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 FREDIRICTON ATHENIUM, 
 
 FEBRUARY 21, ia53. 
 
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 PRINTED AT THE REQUEST OF THE SOCIETY. 
 
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57^ 
 
 ANNUAL DISCOURSE, 
 
 DILITIRID BT 
 
 EDWIN JACOB, D.D., PRESIDENT, 
 
 BirOBI TBI 
 
 FRBDIRICTON ATHINIUM 
 
 FEBRUARY 21, 1853. 
 
 PRINTED AT THE RE(IDEST OF THE SOCIETY. 
 
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ANNUAL DISCOURSE. 
 
 The duty of your President on his last day of office has 
 been so expressly assigned, that no excuse could be found 
 for its omission or neglect. Each individual who may 
 have been chosen to occupy this chair for twelve months, 
 is bound to conclude the period with *' a discourse upon 
 the proceedings of the past year." And this is one of the 
 fundamental laws constituting the Society ; in which it was 
 also enacted, that none of them should be rescinded or 
 altered without certain formalities of a strictly conserva- 
 tive description. A Presidential "Discourse" must 
 therefore be pronounced, and that upon a definite subject 
 — "the proceedings of the ])ast year." The discourser 
 is neither to look back beyond his own year of office, nor 
 forward in anticipation of the future, but to confine his 
 view to the events which have transpired under his own 
 immediate observation. * 
 
 ' Nothing, it is true, has been prescribed as to the kind of 
 discourse which the retiring President is required to 
 present. Here he is left at liberty to consult his own 
 taste or inclination. He may read or recite ; speak from 
 memory or instantaneous conception ; be concise like a 
 Spartan, or prolix as the grave and accurate Puritan, who 
 is said to have approached the conclusion of his Introduc- 
 tion vfkh " Sixty-serenthly, my beloved hearers — and then 
 we ente/ on the main question ;" be plain and simple as 
 any old chronicler, or reflective as Thucydides. impas- 
 sioned as Tacitus, or insinuating as Gibbon; deal in 
 common-place generalities, or insist on striking particulars ; 
 be courtly or censorious — courtly as the historian, who 
 gloriously paneg3'rize8 King Richard the Third as a 
 ** model of all princely virtues;" or censorious as the 
 
 ^^ 
 
I 
 
 * 
 
 politico-religious controversialist, who sets down Arch- 
 bishop Tillotson for '* the gravest athei»t that ovor wus." 
 
 Not to detain you however with tantalizing uppruhon- 
 •ions, as to which of these methods I may have thought flt 
 to adopt, I deem it most in character to present you with 
 a discourse composed and delivered just like one of thoHO, 
 which in earlier years I was accustomed to prepare for the 
 pulpit ; — a discourse upon my text, consisting of iuch 
 observations as may have seemed most natural, and deli- 
 Tered as the thoughts and feelings entortainod would 
 naturally find their utterance. 
 
 My subject therefore being *' The proceedings of tho |mil 
 year,*' I shall not occupy your time with grammatical, 
 logical, or exegetical disquisitions; — as M. Conitont, in hii 
 treatise " De la Religion,'' remarks, has been too nuich the 
 habit of our English preachers ; but honestly review the 
 actual occurrences, as I may be enabled to rocal them 
 with the aid of our Secretary's brief but faithful minuteit 
 with a few reflections which they may readily suggoit. 
 
 And, first, I have to congratulate you on the fact that 
 the Society has been " proceeding." If it has not made 
 great progress, it has continued alive and in motion : it 
 has not stood still ; it has not gone back ; but it hai made 
 successive efibrts to attain the objects for which it wai 
 formed. We have met together, with the oxceptionN pro- 
 vided or customary, on the several months of the yt^ar ; and 
 every time in suflicient number to " proceed to biiNineii." 
 And if we have had to regret the loss or absence of dome 
 of our members, we have been consoled by tho acceisioti 
 or reappearance of others. 
 
 Our meetings also have been remarkably barmonioui. 
 So perfectly well conducted indeed have been oil your pro- 
 ceedings, that your President's duty has been, if poiMible» 
 too light and easy. Sometimes I could almost have wished 
 for a jt "ing string or two, to break the monotony— iweet 
 and agi «,«iable as it was — of uniformly decoroui language 
 
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Arch- 
 
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 rulioii- 
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 with 
 
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 nnd demeanour. If any thing appeared to me wanting, it 
 WBB — I may be allowed candidly to confess — a fuller measure 
 of frank social converse, to cherish glowing thoughts and 
 kindling emotions, and encourage the most diffident to 
 contribute to the common fund of information and improve- 
 ment. One of the ablest speakers of the age, in his 
 Discourse as Lord Rector bufore the University ofGlasgow, 
 fairly warned his youthful audience, that they might find it 
 by no means an easy attainment " to think" (as he empha- 
 tically expressed it) " upon their legs;" aud I have more 
 than once felt that some of our members may have been 
 deterred from giving us the benefit of their remarks, by 
 the tacitly admitted, though never established, rule of rising 
 to make, what may have seemed to them, set and formal 
 speeches. Of one of the occasions, perhaps I might say 
 causes, of this formidable apprehension we have been 
 relieved by the Resolution, considerately proposed by a 
 reverend gentleman who has furnished abundant evidence 
 that he at least had overcome the difficulty, abolishing the 
 Votes of Thanks which had been previously moved and 
 seconded at perhaps every meeting. But I am far from 
 sure whether the substitution of another rule, authorising 
 the President to call upon such members as he thinks pro- 
 per, to open a discussion upon the papers read before the 
 Society, may not have operated to much the same effect. 
 Your President, it is true, may be presumed to consult the 
 feelings of the several members ; but, judging by very 
 limited experience, I should be disposed to say that the 
 power thus held in terrorem over every pair of feet, heart 
 and tongue, is rather too terrific to be committed to an 
 unintuitive mortal. I know not indeed that we have any 
 member so thoroughly dumbfounded, as an old captain 
 whom I once heard declare, with reference to a public 
 meeting, that he " would rather march twenty miles, than 
 have to speak twenty words at such a place as that ;" but 
 I can readily conceive how those who may not have had 
 the practice, or be conscious of the ability, of a minister 
 
e 
 
 trained in the school of John Knox, or a juriitt raised 
 from successful pleading at the bar to the more chiiMto 
 and dignified eloquence ofthe bench, might shrink from the 
 task^-of speaking with almost no time to collect their 
 thoughts, or labouring to think and speak together, before 
 an attentive though kindly-tempered company, every mem- 
 ber of which they must be aware cannot fail to notice 
 their infirmity or confusion. But on this point I have only 
 further to observe that, should my successors at any time 
 unfortunately miscalculate the nervous or vocal powers of 
 uny of our members, he may be allowed to copy the exumplo 
 of a major-general, whose marching days wore past, while 
 his speaking hours were never to come ; and who, when 
 once compelled to rise in a far larger assembly, hud the 
 courage to say, " As lam not prepared to offer any remark, 
 I trust I have your permission to — resume my suut." 
 
 Possibly some may think it more appropriate for mo to 
 remind our junior associates of the method which Lord 
 Brougham recommended at Glasgow, for acquiring the 
 art of ready and copious eloquence. Judging by his own 
 experience, he told his aspiring auditors, that the nioit 
 effectual method would be found to consist in the liubit of 
 writing much and frequently on all subjects ; mo storing 
 the memory with words and phrases, sentences and para- 
 graphs, ready to appear at call ; and, being put together, 
 arranged, and suitably applied, to present the aspect of a 
 speech composed on the occasion. This however, it should 
 be remembered, was the experience of one great orator : 
 I doubt if many of his compeers would give the same 
 account of their means of success. More commonly, I 
 rather believe, they would attribute it, as far as traceable 
 to any causes beside the powers of natural genius, to the 
 habit of thinking steadily and connectedly, and then utter- 
 ing their thoughts with the manly confidence resulting from 
 conscious ability. For surely the maxim of Horace must 
 be as just, provided the verse would admit the substitution, 
 if we read "Loqitendi" instead of— 
 
''iS'rriAtfnt/i recte Sapere est et principium et foni, 
 Verbaque provinam rem non inyita lequentur." 
 
 That confidence might be encouraged by the reflection, 
 that if slips and inaccuracies escape our lips, they may very 
 probably escape the notice of other ears ; while the critical 
 few will assure us, that they have long since learned to bear 
 with equanimity far grosser violations of propriety of speech. 
 
 In concluding this topic I beg leave therefore to 
 acknowledge my hope, that greater freedom of discussion 
 may hereafter follow the reading of papers at our meetings ; 
 and that the provision in our laws for extempore observations 
 or communications from any member on any suitable sub- 
 ject, may find a greater proportion disposed to avail them- 
 selves of its liberality. 
 
 Of the papers which have been read during the succes- 
 sive months, with addresses not previously committed to 
 writing, it is impossible for me to speak in other terms 
 than those of approving gratitude. Every meeting has 
 been favoured with at least one such contribution ; and in 
 every instance our expectations have been verified, in 
 some more than fulfilled. My review must be very 
 limited ; for the subjects were always of such a nature, and 
 so treated by the readers or speakers, that I could not 
 pretend to pay them the notice which they respectively 
 deserve, in a general retrospect of the proceedings of the 
 year. 
 
 At our first meeting in March, our Secretary presented 
 certain documents in connection with our endeavours to 
 obtain for the commercial, as well as the scientific world, 
 accurate statistics of the Tides and Currents of the Bay of 
 Fundy. These endeavours, I ought to add, were warmly 
 encouraged by His Excellency Sir Edmund Head, and most 
 kindly noticed in a farewell letter from the late Sir John 
 Harvey, which was received by me, I lament to say, just 
 after the pen had for ever fallen from his hand. They 
 have also been highly approved by the late Colonial 
 
Minister and Board of Admiralty ; and will, I trust, be 
 eventually carried into complete success by Captains 
 Bayfield and Shortland, the accomplished and zealous 
 officers entrusted with the maritime survey of our coasts. 
 Dr. Robb then delivered what I perceive him to have 
 called in the minutes " a Verbal Lecture," but I should 
 rather denominate it an intellectual outpouring, on what 
 he termed "the Law of Limits." His object was *'to 
 shew that all created existences are limited or circum- 
 scribed within various powers and properties. To man 
 these limits " might have often " seemed arbitrary, as to 
 the Almighty in the first instance " they may be supposed 
 to have been, '' that i? the results of his own free will. But 
 without doubt they were all so adjusted and harmonized 
 reciprocally " by the Creator " as to secure that wonderful 
 adaptation" which we find to subsist " between the organic 
 and inorganic worlds." I am not certain that we were all 
 alike prepared to estimate the difiiculties which a Professor 
 of Chemistry and Natural History might encounter, in his 
 eflforts to form a just conception of the question ; but every 
 one must have been satisfied that it was fairly discussed, 
 and that the conci.:«ions accorded fully with the phenomena 
 of nature, right reason, and devout reverence for the 
 Supreme Being. 
 
 At our April meeting Mr. Roberts read a very compre- 
 hensive paper, illustrated, with Professor Jack's skilful 
 assistance, by a variety of representations and experi- 
 ments, entitled an "Analysis of the first principles of 
 Music." It elicited many curious enquiries and acuto 
 remarks, more particularly from Mr. Justice Wiimot ; and 
 was, I believe, regarded by every one capable of forming 
 a judgment on the subject, as a just account of the con- 
 ditions of musical sound, with its combinations and vari- 
 ations in concord and melody. 
 
 In May, after some statements respecting the New 
 Brunswick Almanac — such, I regret to add, as to justify, 
 and even require the Society's suspension of the super- 
 
9 
 
 vision which it had so usefully and creditably exercised, — 
 the Rev. Charles Coster read a veell-digested dissertation 
 on the " History of Assyria." Most of us probably had 
 impressed upon our memory the honest narrative of 
 Herodotus, so perfectly agreeing, as far as it goes (for the 
 more precise details which the Father of JHistory intended 
 to subjoin, were never written, or they have perished in the 
 lapse of time,) with the facts recorded in the sacred records 
 of the Jews. Some of us had been amused or scandalized 
 at the romantic tales of Ctesias, the Greek physician of 
 Artaxerxes (who Xenophon thought might be fairly 
 entitled to credit for a fact which he stated concerning the 
 person of hit patient), and his credulous copyists Diodorus 
 and Trogus, concerning the long-enduring dynasty of the 
 universal conqueror Ninus, and his celestial, dove- 
 nourished, and finally translated queen Semiramis. And 
 all had doubtless seen the reports of the exciting discove- 
 ries lately made by Rawlinson, Layard, and other explorers 
 of the long-buried relics of ancient pride and majesty. 
 But we could not fail to be gratified with our youthful 
 scholar and divine's a};propriate researches, clearly laying 
 before us the architectural, sculptural, and literary (if I 
 may so denominate the brief annals of arrow-head inscrip- 
 tions,) monuments of kings and nations, long since departed 
 from the view of living men. 
 
 The meeting in the month of June was distinguished by 
 an' unusually full attendance of members and friendly 
 visiters, who had the peculiar pleasure of hearing our 
 Honorary associate, Mr. Justice Parker, read his paper 
 bearing the title *' Biblica Juridica." It was in fact a 
 treatise, concise and unpretending, but remarkable for 
 sagacious elucidation, on the origin and progress of judicial 
 procedure, as discoverable in the historical and oliier 
 scriptures of the Old Testament. Although Votes of 
 Thanks had been abolished, I could not but feel assured 
 that I should carry with me the approving concurrence of 
 all present, in tendering His Honor the grateful acknow' 
 
10 
 
 ledgments of the Society ; nor can I forget the impressive 
 solemnity with which general assent was signified to the 
 sentiment of the Chief Justice, in entire accordance with 
 the principle which might be described as forming the 
 foundation of his learned and pious brother's theory— 
 *' that the source from which man derives jurisdiction over 
 his fellow man, is not to be found in mere human 
 ordinances, but in the appointment of the great Lord of 
 all." In compliance with the Society's request, His Honor 
 has had the goodness to present us, not with "a copy 
 prepared for publication," but with copies, printed at his 
 own charge, for the several members of the Athoneeum. 
 The desire was further expressed at the meeting, that the 
 same pen might be employed at some future day in 
 tracing the rise and constitution of the Sanhedrim, and the 
 course of judicial procedure through the later periods of 
 Jewish history, in order to a justor appreciation of the 
 trials and judgments of which we road, with feelings better 
 understood than to be now and here expressed, in the 
 affecting narratives of the New Testament. 
 
 Our next meeting, afler the Society's customary "long 
 vacation," took place in October, when the Master of the 
 Rolls favoured us with a paper on " Early Maritime Disco* 
 very ;" treating more especially of the alleged discoveries 
 of this continent by adventurers from Northern Europe dur- 
 ing the middle ages ; and discriminating, with the acumen 
 of an equitable judge, the credit due to the evidence of 
 successive voyagers in this direction, before the finally 
 triumphant " Tierra ! Tierra ! " of the persevering com- 
 panions of Columbus. The question, although generally 
 perhaps regarded as interesting antiquaries alone, such as 
 the Danish Society, whose highly patronized prospectus I 
 had the pleasure of presenting to the Athenroum on this 
 occasion, is far from unimportant to the progress of 
 ethnology ; or to the student in theology, natural or 
 revealed ; who cannot but entertain the desire of reducing 
 to their true sourcca the varieties of the human race. 
 
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 that the 
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 88 of 
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 race. 
 
 That " God hath made of he blood all nations of men, to 
 dwell on all the face of the earth," is indeed a great truth; 
 in which such natural historians as Pritchard and Latham 
 are known to agree with the noble apostle of the Gentiles; 
 and every confirmation of this truth, which may he derived 
 from investigating the migrations and intermixtures of 
 mankind, conduces to the establishment of that "faith which 
 (according to the same proclaimer of truly catholic religion) 
 worketh by love ;" — the love of our whole race, of whatever 
 modification of form and colour, as " heirs together of the 
 grace of life;" of "the kingdom" of truth, peace, and 
 universal co-operation for universal well-being, "promised 
 by all the holy prophets," and longed for with intense 
 desire by all the wise and good, " from the foundation of 
 the world." . ,. • . 
 
 The November paper, read by the Rev. Mr. Ketchum, 
 tended to render us more alive to the style and characteristic 
 excellencies of the prophetic choir. For the subject was 
 "Hebrew Poetry;" and every Hebrew poet, with whose 
 remains we are acquainted, sustained a sacred character ; 
 was a prophet of the Most High; glorifying His adorable 
 perfections, and calling on his fellow-worshippers, with 
 "all inhabitants of the world," to learn and do His will. 
 Our clerical friend was not unmindful of this glorious and 
 sublime peculiarity of the Hebrew bards ; but, while 
 delineating and exemplifying the structure, form, and 
 external features of their compositions, drew our attention, 
 in impassioned appeals, 
 
 " Whose fire was kindled at the prophet's lamp," 
 to the truly divine spirit by which they were all animated. 
 The hallowed feeling was evidently communicated ; and 
 there could not, I may well assume, be a dissentient to the 
 enthusiasm, with which the minister of another church 
 responded to the eulogies, in which his Episcopalian 
 brother had celebrated — "The Lord who spake" by 
 them, and " whose word was in (their) tongue." 
 
 
12 
 
 In December the Rev. Mr. Brooke entertained and in* 
 structed us with an ingenious and lively, but at the same 
 time judicious (for — 
 
 ''Ridentem dicere verum 
 
 Quid vetat ? Ut pueris olim dant crustula blandi 
 
 Doctores" — ) 
 view of " The Origin and Progress of Written Language ;" 
 tracing it back to the pictures, in which even the rudest 
 tribes are now found to represent objects of sight, through 
 the hieroglyphics of Egypt and other countries, to the 
 alphabets of most civilized nations, and the really more 
 philosophic characters of the Chinese. This lecture was 
 received as the sequel of an enquiry, of which that part 
 which related to oral language, had been presented to 
 a former meeting ; and the hope was expressed that our 
 reverend friend may yet further pursue a subject for which 
 he is peculiarly qualified by his store of information, and 
 his happy facility of thought and command of diction. 
 
 It remains to remind you of the luminous, elegant, and 
 thoroughly scientific disquisition on "The Human Voice," 
 read at our last meeting in January, by His Honor the 
 Chief Justice. His physiological analysis of the powerful 
 but delicate organism, by which the human pipe pours 
 forth all the varieties of vocal sound, was, I hesitate not to 
 say, as perfect as philosophy could be expected to render 
 it, without the aid of prints and models ; or rather indeed 
 without the dissector's, or the vwisector'*s, demonstrations ; 
 while to those of our members endowed with that peculiar 
 faculty, a musical ear, more particularly if they had culti- 
 vated their musical taste, nothing could be more delightful 
 — except it were 
 
 " The human voice divine" — 
 than the explanations given of the nature and varieties, 
 with the assigned or probable causes, of melodious sound. 
 His Honor, who is unquestionably at home in the theory 
 and practice of this charming art, will, it was generally 
 hoped, on some future evening follow out the subject into 
 
 ing 
 the 
 
13 
 
 . .»» 
 
 the means and modifications, by which the utterance of 
 the throat becomes articulate voice ; and so coustit; tes the 
 boundless abundance of words, by which mankind prove 
 and enhance, if they have not primarily attained, their 
 various degrees of superiority over all other animals ; 
 conceive at least ideas, embracing distant worlds, and enter- 
 ing into converse with higher beings; and almost justify 
 the daring antithesis of the thoughtful poet of the Night, — 
 "A worm — a god !" 
 
 On a final retrospect of the " proceedings of the year," 
 I know not that I could conclude with a more appropriate 
 sentiment, than to wish the number of the Society's mem- 
 bers somewhat more proportionate to the talents and 
 merits of those, whose contributions to our intellectual 
 progress and enjoyment it has been my happy privilege to 
 witness and acknowledge. How the desirable augmenta- 
 tion may be best effected, is a question which I commend 
 to your due consideration. Of that consideration I am 
 persuaded it must be worthy ; because you have assuredly 
 rendered the Athenaeum in a very considerable measure 
 worthy of its name ; — a school of science and literature, 
 such as might have formed an Eclectic Academy in some 
 offset of ancient Athens, and become the improving resort 
 of enquirers after truth and good. 
 
 My Discourse has not been so long as some may per- 
 haps have expected, not to say than any could have desired. 
 I cannot plead want of time — of which, with my Collegiate 
 and other engagements, I certainly might have found 
 enough ; nor yet deficiency of matter — of which it must be 
 obvious that your own proceedings might have furnished 
 ampler supplies, without looking around at those inviting 
 topics — Railways ; Bridges ; Telegraphs ; Steam and Air- 
 moved Ships ; improvements, effected or proposed, in 
 Agriculture, Manufactures, the finer Arts, general and 
 even academic Education. But leaving these to gentle- 
 men who may hereafter, and very fitly, adopt them for 
 separate subjects of celebration or disquisition, I have 
 restricted myself to the distinct impressions made upon my 
 
14 
 
 own mind by what I have actually heard or seen at the 
 meetings of our own Society ;— thus adhering, as I have 
 ^ considered it the peculiar duty of the day, to the rule of 
 the poetical critic, which appears equally applicable to 
 compositions in plain prose : — 
 
 " Ordinis haec virtus erit, aut ego fallor, 
 
 *' Ut jam nunc dicat jam nunc debentia dici ; 
 
 " Pleraque differat, et praesens in tempus omittat." 
 
 Should I allow myself to offer a further suggestion, it 
 would be merely this — whether on some occasions, perhaps 
 during the more clement and serene seasons of the year, 
 our doors might not be opened to others beside the 
 regular members of the Society and their non-resident 
 friends. I well remember the numerous assemblage of 
 orderly and attentive persons, of different ranks and ages, 
 and I may add of both e3xes, once attending the popular 
 lectures, given by my estimable coadjutors in the chairs of 
 this College, under the patronage of our then Lieutenant 
 Governor, to whose final departure from another govern- 
 ment, and from the fluctuating scenes of the present world, 
 I have had affecting occasion to allude ; — and I see no 
 reason why an equally unexceptionable, and probably 
 greater company, might not be advantageously collected, 
 to receive information in several departments of science 
 and literature ; illustrated, not merely by the treasures of 
 this Library, but by the more attractive and exciting 
 appliances of our Museum, our Laboratory, our Philoso- 
 phical Apparatus and Observatory. It has been sometimes 
 recommended that even our ordinary meetings should be 
 transferred to the City below, on the supposition that a 
 more regular attendance might thus be secured. It may 
 however be fairly doubted if much dependence could be 
 placed on their appetite for pure and elevated enjoyment, 
 to whom the few short steps of our exhilirating hill, or the 
 gentler curve through our refreshing grove, very inferior I 
 ween to " the severe ascent of high Parnassus," should 
 present a difficulty too formidable to be overcome.