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MCMCOrV mOUITION TBT OMtT

(ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No. 2)

-^ff=>PLIED IN/t>lGE Inc

t65J Eoit Main StrMt
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"6lorlott$ enterprise"

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tiK Plan of campaign

for m eowivttt of new fratcc)
1t$ OrlglM, Witory ««« eemitctlM
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01. D. $c»ivlcr-£l0MlMin* m. Hm f . K. 1 Ct

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Sodety of Montreal, flcc.

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to tiK nwiitMtk «id ]litki«triai Sodtty
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tbe Plan of eampaigti

for tfte eoNum or xm frmcci
fti Orlfli, KMory «mi ComHctloi

01. D. IdMykr-CiglNMn, m. Jl., f . R. l c»

Vkt ftm t iuk ci tht NumtouMc lb AaMmuilaa
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»■*♦•

^•^-•»

I Mtncr.

of Balbvut
30L.PSTBR

CttMna MARGARST

■.CoUPhiLi
3cdSquln

COL. JO»H

n. EUuMh Sluts

4a«i. Hon. Ik. StMli

-and S olhw cfaaJna
twoolwtMa dMyottflg

ol OUvcr TcadcU
HalmM, Chkl JwtlM Srmll.«te.

Col. joha Jr.
m, CoriMlU
VutCoftUad

L PHILIP

CtUl'

nuMATor

COiyiw

OBN,

nkCtthcflM Gor.c
VarRtMMlMr oici.v

fkfu-'

ChtIi

MWMMl

m. GmSltphMi
-VaaRMiMUMr

GcB.S<r
CanwIhM,

jGra.R.VAN.

BUM
m.G«fl.Alcz.

CoMtnof
GBN.SOL.VJt.

nVM. SMITiLSM.

tor

au Jm. SltvMioo

Burloo-CfatMla
olCuuda

SLOHS OF CANADA

v«*"

►"sf

Col PHEJP PIETERSEN

fst SQUIRE OF rm

In t650iiutrica MARGARITA VAN SUCHTENHORST,

Gtftfitdt

m. U-Gov. Stefdien Van CottUodt

M Laid iA Manor oi Cordand.

o«^

LT^V.

I I

jUuu 9i»fU

in.S.de oklLVatt

.Lancer RenMela*r

SthPaboon

JAS.'

ThSip
SrdLotd

Pierre

ComeUM
okjohn

Sastn
m.Adm SIR P. BARREN

dau.in.Hon.
J ohn VaMi

dat*. m. Col. ChafcFlteoy,
faro, of Duke of Grafton, &

frand aon of Goy. Coabr.
Sir Vm Jdinaon wai La-
dy Codnr's and Lady Vaiv
ten's a^ent.)

dau.ni.
Earl of
Caadlb

Mary nu
Sir John
Johnaon

Margaret

m.Him. Peter

Kcnfale

Masaietm.

GEN. GAGE

3rd ViacDunt

Gase, nuVan

Cortlandt

m. lit Nich. Van Rennelaer

KlUanVJL

5th patroon of the

Manor of R.

LT.-GOV.

2ndSqti

fflk Maria Van

CoUPh

SrdSqt

nuMarga

CoLPi
4th Sq

Stephen VJL
Ml patroon

Ste^^VJL
7tt> Patroon '
n. Cath. Livinnton
dau. of Philip L.

GEN. STEPHEN YA

8th patroon

m. Magaret Schuyler

m, 2nd ROBERT LIVINGSTON
lit. Lord of Livingfton Manor

Undcol ..
SIR ▼m JOHNSON

PhiUp
lodLord

Robert
3idLard

Major Phil,

Robert Mart

Lord of Qermont m. COL,

RoirertR. jr.

Chancellor

nap

itaff o

Chief of itaff oi ^J*^.,^

Nicholson & Vetch m. GEN. RICD

1711; Accompanied MONTGOMERY

Vetch to Que. 1705. On his »ta« were Col. KiUar
I (Bro.ofGen.GerritVis

Sarah iton,reIatiyeof Montgoti

m. Lord Stirling

SUemo: ARENT VAN CORLEAR, founder of the aflhnce wtth the Six Nations, was cousin of K. Van Rensselaer, 1

== '- TABLE SHOWING RELATIONSHIPS OF NEW

■■^s^'ipiSA-iiKK.fA^-^- ■

RSEN VAN SCHUYLER

OF THE FLATTS.
IHORST, (Uughtefof

.-GOV. PETER

2nd Squire,
[aril Van RcnaeUcr

CoLPhiUp

8rd Squire

m. Margaret S.

CoL Peter
4th Squire

Barcnt Van S. director Renaclaer Maocr.

i i

Bnnt CoL a4fent

m. CoeaeBa Van CortUnd of Beilevue

nroN

inor

MtLrgaret
m.CX>L,S. VETCH

Two other Sons
m. daughter! of
K.Van Renaelacr
5 Patrooo

COL. JOHN

tn. Elizabeth SUats

dau. Hon. Dr. Staatt

_and 5 other children
two ol whom died young

ancestress of ^ver Vendell
Holincs, Chief Justice SeweU,etc.

COL. PETER

CattieriDc
m.EariofCaisilis

MARGARET

(The Am. Lady)

m. CoL Phil. S.
3rd Squire

I
Col. John jr.
m. Cornelia
Van CortUnd

GEN. PHILIP

m. Catherine

Van Rensselaer

CaUlyntje
m. Mayor
CCuyler

Margaret
nu GenlStephen
— ^Van Rensselaer

Elin
nu Gen. Alex.
Hamilton

Gov. C
of Cape
Breton

Gen. Sir

Cornelius,

Bart

Gen. R.VAN. RENSSELAER

Cousin of
GEN. SOL. V J^

m. Jas. Stevenson
I
m. Gen. Napier
Burton-Qiristle
of Canada

SsSKJaSf'jWicelSo-ofChief Justice™ SMITH. Sen.

"jA, Kilian Van Rensselaer, and Cd. J. Vistcfaer of Oavetack,
Serrit Visscher of British Gren. Guards) and CoL Jas. Living-
1 Montgomery's wife, commanded a Regt.

nsselaer, 1st patroon.

NEW YORK DEVISERS OF INVASIONS OF CANADA

CV(

th(

dai
wa
we

THE

'' GLORIOUS ENTERPRISE ''

^ j^ j^

THE PLAN OF CAMPAIGN

FOR THE CONQUEST OF NEW FRANCE, ITS ORIGIN
HISTORY AND CONNECTION WITH THE IN-
VASIONS OF CANADA

BY ▼. D. SCHUYLER-UGHTHALL, M. A„ F. R. S. L.

Vicc-Pkoidctit of tbc Numianutic be AntlqiMrian

Sodety of Montmd.

L THE QUESTION AT ISSUE

HE greatest event in the history of the
New World, (except its discovery by
G>Iumbus) in the opinion of the writer,
was the conquest of Canada, for that
event decided the fate of North America, as respects
the dominance of races and institutions. The Re-
volution, it is true, was a momentous occurrence but
it was in essence a development rather than a fun-
damental displacement. The conquest of Canada
was the result of that long historical struggle bet-
ween England and France for the control of thi

ThJfd SeriCT.- VoL ffl. No. 5

2 " THE GLORIOUS ENTERPRISE "

continent, the ** Seventy Years War ** In which so
many noble spirits had taken part on both sides and
such remarkable deeds d enterprise and daring had
been done.

We are apt to look at its decisive incident, the
taking of Quebec, by itself and unthinkingly to attri-
bute the entire credit of the bng process to the dying
hero James WoHe, and to the British forces under
his command. The process however was much
larger than the finale, and the toilsome footsteps of
not one but many actors are imprinted on the long
path of the movement, and contributed to its result.
It is true that authorities such as Parkman and
Kingsford, have perceived part of the proposititm,
and describe the taking of Quebec as the culmina-
tion 01 two generations of scattered and ineffective
strife arising out J the inevitable conflict of two ex-
panding populations. But even by them the stiife is
r^arded as disccMinected and void of unity d pur-
pose.

The object of the present paper is to show, and I
believe for the first time definitely, a rcmaifcabic and
significant family and social connection between the
personnel of the chief actors on the British side dur-
ing the successive stages ; to trace the course of a
pertinacious adh«irence by them to one coherent plan
of conquest from first to last, a plan which in sub-
stance was the one that finally attained the result ;
and to indicate a connection of associated events of
historical importance before and after these seventy
years of war forming a preface and sequel to tiicm.

THE FLAN OP CAMPAIGN 3

which cover a much longer period comprising in all
nearly three centuries-from about 1560 to 1838.

Though an inheritor of the history of these per^
sons, I have sought to set forth their claims and the
facts as impartially as I could, and to adduce the
Tptods,

n. CAUSES OF THE INVASIONS

The war against New France derived its origin
from the fall of Hochelaga, an aboriginal event
which took place about J550-60* Somewhere about
1400, the Hochelagans, a Huron-Iroquois people,
had established themselves on the Island of Montreal
and in the surrounding country, having htoken off
from the Huron race, then or soon afterwards centred
on the eastern shore of Lake Huron. They had for-
gotten their ancestry, were established on good terms
with the surroundbg A%c ikin peoples and were
visited by Jacques C^er in J 535 at their palisaded
town the site of which is opposite the present Mc-
Gill University grounds. About 1550-60 trouble
arose with the A%onkins, who seem to have called in
the Hurons to their aid. The latter, coming from the
west, besieged and burnt the town of Hochelaga with
the result of driving out the Hochelagans altogetfier
fran the valley of the St. Lawrence towards Lake
Qiamplain (1).

Thus was kindled the strife which was the be-
ginning of the terrible Iroquois wars of New France.

(I) See HocheUgans and Mohawks, by the writer in the pfocecdings of
the Royal lodety of Canada. Vtd. IV, Second actio.

4 "THBGUKUOUS ENTERPRISE"

The Hochekgam, next known under the name of
Canlengas» Agniers or Mohawks were driven Into
an alliance with the other tribes thereafter known
with them under the names of the Five Nations or
Iroquois, and Qiamplain on his arrival took up the
quarrel of the Hurons and Algonkins with them
thus launching the French upon their lasting feud
with the Fh^e Nations, which finally brought about
the wars with the British Colonies.

One invasion stands entirely apart from the others
to which this paper refers, namely that by Kertk, of
1629, the cause of which was the conflict for the con-
trol of the fisheries on the shores of the GuK and
Newfoundland.

m. THE INVASION OF 1690-1

The commencement of active trouble between the
colonies arose in 1689 when Frontenac, incensed at
the British for protecting the Iroquois and allowing
their traders to sell them firearms and ammunition,
organised three expeditions : — the first against
Albany or Orange, starting from Montreal, the lead-
ers of which were LcMoync de Stc. Helenc and
lyAillcboust dt Mantcth; the second against some
point between Boston and New York, and which
struck a blow at Salmon Falls, New Hampshire, its
starting poi: t being Three Rivers ; the ^hird against
the New England coast, with Quebec for starting
point. The whole idea was apparently a form of
Callicrcs' proposal of 1689 to the king for the taking
of Albany and conquest of all New York.

i. ' li ' .?

THB PLAN OF CAMPAIGN $

The result ol the first enterprise of the three was
the sacking: and midnight massacre of Schenectady,
then a small hamlet 12 miks from Albany, in which
sixty-three inhabitants were slain on the 9iu of
February 1690, and a number ol otho>s were carried
off to Canada.

Blows of a similar kind were struck by the other
tu -> expeditions and the whole proceeding aroused,
enraged and fused in a common sentiment the
British colonies, hitherto self-centred under their
separate governments.

It was the blow against Albany which produced
by far the most dedsive consequence. TTiat place
was then, and remained long afterwards, a post of
comparative importance, though the population of
the town and county would now seem insignificant
Callieres (1), estimated that the city in 1689 con-
tained 150 houses and about three hundred men
bearing arms. The white population of the dty
and county were estimated at 1014. (2)

A few years afterwards the dty and county of
Albany had come to contain nearly as many persons
asandin 1756more than the dty and county of New
York, so that its relative importance was consider-
able. Its strategic importance certainly was jrcat.
The colony of New Netherland had been founded
by the Dutch 'lation in 1609. Its chief object at first
was trade With the Indians. The Dutch claimed as
included in it a large area comprising roughly
Doc.:

(J)

Hht, N. Y., I, p. 288.

(2) Doc p. 690 at tOU.

« "Tm GLORIOUS KNTIRPIUSB "

the present states of New York, Vermont, New
Jersey, Delaware, and parts of Connecticut and
Pennsylvania. In 1630 (!)» the settlement of Albany
had been undertaken by KilUan Van RensMlaer, a
wealthy IXitch nobU who named it Rensselaer-
swyck. The boundaries of his possession, which he
himself never saw, were twenty-four miles square
and inckided the territory of tlie present cities of
Albany, Troy and other large neighbouring towns.
Being at the head ci the navigation of the Hudson,
and on the borders of the Five Nation country, the
settlement was well situated for the fur trade with
the savages of the West. In 16M New Netherland
became English, and was granted by King Qiarks
n, to his brother James, Duke of Yodc and Albany,
after whom the province was styled New York, and
after whose second title Rensselaerswyck was thence-
forth named Albany. When James became king,
New York was attached as a permanent appanage
of the crown, and being styled ^The Royal Pro-
vince,'' was ever afterwards more directly controlled
by the Oown than any of the other colonies. English
man<»ial law was introduced and the creation of
large manors and estates became a characteristic of
New York policy, until the Revolution. It was said,
about the middit of the 18th century, that in passing
from Albany to New Yoik (a distance of about one
hundred and sixty miles) the traveller crossed the
land of only thirteen proi»ietors. Parkman puta the
matter as it stood at about the same period as follows.

(I) N. Y.. Doc. 1, 85.

1> I

THB PLAN OF CAMPAIGN 7

^ Li New Yoric, the oM Dutch feudality stiO held
** tway, 4tnd the manors ci the Van Renaselaen,
^ Van Cortlandts and Uvtagstoni, and the great
** estates and numerous tenantry of the Schuylers
^ and other leading; famiUes, formed the basis of an
** aristocraqr, some of the members of which had
'^ rendered good service to the State and wens dea-
" tined to render more. Pennsylvania was feudal
'^inform but not inspirit; Virginia, in spirit but

not in form. New England in neither and
** New Yodc in both (I)/' The existence of a
poweiful aristocracy in New Yoric had a great in-
fluence on the military history of the invasions of
Canada. The results were afready in evidence at
Albany, in 1689, at the period of the massacre of
Schenectady. At that time the andcnt social dis-
tinction between the ffeniry and the people which
had been imported unbroken from Europe during the
period of the Dutch patroonships, and was confirmed
by English customs, was in fuD force, and the un-
questioning respect shewn to persons of gentle class
placed them in a position of natural leadership and
gave scope to the hereditary qualities which no doubt
distinguished some of them. ITie institution of
noblesse or gentry produced some of the same cha-
racteristics as in New France;— an active, far-
iightcd spirit of military enterprise, and at the same
time a repellent force to the progress of immigration.

Albany had received a city charter from the crown
in 1686, and its first mayor was Peter Schuyler.

(I) laontcalm and Vdie, VoL H.

• •"niiaLOIUOISINTIRPIUSB''

The usual Indkatloiis of coti-§xmat, nuurlage, echica-
tkxvand rqputc show that Schuyler'a father belonged
to ^ petty nobksae o{ Holland^ and hia afchak fal-
coner escutcheon Indicated that the line was andent.
He had come out to Rensselaerswyck In 1650, was
well received, and married the dau^^iter of the Direc-
tor of the G^kmy the same year, luid soon oc cup ied
some of the most Important portions of ^ place,
being commander of tibe mllMa of ^ district and a
commlssarls or magistrate. His wife Margarita was
of a markedly proud aiid even wariike disposit i on*
Of didr eleven children two died young and the
others — n urt u red in plain, hardy, truthful fashion, —
married members of the prlndpal manorial and
military families cf the Province* Through their
descendants the plans for the conquest of Gmada
were originated, were perpetuated anid finally carried
out He possCTicd large tracts of land and particular-
ly an estate a few mBes north of Albany, then and
afterwards known as ** The Flatts,'' one of the many
eztensive landed possessions which afterwards were
heU by his family and which in time became oi large
value* Peter, the Mayor of Albany, was the eldat
of his sons.

The Mayors were appointed by the Gx}wn; and
there were included in Peter Schuyler's powers those
of Chairman of the Indian Gxnmissioners ; Chief Ji.^
of the Common Pleas and commander (rf the militia of
the District — posts including altogether the principal
administrative military and judicial powers over an
enormous extent oi country. The importance of the

THE PLAN or C/MPAIGN f

FWte Nation Indl«iu» (ktcr the Six Nations) with
thdr hoit at lomc 2»800 active warriors, made the
post of Chairman of the Indian Gxnmissloners In
some degree the most essential part of his duties. In
those days of small numbers and vast opportunities,
this chairmanship constituted practical, Jie control
of an alliance of the separate milttary powers con-
trolling the heart of the continent.

On receipt of the news of the massacre of Schenec-
tady, consternation was the first feefing at Albany*
WaUam of Orange had just come to the throne of
Great Britain after a sanguinary struggle; no Go-
vernor of his appointment had as yet reached the
Province. Tie Qty of New York and with ii the
lower region of the Province were under the power
of the usurper Jacob Leisler, who had been elected
Lieutenant-Governor by a fanatical mob, and the
authorities at Albany were unaUe to act upon thdr
own initiative. Thdr portion of the Province was
bdng managed by a simple convention of the Albany
officials and in their weakness and distress folbwing
tlie massacre this convention fdt obliged to call upcm
the other cobnies for help. It was then that Peter
Schuyler, refusing to Usten to the many who were
for deserting the town, pursued and attacked tide
Invaders and devised that fundamental scheme for
the conquest of Gmada which was the basis erf all
the plans leading to final success, and departure from
the lines of which was ever followed by failure and
defeat. Its features were : — first, co-operation of all
the British colonies ; second, a fleet attacking Quebec;

'THB CL0R10U8 BNTIRnun <

third, an «raiy nuildng « mpportinf attack on Mon-
treal by way ci Lake Champlain; and fourth, the
aadftance of the Fhre Natkm Indiana. Smpk
through tt appears, tubeequent events have proved
it« d^th ci calculation*

Let us inquire into its origin. (1) Parkman says t
** The plan of the eombtoed attack on Canada
** seems to have been first proposed by the Iroquois,"
an(' it is true that Schuylor in his appeal to Massa-
chusets, Connecticut, New Jersey and Pennsylvania
quotes a remark of the Five Nation chi^ which will
be given below as to the necessity of unity and the
sending of ships to Quebec, but it is evident that any
suggestion of this ktod couU scarcely originate with
an inland savage peo^ but rather that they had
approved of plans to that effect which had been re-
presented to them by their &Msh friends as possible.
Such subjects had doubtleu been disaissed many
times bet w een the Indian Commissioners and this
various councils of the Five Nations. The position
of Schuyler in these joint councils was not alone
that of Chief of the Whites, but what appealed far
more to their sentiment and customs was that they
looked up to him as the great white Warrior their
ally. For immediately after the massacre of Schenec^
tady he had taken up their cause against the French;
had gone at the head of two hundred militia and
Indians, fought the enemy and taken fifteen prisoners.
Ever after this tai^ble proof of comradeship with
them he was considered one of themselves and affec-

(S) Ftoatciiac, p. 255.

TIB PLAN OP CMIPAIQN

tWuiteljr referred to fay the Five Nations as '^ our
brother Quider.'' (1)

Again and again he is addressed in the formal
addKsses at their meetings with the New Yoric Go-
vernors, and his name was r^;arded fay than as of
more importance than that d Oie nominal adn^-
trators. On one occasion they strenuously demand
that ''Quider'' be sent to them and refuse to be
padficd ezcqpt fay their brother who ** never told a
lie and never spoke without thinking.^

This podtkKi of influence with the Six Nations he
poss es s ed in a kind of succession from the ^ great
white chief,'' Arent van Corlaer who had been the
first Director of the ccHoay of Rensselaerwyck and
afterwards founded Schenectady* Van Gvlaer was
a rtaUku adventurous gentleman, a cousin of KiHian
van Rensselaer, the first Patroon and was thus of the
same family dfcle »» Schuyler, two of whose sLvters
married Van Rensselaers. Bdng a man of fearless,
generous nature and athletic presence, he was very
h^hly thought of by the Indians and also by the
French. As practically Governor of Upper New Ne-
therland he had accepted an invitation to visit the Mar-
quis de Tracy, Governor of Guiada, when he perish-
ed on the way in a storm. The Governors of New
York were always known in after times by his name
and the same title slightly corrupted (Kor;^ continues
to the present day to be that given by all Iroquois to
the sovere^;ns of Great Britain* Van CorleAt

(t) The name wu farmed by thdr attempt to pconouiice hit nunc
Peter, there bein( no letter P In the Iroqtioli vocebulery.

' THE cuxaaus enterprise "

was the true founder of the long Anglo-Iroquois
alliance.

To return from our digfression^ the letters to Massa-
chusetts sent on the part of the Albany Convention
were signed by Schuyler and by two otihcrs,—
Wessels^ the Recorder, and KiHian van Rensselaer
the second, representing the manor, but Parkman
rightly attributes the terms of the message to Schuykv
alone, as subsequent events proved. These letters
were in the same terms to the various colonies.
That to Massachusetts was dated J 5 February J 690,
six days after the Schenectady attack, and in its
course relates the remark of the Mohawk chiefs to
which I have referred :

** Write to alt them that are in covenant with
** us, namely New England, Virginia and the English
** Planters of America, to make all readiness to
'* master Canada early in the Spring, tttith great
** ships, else yoa cannot Uve in peace. Now
** gentlemen, ** (the letter proceeds) '* the Indians
** speak welt yet we are satisfied by all their actions
"that they will side with the strongest and the
''Indians that are amongst the French are all of
*' our Indian relations, and it cannot be imagined that
** they wiD destroy one another, therefore, if their
** Majesties' subjects do not rise like one man against
** the French, their Majesties* interests in these parts
** will be destroyed, and they once being rooted out,
" all your evils which spring from them as a fountain
** will be quashed. The longer we stay the worse
** it will be, for we must cb it at last. Make all

THE PLAN OT CAMPAIGN

** readiness in the Spring to invade Canada by water.
** We beg an answer with aH speed."

HaK a year previously on the 23rd. of July J689,
Colonel Nicholas Bayard, having fled from Leiskr
at New York ** to the protection of the great care, con-
duct and prudence of Peter Schuyler, Mayor" of
Albany, (I) writes to Captain Nicholson, afterwards
the nominal commander against Canada in 17U.
** I find the inhabitants of Albany stiU inclined for
some exploit; and if a war with France, they
would not be wanting to contribute verry much to-
wards the subduing dt that Government."

A few days later, on the 5th. of August, he ex-
p^-ins their project exactly to Nicholson : (2)

** It is therefore most certain that these English
Colonics will never be at rest or safe till those iU
designes of the French be stiffled. By the subduing
and irOtading of Canada, tbhkh easily might be
accomplished 'tinth some smalt assistance from
England, by ttater from New York and by land
from hence, in which we may have a sufficient
number of Indians for assistance/',,,, we have
various reports, (3) that the war is proclaimed bet-
ween England and France, which if so I humbly
conceave it would be the only time to make that
attempt this very next Spring, yet leave the conside-
ration thereof to better CouncelL"

(t) N. \ . Doc. m, 675.

(2) Colonel N. Bayaid to Cipt Nichobon, from Albany, 5 Aug. I68».

(3) In April IM9.

THE (HX>RK>US ENTERPRISE '

The proposition of the Iroquois proposed by them
to Governor Dongan in Feb. 1688, (1) was only
to remove the French from Niagara, Cataraqui and
Ticonderoga, not a general plan 61 conquest.

Nor was the plan that of the loyal and able Don-
gan, as he freely avows himself while a true and
active Briton ** a better friend to the French King's
subjects than he thinks I am ", and his view of their
relations was simply that each nation should keep
to its own proper territory*

Twenty years previously, the conquest of Guiada
had been thought of and dismissed*

By letter ci Gov. jjohn Winthrop to Secretary i
Arlington it appears that royal letters of 22 Feb* 1666
to the Governments of Massachusetts, Nova Scotia
and Gmnecticut ordered the conquest of Gmada,
but it was ** the unanimous apprehension of us all
that at present there could be nothing done by these
G>Ionies in reducing those places at or about
Canada."

In }687 we find the situation being considered.
Peter Schuylcf writes to Dongan, 7 Sept J 687:
The various reports that come daily makes us con-
soler in what posture our place is off for defence,
we know now what design the french may have,
and it is certain this place must be the general Ren-
de2-vous of the county.** (2)

The Albany Convention acted independently of
the usurper Leisler. They at the same time stirred

(}) p. 536.
(2) P. 482.

THB PLAN <» CAMPAIGN

up the Six Nations; and then sent as envoy to
Connecticut and Massachusetts Schuyler's brother-
in-law Robert Livingston who was urged to go on
account of his readiness in the EngM tongue.
Though two others were with him, he was really
the agent (J)

His memorial to Massachusetts aniains the follow-
ing: (2)

" 8thly, to come to the main business, which is the
**^ subduing of Canada ; this is not so difficult as is rc-
**^ presented to people here. We conceive it of that
^ importance that all true Protestant subjects ought
** to join together, .... and understanding your
** Honors are equiping of vessels and sending of men

*l to ^oy our enemies at Port Royal yt>e are

** of opinion that such an expedition will not obtain
** oitr aim, and therefore if it can possibly be effected
"the only Ttay is to strike at the head by taking
^ Quebec, and then all the rest mast follow ....
** We, by making a good appearance of Christians
*^ and Indians by land Unll draw the principal force
**^up to Montreal and so facilitate the taking of
** Quebec.'* They were also to blockade the St.-
Lawrence, shutting out all succour from France.
^^ The characteristic answer of Massachusetts was
' that they were fitting out an expedition under Sir
*^ WilBam Phipps against Port Royal, the object of
which was to clear their own coasts.'* In the end
however the combination was formed. By the ad-

(J) N.Y„voI.3,|>.699.
(2) N. Y^ Doc 3, p. 697.

f«

' THE GLORIOUS ENTERPRISE "

vice of Connecticut, a peace was patched up with
Ldsler and all joined in the enterprise, Winthrop of
Gxmecticut being agreed upon as general New
York was to furnish four hundred men; Massa-
chusetts one hundred and sixty ; Ginnecticut one
hundred and thirty-five; Plymouth sixty; and
Maryland one hundred* In thanking Connecticut,
Livingston said: **l hope your honors do not lode
upon Albany as Albany but the frontier of your
hcMior^s Colony and of all their Majesties' coimtries.''
In the operations Schuyler \mdertock specially the
management of the Six Nati(ms and he visited them,
and afterwards went to Wood Creek, which led
northward to the foot of Lake Champlain. At the
creek he made canoes anrl other preparations for the
little army. &naItpox and a bad commissariat
broke up the expedition that year— 1690. But in
order that an impression should not be lost, the
Colonel's brother Captain john Schuyler, then aged
twenty-two, - ..antfeercd to lead any who would jdn
him, in ;" .ad upon Canada. About forty British
and one hundred Iroquois (1) volunteered, at the
head of whom he penetrated the wilderness to La-
prairie opposite Montreal The place was surrounded
by miles dt open meadow land, and he could not
get his Indians to attack in the open. They however
destroyed the crops, killed six French, and carried
off nineteen prisoners.

The raid very naturally appears in French annals
as an Iroquois incursion. It was m reality the first

(t) Jourtul ol John Schuyler, N. Y^ Doc.

THB PLAN OF CAMPAIGN

attack upon Guiada by land* Jdm's brother Arent
Schuyler had previously in May of the same year
kd a scouting party ci eight Mohawics along the
sanie route.

Durii^ the season Massachusetts captured Port
Royalt (which was however afterwards returned to
France by Great Britain). The next year the cokmies
carried out the enterprise in a manner more ap-
proaching comi^teness. Sir WiUiam Phipps made
his celebrated attack upon Quebec and in combina-
tion with him Peter Schuyler invaded Gmada by
land, following the same route as John and strikii^
a severe blow at Laprairie, which is described by
Ch-^rlevoiz, by the French Engineer c^cerG^d^
de Gitalogne, by Frontenac^ and also by Schuyler
himself in his Journal, in the New York documents.
His force, carefully counted by each man putting
down a small stick, consisted ci two hundred and
sixty-six men, ci whom one hundred and twenty
were whites. The failure ci Phipps rendered his
movement unavailing except in its effects upon the
Five Nations, whom durii^ the subsequent years he
several times inspirited by energetic movements of a
similar character. For many year^^ also his brothers,
G>kmels John and Arent Sc<>uyler were actively en-
gaged in the British service on the frontier.

TV. THE INVASION OF l7(»-n

The Plan remained dormant until early In the
next century, when a man of immense energy took
it_up anew. This was G>loneI Samuel Vetch, who

' THE GLOMOUS ENTERPRISE <

bom In 1666 in Scodand had fought bravely in
several European battles and had takien part in the
ill-fated colonization scheme of the Isthmus of Darien.
After the failure of die latter he went to New York.
In 1700 soon after arrivii^ he spent some months in
Albany, and there married the daughter of Robert
Livingston and niece of Peter Schuyler, being thus
drawn into the family group in question, with all its
activities, recollections and access to ardhives of the
past war. In 1702 his name appears at a meeting of
the Governor and Indian Coounissioners with the
chiefs of the Five Nations at Albany. He engaged
in ti.e wholesale fur trade into Gmada from
Albany, and traded by ship to Quebec from Boston.
Being experienced in military matters and darii^
enterprises he took up again the scheme of 1690 for
the conquest of Canada, and in pursuit of it examined
carefully the approaches to that country both by
Quebec and Montreal- He gathered all particulars
about the previous expedition with a view to its re-
newal In 1708 he went to England with the
scheme; obtained favor at court ior his plans and in
1709 was despatched to New York with instructions
to several Governors of Provinces to take part in
what he terms " this glorious enterprise.'' The
phrase was a repetition of the ^ Soe glorious an
enterprise'' used by the Albany agents in thdr
Memorial to Massachusetts of the 20th. d March
1689 which he must have read among the archives
kept by his father-inrlaw (1) and was repeated at a

(1) N. Y^ Doc. m, 697.

THE FLAN OT CAMPAIGN

later day tsy Pownafl in relation to the final and
successful form of the Plan described hereaiter. He
had obtained the valuable adherence of Q>IoneI
Francis Nicholson, former Governor of New Yoric,
and now of Massachusetts, the same to whom Bayard
had described the idea in )689, who was to assist in
the attack, with forces to start irom Albany to con-
sist of 1500 men contributed by the united colonies
whik provisions for three months were to be pre-
viously deposited at Wood Creek. Vetch, with
rank of colonel, was to accompany the fleet to
Quebec, and it was specially stipulated that Colonel
Peter Schuyler was to be secured and given the
practical command ci the land ezpedttion; as
Nicholson was no soldier. The fleet iikd to arrive
that year, so in J7J0 (I) Schuyler proceeded to
Et^land at his own expense and took wtth him to the
court of Queen Anne five ol the principal Five Na-
tion chieb in order both to strengthen their all^iance
and especially to arouse interest in Britain for he held
and expressed the firm conviction that, through their
predominance over all other tribes, they held ''the ba-
lance of power in North America." He was comple-
tely successful References to the ''Indian Kings"
and "Mohawks" in the Spectator, show the popularity
of the visit, and it had substantial results in military
aid. Queen Anne became personally very friendly
to him, presented him with his poiirait, a set of silver
plate, and one ci diamonds for his wife, and repeat-
edly urged him to accept knighthood, which however

(1) Smitb't HiA of N. V. Sec post.

St "THB GLORIOUS DmRPmSB"

he itfuacdy for various qudnt reasoni. Fmt he Mdd
that he had farothen not lo well off aa himaeK ^^
would fed humtk by compariion. Afterwarda hir
reply was that the honor mi^t make the ladles oi
his Camlly vain 1 Probably he was not without some
humor*

During the xame year Acadia was permanently
conquered by Vetch (with Nicholson as nominal
leader) and Vetch was made first Governor of Port
Royal and ol Nova Sc(rtla. The name of iht town
was changed to Annapolis Royal In honor of the
Queen, h 17U» the British fleet, commanded by
Admiral Sir Hovenden Walker, came out bearing
an army under General ** Jack ** Hill, a wortfiless
court favorite, and sailed from Boston iot Quebec*
Vetch had stipulated that In case of success in redu-
cing Canada and Newfoundland he might be left
Gmmander-^n-chief of Gmada. (1)

The story of the shipwreck on tfie Hes auz Oeub
in the GuH Is familiar. Walker, who was incapable
and headstrong, refused to be warned that he was
runnii^ on the rocks, while Hill, the General, fell
into a monstrous fright and retreated* Vetch, jJans
were thus frustrated, to his intense chagrin. Schuyler
meanwhile, as Ueutenant-General, received the levies
of the colonies at Albany, arranged for the Indian
alfiance, and commanded the Albany regiment ; but
the land expedition being by its nature au3dliary
oaifyt was given up on the failure of the fleet* The
connection of this expedition with that of 1691 is

(I) N.-Y.DocnV. p.79.

THB FLAN OF CAMPAIGN 21

evident in detail ; not only from the drcumstances
end persotmel, but from the expretaions in Uie New-
Yirk Documents. (1) The close connection of Co-
lonel Sch^jykr with the land expedition is obvious
from the Governor's instructions (2) and from the
examination of certain Lidians (3) in which the Go-
vernor of Quebec teHs them ^t he expected the
first blow from Quider* Vetch had told Walker, in
remonstrating: with him about discontinuing tfie inva-
sion, that he considered Phipps' voyage in 1691 -^s
beii^ his exemplar for the navigation to Quebec in
ihc one in Iiand* (4)

While the names to which large military move-
ments were officially attributed were frequently those
of governors and commanders from Britain, such as
Nidiolson and Hill, the true sources of credit were
wen known in the Province itself. William Smith
Jr, the earfiest historian of New-York, whose father
had been Qiief Justice, and whose marriage to a
Livingston of the Manor gave him full access to the
personal and other information possessed by the
ruling group, reflects the general opinion in his his-
tory as foOows : (5)

^ As we had not a man in the Province who had
more extensive views of the importance of drtvii^
the French out of Canada than Cokmel Schuyler, so
neither did any person more heartily engage in the

(J) V. 73.

(2) Do. p. 73.

(3) P. 83.

(4) Kinpferd, 2»p.465.

(5) P. J96.

' THB GLORIOUS OmRPRBB "

kte expedition. To preaerve the frlcndiliip of the
Five Nations, without which it wouU be impossiUe
to prevent our frontiers from becoming « &dd d
blood, he studied all the arts of insinuating himseK
into thefr favor. He gave them all possiUe encou-
ragement and assistance and very much impaired
his own fortune by his liberality to tlieir Qiiefs.
They never came to Albany hut they rescx^ to Iiis
house and even dined at his table ; and by this
means he obtained an ascendency over tfiem which
was attended with very good consequences to the
Province. Impressed with a strong sense of the
necessity of some vigorous measures against tlie
French, Coiontl Sdiuyler was extremely discont-
ented at the late disappointment ; and rescued to
make a voyage to England at his private expense,
the better to inculcate on the Ministry the absohste
necessity of reducing Guuda to the Crown of Great
Britain. For that purpose he proposed to carry
home with him five Indian Chiefr. The House no
sooner heard of his des^ than they came to the
resolution, wliich, in justice to his distinguished
merit, I ought not to suppress. It was this ;

Resolved, nemine contradicente, that tlie humUe
address of the Lieutenant Governor, Gxmdl and
General Assembly of this G>Iony, to tlie Queen, re-
presentii^ the present state of this plantation be
committed to his charge and care to be presented by
himself to Her Sacred Majesty ; he being a person
who, not only in the last war, when he commanded
the forces of this G>Iony in Chief at Canada, but

THB PLAN or CAMPAIGN It

«]io In the present, has performed (ahhful services to
this and the neighbor^ Colonies, and behaved
himself in the office^ with which he has been en-
trusted, with good reputation and the general utis-
{action of the peopk ci those parts.''

Regarding Veteh, Smith refers to his achievements
as follows; (1)

** Colonel Vetch, who had been several years be-
fore at Quebec and sounded the River St Lawrence,
was the first projector of this enterprise. The Minis-
try approved of it and Vetch arrived ki Boston and
prevailed on the New England Colonies to join the
scheme. After that he came to New Yoik and con-
certed the plan of operations with Francis Nicholson,
formerly our Lieutenant-Governor who, at the request
of Governor Ingolsby, the Council, the Assembly,
Gurdon Saltonstall, the Governor of Connecticut,
and Charles Gookin, Lieutenant-Governor of Pensyl-
vania, accepted the Chief command of the Provincial
forces intended to penetrate mto Canada by t!ie way
of Lake Champlain."

Peter Schuyler at length passed away at his estate
of the Flatts, fuU of years and honors, having been
thrice Lieutenant-Governor and for a long time Pre-
sident of the Executive Council of the Province, of
which his brother Colonel John Schuyler was also
a member. Poor Vetch fell into obscurity and tcuil
neglect after the failure of his entreprise, and died in
a British prison, incarcerated for debt In the next
generation, the traditions of Peter and John Schuyler

(1) P. 173.

M "THEOLC^iouiiNnRnkai''

were euMfy ct . on bjr PMcr't ten Phdip, the
third Hdrc ol ut. HfttU and bjr hit rcnuuluUe wtfe
MargarlU, who wsf « daughter ol John. Thitpcr-
aon, ^(rftoee fife it ghrcn in the celebrated work of Mn
Grant, of Ltggan, entitled ** Memoin of an Ameri-
can Lady ** is now heneU known to historiana, as
** The American Lady,'' from the title of the work.
'Hie extent to which she and her husband were
r^arded as depositories of military information affect-
ing Gmada is shown in the same book ; (0

Various evidences of the persistence of the enter>
prise are found among tiie members of the G>uncil
as weU as in the chief manor-houses <^the Province,
among the descendants of Peter Schuyler. New
strongholds rose in the way, and new details became
necessary. *^ As a rupfure with France seems to us
at this distance unavoidable " writes Lieutenant-
Governor Quke to the Duke of Newcastle in 1741,

I humbly beg leave to lay before your Grace my
present thoughts ** and he pioceeds to explain a plan
for the conquest of Canada, which he takes tor
granted to be a current object of Provincial thought.
He would subdue the forts of the Upper Lakes, and
at Crown Point, take Louisbourg by a fleet from
EngUmd and then by blockading the Gulf of St.
Lawrence against French shipping open the way for
a land expedttion by ChamUy to Quebec The lat-
ter expedition would probably have failed, and with
it the whde campaign, for reasons which in the end

(1) Vidt Pill. 120>}-24. IM-US-li-n-aiM, 27t-2, 281. BImidl ad.
(2)NY.Doc.VI,l>2-3-4.

TW PLAN or CAMPAMN «

jwevcd II to be nceaiMnr thit Quifae should bt
•ttadwd br « fket ; but tht wliak w«< nam tht
kn an cdw ol tht original flan. Cbika ra-lt«nitod
hiivkwa in brief to tht Urdi ol Tmdc, (1) and
fcpcatad them at ''^. doae ol tht aamt year, (2)
ncntloninf tht operienctt ol KJ^ WiOiam'a War
and Quttn Annt'i War ''and our udbrlunatt
ecptditlon against Canada." (3)

In 1745, Louisbourr was taken bjr a NtwEi^land
^usadt undtr PtppettO, with tht assistance da
British fleet under Cnmmodore, (afterwards Vice-
Admiral) Sir Peter Warren, the original idea having

been suggested to GovenwrShirlef ol MassadMtsetts
bjr one William Vaughan, a fish-trader. (4)

Shirlejr was so elated (5) that he prapoaed to
attack Canada, a scheme which he pushed energe-
ticaOjr during the next year, but which was spoiled
through neglect ol the Home Government to send
the necessary fleet ''As usual in the English
attempts against Canada," remarics Parimian (6)
" the campaign was to be a double one. The main
body ol troops, composed ol British regulan and
New England militia, was to sail up the St Law-
rence and attack Quebec, while the levies ol New
York and the provinces further south aided, it was
hoped, by the warriors ol the Iroquois, were tt> ad-
(t) p. tu.

(2) Da. p. 207.

(3) Vkf.<ltoil>.22SaE226>dailhrkttminl743.

(4) PatiEinu,Ha]f<:(alar7olCoafllel 11,83.

(5) Da. f. W.
W D». p. t69.

THE GLORIOUS ENTERPRISE "

vance on Montreal by way of Lake Champlain.
The squadron was to be commanded by Warren.
In New York an order was given in 1746 (1) to
Governor Qinton, ** touching an expedition for the
immediate reduction oi Gmada/' to wit Shirley's
ezpediticm. CliPtm however, who quarrelled with
the militia and prominent men, and Shirley, who,
though active, was unpractical, proved incapable
of organizing the expedition ; (2) and, on the 18th
of August 1748, they unite in reporting to the
Lords of Trade the ** uneasiness ** oi the Six Nations
on account oi the disappointments since they entered
into the war with Gmada after ** the assurances we
had given them of a much greater force of Regular
troops and Ships of war to attack Quebec by sea/'
The lords 61 Trade overlooked of course the delin-
quency of the Home Government in the matter, but
rightly held the bad handling of the Six Nations by
Qinton to be ** very serious ** and hence wrote
Sir Danvers Osbom — whom they sent to replace
Qinton as Governor, and whose secretary was the
celebrated Thomas PownaU, — to hold another
interview with the Six Nations as soon as possible
and that the governors of other interested colonies
are to send commissioners ; and he, (Osbom) is ** to
have a regard to such as are best acquainted with
the Indians, and not obnoxious to them,'' (3) so as

(1) lb. p. 310.

(2) lb. t pp. 39M03.

(3) n*. 800.

THE PLAN OF CAMPAIGN

to ir -"kc ** one general treaty in His Majesty's name **
for all the colonies.

On October 14, 1753, Pownaflreplicclto them from
New York, informing them that »% hi^m^n Osbom
had died suddenly, and that >;ries DeLancc) the
Lieutenant Governor had enterc i upon the gfovem-
ment In DeLanccy and Powm.!; -«.- nownave a
combination of ability to whom the conquest of
Canada is reafly due, for by means of Pownall, Dc-
Lancey's ideas, and the inherited store of experiences
of the Schuyler group were to receive a most brilliant
support and development. It was through Pow-
nall's influence that the expedition against Quebec
was finally ordered. Whether he acted as Secretary
to DeLancey as he had come out to do for Osbom
who was his friend does not appear, but any rate he
was welcomed heartiiy by the Lieutenant-Governor
and given a prominent place in the Government
counsels ; in part for the reason that his brother
William Pownall occupied the influential position of
Secretary of the Lords of Trade.

Of James DeLancey, hitherto the Chief- Justice, it
need only be said, in order to trace the inheritance of
his views, that he was a grand-nephew of Peter
Schuyler and well acquainted with his plans and
campaigns. DeLanccy's first move was to turn the
trivial idea of a small and ordinary mission to the Six
Nations into an event conceived in the spirit of
statesmanship and thus he became the author of the
great Convention of J754; **for,'' he writes to the
Lordson November 2nd 1 753, ** hearing of the above

*THB GLORIOUS ENTERPRISE '

proposal, I offered another, which was that some
person should be sent to Onondaga, (the capital ol
the Six Nations) to bury the hatchet and prepare
them for a meeting early next summer at Albany.'*
During the winter he perfected his arrangements,
and on the 19th of thefolbwing June the Gxivention
comm e nced. It was attended by del^ates of iitt
first rank from the principal colonies. Benjamin
Franklin was there from Pennsylvania and read his
celebrated ''Plan of Union,^ the forerunner of the
Congress of 1775 ; (1) Sir William Johnson contri-
buted ** Suggestions for defeating the designs of the
French ; " DeLancey proposed a plan to build two
forts on Lake ChampI^ and three towards Gxywn
Point, which ** would make us master (2) of the two
great passes by water to Crown Point and thence to
Montreal ; ** PownaU read ** Gxisiderations towards
a general plan of measures for the Colonies.'' (3)
There was also a plan for a general co-operati(m
for defence. One of the Commissioners, Sir William
Jdmson, was specially connected with our narrative.
He had arrived at a particular prominence in the
affairs of New Yoric, having acquired an influence
amongst the Six Nations which reflected that of
Peter Schuyler. He was in fact the successor of
Quider in ^t respect, and ,was in time appointed
the first Superintendant of Indian affairs through
the advice of ** The American Lady " and her hus-

O) lb. 889.

(2) lb. aM.

(i) lb. 893.

THE PLAN or CAMPAIGN

band. He first went o the Mohawk Valley to
manage the estate of his aunt Susan DeLancey,
frand-ntece of Peter Schuyler, who had married at
New York Sir Peter Warien, Johnson's unde. Lady
Warren was sister to Lieutenant-Governor James
DeLancey.

Of the five representathres of New York at this
Convention, three —DcLancey, Johnson and C2jief-
Justicc Smith, father of the historian of the province,
were of the rufing family connection, for Smith's
daughtcr-in-Iaw was a Livingston of the Manor.
So largely was this group a custodian of public
affairs and traditions that the list of governors and
administrators of New York up to the Revolution
shows that persons connected with them governed
the province no less than fifteen times.

The Schuylcrs of the Flatts rendered special
assistance to the convention in connection with
entertaining the Indians and giving their advice. (I)

We now arrive at the 9*- -pts to carry out the
final conquest

One of these was Abcrcro - ,.w s advance of J 757,
an expedition regarded with great misgivings by
the Schuylers and undertaken contrary to their
advice. (2) A'wrcrombie was not a brilliant comman-
der and the real Chief was Viscount Howe, one of
Pitt's discerning appointments. But DeLance/s
first suggestion and Pownall's recommendatfcxi of it,
which I am about to recount, * * not yet been put in

(S) Mcmoin of an Amctkan Laiy.
(2)IUd.

" THE GLORIOUS ENTERPRISE "

practice. The army advanced up Lake George
towards Ticonderoga where Montcalm was fortified
at the foot of Lake Qiamplain.

Lord Howe» who has been called ^the earlier
Wolfe,'' was unfortunately killed at Lake Geotfi^c, and
Abercrombie suffered defeat in the foolish attack on
Ticonderoga, the whole proving the advantage of an
attack by way of Quebec* If Howe had lived the
result was expected to have been different, but it is
evident that the task of reaching Guiada through the
forests would have been Herculean.

Howe was to a certain extent the military pupil of
the ** American Lady *' who regarded him as a son,
and by whose advice he reformed the equipment and
tactics of the British army ; for instance causing the
unwieldy coat-tails to be cut off ; the shining rifle-
barrels to be deadened : the camp equipment to be
vastly simplified ; and the provincial troops to be
copied in many other respects, changes which had
thdr influence on the sequeL

VL FINAL FORM OF THE PLAN OF INVASION

On the ^ih of August }755 (1) DeLancey, in
writing to Secretary Robinson, says, referring back
to a letter of October 26th J754 : ** There are but
three ways to distress the French in Gmada. Tlfte
first by a fleet and army up the River St. Lawrence
to Quebec, with which I shall not meddle, because a
force for that purpose must be sent from Britain, and
even then should be assisted by the strength of the

(l)N.Y.Doc.VI,p. 989.

THE PLAN OF CAMPAIGN

Colonies to make a diversion at MontreaL The
second is through this Province, by the way of
Crown Point, and thereby open a passage either by
land to the River St Lawrence opposite to Montreal,
or by water through the River Sorcl quite to Mon-
treal, whenever occasion offers for attacking that
place, and till that place be destroyed the Colonies
will not enjoy a lasting peace. The third way of
distressing the French is by way of Oswego. From
Oswego we may take our course North Eastward
to the head of the River St. Lawrence and remove
the French encroachment at Cataraqui or Fort Fron-
tcnac, or if occasion offer, proceed down the River
St. Lawrence to Montreal, to join a body of troops
sent by the way of Crown Point to take that place."
On the 9th of August, he wrote in substantially
the same terms to the Lords of Trade. When we
consider his words, we see that he places first impor-
tance on the old plan of a naval attack en Quebec,
assisted by a united Colonial diversion against Mon-
treal, although, while suggesting it, he fears to meddle
with what would imply the asking of a fleet from
Great Britain a request which past experience con-
nected only with failures. Several authors (I) have
regarded Pownall as the creator of this plan, but he
we here find It previously stated by DcLanccy.
Pownall's real service was to have directly procured
its adoption, which he urged some two years later.

The entire recommendation of DeLancey was in
the end assumed by Pitt* s government, and General

(1) Hawklfli, Dawiofi. etc

a "THE GLORIOUS ■NTBRFRBB"

Amhent who was ordered to eonsuh DeLanoqr
(verjr probaUjr by PtownalTs recommcndatkn)
adopted and carried out all the three portions of the
Lieutenant-Governor's sketch above shren. Towards
the end of 1756, PownaII» dJssartiftrd with the poor
progress made up to that time, returned to Enj^Iand
and wrote a memoraUe letter to Lord Haltfaz which
revolutionized the conduct of the war. He pointed
out '^ that after the Engfish had been repeate(U)r
disappointed in their attempts to penetrate the country
by the way of Crown Point and Lake Champla^
and had k»t Oswqp and the command of Lake
Ontario ; considering the reason there was also to
expect the defection of the Indians in consequence
thereof ; there remained no other ittemattbe, hat
either to make peace or to change the object of the
tuar, by making a direct attack up the River St
Lawrence, upon Quebec itseK ; ui>gcd to a radical
destruction of Canada.'' ''The writer of these
papers ; ** he says (I) ** came over to England in
the latter end of the year 1756 to propose and state
tiiese reasons, nearly in the same form as afterwards
repeated by the paper that fdOows i particularly
the necessity of two fleets and two armies ; one
army destined for the atteck ; the other undo* orders
to invest Canada by takingpost somewhere between
Albany and Montreal so as to cover the Eng&sdi
Colo ni es ; one fleet to escort and convoy the army
up the River St. Lawrence ; and the other to cover
and protect the sea line of the Cokxiies. The object

(O AdmitiirtntlooofthtBcttiihColoqlabApiMadixIX.

THE PLAN or CAMPAIGN 33

was adopted Why nothing was done in the year
1757, and why no more was done in the year J 758,
than the taking of Louisbourg, will be explained on
a future occasion ; the ideas contained in the follow-
ing paper lead to the rest :

"IDEA OF THE SERVICE IN AMERICA FOR THE YEAR
1759. BOSTON DEC SUu 1758.

" If the point disputed between us and the French
be determinately and precisely understood, the man-
ner of conducting it may soon be fixed. If we are stifl,
as we were at the first breaking out of the war, dis-
puting about a boundary line, and for the possession
of such posts, communications and passes as may be
a foundation to our possessing of a future Dominion
in America, we are still engaged in a petty, skirmish-
ing war. .... If we have changed the point and
brought it to its true issue, its natural crisis ; whether
we, as Province of Great Britain, or Canada as the
Province of France, shall be supreme in America,
then the service to be done is a general invasion of
Canada in conjunction with the European troops and
fleet ; then is our natural strength employed and we
must be as naturally superior. This being fixed the
n^ point is, where the real attack must be made.
The same reasons that show the necessity of such
an attack, show tfuit it will never effectually he

cuned on dber Und, Experience has now

shown that the possession the enemy has of the
posts of strength would render the passage to Ca-
nada by land the work of a campaign, even with

-THB GLORIOUS BNTIRPRBB'*

success, but finally also the succcu doubtful (The
going to take possession of the country in 1760 after
Quebec had been taken in 1759 proved ** the work
(rf a campaign***)

** The road to Quebec up the St Lawrence, was
poasessed by the superiority of our marine navigation.
There is neither danger nor difficulty, nor do I see how
tha« can be any opposition, to hinder the fleet getting
up to the Island of Orleans ; and a superior army in
possession of that may by proper measures command
the rest of the way to Quebec (1) If our army can
once set down before Quebec it must take it ; if
Quebec be taken, the capitulation may at least strip
Gmada of all the regulars ; after which the inhabi-
tants might possibly be induced to surrender. ....

** But although this attempt on Quebec by way of
the St. Lawrence River may be the only real and wiH
be the only ^ectual attack on Canada, yet one other
if not two faise attacks will be necessary, one by
way of Lake Champlain the other by way of Lake
Ontario. That by way of Lake Oiamplain, may,
as far as Gown Point, be offensive and ^ould then
change into a defensive measure.** .... As to action
on LjJce Ontario, an appearance of an attack by
that way must greatly alarai the enemy at Montreal **
(and serve other purposes.) (2)

PownaQ, in claiming to the first proposer of his
measures, evidently refers to being the first in England
and in c^cial quarters there.

(}) Did not the event lUerAQr jwtify thli ?
(2) P. 249.

THE FLAN OT CAMPAIGN |f

^ The flfit paper " he iayi (I) ** was Written at «
time when the subject was entfatJy new; scarce ever
broupht forward to consideration here in EngUndt
and ./hen authentic accounts d the true state of the
country, as possessed by the English and French
w»e with great difficulty, if at aH to be obtained ;
and I may venture to say, uttc V unknown to our
military."

In his dedication to his papers which he first
pubtohedin J764,he (rccly attributes the source of
his ideas to the men of experience whom he met at
the Convention of 1754. (2)

"When If *^ad an opportunity of conversing
with and know..ig the sentiments of, the commis-
sioners of the several Provinces in North America
convened at Albany ; of learning from their expe-
rience and judgment, the actual state of the Ame-
rican business and interest ; of hearing amongst
them the grounds and reasons of that American
union which they had under deliberation, and tran*-
mitted the plan of to England ; I then conceived the
idea and saw the necessity of a general British union.
I then first mentioned my sentiment on this subject
to several of those commissioners and at the same
ttoc first proposed my consideration of a general
plan of a British union."

(1) Sm Ui a|>pradlz No. Vn.

(2) DwUatton P. Xm of The AdmlnWraUon of the Brittah Colonlest
In cUef "a Vice Admiral of Hli Majerty't Province, of MuMchusetti
fiwSlto.^ "^ Lk««en*nt Goveraof of New Je»«T. London,

M "THB GLORIOUS OmRPRBB"

Powiudl't ulttaute proposal we tbus see, was the
oU general movement bjr fket from England against
Quebec ; and by land from Albany and Lake OnU-
rio. The whole as adopted was now to be com-
mitted to the command ol Sir Jeffrey Amherst as
Gmeral, with WoKe as Majo^General under him ;
and Gage and Johnson as Brigadiers. In the in»^
tructions from Rtt to Amherst the connecUon ol
De Lancey is marked by a special order to the Gene-
ral to confer and work with him, particularly in
fitting out WoKe for the conquest of Quebec (1)

Louisbourg was taken in 1758 as a preliminary
'♦ep by Amherst and WoKe. The final out come is
well known. In 1759 WoKe took Quebec ; Amherst
Ticonderoga ; Johnson, Fort Niagara j while Gage
operated against Fort Frontenac Amherst in 1760
captured Montreal Of the commanders under
Amherst, the Schuy ;f group were represented by
four ; Generals Gage uid Johnson ; G>k)nel Schuyler
of Schuyler's (New Jersey) regiment, and Cokmel
Oliver DeLancey, brodier of the Lieutenant Governor.
Amherst particularly conferred also with the ** Ame-
rican Lady " and was influenced in his details by
her advice and optoion. (2) At a somewhat later
period she also suggested to him a course of dealing
with Pontiac which he did not f oOow until his neglect
to do so resulted in the celebrated conspiracy of Pon-
tiac, following the conquest of Canada.
DeLancey died in J760. Lady Warren after his

(1) N«wYofkI>ocfc,VII,35«,359.

(2) Mem. Am. Lady.

THE PLAN OF CAIISPAIGN ff

death ezcUimcd to Pitt : " I hope Mr. Pht, you
have had reason to be latiaiied with the brother I
have k»t I"— ''Madam/' was the answer, ** had
your brother James Hvcd to England, he would have
been one of the first men to h.'* (1)

So at length was carried out the ** glorious enters
prise." Its history had been a great school of ability
and character, and the foundation of many a per-
manent historic name on both sides; while the
ktodly personal relations of some of the leadtog
contestants, their consideration for and admiration of
the deeds of, each other were well worthy the pen of
old Frojssart.

It now only rematos to examine the genealogical
tabk showing the connection between the personages
of the above movements. It speaks for itself . It also
shows the personnel of three later tovasions, — that
of Generals Philip Schuykr and Richard Montgo-
mery to 1775, of Generals Stephen and Solomon
Van Rensselaer to I8J2 ; and last and least, of the
courageous, if misguided " General ** Rensselaer Van
Rensselaer of Navy Island to 1838.

These were forms of tfie same idea, persistent to
their connection with the same social institutions,
but dwtodling to less and less force.

In real greatness none among the chivalry of the
long and fateful struggle looms so tall as the figure
of brave old Qulder, the original author of the ** Fall
of New France.'*

(I) Doe.H«itN.Y.IV.J05«.