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lyfffU'Jj:^ lyi . 3^uxrvv-^-<r./v
GEOGRAPHY NOTES
FOR
3rd, 4th, and 5th Classes
HY
G. E. HENDERSON
Editor of^' The Canadian Teacher.''
AND
GEO. A. ERASER •
Principal of Public School, Ilawkcnille-
PRICE, 15 CENTS
TORONTO :
THE EDUCATIONAL PUBLISHING COMPANY
1898
WOVINCIAL USRARY
VICTORIA, 8. C
e.e,
5IC
i
Entered according to Act of the Parliament of Canada, in the year one
thousand eight hundrv-!' and nuiely-seven, Wy Gf.o. E. Hknuekson and
Geo. a. Fkasek- at the Department of Agriculture.
H
3
PREFACE.
In preparing this littla note book — a comp^.nion
tt the text-book — we liave endeavored to treat the
suT)ject in such an order as will develop the observ-
ing and reasoning faculties, as well as the memory.
We should study (leography that we may become
acquainted with the surface of the earth, the habita-
tion of man ; tb :.t we may know the advantages of
the climate and the natural resources of each part,
and the way man is profiting by these natural advan-
tages. The subject has, therefore, been presented in
the following order :
(i) The earth as a part of the solar system.
(2) The surface of the earth and it^. natural
divisions of land and water :
(a) General — The definitions, taken up topically.
(b) Particular — The position, surface, drainage and coast-
features of the continents.
(3) The wealth of land and sea which interests
man, and how man is taking advantage of this for
self, society and mankind. This takes up the
countries, forms of government, commercial centres,
products, exports, imports, and commercial routes.
The matter has beencarefullyselected and arranged,
and although, the tables have in some places necessi-
tated smaller type, the matters of most importance
have been set up in large and heavy-faced type. The
time usually occupied in copying notes can now be
saved ; the energy usually spent in this way can be
more profitably used ; and in this way, both teacher
and pupil will be assisted in covering the work pre-
scribed for us by the Education Department.
•
^f^
I.
3.
GEOGRAPHY.
Tiik oiiMiT iir Till lAnrn*
Geography is a description of the earth.
a. Mathematical Geography treats of the form, size, ami
motions of the earth.
b. Physical Geography treats of the natural divisions of
the surface of the earth.
<•. Political Geography treats of the countries, iheir cities
and towns, and the various forms of government.
MATHEMATICAL GEOGRAPHY.
1. The Earth is a planet — a heavenly body moving round t^r
sun.
2. Shape : It is nearly round — flattened at the poles.
Proofs : a. Men have sailed round the world.
b. The shadow of the earth on the moon is always
round.
t. The masts of approachinp ships are seen first.
5
i»
GKOC.KAIMIV NOTKS.
3. Size : Diameter about S.cxx) miles ; circumference about
25,000 miles.
The' Axis of the earth is the imaginary line about which
the earth turns.
The Poles (north and' south) are the ends of the axis of
the earth.
4. Motions : The earth has iwo principal niotions — a. Diurnal,
and /'. Annual.
a. The Diurnal or Daily Motion is the revolution of
the earth on its axis towards the east. This pro-
duces day and night,
(i) The sun is always shining on one-half of the earth.
The other half is dark.
(2) The Circle of Illumination is the line bounding
that i)art of the surface of the earth on which the
sun is shining. It is constantly changing.
(3) A Day (twenty-four hours) is the time it takes the
earth to make one revolution on its axis.
I). The Annual or Yearly Motion is around the sun.
It produces the seasons and the different lengths of
day and night.
(i) The Orbit of the earth (the ecliptic) is its path
around tue sun in a year. It is an ellipse. The
sun is in one centre.
(2) The earth is in aphelion when it is farthest from
sun — about June 21. The earth is in perihelion
when it is nearest to the sun — about December 21.
(3) The Plane of the Earth's Orbit is the space en-
closed within its orbit.
(4) The Change of Seasons is caused by:
a. The revolution of the earth around the sun ;
I. having its axis inclined at an angle (23 j^ degrees)
towards the plane of its orbit ; and
c, having its axis always pointing in the same
direction.
(5) Our Summer Solstice is when the sun shines
vertically over the Tropic of Cancer — about June
21, the longest day in the northern hemisphere.
Our Wmter Solstice is when the sun shines
vertically over the 'i'ropic of Capricorn — about
December 21, the shortest day in the northarn
hemisphere.
«
DKFFNmONS. 7
(6) The Equinoxes (Vernal on March 21, and
Autumnal on Sc|)teml)er 21) are when the sun
shines vertically over the equator, producing e(|i'nl
(lay and nifjht nil over the world.
(7) The heat produced by the sun depends on how
nearly vertically its rays fall.
Imaginary Lines (on the surface of the earth for con-
venient reference).
(i) A Circif i. divided into 360 equal parts, called de-
crees (j6o^).
A Great Circle is one whose plane passes throuqh the
centre of the earth. Ex. — Equator, Meridian
Circles.
A Small Circle is one whose plane does not pass
through the centre of the earth. Ex. — The Tropics,
all Parallels of Latitude.
(2) The Equator is an imaj^inary line passing round the
earth at an equal distance from the north and south
poles.
( ^) Latitude is the distance, in degrees, of a place north
or south of the Equator. Highest latitude possible
90" N. or S.
Parallels of Latitude are lines passing round the earth
parallel to the V^quator. There may be any num-
ber, but four of them are important — Tropic of
Cancer; Tropic of Capricorn, Arctic Circle, and
Antarctic Circle.
(4) The Tropic of Cancer is an imaginary line passing
round the earth, 23)^ degrees north of the Equator,
and parallel to it. It passes through the places
farthest north upon which the sun shines vertically.
(5) The Tropic of Capricorn is 23;^ degrees south of
the Equator and passes through the places farthest
south on which the sun shines vertically.
(6) The Arctic Circle is an imaginary line passing round
the earth, 23^^ degrees from the North Pole. When
the sun shines vertically upon the Tropic of Capricorn
the circle of illumination falls 23'/^ degrees short of
the North Pole, but extends that far beyond the South
Pole.
^'■'
8
GEOGRAPHY NOTES.
(7) The Antarctic Circle is 23!^ degrees from the
South Pole.
These four circles divide the surface of the earth into
Five Zones or belts— Torrid, N. Temperate,
S. Temperate, N. Frigid and S. Frigid.
(8) Meridian Circles are imaginary lines passing round
the earth from north to south at right angles to the
equator and cutting one another at the poles. — The
part of the circle which extends from pole to pole is
a Meridian Line.
Our First Meridian passes through Greenwich, Eng.
Longitude is the distance in degrees of a place east or
west of the first Meridian. The greatest possible
longitude is 180^ (E. or W.).
Miscellaneous :
(i) The Sun is the centre of the Solar System which
includes the sun and all the heavenly bodies which
revolve round it. The sun supplies us with light and
heat and has an important influence on animal and
vegetable life.
(2) The Moon is a satellite — a heavenly body revolving
round a planet. Its orbit is an ellipse ; the earth is in
one centre. It completes this orbit in a little less
than a month. Its light is a reflection of the light of
the sun.
An Eclipse of the Moon is caused by the earth com-
ing between the moon and the sun. It occurs only
at full moon.
An Eclipse of the Sun is caused by the moon coming
between the earth and the sun. It occurs only at
new moon.
(3) The Horizon is the point whtre the earth and sky
appear to meet.
(4) The Zenith is the point in the heavens direclly over-
head.
(5) The Nadir is the point in the heavens directly under-
neath us.
(6) The Antipodes is the point on the earth's surface
directly opposite to us.
DKFINITIONS.
THE SURl'ACK OF I'HK EARTH.
I. The Continent and its Parts :
a. Surface.
d. Drainage.
c. Polit'cal Divisions.
II. The Ocean and its Parts.
I. The Continent and its Parts :
Continent — A very large body of land containing many
countries.
■J. Surface :
Mountain — An elevation of land over 2000 feet above
the surrounding country.
Mountain Range or Chain— A line of mountains.
Mountain System — Two or more parallel ranges.
Hill — An elevation less than 2000 feet.
Hillock, Mound or Knoll— Small hills.
Down or Dune- -Sandy hills.
Summit or Peak— The highest part of a mountain.
Pinnacle— A high point of rock.
Slope— The mountain side.
Base or Foot — The lowest part of a mountain.
Cliff — A high steep rock.
Precipice or Escarpment- -A very steep slope.
Plateau or Tableland — A tract of country over 1000
feet above the sea level.
Highlands —A mountainous district.
Glacier— An immense mass of ice sliding slowly down a
mountain.
Moraine — A line of rocks on a glacier.
Avalanche or Snowslide— A mass of snow sliding or
roUinj^ down a mountr.in.
Valley — A depression between hills or mountains.
Vale or Dale — A small valley;
Dingle— A shady valley.
Glen — A narrow secluded valley.
Strath — A valley of considerable size often containing
a river. (Scotland).
Pass — An opening or passage across a mountain chain.
D^*file — A long narrow piss.
lO
GEOGKAPMY NOTES.
Cave — A natural cavity or hollow in rocks.
Cavern — A large cave.
Grotto — A small cave, natural or artificial.
Volcano — A burning mountain.
(i) Active — One in eruption all or part of the time.
(2) Extinct — One that has ceased to be active.
Crater — The mouth of a volcano.
Lava — Melted rock out of a volcano.
Plain — A low tract of nearly level land.
Landes — Sandy plains. (France).
Steppes — Vast unwooded plains.. (Russia).
Tundras — Low ni^ssy plains. (N. Asia).
Prairie — A grassy plain, nearly treeless. (N. America).
Savannah — A treeless meadow plain. (United States).
Llanos — Grassy treeless plains. (Venezuela).
Silvas or Selvas — Densely wooded plains. (Brazil).
Pampas — Grassy treeless plains. (Argentiite Rep.).
Moor or Heath — A desolate plain. (Great Britain).
Swamp — A low wet tract covered with trees.
Morass, Marsh, Bog or Fen — A low wet spot
covered with reeds or shrubs.
Drainage.
River — A large stream of fresh water flowing through or
over the land.
Creek — A smaller stream than a river.
Rill, Brook, Brooklet, Rivulet or Streamlet — A
very small stream.
Torrent — A violent mountain stream.
Source or Head — The commencement of the stream.
Course — The path of the stream.
Bed— The bottom of the stream.
Channel — The deep part of the stream.
Current — The onward movement of the water, espec-
ially where swift.
Banks— The rising ground on each side of the stream.
Right Bank — The right side as one goes down stream.
Left Bank — The left side as one goes down stream.
'/Levee — An artificial bank to prevent overflow of a
river. (Mi.'^sissippi).
/• Crevasse — A break in a levee.
Mouth — Where the stream empties into some other body
of water.
Estuary— The wide mouth of a river affected by tides.
.. i?i :
DEFINITIONS.
II
'¥•■
Delta — The land between the mouths of a river, formed
by sediment.
Sediment or Alluvial Deposit —The earth carried down
by a river and deposited at its mouth or along its
course.
River Basin — The whole area drained by a river and its
tributaries.
River Valley — The depression through which a river
runs.
Watershed, Divide or Height of Land — A ridge
that separates r.iver basins.
Branch— One of the divisions of a river at its month.
Tributary or Affluent — A stream flowing r.nto the
main stream.
Fork or Confluent — One of two streams that unite to
form a river. {Ex. N. & S. Saskatchewan).
Confluence — The place where two streams unite.
Peal — A small body of still water.
Pond — A larger body than a pool.
Dam — An embankment across a stream.
Lake— A large body of water surrounded by land. Local
na.mes Lock t Lottgh^ (Gt.B.).
Lake Expansion — The part of a river that widens out
into a lake.
Lagoon — A shallow lake in low lying districts (Italy).
Tarn — A small mountain lake.
Shoal — Any shallow place in water.
Bar — A bank of sand in a river.
Ford— A place in a river where it may be crossed by
wading.
Waterfall — The part of a river where the water falls over
steep rocks.
Cascade— A small waterfall.
Cascades-- A series of small waterfalls.
Cataract — A very large waterfall.
Rapid or Sault — The place where a river descends
rapidly over rocks.
Eddy — Any place where water whirls round.
Whirlpool — An immense eddy.
Ravine or Gorge— A deep, narrow hollow generally worn
by running water.
Gully — A small gorge.
- i\
12
h
GEOGRAPHY NOTES.
Canon or Canyon — A very deep gorge where a river
has worn its way dowr. through rocks.
Canal -An artifical waterway for the passage of ships.
Canal Lock — An apartment fitted with gates, between
two parts of a canal having different levels, where-
by ships may go up or down easily.
Timber Slide — An artificial passage, constructed beside
waterfalls, down which s(]uare timber is floated in-
stead of going over the falls.
Political Divisions:
Country — A tract of land under one government.
Province or State — A division of a country having
local self-government.
County — A division of a province or state.
Shire— A county (di. H. ).
Township — A division of a county.
School Section — Thai part of a township under one
school-board.
Capital — The seat of government of a country, province,
or state.
County-town— The seat of government of a county.
City — A very large collection of houses (pop. 9,000 or
over, in Ontario).
Town— Smaller than a city (pop. 2,000 or over).
Incorporated Village— Smaller than a town (pop. 800
or over) and having a municipal council.
Village or Hamlet — A small collection of houses.
(No council).
Monarchy — A country governed bya hereditary monarch.
(i) An Absolute Monarchy — One whose monarch has
al)S()lute power.
(2) A Limited Monarchy -(Jne in which the power
of the monarch is limi.cd by law.
Empire — A country governed jjy an emperor or em
press.
Kingdom — A country governed by a king or queen.
Principality (duchy or grand duchy) — A country
governed liy a prince (a duke or a grand duke).
Republic — A country governed by a president who is
elected to office.
Commonwealth — A country with a government similar
to that of a republic.
DiivINITlONS.
M
ColOfiy — A country settled by people from the mother
country and still under her rule.
Boundary Line — The line bounding any tract of land,
(1) International — The line between countries.
(2) Provincial — The line between provinces.
Town Line — The line between townships.
Concession — A series of farm lots in a township.
Road — A public highway.
Lane — A narrow road.
Concession Road — A road between concessions.
Side Line — A road running across concessions.
Street — A public road in a city, town, or village.
Avenue — A wide street.
Alley— A narrow street.
IL The Oeean and its F^arts :
Ocean— An immense body of salt water between conti-
nents.
Sea — A smaller body of salt water than an ocean.
The Sea — The ocean (a general term).
Gulf or Bay — A hollow or bend in the coast line. A baj
is properly more landlocked than a gulf.
Inlet — Any kind of coast opening.
Bight — A wide inlet not extending far inknd.
Firth or Frith — A long narrow inlet at the mouth cf a
river. (Scotland).
Fiord— A narrow inlet with high, rocky banks. (Norway).
Strait — A narrow passage of water between bodies of land.
Gut — A narrow strait. (N.S.).
w annel — A wide strait.
Sound— A shallow strait.
Sea-bed- The bottom of the ocean.
Sea-level — The level of the surface of the ocean.
Tides — The regular rise and fall of the water of the ocean
and its inlets caused by the attraction of the moon and
the sun.
Flood-tide (the flow of the tide)— The rising tide;
twice a day.
Ebb-tide — The falling tide ; twice a day.
Spring-tide — The particularly high tide when the sun
and the moon are acting in a straight line. (New
and full moon).
14
GEOGRAPHY NOTES.
Neap-tide— The particularly low tide when the sun
and tlie moon are acting at right angles to each
other. (First and last quarters).
Wave — A swell or ridjje on the surface of the water.
Billow — An immense wave.
Tidal-wave — The wave caused by the tide advancing
on ehore.
Bore — The front of a tidal-wave ascending a river.
Earthquake-wave- An immense wave caused by an
earthquake at tlie bottom of the sea.
Ocean-current — The streamlike movement of the water
in the ocean.
Port— A calling place for ships — the harbor and the town.
Harbor or Haven -A place of shelter for ships.
Breakwater— A strong embankment out from shore, to
form an artificial harbor.
Road or Roadstead— A place for ships to anchor, but
without harb()r protection.
Isle or Island— A piece of land surrounded by water.
Islet— A small island.
Archipelago — A group of many islands.
Atoll. — A circular coral island surrounding a lagoon.
(Pacific).
Bank -A shallow place in the sea. {Ex. — near Nfd.).
Coast or Shore — The land bordering on the water.
Sea-board - The sea-shore.
Beach — A sandy or pebbly shore.
Bluff— A high, steep bank, back from the shore.
Dyke- An artificial bank along the coast. (Holland).
Cape— A point of land jutting into the water. Local
names : — //ea(f. Pointy Ness., Naze, Mull, BW Butt.
(Gt.B.).
Promontory — A high rocky cape.
Peninsula — A piece of land nearly surrounded by water.
Isthmus — A narrow neck of land joining two larger
portions.
Iceberg -An immense mass of ice floating in the sea.
Lighthouse — A tower with a light as a guide or warning
to sailors.
Submarine Cable — A telegraph line beneath the ^ea.
%■'■
m.
ll
II
NORTH AMERICA.
1. Position : a. Absolute, d. Relative, c. Boundaries.
2. Surface : a. Mountains, Highlands, Plains.
b. Natural Resources.
3. Drainage : a. Rivers, b. Lakes.
4. Coast Features :
a. Oceans, Seas, Gulfs and Bays, Straits.
b. Capes, Peninsulas, Isthmuses, Islands.
5. Political and Commercial Geography :
a. Countries, Cities and Towns.
b. Industries.
c. Exports and Imports.
d. Commercial Routes.
1. Position : a. Absolute, b. Relative.
a. From 10" N. lat. to the North Pole.
The greater part in the N. Temperate Zone.
b. Between the Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans.
Compare with the latitude of Europe and Asia.
c. Boundaries :
North — Arctic Ocean.
East — Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea.
West — Pacific Ocean, Behring Sea and Strait.
2. Surface :
a. The Great Western Plateau.
(i) The Rocky Mountain System:
Ranges — Rocky, Sierra Madre.
Peaks — Brown, Hooker, Murchison.
Fremont's, Pike's.
Popocatepetl.
15
11
MAP or TlIK SURl ,V i: <)| NOKIIl AMKRh A
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NORTH AMERICA.
17
/^
(2) The Coast System :
Ranges^ A\a.ska.n, Cascade, Sierra
Nevada, Coast Range.
Peaks — Wrangel, St.Elias, Fairweather,
Rainier, Hood, Shasta, Whitney.
d. The Great Eastern Plateau.
(i) The Appalachian System :
/Ganges — Notre Dame, White, Green,
Catskill, Alleghany, etc.
Peak — Mount Washington (N.H.).
(2) The Laurentian Plateau:
/Ganges — Wotchish, Adirondacks.
(3) Basin of the St. Lawrence :
c. The Great Central Plain.
( 1 ) The Northern Slope :
a. Mackenzie Basin.
d. The part drained into L. Winnipeg.
(2) The Southern Slope.
Natural Resources: The Western Plateau
is rich in gold, silver and lead, while coal and iron of
excellent quality are found in British Columbia. The
coast region has abundance of rain, and the northern
part of the plateau is covered with dense forests of
valuable timber. The rivers teem with fish, and the
orchards and vineyards of California are world-famed.
In the Hastern Plateau, coal and irou are found
in the Appalachian Region. The Laurentian Plateau
is rich in gold, silver, nickel and copper, while forests
of pine and spruce cover its rocky surface. The fish-
ing grounds east of Canada are among the richest in
the world.
The Great Central Plain is composed of rich soil.
The centre is prairie, but the northern and southern
i8
(UiOORAI'HY NOTES.
parts are woodland. Many tropical products grow ih
the south of the continent, and the forests of the
north abound in fur-bearing animals.
3. Drainage :
a. Arctic Slope :
(1) Mackenzie Basin {\- of Canada) :
Hivers — Slave, Mackenzie ;
Athabasca, Peace, Liat d ; Bear.
Lakes — Gt. Bear, Gt. Slave, Athabasca,
VVollaston, Deer.
(2) Hudson Bay Slope :
Rivers -Churchill, Nelson, Albany,
Rupert, East Main, Gt. Whale.
Nelson (a) Saskatchewan (N. and S.).
{/>) Red (Assiniboine).
(c) Winnipeg.
ZrtM -Winnipeg, Manitoba, Woods.
^. Atlantic Slope.
(1) St. Lawrence Basin:
Rivers— {(i) St. Mary, St. Clair, Detroit,
Niagara, St. Lawrence ;
(^) Ottawa, St. Maurice, Saguenay •
(e) Richelieu.
Lakes — (a) Superior, Michigan, Huron,
St. Clair, Erie, Ontario ;
(/O St. John, Champlain.
(2) Eastern Slope:
iV/^'t-ri— St. John.Connecticut, Hudson,
Delaware, Potomac, James,
Savannah.
c. Southern Slope.
(i) Into Gulf of Mexico :
Mississippi, Brazos, Rio Grande.
NORTH AMERICA.
19
(2) Mississippi Basin :
(a) Ohio — Cumberland, Tennessee.
(/') Missouri — Yellowstone, Plalte.
Arkansas — Canadian ; Red.
d. Pacific Slope.
Colorado, Sacramento, Columbia — Snake —
Fraser, Yukon.
e. Other Lakes: Nicaragua, Great Salt.
4. Coast Features — Waters :
a. Oceans — Arctic, Atlantic, I'acific.
d. Seas — Caribbean, Behring.
c. Gulfs and Bays —
(1) Mackenzie, Coronation, Boothia, Baffin,
Hudson, James, Ungava.
(2) St. Lawrence, Chaleur, Fundy, Dela-
ware, Chesapeake, Mexico, Campeachy,
Honduras.
(3) California, San Francisco, Bristol, Nor-
ton.
d. Straits, Channels and Sounds —
(i) Davis, Hudson, Fox.
(2) Belle Isle, Northumberland, Canso,
Long Island Sound, Florida, Yucatan,
Windward, Mona.
(3) Golden Ciate, Juan de Fuca, Puget
Sound, Georgia, Queen Charlotte Sound,
Behring.
Coast Features— Land :
a. Capes — important only in connection ivitL Nav
igation.
(i) Northern Capes unimportant.
20
GEOGRAPHY NOTES.
(2) Farewell, Chudleigh (Chldley), Race,
Ray, Sabie, Cod, Hatteras, Sable,
Catoche, Gracias a Dies.
(3) San Lucas, Mendocino, Blanco, Flattery,
Prince of Wales.
h. Peninsulas— {\) Boothia, Meiville.
(2) Labrador, Gasp^, Nova Scotia, Florida,
Yucatan.
(3) Lower California, Alaska.
c. /vMw//j^^— Panama (I)arien), Tehuantepec.
d. Islands— {\) Parry, Banks, Albert and Victoria,
Prince of Wales, N. Devon, Baffin,
Southampton, Greenland, Iceland.
(2) Newfoundland, Anticosti, Prince Ed
ward, Cape Breton, Long, Bermuda.
(3) West Indies— Bahama, Greater Antilles,
— Cuba, Hayti, Porto Rico, Jamaica-
Lesser Antilles.
(4) Vancouver, Queen Charlotte, Prince of
Wales, Sitka, Aleutian, Pribylov.
5. Political and Commercial Geography.
Political Divisions.
•-i • -
COUNTRIKS.
Canada.
United States
and Alaska.
Mexico.
Central America
West Indies.
Capitals.
Ottawa.
Washingtor
Mexico.
Several.
Various.
Government.
British Colony.
Republic.
Republic.
Republic.
Various.
NORTH AMERICA
21
Of Less Importance.
Countries.
Capitals.
G'v' T
Dan.
Dan.
Exports.
Iceland.
Greenland.
Reikiavik.
Godthaab.
1 Whale-oil, whale-
\ bone, hides, eider-
1 •
^down.
Cuba.
Porto Rico.
Havana.
San Juan.
Sp.
Sp.
/■Sugar, molasses,
< tobacco, cigars,
Uruit, coffee.
Newfoundland
St. John's.
Er.
Fish, furs.
and Labrador.
Bermudas.
Hamilton.
Br.
Vegetables.
Bahamas.
Nassau.
IJr.
Fruit, turtles, salt.
Jamaica.
Kingston.
Br.
Sugar, molasses,
rum, coffee.
Leewards.
St. John.
Br.
Windwards.
St. George.
Br.
Barbddoes.
Bridgetown.
Br.
Belize.
Belize.
Br.
^Cabinet and dye-
Greater Rep. of
J woods, india-rub-
Cent'l. America
Four Capitals.
Rep.
j ber, medicinial
Costa Rica.
San Jos^.
Rep.
Iplants, coffee.
Hayti.
Port au Prince
Rep.
Dominica.
San Domingo.
Rep.
A Commercial Centres— /*« order of size,
(i) Canada. — Montreal, Toronto, Quebec,
Hamilton, Ottawa, St. John, Halifax,
London, Winnipeg, Kingston, Vancouver.
(2) United States. — Greater New York,
Chicago, Philadelphia, St. Louis, Boston,
Baltimore, San Francisco, Cincinnati,
Cleveland, Buffalo, New Orleans, Pitts-
burg, Washington, Detroit, Milwaukee,
—Ait over 200,000 pop
22
GEOGRAPHY NOTES.
(3) Other Cities. — Havana, Guatemala and
the capitals of the islands and republics.
c. Industries.
(i) Canada. — Agriculture, dairying, stock-
raising, fruit-growing ; fishing and can-
ning ; lumbering and ship building ;
fur-trading \ mining, manufacturing ;
commerce and transportation.
(2) United States. — Agriculture, fruit-grow-
ing, stock-raising ; lumbering, mining,
manufacturing ; fishing, canning, pack-
ing ; commerce and transportation.
(3) Mexico. — Agriculture, mining.
(4) Central America. — Lumbering (fine
woods), coffee growing.
(5) West Indies. — Raising sugar, fruit and
tobacco.
Exports and Imports^
Canada :
Exports— Qxd\x\, live stock, cheese, lumber
and timber, metals, coal, fish, meat, furs.
Imports — Manufactures, coal, cotton, india-
rubber, tobacco, sugar, tea, coffee, spices,
fruits.
United States :
Expo>:s — Grain, live stock, cotton, tobacco,
oysters, fruit, coal, manufactures.
Imports — Manufactures, barley, india-rubber,
fish, sugar, tea, c(jffee, spices.
Mexico :
Exports — Silver, quicksilver, hides, sisal hemp,
cochineal, coffee.
NORTH AMERICA.
23
Imports — Manufactures, fish, oils.
West Indies :
Exports — Sugar, molasses, rum, tobacco,
cigars, fruit, coffee.
Imports — Flour, meats, fish, manufactures.
Newfoundland :
Exports — Fish, furs.
Imports, — Wheat, flour, meats, coal, manu-
factures.
Commercial Routes —
a Continental :
(i) Watcnvays. —
i^(i) St. Lawrence system.
{b) Mississippi system.
(2) Railways — a continental network,
b Foreign :
(i) Atlantic Routes.
(2) Pacific Routes.
c Great Steamship Lines :
(i) Canadian.
(2) Amerkan.
d Canadian Ports :
(i) Eastern — Montreal, Quebec. Halifax, and
St. John trade with Britain and West
Indies.
(2) Western — Vancouver and Victoria trade
with Jai)an, (>hina, and Australia.
24
GEOGRAPHY NOTRS.
American Ports :
( 1 ) Eastern — New York, Boston, Philadelphia,
Baltimore, and New Orleans to other
American ports, Europe, West Indies,
and South America.
(2) Western — San Francisco and Seattle trade
with Japan, China, Australia, Sandwich
Islands, South America, Vancouver, and
Alaska.
List I. Pronunciation — North America.
Key. — rat, rate, far, pet, wG, pin, pine, not, note, root, bun, tune
Antilles (tOl').
Appala'chian.
Arkansas ^saw').
Barba'does .
Belize (lez').
Caribbe'an,
Connecticut (con-net').
Costa Rica (ru' ka).
Dor.iinica (ne' ka).
(Jra'cios a Dios (de' os).
New Orleans (or' le-anz).
Nicaragua (a' gwa).
Notre Dame.
Poto' mac.
Porto Rico (re' ko .
Richelieu (rish'-e-lii).
San Jose (ho-za').
Sierra Madre (se-er'ra ma-dra').
.Sierra Nevada (na-va'-da).
Tehuantepec' (ta-wan).
CANADA.
Boundaries.
North. — Arctic Ocean.
East. — Baffin's, Davis, A»lantic.
South. — Passamaquoddy Bay, River St. Croix, Maine,
River St. John, Maine, New Hampshire, 45th
Parallel of Latitude, River St. Lawrence, Lake
Ontario, River Niagara, Lake Erie, River Detroit,
Lake and River St. Clair, Lake Huron, River
St. Mary, Lake Superior, Pigeon River, Rainy
Lake and River, Lake of the Woods, 49th Parallel
of Latitude, Haro Strait, Juan de Fuca Strait.
West. — Pacific, Dixon Entrance, Alaska.
The States along the Canadian Boundary Line. —
Washington, Idaho, Montana, North Dakota,
Minnesota, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New
York, Vermont, New Hampshire, Maine.
I. Provinces.
PROVINCES.
Ontario I 2:
Quebec
Nova Scotia
Neiv Brunswick . . .
Prince Edivard Island
Manitoba
British Columbia . .
Area
|S(,>. Miles
!(thous'<is).
Pop.
1891
(thous'ds).
220
2,100
1S8
1,400
20
450
28
320
2
100
116
150
34'
90
CAPITALS.
Toronto.
Quebec.
Halija.x.
Fredericton.
Charlotte to7vn.
Winnipeg.
Victoria.
25
GEOixKAPHY NOTES
2. Districts.
DISTRICTS. P^3'"\ Caiitals, Etc.
ized
Kewatin 11876 To Manitoba
Assiniboia . . . . J1882
Saskaicheivan .1882
Productions and
Kksources.
Furs,
rain, Ccal.
Alberta . .
Athabasca
Ungava . .
Franklin.
Mackenzie . .
1882
Re gin a
llG
rain, Coal.
1882)
1896 Under
1896 ' the
1896 Dominion
Yukon 1 1 896 ) Gov't
Grain, Cattle, Coal.
Petroleum.
Furs.
Furs. [Gold
Furs, Petroleum,
Furs, Gold.
3. Climate of Canada.
Maritime Provinces. — Winters and summers milder
than in Ontario. Dense fogs in spring.
Quebec. — Winters longer and colder than in Ontario.
Summers short and hot.
Ontario. — Winters fairly long and cold. Summers
fairly long and hot. Plenty of rainfall.
Manitoba and Assiniboia. — Winters cold and dry,
with blizzards now and then. Summers warm
and sometimes even hot. Subject to frosts in
summer.
Alberta — Quite mild, near Rocky Mountains. Cat-
tle remain out all winter.
British Colinnbia. — Very mild and moist in the
southern part.
Peace River District. — About the same as Ontario.
Labrador., Keivatin and the Far North. — Winters long
and cold. Summers short.
CANADA.
4. Chief Industries of Canada.
27
Industry.
Farming.
Producing.
Orain.
Live Stock.
Fruit.
ICpj^s and Hay.
Where.
Ont., Man., Que.
Ont., Que., Man.
Ont. - Mar. Provinces.
Eastern Provinces.
Lumbering.
Lumber, Timber,
Ont., (^ue., N.B.,
Logs, Shingles
B.C.
Pulp- wood.
Fruit Growing.
Apples.
Ont., N.S., P.E.I.
I'e ches, Grapes,
Ont.
Small Fmits.
Manufacturing.
hutter and Cheese.
Ont., (^ue.,. Mar. I'rov.
Salt.
Ont.
Refined Petroleum.
Ont.
Ships.
Mar. Provinces, Ont.
Cottons, Woollens,
■
Agricultural Im-
plements, Flour,
Sugar, Leather,
Boots and Shoes,
(Jnt., Que., Mar.
Provinces.
P\irniture, Organs
and Pianos,
/
Fishing.
Whitefish, Herring.
The Great Lakes.
Cod, Lobsters, Her-
Atlantic Coast.
ring, Mackerel.
Salmon.
B.C.
Mining.
Coal.
N.S., N.B., B.C ,
N.W.T.
(iold.
B.C.,Ont.,N.S.,Qu2
Yukon .
Silver.
B.C., Ont.
Iron.
N.S.,N.B.,Ont.,B.C.
Copjier
Ont.
Nickel .
Ont.
Canning.
Fruit, Vegetables.
Ont.
Lobsters.
Mar. Pfo>inct3.
Salmon.
B.C.
Meats.
Que.
Fork Packing. | Bacon, Ham
Commerce.
The Fur Trade. 1 Fur.s
Carrying Goods .
Ont.
Kail ways, Great Lakes,
Atlantic and Pacific.
Northern Farts.
28
GEOGRAPHY NOTES.
Summary of Canadian Industries.
B.C. — Mining, lumbering, fishing, canning, tur-
trading, agriculture.
Man. — Farming (grain and stock), lumbering.
Ont. — Farming (grain, stock, fruit), canning, meat
packing, manufacturing, lumbering, mining,
fishing, shipping.
Que.— Lumbering, fishing, manufacturing, mining,
farming, shipping.
N.B. — Lumbering, fishing, manufacturing, farming,
mining, shipping.
N-S. — Mining, fishing, shipping, farming, m'f'g.
'^.E.L — Farming, fishing, manufacturing.
5. Chief Exports.
Averui^^e Values in Mil/ions for i%g 2-1 8g6.
Exports.
$
26.4
Sent to.
Lumber, Timber.
(U. li., U.S., W.L, S.Am., Fr.
Cheese.
'3-7
Gt. B.
Grain and Seeds.
I!.0
(it. B.,U.S.,Ger.,Fr.,Nfd.,W.L
Live Stock.
10. I
(U. B.,U.S.,Ger.,Fr.,Nfd.,W.I.
Fish.
9.2
Gt.B., U.S.,W. L.Fr, S.Am.
Metals and Manf.
4.1
U..S.,Gt. B.
Bacon, Hams, Beef.
3-5
(it. B.
Coal.
3'2
U.S., Nfd.
Furs.
2.5
Gt. B., U.S.
Apples, etc.
2 .
(It. B., U.S., Ger., Nfd.
Butter and Eggs.
i!8
Gt. B., U.S., Nfd.
Hay.
1.6
U.S., Gt. B.,Nfd.
Leather .
1.4
Gt. B.. Nfd.
Flour.
i.3(it. B., Nfd., W.I.
Agr. Implements.
.5 CU. B., Australia.
Cottons .
.5 China.
CANADA.
29
6. Chief Imports.
Average Values in Millions for i8g2-i8g6.
Imports.
%
>
ImPORTKI) krom.
Cottons, Woollens,
Silks, Linens.
23 9
(it. B., U.S.,Fr.,Ger.
Metals and Manf.
13
U.S., Gt. B., Ger.
Coal.
9
6
U.S., Gl. B.
Sugar and Molasses.
8
3
Ger.,U.S.,W.I., Spanish E.Ind
Tea.
3
2
Japan, China, Gt. B.
Wood and Manf.
3
I
U.S., Gt. B.
Drugs and Dyes,
2
9
U.S., Gt. B., Ger., Fr. .Turkey
Fruits and Nuts.
2
4
U.S., Italy, Spain, Greece.
Paper, Books, etc.
2
2
U.S., Gt. B.,(]er., Fr.
Hats and Gloves.
9
(it. B., Ger., Fr.
Tobacco .
8
U.S., W.I.
Fancy Goods .
5
(it. B., U.S., Ger., Fr.
Rubber and Manf.
4
U S., Gt. B.
Oils.
4
U.S., Gt. B.
Liquors.
4
(it. B., Fr., Holland.
Leather and Manf.
3
U.S.,Gt. B.
Furs.
3
(it. li., Ger., U.S.
Glass.
I
U S., Belgium, Gt. B., (ier.
Fish and Products .
Nfd., U.S.
Corn.
9
U.S.
Coffee and Chicory
6
Venezuela, Brazil, (it. B., W.I.
Earthenware.
6
Gt. B., Ger., U.S., Fr.
Seeds and Roots.
5
U.S., Gt. B.
Live Stock .
4
Gt. B., U.S.
Clocks and Watches.
4
U.S., Switzerland.
7. Canada's Trade Relations.
Great Britain:
Exports to — Lumber and timber, cheese, grain,
cattle, fish, bacon and hams, furs, hay,
leather, apples, butter, eggs.
30
GKOC.RAPHV NOTKS
Imports from — Manufactures (woollens, cottons
silks, meials, carpets, hats, gloves), live»
slock.
United States .
Exports to — Lumber, logs and pulpwood, coal,
fish, live stock, farm products, ores and
metals.
Imports from — Manufactures (metals, leather,
furs, drugs, hats, rubber), raw material (cot-
ton, tobacco, hides), coal, corn, fruit.
Germany :
Exports /6'— Grain and seeds, dried apples, hay,
lobsters.
Imports /;w;/— Manufactures (woollens, silks,
metals, earthenware, furs, glass), sugar.
France :
Exports to — Lumber, grain, hay, lobsters.
Imports from — Manufactures (silks, woollens,
cottons, gloves, fancy goods, earthenware),
wine and brandy, fruits and nuts.
Newfoundland :
Exports A; - Flour, grain, manufactures (wood,
leather, woollens, metals), i)rovisions (butter,
cheese, meats), coal.
Imports from — Fish, fish oil.
West Indies:
Exports A>— Fish, flour, lumber and shingles,
provisions, vegetables.
Imports from — Sugar and molasses, tobacco,
coffee, fruit.
CANADA.
South America:
Exports to — Fish, lumber, flour.
Imports from—Su^SLT, coffeo, vegetable ivory.
China :
Exports to - Cottons, lumber.
Imports from — Tea, opium, sugar, rice.
Japan :
Imports from — Tea, silk, rice, porcelain.
Canals of Canada.
3»
Canals.
MILKS.
Location.
Why Built.
Sault Ste. Marie
I
Sault Ste. Marie.
St. Mary Rapids.
Welland.
26
Pt. Col borne to
Pt. Dalhousie.
Niagara Falls.
Murray.
5
W. of B. of Quinte.
Short Cut.
St. Lawrence
Between Prescott,
Canals —
and Montreal.
(i) Galops.
7
Belov/ Prescott.
Galops Rapids.
(2) Rapide Plat.
4
AboveMorrisburg.
Plat Rapids.
(3) Farran's Ft.
¥
Below Morrisburg.
Farran's Pt. Rp's.
(4) Cornwall.
II
Above Cornwall.
Long Sault Rp's.
(5) Beauharnois.
1 1
Below Valleyfield.
I Coteau, Cedars,
(6)*Soulanges.
14
Below Coteau.
& Cascade Rp's.
(7) Lachine.
8
Lachine to Mont'l.
Lachine Rapids.
OttawaCanals —
(i) Carillon.
%
Above Carillon.
Carillon Rapids.
(2) Grenville.
5
Below Grenville,
Long Sault Rp's.
(3) Culbute.
300 fl.
N.of AUumetteld.
Waterfall.
Rideau.
126
Ottawa to
Kingston.
(i)Tay.
6
Perth to Lake
Rideau.
*Trent Valley.
200
Via Trent River to
LakeSimcoe and
Georgian Bay.
Short Cut.
Chambly.
12
On Richelieu R.
*Und«r ConstructioQ.
32
OKOGRAPHV NOIKS.
Railways of Canada.
The folU'WiiiiT list includes only the ^reat Canadian
Railway Systems and the cities and most important
towns on each. Those in black-faced type include
all places having a population of five thousand
according to the last Dominion census, and will be
sutificient for all junior classes.
I. Canadian Pacific Railway System.
Main Line.
Montreal, Hull, Ottawa, Carleton Junction,
Arnprior, Pembroke, Mattawa, North Bay, Sudbury,
Port Arthur, Fort William, Rat Portage, Winnipeg,
Portage la Prairie, Brandon, Regina, Medicine Hat,
Calgary, Banff, Kamloops, Vancouver.
Important Branches.
(i) Montreal to Windsor. — Montreal,
Kemptville, Smith's Falls, Perth, Peterborough,
Toronto, Streetsville, Milton, Gait, Woodstock,
London, Chatham, Windsor.
(2) Toronto to Owen Sound. - Toronto,
Orangeville, Owen Sound.
(3) Orangeville to Teeswater.— Orangeville,
Mount Forest, Harriston, Teeswater.
(4) Carleton Jc. to Brockville.— Carleton Jc,
Smith's Falls, Brockville.
(s) Ottawa to Prescott— Ottawa, Kemptville,
Prescott.
(6) Sudbury to Sault Ste. Marie.
(7) Montreal to Quebec. -Montreal, Three
Rivers, Quebec.
CANADA.
33
(8) Montreal to St. John, N.B.— Montreal,
Lachine, Sherbrooke, Carleton, St. John.
(9) Regina to Prince Albert, Sask.
(10) Fort McLeod to Edmonton.— Fort
McLeod, Calgary, Edmonton.
(11) Fort McLeod to Nelson, B.C.— Through
the Crow's Nest Pass. In course of construction,
,897.
II. Grand Trunk Railway System.
Main Line.
(r) Detroit, Port Huron, Sarnia, St. Mai>s,
Stratford, Berlin, Guelph, Georgetown,
Brampton, Toron*"0, Whitby, Oshawa, Bowmanville.
Port Hope, Cobourg, Trenton, Belleville,
Napanee, Kingston, Gananoque, Brockville.
Prescott, Cornwall, Montreal. St. Hyacinthe,
Richmond, Sherbrooke, Portland, Me.
(2) Detroit, Windsor, Chatham, Glencoe,
London, Ingersoll, Woodstock, Paris, Harrishurg,
Dundas, Hamilton, St. Catharines, Niagara
Falls.
(3) The Chicago and Grand Trunk Railway from
Port Huron to Chicago is really a part of the
G.T.R. System.
Important Branches.
(i) London to Sarnia.— London, Strathroy,
Kmgscourt Jc, Sarnia.
(2) Hamilton to Toronto.
(3) Goderich to Buffalo.— Goderich, Clinton,
Seaforth, Mitchell, Stratford, I'aris, Brantford,
34
r.I'XlOKAl'IIY NOTES.
Caledonia, Diinnville, Port Colborne, Fort Eric,
Buffalo.
(4) Owen Sound to Port Dover— Owen
Sound, (Wiarton), Harriston, Palmerston, l.isto-
wel, Stratford, Woodstock, Simcoe, Port
Dover.
(5) London to Wingham.— London, Lucan,
Clinton, Wingham.
(6) Buffalo to Kingscourt Jc — Buffalo,
Fort l'".rie, Welland, Cayuga, Suucoe, Tilsonburg,
St. Thomas, CiUmicoc, Kingscourt Jc.
(7) Southampton to Harrisburg. — South-
ampton, Walkerton, Harriston, I'alnierston, Fergus,
I'^lora, Guelph, Gait, Harrisburg.
(8) Palmerston to Kincardine.— Palmerston,
Listowel, Wingham, Kincardine.
(9) Port Dover to Hamilton. -Port Dover,
Caledonia, Hamilton.
(10) Hamilton to Barrie —Hamilton, Milton,
Georgetown, Beeton, Barrie '\iy>atich — Beeton
to Coliingwood).
(11) Toronto to North Bay.— Toronto,
Barrie, Orillia, (iravenhurst, Bracebridge, Nipis-
sing Jc, North Bay.
(12) Barrie to Meaford.— Barrie, Coliing-
wood, Meaford.
(13) Toronto to Port Hope.— Toronto, Black-
water, Lindsay, Peterborough, Port Hope.
(14) Blackwater to Midland. ~ Blackwater,
Orillia, Midland.
(15) Peterborough to Belleville. — Peter-
borough, Hastings, Belleville.
(j6) Richmond, Que. to Levis.
CANADA.
35
III. Intercolonial Railway.
Main Line.
Levis, Bathurst, Newcastle, Moncton, Dor
Chester, Amlier.si, Truro, Halifax.
Branches.
( 1 ) Moncton to St. John.
(2) Truro to Sydney, CB.
IV. Michigan Central Railway.
Buffalo, Welland, Cayuga, Tilso.-iburg, St.
Thomas, Essex, Windsor, Detroit.
V. Canada Atlantic Railway
( 1 ) Ottawa, Alexandria, Coteau, Valleyfield, St.
Albans, Vt.
(2) Ottawa, Arnprior, Parry Sound.
List 2. Pronunciation — Canada.
Key.-rut, rfilc, far, p6t, wO, pin, pine, not, note, root, biin, tune
Hras d'Or (bra-dor').
Hrci'on.
Clialeur (sha-loor')
Chauiiere (sho-de-ar').
Chedabuc'to (shed).
Chifjnec'to (shig).
Coljequid (kob'kid).
C'ockburn (ko'burn).
Ksquimalt (ke'malt).
(iananoque (»")k'we).
Gaspe (gas pa').
Kewatin (wa or wa).
Iv'Orignal (lore-nal').
Mai pea ue (paU').
Manan .
St.
Miramiohi (she').
Nanaimo (ni'mo).
I'em'l)ina.
I'errot (ro').
I'elilci)'diac (pt't'e).
Port Dalhousie (hoo'ze).
Kestigouche (ijoosh').
Richibuc'to (rish).
Rideau (redo').
Rouge (roozh).
Saull Ste. Marie
(soo sent ma're. )
Shediac (sha-deak').
ShiiiVo'iy.
Si. Croix (croy).
Maurice (mO-ro*')
36
GEOGRAPHY NOTES.
Ontario.
Capital, Toronto.
I. Boundaries : East. — Quebec, River Ottawa.
■South. — River St. T^awrence, Lake Ontario, River
Niagara, Lake Erie, River Detroit, Lake St. Clair,
Biver St. Clair, Lake Huron, River St. Mary,
Lake Superior, Pigeon River, Rainy River, and
Lake of the Woods.
North. — English River, Lonely Lake, Lake Joseph,
Albany River, James Bay.
2. Surface : The land in the western peninsula is
undulating and fertile and is well suited for agriculture.
Ihe remainder of the province belongs mainly to the
Laurentian region and is therefore rocky. It is
studded with innumerable lakes, and the rivers are
broken by numerous rapids and waterfalls. This
region is rich in minerals of various l<i»'>ds, and the
country is covered with forests of pine and spruce
and other woods. This is a veritable sportsman's
paradise for fish and game.
3. Rivers : a. Boundary.— Ottawa, St. Lawrence,
Niagara, Detroit, St. Clair, St. Mary, Pigeon,
Rainy, English, Albany.
b. Inland. — (1) Into Superior. — Nipigon.
(2) Into Georgian B. — Spanish, French, Mag-
anetawan, Muskoka, Severn, Nottawasaga.
(3) Into Huron. — Saugeen, Maitland, Aux
Sables.
(4) Into St. Clair. — Thames, Avon, Sydenham.
(5) Into Erie. — Grand.
(6) Into Niagara, — Welland.
5-
6.
7-
8.
9-
CA'.ADA.
37
(7) Into Ontario. — Credit, Humber, Don.
(8) Into Quinte. — Trent, Otonabee, Scugog.
(9) Into Ottaiva. — Mattawa, Petawawa, Bonne-
chere, Madawaska, Mississippi, Rideau
Nation.
\\6) Into James Bay. — Moose, Abittibi.
4. Lakes : a. Boundary.— Abittibi, Temiscaming
St. Francis, Lake of the Thousand Ids.
Ontario, Erie, St. Clair, Huron, Superior,
Rainy, Woods, Lonely, Joseph.
b. Inland.— Nipigon ; Nipissing ; Muskoka, Ros-
seau and Joseph ; Simcoe and Couchiching ;
Rice, Sturgeon, Balsam, and Scugog;
Rideau ', Mississippi.
5. Bays: (i) In Superior. — Thunder, Nipigon,
Michipicoten.
(2) In IIttron.—Gtorg\2in, Parry Sound, Matche-
dash, Nottawasaga, Owen Sound, Colpoy's.
(3) In Erie. — Rondeau Har,, Long Point.
(4) In Ontario. — Burlington,, Toronto, Quinte.
(5) North. — James.
6. Channel : North.
7- Capes: (i) In Huron. — Hurd.
(2) In Erie. — Pelee, Aux Pins, Long Point.
(3) In Ontario. — Salmon.
8. Peninsulas: Buce, Essex (Detroit), Niagara,
Prince Edward, and "The Western Peninsula."
9. Islands: (i) Hunter's Id. in Rainy River Dis
trict.
(2) In Superior. S'lWer, Pie, Michipicoten.
Am. —Roy ale.
(3) In Huron. — Grand Manitoulin, Cockburn,
St. Joseph.
J«
GKOGRAPIIV NOTES.
Am. — D>-in)imond.
(4) /// Geor^^ian Hay. — Parry, Christian.
(5) In St. Clai*. — W'alpole.
(6) /// Erie. — Pelce, Long Point.
(7) In Nidirara. — Am. — Grand, Navy^ Goat.
(8) /// Ontario. — Toronto, Amherst.
(9) In St. Lawrence — Thousand Islands, Wolfe,
Howe, and 1800 others.
(10) In Ottawa : Que. — Allumette., Calumet.
10. Counties and County Towns.
( I ) On Geor<rian Bay and Lake Huron.
Simcoe
Grey
Bruce
Huron
Lambton
Barrie
Owen Sound
Walkerton
Goderich
Sarnia
(
2)
On Lake Erie.
Essex
Sandwich
Kent
Chatham
Elgin
St. Thomas
Norfol\-
Simcoe
Haldimand
Cayuga
Welland
Welland
(3) On Liike Ontario and Bay of Quinie.
St. Catharines
Hamilton
Milton
Brampton
Toronto
Whitby
Cobourg
Picton
Belleville
Lincoln
Wentwor.h
Halton
Peel
York
Ontario
Durham and |
Northumberland (
Prince Edward
Hastings
Lennox and"
Addington
Napanee
)lfe,
CANADA.
(4) On River St. Lawrence.
39
Frontenac
Leeds and)
Grenville j
Dundas, ]
Stormont, and
Glengarry I
Kingston
Brockville
Cornwall
(5) O I O'tiViVa Kive*-.
Prescott and \
Russell /
Carleton
Renfrew
L'Orignal
Ottawa
Pembroke
(6) Western Inland Counties.
Middlesex
Oxford
Brant
Perth
W?terloo
W-L'hi.igton
London
Woodstock
Brantford
Stratford
Berlin
Cuelph
Orangeville
I /) Eastern Inland Counties.
Victoria
Peterborough
Haliburton
Lanark
Lindsay
Peterborough
Minden
Perth
(8) Districts and Capi'als.
Muskoka
i-'firry Sound
;: JnirsirvK
Aigcma
Thunder Bay
Rainy River
Bracebridge
Parry Sound
North Bay
Sault Ste. Marie
Port Arthur
Rat Portage
40
OEOGRAl'HV NOTKS.
II. Cities : Toronto. — Capital ; educational and
publishing centre ; port and railway centre ;
manufacturing — engines, agricultural imple-
ments, p. ••^^ and organs, boots and shoes,
leather, sou^
Hamilton. — Fori, nd railway centre ; manu-
facturing—machinery, agricultural imple-
ments, iron bridges, stoves, sewing- machines,
cottons, woollens.
Ottawa.— Capital of Canada j lumbering; rail
way centre.
London. — Western railway centre ; manufactur-
ing — agricultural implements, engines, cars.
Kingston. — Port; manufacturing— locomotives,
cars ; iron smelting.
Brantford. — Manufacturing — agricultural im-
plements, machinery, cottons, woollens.
Guelpii. — Manufacturing — sewing-machines,
pianos and organs, flour.
St. Thomas. — Railway centre ; railway work-
shops
Windsor. — Railway terminus ; trade with U.S.
St. Catharines. —Manufacturing — flour, paper,
ships.
Belleville —Port ; trade in lumber, grain,
and cheese.
Stratford. — Railway centre ; railway woxk
shops ; trade in grain and cheese.
Chatham. — Manufacturing — engines, boilers,
12.
wagons.
Ports: (i) On Superior.— Fori Arthur, Fort
William.
Am. — Duluth, Superior.
(2) On St. J/arv.~Sault Ste. Marie.
Am. — Sault Ste. Marie.
CANAD.V.
41
(3) On Michigan. — Am. — Chicago^ Milwaukee.
(4) On Lake Huron and Georgian Bay. — Algo-
ma Mills, Killarncy, Parry Sound, Midland,
Penetanguishene, Collingwood, Meaford,
Owen Sound, VViarton.
Am. — Bay City, Alpena.
(5) On St. Clair. — Point I'^dward, Sarnia.
Am. — Port Huron.
(6) On Detroit. — Windsor, "■andwich, Amherst-
burg.
Am. — Detroit.
{■]) On Erie. — Rondeau, Port Stanley, Port
Dover, Port Colborne.
Am. — Toledo.^ Sandusky, Cleveland, Erie^
Buffalo
(8) On Ontario. — Niagara, Port Dalhousie, Ham-
ilton, Oakville, Port Credit, Toronto, Whitby,
Oshawa, Bowmanville, Port Hope,Cobourg,
Kingston.
Am. — Charlotte., Oswego.
((;) On Quinte. — Picton, Trenton, Belleville,
Napanee.
(10) On St. Lawrence. — Gananoque, Brockville, 1
Prescott, Cornwall. Montreal, Quebec.
Am. — Morristo'ivn, Ogdensburg.
(n) On Ottaiva. — Hawkesbury, L'Orignal, Ot-
tawa, Arnprior, Pembroke.
Que. — Hull.
42
'JKOGKAl'HV NOTBS.
13. Industries.
Indus iKV.
ruDDriiNt;.
Where.
Fnrming.
Grain, live slock,
apples, hay, cgi^s.
Western Peninsula
and most Counties.
Stock-raising.
Meat-packing.
Dairying.
Kruit-raising.
Callle for England
and home markets.
Bacon, hams.
In most of the
Counties.
T'lronto, Hamilton,
Ingersoll, I><Midon.
Butter and cheesr. llti all the Couniie-.
Api)les.
I'eachcs, jilums,
grapes and small
fruits.
In all the Counties.
Kssex, Niagara
IV'ninsula, Colling-
wood.
Canning.
1
Fruit, vegetables. |Counties near L. Erie
.Manufacturing.
Woollens and cot-
In all the cities,
tons ; furniture ;
towns and villages
pianos and organs ;
of the province.
machinery ; hoots
ami shoes.
Mining.
Cold.
Rainy River Dist.,
Madoc.
Silver.
Silver, and Pie Ids.,
Shore of Superior.
Iron.
Hastings, Algoma.
Copper.
riuinder Bay,
Algoma.
Nickel.
Sudbury.
Leatl.
Lanark.
/
Mica.
Renfrew, Leeds.
Asbestos.
Renfrew.
Cypsum.
Along Grand Riv.
Lime.
(iuelph District,
Kingston, etc.
Building stone.
('redit R , Kingston.
Natural gas.
Essex, Welland.
Salt manufacturing.
Petroleum refining.
jSalt.
Huron, Bruce, Perth.
Sh
Li
Th
'IS
2.
3
(Coal oil, machine oil.|Lambton.
'
^
CANADA.
43
1
Industry.
Producinc.
WHERK.
.Ship-building.
Ships.
St. Catharines, Chat-
ham, Owen Sound.
Lumbering.
Lumber, timber,
logs, ties, poles.
Ottawa River and
Georgian Bay Dis
trict, Rainy River
District.
The Fur-trade.
Furs of bear, beaver,
otter, mink, etc. ;
(ieer skins.
Chiefly in the norih
em and western
parts.
Fishing. Whitefish, trout,
herring, bass, etc.
Boundary and Inlaml
Lakes.
Trade and
Commerce.
Carrying goods.
On the Lakes ;
on the Railways.
Quebec.
Capital, - Quebec.
1. Boundaries : North. — Ungava, Labrador.
East. — Gulf of St. Lawrence.
5r->«///.— Chaleur B., New Brunswick, United
States.
West.-'^. St. Lawrence, R. Ottawa, Ontario,
James Bay.
2. Mountains : {a) In the Lauyentian Plateau.—
Wotchish and Laurentian Hills.
{b) In the Appalachian System.— ^oire Dame.
3. Rivers : The St. Lawrence River.
Tributaries.— {2i) Ottawa, St. Maurice, Saguenay.
(h) Richelieu, St. Francis, Cliaudiere.
Tributaries of Ottawa from (^/^t/w.— Coulonge,
Gatineau, Du Lievre, Petic Nation, Rouge
44
GEOGRAPHY NOTES.
Into James ^a;v— Ruperts, East Main.
4. Lakes : In St. Lawrence.— ^\.. Francis, St. Louis,
St. Peter.
In Ottawa. — Two Mountains.
North.— ^i. John, Mistassini.
^^?/M.— Champlain, Memphremagog, Megantic.
5. Gulfs and Bays : St. Lawrence, Chaleur.
6. Capes : Gaspe, Father Point.
7. Peninsula: Gaspe.
8. Islands : In Ottawa. — Allumette, Calumet.
Mouth of Ottawa.'- Montreal, Jesus, Parrot.
In St. La7iirence.— Orleans.
In St. Lawre7ice G. — Anticosti, Magdalen.
9. Cities and Chief Towns :
Montreal. — Largest city in Canada ; railway
centre and summer ocean port ; manufac
turing of all kinds.
Quebec — Capital ; oldest city and strongest
fortress in Catiada ; manufacturing ; ocean
port ; trade in lumber, fish, etc.
Hull. — Manufactures — lumber, matches, paper.
Sherbrooke, Three Rivers, St Hyacinthe,
Sorely Valieyfield.
:o Industries: Lumbering, fishing, farming,manu-
facturing, trade and commerce, fur-trade,
mininc; (gold, iron, copper, mica, etc.), ship-
building.
CANADA.
45
New Brunswick
<^apital, Fredericton.
: Bouadaries : North. — Quebec, Resiigouche R.,
Chaleur B.
East. — G. of St. Lawrence, Northumberland Str.
South. — Nova Scotia, Cumberland Basin, Chig
necto B., B. of Fundy.
West. — Passamaquoddy B., R. St. Croix. Maine,
R. St. John.
J. Rivers : East. — Restigouche, Nipisiguit, Mira-
michi.
Smth. — Petitcodiac, St. John — Tobique, Salmon,
Canaan — St. Croix.
3. Lake : Grand.
4. Gulfs and Bays : North.— C\\2\tm.
East. — St. Lawrence, Miramichi, Verte.
South. — Fundy, Passamaquoddv, St. John Har-
bor, Chignecto,Shepody, Cumberland Basin.
5 Strait: Northumberland.
6. Capes: Miscou, Escuminac, Tormentine.
7. Isthmus: Chignecto.
8. Islands : East. — Miscou, Shippegan.
South. — Grand Manan, Campobello, Deer
9. Cities and Chief Towns :
St. John — Winter port of Canada ; trade and
commerce ; manufacturing.
Fredericton.— Capital.
Moncton. — Headquarters of the Intercolonial
Railway.
46
GEOGRAPHY NOTES
Portland, Carleton, Chatham, Newcastle,
Richibucto^ St. George, St. Afidrews.
10. Industries : Lumbering, fishing, ship-building,
trade and commerce^ mining, farming, man-
ufacturing.
Nova Scotia.
Capital, - Halifax.
1. Boundaries : iVbr//^.— Northumberland Strait,
Gulf of St. Lawrence.
Soiith-East. — Atlantic Ocean.
TF^i/.— Fundy, Chignecto, Cumberland, New
Brunswick.
2. Mountains : Cobequid, North, South. The sur
face is rocky, but the soil in the valleys is
fertile. The coast is rocky and indented
with many inlets.
3. Rivers : All small.
Itito Fundy.— Annapolis.
Into Atlantic.~^\. Mary, La Have, Liverpool.
4. Lakes. Rossignol, Bras d'Or (C.B.).
5. Ocean : Atlantic.
6. Gulfs and Bays : North.— ^{. Lawrence, Verte,
St. Oeorge's.
SouthEast.—C\\Qddih\icio, Halifax Har.,Bedford
Basin, Margaret's, Mahone.
f^wA— Fundy, St. Marys, Annapolis, Minas
Basin, Chignecto, Cumberland Basin.
7. Straits: ..V*?;-//^.— Northumberland.
East. — Canso.
CANADA.
47
i-
t,
iV
If^esf. — Minas Channel, Digby Gut.
8. Capes : Nor//i.—Si. George, North.
Souih-Easi. — Breton, Canso, Sambro, Sal>ic.
irt'j/.— Split.
9 Isthmus: Chignecto.
10. Islands : Cape Breton, Madame, Sable.
11. Cities and Chief Towns :
Halifax: Capital; Canadian winter port;
British naval station.
Yarmouth, Lunenburg, and Liverpool. —
Fishing, lumbering, ship-building.
Sydney and Pictou.— Coal.
Dartmouth^ Annapolis^ Truro.
12. Industries. — Fishing, lumbering, ship-building,
trade and commerce, farming, manufactur-
ing, mining (gold, coal, iron, gypsum).
Prince Edward Island.
Capital,
Charlottetown.
1. Boundaries: North and East. — i. Gulf of St.
Lawrence.
South. — Northumberland Strait.
2. Gulfs and Bays : St. Lawrence, Cardigan,
Hillsborough, Egmont.
3. Strait : Northumberland.
4. Capes : North, East, Bear, West
5. Cities and Chief Towns :
Charlottetown : Ship-building ; port, trade
in farm produce and oysters.
48
0»,oOK.\l'HY NOTES
Summerside, Geori^doivn.
Industries : I'armin},', fisliinj;, manufacturing
Manitoba.
Capital, - Winnipeg.
1. Boundaries: JSorth. — Saskatchewan, Kewatin
East. — Ivewalin, Ontario.
South. — United Slates (49th parallel).
West. — Assiniboia, Saskatchewan.
2. Surface : The eastern part is rocky. The
western part is mostly prairie with low hills
in the west and south.
3. Hills (or Mountains). — Pembina, Turtle, Riding,
Duck.
4. Rivers : Winnipeg, Red, Assiniboine, Souris.
5- Lakes : Wmnii)eg, Winnipegosis, Manitob.T,
Dauphin, Woods.
6. Cities and Chief Towns :
Winnipeg. — Capital ; railway centre : head-
quarters for trade with the whole province.
Brandon, Portage la Prairie, Emerson,
Morris, Rapid City, Souris, Minnedosa,
British Columbia.
Capital, - Victoria.
I. Boundaries : North.~\\Ao\-\, Mackenzie.
East. — Athabasca, Alberta.
South. — United States, Ilaro and Juan de Fuca
Straits.
/-f^j/.— Pacif].:, Dixon Entrance, Alaska.
CANADA.
49
i. Surface and Natural Resources : The coun
try IS mountainous, and the scenery is grand
l)eyond description. The minerals, which
include gold, silver, coal, and iron, are o(
untold value. The coast is bold and rocky,
and has many little inlets which form valu-
able harbors. The rivers swarm with salmon.
Fertile valleys extend along the rivers and
near the coast. Dense forests of valuable
trees cover a large part of the province, and
numberless animals roam in the woods.
3. Mountains : Rocky, Gold, Selkirk, Cascade.
Peaks. — Brown, Hooker, Murchison.
Passes. — Kootenay, Crow's Nest, Kananaskis,
Kicking Horse, Yellowhead, Pine River Pass,
and Peace River Pass.
4. Rivers : Fraser, Thompson, Columbia, Kootenay,
Skeena, Stickeen, Liard.
5 Lakes: Kootenay, Upper and Lower Arrow,
Okanagan, Harrison.
6. Ocean : Pacific.
7. Gulfs and Bays: Bute, Burrard, Portland
Channel.
8. Straits : Juan du Fuca, Haro, Georgia, Queen
Charlotte Sd., Hecate, Dixon Entrance.
> Capes : Scott, St. James, North.
ID. Islands : Vancouver, Queen Charlotte.
II. Cities and Chief Towns :
Vancouver. — Port; terminus C.P.R.
Victoria. — Capital.
New Westminster.— Port ; canning fish, in-
land trade.
9©
GEOGRAPHY NOTEa.
Rossland— Mining.
Nanaimo.— Coal.
Esquimalt, Hope, Yale, Lyttcti, Kamioops.
12. Industries : Mining (gold, silver, coal, iron)
lumbering, fishing, canning, farming, stock-
raising, fur-trade (land animals and seal),
trade and commerce.
UNITED STATES.
Capital - Washington
(i). New England States-
Aii-
States.
KRKVI-
AITON
Me.
CaI'IIALS.
Chief Products.
Maine.
Augusta.
Lumber, fish, ships.
NewHamp shire
N II.
Concord.
Manufactures.
Vermont.
Vt.
Montpelier.
Butter, cheese,
marblf .
Massachusetts.
iMass.
BoGton.
Manufactures.
Rhode Island.
R.I.
Providence
and Newport.
Manufactures.
Connecticut.
Conn.
Hartford.
Manufactures.
UNITED STATKS.
(2) Atlantic States.
5»-
Maine.
New Hampshire
Massachusetts
•
Rhode Island.
Connecticut.
New York.
N.V.
Albany.
-MTs, grain, cheese,
salt.
New Jersey.
\.T.
Trenton.
Matiufactures.
Pennsylvania,
Ta.
Harrisburg.
Coal, iron, coal oil,
manufactures.
Delaware.
Del.
Dover.
Fruit.
Maryland.
M.i.
Annapolis.
Fruit, oysters, coal.
District of
D.C.
No Capital.
Columbia.
Virginia.
Va.
Richmond.
Tobacco.
North Carolina.
N.C.
Raleigh.
Lumber, tar, turpen-
tine.
South Carolina.
S.C.
Columbia.
Cotton, rice.
Georgia.
(ia.
Atlanta.
Cotton, manufact'-'^.
Florida.
Kia.
Tallahassee.
Cotton, fruit.
(3) Gulf States.
Florida.
Alabama.
Ala.
Montgomery.
Cotton.
Mississippi.
Miss.
Jackson.
Cotton.
Louisiana.
La.
Baton Rouge.
Cotton, sugar, rice.
Texas.
Tex.
Austin.
C'otton, cattle, grain
(4) Eastern Central States
Wisconsin.
Michigan.
Illinois.
Indiana.
Ohio.
Kentucky.
West Virginia.
Tennessee.
Mississippi.
Alabama.
\Vi>. Madison.
.Midi. Lansing.
III. jSpringfield,
Ind. ilndianapolis.
O.
Ky.
\V. Va.
Tenn.
Columbus.
Frankfort
Charleston.
Nashville.
I.uniltcr, ^rain.
Lumber, salt, copper
( Jroin, stock, m'f's.
iCrain, stock, coal
Coal, petroleum,
grain.
Tobacco, horses.
Coal, iron, salt.
Cotton, tobacco,
stock.
PROVINCIAL UBRARr
VICTORIA, B. C.
52
GEO(iUAl'HY NOTES.
(5) Western Central States
North Dakota.
South Dakota.
Minnesota.
Nebraska.
Iowa.
Kansas.
Missouri.
Indian Ter.
Oklahoma Ter.
Arkansas.
Texas.
Louisiana.
Bismarck.
Pierre.
St. Paul.
Lincoln.
Des Moines.
Topeka.
Jefferson City,
No Capital.
Guthrie.
Little Rock.
Wheat.
Wheat.
Wheat, flour, lumber.
Wheat, corn.
Wheat, corn, stock .
Wheat, corn, stock .
(Jrain, iron, mTs.
} Grain, live stock.
Cotton.
(6) Pacific States.
Alaska Ter.
Washington.
Oregon.
California.
Sitka.
Olympia.
Splern,
Sacramento.
Seals, gold.
Lumber, fish, metals.
Kish, wool, stock.
Fruit, wheat, wine,
gold.
(7) Rocky Mountain and Basin States
2.
Montana.
Wyoming.
Colorado.
New Mexico Ter.
Idaho.
Nevada.
Utah.
Arizona Ter.
Helena.
Cheyenne.
Denver.
Santa Fc.
Boise City.
Carson City.
Salt Lake City
Phoenix.
Ciold, silver, cattle,
(iold, silver, cattle.
Gold, silver,
(jold, silver,
(iold, silver.
Silver, lead.
Lead.
(if)ld, silver.
Chief Cities.
All over 100,000 by census of i8go.
I. Along the Atlantic— Boston, Providence, Greater New
York, Jersey City, Newark, Philadelphia, Baltimore,
Washington.
Greater New K7r/('— Largest city in America ; grrat se.T-
port ; manufacturing.
'i^l '
'i I'
u
\ -c
UNITED STATES.
53
Philadelphia — Seaport ; manufacturing.
/?oi/t7//~ Seaport ; educational centre.
Baltimore— ':r\e&}[)Oxi, trade in cotton, fruit, and oysters.
Washington —¥G<\ex9\ capital ; great public buildings.
Newark, Jersey City, Providence — Mani<facturing.
On the Great Lakes — Chicago, Milwaukee, Detroit,
Cleveland, Buffalo, Rochester.
Chicago — Railway centre ; grain and lumber p* ^t ; manu-
facturing.
Cleveland, Buffalo, Detroit— Ports and railway centres ;
manufacturing ; trade with Canada.
Mihvaukee — Grain and lumber port.
Rochester — Manufactures.
In the Mississippi Basin— St. Paul, Minneapolis, St.
Louis, New Orleans ; Kansas City, Omaha ; Louis-
v'lle, Cincinnati, Pittsburg, Alleghany, Indianapolis.
St. Louis, Cincinnati — Railway centres ; breadstuf) id
provisions ; manufacturing ; river uade.
New Orleans — Cotton and sugar port ; trade with tlie
Mississippi Valley.
Pittsburgh Alleghany — Manufacturing of iron and glass ;
coal.
Minneapolis, St. Paul— Lumber and flour.
Louisville — Tobacco market.
Omaha, Kansas Ci'/y— -Grain and stock markets,
Indianapolis — Railway centre ; manufacturing.
The Western Highlands — Denver, San Francisco,
Seattle.
San Francisco — Seaport, trade with South America, Asia
and Australia ; U.S. mint.
Denver — Great mining centre r ' f.S. mint.
Seattle — Lumber port.
I
SOUTH AMERICA.
I. Position : a. Absolute. l>. Relative.
a. From lo' N. lat. to 55' S. lat.
Ihe greater part ILs in the Torrid Zone
SOUTH AMERICA.
•iS
b. Between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.
Compare with latitude of Africa and Australia.
c. Boundaries :
North — Caribbean Sea.
East — Atlantic Ocean.
West — Pacific Ocean.
2 Surface and Drainage :
a. 1 he Great Western Plateau.
The Andes System :
Ranges — Three at north, two in centre,
and one at south.
Peaks — Antisana, Cotopaxi, Chimbora-
zo, Sorata, Illimani, Aconcagua,
Antuco, Yanteles.
Rivers — Magdalena ; the others short
and rapid.
Lakes — Maracaybo, Titicaca.
b. The Eastern Highlands.
(i) The Brazilian Plateau :
Ranges — Espinhaco, Mantiqueira.
River — San Francisco.
(2) The Guiana Plateau :
Ranges — Parime, Pacaraima, Acaray
River — Essequibo.
c. The Great Central Plain.
(i) Northern Slope :
River — Orinoco.
it -r-.
.?#
56 GEOGRAPHY NOTES.
(2) The Basin of the Amazon :
Rivers — Amazon, Para;
{a) Japura, Negro.
(J)) Yiicayale, Madeira, Tapajos,
Xingu, Tocantins.
(3) Southern Slope :
Rivers — La Plata or Plate ;
Uruguay, Parana — Paraguay, Sa-
lado.
3. Coast Features— Waters— r^rt^/ almost un-
broken.
a. Oceans — Atlantic, Pacific.
b. Sea —Caribbean.
<*. Gulfs and Bays :
(i) Darien, Venezuela, Paria.
(2) St. Mathias, St. George.
(3) Arica, Guayaquil, Panama.
d. 6'//-«/Vj— Magellan, Le Maire.
4 Coast Features— Land— /^7£; and small.
a. Ca/)^^— Gallinas, St. Roque, Frio, Horn,
Blanco.
b. Isthmus — Panama (Darien).
c. Islands— {i) Leeward, Trinidad, Joannes
(Marajo).
(2) Terra del Fuego, Staten, Falkland,
South Georgia
(3) Wellington,^ Chiloe, Juan Fernandez,
Chincha, Galapagos.
SOUTH AMERICA.
57
5. Political Divisions
COUNTKIKS.
Gov't.
CMITAI-S AM) CUIEK CiTIKS.
Bra/il.
Kep.
RioJaneiro,Bahia,Pernambuco,
I'ara.
Argentine Rep.
Rep.
Buenos Ayres.
Chili.
Rep.
Santiago, Valparaiso.
Uruguay.
Kep.
Monte Video.
Paraguay.
Rep.
Asuncion.
Bolivia.
Rep.
La Paz, Sucre.
Peru.
Rep.
Lima, Callao.
Ecuador.
Rep.
Quito, Guayaquil.
U.S. of Colombia.
Kep.
Bogota, I'anania, /spinwall.
Venezuela.
Rep.
Caracas, T,a Guayra.
Guiana : —
British.
Col.
Georgetown.
Dutch.
Col.
Paramaribo.
French.
Col.
Cayenne.
Falkland Ids. and
Br. Col
Staney.
South Georgia.
6 Exports and Imports .
Brazil :
Exports— CoiiQC, sugar, cotton, woods, drugs,
india-rul)ber, vegetable ivory,hides,diamonds,
emeralds, rubies.
Imports — Manufactdres, grain, flour, coai,
fish.
Argentine Republic :
Exports— }A\M\.o\\ tallow, wool, hides, wheat,
flax, ostrich feathers.
Imports — Manufactures.
ChMi :
Exports— Co^p^tr, silver, saltpetre, guano,
wheat, flour.
Imports — Manufactures, fish.
58
GEOGRAPHY NOTES.
Bolivia, Peru and Ecuador :
Exports — Precious metals, india-rubber.
Peruvian bark, cocaine, llama and alpaca
wool, nitre, guano, vegetable ivory.
Imports — Manufactures, fish, flour.
Colombia and Venezuela :
Exports — Precious metals, emeralds, coffee,
cotton, tobacco, sugar, panama hats, woods,
india-rubber, medicinal plants.
Imports — Manufactures, flour, fish.
Guiana :
Exports — Sugar, molasses, coffee, tobacco,
cocoa, woods, drugs, spices.
Imports — Manufactures, flour, fish, lumber.
The Products of South America.
Animals — ^Jaguar, puma, tapir, armadillo, anteater, condor, rhea,
anaconda, cayman.
Animal Products — Hides, feathers, wool, llama wool, alpaca
wool, tallow, mutton, fish, guano.
Vegetables— Qo^tQy cocoa, cotton, sugar, molasses, spices, fine
woods, dye-woods, drugs, Peruvian bark, cocaine, ivory,
wheat, flax, tobacco, india-rubber.
Minerals — Gold, silver, copper, diamonds, emeralds, rubies,
saltpetre.
SOUTH A Nf ERICA.
59
),
List 3. Pronunciation -South America.
Key.— rat, rale, far, p<H, we, pin, pine, n"*!, note, root, l)un, tune.
Acaray (ri ).
Lima (Ir'ma).
Aconca'|»ua (gwa).
•Mantiqiiei'-a (ka'ra).
Antisa'na.
Marajo (zho").
Antuco (too'ko).
I'acaraima (ri'ma).
Arequipa (ke'pa).
Para'.
Bahia (V)a-o'a).
Paramaribo (re'hO).
Huenos Ayres (bo'nus).
Parana'.
Calla'O.
Parinie (re'ma).
Cayenne (kion').
Pernambuco (boo'ko).
Chili (chS'le).
Quito (kf;'to).
Chiloa (che-Ioa').
Ri'd JanGi'ro.
Chimbora'zo.
.San I id '^0.
Espjnhaco (yas'u).
Sora'la.
Frio (fre'o).
Sucre (soo-kra').
Gallinas (le'nas).
Tapa'jos (yos).
(luayaquil (pwi a-kel').
Terra del Fuego (fwa'gG).
Illimani (el-yf'-ma'ne)
Valparaiso (ri'so).
Joan'nes (zho).
Xingu (shr'n-goo').
La Ciuayra (gwi'ra).
Vanteles (Yan-ta'ir'z).
le
y.
5|
**s
EUROPE.
i. Position .
a. Absolute — In the North Temperate Zone.
d. Relative — West of Asia ; North of Africa.
Compare with latitude of Canada.
Account for the higher temperature.
'"■ .■'IT'
1
TJf^
W
■:^v
6o
Surface of
Europe.
EUROFK,
6i
™
of
c. Boundaries :
North — Arctic Ocean.
West — Atlantic Ocean.
South — Str. of (iihraltar, Mediterranean,
/Egean, Dardanelles, Marmora, Bos-
phorus, Black, Caucasus Mts.
East — Caspian Sea, Ural River and Mts.
2. The Surface : Part of the Eurasian Continent.
a. Great Southern Plateau :
Axis — The Alps — Mount Blanc.
Ranges radiating from this centre.
Black Forest, Bohemian, (^ir[)aihian ;
Dinaric Alps, Bakan ; Caucasus ;
Apennines ;
Jura Alps, Cevennes, Pyrenees ;
Cantabrian, Sierra Morena, Sierra
Nevada ;
Vosges.
Peahs — Blanc, Rosa ;
Cenis, St. Gothard, St. Bernard ;
Vesuvius, Etna, Stromboli ;
Olympia.
/>. Northern Highlands :
A'<i«t,'-^5— Scandinavian, Grampian ;
Ural Mountains.
Peah — Hecla, in Iceland.
c. Great Central Plain— /-//'« east and 7vest
and Is a continuation of the Siberian Plain.
(i) Part sloping to the north-west.
(2) Part sloping to the south-east.
'N
62
GEOGRAPHY NOTES
11
'fi
r
Si
I
/
3. Drainage :
a. Great Central Plain : ^ jK
/divers intj Arctic — Petchora, Dwina^ >)
Into Baltic — Neva, Duna, Vistula, Oder.
Into North — Elbe,Weser, Rhine, Thames.
Into English Channel — Seine.
Into Biscay — Loire, Garonne. ~
Into Black — ^Danube, Dniester, Dnieper.
Into Azov — Don.
Into Caspian — Volga, Ural.
Lakes —Ladoga, Onega, Saima, Peipus.
b. The Great Southern Plateau :
Rivers into Atlantic — Douro, Tagus, Giiadi-
ana, Guadalquiver.
Into Mediterranean — Ebro, Rhone, Tiber
Into Adriatic — Po.
Into ^/^/(r/C'-Danube-Drave, Save, Theiss.
Lakes — Geneva, Constance ; (Jomo, Mag-
giore, Garda.
c. Northern Highlands:
Rivers — Short and unimportant.
Lakes — VVener, Wetter, Maelar.
4. Coast Features -Waters :
Europe has tlie most broken coast-line of all the
continents.
Notice the important influence of this on climate
and navigation.
ft. OcfiftHi '^Arct\c, Atlantrc.
f
EUROPE.
63
b. Seas
On the North west ~~m\\iQ^ Baltic, North,
Irish.
On the .S>>'////ir— Mediterranean, Tyrrhenian,
Adriatic, Ionian, /Kgoan, Marmora,
Black, Azov.
On the Tstf^/ -Caspian.
■:. Gulfs and Bays :
On the North-west — liothnia, Finland,
Riga, Biscay.
On the South — Lyons, Genoa, Taranto,
Venice, Corinth, Salonica, Perekop.
d. Straits and Channels :
On the North- West—'^onnd, C.reat Belt,
Little Belt, Cattegat, Skager Rack,
Uover, English, St. George's, North.
On thz South — Gibraltar, Bonifacio Mes-
sina, Otranto, Dardanelles, Bosphorus.
Yenikale.
5. Coast Features— Land— 6)«<?->?/r/// of the
continent.
a. Capes :
To the North-7ticst —Nonh, Naze, Skaw,
Wrath, Clear, Land's End, La Hogue,
Ortegal, Finisterre, St. Vincent, Tra-
falgar.
To the 6'^«//^— Messina, Spartivento, Mata-
pan.
b. Peninsulas — Scandinavia, Denmark, Spain
and Portugal, Italy, Greece, I^torea,
Crimea.
\
1
\13
64
GEOGRAPHY NOTES.
c. /s^/imuses— Kid, Corir ih, Perekop.
d. Islands : In Arctic — Nova Zembla. Loffoden.
I7i Baltic — Gothland, Oeland — to Sweden.
Aland, Dago, Oesel — to Russia.
Rugen — to Germany.
Zealand, Fiinen, Laaland, Bornholm
— to Denmark.
To the rrt'5/- Iceland, Faroe, British Jsles
— Great Britain, Ireland, Shetland,
Orkney, Hebrides — Man, Channel Ids.
To the South — Balearic — Mnjorca, Minorca,
Ivica — Corsica, Sardinia, Elba, Sicily
Lipari, Malta, Ionian, Crete, Eubcea,
The Archipelago.
6. Political Divisions.
r. First Rate Powers.
Countries. Gov't CAPriAL and Chief Cities.
Great Britain
and Ireland.
Russia.
Lojl.don, Liverpool, Man-
chester, Birmingham, Leeds,
Sheffield ;
Glasgow, Edinburgh ;
Dublin, Belfast.
St. Petersburg, Moscow,
Warsaw, Odessa, Astrakhan,
Nijni Novgorod, Riga, Arch-
angel.
EUROPE. 65
a. First Rate "PovitVS—Contimted.
Countries.
Germany.
Caimtai- and Chief Cities.
France.
Austria-
Hungary
Italy.
Berlin, Hamburg, Breslau,
Munich, Dresden, Bremen,
Leipsic, Hanover, Cologne,
Strasburg, KonigsbergjMag-
deburg, Frankfort, S'uttgart,
Dantzic.
Paris, Lyons, Marseilles, Bor-
deaux, Rouen, Lille (Lisle),
Toulouse, St. Etienne,
Nantes, Havre.
Vienna, Buda-Pesth, Prague,
Trieste, Lemberg.
Rome, Naples, Milan, Turin,
Genoa, Florence, Venice,
Bologna, Leghorn, Paler-
mo, Messina.
/» Second and Third Rate Powers.
Norway. \
Sweden. /
Denmark.
Holland or The
Netherlands.
Pelgium.
Spain.
Portugal.
Switzerland
Turkey.
Greece.
Roumania.
Servia.
Montenegro.
Bulgaria.
Christiania, Bergen.
Stockholm, Gothenburg.
Ccpi^nhagen.
The .Hague, Amsterdam, Rotter-
dam, Utrecht.
Bnissels, Antwerp, Ghent, Liege.
Madrid, r.arce'.om, Valencia,
Seville, Ma'aga, Granada.
Lisbon, Oporti
Bern, Geneva, Iksle.
Constantinople, Adrianople,
Salonica.
Athens, Tirxus.
Bucharest.
Belprade.
Cettenje.
St>phia. ^__
I'M
^•«l'«:
'.' .'1"
66 GEOGRAPHY NOTES.
7. Exports and Imports
Great Britain :
Exports — Woollens, cottons, linens, silks, hard-
ware, cutlery, pottery, ships.
Imports — Grain, provisions, live-stock, lumber,
cotton, wool, silk, rubber, sugar, tea, coffee,
spices.
Russia :
Exports — Grain, flour, live-stock, timber.
Imports — Manufactures, coal, tropical products
r ranee :
Exports — Silks, lace, fancy goods, porcelain,
wines, brandy.
Imports — Cotton, wool, coal, coffee, tea, cattle.
Germany :
Exports — Manufactures — metals, cloth, sugar,
salt, chemicals.
Imports — Cotton, wool, silk, fish, coffee, fruits.
Austria- Hungary :
Exports — Grain, cloth, sugar, glass.
Imports -Cotton, machinery, leather goods, pro-
visions.
Italy :
Exports— '^ixW, hats, macaroni, sulphur, fruits.
Imports — Coal, cotton, iron.
Norway and Sweden :
Exports — Fish, oysters, oils, cimber, iron.
Imports — Manufactures.
IXJROPK.
67
er,
:ts
lin,
e.
;ar,
pro-
Denmark :
Exports — Butter, eggs, bacoti, live stock.
Imports — Manufactures, coal, timber, sugar, to-
bacco, coffee, fruit.
Holland and Belgium :
Exports — Manufactures, butter, cheese, live
stock, seeds and bulbs, spices.
Imports — Grain, timber, cotton, wool.
Spain and Portugal :
Exports — Fruits (dried and fresh), wine, ores,
wool, cork.
Imports — Manufactures, fish, cotton.
Switzerland :
Exports — Watches, clocks, toys, cottons, silks,
cheese.
Imports - Provisions, grain, spirits, cotton, silk_
Greece :
Exports — Currants, wine, figs, olive oil.
Imports — Grain, cloth, provisions.
Turkey :
Exports— V\g^, raisins, silk, silk goods, olive oil
attar of roses.
Imports— ^oXKo^ and metal goods.
"'*****%«
s.
68
GEOGRAPHY NOTES.
List 4. Pronunciation — Europe.
Key. — rat, rate, far, pet, we, pin, pine, not, note, root, bun, tiine,
Aland (aw'land).
Balearic (bal-a-ar'ik).
Blanc (blone ).
Bologna (bo-lfm'ya).
Bordeaux (do').
Bremen (brii'men).
Buda-Pesth (boo-da pest').
Cettenje (tan'yfi).
Euboea (fi-be'a).
Gothenburg (got'en).
Laaland (law' land).
La Hogue' .
Leipsic (lip'sik).
Liege (le-fizh').
Lisle or Lille (lei).
Loire (Iwai).
iMaggiore (ma-j O'ra).
Messina (sii'na).
Nijni Nov'gorod (nizh'ne).
Oeland (u'lant, u as in burn).
Oesel (u'sel, u as in burn).
Rouen (/oo'en).
Salonic;! (ne'ka).
Seme (san).
Seville (sev'il or se-vel').
Sophia (so'fe-a or so-fe'a).
Theiss (lis).
Turin (too'rin).
Tyrrhenian (tir-ran')
Vosges (vuzh).
Yenikale(ka'lr').
THE BRITISH EMPIRE.
Size — Nearly 12,000,000 square miles.
Population — Nearly 400,000,000.
Government :
Resp. — Responsible government.
Rep. — Representative government only
Cr. — Crown Colony.
Prot. — Protectorate.
Europe :
Rcsp. — Great Britain and Ireland.
Rep. — M'A.x\ ; Channel Ids.
Cr. — Malta and Ciozo.
Military Colony. — Gibraltar.
THE BRITISH EMPIRE.
69
North America :
Resp. — Canada ; Newfoundland.
i?^/.— Bermudas ; Bahamas ; Leewards ; Wind
wards ; Barbadoes.
Cr. — Jamaica ; Belize.
South America :
Rep. — British Guiana.
Cr, — Trinidad ; Falkland Ids, and S. Georgia.
Asia
Cr. — India and Burmah ; Ceylon ; Straits Set-
tlements ; Hong Kong ; Labuan.
Prot. — Native States of India (Cashmere,Nepaul,
Bhotan, etc.); Beloochistan ; Aden, Perim,
and Socotra ; Bahrein ; Cyprus ; British
North Borneo \ Brunei ; Sarawak.
Naval Station — Port Hamilton-
Africa :
Resp — Cape Colony and Bechuanaland ; Natal
and Zululand.
Rep — Mauritius and Seychelles.
Cr. — Sierri Leone; Gambia; Gold Coast ; La
gos ; St. Helena ; Basutoland.
Prot. — ?^i;t:'«sia; Nyassaland ; Zanzibar; Br.
East /'f;- < ; Somali ; Niger Coast and
Territories.
Naval Station — Ascension.
Military Occupation I^^gypt.
Suzerainty -Transvaal.
m
/o
GEOGRAPHY NOTES.
Australasia :
Resp. — Queensland ; New Soutti Wales ; Vic-
toria ; South Australia ; Western Australia ;
Tasmania ; New Zealand.
Cr. — Fiji Ids.; British New Guinea.
Prot. — New Hebrides.
Polynesia :
Prot. — Tonga or Friendly Ids.; Cook's or Her-
vey Ids.; Samoan Ids. (in part); Pitcairn
Id., and others.
GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.
Capital, - London.
Position : a. Absolute — latitude and zone.
b. Relative. Notice their insular character and
position as regards the Gulf Stream, and the
influence of these on the climate and the
occupations of the people.
Boundaries \—East—^Qx\X\ Sea.
6"^////— Str. of Dover, English Channel
West — Atlantic Ocean.
Surface :
England and Wales — Mountainous in the north
and west ; hilly in the south ; the centre
and east a fertile plain.
Scotland — Mountainous in the north and west ;
hilly in the south ; an undulating plain in
the centre.
GREAT BRITAIN AND IRKLAND.
71
Ireland — Mountainous or hilly in the north,
west and south ; a plain in the centre.
Britain's Exports consist of coal and manu-
factured goods in the following order of value : —
cottons, woollens and worsteds, hardware and cutlery,
coal, machinery, linens, carpets, pottery, books, salt.
Her Imports consist mainly of foods and
material for manufacturing, including : — grain, sugar,
tea, rice, spices, meats, cheese, fruits, nuts, butter and
eggs, tobacco, wines and spirits ; cotton, wool, silk,
fax and hemp, timber, cabinet woods, teak, hides,
l)etroleum, dyestuffs, drugs.
Where do these come from ?
England and Wales.
1. Surface :
Mountains — Cheviot, Pennine, Cumbrian, Cam-
brian.
Peaks — Skawfell, Crossfell, Skiddaw, Snowdon.
Hills — Malvern, Cotswold, Chiltern, Mendip,
North and South Downs, Cornish Heights.
Plain — The centre and east.
2. Drainage:
Rivers— TywQ, Tees, Humber, Ouse, Trent,
Welland, Nen, Great Ouse, Thames, Severn,
Avon, Wye, Dee, Mersey.
Lakes — Derwentwater, Ulleswater, Windermere.
3 Coast Features— Waters :
Ocean — Atlantic.
Seas — North, Irish.
72
GEOGRAPHY NOTES.
j^ays — The Wash, Mounts, Barnstaple, Swansea,
Caermarthen, Cardigan, Caernarvon, More-
cambe, Solway.
Straits and Channels — Dover, English, Solent,
Spithead, Bristol, St. George's, Menai.
4. Coast Features— Land :
Capes — Flamborough, Spurn, The Naze, N. and
S. Foreland, Beachy, Start, The Lizard,
Land's End, Hartland, St. David's, Braich-
y-pwll, St. Bees.
Peninsulas — Norfolk and Suffolk, Kent, Devon
and Cornwall, South West W'ales.
Islands — Holy, Sheppey, Thanet, Wight, Scilly,
Anglesey, Holy. (Channel, Man.)
5. Chief Cities :
Seaports — London — capital ; largest city and
greatest port in the world ; great money
market ; manufactures.
Liverpool, Bristol, Hull, Newcastle-upon
Tyne, Sunderland, Plymouth, Southampton.
Manufacturing Centres — Manchester {cottons) ;
Leeds {woollens); Birmingham {hardivare) ;
Sheffield {cutlery) ; Bradford {ivorsteds) :
Leicester {hosiery) ; Nottingham {hosiery,
■ lace)\ Kidderminster ((T^r/'^/^); Hanley (/<?/-
tery) \ Swansea {copper) \ Merthyr-Tydvil
{iron).
Naval Stations — Portsmouth, Devonport, Chat-
ham.
Universities — Cambridge, Oxford.
Cathedrals — Canterbury, Yori, .
Miscellaneous — Greenwich {observatory) ; Wool-
wich {arsenal).
5.
GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.
7%
>at-
Scotland.
1. Surface:
Mountains — Grampians, Highlands.
Peaks — Nevis, Lomond.
IfiUs — Dchil, Pentland, Lammermuir, Lowther,
Cheviot.
P/ain — the centre.
2. Drainage:
Pivers — Spey, Uee, Tay, Forth, Tweed, Teviot,
Nith, Clyde.
Lakes — Lochy, Ness, Tay, Lomond, Katrine,
Awe.
3. Coast Features— Waters :
Ocean — Atlantic.
Seas — North, Irish.
Bays — Moray, Dornoch, Tay, Forth, Loch
Linnhe, Clyde, Luce, VVigton, Solway.
Straits and Channels — Pentland, Minch, Little
Minch, Harris, Sleat, Mull, Jura, Islay,
North, Kilbrannan.
4. Coast Features— Land :
Capes — Duncansby, Tarbet, Kinnairds, Fife, St.
Abb's, Wrath, Lewis, Aird, Cantire, Gallo-
way, Burrow.
Peninsulas — Cantire, Wigton.
Islands — Shetland, Orkney, Hebrides, Skye,
Mull, Jura, Islay, Arran, Bute.
5. Chief Cities:
Edinburgh — The former capital, and a great
legal, educational and publishing centre.
74 GEOvlRAPHV NOTES.
Se-iports — (ilasgow, Greenock, Dundee, Aber-
deen, Leith.
Mamtfadurith:^ Gv/Zn'i'— Glasgow {ships^ engines);
Paisley {■ilnuvls, thread) ; Dundee {linens) ;
Ayr {carpets, blankets).
6^«m'n7V/t'.T— Edinburgh, Glasgow, Aberdeen.
Place<i of Note —'^iwXm'^, Hannockburn, CuUoden.
Ireland.
I Surface:
Mountains — Donegal, Si)errin, Mourne, Wicklow,
Knocknieledown, McGillicuddy Reeks,
Nepliitn Jieg.
Plain — The centre of the island.
2. Drainage :
/v'/ffTj- Foyle, Bann, Laggan, Boyne, Liffey,
Slaney, Harrow, Nore, Suir, Blackwater,
Lee, Shannon, Erne.
Lakes — Neagh, Erne, Ree, Derg, Mask, Conn,
is.marney.
3. Coast Features - Waters :
Ocean — Atlantic.
Sea — Irish.
Bays and Harbors — Svvilly, Foyle, Belfast,
Strangford, Dundalk, Dublin, Wexford,
Waterford, Cork, Bantry, Kenaiaie, Dingle, ,
Gahvay, Donegal.
Channels — North, St. George's.
4 Coast Features— Land :
Capes — Malin, Fair, Howth, Carnsore, Clear,
Mizzen, Dunniore, Loop, Slyne, Achil,
Rossan, Bloody Foreland.
GREAT BRITAIN ANI> IkKI.AND.
75
/s/<i fids— Kcilhlin, Cape Clear, Valentia, Aran,
Achil.
5. Chief Cities :
Du/f/in— Scat of government for Ireland; edu-
cational centre— universities.
Sea/>or/s~ih\h\\n, Belfast, Cork, Queenstown,
Londonderry, Limerick, Waterford.
Mamifacturin^ C^;^/m— Belfast {linens) ; Lon-
donderry {linens, Jlax yarn) ; I .mierick
{lace, fish-hooks).
Places of Note—YJAXaxnt^, Kilkeimy, Valentia Id.
List 5. Pronunciation— Great Britain.
(ireenwich (,-;rrn'itch).
Leicester (Ifis'ter).
Liiinhe (lin'nii).
Lo'mond.
Neagh (na).
Ochii (och'il, ch as in loch).
Ouse (ooz).
i'lymouth (pll'iriilh).
Wigton (wi'ton).
I
il
ASIA.
1. Position, Exten ., and Population :
a. From equator to beyond Arctic Circle.
Extends ih'-o'.gh all the zones.
Compare with the latitude of North America.
b. Forms the eastern part of Eurasia.
Washed by Arctic, Pacific, and Indian oceans.
Connected with Africa by the Isthmus of Suez.
c. The largest of the continents. Contains one-
third of the land surface of the globe and
more than one-half the people of the world.
2. Boundaries:
North — Arctic Ocean.
East — Behring Strait and Sea, Pacific Ocean.
South— lnd\2tx\ Ocean.
TF^^/— Bab-el-Mandeb, Red, Suez (Gulf and
Canal), Mediterranean, /Egean, Dardanelles,
Bosphorus, Black, Caucasus, Caspian, Ural
River and Mountains.
3. Surface and Drainage :
a. The Great Central Plateau :
Avis — The Pamir.
Ranges radiating from this centre.
Himalayas ;
Kuenlun, Peeling, Nanling ;
Thian Shan, Altai, Yablonoi, Stanovoi ;
Soliman, Western Ghauts, Eastern
Ghauts ;
7«
1
fl
■
H
1
1
■
1
■
H
i
' !'■
1
i 1
MAP OK THE SUKKArK OK ASIA.
78
GEOGRAPHY NOTES,
Hindoo Koosh, Elburz, Caucasus,
Taurus ;
Ural.
Peaks — Everest, Rlburz, Ararat, Sinai.
Passes- -l^o\2,x\, Khyber.
Deserts, the continuation of Sah:ira — Ara-
bian, Syrian, Great Salt, Turkestan,
Gobi, Indian.
Plateaus — Iran, Pamir, Thibet, Gobi.
The mountains of Asia are the largest c"<nd the
highest in the wo-' ' Most of the ranges run from
east to west. They give shape to the continent,
decide the direction and length of the rivers and
affect the climate and products of the countries and
the occupations of the people.
b. The 1 orthern Slope :
Rivers — Obi, Yenisei, Lena — throujrh tne tun-
dras.
Lake — Baikal.
c. The Eastern or Pr.cific Slope :
Rivers — Amoor, Peiho, Hoang-ho, Yang-tse-
kiang, Canton, Mekong, Meinam ;
— through alluvial plains of great fertility; '•
— navigable for great distances.
d. The Southern or Indian Slope :
y?m^r-v— Saluen, Irawady, Brahmapootra, Gan-
ges -Hugh — Indus, Tigris, Euphrates—-
Shat-el-Arab.
e. Central Basin:
Rivers — Oxus, Sinon, Ural-
the sea level.
-towards lakes below
ASIA.
79
Lakes — Balkash, Aral, Caspian — all without a
visible outlet; water brackish or salty.
No^e — The Jordan flows into the Dead Sea which
is 1,300 feet below sea level.
4. Coast 'Ft2±\\Tt^—\f<fdit^TS — Coast Irregi^/ar.
a. Oceans — Arctic, Pacific, Indiai;
b. Seas — North — Kara.
East — Behring, Okhotsk, Japan, Yellow,
China, Celebes, Java.
South — A ra b i an .
West — Red, Mediterranean, The Levant,
/Kgean, Marmora, Black, Caspian.
c. Gulfs and Buys — North — Obi.
East — Anadir, Pechelee, Tonquin, Siatn.
South — Martaban, Bengal, Maiiaar, Cam-
bay, Culch, Oman, Persian, Aden,
Suez.
d. Straits and Channels :
^ri.f/'— Behring, La Perouse, Tonquin, Corea,
I'^ormosa, Hainan, Macassar, Sunda.
South — Malacca, Palk, Ormuz, Bab el- Man-
deb.
West — Dardanelles, ]iosj)horus.
5 Coast Features - "L^VlA.— About oncfijth of the
continent,
a. 6a/d'.?- Lopatka, ('ambodia, Romania, Ncg-
rais, Dondra, Comorin, Ras-elHad.
l>. /'<v//;w//f?i-—KanUschatka, Corea. Indo China,
Malay, Ilindostan, Arab a Asia Minor.
1st}.
-Suez, Kraw.
;muses-
Islands — North — New Siberia.
8o
GEOGRAPHY NOTES.
East — Aleutian, Saghalien, Kurile, Japan,
— Yezo, Hondo, etc. — Liukiu, Formosa,
Hainan.
Southeast — Philippine, Borneo, Java, Sum-
matra, Singapore.
South — Andaman, Nicobar, Ceylon, Mal-
dive, Laccadive, Perim.
West — Cyprus.
6. Political Divisions.
Divisions.
Capitals and Cuief Towns,
Russia in Asia.
Tiflis, Bokhara, Khiva, Tobolsk,
Tomsk.
Chinese Empire.
Pekin, Tientsin, Shanghai, Foo-chow,
Amoy, Canton, Hankow, Lasso,,
Yarkand, Kashgar.
Corea.
Seoul.
Japan.
Tokio, Osaka, Kioto, Yokohanr^a.
Indo-China :
Anam.
Hue
Siam.
Bangkok.
Cochin China.
Cambodia.
Straits Settlements.
Singapore.
Dutch East Indies.
Batavia.
Philippine Ids.
Manilla.
India and Burma]i.
Calcutta, Boml)ay, Madras, Rangoon.
Benares, Lucknow, Delhi, Agra,
Mandalay.
Ceylon.
Colombo.
Afghanistan.
Cabul, Herat, Candahar.
Beloochistan.
Kelat.
Persia.
Teheran, Ispahan, Bushire.
Oman.
Muscat.
Turkey in Asia.
Smyrna, Beyroot, Damascus, Aleppo,
Jerusalem, Mecca.
ASIA.
8i
Commerce of Asia.
Commerce is reUrded by lack of means of trans-
prjrtation and tlie exclusivcness of some of the
luuions and religions. Railways are almost absen.
and trade is carried on by means of caravans and
boats. The great Russian railway across the con-
tinent will be of immense im))ortance commercially,
pohlically, and for military i)urposes.
7 Exports :
AV'v/ /;/ Asia — Minerals, furs, hides, tallow,
grain, ivory.
Chinese Empire — Tea, silk, wool, sugar, por-
celain, fireworks, camphor, tobacco, lac-
quered ware.
Japan — Tea, silk, porcelain, camphor, Japanese
goods.
Indo- China — Cotton, sugar, rice, gums, spices,
dyewoods.
Dutch, East Indies — Coffee, sugar, spices, sago,
gutta-percha, cam[)!ior, dyewoods.
Philippine Ids. — Manilla hemp, s[)ices, sugar,
coffee.
India —Coiton, opium, rice, wheat, indigo, tea,
jute.
Ceylon — Tea, coffee, cinnamon, pearls, rice.
Persia — Silks, shawls, carpets, dried fruits, pearls.
Arabia — Spires, uoffee, gums, dates.
Asia Minorand Syria— Dried fruits, silk, oil, gu ins.
8. Imports :
Cnincse Empire — Cottons, woollens, opium.
metals.
/-a/^?;/ -Cottons, woollens, sugar, machinery.
India Precious met.n's, cottons, machinery,
army supplies, clothing, foods,
ihe general imports of the other countries are
manufactures of cloth and metal goods.
«?..
82
GEOGRAPHY NOTES.
List 6. Pronunciation — Asia.
Key. — rat, rfUe, far, pot, we, pin, pine, not, note, root, biin, tunc.
Anioy'.
Aral (ar'al).
Baikal (bl' kal).
Ba'.kash'.
lias'sorah.
Benar'r's.
Bokhara (bo-ka'ra).
Bushire (boo-shOr').
Dec' can.
Delhi (del'le).
Cihants (gats).
Hainan (hi-nan').
Irkutsk (kootsk').
Ja'va.
Kamtschatka (kam-chal'ka)-
Khiva (ke'va).
Kiirile (koo'ril).
Liukiu (le-oo'ko-oo).
Osaka (o'za-ka).
I'amir (pa-mer).
Saghalien (sa-ga-len' ).
Sinai (si'ni or si-na-i).
Siima'tra.
Tien-tsin (te-en'-tsin).
Tiflis (tif-lGs').
Tokio (lO'koo).
Tonquiii (ton-kin' ).
Turkestan (toor-kesla'n).
Vokohatna (ha' ma).
2.
AFRICA.
Position and Extent :
a. Extends about 35*" on each side of equator.
Most of the continent in the Torrid Zone.
/>. South of Europe ; soulh-west of Asia.
Compare with the latitude of S. America
and AustraHa.
Between the Atlantic and Indian Oceans.
c. Contains about one- fifth of the land surface of
the globe.
Africa is the second largest continent.
Boiitidaries :
North— '$)ir. of Gibraltar and Medittrranean.
East -''6wQz, Red, Bab-c;l-M.andeb, Aden, Indian
West — Atlantic Ocean.
Surface :
a. The Great Southern Plateau.
^. The Northern Plateau.
AFRICA.
83
c. The Great Central Plain— Thr Sahara.
d. The Coast Region which skirts the con-
tinent — low, narrow, unheiillhy.
Ranges — Abyssinian, Lu[)ata, 1 )iakenberp;, Nieii-
weld, Cameroon, Kong, Senegamhia, Alias.
Peaks — Kenia, Kilima Njaro.
/?^^^r/^ —Sahara, Nubian, Egyptian, Libyan,
Kalahari.
The Sahara Plain consists of sandy and rocky
hills, plains and depressions. Rain falls only on
.CZ^, ' <^^
■■■«
P" ' ^ '-^w ftp <^
-4
GEOGRAPHY NOTES.
m
the highlands, and rivers are lost in the sana. During
the day the heat is oppressive, but the nights are
cold. Sand storms are prevalent. The Simoon,
Sirocco, and Harmattan, are local periodic winds
which blow from nhis desert region. In the oases
the date palm flourishes to perfection, and trade is
carried on by means of caravans.
T/ie Southern Plateau comprises the whole of
the southern part of the continent. Abundance of
rain falls and gives rise to numerous large lakes and
all the great rivers of Africa. The northern part
consists of grazing land. A dense forest covers the
country for lo*' on each side the equator. The
whole region is skirted tjy the ranges of mountains
which extend from Abyssmia along the eastern, south-
ern and western coasts.
The Northern or Barbary Plateau is a succession
of terraces. It is well watered and very fertile.
4 Drainage :
Although the rivers are large, navigation is in-
terrupted by falls and rapids, and by sand
bars at the mouths.
Rivers : North— l^We — Sobat, Blue Nile, At-
bara.
East — Juba, Zambesi — Shire — -Limpopo.
West — Niger — Benue — Congo and its tribu-
taries, Orange — Va^l.
In Soudan — Shari.
Waterfalls- On the Nile ist, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th
and 6th cataracts and Murchison Falls;
Victoria Falls on tha Zambesi ;
Stanley Falls on tlve Congo.
AFRICA.
85
Lakes — Victoria Nyanza, Albert Nyanza, Dcm
bea, Tanganyika, Hangweolo, Nyassa, Dcbu,
Chad.
5. Coast Features— Waters :
The coast is unbroken on account of the simplicity
and direction of the mountain system.
Oceans— A\.\:\.\\i\Q., Indian.
Seas — Mediterranean, The Levant, Red.
Gu/fs and Bays — Cabes, Sidra, Suez, Aden,
Sofala, Delagoa, (iuinea, Hiafra, lienin.
Straits and Channels — (jibraltar. Bab-el-Mandeb,
Mozaml)ique.
Canal: Suez — "England's Key to India."
Port Said to Suez, 100 miles, cost $100,-
000,000.
Notice its commercial and political importance.
6 Coast Features Land
Capes Spartel, llun.Ciuafdafui.Corrientes, Good
Hope. Lopez, I'alinas, Verde, Hlanco.
Peninsula Somali.
Isthmus Suez.
Islands : British — Perim, Socotra, Zanzibar,
Mauritius and Seychelles, St. Helena,
Ascension.
French Madagascar, Reunion (Bourbon),
Comoro.
.S/^f^w/V/^ -Canary, Fernando Po, Annobon.
Portuguese -Azores, Cape Verde, Madeira, St.
Thomas, Princes.
86
GEOGRAPHY NOTES.
7. Important Political Divisions.
Divisions.
CAI'ITALS.
GOVER.NMENT.
Barbary States :
Morocco.
Fez, Morocco.
Sultanate.
Algeria,
Algiers.
French Possession.
Tunis.
Tunis.
French Protectorate
Tripoli.
Tripoli.
Trib. of Turkey.
Egypt.
Cairo.
Trib. of Turkey.
Abyssinia.
Gondar.
Independent.
Zanzibar.
Zanzibar.
Brit. Protectorate.
Br. East Africa.
Mombasa.
Brit. Possession.
Port. East Africa.
Mozambique.
Portuguese I'oss.
Madagascar.
Tananarivo.
French Possession.
Natal.
Pietermaritzburg
British Colony.
■;v
Cape Colony.
Cape Town.
British Colony.
;
Orange Free State
Bloemfontein.
Republic.
;
Transvaal.
Pretoria.
Republic.
Congo Free State.
Boma.
Independent.
Sierra Leone.
Freetown.
British Colony.
;
Gambia.
Bathurst.
British Colony.
Liberia.
R^onrovia.
Independent.
^
Soudan
Many.
Small states.
Of Less Importance — Somali, German E. Africa,
Nyassaland, Zambesia, Basutoland, German S.
Africa, Angola, French Congo, Cameroons,
Dahomey, Ashantee, Gold Coast.
Districts — Uppet Gumea, Lower Guinea, Nubia.
Commerce : Africa has great natural resources
and although the people are indolent and their
methods of work inferior, the products are numerous
and valuable. The European trading stations, which
are established all along the coast, ate frequented by
native traders. Trade is carried on by barter. The
means of transportation include boats on the rivers,
AFRICA.
87
Steamboats on the Congo and the Zambesi, caravans
in the interior and some sliort railways at the north
and the south. 'I'he three hnes of railway now being
built by the British — (i) down the Nile Valley, (2) to
Uganda, and (3) from Cape Town to Buluwayo —
will play an important part in opening up the country.
The slave-trade is being suppressed, but the gin-trade
is proving as great a curse.
The products include :
Fruits— Figs, dates, tamarinds, oranges, lemons,
bananas, pomegranates, European fruits.
Grains — Wheat, rice, maize, barley.
Palm— Dates, sago, oil.
Various — Coffee, coiton, spices, dyewoods, gums,
wool, ivory, hides, feathers, leak, rubber, beeswax.
Minerals — Gold, diamonds, copper, iron, salt.
Manufactures — Leather, silk, carpets, sugar, indigo
Ten Important Commercial Cities.
Cairo -Inland and foreign trade, beauty, western
civilization and education.
Alexandria— Egyptian port.
Tunis — Caravan trade, exports — manufactures, grain,
wool, fruit, ostrich feathers, gold dust, ivory.
Fez Silks, leather, carpets.
Algiers — Grain, fruit.
Tripoli -Good harbor, caravan trade ; exports sam j
as Tunis.
Zanzibar — Ivory, copal gum, cloves, sugar, cotton,
coffee, spices.
Cape Town—Wool, hides, ostrich feathers.
Lagos— Gold, oil, ivory.
Johannesburg — Gold.
88
r.LOGRAPHV NOTES.
List 7. Pronunciation — Africa.
Key. — rfit, rale, far, pet, we, pin, pine, nol, note, root, bun, tQne.
Atjomey' .
Port Said (sa-ed').
Bloemfontein (blum-fon'lin,
Saha'ra.
u as in burn).
Seychelles (sashCl').
Cairo (ki' ro).
Shire (sho-ra' ).
Kalahari (hiVre).
Sierra Leone (h'l.o'na).
Kenia (keni'a).
Sofa' la
Kilima-Njaro (kil-e-nia'
Somali (nia'lc).
nya-rO' ).
Ta'na-na'rii-vo').
Na-tal'.
Tanganyika (ye'ka).
Nieuw-eld (nu'velt).
Tangier (tan-jur").
Nyassa (ne-a'sa).
Tripoli (trip-0-le).
I'ietermar'itzlnirg (pe'ter).
Vual (vdl).
Zambesi (lifrz*").
'>
AUSTRALASIA.
This division comprises the following islands and
groups :— Celebes, Moluccas, New Guinea,
Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand, Fiji,
Bismarck Archipelago, Solomon, New Heb-
rides, New Caledonia and Loyalty.
A-,
1-
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TEST TARGET (MT-3)
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Corporation
23 WEST MAIN STREET
WEBSTER, N.Y. 14SM
(716) 873-4503
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GEOGRAPHY NOTES.
AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND.
1. Position —In Torrid and South Temperate Zones.
Compare with latitude of Africa and South
America.
2. Boundaries : North — Timor and Arafura Seas,
Torres Strait.
East—Q,oxd\ Sea, Pacific Ocean.
South — Southern Ocean.
West — Indian Ocean.
3. Surface :
Ranges — Liverpool, Blue, Australian Alps,
Gawler.
Plateau — The Eastern.
Flain — The Great Central.
Deserts — Great Victoria, Sandy, Stony,
4. Drainage ; a. Southern Slope :
Rivers — Murray, Murrumbidgee, Lachlan,
Darling.
b. The Central Depression :
River — Cooper.
Lakes — Gairdner, Torrens, Eyre, Amadeus
— all without visible outlet.
5 Coast Features— Waters :
Oceans — Pacific, Southern, Indian.
Seas — Timor, Arafura, Coral.
Gulfs and Bays : —
North — Carpentaria, Cambridge.
East — Botany.
South — Great Australian Bight, Spencer
St. Vincent.
New Zealand— Flenty.
Straits — Torres, Bass, Cook (N. Z.).
AUSTRALASIA.
91
6. Coast Features— Land :
Capes — York, Howe, Wilson, South, Leeuwin.
New Zealand — North, East.
Peninsula — Northern Queensland.
Islands — Tasmania, New Zealand — North,
South — Lord Howe, Norfolk.
7
Political Divisions.
Countries.
(iov r.
Br. Col
Capitals and Chikf Cliirs.
Queensland.
NewSouthWales.
Victoria.
South Australia.
West Australia.
Tasmania.
New Zealand.
Brisbane.
Sydney, Newcastle, Bathurst.
Melbourne, Ballarat, Sandhurst.
Adelaide, Tort Adelaide.
Perth.
Hobart.
Wellington, Auckland, Dun-
edin, Christchurch.
8. Chief Exports — Wool, hides, tallow, preserved
meats, butter, wheat, gold, tin, also timber and
gum from New Zealand.
9. Chief Imports — Cloth, hardware, machinery, fish,
spirits, tea. sugar-
POLYNESIA.
This comprises all the islands between Australasia
and America, the chief groups being — Sandwich,
Ladrone,Caroline,Tonp:a or Friendly, Society,
Samoa, and Cook's or Hervey.
The Sandwich Islands or Hawaii.
Capital - Honolulu.
This country has regular steamship communication
with Vancouver, San Francisco, Sydney, Wellington
and other points.
Exports — Sugar, rice, coffee, hides, wool.
Imports — Manufactured goods.
List 8. Pronunciation — Australcsia, etc.
Arafura (foo'ra).
Ballarat'.
Hawaii (ha-wi'e).
Mur'rumbid'gee.
Timor (te mOr').
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