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C/ESAR'S BELLUM BRITANNICUM, WITH INTRODUCTORY NOTICES, NOTES, AND COMPLETE VOCABULARY, FOR THE USE OF INTERMEDIATE AND UNIVERSITY CLASSES, BY JOHN HENDERSON, M. A. CBiASBICUb MA8TBK, ST. OATHARIMBS OOLLKQIATE INBTITUTB. THE COPP, CLARK CO., Limitm), 9 FRONT STREET, WEST. 1889. Entered occordinf; to Act of the Parliament of Canada, in the year one thousand elghU hundred and eitrhty one, by COPF, CLAUK &, COMPANY, Toronto, Ontario, in the Office of the Minister of Agriculture. :r PEEFACE. As this Edition is intended for the use of Candidates preparing for University Pass Matriculation and the High School Inter- mediate Examination, the notes have been made concise. While the Editor has avoided giving too much aid, he has constantly aimed at showing how a passage should be construed, and made a reference to the Grammar of Mr. Harkness whenever any difficulty presented itself. At the suggestion of some friends, it has been thought advisable to add references to the Grammar of Messrs. Allen and Greenough, which, though comparatively unknown in Car-ada possesses many valuable features- as a School book. The Editor is indebted to Smith's Dictionaries, and to such works as Browne's Roman Literature and Crutwell's Roman Literature, lor the matter in the Introduction. To Peile's Greek and Latin Etymology he is under obligations for many derivations in the Vocabulary. 8i. 0«THAittjiiii Cou>. IwrrrcTa. LIFE OF CiESAR. ^Caius Julius CVwar was bom on the 12th of July, '100 B. C. The gens Julia was not only one of the oldest of the Roman genies (deriving its origin from I{Uus, son of iCneas), but also one of the most honoured. Many ot its members figure in the consular annals of Roman history. Little is known of Cesar's father, called also C. Julius Caesar, except that he held at some time or other the office of praetor, and that he died suddenly at Pisa, 84 B. C. To Aurelia^ the mother, who seems to have been a woman of lofty ambition and a firm believer in the noble destiny of her son, was entrusted the education of the youthful Caesar. Instructed by M. Antonit*9 Gnipho, a Gaul, he soon became proficient in Rhetoric, Philosophy and Greek, at that time regarded as the subjects of a liberal education. He soon gave proofs of genius by composing Laudes Herculis and (Edipus, poems written in early youth. His aunt Julia was married to C. Marius, and to this Caesar owes his appointment to the office oi flamen dialis or priest of Jove at the early age of Jourteen. By virtue of this office he became a member of the satred college and the recipient of a handsome income. He was soon after betrothed to Cossutia, a wealthy heiress, but the death of his father, whose wishes he appears to have especially consulted in forming this engagement, was a pretext for breaking up the betrothal. In the next year he sued for and obtained the hand of, Cornelia, daughter of L. Cornelius Cinna, the leader of the popular party and the avowed opponent of Sylla. The dic- tator looked with displeasure on Caesar. When the remnants of the Marian > Every Roman citizen had r^polarly three names, denoting the individvMl, the gena, and the/amtfto. Thus in Caiua Julixu Ccesar ; Caivu, the praenomen, marked the in- dividval: JuUvu, the nomen, designated the gens or house ; Caesar, was the cognomen, or family name. Sometimes aa agnomen was added for honorary distinetion, as Afrieamu to P. Cornelius Soipio. I (EQst of Rome, Msinated. LIFE OF CSSAA, party were being persecuted with relentless cruelty, it was hardly to be expected that the nephew of Marius and son-in-law of Cinna would escape. Sylla demanded that Csesar should divorce Cornelia and marry iEmilia, the step-daughter of the dictator. But this Caesar refused to do. When all Rome was submissively bowing in awe to the rod of the autocratic Sylla, one was found whom neither his threats could deter nor his promises cajole. Caesar knew well the danger he was incurring in thwarting the will of the dictator, and made up his mind to face it. Through the intercession of hb kinsman, Aurelius Cotta, he obtained from Sylla a reluctant pardon, but finding it nnsafe to remain at Rome, he went to the East, and fought his first campaign under M. Minuciu Thermus. At the seige of Mitylene, in LtsboSf \it gained the civic crown for having saved the life of a Roman citizen. After a brief stay at the court of Nicomedes, of Bithynia, he enlisted again under P. Servilius, who was prosecuting the war against the pirates in Cilicia, when the news of Sylla's death (78 B. C.) led him to return home. The tactics that Caesar adopted in furthering the interests of his party, soon led him to be regarded as its leader. To show the corruption of the Senatorial and Syllan faction by carrying on prosecutions against some of its chief men, was now his object. Although only twenty-tivo years of age, he indicted Cn. Dolabella for extortion (r« repetundae) when governor of Macedonia. Since the courts at that time were filled with creatures of Sylla's choice, and hopelessly corrupt, it was not to be expected that Ctesar would obtain the condemnation of one of the .Senatorial faction. He was opposed in this cause by Hortensius, then the most celebrated of Roman jurists. Although Caesar lost the cause he advocated, this did not deter him from indicting C. Antonius next year for a similar offence when governor of Achaia. The ambition of Caesar at this time was to be the first of Roman orators, for in this way alone could he hope to gain power and influence for the popular party. Since his political opponents were in command of the armies, and usurped all the military offices, every avenue to fame in that direction was blocked up to the aspiring Caesar. To improve his oratory he resolved to go to the school ol Molo, in Rhodes, at that time the great resort of young Romans. On the voyage Caesar's vessel was captured by the pirates near Pharmacussa (now Fertmuo), one of the Sporades. He was detained for forty days, and was not released till a ransom of fifty talents (about j^IO^ 000) was paid. During his stay with these lawless marauders, he is said to have joined in their sports, and jestingly to have told them that when once libeirated he would have them cnicified — a threat which he afterwards made good ; for landing near Miletus he collected a small fleet, captured them, and brought them to Pergamus where they were executed. He stayed at 1 - S 4 UFE OF CiESAR. ▼11 the school of Molo for two years. When absent from Rome he was elected PontifeXf and this necessitated his return home. We are safe in saying that he was closely watching the course of events, and ready to avail himself of the first opportunity of advancing his own ambition and the interests of his political followers. Events were gradually shaping themselves into a reaction against the policy of Sylla. The year 70 B. C. was marked by the first consulship of Cn, Pompey and Licinius Crassus. These began a reform of the Sylian constitution by restoring the rights of the tribunes and of the censors, and by remodelling the senate. By this bill Pompey lost the ad- herence of the extreme aristocratic party, and had it not been for his subsequent success, would not have been able to surmount the defection. Csesar warmly supported these measures, and from this time we may trace his gradual rise into power and the growth of the cause he had espoused. In 68 H. C. he became quaestor, by virtue of which he was tntitlcd to a seat in the senate. During this year he lost his wife Cornelia and his aunt Julia, widow of C. Marius, As quaestor he accompanied Antistius Vetus into Fatther Spain ( Hispania Ulterior), and took up his residence at Cordt^a (now Cordova). One of the chief duties of the praetor was to attend the provincial assizes {conventtis), and settle the disputes of the provincials. In this capacity he displayed a spirit of equity and moderation in striking con- trast to the rapacity of his predecessors, whose conduct had made the Roman name a by-word for avarice and cruehy. The friendship of Pompey was further cemented by the marriage of Pompeia, Pompey's cousin. Pompey was then fast becoming the idol of the Roman people. The Gabiuian la7v (lex Gabinia) gave him extra- ordinary powers, whereby the whole Roman fleet was placed at his disposal to clear the sea of the buccaneers who infested the Mediterranean and preyed on the Roman shipping. So successful was he that within three months the whole of the pirates were driven out of the inland seas of Southern Plurope. This expeditious mode of dealing with these sea-rob- bers led to his appointment in 66 B.C. to the command of the Mithridatic war which was dragging ont its slow length and bafiling the energy of the Roman armies. The lex Manilia, by which Pompey was appointed, was warmly supported by Cresar and Cicero. During the next year (65 B.C.) Csesar was elected curule aidile, and while holding this office he increased his popularity as well as his debts by extravagant expenses incurred in pro- viding gladiatorial shows and costly games to gratify the tastes of the pop- ulace. The trophies of Marius, which had Ijpeh destroyed by Sylla, were replaced, and the inscriptions recountin<^ the victories of Aquae Sextiae Campi Raudii, and over Jugurtha, we may rest assured, would recall to vui LIFE OF CiESAR. many a veteran the name of the greatest soldier of the age, the deliverer of Italy and the sturdy supporter of plebeian rights. This bold step of Caesar was one, among his many attempts, to assert the rights of his cause. The year 63 6. C. is noted for the Consularship of Cicero and the outbreak of the Catilinarian conspiracy. Caesar was then pontifex maximus. On the trial of the conspirators Ccesar spoke in favor of perpetual imprisonment as a punishment due to the revolutionists, and would have convinced the Senate had not Cato and Cicero advocated the death penalty. Caesar was then advocating what was strictly the legal penalty, since the people, not the Senate, had the power to pass the sentence of death on a Roman citizen. Soon after the defeat of Catiline at Pistoria,62 I'.C, one Vettius, a spy of Cicero's accused Caesar of being implicated in the conspiracy and offered to produce a lettci proving the statement, but in full Senate Caesar was acquitted. In 62 B.C. he was Praetor and supported Metellus Nepos, the Tribune, in carrying several laws over the head of the Senatorial party. The wild scenes of political commotion in the Roman Assembly show how inadequate the Senate was to control the body politic. Govern- ment by the Senate was unable to save Rome from destruction, and Caesar, when he saw this, had to break with it, the only alternative left him. On resigning his Praetorship he went as Propraetor to Spain. His debts at that time were enormous, and he was threatened with detention at Rdme because he was unable to pay them. Crassus came to his assistance, and Caesar assumed the government of the province. He conquered the Lusit- anians and Gallacians, who were still unsubdued, and the booty he gained from these two campaigns enabled him to pay some of his debts, while his liberality to the soldiers gained their support. He returned and found that Pompey had broken with the Senatorial party after his return from Asia (62 B.C.), because they refused to sanction what he had done in the Mith- ridatic war. Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus entered into what was called the First triumvirate, a term which is misleading and inaccurate.* Pompey may be said to have represented the aristocratic classes, Crassus the moneyed interest, while Caesar was the exponent of the popular cause. By the influence of his two colleagues Caesar obtained the Consulship for the year 59 B.C., with M. Calpurnius Bibulus as his colleague, a son-in-law of Cato, and an obstinate opponent of Caesar's party. One of the first acts of Caesar was to propose an Agrarian Bill, by which Campanian lands were to be divided among the people Bibulus refused to sanction it, and as the Senate could not be convoked without the assent of both consuls, 1 The Romans applied the terfti triumviri to a body who ojttrUy €usutned political power, whereas the first triumvirate was formed for mutual support by a teeret oombin* atioa. Cae Sei) ing con itte Bef po\ I^aaMl LIFE OF C^SAR. IX deliverer of ep of Caesar ause. The outbreak of fs. On the sonment as vinced the ty. Caesar le people, a Roman »e Vettius, conspiracy nil Senate Metellus Senatorial Assembly Govern- yd Caesar, "lim. On debts at at Rame ance, and he Lusit- >e gained while his >und that om Asia le Mith- IS called Pompey I polJtioal Caesar brought it up in a popular Assembly. After it was passed, and the Senate compelled to adopt it, Caesar followed up this movement by obtain- ing from the people a full ratification of Pompey's acts in the East. To conciliate the Equites, who formed a large body of the publicani, he rem- itteti one-third of the money they had agreed to pay as taxes to the treasury. Before giving up his consulship he laid plans for the continuance of his power. The Senate had assigned to him the superintendence of forests and public pastures of Italy, an insignificant office, which gave him no influence and little remuneration . Vatinius, the Tribune, proposed a Bill by which Csesar was invested with proconsular power for five years over the Gauls and Illyricum, with the command of two legions. Pompey and Crassus both supported the Bill. The marriage of Julia, Caesar's daughter and Pompey, further cemented the union between these two men. Cicero and Cato were the only men of any note who were not directly or indirectly under Caesar's power. The prosecution of Clodius for his connection with the mysteries of Bona Dea led Cicero to break with the popular party, and the counter indictment against Cicero for violating the law in causing Roman citizens to be put to death without a regular trial caused his exile in 58 B.C. Cato was a stern advocate of senatorial rights. No charge could be brought against him. Of all the Romans of that time perhaps he alone was untaint- ed and above suspicion. He was entrusted with a state commission to annex Cyprus to the Roman Empire, and remained there for two years. With Cicero in Thessalonica, Cato in Cyprus, Crassus and Pompey pledg- ed to the policy of non-interference, Clodius became master of Home. At this time Caesar left for Gaul. Events there required his presence. The Helvetii, a nation who occupied modern Switzerland, had determined to settle in Gaul, and were making a western migration for this purpose. Csesar, with remarkable activity, appeared with his legions on the scene ol action, and in a terrible battle fought at Bibracte (now Autun, in Bur gundy,) defeated them with frightful slaughter. The scattered remnant who survived that fearful carnage retreated home, completely broken and discomfited, The Aedui who dwelt on the west of the Saone be- ing hard pressed by the Suevi, a German nation, invited him to assist them. At Bdsle the Germans were routed. These two victories, gain- ed during the first year of his command in Gaul, not only secured for him prestige at Rome, but taught the Gauls the terrible power and in- domitable courage of the Roman armies. At the conclusion of each cam- paign Caesar went into Cisalpine Gaul to attend the district courts (con- ventus) and keep up communication with Rome. He fixed his headquarters at Lucca, in Liguria, and there he generally remained during the winter. LIFE OF CifiSAR. In the year 57 B. C. a strong Confederacy of the Belgic tribes was formed against him. He defeated them in several engagements, the chief of which was fought at the River Sabis (now Sainbre) against the Nervii. So decisive was this victoty, that out of sixty thousand men, only five thousand survived. His third campaign did not begin till late in the year (56 H. C), since he was detained in Northern Italy by the state of matters at Rome. At Lucca, in April, Pompey and Crassus held a conference with him for the continuance of his command {at five years after the expiry of his first term, which would end in 54 B. C. Caius Trebonius had already caused a Bill (lex Trebonia) to be passed sanctioning this and assigning Syria to Crassus, Spain to Pompey, Gaul to Caesar. During the latter part of this year Caesar defeated the Veneti in North-westera Gaul in a great naval battle. In the lext year (55 B. C.) he crossed the Rhine, but only remained eighteen days on the German side of the river. Later in the summer he made his first expedition against Britain, but remained only a few days on the island. In his fifth campaign (54 B. 0.) with large forces he crossed ihe channel, and after defeating the Britons under Cassivelaunus, he penetrated as far as St. Albans, in Hertfordshire. He returned to find his daughter Julia, the wife of Pompey, dead. Thus was broken the strongest link of the chain that bound these two triumvirs. In his next campaign he crossed the Rhine a second time to punish the Germans who supported the Treviri in the revolt, but he soon, however, returned without gaining any advantage. The death and defeat of Crassus at Charrae in this year caused a break in tiie triumvirate. The campaign of 52 B. C, was a most arduous one. Under Vercingetorix all the Gallic nations arose simultaneously. He, of all the leaders Caesar had yet encountered, possessed the greatest ability. The Gauls were defeated at Alesia, and this victory was so complete that little remained to be done during the next two years to complete the total subjugation of Gaul. An estrangement had taken place between Pompey and Caesar in the year 52 B. C. The brilliant successes of Caesar in Gaul had, no doubt, filled the emulous mind of Pompey with envy. The only course Pompey had was to champion the party of the Senate and obtain its control. In the year 49 B. C. the Consuls were L. Lentulus and C. Marcellus, both in the in- terest of Pompey. The object of the Senate was to get Caisar to give up his command. Caesar sent a letter to the Senate offering to do so, provided that Pompey would disband his legions. Warm debates in the Senate followed. Under the direction of Metellus Scipio and Cato, the Senate declared Caesar a public enemy, an) De Analogia, or as Cicero calls it, De Ratibne Latine loquendi, dedicated to Cicero, and written while Csesar was crossing the Alps. LIFB OP CiESAR. XV {e) Libri Auspiciorum or Auguralia, published 63 B. C. when Csesar was Pontifex maximus. {d) Dt Astris, published also 63 B. C {t) Apothtgmata or Dicta Collectanea, a collection of witticisms made at different times. (f) Poemata, nearly all were written in youth. To these belong (EMpus, Laudes Herculis, and Iter, (describing his going to Spain in 46 B. C). XTi LIPB OP OAIAI. II.— OHRONOLOOY OP THE TIMES OP CiBSAR. Datb. CiBSAR's Lira. LiTIRART CnRONOIiOOY. B.C. 100 91 00 88 87 86 86 84 88 82 81 80 79 78 77 Birth «/ Ccuar. Civil CHRONoitOOT. Pompey and Oioero lisyMn 0(04(6. Birth of Lucretius. First put>lio appearance of Ilor- tensius Death of the oirator Oraasus. Cicero goes to Rome to hear Molo and Philo. Catullus, the poet, bom. CmBM flamen dialia Birth of Sallust, the his- torian. Death of Attius, the Tragic poet. Cnsar marries Cor- ne ia. CsBsar proscribed. CsDsar at the sief^e of Mitylene. Caesar returns to Rome. CsBsar indiitK On. Dolabella. 76 Cffisar indicts C. I Antonius. Lucinius, the orator, bom. Cicero's oration, Pro QuiW' tio. Cicero's oration, Pro Rogeio Cicero goes to Athens and hears ^eno and AntioiJius. Cicero at Rhodes. Cicero's return to Rome. Hortensius the chief of Roman legal orators Birth of Asinius Pollio. LiviuB Drusus propose* a bill to enfranchise the Italians, but is assassinated Lex Julia passes, giving the Italians the franchise. Marsio war (00-.S8 B.C.) Sylla receives the command of theflrstMithridaticwar. Marius expelled from Rome and goes to Afrioo. Return of Marius. Massacres ,of Marius and Cinna. Death of Octavius, the Consul, and Antonius, the orator. Death of Marius in his tcventh oonsulahip. Conclusion of the Mithrid- atie war. Sylla returns. War against the Marian party. , Sylla proscribes the leaders of tlie Marian party. Sylla dictator. Sylla \tiyn down his diotator* ship. Death of Sylla. DAT "bI 76 74 78 LIPB OF GiESAR. xvn OHRONOLOO Y, kv. —(Contimml). his Dati. B.O. 76 74 78 72 71 70 68 87 68 86 84 81 80 GiVSAR'8 LiPH. Coisar Koes toUhodcB to the School of Molo. Cesar deoted /'«»»■ tiff, and roturiiH to Rome. Elected Military Tribun». Ciusar qtuestor. Oeaar eumtU cediU CsBaaxpontife* maxi- mtM. Omaa* prcBtor. Oemr proprcBtor in Spain. Ossar forms a ooali tion with Pompey and Crassus, call ed Fitmt Tiriuin' vitaU, LiTKltAliy ClIUOMOIiOQY. Civil Oiironolooy. IJirth of Virfftl. Cicero's orations against Vtirre«. Cicero's orations Pro Fow teio and I'ro Caecina. Cicero (/ua««(or of Sicily. Thi rd Mithridatio war begi HH, with Luoullusin command. Mithrldates defeated atOyzi- cus. Commencement of the Gladiatorial war. Murder of Sertorlus. Defeat of Spartaous by Cransiia. Consulship of Pompey and Crii^siis. Thee iex Auretia passed chosing the Juilfj^es from theScnatora,Kni(;htH, and Tribuni erarii. Cicero aedile. LucuUus de feats Tigrunes at Tigrano- certa. Cicero prsator, and delivers orations Pro Itye Manilia uidProCliientio. Cicero's orations. Caiulida. In Toga Cicero's orations (1) de Leije Agraria ; (2) Pro Rabirio; (3j In CatiluMin ; (4) Pro Murenai Cicero's oration Pro StUla. Cicero's oration Pro Archia Lex ^'abtiiia passed appoint- ing Pompey to the com- mand of th« tieet in the war affainst the. pirates. Lex Manilla passed appoint- ing Porapev to the com- mand of the Mithridatic war. Catiline's /ir&'t conspiracy. Pompey reduces Syria. Catiline's secoitd conspiracy. Birth of Augimua. Defeatof Catiline at Pistoria. Return of Pompey. Trial and acquittal of Clodius. XVIU LIFE OF CiBSAR. CHRONOLOGY, &o.— (Continued), Datb. B.O. 69 58 57 56 56 54 53 52 61 50 49 48 47 GiESAK'B LiFB. CsBsar Cowiul. Re ceives the Gauls and Illyricum for five years. Csesor's first oam- gaign in Gaul. •efeat of Ariovis- tus and the Hel- vetii. OsBsar's second cam- paign. Defeat of the Belgffi. CsBsar's third oaiU' Saign in Gaul, inquest of the Veaeti. CsBsar's fourth cam paign. Invasion of liritain. CaBsar's fifth cam- paign. Crosses owsr to Britain. Caesar's siseth cam paira. Crosses theRbine. Caesar's seventh cam- ign. 'akes Alesia. Cesar's eighth cam- $)aign. Total sub- ugation of Qaul. CsBsar spends the winter in Cisal- pine Qaul. Cesar ({»ctator I. Cesar Consul, and defeats Pompejr at Pharsalia. Onear dictator U. Defeat of ni»r< naoesatZcta. LlTBKABT CURONOLOaT. Birth of T. Livius, the his torian. Cicero's oration Pro L. Flavco. Cicero goes meni. into banish- Cicero returns from banish- ment. Cicero's orations (1) Pro Sex- tio : (2) In ViUinium ; (3) De hartuspicum respon- sis ; (4) De Provinciis Con- tuUiribus, (5) ProM.Ccelio Rvfo; (6) Pro Conielio BaVbo. Cicero's de Oratore written, Virgil assumes the toga vinlis. Cicero's de Republica writ- ten. His orations Pro Seauro, Pro Plancio, Pro RciAirio, Cicero's oration Pro Mikne. Writes De Legibus. Death of Lucretius. Cicero Prowmvl in Oilida. Death of Hortenaiua. Civil Chromoloot. The Agrarian bill passed: the aots of Poupejr rati* fled. Clodius iritritfw qf th» pUibt. Pompey and Crassus hold a conference with Caesar i^ Lucca, and arrange for • continuation of \D» oom- mand. Lex Trehonia. passed, giving Cesar five years further command in Qaul ; Pom- gey receives the two pains ; Orassus, Syria. Crassus msurohes ae^ainst the Parthiang. Defeat and death of Cnarai •t Charrae. Death of GlodlM. Measures of Pompey agalnifc Cesar. Civil war iiegina Dai IT LIFE OF CJBSAB.. CHRONOLOGY, ko.— (Continued). XIX Datb. I Gabar'b lAtm. ed: Ida rat >r a Dm- 46 M Ctesar defeats the Pompeians at Thapiiiu. Reformation of the Calendar. Oeaar dictator III. Defeat of the Pom- peians at Munda, in Spain. Gsesar iietattyr tor ten yean; Cviuvl and C&naor for life. Cesar dictator IV. Assassinated 16th Muroh. LiTBRABT CHBOMOLOOT. CiVili GHRONOUOOy. Gioero composes his Brutus and Partitioned Oratoriae. His orations Pro Marcello and Pro Ligario delivered, Cicero writes OratoTt Acad emica, DeFinibus. Pro nounoes his oration Pro Deiotarc. Cicero writes his Ttueutanae Disputatioms : DeNatura Dtorum; De Pato; De Amieitia ; De Seneetute . De Oloria; Topico; De qffl(!ii$. His first four Philippics pronounced. Antony proclaimed a public enemy. Ing iher am- two the ! •.■•! Inift 20 ROMAN HISTORY. II.— ROMAN HISTORY. History, or rather chronology, was cultivated in a somewhat crude form by the Romans in the earliest times. From the early days of the Republic the magistrates were required to keep certain records of their doings while in office, and these records formed for many years the sole history of the State. The following may ba regarded as the chief original sources from which subsequent history was derived : (i) Annates (i. e. annales libri, year books) were records kept by differ- ent officers recording the events of the year. Those of the pontifex nuixiinus were styled annales pontificum, annales maximi, and recorded little beyond the eclipses, prodigies and events of a supernatural nature. Most of these records perished in the taking of the city by the Gauls in 390 B. C, but, as far as possible were replaced and continued down to 13^ B. C, when they were discontinued. The annales eonsulares, of which a copy may be seen at the end 6f Smith's Classical Dictionary, gave the names uf the consuls and the wars waged. (2) Comnuntarii sacerdotum seem to have been a kind of almanac for the benefit of the priests, telling for what event each day was noted. We also hear of the commentarii augurum kept by the augurs for a similar purpose. The Fasti of Ovid appears to have been constructed after the manner of these. (3) Libri praetorum were records kept by the praetors. (4) Libri lintei were linen rolls containing historical records. Little is known of these except that they existed in very early times, and are men- tioned by Livy as containing an account of the first treaty with Carthage in 509 B. C. . (5) Tia milla tabularum contained the acts of the Senate from the foundation of the city till the burning of the capital in Vespasian's reign, 79 A. D. , ROHAN HISTORY. 21 (6) Corpus eivilis legist collected at different times. These were the documents on which the Roman historians chiefly based their works and which they consulted. The burning of the city by the Gauls cansed the destruction of many important records. This accounts to some extent for the obscurity of the early part of the Roman history. We may divide the historical compositions of the Romans into th ret classes : (1) Annaies, (2) Historic, (3) Commentarii. The difference between Annates and Historiae is still a matter of discussion. Cicero says that the Annaies were written in imitation of the pontifical annals and were merely memorials of the times, men, places, events, without any ornament, and provided the meaning was intelligible, the chief excellence lay in brevity. The Historiae added the ornaments of the orator to the narrative, aimed at descriptions and were varied with speeches and harangues. Aulas Gellius sajrs the Annaies observe the order of the years, narrating under each year the events that occurred in sequence of time, while the Historiae (.Wi. not ob- serve the order of occurrence. Servius gives his opinion that the Annates were records of events tliat took place in former days, while the Historiae treated of events that took place during the lifetime of the Author. T'he Commetttarii were records, or rather notes or memoranda. It is probable Csesar intended to work up and present his in a different form, but as Cicero says their merit was such in the eyes of the discerning that all judicious writers shrank from the attempt to alter them. There are Mr^^/m Annales. Annales. Annates. Annales. Annales. AnnaleiL Annales. Historiaa. Historis. History of the Social and Haraio Warn Historj' of the Social Wars. Annaleb. Gommentarii de Bello Gallioo ; de Bello OMU. Libri Exemplorum. Bellum Catuinarium ; Bellum Jntrarthinum. History of the Civil War. Histona PhilippicB. Annales. Historis. Historin and Annales^ XII. Cesarum Yitas. Alexandri Magni Yltik De Rebus Romania De Bello Oermano Historis. 3* IV.— THE ROMAN EXPEDITIONS. /«/ Expedition. 55 B.C. — At the closr of this year Julius Caesar lands, but stays only a few days. 54 B.C. — Caesar again lands, defeats Casivelaunus, King of the Cassi, and penetrated as fiur as St. Albans. and Expedition. In eonsequence of the ciTil wars firom 49 B.C.-31 B.C., Britain was n^lected by the Romans. The policy of Augustus (31 B.C. -14 A.D.) was non*a^[ressive, and Tiberius (14 A.D.-37 A.D.) adhered to the example of his predecessor. Caligula (37 A.D. -41 A.D.) intended to subdue Britain, but nothing was done. 43 A.D.— Bericus, a petty king, having been expelled from the island, appealed to Claudius, who took up lis cause. Aulas Plautiu^ ROMAN HISTORY. 23 was sent out and defeated Caractacus and Togodumnus. Claudius also in person commanded at a victory which he gained near the Thames. 49 A.D.— Ostorius Scapula succeeded, and built a line of forts from the Avon to the Nen. He defeated the Silures and made Car- actacus a prisoner. 59 A. D.— Suetonius Paulinus succeeded, and defeated the loeni and Trinobantes wider Boadicea. 3rd Expedition, 78 A.D.— Agricola succeeds, and reduced Mona (Anglesey). 89 A.D.— He ylvances as far as the Tay, and defeated Galgagus, at the foot of the Grampians. After this period the Romans maintained a pacific poUcy towards Britain. C JULII CiESARIS. DE BELLO GALLICO LIBER QUARTUS. XX. *Exigua parte aestatis reliqua, 'Caesar, 'Etsi in his locis— •qudd omnis Gallia ad septentriones vergit — maturae sunt hiemes, tamen in Britanniam proficisci contendit, '^qudd, omnibus fere Gallicis bellis, hostibus nostris inde subministrata auxilia intelligebat : et, si tempus anni 'ad bellum gerendum deficeret, tamen ^magno sibi usui fore arbitrabatur, "si mod5 insulam adtsset, genus hominum perspex- isset, 'loca, portus, aditus cognovisset : *°quae omnia fere Gallis erant incognita. "Neque enim temere praeter mercatores illd adit quis- quam, neque iis ipsis quicquam praeter oram maritimam ''atque eas regiones, quae sunt contra Gallias, notum est. Itaque, ^'evocatis ad se undique mercatoribus, "neque quanta esset insulae magnitudo« neque quae aut quantae nationes incolerent, neque "quern usum belli haberent, aut quibus institutis uterentur, neque qui essent ad "majorum navium multitudinem idonei portus, reperire poterat. XXI. Ad haec cognoscenda, ^priusquam periculum faceret, idoneum esse arbitratus 'Caium Volusenum, cum 'navi longa prse- mittit. *Huic mandat, uti, 'exploratis omnibus rebus, ad se quam- primum revertatur : ipse cum omnibus copiis in •Merinos proficisci- tur, qudd inde erat brevissimus in Britanniam transjectus. Hue naves undique ex finitimis regionibus et, quam superiore aestate ad 'Veneticum bellum fecerat, classem jubet convenire. Interim, consilio ^jus cognito et per mercatores *perIato ad Britannos, a compluribus ejus insulae civitatibus ad eum legati veniunt, '^'qui polliceantur obsides dare atque imperio Populi Romani obtemperare. Quibus auditis, "liberaliter pollicitus, hortatusque ut in ea sententia permanerent, eos domum remittit, et cum his unh Commium^-quem ipse, "Atrebatibus superatis, regem ibi constituerat, cujus et virtu- tem et consilium probabat, et quern sibi iidelem arbitrabatur, cujus- 1 1 I 36 DB BKLLO OALLICN), LIB. I?. que auctoritas in iis regionibus *"magni habebatur — mittit. '*Huic imperat, quas possit "^adeat civitates, horteturque "ut Populi Romani fidem sequantur, ^^seque celeriter ed venturum nuntiet. Volusenus, •8perspectis regionibus, "quantum ei facultatis dari potuit, '"qui ''navi egredi ac se barbaris committere non auderet, quinto die ad Caesarem revertitur ; quaeque ibi perspexisset renuntiat. XXII. ^Dum in his locis Caesar navium parandarum causa moratur, ex magna parte Morinorum ad eum legati venerunt, 'qui se de superioris temporis consilio excusarent, 'qudd homines barbari, et 'nostrae cohsuetudinis imperiti, bellum Populo Romano fecissent, 'seque ea, quae imperfisset, facturos poliicerentur. 'Hoc sibi satis opportune Caesar accidisse arbitratus, 'qudd neque post tergum hostem relinquere volebat, neque *belli gerendi, propter anni tempus, facultatem habebat, neque "has tantularum rerum occupationes sibi Britanniae anteponendas judicabat, magnum iis obsidum numerum imperat. Quibus adductis, eos *"in fidem recepit. Navibus circiter octoginta onerariis "coactis contractisque, quot satis^esse ad duas transportandas ^'legiones existimabat, "quicquid praeterea navium longarum habebat, "quaestori, legatis, ^'praefectisque distribuit. "Hue accedebant octodecim onerariae naves, quae ex eo loco "ab millibus passuum octo vento tenebantur, "quominus in eundem portum per- venire possent. Has equitibus distribuit. Reliquum exercitum •"Quinto Titurio Sabino et Lucio Aurunculeio Cottae, legatis, in ^Menapios atque in eos p»is arbitratus, »suo se loco continuit, et, •brevitempore intermisso, in castra legiones reduxit. Dum haec geruntur, 'nostris omnibus occu patis, qui erant in agris, reiiqui discesserunt Sequutae sunt c c n n r s oM DK n^LLO GALLICO, LIB. IV. n continuos complures dies tempestates, 'quae et nostras in castris continercnt, ct hostem, a pugna prohiberent. Interim barbari nuntios in omnes partes diiniserunt, paucitatemque nostrorum militum suis "praedicaverunt, et quanta praedae faciendae atque in perpetuum sui liberandi facultas daretur, si Romanos castris expulis- sent, ^"dcmonstraverunt. "His relius celeriter magna multitudine pcditatus equitatusque coacta, ad castra venerunt. XXXV. Caesar, etsi idem, quod superioribus dicbus acciderat, fore videbat, *ut, si essent hostes pulsi, ccleritatc periculum effu^'c- rent ; tamen nactusiquitescirciter?triginta, quos Commius Atrcbas, •de quo anth dictum est, secum transportaverat, legiones in acie pro castris constituit. Commisso proelio, Miutius nostrorum militum impetum hostes ferre non potuerunt, ac terga verterunt. *Quos •tanto spatio sequuti, 'quantum cursu et viribus efficere potuerunt, C>iyO^|0mplurcs ex iis "occiderunt ; deindc, omnibus longfe latfeque *afflictis inccnsisque, se in c.istra rocepcrunt. XXXVI. Eodem die legati, ab hostibus missi ad Caesarem de pace, venerunt. His Cltsar 'iiumcrum obsidum, quern antea impe- raverat, duplicavit, eosque -"in conlincntcm adduci jussit, quod, 'propinqua die aequinoctii, infiimis navibus, *hiemi navigationem subjicicndam non existiniabat. Ipse, idoneam "^tempestatem nactus, /- Jj^ paul»^ post mediam noctem naves solvit, quai omnes incolumes ad ^ . J — ^^ccptincntem pervcncrunt ; sod ex his onerariai duae eosdem, quos qM^' feliqua', portus capere non potuerunt, ct 'paulo infra delataa sunt. XXXVII. 'Quibus ex navibus quum ''essent expositi milites cir- citer treccnti, atc|ue in castra 'contenderent, Morini, quos Caesar, in r>ritanniam *proficiscens, pacatos roliquerat, spe ^praedae adducti, primo *non ita magno suorum numero circumsteterunt, ac, 'si scse interfici noUent, arma ponere jusserunt. Quum illi, "orbe facto, sese defenderent, celeriter *ad clamorem hominum circiter '"millia sex convenerunt. Qua re nuntiata, Caesar omnem ex castris equitatum *'suis auxilio misit. Interim nostri milites impetum hostium susti- nuerunt, atque '''ampliCis horis quatuor fortissimo pugnaverunt, et, "paucis vulneribus acceptis, complures ex iis occiderunt. "Postea vertt qakm equitatus noster in conspectum venit, '^hostes abjectis armis terga verterunt, magn usque oorum numerus est occisus. m 32 DE BKLLO GALLICO, t^IB. IV. XXXVIII. Cfflsar postero die Titum Labienum legatum. cum lis legionibus, quas ex Britannia reduxerat, in Morinos, qui ^rebellio- nem fecerant, misit. '^Qui, quum "propter siccitatcs paludum, *qud se reciperent, *non haberent — quo perfugio superiore anno fuerant usi — omnes fere in potestatem Labieni venerunt. At Quintus Titurius et Lucius Cotta, legati, qui in Menapiorum fines legiones duxerant, omnibus eorum agris vastatis, frumentis succisis, aedificiis incensis, ^quM Menapii se omnes in densissimas silvas abdiderant, se ad Ctcsarem rcceperunt. Caesar in Belgis omnium legionum hiberna constituit. 1-6 duae omnino civitates ex Britannia obsides miserunt ; ^reliquaj neglexerunt. His rebus gestis, *ex Uteris Caesaris dierum viginti supplicatio a Senatu decreta est LIBER V. I. *LUCI0 DOMITIO, Appio Claudio, consulibus, discedens ab hibemis Cassar 'in Italiam, ut quotannis facerc 'consuerat, legatis imperat, quos legionibus pnefecerat, uti, *quam plurimas possent, hieme naves aedificandas veteresque reficiendas 'curarent. Earum "modum formamque demonstrat. Ad celeritatem onerandi 'sub- ductionesque *paulo facit humiliores, qu^m quibus in ^nostro mari uti consuevimus — atque ^"id eo magis, quEduorum a castris, insciente Csesare, domum discedere coepit. Qua re nuntiata, Caesar "intermissa profiectione atque omnibus rebus postpositis, magnam partem equi- tatus ad eum insequendum mittit, retrahique imperat : **si vim faciat neque pareat, interfici jubet : nihil ^^hunc se absente pro sano fac- turum arbitratus, ^'qui prsesentis imperium neglexisset. Ille enim revocatus resistere ac se **manu defendere suorumque fidem implor- are ccepit, ssepe clamitans, liberum se libe»a)que ^civitatis esse. Illi, ut erat imperatum, circumsistimt atque hominem interficiunt ; at ^dui, equites ad Caesarem omnes revertuntur. VI II. His rebus gestis, 'Labieno in 'continenti cum tribus legion- ibus et equitum millibus duobus relicto, ut portus tueretur et rem frumentariam providerert, quaeque in Gallia gererent&r cognosceret, con5iliumquc 'pro tempore et pro re caperet, ipse cum quinque legionibus et *pari numero equitum. quem in continenti reliquerat, •solis occasu naves solvit, et leni 'Africo provectus, media circiter nocte vento ^intermisso, cursum non tenuit, et 'longiils delatus aestu, I ^ ' 36 DE BELLO OALLICO, LIB. T. orta luce, sub sinistra liritanniam relictam conspexiL Turn rursus> asstus commutationem sequutus, "remis contendit, ut earn partem insulae caperet, qua optimum esse egressum superiore aestate cog- noverat. Qua in re ^''admodum fuit "militum virtus laudanda, qui vectoriis gravibusque navigirs, "non intermisso remigandi labore, longarum navium cursum adaequftrunt. "Accessum est ad Britan- niam omnibus navibus meridiano fere tempore : neque in eo loco hostis est visus, sed, ut postea Caesar ex captivis "comperit, quum magnae manus ed convenissent, multitudine navium perterritae ('*qua^ cum annotinis privatisque, quas %ui quisque commodi fecerat "amplius octingentis, uno erant visae tempore), a litore discesserant ac ''se in superiora loca abdiderant. IX. Cassar, exposito exercitu et loco castris idoneo capto, ubi ex captivis cognovit, quo in loco hostium copiae 'consedisset, ■^cohortibus decem ad mare relictis et equitibus trecentis,qui prassidio navibus essent, 'de tenia vigilia ad hostes contendit, *6o minCls veritus navibus, qudd in litore *molli atque aperto deligatas ad an- choram relinquebat ; et 'prassido navibus Quintum Atrium praefecit. Ipse, noctu progressus millia passuum circiter duodecim, hostium copias ^conspicatus est. lUi, equitatu atque essfedis ad *flumen progressi, ex loco superiore nostros prohibere et proelium rommittere cceperunt. Repulsi ab equitatu, se in silvas abdiderunt, locum nacti, egregife et natura et •opere munitum, quern 'Momestici bellij ut videbatur, causa jam ante praeparaverant : nam crebris arboribus succisis omnes introitus erant prasclusi. Ipsi ex silvis "rari pro- pugnabant, nostrosque intra munitiones ingredi prohibebrint. At milites legionis septima*, '^testudine facta et ngi^ere ad munitiones adjecto, locum ceperunt eosque ex silvis expuleiunt, paucis vul- neribus acceptis.V'.'-edeos fugientes *'longiCis Casar prosequi vetuit et quod loci naturam ignorabat, et qudd, magna pane diei consumpta, munitioni caslrorum tempus relinqui volebat. X 'Postridie ejus diei mane tripartitd 'milites equitesquc in expeditionem misit, ut eos, qui fugerant, persequerentur. His >aliquantum itineris progressis, quum jam *extremi essent in pros- pectu, equites a Quinto Atrio ad Cassarem venerunt, 'qui nuntiarent superiore nocte, tnaxima. coorta tempestate, prop^ amnes naves •jafflictas atque 'in litore ejecfas esse^ quikl neque anchora^ fune&aue L ■y t-y DE BELLO OALLICO, LIB. V. 37 •V fV subsisterent, neque nautae gubernatoresque vim pati tempestatis possent : itaque ex eo "concursu navium magnum esse ."incommo- dum acceptum. /XL His rebus cognitis, Caesar legiones equitatumque revocari atque *itinere desistere jubet : ipse ad naves *revertitur : cadem fere, quae ex nuntiis literisque cognoverat, 'cori\m perspicit, ^ic)ut, "amis- sis circitfer quadraginta navibus, reliquie tamen refici posse magno negotio viderentur.i^ Itaque ex legionibus fabros delegit, et ex conti- nenti alios arcessiri 'jubet;, Lajpieno scribit, ut *qukm plurimas posset, "iis legionibus quae sunt apud eum, naves instituat^^ Ipse, etsi res erat '"multae operse ac labtTt"is, tamen commodissimum e'sse statuit, "omnes naves subduci et cum castris una munitione conjungi. In his rebus circit^r dies decern consumit, ne nocturnis quidem tem- poribus ad laborem militum intermissis. Subductis navibus castris- que egregife munitis, easdem copias, '^quas ante, pr»3sidio navibus reliquit : ipse e«>dem, unde redierat, proficiscitur. £6 quum venisset, majores jam undique in eum locum copiuj Britannorum convenerant, *'summa imperii bellique administrandi communi consilio permissa Cassivelauno, cujus fines a maritimis civitatibus flumen dividit, quod appellatur Tamesis, a mari circiter "millia passuum octoginta. '*Huic superiore tempore cum reliquis civitatibus continentia bella intercesserant : sed nbstro adventu permoti Britanni hunc toti bello imperioque prajfecerant. ^ XII. Britannise pars interior ab lis incolitur, 'quos nates in insula ipsa menoria proditum dicunt : maritima pars *ab iis, qui prtedte ac belli inferendi causa ex Belgis transierant ; qui omnes fere iis nomi- nibus ciVitatum appellantur, 'quibus orti ex civitatibus e6 pervene- I runt, et bello iJIato ibi remanserunt atque agros colere coeperunt. /'*Hominum est infinita multitudo, creberi imaque «edificia, "fere Gallicis consimilia : pecorum magnus numerus. Utuntur aut oere, aut •taleis ferreis, ad certum pondus examinatis, pro 'nummo. Nascitur ibi "plumbum album in mediterraneis regionibus, in mari- timis ferrum ; sed •ejus exigua est copia : '"aeie utuntur importato. "Materia cujusque generis, ut in Gallia, est '■'p: aeter fagum atque abietemr — "Leporem, et gallinam, et anserem gustare "fas non putant : heec tamen alunt animi voluptatisque causa. Loca sunt "jemperatiora, qutim in Gallia, '•remissioribus frigoribus, IJ %' ■•lil *>i^ i m ?'i: 38 DE BKLLO OALLICO, LIB. T. XIII. Insula natura Uriquetra, c^jus unum latus est contra Galliam. Hujus lateris alter rigu.u - qui est ad Cantium, qud fere omnes ex Gallia naves 'appelluntur — 'ad orientem solem, inferior ad ^meridiem, spectat Hoc latus tenet circiter millia passuum *quingenta: *Alterum vergit ad Hispaniam atque occidentem solem, « ^qua ex parte est ^Hibernia, •dimidio :. iinor, ut sestimatur, qukm Britannia j^ed ^"pari spatio tran,-'ai,;sp > aique ex Gallia, est in IBritanniam. In hoc medio cursu est ii; J.:. ., .|Uie appellatur " Mona ; )vuO^ *^complures pneterea minorei> objectse insuivipi ex'.stlmantur ; de qui- * bus insulis "nonnulli scripseiunt di « a>u,4nuos x »ta sub **bruma >)*i.<. ;/t^: esse noctem.\^N OS nihil deeo percontaticu bu:- r*-, ^^^'muSj'^nisi certis ex aqua mensuris breviores esse, qusllni hi .;oii..;neiite, noctes v'debamus. Hujus est longitudo lateris, '^ut fert illorum opinio, "septingentorum millium. '^Tertium est contra septentriones, cui parti nulla est objecta terra ; sed ejus angulus lateris maxim^ ad Germaniam spectat ; ^'huic millia passuum octingenta in longitu- dinem esse existimatur. Ita omnis insula est in circuitu vicies centum millium passuum. XIV. Ex his omnibus longe sunt ^humanissimi, qui Cantium incolunt, qum regio est maritima omnis ; neque multilim a Gallica differunt consuetudine. Interiores ^plerique frumenta non serunt, sed lacte et came vivunt, pellibusque sunt vestiti. Omnes verd se Britanni Vitro inficiunt, quod ca^ruleum efficit colorcm, ktque *hoc horridiore sunt in pugna aspectu : capilloque sunt promisso, atque omni parte corporis rasa praeter caput et labrum superius. jXJxores habent *deni duodenique inter se communes, et maxim^ fratres cum fratribus parentesque cum liberis ; sed, si qui sunt ex his nati, eorum habentur liberi, *quo primilm virgo quaeque Meducta est. XV. Equites hostium essedariique 'acriter proelio cum equitatu nostro in itinere conflixerunt, '^tanien ut nostri omnibus partibus superiores fuerint, atque eos in silvas collesque compulerint; sed, compluribus interfectis, 'cupidiiis insequuti nonnuUos ex suis amiserunt. At illi, ^interfnisso spatio, imprudentibus nostris atque occupatis in munitione castrorum, subitd 'se ex silvis fljScS> runt, impetuque in eos facto, qui erant In statione pro castris coUocati, acriter pugnaverunt : duabusque 'submissis cohortibus a Caesare, atque 'his primis legionum duarum, quum hae, perexiguo d. m DB BELLO OALLICO, LIB. Y. 39 W'^^ intermisso loci spatio inter se, constitissent, novo genere pugn.ne perterritis nostris, "per medios audacissim^ perruperunt, seque inde incolumes receperunt. Eo die Quintus Laberius Durus, '"'tribunus militum, interficitur. lUi, pluribus immissis cohortibus, repelluntur. XVI. Toto hoc in genere pugnae, *quum sub oculis omnium ac pro castris dimicaretur, ^intellectum est, nostros propter gravitatem armaturae— quM neque insequi cedentes possent, neque 'ab sigiiis discedere auderent — *minAs aptos esse ad hujus generis hostem ; ^equites autem magno cum periculo dimicare, propterea qu6d 'illi etiam 'consults plerumque cederent, et "quum paulAm ab legionibus ^ nostros removissent, ex essedis desilirent, et pedibus 'dispari prcelio contenderent. Equestris autem proelii ratio et ^"cedentibus et inse- quentibus par atque idem periculum infereb?rt. "Accedebat hue, ut nunquam confetti, sed rari magnisque intcrvallis praliarentur, '^stationesque dispositas haberent, atque alios alii "deinceps exci- perent, '-integrique et recentes defatigatis succederent. XVII. Posteio die procul a castris hostes in coUibus 'constite- rui.. rarique se ostendere et leniils, qukm pridie, nostros equitcs '^prcelio lacessere coeperunt. Sed meridie, quum Caesar pabulandi causa 'tres legiones atque omnem equitatum cum *Caio Trebonio legato misisset, repente ex omnibus partibus ad pabulatores *advo- laverunt, "sic, uti ab signis legionibusque non absisterent. Nostri, acriter in eos impetu facto, repulerunt, 'neque finem sequendi fece- runt, "quoad subsidio confisi equites, quum post se legiones viderent praecipites hostes egerunt : magnoque eorum numero interfecto, •neque sui colligendi, neque consistendi, aut ej^ essedis desiliendi ; facultatem dederunt. Ex hac fuga p rotm us, quae undique convene- . rant, auxilia discesserunt : neque post id tempus "unquam "summis nobisGum copiis hostes contenderunt. XVIII. Caesar, cognito consilio eorum, ad flumen TVmesim in fines Cassivelauni exercitum duxit ; quod flumen ^uno om^ino loco pedibus, atque 'hoc aegre,. transiri potest. Ed quum venisset, "animum advejtit ad ^alteram fluminis ripam magnas esse copias hostium instru.ctas : ripa autem erat acutis sudibus '^prenefixis munita ; *ejusdemque generis sub aqua defixae sudes flumine tegebantur. His rebus cognitia a captiyis 'perfugisque, Caesar, praemisso equitatu, confestim legiones subsequi jussit Sed W celeritate atqae eo .'i 40 DB BELLO OALLICO, LIB. Y. impetu milites ierunt, quum capite solo ex aqua exstarent, uthostes impetum- Icgionum atque equitum sustinere non possent, ripasque 4iniitterent ac se ftigae m&ndarent. XIX. Cassivelaunus, 'ut supri demonstravimus, omni deposita spe contentionis, dimissis amplioribus copiis, millibus circiter qua- tuor essedariorum relictis, itinera nostra '^seprabat. paululumque ex via excedebat, 'locisque impeditis ac silvestribus sese occultabat, atque iis regionibus, quibus nos iter *facturos cognoverat, pecora atque homines ex agris in silvas com pelle bat : et, quum equitatus noster, liberius praedandi vastandique causa, se in agros efifunderet, omnibus "viis notis semitisque essedarios ex silvis emittebaf, 'et magno cum periculo nostrorum equitum cum iis confligeoat, atque ^hoc metu latiCis vagari prohibebat. 'Relinquebatur, ut neque longitis ab agmine legionum discedi Caesar pateretur, et 'tantiim in agris vastandis incendiisque faciendis hostibus noceretur, quantilm '"•labore atque itinera legionarii milites efificere poterant. XX. 'Interim Trinobantes, prop^ firmissima earum regionum civitas — ex qua Mandubratius adolescens, Caesaris fidem sequutus, ad eum in continentem Galliam venerat ; cujus pater Imanuentiua in ea civitate regnum obtinuerat, interfectusque erat a Cassivelauno, ipse fuga mortem vitaverat— legatos ad Caesarem mittunt, pollicen- turque, sese ei dedituros atque imperata facturos : petunt, ut Man- dubratium *ab injuria Cassivelauni defendat, 'atque in civitatem mittat, qui praesit imperiumque obtineat. His Caesar imperat (tbsides quadraginta frumentumque exercitui, Mandubratiumque ad cos mittit. Illi imperata celeriter fecerunt, obsides *aLd. numerum frumentaque miserunt. • XXI. Trinobantibus defensis atque ab omni militum injuria pro- hibitis, 'Cenimagni, Segontiaci, Ancalites, Bibroci, Cassi, legationi- bus missis sese Caesari dedunt. Ab his cognoscit, non long^ ex eo loco *oppidum Cassivelauni abesse, silvis paludibusque munitum, quA 'satis magnus hominum pecorisque numerus convenerit. (Op- pidum ^'lutem Hritanni vocant, quum silvas impeditas vallo atque fossa munierunt, qu6 inctirsionis hostium vitandae causa convenire consu§runt.) E6 proficiscitur cum legionibus : locum reperit egregi^ ^natura atque opere munitum tamen hunc duabus ex partibus *op- pugnare^ contendit. Hostes, 'paulisper morati, militum nostrorum DB BBLLO OALLICO, LIB. V. 41 impetum non tulerunt, seseque alia ex parte oppidi cjecerunt. Mag- nus ibi numerus pecoris repertus, *multique in fuga sunt compre- hensi atque interfecti. XXII. Dum haec in his locis geruntur, Cassivelaunus ad Cantium, quod esse *ad mare suprA, demonstravimus, '^quibus regionibus quatuor reges pncgrant, Cingetorix, Carvilius, Taximagulus, Sego-' nax, nuntios mittit, atque his"*imperat, uti, coactis omnibus copiis, *castra navalia do improviso *adoriantur atque oppugnent. li quum ad castra venissent, nostri, eruptione facta, multis eorum intcrfcctis, capto etiam nobili duce Lugotorige, suos incolumes reduxcrunt. Cassivelaunus, hoc prcelio nuntiato, *tot detrimentis acceptis, vastatis finibus, maxim^ etiam permotus defectione civitatum, legates per Atrebatem Commium de deditione ad Caesarem mittit. Caesar, quum statuisset hiemem in continenti propter repentinos Gallia? ^motus agere, neque multum cEstatis superesset, atque *id facile extrahi posse intelligeret, obsides impcrat, et, 'quid in annos singulos vecti- galis Populo Romano Britannia pendcret, constitiiit : interdicit atque imperat Cassivelauno, ne Mandubratio, neu Trinobantibus 'bellum facial. XXIII. Obsidibus acceptis, exercitum reducit ad mare, naves invenit 'refectas. 'His deductis, 'quod et captivorum magnuni numerum habebat, iet nonnullae tempestate ceperierant naves, Muobus commeatibus exercitum reportare instituit. Ac ^^ica<;cidit, uti ex tanto navium numero, tot navigationibus, neque hoc, neque superiore anno, ulla omnino navis, quae milites porta ret, *dcsidera- retur : at ex iis, quae inanes ex continenti ad eum rcmitterentur, et prioris commeatus expositis militibus, et quas postea Labienus faciendas 'curavtrat "numero sexaginta, perpaucae locum capercnt ; •reliquae fere omnes rejicerentur. Quas quum aliquamdiu Caesar frustra exspect^sset °ne anni tempore a navigatione excluderetur, qudd aequinoctium suberat, "necessarid angustifis milites collocavit, ac, summa tranquillitate consequuta, ^"secunda inita quum "solvisset vigilia, prima luce terram attigit, omnesque incolumes naves per- duxit '"m9 ■J i NOTES. BOOK IV. N. B. — Tht rrferences in nvmtirala are to the Book and chapter of Cauar'a OalUe War: e. g., 4. 12 =i Book 4, chapter 12. fl, refers to Harkneas^ Laiin Qrammar, and the numeral after H. to the, section: e. g., H. 120s: HarkneM* Latin Qrammar, section 120. A. <& Q. r^tra to Allen Je Cfreen- ough'a Latin Orammar, and the numeral after A. tb O* to the aeetion. Cp.= compare. S^l.^underatand. C. XX. — I. eacigua — reliqua, " though hut a small portion of tho summer remained." H. 43i>2 ; A. & G. 255, a. 2. Caaar — tamen, &c., "Csesar, however, hastened to go to Britain.'' The word ffWtonnta is derived by some from the Celtic hrit or hriih, "painted," from the custom of the inhabitants staining their bodies. Cp. 5.14. In the early Welsh poems the Island is called Prydain, and the people Brython. The name AlMon was also given to it {Ariatotle de Mundo 3), which may be derived from the Celtic Alp, "cp. Alpea^ Al- bama, Alpin, Albany, an old name for Scotland. 3. etei; join this with Maturat sunt hiemea, ."although the winter sets in early." By comparing this statement with what he says in 1. 16, we are led to conclude that remarkable changes must have occurred in the climate of France. For etai, see A. & G. 156, i, and 313, c ; H. 516, III. 4. quod — vergit. H. 520, I. ; A. & G. 333. Septentrionea, properly the seven stars that form the constellation of the Great Bear. Max Muller (Sdence of Language, vol. II., p. 400), says that— lion was. 8. «i 7nodo. H. 531 ; A. & G. 336. 9. loca, poHiUi, nditm. Asynrlcton. H. 587, I., 6 ; A. & G. 208, b. 10. tpicB — incognita. We can hardly credit this statement, since the Venctij a powerful tribe on the N. W. coast of Gaul,, having a large fleet, seem from Caesar's own statenieift to have had frequent intercourse with the Britons. Cp. 3, 8, naves hahent Veneti plurinies, quibun in Britanniam ttavigare comtterunt. 11. neque — quisquam, *' it, indeed, is no easy matter for one to go there." Zumpt (280) says: "temcre, properly, at random, opposed to conHulto, deliberately. Combined with non, temere acquires (but not to Cicero) a peculiar signification : it becomes= ;/oH/aci/e." Cp. the Greek paraph rast, (ri) fKfd'uii. — Mercatorea. These are frequently alluded to ; cp. 1. 1 ; 1.39 . 2.15 ; 3.1. They may have been Greeks from MastilHa (now Afarseifles), or Romans from Provincia (now Provence), in southern Gaul. The long standing acquaintance with the merchant class, dating as it did from the time of the Phoenicians, secured them an immunity from punishment when visiting the shores of Britain. 12. atqiie — Oallias, "and those parts which face the divisions of Gaul." The plural Oallias refers to the two divisions of Gaul in the time of Caesar, viz., Oallia Transalphia and Cinaplina. The division of Gaul into Nar- honemis, Aquitanica, Ltigdunensis, and Belgica was made by Augustus, B.C. 27. 13. evocatis, "though he summoned." H. 431.2; A. & G. 255. 14. neque; join this with repei-ire poterat. — Ei*Het. H. 525; A. & G. 334. — Nationes. Gens (Greek ^vAov) was a whole nation spnmg from a common origin ; natio (Greek idvoq) was a sub-division of the gens. 15. quern — belli, " what mode of warfare. " 16. majorum navinm. He refers to the "transports" {naves onerarioi). —Pfrrtns. H. 453.5 ; A. & G. 200, b. C. XXI. — I. priusquom — faceret, "before he made the attempt." H. 523, II. ; A. & G. 327. This is the original meaning of pericnlum. Cp. peritus, experior ; Greek nelpa^ n :if>dofiai. NOTES. 4h 2. Caium Volu/imuin. His full name was CniuH Volusf.nus Quadratus^ He held theofTice o( trihunus viilituin in tliu Gallic War, and was employed on several occasions oi danger by Ccesar. He ailed in putting down Cont- viius, King of the Atrebates, and as trihiiniin ple.fna in 43 B.C. supported Marc Antony. For an explanati.in of Roman names see A. & G. 80. 3. navi loiuja. Ships may be conveniently divided into (a) nhipii qfioar, called by the Romans navfs longcB, because tlicy were of a long, narrow shape, and suited for swift sailing ; hence they were styled by the Greeks t'^ff fianpai or v^eg rnxelai ; and (ft) ships of burden, called by the Romans naves oneraricB, and by the Greeks ir?Mla, (pofniKd, blKcuhq. These latter were not suited for swiftness, but to carry the j^rcatcst possible quantity of goods ; ''ence they were bulky, with round bottoms, and though not with- out n . yet they were ^^enerally propelled by sails. 4. A/t mandat. " Matidare, to charge, in consequence of a thorough confidence in the person, like the Greek i(pif.a6ai ; jubere, to b'l, merely in consequence of one's own wish and will, in opposition to vetare, as the Greek Kekfiieiv ; iniperare, to command, by virtue of military supreme authority, as the Greek ipxeiv." — Doderlein. 5. exploratis — rebus, "after he had gained accurate information on all these points." Cp. 2.4, omnia se habere explorata Bemi dicebant. 6. Morinos. The Morini inhabited the sea-coast of Oallia Belgica ; whence their name, from the Celtic, mor, " the sea ;" cp. Armorica. They occupied the district from the Scaldis (now Scheldt), on the East, to the Samara (now Somme), on the West. Their chief town was Oe»oriacum, afterwards called Bononia, whence the modern Boulogne,. The bremswrnuH trajectus, of course, means the Straits of Dover, which by direct measure- ment is 21 miles in width between Calais and Dover, Cp. 4.23, note 2. 7. Veneticum bellum. This war was carried on 56 B.C. in consequence of the revolt of the Veneti and other States in northern Gaul. From the difScuky in getting at them by land, Caesar attacked them by sea and de- feated them. Cp. 3, 14-16. Their chief town was Vindana, now L'Orient. 8. ^us refers to Caesar. 9. perlato, "having been reported." 10. qui — ilare. H. 500; A. &G. 3 1 7. T\\& jrreserd infirwtive and omiswm of the personal pronoun in the accnnative is an irregularity in good prose, with verbs of "hoping, promising and undertaking." The proper con- struction with such verbs as spero, polliceor, suscipio, would be, se daturos esse. Cp. se/acturos poUicereittiir, next chapter. The comic poets, Terence 4 M 46 NOTES. ^nd Plautus, sometimes use the English idiom. Cp. Ter. Eunuch, 3. 5. 14 ; Andr. 1.5.3: 3.5.7; Plaut. Mostell. 5.1.36. 11. lideralUer pollQitiua, "making kind promises to ^hem." — Domum. (H. 379» 3.1); A. &G. 258, b. 12. AtrebcUibus superatis. The Atrebates were a people of Gallia Belgica, occupying the province once called Artois (which is probably a cor: uption of the name), but now named Pas-de-Calais. They were defeated in 57 li.C. by Caesar, at the river Sabis (now Samhre). Cp. 2.23. Their capital was Nemetocenna (now Arras). A portion of these crossed over to Britain and occupied the valley of the Thames, probably Berkshire. The fact that Commius was king of the Atrebates on the continent, may have Influenced Caesar in sending him to treat with his countrymen in Britain. 13. viapii — hahcbaiw, " waa held in high regard." H. 402, III., 2.2; A. & G. 215, c. 14. huie, refers to Commius. 15. adeat, i.e. {tU) adeat. A. 493.2; A. & G. 331, f. Rem. Cp. 3.11, huic mantiat, Bemos relujuosque Belgas adeat. — Quas poxsit. H 531 ; A. & G. 336. 16. tU—fdem sequarttUTf "to put themselves under the protection." H. 492.2; A. &G. 331, a. 17. sequv. Construe: imperatqtie huic {ut) nunciet se (CcBsarem) celeriier venturum {esse) eo. 18. perspcctis reijionibus, "after ascertaining the character of the country." Cp. 3.7, regiones cognoscere. 19. quantum — potiiit, "as far as his means allowed him." H. 396, III., 2.3 ; A. &lG. 216, a, 3. 20. qm=quippequi, "inasmuch as he." H. 519.3. i ; A. & G. 320, e. 21. navi egredi, "to disembark." Caesar uses ex navi, ornaviegredi. For former, see 4.26 : 4.27 ; for the latter, 4.21 : 4.24. Cp. the Greek expression, kKJiaiveiv £K ve6(. Thucy. 1. 1 37, C, XXII. — I. dum — moratur. The present indicative is generally used with dum, even when the principal verb is evidently past. H. 467.4 ; A. & G. -^jd, e. C p. 1.46 dum hose in colloquio gerurUur, Ceesari nunciatum est. So also 3.17. 2. qui — excusarent, " to offer the following excuse for their past conduct" H. 500 ; A. & G. 317. 3. quod fecisneni. H. 531 : A. & G. 336. ! J W»^ NOTES, 47 4. noatrcB eonstietvdinu. He refers to the mercy shown by the Romans to those who yielded to their power. 5. aeque. The construction is, legatique venerunt qui pollicerentur ne facturot ea, qu^. imperaaaet. 6. hoe — accidUse, "that this was a tolerably good streak of fortune." 7. quod vokbat. H, 520, I. ; A. & G. 333. — Post tenjum, "behind him." 8. belli gerendi, "of carrying on a regular war." H. 563.1. i. ; A. & G. 298. . 9. has anteponendae, "engaging in such trifling matters as these should not be preferred by him to his expedition against Britain." For sibi, cp. H. 388.2 ; A. & G. 232, — Britannioi. H. 386 ; A. & G. 228. Britannice is put for trajectui in Britanniam. For examples of this Comparatio Com- pendiaria or Brachylogy of Comparison, cp, Horn. II. 17.51 ; KOfidl XapiTeaaiv dftolai, "hair like (that of) the Graces;" Shaks. Cor. ii., 2.21, his ascent is not so easy as those who, die. 10. injidem, "as a pledge," that the Morini would carry out the agree- ment. 11. eoaciis contractisque. Coactus implies the idea of their being brought together under compulsion, while contractus merely refers to their assembling. Translate, " having been collected and mustered." 12. kgiones. The number that composed a legion varied. In the time of the Gallic invasion (390 B.C.), each legion consisted of 4,200 infantry and 300 cavalry. About the year 216 B.C. the senate by a decree regulated the number to 5,000 foot soldiers. According to Livy (29. 1 1), the legions that Scipio took over to Africa in 202 B. C. consisted of 6,200 foot and 300 horse. In the days of Aemilius Paulus ( 168 B. C. ), the number of the legion was 6,000 foot and 300 horse, and this was the war footing in later times. Before the days of Marius, the infantry were divided into hastati, armed with long spears, consisting of i,200 men, forming the first line ; principes men who had served as hastati, also 1,200; triarii, veterans who formecl the third line and armed with two javelins {pita) ; hence sometimes called pilarii. The remaining infantry were called velites, light armed. To Marius or Csesar is ascribed the custom of dividing the legion into cohorten, manipuU, and ceiUurice. The legio= 10 cohortes^^^o manipiili^=i6o centurue. The cavalry were divided into lO turma, each turrna consisting of 30 men. Theimperator commantled generally two legions of Roman soldiers and two of allied troops. Under him were several lefjati, who acted as his deputies ; 48 NOTES. tribuni militum, each commanding a thousand men ; eenturUmett each having charge of a centvria. 13. quicquid — habebat, "all the ships of war he had besides." H. 396, III. 2.3) ; A. & G. 216, a, 3. Notice the use ot quicquid — navium=omnes naves. Cp. Hor. Epod. 5.1. At o deorum quicquid in eash regit, "all ye gods who rule in heaven." Livy, 3.9, per quicquid deorum est, "by all ^hegods." Distinguish quicumque used adjectively and quisquis substan- tively. 14. qucestori. This officer's duties were to attend the proconsul or pro- prcetor in their provinces ; to see that provisions and pay were furnished to the army ; to keep moneys deposited by the sdldiers ; to exact taxes for the empire ; to take charge of public moneys : to sell the spoils taken in wan and to give account of such moneys to the treasury. When the proconsul or proproetor left the province, the quosstor acted as deputy. 15. prc^ectis. The title pratfectus was applied to each of the twelve officers who commanded the two allied legions. Each pra/ectus had charge of 1,000 men. They were generally selected by the consuls. The com- mander of the allied cavalry was styled prcefeetus aUs. 16. hv^ accedebant, "here were to have joined them." Here the imper- fect expresses unfulfilled intention. H. 469, II., i ; A. & G. 277, c. 17. ab millibus passuum oclo, " at the distance of eight miles. We some- times find ab, with the ablative of distance, and generally it is used in this way, when the place is not mentioned, btU understood from what precedes. Zumpt (396) inclines to the idea that in the mind of the speaker the place is mentally governed by the preposition. Cp. 2.7. So we find in late Greek the preposition governing the expression of distance, by Hyperbaion, when it really is connected with the noun expressing place ; and Ttrrap&Kovra araSiov T^i daMaa^g, Diod. 4. 56 ; &ir6 aradiuv eiK6aiv T^g ndTuug, Plut. Philip. 4; but in Xen. Hell. 2.44, baov irtvrtK&tSeKa aradia curb ^w^f. H. 378.2 ; A. & G. 257, b. 18. quo minus — possent; "so that they were unable to make." H. 499 ; A. & G. 319, c. 19. Quinto TUurio Sabino. Sabinus and Cotta were both legati of Caesar, and seem to have been highly esteemed by their commander. They perished in an ambuscade planned by Ambiorix, king of the Eburones, Cp. 5.37. We find when these two are mentioned, the name of Sabinus, generally first. Cp. 4.38; 5.24; 5.26; 5.52; 6.32. In 6.37 the name oi Cotta occurs first. Sabinus was probably the older officer and higher in command, though both are styled legaii. NOTES. 49 20. Menajnot. The Menapii were a people of OaUia Belgica, who in- habited both sides of the Rhine. Their chief town was CasteUwu Mena- ji>torttm, now Keaael C. XXIII.— I. tempestatenif "weather." *' Tempestcu (Greek &pa) is an entire space or period ; temptu, a mere point, an instant (Greek mipbi)*^ — DSderlein. 2. tertia — vigilia. The night was divided by the Romans into four watchei, each of which would average about 3 hours. His setting out would be about midnight. As to the exact date of the first expedition, Dr. Halley, the as^ :nomer, mai.>>ained that it was the 26th of August. (Philosophical Transactions by John Lowthrape, Vol. III. p. 412). Many conflicting opinions are held with regard to the port from which Caesar sailed on his first expedition. Mr. Airy, the Astronomer- Royal, contends that Caesar started from the esttiary of the Somme, and landed at the beach of Pevemey, on the coast of Sussex, near the spot where William the Conqueror, dis- embarked nearly ii centuries afterwards. Mommsen favors the idea that the infantry embarked at Ambkteuse (which he identifies with portus Itiua,) and the cavalry at WissatUf east of cape Oriz-Nez. (Hist, of Rome IV. 7.) Strabo also gives portus Itiua for the first expedition. Others say that the infantry started from Oeeoriacum {Boulogne), and the cavalry at Ambkteuae. 3. solvit, scil, naves, "he set sail." For omission of naves, cp. Gic. de Ofhciis, 3.12.50: de Murena 25. Cp. the Greek expression cUpeivvaiiai, or voi)f . 4. eqmtes—progredit so that they might embark in the eighteen ships that were windbound. 5. naves conscendere, "to embark." Cp. the Greek expression impalveiv vaUn or eiaPtUveiv eif v^. With eonscendere we have either navem or in navem, Atcendere is used by Tacitus in the same sense. Cp. Ann. 2.75- 6. a quibus—administratum. H. 518. II. ; A. & G. 326. — Cum gives a reason for his starting vrith the infantry. — Id refers to the embarkation of the cavalry. They may have been detained by stress of weather, since they did not start till the 30th of the month. — TardUts, " too slowly." H. 444. I ; A. & G. 93, a. Cp. longius, 5.7 ; longius, 5. 10; cupidius, 5.15. 7. hora—quarta. As sunrise would be shortly after 5 a.m., he would reach Britain about 9 a.m. Dr. Halley maintained that Caesar landed at Deal i D'Anville says portus Lemanis (now Lytnne, a short distance below Dover)t while Mr. Airy gives Pevensey on the Sussex coast 50 NOTES. 8. adeo anguatis, "so close to it." — Continebatur, " was environed by." 9. in lUtua. "to the water's edge." Cp. the definition of Celsus (Dig. 50.16.96); littua est, quosque maximus Jlucttu a mari pervenit. ** IAUu» (the Greek 'pnyulv) ; ripa (Greek i)fiti), the bank of a river ; ora (Greek aKT^) the track of country on the water." Doclerlein. 10. ad egrediendum, scil, ex navibue. Cp. 4.21, note 21. 11. nequaquam idonewm, "altogether unsuited." Litotes. H. 705. VI. ; A. & G. 209, c. 12. dum — convenirerU. H. 522. II. ; A. & G. 328. The ships referred to are the cavalry transports which conveyed the baggage. 13. in anchorie expectavit, a pregnant construction for tMvea ad anehoras ddigavit e*> ^T^pectavit, "he cast anchor and waited." 14. legcUis — eonvocatia. As the imperator, legcUi, tribuni militum and primipiltu (first centurion of the triarii) formed the council of war, he may refer here to its being called. 15. quae—cognoaaet. H. 531 ; A. & G. 336. 16. monuitque, ut, dec The constiuction is loose, and it Ls very doubtful, ^ the text, as it stands, is correct Latin. Other readings are, vt qwvm, ut qua, qiMB quam, ut quia. With the reading in the text, the construction is : monuitque (ut) omnea rea adminiatrarentur ab iiaad nutum et ad tempua, tU ret militaria ratio, dec, "he warned them that everything must be done with strict regard to the signal and time, since military practice, and espe- cially that of maritime affairs, required this inasmuch as these latter had a rapid and ever-changing movement." For omission of ut see H. 493.2; A. & G. 331, f. Rem. Ut — raUo — haberent. Since ut introducing o mere explanation takes the indicative, the subjunctive may here depend on the oblique form of the narration. H. 531 ; A. & G. 336. 17. subhiia anchyria, "having weighed their anchors." Cp, the Greek, olpeadcu rdf ayicfjpas. iS. conatituU, "he moored." Cp. the Greek, lit' hyiApaq hiroaaMveiv or ipfialv. Lymne, seven miles west of Dover, is said to have all the characteristics here mentioned. For omission of the preposition before lUtore, see H. 422. i.i) ; A. & G. 258. f. C. XXIV. — I. eaaedariia. The word eaaedum or eaaeda is derived from the Celtic word eaa, a chariot. It seems to have been used by the Cirauls and Germans, as well as by the Britons. Cp. Virg. Georg. 3.204; Cic. B'am. 7.6 ; Phil 2.58. It appears to have resembled the 6l^po( of Hon.er, NOTES. 61 but to have been heavier, and open in front as well as behind. The aurigsar is one of his most prominent characteristics. 4. casus, "emergencies." 5. quotidie, "daily," expressing simple repetition, while in dies 8ingu/o8 refers to things that are daily making an advancement. 6. duodecim — amisais; concessive, "though twelve ships had been lost." 7. fffecit ut, "he so arranged that he could sail very well with the rest." H. 49S«i ; A. & G. 332, h. For the number of the vessels, cp. 22. C. XXXIl. — I. dum — gerurUur. See 4.22, note I. 2. fruinentatum. H. 569 ; A. & G. 302. 3. ad, "up to." — Interposita, "having arisen." 4. pars hominum, "some of the inhabitants." H. 518, II. ; A. &G. 326. 5. ventitarH. Notice the double frequentative. So we have actito (from n(jo); lectito (from lejgo); scriptUo (from scribo); kaesito (from haereo); rinitit (from video). ■ • 6. pro portis castrarum. The form of a Roman camp was generally square, hence called qvadrata castra. In later times it was occasionally round. (Polyb. VI., 25.) It was surrounded by a ditch (fossa) usually nine feet deep and twelve broad, and by a rampart (vallum), composed of earth (agger) dug from the ditch, with sharp stakes (8ud.es or valla) stuck into it. The camp had four gates, one on each side. The porta praeloria neat the general's tent (praetorium), faced the enemy ; the porta decumana was opposite the porta praetoria; the. porto prtJicipalia dextra was on the right of the camp, while the porta principalis sinistra was on the left. 7. in stations, "on guard." Stotiones were properly guards at the gates of the camp ; excubiae, guards by day or night ; vigiliae, night guards only ; cu^todine, guards to defend the fortifications. The guard was in- ■pected by the circuitoret, and changed every three hours. I 58 Noni. 8. quam— ferret, "than usual ;" literally, "than custom allowed." H. 531 ; A. & G. 336. 9. in ea parte,{quam in partem The repetition|of the antecedent in the relative cause is frequent in Cesar, and occurs when distinctness is required. In rendering into English, omit the latter of the antecedents. Cp. 1 .6, itinera duo quihtis itinerlhuH ; 5.12 c'uHtnhim — ex quV>u» civitatibus ; 5.3, porttim — quo ex portu. A. & G. 200, a. 10. id quod erat. H. 450.4.3; A. & G. 195, a, b. Id is merely used for emphasis. Cp. Cic. de Off. 3.6, male ae res habet, quum quod viriut* effici debet, id temptatur pecunia. 11. guccedere in stationem, " to mount guard." 13. eon/estim, "directly." Notice the emphatic position of the adverb. 13. cugre su^tinere, " with diflBculty were keeping the enemy in check." 14. eon/erta legione, "after the legion had been formed into a square." Cp. agmen quadratum, as opposed to the marching order, agmen lont^wn. 15. nam, quod, " for, since." Nam is taken with delittterant, while Quod is joined to eraL 16. noctu; cp. diu, interdiu, dudum ( >■ diu — dum): evidently oM ablatives. 17. 'mcertia ordinibm, "since the ranks were irregular." H. 431. 3; A. & G. 355, a. C. XXXIII.— I prim4). Both primo and primum signify "for the first time ;" primum alone means " firstly," and primo means also " at first." 3. ipso — equorum, " by the sheer terror caused by the horses. " H.452. 2; A. & G. 19s, f. Rem. 3. strepitu, "by the rattling." Cp. Claudian Epigr. IV. essedamuUi .8onora. 4. quum—insinuaverunt, "when once they have worked their way." H. 518, II., 3 ; A. & G. 325. 5. pedibus, "on foot." H. 414.3 ; A. & G. 248. 6. aurigae. See 4.24, note i. ' Interim refers to » momentary spac«^ while interea implies duration. 7. ita — eollocanc, "they take up such a position with their chariot.** 8. ilU, refers to the retainers, (elientes); cp. Tacitus, Agr. 12. 9. praestant, "secure." NOTKI. 59 10. ae — ^jUMiiiUt '* and they became so profidant by daily experience and practise." 11. in — loeo, " when the ground is sloping; and even steep." Since the verb turn has no present participle in use, the prepositional ablative abso- lute is used for it. For force of oe see H. 587. 1. 2 ; A. ft G. 156, a. 12. indtatot — 8ustinere, " to check their horses at full gallop." 13. hrevi, ** in an in.stant," scil tempore. So we have the Greek expre.s- sion h Ppaxei, with XP^'*"i* understood. 14. temonem. According to Max Muller (Science of Language, Vol. 1 1. page 402) temo=iegmo, connected with tignum. Varro (L.L. VII. 78) derives it from teneo, as holding the yoke. C XXXIV. — I. quibiu rebus, "when matters were in this state." H. 431 ; A. & G. 255, a. Some removing the comma, make rebtts the ablative of eaiute depending on perturbatia ; while others with the punctuation in the text take it as the dative governed by tvlit. a. namque : cp. the Greek Kal y&p, "and (this was evident), for." Namque in Csesar and Cicero is usually used before a vowel and always the first word of a proposition. 3. laceumdumi join this with praUum. Cp. Virg. Aen. 5.429, pug- namque laeeaaurU, The expression seems to mean here " to skirmish." 4. alienum, "unfavourable." AUemu is rarely applied to things, and tssur-^ ' ^ ;sed to wua ox opportunus. Cp. sum loem, "ground of — t. H. 422. 1. 1 ; A. & G. 258, f. 6. <^vi—t,uermisaOf "while our men were busy.** Cp. S.7, note 14. 8 qtme—wntinerent, "of such violence that they kept'* H. 500 ; A. & G. J17. 9. praedicaverurU, "• ^nly boasted." Distinguish pmet^ico and /)me(^o. 10. et—demon^rave> t, " And they pointed out what an opportunity would be aflforded." 531 ; A. & G. 336. Hi his rebus, " by t se representations," to their countrymen, C XXXV. I. «<— <2^eren<. This clause is in apposition to idem. H. 495.3;A. &G. 331. 2. triginta. Some oonunentators give CCC, instead of XXX. The manuscripts, however, have the latter. 3. de quo—esL Cp. 4.21 ; 4.27. 60 NOTES. 4. eUutitu, ** for any length of time." H. 444. i ; A. & G. 93, a. 5. quo8=et'€oa. H. 453 ; A. & G. 180, f. — SectUi, scil noatt'i milUes. 6. tanto apatio. "as far." H. 378.2; A. & G. 257, b. Spatio and intfrvallo are generally used in the ablative to express extent of space. Cp. 7.23 : 1.43 : 3.17 ; but accusative is also used ; cp. 2.17. 7. quantum — potuerant, " as far as their speed and strength permitted them. 3. oceiderunt, scil. noatri milites. Distinguish occlderunt and occtderunt. 9. omnibus— incetmaque, " everything far and wide being destroyed and burnt." Affligo is here «ofo aequare, "to level with the ground." An- other reading is, aedijiciia incensia. C. XXXVI. — I. numerum obaidum; cp. 27. What the numlier was, is not stated. 2. in continenttm ; cp. 4.27, note 7. 3. projnnqua — aequinoctii ; the 24th of September. This remark of Caesar shows how stubbornly the Britons opposed his advance. He landed on the 27th of August, and although he had been nearly a month attempt; ing to gain possession of the island, we find him still at the shore. — Dies, here feminine as it generally is when it means duration of time, or in the sense of affixed or appointed day; cp. conatUuta die, dicta die, but we also find stoto die. 4. hiemi — auhjiciendam, " that hc: on his voyage should run the risk of encountering a storm H. 386'; A. & G. 228. 5. tempeatattm- 8664.23, note i. 6. paulo — aunt ; they were carried down the channel below Oeaoriacum (Boulogne) perhaps as far as the modern Etaplea. C. XXXVII. — I. quibua ex navihua, referring to the duae onerariae. 2. eaaent expositor, " had landed." The full expression is, ex navihua in terram militea exponere yep. Livy, 34.40. 3. contenderefU, scil iter, " were trying to reach.'' 4. prqficiacena, "on his departure." H. 572 ; A. & G. 290. 5. praedae. Praeda = pra<: -fienda ; cp. pra^ium—praehendium ; pme- here =pra.ehihere ; debere = dehihere. 6. non ita is often used like the English, " not so " Zumpt (730) explains it by an ellipsis ; as, non ita longe aberat, "he was not so far off," as you might imagine. In the present passage it has the meaning of " not very "sk NOTES. 61 and Cp. bted unt. and An- s, is c oi jded the also ikof icum %8%n yrof lains you , »»_ non aane, non admodum. Cicero uses it in this sense only before adjectives and adverbs, while he uses non ita valde before verbs. 7. si — nollent, "unless they were willing to be slaughtered." H. 531 ; A. & G. 336. 8. orhe facto. Cp. Sallust, Jug, 97, for a full account of this movement. The baggage was placed in the centre and the soldiers, facing th4 enemy, formed a circle around it. In cases of extreme danger this movement was resorted to. Cp. 5.33, when Ambiorix attacks Cotta and Sabinus. See also Livy 2.50 ; 4.28 & 39 ; 23.27 ; Tac. Ann. 2.11. 9. ad clarnorem, "in consequence of the shout." Cp. Livy 42.67, ad precea horum in Bceotiam duxii. 10. sex millia, join this with hominum. H. 178 ; A. & G. 94, c. 11. suisauxiUo, i. e., suia (militibui) auxilio. H. 390. II. i 2 ; A. & G. 233, Rem. 12. ampUushoria quattuor. H. 417.3 ; A. & G. 247, c. Though the accusative is the ordinary construction, we also find the 'ablative. Cp. longiiia triduo, 7.9; longiia anno, 4.1.; Cic. pro. Rose. Com. ampliua triennio. 13. paucia vulneribua, ** having sustained a trifling loss." 14. poatea — quam=poateaquam, by tmesis. H. 704 IV., 3 & 5 23.2.2 ; A. SiG. 262. 15. Tiostes — verterunt, "the enemy threw down their arms and fled." H. 579 ; A. & G. 292. C. XXXVIII. — I. rebellionem ftcerant. See 4.30, note 6. 2. qui omnea. Note to Latin idiom. 3. propter paludum ; cp. 4.34. These two statements hardly agree. Distinguish pdlvs and pdlua. 4. quo—^eciperent. H. 501. i : A. & G. 317. 5. non haberent — uai ; cp. 3. 28. We may explain this construction in two ways ; (i) by supplying locum after haberent, and making perfngio in apposition with quo ; or (2) by making perfugio an example of the antece- dent attracted into the case of the relative, since it is in the same clause. Caesar probably refers to the marches on the Scheldt. Cp. 2. 16, for similar conduct on the part of the Aedui. 6. quod — aldiderant, " because the Menapii had all concealed themselves by t&king refuge in the thickest woods." H. 520, I.; A. & G. 333. If the abUvive in aihia were used it would mean that their concealment took 1 ir 62 NOTES. place not by going, into the woods, but after they had got there. Cp. 2. i6, qui in silvis abditi latebant. 7. reliquae, scil, civitates. Dion Cassius gives this as the reason for Caesar's second invasion of Britain. 8. ex, " in accordance with." When a general gained a victory he sent a letter wreathed in laurel (literae laureatae) to the senate. If the victor deserved it,- a thanksgiving ( supplicatio ) was usually appointed which generally lasted for several days. The thanksgiving for Csesar's victory over the Belgae was held for fifteen days, an honour which Cae>ar says no one had obtained before. Cp. 23.7. The thanksgiving for his victory over Vercingetorix, lasted for twenty days. Cp. 7.90. NOTES. BOOK V. C. I. — I. Lucio Domitio, Appio Claudio consulibus. For omission of et, see H. 587, T., 6 ; A. & G. 208, b. For construction, see H. 431, A. & G. 255 a. This was 154 B.C., or A.U.C. 700. The Romans marked the year by the consuls in office : the Athenians, by the name of the chief archon, hence called hpx<^v erruvvfiog, or "name giving archon ;" the Spartans, by (he Jirst of the ephors; the Argives, by the priestesses of Juno. — Lucius Domititis Ahenobarbus, married Porcia, sister of .if. Cato, and was a noted supporter of the aristocracy. He was aedile in 61 B.C., praetor in 58 B.C., and consul in 54 B.C. On the outbreak of the civil war, B.C. 49, he held Corfinium, but was compelled to surrender to Csesar. He afterwards held Massilia, but when this was taken, he went to Pharsalia, and fell there commanding the right wing, and according to Cicero (Phil. 2.) at the hand of M. Anthony. — Appius Claudius Pufcher was brother-in-law of Lucullus, and served in the Mithridatic war (70 B.C.) In 57 B.C. he was praetor, and in 56 B.C, propraetor of Sardinia, In 54 B.C. he obtained the consul- ship, and in the next year wa*-! proconsul of Cilicia, which he governed with tyranny and rapacity. On his return he was impeached by Dolabella on a charge of extortion. On the outbreak of the civil war he fled to Pompey, and died in Greece (48 B.C.) just before the battle of Pharsalia. He was noted for his antiquarian and legal knowledge. 2. in Italiam. As the proconsul was not allowed to leave his province without the permission of the Senate, Caesar means here that part of Oallia NOT£S. G3 that borcLred on Italia propria. Csesar's province included lUyricum and Liguria, as well as the Gauls. He generally made Luca (now Lucca), in Liguria, his headquarters during the winter. "Here he could hold easy communication with his partisans at home. Lucca duripg his residence was more like a regal court than the quarters of a Roman Proconsul. At one time 200 senators were counted among his visitors j 120 lictors indicated the presence of the numerous magistrates who attended his levies. Both Pompey and Crassus came here to hold a conference with him." Liddell's Hist, of Rome, p. 663. 3. consuerat=consueverat, "was accustomed." H. 234; A. & G. 128. 4. quam pluriman possent, scil. aedi/icare et revere. 5. eurarent, see 4.29, note 5. 6. modum formamque. " size and build." — Modus from root ma. to measure, cp. fiirpov, while forma is the Greek fiop^ by transposition or according to Peile from the root — dhar, "to hold tightly:" cp. firmv^, fcrmido, forum. 7. Huhductiones, "drawing up on land." Cp. 4.29, note 7. This was done by rollers {^pulvini, Greek b'XKoi) placed beneath them. 8. paulo has a sort of negative meaning, "a little more," where the "little" might imply a good deal, and the word paulo may have been, chosen with a view to represent it as Utile ; aliquanto has an affirmative force, "considerably more," nearly the same as "much more." Cp. Zumpt 488.1. 9. nostro mari, the Mediterranean. The Greeks also apply the phrase ij TTC/i ■^filv dakaaaa to this sea. Plato Phaedr. 113, A. So also Tip>6e rrjv ddMaaav. Herod. 1. 1. ; 4.39. 10 id eo matjis, scil, facit, "he does this the more for the following reason." 11. minus magnoa, by litotes =minores. H. 705, VI. ; A. & G 209, c. 12. adonera — transportandam, "for burdens and especially for carrying large numbers of horses." With onera supply trausportanda implied in transportandam. For this force of ac, see H. 587. I, 2 ; A. & G. 156, a. 13. actuarias— fieri, "to be made so as to be capable of swift sailing." For infinitive after impero, see H. 551, II., I ; A. & G. 271; a. 14. Usui, "necessary." 15. armandas, "equipping." Cp. v^eg bTrTU^o/ie^i, Od, 17.288. . 64 NOTES. i6. convtntibiu. The proconsul held assizes or courts of justice in the principal cities of the province. In public or important causes he generally acted as judge, but in matters of minor consequence he delegated this power to his qucMtor or the legati. For convenience the provinces were divided into eonventus or circuits. 17. eiterioris. Gaul included not only modem France, but also the provinces of Lombard/, and Venice and part of the Papal States of Nor* them Italy. France was called Oallia Ulterior or Transalpina, since it was beyond the Alps, while the part nearer Italy was called Oallia CiUrioTf or Cisalpina, being on this side with reference to Rome. 18. Provincia, means here Caesar's province. See note 2, of this chapter, 19. qui—doceant, "to tell him." H. 500; A. & G. 317. 20. paratos — satis/acere, "that they were willing to make amends by all reasonable means for their wrong doing." The infinitive is irregular ; cp. H. 501. Zumpt (598) explains the infinitive in cases as the present by supposing such phrases as pdratbs esse equivalent to a single verb which take the infinitive. Cp. Cic. Quint. 2.8. id quod parati sunt facertt where parati sunt = volunt. For example of the construction oiparatua with infini- tive, cp. 2. 3 ; 3, 9. See A. ^ G. 273. b. 21. eertam diem. See 4. 36, note 3. 22. nisi—fecerint. The time of the verb is considered with reference to the act implied in persecuturum. H. 531 ; A. & G. 336. 23. arbitrosdat, "he appoints assessors." In judicial language do, with the exception, perhaps, of revortU (Lucr. 5. 11 52.) Revertor is used instead. Irt the perfect forms, the active form alone is used with the ante-Augustan writers. Distinguish revertor (opposed to proficiscor) to return back on one's way, and redeo to return after attaining one's object. 3. eodem, " at the same spot." 4. numero milHum quattuor. For case of numero, see H. 429 ; A. & G. 248 ; for the genitive, see li. 396, IV.; A. & G. 216. 5. obsidum loco. When joined with the genitive, loco has a semi-pre- positional force, " in stead of," " as." So we have also in loco, innumero. Cp. Cic. Fam 7.3, criminis loco, "as a charge ;" de Inv. 2,49, praemii loco. Cp. the use of X^P°^ in Greek ; Xen. Anal ; 5. 16. 13, iv fiia6o^6puv X^Pf, It seems a Substitute for the dative of service, which however is restricted to semi-abstract nouns. H. 390, ii. 1.2) : A. & G. 233. 6. quum — abesaet, "on account of his absence." H. 518, II. ; A. & G. 326. C. VI. — I. Dumnorix Aeduua had conspired against the Romans in 58 B.C., and was pardoned through the entreaties of his brother Divitiacus, the Druid (1.20). Fearing that he might a second time stir up strife, Caesar desired to take him with him. His name is said to be derived from domum —^ig, Celtic for "king of the world." The JEdui occupied that part of Gaul between the Liger (Loire) and the Avar (Saone). On Caesar's arrival they were subjects of Ariovistus, but were restored by the Roman general 68 NOTES. to their former independence. Their chief town was BibraeUf afterv^ards called Augustodunum, whence the modem Autun, 2. antea. B. 1.3. 3. inprimia, "particularly." 4. quod — cognoverat. H. $20. i . ; A. & G. 333.— Jl/o^nl animi. 1 1 . 396, IV.; A. &G. 215. 5. accedehat hue, " to this was added." The subject of aeeedebat is the clause, quod—dixerat and aibi — dejerri is in opposition to quod, governed by dixerat. Distinguish coruilium (advice or plan ; hence a deliberative body ; from the root — ael or — sed ; cp. solium, a throne, aedes, aedea, con- aul), and concilium, (an ordinary assemblan;e or meeting, from root, eal ; hence, calare Kalandae). 6. recusandi — causa, "to protest or to urge any plea against it" ** Negate supposes only a question which is denied, and implies the possi- bility of granting what is asked ; recusare calls in question the justice of the request and protests against it," — Doderlein. 7. JioapitibtM. Corssen 1.796 explains hoapea as a shortened form for 7to«-pf(<)»= stranger-protecting from the root — patia=if6aic. Hoatia, Mommsen nays from — ghas simply ** to eat," while Corssen explains — ghoh by "to tear or wound." 8. omnihus — precibus, "by all manners of entreaties." 9. quod — timerat. H. 531 ; A. & G. 336. 10. religionibua, "religious scruples." The root — ligare, points to the binding or conatraining force of the unseen world. 11. t(2 refers to his being left behind. 12. sevocare, "to hold secret meetings." Sevocare (from se, aed, old forms of aine and voeare ; cp. aeditio, aeduco, sepono) is to call apart to some spot. 13. territare. We may supply ccepit, or regard it. as a historical in- finitive. H. 545. 1 ; A. & G. 275. Notice the force of the frequentative. H. 332 ; A. & G. 167. b. 14. non—spoliaretur, "(saying) that designedly the object was to strip Gaul of all her nobility." Non sine causa, litotes. H. 705, VI.; A. k G. 309, c. For const, of Jieri, see H. 530, II., i ; A. & G. 336.a. 15. in conapectu Galliae, " in"fhe presence of the Gauls." Cp. 2.25, in conspectu imperatoris. *'GaHiae = Galloruin. Metonymy. H. 705, II." A. & G., page 209. NOTKS. 69 rds II. i6. interjtcere—neearet. The Jormer verb means, ♦* to put to death,'' in any manner, and from any motive, as KTcivetv in Greek ; while the latter implies injustice or cruelty, as ipoveheiv. See Doderlein. 17. Jldem — interponere, "he pledged his word for the rest." We have here a dative H. 386. Cp. 5.36 interponere in earn rem warn fidem ; Hir. Bell. Al&c interponere in ea re main /idem. 18. Jutjurandum and juramentum, a civil oath ; sacramsntum, a mili- tary oath, by which the soldier binds himself to serve the state. C. VII. — I. quod—trihuerat. H. 520, I. A. puv in Greek. He is demena when he acts like a madman : «p. Greek 7rapd—/errum. Caesar here reverses the facts of the case. The tin mines of Britain are found chiefly in Cornwall, Devon and Wales, while iron is abundant in South Wales, Stafford, Shropshire, Derby, and parts of York and Durham. The Sciliy islands were called Caaa'Uerides or tin ialanda, from Kaaahepo^, tin. It is strange that Mr. Crutwell, of Oxford, in his recent work should make the mistake by supposing plumbum album to mean lead. "The existence of lead and iron ore was known to him '(Csesar) ; he does allude to tin, but its occurrence could hardly have been unknown to him." (Hist, of Roman Literature, page 192). NOTES. 75 and 9. ejus refers to/errum. According to official statistics, the gross Jinnual ^ produce o[ iron is 3,600,000 tons, while tin amounts to about 10,500 tons The fact that Coesar gained his information from the people of the coast, where iron is scarce, may have led to this mistake. 10. aere importato. Though we find copper in Cornwall, Devon, Staf- ford and Anglesey, the mines were not much worked till the last century. 11. /Materia, "timber." 12. praeter — abietem. Fagus, as the word is used in Virgil and Pliny, > is the beech, while dyo, "to eat," indicating its use as food by primitive man, Crutwell (Hist, of Roman Lit., p. 192, note 3) says: "I am told by Pro- fessor Rolleston that Caesar is here mistaken. The pine, by which he presumably meant the Scotch fir, certainly existed in the first century, B.C.; and as to the beech, Burnham beeches were then fine young trees." 13. Distinguish lepdria and lepdris. — Haec, scil, animalia. 14. non fas, " impious." Distinguish fas est=ihe Greek XP^> whatever is allowed by divine law, by precept oc by the law of conscience ; jus est, allowed by human morality or law = Greek Sit. 15. temperatiora. So Tacitus (Agr. 12) when speaking of the climate of Britain says, coelum erebris imbribus ac nebulis foedum ; asperitas frig- orum abest. 16. remissioribus frigoribus, "the frosts being less intense." H. 431.2 ; A. & G. 255, a. C. XIII. — I. triquetra. Caesar may have gained his knowledge of the shape of Britain from the natives or from the then extant works of the Greek writers, since th^ island was not circumnavigated by the Romans till 84 A.D., fully a century aftei his time. Cp. Tac. Agr. 10 : hanc oram novis- eimi maris tune primum Romana classi circuinvecta insulam esse Brittan- niam affirmant. Strabo (IV. 5.1) mentions also the fact that Britain is triangular, and says that its longest skle is parallel to KeUica, and is 4,300 stadia in extent. Ke/tica was the district extending from the mouth of the Rhine to the Pyrenees. Pomponius Mela (III. 6) compares Britain in shape to Sicily, and says that om- side faces Gaul and another Germany. 2. appelluntur, " touch." With appellere navem ; cp. the Greek expres- sion td'Alnv v^a. 3 ad orientem solem, scil. special. 4. meridiem, "south ;" from medius dies. For the change of d tor, cp. arbiter = adbiler ; arcesso - adcesso. IS, /jfat/it,3f)(a, from fila/j fjtifpa. The Greek expression for the south n li 76 NOTES. 5. quingenta. The measurement from North Foreland to Land's End is 344 British or 356 Roman miles. Strabo's measurement was evidently taken ^rom this statement of Caesar. 6. aUerum vergit, scil. lattis ; cp. Tac. Agr. 10 ; Britannia in orientem Oermaniae, in occidentem Hittpaniae obtenditur. ** Britain lies opposite to Germany on the east, to Spain on the west." The erroneous vievirs held by the Romans with regard to the position of Britain arose from their innate dread of long voyages. 7. ex qua parte. See note to 4.29, note 2. 8. Hibemia is derived generally from the Celtic Brin or IveriHf a Celtic word meaning "posterior," or "western." Max Miiller (Science ot Language, Vol. I, page 284). 9. dimidio minor. H. 418. The area of Great Britain is said to be 77,370 sq. miles, while Ireland contains about 30,370. Tacitus (Agr. 24), says of Ireland, inter Britanniam atque Hispaniam sia. ID. pari atque —eodem atque. Cp. pai'i numero, 5.8, note 4. The distance between Carnsore Point in Southern Ireland and .St. David's Head in Wales is 53 miles ; between Fairhead in Northern Ireland and Mull of Cantire in Scotland is 13 miles ; between Calais and Dover is 21 miles. 11. Mona. Some have supposed the lale of Man to be here referred to, since the position of that island is midway between Britain and Ireland. As, however 'here is no doubt about Mona in Tacitus (Agr. 14 ; Ann. 14.29) referring to Anglesey, Csesar may have been misinformed as to its position. The word Mona is, according to Taylor (Words and Places), from the celtic menu, "a district." So we have Maine, Mayenne, in France; Mantua, in Italy; La Mancha, in Spain; Mansfield, Manchea- ter, Menai Straits in England. Others connect it with the Welsh mon, "alone," akin to fidvo^. 12. Complures — insulae. He, no doubt, refers to the Orkney and Shet- land Islands, but wronj^ly places them in the Channel between Britain and Ireland. 13. nonnulli. Little mention is made of Britain by writers before Casar's time. Herodotus (fi. 440 B.C.) mentions the tin islands by name (III. 15), but he does not seem to have known anything of the Island proper. Aristotle (fl. 340 B. C.) is the first who mentions Britain by name (de Mundo 3). He says : "In the Ocean ^ »yond the Pillars of Hercules are two very large islands, called the Bretannic, namely Albion and Terne, evidently meaning Britain and Ireland. Jlimilco (fl. 440 B.C.), a NOTES. 77 I . Carthaginian navigator, whose work was extant in the fifth century of our era, touched at the tin islands, which were called by him Oestrymnides. This work was made use of by Featus Avleniis (fl. 380 A.D.) in his poem Ora Maritima. Pytheas, a Greek of Massilia. (fl. 320 B.C.) is the oldest authority on the character of the inhabitants. He wrote a work, " On the Ocean" and describes his voyage to the northern coast of Europe. He made a voyage to Thule, which he represents a six days' voyage from Britain. Some have supposed Thxde to be Iceland since he informs us that the days and nights were each six months long. The great length of the days in Britnin seems to have been a common belief even among late writers. Cp. Pliny, II,, 77 ;Tac. Agr. 12. 14. bru7na — hrevima,\.t.,hrevi88ima,sc\\.die3. 15. nisi certis ex aqua mmsuris "except that by accurate measures of the water-clock." Ni8i=ni8iquod. The clepsydra (KTierl/iidpa) is meant. The use of the water-clock was common among the Greeks, and was probably invented about 460 B.C. It seems to have consisted of a globe of some transparent substance (prob'.bly glass) with small holes at the bot- tom, through which the water flowed into another vessel. On the globe or on the receiver the divisions of the hour were marked. About 135 B.C., Ctesibius, a mathematician of Alexandria, invented a water-clock, which was a great improvement on those previously made. Water ivas made to drop on wheels, which were thereby turned, and the regular movement of ^'.iese wheels was communicated to a small statute, which gradually rising f minted with a small stick to the hours marked on a pillar attached. 16. uimself by his personal bravery when the winter quarters of Cicero were attacked by the German horse. Cp. 6.40. 5. advolaverunt, scil. hoatea. 6. Hie, uti-~xb8iste,rent, "with such impetuosity so that they came up close to the stmdards of the legion." Ab aignis legionV)U8que=ab aignia legionum. Hendiadys. H. 704, III., 2 ; A. & G., page 298. 7. neque=et non. 8. quod egermU, " until the cavalry, confident in being supported, now that they saw th'" ■jgions in their rear, drove the enemy before them." Quoad. H. 522, 1. \. &G. 328. — Subsidio. H. 419, II.; A. &G. 254, b. : 80 NOTES. 9. neque aui eolligendi — dederurU, scil, nostri militea, " our soldiers gave them no opportunity either to unite their forces, or to form in line, or to leap down from their war chariots." — Sui eolligendi. H. 563.4 ; A. & G. 298, a. 10. unquam and tutquam are properly used in sentences that are negative or virtually negative. 11. summis copiis, "with all their forces united. " Some translate, " with a numerous force," since the Greek paraphrast renders it ToXXiy dwdfiei. C. XVIII. — I. uno omnino loco. H. 422. i.i ; A. & G. 258, f. It is, difficult to say which spot is meant here. Sunhury, Conway, Weatminstar^ Wallingford, Kingston, are given by different authorities. 2. hx)C, scil, loco. 3. animum advertit. See 4.25, note i. 4. aUerani—adversam, "on the opposite." Distinguish a/t'tM and a (Ver H. 459.3; A. &G. 203, a. 5. praefixis, "fixed in front of it." 6. ejusdemque generis. H. 396, ^^'^ ; A. & G. 215. 7. perfugis. A person is pei/uga v ith regard to those to whom he flics ; transfuga, with regard to those whoi /t€ abandons. 8. ea celeritate — ierunt tt-c, " but our soldiers pushed forward at so rapid a pace and with so violent an onset, though their heads alone were out of the water, that, &c." Quum. H. 518, II.; A. & G. 326. C. XIX. — I. ut supra. See 17. 2. servahat = ob8ervabat, " kept watching. " 3. loots — regionihus. H. 422,1.1 ; A. & G. 258, f. 4. facturoi, " likely to do." 5. vi'is semitis. Via, a regular highway ; sernita, a by-path. 6. et — conAinehat, "and attended to these he was woat to engage with great danger to our men." 7. hoc metti, " through fear of this." 8. refinquebntur— pateretur, "the result was that Caesar allowed no longer any departure to be made from the regular line of march of the legions." Ut. H. 566, III.; A. & G. 332, a. 9. tantum noceretur, "as much harm was inflicted on the enemy." ID. lat>ifre atque itinere, "by exertion and vigoiout marching." C. XX. — I. Interim— facturos. The best way to translate this sente«ce is to divide it up into two. Join the part interim — rivitas with legatos— fact- S- in Til NOTES. 81 ve ip a. ive is, ter ics; ipid It oi with I no f the ■fact- uros, and make a new sentence form ex qua — vitaverat. — Contimniem Oalliam. So we find, continem Attica, Livy 31.45 ; continena terra, Ne- pos, Themis, 3. Ipse, "while he himself," that is. " Mandubratius." Seae. See 4.2 T, note 10. The Trinobantea inhabited Essex and Suffolk. 2. ab injuria Caasivelauni, "from any wrong doing on the part of Cassi- velaunus." 3. atque — obtineat, " and may send him (Mandubratius) into the state to rule and hold sway over it." Qui. H. 500 ; A. & G. 317. 4. ad numerum, " to the full amount." C. XXI. — Centmogrnt inhabited Bedford and Cambridge; (he Segontiaci, probably, Berkshire; Ancalites, Oxford and Buckingham; Bibroci, Berk- shire; Cassi, Hertfordshire. This defection was ruinous to the British cause. Even the Cassi, the state over which Cassivelaunus ruled, joined in 2. oppldum. Some are inclined to the opinion that St. Albans is meant. 3. satia, "tolerably," 4. autem, "now." 5. natura atque opere, "by its natural position, and especially by fortifi- cations." 6. oppugnare, "to storm;" expugnare, " to take by storm. " 7. paulisper used with past or future ; parumper generally with a future. 8. muUi — interfecti, "many (of the enemy) were overtaken and cut down in their at"temp*"s at escape." C. XXII. — I. ad mare, " on the sea coast." 2. quibua regionibvs, " over which district." H. 386 ; A. & G. 228. See 4. 29, note 2. 3. imperat. From this we should judge that these petty kings were under the sway of Cassivelaunus. 4. castra navalia. See 5. 11, note 11. 5. adorianlur, "make a sally." 6. tot—acceptis, "in consequence of such losses." 7. molu^. A rising of the Gauls was also called tumuUua. 8. id — posse, "and that this time (of summer) might easily come to a close." The experience of the first expedition had taught Cjesar the danger of waiting too long in Britain. 9. quid — penderet. H. 454 & 396, III., 3) ; A. & G. 334, and 216, a, 3. Tributum was property taxes paid by each individual through the tribes in proportion to his property ; vectigal, taxes raised in any other way. This tax on Britain was never paid. The expeditions of Caesar left no asting impress on the character of the people. The death of Julia, his .1^ ?i;i 82 NOTES. daughter, who was married to Pompey, occurred in the end of this year, and broke the only bond of union which existed between these two men, and the civil war was only a question of time. His haste to reach Gaul was also caused by the constant dread of revolts among the tribes. The devastation that he left behind him, and the lives that he sacrificed, were the only traces of the presence of the Roman general. Cp. Tac. Agr. 13 : Igitur primua omnium Romanorum divas Julius cum exercitu Britanniom ingresaus, quomquam proapera pugna terrmrit incolas ac littore potitua ait, potest videri, ostendisae posteria, non tradidisse. C. XXIII.— I re/ectaa, "repaired," 2. hia deductia, sell, navibus. See 4. 29, note 7, , 3. qicod — habebat. H. 520, I.; A. & G. 333. 4. duobus commeatibus, " in two relays." 5. sic accidit, uti. H 495.2 ; A. & G. 332, a. 6. desideraretur, "was lost." 7. curaverat. See 4.29, note 5. 8. numero. H. 429 : A. & G. 253. 9. reliquae — rejicerentur. Construe {accidit tU) reliquae fere omnea, Jke, 10. ne — excluderetur, Cp. Herod. I., 31, tKKkrfldfievot. ry ijpig. 11. neceaaario — coUocavit, "he necessarily stowed away his soldiers in narrower compass than usual. " 12. afcunda — vigilia. Cp. 4.23, note 2. 13. aolviaaetidiX. naves. Cp. 4.23, note 3. ,nd the Iso ion ces 1118 U8, ieat ABBREVIATIONS. !« il ibe. m a, or act. . .... active. . abl ablative. adj adjective. adv adverb. conj conjunction. dem. demonstr . . demonstrative. dep deponent. Eng English. f feminine. fr from. Goth Gothic. Gr Greek. ind. or indie indicative. indecl . • indeclinable. indef. indefinite. inf. or infin infinitive. JV.B. — The figures before v. tion of the verb. Where the etymology is not unknown origin. m masculine. n. or neut .... neuter. O. H. G Old High German. part participle. prep preposition. pres present. rel relative. semi-dep semi-deponet. subj ... subjunctive. sup superlative; supine. V. a verb active. V. dep verb deponent. V, n verb neuter. voc vocative. = equal to. a., v. dep., and v. n., denote the conjuga- given, the word is of very uncertain or %£ VOCABULARY. II a ; Me ab. ab (a, abs), prep. rov. abl.: From, in the direction of. Without Abl. of place and in combination with Abl. of distance : Away off. Of the agent: By [aliin to Or. dir-tT; Eng. off.] ab-do, didi, ditum, dSre, 3. v. a. [ab, " away ; " do, " to put "] To hide, conceal. Abies, fitis, f. A pin* or fir-tree, a fir. abjlclo, jeoi, Jectum, jloC-re, 3. v. a. [for ab-Jacio ; fr. ab, "away ;" Jacio, "to throw "] 2'o throw, or fting away, to cast from, one. ab-riplo, ripfli, reptum, rlpBre, 3. v. a. [for ab-r&pio ; fr. ab, " away ; rapio, "to snatch "] To snatch, or tear away ; to carry off. aba ; see ab. ab-sisto, stiti, stltum, sistere, 8. v. n. [ab, "away from;"8i8to, "to stand"] To stand away from or apart from. ab-sum, ffii, esse, v. n. [ab, " away ; " sum, " to be "] To he away ; to be absent or distant ; to he wanting. ac ; see atque. ac-cedo, cessi, cessum, ced6re, 8. v. n. [for ad-cedo ; fr. ad, " to ; " cedo, " to go "] To go to or up to, approach. ac-cido, oldi, no sup., cidere, S. v. n. [for ad-cado ; fr. ad, "upon;" oado, "to fall"] Happen, come to pass. ac-cipio, cSpi, ceptum, olyre, 8. v. a. [forad-capio take"] 2^0 r hear, eta &C-ies, iei, f. [AO, "sharp;" hence, acer, acuo, acus, aKpot, okuk^, oKiav; Eng. : Edge] Order, or line, of battle ; an army, especially one drawn up for battle. &cr-Iter, adv. [acer, acr-Is, " sharp "] Sharply, vigorously. actii-arius, aria, arium, ndj. [actus, uncontr. gen. actu-is, " a driving or im- pelling "] Of a vessel : For rowing, row. &Ci:i-tus, ta, turn, adj. [see &cles] hence, of stakes, etc.: Sharp, pointed, etc. fid, prep. gov. ace. : To, up to, in the direction m5ndo, m0nal,mOnItum, mdnere, 2. V. a. [ad, "without force;" mOn^o, " to admonish "] To admonish, suggest. ftddlesc-ens, entis, oomm. gen. [Prop- erly pres. part of adolesc-o, " to grow up," used as Subst. ] A young person of either sex ; a youth, &d-drlOr, ortus sum, Oriri, 4. v. dep. [ad. "against;" drior, "to rise"] To attack, ateault, assail, etc., in a secret, or crafty, way. ad-sum, ftU, esse, v. n. [ad, "at;" sum, "to be"] To be present: to be at hand. adven-tus, tQs, m. [advenio, "to come to"] Arrival. adver-SUS, sa, sum, adj. [for advert- sus; fr. advert-o, "to turn towards"] Opposite, over against. ad-verto, vertl, versum, vertSre, 3. V. a. [ad, "to;" verto, "to turn"] To turn to or towards. ad-v5lO, vOl&vt, vOl&tura, vAl&re, 1. v. n. (ad, "to or towards;" vOlo, "to fly"] To hasten or spring up, eedlflc-Ium, ii, n. [rodiflo-o, "to build "] A building of any kind. 8Bd-i-flc-o, 11 vi. atum, are, 1. v a. [for sd-i-t'ac-o ; fr. sed-es, "an abode ; (i) con- neotlng vowel ; fag, root of faclo, " to make ] To build, construct. iEdCU. 6riim, m. plur. Thn jEdui; a people of Gallia Celtica, In the modem de- partments of Cote d'Or, la Nievre, Saone et Loire, and Rhone, .^duus, i, m. One of ike JSdui ; an uEduan. teger, gra, gnim, adj. Ill, differing, tick. edgr-6, adv. [»ger, egr-i, " 111, sick "] With difficulty or effort; with muah ado, scarcely. 88qu-I-noct-Ium, ii, n. (sequus, "equal;" (I) oonnecting vowel; nox, noct-is, "night"] The equinox. 0equ-US, II, um. adj. ("Pertaining one "kind, nature, et'\; hence (of place), "level, smooth, even ;" hence), ^ust equi- table, eta Favourable, advantageous. Of the mind, etc.: ealm, quiet, etc. [from root, ik; op. imitor, semulus; «iK6«.J BBS, terls, n. Brome, copper. ess-tas. t&tls, f. Summer [from root iDii. " to burn ; " hence ted-es, iBS-tus ; al6ia, aC$ot, ai0>|p.] eestlmo, tlmavi, tlmHtUi.., timftre, 1. v.a. [prob. for sr-timo, fr. ses, ar-ls, " money "] To estimate, reckon, calculate. 8B8-tUS, tus, m. [see sestas]. Of the sea : The tide. 8S-tas, tatls, f. [for e(vi)tas, " an age." Cp. sevum, 8Bternus3sffi(vi)-ternus; Goth, avis, " time ; " Ger. ewig, ever ; Or. aiwi', ail, all from root aiv. a lengthened form of I, " to go."] Lifetime, age. affgro, attail, alUtum, afferre, 8. v. a. [for ad-fero ; fr. ad. " to ; " fero, " to bring "]. To bring, take, for carry to or up. af-ndo, fSoi, tectum, ficere, 3. v. a. [for ad-faoio; fr. ad, "to;" facio, "to do "]. To treai or use either well or ill. afflicto, ftvi, &tum; are [ad, intensive ; fligo, ' ' to dash "] To strike violently . aff6re, fut. inf. of adsum. af-fllcro, fllxi, fllctum, fllgSre, 8. v. a [for ad-ffigo ; fr. ad, " to ;*' fllgo, " to dash or strike "] Of vessels ; To shatter, dam- age. Afrtc-us, i. m. [Afrious, •' African "] The south-west wind. &9&r, agr', m. : 1. A field, tend.— 2. Plur. : The fields, the country— Territory, district [root ao, " to drive ; " first ap- plied to driven cattle, then, to where they were kept; Gr. ay-pd?; Ootb. akrs; Ger. acker ; English, acre]. agger, ens, m. [agger-o, "to bring to"] Military term: A mound. ag-errdgo, gregavi, gregatum, gr6- gare, 1 V. a. [f or ad-grego ; fr. ad, "to;" grex, greg-ist "a flock."] To attach one's self, etc., to. agxnen, mTnis, n. [ag-o] The march, or passage, of an army; the line of march. An army on march ; a colu/nn advancing, etc. &gO, egi. actum, &gSre. 3. v. a Of military engines, etc. : To advance, push forwards. Of actions in general : To do, perjorm, undertake. Of time : To pass, spend. [See ager.] dl&cer, oris, ere, adj. Lively, brisk, quick, eager, prompt, etc. [See ]. ftl-O, <il, allium, or altum, UlCre, 8 V. a. : To nourish, maintain. Of animals : To rear, keep, etc. [root, al, or ol ; cp. ad-ol-esoo, sub-ol-eaco; Gr. aA0a>. The root AL, or OL, ii another variety of the AR]. al-ter, tCra, tfirum, (Gen. : alterius , l>at : alteri), adj. [root ali, see ulius; with the comparative, sufHx ter; cp — rioot in Greek comparative]. One an- other : the one, or the other, of two :— alter, the one.... the other. alMtado,UadIni8. f. [alt-ua, "high"] Ue^ht. al-tus, ta, turn, adj. [al-o, "to nour- lah"| High,Wty ambd. ». o, adj. plur. Both [root am. "around;" Or. aM^w; Goth, bai; O. H. O. beide; Slav, aba; Lith. abu]. ftment-Ia in, f. [amens, amentii, * foolish"] Folly, in/atxtatUm. &mio-ItIa.lti«,f.[amic-us,"afri«nd"] Friendehip. ftmlous, ica, loum, adj. [am-o, "to love"] Loving, friendly. Iritid— AsSubet.: amicus, i, m. A fruna. &-ailttO, iiiTsi, missum, mittere, 3. v. a. |a, " from," mitto, " to let go "J To lose. am-pl-US, a, um, adj. [am, "around ;" pl-eo, "to fill;" root, plb-; cp. plenus, plebs, populus ; Or. irA^us, irA^^w, ttAoutos ; G-jth. fulls ; 0. H. G fol, folc (.folk)] Great, numerous, eto. ancdra, ee, f. An anchor [root, a\k, "tubend;" Lat. ancus, unous, anguis; Gr. ayKiitv, ayxvpa, oyKOs]. angr^lus, i. m. An angle, earner [see ancoraj. , angrust-e, adv. Sarrowly, within a narrow space [see ancora]. augrust-iee, Ijirum, f. pi. [angustus, "narrow"] Narrowness. &n!m-advertQ, adverti, adversum, adverture, 3. v. a. [animus, "the mind ;" adverto, " to turn towards "] To perceive, observe. &n-imus, Imi, m. Mind, character, spirit, amusement [akin to ; root an, " to breathe ; " Lat. anima ; Or. aveixot, Sm, arifn]. anno-tlnvis, tina, tinum, odl. [annus, (unoontr. Gen.)anno-i, "ayear '] A year old ; of the Jormer, or last year ; last year's. an-nus, ni. m. Of time : A year [akin to AN, " to go ;" Or. iv-ot=iv taurds, " a year ; " Lat. anulus, "a ring "]. anser, Sris, m. A goose [akin to Gr. \riv ; O. H. O. gans (gander); Norse, gaaa (goose)]. ant$, adv. and prep. Adv. : Before, previously. Prep. gov. aoc : Before [Gr. ivTi, "ove" against"]. ant-d&, adv. [prob. for anteam ; f r. an-te, " before ; " earn, aco. sing. fem. of pron. is, "this, that"] Formerly, pre- viously. antd-cddo, cessi, cessum, oedSre, 8. v. a. [ante, "before ;" oedo, "to go"] To precede. antd-fSro, tOIi, Ifttum, ferre, v. a. [ante, " before ; " fero, '* to bear or carry") To prefer, place first, etc. antd-pdno. pOsOi, pOsitum, pOnere, 8. r. a. [ante, " before ; " pono, " to place"] To put, or place, before': hence, to take precedence of, &per-tU8. ta, turn, adj. [aperio, "to uncover '*] Open, wide, exte7isive. 1. ap-pello, pOli, pulsum, pellfire. 8. T. a. [foriidpello; tr.ad, "to or towards;'* Kello. "to drive or move "] Of a ship: To ring up^a ptau. 2. ap-pello, pellAvi, peliatum, pellOre, 1 v. a. To address, apeak to, accost. ap-porto, portftvi, porUltum, porttra. VOCABULARY. 87 1 V a fforad jporto; fr. ad, ♦'to;* porto •* to carry "] To bring up, convey. ap-prdpinquo, prOpinquJlvi, pr6pin- qulium, )ir0pinquare, 1 v. n. [for ad-prd- pinquo; fr. ad, '•(»;" prOpinquo, "to draw near "] To draw near to, approach. ap-tus, ta turn, adj. [root ap, " to lay hold;" cp. adipisci, opus, opto, capio, coepl ; Gr. ". ttw. d0^ ; Ger, haftenj. Suit- ed, fitttff, Jit, suitable, etc. &p-ud, prep. gov. ace. [see aptus] Of persons : With, near to, near, in the preneiice of. Of place : At, near. &qu-a, SB, f. IVater. &qul-la, IsB, f. An eagle. The flfnire of an eagle [akin to root AC, see^cer]. ar-bi-ter, tri. in. [fr. ad-biter; ad, " to ; " root, VA, " t> |fo ;" cp. vado, Tad- uin; Gr. /SatVu, jSafii^w; Goth, gaggan; Ger. geheu ; Eng. go] An umpire. arbitr-or, tratus sum, trari, 1 v. dep. [arbiter, arbitr-i, "an umpire"] To hold lis true in one's mind ; to suppose, regard, think. arbor, Oris. f. [root ar or or, " high," see orior] A tree. ar-ces-so, sivi, situm, sCre, 3 v. a. [for ar-ced-80 ; fr. ar [=ad], •' to ; " ced-o, •' to go "] To cull, summon, send for, etc. ardeo, arsi, arsum, ardere, 2 v. n. : To be on fire, btim, blaze, to be roused or exasperated [root ard, " to be bright"]. ar-rua,Orum, n. plur. Arms, weapons [root, ar, "to fit;" Lat. annus, artioulus, artus ; Gr. apa, aptfpoi', dpi0f*o$ apapio-xw ; Goth, arms (arm). armft-tilra, tuna. f. [arm(o)-o, "to arm"] Armour, etjuipment. arm-o. &vi, atum, ftre, I. v. a. [arma, "implements, amis"]. Of vessels: To fit ouA. equip, eto. Of persons ; To furnish with arms or weapons: to arm^ a-8cendo. soendi, soensum, soendSre, 3.V. n. (torad-soando; fr. ad. in "augmen- tative" force ; scando, "to mount"]. To mount, ascend. ae-cansus, sus.m. [forascendsiis; fr. asoend-o]. An asceJ^ding, an ascent, aspoc-tUB, tas, m. [aspicio, "to see or look at; ' Uirough root bpbc] .Appear- ance, aspect. asper, era, Srum adj.: rough, ragged, dangeious, critical. at, conj. BtU yei [ Or. ir-ap, "but"]. at-QUd (contr. Hc),conJ. [foradqiie; fr. ad. denoting "addition;" que, "and"] And also ; and. At-tlngro, tigi, taotum, tingZre, 3. v. a. [ad-tango; fr. ad, "against;** tango, "to* touch "] Of a place, etc.; To reach, arrivt at. at-tr!biio, tribni, trlbOtum, tribnere, 3. V. a. [for ad-tribuo ; fr. ad, "to;"tribuo» " to give " ] To give or assign, to. auc-tor, t5ris, m. [for augtor; fr. aug eo, "to produce;" root, uo; cp. Gr. avfa;'!!), iiyii); ; Goth. vahsaii ; Ger. wach- sen; Eng. wax] An author, instigator, iiijonnant. auctorltas, Itatis. f. auctor, "a pro- ducer"] Weight of character, iiijluence,. authority. audac-ter, adv. [audax, audacis^ "bold"] Boldly. audeo, ausus sum, audSre, 2 v. semi- dep. To dure, or venture, to do some- thing. au(Uo, Ivi or li. Itum, Ire, 4 v. a. To hear [akin to aSs (=ovs), aviros; "ear;" modern Or. avrtofs&s oirdt; Lat. auris, ausculto; Ooth. auso; Lith. ausia]. augreo, auxi, auctum, augCre, 2. v. a> To increase, aujment [see Auctor], aiit, conj. Or : aut. . . .aut, either. ...or. aut-em, conJ. But on the other hand. Besides,further, moreover [akin to avT-api\, aiudUor, atus, sum, ari, 1. v. dep. To help. auxn-Uum, li. n. (probably obsolete- auxil-iBJ(=:aug-silis, "increasing," fr. aug- eo, "to increase"] Help, aid, assistance. Plur.: auxiliary forces, auxiliaries. &-vertO, verti, versum, vertfire, 3. v. a. [a, "away; ' verto, "to turn"] To tunk away. barb&r-UB, a, um. adj. Barbarian, foreign [sans, barbaras, varwaras, "a for- eigner," or according to Bopp=8tultus» who oomparei Lat. balbus, baabutio]. BelgTGdt &nim, m. plur. Belgce or Bel' gians; a warlike people of German and. Celtic origin, inhabiting the north of GauL b-ellum, elli, n. [old form, du-ellum : fr. du-o, **two"l War, warfare. bd-ndn adv. [obsol. ben-us - bonus,. "Kood"]. In a good way, or manner;, with, successfully. bdn4-flc-Iuxn, ii. n. [forbene-fac-ium;. fr. bene, "well;" fao-io, "to do"] Kind- ness, favour, service, benefit. bdiidv6lent-Ia, i», f. [benevolens, benevolent-is. "wishing well"] Friend- liness, friendship, good-will. bIdCl-um, i. n. [bidu-UB(forbi-di-vus, fr. bi(=bis), "twice;" di-es, "a day*'), "pert-rus, ra, rum, adj.: Beloved, dea^ [for cam-rus: akin to Sans. rootKAU, "to love;" On x«P^» X*'P*>]- Garvlllus, li. m. Carvilius ; one of the four kin^s of Cantium; oh. 22; see Cantium. Cassi, Crum, m. plur. The Cassl; a British peopl<> on the north bank of the Tamesis (Tbmies), who submitted to Caasar. Casslvdlanus, i, m. Cassivelaunus; king of the Cassl. castra drum, n. plur. A camp or en- cantpment, as containing several soldiers' tents or huts [prob. for skad-trum ; akin to root BKAD," to cover ;" of. Lat. casa, "a ootta!?e"»Bkad-sa; Oer. sohatton; Eng. «hadow]. C&-SUS, sOs, m. [for cad-sus; fr. cado, "to fall" I Event, accident, ehanee, issue. A mitfortune, mishap, ccUamity. c&tdna, », t. A chain, fetter. <"ausa, }«; Lat. celox, eel- er, cello [Swiftness, speed, quickness, cel- erity. C61dr-Iter, adv. [id] Quickly, Rap- idly. centum, num. adj. indecl. A hun- dred [akin to Or. exarof; Goth, hund]. cert&-men, minis, n. [root cer, "to divide;" Lat. cerno, crimen : Gr. icpiais, KpiVwj. A contest. cert-e,adv. [cert-us] Surely, assuredly. cer-tUS, ta, turn, adj. [fr. cer, root of cer-no, " todivide" ] Sure certain. ces-so, saw, satum, sare, 1 v. n. [for ced-so; fr. ced-o, "to retire, withdraw"] To be remiss, tarry, delay, loiter. C-etdri, etStsB. etera, adj. plur. (rare in sing.) The other, the rest; the remaining, remainder of. Cin^etoriz, Igis, m. Cingetorix : A Oaul, rival of Indutiomarus. Another of the same name was one of the four kings of Cantium ; oh. 22. Cinero, cinxi cinctum, cinggre, 8. v. a. Of plases as Objects. To surround, en- circle, enclose. circ-iter, adv. [dro-us, "a circle"] With words denoting time or number. About, near, nearly. circiU-tus, tus, m. [ciroueo, " to go around " through root " to go "] A cir- cuit, circumference. circum, prep. gov. ace. [prob. ad- verbial aca of circus, a " ring ; cp. Gr KipKOi ; Lat. circulus] Around, round about, all round. Circum-do, dCdi, d&tum, dilre, l.v.a. [circum, " around ;" do, " to put "] To surrojind. circum-do (circu-) ivi or !i, itum, ire, v.a. [circum, " around ;" eo, " to go "J To ends ; Gr. xaAw, kAcos, (c.V>j^u>] Otitcry, clamour. cldi-rus, ra, rum, adj. [akin to clu-eo, " to hear ; " Peile gives c(a)larus, from same root as clamorj Of sounds : Clear, loud, distinct ; hence renowned, illv,stri- ous famous, Classis, is. f. Of persons summoned for sea service : A fleet, comprising the ships as well as the men serving in them, I same root as clamor.] coep-lo, i. turn, fire, and isse [see aptus] To begin, commence. OO'Orcdo, eroQi, ercltura.ercere, 2.v.a. [for co-arceo : fr. co (scum) in " inten- sive " force ; arceo, " to encloee "] To re- strain, cAeeifc. cdg-lto, It&vi, It&tum, It&re, Lt. a. [oontr. fr. co-a||ito; fr. (coacum), in "augmentative" force; agito," to revolve," etc., in the mind] To revolve thoroughly, to weigh or ponder v!ell ; to think. CO-ernosco, gndvi, gnltum, gnosoSre. 8. V. a. [00 (— oum) in " augmentative " force ; gnoeco (—nosco), " to beoome ac- quainted with '*] To become thoroughly acquainted with, learn, ascertain. cdffo, oOflgi, oflactum, odgCre, 8. ▼. a. [contntcted U. oiMgo; fr. oo (*cam), "together;" ago, ••to drive," ete.] To drive together, collect, assemble. cdhors, tia. f. [cp. Or. x^pf^^f " <"> «"* closed space ; ' Lat. hortus, Eng. yard,, garden] A cohort, the tenth part of a Bo- man legion. co-hortor. hortatus sum, hortari, 1. V. dep. [CO (—cum), in " strengthening " force: hortor, " to exhort"] To exhort; to encourage, animate. col-laudo, laudavl, laudatum, lau- dSre, 1. V. a. [for con-laudo ; fr. con, in "augmentative" force ; laudo." to praise "1 To extol, or 'Commend very mttcA; tO' praise highly. COl-HflTO, legi, leotum, llgere, 3. v. a. I for conTego; fr. con (=cum), "to- gether ; " lego, " to gather '*] To gather to- gether. collis, is, m. A hill [cp. Gr. KoKuvri„ KoKo4)it>v, KoKKoico, loavi, loatum, Icire, l. V. a. [commun-is, " common "] To com- tnunicate, impart. oom-munlo, munlvi or munii, muni- 'turn, munire, 4. v. a. [com (=cum', in " Intensive " force ; munio, " to fortify "] To fortify strongly, or on all sides. communis, mane, adj. [oom(=oum\ "together;" munis. "serving"] Common Com-p&ro> p&ravi, p&ratum, p&rftre, 1. V. a. [oom ( scum), " together ; " paro, " to bring or put "] To make or get ready, prepare. compello, pftli, pulsum, peliere, 3. v. «. [com (= cum); pello, "to drive"] Of cattle : To drive together or in a body. Of persons : To aesemble, collect, gather to- gether. com-pdr-Io, i, turn, ire, 4. v. a. [com (■cum), in " augmentative " force ; root rut, sUtin to per-lor, " to pass through "] To find out aocurately ; to ascertain, dis- cover, learn. com-pleo, plfivi, pletum.plere, 2.v.a. (com (scum), in " augmentative " force ; ipleo, " to fill ''] TofilteompUtely or en- tirely; to fill np. complQres, pltlra (and, sometimes, plQrla) adj. [oom (=oum>. in " augmen- tative" force; plures, "veiy many"] Very many, several. oomporto, port&vl, portfttum. por- tare, 1. V. a. [oom (>oum), " together ; " porto, " to carry "] To carry, or bring, to- gether: to convey, collect. Com-prShendo, prehendi, prehen- «ura, prehendere, 8. v. a [com (soum), in "augmentative " force ; prehendo, "to lay hold of "] Tq ttUce or lay hold of; to «itch. com-prdbo, prObavi, prOb&tum, prS- bare, l.v a. [com (soum), in " intensive " -force; probo, " to approve ofj To ap- prove thoroughly c/ something. ooncldo, Cidt, no sup., oldere, 8. v. u. for con-codo ; ft*, con (=oum), in " aug- mentative ". force ; cado, " to fall "J To ■fall, or tumble, doicn. COQ-cUIOi avi, fitum, are, l. v. m. [con« oili-nm, "union"] To make friendly, re- concile, etc. con-cll-lum, H, n. [for con-cal-ium ; fr. con (> cum), " together ; " oal-o, " to call ; " ^ee clamor] A meeting, assembly, council. concio, Onis, f. [for ooii-ventio ; con, "together," and venio, 'toconie'*] An assembly, meeting. concl-to, tavi, tatum, tare, 1. v. a. [oonci-eo, " to rouse "] To rouse greatly, to instigate. con-clamo, clamavi, clamatum, clauure, l.v.a. [con (=cum), in " inten- sive " force ; olaino, " to cry out "] To cry out aloud ; to exclaim, shout out. con-curro, ourri (rarely oflcurri), cur- sum, curtre, 3, v. n. [con ( scum), "to- gether ; " ourro, " to run "] To run to- gether or in a body. con-curso, no perf. nor sup., curs&re, 1. v. n. [con (=oum), in ''intensive" force ; curso,' torup hither and thither"] To keep running hither and thither or to and fro, concur-sus, sOs, m. [for conourr- sus ; fr concurr-o, " to run together ' ' A running together, collision. conditio, ItWnis, f. [cond-o. " to put together "] State, or condition, of a person. con-duco, duxi, ductum, dQcere, 8. v. a. [oon(=cnm), "together;" duop, " to lead"] To assemble, collect. confdro. oontaii, collatum, oonferre, 3. v. a. [cum, " with ; " fero, " to bear "J To carry or bring together. confer-tus, ta, tum, adj. [for con- fero-tus ; fr. confero-io, " to cram, or press close together"] Crowded together, in a close body. con-festim, adv^ [for oonf er-tim ; f r. oon-fero, " to bear" in haste] Forthwith, at once, immediately. COn-flcio, feci, fectum, fIcC>re,3. v a. [for oonf-facio ; fr. con, in " augmenta* tive " force ; facio, " to make "] To eaw* e\Ue, effect, complete, accomplitih. con-f ido. flius sum, fidere. 8. v. a. and n semi-dep. [oon (^^cuin), in " in* tensive " force ; fldo, "to trust"] Act.: 2'o be persuaded, or confident that. Keut.: To rely upon, be assured of. con-firm>o, avi. atum, are, l. v. a. [con (, "together;" stipo, " to press or crowd "j To press, or crowd, together. Con-stltCiO, stitfli, stitutum, strtlSre, 8. V. a. [for oon-statuo ; fr. con (^cum) ; statue, " to place "] To draw up an army or fleet in omer of battle. To put, place, set, station ; to fia, appoint. cons\ie-sco, vi, turn, soSre, 3. v. n. inch, consue-o, " to be accustomed "] To accustom, one's self : — in perf. tenses. To have accustomed orut'atelf, i.e., to be accustomed or wont. con-suetudo. tadlnis, f. [foroonsuet- tudo ; fr. consuet-us, " accustomed "] Custom, habit, use, usage, consul, tklis, m. A consul ; one of the two ohief magistrates of the Uoman State, chosen annutuiy after the expulsion of the kings [con, "together;" root, bed, "to sit ; " cp. sella (sssedla), sedes, solium ; Gr. cSof, i^ofjLav. Corssen derives both consul and exul from Sans, sad, " to go."] consCUo, tti, turn, ere, 3. v. n.: To take counsel, deliberate, consult. consult-o, adv. [oonsnltus, "well- considered "] With due, or full, conside- ration; deliberately, purposely, design- edly. consul-turn, ti, n. [consul-o, to " de- termine upon "] A resolution, decree. con-sumo, sumpsi, sumptum, sQ* mere, 3. v. a. [con (=oum), in "inten- sive " force ; sumo, " to take "J To spend, pass. v-i 02 VOCABULARY. COn>temno, tempii, temptum, tern- nere, 8. v. a. [con («cam), in " augmen* Utive " foroe ; temno, " to despise ^' | To detpif greatly, to diidain, to eontemn. Oontexn-ptio, ptifinis, f. [tor contemn- ptio; conttimn-o, "to despise"] A de- spiting, contempt, tcom. con-tendo, tendi, tentum, tendSre, 8. V. n. and a. [con (^oum) in *' augmen- tative " force ; tendo, " to stretch^'] To make an effort or endeavour; to exert one's leJf, strive, endeavour. conten-tio, tI5nis, f. [for oontend- tio ; fr. contend-o, " to contend "] A eon- tending, striving. contestor. atus sum, &ri, i. v. dep. fcum, " with ; " testis, a " witness"] To invoie as a witness. contlnens, ntis, f. [continens, "con- nected, cohering "] The mainland, eonti' runt. COn-tindo, tintki, tentum, tInCre, 2. V. a. [for con (=cum), " together ; " teno, " to hold "] 2*0 hold back ; to check, restrain. con-tingro, tigi, tootum, tingSre, 2. V. a. and n. [for contango ; fr. con (=i cum), in "augmentative" force; tango, "to touch"] Act.: To come in contact with or close up to. Neut.; To happen, fail out, to come to pass. contln-iius, fla, Oum, adj. [contin-eo, " to hold together "J Of time: Successive, in succession, continuous. contra, adv. and prep. Adv.: Against, on the contrary, opposition. — On the other hand. Prep. gov. aoo.: Against ; in reply, or answer, to. COn-tr&ho, traxi, traotum, tr&hSre, 8. ▼.a. [con (>=cum), "together;" traho, " to draw "] To draw, or bring, together ; to collect, assemble. To reduce in size, jontraet, etc. controver-Ia, lea, f. [controvers-us, "quarrelsome "] Quarrel, dispute, contro- versy. COn-Vdnlo, veni, ventum, v£nlre, 4. V. n. [con (-■cum), "together;" venio, " to come "] To come, or meet, together; to eolleet, assemble. conven-tU8, ttis, m. [convenio, " to come together"] An assembly, assem- llage, meeting.— A judicial assembly, a court of justice. con-verto, versi, versum, vertSre, S. V. a. [con (■■cum), in " augmentative " force ; verto " to turn "] To turn. COXl*vdco, vdo&vi, vOo&tum, vOoftri, 1. V. a. [con («oum), "together;" voco, " to call "] To call together ; to convene, convoke, assemble. cd-drlor, ortus , in " augmentative force; ops, op-is, "means," etc.] Plenty, abun- dance. cd-r-am, adv. and prep, [contracted fr. co-or-am ; fr. co (=cum), in " augmen- tative " force ; os, or-is, " the face "] Adv.: In one's own person, personally. Frep. gov. abl.: In the presence of, before the eyes of. corp-us. Oris, n. The body. crS-ber, bra, brum, adj. [cre, root of cre-sco, " to increase ; " cp. creo, '" to create "] Frequent, repeated. Numerous, many. cre-do, didi, dltum, d£re, 8. v. n. and a. Neut.: To trust, believe. Act: To believe. crucia-tus, tus. m. [oruc-i(a)-o, " to torture"] Torture. Ciolp-a, SB, f. [" A deed, action," hence, in a bad sense] A crime, fault. cum, prep. gov. abl. With; written after relative and personal pronouns ; e.g., quibuscum, nobiscum, etc. [akin Gr. |i/v, cunctor, tatus, sum, ftri, L v. dep. To doubt, hesitate. cunctus, a, um. [con, vlnctus or Junctus]. AM. ctipldd, adv. [cupid-us, "eager") Eagerly, zealously, passionately. Curs-O, avi, S.tum, are, l. v. [cur-a. " care "] With Aco. and Gerundive : To take care, order, or cause that some- thing be done, etc^to do, etc., one's own self. cur-sus,sus, m.[forcurr-8us, fr. curr-o, " to run "] A running, speed, course. custocU-a, SB, f. [custodi-o, "to guard"] Of persons Iceeping guard : A guard, guarding force. cus-tos, tOdis, comm. gen. A guard, keeper [see causa.] damn-o, avi, atum, &re, 1. ▼. a. [damn-um, in the meaning ot " a pen- alty"] To condemn. de, prep. gov. abl.: From, away from. In time : in the course of, during, in. dd-bdo, biii, bitum, fire, 2.v.a. [contr fr. de-habeo ; fr. de, " from ; " habeo, "to hav«"l To own. VOCABULART. 93 d9-cfidOt oessi, oessum, oedere, 8.T.a. [de, "away;" oedo, "to go"] To go away, or depart ; to withdraw. ddo-em, num. adj. indecl. Ten. [akin to Gr. fi«(c-a, " ten."] dd-cemo, crevi, crStum, cernere, 8. V. a. [de, in " strengthening " force ; cerno, "to determine ] To determine, decree, decide, resolve. ddc-Imus, Ima, Imum, num. adj. (deo-em, "ten"] Tenth. de-clivis, e, adj. [de," down ; " olivus, "a slope." Cp. Kkivm, KKivri, kAitvs ; Lat c.ivus. — clinare ; 0. H O hlimen, " to lean "J Sloping. dd-dScus, dCc6ris, n. [de, a negative prefix ; decus, " wliat is becoming "j Dis- grace. dSd-TtIO, Itloins, f. [ded-o, " to sur- render "] A surrendering, surrender. de-do, didi, ditum, dSre, 3. v. a. [de, "away from;" do, "to put"] To give up to one, to surrender. de-duco, duxi, duotum, dac^re, 3. V. a. [de, "away down;" duco, "to lead "] To lead or draw off, withdraw Of vessels : To launch. de-fatififo, fatigavi, fatigatum, fati- gare, 1. v. a. [de, denoting "complete- ness;" fatigo, "to wean' ] To weary thoroughly, weary out, exhaust. defectio, tlonis. f. [for defac-tio ; for deflc-io, " to revolt ] A revolt, rebellion, defection. de-fendo, fendi, fensum, fend6re, 3. V. a. [de. " away from ; " obsol. fendo. "to beat or strike "J To protect, defend. defen-sor. soris, m. [for defend-sor ; fr defend-o, "to defend "J A defender. de-f&ro, tttli, latum, ferre, v. a., ir- reg. [de, " down ; " fero, " to bring "] To give over to one ; to deliver, state, relate. dS-f icio , feci, fectum, ficere, 3 v. n. and a. [for defacio ; fr. de, " away from ;" facio, " to make "J Neut.: To fail, fall short, be wanting. de-figfOi fixi, fixum, figere, 3. v. a. [da, " down ; " figo, " to fix'^] To fix, fas- ten, or drive down. defdre. fut. inf. of desum. deinceps. adv. [adverbial deinceps, '• following "] Of time sively, in succesrion, in turn. de-indOi adv. [de, " from ; " inde, " thence "] Ot sucoession : Afterwards, next in order, after that. Of time : In the next place, afterwards, after that. d^Icto, Jed, Jeotum, Jlo^re. 3. v. a. {dejaoio, Ir. do, "down;" jacio, "to 7 neut. of ; Sticces- throw "] To throw or ea$t doum ; to jfrt' eipitate. Mentally : To east dotm, de*lIgo, llgavi, llg&tum, llgftre, i. v. a. [de, " down ; ^' ligo, " to bind"] To bind doum ; to bind, fast, fatten. de-lltesco, llttU, lltescere, 8. v. n. [de, " away : " lateo, " to hide "] To hide one't self away. de-mentia, sa, f . [de, a neg. prefix ; mens " mind "] Madness. de-mlgrro, migravi, migrStuni, mig* rare, 1. v. n. [de, " away ; '^ migro, " to migrate."] To migrate away from a place. de-mltto, mlsi, missum, mittSre. 2. v. a. [de, " down ; " mitto, " to let go ''l To let or allow, to go doum ', to lower, let fall. d-em-O, psi, ptum, ere, 3. v. a. [contr. fr. de-em-o; fr. do, "away;" emo, 'to take "] To take away or off; to remove. de-monstro, monstravi, monstra- turn, monstrare, 1. v. a. [de, in " au^men* tative " force ; monstro, " to show "] To show, point out, de-mum, adv. At last, at length. de-ni, nee, na, num, distrib. adi. [for dec-ni ; fr. dec-em, " ten "] Ten each. deni-que, adv. [for dein-que ; fr. dein, " then ; " que, " and "] At length, at last. de-nuntio, nuntiavi, nuhtiatum, nun- tlare, 1. v. a. [de, " from ; " nuntio, " to send a message "] To intimate, declare, announce. de-p§reo, pSrivi or pCrii, no sup., pCrire, v. n. [de, denoting "complete- ness ; " pCreo, " to perish "J To perish utterly, to be entirely destroyed. de-pono. pCsfli, pOsItum, ponSre, 3. V. a. [de, "down ; " "to put"] To put or lay doivn in a place : to deposit, to lay aside, give up, abandon. de-pr6cor, precatus sum, nrecari, I. V. dep. [do, "away from;" prCcor, "to pray"] To avert or ward off, by praj-er or entreaty ; to deprecate. de-pr6hendo, prfihendi, prShensum, ErChendCre, 3. v. a. [de, " away ; " pr j- endo, " to take "] To seize upon, catch, overtake, find OMi, discover any one, espe< cially in doing what is wrong. de-scendo, scendi, soensum, scend^re, 2. V. n. [for dS-scando ; fr. de, " down ; " scando, " to climb "] To come, or go, dovm ; to disembark. de-sdro, sertU, sertum, serSre, 8. v. a. [de, in " negative " force ; sero," to Join "\ To forsake, abandon, desert. de-8id-dro, etftvi, sratum, erare, l. v. a. To long for, earnestly wish for, [de, in 94 VOCABULARY. •Mntenslve" force ; root bid, ; akin to Gr. (Sill', "to see."] dd-slllo, sUQi, sultum, slllre, 4. v. n. Ifor de-salis ; fr. de, " down ;" salio, " to eap "J To leap dovm. de-sisto, stiti, stltuni, sistCre, 3. v. h. [de, "away from ;" sisto, " to set one's self, stand "J 'Jo leave off, give oier, cease, rfe- tist. despera-tlo, tlSnis, f. f. [de8per(a)-o, " to despair "] Despair. de-spero, spcravi, sper'.tum, sporarc, 1. V. a. [de, denoting, " reversal ; " spSro, "to hope"] To give up, or lose, hope about ; to despair of. de-sum, ftii, esse, v. n. [do, " away from ; " sum, " to be "J To fail or be wanting. de-terr6o, terrCi, terrltum. terrSre, 2. V. a. [de, "avay from;" terrCo, "to frighten "] To frighten away, or deter, from something. detri-mentum, menti, n. [detero, •' to rub off," through root ter, " to rub"] Loss, hurt, damage, injury, detriment. d§-turbO, turbavi, turbatum, turbare, 1. V, a. [dS, "down;" turbo, "to con- fuse "] To drive down in confusion, etc. deClS, i, m. A god, deity [akin to Gr. etot.] de-v6ho, vexi, vectum, vChtre, 3. v. a. [de, " down or away "] To carry down or away. dexter, tra, trum, adj. To or on the right side ; right. [Root, dbk, " to take ; " Gr. 6e{-ios, B($-irepoi. de-vinco, vici, victum, vincfire, 3. v.a. [de, denoting " completeness ; " vinco, " to conquer "] To conquer completely; to utterly vanquish, subdue, reduce. diCO, dixi, dictum, dIcSre, 8. t. a. To speak, say, state, mention, report. [StU- vvfti, dUri ; Lat. indico, index, digitus ; root DIG, •• to show "] dictum, ti, n. [dio-o, " to speak "] A saying or statement. dl-es, ei, m. or f . A day. [akin to root mv, "bright;" Gr. fiioj. fi^Ao?; Lat. deus. divus; 0. H. G., zio; Lith. devas ssLat. deus.] dlf^ro, distali, dllatum, differre, v. a. and n. [for dis-fero ; fr. dis. " apart ; " fero, " to carry "] Act.: To carry m dif- ferent directions, or here and there ; to spread, eta dlf-fido. tisus sum, frdere, 8. v. n. semi-dep. [for dis-fldo ; fr. dis, in " nega- tive" force; fido, "to trust"] To mis- trust, to have no confidence. dif-f Icultas, atls. f. [dis, a negative prefix ; facilis, " easy *'] IHjfficulty. diprn-Itas, Itatis, f. [dign-us, " wor- thy '"j Worthiness, merit, desert. di-jiidico, jfidicavi, jndicatum, iudi- care, ]. V. a. dl (=di8\ " between ;'^' ju- dIco, "to judge"] To decide, determine. d!l!-?ens, entis, adj. [dillg-o, " to love "J Attentive, heedful diligent. drjgren-ter, adv. [for diligen-ter ; fr. diligens, diligen-tis, "diligent"] Dili- gently, carefully. dimico, mioavi or micui, micatuni, micare, 1. v. n. [dl(=di8), "greatly;" mico, "to move to and fro"] To Jight, combat, also to carry on a contest, wone war, dimldium, i, n. [dimidi-us, " half "J A half. di-mitto, misi, niissum, niittCre, 3. V. a. [di (=dis), "apart;" mitto, "to send "] To send about, in different di- rections, or to different parts. dis-cedo, cessi, cessuni, cCdC-re, 3. v. n. |dis, "apart ;" cedo, "to go"] To go away, depart. disces-sus, sfls, m. [for dlsced-sus; fr. disoed-o, " to depart "] Departure. disc!plina, se, f. [for disoipulina- disco, " to learn "J Discipline. ' dis-par, parts, [dis, in "negative" force ; par, " equal "J unequal. di-sperpo, spersi, spersum, spergere, 3. v.a. [for di-spargo ; fr. di i =di8), " in dif- ferent directions ;" spart^o, "to scatter"] To scatter in different directions ; to dis- perse. dis-pdno, "pOstH, pOsitum, pOnCre, 3. v. a. [dis, *' in different directions ; " p5no, "to place"] Of troops, efc; I'oset m order, draw up. dis-Slpo, sipavi, sipatum, slpSre, l.v.a. [dis, " apart ; " absol. slpo '=Jacio), "to cast "] To spread, disperse. dlS-tribiJLa, £c>a$ ; Goth, timrjan ; O.H.O. zimber ; Saxon, timber.] dabit&-tIo, tidnis, f. [dubit(a)o, '< to doubt"] A doubting ; doubt, hesitation. diXb-lto, Itftvi, Itatuni, ItSre, 1. r. n. intens. [obsol. dub-o, (fr. duo, "two") "to move two ways"] Mentally: To doubt; to be in doubt or hesitation, to hentate. du«centi( to, «, num. adj. plur. [du-o, "two ;" cen-tuiu, "a hundred"] Two hundred. du-co, duxi, duotum, dQcSre, 3. v. a.: To lead, conduct; [root, duo, "to lead out."] diun, conj. [akin to diu] While, whilst, during the time that. diSiO, B. «, num. adj. plur. Two ; [op. Or. SCt, Sia, fiio-iros ; Lat. nis, bini, duplex, Goth, tvai ; Lith. du ; Ger. zwei.] Dumnoriz, I{ns, m- Dumnwix. dvld-ddcim, num. adj. plur. indecl. [for duo-decem ; fr. duo, "two ;" decern, "ten"] Twelve. dil6-deni, dene, dena, num. distrib. adj. [duo, "two;" deni, "ten each"] Twelve each. dilrus, a, uin,ad1. ("Hard" to the touch ; hence) Bard, toUsome, difficult, adverse, eto. dux, dflcis, coram, gen. [s duo-s; fr. duo-o, " to lead "] A leader. S; sesex. §-dClco, duxi, ductum, ducere : 8.V4k e, (- ex), " out;" duco, "to lead"] To Uad out or forth. efltSro, extali, eiatum, efferre, 8. v. a. [lor egi-teno ; fr. ex, " out ; " fero, " to Dear or carry ; "] To btar or carry out ; to bring forth. ef-flclo. feci, feotum, flcCre, 8. v. a. forex-faoio; fr. ex, "out;" faolo, " to malce"] Z'o effect, accomplish, bring about, complete. With second Aoo.: To render, make cause to be, that which ii denoted by the second Aoc. ef-faerio, fogi, fflgitum, fngere, s. v. n. [for ex-fujrio ; f r. ex, " out ; " f ugio, " to flee "] ToJUe out or away; to escape. ef-fundo. fudi, fOsum, fundore, 8.v.a. [for ex-fundo ; fr. ex, •' forth ; " fundo, •' to pour "] To pour forth. ego, Qen. mei, pron. pers. / [Gr. fyu]. e-(irrdd!or, gressus sum, grSdi, 8. ▼. dep. [for e-gradior ; fr, e (»=ex), " out ;" gradior, " to step "] To disembark ttom a vessel, to land. eerd^-e, adv. [eggregius, "excel* lent*'] Excellently, remarkably, exceed' ingly well, eto. ggrr^GT-Ius, "a, lum, adj. [e (—ex), "outof ;" grex, greg-ia, "a flock"] JEa^ cellent, eminent, famous, remarkable, et& egrres-sus, sQs, m. [for e-gredsus ; fr. egred-ior, " to step, or go out ; " hence, "to disembark "] A landing place. e-JIcio, jed, Jectum, Jlcfire, 8. v. a. for ejaoio; fr. e (=ex), "out;" Jaoio, " to oast "1 To cast or throw out ; to rush out or sally forth. Of a vessel; eatt ashore; to strand. e-labor, lapsus sum, ftbi, 8. v. dep. [• (-ex), "out;^ labor, "to glide"] Te slip ojS^ or away from ; to escape from. e-llcio, IIoQI, llcltum, lloSre, 3. v. a. [e (=ex), "out;" lacio, "to entice"] To entice out ; to draw forth or out. e-mitto, misl. missum, mittSre, 3.T.a. [e (=ex). " out ; " mitto, " to send ''] To send out or forth. dnim, conj.: Truly, certainly, iurely, indeed. For. e-nuntio, nuntiavi, nuntlfttum, 1. t. a. [e (=ex), " out ; " nuntio, "to teU "] To divulge, disdose, reveal, eta 6o, adv. [prob. for eom (»eum), old ace. sing. masc. of pron. is, " this, that"! Of place: To that placfi, thither, there. Of cause or reason : On that account, thero- fore. Referring to what follows: For this reason, on theftUowirtg account. do, ivi or 11, Itum, Ire, v. n. Togo, [root I ; Gr. teVat, trv« ; Lat. iter.] dqu-e-s, Itis, m. [for eqii-i(t)8; fr. equ-us; root ao, "sharp;" henoe, " swift ; " Gr. iinro« ; Old Saxon ehu] A horseman. Plur.: Cavalry. dqu-ester, trie, estre, adj. [equls, "a horse"! Pertainii^ to a Aom; Aorw, tavalry. 96 VOCABULART. dQUUS, I., m. [A horte, [nee equus.] ..C^'a*. prep. srov. aoo. [akin to veivo, "to bend'^J Of feelinffs : Towardt. firlplo, ripal, reptum, rlpfire, 8. v. a, [•(-ex) "away;" raplo, •'to snatch"] To match, tear. erro, avl, atum, are, 1. v. n. To make a mtatake, etr, eto. Sruptlo, tlOnis f. [erump-o, " to break out. sally forth ; " through root rup, "to break "] A sortie, sally, e8Sdd-&nu8, arii, m. [essedum, "a war-chariot "] A chariot-tvarrior . essddum, i. n. A war-chariot of the ancient Gauls and Britons ; [Celtic esa, "a car ;" same root as sedes, sella ] et, ccnj. : .And:-et . . . . et, both .... and [akin to Gr. en, "moreover."] dtlam, conj. [akin to et] And too, and furthermore: Uketoise, also, besides. et-sl, conj. [et, "even;" si, "if"! Even if, although. fi-v6nIo, vcni, ventum, venire. 4, v. n. [e ( = ex), * ' out ; " venio, " to coi 1 1 e "] To turn out, issue, happen. even-tus. tus, m. feven-lo, " to turn out, issue"] Occurrence, result, event. ev6co, vOcavi, vScltuin, vOcare, l.v.a. [e(=ex\ "out;" voce, "to call "J To call forth or out ; to summon. ex (e), prep. gov. abl.; Of place ; Out of. Of a number, etc., from which a part is taken ; Of, out of. To denote the ma- terial of which anything' is made : Of. With verbs of asoertainingr, etc., to denote source whence information is obtained : From ; on account of, in contequence of. ezamino, avi,.atum, are, i. v. a. [ex- amen, examin-is, "the tongue of a bal- , ance"] To weigh. ex-ardesco, arsi, arsum, ardescSre S.v.n. [ex, "forth ; " ardesco, " to burn "1 Of paasion, etc.: To blaze, or burst, forth. CX-audio, audlvi or audii, audltum, audire, 4. v. a. [ex, "without force;" audio, " to hear "] Without nearer object • To hear. ex-cedo. cessi, cessum, cfidSre, 8. v. n. [ex, •' out or forth ; " cedo, " to go "J To go out. forth, or away; to depart, with- draw, eto. ex-d(pIo, c6pi, ceptiim, clp£re, 8. v. a. [for ex-capio; fr. ex. " without fotoe;" oapio, "to take "] To take, take up, eoL lect, gather; to relieve. excl-to, tavi, tatum, tare, i. v. a. intens. [exci-o, "to oall forth'*] To ex- dte, rouee, tpur on. ex-olildo, olOai, ciasnm, olfldere, 8. v. a. [ex, "out;" cludo, ("claudo). "to ■hut "] To prevent, hinder, preclude. ex-oOfirito, cogitavi. cogitatum, oo- ?1tare, 1. v. a. [ex, "out;" oogito, "to hink "] To devise, contrive. ex-do, Ivi or li, Ituni, Ire, v. n. [ex, " out ; • eo, " to go "] To go out, forth, or away, ex-ercdo, eroOi, ercltum, ercere, 2. v. a. [for ex-arceo ; f r. ex, " out ; " arceoi "to inclose"] Of troops, etc.: To exercise. exercita-tio, tionis, f. [exercitia^o, " to practice "J A practising, practice. exercltus, Itas, m. [exeroeo, " to ex- ercise "] An army, as a trained and dis- ciplined body of men. ex-cuso, &vi, atum, are, 1. T. a. [ex, " from ; " causa, " a cause "] To excuse. ex-haurio, hausi, haustum, haurire, 4. v. a. [ex, " out ; " haurio, " to draw " water, etc.] Of things not liquid : To take out or away, to remove, etc. exIffUltas, Itatis, f. Narrowness. exigCius, u I, num. adj. [ex, " without force;"' egeo, "tobein need"] SinalL little. existlma-tio, tionis, f. [existim(a)o, " to think "] Opinion, judgment, eto. ex-istlmo, isttmavi. istlmatum, isti- mare, 1. v. a. [for exicstimo, "to think"] To think, imagine, deem, supposQ. erf-tus, tus, m. [exeo, "to go out"] Of circumstances, etc.: An insue, result, conchision. ex-pSdriO, Ivi or li, Itum, ire, 4. v. a. [ex, "out of;" pes, ped-is, "the foot "J To extricate, loose, disengage. expdditio, tionis, f. [expedio, "to disengage "] Military term ; An expedi- tion, excursion. expeditus, a, um : Unencumbered ; free from anything hindering ready ac- tion ; light-armed. expello, ptili, pulsum, pellSre, 8, [ex, 'Sout;'' pello, "to drive"] To out, expel. ex-p6rior, pertus, sum,. pSrlri, 4. v. dep. [ex, " thoroughly ; " obsol. perior, " to go or pass through ; " hence, " to try "] To try. prove, put to the test. ex-pldro, pioravi, pioratum, piorare, 1. v. a. [ex, in " intensive " force ; uloro, *' to oiill out "] To apy out, reconnoitre. ex-pdno, pdsai, pOsitum, pOnere, 8. V. a. [ex, " out ;" pono, " to put"] Naut: To set on shore; to uind, disembark % Tpenou, etc.: Of troops, efc: Todivtay oview; to draw up pott. . V. a. drive ' VOCABULARY. 97 4. V. >erior, ••to ■ 1 ex-slBtO, BtTtl. stitum, sistCre, 8. v. n. [ex, " out ]. flElC-tIO, tlonis, f. [fac-io, " to take part " with one] A political party ; a side, fac- tion. fac-tum, ti, n. [fao-io, "to do"] A deed, action, act. fticul-tas, tatis, f. [obsol. faoul= taoil-is] Power, means, opportunity. f&er-US, i, f.: A beech-tree, beech [cp. Gr. 4>i)Y0$, ^ayiiv, haxta ; Ooth. boka (beech)]. f3>ma, «, f . (root PA, " to speak ; " Or. ^riixi, i^dTi«, ifx^vrf ; i.at. fari, fatum, fas] A report, reputation, renown. famlll-gris, are. adj. [famili-a, "a family "] Of, or belonging to, a family. familiar-Jtas, Itatis, f. [familiar-is, "an intimate friend"] Intimate friend- thip, intimacy. , fas. n. inded. ("Divine law ; " hence) The will of the gods : — or it maybe trans- lated by the English adj. Lawful, per- tnitted, allowable, etc. [see fama.] fdUoIter, adv. [fr. felix, "prosperous"] Fortunately. fdrd, adv.: Nearly, almost, for the m^st part, about. fdro, tnli, latum, ferre, v. a. irreg^.: To bear, bring, carry ; Kraviter ferre \to bear heuvUy;) i.e. to take a thing amiss ; to be annoyed, or vexed, at ; to be indignant at, or that somethin^f is done [root fer, "to bear ; " Or. <^, <}>iprfi>, , irKvpui ', Goth, flodus, (flood)]. for-ma. mae, f. [see flrmus] Form in the widest sense of the word; shape, figure. lor-tis,te, adj. Brave, bold; [seefero.] fort-iter, adv. [fort-is, "brave"] Courageously, vnth courage, bravely. fort -una, unse, f. [fors, fortis, " chance "J Chance, hap, luck, fortune, whether good or bad. fossa, sffl, f. [for fod-sa ; fr. fo-dio, "to dig"] A ditch, trench, fosse. frango, fregi, fractum, frangfire, 3. v. a. [root RAO or reg, "to break " Gr. p>jv- vvfii, pTiYMi", piuf » Lat. f nare ; Ger. brechen ; Eng. break, wreck] To break. frater, tris, m. A brother. ftSquens, ntis, adj. Numerous, crowded. frig-US, 0ns, n. [cp. Gr. plyoi, piyout; Lat. frigeo ; Ger. frieren ; Eng. freeze] Cold. f.'ument-arius. aria, arlum, adj. [fru- mentum] Pertaining to com ; res fru- mentaria, com, provisions. ftxi-raentum, menti, n. [fruor, " to eat"] Com, grain. fnistra, adv. [akin to fraudo] With- out effect, in vain, to no purpose. fiSg-a, », f. [fuglo, " to flee "J Flight. fCLflr-iO, fugi, fugltum, fftg^re, 3. v. n. and a. Neut.: Tojlee, to ta'ce to flight. Act.: Tojlee from, shun, [root wo ; Gr. ^vyri, (fttvyio,] fa-mus, ml, m. Smoke ; [see flo.] ftinda, «B, t. A sling. [Gr. a6tvS6vri.] fUnd-O, fadl, fQsuin, fundcre, 3. v. a. To pou ,pow out [root fud, akin to \vcrit, ««a pouring out ;" x«<«». "*o pour out." fdn-is, is, m. A cable. Oalli, 6rum, m. plur. The Galli or ^Oavis. Hence, Qall-ia, io. f. The coun- try of the Qalli ; Gaul :— Gallia citerior (or Cisalpina). Hither (or Cisalpine) Gaul, i e. Gaul on the Italian side of the Alps. Qall-icus, ioa, icum, adj. Of, or belong- ing to the Galli, Gallic. gall-rna. inn, f [garl-ina, rt. oar, " to cry "] A hen. gdner, 6ri, m. A son-in-law [see gens.] sren-s, tls, f. [root gbn, " to produce ;" Qtl yiyvofJiaA., y^*'oc • Lat. gigno, genus, gnascOr; Ooth. kuni (a>Lat. sexus.)] A nation. gSnus, eris, n. A race, stock, family. Of things : Kind, sort. gfiro, gessi, geatum, gSrCre, 3. v. a. To do perform, carry on. Of war : To wage. gl&dius, li, m. A sword. gl6r-ia, Isb, f. [rootci.u, " to hear ; " Gr. /cAeos, (cAvTos, kAcitos ; Lat. cluo, an- sculto, cliens, inclytus, gloria=cluoria3 Fame, renown, glo y. grrat-Ia, iiB, f. [cp. Gr, xopo, x"P« » Lat. gratus, O. H. G. ^grierig) greedy] Favour, esteem, reja>d, kindness, shown by another to one's self. lujiucnce. gr4v-is, e, adj.: Heavy, wchjhty [cp. Gr. /Spi, /3pi0i);, /3apv$ ; Lat. brutus, akin to ^ap-us.] grfi,v-itas. Itfitis, f. [grav-is, " heavy ;" also, " weighty, important"] Heaviness^ weight, gr&v-iter, adv. fgi-av-is, "serious"] Heavily, bitterly. guber-nator, toris, m. [gubern(a>o, "to steer ; " cp. Gr. «v/3epuau), Kv/Stpi/ijTr/s] A steersman, pilot. hab-eo, Qi, Itum, ere, 2.v.a. To have in the widest s^nse of the word. Of a speech, etc.: To utttr, deliver, etc. With second Ace.: To hold, aaount, deem, reckon, regard something as that which is denoted by second Ace. [see aptusj. haud, adv. Not at all, by no means; not. bibern-a, orum, n. plur. [hibemus, " wintry, winter "] With ellipsis of castra, which is occasionally expressed : Winter- camp, w inter -qiuirters. Hibem!a, sa, f. Hibemia or Ireland. hie, hsao, hoc (Gen. hujus ; Dat. huic), pron. dem. This person or thing [akin to pronominal root i, aspirated ; cp. Lat. i-s, i-ta, i-pse ; Gr. ovroa-t ; with c (=ce), demonstrative sufflx.] hie, adv. [1. hio] In this place, here. hidm-o, avi, atum, are, l.v.n. [hiems, hiem-is, "winter "] To winter ; to have, or taice up, winter-quarters. hlem-s, is, f. Winter [Sans, him, hima, "snow;" Himalaya, "house of snow;" Himavat, "gifted with snow;" Mt. Ima- nus, Emodus ; Gr. Xeijuia, xeii?<<>>', X^''" % Lat. hibernus; Slav, ziuia; Lith. ziemaa hiems in Latin. ho-mo, minis, comm. gen. A human being, a piirson ; a man, woman [prob. akin to same root aa facio ; usually refer* ma VOCABULARY. 99 red to humus, "the ground," and so " the one pertaining to the ground."] hdnes-tus, ta, turn, adj. [for honos- tus; fr. hoiios (=honor), •'honour"] Honourable. hSnor (honos), Oris, m. Honour, re- spect, esteem. hora, 86, f. An hour [same root as Eng. year; Slav. Jara, (spring) ; Zend, vare ; Goth, jer(a) ; Norw. jaar : Ger. jahr]. horr-Ibills, Iblle, adj. [horieo (in act. force), " to tremble at"] Terrible, dread- ful, horrible. horr-Idus, Ida, Idum, adj. (horreo, " to stand on end," as hair, etc.; " to bris- tle;" lience, " to be terrible," etc.] Teni- hie, horrible, horrid, frightful. hor-tor, tatus sum, tari, i. v. dep. To strongly urge ; to exhort, advise, etc. [per- haps akin to root or in op-wixi, "to rouse "]. hos-pes, Itis, m. A host. hosplt-ium, ii. n. [hospcs, hospitis, " a host "] Hospitality. hos-tis, tis, com. gen. An enemy, or foe., of one's country. Plur. : The enemy [prob. akin to root ohas, " to eat."] hue, adv. [for hoc, adverbial, neut. aco. of hie, "this"] To this place, thither. hum-anus, ana, annum, adj. [for homin-anus; fr. homo, homin-is, "a man "] 0/, or belonging to, a man ; hu- man. Civilized, etc. hiim-Ilis, lie, adj. [hum-us, "the ground"] Low. hiimn-Ita3, Itatis, f. [humilis, " low"] LownesB, as opposed to height ; low build of vessels. I-bi, adv. In that place, there, [akin to pronominal root i, with suffix bi]. id-clr-cd, adv. [id, ace. neut. sing, of is, "that;" circ-a. "about, in respect to"] Therefore, on that account, for this or that reason. I-dem, elldem, Idem, (Gen. ejus-dem ; Dat. eidem), pron dem. [pronominal root I ; suffix demj The same. Iddndus, a, um, adj. Fit, euitalh, convenient. iffnis, is, m. Fira [see sedes]. i-gfndbilis, gnoblle, adj. [for in-gno- bilis; fr. in, "negative" particle; gno- bilis ( = nobilis), ' ' well-known "] Unknown to fame, obscure, not renowned, 1-gnd-ro, r&vi, ratum, rare, 1. v. a. [for In-gno-ro; fr. "negative" particle; root ONO, whence no-sco, old form gno-8CO,"to know"] Sot to know or know of ; to be iijnorant ((f; tobe unacqi'ainted ivith. i-gnosco, gnOvi, gnStum, gnosoere, 3. v. a. and n. [for in-gnosco ; fr. ia, "not;" giiosco, "to know"] To pardon. il-le, ilia, illud, (Gen. illlus ; Dat ilU), demonstr. pron. [tor is-le ; fr. i»l That person or thing. illi-go, l!gavi, llgatum, llgitre, 1. r. a. [for in-liy;o; fr. in, "on;' ligo, "to bind "] To bind or tie on, to fasten. im-mitto, misi, missum, mittCre, 3. v. a. (for in-mitto ; fr. in, "against" mitto, " to send "] To send against. im-mortalls, mortale, adj. [for in- mortalis ; fr. in, " not ;" mortalis, "mor- tal "] Immortal, undying. impedi-mentum, menti, n. [im- pedio, " to hinder "] A hindrance, im- pediment. ixap6dI-o, Ivi or Ii, itum, Ire, 4. v. a. [for in-i'cd-io ; fr. in, " in ;" pes, ped-is, " the foot"] To hinder, prevent, impede. im-pello, pftli, pulsum, puUere, 8. v. a. [for in-pello; fr. in, "against;" pello, "to drive "] To push forwards, instigate. imp§rator, toris, m. [imper^a)o] A commander, esp., a commander-tn-chie/. Impera-tum, ti, n. [imper(a)o, "to command"] A comma^id, order. im-peritus, piSrita, pentum, adj. [for in-pentus ; fr. in, "not ; " pentus, "skil- ful '] Unskillful, unskilled, or inea^eri- enred in. impSr-iura, Ii, n. [imper-o, "to com* mand "] A a mmand. im-pSro, peravi, pSrltum, pgrftre, l.v. a. anan. [for in-paro; fr. in, "upon;" paro, " to put "] To command, order, en- join, bid. With Ace. of Object demand- ed (with or without Dat. of person on whom the demand is made): To demand something of one ; to mams a demand, or requisition, on one for sometning. im-pdtro, petravi, petratum, pStrftre, 1. V. a. [for in-patro ; fr. in, " without force ; " patro, " to perform "] To get, obtain. im-pdtus, Qs, m. [impet-o. "to fall upon, or attack"] An attack, assault, OTuet." im-pl6ro, plOrSvi, p drfttum, plOr&re," l.v. a. [for in-i'loro ; fr. in, "upon y' ploro, "to bewail ; " hence, ''to cry out aloud "] To beg, beseech, intreat, invoke, implore. im-porto, portavi.portatum, portare, l.v.a. [for in-porto ; fr. in, " into ;" porto, "to carry or bring"] To carry or bring into a country, to i iport. im-provisus, prOvisa, prSvisum, adj. " provisus, [for in-provisus ; fr. in, " not ; " foreseen "] Unuxpected. 100 VOCABULARY. Im-prddens, prndentis, adj. [for in- Srudens ; fr. in, '* not ; " prudt n8=provi- ens, "foreseeing"] Inadvertent, heed- lest. imprudent-la, Iss, f. [imprudens im- prudent-is, "imprudent"] Imprudence, indiscretion. ki, prep. gov. abl. or ace: With Abl : In. With Ace.: Into. Of time: Unto, until (Gr. iv). inanis, e, adj. Empty. lncenstr€lo, struxi, structum, strflere 3. V. a. [in, "without force;" struo, "to build "] To bifid. Of troops, etc.: To ar- range, draw up, furnish, provide, supply. insuefactus, a, um, adj. [in, inten- live ; suesoo, " to accustom ;" faciOv " to make "'] Accustomed. in-8uetus, sueta, suetum, adj. [in, " not ; " suetus, " accustomed "] Not ac- customed. in-siil-a, », f. [for in-sal-a; fr. in, "in;" lal-um, " the sea "] An island. In-t6ff-er, ra, rum, adj. [for integer ; tr. in, " not ;" tango, "to touch," through root TAO] Sound, fresh, vigorous. inteM!gro, lexi, leoMim, llgSre, 3. v. a. ifor inter-lej40 ; fr. inter, "between;" ego, " to chose ") To see, perceive, com- prehend, understand, be aware of. Inter, prep. gov. aco.: Between, umong. Of time : During. Inter-cedo, cessi. cessum, cedSre, 3. f. n. [inter, "between;" cedo, "to go jroome"] To intervene. inter-clpio, cepi, ceptOm, clp£re, 3. r. a. [for inter-capio ; fr. inter, " be- tween ; " capio, " to take "J To intercept. Of troops, etc.: To cut off. InterclAdo, oIQsi, oiasum, ciadCre, 3. r, A. [inter, '^Tietween;" olaudo, "to ibut"] To prevent. Inter-dlco, dixi, dictum, dlcere, 8. v. n. [inter, "between;" dico, "to speak"] To forbid, prohibit,interdict. inter-dlu, adv. (inter, "during;" ob- sol diufsdies, "day "] During the day, by day. intdr-d&,adv. [forinter-eam ; fr. inter, " between ; " eam, aco. sing. fern, of is] Of time : J^eanwhile, in the meantime. int6r-do, Ivi or li, Itum, Ire, v. n. [in- ter, " among ; " eo, " to go "] To perish. inter-f icio, fSd, fectum, f Ic6re, 3. v. a. [for inter-faeio ; fr. inter, "between ; " facio, " to make "] To destroy consume. intSr-im, adv. [inter, " between ; " imseum, aco. maso.'sin)(. of is] In the meantime, meanwhile. intSr-ior, lus, comp. adj. obsol. [into*- us, " within "] Inner, interior. int6rl-tua, tus, m. [intereo, "to per- ish," through root TKR, " to rub"] Of per- sons : Death, eto. inter-mltto, misi, missum, mitt^re, 8. V. a. [inter, " apart ;" mitto. " to make to go "] To leave off, or discontinue, for a while ; to interrupt the doing of a thing. inter-pdno, pdsOi, pOsItum, pSnSre, 3. V. a. [mter, "between;" pono, "to put"] Of a promise: To interpose,pledi}e, eto. interpres, Ctis, comm. gen. (" A go- between agent ; " hence) An interpreter. inter-sum, fOi, esse, v n. [inter, "be- tween;" sum, "to be"] Of space, etc.. To be between, intervene. Inipers. : inter- esse, etc.: To be of advantage import- ance, consequence, eto. intra, prep. gov. aco. [contr. fr. intera, abl. sing. fem. of interus ; see interior] From the inside of, within. intr6-6o, Ivi o/r li, Itum, Ire, v. n. [intro, "within, inside;" eo, "togooj- come "] To go, or com^ inside ; to enter. introl-tus, tQs, m. [introeo, "to go within," through root i] An entiance, ap- proach. Intro-mittO, mTsi, missum. mittere, 8. V. a. fintro, '• within ; " mitto, " to cause or allow, to go "] To admit, receive, inside. lntr6-rumpo, rupi, ruptum, rum- pere, 3. v. n. into, ' within ; " rumpo, ^' to break"] To break within; to force one's way inside, etc. intus, adv. [Within, in the insiJe oi interior [akin to Or. ivT6s]. in-v6nIo, veni, ventum, vSnire, 4.v.a. [in, •• upon ;" venio, " to come"] To find, discover. 102 VOCABULARY. in*vdtdra>sco, vetersvi, no sup., vd- tSrasoere, 8. v. n. [*' without force ; '' ve- terasco. " to become old "] Of tbihgrs as subject : To become established, fixed or permanent. in-vicem, adv. (In, "according to;" vicem, aco. of vicis, " turn"] By turns. in-vito, avi, atum, are, i. v. a. To in- vite. In-Vi-tus, ta, turn, adj. ("Not desir- ing ; " hence) L .iWlUing, reluctant, aijainst one's wiU [in, " not ; " root vi, "to desire"] 1-pse, psa, psnm, pron. dera. [for is- pse ; fr. is ; suffix psej Self, very, iden- tical. ir-rumpo, rflpi, niptum, rumpCre, 8. V. n. [for in-rumpo ; fr. in, " into ; " rumpo, " to break or burst "] To break, or burst, into ; to, force ona's way into. is, 6a, id, pron. dera. [pronominal root I] This, that, person or thing just men- tioned. Ita, adv. Thiis, in this way, or man- ner, so. Of extent or degree : So, so very [see hie] Itfi.Ua, isB, f. Italy: a country of Southern Europe ; Or. ItoKo^, "a heifer;" Lat. vitulus ; Slav, telici ; Lith. telas.] itfi.-que, conj. [ita, "thus;" que, "and"] And thus, and so, therefore. item, adv.: So, even so, in like man- ner; likewise. iter, Itlngris, n. [eo, "to go ;" through root I] Of troops : A march, a road, way. itdrum, adv. Anew, afresh, a second time, again. j&Cio, jSci, jaotum, JacSre, 8. v. a. To throw, cast, fling [root jac, " to throw."] J&CiUuin, i. D. [jacul-us, " that may, or oan be cast;" fr. jacio, " to oast "] A - javelin, dart, missile. Jam, adv. [prob. for eam, fr. it, '* this"] .^t this time, now, already. Jtibdo, Jussi, jussum, jilhere, 2. v. a. To order, command, bid [perhaps, jus- hibeo; juf, "right;** and habeo, "to have."] JAdic-Ium, II, n. A trial, decision. JlH-dlC-O, avi, atum, are, 1. V. a. and n. [for jur-dic-o; fr. jus, jur-is, "law;" dio-o, " to point out "] Act.: To dteide, determin$. iOg-nm, i, n. [root JTO, " to Join ; "• Qr.^yov, ihtyoi ; Lat. jungo, Jumentum ; Ooth. Juk ; O.H.O. Jo,S oLkos.] l8Stfi,-tia tISnfs, f. [l8Bt(a)-or, "to b» languid "] Languor, lassitude, wearineas. Ift-pis, pidis, m. A ttone [akin to Ad-c, "a stone."] late, adv. [lat-us, "wide"] Widely, far and wide. l&t-do, Qi, Hum, Sre, 2. ▼. n. and a.: 1. Neut. : To lie hid, be (■oncealed.—2. Act. To lie hid or be conctaUd from ; tn escape the notice of [root lat, " to lie hid ; " op. Aij0i}, A)j9(i>, Ad9pa.] la.tuSt a, um, adj. Broad, wide, [for (st)latu8, root bta, " to stand ; " cp. lisa (st)li8 ; locus = (st)loous. Peile gives latus, from root star, "to scatter;" cp. Or. trropivwiit,', Lat. stemo. stramentum, torus, (=storu8); Goth, stranja ; O.H.Q. strao ; Eng. strew, straw. J l&tus, Sris, n. [prob. akin to latas, " wide"] A side. Of an army: Th4 flanks. laud-o, avi, atum. are, L t. •. [laus» laud-fs, "praise"] To praise. latus, laudis, f. [for (c)laus ; op. lamen* tor=.(o)lamentor. For root of laus, set gloria.] Praise, ctmvmendation. ISfffirtio, tidnis, f. neg(a)-o, •* to tend on an embassy "] An $mSasty. VOCABU.\iAAY 103 [l»ui» leg&tus, titm. [id.] An ambassador. Milit.: A lieutenant-general. le-grio, lonis, f. leg-o, "to levy or en- list "1 A Roman lei/ion, consisting of 10 cohorts of infantry, and a squadron of 300 cavalry. lesfion-arlus aria, arium, adj. [legio, legion-is, "a legion "] 0/ or beonging to a legion; legionary. lenis, e, adj. Mild, gentle. leniter, adv. Remissly, slowly, with- out spirits. Id-pus, pOris, m. [root lev, "light;" cp. Or. £-Aax-w5, e-yatt>-p6i ; Lat. levis; O. H. G. liht] A hare. 16v-is, e, adj.: 1. Light, swift, rajnd. — 2. Liijht-ininded, fickle, inconstant, etc. [seelepus.] 16v-ita3, Itatis, f. [levis, "light"] Lightness. 16v-0, avi, atuin, are, 1. V. a. [levis] To ease, relieve. lex, legis, f. [for leg-s; fr. %-o, "to read "] A law or enactment. liber, era. erum, adj. Free, possessing freedom or liberty [akin to root Li', "to loose;" i-AevS-epos ; Lat. 8olvo( = se-luo.)j lib6r-e, adv. [1. liber] Freely, Le., «n- resirictedly, without restraint. * libSr-i, erOruni, m. plur. (the sing, only in late Lat.) Childrtn [root lub or LIB ; Eng. lief, " to desire or love."] llbSro, avi, atum, are, 1. v. a. [liber, " free "] To free, setjree, or give freedom to; to deliver. liber-tas, t&tis, t [id.] Freedom, liberty. lI-c6o, til, Itum, ere, (usually only in 8rd pers. sing, and in inf. mood), 2. v. n. To be allowable ; To b* permitted or law- ful. lis, litis, f.: Strife, diapvte, contention. [Old form (stalls; cp. Ger. streit]. litdra, », f.: Sing.: A letter or charac- ter ot the alphabet. Plur.: A letter, epistle; [root LI, " to smear."] litus, tdris, n. [prob. li, root of li-no, "to overspread"] Tht geashort, beach, •trand. ldc-U8, i, m. A place; rank, occasion (for (st)locus. From root 8TA, "to stand;" Gr. i7Ti}/uii, iiTTof, vrri\ri ; Lat. stare, sisto, ■tatuo; O. U. O. stamj Goth, standa; Lith. stoti.] lonST-O* <^v- [long-us, " long ; " hence, "far oil"] Farof,atadistanct. By far, very much, greatly. longr-inquus, a. um, adj. (for long. maid. v. a. I'o en* 104 TOOABULART. m&r-ItTmus. itima, itimum, adj. iniar-e] Of or belonging to the tea; on the ieu'coatt, maritime. m4tdr-Ia, I», f. [mater, mat(e)r-is, "a producer"] Wood, timber. m&tOr-US, a, urn, adj. Early. mddld-cris, ore, adj. [medius, un- contraoted gen. medio-i, "middle"] iloderate. medl-terr-&ndus, anea, aneum, adj. [medius, " middle ; " terra, " land ; " henoe, " country "] Of, or helonginrj to, the middle of the land or country, inland, etc. mdd-IuB, la, lum, adj. That which is in the middle or midtt ; Gr. mlYv; Lat. di-mid-ius.] Meldi, drum, m. plur. : The Meldi \ a people of Gaul whose chief town, Meldse, IS now called Meaux. membrum, i. n. [tor memrum, by Tedupl. from root mar, *• to die ; " cp. (ixopTot, ikapawut \ Lat. mora, morior, mar- cesco.] mdmdrla, lB.f. [memor, "mindful"] Memory, recollection, remembrance. mens, tis, f. The mind, as being the seat of thought [see maneo.] men-sura, stlra, f. A msamring, ineaaure, measurement ; [see manic] mSr-Sor, Itus. sum, eri, 2. t. dep. To deserve, m^rit akin toMOR,rootof futi- pofiai, " to obtain by lot."] mdridl-anus, &na, ilimm, adj. [mer- idi-es. "mid-day"] Of, or belonging to, fnid-day: noon. mdridl-es. diet. m. [for medi-dies ; fr. medi-us, "middle;" dies, "day"] Mid-day, noon. The South. mdri-tum, iti, n. [mer-eor, "to de- serve "J Kindness, service, merit. mStus, Qs, m. Fear, dread. mS-iis, a, tim, pron. possess. [Of, or belonging to, me ; my, mine.] miles, Itis. comm. gen.: A soldier connected with mille, "a thonsand." Each of the three Roman tribes furnished this number to form a legion ]. m!llt-aris,iire,adj. [miles, militis] Of, or belonging to, a soldier ; military. mill-e, num. adj. inded. A thousand. min-ilo, fli, Qtum, fitre, S. v. a. Tti make less; to lessen, diminish.— Vsiiss.: mln-uor. utus, sum, ui [root min "to lessen ; " Gr. n>.v\>9u), fititav ; Lat. minor, ninister; Goth. mins(lcs8.)] niir-ror, ratus, sum, rari,l. v. dep. To tdmirt; to be amazed [smi, "to smile."] mltto, misl, missum, i^lttCre, 1 ▼. a.: To allow ; to go ; to send. mddd, adv. Only, merely [up to a measure (modus); root ha, see manus.] mddus, di, m. A manner, a mode ; kind [see manus]. moMls, le, adj. Soft [root mar, "to rub;" Gr. /acAfiw; Lat. uiartellus, mal- leus ; Goth, malma (sand) ; £ng. mellow, mild, melt. mdn-do, Oi, Itum, ere. 2. v. a. To warn, admonish, advis*. [see maneo]. mon-8, tis, m. [for min-s ; fr min-eo, " to project "] A mountain, mount. mdra, », f. Delay. [Curtius derives this root from smar, "to remember;" Gr. fiipiixva ; Lat. memoria. Max Miller says it is from root mar, " to die,'' see membrum. ] Mdr-ini, Oram, m. plur.: The Morini: a people of Belgic Gaul. mor-ror, &tus, sum, &ri, 1. T. dep. a. [mor-a, " delay "J To delay. mors, tis, f. Death [see membrum.] m-08, Sris, m. [prob. for me-os; fr. me-o, " to go "] Practice, usage, euatom. mo-tus, tOa, m. [for mov-tus; fr. mov-eo] A moving, motion ; commotion, rising rebellion. movdo, movi, mdtum, mOv9re, 2. v. a. To move, net in motion. mult-itudo, Itudlnis, f. [mult-us] A multitrtde ; the mass of the people. mult-um, adv. (adverbial neut. ol mult-us] Much, greatly, frequently. mul-tus, ta, turn, adj.: Much [con- nected with root MAa, see mng-nus.] mun-io, (old form moan-io), Ivi or li, Itum, ire, 4. v. a. To huild a wall, oi raise fortifications, around; to fortify [rootMUN, "to defend;" Gr. a-nvv-iiv\ Lat. mums (=munrus)i moenial com- munis.] munl-tio, tlOnis, f. [muni-o, " to for- tify "J A fortifying, rampart. mur-us, i, m. The wall of a oity [see munic] nam, conj. For. nam-qu6, conJ. [nam ; que] An em* phatic confirmative piarticle : For, for in- deed, for tnUy. na(n)c-iscor, nactus, sum, nani>isci, 8. V. dep.: To get, obtain. na-scor, (old form arnascor). tus. sum, sci, 3. V. dep.: To beoom; sprung, or descended, from ; to be produced [see gens]. nft-tlo, tI5nis, f. [na-scor, "to be bora "] A nation, race of people. VOCABULARY. 106 nA-tOra, turn, f. [id.] The nature, i.e., the natural property, etc., of a thing. nauta, n, m. A tailor, seaman [vav- nav-alis. &Ie, adj. [nav-b, " a ship "] a aval, tea-. zAvie&'tlo, tlOnia, f. [navig a)-o. "to Bail "] A tailing, navigation. navlgr-Ium, !i, n. [navlg-o] A vetsel, ship, bark. nAv-IgO, IgfUvi, Igatum, IgSlre, 1. v n. [na-vis, " a ship ; " and apo, '• to drive "] To saU, set tail. n&vls, is f. A ship [root nav. " to •ail;" Or. i/aDs, vim; Lat. nauta (= nav- ita); O. H. G. nacho 'nachen.)] ne, adv. and conj.:' Adv.: Not—ne qmdem, not even. ConJ.: That not, lest. nee ; see neoque. u6-cessarI-o, adv. [neccssari-us, " ne- cessary " ] Necessarily, unavoidably. nd-ces-se, neut. adj. [found only in . Nom. and Aco. sing. ; sometimes use4 as a substantive, and in connection with sum or habeo i [ for ne-oed-se ; fr. ne, " not ; " cedo, " to yield " ] Unavoidable, inevit- able, not to be avoided ; necessary. nSc-O, 5vi, atum, are, 1. v. a. To kill, put to death, slay [root nak, " to harm ; " Gr. I'CKpos, v€Kvt ; Lat. noceo, nex, necare, nox, niger.] neir-llgro, lexl, leotum, ligSre, 3. v. a- I for neo-lego ; fr. nee, '* not ; " lego, "to gather " ] To overlook, neglect. ne-gr-o, avi, atum, are, 1. V. n. and a.: Neut.: To say no. Act.: To deny a thing, or that a thing, etc., is, etc. nder-otium, otii, n. [for necotium: fr. nee, " not ; " otium, " leisure " ] An a,f- fair, huginest transaction, difficulty. nemo, minis, coram, gen, [contr. fr. ne-homo ; fr. ne, " not ; ''^homo, " a per- son " ] No person, no one, nobody. n-equaqu&m. adv. [ne, "not; " qua- quam. adverbial abl. fem. of' quisquam, "any *'] Not by any meant, by no means. nd-qud (contracted neo), conj. [ne, "not;" que, "and "J And not, nor:— neque (neo). . . .neque {neo),, neither nor. neu ; see neve. nS-vey(oontFactednett); oodJ. And, not, nor, nihil, see nihilum. In adverbial foro*. In no reapft or degree : not at all. nl-Udum, 1, (apocopated nihil, oontr. nil, indeol.) n. [lor ne-hilum; fr. ne. "not," hilum (--Uun^ "a thieed", Natkiua. nl-8l. conJ. [ne, "not;"8l, "IfJ If not, i.e., unlets, except. nd-bllis, bile, adj. [no-soo, "to know"] Famous, renoioned, celebrated. AsSubst.: nobiles, iun, m. plur. Nobles, noble- men. nobllltas, Itatis, f. [nobil-is, "noble"! 'The nobility, the noblet. ndc-do, tii, Itum, ere, 2. v. n. To harm, hurt, injure [see necoi. noctu, f. [abl. of obsolete nootuB=noxJ By night ; in the course of the night. noct-urnuB, uma, urnum, adj. [nox,. Doct-is, "night"] Of or belonging to, the night, nocturnal night. n-6lo, 6\Qi, oUe, v. irreg. [contracted^ fr. ne-volo ; ne, "not ; " volo, " to wish"] 7'o not wish, to be unwilling. no-men, minis, n. [no-sco, "to know"] A name. nomina-tim, adv. [nomin(a)-o, "to name " ] By name, eaepressly. non, adv. Not. non-dum, adv. [ non, " not ; " dum, "yet"] Not yet. non-nuUus, nulla, nullum, adj. [non» *' not ; " nuUus, " none " ] Some. non-nunquam. adv. [ non, " not ; " nunquam, " never"] Sometimei, adj. [ for novnus ; Ninth. no-SCO (old form gno-sco). vi, turn, scfire, 3. v. a.; In present tense and deriv- atives : To acquire a knowledge of; to come to know. In perfecc tense and de- rivatives : To have acquired a knowledge of; to know [root ONO. "to know;'* Gr. voeui yvSivaif Lat. nosoo, nomen, notus, gnavus, gnarus ; O. H. G. knau (know) ; Goth, kann (kennen, ken)]. nos-ter, tra, trum, (pron, poss. [nos, " we " ] Our, OUT oum, ours. ndvissimus, a um, sup. adj. no- vus, "new"] In time or order; Last; the rear of an army, whether in the field or on march. nov-itas, Itatis, f. [id.] Novelty, un- usualness, ttrangenett. ndvus, a, um, adj. New [root kov, " new ; " Gr. vtos. vtaviat ; Lat. novaIi% de-nuo, nuper (=noviper), nuntius (novi* ventius) ; Slav. novu]. nox, noctis, f. Night [see neoo]. nud-o, fivi, atunoL &re, 1. v. a. [nud-us^ " naked ; bare " ] To nuike or lay bar» i to expote. n-ullus, uUa, ullum,adj. i for ne-ullu»; fr. ne, " not ; " ullus, " any ; " Not any^ nonet no- non-xis, na, num, fr. nov-em, "nine"] 106 VOCABULARY. niim-6rus, Cri, m. A number, ftreat numbers [ akin to vifitiv, " to distribute, v6iJLot, voixiin', Lat ne-mus, nummus ; Goth, nima (nehme^ ; Lith. namas (=Lat. 'doniuortu7dty, occasion. occd.-sus, sQs, m. [for occad-sus ; fr. ocoid-o, "to set"] Of the sun, etc: Tht setting or gcing down. OC-cido, oldi, casum, oldere, 3. v. n. [for ob-caao; fr. ob. "without force;" cado, " to fall " ] Of the heavenly bodits : To go down, set. oc-cido, oldi, cisum, ctdcre, 3. v. a. [for ob-csedo ; fr. ob, "against;" caedo, " to strike " J To ciU doum, kill, slay, slaughter. OCCUl-to, tavi, tatum, tare, 1. v a. in- tens. To hide, conceal, secrete [ob, "over;" root KAli, "to hide;" Gr. KaXvirrot; Lat. c(a)Iam, celo, caligo] OC-ciil-O, 01, turn, 6re, 3. v. a. [ for oh- cul-o; fr. ob, "over;" root kal] To hide or conceal. occultus, a, um : Hidden, secret. occtipa-tid, tlonis, f. [ocoup(a)-o, "to occupy, ''^ akin to oapioj. An occupation, employment. OC-ciip-O, avi, atum, are, l. v. a. [ for ob-cap-o ; fr. ob, " without force ; " cap, root of cap-io, "to take"] To take or lay hold of, to seize. oc-curro, curri (rarely cQourri), cur- sum, currfire, 3. v. n. [for ob-ourro ; f r. ob, " up or towards ; " curro, " to rnn ; " To meet, fall in with. occur-so, savi, satum. sare, 1. v. n. intens. [for ooourr-so ; fr. ocourro, " to run (forward) against, to rush upon"] To rush violently upon or against; to rush to the attack, to attack. Ocd&nus, i. m. [perhaps from wkv;, "swift;" vdut, "to flow," or iivai, "to go "] The ocean. dc-ius, eomp. ad.: More quickly. The po9. oc-iter is found only in late I^t.: the sup. oo-issime is classical [akin to Gr. mKvt, " quick, swift."] oct-i-n-grent-i, sb, a, num. adj. plur. [for oot-i-n-cent-i ; fr. oct-o, "eight;" (i), connecting vowel ; (n) epenthetic ; cent- um, " a hundred ''] £ight hundred. OCto, num. adj. indecl. Eight [Or. oKTw ; Goth, ahtan (acht, eight)]. octo-ddcim, num. adj. indecl. [for octo-decem; fr. octo, "eight;" decern, "ten"] Eighteen. OCtpjrlntg., num. adj. indecl. ("Eight tens") mghty [ooto, "eight;" ginta^Ko- vTa="en."] ^ dc-iUus, till, m. An eye [akin to Gr. OK-Oi.] of-fdro, ob-taii ob-I&tum, of-ferre, v. a irreg. [ob, "towards." and ferre, "to bear"] To present, offer. VOCABULARY. 107 ■to Of-f Ic-Ium, Tl, n. [for op-facium ; (r. (opa) op-is, "aid;" facio, "to perfnrm," tte.] A nervice incumbent on one ; a duty, office. omn-ino, adv. romn-is] Altogether, wholly. With numerals : In all. omnis, e. adj. : Sin^. : Of a class : Every, all. The whole of ; nil. dn6r-arlus, aria, arlunt, adj. [onus, oner-is, ' * a burden"] Of, or beloiKjimj to, a burden. 5ndr-o, 9,vi, atum, fire, 1. v. n. [onus- oner-is, '• a load" Of vessels : To load, put a freight, etc., on board. onus, £ris, n : A burden, load [pro- bably from root an, " to breathe," "what makes one breathe," see animus.] dpSr-&, », f. [opero, "to work"] Pains, exertion, work, labour. 6pin-io, lonis, f. [opin-or, " to think"] Opinion, suppotition, belief, expectation. dportet, flit, ere (onhr in 3rd person and Inf. mood), 2 v. n. (It) it necensary, fit, proper, right ; (it) behooves. oppidum, i. n. A totim. opportun-e, adv. [opportunus, "sea- sonable"] Seasonably, opportunely. op-port-unus, una, unum, adj. [for ob-port-unus ; fr. ob, " over against ;" portus, "a harbour"] Convenient, suit- able, opportune. op-primo, pressi, pressum, prlmSre, 3. V. a [for ob-prenio ; fr. ob, " against ;" premo. " to press"] To overpower, over- throw, defeat. oppugna-tio, tlonis, f, [oppugna(o), " to storm"] A stormirig, besieging ; as- satUt. op-pugrno, pugnavi, pugnatum, pug- nfire, v. a. [for obpugno, fr. od, "against;" pugno, "toflght To fight against; at- tack. opus, Sris, n. : Work, toil, labour; military work, fortification. 6pU8, (only m nom. and aoc.), n. in- decl. Need, necessity. — In connection with some part of sum used as an adj. : l^eedful, necessary. dra. «B, f . The cocut, sea-coast. dratio, tWnis, f. tor(a)o, " to speak"] A speech, oration. dr3.-tor, toris, m. [id.] An ambassa- dor charged with an oral message. orb-is, is, m. A circle or ring. ord-o, Inis, ra. [ord-ior, " to weave"] Arrangement, order; line, rank, of soldiers. Srlens, ntis: Assubst. : ("The rising sun ;" hence) The East, as the quarter where the sun rises. 6r-Ior, tus, sum, iri, 3 and 4. v. dep. ; To rise, in the fullest power of the word. Of oii^in : To spring, or descend frurn [root OR, " to be uplifted ;" Gr. opwfii ; Lat. ordior, origo ; [see arbor.] 6r-o, avi, atum, &re, 1. v. a. [os, or-is, "the mouth"] To pray, beg, entreat, beseech. OS, ons (Gen. plur. not found), n. The mouth; countenance. OS-tendo, tendi, tensum, tendfire, 3. v. a. I for obs-tendo ; fr. obs (=ob), " be- fore or over against ;" tendo, " to stretch out"] To t,how, exhibit, declare, setfotth, make known . osten-to, tavi, tatum, tare, 1. v. a. intens. [for ostend-to ; fr. ostend-o, " to show"] To mention tvith boasting; to boast, or vaunt, of. pabiila-tor, tons, m. [pabul(a)or, "to forage"] A forager. pabiU-or, atus, sum, ari, l. r. dep. Forage, [for pat-i-bulor ; root pa—" to feed ;" cp. irareofxai, nari^p ; Lat. pasco, pastor : Goth, patar ; O. H. G. fater (vater)]. pac-o, avi, atum, are, l. v. a. [root PAK, " to fix ;" op. palus, pagus, pagina ; Gr. wi/iyvuixi] To bring into a state of peace or.quietness ; to tranquilize. peene, adv. Nearly, almost. p&lam, adv. Openly. pd,l-us, tldis, f. A swamp, marsh, hybrid word; for pal-uds; fr. irnA-os, " clay ;" ud-us, " wet, moist."] p&r, pans, adj. Equal. parco, pSperoi (less frequently parsi) parcltum and parsum, paroSre, 3. v. n. [parcus, " sparing"] To spare, to abstain, or refrain, from ; to let alone. par-6o, tli, Itum, ere, 2. v. n. To obey. p&r-Io, pSrperi, partum, parSre, 8. v. a. Toobtain,proeure, acquire, [akin to pars. p&r-O, avi, atum, are, 1. v. a. To make, or get, ready ; to prepare [probably akin to par^.] par-s, tis, f. A part, piece, portion, or share, root, par, [" to put forth ; Gr. TTopoi ; Lat. Portio, parens.] part-im, adv. partior, "to divide" Partly, in part. parvtUus, la, lum, adv. dim. [for paro-lus ; fr. parvus, (uncontracted Gten.) parvo-i, " small"] Very, or quite, tmcUl, or little ; slight, petty, trifling. 108 VOCABULART. par-vu8, va, vum, odj. fprob. akin to par-i, " a part" J Small, little. passim, adv. [for pad-aim, from root, PAD, "to spread ; cp. pando.] pSiS'SUS, sQs, m. [for padaus ; f r. pad! root of pando, " to spreaa out "] A ttep or pace : A pace equal to Ave Roman feet. pft.ter, tris, m. [see pabulor.] A father. P&tlor. pnBsus sum, p&ti, 8. v. dep. : To bear, endure, suffer, [root path, " to suffer ;'* Or. naStlv, winovOa.] pauc-Itas, It&tis, f. [pauc-us, "small;" see pauous] A tmall nui.'iber, email numoers, fetenees. paucus, a, um, adj.: Singr. : Small whether in size or extent. Plur. : Few. pauI-S.tim, adv. [paul-us, "little" By little and little ; by degrees, generally, paul-isper, adv. [id.] For a little while, for a short time. paul-d, adv. Fadverbial abl. of paul- um, " a little"] By a little ; a little, some- what. pauI&Mm, adv. [adverbial neut. of paulul-us, " very little"] Just a little; a very little ; a little or somewhat. paul-um, adv. [adverbial neut. of paul>U8, "little"] A little, somewhat. pax, pads, f. [see paco]. Peace. pdciinia, nte, f. [for pecud-nia ; fr. pecus, pecudis, "cattle"] Property, riches, wealth ; a sum of money. pSc-US, Oris, n. In collective force : Cattle, as tied up in stalls ; a herd of cattle. pSd-es, Itis, m. [for ped-i-t-s ; fr. pes, ped-is, " a foot ;" (t) epenthetic ; i, root of eo, " to go"] A foot-soldier.— Vhu. : Infantry. pddest-er, tris, tre, [pes, " a foot ;"] On land. pdple-i- simus ; changed as follows : plei-simus, pli-simus. ploi-simus, plol^rumus, plu- rimus] Sing.: Very mtuh. pliUs, plQris, comp. adj. (oontr. and changed fr. ple-or ; rvn, root of ple-o," to fill ;" comparative suffix, " or "] 3[ The people [probably for pol-pol-us ; fr. iroX-vt, (" many ") reduplicated ; see am- plus.] porro. adv. Further, moreover, [TTOppui.] por-ta, te, f. A gate of a camp, [root PER. or POR, '* to pass through ; " Or. TTopof, irepdw; portuB, porto, peritus; Goth, faran; Eng. ferry,— fare, in the thoroughfare.] por-to, tavi, tatum, tare, 1. ▼. a. To carry, convey. por-tus, tus, m. [akin to portal] A harbour, haven, port. PQSCO, pOposci, no sup. poscfire, 8. ▼. a. To ask, beg, request, demand. possum, pottli, no sup. posse, ▼. n. irreg. [for pot-sum; fr. potis, "able;" sum, ' • to be "] To be able, or powerful ; to have power to do, etc., something. post, adv. and prep, [perhaps contr. f r. pone (" behind "), est, ^' it is^'] Adv. : Of time: Afterwards, after, later, etc. Prep. gov. Ace.: Of place : After, behind. Of time : After, subsequent to. post-da, adv. [probably for post-earn,. i.e., post, "after; ^ earn, ace. smg. fern, of is, " this," " that"] After this or that ;. afterwards. In combination with quam» or as one word : After that. T no VOCABULARY. post-firUB, era, erum, adj. [post, •' after "J Coming after, following next. postpdno, pdsni, pOsltum, pOnfire, 8, V. a. [post, "after;" pono, "to put"] To postpone. postquam, adv; [post, " after" quam, " that " ] After that, when. pOBtrdm-O, adv. [po8trem-ui, "last"] At la$t, lastly, in the hut place. poBt-rldle, adv. [contr. fr. posteri-die, i,e. poster-o, die ; the respective ablatives of poster-US, " following ; " dies, " day ; " with (!) connecting vowel] On the day, on the following day, on the morrow. poBtillo, &vi, &tum, &re [aliin to posoo] To demand. pdtds-tas, tatis, f . [for potent-tos ; f r. potens, potent-is, '• powerful " ] Power. prBB-aciitUB. a, urn, adj. [ prae, "be- fore;" aoutus, '"sharpness"] Sharp at the point. giree-cep-s, dpltis, adj. [for prte-ca- s ; fr. prae, "before ; " caput, capit-is, '' the heaa "] Of persons : Headlong, in headlong flight. preecep-tum, ti, n. [forpr89captuni; fr. prsBuipio, "to order"] An order, comjnand, injunction, eto. preeclpio, copi, ceptum, cipcre, 3, v. a. and n. [ for pr»-capio ; f r. praa, " be- forehand ; " capio ; "to take " ] To en- join, direct, order, bid, command. praecip-iius, Oa, flum. adj. [ prsecip- io, " to talce before " ] Particuiar, especial. pr8B-clCdO, clusi, clusuni, oiadcie, 3. V. a.[ prsB, " before ; " oludo (= clau- do), " to shut or dose " To shut or dose, before or in front', to block up, stop. grea-C-O, Onis, m. [for prse-ci-o ; prsB, ifore ;" cl-eo, in force of "to call"'] A crier, herald. . preeda, m, t. [for pnehenda ; from pre- hendo, "to seize"] Booty, plunder, spoil, pillaffe. presd-ori ^tus, sum, ari, 1. v. dep. Ipned-a. ' ' plunder " ] To plunder, spoil, pillage, eto. preedTco, ftvi. &tum, are, fpne, " pub- licly;" dico, "to proclaim''^] To an- nounce. prce-fectus, i, m. [for prsBf actus ; prse, " before ; " facio, " to do,'' " appoint " A yrefeet. prse-f6ro, toli, latum, ferre, v. a. [prsB, " before ; " fero, " to bear or carry " ] io take or choose, in preference ; to perfer, pree-flclo, feci, factum, f :cere, 3 v. a. [for prsB-faoio, fr. pwe, " before ;" facio. "to make"! To set, or vtoM woer; to appoint to the command of. prsB-mitto, misi, missum, mitt£re, 8. V. a. [pr», " before ; " mitto, " to send " J To send before, or forward; to tend in advance. prae-m-Iun:, li, n. [for pm-emium ; fr. pre, " before ; " em-o, " to take " J JRe- ward recompense. pree-p&ro, paravi, p&r&tum, parare, 1. V. a. [ pna, "beforehand ;" paro, " to get ready " ] To get ready beforehand ; to prepare. pres-s-ens, entis (abl. sing, usuallv praesente of persons, prassenti of things), adj. I prae, '' before ; " s-um, " to be '' i Present. pres-sentio, sensi, sensum, sentire, 4. V. a. [pna, 'beforehand;" sentio, "to perceive " ] To perceive or become aware of, beforehand. pree-ser-tlm, adv. [ pr», " before ; " sero, " to arrange " Especially, particu- larly. preesld-lum, li, n..[priB8ideo, "to sit before ;" hence "to guard"] Protec- tion, defence ; protecting force, garrison. prae-sto, stiti, stitum, stare, i. v. a. [prae, "before; " sto, "to stand "J To exhibit show, mantfest, evince; supply, furnish, execute. prae-sum, ffli, esse, v. n. [prae, "be- fore ; " sum, " to be " J To be oner, rule : to preside over. prae ter, prep. gov. aoo. [ praa, " be- fore ; " demonstrative sutHx ter j Past, beyond ; in addition to, except. praetdr-6&, adv, [ for praeteream ; f r. pneter, ' ' beyond ; " eaui, oco. sin^j:. teni. of pron. is, " this " ] Besides, moreover, further. praeter-mltto, misi, missum, mit- tere, 8. v. a. [praeter " beyond," and mitto, " to send " ] To pass by. prae-uro, ussi, ustQm, QrSre, 8. v. a. [prae, "before;" uro, "to bum"] To burn at the end, or tip. prSzuo, prcssi.pressum, prSmere, 3 v. a. In war : H^o press hard or dose. prez, prec-is ( Nom. and Oen. Sing. i prayer, request, obsol.; mostly in blur.), f. [ for prec-s ; fr. prec-or, "to ask '] A p entreaty, petition. pri-iUe, adv. [for pna-die ; fr. praa, " before ; " die, abL sing, of dies, "day "] On the dky before. prim-o, prim-xim, adv. [primus, " first " ] At first, in the firtt place, at the beginning, firstly. VUCAIiULARY. HI prt-mu8t ma, mum, lup. adj [for |>ne>mus ; (r. prao, " before : ^ with super- ative ■ufflx mua] First, the first. The win of the army. prlnceps, ipis, m. [prinoepa. "chief" ] A chUiftain, prince, eto. prlnolp-fttus, atQs, m. [princeps, prlnoip-is, " a chief person " ] Chief au- thority, ehie/tainship, rule, eto. prt*or, ua, oomp. adj. [for prte-or ; fr. prsB, "before; "with comp. auttix or] former, previous, prior. grlB-tlnus, Una, tlnum, adj. [obsol, ."before"] Former, 2'^^viotig, an- vient. prius, comp. adv. [ adverbial neut of prior, "before '] Before, sooner: — prius quam (or. as one word, prius-quani), soon- er than, before that. priv-atlm, adv. [ priv-us, " single ; " hence " private " ] In private, privately. privatus, a, um: Apart from the state, belonffing to an individual person, private. priV-O, avi, atum, are, 1. v. a. [ priv- us, ' * aingle " ] To t^ereave, deprive. prd, prep, pov. abl.: Be/ore, in front ■o/; in the place of, for, on account of, in return for. prob-O, avi, atum. are, l. v. a. [prob- us, •' good " J To esteem, or regard, as ijood ; to approve of. prd-cedo, cessi, oessum, oSdere, S. v n. [ pro, " forward ; " cedo, " to go " ] To •goforwards, advance. prdcul, adv. [tee celer]. Of place. At a distance, far off. prd-ourro. ottourri and curri, cur- flum, ourrCre, 3. v. n. [pro, " forwards ; " curro, " to run " ] To run or rush for- wards. prd-d-So, Ivi, or li, Itum, ire, v. n: (pro, "forth;" (d)epenthetic; eo, "to go"] To go, or com*, forth or out; to advance. prd-do, didi, ditum, d^re, 3. v. a. [pro, " forth ; " do, " to put " ] To hand down, transmit. prd-duco, duxi, duotum, duot^re, 8. V. a. [ pro, " forwada ; " duco, " to lead " ] To lead forward or forth. prCBlI-dr, atus, sum, ari, v. dep. [ proeli- um, " battle " ] To join battle, fight en- gage. prosUum, 11. n. A battle, et^age mmt. pr6fec-tlO, tISnis, f [forprofactio; fr. profioiscor, "to set out," ] A setting otit, 4eparture, V. To prd-flcl8-c0r, fec-tus sum, flciBci, 3. v. dep. n. inch [ for pro-faoiscor ; fr. pro, " I >rwnrd ; " fac-io, " to make " J Of per- sons : To set out, go, proceed, prd-flt6or, fessus sum. fitflri, 2. v. dep. [pro-fateor; fr. pro, "openly;" fa- teor; "to own"]. With Personal pron. in reflexive force and a second aoo.: To declare, avow, or profess one's self. prd-merio, fagl, fQgltum, fOgiJre.S. n.l pro, "forth ; " fugio, " to flee "] fiee forth or away; to escape. prd-grrddlor, gressus sum. gredi, 8. v. dep. [for pro-grarlior ; from pro, "forth or forward ; " gradior, " to step or go " | To step, or go, forth or forward ; to ad- vance, proceed. pr6-hIb6o, hlbOi. hibltum, hlbfire 2. v. a. [ for pro-habeo , fr. pro, " before ; " habeo, " to hold " ] To hold or keep back, ward off, hinder, restrain, prevent. Jtrd-lnde, adv. [ pro, "without force ; " e. "hence",! Hence, ther^ore, ac- cordingly. prd JlciO. jed, Jectum, Jlcere, 3. v. a. [for pro-Jacio ; fr. pro, " forwards ;" Jacio, " to cast "j To throw or cast forwards. Sromls-SUS, sa, sum, adJ t-8U8 ; fr^ proniitt-o, " to allow to' go [for pro- low to go Hanijiny down, forwards "] Of the hair ; long, flowing. pro-nuntlO, nuntlavi, nuntWtum, nuntLIre, 1. v. a. [prob. " openly ; " nun- tic, "to announce''] To make known, pro- claim. prope, adv. [adverbial neut. of obsol. adj. pro, is, "near"] If ear, almost. prd-pello, pQli, pulsum, pellere, 3. v. a. [pro, "forwards;'' pello, "to drive"] To drive forwards or before one's self. pr6-p6r-6, avi, atum, are, 1. v. n. fproper-u8, " hastening ''J To hasten, make haste. prd-pinquus, a, um, adj. |for pro- hino-us; fr. prop-e; hinc, "from this place "] Of relationship, etc. ; Near, kin- dred, related. propono. pflstli, pOsItum, poncre, 3. V. a. (pro, ''before r*' pono, "to put"] To put, place or set before a person ; to mention, make known, state, offer, pro- pose. prop-ter, prep gov. ace. (obsolete adj. prop-is, "near"] On account, or by reason, of ; because of. propt6r-6a, adv. [for propter-eam ; fr. propter ; earn, ace. sing. fem. of is, "this or that "J On this or that account ; therefore. i I ,1 112 VOCABULAKT. prO-pufirno, puffnAvl, pugnatum, pug- nare, 1. v. n. [pro, "forth ;" pugno, •■ to flght"] To go, or r%t$h forth, from a place to fight ; to make eattiea or tortie$ from a place. pr6-8dquor, aCquutus sum, sSqui, 3. V. dep. [prob. "forwards;" sequor, "to follow"] To follow after, imrgue. prOspec-tus, tas, m. [pro-spido, " to see before " one] Sight, view. prd-splcio, spexi, spectum, splcere, 8. V. a. [for pro-specio ; fr. pro, " before ;" specio, '"to see''] To look out for; to make provision or provide for, prd-tdflTO, texi, tertum, tSgere, 3. v. a. [pro, "before;" tego, "t; cover"] To defend, protect. ^ proterrSo, terrai, terrltum, terrere, 2. V. a. [pro, " forth; " terreo, " to frigh- ten "] To drive away in terror; to affright, terrij'y. protinus, adv. [for pro-tens ; fr. pro, "before;" tenus, "up to or as far as"] Of time : Forthwith, immediately. provSho, vexl, veotum, vfihure, 8. v. a. [pro, 'forwards;" veho, " to carry"] To carry Jorwarde, convey aUm:i. pr6-v6nio, veni, ventum, vCnlre, 4. v- a, [pro, " forth ;" venio, " to come "] Of the products of the earth : To grow up, eta pro-vidSo, vidl, visum, videre, 4. v a. [pro, "before;" video, "to see"] To foresee ; look after, provide Pro vincia, m, t. The Roman pro- vince of G lul ; called in later times Qallia Braccata, and Gallia Narbonensis. prozlme, sup. adv. [proximus. " near- est"] Nearest, very near. proximus, a, um, sup. adj. (=proo- simus; for piop-simus; fr. obsol. prop-is, "near;" superlative suffix, simusj Of place : Nearest, next ; very near or close. Of time : The next, whether before or after ; the following ; the last. public-e, adv. [public-us, "public"] Publicly ; on behalf of the state. publ-icus, lea, Icum, adj. [contrnoted and changed fr. popul-icus ; fr. popul-us, "the. people"] Pertaining to the people; public {fis opposed to * private.") png-nek, nse, f. [root pco ; Or. irwy/mj, irvf ; Lat. pugnus, pugillus; O. H. G. fust (faust, fist ; perhaps Eng. box). A fight band to hand ; a battle, engagement. pUflT-nO, avi, atum, &re, l.v.a. [pugn-a] Tofight. puT-gp, &vi, atum, are, 1. a. [see '•an poena] T{ 'O, &vi, atum, fire, 1. ^0 (^earfrom ajaxilt. p{ito, ftvi, atum, are, !.▼.». [tec pcena) To deem, hold, think, consider. qua, adv, (adverbiij abl.) fem. of qui, " who." etc.] Of place : Relatively : At, or in which place ; where. Indefinitely : In whatever place, where, wherever. quadr-a-flrinta, num. adj. indeol. Forty contr. fr. quatuor-a-ginta ; fr. qua- tuor; (a) connecting vowel: giuta=xoi>Ta = "ten." quadr-i-n-gent-i, «b. a, num. adj. [changed fr. quttuor-i-n-cent-i ; fr. qua- tuor, " four ;" (i) connecting vowel ; (n) epenthetic ; centnni, "a hundred"] Four hundred. quaeslvi, quaesltum, quae- To seek. quaere, rere, 3. v. a. quaes-tor, toris, m. [quaere, " to seek," through root (ivsa] A qucentor ; a Roman magistrate. quam, adv. [adverbial aco. fem. of quis I In what manner, (is, how, how much, as much as. After comp words : Than. In comparisons : As: — tarn.... quam, so an. With superl. words and possum : As much, etc. (or little, etc.) as possible. 3uam-vi3, conj. quam, "as;" vis. Sing. pres. indie, of volo, " to wish "] However. quant-O, adv [adverbial abl. of quant- us] By how m,uch, to what extent or dS' gree; how greatly. quan-tum. adv. [quant-us] As much as, as Jar as. As a correlative to tan- turn: As. quant-us, nta,ntum, adj.: Ilowgreat, how much. As much as, as great as. quantus-vls, quanta- vis, quantum- vis, adj. [quantus, " as great as ;" vis (2 pers. sing. pres. of volo, "to win'*), " you will"] However great or large qua-rd, adv. (abl. sing of quisa>'(/ res, respectively] From whit cause ; why, wherefore. For which cause or rrason; wherefore, quantus, ta, turn, num. adj. (contr. fr. quatuor-tus. fr. quatuor, "(our"} Fourth. qnft-sl. ■^'^y- [for quamsl; tr. quam. "as ;" al, " If"] As if, ax though. qu&tilor, num. adj. indeol. Four. [akin to Teo-o-op-ts, re'TTap-e?.] qu6, enclitic conj. And .-—que — que, botn and ; as well.. . ,at ; partly. . . . partly [akin to re.] quSror, questus sum.queri, 3. v. dep^ To complain. qui, quae, quod, pron. Relative : Who, whuh, what, that. VOCABULARY. 113 QUi-CUmQUe, quae-cumque, quod- cuuique, pron. rel. [qui ; suffix cumque] Whoever, whatever, whosoever, whatso- ever. qul'dam, qu«-dam, quod-dam (and as subst. quiddam), pron. indef. qui; flufflx dam] Particular, certain ; some in- definite person or thin^. qui-dem.adv.: /ndeed;— nequidem, not even. qui-es, etis, f. Rest fakin to root ci, "to lie down ; " see civis.] quietus, a, um, adj. [see civis] Quiet, calm, tranquil. qui-n, con. [for qui-ne ; fr. qui, abl. of relative pron. qui, " who, which ; " ne = non.] With subj. : That not, but that, without, from. After words expressive of fear, doubt, etc.: That. qui- nam, quae-nam, quod nam, pron. interrog, [qui (interrog ), "who," etc : suffix nam] Who f Which ? quin-ddcim, num. adj. indecl. [for quinqu-decem ; fr. quihqu-e, " five ; " de- cem, "ten"] Fifteen. quin-sr^nt-i, », a. num. adj. [for qnin- qu-c-ent-i ; fr. quinqu-e, ■' five ;" cent-um, "a hundred"] Five hundred. quinqu-a-firinta, num. adj. indecl. (" Five fens ; "^ hence) Fifty quinqu-e ; (a) connecting vowel ; ginta=/tofTo= "ten."] qyinque, num. adj. indecl. Five [akin to Or. irei'Te.] 9uin-tus, ta, tum, num. adj. [for quinqu-tus, fr. quinque, "five"] Fifth. quis, quae, quid, pron. interrog.: In indirect questions : Who or what ; i.e. what person or thing. qiils, quid, pron indef. any one ; any thing. quis-plam, quae-piam, Iquis, "any;" suffix, piam] ever, any. quis-quam, quae-quam, or quid-quam, pron. indef. [2. quis, '* any one ; " suffix quam] Any, any whatever. Any one, any body. quis-que, quae-que, quod-que, pron] adj. indef. [quis, "any;" suffix que. Each, every, any. SiXlisquis, quaequae, quidquid, adj. ef. Whoever. qui-vis, qu8B-vis, quod-vis, pron. in. def [qui, " who ;" vis, 2. pers. sing, of volo, ' ' to will" J Who, or what, youplease or umV ; any whatever. quo, ndv. [for quo-m, old form of que-m, aoc. masc. biiiff. of qui, " who"] Any body, quod-piam Any tvhat- quic-quam. Whither, where; t» order that, so tliatt that. quo-ad, adv. [for quom-ad ; fr. quom, old form of quern, aco. masc. sin^. of qui. "who, which," etc; ad, "to"] Till, until. quod, conj. [Adverbial Aoc. Neut. Sing, of qui] In that, because that, inas- much as. That. qudn-Iam, adv. [for quom-jam, fr. quom=quum, "since;" jam; "now"] Since now, since then, since, because. quoque, conj. Also, too. quot-annis, adv. (also as two words, quot annis) quot, " as many ;" of time : " each, every, all ;" annis, Abl. Plur, of annus (" a year") as Abl. of time] Every year, each year, yearly. quotidi-anus, ana, anum, adj. [quo- tidi-e, " daily"] Daily, every day. qu6t-l-die, adv. [quot, "as many; each, every ;" (i) connecting vowel, die, abl. of dies, "day"] On each or every day, daily. qudt-Ies, adv. [quot. "as many as"] As many times as, as often as. Suum, (old form quom) relative adv. oausal conj. [for quom=quem, fr. qui, "who"] Relative Adv.: When. Phrase : qum . . . tum, while . . . so too ; not only . . . but also ; both . . . and ; ait ...so. Casual Conj.: Seeing that, since, as. rado, r3,si, rasum, radSre, 3. v. a. To shave with a razor. rarus, a, um, adj. Of persons : Far apart, here and there ; dispersed, scatter- ed about. r&tlo, tISnis, f. [reor, " to reckon :" through root ra, " to think"] : A reckon- ing, account; method, ma7iner. With habeo : Regard, respect, care. rSbel r onis, f. [re-bellum] A revolt. rd-cedo, cessi, oessum, cSdCre, 3. v. n. [re, " back ;" cedo, "to go"] To go back, withdraw, refii e, retreat. rdces-sus, sus. m. [for recedsus ; fr. reced-o, "to retreat"] A retreating, re- treat. rS-cIpIO, cCpi, ceptum, clpfire, 3. v. a. [for re-eapio ; fr. re ; oapio, " to Uke"] To take hack again. With personal pron. in reflexive force : To take mne's self, etc., back again ; to retire, withdraw. rS-citO, citavi, cltAtum, citare, 1. v. a. [re, " without force ;" cito, in force of, " to call out, aiinounce"] To read out or aloud. r6-c\ip-6ro, eravi eratum, erare, 1. v. a. [for re-oap-ero ; fr. re, " back aj-ain ;" 114 VOCABULARY, ! I! \' l! i I .i capio, " to take"J To take, or get, back again ; to recover, regain. rS-cuso, ftvi, Atum, are, 1. v. a. [for re-caus-a : ' • a cause"] To decline, refute, shrink from. r6d-dO, Ivi or li, Uun>, ire, v. n. [red (=re, with d for de, demonstrative), " back ;" eo, " to go"] To go or come hack ; to return. r6dI-gfO, Sgi, actum, IgiSre, 3. v. a. [for red-ago : fr. red i =red; see redeo , " with- out force ;" ago, " to lead "j To bring, or reduce, to a certain state. r6ditus, us, m. [re, "back ;" eo, "to go"] Jtetum. r^duco, duxi, ductum, ducere, 3. v, a. [re, ' back ;" duco, " to lead "J To lead, or conduct, back. rfi-fSro, tttli, latum, ferre, v, a. irreg. [re, '• back ;" fero ; see fero i To bring, or carry back; report, relate, mention. r6-ficiO, f6ci, fectum, f IcCre. 3. v. a. [for re-facio ; fr. re, "again;" facio, "to make"] Of vessels : To repair, refit. rdfiiglO, fflgi, fugltum, fflgere, 3. v. n. [le, " hack ;" f ugio, " to flee" To flee back; to retire from before the enemj'. rSgriO, lonis. f. [reg-o, " to direct"] A tract, territory, region. regfn-o, ftvi, atum, are, l. v. n. [regn- um, " a kingdom " ] To rule, reign. regrn-num, ni, n. [rego, "to rule" Sovereignty, supreme, power, kingdom. regr6iii : Lat. sapor, sapiens ]. sAt-iS, adj. and adv.: Adj. indeol.: Sufficient. Adv. Sufficiently, enough. B&tis-f&cio, feci, factum, f&oSre, 3. v. n. To give satisfaction to, Whether by word or deed; to make amends; to ask {tardon qf or apologize to a person of- ended. 8&ti8fac-t!o, tidnis, f, [satisfao-io, "to satisfy " ] Satisfaction, amends, apology, made to a person offended. SC&-la,lsB(mostlyplur.),f [forscand-la; fr. scando, "to mount"] A ladder, scaling ladder. SC&pha, SB, fr. [Qt. aKairrw, "to dig cut"] A boat. BCindo, soldi, scissum. scindfire, 8.v.a. To tear or pull down [ root soiD, see osado. ] SCiO, sclvi or Bcli, soltum, scire, 4. v. a. To know. scribo, scrips!, scriptum, sorlb^re, 3. V. a.: To wnte, to communicate to write word to one to do something [ akin to Gr. Ypa(/>u> ; Ger. graben ; Eng. grave in en- grave ] . scu-tum, ti, n, A shield [akin to root sKu, •' to cover," see causa ]. s6c-undU8, unda, undum, adj. [ for sequ-undus ; fr. sequ-or ]. 2'he second. s6c-ua, adv. [prob. for sequ-us; fr sequ-or, " to follow " ] Otherwise. In composition with nihilo (less by nothing ; i. e. ) nutie the less, nevertheless; here ni- hilo IS abl. of measure. sed, oonj [ same word as sed = sine, "without"] Bat. sed-es, is, f. [sed. " to sit ; " Gr. ifios , Lat. sedes ] A dwelling, abode. s6ni-el, adv. Once [ akin to the Gr. ofi-os, " one aitd the same" j se-mi-ta, ta, f [ prob. for se-meta ; f r. se, "apart ; " me-o, " to go " ] A by-way, path. sem-per, adv. Always [akin to Gr. 6/x-os, 6^-oios, "like " j. sdn-atus, atus, m. [senex, sen-is, "old man " ] The iSenate ; i. e. the council, or assembly, of elders. sentent-ia, Ise, f. [ " for sentient-ia ; fr. sentiens, sentient-is, "thinking"] A way of thinking ; an opinion, sentiment. sentio, sensi, sensum, sensire, 4. v. a. To perceive, observe, 7iotice. sept-em, num, adj. indecl. Seven. akin to Gr. eTrr-a], septen-trio, trionis (more frequently plur.), ra The North Pole, the North. sept-imus, Ima, Imum, num, ord. adj. [sept-em, "seven"] Seventh. Sdqu-or, utus sum, i, 3. v. dep. : 7b follow; pursue [root bak, "to follow;" Gr. enoficii ; Lat. sooius ; Lith. seku ]. ser-mo, radnis, m. [commonly referred to ser-o, "to connect"] Conversation, discourse, etc. sdro, sevi, s&tum, serSre, 3. v. a. To tow. ser-6, adv. [ ser-us, " too late "] Too late. serv-Itus, Itatis, f . [servus, " a slave " ] Slavery, servitude. serv-o, •ivi, atum, fire, 1. ▼. a. To watch, observe [ from same source as servus ; see servus ]. 1 ' 116 VOCABULARY. eerv-us, i, m. A tlave, servant. [ prob. akin to Or. ipvu, " to dra? ' ]. SOU ; see sire. sex-ft-GTint-a, num. adj. indeol. sex, "'six;" (a); ginta=»co»'To="ten"] Sixty. sex-cent-i, », a, num. adj. [ sex, " six ; " centrum, ' ' a hundred " ] Six hundred St. oonj. //[«]. si-C. adv. [ for s!-ce, akin to hie, "this : " satRx ce ] Jn this way, so, thus ; in like t. anner; so much. slCC-Itas, Itatis, f. [sicc-ua, "dry") Dryness, drougth. BiC-Ut, adv. [ sic, " so ; " ut, " as" ] So as, just as. Siernlt!ca-tl0, tlonis, f. [8igniflc(ao, " to signfy " ] Intimation. Sigrnum, i. n. A military standard or ensiijn. silva, SB, f. A uood, forest [Or. vAfij, "wood"]. silv-estris, estre, adj. silva, "a wood"] Woody, wooded. slmllis. He, adj. Like, similar [ akin Or. a/uia,- Lat. simul ; Goth sama (same) ; O. H. O. zu-sammen ]. Sim-ul, adv. Together, at once, at the same time. fdmtU&-tIO, tlonis, f . [ simul(a)o, " to feign " ] A feint, pretence. Edxnul-t&S, t^tis,f. 'simul, "together"] Of two persons or parties : Dissension, animosity; jealousy, rivalry in a bad sense. si-n, oonj. [ shortened for sine ; fr. si, " if ; " ne, " not " ] // on the contrary, if however, but if. sine, prep. gov. ahl. [akin to se, '• apart ; without " ] Without. 8inGrill-§.tim, adv. ,'obsol. singillus, dim. of singul-us, "individual"] Indi- vuiiuUly, one by one. singiil-aris, are, adjj. [8ingul-i, "single" Remarkable, extraordinary. sinGh^Ui, gttl8B, gttla (rare in sing), num distrib. adj. Separate, single [see similis]. sinistra, », f. The left hand. sino, Blvi, situm, sTnere, 3. v. a. To allow, permit. sl-qui, qua, quid or quod ( sometimes separately as two woixls, si qui, etc.), in* def. pron. [ si, " if ; " qui, " any " ] // any. situs, tOs, m. [ si-no, " to place "] A rituation, tits. 8l-ve ( contr. seu ), oonj. si. " if ; " v«, "or"] Or t/;— sive (seu) sive (seu). whether or. sd-clus, li, m An ally, confederate [ akin to sequor ]. sol. sdlis, m. The sun ; | op. Or. aeAaf , atXrivrf, ijAio;; Ger. helle, (brightness)]. soUIcIt-O. ftvi, atum, ilre, 1. v. a. [solicit-us, "greatly moved or tossed"] In a bad sense : To stir up, instigate, to something bad, tamper with. SOllici-tudo, tiidlnis, f. [ for solioit- tndo; fr. sollit-u, "r.nxious" Anxiity, disquiet, solicitude. solus, a. um, [ Gen. sollius ; Dat., »t\i), adj. Almie, only, sole. SO-lvo, Ivi, latum, IvSre, 8. v. a. [ for se-luo ; fr. se, "apart ; " luo, " to loosen"] To unloose, unfasten. sp&tlum, li, n Extent. Distance, in- terval [ (nraSiov, .£oIi(3 form of vraSiov ]. sp6cl-es, 6i, *. [ speci-o, " to see " ] Appearance, show. spec-to, tavi, tfttum, tare, 1. v. a. and n. intens. [id.] 1. Act. a.: To have in view, look out for ; face ; opportunity. spdc£ila-tor, tSris, m. [9pecul(a)-or, " to spy out '•] Military term : A spy, scout. spdciU&tdrius, la, lum, adj. Spy. sper-o, avi, atum, are, i. v. a. To hope, expect [akin to Sang, root spriu, " to desire, long for "] spe-S, ei, (gen. dat. and abl plur. only in post-classical writers), f.*[for sper-s ; fr. sper-o ; as seen by speres, an old ace. plur. in one of the earliest Roman writers] Hope, expectation. sp6lI-0, avi, atum, are, 1. V. a. [spoli- um, "that which is stripped off "J To rob, plunder, pillage, spoil. spon-tis, gen., and spon-td, abl. (fr. obsol. spons, of which no other than the foregoing oases are found), f. [for spond-tis and spond-te, from spond-eo, "to pledge"] Abl, with or without pos- sessive pron. Of one's (my, thine, nit, eto.) accord or free will. stabllltas, Itatis, f. [sto, "to stand"] Steadiness. st&-tiin, adv. [8t(a)-o, " to stand "] Im- mediately, at once. st&-tIo, tlonis, f. [8t(a)-o, "to stand"] Of soldiers : A pott, outpost, station. St&ttlO, statfli, statatum, statnSre, 3. V. a. I status, uncontr. gen. statuis, "a standing position "] To decide, resolve, fiat, determine. 1^ VOCABULARY. 117 stl-peud-Iuxn, II, n. r'or stip-pen- diuni, fr. stips, stip-ia, in ori($inal force of " BinuU coin " heaped up ; pendo, " to t^ pay "] Tribute, impost, tax, payable in money as distinfpiished from vectigeU, which was paid in kind. K BtO, Hteti, statum, stare, 1. v. n. To '^. itand [see locus]. strdp-Itus, ItQs, m. [strepo, "to make a noise"] Noise. Btddte, tti, ere, 2. V. a. Takin to r-d.] BUb-dCiCO, daxi, ductum,'dQcere.S. y. a. [sub, " from below ;" duco, " to draw"] Of the vessels of the ancients : To draw ashore, haul on land. SUbdUC-tlO, tidnis, f. [subduo-o, "to draw ashore," «(«.] A drawing ashore, a hauling on land. Biib-do, Ivl or li, Itura, ire, t. a. [sub, "under;" eo, "togro"] To enter. Bdblt-o, adv. [subit-us, "sudden"] Suddenly, on a sudden. sub-n^nlBtro, ftvi, atum, are, i. v. a. (su'j-ministro, " to supply "] To furnish. BUb-mittO, misi, missum, mittSre, 3. V. a. I sub, "without force;" mitto, "to send "] Of troops : To send, dispatch. Bub-Sdquor, sSquutus sum, sSqui, 8. V. dep. [sub, "close after;" sequor, "to follow"] To follow close tifter. BUb-Sld-Ium, li, n. [for sub-sedum; fr. sub, " behind ;" sed-eo, " to sit "] Aid, assintance, succour. Military term: A support. BUb-siBtO, stiti, stitum, sTstere, S.v.n. (sub, " without force ;" sisto, " to stand"] To hold out. BUb-sum, f tti, esse. v. n. [sub, "be- side, near ;" sum, " to be"] To be beside or near ; to be at hand. Bub-Vdnlo. veni. ventum, vSnlre, 4. v. n. [sub, " behind ; *' venio, " to come "] Military term : To come to the aid qf: to aid, tttceour. BUC-cddo, oessi, cessum, oedSre, 3. v. n. [for sub-oedo; fr. sub, "behind;" oedo, " to coma "J To eotne after, or in the place cf; to succeed. 8UO-cen-do, di, sum, dfire, S. v. a. To eet on fire below or at the bottom [root CAN, akin to Gr. Ka-i», Kai-w, " to liffht, kindle."] SUCKddo, oldi, cTsum, tldSre, 8. ▼. a. [for sub-csedo ; fr. sub, " without force ;" offido, " to out " hencej Of trees : To cut, fell, cut down. Buc-curro, ourri and oticurri,cursum, currfire, 3. v. n. [for sub-eurro ; fr. sub, " towards ;" curro, " to run "] To run or hasten to the aid of a person ; to help, as- sist, relieve, su,ccour. sudes, (nom. not found), Is, f. A stake, pile. sum, fai, esse, v. n.: l. To be [pres. tenses akin to ivni=ti-ni, and to root as, " to exist, to be ;" in perf. tenses akin to v-u>, i^v-M(, root pu, "to be "] 8umzn-a, e, f. [summ-us, "highest"] The whole of any thing, as opp. to a part. sum-zndvdo, mdvi, mOtum, mOvSre; 2. V. a. [sub-moveO; "tc move"] To drive away. SUIU-O, mpsi, mptum, mCre, 3 v. a. [contr. fr. sub-emo ; fr. sub, " up ; " emo, " to take "] To employ, spend, undertake. s€ip6r-us. a, um, adj. [super, "above"] High. supplIc&-tio, tISnis, t. [supplioo, " to bend^'] A thanksgiving. suppUc-Itim, ii, n. A punishment SUprSi, adv. [oontraoted fr. original from supera, adverbial abl. of super-usi Of time : Before, above, previously. BU-spIdO, spexi, speotum, spToSre, 3- V. a. [for sub-speoio ; fr. sub, "secretly ;'' specie, " to look at"1 To mistrust, sus- pect (so perhaps only in participles). SUB-Pic-Io, Onis, f, suspicor, " to sus- pect"] Mistivst, suspicion. 8Usp!c-or, atus sum, ari, l. v. dep. Sispioio, "to look secretly;" hence] istrust. susten-to, tavi, tatum, t&re, l. v. a. intens. [susttneo, " to hold up "] To bear, hold out, endure. SUB-tindO, tlntii, tentum, tInSrs, 2. v. a. [for subs-teneo ; fr. subs (= sub), "up- wards, up ; " teneo, " to hold "J To bear, support, sustain, maintain. sA-US, a, um, possess, pron. [lu-i, "of hhnself," etc.] Of. or belonging to, himselj (herstif, etc.) ; nif, eta, own. tUda, »> t. A rod, bar, ata, whether of wood or metal. tarn, adv. [prob. akin to talis, " such "] With adj.: So, s> very. As a correlative to quam ; see quam. t&men, sdv. [perhaps a lengthened form of tam, " so "] Nevertheless, notwith- standing, yet, stiU. 118 VOCABULARY. td.tndn-etsi, conj. [ta^ien, " notwith- standing ;"etsi," though "] Notwiihstand- ing that or though. T&mSsis, is, m. The Tamesis (now The Thamets) ; a river of Britain. tan-dem, adv. [for tam-dem ; f r. tam, "so;" demonstrative suffix deni] At length, at last. tangro, tetlgi, tactutn, tangere, 3. v. a. Of localities: To border on, be contiguous to [see figura.] tant-um, adv. [tant-us] so much, so greatly ;— tantum. ..quantum, so much. . . as. Only, merely, alone. tant-us, a, um, adj.: So much. tanto, By so much ; so great. tardus, a, um, adj. Slow. tdgfO, texi, tectum, tfigfire, 3. v. a. To cover [root teo, ** to cover ; " cp. Gr. (TTe'v-ui; O.H.G. daken (deckel); did Norse, thek (dach, deck, thatch. )] telum, i, n. A weapon, whether for hurling or for close quarters [root tik," to aim ; " Gr. reixos ; Lat. tela, tignum, texo; Ger. zeugen. tdmdr-e, adv. [obsol. temerus, "de- spising "] Ranhly, inconsiJerately. tdmdr-itas, Itatis, f. [id] Rashness. terao, onis, m. [for tigmo ; from root TIK, "to do," or TBM, " to out "] A pole. tempdra-tus, a, um, adj. [tempor- (a)-o, " to qualify, temper "] 01 olimate, etc.: Temperate. tempos- tas, t&tis, f. [fortemper-tas; fr. tempus, old gen. temperis, as i^roved by existing adverbial abl. temper-i ] Of weather : in a bad sense : Storm, tempest, bad weather. tem-pus, pdris, n. Time in general. Season [rest teh, akin to rinvo, "to cut ; " Lb c. ^«uipium. j tSn-^'^, > '•.1^5; Cre, 2. ▼. a.: To hold; to ha" . 't ,; ■ vssvtHtion ; to detain. Of a p >-■..; ; 1 i^, adj. Of health: Weak, poor, feeble [cp. Or. Ti(i)v-M, root tan, " to stretch out " ]. ter, num. adj. [trea, t(e rinm, " three"] Three times, thrice. tergum, i. n. The Imek. ter-ra, rsB, t. The earth, soil, ground I prob. akin to Gr. rcpao/ixac, to be, or be- come, dry " ]. teiT-6o, 01, Itum, 6re, 2. v. a. To /righten, terrify. terr-ito, itavi, itatum, itare, l. t. a. intens. [ terr-eo, "to frighten"] X'o frighten much or greatly, to affright, ter- rify. ter-tius, tia, tlum, adj. [tres; see ter] The third. test-udo, udlnis, f. [test-a, "a shell"], Millitary term : A covering. timSo, ai, no sup., ere, 2. v. a. To be afraid of', to fear, timld-e, adv. timid-ua, ' ' timid " ] In a timid way, timidly. tim-or, Oris, m [ tim-eo, " to fear " J Fear, dread, terror. tollo, sustali, sublatum, tollCre, [ root TOL, whence tuli ; see feroj Of a cry, etc: To raise, set up. torrSo, torrfli, tostum, torrere, 2. v. a. To burn scorch [ see terra ]. tot, num. adj. indecl. So many. tot-idem. num. adj. indecl. [tot, "sO' many " ] Just so many, just as many. tot-us, ta, tum, adj All, all the, the whole, the lohole of ( denoting a thing in its entirety [akin to Sans, root tu. "to in- crease " ] tranquill-itas, Itatis, f. [tranquill-us, "calm, still " ] Of the sea, weather, etc.: Calmness, stillness ; a calm. trans, prep. gov. aco. Beyond, across, over. tranSndO, didi, ditum, dere, 3. v. a. [ trans, " over ; " do, "to give " ] To en- trust, deliver, confide, commit. trans-duco, duxi, ductum, duci^re, 3 v. a. [ trans, " accoss ;" duco, " to lead " J To lead, or carry across. trans-6o, ivi or U, Itum, ire, v. a. and n. irreg. [trans, "across;" eo ''to go"] Act.: To go across or over a river, etc.; to cross, or pass over. Neut.; To go or cross, over from a place. trans-f ISO, fl.xi, fixum, figure, 3. v. a. [trans, "through;" Ago, "to fix;" "to pierce " ] To pierce through, transfix. transi-tus, Itas, m. | transeo, " to cross over " ] A passage over the sea, etc. trans-jicio, JCci, Jectum, jlcere, 3 V. a [ for trans- jacio ; fr. trans, "through;* Jacio, " to throw " ] 'Jlo pierce. transmls-SUS, sQs, m. [fortrans-mit- sua ; fr. transmitt-o, in neut. force, " to cross over " ] A passage across the sea. trans-porto, portavi, portare, i. v. a. [ trans, " across ; '^ porto, '' to carry " ] To carry, or convey, across ; to transport. tr3-cent-i, se. a, num. adj. [for tri- cent-i ; fr. tres, tri-um, "three ;" cent-um, ' • a hundred " J Three hundred. VOCABULARY. 119' 3, 1. T. a. BU " ] To 'right, ter- I tres ; see ••sBheir'], V. a. To nid"] In to fear"} iCre, [ root a cry, etc: 5re, 2. V. a. any. . [tot, "8» 8 many, all the, the a thing in TV. "toin- anquill-us, ather, etc.: lid, acrosSf re, 3. V, a. ' ] To en- , duoi^rs, 3 • to lead "1 , V. a. and •to go"] river, etr,; To I/O or re, 3. T. a. fix;" "to ransjix. nseo, "to he sea, etc. icfire, 3 V. through;* ' trans-mi t- force, " to ) the sea. Ire, 1. V. a. arry"] To \nsport. J. [for trl- " cent-utn, trea, trla (gen. trium), num. adj. Three [ »<»««, rpta ]. trib-Cinus, uni, m. [trib-us, "a tribe"] A tribune. trib-iio, fti, Qtum, G8re, 8. v. a. To five ; bestow, grant, etc. txidiium, i, n. [ tres, dies, " a day " ] Space of three days. tri-fflnta, num, adj indecl. ("Three tens ; '"hence ) Thirty [ tres, tri-um ; ginta =»coi'Ta=" ten"] tri-ni, n», na, num, distrib. adj. [ tres, tri-um, ' three " ] 'Three each, three. trip&rtit-o, adv. [ tripartitus, "di- vided into three parts " ] In three parte or division. triquetrus, a, um, adj. Three-cor- nered, triangular. ta-^or, ituB sum, eri, 2. r. dep. To protect, defend. turn, adv.: At that time, then. In a series, etc.: Then, in the next place [prob. akin to a demonstr. root to ; Gr. to]. tiim-ultus, ultQs, m. prob. akin to tumeo, "to swell"] Insurrection, rising, rebellion. turma, sa, f. A troop of horses. turpis, e, adj. Shameful, disgraceful. turris, is (aco. sing, turrim and tur- rem), f. A tower, [Or. rvppis]. tutus, ta. turn, adj. [ tu-eor, " to pro- tect " ] Safe, secure. tA-us, a, um. pron. poss. [tu, "thus or you " J Thy, thiru, your, yours. ii-bi, adv. [akin to qui] In which place, where. Of time: At what time, when, ulciscor, ultus sum, ulcisci, 8. v. dep. To take vengeance on. Ul-lu8, la. lum (gen. ulllus : dat ulli). adj. [ for un-lus ; fr. un-us, ' one " ] Any one, any. ultlmus, a,um, sup. adj. Furthest: most distant, or remote, ultrd, adv. [ ulter, ultr-l, " beyond" ] On his, etc., part ; on one's own accord, without being requested. un§., adv. [adverbial abl. of unus, *• one " ] In company, together. u-nde, adv. [ for cu-nde ( a qu-nde), f r. qu-i ] From which place, whence, un-d6cim, num. adj. indecl. [for un- deeem ; fr. un-us, " one ; " decern, "ten "] £leven. undScIm-us, a, um, num. adj. [ un- decim, " eleven " ] Eleventh. und-I-que, adv. [ unde ; (i) connect- ing vowel ; que, indefinite suffix ] Froni' all parts, or every quarter; on all sides. un-I-versus, versa, versum, adj. f un- us, "one;" (i) connecting vowel ; versus, " turned " ] All together, or collectively ; the whole. un-quam, adv. [un-us, "one"] At any {one) time, ever. un-uo, a, um ( gen. unlus ; dat. uni), adj. : One [ akin to ilt, iv-6i ]. U-8-que, adv. [akin to qui; with (s)' epenthetic ; que, indefinite suffix ] liven. USUS, sus, m. [for utsus, fr. ut-or] Use, employment, advantage, benefit. Ut, (originally uti), adv. and conj. [prob. akin to quij Adv.: As; Conj. ihat, 80 that. uter, utra, utrum ( gen. utrlus ; dat. utri', pron. adj. [prob. like ut, akin tO' qui, " who, which '] Which, or whether, of the two :—\itet uter, which of the tvM), the other. uter-que, utra-(iue, utrum-que, ( gen. utrius-que; dat. utri-que), pron. adj. [uter, "which "of two: "one or the other;" que, "and"] Both one and the other f both, each. xit-nis, lie, adv. adj. [tor, "to use "J usejul, serviceable. Cit-IHtas, Itatis, f. [utor, "to use"] Usefulness. utr-um-que, adv. [uterque, "both. one and the other " ] On both sides. uti, see ut. utor, USUS, sum, ati, 3. v. dep. To- use, make use of, employ. uxor. Oris, f. A wife, spouse. vadum, I, n. [ vad-o, " to go" ] Of a river: A shallow, ford. Vftgr-or, atus, sum, ari, 1. v. dep. [vag- us, " wandering"] To wander, roam af large. V&l-do, tii, Itum, ere, 2. v. n. : be strong or powerful. Of things: To possess weight, have influence. Vast-o, Svi, &tum, ftre, 1. v. a. [vast-us,. " waste " ] To lay waste, ravage, devasta te. V9Ct-lg9.\,iSfi!&», n. [vect-is, "a carry- ing"] A tax, impost, voctor-iuB, la, lum, adj. [vector, vec- tor-is, "one who carries " ] For carrying^ conveying. vel. conj. [akin to vol-o. velle, "to- wish " ] Or if you will, or ;— vel vel, either or. v616c-iter, ndv. [velox, veloc-i8». "swift"] Swiftly, rapidly. 120 VOOABULART. Vdnid, Ttal, Tentum, vfinfre, 4. ▼. n.; To comt [Osoan root bbn; akin toGr. 3a(tV-u>, "to go."] vdnt-Ito. Itftvi, itavl, Itftre, 1. t. n. in- tens [vent-o, " to come often "] To come very often, to keep coming. ven-tU8t i, m. Wind [akin to root an, " to blow."] varbum, i, n.: 1 Ateord. vdrdor, Itu8, sum, M, 2. v. dep. To fear, dread, be v^^aid of. vergo, (pert, aoa to some vers!), no sup., veivere, 8.v.n. Of places: To lie, be situate, tneline. vero, adv. [ver-us, "true"] But in fact, but in deed however. ver-so, B&vi, satum, sare, l. v. a. in- tens, [for vert-so; fr. verto, "to turn"] To turn much or often. vdrus, a, um, adj. True. vSrdtum, i, n. A dart, javelin. vesper, Sri, m. Evening, evenlid*. [Or. iantpot ; Lat. Hesperia.] vest-Io, Ivi or li, itum, ire, 4. t. a. [veat-is, "a garment "J Todothe. vdtK>, tki, Itum, ftre, 1. v. a. To forbid. vdtus, firis, adj. Old, aneietU [prob. akin to «t-os, " a year." ] via (old form vea , m, t. [for ve-ha; fr. ve-ho, "to carry*'] A umy, roadi march. Vic-Ies, adv. [oontracted and changed fr. vigint-ies; fr. vig-inti, "twenty"] Twenty timsi. vlc-tor, tOris, m. [vi(n c-s, " to con- quer"] A conqueror. AisAdJ.: Victorious. victdr-i&, to, f. [victor, victor-is, "a conqueror"] Victory, vlc-iis. i, m. A village [akin to otxoc, " a house," with diagamma prefixed ; Lat. vioinus ; Qoth. veihs ; Eng. wick, in Nor- yfioh-Qt).] vidSo. vidi, vlfeum, videre, 2.v.a. Act: To see [aJKin to root yid, in original force of "to se*;" op. Or. olSa, tlioy; Lat. visas; Ooth. vatt; O.H.O. visan. "to wit;" Slav, vedete, ("Lat. videre.}] viflrn-Ia, to, f. [vigil-o, "to watch"] A watch by night. Vl-firlntI, num. adf. indeol. ("Twice ten ;" hence) Tv>enty [for bi-ginti ; fr. bi (abis), "twice;" ginti=llege, Toronto. Price - - . - - $1.00- w f 'f; The Copp, Clark Company, Ltd. School and Coflega Books. HIGH SCHOOL GERMAN GRAMMAR. By W. H. VanderSmissen, M.A., and W. H. Fraser, B.A. Authorized by Ednoation Department. Price . - . - . 75o. HIGH SCHOOL GERMAN READER. By W. H. VandbrSmissbn, M.A. Authorized by Education Department. Price .... - 76o. HIGH SCHOOL CHEMISTRY. By A. P. Knight, M.A., M.D. Authorized by Education Department. Price .... 76o, HIGH SCHOOL BOOK-KEEPING AND PRECIS WRITING. By H. S. MaoLkak. Authorized by Education Department. Price ----- 65c, HIGH SCHOOL WORD BOOK. A Combined Orthoepist, Verbalist and Dictionary of Synonyms. By J. W. Connor, B.A., and O. Mercer Adam. * Authorized by Education Department. Price - - - - . 50c,