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We liave to go p, long way back in time, comparatively speakinK. to review the in- troduction of wheat growiuK to the valley lands of tlie Red River of the North. A few words on fanning of any kind under- taken on the banks of tlie Red river will not be out of place here. The fur traders of the Northwest Fur Co. had established gosts on the upper Red river, in the neigh- orhood of the spot where now stands the town of (irafton, as early as 1800, and the imployes of the Hudson's Bay Co. aoou followed them. The Northwest company was a Canadian concern, with its head- quarters atMoutreal, their means of trans- port being confined to the bark canoe. The Hudson's Bay Co. supplied its Red river posts from Albany House, on James' bay, though its most important post was at York Factory, on the west shore of Hud- son's bay. The latter place supplied all the posts north of Lake Winnipeg and on the Saskalchetvan river. From t he old journal of a partner of the Northwest companv, I ttnd that on the 17th of May, 1801, Alexander Henry, the partner mentioned, proceeded to the east side of the Red river, opposite the mouth of the Pembina river, and on what la now the site of St. Vincent, he planted "thirty small potatoes,,' which had been brought from the fur trading post of the company at Portage la Prairie on the Assinibolne river. Here was the site of a former post of the Northwest company built about 1798 by one Peter Grant. On this same day Henry established Fort Pembina, which has been the CKNTKAL POINT FOB SETTLEMENT in that locality e ver since. The fort here was situated "on the north side of the Pembina river, on the point of land be- tween that and the Red river, about one hundred paces from each." On the 3rd of October, Henry took from his garden patches one and a half bushels of pota- toes. Continuously after 1801 crops were rais- ed at Pembina, and curiously enough, the next year Henry gives us a rei)ort of his garden produce that fully equals anything in the crop report line that emanates from the imaginative brain of a Dakota editor. On the a)th of October, 1802, he wrote: "I took in ray potatoes, 420 bushels, the produce of seven bushels, exclusive of the qujintity wc have eaten since our arrival, (from Lake Superior at the yearly gathering of the traders), and what the Indians must have stolen, which must be at least 200 bushels more. I measured the circumference of an onion, which was 22 inches. A carrot was 18 inches long and at the thick end it measured 14 inches in circumference. A turnip, with its leaves, weighed 25 lbs." etc. The next list of his vegetables given was in 1804, when, in addition to the coarse roots, he had cucumbers, melons, squashes and Indian com. This is the first mention I find made In the old re- cords of any grain, though, from another .journal, I flna that the &d River Indians, prior to 1809, regularly resorted to the Missouri River to trade with the Man- dans for corn, ^a 1806 oats were sown at Pemblnr APPARENTLY FOR THE FIRST TIME, and the Indians at the mouth of the Red River were also growing com, the seed having been supplied to them the previous year. It was not until the year 1812 that barley is recorded as forming part of a yearly crop raised at the permanent posts of the fur companies. In 1812 the first batch of eraigranij» -vas sent out via Hudson's Bay to the Red River by Lord Selkirk, a Scottish noble- man, who had secured control of a ma- jority of the stock of the Hudson's Bay Co., and voted himself a tract of land bordering on the Red and Assinibolne rivers. In the present State of Minnesota, Territory of Dakota, and Province of Man- itoba, comprising In all some 110,000 square miles. Lord Selkirk aimed at establishing a colony on the banks of the Red River which would serve to break up the fur-trading operations of the North- west company as well as provide a home for the evicted Highlanders, who, driven from their holdings were forced to emi- grate. For several yt-ars after 1812 suc- cessive parties of emigrants from Scot- land Ireland and Switzerland, arrived at the colony, and wheat now became one of the leading articles of production. The seed wheat appears to have been brought out from England, and certainly barley was introduced from Groat Britain at an early date In THE HISTORY OF TUE .SETTLEMENT. The colonists were all settled on the Red River immediately to the north of the present city of Winnipeg, but owinar to th3 scarcity of provisions freq uen tly passed the winters at Pembina, when on the south side of the Pembina River, and op- posite to the Northwest Company's post, they had established a fort, or collection of log houses, which went by the name of Fort Daer, being called so after Lord Sel- kirk, who was also Baron Daer. Trouble soon arose between the governor of the colony, who had been appointed by Lord Selkirk, and the officerr of the Northwest Fur Co. One act led to another, and the result was, first, that in 1815 the North- westers induced the great majority of the Selkirk people to emigrate to Upper Can- ada, and second. In 1816, to an encounter between the rivals, which ended in the death of Gov. Semple and 20 of his Selkirk servants, while the Northwesters lost only one man. The remainmg colonists were driven away to Lake Winnipeg, and their fields, houses, etc., nearly all destroyed, but Lord Selkirk pushed up from Canada with a large band of discharged soldiers and in turn drove olf tlie Northwesters. The British government then interfered, and the settlement grew and flourished, and was strengthened by the coalition of i the fur companies in 1820-21. i In 1826 there was a great flood throiigh- j out the length and breadth of the Red ; river valley. The dwellings, barns and | fences of the settlers, with the forts of the j Hudson's Bav Co., were swept away. Left i homeless, and almost, starving, the se i tiers were driven to despair, and when the j waters subsided, In the middle of .lune, the majority of them, including nearly all j the I)e Meurous and Swiss, decided to abandon the Red rivor country. Accord- > ingly on the 2.Srd of June a party compris- ing 242 persons of both sexes and all ages, started for Fort Snelling, where, after passing safely through the territory of the warlike Sioux, they arrived in good time and settled down. THE REMAINING COLONISTS set to work to rebuild their houses, and notwithstanding the lateness of the sea- son, sowed what seed wheat they had saved from the flood, and later on reaped a most bountiful harvest. From that day to this the land then broken has been almost annually sown in wheat and pro- duced luxuriant crops without in any woy, as far as is apparent, losing any of Its flower. It will be seen, then, thatthe settlement began on the lower or most northerly por- tion of the Red River Valley, and It was not until a full half century later that any whtat was raised on the landsof Northern Minnesota and Dakota, where, within a few years after, the "iron horse" made Its appearance in all directions, to take in emigrants and their equipments, and re- turn to the east the wealth of goldenlgrain which grows up after their arrival. Having followed the course of grain cul- tivatlon'in the "new northwest let us turn back to the days when the noise of the flour mill was just heard in the land, where now many a stately and substan- tial structure, containing rollers and OTHER MODERN MACHINERY, supplies the wants of the settlers. There is no reason to doubt that the Selkirk set- tlers, on their arrivsl in the Red river country in 1812, were the first persons in this district who raised wheat and ground it into fiour. With the original party of the colonists was brought out, from the Orkney Islands, some stone hand mills. One of these is now in the possession of the Manitoba Historical and Scientific society in Winnipeg. The mill is con- structed of two flat stones, circular In shape, about two feet in diameter, and each an inch and a half thick. Inserted in the centre of one is an iron pin, while the other has a circular hole cut through the centre, about three and a half inches In diameter, and crosswise, in which is placed a narrow bar of wood, having a hole bored through It to admit of the iron pin in the lower stone passing through it so that the upper one will revolve about it as an axis. A straight upright handle is inserted into the upper stone near its outer edge, and by this means the stone is turned around, while the grain to be ground is slowly poured into the whole in the centre, from whence it gradually works its way out- ward between the stones. Aitogeiiier it Is a very primitive mill, and the settlers soon become dissatisfied with It, as I find In a book published In 1816 that there was, the year before, a mill (presumably work- ed by wind power) used by the "settlers, which stood just about on the site where now is the LARGEST STEAM GRIST MILL in northwest Canada. From this date on windmills were erected as the settlement spread along the banks of the Red and As- sinibolne rivers. The ruins of several of them still stand, as relics of the past, with- in hearing of the sound of the steam whistles of larger roller mills. Nearly thirty years ago an enterprising miller constructed a dam across one of the num erous prairie coules that run into the Red river in the vicinity of the present city of Winnipeg, and by this means stored up sufficient water to run a water power grist mill during the spring and early summer months. The first steam grist mill was in opera- tion about the year 1861, when Andrew McDermot, an ex-employe of the Hudson's Bay Co., and for years one of the com- pany's most active rivals in the local fur trade, erected in the vi1i-;e of Winnipeg a small mill, the mocu. y of which, bought in New York, was isported iu carls from the then town \>i St. Paul to Fort Garry at a cost of five dollars per "piece" of ninety pounds weight. Another small steam grist mill was erected about the same time, a mile low- er down the Bed river. It was not until 1876 that milH of any considerable capa- city were established on the banks of the Red river. In that years the Hudson Bay Co. and D. H. McMilllan erected large mills, which have been enlarged from time to time since that date, and are no\~' turning out Hour for export. After the above date settlers poured into the Red river valley in Minnesota, Dakota and Manitoba, necessitating the erection c( many raills at all the principal points of settlement. 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