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CIHM/ICMH
Microfiche
Series.
CIHM/ICMH
Collection de
microfiches.
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Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions
Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques
1980
T
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IS
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The images appearing here are the best quality
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The last recorded irame on each microfiche shall
contain the symbol —»> (meaning CONTINUED"),
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Geojngical Survey of Canada
Maps or plates too large to be entirely included
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I
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THE NATIONAL OR GEOLOGICAL
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Natural History Survey Museum,
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The
Looked at from a Business Standpoint. —Economic
Minerals and Mining as a Part of the Wide
Field Covered.
[By a member of the Geological Survey staff.]
lleprinted from *lie Canadian Mining Review.
Recently it has fallen to my lot to glance over
the fields of work occupied by the Geological
Survey in the past. What led to this was the
need ot grouping the reports of the Survey by
provinces, and the many different branches
of work performed by specialists according to
their general subject, in connection with the
names of the specialists whose work it was
desired to trace — felt as a means of inquiring
into certain exhibits in the museum.
With the permission of the Director of the
Survey, I have here extracted a small portion
ot my notes, thus incidentally made, appi'opi-iate
to the field of the Canadian Mining Review.
The topic is timely on account of its sugges-
tiveness in connection with the general subject of
a national museum.
SCOPE.
I find the contents of the Geological Survey
I or "National Museum" building in its
present state, to be classifiable, — including all
that is tliprein presented by the older to the
younger generation, — the reports of the Sur-
vey in the book room and libraiy, along with
he exhibits in the museum, as follows;- —
I. Physipgraphio Work, representing all the
ii'Ovincesj embracing geplogic^l and geograpbip^J
The National or Geological and Natu- |
ral History Survey Museum. |
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t
I
2
surveys, and field work in .arloua departments
more or less special. Reports, specimens, photo-
grajjhs, &.C.
II. Economic Minerals, min'iny and mining
geology. Analysis of minerals &c.
III. Biological Work, embracing —
(a) ancient and extinct life as a means of under-
standing the past and present world and
its inhabitants, (paleontology.)
(6) natural history, including animated nature
as far as interesting or important to num-
kind.
(c) botany, including forestry, agricultural
plants, &c.
(tZ) ethnology, including human inhabitants of
the country in the past and present.
IV. Charlographic woik, embracing every-
thing in all dei)artments capable of being repre-
sented in graphic form, such as maps, sections
and diagrams.
V. Exhibits in all the above mentioned de-
])artments ; embraced in the museum and
library.
WEALTH ACCUMULATED.
Any one familiar in the slightest degree with
the operations of the Geological Survey will
recoornise at once the wealth of matter that has
accumuluted in each of these departments.
Omitting the more general and better repre-
sented departments (except to remark regarding
them that they are all crammed to over-flowing
j(l £^ building not fire-prgof) I will append a
brief iibstract of Sub-division II, the titles re-
garding minerals and raining since the Survey
WHS orj^anized. It will illustrate the character of
I he work done in a department not very exten-
sively represented in the industries of Canada,,
and servo as an index to that industry in each
of the provinces so far as represented in the,
museum and library.
THE WEALTH UNDER THE SUKFACE.
The economic minerals form the main
feature of the first floor of the museum. The
unangement is according to the uses to which
they are adapted. A second feature of the same
floor is the Scientific Collection of minerals, in
wliich all the minerals represented in the
Doninion are aiTanged according to their
lemical ingredients and natural relationship
each other. A third feature of the floor is
hat of the Metals and their Ores (arranged in
he flat glass cases along the centre of the room),
ind remarkable for its comple*;eness and general
xcellence. Though forming Class I of the
*]ooi mic minerals it is on account of its
mpo'-tance placed separately. The subdivisions
f the Economic minerals (the balance arranged
lung the walls on both sides) are : —
1. Metals and their ores.
2. Fossil fuel.
•i. Minerals applicab.e to certain chemical
nanufactures and their products (see also
uuler 4).
4, Mineral manures (sea jvIsq iiijder 3),
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5. Mineral pigments and detergents.
6. Salt brines and mineral wt 3rs.
7. Materials applicable to ootnmon and
decorative construction.
The onlv exhibition beside these mentioned
on the first floor is that of the rocks. It is
arranged in the centre according to formations ;
consequently is also important to mining.
Mr. Broadbent is constantly adding to the
attractions of this floor, devoting all his time to
it j so that every day visitors will find in one
or another of its departments something new.
PUBLISHED INFORMATION.
It is proper to remark that the library is an
important part of the museum, as containing
all the published information extant, and the
reports of the Geological Survey, describing the
contents of the museum. It is open to the public,
like the museum itself, and has in attendance a
librarian who is always ready to produce any re-
quired report. It is only necessary to explain that
the years mentioned below are part of the titles
of the reports, referring to date of field work, not
of publication.*
ECONOMIC MINERALS — NO*"'. SCOTIA.
Logan «k Hartley, — On the Pictou coal field,
18GG-69.
*Iu tho Museum the year and collector's name are
often seen on the label. By this arrangement full and
coioplete inforipation may at once be turned to in the
Survey Reports, Other numbers on the labels refer to
curatpr's catalogues, and the individual specimen js (at
presept) prly traceable by personal inc^^uiry.
1 and
tioned
It is
itions ;
nining.
to the
time to
in one
new.
y is an
taining
,nd the
ling the
public,
danca a
any re.
ain that
le titles
irk, not
[al field,
liame arc
full and
to in the
rpfer to
left is (at
E. Hartley. — On coal and iron ores of Pictou
County, 1866-9. Spring Hill coal field 1886-9.
Map in Atlas of 1863.
T. S. Hunt. — On the gold region of Nova
Scotia. (Separate publication) 1868.
A. R. C, Selwyn.— -Observations on gold fields,
1870-1. Acadian vein deposits, Londonderry
and Colchester, 1872-3.
Jas. Robb. — On coal mines of eastern or
Sydney coal field of Cape Breton, 1872-3.
Scott Barlow. — On Spring Hill coal field,
with map, 1873-4. Survey of coal in fields
Cumberland County, 1875-6.
W. McOuat. — On coal in Cumberland County.
1873-4.
Maps accompanying reports. Map of Acadain
iron mines, 1872-3; index map of Spring Hill
coal field, 1873-4; map of Sydney coal field,
one inch to on* mile, 1873-4; ditto same scale,
1875-6.
NEW BRUNSWICK.
li. W. Ells. — Borings for coal at Newcastle
bridge, 1872-3. Second report on same, 1874-5.
Iron ore deposits of Carletou County, with mao,
1874-5.
Maps accompanying reports. Map of Grand
Lake coal field, with older rocks in Queen's and
Suubury, 1863. Map showing distribution of
iiou ores in Carleton County, 1874-5.
Sir W. JjOgan. — On the gold of the Ohaij-
Idieie region, 1950-51 1 economio noinerjils frpift
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Montreal to i'ape Tourraent, 1852-53; tlio
Ramsay lead mine and A.cton copper mine witli
niiscellan ^ is economic minerals, 1858,
B. J. Haiilngton. — On minerals of apatite
bearing veins in Ottawa County, 1877-78.
A. Michel. — On the gold region of Lower
Canada, 1863-66.
T. S, Hunt. — Mineralogy of gold veins,
1863-66 ; petroleum in Gaspe (separate publica-
tion), 1865.
R. Bell. — Map of Gaspe in connection with
the above (separate publication), 1865.
A. R. C. Selwyn. — Observations on gold
fields, 1870-71.
J. F. Torrance. — On apatite in Ottawa
Countv, 1882-84.
G. Broome. — On phosphate of lime and mica
found in North and South Burgess, 1870-71.
H. G. Vennor. — Plan of Dalhousie ii-on
mine, 1872-73; explorations in Frontenac,
Leeds and Lanark counties, 1873-74; plumbago
and apatite in Templeton, Portland and Ottawa
counties, 1873-74 ; explorations in Renfrew,
Pontiac and Ottawa counties, with additional
notes on iron, apatite, and plumbago in Ottawa
County, 1876-77.
C. W. Willimot.— 'On mines in Quebec,
1880-82.
Maps, etc., sep. Catalogued. — Localities of
copper ores in the Silurian of Lower Canada,
1858 ; on popper localities, 1863-6^6 ; ^otes on
the gold region pf JJastera Cw^4«^ (reprint Qf:
'1^-
lea of
inada,
ea on
various reports from 1843 to 1863 — separate
publications), 1864; map of North Burgess
showing the positions of apatite openings,
1870-77 ; map showing phosphate of lime in
Ottawa County, 1876-77.
ONTARIO.
Sir W. Logan. — On the geology and economic
I minerals of Lake Superior, 1846-7; on A'arious
leconomic minerals, and on the Industrial Ex-
Ihibition of 1851, 1851-2; on the Ramsay lead
|inine and the Acton copper mine, and miscel-
laneous economic minerals, 1858.
T. S. Hunt. — On the Godericli salt region,
|18GG-9; on the gold region of the County of
Tastings (jointly with A. Michel — separate pub-
lication) 1867; locations of copper ores in the
[uronian rocks of Mississagui river, 1858;
bn the Goderich salt region (reprinted from the
-lansactions of the Canadian Institute of Mining
Engineers, Vol. Y) 1876-7.
H. G. Vennor. — Oq the geology of portions of
Tastings, Peterborough and Frontenac counties,
^ntario, with geological map, 1 866-9. (Vicinity
Belleville).
Marmora gold mines, 1871-2; notes on
|!onomic minerals of Ontario, 1874-5.
i T. iMcFarlane. — On the geology and economic
[ineiais of portions of the County of Hastings,
5G3G; Laurentian, Huronian and upper cop-
^r Ixaring works of Lake Superior; with an
^pendix on the rocks and cuopriferous beds of
Vtage Lake, Michigan, 1863-6.
8
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HUDSON BAY AND LABRADOR.
H. Bell, Professor Dittmar. — Analysis of
waters from Hayes and Nelson rivers, 1878-79.
MANITOBA.
B. J. Harrington. — Brick clay f'*om Fort
Garrv, 1872-73.
G. 0. Hoffman.— On lignites, 1873-74.
NORTH-WEST TERRITORY.
R. W. Ells.— Borings for coal, 187 5-7G.
A. R. C. Selwyn. — Borings lor coal on
SourisR, 1879-80.
G. M. Dawson. — On coal seams of Bow arid
Belly river district, 1880-82 ; general remarks
on coals and lignites, 1880-82 ; geology of Bow
and Belly rivers with special reference to coal
(separate publication), 1882 ; map of coals and
lignites Bow and Belly river, 1880-82.
G. C. Hoffman. — Analysis of coals and
lignites, 1882-84.
BRITISH COLUMBIA.
J". Bichardson. — On the coal fields of the east
coast of Vancouver Island with map, 1871-72 ;
the same including Queen Charlotte Islands
with map, 1872-73 ; report on the coal fields of
Nanaimo, Comox, Covrtchin, Burrard Inlet,
and Lovke with general map, 1876-77.
T. S. Hunt. — Analysis of Richardson's coals
from Vancouver Island, 1871-72.
B. J. Harrington. — On (Richardson's) coals
from the west coast, 1872-73; gold, silver, &,c.,
1874-75 and 1876-77.
9
1-72 ;
slands
Inlet,
coala
A coala
ier, &c.,
G. M. Dawson. — (rCiieral notes oft mir?3 and
minerals of economic value in British Columbia,
187G-77; same with additions (separate report),
1883.
C. O. Hoffman. — Gold and silver assays,
1875 to 1885.
A. Bowman. — On Cariboo gold region, with
general map ; also sundry districts with detail
niajis (in hand).
MIXKRALS OENERALLY RELATING TO ALL THE
PROVINCES.
Sir \Vm. Logan was a practical mining
engineer by education and experience. He
never made any geological report without doing
full justice to the economic minerals of the
country examined. Some of his work was
ciitalogued anonymously.
T. S. Hunt. — Mr. Hunt's catalogued reports
began with that on mineral springs, ores, &,c.,
1815-1:0 and 18t8-49, and embraced Ontario
land Quebec minerals promiscuously down to
11869. He reported on various minerals and
|nnneral waters, 1847-48 ; on mineral springs,
3i'es, &c., 1848-49 ; on soils, peat, asphaltum,
lineral springs, kc, 1849-50; on various
iiiineral waters, 1850-51 ; minerals, soils,
lineral waters, &c., 1851-52 and 1852-53 ;
[imchy analyses, manufacture of salts from sea
ater, metallurgy of iron, 1853-56 ; on dolo-
iitc8, limestones, fish manures, <fec., 1856-57 ;
intrusive rocks, minerals from silurian rocks
id on the history of magnesia limestones,
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1858 ; on petroleum aii'l salt, 18G3-GG ; on peat
and its applicationg, 18G3GG ; on nunenilo<^y of
gold veins and Tnetbod of gold working,
18G3-GG ; notes on iron ore, 18GG-G9 ; petroleum
(separate report) in Gaspe, 18G5 ; ('anada: a
geographical, agricultural and mineralogical
sketch (separate report), 18G5. In 18G7
(separate report) h9 published a sketch of the
Geology of Canada for the Paris exhibition of
that year.
Anonymously catalogued. — As appendices
and otherwise, including maps accompanying
the reports elsewhere mentioned, some titles
occur in the " List of Publications " not con-
nected with any authors names :
Statistics of copper mining and copper smelt-
ing in Great Britain, 184G-47 ; catalogues of
some of the economic minerals and deposits of
Canada, 1849-50; descriptive catalogue of a
collection of economic minerals of Canada and
of its crystalline rocks (sent to London exhibi-
tion for 1862-separate report), 18G2; ditto,includ-
ing stratigraphic collection sentto Philadeli)hia,
1876; ditto Paris, 1878; on the Goderich salt
region (reprinted from the transactions of
American Institute of Mining Engineers
vol. V), 187G-77.
J. R >bb. — Mining and mineral statistics,
1871-72.
B. J. Harrington. — Notes on samples of brick
clay from Fort Garry, analysis of serpentine,
&c., 1872-73; on the iron ores of Canada and
:| j
11
I peat
>^y of
rking,
olovun
ada: a
logical
18G7
of the
Aon of
endices
)anying
le titles
lot con-
>r smelt-
»2ues of
posiis of
rue of a
i-.ula and
ti exhibi-
:,o,includ-
adelphia,
eiicli salt
ctions of
Engineers
statistics,
es of brick
serpentine,
Janada and
there development, 1873-74; notes on a few
(!anadian minerals and rocks, 1871-75 ; notes
on miscellaneous rocks and minerals, 1876-77.
G. C. lloffinan. — Chemical contril)utions to
the Geology of Canada, 1874-75, 1875-76,
1876-77, 1877-78, 1878-79, 1879-80, 1880-82,
1882-84 and 1885; on Canadian graphite,
1876-77.
L. Smith. — Observations on the history and
statistics of trade and manufacture of Canadian
salt, 1874-75.
Prof. Dittmar. — Analysis of the waters of
Hayes and Nelson rivers, 1879-80.
E, Coste. — Mining laws and mining policy,
1886; in hand {assisted by Mr. Brummel)
statistical report of raining operations in all the
provinces.
MATTER JN GEOLOGICAL REPORTS.
Not catalogued as individual reports but
occupying a portion of almost every geological
icport issued by the survey since its organiza-
tion, is the consideration of all economic min-
erals encountered in the area examined. An
index to those would be furnished by a similar
classification of the physiographical material in
subdivision 1 ; though it is not difficult to check
off any desired portion Oi locality from the
i^eneral list of publications of the Survey, if one
liad time to read over the 300 to 400 titles.
POPULAR AND PRACTICAL.
The museum has a wonderful faculty of draw-
ing visitors. Mr. Burke, the doorkeeper, who
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keeps a visitors recoid, informs me that the
yearly average is not less than 14,000 ; monthly,
1,000; and daily in fair weather not less than
40.
They seem to find something that interests
them. What is it? The museum is not so at-
tractive in some respects as are the mag-
nificent Agassiz and Redpath museums. When
one knows how imperfectly the majoritj^
comprehend what the Geological Survey
Museum really is, or grasp the idea of how it
may be utilized in a practical way for useful
or busines purposes, the curious fact would
seem to require explanation.
It is observed thnt the objects on exhibition
are all native, and that the animal, vegetable,
and mineral worlds ia their several departments
are all represented. An inkling at once asserts
itself that here is accumulated a wonderful
store of facts lying at the foundation of every
industry in our land. No one man's travels
could have won them. No single fortune could
have done it, for the Geological Survey has cost,
in the 25 yearn preceding confederation, $375,-
000, and in the 20 years since confederation,
$1,000,000. Has it not been a good invest
ment 1 What has been the " idea " of so large
an investment? For no one calls it
o
an
extravagance.
CONCEPTION OF THE MUSEUM.
An intelligent handling of ones resources is
undoubtedly the first consideration in every
business. „..^ . ^^ :
H
storv
furmi
the
tinuo
it po
to it,
tJiese
Id
the
than
5 rests
30 at-
Tiiag-
When
jovit>
iurvey
low it
useful
wovaH
\ibitiou
yetable,
tvnents
asserts
derful
every
travels
could
las cost,
, $375,-
eration,
invest
so large
it an
ources is
{n every
le
The Government performs many functions
which it is created or called on to perform. It
leaves all others to be taken hold of by indi-
viduals. It gives attention by preference to
those things which enable the peo))le to help
themselves. Foremost among these is education
— placing in reach of every one the necessary
information to handle his resources and powers
effectively.
The National Museum is all the provinces in
miniature. Its object is to place the necessary
knowledge and facts regarding the Dominion
and its resources, with their surrounding and
cont»'olling natural conditions, conveniently
within the reach of matured men, and legislators
who are commissioned to attend to their interests.
Without such knowledge collected and pre-
sented conveniently to their hand, they would
be compelled to skirmish individually and
unaided in search thereof, just as the child
would have to do without the advantages of an
education .
ITS GPOWTH AND "MANIFEST DESTINY."
Here is an institution occupying a three
story stone blcck at Ottawa (for many yeais
forming a department under the direction of
the Minister of Interior) which has had a con-
tinuous active existence since A.D. 1843. Is
it possible that what I have written in regard
to it, and the matter it covers, should be read in
these columns by many intelligent peojjle not
14
ill
i
if!
'/rangers to the muaeuin with something like
the freshness of news 1 The publications here
referred to in the briefest manner possible, are
more fully described in the price list of publica-
tions of the Geological Survey (to be had gratis
on application), and are sold approximately at
cost, a nominal figure when the publication is
separate. This is now the case with all reports
and maps issued, though they are annually
bound together into volumes, for libraries and
reference.
Has not the generation of Wm. E. Logan, of
John A. McDonald and of J. W. Dawson,
whose energies have been tl of the Dominion
in its youth, done well presenting this
foundation to the active men who are to pilot
the destinies of the Dominion henceforward 1
The mining exhibit only faintly indicates the
far greater wealth of the museum in physio-
graphic and biological material tributary to
agriculture, aii sundry arts and industries too
numerous to mention. Now as it is the busi-
ness of every one to look out for himself, and
presumably of the statesman also, in his public
not less than in his individual capacity, is it
worth his whil^, on behalf of his constituents,
to consider for u moment any thought which,
(looking forward to the proper destinies of
the Canada of the next generation), can build
up within our means the noble conception of a
national museum ]
also
ing
of
whi^
susta
of «
-
'"■-(■
15
yan, of
aw son,
ftiinion
a this
pO pilot
jardl
ttes the
Iphysio-
Lavy to
|ries too
[le busi-
;lf, and
public
One of the functions that has been acceptably
performed by the Geological Survey for year^
has been the supplying and aiding in building
up of local and provincial museums. Subter-
ranean regions in charge of Mr. Williniot,
devoted to this requirement, are seldom seen or
heard of by the visitor. Several of the provinces,
having special local interests, have inaugurated
provincial geological surveys, supplementary to
those of the Dominion, and commenced local
museums of their own ; the good policy of which
is apparent.
Canada has its central mineral belt, the
copper, silver, gold and iron belts of the Lake
Superior region extending northward, and Drs.
Selwynand Bell think repeating itself along the
coast of Hudson's Bay. It has the cordilleran
belt with all the mineral wealth that term
implies in North and South America. It has
also its ippalachian gold belt, which is interest-
ing on a- nmt of the reported richness of some
of its ledges ; and suiulry coal and iron regions,
whivh iustify us in saying her capabilities of
sustaining even large populations in unthought
of " deserts," may be far better than we have
imagined. If so her rigorous climate, during a
portion of the year, may turn out to be an
advantage rather than a drawback; and the
aspect of probable future national developments
is materiallv improved.
A.B.