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ary
eroD

oOth Congress, )
'2d (SV'»»/on. s

Si:^ATE.

Ex. Doc.

MESSAGE

FKOM THE

PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES,

TKAN.SM1TTING

Report on the houndary line hettrcen Alaska and British Columbia.

Makcii 2, 1.S89. — Rend and referred to tbe Coinniittee ou Foreigu Relations and

ordered to be printed. . •

To the Senate and House of Representatives:

I herewith transmit a report of the Secretary of State, and accompauy-
iug documents, relative to the undetermined boundary line between
Alaska and British Columbia.

Grover Cleveland.
Executive Mansion,

Washington, March i', 1880.

li V

To the President:

The Secretary of State has the honor to submit herewith for transmis-
sion to Congress certain documents and maps relating to the undeter-
mined boundary line between Alaska auO British Columbia.

During the session of the fisheries conference of 1887-'88 in this city,
it was suggested that an informal consultation between some person in
this country possessing knowledge of the questions in dispute and a
Canadian similarly equipped might tend to facilitate the discovery of
a basiu of agreement between the United States and Great Britain upon
which a practicable boundary Hue could be established.

To this end several interviews were held in this city between Prof.
W. H. Dall, of the U. S. Geological 'S ''vey, whose geogxaphical and
geological exidorations in Alaska have associated his name with that
Territory, and Dr. George M. Dawson, an eminent Canadian authority
on the same subject.

Professor DjvH's and Dr. Dawson's accounts of these conferences is
herewith submitted, together with other documents, including a letter
of Dr. Dawson to Sir Charles Tapper on the boundary (question, a memo-
randum by Professor Dall on the same subject, and also a supi)leinent-
ary memorandum by him on certain views of Maj. Gen. D. R. Cam-
eron, as submitted in the letter of Dr. Dawson above referred to.

These documents are considered of value as bearing upon a subject
of great international importance, and should be put in shape for publio
information.

a55^i

ALASKA AND HKITISH COLUMBIA BOUNDARY LINE.

Accuracy being essential in the renrotluction of the maps now inclosed,
it is respectfully recommended that it be accoiuplisLed by photographic
process. "

Itespectfully submitted.

T. F. BAYA3D.

Department of State,

Wfifihiiujton, March 2, 1/^89.

1.
2.

'2a
3.
4.
5,
6.

10.

11.

la.

13.
14.
15.
IB.
17.

IXCLOSLKI'JS.

Mr. Dull to Mr. Moore, .liiunarv 3, 188S.

Mr. Dawson to Sir Charles Tujtper, February 7, 1888.

. .Same to saiiitf, FoUniary 11, 1888.

Mr. Dall to Mr. Ijayard,* February 13, 1888.

isttine to suiiie, December 19, 1888.

Memorandiim on the AlaHkan bounilary, by William II. Dall, A. M.

Supplementary nieinorandiim on vLe views of General Cameron as submitted in the

letter of Dr. (ieorgo M. Daw«ou to Sir Charles Tapper, by William H. Dall.
Convention between United States and Russia, April 5-17, 1824.
Anglo- RussiiMi treaty, 1825.
American- Russiitn treaty, 1867.
Two tracings by the Coast Survey showing the features of the region on the

north shore of Portland Inlet near its mouth.
British Admiralty Chart, No. 2431, showing the latest British survey of Portland

Inlet.
Chart3of French edition of Vancouver of 1799; covering region north of the 4.^th

parallel of latitude.
Chart 7 of same, covering territory between parallels 54^ and 57^ north latitude.
Oilicial Canadia)! map of British Columbia, 1884.
Dawson's Canadian map, 1887.

Dawson's Canadian ma|>, 1887, showing conventioLal lines proposed by Canada.
Canadian map, January 23, 1888.

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No. 1.

Mr. Ball to Mr, Moore, Third Assistant Secretary of State.

Smithsonian Institution,
WashiiifitGn; J). G.j January 3, 1888.

Dear Sir: In pursuance of your request for suggestions bearing on
the question of the Alaskan boundary, I beg leave to submit the fol-
lowing facts and observations upon them.

The coast of southeastern Alaska is the valuable part of that region.
It has a climate modified by tli<% ocean so as to be comparable with that
of Ireland, water-ways reaching all parts of it, and making accessible
its mines, flslieries. timber, and remarkable Alpine scenery.

The "sea of mountains" eastward from the general line of the coast
is broken by rivers, giving passage to the interior only at the head of
Lynn Canal, at the Taku and Stikine Rivers, and at the head of the
Portland Canal. West of Lynn Canal, the Alps form an impassable
barrier until we come to the Copper or Atna River, which heads west
of the one hundred and forty-first meridian, in American territory, and
is therefore outside of the limits necessary to be now considered.

The country even 2 or 3 miles inland from the coast has a totally
different and subarctic climate, and is of value only for its rich but
very limited placer mines. There are doubtless quartz mines, and
there is timber, but commercially inaccessible, and therefore practically

ALASKA AND HRITISH COLUMHIA BOUNDARY LINK.

valueless. The placers of the Stikiue basin are uow about exhausted.
The Taku basin is small and very alpine. The present attention of
miners is chieHy devoted to the jilacers reached near the Yukon by
tlie portage from the head of Lynn Canal. ]3oubtless the basin of the
ITpper Yukon, though larger than tie others, is limited, and will in a
tew years be exhausted of its placer gold, as the others have been,
when for all ])ra(5tical juirposes this interior region will be entirely
valueless, as it affords few furs, and not game enough to support a
large body of hunters. Even explorers have found it ditheult to sup-
port life there, in parties of less than a dozen.

It has seemed to me that the neeessities of the case, either with or
without a treaty, would be well met by a plan embodying the following
ideas, it being perfectly well known that the boundary specitied in the
existing treaty was formulated on a mistaken assumption as to facts,
and is impossible to determine by survey.

A line N\hich can be most easily surveyed, and which the average
prospector could recognize without f'itticulty, and which wouhl follow
the spirit of the old treaty more nearly than any other, while modify-
ing its expression, could in my opinion be obtained in tht^ following
manner:

Let a point be determined on each of the four i>assage ways into the
interior — Chilkoot, Taku, Stikine, and Observatory (or Portland) Inlet
Kivers — at ten marine leagues (or any other mutually satisfactory) dis-
tance from the coast. Then let the territory drained by branches com-
ing into these rivers seaward of this point (which should be shown by
a permanent monunient) belong to the United States; that drained by
streams coming in eastward of the monument be British. The bound-
ary would follow the water parting, between the two. At Portland
Inlet and at the head of Lynn Canal the divide between the interior
and coast water sheds should form the line. This would be easy of
definition, as the pass is narrow and the ridge sharp and distinct. It
would give the United States a little useless territory on the head-
waters of the Chilkat River and take a little away from them on the
Chilkoot liiver, judged by the present theoretic boundary. This would
reduce the positions requiring careful astronomical determination to
three, namely, the inception of the boundary line at the head of Port-
land Inlet, and the two monuments on the Taku and Stikine respec-
tively. This reduction would probably save a season's work, and corre-
sponding expenses, as the climate is unfavorable for astronomical work.

The advantages of the above plan are, first, any man can determine
for himself on which side of the boundary he is without any instrument
except Ids eyes. There can be no question as to the water jtarting in
the sharply broken topography of the region ; it will speak for itself.
As the rivers and their valleys are the sole roads, no man can plead
ignorance of the fact when he reaches the boundary monument, and
any doubt, away from the river, can be solved in an hour by following
the nearest brook to the stream of which it is the tributary.

In general, I suppose that the survey which would be necessary
could be mucli more easily carried out than in any other project, as the
whole could be done by a meander of the streams, and by very few
streams, except fixing the monuments. If the methods in use by the
Geological or Coast Survey parties on reconnaissance work were
adopted, and the practical topographers of either organization put at
it (and the Dominion Geological Survey is equally well prepared), the
whole line from Chilkat to Taku, Stikine and Observatory or Portland

ALASKA AND HUITISH (OH'MHIA BOlNDAKY LINK.

Inlet could be run in two or three seasons, at most, by about four
partii'S, and at an expense to the I'nited States (existinjj aj»eneies beinp:
utilized) of ])robably not more than )j! 1 L*r>,()(M) in all. liy military methods
and men the work would take twice as long, and would cost at least
half a million dollars. In regard to this matter of expense, J speak
advisedly, having regard to estimates already furnished by ndlitary
authorities.

The United States, if the river monuments were fixed at the i)resent
treaty limits of 10 marine leagues from the coast, would ])robably lose
territory theoretically, since the 10 leagues line carried along as on the
Coast Survey map «>f Alaska (1884) juobably extends farther inland
than the headwaters of many of tlie inlau<l streams. Hut this loss
would amount to nothing, as the region is inaccessible except from the
British side, and practically worthless.

On the other hand, the i)lan proposed is more in accord with the
si)irit of the present nnreali/able treaty than any other which occurs
to me, and far more easy of determination than any i)lan I have ever
heard suggested.

As to the strip of country between the one hundred and forty-first
meridian and the head of the Chilkat liiver, it is perfectly inaccessible
from the coast except by way of the Atna and Chilkat Itivers. It might
well be left alone for many years to come, or settled by taking the
summit of the St. Elias Alps, everywhere visible from the ocean,
which no man has yet reached, much less scaled, but which could be
united by a set of great triangles from the head of the Chilkat and
along the coast of the Pacific from Fairweather Peak to Mount St.
Elias.

Very respectfully, yours,

Wm. H Dall.

ti<»ii H<
<rinte|

la C'ti
do loij
liiliiiij

1110 »Um
•le la

N. B. — This letter should be read in connection with the Coast Sur-
vey map of Alaska, published in 1884, which, though defective in later
data elsewhere, is essentipUy the most accurate as regards the region
involved.

No. 2.

Dr. Dawson to Sir Charles Tupper.

Washington, D. C. Februari/ 7, 1888.

Sir: One of the principal difficulties met with in arriving at any
reasonable conventional line of boundary between the coast strip of
Alaska and the adjacent i)ortiou of the Dominion of Canada may be
that arising from an erroneous notion with respect to the width of that
strip, which has been loosely indicated on many maps as a belt of coun-
try 10 marine leagues in width, while, as a matter of fact, in the lan-
guage of the conventi<»n, 1() marine leagues is given merely as an extreme
width to which under certain conceivable circumstances the coast strip
might in some places be allowed to attain. The actual language of the
convention in the original version is as follows:

A partir dn point le pins mi'-iidional de I'ile dite Prince of Wales, letpiel point se
trouve 8 .(18 la paiallMe dn u4me dejfrc, iOniinntes de latitndc nord, et vutre le 131nie
etle 133 me degrodelongitnde onest (nn'^ridien de Greenwich), la ditelifjnarenionteia
an bord le long de la passe dite I'ortlmid Channel ^waqn' an point de la terre fermo on
elie atteint le 56uic degro de latitndc nord; de ce dernier point la ligne de d<^uiarca-

ALASKA AND BRITISH COM^MHIA HOIXDARY LINK. 6

tioii Miiivra In crt-te doH tnoiitn.'ncH Hitii oh piiriillilt'iiicnt a la cote, Jiihiihuu point
d'iiiterm-i-tioii dii llliiu* du^rn- th- loii^itixle oiicHt (Iihiik; iin riiliun), etc.

(jiiu paitoiit oil 111 i-n-teiies inoiitiiffiifs, qui aVteiitlvjiit <liins iiiiu direction parMllile a
la c'ite depnis le Tidnie degiV' de latitiult- nonl an point d'intcrsoction dn llinu' d(>f;r)^
de longiindt'oncKt, h*> trnnvt'railii la diMtunc'ede])lnH do di\ lienesmarineH de loccan,
la limit*' eutre lea possesHions ltritanni<|iiHft la liHiin; de <-t.t<* nieutioiD « ei dcHHiis, coni-
iiie (levant a|i))artenir a la KnsHJe, bera toinH'e par nu:- li^ne ]taralli-le anx Hintiusites
du la cote et i|ni hv ponrra Jamais en itie < loign* e <|ne dedi\ liencH marines.

The use of the expression liHthr, de la rote, it is submitted, shows thut
nothing: more was stipulated for than a point tfappui for Kussia on the
nuiin land coast, and the known circumstances which led to the conclu-
sion of the convention att'ord additional evidence that this was all that
iJussia desired or (Ireat Britain intended to jjive.

The detinition of the lisiere oy a line following la crt'te ties montaiines
tiituveH paralliivment a la ro/t, is pre<;i8el.v that whi(;li would be a<lopted
as the most convenient on an examination of Vancouver's charts and
descriptions ol the coast, which were at the time the best available.
These charts show, by strictly conventional an<l arbitrary signs, that a
mountainous country extends inland from the coast for a consi<lerable
distance. The fact alone that these conventional mountain features are
not even similarly placed on the corresponding portions of Vancouver's
overlapping charts, must have been sullicient to .show that no depend-
ence could be placed on them. The only line of mountains which is
practi«;ally identical on the various charts, and the existence of which
could be contirmed by reference to Vancouver's detailed description, is
that which is represented as everywhere rising immediately from the
coast and which borders upon the sea. It is therefore to the summits
of these mountains immediately bordering the coast that the words of
the convention must be understood to refer. Only in the case of the
absence of mountiiins is the 10 marine league limit admissible, and then
under certain conditions, for general parallelism with the coast is also
essential.

Jt was no doubt in consequence of the distinctly conventional mode
of representation of the mountains on V^ancouver's charts, and the nec-
essary inference tluit they did not accurately represent tlie facts, that
the limiting clause was inserted in the ccmvention.

riuch a line as that which it is believed was intende<l is by no means
imi)ossible of survey, nor should it even be very ditlicult to define, as
the summits of the mountains are, as a matter of fact, found to be
everywhere visible from the coast, and are probably at an average
distance of considerably less than 5 miles from it.

In resi)ect to the important (|Uestion as to what is intended by the
expression la ciHe, Maj. Gen. I). 1{. Canieron's views, as expressed in a
report on this point, may be substantially adopted, as follows:

In the second clause of the fourth article provisi(»n is made for the
ca.se of the mountains being found at more than 10 marine leagues
iidand, and it is there laid down that the measurements shall be made
i;ot from inlets but from the ocean.

The convention stipulates —

Que partoiit on la creto des montajjtnes, qni s'etendent dansune direetion parallele
a la cote ' * ' se trouverait u la<listanee dedix lienes maiines do Tocean ' *
' 1j» liniite « » * si^ra I'orinee par nue li^ne parallt'leu la cote, et qni se ponrra
jamais en ttre eloignee qne de dix lienes marines.

The word ocean is wholly inapplicable to iidets; co!\sequently the
line, whether marked by mountains or only by a survey line, has to
be drawn without reference to inlets.

Had it not been so clearly provided against by express stipulation
in the second clause of the fourth article of the convention and by

■ *

•ii

iiaiteii.r,«;fc.,hiririSBiriS^^

':-i

ALASKA AND I5KITISH (MH^IMMIA HOINDAKY LINK.

the accepted principleH of iiitcniatioiial law, it inijjlit, in the cnce of
tlieabseiiceof inoiiiitaiiiH, he a^n'eed that tJie /*«jVr<' sliouhl be measured
from the sea waters edge, wherever — in inlet or elsewhere — it outlined
the continent; and that this being the eor.st line where no mountains
exist within l<» leagues, is equally the coast line whence to determine
the mountains iiranut to Ihv vonHf.

But, as said above, inlets, in either alternative, the occurrence or non-
occurrence of mountains within 10 leagues, are not part of the coast-
line determi ing the boundary.

None of the inlets between Portland Channel and the meridian of
141'^ west longituile are (I miles in width, excepting, ])erhaps, a short
part of Lynn Tanal; conse(|ueiitly, with that possible exception, the
width of territory on the coast assigned under the convention to Kus
sia — nniy not be measured from any point within the mouths of the
inlets. All the waters within the mouths of the inlets are as much
territorial waters, according to an universally admitted international
law, as those of a freshwater lake ov stream would be under analogous
circumstances.

As far as non mountainous country may extend, but within 10 marine
leagues (jf the ocean, the iideta are in fact included by tlie convention
within la litiiirc Ov vote mvnlionnve ci Census lomme derant appnrtvnir a la
UvHHie.

On the other hand, so much of these inlets as happen to be in moun-
tainous territory, or beyond 10 marine leagues from the ocean, together
with the dry land about them, is assigned to Great Hritain as much as
are rivers and lakes in the same regions.

Nothing short of an exi»re8s stipulation to the contrary effect would,
it is conceived, serve to maintain the proposition that inland waters in
the ItHiere do cote assigned to Russia were not i)art and parcel of that
litiure. But if they were really ])art and parcel of the lisiirc itself, their
mere existence can not |>o8sibly be a reasonable foundation for arguing
that they involve an increase of the breadth of the lisiire of which they
are comi)onent parts.

The limits of the lisiire are by the convention expressly dependent
on the relative i)ositions of ocean line and neighboring mountain line.
The only reference to inlets in the convention (Art. VII) is in a fornt
almost <lirectly declaratory of assent to the doctrine of territorial au-
thority over them.

If tlie soveieignty over iidrts does not pass in accordance with the
doctrine that they are part and parcel of the surrounding territory,
there was no occasion for the reciprocal concession made in the seventh
article for right to navigate these inlets.

Regarded from this ]»oint of view rivers and inlets are identical. As
reasonable, tlien, would it be to hold that under the convention the
breadth of the linicre assigned to lUissia is determined by the head-
waters of its rivers as that the hea<l waters of its creeks ami inlets reg-
ulate its breadth.

With further reference to the position of the boundary as i>rovided
for by the convention, it may be stated that the contention has been
advanced by the government of British Columbia, that the woids "dite
Portland Channel," in Article III, are palpably erroneous, and not in
conformity with the detailed description of the course of the line, on the
following grounds :

The portion of the article in question reads:

A jtartir (111 ])oiut U> pliiN iiioridioiiAl (le Vile (lite /'n'ore o/' in./f^M » « * la «lite
li^ne retnoutera an bor«l le lony; «le la passe dite t'ortlaud r/jnwHW.jnsqn' an point tie
la terre ferine o.\ elle atteint le 56"'' (le;;rc de latitude uord, etc.

ALASKA AND HKITISH ("OUMBIA H(H'NI)AKY LINK.

Now to reacli the eiitniiice of Portland Cliaiiiiel from tin* point fliHt
iletiiied the line mnst run about ."lO miles eaHt instead of north, and,
moreover, by ascending I'orthmd Channel itean not Htrike the main land
ill hititude ')<> decrees north, as the channel terminates before reaching
this latitude, and was known so to terminate at the time of Vancouver's
survey.

If, however, the name oidy of Portlan<l Channel be omitted, and the
directions given be precisely followed, the line will ascend (.'larence
Strait and reach the mainland at the stilted latitude and by the stated
course. The several directions with rcs|)ect to the line of boundary
nniy, it is ar)L>ned, be considered as more authoritative than the single
mention of Portland (Miannel.

Apart from the above contention of the Hritish Columbian govern-
ment, it is at least certain that if the line of boundary was intended to
follow Portland Channel it was the channel so named by Vancouver,
the lower part of which channel passes to the north of Wales and Pierce
Islands of recent charts. The line has been erroneously shown on many
maps as running to the south of these islands along i>art of Observa-
tory Inlet of Vancouver, in consequence of a confusion of nomenclature
in the region which, it has been ascertained, first occurred on an admi-
ralty chart published in 18r».'i, and which has thereafter been followed
and copied on other charts and nnips.

It would a])pear. in view of all the facts, that some interchange lead-
ing to p consolidation of territory would form a mutually advantageous
solution of the boundary question; but that if this can not be agreed
upon it is probable that a conventional line following as nearly as prs-
sible the descrii>tion of the treaty might be arrived at.
I have the honor to be, sir, your obedient servant,

George M. Dawson.

No. 2a.

]Jr. Dawson to Sir Charles Tapper.

Washington, D. C, February 11, 1888.

Sir: Having had, as arranged, several informal conferences with Mr.
W. H. Dall on the subject of the boundary-line between Alaska and the
neighboring part of the Dominion of Canada, with the purpose of arriv-
ing, if possible, at some conventional line which might be recommended
as advantageous to both countries, I have the honor to make the follow-
ing report on the result of my conversation with Mr. Dall:

On previous careful consideration of the subject, which I had investi-
gated to some extent on the ground, it appeared to me probable that some
reciprocal <;oncession in respect to territory tending toward consolida-
tion of the regions under the respective Governments, would afford the
most satisfactory basis for the selection of a con ventioiml line of bound-
ary; the advantage of such territorial rearrangement being particularly
apparent in regard to the development of the region on both sides and
the facility of its administration.

I found, however, that Mr. Dall was not disiiosed to regard with
favor any suggestion which would involve the cession of any ])art of
the coast line of Ahiska, and should this view be maintained it must
entirely prevent a fully satisfactory rearrangement of boundary, how-

•1

asijagi

^n,

ALASKA ANI> KUITISII (OLTMHIA BOUNDARY LINK.

ever desirable it miglit in other respects be to botb coiiiitrieH, as the
actual coiulitioiis render it inipoKNible forthr United IStates to otter any
other territorial cjiuivalent which wouhl be of value.

Failing any su(th re-arraii{j:enient ot territorial rights, it would seem
(and I believe 1 may say that Mr. Dall and myseltare in agreement on
this point) that a conventional line mif;ht be adopted, whicii, while
nearly a^nceing with that described in the treaty, would prove more
convenient and leas costly of survey than it. The divergence which still
exists between .Mr. Dall's views and my own on this subject arises, I
believe, entirely from a dilVcren(;c of opinion as to the meaning of the
wording of tlie treaty itself, and this divergence does not so much affect
the character of a conventional line as its distance from the coast, which
would require to be regulated in conformity with the interpretation
which may be given to the treaty with respect to its definition of the
width of the coast strip.

Conventional lines of two kiiuls in particular have been discussed
by us at some lengtli, and while there is much to be said in favor of
each, and either might be ma<le the basis of an agreement, it appears to
me that that which is entitled below ''Conventional line No. L'" would
prove to be the most satisfactory and the least expensive to lix on the
ground.

The lines referred to may be thus described :

Conrr)itioni(l line Xo. 1. — A series of straight lines drawn between
certain determined tixed points and running in apnioximate parallelism
with the general trend of the coast. iSuch line> would be portions of
arcs of great circles. The tixed points wo'tM re<iuire to be prearranged,
and after being marked by suitable monuments, their ])ositions relating
to each other might be astronomically determined with sutlicient accu-
racy for the purpose of cahulating the directions of connecting lines, thus
avoiding the necessity of an expensive triangulation survey for this pur-
pose. The points which I should pn)pose as tixed ])oints are situated
on Portland Channel, the Stikine, Taku Inlet, and the heads of Lynn
Canal. We are already in possession of intbrmation sutlicient to enable
us to define these points.

Coiu'cntiiimil linv Xo.'J. — A line starting from certain specified fix6d
points su<*h as those above described and similarly situated on the in-
lets name<l and on the Stikine liiver; the territory drained by streams
debouching to the seaward of the fixed i)oints to l)elong to the United
States; that drained by streams debouching on the opposite or inland
side of the tixed jioints to belong to Canada; it l)eing, however, further
jirovided that in event of the boundary thus determined reaching a
certain specified distance from the coast, it shall then follow a straight
line with a prescribed course for such distance as the streams may be
found to rise cm the inland side of such line.

A boundary thus drawn would piactically follow the crests of moun-
tain ranges for the greater part of its entire length, while it wouhl be
prevented from attaining an inconvenient iidand extension by the pre-
scribed limiting lines. The courses of these limiting lines might be
stated with sutlicient precision from our present knowledge of the
region, and should in such case be approximately parallel to the main
trend of the opi)o8ite coast.

In the event of the iidoption of a conventional line of either the first
or second kind, it would of course be necessary to prepare a detailed
description of it.

In the case of either line 1 would suggest that the boundary, from the

groi

ALASKA AND HIUTISII COMMHIA H<M'NI)AR\ LINK.

point nt which it would Jeiivo liyim Caiinl, shonld nir 'n u tliroctcourso
(pret'eriibly ii lutitiulu lint') wt'stwanl to tlie St. Klin Alps; thonco to
follow the snmnnt of these nionntains to the one hiuu ed and t'ortytirst
meridian.

Neither of the lines would re<|uire to be delineated throuffhont on the
;,M'onnd at the present time unless sn specially desired. It would besulli-
(rient to erect pernninent monuments at the tixcd ]»oints iind to ascertain
and jlellne the places at which the line crosses rivernand other avenues of
communication. That part of the line which would follow the St. lOlias
Al|»s mijjht well be marked, as suy:^ested by Mr. Dull, by the moun-
tains' summits themselves united by a seiies of preat trian/^les. This
lofty chain of mountains, though everywhere vi8il)le from tlie coast, is
practically imiccessible.

If objection should be taken to placing the fixed points by which
either of the above conventional lines would be determined in such po-
sitions (»n l'ortlan<l C/hannel, Taku Inlet, and the heads of Lynn Canal
as to {five Canada a foothold at the heiids tif these inlets as niesins of
access tt the interior, I shtMihl consider it advisabl(> to revert to the
treaty boundary winch, thoup:h no doul)t requiring expensive surveys,
is not ill possible of realization.

Additional surveysof the region through which the boundary nuist run
m'\ lit possibly result in enabling some liiieof greater iimtual advantage
tu.iU either of those above outlined to be indicated, but 1 believe that a
line which wouhl luactically meet tin re(|uiiements of the case might
even :io\v l)e adopted, while delay will ad<l to the dilliculty met with in
regard to a ctuiventionai line by allowing private interests of one kind
or another to become involved in the case.

Should, however, no such line be determined on at the ]nesent time,
I would respectfully .suggest that, waiving lor the moment any territo-
rial claims und.»r the treaty, some mutual nn<lerstaiiding might be en-
tered into by which criminals from the interior may be carried out to
the coast, and thereafter to Victoria or elsewhere for trial; also, that
in view of the fact that no duties are at present <!olle«'ted on goods en-
tering the Canadian territory on the headwaters of the Yukon, whether
they do so by the main stienm or by the Chilkoot I'ass, that by a simi-
lar temporary waiving of claims, goods from the Domininn of Canada in
transit, in the hands of bona fide miners, should l)e permitted to pass
without customs formalities to the head of Lynn Canal and over the
pass. This appears to be the more desirable as the miners are gener-
ally men of small means; the cost of transport over the jiass is very
great, and the necessary hardships siiltered considerable, wliile their
work in prospecting, exi)Ioriiig, and mining all aids in the development
of the resources both of Alaska and the neighboring portions of the
Dominion.

In conclusion I may be allowed to drnw attention to the fact that
although the free right of navigation for purposes of commer<'e of the
Yukon and Porcupine by tlie subjects of both countries is ])rovided for
by treaty, there api)ears to be a doubt whether this ])rovision includes
the right to cut and collect wood for purposes of navigation by steam-
ert., and that a rule might be established granting ecjual i»rivileges on
both sides in this respect.

1 have the honor to be, sir, your obedient servant,

(lEoiKJE M. Dawson.

I ■

ITii niiiitHI

ALASKA AND BRITISH TOLUMBIA BOUNDARY LINE.

No. 3.

Mr, Dull to Mr. Bayard.

Smithsonian Institution,
Washinffion, Februartf 13, 18S8.

Sir: I have the honor to report that the suggested iiitbnnal confer-
ence between Dr. (ieoige M. Dawson, of Ottawa, Canada, and the writer
has been held. Dr. Dawson and myself conferred on several occasions
(February4-ll) and discussed matters connected with the Alaskabouud-
ary (juestion freely and informally.

It was mutually announced and agreed that the meeting was entirely
informal; that neither party had any delegated powers whatever, and
that its object was simply the arrival at a consensus of opinion as to
somereasonableandbusiness like way of settling upon a line satisfactory
to both countries, and the most practicable means of demarkating the
line if <me was accepted. It was thought that if Dr. Dawson and niy-
self (!Ould unite in recommending some plan as practicable, that opinion
or plan would be entitled to some consideration, from the fact that both
of us are tolerably well acquainted with the nature of the country and
its exploration.

In considering those points to which, in his opinion, Canadian inter-
ests give ])rominence, Dr. Dawson referred to —

(1) Freedom of intercourse as between the channels and inlets of
Alaska and the British territories of the interior, for British subjects
and their vessels, boats, or other means of transportation, especially on
the Stikine and Taku Uivers and the portage at the hea<l of Chilkoot
Inlet.

Also, for American citizens, between the latter point through British
territory to the Yukon River in Alaska, west of the one hundred and
forty tirst degree of west longitude from Greenwich; since there is no
doubt that, by this route, intercourse with the Upper Yukon country is
more easy than by any other route.

(2) This freedom of intercourse for Canada, Dr. Dawson thought,
should include the mutual concession of the right of river steamers Hy-
ing either tlag to cut wood for fuel from the river banks or eitiier terri-
tory, which by the letter of the law is now illegal even for American
citizens in Alaska Territory. It should include the right or concession
of the right of navigating the salt water channels and so called inland
passages of the coast archipelagos and inlets in British Columbia and
in Alaska, respectively, by the citizens of the Uniteil States and sub-
jects of Great Britain.

There is no doubt that the navigation of these coast a'ld territorial
waters might be wholly or partly withheld by either i>(>wer from the
citizens and vessels of the other; thus materially curtailing or render-
ing nugatory the conceded right to navigate tlie navigable rivers which
extend beyond the boundary into British territory, for Great Britain,
and obliging vessels of the United States, bound for jwrts f ; Alaska,
to take tiie exposed "outside passage" between the Straits of Fuca
and the territorial waters of Alaska.

(.?) It would be desirable also that the transit of British miners from
the coast over, for instance, the Chilkoot portpge for the purpose of
mining in British territory, where the passage has to be made by land,
should not be impeded by the levying of customs duties on their outtit
and provisions by the United States at the coast, nor should a like im-
pediment affect American goods passing through British territory on the

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ALASKA AND BRITISH COLUMBIA BOUNDARY LINK.

Upper Yukon in their transit from the coast to tliat part of the Yukon
uesf of tlie one bunched and lorty-lirst degree of west lonj;itnde from
(ireenwicb, for use at American trading luists in Alaska Territory.

(4) The right of Canadian sheriffs (or e<|uiva]ent ott1( ors of the hiw)
to bring alleged criminals from tlie IJritisli territory in the interior and
hold them in custody through the coast strip belonging to the United
States and in the territorial waters of Alaska, while \n transit to British
C'(»lumbia for trial, is one which {un<ler suitable regulations) might well
be conceded in the interest of morals and good government.

To arrive at a state of affairs by which the above mutual concessions
sliould be most easily managed (and waiving temi)orarily a construction
ot the treaty by which General Cameron and others for Great Jiritaiu
Lave contended that the heads of the inlets are already British terri-
tory) Dr. Dawson is ©f the opinion that the best way is to so arrange a
conventional boundary line as to include some concessions by the United
States on the coast, and, if a tjuid pro quo is thought necessary, he sug-
gested a cession by Great Britain to the United States of part of the
interior; as, for instance, the triangular legion in British territory south
and west from the Ui)per Yukon, and between it and the present Alas-
kan boundary.

From this 1 felt compelled to dissent, considering that the mutual
concessions desired might be reached by convention or treaty without
cession of territory by either party, and that such an exchange as sug-
gested, especially at the heads of inlets, would cut southeastern Alaska
into two or three pieces, separated by belts of British territory, with
all the inconveniences, legal and sentimental, which that implies. Also,
it is my opinion that no amount of the subarctic iuteiior would form
an equivalent to the United States for any part of the coast; and I
gathered from Dr. Dawson *hat he also believed that no amount of the
same sort of territory now held by us, north of the Yukon, would be
accepted by Camula in exchange for any part of the coast of British
Columbia south of north latitude 54^ 40'.

Dilterences have been alluded to, raised by General Cameron i]i a con-
struction of the details of the Alaska treaty which relate to the bound-
ary. These relate, not to those expressions in the treaty which have
hitherto been consiilered as obscure, but to its niost jnecise and explicit
wording. As, tor instance, it would be clainjed from his i»oint of view
that the name Vortlaml Chamul in the treaty does not mean I'ortland
Channel, but an entirely distinct series of waters; wiiich <onstructiou
would add to Canada an area somewhat larger than the State of Dela-
ware. He would also regard the " /iwe parallel to the aindiinis {shut-
osites) of v.:e coast ''^ as a line which should disregaid the windings of
the coast, and instead of lollowing the ^'erest crete) of the mountains''''
should skip across the arms of the sea when they are less than <> miles
wide.*

Waiving these fundamental ditierences in lonstruction of the treaty.
Dr. Dawson suggested two alternative methods of ol)taining a bound-
ary line:

(1) A line starting from certain siiecilied fixed i)oints on the natural
routes between the coast and interior, such as those to be later referred
to; the territory drained by streams debouching seaward of the fixed
points to belong to the United States, and that drained by streams
debouching on the opi>()site or inland side of the points to Great Britain.

* The views of General Ciimeron an- to he fbnuiliii the aci'oiiii>aii,viii^ copy ofa letter
to Sir Charles Tupper (printed aliove aH Document No. 2), ni08t coiuteoMHly fiir-
uiuhtid nie hy Dr. V)aw80ii, in order that these viewa should boiharly put on reeord.

. ^

ALASKA AND HRITISPl f'OLUMKIA BOUNDARY LINE.

It being, however, provided that in the event of the boundary line above
determined reaching a certain apecitied distance from tlie coast, it shall
then follow a straight linr with a prescribed course for such distance
as the sciiward streams may be found to lie on the British side of such
line. A boundary thus i'orined would practically be found to follow the
crest of mountain ranges for the greater part of its entire length,
while it would be prevented from attaining an inconvenient iidand ex-
tension by the prescribed limiting lines. The courses of the latter
might be stated with sutlicient precision from our present knowledge of
the region and siiouhl be in each case approximately parallel to the main
trend of the opposite coast.

The preceding parngraph, practically in Dr. Dawson's own language,
agrees with the plan suggested in my memorandum of January .i, 18^8,
except for the limiting proviso, a proviso which I would cordially ac-
cept, it would seem, tlierefore, that in essentials we practically agree,
when the mode of getting at a line in this region is concerned.

(2) Dr. Dawson's alternative proposition suggests that certain jmints
on the natural routes cutting the coast mountains should be settled upon,
and that straight lines should be drawn between these points, believ-
ing these straight lines would be little more difllcult to survey than the
water-shed determinations suggested in the previous paragraph.

In either case the line as actually surveyed, marked, and accepted by
the boundary commissioners who might have it in charge should
forever remain the legal boundary line, even though it proved by more
refined surveys at some later period to be slightly at variance with the
theoretical line which it was intended to represent.

As to the situation of the points where these lines should take their
departure, it was agreed that this would depend upon the interpreta-
tion to be placed on the treaty of 182r>.

But in regard to the Chilkoot ])ortage where there is no navigable
river an<i wliich is now the most important inland route, Dr. Dawson
seemed to feel that any plan not involving the ])ossession of territory
through to the sea by Great Britain would be unacceptable; while 1
felt eqlially coutident tliat such a cession is undesirable for the United
States and would not be likely to be considered seriously by them.

We both agreed that the sooner the matter is settled and clecided
the better for both countries. The development juid population of the
region is progressing and private interests growing up, which, under
some circumstances, might operate to obstruct the adoption of a fair
and equitable settlement in the future. At present there are few such
interests to be att'ected, and an enrly settlement is doubly desirable.
I am, sir, very respectful I}', your obe«lient servant,

Wm. H. Dall.

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:n^o. 4.

Mr Dall to Mr. Baijard.

Smithsonian Institution,
Washiiiffton, December If), 1888.

Dear Sir: I have the honor to submit herewith, as previously sug-
gested, two do' uments relating to the Alaska boundary question. The
tirst is a memorandum, in which I have endeavored to trace without
partisanship the historical process by which the Anglo-' issian treaty

ALASKA AND BRITISH COLUMBIA BOUNDARY LINE.

of 1S25 came into beinj»", and to explain tliedrcnmstances which may be
supposed to have siij>j;ested the hmguage used in the delimitory tlansesj
as well as the nieaniu}>' that languajte was intended to convey.

As the subject is full of ditticulties for any one who has not had the
opportunity for special investigation into the circumstances, I have felt
that perha])s such a discussion might be of use to all parties concerned.

With this document are submit*^' d the following maps, more or less
necessary for a clear understanding of the discussion :

(1) Two tracings by the Coast Survey, showing the features of the
region on the north shore of Portland Inlet near its mouth.

{'2) British Admiralty Chart, No. 2431, showing the latest British sur-
vey of Portland Inlet.

If these i)ai)ers are to "be printed it is very desirable that in the same
collection should appear an otticially revised copy of the American-
Kussian treaty or convention concluded in 1824.

A similar copy of the Anglo Russian treaty of 1825;

A similar copy, with both the English and French versions, of the
American-Kussian treaty of 1807, by which Alaska was ceded to the
United States;

A reproduction, from the atlas of the French edition of Vancouver
of ITIMJ, of so much of chart 3 as covers the region north of the tifty-
fourth parallel and that part of chart 7 which lies between the i>aral-
lels of 54 and 57 degrees north latitude.

If there are any additional geographical data forthcoming from the
Coast Survey, during the last year or two, it would be desiiable to
Lave them represented on a chart by thenivselves.

The second document submitted is a criticism in the light of the pre-
vious memorandum of the singular hypothesis regarding the boundary
line which have been emitted by General Cameron of Canada, and which
are formulated by Dr. I )aw.«on in the accompanying letter to Sir Charles
Tupper, of which a copy was courteously furnished by him at the time
of our informal conference, already reported on.

This is accompanied by a copy of an official Canadian map on which
General Cameron's hypothetical boundary line is depicted, which it
would be well to reproduce as far as it relates to the Alaskan region.
I have the honor to be, very respectfully, yours,

VVm. II. Dall.

No. 5. • ■

Memorandum on the Ahislan borauJary, by William Jf. DalU A.M.

1. It is admitted by all that the language of the treaty between (Ireat
Britain and Russia of February 1(5-28, 1825, in so far as it attem])ts to
define the boundary of the southeastern portion of Alaska Territory,
then Russian America, is, from the modern stand point, insuthciently
precise to render misunderstanding impossible.

Leaving political or national preference aside, as far as possible, it is
obvious that, to arrive at a true understanding of the intentions of the
contracting parties to that treaty, it is necessary to consider the situa-
tion and historical circumstances which led uj) to it.

2. By reference to the publication entitled " Pai)ers relating to the
Behring Sea Fisheries, U. S. Department of State, Washington, 1887,"
it will be seen that Part ir is composed of documents relating to the

ALA8KA AND BRITISH COLUMBIA BOUNDARY LINE.

bouiulary disciissiou covering tlie i)erio(l 1822-1838. A perusal of those
documents will indicate to the tair-niinded rea<ler that in the early
part of the discussion between Great Britain, Kussia, and the United
States the views which were finally compromised in convention and
formed the basis of the discussion were that Spain (represented by the
United States, which had succeeded to Spanish rights on the coast),
the United States, Russia, and Great Britain had alike certain theo-
retical rights due to priority of discovery, trade with the natives, etc.;
but that the right of possession or sovereignty de facto,, though claimed
by all, was conceded by neither, so far as the coast between the Colum-
bia River and nortli latitude o") degrees was concerned;

Theliussian claim, dne to original discovery, was by some put at the
parallel of 55 degrees north latitude, that being about the limit of the
tirst discovery of that coast by the Russian Capt. Alexis Chirikotfin
1741. Otliers claimed that the true latitude by Chirikott"'s discovery
was between the parallels of 48 and 41) degrees north, whence the claim
of Russia was correspoiitiingly extended southward. (See report to
the Grand Duke Constantine of Capt. Lieut. Paul Nikolaievich Gol-
ovin, on the Russian colonies in America, St. Petersburg, 180 ; in
Morskoi Sbornik, Vol. lvii, Ko. 1, iii, pp. 19-192. A short abstract of
part of tliis report is to be found in Fortieth Congress, second session,
H. R. Ex. Doc. 177, pp. 109-114, 18G8.)

This latter view was not established by the facts which could be ad-
duced, and in the convention between the United States and Russia
April 5-17, 1824, it w^as virtually abandoned. But, probably because
the parallel of 55 degrees was not so situated as to afford a natural and
recognizable delimitation in harmony with the physical features of the
coast, an approximation to it was adopted by which advantage was
taken of a natural opening in the archipelago which fringes this coast.
This opening, known as Dixon's Entrance, separates the Queen Char-
lotte Islands from the group now known as the Alexander Archipelago,
by a broad strait almost free from iuii)ediments,the eastern end of which
is prolonged into the most extensive inlet which penetrates the Ameri-.
can mainland in any part of the disputed region. If a person entirely
ignoiant of the discussion had been shown Vancouver's chart of this re-
gion and directed to select a line which should separate it into two por-
tions in the manner most in harmony with the pliysical characters of the
land and water, he would unquestionably have drawn a line which, de-
parting from the central channel of Portland Inlet, at its mouth, should
be extended westward through Dixon's Entrance to the Pacific. If at
the same time it was intended to give to ^''ssia only as much territory
as would bring her to the natural boundary, and no more, this line
would be identical (on Vancouver's chart) with the parallel of 54 de-
grees and 40 minutes north latitude, which grazes the southern head-
lands of Prince of Wales Island and enters Portland Inlet practically in
mid-channel.

In this connection it must be borne in mind that Vancouver's charts
were at that time, and remained practically up to 1880, the only charts
worthy of consideration, all others being based upon them with but
trifling changes, and these not always for the better. It is certain as
anything can be of which we have not documentary evidence that the
maps used by the agents of the contracting parties were those of the
French translation of the official edition of Vancouver's report and at-
las. This translation was issued in the same form as the original, at
Paris, in 1799. There are others, but of later date and more or less
abridged or modified in the translation. French being the diplomatic

ALASKA AND BRITISH COLUMBIA BOUNDARY LINK,

language, tbe French rather thau the original edition wuiiUl have been
used.

:i. It is al80 necessary to remember that at that period, and for many
years hiter, the region in ([iiestiun was regarded by all the civilized worhl
as a horrid wilderness, peopled by blood thirsty savages, in itself value-
less, and of importance oidy through its relation to the amour proprc of
the nations concerned and the daring voysiges of a few adventurous fur
traders. Considered as territory, a few miles more or less, in o!ie direc-
tion or the other, would have been regarded as of absolutely no impor-
tance by either nation. Such a view persisted long afterward in relation
to the far more attractive Oregon Territory, and is still widely prevalent
in regard to southeastern Alaska.

4. The convention of 1824 acknowledged no rights of sovereignty.
The Itussians agreed not to attempt s:ettlements south of the natural
boundary above described (lat. 54° 4o' N.), and the Americans agreed to
make none north of that line. That the trading posts of either should
not be visited by the trading vessels of the other except with the con-
sent of the ofticer in command of the post, but that the trade away Irom
the trading posts should be free to all (the sale of arms, ansmunition, and
liquor being prohibited) for ten years, after which the Russians might
exclude the Americans from the waters north of the parallel mentioned.
The convention was practically a w*of^M« virendi, with delimitation of the
areas in which sovereignty might accrue or eventually be admitted, but
without any detiuite admission of sucli sovereignty in set terms.

5. The Anglo-Russian treaty of the following year started from this
basis and took a step in advance. In it the possessions of Russia were
admitted to extend southward to the parallel of 54° 40', and her sov-
ereignty over them was effectively recognized. In territorial matters
this was the oidy positive feature of the treaty. The differences be-
tween Great Britain and the United States in regard to the territory
south of 54° 40' were not referred to, and the rights of Great Britain
on that part of the coast were recognized only inferentially, if at all;
that is to say, while it was admitted that she had rights (a fact which
indeed was generally conceded), there was no attempt to state or define
the territorial limits of those rights, except that they did not exteinl
north of 54° 40'. Thus Russia gained distinct recognition, but Great
Britain only a mofhis virendi.

0. The conventions above referred to were negotiated while George
Canning was in charge of the British department of foreign affairs. We
have the usual official correspondence between the Russian and Amer-
ican diplomats, and the explanatory dispatches of the latter, printed in
the papers already alluded to, and in British and Foreign State papers
(Vol. XIII, pp. 498-520), as well as the volumes of archives which
have appeared under the auspices of the United States State De|)art-
ment The unavoidable conclusion from a reading of these documeuta
is, that the parties were, (1 ) chiefly concerned about a matter of principle'
or national pride rather than the acquisition of a little more or less
of a territory regarded by all as practically worthless except for its fur
trade; and (2) that in the delimitation of territory it was from the first
and to the last a question of a i>arallel of latitude rather than of such
a group of islands and such an area of the continent. Russia knew
better than any one else the value of the fur trade on that coast, in the
preservation of which the imperial family and many of the court were
directly interested through the ownership of stock in the Russian- Amer-
ican Company.

I (

ALASKA AND HKITISH COH'MBIA BOUNDARY LINK.

\'r

Slio desired to exclude all forei.Tneivs from sipproacliinjj the coast and
attempted to bring tliis about b> the ukase of l.Slil. The pretensions
to control of the North Pa(;itic assamed in this ukase were inadmissible
in internationi)) law and were the subject of immediate protest by the
maritime i)()wers, (Jreat liritain and the United States. As the citi-
zens of the LTnited States were t he tirst to explore and to establish tiade
in many parts of the region, and a naval ollicer of (ireat Hritain was
the tirst to adeipiately cliart the greater part of it, as both had traded
with little molestation on the coast for more than thirty years, it was
intolerable that such a (juestioii shouhl be treated by ukase ami settled
by the edU-t of but one of the parties concerned.

7. in the end Russia was obliged to recede wholly from the false i)0-
sition into which she had advanced, and the fur trade was for ten years
thrown open in tlie Alexander Archipelago to all parties, an(! during
that period practically destroyed, so far as sea otters were concered.
The only cimipensation which Russia received for this mortification was
a recognition of her sovereign rights over the coast 8outh\\ard to 54°
4(»'. This was really a great gain and probably wortli more to her in
the end than that part of the fur trade which she lost.

But in the state papers which have been published there is little or
nothing explanatory of the minor details relating to the territorial de-
limitation, as linally agreed uixm. It is certain that the form used was
essentially the work of the Russian negotiators and expressed as closely
as they thought necessary tl>e boundaries necessary to secure to Itussia
the control of the trade and tisheries on the islands and shores of south-
eastern Alaska. The "line of 54° 40"' was then, as for many years, the
central idea, and later became a campaign slogan in the United States
when the northwest boundary was in question. The Russians wanted
every inch of the coast to avoid the planting of competitive trading
posts in their midst. But they were obliged to yield to the British de-
mand for free navigation of the livers by which the traders of the
British interior country could bring their furs to the sea and carry
their goods to the interior. This privilege, however, was never used.
The settlement of a number of minor disputes later, by leasing to
the Hudson Jiay Conjpany the trading privileges of the Alexander
Archipelago, put an end to a good many matters of controversy; and
the practical extinction in this region, somewhat later, of the sea-otter,
the object of all this controversy, left no particular occasion for further
discussion.

8. There is, fortunately, one source of light on the St, Petersburg
negotiations which helps us materially to understand the motives and
interests at work. This is the " Political life of the Right Honorable
George Canning, from his acceptance of the seals of the l^'oreigu De-
partment in September, 1822, to the period of his death in 1827. By
his ])rivate secretary, Augustus Granville Stai>leton" (second edition,
'3 vols. 8vo. liondon, Longmans ^: Co., 1831). Both the writer and the
subject of the memoir were in and of the things of which it treats, and,
apart from an official governmental record, no testimony could be more
reliable and authentic.

The part relating to these negotiations will be found in Vol. iii, pp.
114-12(>. The quotations which follow are verltailm et Uteratim.

9. After stating that the territorial claims of the UiMted States, and
a sui)posed "secret partiality for the Russian side of ihe (juestion,"
rendered it undesirable for Great Britain to join with the United States
in negotiations about this subject, and that Sir Charles Bagot, am-
bassador to Russia, was instructed by Mr. Canning, then foreign secre-

tary, to
thus de

Tlio pr
Ami tliei

l,l't\V«M*ll

wonld li
dimivowi
On the
therel'on
territory
Hhoitld l>
by both
tlieir uni

])08tH ou

such riv(
biinks ot
secure t«
niul the
119-120.

AN UNEXPECTED CALL

of this modest housekeeper as she fancied. He
meant that she should be none the poorer ulti-
mately ; but now, when he thought of that
pictured face which brightened those cottage
walls, he took more interest than ever in the
welfare of the little family. Meanwhile he felt a
curious sense of helplessness, as well as anger, that
a young girl's picture should work him such
unrest. Among his possessions he had photo-
graphs by the score of elegantly apparelled women,
some of them reckoned beautiful by the severest
canons of latter-day taste. He tried to assure
himself that it was because he had not seen a
lovely woman for so long a time that this girl's
face had appealed so strongly to his love of beauty.
He locked his door, and exhumed these half-
forgotten pictures ; but he sadly confessed to
himself that not one of them could touch that
inner chord this girl Aimde had so easily reached.
He was waiting with more impatience than he had
ever felt before, for the letter from this unknown
country girl. It might be several weeks before he
would hear ; for in those slow-moving provinces in
the East they were seldom in a hurry about any-
tliing. Sometimes he was tempted to leave all
this great business concern in the height of the
season, and go " East" and settle the matter himseK.
His confidential clerk remonstrated with him as
the days wore on, so eagerly was he rushing into
great business enterprises.

" You will wear out before your time if you
continue working at this rate ; and, besides, what

I !'

ALASKA AND liKITISH CkH'MHIA »(M'NI>AKY LINK

i)lenip(»t«'ntiiui«H Nlioiild ooiitiimc to lie (lisHiitisCiefl with IIm- piojumitioiiH of (Jreat
Jiritiiiii, Mr. Stratlord (aiiiiiiiy; whh Xn be iit liltcrty to Jiyit-e tonn jiiticlo Htijiiilatinn
to ncfjdtiiit*' hcicjiltor rcsiicctiiii;; llu' tt'rriloriiil liinitH; hut Mr. [(M'or<;«f j CiiiininK
considered it eKsentiitl that Jfimsia siionhl in .sonn' way rcjH'al " her nn.justiliahle airo-
j;atii>n ol" cxclnsivf inriNdiction over an ocojin of nnnieaburvd extent;' which, if the
KinsHian (iovernnient wonid not do, tiien (iniit iSrifain wonhl n-sort to sonic mode of
record! ii;j in tlie lace of the worhi licr ]>rotesi aiyainst tiu'prctttnHions ot the I ka/c of
IH'JI, and of etl'ectuaily Nocnrinj; I'cr own intercuts ajfainst the possihility of its Intnre
openitionH.

For snch protest, however, there wan fortnnatcly no occasion. On the 2sth of Feh-
rnnry, 1ML'.'>, Mr. Stratford ('annin<i ,'i«ned with the h'nssiai) I'lenipotentiarcs a con-
vention of wlii<li the l<dIowin;i is the outline:

The lirst two Articles were in every respect similar to the lirst two, already de-
Bcribed as bcin;; m tlmconvention between Wnssiaand the I'liited States. The third
laid down the liiui of demaicii^ion, which vuh to uommenoe from the southernmost
point of I'riii'e of Wales' Islaii i in .">4 40 N. latitnde, between the I'Mut and llJI^ru
decree of W. .on^itnde, and to ascend to the intrtli alon<r I'ortiand Channel, as tar as
the ])oint of the Continent where it wonld strike the ."itith dejjree of N. latitnde;
thence it was to follow the summit of the monntains sitnated i)araH«l to the coast,
as far as the pcdnt of intersection <tf the lllst df'pree of \V. lon^iitnde and thence
alonj; that nicridian line was to be iirolou^ed to the Frozen Ocean.

The 4th Article explaiiunl the third as jrivin;^- the wlude of Prince of Wales' Island
toKussia: and when the summit of the nionntainsshonld exceed ten marine len<>;ue9
from the coast, then the boundary was to be formed by a line drawn parallel to the
■windings of the coast at the distance of ten marine leafjues.

The nth Article l»ound the two contractin<; parties not to form establishmeuts
within the limits resi)ectivelj' assiyne<l to. the ])os8cs8ions of the other.

The t!th gave to (jrcat Britain the privilege of navigating freely all the rivers and
Btreanis which in their course toward the I'acitic might cross the strip of land on the
coast assigned to Russia.

The 7th mutually conceded the right of trading with the respective possessions of
each other for a period of ten years.

The Sth o))ened the port of Sitka to the commere;i and vessels of British subjects
for tiie same period, and provided that in ease an extension of the term be granted
to any other power the same extension should be granted to Great Britain.

The four remaining arti<'les rri^ulate some minor jtoints which are not of sufticient
ini]H)rtance to be detailed. By this Convention Great Britain secured for Herself as
far as Kussia was concerned all that was important for Her commercial interests.
{Opus cit., i>\;. 120-125.)

The expl.inatory words in brackets have been added by the writer to
secure clearness.

12. It torins an interesting confirmation of the little weight laid by
Great Britain on the matter of territorial limitation in its minor details
to find, in the Life of the Kight Hon. Stratford Canning by Col. Lane-
Poole (London; Longmans, Green & Co., LS88, 2 vols., 8vo.), a work
which, besides embalming greater things, fairly teems with the trifles
of petty diplomacy, only the following paragraph in regard to the nego-
tiations alluded to :

The object of this instrument [the treaty of 1825] was a good deal more than a
mere question of boundary, though the latter was made to cover and mask the larger
design. A Russian ukase of 1821 had advancsd claims to exclusive maritime rights
in the Pacific, and some public repudiation of this inadmissible pretence had to be
made on the jiart of Fngland. This was to be accomplished in a friendly smd inno-
cent manner by the first article of the new boundary treaty, in which our maritime
and fishing rights in the Pacific were clearly maintained. The article was debated
by Nesselrode and Poletica, but the treaty was finally agreed to 28 February, with-
out any material concessions on the side of fingland. (Opux cit., Vol. i. p. 863.)

13. These extracts show conclusively that so far from entering into a
detailed study of the rainutiai of the line suggested by Eussia, the
British negotiators paid but little attention to it and its geographical
relations, their desires and intentions hinging almost exclusively on the
repudiation of the principles involved in the ukase of 1821.

14. It is also sufficiently evident from the above citations, as it is
from every scrap of written evidence historically available, that liussia's
object was to secure to herself the control of the "islands and shores"

ALASKA AND KKITISH CnLrMIUA HorXDARV LINK.

\\)

the

northward of latitude 54' 40', and, as the wordinj; of the deliinitory
t'hiuses appears to have been that sn^^gested by the Kiissian nepitiators,
that she supposed that wordinj;' to be sulllciently precise* for the pur-
pose. Nor was she ah)ne in this opinion. Whent'ver by British author-
ities any reference is nnide to this subject dnrinj? the succcediiiji;' half
centurv, the Kussian position and construction of tlie treaty is not only
not opposed, it is taken as a matter of course. One citation, aniong
the many which might be made, to i)r()ve this, will suffice for present
purposes.

Sir (ieorjic Sim])son, governor of the Hudson JJay Territory and a
director of the Hudson Bay Company, an astute nian of aifairs, and
who focused in his own i)erson all the interests which might profit by
any insecurity of Russia in the generally received construction of the
wording of the treaty, made in 1841 a voyage around the world, it is
believed with diplomatic as well as other jiurposes in view. He visited
southeastern Alaska, of which the fur trade was then under lease to
the Hudson Bay Company, and the coast of British Columbia, etc. He
]>ublished in 1.S47 an account of his travels in two volumes. In the
second volume (p. L'OD) we tind the following observations:

Kiisaia, as the rentier is of coiirsi; awnre, possesses on the nituuhinil hetweeu lati-
tude 54-^ 10 and hititnde (iO degrees oul.v a strij), never exce«'din<i; 30 miles in depth :
and this strip, in the a)>sen<-e of such an arrangement as has jnst been mentioned
[the aforesaid lease], renders the interior comparatively nseless to England.

15. It does not, in the writer's opinion, require further argument to
enforce the conclusion that whatever construction be placed on the
wording of the treaty to conform to the historic evidence and practical
international usage of the two parties most interested, that construc-
tion must assume:

(1) That the parallel of 54° 40' north latitude was the dominating
factor.

(2) That the coast and islands north of that parallel and excepting
the right of river navigation were wholly and entirely conceded to the
sovereignty of Russia.

(3) That the geographical basis upon which both parties rested their
delimitating description was based on the charts of Vancouver, of which
the edition used was probably the French translation of 1799.

16. We may now pro(!eed, using the officially-revised copy of the treaty,
to discuss the wording in those points in which it concerns the boundary.

According to Vancouver's chart, as already herein stated, the south-
ern headlands of the body of land called by him Prince of Wales Island
were supposed to graze the jiarallel of 54^ 40'. 1 heir position has not
yet been oflicially determined within the limit of accuracy now possible
to geodetic surveyors with the best instruments. As Vancouver's lati-
tudes depended on the use of the sextant of those early days, there was
an evident possibility that the position of the headlands might finally
prove to be a mile or two north or south of the accepted parallel. To
avoid a wording by which Russia (in the event of the headlands being
shown to project south of that parallel) should be deprived of sover-
eignty over the few acres concerned, the proviso was made that the
island called Prince of Wales Island should belong wholly to Russia.
This conclusion seems quite self-evident, and is in harmony with the
rest of the treaty. We have seen no other explanation worthy of con-
sideration so much as suggested.

17. It having been decided after years of controversy that the paral-
lel of 54° and 40' should constitute the essential part of the boundary
line, it probably did not occur to any of the parties concerned that

ALASKA AND HKITISII ('((Ll'MIUA ItiMNDAUY F-lSlK,

I Ir

before stating where the boundary line shonhl (liverj»e from it, they had
omitted to Htate that the said boiuwhuy line shouhi foHow the parallel
to the point of diver;«ence from the point on that parallel where they
specified tlie boundary lino should begin. Nevertheless, as we have
already shown, there is no other conelusion in harmony with the prog-
ress of the negotiations, and it has been tacitly accepted tor half a cen-
tury by all concerned. We therefore hold that the intent of Article III
of the Convention of IH-T) is to be taken as if the interpolated words in
brackets formed part of it:

CoiiimenciiijL; l"r(»m the soutliernmost point of tlie island called I'rinco of Wales'
Island, which point lies in the ])aruilel of .'>! (te;ri-t')'M tO niinutrs north latitndc, and
butw(>(M) the ll^lstand ll^lird (li'^ri-es of \v*-Ht lon^itnde (meridian of Ureenwich) the
said line [proceeding; alon;; tlie said ]»ar:illel of 54 -lO ] shall UMcend to the north
along the channel called Portland Channel, (etc.)

18. At this point we couie across another difficulty, or, rather, one
Las been suggested very recently, liy a careful study of Vancouver's
text it is evident that there is on this point a certain discrepancy be-
tween his charts and his te.\t. In reading over his wlude account of
the survey of this inlet and its branches (Vancouver, oillcial English
edition. Vol. II, pj). 321), MiO, .VU, 33 1— > K>, and 371), he seems to have va-
ried a little in his notions, but his tinal treatment of Observatory Inlet
extends it to Points Whiles and Maskelyne, while in another [dace he
seems to regard it as beginning at l*oint Kamsden (cf. «>/>. vit. II, p. 375).
On the otlier hand, he treats Portland Inlet as continuing to the sea
behind Wales and Pearse Islands. So that, if the treaty is to be tried
by Vancouver's text, it will residt in giving to Great Britain the above-
mentioned islands and some other small ones.

But on \'ancouver's charts the names of Portland Canal and Observ-
atory inlet are not extended southward to the main body of the inlet
south of Point Kamsden. They are attached to the two bifurcations
extending northward of which l*ortland Canal is the longer and most
important. This is eKi)ecially marked on chart 7, where there is abun-
dance of room for extending the names southward if that had been de-
sired by the cartographer. On the other chart, that of the northwest
coast in general (No. 3, French edition), which is on a very nnich smaller
scale, the names, especially "Entree de I'Observatoire," do extend some
distance south of Point Ramsden ; but w hen com])ared with the larger
artd much more detailed chart 7, where this is not the case, the inference
by a non-critical observer would be merely that tliere is not room for
the name on chart 3 alongside the inlet northward from Point Kamsden,
and that the extension was merely accidental. At all events, the larger
and more detailed chart would be likely to produce the strongest im-
pression on the minds of those examining both, and we may be quite
certain, in view of the education at that time in vogue, that none of
these gentlemen were geographers or qualified geographical critics.

There will therefore be little improbability in the assumption that
the longer northern part and the broader southern part were regarded
as one inlet, under the name of Portland Channel or Canal, to which
Observatory Inlet became tributary at l*oint Ramsden. This on the
same principle, by which of a newly-mapped river the largest and
most important ramification is selected to bear the river name from its
source to the sea, while others are regarded as tributaries.

This is tlie natural view to take, as nobody would mouse out the
minutia' of Vancouver's text when they had, as they might justly infer,
the resultant of it in the graphic form of his detailed chart. This view
I believe to have been taken by the negotiators, as it certainly has since

after

l5iL=

ALASKA AND I'.RITlsri (oMMinA HoINDAKY I.iXK.

have

piOff-
51 (!tMl-

iH'iMi taken by the Ilritish A<lmirsilty ollif.'i', on its churtH (18."»;{). and by
everybody else until the present revival «>t »'ontroversy.

v.). It will hardly be <lenied that, in the eonstnution of tlie meaning
of the treaty, we are to be guided by what the ne^otiatorH had before
them, and the i<l('as they hehl, rather than by what was unknown and
unconsidered by them. It ean not be assuiiie<l thiit these j»('>'tlemen,
after tiie manner of auti(iuaries or ])hiloh);;ists, nnide searching investi-
gations into Vancouver's nomenclature or inicroscopii; comi)arison8 of
liis charts one with another.

The uu)st reasonable, indeed, we may fairly say, in view o\ all the
evidence, the only reasonable concluHion is that they took as a basis for
their discussion, without research or special com]»arison in details, the
two charts (Nos. H and 7, I'rench edition) in Vancouver's atlas which
related to the region concerned; that they assunu'd their essential cor-
rectness for the purpose and were well aware that no other charts ex-
isted to which a higher grade of {u;curacy could be assigned.

I may add that there are to be found in Vancouver's text, when care-
fully com i)ared with his charts, several instances of such diacrei)ancies.
No one can be surprised at this when aware of the melancholy circum-
stances under which his life was terminated just as his report was issuing
from the press. 1 may ad<l that, as is the general rule in such cases,
subsequent geograi>hers have followed the charts rather than the text
in their use of the work.

20. We conclude, then, that an unpartisan survey of the circumstances
would lead to the acceptance, in this instance, of the usage which has
obtained among geographers in general, and those of the IJritish Admi-
ralty in particular, since the negotiation was concluded, and against
which no single objection has been raised until the present time, lie-
sides the fact that it has been adopted, the line drawn through Port-
land Inlet has the obvious advantage of being the nsitural as well as
the conventional way northward of the boundary departing from the
parallel of r»4^ 40'; and that this was the reason it was selected by the
Russian negotiators I have not personally a particle of doubt.

The i)a8s«ge behind Pearse and Wales Islands is very narrow and
obstructed by rocks. It also has several entrances at its southwestern
extreme, whicl ' (udd lead to new difiiculties of selection. Pearse and
Wales Islands, though not small, are very n.irrow, high, rocky, bold
islands, valueless for any i)urposes as far as now known. The general
features of this viidnity are indicated on the U. S. Coast Survey recon-
naissance charts reproduced herewith.

21. As we are confronted by a hiatus in the wording of the treaty,
which jumps from Cape Muzon {" the southernmost point of Prince of
Wales Islaiul") to Portland Canal or Channel, so, as we i)roceed in
order, at the head of the inlet we are met with another hiatus in the
wording:

Tli«> said line shall ascend to t'le imith alon<>' 1b«' cbniiiicl called Portland Chanel
as far as the point of the continent where it strikes the r>(!th dej^ree of north latitude.

Now by Vancouver's observations Portland Canal dovs not reach the
fifty-sixth degree of uorth latitude. I>y the most recent IJritish survey,
even including the estuary of a small stream at the head, the inlet falls
short of that latitude about '6 miles, but on Vancouver's chart about
tive times jis much. Vancouver is ]»robably wrong in the latitude, but
this IS of no help to us. Furthermore:

From the last mentioned point the line of demarcation shall fcdlow the summit of
the mountains situated parallel to the coast (etc.).

i'!

I i

;

^B .

I '

^m *

MiiKiiii

ALASKA AND HUITISH iuUMIlIA H(UNI>AHV LINK.

Now, if the cliuuiiel did rmcii tlio latitude of 5(> dcKtees north, there
woiihl nuccHSiU'ily be a hiatus lK>twi>eii it tiiid the ''siiiiiniit of the
mouiitaiiiH*' for which no provision is made.

The rational ren<Uu'in|f of the (ihiustj is not dilllcnlt to conceive. The
ncn^otiators merely intended that, foUowinj; the cliaiinel as lon^ as it
was avaihiblc, the line shonhl be projected in the same dire(;tion until
it reached the said parallel, alon^ uhicli it was to extend to the sum-
mit of the mountains which are represented on Vancouver's chart 7, as
existing in this vicinity in about latitude 'm'^ ."»()' to .V»' .m' north, and
on his jfeneral chart in latitude "WP to 'td' lo'. The nu-an latitude for
the summit would be about latitude .'><* dejrrees. That this is the correct
explanation is con tinned by Stapletou, who says:

The line ' was ' ' " to ascend to tlie north alonn Portland Chan-

nel as tiir as the point ut' the continent where it would o/nAc the Titith degree of north
latitnde, etc.

This is obviously the interpretation which common sense would sug-
gest in the absence of sui^h historical contirmatii/U.

L'L*. As the '^ summit of the mountains'' and the waters of the channel
can not be conceived to ])hysically coincide it is obvious that their inter-
section was not inten«'ed. It was perfectly a]>parent that the channel
and the tifty-sixth degree of north latitude were separated on Vancouv-
er's chart by some 15 geographical miles, consequently an intersection of
these two could not have been intended, lint the only remaining con-
struction which can be i)ut upon the wording is that the line ofdemarka-
tion and the tifty-sixth i)arallel should intersect, which is in accordance
with common sense and the historic record, as well as the sub8e(|uent
usage of the parties interested, and must therefore be adopted.

23. We now come to the "crest of the moun'ains situated parallel to
the coast." What could have suggested this expression? We turn to
Vancouver's charts for a reply. There we find the area behind the sea-
level on the mainland covered with the conventional signs, which, in the
cartography of those days, signified uumntainous oi- broken country.
The area so treated varies in width on different i)arts of the coast and
is bounded on the interior by a much higher and, for the most part, con-
tinuous range of mountains, indicated in the conventional manner. This
range is separated fiom the sea by a distance which, in some places,
does not much exceed 5 miles, while in other places, measured at right
angles to the axis of the range, it is over 40 miles.

We have already shown that a mean position for the crest, taking
charts Ji and 7 into consideration, is very close to 5t> degrees north lat-
itude, at the intersection of the produced *' line of demarkation*' north of
Portland Channel. In logic as well as trigonometry, one intersection of
two iMoJected lines gives jirobability to the correctness or its location,
but a third coinciding with the first amounts to proof positive of the
correctness of the joint intei'section. We may fairly claim, then, to have
established in thi« manner the following first principles:

(1) That it was the "line of demarkation" which was'to intersect
with the fifty-sixth parallel.

(2) That the "summit of the mountains" was the crest of the range
represented on the chart as coinciding practically with the above inter-
section.

24. Furthermore, though there are numerous spurs and short ranges
of less importance indicated more or less scattered over the conven-
tional mountainous area, the above range is the only one which pre-
serves, together with a general parallelism to the coast, a fairly con-
tinuous domination over call other mountains represented on the chart

ALASKA AND HUITISII COI.I'MHIA MnlNDAKY LINK.

L>3

, there
of tlio

8Ug.

h«>t\veun I'ortiaiul Canal and the iiu'iidiaii of 14L iIc^K'ch west of
<ii'ot>ii\vifh. It was (assuminpf its exiHteiicc, an thr )u>p>tia oi>> iniiHt
liavo (h)iu>) the (il)vioiiH and only natiiml line of dcinarcarun poMsiblo
under the circumstances

There are, however, a few breaks in this natural rampart as indicated
by Vancouver; the most marked on the f^eiieral chart is at the hca<l
of the Takn Inlet or estuary. I'or the bridKinj;' of these some provi-
sion was necessary; so in the following artit^le it was provided that
when the crest (crcte) of these mountains shall prove to be at more
than ten nmrine leapies from the o<ean the liuut or boundary shall be
formed —

)i.v II line piinillel to tlH> HinuoHitieM «)f tho coast iiiid wliicli hIiuII iu-vit t>x('et>(l the
iliHtiiiKM; of tt'ii.iiiai'iiii^ loii;;uus tlit*retroiii.

!'.">. Had the topojifraphy of the mainland been really what the nego-
tiators su]>posed and what Van<!Ouver depicted, it is not pntbable that
any im])ortant dilferencc of opinion would ever have arisen about the
boundary.

But we now have the best of reasons for the belief that no such
dominating range exists, at least until the Alpine region west and
north of Cross Sound and the Alexander Archipelago is reached.
What shall bi». substituted for it with justice to our neiglibors and the
l)roper reser\atiou of the rights of the United States is a i)robIem with
which this memorandum is not concerned. Here we have einleavored
to resuscitate, as far as practicabh;, the circumstances under whi(;h the
deflnit (u of the Russian territory was produced, the circumstances
which determined its wording, and a fair and nnpartisan construction
of its intended meaning. If we have succeeded in throwing any light
on these obscure points our object will have been accomplished.

No. 0.

Snpitlementnry mcmoramlmn on the rieirs of (ienernl Cameron, as suh-
miffed in fhe Ictfcr of Dr. (ieonje M. Jhtu'son to tSir Cliarhs Tnpprr, in
rvyard to the Alaskan boundary, by WUliam H. l)aU.

1. The letter herewith reprinted wjis courteously furnished witii the
permission of bir Charles Tupper by Dr. Dawson. It had been re-
quested by the writer, in order that some definite statement might be
had of some very surprising claims which were being discussed by un-
otticial agencies. As those of a venerable and gallant otlicer, however
unverseil in history or logic, General Cameron's views deserve atten-
tion; and, in showing their irrationality, I ~ isn to repudiate once for
all any intention of retlecting upon him personally, or upon any of the
enthusiastic jiersons north of the United States who have recently
amused themselves by coloring mai)s of North America in accordance
with those views.

2. With the introductory remarks of Dr. Dawson, the reader who
has followed the reasoning of my memorandum on the boundary will
observe that I am in general accord. One exception to this must be
taken. Dr. Dawson says:

The fact alone that these eoiiveutional mountain features are uot even similarly
placed on tiie correspomliug portion.^ of Vaucouver's overlaj)pinj; oliarts, must liave
been sutlicieut to show that uo ilepouileuce coiihl be itUiced ou them. The only line

ftiM

■BBK^anas-.'. rivaiB

ALASKA AND BlilTISH COLl'MIUA HOINDARY LINE.

. il

I I

of mountai irt wliich is practicnlly identicnl on the various charts, and the existence
of wliieh lould lie conliraiod l»y referent-e to Vancouver's detailed dcHciijttion, is that
which is r('])resented as ovory where rising innncdiatL-Iy from thr toast and which
borders upon the soa. It is therefore to the summits of tliese mountains immediately
borderiufi tiie coast tint tlie words of the convention must be tmderstood to refer.
Only in the case of tlie absence of mountains is the 10 marine leajj;ue limit admissible,
and tlien under certain conditions, for general parallelism with the coast is also
essential.

It was no lonbt in consetiueuce of tlie distinctly conventicnial mode of represen-
tation of the mountains on Vancoiner's charts, and the necessary iul'ercnce that they
did not accurately iei)re8eut tlie facts, that the limitiny clause was inserted iu the
c iiventiou.

3. 1 lijive already shown in my meinorandum tliat(l) there is no rea-
son to believe that Vancouver's charts and text were subjected to any
critical comparison whatever. If tliere had been any one. competent to
critically compare them concerned ia the matter, it is highly improbable
that so slipsliod a detinition of the boundary line would ever have
been ado])ted.

(2) There is not in A'ancouver's Atlas any continuous line of moun-
tains represented as everywhere arisnig immediately from the coast and
which borders upon the sea. The sea-shore forms the edge of an area
conventionally indicated as mountainous, which is a diiierent thing.
Moreover, the true line of mountains has, I believe, been positively iden-
tified in the memorandum.

(3) 1 have already stated what seem to me to be the obvious reasons
for the insertion of the limiting clause.

4. General Cameron's views may be taken up seriatim. As quoted
by I)r. Dawson they begin:

Iu the second clause of the fourth article provision is made for the case of the
mountains being found at more than 10 marine leagues inlan<l, and it is there laid
dow n that the measurements shall be made not from inlets, but from the ocean.

It will be observed here that the insertion of the words "not from
inlets, but" gives what is reallj'^ a very false impression, though doubt-
less not so intended. It assumes the whole point of contention, and
can not be admitted as it stands. The general continues:

The convention sti))ulates, "Que partout oil la crete des moutagnes, (lui sVtendeiit
dans une direction pavallile a la cote * * " se troiiverait a la distance de jdusde
dix lienes marines de rocean * * la limite " * " sera lonnce par une ligne

parallcle a la cute, et qui ne pourra Jamais en ctre oloignt5e que de dix lieues marines."

The word ocean is wlndly inapplicable to inlets.

Thislast sentence, it will be observed, is pure assu?ni)tion, unsupported
by reason, history, or fact, but a very convenient way of deciding the
question in advance and saving the trouble of making an argument.
The decision naturally follows with military promptitude —

consequently the line, whether inar'<ed by mountains or only be a survey line, has to
be drawn without refen-nce to inlets.

Had it not been so clearly ]»rovided against by express stipulation in the second
clause of the foiiith article of tlic convention —

Unfortunately tliere does not ai)pear to be any ''clear provision" or
"express sti]inlation" in the second clause of the fourth article which
bears upon the general line of announcement (for we can not call it
argument) which the general is giving us; but in the next clause we
come at last u\Hm something tangible, as follows:

and by the accepted jirinciples of international law, it might, in the case of the
absence ol' mountains, be agreed that the breadth of the lixivre* should be measured

* Lisihr literally means list, the continuous strij) of selvage on the ed;;e of woolen
cloth, and hence has become applicahle to any continuous narrow strip or niargiu-
ating l)aiid.

from the s(
and that l
e<iually th
!)Ut. as f
of mountai

The la

None of
longitude
sc(|ueiitly,
under the
months i>f
territorial
of a fresh

As far a
the ocean,
mention vt: <

( )n the (
tory, or b
them, is at

Nothing
serve to n
Kussia we
parcel of t
ilatiou for
they are c

The lim
positions
in the con
doctrine c

Thoug
lies at tl

Civilij
the watc
the sove
poses as

By a
territorii
fiction.

Now (
and pro
by a dec
phrase,

5. A])
proceed

{V li;
si an col(
my "mt
iieedlesi
sis. It
of the I
right of
was ne>

(2) B
the islr
not at s
tinenta
applies
It will
solid lai
t'ontinei

ALASKA AND HKITISH COLT'MHIA B«»rNDArvY LINE.

lYoni the sea water's edfje, wherever — in inlet or elsewhere — it outlined the continent,
ami tiiat this beinj;' the eoast-liiie, where no nioiintiiins exist within It) leaj^nes, is
e(|niilly the coastline whence to deterniiiie the mountains iirmrst lo the nxtnl.

I)Ut. as said iihove, inlets in either alternative, the occurrence or non-occnrrence
of mountains within 10 leagues, are not part of the coast linedeternuning the boundary.

The last pjiragraph is again purely aimuuciatoiy: But to proceed:

None of the inlets between l'ortlan<l Channel i'lid the meridian of 111 <le<;rees west
longitude are H miles in width, excepting, perhaps, a short jtart of Lynn Canal; con-
sei|Uenlly, with that possible exception, the width of territory on the coast assigned
under the convention to Jvussia may not be nieasure<l iVoni any i»ni.it within the
niiiuths of the inlets. All the waters within the mouths of the inlets are as much
territorial waters, according to an nniversally admitted international law, as those
of a fresh-water lake or stieani would be under analogous circumstances.

As far as non-monntuiuous countries may extend, but within in marine leagues of
the ocean, the inlets .are in fact included by the convention within la I'lHihe de vote
nimfiuiu't ci (h.s.in8 comme deraiit apjiurtinir a la L'lissic.

On the other hand, so mncn of these inlets as h.ippen to be in mountainous terri-
tory, or beyond 10 marine leagues from the ocean, together with the dry land alxmt
them, is assigned to (ireat Uritain as much asare rivers and lakes in the same regions.

Nothing short of an express stipulation to the contrary eli'ect would, it is conceived,
serve to maintain the proposition that inland waters in the liniin' de mte .assigned to
Kussia were not part and ])arci'l of that lisiirc. Hut if they were really itart and
parcel of tlie I'mirre itself, their mere existence can not ]'ossibly be a reasonable foun-
dation for arguing that they involve an increase of the breadth of the liHiire of which
they are component parts.

The liiiiits of the Imire are by the convention exi»ressly d«'pendent on the relative
positions of ocean line and neighboring monntain line. The only relerence to inlets
in the convention (Art. VII) is in a form almost directly declaratory of assent to the
doctrine of territorial authority over then).

Though expressed with extreme obscurity of language, the idea which
lies at the bott( ^ of this contention is at least per('ei)tible.

Civilized nations have agreed that to a certain limit from the shore
the waters of the ocean and their ramifications shall be as subject to
the sovereign authority of the settboard nation for administrative pur-
poses as if those parts wore dry land.

By a legal fiction, for such purposes this part of the o»'ean is called
krritorif, though not one drop of water is converted in^o land by that
fiction.

Now comes General Cameron with this legal fiction as a yard stick,
and proposes to measure the area of a i»iece of proi)erty which is held
by a deed expiess<d in "metes and bounds.'' In other and homely
phrase, he is trying to "measure clover-soed by the yard.''

0. Ai)art from the essential and inex])ugiiable irrationality of such a
proceeding, the contention may be refuted with ease in several ways.

(1) By the historical method. The historical deve]o]»ment of the Kus-
sian colonies in America in their territorial relation has been traced in
my "memoiandum." It is not necessary to recapitulate it heie. It is
needless to say that it gives no support toGeneial Cameron's hy])otlie-
sis. Jt shows that Bussia needed, asked, and obtained the jiossession
of the entile undivided coast margin, subject only lo u hi^pothetical
right of navigation through the rivers heading in the interior, which
Wiis never exercised.

(2) By the rediietio od ohsvrdam. It hap] ens that tliere aie none of
the islands in the archijielago north of Dixon's Entrance which do
not at some point ap])roach within miles of one another or of the con-
tinental shore. They are all mountainous. As (ileneral Canicioii, if he
applies his hypothesis, has no right to apjily it partially oi' imjtertectly.
It will tbllow thsit all the archi])elago tor tluit purj)ose will become
solid laud. Of this ''land" there would be a stri]), excluding all of the
contiuent, in no place less than 50 and sometimes over 80 miles wide.

I J

ALASKA AND HKITISII COLUMBIA HOINDAUY LINE.

Under the treaty uot over 30 miles from tbe ocean could be possessed
by Russia wbeu not mountainous, and as tbe mountains come to tbe sea
nearly all tbe way from Cape ^luzon to Cape Si)encer, tbe only prop-
erty possessed by llussia in tbe arcbipelayo would bave been (1)
Prince of Wales island, wbicli in tbe treaty is absolutely jjiveu to ber,
and (-) a strip a mile or two in average widtb on tbe ocean sbores of
tbe most seaward of the islands. It is perfectly easy to verify this
if one would take such trouble, and it is ceriainly absurd enough for
anybody.

There are other ways, if more were needed, of puncturing this hypotb-
esi.!, but the above will sulbce for tbe present.

(i. There is a pouit in (leneral Cameron's next paragraph which illus-
trates bow remarkably the line of contention adopted by him lends itself
to argument in any direction.

The paragrajdi is as follows:

If tlio so\ erei;:iity over inlt-ts does not pass iu accordiince with tbe doctrine that
they are i)iirt and parcel of the sniToimdinj; territory there was no occasion for the
reciprocal concession made iu the seventh article for rijj;ht to navigate these inlets.

Those who bave followed tbe historical data of my memorandum will
not need to be told that tbe concession in Article VIJ, which allows ten
years' free trade in tbe archipelago, was given to (Ireat IJritain because
it bad been given to tbe I'nited States one year before, and was given
to tbe United States as a sort of soj), to (juiet tbe cry for permanent
rights of trading there, owing to tbe fact that xVmerican vessels bad
traded there freely for nearly tinrty years.

Moreover, if by General Cameron's hypothesis the heads of all the
inlets were British territory there was no need of any concessijn by
Kussia for ber to reach them. She would bave had tbe right of access,
without any treaty, to ber own ports, by tbe most ordinary principles
of law, an . any such coiicession as that of Kussia would bave operated
to diniinisb and derogate from those rights rather than increase them,
unless it distinctly stated in set terms that the right of trading and
navigation through tbe arcbii)elago was in addition to tbe rights of
which Great llritain (by that hyi>othesis) Avas already in possession.

7. It is, of course, in view of all the facts, nothing less than, prepos-
terous to supjiose that Ivussia would have accepted a treaty which cut
ber "strip" of main-lanil into several portions, or that Great Britain,
having the right to occupy with trading posts the richest fur region of
tbe archipelago, and represented by the Hudson Bay Company, the
keenest cor|>oration of that period, should nevertheless not only not
assert and use tliese rights, baton tbe other iiand pay money and otter
skins for these very jtrivileges to a foreign and competing corporation.

8. General Cameron continues:

Kej^arded frmn this ])oint of view rivers and inlets are identical. As reasonahlo,
then, wonld it be to hold that nndertiie convention tlie breadth of the /(«i<V( assigned
to Knssia is dett-rniincd l»y fln' liead waters ol its rivers as that tbe head uaters of
its creeks and inlets regulate its lireadtii.

In this we heartily agree; with tlie general, and believe not only that
it is ''as reasonable," but that it is the undoubted and invincible truth
that tbe river valleys are not the ''crest of the moui. tains," and when
they extend more than 80 ndles from the coast that the seaward portion
of them is the pio})erty and possession of tbe United States up to the
30-mile "line drawn parallel to tbe sinuosities of tbe coast."

0. We now come to the second part of the general's report, which
treats of the Portland Canal or Inlet (piestion. ! n this we discover the
soMieily ijualities of his pen as conspicuously exhibited as heretofore,

and with
Canal met

With fnrt
vention, it i
of British (
palpably en
of the line,

The portii
de I'ile ditt
la passe ditf
dcgre de lat

Now, to 1
line must r
Channel it i
terminates
of \'ancouv

If, howev
given be nr
land at t.i6
respect to t
than the sii

The inn
discovere
50 degree
find a wa
tbe fact t
water tha
a new bia
mountain
minates h
to the "c:
other poll
for the sa

Of cour
renders a
but it ma'
that the '
sage, or i
three, wh
Canal, an
been don
through (
than by l
in princii
more terr
the direci
tages, an
the treat

10. Thi
is to spy.
Here his
strued bj

Apart fr
least certa
ii was the
to tbe norl
neously sh
Observato:
the region
Imbed in li
maps.

ALASKA AND BRITISH COLUMHIA BOUNDARY LINE.

and with even more courage. He attacks the tlieory tliat Portlaud
Canal means Portland Canal, and demolishes it as follows:

With further relVrence to tho position of the boniulary, Jis provided for by the con-
vention, it may he stated that the contention has been advanced by the Government
of British Columbia that the words "dite I'orthind Channel" in Article III are
palpably erroneous and not in cunl'ormity with the detailed description of the course
of the line, on the followiny; jjrounds:

The i)ortion of the article in (|Ue8tion r 'ads: "A partir du i>oint If plus meridional
de I'ile dite I'rince of Wales " * " la dite ligne reniontera an uord le lonjf de
la passe dite I'orthind Channel jusqu'au point de la terre ferme ou elle atteint le ufinie
dfj^ro de latitude nord," etc.

Now, to reach the entrance of Portland CIia;inel from the point first defined the
line must run about l>() miles east of north, and, moreover, by ascendin;^ Portland
Clianuel it can not stril<e the mainland in latitu<le 5t) defjrees north, a.) the channel
terminates before reaching this latitude, and was known so to terminate at the time
of \'ancouver's survey.

If, however, the name only of Portland Channel be omitted, and the directions
given be nrecisely followed, the line will ascend Clarence Strait and reacli the main-
land at t.ie stated lititude and by the stated course. The several directions with
respect to the line of boundary may, it is argued, be considered as nioreautlioritative
than the single mention of Portland Channel.

The inner meaning; of this heroic .irgument is that its originator has
discovered that between the termination of Portland Canal and latitude
oO degrees north there is a hiatus, and he thereupon goes about to
find a way to dispense with that hiatus. He is so mucli engrossed by
the fact that he has found a way to reach the parallel of 50 degrees by
water that he has omitted to observe that by this process he has created
a new hiatus. It it^ not conceivable that he regards the "crest ot the
mountains" as situated in the channel of Burroughs Bay, where he ter-
minates his water-line. But his new line provides no way for getting
to the "crest of the mountains" trom the water, so his argument, all
other points being waived temporarily, is as "palpably erroneous." and
for the same reason, as the construction it was intended to overthrow.

Of course the historical argument, as detailed in my "memorandum,"
renders any further attention to the present hypothesis unnecessary;
but it may not be undesirable to point out that the treaty contemi)lated
that the " line of demarcation " should pass through one channel, pas-
sage, or named body of water. The new hypothesi carries it through
three, which were named by Vancouver; *. c, Clarence Strait, Behra
Canal, and Burnmghs Bay. There is no reason why this sliould iiave
been done, as the line of 5(5 degrees north latitude can be reached
through Clarence Strait with less divergence from a northerly course
tba-n by the route suggested, and, though the hiatus is bigger there,
in principle it does not diHer from a smaller one. Besides this, a little
more territory would have been added to the hypothetical Canada by
the direct northerly line. There are other routes whi(;h present advan-
tages, and in fact if one has courage to repudiate exjilicit statements in
the treaty there is hardly anything impossible to be made out of it.

10. The general's argument then proceeds to its third point, that
is to spy, the construction to be placed on the tiame Portland Channel.
Here his argument, ])rovide(l one admits that the treaty is to be con-
strued by the text ot Vancouver, is sound. He says:

Apart from the above contention of the British Columbian (iovernment, it is at
liast certain that if the line of boundary was intended to follow Portland Ciiauncl,
it was the cliannel so named by Vancouver, the lower part of whiih cliannel passes
to the north of Wales and Pearse Islands of recent charts. The line has been erro-
neously shown on many maps as running to tlie south of these islands, along i)art of
Observatory Inlet of Vancouver, in conseciuence of a confusion of nomenclature in
the region, which it has been ascertained first occurred on an Admiralty chart pub-
lislied in 1853, and which lias thereafter been followed and copied on other charts and
maps. t

I I

i» \

'■ 1^

I;
III

ALASKA AND HKITISH (OH'MBIA I5(»rNDARY LINE.

This matter has sili'cady been discussed in niy " INIeniorandum." Tbe
answer tt> the contention is that we ninst construe the treaty, not by
the details of Vancouver's text, which were insutliciently represented
on his chart, but by the facts which the negotiators supposed they had
before them in his charts and the subsequent usage of geogrsiphers.
The sticklers for the a(h)ption of the ideas found in Vancouver's text
msiy safely be challenged to lind a .single map or chart published be-
fore 18(K) in which the name of i'ortland Canal or Channel is applied
to the waters behind Pearsc and Wales Islands. Tnless they can tind
a majority of the charts and maps expressing that view it maybe safely
denied that those waters are or have been, at any time, to geographers
"known as Portland Channel." Even the oUicial maps jmblished iii
lS8f under the direction of the Hon. W. Smithe. chief commissioner ot
lands and works for British Columbia, and on which General Cameron's
new boundary line is inserted, still retain the names of Portland Canal
and Observatory Inlet in the places where Vancouver charted them
and where they have by the common consent ol cartographers ever since
remained.

No. 7.

Conrenfion hetneen the United States of America and His Majesty the
Emperor of all the Russias, relative to navigatinf/, fshinf/, etc., in the
Pacific Ocean. ,

[Coutliuled April 17, 1824; ratiticntious excban}>o(l January 11, 1825; pioclainied

.Jauuaiy 12, 1825.]

lOrisiiiiil.l

[Translation.]

An nom de la tris Sainte et Indirisi- In the name of the most holy and in-
hie Trinite. divisible Trinity.

Le Pri'-sident des Etats Unis
d'Amcrique, et Sa Majestc I'Em-
pereni' de toutes les liussies, vou-
lant cimenter les liens d'amitie qui
les unissent, et assurer entre eux le
maintien invariable d'uu parfait
accord, moyennant la prcsenteCon
vention, or^t nomni*'? jjour l«;urs
Plenipotentiaries a cet etfet,savoir :
Le President des I'^tats Unis
d'Am^rique, le Sieur Henry Mid-
DLETON, citoyeu des dits Etats, et
leur Envoye Extraordinaire et
Ministre Plenipoteiitiaire i)res Sa
Mnjeste Imperiale: et Sa Majeste
rEmi)erenr de toutes les IJussies,
ses ames et f''aux les Sieurs
Chakles Kobert Comte de Nes-
SELRODE, Conseiller Prive ax^tuel,
Membre du Conseil d'Etat, Secre-
taire d'Etat Dirigeantle Ministere
des affairesetrangeres, Chand)ellan
actuel, Chevalier de I'ordre de St.

The President of the United
States of America, and His Majesty
the Emjjeror of all the Kussias,
wishing to cement the bonds of
amity which unite them and to se-
cure between them the invariable
maintenance of a perfect concord,
by means ot the present Conven-
tion, have named as their Pleui-
l^otentiaries to this effect, to wit:
The President of the United States
of America, Henry Middleton,
a citi/en of said States, and their
Eiivo> Extraordinary and Minis-
ter Plenipotentiary near his Impe-
rial Majesty: and His Majesty the
Emperor of all the Pussias, his
beloved and faithful Charles
KoHERT Count of Nesselrode,
actual Privy Counsellor, Member
of the Council of State, Secretary
of State directing the administra-
tion of Foreign Att'airs, actual

ALA

Alexandre
de I'ordre c
Ire classe,
I'aigle blan
Croix de I
d'Uongrie, i
St. Esprit
Grand Croi
d'Uonneur
Grand Croi
noir et de 1
de Tannonc
Charles III
dinand et d
I'Elephantt
Polaire de
de Wurteni
Hanovre, c
Fidelite de
tin de Pa
Poletica,<
Chevalier c
de la Ire el
I'ordre de
seconde;
ecliange 1
trouves en
arrete et
siiivantes.

ARl

II est coi

partie du g

munement

I du Sud, les

spectifs dei

I tractautes

i iii genes, s(

soit dans l'(

soit dans h

cotes sur di

pas deja 0(

commerce i

toutefois le

tions deter

tjui suivent

ART

Dans la
droits de i
exerces su]
citoyens et
sauces cont
le pretext(
il est conv<
Ktats Unii

ALASKA AND KRITISI COLUMHIA BOrNDARY LINE.

Alexandre Xevsky, Graml Croix
de Tordre de St. Wladimir de la
Ire classe, Chevalier de celui de
raigle blaiic de Polojiiie, (iraud
Croix de I'ordre de St. litieime
d'llongrie, Chevalier desordresdu
St. Esprit et de St. Michel et
Grand Croix de celui de la Lcf^ion
d'iJonneur de France, Chevalier
Grand Croix des ordres de I'aigle
noir et de I'a gle rouge de Prusse,
de Tannonchule de Sardaigne, de
Charles Hi d'Espagne, de St. Fer-
dinand et du uicrite de Najdes, <le
l'El('phantdeDaneinarc,del'Etoile
Polaire de Suede, de la Couronne
de Wurteniberg, des Guelphes de
Hiinovre, du Lion P»elge, de la
Fidolite de Bade, etde St.Constan-
tiii de Parmc: et Pierre de
PoLETiCA,Conseillerd'Etatactuel,
Chevalier de I'ordro de St. Anne
de la Ire <lasse et Grand Croix de
I'ordre de St. Wladimir de la
seconde; lesquels apres avoir
(Change leurs pleins-pouvoirs,
trouves en bonne et due forme, ont
anete et signe les stipulations
siiivantes.

ARTICLE PRE3IIER.

II est convenu que dans aucune
partie du grand ocean, appelecom-
munement Ocean Pacifiqueou Mer
du Sud, les citoyens ou sujets re-
spectifs des hautes puissances con-
tractantes ne seront ni troubles,
111 genes, soit dans la navigation,
soit dans I'exploitation de la peche,
soit dans la facnlte d'aborder aux
cotes sur des points qui ne seroient
pus deja occupes, afin d'y faire le
commerce avec les indigenes, sauf
toutefois les restrictions et condi-
tions determinees par les articles
qui suivent.

AllTICLE DEUXIEME.

Dans la vue d'empecher que les
droits de navigation et de peche
exerces sur le grand ocean par les
citoyens et sujets des hautes puis-
sances contractautes ne devienuent
le pretexte d'un commerce illicite,
il est convenu, que les citoyens des
Ktats Unis u'aborderont a aucun

Chamberlain, Knight of the order
of St. Alexander Xevsky, (irand
Cross of the order of St, Wladimir
of the first class. Knight of that of
the White Eagle of Poland, Grand
Cross of the order of St. Stephen
of Hungary, Knightof the orders of
the Holy Ghost and of St. Michael,
and Grand Cross of the Legion of
Honor of France, Knight Grand
Cross of the orders of the Black
and of the Ked Eagle of Prussia,
of the Annunciation of Sardinia,
of Charles IH. of Spain, of St. Fer-
dinand and of Merit of Naples, of
the Elephant of Denmark, of the
Polar Star of Sweden, of the
Crown of Wirteniberg, of the
Guelphs of Hanover, of the Belgic
Lion, of Fidelity of leaden, and of
St. Constantine of Parma, and
Pierre de Poletica, actual
Counsellor of State, Knight of the
order of St. Anne of the first class,
and Grand Cross of the order of
St. Wladimir of the second ; who,
after having exchanged their full
powers, found in good and due
form, have agreed u])on, and signed,
the following stipulations.

ARTICLE FIRST.

It is agreed, that, in any part of
the Great Ocean, commonly called
the Pacific Ocean or South Sea,
the respective citizens or subjects
of the high contracting powers
shall be neither disturbed nor re-
strained either in navigation, or in
fishing, or in the power of resort-
ing to the coasts ui)on points which
may not already have been oc-
cupied, for the purpose of trading
with the natives, saving always
the restrictions and conditions de-
termined by the following articles.

ARTICLE SECOND.

With the view of preventing the
rights of navigation and of fishing,
exercised upon the great ocean by
the citizens and subjects of the
high contracting powers, from be-
coming the pretext for an illicit
trade, it is agreed, that the citizens
of the United States shall not re-

{

ill

i* (I

f (f

}

^ :;

ALASKA AND BRITISH rOLTMHIA HorNDARV LINK.

■f. t

point oil il se trouve \\n otablisse-
ment Kusse, sans hi permission
du Gouverneur on Conunan<lant;
et qne rccipiofincnient les snjets
Kusses ne imnrioiit aborder sans
permission a jin<!un «'»tablissement
des Ktats-lTnis snr la Cote nord
ouest.

ARTICLE TliOISIEME.

II est eonvenn en ontie, <|ne do-
ronavant il ne jwurra etre fbinn'*
par les eitoyens des lOtnts-lJnis, ou
sousrantoritc desdits P^tats, aucnn
etablissement sur la Cote nord
ouest d'Aniorique, ni dans aucune
des "lies adjacentes an nord dii cin-
<]nante(|uatri('mede}i;reetqnarante
minutes de latitnde sepientiionale ;
et ([ue dememe il n'en pourra «''tre
foruji' aucun i)iir des sujets Kusses,
ou sous rautorite de la Russie, an
mill de la merae parallele.

ARTICLE QUATRlfeME.

II est neanmoius entendu que
pendant un terme de dix annees s\
compter de la signature de la pre-
sente Coiivention, les vaisseaux de
deux Puissances, ou qui appartieu-
droient a lenrs eitoyens ou snjets
respectits, pourront reciproque-
raent fre(|uenter sans entrave quel-
conque, les mers interieures, les
golfes ha vres et criques sur la cote
mentionnoe dans rarticle preced-
ent, afin dy faire la peche et le com-
merce avec les naturels du pays.

ARTICLE ClNQUli:>IE.

Sont toutefois exceptees de ce
meme commerce accorde par Parti-
cle precedent, tontes les liqueurs
spiritueuses, les amies a feu, armes
blanches, poudre et munitions de
guerre de toute espece, (jue les
deux Puissances s'engagent reci-
pro(iuement a ne pas vendre, ni
laisser vendre aux Indigenes par
leurs eitoyens et sujets respectifs,
ni par aucun individu qui se trou-
veroit sous leur autorite. II est
egalement stipule que cette restric-
tion ne pourra Jamais servir de
pretexte, ni etre alleguee dans
aucun cas, pour autoriser soit la

sort to any point where there is a
Russian estabiishment.without the
l)erniission of the governor or com-
mander; and that, reciprocally, the
subjects of Russia shall not resort,
without permission, to any estab-
lishment otthe I'nited States upon
the Northwest Coast.

ARTICLE THIRD.

It is moreover agreed, tiiat here-
after there shall not be fornied by
the citizens of the United States, or
under the authority of the said
States, any establishment upon the
Northwest Coast of America, nor in
any of the islands adjacent, 1o the
north of lifty-four degrees and forty
minutesof north latitude; and that,
in the same manner, there shall be
none formed by Russian subjects,or
under the authority of Russia, «owf/i
of the same parallel.

ARTICLE FOURTH.

It is nevertheless understood
that during a term of ten years,
counting from the signature of the
presentconvention,theship8ofbotL
powerSjOrwhich belong to their citi-
zens or subjects respectively, may
reciprocally frequent without any
hindrance whatever, the interior
seas, gulphs, harbours, and creeks
upon the coast mentioned in the pre-
ceding article, for the purpose of
fishing and trading with the natives
of the country.

ARTICLE FIFTH.

All spirituous liquors, fire-arms,
other arms, powder and munitions
of war of every kind, are always
excei)te(l from this same commerce
permitted by the preceding article,
and the two powers engage, re-
ciprocally, neither to sell, nor suffer
them to be sold to the natives by
their respective citizens and sub-
jects, nor by any person who may
be under their authority. It is
likewise stipulated that this re-
striction shall never afltbrd a pre-
text, nor be advanced, in any case,
to authorize either search or deten-
tion of the vessels, seizure of the

Lorsqu

diiement

des Etat

seiitemei

de I'autn

reiir de t

ficntions

Washing

raois de h

si faire se

Plenipote

signce, e

cachets di

Fait AS
de I'an de
quatre.

Henry

I^e Comte

Charles

Pierre ;

[Sigued at SI

In the Nan
Uu

His Maj(
Tnited Kin
and Irelant
l^niperor of
tlesirous of
Ties of goc

ALASKA AND BRITISH COLUMBIA BorNDAKY LINK.

id forty
ulthat,
iUall be
jects,or
ia,so«f/i

lerstood
I years,
re of the
sofbotb
neirciti-
sly, may
ut any
interior
creeks
the pre
■pose of
natives

visite on la drtention des Yais-
seaiix.soit la saisiede la inarcluui-
dise, soit cntin des nit'sures (Hiel-
cdiKiuoa do contrainte envois lea
armatcMirs on les t'(]uipa{ies qui
feioient ce (roniinerce; les hantes
rnissances coiitractantcs s'ctaiit
rcciproquemont ri-scMve de statiier
siir les p('in(!8 u cncourir, et d'in-
llificr lesamendes encouruos en cas
(locontravention a <!et article, ])ar
leius citoyens on snjets resi)ectil's.

ARTICLE SlXliniE.

Lorsquecette Convention anra (He
duement ratifiee par le Piesident
des P^tats Unia de I'avi^^ et du eon-
seiitement du Senat, d'une part, et
de I'aiitre par Sa Majeste I'Kinpe-
renr de tontes lea Kusaies, les rati-
iiciitioTis en seront ecbangees a
■\Vaabing:ton dans le delai de dix
raoia de la date ci-dessous on plutot
si faire se pent. En foi de qnoi lea
Plenipotentiaires lespectifa I'mit
signee, et y ont fait apposer lea
cachets de leurs amies.

Fait a St. Pijterabonrjj le V^ Avril
de I'an de jyrace mil huit cent vingt
quatre.

Henry Middleton.
Le Cointe

Charles de Nesselrode.
Pierre de Poletica;

[L.S.]

L.S.]
L. S.]

merchandise, or, in line, any meas-
ures of constiaint whatever to-
wards tlie merchants or the crews
who may carry on this coninierce;
the high contracting I'owers re-
ciprocally reserving to themselves
to determine uixni the ])enalties to
be incniied. and to inliii-t tlie])nn-
ishments, in case of the contraven-
tion of this article, by their re-
spective citizens or snl)iects.

ARTICLE SIXTH.

When this(';»nvention shall have
been duly ratilied by the President
of the I'nited States, with the ad-
vice and consent ot the Senate ou
the one i)art, and on the otlier by
Ilia ^lajesty the Emi)eror of all the
Knssias, the ratifications shall be
exchanged at Washiiigton in the
space of ten months from the date
below, or sooner if ])ossible. In
faith whereof the respective Pleni-
potentiaries have signed this Con-
vention, and thereto affixed the
seals of their arms.

Done at St. Petersburg, the \^
April of the year of Grace one
thousand eight hundred and
twenty-four.

Henry Middleton.
Le Cointe

Ch^iles de Nesselrode.

Pierre de Poletica.

No. 8.

CoDiynthm hctuwii Or/nf Brttain und Ruxxin.

I [Signed at St. Petersburgb Febrnary \%, 1825; presented to Parliament May 16, 1825.]

In the Name of the Most Holy and Au Nom de la Tres Sjiinte et Indi-
Undivided Trinity. visible Trinite.

ITraiisliitiou.]

Hia Majesty The King of the Sa Majeste le Roi du Koyaume

Fnited Kingdom of Great Britain Uni de La Grande Bretagne et de

and Ireland, and His Majesty The I'Irlande, et Sa Majeste I'Empereur

jEuiperor of all the Russias, being de toutes lea Ruasies, d«''sirant res-

Idesirous of drawing still closer the serrer les liens de bonne intelli-

iTies of good Understanding and gence et d'amitie qui les unissent,

ALASKA AND UKITISH COLITMHIA HOUNDARY LINE.

Fii(Mi<lshi|> wliidi unite tliein, by
means of all Af?iPti">**"t wliidi may
.settle, upon a basis of reciprocal
coiiveiiieiM:e, din'creiit points con-
nected witli tlie(Jon;merce, Navi{ia-
tion, and Fisheries of their Snl)-
jects on the Pacific Ocean, as well
as the limits of their respective
Possessions on the Xorth West
CoastofAmerica,have named IMen-
ipotentiaries to conclude a Con-
vention for this ]>urpose, that is to
say: — His .Majesty The Kinjr of
the United Kinjydoni of (neat Brit-
ain and Ireland, The Right Hon-
ourable Stratford Canning;', a Mem-
ber of His said Majesty's ^lost
Honourable Privy Coun(il,\c.,an(l
His Majesty The ICmi)eror of all the
Eussias. The Sieur Charles Robert
Count de Nesselrode, His Imperial
Majesty's Privy Councillor, a Mem-
ber of the Council of the Kmi)ire,
Secretary of State for the Depart-
ment of Foreign Affairs, »S:c., and
the Sieur Pierre de Poletica, His
Imperial Majesty's Councillor of
State, «S:c., Who, after having com-
municated to each other their re-
spective Full Powers, found in
good and due form, have agreed
upon and signed the following Arti-
cles :

I. It is agreed that the respective
Subjects of the High Contracting
Parties shall not be troubled or
molested, in any part of the Ocean,
commonly called the Pacific Ocean,
either in navigating the same, in
fishingtherein, or in landingat such
Parts of the Coast as shall not have
been already occupied, in order to
trade with the Natives, under the
restrictions and conditions speci-
fied in the following Articles.

TI. In order to prevent the Right
of navigating and fishing, exercised
upon the Ocean by the Subjects of
The High Contracting Parties, from
becoming the Pretext for an illicit
Commerce, it is agreed that the
Subjects of His Britannic Majesty
shall not land at any Place where
there may be a Russian Establish-

au moyen d'un accord ipii n'-gleroit,
d'aprcs le prln<*ipedes convenances
rt'ciproipies, divers j)oints relatifs
au Commerce a la Navigation, et
aux IVcheries de leurs Sujets sur
rOc«an Pa(;ili(|uc, ainsi (jne les
limites de leurs Possessions res-
]>ectives sur la Cote Nord Ouest
de I'Amcriijue, out nommc des
Ph'nipotentiaircspourconctlureune
Convention a cer cfl'et, savoir: —
Sa Majestc le Roi du Ifoyaume
Uni de La (Jrande liretagne et de
I'Irlande, le Tics Honorable Strat-
ford (.'anning, Conseiller de Sa Ma-
.jest('' en Son Conceil Privc, &c.
Et Sa Majeste I'Fmpereur de
toutes les liU8sies,le Sieur Charles
Robert Comt(^ de Nesselrode, Son
Conseiller Privc actuel, ]\Iembre du
Conseil de I'Eujpire, Secretaire
d'Etat dirigeant le Ministcre des
Affaires Etrangcres, i^v.; et le
Sieur Pierre dc Poletica, Son Con-
seiller d'l'tat actuel, &c. Lesquels
Ph'nipotentiaires, aprcs s'ctrecom-
muni(iu(' leurs Plein pouvoirs res-
pectifs, trouvt's en bonne et due
forme, out arrt tc et signc les Arti-
cles suivans: —

I. llestconvenuquedansaucune
partic du Grand Ocean, apjiele com-
munement Ocean Pacifique, les Su-
jets respectifs des Hautes Puis-
sances Contractantes ne seront ni
troubles, ni genes, soit dans la navi-
gation, soitdansl'exjdoitation de la
peche, soit dans la facultcd'aborder
aux cotes, sur des Points qui ne
seroient])as deja occupes, afln d'y
faire le commerce avec les Indi
genes,sauf toutefois les restrictions
et conditions determinees par los
Articles qui suivent.

II. Dans la vue d'empecher que
les droits de navigation et depeche
exerces sur le Grand Ocean par les
Sujets des Hautes Parties Contrac
tantes, ne deviennent le pretexte
d'un commerce illicite, il est con-
venu que les Sujets de Sa Majeste
Britauuique n'alaorderont a aucuD
Point oil il se trouve un Etablisse-

nient, wi
Governo
tlu' othei
jects sliji
mission,
nient on
III. Tl
tween th
Contract
of the C(
of Ameri'
be drawi
iier: —

Commi
most Po;
Prince c
Point liei
grees 40
and betv
Degree o
iau of G
shall asce
Channel
as far as
iieut whe
gree of l!'
last men
demarcat
mit of thJ
allel to
point of
Degree o
same Me]
the said
said Meri
gree, in i
the Froz
limit bet\
ish Posse
America
IV. W
demarcat
ceding A
1st. Tl
f>/ Wales
to Russia
2d. Th
of the mc
a directi(
from the
tude to t
the 141st
tude, sha
tance of
leagues

ALASKA AND KRITISH rOLUMBIA B(U NDARY LINE.

ment, without the permission of the
Governor or Oommandnnt; and, on
the other hand, that K'ussian Sub-
jects shall not land, without per-
mission, at any British Establish-
ment on the North- West Coast.

III. The line of demarcation be-
tween the Possessions of the High
Contracting Farties,upon theCoast
of the Continent, and the Islands
of A.meri"atotlie North- West, shall
be drawn in the following man-
ner: —

Commencing from the Southern-
most Point of the Island called
Prince of Wales Island, which
Point lies in the parallel of 54 De-
jfrees 40 Minutes, North Latitude,
and between the 131st and 13.'M
Degree of West Longitude (Merid-
ian of Greenwich), the said line
shall ascend to the North along the
Channel called Portland Channel,
as far as the Point of the Conti-
nent where it strikes the 50th De-
gree of North Latitude; from this
last mentioned Point the line of
demarcation shall follow the sum-
mit of the mountains situated par-
allel to the Coast, as far as the
point of intersection of the 141st
Degree of West Longitude (of the
same Meridian); and, finally, from
the said point of intersection, the
said Meridian Line of the 141st De-
gree, in its prolongation as far as
the Frozen Ocean, shall form the
limit between the Kussian and Brit-
ish Possessions on the Continent of
America to the North West.

IV. With reference to the line of
demarcation laid down in the pre-
ceding Article it is understood;

1st. That the IwSland called Prince
nf Wales Island shall belong wholly
to Eussia.

2d. That wherever the summit
of the mountains which extends in
a direction parallel to the Coast,
from the 5Gth degree of north Lati-
tude to the point of intersection of
the 141st degree of West Longi-
tude, shall prove to be at the dis-
tance of more than ten marine
leagues from the Ocean, the limit

ment liusse, sans la permission du
Gouverneur ou Commandant, et
c|ue, ri'ciproquement, les Sujets
Kusses ne pourront aborder, sans
permission, u aucuu Etablissement
i»ritanni([ue,surlaC6teNordOuest.
III. La ligne de demarcation en-
tre les Possessions des Ilautes Par-
ties Contraetantes sur la Cote du
Continent et les lies de I'Amerique
Nord Ouest, sera tracee ainsi qu'il
suit: —

A partir du Point le plus meri-
dional de I'lle dite Prince of Wales,
leijuel Point se trouve sous la pa-
rallele du 54ine degre 40 minutes de
latitude Nord, et entre le 131me et le
133me degrt' de longitude Ouest
(Meridien de Greenwich), la dite
ligne remontera an Nord le long de
la passe dite Portland Channel, ins-
qu'au Point de la terre ferme oii elle
atteint le 5(;me degre de latitude
Nord : de ce dernier ;)oint la ligne
de d«'marcation suivra la crete des
montagnes situees parallelement a
la Cote, jusqu'au point d'intersec-
tion du i41nie degre de longitude
Ouest (meme M6ridien); et. tinale-
ment, du dit point d'intersection,
la meme ligne meridienne du 141me
degre formera, dans son prolonge-
ment jusqu'a la mer Glaciale, la
limite entre les I'ossessions Eusses
et Britannitiues sur le Continent de
I'Amerique Nord Ouest.

IV. II est entendu, par rapport
k la ligne de demarcation deter-
minee dans 1' Article precedent :

1". Que Pile dite Prince of Wales
appartiendra toute entiere a La
Eussie :

2". Que partout on la crete des
montagnes qui s'etendent dans une
direction parallele a la Cote depuis
le 56me degre de latitude Nord au
point d'inter section du 141me de-
gr^ de longitude Ouest, se trouve-
roit a la distance de plus de dix
lieues marines de I'Ocean, la limite =
entre les Possessions Britanniques

S. Ex. 146-

-3

■ VHlteVW.

■HMlMlii

•If!

ALASKA AND IMilTISH CnH'MHIA lUUXDAHY LINK.

between the IJritish INtssessioiis
and the line of Coast which is to
belonj; to HuHsiii, ns above men-
tioned, shall be foiiiied by a line
parallel to the windinj^s of the
Coast, and which shall never ex
ceed the distance of ten nnirine
leagues therefrom.

V. It is moreover agreed, that
no Kstablishineut shall be formed
by either of the Two Parties within
the liujlts assigned by the two i)re-
ceding Articles to the I'ossesaions
of the Other: consecjucntly, Brit-
ish tSubJecits shall not form any
Establishment either upon the
Coast, or upon the border of the
Continent comprised within the
limits of the Hussian Possessions,
as designated in the two preceding
ArticVes; and, in like manner, no
Establishment shall be formed by
Russian Subjects beyond the said
limits.

VI. It is understood that the
Subjects of His Britanuic Majesty,
from whatever Quarter they may
arrive, whether from the Ocean, or
from the interior of the Continent,
shall for ever enjoy the right of
navigating freely, and without any
hindrance whatever, all the rivers
and streams whicli,in their course
towards the Pacific Ocean, may
cross the line of demarcation upon
the line of coast described in Arti-
cle 3 of the present Convention.

VII. It is also understood, that,
for the si)ace of ten Years from the
signature of the present Conven-
tion, the Vessels of the two
Powers, or those belonging to their
respective Subjects, shall mutually
be at liberty to frequent, without
any hindrance whatever, all the
inland Seas, the Gulfs, Havens,
and Creeks on the Coast mentioned
in Article 3 for the purposes of
iishing and of trading with the
Natives.

VIII. The port of Sitka, or Novo
Archangelsk, shall be open to the
Commerce and Vessels of British
Subjects for the space of ten Years
from the date of the exchange of
the Ratifications of the present

et la lisii're de Cote nuMitionnce ci-
dessus conimc devant appartenir :i
La Jiussie. sera fornn e par une
ligne paralh'le aux sinuositcs de la
Cote, et ([ui ne ])ourra .janmis en
rtre «''loigii('e (luo dedix lieues nm-
rines.

V. II est convenu en outre, que
nul Ktablisseinent ne sera forme
])ar Tune des deux Parties dans les
limites (pie les deux Articles pn'-cc-
dens assignent aux Possessions de
I'Autre. En consequence, les Su-
jets lUitanniques ne I'ormeront
aucun Etablissement soit sur la
cote, soit sur la lisicre de terre
ferme comprise dans les limites des
Possessions Russes, telles (ju'elles
sont designees dans les deux Ar-
ticles precedens; et, de meme, nul
Etablissement ne sera forme par
des Sujets Busses au dela des dites
limites.

VI. 11 est entendu que les Sujets
de Sa Majeste Britanni(]ue, de
(pielque Cote qu'ils arrivent, soit
de rOcean, soit de rint«h'ieur du
Continent,Jouiront a perpt'tuite du
droit de naviuuer librenient, et
sans entrave quelconque, sur tous
lea tleuves et rivieres, qui, dans
leurs cours vers la mer Paciflque,
traverseront la ligne de demarca-
tion sur la lisiere de la Cote
indiquee dans I'Artide 3 de la
prdsente Convention.

VII. II est aussi entendu que,
pendant Tespace de dix Ans, n
dater de la signature de cette Con-
vention, les Vaisseaux des deux
Puissances, ou ceux ai)partenans
a leurs Sujets respectifs, pourront
reciproquement frequenter, sans
entrave (juelconque, toutes les
Mers interieures, les Golfes,
II avres, et Criques sur la Cote
mentionnee dans TArticle 3 atin
d'y faire la peche et le comnjerce
avec les Indigenes.

VIII. Le Port de Sitka, ou Novo
Archangelsk, sera ouvert au Com-
merce et aux Vaisseaux des Sujets
Britauniques duraut resi)ace de
dix ans, a dater de I'echange des
Batifications de cette Convention.

Conventi
extensioi
being gr.i
rli«' like e
also to G
!X. Th
of ComuK
trade in s
arms, or (
other v\'ai
tiactingl
ing not t
tinned a:
ered, in i
the Nati^

X. Ev<

sel navig
which mji
orby acci
Ports oft
beat libe
vide itsel
audtopu
iugany o
house dui
as those
In case, li
Vessel si
sity of d
mercham
ex])enses
tothelfej
Place wL

XI. In
on accou:
Articles <
the Civil
of the I]
without 1
any fore
an exact i
of the n
Courts, 1
same in ;
cording t

XII. ^
shall be
tions sha
within tl
sooner if

In wit
tive Plen

ALASKA AM) nUITlSH COUMIUA HOINDAHV LINK.

Convention. In the event of an
extension of this term often yejirs
beinj; granted to any other Power,
rli»i like extension shall be granted
also to Great Britain.

! X. Theabovenientioned liberty
of Commerce shall not apply to the
trade in spirituous liquors, in tire-
arms, or other arms, gunpowder or
other warlike stores; the High Con-
tracting Parties reciprocally engag-
ing not to permit the above-men-
tioned articles to be sold or deliv-
ered, in any manner whatever, to
the Natives of the Country.

X. Every British orlJussian Ves-
sel navigating the Pacific Ocean,
which may be compelled by storms
or by accident, to take shelter in the
Ports of the respective parties, shall
beat liberty to refit tiierein, to pro-
vide itself with all necessary stores,
and toput to sea again, without pay-
ing any other than Port and Light-
house dues, which shall bethesame
as those paid by National Vessels.
In case, however,the Master of such
Vessel should be under the neces-
sity of disposing of a part of his
merchandise in order to defray his
ex])enses, he shall conform himself
to the Ifegulations and Tariffs of the
Place where he may have landed.

XI. In every case of complaint
on account of an infraction of the
Articles of the present Convention,
the Civil and Military Authorities
of the High Contracting Parties,
without previously actingor taking
any forcible measure, shall make
an exact and circumstantial Keport
of the matter to their respective
Courts, who engage to settle the
same in a friendly manner, and ac-
cording to the principles of justice.

XII. The present Convention
shall be ratified, and the Eatifica-
tions shall be exchanged at London
within the space of six w^eeks, or
sooner if possible.

In witness whereof the respec-
tive Plenipotentiaries have signed

Au cas (|a'une prolongation de ce
terme de dix ans soit a(H'ord«''e i\
queh|ue autre Pnissan(;e, la nj«'me
prolongation sera t'galement ac-
cordt'C a lia (Irande Hretagne.

IX. La susdite libertc <le com-
merce n«'s"ap|)li(iuera point autraflc
des liquenrs spiritueuses. desannes
a fen, des amies blanches, de la
poudre a canon, ou d'autres numi-
tions de guerre; les Hautes Parties
Contr.actantes s'engageant recii>ro-
quement a ne laisser ni vemlre, ni
livrer, de (luehjne maniere que ce
puisse etre,aux Indigenes dn pays,
les articles cidessus raenti(mn«''s.

X. Tout Vaisseau Britannique
ou Kusse naviguant sur POc^'an
Pacifique, (lui sera forc('' par des
tempetes, ou par quehjue accident,
de se rcfugier dans les Ports des
Parties respectives, aura la libert»'j
de s'y radouber, de s'y'pourvoir de
tons les objets (|ui lui ser(mt neces-
saires, et de se remettre en mer,
sanspayer d'autres Droits queceux
de Port et de Fanaux, lesquels se-
ront pour lui les niemes qne pour
les Batimens Nationaux. 8i, ce-
pendant, le Patron d'un tel navire
se trouvoit dans la nccessitt' de se
defaire d'uue partie de ses mar-
chandise pour subvenir a ses de-
penses, il sera tenu de se conformer
aux Ordonnances et aux Tarifs de
TEndroit oil il aura abordo.

XI. Dans tous les cas de plaintes
relatives a I'iufraction des Articles
de la prt'sente Convention, les
Autorites Civiles et ^Vlilitaires des
deux Hautes Parties Contractan-
tes, sans se permettre au prcalable
ni voie de fait, ni mesure de force,
seront tenues de faire un rapport
exact de I'aifaire et de ses circon-
stances a leurs Cours respectives,
lesquelles s'engagent a la rcgler ti
I'amiable, et d'apres les principes
d'une parfaite justice.

XII. La presente Convention
sera ratifice, et les Ratifications en
seront echangees k Londres, dans
I'espace de six semaines, ou plutot
si faire se pent.

En Foi de quoi les Ph'nipoten-
tiaires respectifs I'ont sign^e, et

I I

* s

,1 '

3<i

ALASKA AM) HKI'IIHH COLUMHIA BOIXDAUV MNK.

! • 71

the same, and have aflixed thereto
the Seal of their AriiiH.

Done at St. IVtoiHburgh, the
Twenty-eighth (Sixteenth) Day of
February, in the Year of our Lord
One Thousand Ki^ht Uundred and
Twenty- Hve.

L. S.J STEATFOUI) CANNIX<i.

L. s. The Count de Nesselrode.
L. s. Pierre de roLEiioA.

y ont ai)iM)8«* le Cachet de leurs
ArmeM.

Fait i'l St. IN'tersbourtf. le N'iugt
huit (Seize) F«'vrier, de I'an de
Grace mil huit cent vingt ciiM).

L. s.
L. H.
L. s.

Stkatford Canning.

Le Comte de Nksselrode.

Pierre de Poletica.

No. 9.

Treaty eoncerninj/ the censhm of the Eusfiian PosneHHumH in North America
by His Majestj/ the Emperor of all the Rttusias to the United States of
America.

[Concluded March 30, 1«67; rutificationsoxcbanged June 20, 1807; proclniuiod June

20, 1807.

The United States of America
and His Majesty the lOinjieror of
all the Russias, beiu^ desirous of
strengthening, if possible, the good
understanding' which exists be-
tween them, have, for that i)urpo8e,
appointed as their Plenipotentia-
ries: The President of the United
States, Willian» H. Seward, Sec
retary of State; and His Majesty
the Emperor of all the Kussias,
the Privy Counsellor Edward de
Stoeckl, his Envoy Extraordinary
and Minister Plenipotentiary to the
United States.

And the said Plenipotentiaries,
havingexchanged their full powers,
which were found to be in due form,
have agreed upon and signed the
following articles:

Article I.

His Majesty the Enii)eror of all
the Eussias agrees to cede to the
United States, by this convention,
immediately upon the exchange of
the ratiticatious thereof, all the
territory and dominion now pos-
sessed by his said Majesty on the
continent of America and in the
adjacent islands, the same being
contained within the geographical
limits herein set forth, to wit: The
eastern limit is the line of demarca-
tion between the Russian and the

Sa Majeste TEinpereur de toutes
les Russies et les '"i,ats Unis d'A-
m(''ri(iue, d«'sirant ratt'erniir, s'il
est possible, la bonnie intelligence
(lui existe entre eux, ont nonime, a
cet eflt'et, pour leurs plenipoten
tiaires, savoir; Sa Majestc I'Empe-
reur de toutes les Russies, le Con-
seiller Prive Edouard de Stoeckl,
son envoy*' extraordinaire et mi-
nistre plniipotentiaire aux Etats-
Unis; et le President des Etats-
Unis, le Sieur William H. Seward,
Secn'taire d'Ktat, lesquels, apres
avoir cchange leur pleins pouvoirs,
trouvt's en bonne et due forme,
ont arrete et signe les articles
suivants: -

Article L

Sa Majeste I'Empereur de toutes
les Russies S'engage, par cette
convention, a ccder aux Etats Unis,
immediatement apres I'echange des
ratifications, tout le Territoire avec
droit de souveraiuet*' actuellement
possede ])ar Sa Majeste sur le con-
tinent d'Anierique ainsi que les
lies contigiies,ledit Territoire ^tant
compris dans les limites geographi-
ques ci dessous indiquces; savoir:
la limite orientale est la ligne de
denuircation entre les possessions

llritisii 1
icii. as t
tioii bel
iSritain,
and lies
1\ of s«
lowing t

"Com

em most

Prince i

point lie

grees 40

and bet

md de

(meridia;

line shall

the clian

iiel, as fii

tiiient w

degree oi

last- mem

(lemarcat

init of th

allel to tl

ofiutergt

of west k

ridian;) ii

point of

ridian lii

ill its pr

Frozen 0(

"IV. \'

demarcat

ceding ar

"1st. '

Prince ol

long whc

this cessi(

"2d. T
of the mc
a directic
from the i
tilde to t
of the U:
tude shal
tauce of
leagues fi
between
and the 1
belong to
tioned (th
the posses
venljion) s
pa .allel to

ALASKA AND HKITISH COHMHIA HnrNDAKY LINK.

«7

lUitisli posHUNHions in North Ainer-
icii, Hs established by tlie coiiveii-
tioii between K'uHHJa and (ireat
IJritain, of February 2«-l«, 1H2"),
and described in ArticIeH 111 and
IV of said convention, iu the fol-
lowing terms;

''(Jonimencing from the south-
ernmost point of the island called
Prince of Wales Island, which
point lies iu the parallel of 04 de-
grees 40 minutes north latitude,
and between the 131st and the
133d degree of west longitude,
(meridian of Greenwich,) the said
line shall ascend to the north along
the channel called Portlan<l chan-
nel, as far as the point of the con-
tinent where it strikes the 5lith
degree of north latitude; from this
last- mentioned point, the line of
demarcation shall follow the sum-
mit of the mountains situated par-
allel to the coast as far as the point
of intersection of the 14l8t degree
of west longitude, (of the same me-
ridian;) and finally, from the said
point ot intersection, the said me-
ridian line of the Ulst degree,
ill its prolongation as far as the
Frozen ocean.

" IV. With reference to the lineof
demarcation laid down in the pre-
ceding article, it is understood —

"1st. That the island called
Prince of Wales Island shall be-
long wholly to liussia," (now, by
this cession, to the United States.)

" 2d. That whenever the summit
of the mountains which extend in
a direction parallel to the coast
from the 06th degree of north lati-
tude to the i)oint of intersection
of the 141st degree of west longi-
tude shall prove to be at the dis-
tance of more than ten marine
leagues from the ocean, the limit
between the British possessiuus
and the line of coast which is to
belong to Kussia as above men-
tioned (that is to say, the limit to
the possessions ceded by this con-
vention) shall be formed by a line
pa .allel to the winding of the coast,

KuBses et Itritannitiues dans PA-
m('ri(|ue du Nord, ainsi ipfelle
est t'tablie par la c(nivention, con-
clue entre la Kussie et la (irande-
Hretagne, le I'l tV-vrier 1825, et d6-
tinie dans les termes suivants deb
artioles III et IV de la dite con-
vention:

"A jiartir du point le plus meri-
dional de I'lle dite Prince of Wales,
lequel point se troavo sous la pa-
rallMe du •'>4""' degre 40 minutes
de latitude nord, et entr^ le 131'"*' et
le 133""' degre de longivude ouest
(rorridien de Greenwich) la dite
ligne remontera, au Nord Ic long
de la i>asse dite I'ortland Channel,
Jusqu'au point de la terre ferme on
elle atteiut le oG""" degn* de lati-
tude nord; de ce dernier point la
li^nede d<'marcation suivra la crete
des montagues situces parallMe-
ment a la cr>te jusqu'au point d'iu-
tersection du 141""* degre de lon-
gitude ouest (mt'me.nu'ridien), et
finalement, du dit point d'intersec-
tion la nirme ligne mcridienne du
141'"" degr*' formera, dans son pro-
'on<>ement.ius4|uVi la merGlaciale,
la limite entre les possessions Kus-
ses et Britanni(iues sur le conti-
nent de I'Amcrique nord ouest.

" I V. 11 est en tend u, par rapport
a la ligne de d«''niarcatiou detevmi-
nee dans Particle prect'dent:

'*1^. Que Pile dite Prince of
Wales, appartiendra toute entiere
a la Russie;" (mais d«*s ce joo ca
vertu de cette cession aux "'> dts-
Unis.)

" 2^. Que partout on la ere e des
montagnes qui s'etendent dans nie
direction parallele a la cote, depuis
le 50""* degre de latitude nord au
point d'intersection du 141""^ degre
de longitude ouest se trouverait a
la distance de plus de dix lieues
marines de Pocean, la limite entre
les possessions Britanniques et \c
lisiere de cote mentionnt'e cidessus
comme devant apparteuir a la Rus-
sie" (c'est a dire la limite des pos-
sessions C('d«^e8 par cette conven-
tion:) "cera formee par une ligne
parallele aux sinuosities de la cote
et qui ne pourra jamais en etre

ALASKA AND BRITISH (OH'MHIA IKHNDAKV LIN?:.

and which shall never exceed the
distance ot ten marine leagues
therefrom."

The western limit within which
the territories and dominion con
veyed, are contained, passes
through a poiur in Behrings straits
on the parallel of sixty-tive degrees
thirty minutes north latitude, at its
intersection by the 'r.orulian which
l>asses midway between the islands
of Krusensteru, or Ignalook, and
the island of Katmanotf, or Noonar-
book, and proceeds due north,with-
out limitation, into the same Frozen
ocean. The same western limit,
beginning at the same initial point,
proceeds thence in a course nearly
southwest, through B eh ring's
straits and Behring's sea, so as to
pass midway between the north-
west point of the island of St. Law-
rence and the southeast point of
Cape Choukotski, to the meridian
of one hundued and seventy-two
west longitude; thence, from the
intersection of that meridian, in a
southwesterly direction, so as to
pass midway between the island of
Atton and the Copper islaii \ of the
Kormaudorski coujjlet or group in
the North Pacific ocean, to the me
ridian of one hundred and ninety-
three degrees west longitude, so as
to include in the terrtory conveyed
the whole of the Aleutian islands
east of that meridian.

Article II.

In the cession of territory and
dominion made by the preceding
article, are included the right of
jiroperty in all public lots and
squares, vacant lands, and all public
buildings, fortification."^ barracks,
and other edifices which are not
private individual property. It is,
however, understood and Agreed,
that the churches which have been
built in the ceded territory by the
Kussian government, shall remain
the property of such members of
the Greek Oriental Church resident
in tie territory, as may choose to
worship therein. Any government
archives, papers, and documents

T'loignce (|ue de dix
rines.-"

lieues ma-

La limite occidentale des terri-
toires cedes passe par un point an
dt'troit de Behring sous la parallMe
du soixantc cin(|nieme degr*' trente
minutes de latitude Xord a son in-
tersection par le mcridien qui sti-
pare a distince egale les iles Kru-
sensteru ou Ignalook etrileRjitma-
noft'ou Noonarbook et remoi te en
lignedirecte,sanslimitation,versle
Nord, jusqu'a ce qu'elle se perde
danslamerGlaciale. Commencant
au mcme i)oint de depart, cette
limite occidentale suit de la un cours
presque Sudonest, a travers le de-
troit de Behring et la merde Beh-
ring, de njaniere a passer a distance
«''gale entre le jKunt Nordouest de
I'ile Saint Laurentetle point 3udeat
du cap Choukotski Jusqu'au meri
dien cent soixante douzieme de lon-
gitude Quest; de ce point, a partir
de I'intersection de ce meridien,
cette limite suit une direction
Sudouest de manicre a passer a
distance cgale entre Pile d' Atton et
rile Copper du groupe d'ilots Kor-
maudorski «laus Tocean Pacifique
Sei)tentrional.iusqu'au m«''ridien de
cent quatre-vingt trei/e degres de
longitude Quest, de maniere a en-
claver, dans le Terriloire cede
toutes les iles Aleoutes s'tuees a
I'est de ce meridien.

Article II.

Dans le Territoire cede, par Par-
ticle precedent a la Souverair»ete
des Etats-L^nis sont cor.ipris le
droit de propri«''te sur l^ous les ter-
rains et places publics, terres inoo-
cupees, toutes les constructions
publiques, f* rtifieations, casernes
et autres edifices qui ne sont pas
pro[)riete priv«''e individuello. II
est toutefois entenda et convenue
que les eglises construites par le
Gouvernement Russe sur le Terri
toireced*^ resterontla propriete des
membres de TEglise GrecqueOrien-
tale residant dans ce Territoire et
appartenant a ce culte. Tous les
archives papiers et documents du

relative t
ion afore
existing
possessio
United h
cated CO]
be requii
jiivGu by
Russian
Kussian <
may appl

The in I
I'itory, ac
reserving
May retui
years; bii
remain in
with the
native tri
tlie enjoj
a(ivantag<
zeusof the
be main ta
free enjoi
]iroperty
iiized trib
/aws and i
StJites m?
I adopt in re
'of that CO

His MaJ
the Russia
venient tl
agents for
delivering
agents ap]
rnitedStti
ion, proper
pui'tenanc
and for do
maybe nee
But the ce
immediate
less to be c
solute on t
tious, wit]
<'ii lual deli

Imniedia
"f the ratil
tion, any f<
posts whic

ALASIv'A AND 15RITISH COLUMHIA Hol'NDAKV LINE.

relative to the territory and domin-
ion aforesaid, which u^ay be now
existing' there, will be left in the
possession of the agent of the
United States; bui an authenti-
cated copy of such of ilienj as may
be required, will be, at all tinses,
jjiven by the United States to the
Kussian government, or to such
Russian otilceis or subjects, as tliey
may ajiply for.

AllTICLE III.

The inhabitants of the ceded ter-
ritory, according to their choice,
reserving their natural allegiance,
may return to llussia within three
years; but if they should prefer to
remain in the ceded territory, they,
Avith the exception of uncivilized
native tribes, shall be admitted to
tlie enjoyment of all the rights,
advantages and immunities of citi-
zens of the United States, and shall
hemaintaine<l and protected in the
free enjoyment of their liberty,
property and religion. The unciv-
ilized tribes will be subject to such
laws and regulations as the United
Stiites may, from time to time.

ladoptin regard to aboriginal tribes

jof that country.

II Article IV".

His Majesty the Emperor of all
the liussias shall appoint, with con-
venient despatch, an agent or
agents for the purpose of formally
delivering to a similar ageut or
agents appointed on behalf of the
Un ited States, the territory, domin-
ion, ijroperty, dependencies and ap-
imrtenances which are ceded above,
and for doing any other act which
maybe necessary in regard thereto.
But the cession, with the right of
immediate possession, is neverthe-
less to be deemed complete and ab-
solute o!i the exchange of ratilica-
tions, withouL waiting for such
formal deliveiy.

Article V.

Gouvernejnent ayant trait au sus-
dit Territoire etcjui y sont maiiite-
nant dei)oses seront placi'S entre
les mainsdel'agentdes Ktats-Unis;
mais les Etats-Unis fourniront
touj.mrs (piand il y aura lieu, des
copies legalisces de ces documents
au Gouvernement Kusse, aux otti-
ciers ou sujets llusses (pai pourront
en faire la demande.

Article III.

11 est reserv* aux habitans du
Territoire cede le choix de garder
leur nationaliti' et de rentrer eu
Bussie dans I'espace de trois aus;
mais s'ils pr^'fcrent rester dans le
territoire cede ils seront admis,
a rexcejjtion toutefcis des tribus
sauvages a jouir de tous les di oits,
advantages et immunites des cito-
yens des Etats-Unis et ils seront
maintenus et protege's dans lepleiu
exercise de leur liberte, droit de
p>ropri<'te et religion. Les tribus
sauvages seront assujeties aux lois
et reglements (pie les Etats Unis
pourront adoptei- de temps en
temps a IVgard des tribus abori-
genes de ce pays.

Article IV.

Sa IMajest** I'Empereur de toutes
les Kassies nommera aussitot <iue
possible un ageut ou des agents
charges de remettre formellement
a I'ageut ou aux agents nommes
par les Etats-Unis, le territoire, la
souveraiuetf', les proprietcs, d«.'-
pendances et apparteiiances ainsi
cedes et de dresser tout autre acte
(juisera necessairea Taccomplisse-
meut de cette transaction. Mais la
cession, avecle droit de possession
immediate, doit toutefois etre con-
sideree complete et absolue a
I'echange des ratifications sans
attendre la remise formelle.

Article V.

Inniiediately after the exchange Immediatement apres IT'change
<'t tlie ratifications of this cimveu- des ratitications de cette conven-
tion, any fortitications or niilitary tion, les fortiticatious et les postes
posts which may be in the ceded militaires qui se trouverout sur le

ALASKA AND BRITISH COLUMBIA BOUNDARY LINK.

''i

territory, shall be delivered to the
agent of the United States, and any
Eussian troops which may be in the
territory, shall be withdrawn as
soon as may be reasonably and con-
veniently practicable.

Article VI.

In consideration of the cession
aforesaid, the United States agree
to pay at the Treasnry in Wash-
ington, within ten months after the
exchange of the ratifications of this
convention, to the diplomatic rep-
resentative or other agent of his
Majesty the Emperor of all the
Kussias, duly authorized to receive
the same, seven million two hun-
dred thousand dollars in gold. The
cession of territory and domhiion
herein made is hereby decl^irc^ t-^
be free and unincumbered ;* ;;
reservations, privileges, frauciiises,
grants, or possessions, by any as-
sociated companies, whether cor-
porate or incorporate, Eussian or
any other, or by any parties, ex-
cept merely private individual
property holders ; and the cession
hereby made, conveys all the rights,
franchises, and privileges now be-
longing to Eussia in the said ter-
ritory or dominion, and appurte-
nances thereto.

Article VII.

When this convention shall have
been duly ratified by the President
of the United States, by and with
the advice and cons nt of the Sen-
ate, on the one part, and on the
other by his Majesty the Emperor
ol all the Eussias, the ratifications
shall be exchanged at Washington
within three months from the date
hereof, or sooner, if possible.

In faitn whereof, the respective
plenipotentiaries have signed this
convention, and thereto affixed the
seals of their arms.

Done at Washington, the thir-
tieth day of Mareli, In the year of
our Lord one 'housa!i»l eight hun-
dred and sixTy-sev*»3i

[L. s. William H. Seward.

I L. s. Edguard De Stoeckl.

territoire cede seront remis jV
I'agent des Etats-Unis et les troupes
Eusses ijui sont stationnees dans le
dit Territoire, seront retirees dans
un terme practicable et qui puisso
convenir aux deux parties.

Article VI.

En consideration de la susdite
cession les Etats-Unis s'engagent|
a payer a la Tresorerie a Washing-
ton, dans le terme de dix mois apres
r«'cliaiige des ratifications de cette
convention, sept millions deux cent |
mille de d< liars en or, au Eepre-
sentant diy lomati(iue ou tout autre I
agent de ? i Ma-jeste I'Bmpereur de
toutes les Eussies diiment autoris^
a recevoir cette somme. La ces-
sion du territoire avec droit del
souverainete faite par cette con-
vention, est declaree libre et dega
gee de toutes r<^servations, privi-
leges, franchises ou des possessions I
par des compagnies Eusses ou tout
autre legalement coustitutees on
autrement ou par des associations
sauf simplement les proprietaires
possedant des biens prives indi-
viduels et la cession ainsi faite
transfere tons les droits, franchises
et privileges appartenant actuelle- 1
ment a la Eussie dans le dit Terri-
toire et ses dependances.

Article VII.

'.t^ jue cette convention aura
tt Iir'i'.nt ratiftee par Sa Majeste
iH:. ;>' ."fcnr de toutes les Eussies
d'une >: r et par le Pivsident des
Etats-Unis avec I'avis et le con
sentemeut du Senat de I'autre, le
ratifications en seront ^changees ;i
Washington dans le terme de troisi
mois, a compter du jour de la signa |^
ture, ou plus tot si faire se peut.

En foi de quoi ies plenipoten
i; jiies respectifs out signe cette
I'un i»ntion et y out appos«'* le sceau
iiir 'eur armes.

Fait ii Washington le 18-30
jour de Mars de Pan de Notre
Oeigneur mil huit cent soixante
sept.

L. s.j Edouard De Stoeckl.

L. s. William H. Seward.

ill

. ~^''K tr""3"

it « N

■m

1 ,. •\^

No, 10— Tracl

No. 10— Tracing by tlie CoaA Survey, showing the features of the region on the north shore of

Portland 1 nlet near its mouth.

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EM. THORN, Supenntenaetit

HORE OF PORTLAND INLET

ALASKA

Surveyed by Lt Comd. H.E.Nicliola U SN A»«t.
Scale 40000
1888

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J 1 Stat MtLr.

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Trouudb framj tht, Original, Survry* of the 1
Survey for Prof W U DaJL

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Portland Inlet near its mouth.

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23 WeST MAIN STMIT

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(7I«)«72-4S03

No. 11— British Admiralty Chart No 2431. showing the latest British survey of Portland Inlet

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CHIEFLY FROM VANCOITVERS SURVEY IN 1792.

Correcteil fixan a Rnsatan Chart published in 1853.
With. eorrecUons iind addiiions from plans piMuhtd fy the U. S. Gotvrrunmt fo 11196.

find by AaK Ziaut- HouUon. U.M.S.'Otprey,' 1879.
RBigr. CCape, H* Head, Hf Harbour. LIsbuid. EPort. PM\>int,RRivcT. Rl'Bock.

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23 WIST MAIN STRUT

WiBSTER,N.Y. 145S0

(716) S72-4S03

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No. 14.— Official Canadian Map of Bril

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Dawson'6 Canadian Map, 1 887.

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SOURCES OF INFORMATION ano AUTHORITIES
fwt posmoMS Afve/Kco to /'/ha/cipal po/mts ok this map compiud by

UtJ JimitSTOH.Cmcr DRArrSKAN,
OIPAKTUEUT or TM£ IHTCHIOP

DOMINION OF CANADA
1887

COASTS *iu ISLAMOS.— Bedyctd fnm 'PImHs'in USPtcific Coi.it htt* -/♦/<»*«. F^rt / lUS

FOPT WHAM6ELL.- Ut Si' Z» 15' ft Lonj. m'tilS'W Fr,m USCo^st ni»t, FSi NOTt •■ Qn M* U-Sfltcf.c CM,t fthf »*'*,
Ht» /untimn of forf Wrmnftll ^ots n»t ^ecistly a.jnt mHi H>tl- iisigneJ H I/- fy dr nutr^t* UhtuJ* lutil UnjihMli ti, ^. t3, frntt^y^nHy rh,
plowing oftkt cttt and hfAnds *d/dfnh /» Ar/- t»w>fe//, ctintchftf w/M /*• Shiimt, dr* nt^ /t fi/$ irufi fi/<A« r«//«i/« (St, (/■SCiar/^tj

STIKIME PI V£P - lotrer /urt fnm survey iy J HuiHr C £; on /t«, (itritwith trtJiM-h »j,4 ch*m , ufiptr fiirt- /» Ttltfrmfh Cmk PG-PPCtnntKt
^6fl. Smn, C»j,.) 3ymy (IU7) t»>Ht Cin.umHrtnftr *"rf lUclfn Microm,!^. Ttltjrmfth Crmk h, D*Af UM, J. 'M*£<nyk fttuthint '/» GklOi.*ttn
Gri SvnCi.n)survy(lU7)'"hh ^„mt>it C—t/n^t Aitd/uum^ jLltnj trtul. - L^-Hlvdn ml 6U»»m . TrItjrAfh Cruk 4utJ DttA* LlJt*(/<f^)
»i4trv*J iy G MDAwa^ wH> y-tnch tvhtj,!: Ltngihudu tf ftlyn^ih Cntji tj^i/ Z7«m« ^i>« ,''***yy fftntftrr*^ from Wr^jtH hy /n«^< of t^o
chrittmthtrs Thi mMjurtJ jist-»Jtc*s iLjrt i/try Sihoft/Uonly w.Hi l4%t ruulhs o/M* oiitrv».hont.

TCU6PAPH CP££M NOItTHweST£PLY ft Uh. tO'N - from T^hgrfh Explor*.h.n (Bymit rw/.. /ter) ■ Thi tnwor.o t, m^p.J
fy Hm txflort^on it oMJuoM <• u /■ cm>ntU Ttkjnft, Cnt* wA* 'Tnkko' or Tofiok LaJi* ».ccorJ,nj fo M« ^m/ «k«//U/« m/ormahon rttfi,if,nf
eonnmchnj tvA/trj, */i</ M« jiotihan of '.T*kko La,k» -4* uetr/-4unnl iy Mr. Oyilrio'o aurvoj (l$tT)

CHILPAT PIVCP AHe VIClNlTy AceorJ.nm /oOrA-Hrti/io'* Mt^a ( Brtmtn Gtoy.Soc I fit. Btrhn 6tef. Soc IU3)

CHILHOOT 00 TAYIA PASi ANt LEWIS PIVEP h „ho of OU ^/ Stihrk, ttcord.nj to .mh-mo^HJ *ur..y Cy WOgiloi, DLSfitt?).
Tht initnJ p«int a* M/j si'rvty IS ^rmjmid lal*JiJ. CkilkoJ- /n/il- fkt poiihon of wA'cA on titt mfkorify of Hit U S C»*.it Pilot f Alaska., Pj.rt I
p. 197) IS UJ: snips' N., Long. l35't7 0*'S W. The fcsihtn of Mr Ogihito pomh ofposift OIJ F.'Stlkirk ( A'- Uni of r,^,r) t.s utt^ita'
from his friLvtrit is. La.h bt' A-g ' is' M, long. /3?'3Z'M'IV Tht fotihon of fht Olj F»rh a.ccerJing to U. SckwaJ-kt 1$ L*.>: (•?.'-fS' So ' fi/ ,
Lena liy'2Z'4rS'>V (^ifftroni*. in J:ftonct Aof^ot" Mt hro lonjilujt, oLiout 4-#4j/«/v/« milts'

The pell Y RIYEP i»/»w OU F''SeliiA IS filon fnm Mips Accarr<pA,y,nj Lh Sckwtifkts rryoo/-^ riJurfii proporhontVy kitnttn O^ilntt oontion for
f-''Stlk.rk X Ctffl- !t^mK,ncli muh.or, (c,r Old F'' Yukon (Lit Wii't-k't} onj l*S' iy'«7')inj .t urtiumtd -t, bi fairly (.orrti.h.

OEASE HIVCR inO null oy Francos Lakt, i^ifk filly Ifi.tr oioif, Olj F''S*/kirk accorjmo H /-raci-surroy iyG MOawson (l»»J)»-i>l< mo.,,, punt,

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HAUTICAL M/tea

SOUfiCES OF INFORMATION ano AUTHORITIES

FOK nSITIOMS ASSISNEO TO fRIMCIfAL POIHTS ON THIS HAf COMPILCD »Y

HtJ JOHhSTON.CmCr DHAnSMAN,

etPAitTueuT or the. ihtchioh

DOMINION OF CANADA
1887

COASTS aubISLAMOS.- Redvctd frvm 'PImHs' in USPtcific Comt hft - AUiU fkrt I .'StS

FOHT WKAN6EU. - Ut Si' 18 IS' N Long tSVZili-W fr^ USCo^s^ fM»t, f> 93 NOTC : Qn fh, USfAc.*,,. C«,* ni,t P/a',

CO**

Z'CfjfJt'l ^^*"^* ^d/icnf ho fort ttf*»j<ll. conntchnt, w.H, th, Shhn,. ir. not ,n M/, mAp fi.h, fwA.i/i /J„ USCktrtJ

^^ :i ^J^U""'* I'MT) w.H, OrcumftrtnHr t^J R^htn M.crom.hw. %l„r^), Cr„k /« D,A„ i**., \J. M* £v^t(AU„U„t '/, 0MIOA.»»n
Or»li„n,Ci.r,)j«n,y^ l*a?)m,l-k fr„^,.h,^ C^put ^d p*^.,nj Altn, ^r^ul - U>;hua„ ,f 6/,«,«t T,l,,r^S Crttk sj,J Dt*.t* 14lA* (A,^)
»i'.rytJ iy C M_0^tM w.th y;r,ch *«/»«A. Ur,y,^uJu ,f T,ly,^l, Cr„A t^J Ot*.,e. U.kt (h^) f-r*n\Urr,4 fr^ Wr^.,H fy „,„. ,, fj„
'VZTi'2'2 '"' "'♦*""■«*' "^a/ineM t^rt ^vy nJ^,fiU.t<>r,ly -/M M. rtMi/h, of hht oiitrv*h,ns.

T£Le6RAPH CHCIK NORTH WESTCHIY /, Uh tO'N ~ from Ulfjf^h ExpUr^hon ( Byr^,,', r^U. /te?J ■ T/,, fr,»r,. ^ m^i,.J
fy M. txfhr^,,,, „ „JJy,f,<f «». /, c0nntU TtUjrfl, Cruk „H, 'TAkk,- or Tog.tk L»J,t AciorJ.ny f, M< *«/ JV«'/»i/« «/i,»,*/.,« r»p,<.hno
ctont<:hnj tvArtrj, 4/.rf M« jMllhan ef '.T^kka LM.kt. AM ajctrtjunnl iy Mr. Ogilvift survey (ittr) '

CHILKAT KIVCF .MO yfC/AZ/TY AccorJ.nm H Or. A- Kravits tttjtt / Brtmtr, 6t»a. ivc IW Btrhn Gtcq. Sot l$$3}

'C»nn,lli

ijltulltt aicut 4■■|4■i^4.^u^^. milts
'M f'Sf/kiri IS Ulet, fr,m Mups »ccoinpA,yinj U Sch'fi.tkis nporf, rtdurrd proporhontllf ith

■*•'•' OH ^'' Yukon ( Uh ii-ii'it-aj Lonj l*S-r/-*7-)AnJ .ix>r.iu,r„d -I, bf fiirly ,.iyrr^t.t
D£ASE RIVCR tn, roult i, FrAns.t!, La.kt ~'M PlUy Rl.tr aio^, Ojd fStlkirk Accorjimj H ^r*ck-tur,tt iyGMO*

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23 WBT MAIN STRUT

WIBSTM.N.Y. 14SM

(716) •72-4303

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No. 17. — Canadian Map, January 23, 1888.

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