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[5741
PROTOTYPOGRAPHY.
Read by Rev. Dr. Scaddivg, at the Caxtnn Crh:hration o/ the Canadian Institute,
Toronto, June JS, 1877.
Wo contemplate with some astonishment the facility with which
little chiklrcn accjuire a language, the quickness with which they
catch the right use of words, of peculiar exi)rpssions and idioms.
And when at a later stage, the processes of reading, writing and
ciphering are proposed to them, we are equally struck with the readi-
ness with wdiich, in most instances, these jirocesses are mastered ; a
readiness such that after the lapse of a few months or years, skill in
these arts seems to the possessor and to others the result almost of
intuition.
The reason of all this is ; the certainty, now proved by long experi-
ence, that there is in the human mind, naturally, a predisposition
and preparedness to form language, first simple, then complex ; and
to make it, when thus formed, visible and permanent in some way.
And similarly in regard to numbers ; there is, without doubt, a like
predisposition and preparedness, first to iise them, and then to reduce
the/n, for convenience, to visible shape.
Printing, it is manifest, is an ultimate development of these innate
human tendencies. The germ of the discovery was in the Race ; but
its evolution was deliberate, and regulated by conditions; and so, in
natural order, tirst came the blade, then the ear, then the full corn
in the ear. In short, the history of printing is a rej)etition of that
of language itself, of writing, of numbers, of painting, of music; each
of which took centuries to attain to the degree of excellence in which
we now are so fortunate as to receive them. Signet rings and
stamps of all kinds were a species of printing apparatus. The
scaraba;i, made of hard stone, found in the tombs of Egypt, bear on
their under side elaborate inscriptions, evidently intended to be trans-
ferred — and that, too, probably through the medium of a pigment —
•Jtq'thq suKfecQ of fitting .^ubstancos. The dies of coins and medals in
• t • •
PROTOTYPOORAPHY.
i.»<;»
all countries involve the same idea — tbe transfer of inscriptions and
devices by pressure. The Chinese, from un early period, liave
actually printed, laboriously carving in relief on separate tablets of
wood the contents of each page about to be reproduced. And if sucli
was a practice of the Chinese, we may be sure it was the practice also
of other Asiatic peoples, equally, if not more civilized, but who have
undergone greater vicissitudes.
In Europe, whether learned from Asia or devised independently,
Islock-printing, just before the invention of the movable types, wa.s
well-known, though not practised as extensively as in China, nor
with the same skill and elegance. The manufacture of playing cards
was one common ap[)lication of the process, but a more noble use of
it was in the production of books, especiidly illustrated books, the
picture and the description or monilization being all carved on the
same wooden plate. The best known European exami)lo of an illus-
trated volume printed from carved blocks, prior to the invention of
movable types, is the Bihlia Pauperum Frifdicatonan, a series of
Hcrij)ture scenes rudely but boldly drawn, three on a page ; the one in
the middle from the New Testament, the other two from the Old ;
above and below ai'e a pair of heads representing the prophets from
whom respectively texts germane to the New Testament scene are
quoted ; all in Latin, with leonine descriptive verses subjoined ; e.g.,
under a picture of the Adoration of the Magi : Chrlstm adorafur ;
nurum, thus, myrrJta d^tiatur ; and under the Buniing Bush, Lvcet et
ignescit, scd non rubvs igne calescit. Other remai-kable early block-
books are the Specidum I/umaiue Sidvatioiiis, the Ai's Moriendi, the
Ars Memorandi, the I/istoruv Sancti Johannis EvangelistcE, and
various editions of Donatus, an elementary Latin grammar.
But up to 1440, or a little earlier, no one, as it would seem, while
contemplating a carved block prei)ared for an impression, had as vet
chanced to carry forward his thoughts just the one step which would
have led him to the hapjw reflection : Seein;^; that all the words in a
])age are made up of lettere again and agiiin repeated, would it not
be practicable, instea<l of carving perhaps all the letters v' he alpha-
l>et two or three times over in each page, to make separate letters,
which might be fastened together so as to form the words contained
in one page ; and then, after having done duty in the [n-oduction of
that page, be released, and combined togetlier afresh for the produc-
tion of another page ; and so on repeatedly? At length, in 1440, or
576
PROTOTYPOORAPny,
V
a little earlier, the thought did start up in one miiul at least, as will
be narrated presently. The exi^eriment was first made with wood.
Sejiarate letters were carefully cjirved, each at the end of a small
block or stem, so shajKnl and trinuned as to fit in well with any of
its fellows. The small IjIocIcs were strun{» together, we are told, by
m«ius of a sti-ong thread passing through an eye or a hole deftly
made in each of them. Tlie result was encoui*aging ; although the
impressions produced were rude and uneven, and moreover, \iso
.s|)e<>dily told upon the sui-fiice of the letter. Metal was thought of
as a substitute for wood. Lead, as .l>eing most easy to manipulate,
would of course be the first tiied. Here again the effect of use Avns
almost instantly to be seen. Then copper and tin were employed
with i"esf)ectable results. But the shaping and finishing of each
letter by hand was tedious and costly. To save time and labour,
small sepai-ate blocks were now cast with the view of having a letter
cut in relief on the end of etich ; to cast the stem and the letter
together in one piece was not yet proposed. Tlien came the idea of
converting the jterf'ectly cai-ved letter, with its stem or shank, into a
model, which, by being foi-ced into sand or clay, or other fitting
material, miglit foi*m a mould, whence letters might be turned out at
once in a finis hetl stiite. Tlius far the scale on which the exi^riment
had been made was a limitetl one. A few sets of the alphal)et suffice*!
for the tiifles as yet attempted. By the use of the knife and file
enough of accuracy in the shape and height of the small number of
types Inquired, was secured. But when now larger designs began to
be entertainetl, it was seen that the process of trimming eivch letter
by hand was altogether too slow, as well as too costly. If the gi'eat
folios which the ^vriting-l•ooms of the monasteries had hitherto sup-
plied, were in future to be furnished to the public by means of
the new process, it was evident that the siipply of type must be
plentiful and readily sustained, and that the method of finishing must
accordingly be improved and expedited. Here was the crux of the
first stage of the art of piinting. The diflBculty was at length most
ingeniously surmounted. When now, a metiUlic com^wund was
de\ist!d, combining a sufficiency of hardness wath easy fusibility, and
a suitable and satisfactory ink, the gieat invention, which had been
taxing the wit of exj^rimeuters so long, was in effect complete.
It is singular that in the course of their long pmctice of block -
printing the use of movable types should never have been thought of l>y
PROTOTY POGRAPH Y.
577
the Chinese, who, with thvjir skill in minute carvinj*, could so readily
have fjishionod them. Perhaps the immense number of characters
used in the written language, and certain special mcthoils observed
in combinations, may have stood in the way ; while in the West the
invention was facilitated by the comparative fewness of the letters in
the alphabets, and a consequent sim[>licity in the necessary combina-
tions. A famous passage in a work of Cicero's on The Nature of
the Oodn, contained clearly the idea of words and sentences foi-med
by selection from a mass of loose separate letters. In opposition to
the philosophei-s who thought that the world and all that is therein
hail come from a fortuitous concourse of atoms, he says it woidd be
just as easy to believe that "if a great quantity of the one-and-
twenty letters, composed either of gold or any other material, were
thrown upon the ground, they would fall into such order as legibly to
form the 'Annals of Ennius.'" "I doubi," Cicero adds, "whether
fortune could make a single verse of them." It is evident, had
Cicero's mind hap})ened for some reason to have been turned to the
subject, one step further would have taken him to the thought of
movable types to be employed in the reproduction of books. But
with him the necessity of such an invention was not urgent. His
numerous clever slaves, trained and highly accomplished as tran-
scribers, were always at hand to supply him quickly with the volumes
which he coveted so much and loved so well, whenever access for a
.short time could be obtained to a copy by loan from })rivate or public
collections.
Some years ago verbose disputes were rife as to the inventor of
movable types. The distinctive })re-eminence of one out of two oi-
more continental cities was involved in the issue of the strife.
Haarlem, at the northei-n extremity of the Sea of Haarlem, a great
sheet of shallow water so cidled, not far from the mouth of the
Rhine, and Mayence, situated on the Rhine itself but far in the
interior, each claimed the honour of having sheltered within its walls
the man who struck out the happy thought. The question is now
held to be settled by a kind of couqiromise. Great honour to him who
conceived the idea of movable ty})es and first employed them, how-
ever rudely ; but as great, if not greater, to him who carried forward
the idea, experimenting in metals and moulds, until the complex
matrix and perfect type as we now see them were achieved. The
invention, it is now generally believed, obscurely germinated at
ot
8
PROTOTYPOGRAPIIV.
v_J
Hiiarlom ; but it developed itself very nearly to j)erfectioii at Miiy
ence, the latter city really deriving the discovery in a crude state
from the former. The story as told by the typographical anthorities
of Holland, but disputed, and sui>posed to be refuted by circum-
stantial evidence elsewhere, is as follows : Lourens or Lawrence
Janssuen was a well-to-do citizen of Haarlem ; according to some, a
licensed victualler ; according to otiiers, a xylographer or block-book
printer, who ])repared with his own hands the wooden tablets from
which, after duly tinting them with pigments, he took his one-side
co})ies, pressing down the j)aper or velhnn on the charactors, or the
engraving, with the tips of his tingei-s. One day, idling away a leisure
hour in one of the gardens or public walks of Haarlem, in company
with his grandchildren, as he strolled along he fashioned with his
pocket-knife, for their amusement, out of a piece of fresh bark casuallv
picked up, a number of small letters, and then fastening them re-
versed on the surface of a piece of stiff paper, so as to form certain
words, and turning tlu; whole over on another piece of paj)er, he
exhibited to his young friends a copy of these words produced by
the stain of the fi'eijh bark. At this moment of time, we are told,
the notion of a wide ai)plication of the process just employed was
begotten in La wi ence Janssoen's mind. The query then and there
su<'<fested itself to him : Instead of carving in solid mass the con-
tents of each page of a book, as had hitherto been done, might not
the letters be made sei)arate and used in innumerable combinations ■
I pass over details ; but some sets of movable letters were speedily
constructed, first in wood and then in lead, and vised with certain
lude results, a few specimens of which are said to be in existence,
The system adojited was kept secret in Lawrence Janssoen's house-
hold ; but at length an unfaithful emi)loye, we are assured, purloined
the newly-contrived a])pliances, and made off with them, first to
Amsterdam and then across the coimtry to the Rhine, and so to his
former home, Mayence — having taken advantage, some say, of a holi-
day at Christmas time in the office at Haarlem, or, as others think,
of a temporary suspension of business when the death of Lawrence
Janssoen occurred in 144:0.
Now John Gensfleisch (better known as Gutenberg) appears on
the scene, who afterwards substituted copper and tin for wood and
lead in the cutting of type, who even succeeded in manufacturing
j)unches, and constructing moulds and matrices from which type was
PROTOTYPOGRAPIIY.
571>
cast never yet 8uri)as.se(l in heuuty and accuracy of form, altliou^'li, as
we shall see, his, to some extent, wjis another caso of tho sic cos vim
robis of old. It is recorded that the name of Lawrence Janssocn's
unfaithful employ^ was John. No other de.si<^nation is given him
in the story, which is not so e.vtraonlinary, as surnames, in our sense
of the term, were at the tinif not common. It was once conjectured
that Gensfleisch was this man. But iu)w the authorities show liy a
comparison of dates tliat tJiis is iui[>rol)ahle. They show at the same
time that there were two persons of tlie same name, John Gensfleisch.
senior, and John Gensfleisch, jmiior, uncle and nej)hew ; and th<'
runaway workman, they say, may have been John Gensfleisch,
senior. The theft of material tiioy think an angry Haarlem fabri-
cation ; it was simply the secret of the mode of maimfacturc antl
ai)plication that was carried oft' fi-om Janssoen. On reachijig ^lay-
ence, John Gensfleisch, senior, began in an obscure way the practice
of the new ai"t. Later he was joined in the same occupation by his
nephew, John Gensfleisch, junior, who had now droj)ped the sur-
name Gensfleisch (Gooseflesh), and assumed that of Gutenberg,
from a property in or near Maycnce once jjossessed by his family,
which was noble by descent. We flrst hear of Gutenl)erg, or John
Gensfleisch, junior, at Strasburg, further up the Rhine. Of an
ingenious turn of mind, we find him employed there in working a
new apparatus, an invention of his own, for polishing gems. With
him in this undertaking are associated as })artnei-s, Hans Rifle,
Andrew Drytzehen, and Andrew Heilmann, wlio have each juppli(,'d
him with money. When the j)articulars of the recent discovery sir
Haarlem reached him, probably through his uncle at Mayence, he at
once set about making the experiment himself. He resolved to
attempt the cutting and casting of a set of types for the reproduction
of the Speculum Ilumance Salvat'iouia, a book in considerable demand.
His partners in the gem-polishing scheme again opened their purses
to him, but strict secrecy in regard to the new undertaking was
enjoined. Certain prying questions put by wives and others as
to what was now engaging the attention of the partners so closely,
were met by the reply that they were busy making looking-glasses for
the approaching fair at Aix-la-Chapelle — an allusion to the meaning
of Sjyeculum, i.e, mirror or looking-glass. The letters were still fitted
for use by individual manipulation. The slowness and general un-
satisfactoriness of this process led Gutenberg to turn his attention
r)80
I'ROTOTYrOORAl'IIY.
V'^
to the construction of Itctter moulds ; a study which resulted in the
invention of tlx; matrix hy nieims of which type, cast pcirfect in face
at once, and mathematically accurate in dimensions, has continued
to he manufactured to tlu; present time. On the death of one of the
partners, Andrew Di vtzchen, and a consequent lawsuit, the company
which Gutenl)erg had formed was broken up. He now removt^l to
Mayence, and took up his al>ode with his uncle there. Inspirited
by his typographical experiments at Strashurg, he conceived the hold
idea of easting type, by his new process, for an edition of the whole
liible in folio, to be in every respect a fac-simile of the handsome
manuscripts of the sacnnl volume to be seen, and, on occasion^
purchased, at the monasteries. Much money was required for such
an undertaking. The inimber of letters wanted for the 1282 folio
pages of the proposed Bible was about 12,000 exclusive of orna-
mental capitals, double letters and abbreviations. John Fust, a
rich banker of Mayence, was struck with Gutenberg's j)roject, and
advanced considt;i-able sums in order that the work might be duly
prosecuted. Not, however, without the proper legal security against
loss on his part ; as appeared after a time ; for, just as everything
was almost reatly for the final issue of the great volume, we find
Fust suddenly foreclosing on the typefounder and printer for non-
fulfilment of the conditions of his bond. The courts of Mayence
sustained the claim ; the whole of the plant and contents of Guten-
berg's office was taken legal possession of by Fust in 1455.
We now form the acquaintance of Peter Schoeffer, of Gernsheim.
This is a young man who had been in the employment of Gutenberg,
and was found to })ossess pre-eminent skill in cutting the punches
for the types, plain and ornamental, required for the forthcoming
Bible. Peter Schoeffer, in fact, had an educated taste as well as
high skill. Like so many others who became fascinated with the
new art at the outset, he was a scholar ; only a few yeni-s previously
he had been a student in the University of Paris. Fust perceived
that he was a most eligible person to be put in charge of the printing
establishment which had come into his possession. Such confidence
had the shrewd banker now acquired in the prospective profits of
printing and publishing, and in the superior competency of Schoeffer,
that he proposed to him at once a copartnership on a suitable basis,
and more ; Schoeffer was to receive in marriage his daughter and sole
heiress, Christina. Subsequent incidents need not be narrated. It
PROTOTYPnr.RAPIIY.
581
will bo sufficient to say, that tiie i,'rpat Bililc soon saw tlio lii;lit.
A sense of wliat was duo to (ruttnilter^ seems to liavr le<l tlie pub
lishors to ab-stain from elaimiii!; the merit of tho performanoe. It
muilo its appearance without <hite or name of printer in the eolophoii ;
but it has since been universallv known as (}utenber<:'s Jliltle. in
modern times it is sometimes spoken of as the Mazjirin Biliie, from tiie
particular coi)y of it discovered in the library of Cardinal Mazarin.
which atti"acted the especial attcMition of bibliof,'raplit'rs. Subscrpieiit
editions of the same work, not quite equal in f^'randeui- and finish to
the tirst, have appended to them the names of Fust and SchoelU'r, as
the printers conjointly. John Sohoeffer, the son of Peter, and his
successor us the head of the printing establisliment, wlii(;h loii'j;
continued to flourish, frankly declared in a Dedicatory Epistle to the
Kraperor Maximilian of Germany, whicli he ))refixed to an edition of
Livy, that the whole merit of the fused metal types then come into
use amoiAg printers everywhere was due to Gutenberg, and not to
his father.
It is consolatory to find that Gutenberg was not crushed. In
conjunction with one Nunnneister, he estjiblished a press at May-
ence, and issued works of importance. In 140.^) the Archbishop of
Mayence, Prince Adolphus of Nassau, made him one of the pensioned
attache's of his household ; and within the friendly walls of the
archiepiscopal palace he breathed his last in 1408. This prince-
archbishop was not desired by the people of ^layence, and h<^ was
obliged to oust, by force of anus, another archbishop already in
))08session, placed there by an anti-{)ope. In the process, the city was
sacked, and all the industries of the place broken up, especially those
connected with the printing-press. Adolphus may have wished to
make some reparation for the ruin which he was the means of
bringing on the city, by shewing kindness to the illustrious inventor.
(Jutenberg's remains were deposited in the Church of the Franciscans
at Mayence. As to Fust, he died of the plague at Paris in 1460, at
the age of 72, whilst on one of his business exjteditions to that city
in connection with the sale of his books. The stories of his unfavour-
able reception in Paris, and of attempts to palm off his JJibles as
manuscripts, are now known to be groundless. The place of his
sepulture in Paris was the Church of St. Victor.
On parting company with the four j)ersonages whoso names are
associated with the very first begiimings of the art of printing, it will
I'U()TI)TTI'0(JIIAIMIY.
k
1)0 of interpst to noto the portniits or othfr ropreaoiitiitions of thim.
that exist.
A tiiio ('ii;;raviuf^ liy IIoul»raken of Lawrence JatiHsoeii, the Ha(;iiN-
taii, may l»e seen in the OrhjincH 7\i//Hiiji-it/)hl(:<n o\' iU'Vuvd jMeorinan.
of liottei-dani. W(^ hehold a face slightly a<,'e(l , iou<i, iMuaeiato, and
.smoothly shaven, with H}»eaking thoughtful eyes, looking out at tlu^
spectator ; a benevolent, intelligent, somewhat clerical countenance,
surmounted l)y the soft four-cornered scliolar's cap, usually seen on
Erasmus. The autiienticity of this portrait is not ceitain ; and the
heads of the statues erected to Janssoon at Haarlem have hr -n
moulded from some other likeness. In Meerman's work is giv«;ii a
fac-similo of a supposed early effort of Jans.soun's with his niovalih-
wooden or lead types; a so-called I/orarium, a little vade mecum for
children, containing first the Aljdiabet, and then the Creed and Lord's
Prayer, in Latin. The insoi-iption placed by public authority in
.Jan.ssoen's house at Haarlem is also given; Meinor'ue sacrum. Tijin)
yraphia, Ars Artiuni Omnium Conservatrix, hie j)rli)ium inventa circa
annum iuccccxxiix (] i'lS). Attempts have been made to show that
Lawr<!nce Janssoen of Haarlem lived after the fiutenberg era, and was
not in any way connected with the ai't of printing. Advantage is
here ju-obably taken, as in so many instances, of identity of name in
two diirerent persons. The special pleading, having for its aim the
complete annihilation of the Haarlem tradition, which is old, ))er-
sisteut and reasonable, rather overshoots the mark.
Of Gutenberg's form and presence, posterity derives an ideal image
from the statue at Sti'asl)in"g, where in one of the squares ho is seen
raised aloft ; a thin spare figure in furred cap and ample furred gown ;
stepping forward with energy, tue two hands holding out an open
scroll, on which is the inscription Et la lumihre fut — " And there waii
light." The face is long, care-worn and aged; a patriarchal beard
descends upon the breast. In a public place in Mayence, there is
another statue of Gutenberg, not so striking perhaps as that at
Strasburg, notwithstanding the celebrity of the artist of the former,
namely, Thorwaldsen. In Lacroix's Historic de V Imprlmerie, is the
head by Julius in 1G98, which is the prototype of the likeness pre-
sented l)y the statues.
The faces of Schoeffer and Fust are familiar to us from a medal
struck in their honour, showing their profiles, conjointly with that of
Guteiiberg. A small copy of this group is to be seen in Johnson's
Typographia, and in numerous other works.
PHOTOTYPOOKAPHY.
ns:?
TliO iH'W Art of Priiitinj,' spn^ul rapidly throii'^hont Eniopo, Tlif
loiinicd cliiHH ovcrywhonf iit oiiei' diHccriH'il its iiic:»l<'ulal»l«» vuliu;. In
iiuinorou.H iiistiiiiO(!S, scholnis of the tirst order assix-iiitrd theinselveK
with the Piess, not simply iis active patrotiH, hut as editoi-s and cor-
rectors, and oven as manuiil p.utiii pants in its work. And this
continued to be the case for several {generations after fiutenherg's
tlay. In the monasteries many who had been tmined as transcrilx'rs
and illuminators learned how to set up type, and l»i-oui,dit their skill
and taste to bear on the printed, instead of the wiitt«(n, sheet.
(Jo[)ies of works on every subject, produced )»y the new method,
began to be in general demand. The .siimo hunger of tht; mind f<»i-
more abumhint and more satisfying food than it had been long wont
to receive, .seemed to be evei-vwhere felt. Even in the a-'ed. th*-
mental appetite and cuiiosity of }. ^ith were reawak<-ned l)y a sight
of the feast of fat things, to whica the new art gave unlooked for
acc(!ss.
In the regions which we now style the Netherlands and Belgium,
there were presses at work, beforj the close of the century whicii
witnessed the birth of printing with metal tyjtes, at Utre.,ht, at
<jiouda, at Delft^ at Lou vain, at Di;\euter, at Alo.st, at Antwerp ;
au<l in Germany and (Jermau Switzerland at Coloime, at Bamberg,
at Nurembei-g, at Augsburg, at St>ires, at Ulm, at Esslingon, at
Frankfort, at Ba.sle, and other im]»()rtant towns.
In France, at Paris, a pn^ss was set up in a room of the HorWonne.
in 1478, the services of three Germans, Uliich trering, Michael
Friburger, and Martin Crantz, having been secured by Dr. Guiiiaum"
Fichet of the Sorbonne. Peter Key.ser and John Stol, w<nkmeu
under Gering, soon began printing on their own account, at thi'
sign of the Green Rod, Rue St. Jac(pies. Some twenty years
earlier (1458) the King, Charles VII., had endeavoured to introducr*
printing at Paris, but Nicholas Jenson, after acquiring the secret at
Mayence, at the King's expense, went oif with it to Venice, where he
established a press for himself. In 1478, a ))rinter .vith. a French
name, Jacques Lachet, brought out Sebastian Brants Shij> of Fools at
Paris. In 1473, Guillaume Le Roy and Antoine Vincent were
engaged in printing at Lyons ; also Klein ami Treschel in 1 488 at
the same place; and at Caen, Robert Mace in 14*Jl.
From Germany especially, the adepts in the new art scattei'ed
themselves like so many apostles, far and wide, caiiying with them
584
PttOTOTTPOGRAPHY.
V^
their practical skili, isni sometimes even the imi^lements of their
business. In R<»Qe. m Veoice, in Milan, in Florence, in Naples, in
Sicily the earliest pantos bear German names. At Rome, Conrad
Sweynheim and Aradd Paonartz, in 1405 (settled first for a short
time Subiaco. near hj i : ia4 Ulric Hahn, who Latinized his name into
its equivalent G'aJlttJL a -cock ; Silber in 1490, who did the same with
kis name, making h Ar^nteus ; and Andreas Fritag in 1492. At
Venice, John of Spii'esw H^'y'J. and his brother Vendelin; John Emeric
of XJdenheim and Erkjur L Radolt. At Milan, Waltdorfer of Ratisbon,
l)etter known as Tiul^iirfer. printer of the Decameron of Boccaccio,
a copy of which, viti; hJj imprint, sold at the Roxburghe sale in
London in 1811' i'ifT ;£i.'l>^*'K At Florence, John Petersen of May-
ence and Nichc»las cf Bre>I.iu in 1477. At Naples, Sixtus Riesinger
of Strasburg in 1471. Berthold Rying and others. In Sicily (at
Messina), Heinrich Aiiiiiuiin 1478. In 1479, a Bible in Spanish
was issued at VaJ-ei-iik in Spain by a German named Lambert
Palmaei't. (The lirsi press in America was set up through the
instrumentality of * Gterman printer at Seville, John Cromberger.
It is thouglit, how^^rf. dukt he never himself crossed the ocean, but
committed the ma.na!j5eBieiit of an establishment known by his name
in the city of Mf xic©. m 1540, to an agent, a foreman of his, named
Pablos.)
As in other depju!iM«?ats of human activity, the practice of the
new art soon begjua i*> «ietioead from father to son through successive
generations. On-e at irwo remarkable instances of su'^h descent in
the families of om»3»HBG printers will now be given ; but I shall have
to pass down occa!dc»ijAuy into the sixteenth century.
And first, the Itstiaui AldL These were Aldo Manuccio of Venice
and his descendants. Ai< lo Latinized his name i?ito Aldus Manutius,
to which he soiiieiajia>e& addeil Romanus, as being a native of the
Roman States. Hr ^a5 an accomplished scholar. He invented and
largely used the li4iiai(r fetter, which is said to be a careful repi'oduc-
tion of the handvriiiEnig of Petrarch, whose Canzoni and sonnets he
printed in this tyj*r. He was the fii-st to bring out books in octavo
and duodecimo, a f'-ni. , lickly recognized to be an improvement on
the cumljersome ftlin He and successors of the same name issue^l
editions of all tL^ ^pi-M works of classic antiquity, and of all the
l)est Italian autiic»ri •c-t' their own time. Aldo Manuccio married
the daughter of AaiiKA Torresani, a distinguished typographer, the
PROTOTYPOGRAPHT.
585
their
es, in
jurad
short
c into
; with
i. At
Imeric
isbon,
caccio,
ale in
May-
?siris;er
;ily (at
Spanish
ambert
gh the
iberger.
an, V)ut
IS name
named
of the
3cessive
cent in
11 have
Venice
mutins,
of the
ted and
produc-
mets he
1 octavo
ment on
e issiie^l
all the
married
her, the
STiccessor of Nicolas Jenson at Venice. The well-known badire of
the Akline press, the Dolphin and Anchor, Wiis adopted from a
medal of Titus Vespa^ianus, and is intropreted by Erasmus in his
Adagia to den te the Latin Festlna lente — ''Be steady; take j-oiir
time j" advice of use in literary work.
At Florence the Juntas or Giuntas were a typographical fiimily
flourishing for several generations. Bernard and Philip were eminent
printers of this name. The device on the title pages of their books
was the Lily or Fleur-de-lis.
At Basle, the Fi'obens, father and son, have a special interest as
the friends of Erasmus, and the printers of his works. The house of
John Froben was the home of Ei-asmus, when he took up his abode
in Basle. John Froben's wife was the daughter of the learned
Wolfgang Lachner, who like Marcus Heiland, Wolfgang Museulus.
(Ecolampadius, and Erasmus himself, was a connector and reviser in
Froben's office. Frol>en's son-in-law, Nicholas BischoflT (Ei)isenpius),
was also a notable printer. Tiie Utopia of our own Sir Thomas Mor^
was printed at Ba^le by John Frol>en in 1519, and the Encomium
Morice in L522, the work in the title of which Erasmus amusin<;lv
plays on More's name. Holbein drew the illustrations which forirj
so essential a part of this book. Many other works printed by
Froben were also enriched by the genius of Holbein, who designed
and executed elaborate and most beatitiful bordoi's and other orna-
mental woodcnts for them. The ready graver of Holbein has not
only made his own countenance familiar to us, and those of Erasmus
and More and other historic personages, but also that of John Froben,
the great printer. Copies of Holbein's portrait of the latter may U-
seen well engraved in Knight's Life of Erasmus, and also in Wolt-
mann's Holbein and his Time.
At Lyons, the printers Gryphii were famous for several generations:
Sebastian, Antony, John, the last at Venice. The device on their
title pages is a griffin and winged ball or glol)e.
At Paris, the illustrious typogiaphic dynasty of the Stephani
took its rise. In England the Stephani would be spoken of as the
Stephenses. In their own vernacular they wei'e Les Estiennes.
The first of the name, eminent as a printer and scholar, was Henry,
born at Paris, 1470. This Henry is styled Heniy I. to distinguish
him from Henry II., a successor a few years later. Francis, Charles,
and Robert Stephens, also printei-s, were his sons. Robert was a
M
:)SQ
PROTOTYPOORAPHY.
v>
])rofonn(lly learned man. He publicly oflfered a reward to every one
who would report to liiui an erratum in his publications. In 1531,
he was appointed by Francis J. Kinjj's ' printer in the Greek and
Hebrew languages. Henry II. was iiis eldest son and worthy
successor. To an edition of Andrew Gellius issued by him he pre-
fixes a Latin letter addressed to his own son Paul, in which he speaks
of the household of his father, Robert : " All in it were learned," he
says ; " even the domestics understood Latin, and in some sort coiild
speak it." His mother, Paul's grandmother, could understand persons
si)eaking Latin, as readily as if they spoke French ; his sister could
speak the language, having learnt it not from grammars, but from
use, just as French is learnt in France, Italian in Italy, and any
other language in the country where it is spoken. Notable wr rks
]>ubliH]ied by Koljert Stephens were Bibles in Latin, Greek, Hebrew,
and French, and a Latin Thesaurus in three volumes folio. He
dismissed from his edition of the classics all the contractions inherited
fjt-om the MSS. A marvellous perfection marks all the productions
of his press which were supervised wholly by himself. De Thou
said the labours of Robert Stephens had done more for the honour
and glory of France than all the high deeds of her warriors. Robert
married the daughter of Josse Bade of Asch, near Brussels, another
eminent printer usually spoken of by his Latin designation, Jodocus
Badius Ascensius. Michel Vascosan and Jehan de Roigny, two
other great French printoi-s, also married daughters of Josse Bade.
Henry II. 's Crreek Thesaurus in four volumes folio (1572), is like his
father's Latin Themurus, a wonderful monument of human labour
and perseverance. The story of the shameful way in which John
Scapula, an employe of his, filched the substance of this Thesaurus
and constructed out of it the one-volume Lexicon (1579), formerly so
familiar to English scholars, and so often reprinted, can only here be
glanced at. The learned Isaac Casaubon married a daughter of
Henry Stej)hens.
In the line of the Kobiu'gers (properly Wolgemuths), at Nurem-
berg, there was an Anthony I. and an Anthony II., with a John, a
IVIelchior, and others.
At Antwerp, Christopher Plantin founded a long-lived printing-
hotise. His offxina was one of the wonders of Europe and the chief
lion of the city. More fortunate than some of the great printers,
Plantin accumulated wealth, and lived in princely style, indulging his
tine tastes, and bequeathing at his death, in 1538, a magnificent
PROTOTYPOGRAPHY.
5s;
- one
1531,
: and
orthy
; pre-
peaks
d," lie
could
ersons
• could .
t from
id any
wrrks
[ebrew,
o. He
iherited
luctions
►e Thou
honour
Robert
another
Jodocus
y, two
e Bade.
like his
labour
ch John
hesaurus
merly so
here be
ghter of
Nurem-
John, a
printinp;-
the chief
printers,
ilging his
lagnificent
private libmry to his gi-andson Balthasar Moret, his heir and suc-
cessor. Among tlie products of Christoj)lier Plautin's press was a
polyglot bible in eight volumes folio, published under the aii.-Dicos of
Philip II. of Spain.
Finally, I name the Dutch Elzevir faniily, members of whicli,
between 1583 and 1683, obtained great celebrity as printers. The
first Elzevir (or Elsevier), Louis, began to print at Leyden ii.> 1583.
His brothers, connexions and descendants, were established as printers
in various places in Holland, but chiefly at Amsterdam and Utrecht.
In this dynasty Louis I., Louis II., Louis III., are to be chstinguished ;
other Elzevir names are Matthew, (Egidius, Jodocus, Bouavcntuiv.
Daniel, Abraham, and Peter. The list of the Elzevii- puMif^ntions.
embracing the whole range of literature ancient and contempo-
raneous, including works in Hebrew, Syriac and Arabic, fills seven
octavo volumes. The Elzevir print is quickly to be recognized on
account of a certain pleasant openness and clearness in the fashion of
the type. The foolish story about the use of silver type seems to
have arisen out of the sound of the name Elzevir or Elsevier. It is
said that some of the Elzevirs employed female comj>ositors. (The
ilevice of a printer in the officina Elzeviriana at Leyden in 1G17 was
an open music-book, with notes: his name was Godefridus Basson.)
Although in the course of the preceding narrative I was brought
more than once into the neighbourhood of Bruges, I resei-ved my
mention of that city until now, in order that in association with its
name I might introduce our own William Caxton.
The city of Bruges, situated not many miles inland from the port
of Ostend, and connected with that port by a canal, Wiis, during the
era in which we are interesting oureelves, the capital of the Dukes
of Burgundy, who held there a splendid court. These dukes, in
addition to their own proper domain, Upper Burgundy (Franche
(Jomt6), had by degrees become lords also of other vast territories.
They were nominal vassals of the German Emperors and of the
French Kings, but for surpassed V»oth these [X)tentates in resources
and real power. Under the German Empire they held Burgundy
proper, East Flanders, Luxembourg, Alsace, the duchies of Braltant
and Limberg, the marquisate of Antwerp, the counties of Hainault,
Holland, and Zealand ; to the French King they did homage for the
counties of Ponthier, Amiens, Vermandois, Nevers, and Namur.
From 1419 to 1467 Philip the Good was the reigning duke, a
munificent patron of art and promoter of commerce and industry.
588
PROTOTYPOGRAPHY.
V^
To commemorate the perfection to which woollen manufactures had
attained among his i»eople, he instituted an order of knighthood —
that of the Golden Fleece. A great lover of learning and literature,
he maintained within the walls of his palace a staff of skilled copy-
ists and illuminators.
William Caxton was brought into intimate relations with this
Phili]) the Good, being at Bruges after 1463 what we should now
call British Consul — a public agent stationed there, charged with the
care of English inttjrests, chiefly commercial, in the dominions of the
Duke of Burgundy ; technically, " Governor of the English Nation."
As a man of literary tastes, Caxton was held in especial esteem by the
dvike.
In 1 to 7, Philip the Good died. His successor, Charles the Bold,
whose reign proved disastrous to himself and his dominions, was no
]irof(^ssed patron of letters. It happened, nevertheless, that Caxton's
relations with the Burgundian court became now even moi'e intimate
than they had been under Duke Philip. The new duke, soon after his
accession, brought home as his bride the Princess Margaret, Edward
the Fourth's sister, who forthwith evinced a great regard for her
countryman Caxton, now a polished courtier as well as an exjx^rienced
man of business. She attached him to the court as one of the genth*-
men of her household. It would seem that about this time Caxton
resigned the post of " Governor of the English " at Bruges, wearie«l
perhaps with the anxieties of the post, growing more and more
serious during a troubled period, and glad to withdraw into a posi-
tion likely to afibrd him more leisure for the litei*ary pureuits which
had become so fascinating to him.
In 1470, revo-ses sustained by the Yorkist party in England
obliged the King, Edward IV., to fly the country, accompanied by
several of his adherents among the nobles; and the court at Bruges
was tlie temporary resort of the fugitives. After the lapse of five or
six months, Edward regained his throne. During this short sojourn
of Edward abroad, Caxton became personally known to him and his
friends through the Princess Margaret; and it is believed that this
circumstance, together with public changes in progress at Bruges and
elsewhere, ultimately led to the removal from Flanders to England,
which took place a few years later. Caxton may have deemed the
time opportune for the intioiluction of Printing into England. Ay a
PROTOTYPOORAPHT.
580
commercial venture he must have seen the probability of its success.
The capabilities of the nov^el invention for the rapid multiplication of
books in request among the learned were self-evident, and he would
feel sure of the royal countenance and the j)atronage of intiiiential
friends in the enterprise. But lii-st it was expedient that he should
make himself in some degi-ee practically acquainted with the art,
and with the economy of a piinting establishment. Many intelligent
men had, to his knowledge, passed over with comparative ease from
other avocations to that of the printer Why should not he? While
yet acting as British agent, he had Ijeen in the habit of utilizing his
intervals of leisure by translating into English a French work,
entitled Le Becueil des Histoires le Troi/es, a paraj>lirase of tli<'
leading passages of the Iliad, written by Eaoul le Fevre, formerly
chaplain and secretary to Philip the Good, and probably a personal
friend of the translator. After various interruptions he at length
completed his English version of the work, encouraged in his under-
taking by the Princess Margaret, ''his redoubted ladye," who deigned
to suggest some improvements in the phraseology. It was begun at
Bruges, he tells the reader, continued in Ghent, and finished in
Cologne. And farther he more specifically states: "It was finished
in the time of the troublous world, and of the great divisions being
and reigning as well in the realms of England and France, as in other
places universally throughout the world, that is to wit : in the year
of our Lord one thousand four hundred and seventy-one." Of the
translation thus continued and ended in the midst of inauspicious
surroundings, Caxton proceeded to supply copies in manuscript to his
mistress the princess, and his other English-speaking friends. And
it was while personally engaged in this rather wearisome employment
that his plans for the future took definite shape, and the resolution
was formed to master for himself the new art of printing, and to issue
by means of it an edition of the English version of the Recueil for
the English market.
At this juncture we become acquainted with Colard Mansion, a
Frenchman settled, at Bruges. Colard Mansion was a clever engraver,
caligrapher and illuminator, who hiid been in the pay of Duke Philip
the Good, but who had betaken, himself to the practice of the new
art, and had set up a press in a small room over the porch of the
church of St. Donatus at Bruo^es. Here also he manufactuced with
590
PROTOTYPOflKAPIir.
V^
KkiU the pvinclies and matrices required in type foirrAling, smcT ptft thein
sucoessfuDy to their proixir uses. It is conjectured that the fine
founts of his office were in the fii-st instance cut and cast at the com-
mand and cost of the late munificent literary duke. C^ton pwt him-
self under the tuition of Colard Mansion, handsomel}? recomi>ensing
liim for his i)ain», learning the new art and mystery by setting u]>
mth liis own hands the tyjie of the English Hecueil, and partaking
in the manual labour of its actual imprinting at Colard Maaision's
press. "I have practised and learned," he says, *' at my great chaa'g^
and dispense, to ordain the said book in piint, after the manner and
form as you may here see." A further memorandum informs us thart
the printing was completed "on the last day of March, 1474." A
nionogmm or cipher is seen in several of the books afterwards printed,
by (Jaxton in England, consistmg of the Arabic numerals 7 and 4
reversed and interlaced, placed between the initials of his name. On
either side, in some instances, certain marks are to' be seen which
have been thought to be respectively an s and a c ; but they are more
probably only flouriahes in the ornamentation of the border. If,
-however, the s and the c be insisted on, their interpretation may more
plausibly be siiie calamo than Sancta Colonia. The whole device
will then be a cryptic commemoration of the time when Caxton first
embarked in the novel avocation of issuing books to his friends and
tlie public, sine calamo, " without the aid of the pen." Thus the first
olil printers were wont to boast in their colophons ; and Caxton also
himself thought good to remark at the close of the liecueil, that the
work in the reader's hands was " not written with pen and ink as
Dtlier books be :" an observation not altogether needless for the super-
ficial observer, as the types used in the impression are the closest
]K>si;ible imitation of a load style of hand-writing.
The bulk of the printed edition of the English Recueil would no
doubt be shipped off to an agent in London. Perauaded that he had
struck a profitable vein, Caxton now completes another ti"anslation
from the Fi'ench, The Game and Playe of the C/besse, a work chiefly
compiled by one Jehan de Vigny from the Latin work of J. Je
Cessoiis, Liber de ludo ScacJiorwn. This translation was committed
to tyjie as speedily as possible in the office of Colard Mansion, Caxton
himself taki^ g some part as before in the manual work. The book
was dedicated to the King of England's brother, the Duke of
PROTOTYPOGRAPHY.
591
Clarence, and sent off at once to London. (About the same time
Colard Mansion put forth an edition of the French work, on his own
account, using — whether his own or ducal property — the identical
founts employed in the English version.)
The work next taken up for translation, with a view to })ublication,
seems to have been, The History of Jason, another of Raoul le
Fevre's productions. But this was not printed until after the
removal to Westminster, as is said to be proved by the type. An
edition of the original Frencli was, in this case also, subsequently
printed by Colard Mansion. (The idea that Caxton learned and
practised printing at Cologne, arose from a casual expression in the
Recueil, taken wrongly by Wynkyn de Worde to mean that the book
was printed there, whereas Caxton simply says that the translation
into English was finished there.) It is entitled The Book of tlie
Whole Life of Jason. It Avas from the pen of the same Raoul le
Fevre, who wrote the K^xueil, and in some sort it celebrates the
institution of the Order of the Golden Fleece by his first i)atron,
Duke Philip. The translation had probably been some years in
hand. With his usual policy, Caxton dedicates the book to the eldest
son of the King of England, the Prince of Wales, " our to-coming
sovereign lord," as he speaks, then only four yeai's old. He does not
presume, he says, to dedicate the volume to the king, inasmuch as
he doubts not that he who had permitted himself to be enrolled in
the said Order of the Golden Fleece, was already in possession of the
work in French; but he presents it to the prince that he may "begin
therein to learn to read English." In Halliwell's Letters of the
Kings of Ungland are preserved the instructions given by Edward
IV. to Earl Rivers, as tutor of his son, the Prince of Wales, in
1475; and amongst them it is directed that there should be "read
unto him such noble stories as behoveth to a prince to understand
and know." The £ook of Jason may have been one of the noble
storitvs used in this way in the education of the prince. In the pre-
faces to several of his publications, Caxton indulges in some personal
gossip. In the prologue to the Ja^on he falls, consciously or uncon.
sciously, into the vein of Froissart, and describes some an-as hangings
which he remembers seeuig in the hall of Hesdin Castle in Artois,
executed and placed there by order of Philip the Good, on which
were depicted the exploits of Jason when in quest of the Golden
Fleece.
592
PROTOTTPOORAPHT.
\}
No room is left for doubt as to the place of issue of the next
volume of Oaxton's wiiich I have to notice, The Dictes (aid Sayings
of Philosophers. He had now for certain severed the ties which
bound him to Flanders and the Rhineland, after a residence there of
over thirty years ; and had transferred himself to the neighbourhood
of the great city where his youth had been spent. Undeterred by
the approaches of age, he resolved on a new career, and brought with
him from abroad a full equipment as printer, his founts of type being
cut and cast for him, as theii* appearance sufficiently proves, by
Colard Mansion at Bruges. With him also came a staflF of experi-
enced assistants. On the title page of the Dictes and Sayings we
read : " Imprinted by me, "William Caxton, at Westminster, in the
ymr of our Lord mcccclxxvii." Here at last we have the three
desiderated elements of certainty, and the tangible date is supplied,
by means of which the present year, 1877, has been distinguished as
the four hundredth anniversary of the introduction of printing into
England. The author or translator of the volume now issued was no
less a personage than the Queen's brother, Lord Antony Woodville,
Earl Rivers, governor, as we have already seen, of the Prince of
Wales. The astute printer contrives to keep in the sphere to which
he had become habituated at Bruges. By cultivating the good
graces of the higher powers he secures their patronage, and anti-
cipates, doubtless, the solid advantages likely to accrue therefrom to
his several ventures. In 1484 we have him dedicating a work to
Richard III., who had then obtained possession of the throne — The
Book of the Order of Chivalry. In the preceding year he had put
forth the Legeiula A urea, or Golden Legend, a work probably known
to be acceptable to Richard. In the life of St. G«orge of England
in this book, he says that in the Chapel of St. George, at Windsor,
the heart of St. George is preserved, a precious uelic presented to
Henry V. by the Emperor Sigismund.
In 1485, Henry VII. assumed the crown, and Caxton takes an
early opportunity of presenting to him in person a copy of the latest
product of his press, the History of Charlemagne. In this year he
prints Sii' Thomas Malory's Morte d' Arthur, a compliment, we may
be sure, to the Tudors, who prided themselves on their descent from
Arthur through the Welsh princes. In 1489,, hje translates and prints
at Henry's express desire, the Feats of Arnw ami Chivalry, a work
PROTOT Y POOR A PHY.
593
by Vegetius, and in 1490, he dedicates a translation of the ^Eneid
of Virgil to Henry's eldest son, Artliui-, Prince of Wales. Henry VII.
had derived from his mother, " the saintly Margaret of Lancaster," a
love of books and learning. This royal lady, of whom I shall speak
again, patronized Caxton, and at her command, as he himself informs
us, conjointly with that of the Queen, he printed, also in 1490, the
Fifteen Oes, a volume of prayers. He had previously printed
two more translations by the hand of Lord Rivers, for whom he
printed the Dictes and Sayimjs. More than sixty books, besides
those named, from the press of Caxton, including the editio j)rinceps
of Chaucer, are to be seen in the libraries of England or thr Conti-
nent. For an account of these, recourse must be had to the usual
writers on bibliographical subjects. The particular spot in West-
minster where Caxton first set up his press is known from an extant
advertisement of his. It reads as follows : — " If it please any man,
spiritual or temporal, to buy any Pies [pica prayer-books] of two and
three Commemorations of Salisbury Use, imprinted after the form of
this present letter, which be well and truly corrected, let him come
to Westminster, into the Almonry, at the Bed Pale, and he sJiall have
them good-cheap." He appends a brief request to the reader or
binder in Latin, Supplico stet cedula (schedula), " Don't destroy this
slip ;" and then we have his cabalistic W. C, etc. The Pies were
Calendar-tables (also called Picas), with rubrical directions, relating
to church-services on saints' days; and the "Two or Three Com-
memorations " spoken of were an accumulation, so to speak, of two
or three observances in one day, in which case certain combinations
and omissions of proper collects were, for brevity's sake, permissible.
The Red Pale was an escutcheon or shield bearing a conspicuous red
stripe drawn vertically down its middle, set up over the door as a
sign. The Almonry or Aumbry was a portion of the Abbey buildings
now destroyed, forming part of the precinct towards the western
entrance. It was the place where the doles of the monastery were
wont to be distributed to the poor. Some disused apartments here,
together with the dismantled chapel of St. Anne near by, were, it is
supposed, leased by the Abbey authorities to Caxton. The Abbot
of Westminster at the time was John Esteney. Caxton insciibes
none of the productions of his press to him ; but in his prologue to
the JEneid he mentions a reference made by the Abbot to himself
594
PROTOTYPOGRAPHT.
VJ
I
on one occasion for assistance in deciphering an antiquated English
document.*
In 1485, the presses were removed from the Monastery buildings
to premises of Caxton's own in King Street, "Westminster. In 1491,
Caxton died. He was buried in the churchyard of St. Margaret's
Church, close to the Abbey.
Caxton's career was a prosperous one, and probably accompanied
with much personal happiness, actively and usefully employed as he
* At the present day, Caxton's English requires, for its ready comprehension, some of the
same kind of assistance from a friendly hand which Abbot Esteney sought to obtain from
Cuxtnii himself. In regard to English held to be "old" in the reign of Henry VII. I give, as a
specimen, the preface to a translation of a French work, entitled " Cato," a paraphrase of the
so-(!alh'd Distiehs of Cato, much used in the mediiEval schools. We gather from this "prologue
or jinilieyme " what were Caxton's impressions of the rising generation of the elty where his own
youth had l)een passed some forty years previously. The translation was published in 1483.
Thus the work is Introduced :
" Unto the noble, auncyent, and renommed cyte, the cyte of London in England, I, William
Caxton, cytezeyn and conjiirye ot the same, and of the fraternyte and felauship of the mercerye,
owe of ryght my servysc and good wyll, and of every dute am bounden naturelly to asslste,
ayde, and counceille, as ferforth as I can to my power, as to my moder, of whom I have
receyved my nourcture and lyuynge, and shall praye for the good prosperite and polecye of the
same duryng my lyf, for as me semeth it is of grete nede, bycause I have knowen it in my yong
age moche more welthy, prosperous, and rycher thai it is at this day, and the cause is, that
there is almost none that entendeth to the comyn wele, but only every man for his singuler
prouff^'te. whan I remember the noble Romayns, that for the comyn wele of the cyte of
Rome, they spente not only theyr moevablc goods, but they put theyr bodyes and lyves in
jeopardy, and to the deth, as by many a noble ensample we may see in the actes of Romans, as
of the two noble Scipious, AfTrican and Asyan, Actilius, and many other ; and amonge al other
the noble Catlio, auctor and maker of this book, whiche he hath lefte for to remayne ever to all
the peple for to lerne hit, and to knowe how every man ought to rewle and governe hym in this
lyf, as well for the lyf temporall, as for the lyf spyrytuel. And, as in my judgment, it is the
beste book for to be taught to yonge children in scole, and also to peple of every age, it is fUU
convenient yf it be wel vndeistanden. And byoause I see that the children that ben borne
>vithin the sayd cyte encrease, and prouffyte not like theyr fadors and olders, but for the mooste
parte, after that they ben comeyn to theyr parflght yeres of discrecion, and rypenes of age,
how well that theyre faders have lefte to them grete quantite of goodes, yet scarcely amonge
ten two thryue. I have seen and knowen in other londes, dyuers cytees, that of one name and
lyiiage successyvely have endureil prosperously many heyres, yea v. or vi. hundred yere, and
some a thousand ; and in this noble cyte of London, it can vnnethe contynue unto the thyrde
heyr, or scarcely to the second. O blessyd Lord, whan I remembre thys I am al abasshed ; I
can not juge the cause, but fayrer, ne wyser, ne bot bespoken children in theyre youghte ben
nowher than ther ben in London ; but at their ful rypng there is no camel ne good corn founden,
but chaff for the moost parte. I wote wel there be many noble and wyse, and prove wel, and
ben better and richer than ever were theyr faders ; and to thende, that many myght come to
honoure and worshyppe, I entende to translate this sayd book of Cathon, in whiche I doubte
not, and yf they wylle rede it, and understande, they moche be the better conne rewl themself
therby ; for among all other bookes this is a singular book, and may well be callyd the regjraent,
or governaunce of the body and sowle. There was a noble clerk named Poglus, of Florence,
and was secretaiy to pope Eugenye, and also to pope Nychcolas, which had, in the cyte of
Florence, a noble and well stuffed librarye, which all noble straungyers comynge desyred to
see, and therln they fonde many noble and rare bookes, and whan they had axyd of hym which
was the best booke of them alle, and that he reputed for the best, he sayd, that he held Cathon
glosed for the best book of his lyberary," &c.
PROTOTYPOGKAPHY.
595
constantly was in mind and body. But his times, as we havo seen,
were full of perturbations. What with j»opular risings, war with
France, contests for the throne between the houses of York and
Lancaster ; and, on the Continent, the French determination to expel
the English, the struggles of the Kings of France against their nobles,
the rivalries and feuds between Louis XL and Charles the Bold, and
the German Emperor, no one of any class wjus sure of dying )>eace
fully in his bed. Caxton, in the case of many of those with wlioru
he was brought into close relations, must have Ijeen impressed A-itli
the miseries and perils attendant on high position, and the mutability
of human affairs generally. It is sad to recall the fates of several of
the personages whose names are associated with the books which he
printed. The Duke of Clarence, to whom the iirst edition of The
Game and Playe of the Chesse was dedicated, was secretly put to
death in the Tower, })lunged, it was currently re])oi-ted, into a butt
of Malmesey wine. The Prince of Wales, addressed in the Book of
Jason, was suffocated along with his young brother, also in the
Tower ; and the Earl of Rivers was ruthlessly beheaded at Poinfret.
For Richard III., slain on the field of Bosworth, we feel less com-
passion. The other young Prince of Wales, Arthur, son of Henry
VII., to whom the uEneid was presented, never ascended the throne.
Caxton is one of the few characters in the history of England who
have moulded themselves into shape with some distinctness in thi^
imagination of most Englishmen, He lives and moves, a real person
m their minds, individually recognisable, like Alfred, like Chaucer,
like Shakespeare himself. And tliis in spite of meagre data. A few
autobiographical facts casually supplied to us in addresses to the
reader, scattered about in certain of his publications, a few allusions
in contemporary annals, an occasional mention in legal and other
documents of the time accidentally preserved, these are the only
materials out of which to construct a biography of Caxton. And
then we have the portrait which has come down to us as his, which,
when once we have seen, we do not forget : a peaceful unmilitary
face ; large inquiiing eyes looking out from under a slightly per-
plexed brow, a well-formed nose, plentiful hair and beard, grey dnd
curling ; lips making inquiry along with the eyes ; the whole sur-
mounted by quaint, almost oriental head-gear, the incipient modern
hat nevertheless, with narrrw brim turned up all round, retaining,
however, still a portion of the hood d la Henry IV., with lirii>ipe
59G
PUOTOTYPOORAPIIY.
\}
dangling on one side. (For the instructive story of Ciixton's child-
hood in the Weiild of Kent, and his youth and early manhood in
the city of London, I must refer you to the books which are in
every one's hands.)
It is hardly necessary to add that the Caxtoniami of Lord Lytton
are only remotely connected with our Caxton. They are a series of
pleasant essays, whose subjects werr- suggested to the writer from
time to time during the composition of The Caxtons and My Novel.
The supposed author of these tine fictions. Pisistratus Caxton, nar-
rates, we shall rememljer, the very serious differences between his
father Austin and his uncle Roland, on tlie unsettled point as to
whether they came from the branch of the ancient Caxtons whence
the great printer sprung, or from that to which Sir William de
Caxton belonged, slain in the battle of Bosworth field, fighting
for Richard III. Considering the wide range of the Imaginary
Conversations of Walter Savage Landor, it is singular that among
the interlocutors none of the p' )totypographers are to be met with.
With his gi-eat dramatic insight, and perfect mastery of precise,
accurate English, Landoi', had he chosen, might have constructed
much admirable discourse between Gutenberg and Adolphus of
Nassau, for example, or between Colard Mansion and the Seigneur
de la Gruthnyse, or between Caxton and Earl Rivers, or Caxton and
Abbot E.steney. Charles Knight, at the close of his Memoir of
Caxton, presents us with a scene, not badly conceived, in which
Wynkyn de Worde, Richard Pynson, William Machlinia and Lettou
are the dramatis personai.
Caxton's foreman, Wynkyn de Worde, succeeded to the establish-
ment in King Street, Westminster, and carried on printing operations
there until 1497, when he removed to Fleet Street, at the sign of the
Golden Sun. He was a native of Holland, and had accompanied
Caxton from Bruges. He improved on his master's style and
adopted the Roman type. The issues of his press were numerous
and multifarious, including even the Koran " of the false necromancer
Mahomet," as the phrase is on the title page. The first edition of
Sir John Maundeville's I'ravels was also issued by him. Four
hundred and ten works or editions are enumerated as coming from
Wynkyn de Worde's press. He put forth repeated editions of the
Scala Perfectionis, or Ladder of Perfection, a religious book printed
at ** the command of Margaret Beaufort of Lancaster, the King's
PROTOTYPOGRAFHY.
59(
mother," who also, as we have Keen, was a iiatronoss of Cnxton ; and
on the occasion of the death of this princ»>sH the funeral sermon pro-
nounced over her remains by Fisher, Bishop oT Rochester, was printed
at the press of Wynkyn de Worde. This interestim; print<!r died in
1534, and was buried in St. Bride's, Fleet Street.
Another assistant of Caxton's, Richard Pynson, a Norman by
birth, but naturalized in England by letters patent, had establi;ih<'d
himself independently as a printer, first, just outside Temple Bar.
and secondly, in Fleet Street, at the sign of tiie George. Lady
Margaret, the king's mother, patronized him likewise, as also did lier
son Henry VII. In his colophons Pynson styles himself " Printer
unto the King's noble grace." Aft«'r the death of Henry, his son
and successor Hemy VIII. continued to him the same title, and
Pynson had the honour of printing the king's treatises against Luther
•.vhich acquired for him the title of Defender of the Faith. Among
the 215 works or editions issued by Pynson were the Chru nicies of
Froissart, and the editio princeps of the Promptunrhun Parvuloram.
a famous Latin-English dictionary. Pynson died in 1529. Two
other printers said to have been brought over from the Continent by
(.■axton afterwards became distinguished on their own account, Lettou
and John Machlinia.
It is not my intention to note with minuteness the Englifih
typogi'aphers who came after Caxton and his co-laboureifi. Between
1477 and 1500 there were one hundred and ninety master printer.^
in London. Notary and Facques are early names on the list. There,
as elsewhere, presses pass from father to son. Thus in the period
mentioned, there are two Walleys, three Wolfes, three Wyers, three
Powells, three Jugges, including the widow of one, three Halls, three
Herfords, two Hills, two Coplands, two Days, two Alders, two
Barkers, two Jacksons, two Whites. Day and Grafton, Wolfe and
Wight, are especially eminent. The works printed are for the most
part yf the same nature as those issued by Caxton and his compeers —
church books, school books, law books, medical books, classics, books
of sports, fiction (poetry and prose) ; and it is a significant fact that
Bibles are now added. The pi-inters' places of business continue to be
known by signs, the Mermaid, the St. John the Evangelist, the Holy
Trinity, Our Lady of Pity, Maiden's Head, Brazen Serpent, the Well
and Two Buckets, Lucretia Romana, White Horse, White Bear. At
Oxford Theodore Rood of Cologne was printing in 1480, with a
.198
rai>r>3TYP0GRAPHT.
v^
partner named Hunt, ▼fc> probably was the person who put forth a
volume without a j^rmiior"* najne two years previously. The date of
this book reads *' moociixTi ;' out of which an *' x " has dropped, a
mishap which has "h^efalkii printed dates in other instances. In 1671
hooks printed under life iispices of the University began to be dated
■' E Theatro SheldomnL-x* a practice which continued more or less
until the establishmeiii it zhe Clarendon. In 1480, also, books were
being printed at St. Altitns by the "Schoolmaster" of the Monastery
there. At Cambridije- J-An Siberch, a German, was printing in
1521, Ei-asmus Limaelf heing a resident in the University at the
same time. It was Join Legate, a distinguished printer here in
1.589, who first made mae >.^f the device still to be seen in the Cam-
bridge books — a liirare oc Alma Mater Caniabrigia standing behind
an altar with streamiiii: breasts, and holding in one hand a sun, in
the other a chalice, -sritii iui encircling legend of Hie lucem et pocida
sacra. At York, a Ho-Iinder. Hugo Goes, was printing in 1506 ; at
Canterbury. John Myi.^iiell was similarly engaged in 1550. A press
was established in Ediritoxgh in 1507, under the auspices of James
IV. In Dublin, j>riifT7iT..^ was introduced in 1551.
After the manner li/rn jost narrated sprang up the pre-eminently
human art of type-] rL. . -i.^ : after the manner just narrated did it
begin to spread. Tlr r-..!*^ wooden letters of the Haarlem block-
printer, slowly carvfii witii the hand, were quickly transformed into
the magnificent me^fil :i.iri':ters of Gutenburg and Schoefier, cut and
oast with a finish, ani i^ioressed on paper and vellum with an effect
which have never l»t*ii surpassed. The adaptation of the invention
to the intellectual wiii.'K of men was instantly, universally recognized.
The appliances indrieJ iy means of which these nimble mirristers of
man's wit are made t.o> i> cheir office, have undergone mighty changes.
The primitive wood-ea wine-press of the Rhineland, with its screw
and movable bar. gsTie iie tirst idea of the apparatus required ; nay.
perhaps, in some caaeȤ wua extemporized into the apparatus required.
And grievous for & Tra# was the wear even on the hardest type by
the brute power <^ m.th. a machine. Bleaw, of Amsterdam, an
ingenious and sciexjiafc man. in 1601, civilized some of the tirst
contrivances; but it wj^ aot until the beginning of the 19th century
that the Stanho]>e j^jpess was constructed, made wholly of iron, and
doing its work to |.«irfiection by means of delicate adjustments of
prassure through BjMial springs and the nicely calculated action of
PEOTOTYPOQEAPHT.
599
a bent lever handle. Then followed the Ruthven, an Edinburgh
machine, and the Columbian, a Philadelphia production, both based
on the Stanhope principle, but accomplishing their tasks with greater
economy of labour and greater speed.
But the demands of the age were insatiable. The successful appli-
cation of steam power to machinery in other directions, quickly of
course suggested itself as an auxiliary in printing, especially in the
printing of newspapers, the circulation of which had now become
exceedingly great. In 1814, the cylinder press of the London Times
was the marvel of the day. Then, each in succession claiming and
proved in practice to be really an advance in excellence, ;ame the
American Rotary, the Walter Web-feeder, the Prestoniai. Automa-
ton — the last throwing off by a series of actions, looking like
the result of self-consoiousness and reason, huge sheets ])rinted
on both sides, disengaged from each other, and folded in incalcu-
lable numbers and with lightning rapidity. Caxton boasted in the
Colophon of his Recueil, that the whole book was begiin in one
day and finished in one day : that is, that the first folio of the
whole edition was worked off in one day, and the last folio in the
same space of time. This for an edition of five hundred, and
probably Oaxton's would not be larger, would, when the sheet
was printed on both sides, involve one thousand inkings, one thousand
pulls of the press handle, one thousand placings and replacings,
with a variety of other careful manipulations. Under the cir-
cumstances the old printer might legitimately claim some credit for
the capabilities of his art. Perhaps not much more could have
V>een accomplished with the machines at which Franklin v/orked in
London and Philadelphia. The Stanhope furnished forth completed
>heets of letter-press at l,he rate of 250 per hour. The first Times
oylindor printed perfect copies of that great daily publication at the
rate of 1,100 per hour, and now we hear of 10,000 perfected sheets
per hour as the rate of production attained by the Automaton Web-
feeder.
What the intellectual exigencies of future generations may he, who
can say 1 Education is spreading every day, and in every country.
The love of knowledge, of science, of literature, is penetrating all
communitiec* deeper and deeper, and will, in the onward march of
civilization, be universal. And accompanying this great movement,
another phenomtnon is apparent— a tendency to a unity of alphabet,
iltt
■S"
600
PROTOTYPOGRAPHY.
a unity of typography, a unity of language. The demand for reading-
matter— perhaps English reading-matter— great as it is, must in the
future be vastly greater. But we must believe that man in the future,
as in the past, will continue to develop, contrivances answerable to
his needs. Photography and electricity may be enlisted yet further
than they already have been in the service of letters ; and appliances
for satisfying the mental hunger of the human race, having photo-
gi-aphy and electricity as co-efficients, may possibly be thought of,
which to us now would seem to involve the incredible, but which, to
our descendants, will be things of course, and classed by them among
the ordinary conveniences of every-day life.
[601]
CATALOGUE OF BOOKS, AND OTHER OBJECTS,
illostrative or the art of typography, exhibited at the rnoms of the canadian
Institute, Toronto, June 13-16, 1877, on the occasion of the Fol-r Hundredth Anni
VERSARY or the INTRODUCTION OF PRINTING INTO ENGLAND BY Wll-LIAM CaXTON.*
1. Works on the General SeBJECx : TrpooRAPHY.
Joseph Ames. Typographical Antiquities.
It has a good poitrait of Caxton.
Gerard Meerman. Ongines Tj'pographicae
of Lawrence Coster.
Henri Gockinga. De I'lnvention de I'lmprimerie,
Paul La Croix. Histoire de I'linprimerie. Paris.
London. W. Faden, for J. Robinson, 1749. 4to.
Tlie Hague. 1765. -Ito. It has a fine p^>rt^ait
Paris. F. Schoell.
Plon freres. 18.52.
1809. 12mo.
Royal Svo. Plates.
Noel Humphreys. Hi-story of Printing. London. Bernard Quaiitch. 1868. Folio. Numerous
reproductions and/oc similes.
Gulielmus Nicol. De Literis Inventis : Libri Sex. London : for H. Clement. 1714. 12mo.
The frontispiece shews the Earl of Pembroke in his Library.
John Johnson. Typographia. London. John Johnson. 2 vok. Large paper copy. It
shews in a medallion the heads of Gutenberg, Sclioeffer and Fust.
J. Ph. Berjeau. Le Bibliophile Illustre. Londres. W. Jeffs. 1862. Octavo. Cuts.
Le Bibliophile Frangais. Paris. Jules Bonaventure. 1S6S. Svo.
Richard Heber. Catalogue of the Bibliotheca Heberiana. London. W. Nicol. 12 vols. Svo.
A. A. Renouard. Bibliotheque d'un Amateur. Paris. Crajielet. 1819. 2 vols. Svo
Catalogue of the Kloss Library. London. Sotheby. 1835. Svo.
2. Illustrations of the Prr-Tytographic Period: Alphabets,
Inscriptions, Manuscripts, etc.
The Four Gospels. A Greek MS. on vellum. Twelfth Century. Small 4to. From the
Levant. With miniatures and illuminations at the lK;ginning of each Gospel ; and in tlic
original cedar or cypress-wood covers.
The Four Gospels. A I -"tin Manuscript on vellum. Fourteenth Century. Svo. Western
monastic work. The capitals rubricated. The original cover replaced bj olive-moroceo antique
binding.
The Book of E.sther. A Hebrew manuscript on five .sheets of prepared skin. Length of
roll or megillah, ten feet ; height, twelve inches. Lined at one end with green silk.
Jac. de EiTordia. Tractatus. Cologne. John V'elJener. 1470. Xylographio or block-book.
Illuminated letters.
The Biblia Pauperam Predicatorum. Xylographic or block-book. J. Russell Smith's far
simik reproduction. Forty plates. 4to.
A Chinese xylographic block or wooden tablet, with a page of matter carved thereon, ready
for printing from.
A Chinese volume, "The Book of Heroes." The paper printed on one side only, and folded
with the unprinted sides back to back. .Many illustrations ; and examples of the transition
from formal to cursive writing on every page. Chinese binding.
Chinese Bible. Gutzlaff. Printed and bound in the Chinese style.
Japanese Alphabets and Object Lessons. Boldly drawn on sheets for school purposes.
Arabic Manuscript. Preces et Capitula AlcoranL On Bombyciue paper. Miniature 4to.
• The works exhibited were kindly lent by the authorities In charge of the Public LlbrariM of Toronto, nnd
by several private amateurs of books in the city anl nei^jhbmirhooj. The Institute is indebted to the followlnn
for loans on the occasion —The ParUamentary Lihrarv oj thf 'rnvinee of Ont<irii\ the Library o/ the Lnner
nily n/ Toronto, the Library of Ongoodf Hall, th" Library of thr Det>artmmt of Publif Education, the Library
of the Upper Canada Bible Society, A'. 0. Bigelou; Esq., Dr. Canniff, A.. Elvins, Kfq.. .U^an HnlUim^ Dr.
& B. Halt, Arthur Harvey, Esq., S. Hart, Kiq., F. Kraufs, Esq.. K A Knapv. Esq, C. L*n<isey Esq. Prof.
Loudon, W. J. MacdoneU, kag. (French Consul/, J. Notman, Esq., J. Fatenon, Esq., br. Reeves, H. Bnu).^U. Kiq.,
Stv. Dr. Scadding. W. d. Van der Smiami, iaq.. S. J. Wat:<m, Oq., Prof. Oaniei Wilson, B. B. WUling, Etq..
J. Tiiung, Ssq.
G02
CAXTON CELEBKATION.
\J
Early French Black Letter Manuscript. Jardin Delectabile (Devotional).
A Persian volume ; " The Poems of H:vliz." i?riuted from blocks. Ornamoatal capitals,
finials, etc. Persian binding.
Specimen of Persian caligraphy.
MS. Riccius. De Regibus Hispaniarum et Siciliae. 8vo.
M3. Legal Documents relating to Lands temp. Eklward IIL, Henry VIL, Henry VIIL,
Edward VI., Mary, Elizabeth, Charles I. With the Seals appended.
J. B. DuHalde : Description of China. The Hague. H. Scbeurlcr. 1736. 4to. 4 vols.
Chinese characters.
Dr. John Lamb. Hebrew Hieroglyphics. Cambridge Pitt Press. 1835. 8vo.
C. Forster. Harmony of Prinueval Alphabets. London. 8vo.
James Harris. Hermes. Universal Grammar. London. J. Nourse. 1765. 8vo. Fim
frontifcpiece.
Comte de Uebelin. Hist(jire Naturelle de la Parole. Paris. Boudit. 177C. 8vo. Plates.
F. J. Bastius. Palreographia. London. R. Watts. 1835. 8vo.
London Palseographical Society's publications. The Seven parts. One hundred folio plates
of exact far-similes by the autotype process of authentic and very rare MSS. on pajiyrus and
vellum, from B.C. 152 down to the era of Wycliffe and Chaucer; consisting of portions of
the Greek and Latin classics, g(jspel3, psalters, office-books, charters, works in early English,
etc., preser\'ed in the libraries of Great Britain, Ireland, Prance, Italy and Spain.
Sir W. Betham. Etruscan Inscriptions. Dublin : for P. D. Hardy. 1842. 8to. 2 vols.
Gio. Battista Verniiglioni. Etruscan Inscriptions at Perugia. Perugia. V. Bartelli. 183S.
■Ito. Chev. Bunsen's Copy.
Mazochius. Inscriptions of Herculaneum. Naples.
Odericus. Anci(Mit Latin Inscriptions, Medals, Ac.
From Library of Trinity College, Cambridge.
Ciampiui. Vetera Monimenta. Ancient Inscriptions.
Odescalum M/.^eum. Rome. J. G. Salomoni. 1751.
Marmora Oxonien.s'a. Tiie Arundel and other Inscriptions. London. R, Boyer.
S. Jserses. Preces (in Thirty-three Languages). Venice. 1862. 12mo.
Armenian. Meditations. Imitation Armenian MS. Rome. 12mo.
Humboldt. Ancient Inhabitants of America. Mexican Inscriptions. London.
Barnard. 1814. 2 vols. 8vo.
B. Gessar.
Rome. F.
1754. folio.
B. Komarek.
1765. 4t4..
Rome. Bemabo.
folio. 2 vols.
1699. 4to.
1732. folio.
J. G
Speculum Exemplorum Strasburg. Office of Mentelin.
3. Books Printed before A.D. 1500.
Johannes de GersonA. Tractatus. Nuremberg. John Gensenschmidt. 1472-3. folio.
Illuuiiuated capitals and initials.
Bonaventura. Speculum B. Virginia. Augsburg. Antonius Sorg. 1477. folio.
Aiitoniiis Rampegolis. Aureum Repertorium (without place, date or printer's name) : beforf
1475. 4to.
Durandus. Rationale Divm. offlciorum. Venice. Erhardt Radolt. 1485. folio.
Gregoiy IX. Decretalia. With Bernhard's Gloss. Spire* Petef Drach. 1486. Larut
folio.
Richard Paefroed of Deventer.
1490. 4to.
Jac. de Voragine. Legenda Aurea. Strasburg. 1490. Folio. Stamped vellum binding.
S. Vincent. Tractatus. Nuremberg. Conrad Zeninger. 1481. 4to. Illuminated initials
and capitals.
Tortellius. De Orthographia. Venice. Tacuinus, alias J. de Tridino. 1495. folio.
Dacus Sinensis. Elegantim Augustini. L; H. de S. [place !] 1496. 4to
• Biblia et Concordantiaj. Angelas et Jacobus Britannicua. Brescia. 1496. 12mo.
Pomponius La;tus. Historia Romana. Venice. Bernardinus Venetus. 1499. 4to.
Nicolaus de Blony. Sermones. Strasburg. (From the office of Mentelin.) 1498. folio.
The Bamberg Missal. Strasburg. John Pfeyl. 1499. folio, with illuminated capitals.
jEueas Sylvius (Pint II.) Minor Poems : Epistola Retractoria. (ante 1600 ) 4to.
Magister Alexander. Grammatica Latina, with the commentary of Job. Synthis. Daventf r
Richard Ratftatt. 1496. 4to.
Petrarch. Epistolee Familiarea Venico. J. and G. de Oregoriis. 1492. 4to. Device.
Fasciculus Temporum. Venice. Erhardt Radolt. 1485. folio, cuts.
Summarium Libroruni Decretalium. Louvain. John of Westphalia. 1480. folio.
Nestor Dionysius Novariensis. Vocabulariura. Venice. Philip Flnzius. 1496. folio.
CATALOGUE OF BOOKS, ETC.
603
4. Books Printed A.D. 1500— A. D. 1600.
Qulncnplex Psalteriuin, Gallicaimni, Ronvinum, Hebrait^uin, Vetus, Conoiliatum. Pans.
Henry Stephens : flnisliecl 150S : printed 1513, With Autograph " Louis Philippe d'Orleans.
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Device.
Commentaries.
Device.
Carmina. Geneva. Paul Stephanus. 1526. 12mu.
On Letting of Blood. Lyons. J. and F. Frellon. 1546.
Cipsar.
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Caesar,
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Pindar.
Galen,
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Cicero.
Lyons. Seb. Gr\-iilnu3. 1547. 12mo.
Paris. Roben Stephanus. 1544. 12nio.
Italic type.
Italic type.
Wood-c.it!^
W00(l-Cllt!»
12mo. With Frellon'.'^
Ash board.4 expcisei]
folii
folio.
On Rhetoric. Venice. Bernard, de Vitalibus. 1522. folio.
Olasyis. Wood-cut device.
Augustine. De Doctrina Christiana. Louvain. Steph. Valerius. 1562. 12iiio.
Ven. Bede. Eccles. Hist. Anglorum. Antwerp. J. Graviua. 1550. folio. Device.
Ludovicus Coelius Rbodoginus. Lectiones Antitimt. Paris. And. Wechel 1599.
Device.
Ecelesiastica Disciplina. Libri Sex. Cologne. W. Lutzen Pirchen. 159S.
Historia Ecclesiastiea. Interp. Joh. Christopherson. Paris. Xic. Chesneau. 1571.
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Sebastian Brant. Ship of Fools. Basle. Henric-Petri. 1572. 12mo. Wood-cuts.
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Frankfort. Nic. Basseus. 159.5. 12mo. W. . 'id-cuts by Jost Amman and Vii-g. Soils.
Cassianus. Opera. AntweiT>. Ch. Plantin. 1578. 12mo.
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Marlianus. Romse Topographia. Rome. Ant. Bladus de Asula. 1534. 8vo.
Hegesippus. De Bello Judaico, etc. Jod. Badius Ascensius. 1524. 4to.
Peter Comestor. Historia Scholastica. H.ijeuau. Henry Han. 1519. folio.
Trithemius. Annals. Paris. Christian. Wechel. 1539. folio.
Tressin.o. Rime. Venice. Tolomeo Janiculo. 1529. 8vo. Tressino type.
Langham. Garden of Health. London. 1579. 4to. Wood-cuts.
Suetonius. Imperatores. Lyons. Seb. Gryphius. 15S1. 32mo. Fine Gryphius device.
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Zsiinglius. In Isaiam, etc. Zurich. Ch. Frwchour. 1529. folio,
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St. Matthew. In Hebrew. Basle. Henric-Petri 1567. 12mo.
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Nicol Burne. Disputation betwsen the Def..rmed Kirk of Scotland and Kicol Buriu- ;
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604
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Lactantiua. Opera. Basle.
St. Chrysostciia. Homilies.
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1590. folio. Stamped hog-
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Holbein,
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Clasps. Uiivice.
Calepinus. Dictionarium.
skin ; marked 1608. Clasps.
Polydore Vergil. English History. Biisle. Thos. Guarinus. 1570. folio,
half bnuiing, the characteristically-graiued beechen-boards exposed. Clasps.
on title page.
Ovid. The Fasti. Mantua. Joh. Taeiiinus de Tridino. 1508. folio. Wood-cuts.
Ecclesiastical Historians, The early, in Englisli. London. VautroUier. 1585,
Hlack-letter.
Du Choul. La Religion des Aneiens. Lyons. Gul. Rouville. 1581. 4to. Wood-cuts.
Xcnophon. Trans, into Italian by Ant. Gandini. Venice. Pietro Dusinelli. 1588. 4to.
Italic type. Fine title.
l.ipsius. On Engines of War. Antwerp. Christ. Plantin's widow and John Moretus. 1696.
4b>. Plantin's device on title and after colophon.
Joh. Florio. Worlde of Wordcs. London. Arnold Hatfield. 1598, folio. Fine title.
.Shak.speare's Holofernes.
Jolm Florio. Transl. of Montaigne. London, M. Flesher. 1632. folio. The transl. used
by Shakspeare.
Bede. Extracts from Augustine on St. Paul. Jod. Badius Ascensius. 1522. folio. Fine
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Sophocles. Antwerp. Plantin. 1579. 32mo.
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Jewel. Apology. London. J. Beale. 1559. 24nio.
5. Books Printed A,D. 1600— A. D. 1700.
Irenaeus. Contra Haereses. Cologne. Birchmann. 162.5. folio.
Ramnusio. Navigatione et Viaggi. Venice. Giunta. 1054. folio. 3 vols. Maps of Nova
Francia.
Wilibaldomair. Life of St. Augustine. Ingoldstad. Wilh. Eder. 1631. folio.
Latinus Latinius. Bihliotheea Sacra et Profana. Rome. Angelo Bernabo. 1677. folia
Octavius Boldoniiis. Theatrum, etc, Milan. Paciflcus Pontius, 1636. folio.
Augustine. City < >{ God : in English. London. Geo. Eld. 1610. folio.
Index Expurgatorius. For Spain. Madrid". Didacus Diaz. 1667. folio.
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Decretals of Gregory IX. Lyons. J. Pillehotte, 1613. folio. Cla-sps,
Japanese Missions. Latin. Munich. Triguntias. 1623. 4io. Engravings,
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Turquet. History of Spain. London. A, Islip and G. Eld. 1612. folio. Fine title,
Ghisler, On the Song of Solomon. Antwerp. Joh. Keerburgius. 1616. folio. Device.
Histdire de I'Eglise. French Trans, of the Earliest Historians. Paris. Damien Foucault.
1675. 4to. 3 vols. From the Bibliotheca Colbertina.
De Strada. Lives of the Roman Emperors. Frankfort. Eberhard Kiefer. folio. Engravings.
Camden. Britannia. London. G. Bishop. J. Norton. 1607. folio, . Maps, ''..atin Text.
Camden. Britannia. London. G, Bishop. J. Norton. 1610. folio. Maps. Phil. Hol-
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Don Quixote. In Spanish. The two Parts, Madrid. Mateo Fernandez, 1068. 4to,
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1077. .'Kmo.
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1629.
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.Saint Macarius. Opera. Leip.sin.
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Geo. Buchanan. Poemata. Edinburgh. John Cairns.
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N'io. Caussin. Sacred Tragedies, ui Latin. Paris. Seb. Chapelet.
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Thomas Crenius. Museum Philologicum. Leyden. Abraham vander Mijn
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Boethius. Lord Preston's Translation. London : for Awnsham and Jolin Churcliill.
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4
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1695.
006
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The Vanity of Arts and Sciences. London : for C. Blount. 1084.
De Inecrtitudine et Vanitato Scientiaruin. Sine anno et loco. 12m(>.
II. Cornelius Ajci'ipP'i'
8vo. Portrait
H. Cornelius Agrippa.
Portrait.
.Tolin Kirchnian. De Funeribus Ronmnis.
Plutarch. Opera Omnia. Frankfort. D.
f>eviee.
Athenian Society. Young Studf '" Library. London. J. Dunton. 1092. folio.
Beaucaire do Pe<.'nillon. De Ilel. allicis. Lyons. C. Lan<lry. 1625. folio.
Statu-s Eceles. Galli(\'iufe. London : for Thomas Passenger. 1670. 4to.
De Primatu Lugdunensi. Paris. Apud Viduani J. Camusat et P. le Petit.
lieyden. Aymd Haokios.
Aubrius et C. Schleieh.
1672.
1020.
32ino.
folio.
2 vols.
P. de Marca,
1644. J2mo.
F. Spanlieini.
D. 4 Gifcsbeeek.
Leyden. Ajmd
De teniere credita Petri in urbem Roinam Profectione, etc.
107t>. 12ino. Device.
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iK'creta Synodalia Dioc. Augsburg. Dilingie ; apud Joh. Maier. 1610. 4to.
Akx. Koss. Viruilius Evangelisans. London. J. Legato. 1638. 12mo.
Caus.sin. Holy Court. London. J. Williams. 1078. folio,
ttareilasso de la Vega. Madrid. Luis Sanchez. 1621,
Malleus MalcfieoTum. Ltydeu. C. Lundry. 1620.
vSieur Theophile. CEuvres. Lyons. Claude la Riviere. 1658.
.\rndiu8. Lexicon Antiq. Eccles. Gripswaldire. M. Doischer. 1669. 4to.
Isaac Ca.saubou. In Card. Baronium. Geneva : apud A. et S. de Tournoes.
M. A. Mnretiis. Opera. Leii>.sic. C. Michaelis. 1072. 12mo. Portrait.
.1. G. Vossins. De Studiis. Utrecht. T. Ackcrsdyk ad G. Zyllius. 1658. 12mo.
J. L. Gottfriedt. Newe Welt. Frankfort. M. Merian. 1654. folio. Maps.
Herodotus. Gr. and LaL in double columns. Frankfort. C. Mamius. 1608. folio.
Portrait.
1654. 4to
6. Books Printed after A,D. 1700.
CJudworth. Systeraa Intellcctuale. Mosheim's translation. Jena. Meyer. 1733. loho.
!'1>. 12((6 : exclusive of copious appendices. Portrait of Cudworth.
Terence. Bcutley. Cambridge. Corn. Crovcnlield. 1726. 4to. Portrait of father of George III.
Ec!;hi,l. Ci.ius and Medals. Vienna, Jos, Kurzbeck. 1775. 4to. Plates of medals.
Hi'^eigli. History of the World. London. Ralph Smith. 1700. 8vo. Portrait.
EvL'lyn. Silva. Loudon : for John Scott and others. 1706. folio. Portrait of Evelyn 1 >>•
Nanteuil.
Virgil. Binningham, Baskerville. 1757. 4to.
yiii^il. Branck. Stnisburg. P. J. Dannbach. 1789. 4to. Geiinan reproduction of tin
Baskvvville Virgil.
T. Lucretius Canjs. De Renim Natura. London : for Daniel Browne. 1743. 8vo. 2 vols,
Gutrnifcv's copjierplates.
Ovid's Fasti : in English Verse, by William Massey. London, it. Woodfall. 1757. 8vo.
Ca-stiglione. 11 Cortegiano, in English. London. W. Bowyer. 1727. 4to. Portrait.
Enuius, Hier. Colunina, Amsterdam. Wetstein, 1707. 4to. Engraved title.
Ci-lsus. De Mediciua Amsterdam. Joh Welters. 1713. Portrait,
Newton. The Pi-incipia, London: for Beiy. Motte. 1729. 8vo. 2 vols. Ami Motte^'
translation. Front ispioce.
EarroAv, Mathematical Lectures. Ijondon : for Stephen Austen. 1734. 8vo. Portrait,
Xtiioiihon. Cyixipa-«lia. Oxford : e Theatro Sheldoniano. 1747. Svo. Fine bold Greek.
Bitillet. Jugemens des Savans. Paris. Jacques Chardon. 1722. 9 vols. 4to.
Jao. Facciolati. Orationes, etc. Padua, Typis Seminarii. 1729. Svo.
Vaillant. Numismatic History of the Ptolomai. Amsterdam, G. flallet. 1701. folio.
Boerliaave. Institutes. London. Hivington, etc. 1767. 4 vols. 8vo.
M, M.<uiilius. Astnmomy: Creech's translation. Loudon : for the Bookselhrs. 1700. 8vo.
Frontispiece.
Thomas Hobbes, JIalmesburiensis. Moral and Political Works. London. " Printed in the
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Herodotus. Gronovius. Leyden. 8. Luchtmans. 1715. folio.
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Lc Bnm De-smarettes. Voya<,'os Liturgiciues cii Frauoi-. Pari.y : chuz F. Ddaulne. 1718. 12nui.
Op'ilvy. ]{oa(ls of Englaiul and Walus. Luinluu : for T. Bowles.
Engraved throufe'liout.
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Thou.i .i Richards. Antiqute Lingune Britanuiciu Thusiiurus. Bristol Felix Farley. 1759. 8vo.
Pythagoras. Aurea Carniina: Comment, of Hierooles. Cambridge. Typis Acadcmicis.
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J. Barber. 1724. folio.
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A la Haye : chez H. Scheurleer. 1721. 12mo. 2 vols.
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Helvetius. De rHomme, Londres ;
Fiddes. Life of Wolsey. London.
Leti. Vie de Sixtus V. Bruxellcs ;
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Portrait.
De Chaions. Dictionnaire Breton-Fran^oia. Vanncs : chez J. de Hcnqueville. 1723. 12mo.
F. Sandford and 8. Stebbing, Genealogical History of Monarchs of Great Britain from 10t)(i
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Breviarium Aberdonense. 1508. Edinburgh. Cliepman and Millar.
Strena ad Jacobum V. Scot. reg. Ediub. apud Thomam Davidson. 1528. Baxamiyaafuc-simik.
Utrecht Psalter. Bagster's reproduction, with facsimiles of the MSS.
Neunii Historia Britonum. Lond. Hist. Soc. 1838.
Gildas de Excidio Britanniie. Lond Hist. Soc. 1838.
Rio. de Bury's Philobiblon. 1344 London. Thomas Rodd and Richard Taylor. 1832.
"Alere flammam" device.
Lily's Brevissima Institutio. Edit o princeps, by Pynson, ] 518. London. Longman. 1830.
Rude wood-cut title-pages.
mm
()08
CAXTON CELEBRATION.
V
9. Early Bibles in Several Languages, Comments, Etc.
Folio Blhle. London. R. Bnrker. 1034. Black-luttor. Wood-eut title.
Tlu! Bishojis' Bible, folio. London. 15C0.
Latin Vulgate. Bamberg. 1713. Sumptil)U9 W. M. Eudter. Stamped vcUnn
Folio Bible,
> ver.
Luther's Oernian Bible, folio. Nuremberg. 1003.
ion8. Kngraved title, and full length figure of Luthe
Job. And. Endier.s. Wood-cut illustra
Folio Bible
Testaiiitiit.
La Sainte Bible, folio.
Beza's New Testament.
' Alma Mater Cantabrigiu,
Quarto Bible. Loudon.
Quarto Bible
Quarto Bible
Biblia Sacra.
Biblia Sacra.
Biblia Sacra.
in Dutch. Dordrecht. 1741. Hendrik Keur. Ili.s device on title to Ne
Ostervald. Amsterdam. J. F. Bernard and Herman Uitwerf.
folio. Cambridge, Roger Daniel. 1042. Fine device on title
London.
Lon Ji in.
etc.
Robert Barker. 1015. Black-letter. Wood-cut titles.
Robert Barker. 1003. Roman letter, from Beza's version.
Jno. Daye and Christopher Barker. 1583.
Brescia. Printers, the brothers Angelus and Jacobus Britannicus. 1496. 12rao.
Lyons. Jac. de Millls. 1588. 8vo. Woodcuts. Device and legend, poco fcipoco.
Venice. Bernardinus Stagninus. 1538. 12mo.
Diodati's Bible. J n Italian, without printer's name or place. 1607. 4to. Device : a sower.
Pere Simon's New Testament, in English. 4to.
New Testament in Spanish. En casa de Ricardo del Canipo. Antwerp. 1596. Device.
Four Gospels. 4io. Black-letter : temp. Elizabeth.
Welsh Bible and Prayer Book. Cambridge. Joseph Bentham. 1746. 8vo.
Biblia Sacra. Lyons. John Pullon, 0^0* de Trin. 1588. 8vo. Wood-cuts.
Biblia Sacra. Hebraice. Antwerp. Ch. Plantin. 1566. A.M. 5326. 4to.
New Testament. Wesley's Notes. London. " Printed for the Author, and sold at the New
Ciiapel, City Road, and by all the Booksellers in town and country." 1788. 4to.
Novum Testamentum. Gia;c6. Leyden. Off. Plantin. 1591.
Novum Testamentum. Grsece. Sedan. Joh. Jannoni. 1628.
Novum Testamentum. Arias Montanus. Hebraic^ : Chaldaicfe Graecfe : Latinfe. Antwerp.
Cli. Plantin. 1569. folio.
Mai's Edition of the Vatican MS. of the New Testament. Reprint. London. 1859.
St. Matthew and Ep. to the Hebrews : in Hebrew. Basle. Henric-Petri. 1557.
Biblia Sacra. Lyons. De Toumes. 1554. 8vo. Wood-cuts.
R. B. Blackader. The English Bible, etc. London. Jlitchell & Son. 1859. 4to. 2 vols.
H\). Thirlwall's copy.
Biblia Sacra : De Lyra. Douay. Balthazar Bellerus. 1017. folio. 6 vols. Title-page
designed by P. P. Rubens, engraved by CoUaert.
J.H.Heidegger. Enchiridion Biblicum. Zurich. David Gessner. 1703. 12mo.
Le Nourry. Apparatus. Paris. J. Anisson. 1703. folio. Dedicated to Card. Noailles.
Camcrarius. Comment, on New Testament. Cambridge. Roger Daniel. 1642. folio.
Fine device of "Alma Mater" on title page.
Is. Vossius. De LXX. Interpretibus. Hagoe-Comitum. Adrian Vlacq. 1661. 4to,
Musculus. Comment. Psalmorum. Basle. Seb. Henric-Petri. 1618. folio.
Henry Moller. Proelections on the Psalms. Geneva. P. and J. Chouet. 1639. folio.
Cliinese Bible. Gutzlaf.
Mandchou Testament.
Creole New Testament. Copenhagen. 1818.
Pali New Testament. Colombo. 1835.
Cree Bible. In the Cree character. London. 1861.
Book of Proverbs, in embossed type for the Blind.
Bagster's Bible in Everj' Land,
John Jackson. Index Biblicus. Cambridge. John Field. 1668. 4to.
The Zend-Avesta of Zoroaster. Anquetil du Perron's translation. Paris. 1771. 4to. 3 vols.
Confucius. His Scientia. Paris. Daniel Horthemels. 1687. folio. Portrait of Confucius
standing in his Library. Facsimiles.
Testament of the Twelve Patriarchs. London. M. Clark. 1684. 12ma
CATALOGUE OF BOOKS, ETC.
609
10. Books from the Presses of the Elzevirs.
Cluverius. Geofjrapliia. AmatenJatn. Ex nfl". Elzevir. 1679. 32im.). Horace Walpole'H copy.
Virgil. Opera. Amsterdam. Ex oil". Elzuvir. 1664. aJiiio.
Sleidan. Do Quatuor Suimni.s Iinpurii.s. AinstcTdam. Ex off. Elzevir. 1078. 32mo.
Cuna;U8. De Rep. nebrii'oriiin. Leydcu. Ex off. Elzfvlr. lti:J2. '^2mo.
Pliny. Ilistoria Naturalis. Leyden. Ex otflrina Elzevinan.i. 163.i. :32m(i. 3 vols.
Terence. Comnediiu. Leyden. Ex offlcina Elzcviriana. 1630. 32mo.
Ovid. Metamorphosea. Amsterdam. Uatiiil Elzevir. 1664. 32mo.
McJancthon. Epistola;. Leyden. Bonaventuro ind Abraham Elzevir. 1647. 12mo.
Jonston. Enchiridion Ethicum. Leydun. Ex ofBeina Elzeviriaiia. 1034. 12mo.
Meursius. Glossary. Leydi'n. Louis Elzevir. 1614. 4to.
EusebiuH. Polyehronins. Pscllns. In Cant. Canticorum. Leyden. 4to. Ex off. Elzevir
1617. 4to. (Joh. Meursius' cditio iirinoeiis.)
Busbequius. Legationis Turcica; Epistolui quatuor. Amsterdaui. Ex otflcina Elzevirianc
1060. 32mo.
Belgii Confederati Respublica. De Laet. Lej'den. Elzevir. 1630. 32mo.
Ues Marets. Ariana. Amsterdam. Louis and Daniel Elzevir. 1650. 24mo.
Tacitus. Annales, etc. Leyden. Ex off. Elzevir. 1640. ;i2ino. 2 vols.
11. Books from the Prejsses of the Aldt.
Abduensis de Jure Civili. Venice. Alili Filii. 1546. Anclior and Dolphin.
Libri de Re Rustica. Venice. In a;dibus Aldi et Andreie Soceri; i.e., A. Torresani, tli.
uccessor of Nic. Jenson. 1514 8vo.
Faletu.s. De Bello Sicambrico. Venice. Aldu.s. 1557. 4to.
Chrysostom. De Virginitate. Rome. Paulu.s Manutius. AUli filiu.s. 1582. 4to
Robert Langlande. Vision and Creed of Piers Plowman. Loudon. W. Pickering 1S4:;
Rebus and device, Aldi Discip. AngUis.
24 mo. Engraved title.
Vauder Aa. 1713. 12mo.
12. Works of Eua.smus (Early Edition.s).
The Adagia. Hanan Wechel. 1617. folio, pp. 774, exclusive of copious indices, and H.
tephens' Animadveraiones. Wechel's device on title page.
The Paraphrases of Erasmus. In Latin. Basle. John Froben. 1541. folio. Fine example
Froben's device on title page.
The Paraphrases. In English. Udal's transl. Lond. E. Whytchurch. 1548. Black-letter
olio.
Epistles of Erasmus. Antwerp. Loei. 1551.
Colloquia. Amsterdam Gul. J. Caesius. 1029.
Varia. (Treatises.) Leyden. J. Mayre. 1041. 2 vols.
Moriae Encomium. Oxford. W. Hall. 1033.
Moriffi Encomium. Amsterdam. Hen. Wetstein. 1585.
Eloge de la Folic. Guendeville's Translation. Leyden.
Holbein's illustrations.
Colloquies translated by Sir R. L'Estrange. London : for Daniel Brown. 1725. 8vo.
Pilgrimages to Canterbury and Walsingham (reprint). Westmiu.ster. J. B. Nichols.
12mo. Wood-cuts.
Jortin's Life of Erasmus. London. Ric. Taylor. 1818. Svo. 3 vols. Fine portrait.
Knight's Life of Erasmus. Cambridge. C. Crownfleld. 1726. 8vo. Engravings.
13. Curiosities, Special Editions, Etc.
Bunyan. Pilgrim's Progress. 27th Edition. London. A. W., for W. Johnson. 1748.
Wood-cuts.
Bunyan. Pilgrim's Progress. 31st Edition. London. 1760, 1764, 1765. The three parts,
with the cuts.
Milton. Paradise Lost. 3rd Edition. 1078. Portrait.
Pope. The Dunciad. Notes an(' Prolegomena of Scriblerus. London : for Lawton Gilliver.
1729. Svo.
The EulenspiegeL Without pri iter's name or place. 1799 Plates.
Horace Walpole. Poems, and Jastle of Otranto. Strawberiy Hill Press. 1758.
With
1849.
610
CAXTON CELEBRATION.
\
Ferrarins. Tliu IIcsiHTidos, Rome. II. Si'.heus. 1040. Folin. Ilnracc Walpolo's copy.
FciTariu.s, De Flnniiu CulturA. Rome. 8 PnullmiH. 1033. 4to. Plates.
Di»i<lin. Reiiiiniseeiices. London. J. Major, 1830. 8vo. a vols. Plates.
Dibdin. Dceameron. Lcjiidon. W. Uulnier. 1817. 8vo. 3 vols. Plates.
Dibdln. Library Conipaiiion. London. W. Nieol. 1825. 8vo.
Dibdin. Diblioniania. London. J. McCreory. 1811. 8vo. Wood-cuts.
Dibdin. IJib. Tour in France and Germany. London. W. Nieol. 1829. 3 vols Svo, Plates.
Dibdin. Bib. Tour in N. EnKland and Scotland. London. J. Holm. 1838. 2v(d.s. Svo. Plates.
Dibdm. Greek and Latin ClaH.sics. London. J. Gosnell. 1804. Svo.
Ovid. JohnGower'.s translation of "The Festivals." Cambridge. Roger Daniel. 1040. 12mo.
Ilennnn Hugo. Pia Desideria. London. 1090. Copjierplate engravings.
Lud. Vives. Vera Sapientia. Dublin. Geo. Grierson. 1730.
Epictetus. Enchiridion. Glasgow. R. and A. Foulis. 1750.
Ozell. Trans. Boileau's Lutrin. Glasgow. R. and A. Foulis. 1752.
Young. Night Thoughts. Glasgow. Andrew Foalis. 1770. 2 vols.
Homer. The Iliad. Glasgow. Andrew Foulis. 1778. 2 vols.
Horace. Milman. Limdon. John Murray. 1849. Svo. lUu.strations.
F. Meres. Wit's Commonwealth. Limdon. W. 8tansby. 1598. 3 vols. Speaku of " melli-
fluous and houey-tongued Shaksiieare," and of his " sugared sonnets among his friends."—
P. 282, vol. iii.
Robert Langland. Vision of Piers Plowman. Loudon. Robert Crowley. 1550. Black-
letter. 4to.
Newton. Philosophise Natnralis PHncipia Mathematica. Comment, of T. lo Seur and F.
Jacquier. Glasgow. G. Brooliman. 1833. Svo. 2 vols.
Guillim. Display of Ileraldrie. London. Richard Blonie. 1000. folio. Shields coloured.
Feltham. Resolves London. Henry Serlo. 1034. 4to.
Charron. On Wisdom. Sennard's translation.
Cartwright. Harmonia Evangelica. Leyden.
Cocker. Arithmetic. 44th Edition. London :
Travels before the Flood. London : for G. G
London. 1070.
F. Hacke. 1047. 4to.
for Ed. Midwinter. 1077.
and T. Robinson. 12mo. 2 vols.
John Collier. Tim Bobbin. York. T. Wilson & Sons. 1818. 12mo. Curious cuts.
Puckle. The Club. 6th Ed. London. 1710. 7th Ed. Dublin. 1743. 12mo. Portrait.
Auacreon. Forster's Edition. London. J. Bulmer. 1802. Fine Greek type and illustrations.
Emp. Julian. Select Works. J. Duncombe's translation. London. J. Nichols. 1784. Svo.
2 vols, in one.
Emji. Julian. Les Cesars. Paris : Chez D. Thierry. 1683. 4to. Portrait of F. W., Grand
Elector of Brandenburgh.
Fortescue. On the Laws of England. London. T. Wight and B. Norton. 1599.
Duport. Psalms of David, in Greek hexameters. Cambridge. J. Field. 1600. 4to.
Clement Marot. Pseaumes de David. Charenton. P. des Hayes. 1013. 32mo ; with music.
Sternhold and Hopkins. Psalms with music. London. 1500. 48mo.
Owen. Epigrammata. Amsterdam. J. J)"ii:'8on. 1097. 32mo. Portrait.
Leigh Hunt. Foliage. London. C. H. R lyneJi. 1S18. 12mo.
Tristram Risdon. Survey of Devon. London. W. Mears. 1723. Svo.
Verstegan. Restitution, etc. London, .,'. Dtll. 1028. 4to.
Camden. Remaines, etc. London. J. loggatt. 1028. 4to.
W. Musgrave. Belgium Britannicum. Exeter. 1719. Svo.
Milton. De Doctrina Christiana : translated by Sumner. London. Charles Knight. 1825. 4to.
Milton. His Latin and Italian Poems : translated by Cowper. London : for J. Johnson,
printer, J. Seagrave, Chichester. 1808. 4to. Flaxman's illustrations.
Milton. Minor Pieces. English, Italian and Latin ; with T. Warton's Notes. London.
J. Dodsley. 1785. Svo.
Cotton Mather. JIagnalia Christ! Americana. London : for Thomas Parkhurst. 1702. folio.
Nibelungenlied. Otto and George Wigand's edition. Leipsic. 1840. 4to. Fine wood-cuts.
Nibelungenlied. Lettsora's translation. London : for Williams and Norgate. 1850. Svo.
Dante. Vita Nuova. Theodore JIartin's Translation. London. Chlswick Press. 1862. Svo.
Lays of the Minnesingers. London. Ric. Taylor. 1825. "Alere Flanimam" device.
Ballads, Seventy-nine black-letter. 1559-1597. London. Lilly's reprint. Svo.
CATALOGUE OP BOOKS, ETC.
Oil
12IU0.
., Grand
London.
H. U. Whmitloy. Of Anaj,'ram9. Ilerll'onl. S. Aiisttn. 1869. )2mo.
U. Soiitlu'y. Omnifiiia. Lonilcm. Loii^'tii.in. 1812. 12mo. 2 voU.
aiiaftt'slmry, Antony, Earl of. Cliiirn(;toristi(;8 of Men, Maniiern, etc. London. No printer'-*
nanio. 17J7. 15 voU.
UoK'er WilWrahani. Chesliiru Glosnary. Loudon ; for T. Itodd h\ U. Tivlor. 132t'>. Dp.
Tliirlwall's copy.
.Sydney Hmith. Hketclie« of Moral l'liiIoso)>liy. London. Loii<,'iii.ii:. ISJO. Svo.
Valerian Krasinski. HeliKioun lILstory of the Silavoniu Xation.s. Edinliurgli, Johnston.'
Mild IIuntiT. 1850. Svo. I'ortraiti*.
Mrs. Henry Ht:.-,t(!il. Uye-ways of Italy. London. John Murray, AllKmarle Street. ISiri.
Svo. Plates l.y Col. Stisted
Ijoui.s XIV. Medaillu.s. Paris. Fleuriniont. Contemporary. 4to.
(Jco. Woodley. Cornuliia: a i)oetn. London; for Lon^'inin, hy Mit-liell, Truro. 1S19.
Virtuoso's Companion. London. 17'.i4. 4 vols
Brevianum Metenso. L. J. de Montmoreiipy Laval anctorit'ite. Metz. J. B. Collisnoti.
1778. 4 vols. 12mo.
Trial of tlio Rejiicides. London. 1G79.
Boiircliier. StTinon, etc. MS. with ornamental borders : jiresented to Chief Justice Littleton
and Ml. Ann Littleton. U):!9.
Antony h Wood. Historia et Anticjuitates Unlversitatis Oxoniensin. Oxford. 6 Thjat. Sheld.
Iil74. folio. Portraits.
TheophiliLs Galo. Court of the Gentiles. Oxford. H. Hall for T Gilbert. 1072. 4to,
Kpi.stolon Obscurorum Virorum. Leipsic. Truobner. 1869.
Aiciati Enibleinata. Antwerp. Ch. Plantin. 1581. Cuts.
Kara Mathematica. J. O. Halh.vell. CaJiibrid-e. Metcalfe and Palmer. 18.39.
Vegetius RenatUH. Muloniedicina. Mannheim. 8oc. Lit. 1781. lOmo. Bracy Clark's MS. notes.
Bruno Hiiidelius. De Morbis Incurabililms. Leydeu. P. Ilacke. 10ti2. 12mo.
H. D. Gaubiua. Pathologia Medicinalis. Leyden : ajaid y. and J. LuchtmaiLs. 1781. Svo.
Dr. Widmer's copy.
Hippocrates. Coacso Prmnotiones. L. Duret l?-.'vcrp Paris: apudGasj.arMaturas. 1658. folio.
John Hunter. On the Blood, etc. London. J. Richardson. 1794. 4to. Re>-nold.s' Portrait.
N. Bailey. Etymological English Dictionary. London : for J. Darby, etc. 1720. Svo. 2 vols.
G. S. Faber. The Mysteries of the Cabiri. Oxford. Univ. Press. lSO:i Svo. 2 vols.
Young. Night Thoughts. Loudon. C. Whittingham, for T. Hcptinstall. 1798. Portrait.
Hoyal Svo.
.Ballantyne Press, HLstory of : in connection with Sir W. Scott. Edinburgli. Ballantyne
& Co. 1871. 4to,
Herman Moll. Geographica Classica. London. Bowler and Carver. No date. 32 maps. 4to.
Abraham Ortellius. Atlas. London. J. Norton and J. Bell. loOO. folio. Dedicated In
James I. Portrait of Ortellius. Previously publislied at Antwerp, and d-dicat<;d to Philip II.
Vincenzo Maria Coronelli. Atlas. Venice. Donienico Paduani. 1090. folio.
Mattha'us Seutt'jr. Atlas. Amsterdam. 1750. lolio.
.T. Janssonius. Ancient Atlas. Descrljitions in black-letter, folio,
Roma Vetus : hoc est : jEdifieia ejus prieciinia, suis (iiiie(pie locis.
Heriot. Travels in C inada. London. T. Gillet. 1807. 4to. Plates.
Chappell. Newfoundland and Lalirador. London. 11. Watts. 181?. Svo.
European Settlements in America. londou. D.idslcy. 1777. Svo. 2 vols.
Rochefoucauld-Lianeourt. Travels. London. J. Phillips. 1799. 4to.
Kalm. Travels. Warrington. W. Eyres. 1770. Svo. 3 vols.
Carver. Travels. Dublin. S. Price. 1779. Svo.
Nicholson. British Empire in America. Loudon. J. Nicholson. 1708. Svo. 2 vols.
Hugh Gray. Letters from Canada. London. Longman. IS09. Svo.
Boulton. Description of Upper Canada. London. 1809. 4to.
Gabriel Sagard Deodat. Histoire du Canada. Paris. Chez Claude Sonnius. 1630.
Marc Lescarbot. Histoire de la Nouvello France. Paris. Cliez .Vdrian Perier. 1618. Maps.
I.,ahontan. Nouveaux Voyages en Amerique. La Haye. Cliez les Freres Honore. 17o:;
12mo. 2 vols.
Louis Hennepin. Nouvf aiix Voyages. Amsterdam. Chez Adrian Braakmaii. 1704. 12mo
Charlevoix. Voyage to '.Vorth America. Dublin: for John Exshawaud James Potts. 1700.
Svo. 2 vols.
(.12
C:AnnOX CELEBRATION.
\
14. MEPAiii, PcitTajLTT?, Photographs, Views, Etc.
Medal struck at Mayeiice in ISirr. n. ajODar of Gutenberg. On the obverse, Tlio'rwaldseii's
Statue. On the reverse, GuteulnKf li utmr ap a separate metal type to one bearing an engraved
wooden block. Artist : H. Loreii!: 5.,au;.
Medal m honour of Pierre I>iclia 2 iiae. Typo<jrraphe Frani;ais. On the obverse, the head ol
Didot. On tlie reverse, a Prest.— - J'_-f!«w Jules Didot," surroui'ded by the legend "Horace.
V'irgile, Racine, La Fontaine, fd. iL j.iiu.'^ Veyrat fecit. 1S23.
The Shakspeare Tercentenarr Jfleutl.
Tvledals of Milton, La Fcmtainf.. BertiiUiv^e, Cervantes, Fenelon, Addison, Congreve, Cliarl*s
v., Ooujon, Dante, Oxeustierua, i>t ".icuninii, Uueange, George Canning, Peter Paul Rubens,
Jiirassiz.
Wittemberg medal. Lu*,her (Hi lutrai m. a frame. P.'aque of Calvin.
Portraits, etc.
W. Caxton, in Ames. Laureii'i* Cfflar.. ta Meerman.
Gutenberg, from the Statue ai St-ut.'^itrg:
Froben, in Knight's Life of Er;isn.iif..
Paul M.anutius. Aldus Maiiirju*. B6)hert Stephens.
Brunet, in Bibliophile rraii(;<iifi.
Thuanus (De Thou), iij CulliuitdL* iljfe.jf T.
Lady Margaret, patroness .'f Comnu W. .le Worde and Pynson, in Dr. Hymers' edition of the
Funeral Sermon printed by "WrntTi 5^ Worde.
.Vndrew Marvf'll. H^iiry Sp- ■-i:.:. l.iaaiL Geo. Heam. Jno. Strype. W. Somner. Justel.
(.'hapiiian (Homer). Gerard (E' •■^.. . LfLcite. Gower. Lilly. Fosbroke. Bewick. Duke
I'f Roxburghe, 1S04. J. Eve]\ii. 'Jnuies Eaight. Coleridge. J. O. Halliwell.
Volume of Danish Portraits. C .Qeodiuxsn. IS06.
Two Photographs of Gut^iilwrr't. -Suime .it Stra.-»bnrg. A Photograph of Gutenberg's Statu(
iiT Mayence. A Photd. liew of ML-rtai^!!. Jiigel's Views on the Rhine, 1829: before Steam.
Death of Bede. The First Pro d. ?"'<•» i)f Radius Ascensius.
r.terior of the Library of St. Jiiln:'* toUege, Cambridge ; of Trinity College, Cambridge
the Bodleian.
Interior and Exterior Views of T«caiiniitec Abbey and St. Paul's, London.
15. Specimen? or t^k Ear,ly Toronto (York) Press.
Tipper Canada Gaiette, or Anitiri::ia. i>r!u.'le. 179S. William Waters and Titus G. Simons
pii liters.
Peter Russell's Proelaiiiatiou. Be;.. Lk 1798. Same printers.
Upper Canada Gazette, or Amtiri::ia 'Oruile. I303-1S07 J. Bennett, printer.
.Vlmanao. 1804. J. Benueu. jiririrtsr. Aliuajiac, 1SI5. John Cameron, printer.
English Acts of Parliament rtQjtnmr is) Cpper Canaila and Provincial Statutes of Uppe
Canada from 1792. 2 vols. 4to. £. iC'Mjme, printer. 1813.
Upper Canada Gazette and VttftkDT Erftdater. 1324. Charles Fothergill, printer.
Upper Canada Gazette and r. L. l/i^-uist. Jan. 5, 1826 June 30, 1827. R. Stanton, printer
Gospel of St. Matthew in < n,;:h:'¥-fcT. York. Priatod at the Colonial Advocate Office, by
limes Baxtf r, printer. ISMI.
.Silibald's Canadian Ma.dzint .lui-uL,"rr, L>?:j:).
Todd's -Manual of Orthoejiy. 4hL HLL-^oo. Printed at the Office of the Guardian. York. iSS:-:.
Walton's York Commercial I>i7-e.s;irx lail Street Guide. Thomas Daltoa, printer. 1834.
Patrick Swift's Almanac. IH'.-i
Warren's Selection of Church Vmn:. Bi>bert Stanton, printer. 1885
"oronto Almanac and Foyal Cia<rij'aL,v H.'i'.). Pnnted at the Palladium Office, York Street.
Toronto Recorder. July ;i{i. ]«>;4 '^o. Pericins Bull, printer.
('ommercial Herald. Feb. 1!1. 3r;i;r. ELu'k-itaflTand Rogers, printers.
Tlie Advocate. Ko. 539. Cxn.. 1{\. :-f:i4. Biincroft and Baxter, printers.
Correspondent and Advocate.. <Itait t t*W. W. L. Mackenzie, printer.
Tlie Observer. Jan , 1828. .1 a i 'i '7. p. jiter.
Tlie Courier. Feb. 29, 1832 ■ ■• ..-aetC, printer.
Tlie Sapper and Miner. Ocl. Si, l^iii G-. W. Thompson, printer.
Palladium. May 9, 1838. ■CliK-l-f b" ciier^l!, printer.
The Patriot. Jan. 14, 1834. 1 Zi.: n. printer.
Canadian Freeni.an. A]iril 17, >_'• iF^rim.'is CoUin.s, printer.
Mackenzie's Gazette. June f. :-;■.* Euichester, N.Y.
The Maple Leaf. 4to. Hejirr t.v ..tiL li4^.
CATALOGUE OF BOOKS, ETC.
(5 1 .S
16. Specimens of the Early Quebec Press,
Quebec Gazette. June 21, 1704. Printui-.s, Browu ami Gilinore {fac-aimil';).
May 22, 1770. John Neilson, printer. Auy. 14, 1794, to April 21, LsOIi.
Quebeo Gazette.
Tlie same.
From tlie same press. The Laws of Lower Canada. On the title-page is a copy of the seal
of the first Province of Quebec. The central device is the King pointing to a ma)) of Canada •
below in the exergue, " Extentie gaudent agnoscere met.T." The whole surrouudod by the
legend, "Sigillum Provincite Nostiai Quebecensis in America."
The Times : Cours du Terns. 11 Mai, V, 95. Q-iebec, i la Nouvelle Imprimerie.
Nouvel Alphabet. Quebec, i la Nouvelle Imprimerie, Rue du Palais. 1797.
Le Canadien. Nov. , 1806. March, 1810. Printer, Charles Roi.
Copy of Dilworth's English Spelling Book, with the inscription, " Ce livre appartien h Loiii>
Chiniquy. Quebec, 1803."
Smith's History of Canada. 2 vols. Svo. John Neilson. 1815.
Quebec Almanac for 1819 : pp. 2B7. J. Neilson, S Mountain Slreet.
Hawkins' Picture of Quebec, with Historical Recollections. Neilson and Cowan. 1834.
17. Specimens of the Early Montreal Press.
Proclamation of Lieut. Gov. Simcoe, dated at Kingston, July 9, 1792 ; but printed at Mon-
treal by Fleury Mesplet.
From the Press of Nahum Mower: A Conci.se Introduction to Practical Arithmetic, by th-
Rev. John Strachan, Rector of Cornwall, Ui>per Canada.
Smart's Sermon on the Death of GeniTal Urock, preached at Brock -ille, Nm'. 15th, 1812.
Montreal Herald : 1811-1814. William (rray, printer.
Report. Loyal and Patriotic Society of Upper Canada. Wm. Gray, 181 /.
Letters of Verita.s. Montreal. TV. Gray. 1815. 8vo.
Letters of Nerva. Montreal. W. Gray. 1815. Svo.
^r Strachan's Sermon on the Death of the Hon. R. Cartwright. W. Gray. 1810.
Canadian Courant. Montreal, Wednesday, Dec. 29, 1819. Vol. xhi. No. 35. Nahum Mowet
printer.
Canadian Review, 1824-1826. E. V. Mpaniawk, printer. Montreal.
Canadian Magazine and Literary Repository. Montreal, 1824.
Hawley's Quebec, The Harp, etc. Montreal. A. Ferguson. 1829. 12mo.
Hawley's The Unknown, etc. Montreal. J. II. Hoisington & Co. 1831. 12nio.
Kidd's Huron Chief, etc. Montreal. Otflce of Herald and New Ge.zetto. 1830. 12mo.
18. Specimens of the Early Niagara Press.
The Imposing Stone of the First Printing Press of Upper Canada. Presented by Mr. R. C
Gvratkin. The following inscription has been cut upon it: "Imposing Stone of tlie first
Printing Press in Upper Canada, at Newark (Niagara), 1793. Teste W. Kerby, Niagara, 1873."
No. 1, V>l.i., of tlio Upper Canada Gazette, or American Oracle. April 13, 1793. Louis Roy.
l>rinter : .it Ntwark Oi Niagara.
Vol. ii. of tiis sarae periodical is printed by G. Tifl'any.
In Vol. iii. the name of Titus G. Sinnpus aitjiears i<n that of the iirlnter. In tlie autumn of
1798 the paper is is.sued at York : " W. Waters v.m \ G. Simons, printens."
"A Proclamation to such as are dtr.rous to £t •. ■ i the Lands of the Crown in tlie Province
of Upper' Canada," is printed by G. Tiffany at Newa.. , in 1795. This document is a rtpriiit of
one dated at Quebec, Feb. 7, 1792.
Tiffany's Almanac for 1802.
Niagara Spectator, No. 12. 1818. Awos McKenney, printer.
Niagara Gleaner. Feb. 11, 1819. Andrew Heron, printer.
David Thompson. Histf^ry of the Late War. Niagara. T. Sewell. 1832.
St. David's Spectator. No. 20, 1810. Printed for the Proprietors.
19. Specimens of the Early Kingston Press.
Dr. Strachan's Sermon on the DcMi of I>r. John Stuart. Printed by Charles Kendaii. KiiiK-
Kton, 1811.
Kingston Chronicle. 18)'). V,.!?!. 1. and ii. Printed for the Editors.
Kingston Gazette. Nov. 17, ..■!?. Printer, Stephen Miles. (Obituary of Gen. Brock.) Other
numbers.
The Upper Canada Herald. KinK'ton, April 4, 1832. No. 083. Vol. xiv. T. H. Bentley, pr /iter.
Port Hope Gazette. Nov. 26, 1^4:.. W. Furby, printer.
614
CAXTON CELEBRAnON.
20. Specimens op the Early Halifax Press.
Halifax Gazette, July 28, 1763.
Perpetual Acts of Nova Scotia.
Printer, Antony Henry.
Printer, Robert Fletcher.
1767. folio.
21. Specimens of the Early Boston Press.
Tlie New England Courant : No. 80. Feb. 11, 1723. Printed and sold by Berijcjiiin Franklin
in Queen Street, Boston.
Boston Gazette. May 12, 1770. (Account of th--' E';aw)r. '' Massacre")
Jonathan Edwards' Disserlations. Printer, S. Kneeland. 1765.
Hubbard's Indian Wars. Printer, John Boyle. 1775.
New England Weekly Journal. April 8, 1728. Boston. S. Kneeland and T Grets. Charter
of William and Mary to Province of Massachusetts Bay, and Laws of said Province. Boston.
S. Kneeland. 1759. folio, pp. C24.
Increase Mather. Sermon on an Execution for Murder. Boston. Richard Pierie. 1687. 12mo.
Cotton Mather. Sermon on a Man about to be Executed for Murder. Boston. Riohanl
Pierie. 1687. 12mo.
Samuel Willard. Mourner's Cordial. Boston. B. Harris and J. Allen. 1691. 12mo.
Samuel Mather. Life of Cotton Mather, with sermons on his death. Boston : for 8. Gerrick.
1729. 8vo.
22. Specimens of the Early Philadelphia Press.
A German work in 4to. Fragen, etc. , von einen Knecht Jesu Christi. 1742. PhilfuielphiR.
Gedruckt und zu liaben bey B. Franklin.
Mackenzie's Travels. Arctic Regions. 8vo. Philadelphia : for John Morgan. Printer, R.
Can-. 1S02.
Philadelphia : Claypoole's Daily Advertiser. Feb. 25, 17C3.
Philadelphia Gazette and Daily Advertiser. July 12, 1800.
Geographical View of Upper Canada. M. Smith. Philadelphia. J. Bioren for T. and R.
Desilver. 1813. 12mo.
New York Moniing Post. Nov. 7, 1783. Morton and Homer, printers.
New York Time Piece. Nov. 24, 1797.
New York Herald. April 25, 1807.
M. diJStael. Gennany. New York. Eastburn Clark & Co. 1814. 12rao. 2 vols. Printed
at Albany by E. and E. Hosford.
0^?ier Papers.
The North Georgia Gazette and Winter Chronicle, complete ; put forth in MS. in the Arctic
Regions during Capt. Parry's First Voyage towards the North Pole.
Wilkes' North Briton, complete.
The Kentish Post and Canterbury News Letter. Aug. 26-29, 1761.
Evening Mail. London. Monday, Jan. 28, 1793. Printed logographically by J, Walker.
Printing House Square.
London Times. Jan. 1, 1788. (facsimile.)
London Times. Jan. 5, 1795.
London Times. Oct. 3, 1798.
Mercurius Domesticus. London. Dec. 19, 1679. (facsimile.)
Edinburgh Advertiser: No, 1174. Year 1774. (Contains Letter of Am. Congress to the
People of England.)
Glasgow Advertiser. Vol. for 1789. J. Meniion, printer.
English Mercuric : No. 50. July 23, 1588. London, facsimile.
Weekly Newes : No. 19. Jan. 31, 1606. London, facsimile.
The Gazette : No. 432. Sep. 5, 1658. London, facsimile.
London Courier. Mar.-Dec, 1815.
The Age of Science. Jan. 1, 1977. A Newspaper of the xxtli Century, by Merlin Nostradamus.
Wreck of Westminster Abbey. London. C. Stalker. 2001.
English Revolution of 1867. By Lord Macaulay's New Zoalander. Lor.don. Wame. 3867.
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