Mines, Douglas Co.,

Dr., 204
Quillcene, Wash., 410.
Quimper Peninsula, Wash. ,409.
Quinces: — (Raised in nearly all

parts of Pacific Northwest.)

Oregon, 591.
Racar, Henry, Roslyn, Wash.,

413.
Railroads in the Pacific North-
west, 3G to 52. (Also indexed

under different name s of

roads.)
Raging Creek, Wash., 90.
Railroad Creek, Wa.sh., 452.
Railroad Creek Falls, Wash.,

452.
Rainbow Creek, Wash., '452.
Rainbow Creek Falls, Wash.,

452.
Rainfall, Pacific Northwest, 16,

18, 19.
Rainier Ave. Elec. Ry. Co., Se-
attle, 369.
Rainier Power & Elec, Ry. Co.,

Seattle, 369, 370.
Rainier School, Seattle, 372.
Ralph Mine, Idaho, 77.
Ramsey, F. C, Boise City, Idaho,

516.
Ram.sey. W. H., Scio, Or., 182.
Randall School, Seattle, 372.
Randolph, Dr., 266.
Raspberries : — ( Also see fruit

culture.) Walla Walla, Wash.,

458.
Rathdrum, Ida., 476, 477.
Rattler Mine, Wash., 74.

Index. — RcaJing^ Matter.

Rattlesnake Creek, Mont., 528.
Ravalli Co., Mont., 531.
Ravalli, Mont., 531.
Kavelsloke, H. C, 44, 47, 52,

441, 529.
Ray, J. H., Oakland, Or., 204.
Ray and Stinson Execution,

Mont., 566.
Read, W. F., Albany, Or., 177,

178.
Reardon, Wash., 448.
Red Cloud Mine, Idaho, 519.
Red Elephant Mine, Ida., 519.
Red Mountain Mines, Mont ,

545.
Reed, Cvrus A., Portland, 141.
Reed, Fred. R., Prosser, Wash.,

425.
Renton, WdSh., 47, 90.
Revere House, Albanv, Or.,

177, 178.
Review, The, Spokane, Wash.,

457.
Rhea, C. A., Heppner, Or., 272.
Rheinpfalz Zur Hotel, Portland,

152.
Rhoads, J. S., Cottonwood, Ida.,

503.
Rice. John D., Chehalis, Wash.,

314.
Rice-l^rquhart Block, Chehalis,

Wash., 314.
Riddle, Or., Nickel, 71.
Rimini, Mont., 545. (Also see

10 and 543.)
Riparia, Wash., 27, 495, 46.
Ritzville, Wash., 426.
Rivers and Harbors of the Pa-
cific Northwe.st, 25 to 36.
Rivcrview Cemetery, Portland,

146.
Robertson, L. W., Independ-
ence, Or., 249.
Robin, John, Castle Rock, Wash,,

311.
Robinson, Capt., Centralia,

Wash., 323.
Robson, B. C, 286, 25, 52,

287, 579.
Roche Harbor (Wash.) Lime

Works, 93 to 95.
Roche Harbor, Puget Sound,

395.
Roche', M. D., Portland, 149.
Rock Creek, Or., 229.
Rock Islands Rapids, Columbia

River, 26.
Rock Island, Wash., 46.
Rocky Canyon, Idaho, 498.
Rocky Mountains. (See Mont.)
Rodney, Misses, Portland, 144.
Rogue River, Or., 32, 208, 213,

265; gold, 67; salmon pack,

100.
Rogue River, Valley, Or., 213.
Rogue River Valley Ry. Co., 43.
Roh.se's Park, Portland, 157.
Rookery, The, Spokane, 437.
Rose, Aaron, Roseburg, Or.,

206, 207.
Roseburg, Or. : — Description,

204 to 207 ; precipitation,

16; railroad to Coos Bay, 267;

temperature, 16. (Also see

42, 43.)

($23

Roseburg & Coos Bay R. R.,
206.

koslvu Branch, N. P. R. R., 45.

Roslyn, Wash., 413.

Roslyn, Wash., Brewing Co., •
413.

Ross Park. Spokane, 439.

Rcss Park Elec. L,ijie, Spokane,
439, 440.

Ross School District, Seattle,
372.

Rubies, Montana, 8.5.

Ruby Mines, Idaho, 493.

Ruby, Wash., 76.

Runiley Mine, Mont.. 546.

Rumsey, Mont., 50, 534.

Runyoii, W. S., Tillamook, Or.,
232.

Rye : — (Grown in nearly every
part of the Pacific Northwest,
Also see wheat.) Chehalis
Co., Wash., 327; Colfax,
Wash., 465; Dayton, Wash.,
461; Walla Walla, Wash.,
458.

Sagebrush : — ( Grows in East-
ern Oregon, Eastern Wash-
ington and Southern Idaho
pruicipally.)

St. Agnes Falls, Kootenay Riv-
er, B C, 579.

St. Anthony Canal, Idaho, 517.

St. Elmo, Idaho, +85.

St. Helen's Hall, Portland, 144.

St. Helens. Or., 293, 294.

St. John's Hospital, Helena,
Mont., 543.

St. John's, Or., 110; School,
143.

St. Joseph, Or., 253.

St. Joseph's Academy, Pocatel-
lo, Idaho, 522.

St. Joseph s Hospital, Aber-
deen, 33:..

St. Joseph River, Idaho, 36,
478,482.

St. Lawrence Mine, Mont., 555,
556.

St. Leonard Hotel, Blaine, B.
C, 407.

St. Margaretta's School, Boise
City, Idaho, 512.

St. Mary's Mission, Mont. ,.526.

St. Mary's, Mont., 539.

St. Paul's Mission, Colville,
Wash., 4o3.

St. Paul & Tacoma Lumber Co.,
Tacoma, 344; output, 405.

St. Peter's Hospital, Helena,
Mont., 543.

St. Peter's Ho.spital, Olympia,
Wash., 338.

Salem, Or., description, 166 to
172.

Salmon : — ( Also see fishing.)
Astoria, Or., 294 to 297; al.so
114; Blaine, Wash, 407 to
409; Cathlamet, Wash., 306;
Coos Bay, Or., 267; Columbia
River, 294 to 297; output,
131; Fraser River, B. C, Can-
neries, 578; Gold Beach, Or.,
267; hatchery, Clackamas
River, 97: Kalama, Wash.,
306; Pacific Northwest, 95 to

Im'

d'A

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

10-1-; Seniiiihmoo, Wash.. -tOT
to 4.0'J; The Dalles, Or., 2G8,
2(39; Tillamook Bay, Or., 241 ;
varietieii caught, 98; WtUon
River, Or. (silversides), 234-;
Yaquina Bay, Or., 264..

Salmon Bay, Puget Somid, 369,
384.

Salmon Bay School, Seattle,
372.

Salmon Fall.s Creek, Idaho,
517. .

Salmon Meadow Valley, Idaho,
507.

Salmon River, B. C, 584.

Salmon River, Idaho, 28, 49;,
498, 503.

Salmon River Mines, Idaho, 77,
79, 81.

Salmon River Mountains, Ida-
ho, 498.

Salmon River, Wash., 76.

Salzer Valley, Wash., 321.

Samisli River, Wash., 34.

Sam's Creek, Or., 213.

Sand Coulee, Mont., 51.

Sanders, S. S., Chehali.s, Wash.,
312.

Sandersville, Wash., 313.

Sand Lake. Or.. 241.

San Francisco Mine, Idaho,-. S5.

San Franci.sco Mine, Mont.,
535.

Sanger, Or., 70, 287, 291.

San Juan Islands, I'nget Sound,
93 to 95; 102, 393.

Santiam Academy, Albany, Or..
1 80.

Santiam Prairie, Or.. 173.

Santiam River, Or. :— Bridge at
Jeffenson, 1T4-; river at Jeffer-
son, 174; at Lebanon, 179,
180; in Marion Co.. 172;
North and South Forks, 175;
relation to Salem, 168; at
Scio, 181, 182; atStayton,
1 81 ; water power at .Mbauy,
176,177. i;A!so see 104.)

Sapphires, Mont., 85, 344.

Sapphire &. Ruby Co., (Id),
Mont., 85.

Sappington, .Mout., 50.

Saratoga PasBage, Puget Sound,
34, 389, 390.

Sardines, 102.

Sargeant, h. S., Buckley, Wash..
413.

Sargeant, W. P., Buckley, Wash.,
413.

Satas River, Wash,, 417.

Sash aiici '' jrs (al''o .see lum-
bering), ..iiitput, Oregon, 56.

Sauk River, Wash., 73, 388,

Saunders, Col. W, F. (See Vigi-
lantes.)

Sawmills. (See timber.)

Sawtooth Mines and Mountains,
Idaho, 519.

Say, I., h., Brownsville, Or..
i84.

Scandinavian-. "inierican Bank,
Seattle, 38;.i.

Scandinavian Bank, Tacoma,
351.

Scappoose Hills, Or.. 70 116.

228.
Schmadeka, (ieo., Grang-. .ilie.

Or., 501.
Scio, Or,, 181 to 183.
Scoggius' Creek, Or., 229.
Scott. C. S., MO.SCOW, Idaho,

490.
Scott, Harvey W., Portland,

in.

Sea Breeze Hotel, Pacific Park,
Wash., 304.

Sealand, Wash., 301, 305, 306,
3i9.

Sealing, Alaska, 8.

Seal skin.s, B. C, 571.

Seaside Opera Hou.se, Clatsop
Beach, Or., 299,

.Seaside, Or., 299.

Seatin Creek, B. C, 583

Seattle: — 364 to 384; Admir-
alty Inlet, 370; Alki Point,
364; Allen & Nelson Mill Co.,
379, 380; a.ssessment, 383;
Ballard. 369; banV.-i, 381 to
383; Boren, C. D., .,v>4; busi-
ness blocks, .368; Ca.scade
Mountains, ,370; Chamber of
Commerce, 383 ; Chinese
riots, 3(56, 367; churches.
373; clay (potter's), 381;
clearing house report, 382;
coal, 378: coal, opening of
mines, 3(55, 366; coal mines
tributary, 377; Court Hou.sc,
371; Decatur, U. S. warship,
365: Denny, A. A., 3(54, 382;
Dexter Horton it Co., 382,
383; Dodge & Smith, 383;
early hi.storv, 364, 365, 366;
F;iliot Bav, 370; exports, 378,
381; finances, 381, 382, 383;
fire department, 37(5: first
plat, 364; first sawmill, 61 .
364, 3(>5, first settlement, '
341; first shipping, 3(55; fish-
ing, 381 : Fremont. 3!)'\ Front
street, 368; great fire, 368;
Green Lake, 3(59: hanging of
Sullrvan, Howard and Pavne,
366; Hanna, John W., 364,
365; Holmes I -.imber Co.,
380; Hoiiut:;,, Marcus, 380;
Uortoii, Dexter. 382; Hotel
Northern, 383; Howard, W.
M., 366; Hoyt, J. H., 383;
imports, 378; Indian trou-
bles, 365; jobbing, 377, 378,
"ist; Kee'ry Institute, 373;
Keriy, i. S., .sawmill, 380;
KirklaiHl, :;69; Ladd, W. S,,
382; Lake bu-nniaish, 379,
380; Lake Washington, 369,
374, 375; Lake Washington
Ship Canal, .34, 374; Latimer.
N. IL, 383; Latonia, 309;
library, ,373; ''ghts, elecirii:,
376; location, ;<64, 37(); lum-
ber, early shipinetils, 3(55;
lumbering, ;5(i9, 378, 379,
380,381 ; nianu(acturing,369,
379, 380, 381; McOilvra, J.
J., 371; mines, tributary, 378;
Monohan, 379, 380; Moiile
Ciisto mines. 378: Mt. Baker,

370: .Mt. Rainier, 370; Newell,
George, 379; Newell Mill Co.,
379; Northern Pacific R. R.,
larly history, 36(5; Olympic
Mountains, 370; Parker, C.
W. & Co., 384; parks, 369,
371; Payne. B. J., 366;
Phillips, David, 382; popula-
tion, 368; post office receipts,
383; public buildings, 371;
public schools, 372; railroads,

376, 377; railroads, early
history, 366; rapid growtj,
367, 368; residences, 370;
Salmon Bay, 369; sawmills,
379, 380, 381; schools, 372,
373; Seattle (Indian chief),
364; Seattle & Walla Walla
R. R., 365, 366; Second
street, 368; .shingles, 369,
379, 380, 381; shipping,

377, 378, 381; Silver Creek
mines, 378; Snoqualmie
mines, 378; Smith's Cove, coal
shipments, ,S9; Smith, H. A.,
3(55; streets, 37.5; street cars,
369, 370; suburban towns,
369: .Sullivan, James. 366;
Terry Bros., 364; theater,
373, 374; tile, 381; timber.
37S; transportation, 3 76,
377.378; University of Wash-
ington, 372, 373- wagon
roads to Eastern Washin-^ton,
315.5; warehouses, 368; water
front, L!o8: water works, 375;
wharves, 368; wheat elevator,
381; wholesale business, 381 ;
wholesale trade, 377, 378:
Yesler, Henrv L., 364, 365;
Vesler, Mr,-;. M. G., 371, 372.

Seattle Cedar Lumber Co., 384.

Seattle Citv Ry.Co. (cable), 3 7().

Seattle Coal Si Iron Co., S9.

Seattle Con. Rv. Co. ( elec ),
370.

Seattle Dime Sav. Bank, 382.

'.-, "attle iliidian Chief I, 364.

Sei:ttle Lake S. &. K. Ky., East-
er.! Washington, 45 ; West-
ern Wa.-ihington, V.5; at Seat-
tle, 377.

Seattle Nat. Bank, 382.

Seattle Sav. Dank, 382.

Seattle Transfer Co.. 377.

Seattle iSi. Montana R. R., 46.

Seattle & Northern R. R.. 47.

Seattle it Walla Walla R. R..
365. 366.

Seaview, Oi., 303.

Second Nat. Bank, Helena,
Mont., 539.

.Security Sav. Bank, Seattle, 382.

Security .'■"•av. & T. Co. .Portland,
135.

S e d r o , Wash. : — Description,
391 . ( Also see 45. 399. )

Seed I'^arm, La Conner, Wash.,
391.

.SehoineCoal Mine, Wash., 394.

Sehonie, Wash.. 393, 401, 402.

Seid Back, Portland, 120,

Sclah Valley, Wash., 419.

.Selkirk MouiUains, B. C, 579,
(.-Msosee ICootenay,)

Index. — KeadiniT Matter.

G2o

Brewery, Portlaud,

4.6.
. 4.7.
R. R.

Helena,

sii., ai)4-.

|.o1. 4-02.
T.t.

c, r.70.

Sellwood
IKa.

Seli'vood (subMrb), Portland,
lli^. 11, 14 .,; school, 14.3.

Selph, B,. i;., Tillamook. Or.,
iioO.

Semiahinoo Ba\', Piioet Sound,
406.

Seniiahmoo.Wash., 407 to 409.

Settlenieier, Geo., Or., 588.

Seven Devil.s Copper District,
Idaho, 29a.

Seven Oevils Mines and Moun-
-lins, Idaho, 49«, 490.

Seventh Day Advcji. College,
Walla Walla, Wash., +56.

Seventy-Nine Mine, Idaho. 79.

Severance, A. W., Tillamook,
Or., 239.

Seymour Shingle Mills, Cheha-
lis. Wish., 315.

Shaff, C. W., I^ewiston, Idaho,
491.

Sharks, 101.

Shawnigan, B.C., 574.

Sheep:— ^Also .see stock rai.sing
rind wool.) Baker Co., Or.,
291 ; Coos Bay, Or., 266 ;
Eastern Oregon, 279 to 282;
Gilliam Co., Or., 274: Helena,
Mont., 544 ; Heppner, Or.,
271; Idaho Falls, Idaho, 524;
Klamath Co., Or., 218; La
Grande. Or., 284; Lake Co.,
Or., 222; McMinnvillc, Or.,
245; Montana, 561, 562;
The Dalles, Or., 209; Tilla-
mook, Or., 242; Union Co.,
Or., 288; Wasco Co., Or., 27U;
Washington Co., Idaho, 507;
Wei.ser, Idaho, 506 ; Whit-
man Co., Wash., 467; Yaki-
ma Valley, Wash., 420.

Sheep Creek Mines, B. C, 585. ,

ahelby Junction, Mont.. 51.

Shelton, R., Scio, Or., 183.

Shelton, Wash., 339, 340.

Shelton & S. W. R. R., 340.

Shepherd Tort, B, C, 441.

Sheridan, Geji., 4,32.

Sheridan Junction, Or., 40, 257.

.Sheridan, Or :-- Description,
257. 258. (ALSO see 40.)

Sherman, Gen. 432, 434, 345.

Sherwood, Wash., 453, 90.

Shingles :—( Made from cedar
timber ; also see lumbering
and timber.) Aberdeen, Wash.,
332 ; Ballard, Wash., 369,
384 ; Blaine, Wash., 407 ;
Bncoda, Wash., 335; Castle
Rock, Wash., 311 ; Centralia,
Wash., 323, 324; Chehalis,
Wash. ,31 5; Fairhaven,Wash.,
401; Kelso, Wash.. 310; Mt.
Vernon, Wash., 389 ; New
Whatcom, Wash., 40.5; Oregon
(output), 56; Pnvallup, Wash.,
357; .Seattle, 369, 379, 380;
Sedro, AVasli., .391 ; Skagit
Co.. Wash., 389, 393; Snoho-
mish Co.. Wash., 388; Taco-
ma. Wash., 344, 349; Wash-
ington, 62.

Ship Bu i Id i ng : —Aberdeen,

Wash., 332, 333 ; Ballard,
Wash., 384; Everett, Wash.,
385, 386; Portland, 180;
Vancouver, B. C. 577.

Shively, Joh:i M., 294.

.Shoalwater Bay :— (Willapa Har-
bor), Wash., 34, 35, 301,
305, 317 to 320; oysters, 35,
96. 102, 103; railroad, 45;
timber, 00.

Shoshone Co., Idaho, 63, 78.
478. 488.

Shoshone Falls, Idaho, 27, 48.

Shoshone, Idaho. : — De.scrip-
tion, 518. ^ Also see 27, 48.)

Shoshone Indians, 522.

Sh ..Is, R. W., Chehalis, Wash.,
317.

Shoudy, John A.. KUensburgh,
Wa.sh., 414.

Shu.swap Lake, B. C, 570.

Sicaraous Junction, B. C, 52.

Sierra Nevada Mine, Idaho,
480, 483.

Silver : — ( Also see mining.)
See Butte, Mont., Baker and
Union Cos., Or., 291, 292:
Ccinir d'Alene mines; Colville,
Wash., 455; Douglas Co.,
Wash., 208; Idaho, 77 to 80;
Josephine Co., Or,, 210; Kas-
10, B. C. 585: Kootenay. B.
C. 436; see Kootenay Min-
ing District; Lane Co., Or.,
200; Mo-tana (output ), 84;
see Montana; Nelson, B. C,
586, 587; Oregon, 70; out-
put Tacoma smelter, 344;
Wa.shington, 72 to 77; Wood
River, Idaho, 519.

Silver Bow Co , Mont,: — Court
House, Butte, 553; output
mines, 85. (Abso see Butte.)

Silverbow Creek, Mont., 549,
551, 584. 26, 454.

.Silverbow Junction, Mont., 48.

Silver Bow Mine, Mont., 556.

Silver Bow, Mont., 535.

Silver Bow Nat. Bank, Butte,
Mont., 553.

Silver Bow Valley,' Mont., 549,
551.

Silver City, Idaho, 78, 79.

Silver Creek, Idaho, 486.

Silver Creek Mines, Wash., 47,
74, 377, 378, 388.

Silver Creek, Mont., 546.

Sliver Creek, Or., 187.

Silver Crown Mine, Wash., 4,54.

Silver King Mine, B. C, 580,
586.

Silver Lake mine. Wash., 454.

Silver Lake, Or., 36, 221.

Silver Lake, Wash., 311.

Silverton, Or., 185 to 189.

Simcoe Indian Reservation,
Wash., 417.

Similkimeen Mine, B. C, 75.

Similkimeen River, B. C, gold,
75.

Simmons, Capt., Puget Sound,
61.

Simmons, I). IT Portland, 149

.Simmons Mine, Or., 69.

Siskiyou Mountains, 40, 214.

Sitka, Alaska. ( Reached by
Steam.ship from Puget Sound
ports.)

Siuslaw River, Or., 32, 200.

Six Mile Creek, B. C, 584.

Skagit Bay, Puget Sound, 390;
Skagit Co., Wash., 388, 389,
391, 393 to 396; mining, 73;
timber, 58.

.Skagit Delta, Wash., 390.

Skagit River, Wash., 34, 88,
388, 389, 390, 391, 398.

.Skagit : — Whatcom Coal Field,
Wash., 87.

.Skamokawa Creek, Wash., 335.

Skinner's Butte, Flugene, Or.,
198.

Skookumchuck River, Wash.,
321, 324.

Slade's Sawmill, Hoquiam,
Wash., 334.

SUitten, Mrs. L. E., Portland,
151.

Sloane, Mrs. S. A. (hotel). Forest
Grove, 230.

Slocan Country, B. C, 582.

.Slocan Lake, B. C, 582.

Slocan Mines, B. C, 441, 580,
586, 587.

Slocan River, B. C, 579, 582.

Slocan Star Min?', B. C, 583.

Smelt, Pacific Noithwest, 102.

Smelting : — Anaconda, 5.59 ;
Bav Creek Distiict, Idaho. 79 ;
Butte, Mont., 548 to 559;
Great Falls, Mont., 5 56;
Hailey, Idaho, 520; Helena,
Mont., 543; Ketchum, Idaho,
521; Mineral Citv,Idaho, 243;
Montana, 83 to 85. ( Also,
533 to 559); Northport,
Wash., 75, 453, 586; Pilot
Bay, B. C, 580; Tacoma, 344;
Wicks, Mont., 546.

Smith, D. & H. A., Seattle, 365.

Smith & Lovett, Ice Works, Ore-
gon City, Or., 163.

Smith, S. W. Co., Waitsburg,
Wash, 460.

Smith T. J., Idaho Falls, Idaho,
524.

Smith's Cove, Seattle, Coal Ship-
ments, 89.

Smitbson Block. Portland, 127.

Snake River, 27, 28. 298, 494,
495, 505, 509, 523; early
transportation, 117; Govt,
improvements, 27; navigation
above Huntington, Or., 293;
Shoshone Falls, 27,48.; Wai 1-
ington, 425, 4(53.

Snake River Valley, 293, 49 i,
517, 522.

Snell, Heitshu & Woodard.
Portland, 124, 125.

Snider, C. U., Lakeview, Or.,
223.

Snohomish, Wash.: — Descrip-
tion, 386, 387, 388. (Also,
45, 377).
Snohomish (Wash.) Land Com-
pany, 387.
Snohomish (Wash.) Nat. Bank,
387.

f(26

The Orcgonjan's Hundbuok of the Pacific Northwest.

Snohomish County, Wash., 385,
3«(5,:i«7, as,s; mining 73.74.

Snohomish River, Wash., 34,
377, 3.S5, 3JS«>.

Snohomish Valley, Wash., 386.

Snow Shoe Gulch, Mont., 82.

Siioqualmie Fall.s, Wash., 388.

Snoqualmie Mines, Wash., 378.

Snoquahuie River, Wash., 380,
388.

Sno(iualmie Valley, Wash., 377.

Snyder & Frost, Chehalis, Wash ,
31.0.

Soap Creek, Or., 175.

Soda Ci-eek, B. C. :— Precipita-
tion, 1(5; temperature, 16.

Soda Creek, Idaho, 517.

Sodavillc, Or., 180.

Sodaville (Or.) Mineral Springs,
180.

Soils : — Pacific Northwest, 20
to 25; Big Bend country,
Wash., 23, 447; Colville val-
ley. Wash., 453; Eastern
Washington, 23; Idaho, 21 ;
Montana, 23, 24; Northern
Idaho, 23; Oregon, 21; Pal-
ouse country, 23; Puget Sound
country, 22; Washington, 21;
Willamette valley. Or., 21.
(Also see Willamette valley
centers of population); Yak-
ima valley, Wash., 24.

South Bay, Gray's Harbor,
Wash, 334.

South Bend, Wash.: — Descrip-
tion, .317 to 320; railroad con-
nections, 45. (Also see 313).

South Portland Park, Suburb,
Portland, 147.

South Prairie, Or., 173, 235,
240.

South Prairie, Wash., Coal, 90,
91.

South River Valley, Wash., 31 2.

South River, Wash., 311.

South Seattle Ry. Co. (electric),
370.

South Westmin.sler, B. C, 385.

Southern Pacific Railroad : —
Coal from Wash., 91; ship-
ments in Oregon, 1892, 4();
system and branches in Ore-
gon, 39, 40; (branches iii-
de.ved under names of lines.)

Sparta, Or., 70.

Spence's Bridge, B. C: — Precipi-
tation, 10; temperature, 16.

Spinning, Frank R., Puvallup,
Wash,, 356.

Spokane Branch N. P. R. R. Co.
(Idaho Div,), 49.

Spokane Falls iSl Northern Ry.,
44, 47, 440, 441, 453, 454.

Spokane:— 430 to 446; Arling-
ton Heights Addition, 446;
Arlington Heights Motor
Line, 44(); assessni-.Mit, 445;
banks, 441; bonded debt,
444; bridges, cost, 44,5;
Bro.vue, J. J., 434; business
blocks, 4;;6; Cannon, A. M ,
434; Carritte iSi Grinnell,
439; churches, 443; Cook's
Addition, 439; Crowley, II.

T., 432; Dilhnan, L. C, 441,
442; Downing, Beiij., 432;
early history, 431', -t32; Edi-
son Flectric Illuminating Co..
438; Elmendorf, Frederick
C, 445; falls, Spokane River,
431, 432; finances, 444, 445;
fire, 1889, 430; fire depart-
ment, 444; flour mills, 438;
Glover, J. X., 432, 434:
Great Northern Ry. (comi>le-
tionX 441 ; Great Northern
Ry. Shops, 439, 440;Griffitts,
Thos. C, 4-t3, 444; growth,
434; Hangman's Creek, 433;
Hillvard, 439, 440; Hughson,
Walter & Co., 445; Hyde,
Samuel C, 443; Indian Mis-
sion School, 432; Indian
troubles, 432, 433; jobbing
trade, 441; Jones, Arthur D.,
-1.44; Leghorn, J. F., 445;
Ledgerwood Park, 439; man-
ufacturing, 437, 438, 439;
mines, 75, 434, 435, 436;
mining, 72; Monroe Street
Bridge, 439; Montrose Park,
439; Northern Pacific R. R.
(completion), 434 ; police
department, 4-^-1; popula-
tion, 434; precipitation, 10;
railroads, 440, 441 ; railways,
street and suburban, 439,
440; Review, The, -1-37; resi-
dences, 436, 439; Riverside
ave., 430 ; Ross Park, 439;
schools, 441, 442; Scranton,
Wm.,432; Stone (building),
435 ; streets, 43(5 ; temper-
ature, 16; timber, 435; tribu-
tary country, 434, 435, 430;
tributary territory, 431; Fiiion
Pacific Ry. (completion), 441 ;
water power, 431, 432, 437,
438, 439; water works, 445;
wheat, 435; wholesale busi-
ness, 441 .

Spokane Cable St. Ry., 440.

Spokane College, 443.

Spokane Hvdraulic Pipe Co.,
alaho, 488".

Spokane Nat. Bank, 43(5.

Spokane Railwav, 439, 440.

Spokane River, 20, 431,434,
437, 438, 439.

Spokane River, Post Falls, 437.

Spokane Savings Bank, 441.

Spokane Street Railway, 439.

Spokane Water Power, -L'.iT.

Spokane Co., Wash. (See Spo-
kane, Cheney and Medical
Lake.)

Spokane & Montrose Ry., 439.

Sprague, Wash., -1-20 to 430.

Sprague River V'alley, Wash.,
217.

Spring Creek, Or,, 173.

SJjringdale, Wash., 47.3.

Sipiaw Creek Minos, Ida., 79.

Stafford, Garret Co., Halsey,
Or., 191.

Stampede Tunnel, N. P. R. R.,
342, 411.

Slarhuck, Wash., 40.

Starkey Prairie, Or., 288.

.Starve-out Creek, Or., 208.

State Sav. Bank, Butte, Mont.,
553.

State Sav. Bank. Tacoma, 351.

Statesman, The (newspaper),
Salem, Or., 171.

.Stavton, Or., 181.

.Steffen.J. F., Portland,129.130.

Stehekin River, Wash., 452.

Steilacoom, Wash., 345.

Stemwinder Mine, Idaho, 129,
130.

Stenger, T. H., New Whatcom,
Wash., 400.

Steptoe, Col., 432.

Sterling Mine, Mont., 54(5,547.

Sterling Mining Co., Or., 212.

Stetson's Sawmill, Montesano,
Wash., 327.

Stevens Co., Wash., 455;" min-
ing, 73.

Stevens, Isaac, 432.

Stevens School, Portland, 143.

Steven.sville, Mont,, 530, 531.

Stewart, Calvin M., Sumner,
Wash , 302.

Stewart, J. P. & Son., Puyallup,
Wash., 350.

,Stilaguamish River, Wash., 34,
388.

Stinsou Luml)er Co., Ballard,
Wash., 384,

Stock Raising: — Baker County,
Or., 291 ; B. C, 570; Big Bend
CO' .trv, Wash., 447; Camas
T- airie", Idaho, 498, 499; Can-
yon county, Idaho, .509.; Ueer
Lodge, Mont., 536; Flathead
Valley, Mont., 532; Franklin
Co., VVash., 426; Garfield Co,,
Wash., 4(53; Genesee, Idaho,
475;GiIliamCo.,Or., 274; Hel-
ena, Mont. .544; Hepijner, Or ,
271; Idaho Falls, 523, 524;
Jackson Co., (Jr., 213; Klam-
ath Co.. Or., 218; Klickitat
Co., Wash., 310; La (jrande.
Or., 284; Lake Co., Or., 221,
222; Montana, 559 to 502;
Morrow Co., (Jr., 273; Powder
Kiver Valley, Or., 291; The
Dalles, fM-..' 269; Tillamook
Co., 241; I'nion Co. Or., 288;
Wasco Co., Or., 270; Walla
Walla, 458; Washington Co.,
Idaho, 500. 507; Weiser, I.,
506; (see Willamette Valley);
Yakima Valley, Wash., 417.

.Stone: - ( .Sandstone ) ; Ashland,
Or., 21.5; Bellingham Bay,
Wash., 393; (blue saiulstone);
Burnett, Wash., 34(5; Chuck-
aunt Bav. Wash., 395, 4(J4;
(Build.); Colville, 435, 455,
(sandstone); Colville, Wash.,
■1.55; (gray sandstone); Fair-
haven, Wash. ,39.5; (building);
Helena, Mont., 545; (gran-
ite); Helena, Mont., 54 O,
Lakeview, Or., 22.3; (b'.ue
saiulstone); Tenitio, W a s h . ,
353, 354; ( building > , Port
Townsend, Wash,, •' ^ .».

Stout, Mrs. A. K., Pacific Park,
Wash., 3()4.

Index. — Reading Matter.

627

min-

ic Park,

Strahoni, R Co., Hailev, Idaho,

vStraits ot Puca, 33, -tOG, 4-Oi),
4.10, 411, 4.72; Kdiz Pt.
Liplitliousf. -H 1 .

Straits of (Veorgia. iSto I'.iilf ot
Georgia.)

Strawberries : — ( Also see
Iruit ciilt\ire) ; Uig Bend
conn trv, Wash., 440; Hood Riv-
er, Or.,"i.M>H; Milton, Or., l.'S4;
Oregon. 592; PnyoUup.Wash.,
H{)7; Pnvallup Valley, Wash.,
3(52; Stuck Valley, Wa.sh.,
362; Walla Walla Co., Wash.,
45H; Yakima Co., Wash., 424.

Stuart, Jauies and C.ranville,
Mont., SO to 85.

Stuart, Mont , 48, 235.

Stuck Junction, Wash., 37(5.

Stuck River, Wash,, 3(51,

Stuck Valley, Was:.., 3(51.

Sturgeon : — ( Also see fishing.)
H. C, 571; Columbia River,
100, 101; Kalania, Wash.,
30(5; Shipped from Columbia
River. 114.

Sturgess, O. D., Goldendale,
Wush., 310.

Suctotash Vallev, Wash., 411.

Sugar Pine, Lake Co., Or., 222.

Sugar Pine, Southern Oregon,
211.

Sullivan, James, Seattle, Wash.,
3fi(>.

Sumas, li. C, 377.

Summanish River, Wash., 34.

Summer Group Mines, Idaho,
7'».

Summer I„ake (town). Or.. 223,

Sumner Iron Works, Kverett,
Wash.. 28(5.

Stimner Lake, Or., 3G, 2:^1.

Sumner, Wash., 3(51, 3(52.

Sumpter \'allev R. R., from
liaker City, Or., 288.

SuiinysideCo\intry, Wash. ,424.

Sunnvside School, rortlaiid,
14.-?,

Sli.''.pensi()n Hridge, Oregon City,
Or., 1(51.

Suter, Leo, Salmon River, H, C,
584.

Swallow, Dr. Geo, C, 83.

Swank Creek, Wash. ,74.

Swauk Mines, Wash., 415,

.Sweet, v.. S. (sawmill), Cotton-
wood, Idaho, 502.

Sweet Home, Or., 180.

Sweet, Willis, Moscow, Idaho,
401.

Swinomish Indian Reservation,
Wash,, 390.

Swinomish Slough, Puget
Sound, 34.

Table Rock, Idaho, 51 1 .

Tacoma : — 340 to 354; Ameri-
can Lake. 345; assessed val-
\iation, ,351, 352;l)anks, 350,
.3.51 ; Chamber of Commerce,
34(); churches, .350; Citv
Mall, 34<); Clover Creek, 35,3';
coal bnnktis. 34t; conl fields,
344, .")4.5; coke, 344: Com-
mencement Uay, 340, 34.3;

Court House, 34(5, 347; early
history, 340, 341; Kdison
suburb. 345, 349; Eureka
Sandstone Co., 353, 354; ex-
ports, 347. 348, 340, 352;
liiumces. 350, 351, 352;
fire department, 353; first
sawmill, (51, 341; first settle-
ment, 341; fishing, 345;
flour exported, 347, 348;
flouring mills, ,347; foreign
trade, ;i,">2; Hanson's sawmill,
341, 342; hops, .344;
imports, 3.52; iron, 344; job-
bing trade, 349 ; laths ex-
ports, 349 ; 1 u 111 b e r ex-
ports, 349; lumbering,
349 ; manufacturing, 340,
341,343, 344, .349; -McGiv-
en, Mrs. A. C, 354; Mt. Ta-
coma (Rainier), 343; North-
ern Pacific R. R., 352; North-
ern Pacific R. R. car shops,
340. 350; Northern Pacific
R, R. completion, 342; North-
ern Pacific R. R. terminal
yard, 344; parks, 345, 346;
Pitt.sburg Stone Co.. 34(5,347;
Point Defiance 343, 344,
345; population, .343; Puget
Sound Fishing Co,, 103; Puy-
alluj» River, 343; residence
section, .343 ; scliools, 350;
-selection by N. P. R. R., as
terminus, 342; shippirg,.347,
348, 352; smeller,344; Span-
away Lake, .3.53 ; steamship
route to Sitka, 33; St, Paul &
Tacoma Lumber Co. (output),
405; streets, ,34(5; street rail-
wnvs, 345; suburbs, 345; Tait,
J. \V., 354; timber, 344, 349;
Iransporlation, 3,52 ; water
works plant, ,3.5.3; wheat, 344,
345 ; wlieat elevator, 347 ;
wheat shipments, 347, 348;
wholesale trade, 349; Wright
park, 340.

Tacoma HIdg. & Sav. Ass., 351.

Tacoma Hus. College, ,354.

Tacoma Mill Co. (output) 405.

Tacoma Xat. Hank, 351.

Tacoma, Olvm, it Cliehalis V.
R. R., 32,3,

Taccmia, Orting ^t S. IC. R. R.,
411.

T.'icoma Ry. & Mot. Co., 345,

Tacoma School of Shorthand,
354.

Tait, J. W., Tacoma,

Talbot, Wash,, 377.

Tannerv, I'^ugetie,
190, '

Tannery, Moiitesano, Wash.,
327.

Tannerv, Portland, 154

Taniiin'Kxtract, Wash., (50.

Tannin I-Cxtiact Works, South
Hend, Wash., 310.

Tannuiii River, Wash., 422.

Tauzler, A. iS: Co., JefTerson.
Or., 174,

Tekoa, Wash. : — Description,
4(50, 470. (Also see 4(5, 48.)

Telephone (steamer), 200, 300.

354.

Or.,

195,

Temperature, Pac. N. W., 11 to
18.

Tenderfoot Mine, Wash., 454.

Tenino, Wash., 45, 335, 338,
353, 354.

Ten Mile Creek. Mont.. 545.

Terry Bros., Seattle, 3(54.

Texas Ridge, Idaho, 493.

Thayer, C. & K„ Tillamook, Or.,
236.

The Dalles, Or., 268, 260.

The Dalles of the Columbia
River. 28, 117, 118,

The Dalles, Port, it As. Nav.
Co., 269.

Thiel's Detective Service, Port-
land, 155.

ThomasCreek, Or., 181.

Thompson Kails, Mont., ,524.

Thompson River, H. C, 570.

Thomp.son, R. N., Browiiriville,
Or., 184.

Thornton, Richard, Portland,
200.

Three Mile Creek, Idaho, 498.

Three Sisters i snow peaks),
233.

Thurston Co., Wash,, 335 to
340; Court House, 336,

Tieton Rivfr, Wash., 422.

Tiger Mine, Idaho, 77, 479,
480, 484.

Tile Factories : — Ilalsev, Or.,
191; Newberg, Or,, 250; N.
Yamhill, Or,, 243; .Seattle,
381 ; We-ston, Or,, 283. Also
large works at Portland and
the other leading cities of this
territory.

Tillamook Hay, Or., 35; also
232 to 241 ; salmon canning,
00, 100.

Tillamook Country, Or., 235 to
241,

Tillamook Co. Toll Road, 234,
235.

Tillamook Dairy Assn.. 237.

Tillamook Head, Or,, 208, 209.

Tillamook Lumber Co., 236.

Tillamook, or , 235 to 230.

Tillamook, Or., stage from For-
est (jrove. 232 lo 235.

Tillamook. Or,, Stage from N.
Yamhill, 244.

Tillamook River, Or., 35, 236,
230.

Tillingha.st. A. G., LaConner,
Wash,, 388.

Tillinghast. Philip, Moscow,
Idaho, 491.

Tiltou, C. K., Portland, 130.
140.

Timber: — (Also see lumber-
ing.) General description, 52
to 65; Ala.ska, 64, 65; British
Columbia, (55; Idaho, 63, 64;
Montana, 64; Oregon, 53 to
56; Washington, 56 to 63,
318; also see .\storia. Or.,
206; Baker City, Or., 288,
201; Bellingham Bay. Wash,,
30.3, 304; Blue Mountains,
Or,, 288; Buckley, Wash.,
411,412; Cathlamet, Wash.,
306; Chehalis Co,, Wash,,

628

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

I :i''

321, 326, 328; Cheney,
Wash., 430; Clarke, Co.,
Wash., 308, ,509; Clearwater
River, Idaho, 496; Columbia
Co.. Or., 293; Coh-ille, Wash.,
455; Coeur d'Alenes, 478;
Coos Bay, Or., 266; Cotton-
wood, Idaho, 502; Cowlitz
Co., Wash., 310, 311; Craig's
Mountain, Idaho, 502; Doug-
las Co., Or., 208; Eastern
Washington, 435; Elgin, Or.,
286; Fir, 54, 55, 56; Forest
Grove, Or., 231; Grav's Har-
bor, 326, 328, 331, 332; Hai-
ley, Idaho, 520; Hood River,
Or., 268; llwaco. Wash., 302;
Jackson Co., Or., 213; Jose-
phine Co., Or., 209; Klamath
Co., Or., 216, 221, 222; La
Grande, Or., 284; Lake What-
com. Wash., 394; Lewis Co.,
Wash., 315, 321- Lincoln
and Benton Cos. Or., 264;
Linn Co., Or.. 179; Long Val-
ley, Idaho, 508; McMinuville,
Or., 245; Marion Co., Or.,
172; Mason Co., Wash., .340;
Missoula Co., Mont., .529;
Morrow Co., Or., 273; Orting,
Wash., 411; Palouse Countrv,
Wash., 466, 471: Payette.
Idaho, 506; Pierce Co., Wash.,
344; Polk Co., Or., 256, 257;
Potlatch Country, Idaho, 493;
Puyallup Valley, Wash., 357;
Ra'thdrum, Idaho, 476; Sho-
shone Co., Idaho, 47H; Skagit
Co., Wash , 389, 391; Snoho-
mish Co., Wash., 388; Sugar
Pine, 211; Tacoma. Wash.,
344, 349; The Dalles, Or.,
269; Thompson Falls, Mont.,
525; Thurston Co., Wash.,
335; Tillamook Bav. Or., 234,
236, 240, 241, 242; Umatilla
Co.. Or., 278; Union, Or.,
287, 288; Vancouver Lsland,
B. C, 574; Washington Co.,
Idaho, 507; Washington Co.,
Or., 228, 229; Whatcom Co.,
Wash., 393, 394; Willapa
Harbor, Wash., 320; Willam-
ette Valley, Or.. 106; Win-
lock, Wash., 312; Yamhill
Co, Or., 248.

Timothy (al.so see hay), 458.

Tinker, H. H. (hotel).
Beach, Wash., 303.

Tioga, Wash., 304.

Toad Mountain, B. C,
586, 587.

Tobacco, Prosser, Wash.,
Whitman Co., Wash.,
also raised in Moxee Valley,
and other parts of Northwest.

Topography and climate Pac.
N. W., 9 to 20.

Toppenish River, Wash.. 417.

Touchet River, Wash., 459,
4()0, 4r>1 .

Touchet Valley, Wash., 459.

Toulon (bark), at Portland,! 10.

Tower Lum. it Mnfg. Co., Cen-
tralia. Wash., 324.

M., Lakeview,
Lakeview,

Long

580,

424;
467;

River,
Wash.,
248.

Pacific

Town.send, W.

Or., 226, 227.
Townsend & Beach.

Or., 223.
Trade Dollar Mine, Idaho, 77.
Traders Bank, Tacoma, 351.
Traders Block, Spokane, 437.
Traders Nat. Bank, Spokane,

441.
Trail Creek Mines. B. C, 584,

585.
Trask River, Or., 35, 236, 239.
Treadwell Mine, Ala.ska, 86
Treasure Box Mine, Idaho, 487.

Trout Fishing:— (Also see fish-
ing,pleasure); Blackfoot River,
Mont., 537; British Columbia,
571; CtJeur d'Alenes, Idaho,
481; Derapsev Lakes, Mont.,
537; Hailey, Idaho, 520; Ho-
quiam, Wash., 334; Klamat .
Co., Or., 218; Kootenay
River, B. C, 587, 579; Lake
Pend d'Oreille, 477; Lake
Whatcom, Wa.sh., 404; Neca-
nicum River, Or., 299; Pacific
Northwest, 95 to 103; Rath-
druui, idaho, 477; Rimini,
Mont., 54.5; Thompson Falls,
Mont., 52.5; Vanco\iver Lsland,
B. C, 573; White River,
Wash.. 412: Wilson
Or., 234; Winlock,
312; Yamhill Co., Or.

Tualatin Academy and

University, Forest Grove, Or.,
231 232

Tualatin Plains, Or.. 116.

Tualatin River, Or., 104, 229.

Tualatin River juuctiotl with
Willamette, 161.

TuleLake, Or., 218.

Tumwater Falls, Wash., 61,
339 340.

Tumwater, Wash., 339, 340.

Turner, Or., 173.

Tuttle & Robeson, Tillamook,
Or., 238.

Tyler Mine, Idaho, 483.

Umatilla Co., 278, 279; Court
House, Pendleton, Or., 275;
mines, 70; silver, 67, 70.

Umatilla Indian Reservation,
Or., 279.

Umatilla, Or., 41, 46.

Umatilla River, Or., 28, 275,
278

Umpqua River, Or., 32, 208;
salmon pack, 100; South
Fork, 204, 205.

Umpqua Valley, Or., 20.^, 204,
208.

Union, B. C, 570.

Union Co., Or.:— Desciiption,
287, 288; gold, 67; mines,
70. (Also see 291, 292).

Union County Court House, Un-
ion, Or., 287.

Union Depot, Portland, 124.

Union Gap, Wash., 417.

Union Pacific R. R.: -Along Co-
lumbia River, 41 ; completion
to Spokane, 441 ; Heppner
branch, 270; in Idaho, 48,
49; in Oregon, 4(i, 41; in

Wash., 46, 47; interests in
Oregon and Wash., 117, 118;
shops at Albina, Portland,
131; shops at Glenn's Ferry,
Idaho, 518; shops at Hunting-
ton, Or., 292, 293; shops at
La Grande, Or., 41 ; shops at
Pocatello, Idaho, 522; shops
at Portland, Or., 41 ; shops at
Shoshone, Idaho, ,518; shops
Tekoa, Wash., 469, 470;
survey Puget Sound to Port-
land, 320; water lines, 40.
Union ( Or.,) Railway Co., 287.
Union Savings Bank, Tacoma,
351.

Uniontown. Idaho, 495.

Uiiiontown, Wash., 475, 476.

Union Trunk Line ( electric and
cable), Seattle, 370.

Union Tunnel Co's Mines, Or.,
291.

United railroads of Wash, 45.

U. S. Assay Office, Boise City,
Idaho, 511.

U. S. Assay Office, Helena,
Mont., 541.

U. S. Bank, Portland. 135.

I'. .S Land Offices in Pacific
Northwest : — Idaho : Black-
foot, Boise City, Citur d'Alene
City, Hailey, Lewiston. Mon-
tana : Bozema' , Helena, Miles
City. Oregon: Burns, La
Grande, Lakeview, Oregon
City, Roseburg, The Dalles.
Wa'shingtou : North Yakima,
Seattle, Spokane, Vancouver,
Walla Walla.

X'niversitv of Idaho, Moscow,
491, 492.

University of Oregon: — De-
scription, 198 to 200 ; School
of Law, Portland, 198; School
of Medicine, Portland, "OO.

University of Wash., Seattle,
372, 373.

Urquhart, W. M., Chehalis,
Wash., 314, 315,

Utah & Northern branch U. P.
R R.,48.

Utt.h Northern R. R., Mont. ,49.

Van Scoy, W. T., A. B., Drain,
Or., 203.

Vancouver, B. C, 569.

Vancouver, Capt. (ieo., 307.

Vancouver Ferry, Columbia
River, 146.

Vancouver, Island, B. C. : —
Boundary line, ,33 ; see Brit-
ish Columbia aiul Victoria.

Vancouver, Wash. ; — Descrip-
tion, 307 to .309 ; Fort Van-
couver, 108, 14(5 ; Electric
line from Portland, 14(5.

Vandalia Mine, Wash., 74.

Van Duvn, Isaac, Independence,
Or., 249.

Van Duyn, J. M., Independence,
Or., 249.

Van Tnye, F. R., Mt. Vernon,
Wash., 390.

Vautour Mine, Mont., 545.

Index. — Reading Matter.

629

Or.,

V. p.

Vegetables : — ( Grown in near-
ly all parts of Pacific North-
west.)

Veronia, Or., 230.

Victoria, B. C. : — Description,
562 to 568 ; precipitation,
16; temperature, IG ; aluo
see 568, 569.

Vieilantes of Mont. : — Descrip-
tion, 562 to 568.

Villard, Henry, 41, 43, 198.

Viola Group Mines, Idaho, 79.

Virgin, W. J., Ashland, Or., 21 6.

Virginia City, Mont., 81, 563.

Virtue, James W., Portland, 292.

Voegler Block, Spokane, 437.

VoUmer & Scott, Grangeville,
Idaho, 501.

Von Cadow, Mrs. M., 273.

Voruz, Emil, Heppner, Or., 272.

Wahkiakum Co., Wash., 306.

Waitsburg, Wash., 458, 459

Wake-Up-Jim Mine, Mont. ,555,
556.

Waldo, Or., Copper, 71.

Walkerville, Mont., 551, 552.

Wallace, Idaho: — Description,
483; railroads, 48, 49. (Also
see 479, 482.)

Walla Walla Co., Wash., i458,
459.

7, alia Walla River in Or., 278,
284; in Wash., 28.

Walla Walla, Wash., 41; de-
scription, 4.55 to 458; pre-
cipitation, 16; railroads, 46,
47; temperature, 16.

Wallowa Co., Or., 287; mines,
70.

Wallula June, Wash., 41, 39,
47, 422.

Walton, Joshua J;, Sec. Uni-
versity of Or., Eugene, Or.,
200.

Wanita, B. C, 584.

Wann. J. H., Cottonwood, Ida.,
503.

Wardner, Idaho : — Description
482. ( Al.so see 478, 479) ;
railroads, 48, 49.

War Eagle Mine, B. C, 584.

War Eagle Mine, Ida., 485.

War Eagle Mountain, Ida., 79.

Warner Lake, Or.. 36,221,222.

Warner Valley, Or , 222.

Warrens, Idaho, 77.

Warrens Mines, Idaho, 499.
Warrens' Salmon Cannery,
Cathlamet, Wash., 306.

Wasco Co., Or., 269.
Washington: — A'ea, 7; coal, 86
to 92; coast harbors, 34; coast
points, 300 to 306, 317 to
320, 324 to 335; coke, 88;
centers of population, 3O0 to
475; early history, 345, 364,
.365; elevation, mean, maxi-
mum, mininmm, 10 ; first
court, 345; first sawmill, 61;
fishing industries, 95 to 104;
hops, 3.57 to 361 ; Indian
troubles, 433; irrigation, 24 ;
lead, 72 to 77; lime industry,
92 to 9.5; lumlxiing indus-
tries, 61, 62, (>3; m!\rl)le,

."^S to 95; mining, 72 to
77; oil, 88 ; organization
of, 7 ; population, 7 ; rail-
r oads , 43, 44, 4.5 ;
shingle industry, 62; soil, 22,
23; State Agricultural Col-
lege, Pullman, 474 ; State,
Capitol at Olynipia, 339 ;
State Insane Asylum, Medical
Lake, 447 ; State Normal
School, Cheney, 430; State
Normal School, Ellen.sburgh,
414; State Penitentiary, Wal-
la Walla, 457; State School
for Defective Youth, Vancou-
ver, 308; State School for
Feeble Minded, Vancouver,
308 ; State Soldiers Home,
Orting, 411 ; timber. 378 ;
timber resources, .56 to o3;
wheat crop, 344, 345, 347,
440.

Washington & Columbia River
Ry Co. (Hunt's lines), 47.

Washington Co., Idaho, 50.5,
517, 506, 507; gold and sil-
ver output, 78.

Wash. Div. U. P. R. R., 46, 47,
48.

Washington, George, founder
Centralia, Wash., 321.

Washington Hotel, Olympia,
Wash., 339.

Washington Nat. Bank, Seattle,
382.

Nat. Bank, Spo-

Nat. Bank, Ta-

309.

Or.,
214;

Washington
kane, 441.

Washington
coma, 351.

Washington Savings Bank,
Seattle, 382.

\V ashington Savings Bank,
Spokane, 441.

Washington & Southern R. R.
Co., 340.

Washington Water Power Co.,
437, 438, 440.

Washougal River, Wash.,

Washougal, Wash., 309.

Water Power. :— Albany,
176, 177; Ashland, Or.
Baker City, Or., 288; Browns-
ville, Or., 183, 185; Caldwell,
Idaho, 507; Chelan River,
Wash., 451 ; Clarke Co., Wash.,
309; Colfax, Wash., 466;
Colville Co., Wash., 454;
Dayton, Wash., 461; Eugene,
Or., 196; Goldendale, Wash.,
309: Harrisburg, Or., 192;
Heppner, Or., 271; Hood
River, Or., 268; Idaho Falls,
Idaho, f'23; Jefferson, Or.,
174; Josephine Co. Or., 210;
Klamath Falls, Or., 218;
La Grande, Or., 285; Leban-
non, Or., 179, 180; Milton,
Or., 284; Myers Falls, Wash.,
453; North Yamhill, Or.,
243; (See Oregon City article;
Palouse, Wash., 471; Pendle-
ton, Or,, 275; Polk Co., Or.,
257; Pomeroy, Wash.. 464;
Portland (SeeOregonCity arti-
cle); l*rosscr,Wasii.,42i5; Rose-

burg, Or., 205; Salem, Or.,
168; Scio, Or., 181; Silverton,
Or., 187; Spokane, Wash.,
431, 437, 438, 439; Stayton,
Or., 181; The Dalles, Or.,
269; Thompson Falls, Mont.,
525; Touchet River, Wash.,
459; Tualatin River, Or., 161 ;
Tumwater, Wash., 339, 340;
Turner, Or., 173; Union, Or.,
286; Waitsburg, Wash., 459;
Washington Co., Or., 229;
Washougal, Wash., 309; Wil-
lamette Falls, Or. (See Oregon
City article); Yamhill Co., Or.,
248.
Waterville, Wash., 448, 451.
Watkins, W. W., Moscow,

Idaho, 490, 491.
Watts, Dr. J. W., Lakeview, Or.,

223.
Wax, Henry, Grangeville, Idaho,
501.

Weatheawax, The J. M. Lum-
ber Co., Aberdeen, Wash.,
332.

Weatherwax, The J. M. (schoon-
er), 332, 333.

Webb, G. A., Silverton, Or.,
188.

Weber Bros., Portland, 154.

Webster Mine, Wash., 74.

Weinhard's Brewery, Portland,
125, 126.

Weiser, Idaho, 505, 506.

Weiser Mine, Mont., .546.

Weiser River, Idaho, 28, 506,
507,505, 517.

Weiser Valley. Idaho, 506,
507.

Wellington Coal Mines, B. C,
52, 570.

Wenas River, Wash., 417.

Weuas Valley, Wash., 417.

Wcnatchee River, Wash., 20.

Wenatchee, Wash., 46. 451,
453.

W. Coa.=t Mfg. & In. Co., Bal-
lard, Wash., 384.

West Colusa Mine, Mont., 556.

Westcott Bay, Wash., 93.

Western Mont. Bank, Missoula,
529.

West (iranite Mine, Mont. 535.

West Kootenay, B. C, 436, 578
to 584.

Westminster June, B. C, 51.

Weston, Or., 283, 284.

West Portland Park, suburb
Portland, 147.

West Sawmill, Aberdeen, Wash.,
332.

West Scio, Or., 181.

West Seattle Cable Ry. Co., Se-
attle, 370.

West Side Mill Co., " Olynipia,
Wa.sh., 338.

West Stayton, Or., 181.

West Street & N. End Ry. Co.
(elee), Seattle, 370.

Whales, 102.

Whatcom Co, Court House, New
Whatcom, Wash., 403.

Whatcom Co., Wash., 393 to

630

The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest.

ii9G, 401i; also see Fairhaveti
and N. Whatcom.

Wlmtcotn, Wash., 393, 4-01,
4.0;i.

Whaleback steamers, construc-
tion, 3.S5.

Wheat crop Pacific Northwest,?,

Wheat : — Adams Co., Wash.,
420; Aniitv, Or., 25S: Athe-
na, Or., 2«2; Baker ' >., Or.,
291 ; Big Bend Country, Wash.,
t27, 4-4-8, 4.49; Benton Co.,
Or., 262;' Bitter Root Valley,
Mont.. 526; Camas Prairie,
Idaho, 498, 500; Canyon Co.,
Idaho, 509; Chehalis, Wash.,
327, Colfax, Wash., 4G5;
Colton, Wash., 475; Colum-
bia Co., Wash,, 460; Colville
Valley, Wash., 453; Corvallis,
Or., 2G1; Davenport, Wash.,
449; Deer Lodge, Mont.. 536;
Douglas Co., Or., 208; Elgin,
Or., 286; iMigene (storage),
195; Farniington, Wash.,
468; Flathead Valley, Mont.,
532; Forest Grove, Or., 231;
Garfield Co., Wash., 463;
Garfield, Wash., 467; Gene-
see, Idaho, 476; Gilliam Co.,
Or., 274; Halsey, Or., 191,
192; HarrLsburg, Or., 192;
Heppner, Or., 271; Hillsl)oro,
Or., 227; Horse Plains, Mont.,
526; Idaho Falls, Idaho, 524;
"Inland Empire" (exportedl,
113; " Inland Empire"
(shipped to Portland), 130;
Independence, Or., 249; Jef-
ferson, Or., 174: Josepliine
Co., Or., 209; Junction City.
C)r., 194; Kendrick, Idaho,
493; Klickitat Valley, Wash.,
310; Lane Co., Or., 200, 201 ;
Linn Co., 179; Medford, Or.,
210; Morrow Co., Or., 273;
Moscow, Idaho. 489; Mt. An-
gel, Or., 189; N. Yamhill, Or.,
243; Oakesdale, Wash., 469;
Oregon City, Or., 163; Palouse
and Big IJend Countries,
Wash., 435; Palouss, Wash.,
472; Pendleton, Or., 276;
Polk Co., Or., 257; Portland
(shipments), 130; Potlatch
Country, Idaho, 493;Pullmau,
Wash., "473; Rathdrum, Idaho,
476; Rogue Ri%'er Valley, Or.,
213; Salem. Or., 168, 171;
Scio, Or., 182; Seattle, 381;
Southern Pac. R. R. (ship-
ments), 40; Sprague, Wash.,
427;Tacoma, 344, 345, 347,
348; Tekoa, Wash., 470;
Touchet Valley, Wash., 459;
Turner, Or., 173; Umatilla
Co., Or.. 278, 279; Union Co.,
Or., 288; Union Pacific R. R.
(shipments), 41; Unionto\vn,
Wash., 475; Walla Walla Co.,
Wash., 458; Wasco Co., Or.,
270; Washington, 344, 345,
347, 440; Washington Co.,
Malio, 507; Washington Co.,
Or., 229; Waterville, Or., 448;

Weis^. Valley, Idaho, 506;
Weston or., 283; Whitman
Co., V ish., 467; Willam-
ette \ alley. Or., 105. 130;
Wood River Valley, Idaho,
518; Yamhill Co., Or., 247.

Whipperville Mine, Mont., 5-1-7.

Whitcomb, Lot (steamer), 117.

White Bird Plains, Idaho, 502.

While, Geo. F., Castle Rock,
Wash., 311.

Whitehouse, Crimius & Co.,
Aberdeen, Wash.. 332,

White River, Or., 270.

White River, Wash., 34, 412.

White River Valley, Wash. ,363.

White Sulphur Springs, A.sh-
land. Or., 215.

White Sulphur Springs, Mont.,
544.

White Swan Mine, Or., 70, 292.

Whitman College, Walla Walla,
Wash., 456.

Whitman Co. Court House, Col-
fax, Wash., 463.

Whitman Co., Wash., 440, 464,
467.

Whitman Ma.ssacre, 109,

Whitney, Wash., 390.

WhitwoVth College, Sumner,
Wash., 362, 363.

Wicks, Mont., 545 to 547.
(.■VLso 50.)

Wilbur, Rev. J. H., 128.

Wilbur, Wash., 450, 448.

Wilcox, Dr. Ralph, Portland,
140.

Wild Horse Creek, Or., 278.

Wilhelm, J. (i. (brewery), Port-
land, 153.

Wilhoit Springs, Or. (coal), 71.

Wilke.son, Wa.sh. : — Coal, 91;
coke, 90, 344.

Willamette Falls (suburb), Ore-
gon Citj', Or., 161.

Willamette Falls B:iec. Co., Ore-
gon City, Or., 164.

Willamette Falls, Oregon City,
Or. :- Description, 31, 32.
(Al.so see 104, 158, 159,160;)
power for electric lighting,
118. 119

Willamette Pulp & Paper Co.,
Oregon City, Or., 163.

Willamette River, Or. : — De-
.scriptiou. 31, 32. (Also see
104. 158, 159, 160, 167,
169, 171, 173, 174, 175,
192,194; commerce, .30; re-
lation to Portland, 129; traf-
fic from Portland, 117, 118.

Willamette Ry. Co., Oregon
City, Or., 161.

Willamette School, Portland,
143.

Willamette Tannery, Eugene,
Or., 195, 196.

Willamette Trans. & Locks Co.,
Oregon City, Or., 164.

Willamette University, Port-
land, 143.

Willamette University, Salem,
Or., 169.

Willamette Valley Or. :— -De-
scription, 104 to 106. (Also

see centers of population. 106
to 201 and 227 to 263); fir.,1
railroad, 109; first .settlement
109, 157; relation to Port-
land, 113; soil 21; wheat, 22.

Willamette Valley & Coa.st R.
R., 260.

Willapa Harbor Tannin Extract
Co., South Bend, Wash., 319.

Willapa Harbor ( Shoalwater
Bay), Wash., 34, 301, 305,
317 to 320; hemlock bark,
60; oysters, 96, 102, 103; R.
R. connection. 45.

Willapa River, Wash., 35. (Also
317 to 320.)

Willapa Valley, Wash., 320.

Williams, A., Tillamook, Or.,
238.

Williams Ave. School, Portland,
143.

Wilson, Jog. A., Ashland, Or.,
215.

Wilson Mine, Idaho, 78.

Wilson River, Or., 35, 236,239.

Wilson River (Or.) Toll Road,
232, 233.

Wilson River Boom. Toll Road
& Im. Co., Tijilainook, Or.,
232.

Wilson Sawmilt, Aberdeen,
Wash., 332.

Willow Creek Canal, Iduho,517,
524.

WilTow Creek, Or., 271.

Willow Creek Valley, Or., 271,
273.

Willows Junction, Or., 270.

Windsor Mine, Or.. 291.

Wine, Rogue River Valley, Or.,
213.

Winlock, Wash., 311, 312, 74.

Winner Mine, Wash., 74.

Wise, Dr. W. A., Tillamook
and Albiiia, Or., 239.

Wishkah River, Wash., 325,
330.

Wisuer, Mrs., Portland, 151.

Wolf, Adolf & Son, Silverton,
Or., 187.

Wolff, Zwickertfc Uuehner, Pipe
works, Portland, 137.

Wolff & Zvvicker, Iron works,
Portland, 137.

Woodburn, Or., 165, 16(5.

Woodburn-Springfield branch,
S. P. R. R., 39.

Woodin's Lumber Mills, Fair-
haven, Wash., 401.

Woodinville June, Wash., 4.5.

Woodlawn, suburb, Portland,
147.

Wood River, Idaho, 28, 517.

Wood River Valley, Idaho: —
Description, 518 to 522 ; rail-
roads, 48.

Wood River, Or., 217.

Wood, Walter A., Harvester Co.,
^•ortland 154, 155.

Wool ;— ( Produced in nearly all
parts of tlie Pac. Northwest.)
Albany, Or., 175. 1 7(> ; Athe-
na, Or., 282; Brownsville,
or,, 185 ; Caldwell, Idaho,
507 ; Coos Bay, Or., 266 ;

mmi^mmmmmiimmm'mmmmmmmmmm'mmm

Douglas Co., Or., 206, UOS ;
Eastern Oregon ( crop ), 114;
( also sec Chas. Cuiitiinghaiu,
27U to li82 ) ; Giiliain Co., Or.,
iJ74 ; Heppner, Or., 271;
Klickitat vallev. Wash., 310 ;
Klamath Co.,"Or., 218 ; La
C.rande, Or., 2S4 ; Lane Co.,
Or., 201 ; Montana, 561,
562 ; Morrow Co., Or., 273 ;
Oakland, Or., 204- ; Oregon
City, Or., 163 ; Oregon (crop),
130, 131 ; Pendleton, Or.,
276 ; Polk Co., Or , 254 ;
I'ortland ( shipments ) , 130;
Salem, Or., 168 ; The Dalles,
Or,, 269; UmatillaCo.,Or.,278,
279; Union Co., Or., 288;
Weiser, Idaho, 506 ; Whit-
man Co., Wasih., 467.

Woolen Mills : —Oregon (out-
put ), 131 ; Albany, Or., 175,
176 ; Brownsville, Or., 183,
185; Dallas, Or., 254; N.
Whatcom, Wash., 405 ; Ore-
gon City, Or., 163; Salem,
Or., 168 ; Taconia. 343.

Wooley, Wash., 392.

Worcester Bldg., Portland, 121.

Worden, K. L'., Mont., 526.

Index. — Reading- Matter.

Wrenn, S. U., Portland, 153.

Wright, Col. Geo., 432, 433.

Wright, O. C, Newberg, dr.,
252.

Wright, Wni. P., Dallas, Or.,
256.

Wright's Park, Tacoma, 346.

Writsman, J. O., Albany, Or,,
178.

Xavier, St. Frances Mission,
Winlock, Wash., 312.

Yakima Co., Wash. (See North
Yakima).

Yakima Indians (Wash.\ 417.

Yakima Indian Reservation,
Wash., 422.

Yakima, Wash., Impr. and Irri-
gation Co., 419.

Yakima Prairie, Wash., 422.

Yakima River, Wash., 26, 413,
416, 417, 419, 420, 422,
425; mining, 73, 74.

Yakima Valley, Wash.: — De-
cription, 419 to 424. (Al.so
see 413, 414, 416; irriga-
tion, 24; soil, 24.

Yale, U. C, 569.

Yamhill Co. Court House, Mc-
Minnville, Or., 246.

Yamhill Co,, Or., 247, 248.

631

Yamhill Land Co., Newberg,
Or., 252.

Yamhill River, Or., 104, 248,
253,258; transportation, 118.

Yankee Fork Mines, Idaho, 79.

Yaquina Hay, Or.:— Description,
263, 265; fishing industries,
103; oysters, 96; rock oysters,
102, 103; salmon canneries,
99; steamers to San Fran-
cisco, 42. (Also see 35).

Yaquina City, Or., 264.

Yaquina River, Or., 264.

Yellow Jacket Mine, Idaho, 79.

Yesler, Henry L., 61, 364.

Yesler, Mrs. M. G., Seattle, 371,
372.

You Like Mine, Idaho, 486.

Young America Mine, Colville
Country, Wash., 454.

Young's Bay, Or., 294.

Young, t;. T., Olympia, Wash.,
339.

Young's Hotel, Olympia, Wash.,
339.

Young, S. V,., Albany, Or., 176,
177.

Yukon River, Alaska 64.

Yukon River, Alaska, gold, 85,
o6.