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[187]

TBAsa. R. S. i/'.

X. — Oceanic Origin of the Kwakiutl-Nootka and Salish Stocks of British
Columbia and Fundamental Unity of Same, with Additional Notes
on the D4ni.

By C11ARLK8 IIiLL-TouT,

Duckland College, Vancouver, B.C.

(Communicated by Sir J. Rourinot and read May 25th, ISOK.)

Tlie dnasitication of the aboriginal tribes of this continent on linguis-
tic lines has resulted in giving us, according to Dr. Brinton, some 160,
more or less, distinct stocks or families. Fifty-eight of these, according
to Major Powell are found north of Mexico, of which no less extraordinary
number than 'M are found clustered along the western littoral between
Alaska and Lower California. That is to say, that more than two-thiixis
of all the linguistic slocks in North America are found in the compara-
tively restricted i)ortion of land lying between the Bockies and the Coast.
Various theories have been ottered by ethnologists to account for this
singular bunching of stocks in this limited territory, the most plausible of
which is that put forwaixl bj the late Horatio Hale. This, briefly, sup-
poses these isolated idioms to have had their origin in the natural lan-
guage-making faculty of young children ; ' that is to say, the author
thinks that in former days when the country was less densely populated
than at present, and families and settlements were separated by wider
intervals from one another, that cases would -occur where two or more
young children of dift'crent sexes, left by the death of their parents to
grow up secluded from all other society, would be compelled to frame a
language of their own, which language would in course of time become
the mother-tongue of n, new linguistic stock. But while this view, com-
ing as it does from such a veteran as Mr. Hale, deserves the most careful
consideration at our hands, and while it may very possibly account for
the origin of some of these diverse stocks, it has, I think, been felt by most
students of American origins that it docs not adequately account for the
origin of all. For while the genial climate and the spontaneous fruitful-
nesH of the soil in California render it possible for isolated groups of
orphans to gi-ow into strong and extensive stv>cks, a more rigorous cli-
mate and a less bountiful nature such as are found north of this favoured
region scarcely permit of such origin for the stocks which lie beyond the
40th or 45th parallel of latitude. Ten years' residence in British Columbia
leads me to believe that such a solution of the problem is wholl}' inadmis-

>" Proceedings" of the American Association for the Advancement of Science,

1880.

188

ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA

Bible under the olimutal conditions chavacteriBtic of this region. Prior
to the advent of the whites scarcity of food and winter faminen were by
no iticnns uncommon incidents in the life of the aborigines, as we learn
both from theniselvcs and from their traditional histories ; and if adults
and experienced foragers found a difficulty in procuring winter supplies
small chance would there be for lost or abandoned children of tender
yeai*8 to do so. It is true that where these divei-se slocks attain their
maximum density the conditions requii-ed by Mr. Hale's theory are found
to obtain, but the number of stocks north of thin favoured region is yet
sufficiently great to preclude the possibility of their having sprung into
existence in this manner. In the comparatively limited area of British
Columbia alone wo have, according to the received classification, seven
distinct stocks to account for ; that is, twice the number that is found else-
whei-e throughout those thousands of broad miles that make up the i-est
of British North America, and about the same number as are found scat-
tered over that vast region which stretches on the one hand from the
eastern slopes of the Rockies to the Atlantic seaboard and on the other
from the 30th parallel north to the frozen waters of the Arctic ocean. It
remains then to account for the j)resence of these numerous northern
stocks by some other hypothesis than that suggested by Mr. JIaie, and the
following linguistic notes on some of the stocks of this region are offered
in the belief thai the evidence they furnish of the cx<m-Amorican affinities
of our coast tribes yield us a less conjectural solution of this interesting
problem.

And I cannot help here in the first place pointing out that, apart
from the positive evidence of the fact, which I have to oHbr, there is noth-
ing antecedently impossible or even improbable in the hypothesis of an
u7/-(/ -American origin for our west coast tribes ; and the disfavour with
which this view is held by someof our eastern Americanists has long been
a matter of astonishment to me. Thut wide-spread Oceanic race which
has spread itself from Madagascar on the west to Hawaii on the east, and
from Formosa on the north to Easter Island on the south, may well have
made some settlements on our western shores which are but 1800 miles
from their present easternmost colony ; which distance is but a little more
than one-tenth of the interval between the most remote divisions of this
stock ; and less than one-fourth of the distance the ancestors of the Easter
Islanders themselves passed over in sailing thither, if we bring them from
the common centre and original home of their race. Thirty-four genera-
tions ago the great Polynesian navigator Maui was sailing far and wide
over the Pacific waters in his great double canoes each of which was
capable of carrying from 200 to 300 people. We know he reached the
Fijian group and from thence sailed away and discovered Ata and the
other islands of the Tongan group ; from whence he sailed to New Zealand,
left a portion of his people there, and returned to Tonga again ; and

[hii,l-toit] oceanic ORIGIN OF THE KWAKIUTLNOOTKA

189

making this his hcndquartorH undortooic niul acconipiished two more long
voyages. Miglit not lie or somo of iiis c-ompnnions huvc visited our
shores at this time '! At all events while J'olynesian migrants were navi-
gating the- waters of tlio Pacitic and eovering thousands of miles
in their coui-se the i»robabiiity that somo of them touched upon our
shores and ettected settlements thei-e was strong enough to nuike the matter
worthy of investigation and save it from the contempt it hjis met with at
the hands of some Americanists. And again, wliy so much objection to
an Asian oiigin for some of our northwestern stocks on tlie part of east-
ern investigators, who have never ^tudied our western tribes in their own
liome and who have to rely upon the laboui-s of othei*s for their intorma-
tion concerning lliem? Major Conder has recently stated in his articles
on Central America that hundreds of words in the Central American lan-
guage are identical in sound and significance with those of Eastern Asia,
and has convinced him.self of the truth of the Chinese and Japanese
accounts in their iiistories of their voyages in former times to Western
America. However this may be, no one can study the JK'ne language of
British Columbia and comj)are its nidicals with those ol' archaic Cliinese
and cognate tongues, and not feel a conviction growing in his mind thai it is
to Kast Asia that we must look for the origin of some at least of our West
American stocks ; and when he perceives the marked lacial and other
physical and psj'chical i*esemblances between some of the coast Indians and
the Chinese and Japanese ro.sident in our province, he cannot i-esist the be-
lief that these resemblances are .something more than fortuitous accidents.
One of the commonest remarks one hears from travellei-s from the Orient
as they pass through our midst is that our Indians ai-e astonishingly like
the Asiatics they have left behind ; anil the observant Kcnnan in his
account of his journey through Siberia' has expressed himself thus on
this head : " It will bo seen Irom the illustrations thai the Jviichinski

feminine type is distinctly Indian All of the Kilchinski

Tatars thai we saw in the Minusinsk district if they were dressed in
American fashion would be taken in any western State for Indians with-
out hesitation or doubt." If, as we know, the Kskimo have passed from
Annerica to Asia along that natural bridge which every year unites Capo
Prince of Wales to East Cape, or along that other old-time inter-ethnic
highway, the Aleutian Isles, why may not Asian hordes have passed in
former times from Asia to this continent bj- the sjime lines of travel?
That they really did so the marked mongoloid features which characterize
BO many of our west coast Indians and the linguistic evidence from the
l)^nt^ and otiier sources leave no room for doubt.

In treating of the physical characteristics of the British Columbia
coast tribes in his second report to the British Association on the Indians
of this rogion, Dr. Boas writes thus : " The habitus of the northern trilnis

> SilMirin and the Exile System, p. 4(1), Vol. II. UeorKc Keiinan.

190

ROYAL SOCIFTTY OF CANADA

ol'tliiHrot^ion \h Hiiniltir to tlint of lOust Asiatic tri Urn — a i'uct wiiicii wuhoI)-
Bcrvwl by U. Virchow, whocxuinincil u iniM)l)(>ror Hilqiilti wlio visitinl Hor-
lin in the winter of 1885-86. TIiIh «iiniliirity i« vory iniirkoil iiinoiii; tho
TiiiiiritH Ilaidu, Tmmshiun, Kwakiutl and Hilqtila, tu a Iohs oxiont amoiii^
tiioNootkU; while the const SaliHiiuiul tiie SaliHhof tho interior [;^oiion«ily
Hpoulviiig] show a dirtoivnt tyiK\" ' Kathor Morico ivriiarkN also in Win notes
on "Dent? R(X)t8 " : "The facial .siniihiritics of tlie MongciianM and nomo
American natives areso striking tiiat I know of |)urs<jnswlio mistook in my
presence Kritisli Columbia indiuns for (M-.inese." ' It is exti-emely interest-
ing to learn that linguistic investigation fully bears out these remarks.
The Salish approximate more noarlj* both physically and linguistically to
the .Malayo- Polynesians ; the Nootka more so than their congeners the
Kwakiutl, who with the Hilqula, Tsimshian and llaida-Tlingit s'now iin-
mistukablti ovideiu-o of Asian contact l>oth in habitus and speech, I know
of no other instance in tho whole lield of etiinology where linguistic and
physical data so clearly coincide, as in this case. I shall have occasion in
the course of my paper to refer to this again.

In oHering the evidence I have gatheivd «»f the fundamental unity of
tho stocks hero considered, iieretofore regarded as distinct, and of their re-
lationship to the Malayo-Polynesian, I cannot do better than make, in the
fii-st place, a few inti-oductory remarks upon what lias, in the course of my
studies, appeared to me to be some of the leading causes of the wide diHer-
onccs found in tho m(»rphology and still more in tho lexicography of the
languages of this region, and which have not always been taken into
account l)y investigators when comparing the languages of native slocks
among themselves or with those of t'x/rt/- American families.

Comparisons of vocabularies i^ua vocabularies furnish little or lu) reli-
able proof of a common origin for the terms found in them; they can at
best yield but presumptive evidence of attinity ; and that for tho o!)vious
reason that the vocables ot our aboriginal tongues are rarely comparable
with those of othei* linguistic families. They are very largely polysyn-
ihelic in form and unless the investigator is able to resolve these .syntheses
into their components and discover the radicals he will invariably be led
astray. On tho other hand comparisons instituted on linos strictly mor-
phological, as demanded by some of our leading philologists, will in a great
number of cases yield but little better results on account of tho repeated
admixture of stocks which has taken place in this country and the conse-
quent break-up and ivmodelling of language. Cases are not wanting
where the vocabulary shows atflnity with one stock and the granmatical
structure with another. The Kwakiutl-Nootka is an instance in point.
Its vocabulary for the most part is, like the Salish, of Malayo-Polynesian

' Fifth Report of the Committee of the Briti.sli A.ssociation on tlie Northwestera
tribes of Canndn, lS8y, pp. 11 and 12.

"TrimH. Caiiacliim Institute. Vol. III., p. H7. lf«U.

Ihili.-toit] Of'KAMC ORIUIN OK TlIK K\V AKIUTI^NOOTKA

191

ori>;in, but llio |ioHt-|iosition of itn luirtirlos and its ^i-iuM-al Mtmclurc murk
its atHnily to tho Dt-m'' of tlio interior on one liai.tl and liast Asian Mtocks
on tho other. Tliu same to a leas extent is true of theotlier two nortliern
Btoeks, the THiniHhian ant' tho JIaida-Tiingit, whose voojibuhiries contain
scores of typical Oceanic terms but wiiohc f^raniniar is umioubicdly East
Asian in structure ; the simple forms and .syntax o( tlio Jlaida relating it
to the .lai>o-(.,'oreun ; atHnities with which [cojile the strong lacial simi-
laritiurt of the llaida show them no less clearly lo iiave.

American philology is lurgel}- a law nnto itself. Its languages con-
stitii* • a liimily of their own, and rules aiid nietliod.-« that may be advan-
tageously ap])lied to classical tongues are often found to be wholly inajt-
plicable and useless lo a I'amily like the Auierican who^e genius anil laws
are so radically ditl'eront. Much of the linguistic woi k of ou- good mis-
sionaries, to whom the philologist is so largely indebted for his knowledge
of American tongues, is marred and of less value to us on account of their
efforts to force the native gramnmr thi-ough clas.-ical moulds, uniler the
mistaken idea that thi.s is 'he correct and only way to treat it. It is
neither by a comparison of vocabularies nor of grammais alone that the
true relations of American stocks to one another or to those beyond <>;ir
shores will ever bo pointed out, but rather by the study of the radical ele-
ments which underlie the ponderous syntheses or compounds that consti-
tute the speech of our typical American stocks, and the resolution of
these, as far as is now possible, into their original constituents. At the
bottom of every one of these comp;)und8 there will be found one or more
constant prinuiries or roots. It i.s l.y the discovery and comparison 'A'
these that we shall best discover tho relations of our numerous tribes to
each other and to outside slocks. Th's =s fhe method which Father
Morice has so successfully followed in his studies of the D4n6 and which
has nuidc it ])o.s>iblo for me to discover striking and far-reaching lexico-
graphical and morphological similarities in this highh--complex and typi-
cal American language lo the tongues of Kast Asia, some of which I
pointed out in a lornicr |m]ier ; and this is the method I have followed in
ray comparisons in this paper whtiwer an analysis was possible to me.
Tho evidence of aHinity which a single one of these radicals furnishes is
worth a score of mere vocabulary reseniblanci's ; ' tor these ialter may jios-
sibly bo fortuitous, but the common u.se in dirt'erent languages of the same
radicals cannot i)e ; they jioint incontestably, nolwithstanding ditterences
of grammar, to a common source and origin. And if in adilition to iden-
tity of railical elemcnls emjiloyed in the same way and with tho same sig-
nificance in the compared tongues, there be found idenlity of compound

I Compare, for uxiimple, the rudiciil Ait iit the various syntht-ses for flnjjor, luiil,
toe, hand, etc.. in l)otli Dcuiinic uiid Coluiiiliiiiii stoi-ks as niveii lieiow, or tlie iiin
radical in " light " coin pounds, and the vuluc of nidiciil ci)nipiirison will be readily
seen.

(92

ROYAL SOCIETY OP CANADA

forma tuul minilaritioH in structiiiv, so much tlio bettor, tliotiKli to my mind
the prt)of of rolationnhip HtandM in no need of tiiiH luiditionai ovidoneo.

" I'tdysynlliolicism " or •' incor|)orutioM " in tho fenturu moHt ^onerully
regurded uh clianu'turiHtic of American almri/rinal Hpouch. But this is true
(mly t<. a very limited extent of many American tongues; and in somo
this feature is wholly absent. In Mritisii Columbia wo have but one truly
incorporativo language — the Bine. Of the others we nuiy say that the
nearer one ap|)roaclies the coaMt the less is this characteristic discernuble.
Next to the iWmJ, though in a much less degree, th- ""nionaqa, theothor
interior stock, which borders on tlie Ddne and Algonkin, dis|)lays this fea-
ture most. Adjoining these and west of tl . i am the interior tribes of
the Saliah ; and it is interesting to note that incorporative forms ai-e much
c.unmoner in the speech of these inland tribes than in that of their con-
genei-s on the coast. From all of which it would appear that polysynlhe-
ticism is not native to the speech of the coast trii)es but luis been acquired
in a variable degree by contact with their more eastern neighbours the
J)<Sn«5. Believing as I do, fr<»m the evidence I will presently otter, that the
Dine IS the oldest of British (-olumbia stocks ; and that the coast tribes are
moi-e recent arrivals ; and reganiing polysyhtiieticism as a characteristic
ratlier of the more ancient speech of the continent than that of all modern
stocks, this is exactly the state of things we ought to find. The longer a
stock has been in the country and the longer its language has been sub-
jected to tho.so influences which are regarded by philologists as peculiarly
American the less will it ccmform to its original modes of expression and
the les.s will it resemble its parent stock. This is seen again and again in
the tongues of British Columbia. To cite but one instance. That isolated
division of the Saliah, the Bilquhi, was formerly' regarded as a separate
stock so ditferont is its language from that of the other Salish divisions, by
contact with alien stocks.

Taking polysyntheticism, then, as tl»e chaiiicteristic of the speech of
the aboriginal races of this continent we tiiul in this very feature one of
the most potent factors of ditforentiation. Langtuiges originally one. may
under the influence of polysyntheticism become in a faw generations so
totally different in vocabularv and grammar as to appear to have no rela-
tionship one with another. The chief aim of the speaker of an incorpo-
rative tongue like the DtSni or Algonkin is to express in a single word not
only the object or action contemplated but also every possible modification
that each is capable of undergoing. This is seen in the extraordinary
particularizing, discriminating power of their nouns ar.d verbs which are
rarely differentiated into distinct parts of speech. In tiio case of the noun
the speaker not only denominates the object but informs yoti at the same
time and in the same oxpres.sion whether it is round or square, little or big,
solid or hollow, long or short, smooth or rough, soft, or hard, present or
absent, near by or far off, and a score of other qualities or characteristics.

[nru.^CT] OCEANIC ORKHN OF THE KWAKIUTIv-NOOTKA

193

In the verbal f'oriuH wo find tlie sumo thing. Lot uh take for in."»liui(.otlio
vorl) "to break." In the jdaee of tlie ninglo KiigliHh term the Di'iu' lan-
guage, Father Morico telU us, poswHseN no le^H than IIU iliscriminating
subetlr-ites not one of which ooultl be indirt'erently used for the other.
They h •• "XpresHive HrHt of the objei-t or agent employcii in the action, as
the fist ir the feet ; a stick or a whip. kn. ; secondly of the manner in
w' 'eh th" object has lioen atl'ected, wiiother it has been broken in one |)lace
n man)', in the middle or otherwise, jturposely or by accident, violently
or by goi.tlo pivssui-e, &v. ; and thirdly of the form and <'haracter of the
object itself, whellier it is round or square, small or large, soft »n' hard,
&<-. vNi^ain in the locomotive verb '• to go," if wo were to place under tliis
term the words which are used in D«5nt' to signify the action of goini^ we
should have a colle<-ti<m of totally different words according as the loco-
motion took place on two or four legs, l»y running or hopjiing, creeping
like a snake or leaping like a frog, swimming, skating, laughing, weeping,
in a canoe, up the stream or down the stream, and a host of other modi-
fication.s. And if we were to chose the verb ' to put " and seek the I>en($
equivalent Fatlier Morice affirms that iho paradigm of this single verb
alone would contain over ;^,000 verbs all of which dilier in moaning as
well as in material structure ;' and according to the Kev. T. Hurlbut the
no less astounding number of verbal forms than 17 millions may be found
in the paradigm of a single Algonkin verb.'

Many of the early collectors of native words, u])on whose work we
luive frequently to rely in our investigations were wholly unaware of the
true character of tlie Indian verb and set down against the Knglish but
one form as its equivalent. It will easily be seen how misleading vocabu-
laries of this kind can be. Another pitfall for the imwary collector is the
unsuspected existence of a great number of synonymous terms with
which some at least of our Indian languages abound, any one of which
may, with almost equal propriety, be employed by the native speaker and
thtis recorded by the collector, to the exclusion of all otliera. Time and
again I have noticed instances of this kind in going over the ground of
earlier investigators, some of which have caused mo no little embarrass-
mc'it and trouble in my own studies

To this wealth of synonymous expression is due also much of the dia-
lectical difference we find in the speech of i-elated tribes. Much, for in-
stance, of the lexicographical dissimilarily in tfio Kwakiutl and Salish
arises from this cause. Since the separation of the Kwakiutl from the
Salish, tlio former luive in numberless instances given the preference to one
of these synonymous terms, the latter to another. Like ourselves these
stocks have two common forms, for instance, by which they indicate thirst

' Viile " Dene LiinguaKCM," TraiiMictioiis of Canadian Institute. Vol. I., Fnrt II.
p. 181. 1801.

- Quoted l)y Whitney in his " Life and Growth of LanguuKes," p. fW

194

ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA

in themselves. They say inditterently " I am thirsty " or " I am dry."
Again, I was puzzled onedaj^to find that the vei'b "to give" in two
closely related divisions was entirely ditlerent. Upon inquiry I learnt
that one was not the verb " to give" at all but a synonymous expression
and i-eally meant "hand over" — ''Give me that food," and "hand over
that food " is in effect the same. If we take the word for " beaver " we
find no less than throe synonymous terms in use among the Salish for this
animal. The Ntlakapamuq gave mo the form qkopa which is a ci)mpound
of the words qtlukt and ahupa meaning respectively " wide " and " tail."
In other vocabularies of this tribe I find the term snooya or sheniiya.
Upon inquiry I find this latter term has a variety of meanings. Its
primary sense is '• treasure " or " wealth " or " riches." Beavci akins were
in old fur-trading days a standard of value, hence beaver-skins are
" riches" or " treasure," and hence the application of the terra to the living
animal. The third term skelo seems to have been superceded in this tribe
bj"^ the other two, and yet skelo is clearly the original term as it is common
to most of the Salish divisions and to one, at least, of the Kwakiutl. In-
stances of a like kind could be multiplied by scores. But groat as are the
changes vrought in the vocabulary in this way, still greater and wider
ones spring, as I have said, from the particularizing power of the nouns
or name words. In a typical American tongue there are few name words
that are simply denotive as most of ours are ; they are generally conno-
tive, descriptive or predicative. In the British Columbia tongues with the
exception of the Ddn6 nnd to a loss extent the Kutonaqu, this is not a
marked feature ; and even in these two it is clearly not an original, na-
tive characteristic but one acquired since their advent and seltloiuontin this
country for ijy far the greater number of thoir nouns are denotive in
character. Even in the D^nc which is second only to the l.ighly-complex
Algonkin in its incorporative ]>rocosses, four-fifths of its name words are
either monosyllabic in form and of simple import, or are simple compounds
of these in juxtaposition. K.\amplos of this descriptive class of nouns
may be seen mi the following: "Iron" by s:)me of the 1)4\\6 tribes is
called satson meaning literally "beaver-dung"; by othocs it is termed
iT:tsi=" beai'-dung." One tribe of the Salish knows it under the com-
pound su'«7<;wit^//e//i=" hard thing." "Kavon" is called Ivy some of the
l)4n6 '<rt<S0H=" feathers-dung." "Winter" in the mouth of one division
is !/(7c'-/ie'=' snow-on," and something quite dill'orent in the mouth of
others. Some of the Nootka say ^S'J«''^a'/i=" doason-when-evorything-
clean." " Meat " or " flesh " anion- th'> Xtlakapamuq is the same tcm as
that applied to "doer." One division of the DcUfS says for "log"
/.■/ie'-fcen= "'feet-handle.'' For "prairie" one tribe .says "gras.s-on," an-
other "graas-country. ' "Moon" among many tribes is oxpros<;ed by a
synthesis moaning "night-its-sun." The Tliugits express the idea of
"yellow" hy kyetUiotleyujuate which literally means " tlog-duiig-color."

Lhill-tout] oceanic ORIGIN OF THE KWAKIUTL-NOOTKA.

198

Wolf among one tribe of the Siilish is t(ittciolmiq=" pcople-of-lho-woodH " ;
other tribes express it by different syntheses; '• Salt " among the llaida
is known under the term tan(ja(jaija=^^ dry-sea.' "Island" among the
Tsimshiun is called /e/i:sda=" sitting-alone." " Beaver" in one tribe of the
D6b6 alone is known under four different names according to its age.
There is the generic teim tsa, but when the creature is under two yeai*8
it is called tsa-tsel ; later it is known by the term khoq, each of which is
descriptive of some quality or characteristic ; and when it reaches three
years its name is changed again to uetqol'il which signifies that it is of
raating-age. Among the Algonkin in one tribe the beaver is called by a
term which means " feller-of-ti-ees," in another " he-that-pops his-head-
out-of the-water," signifying thereby that he is an air-breathing, water
animal.

The following will serve for examples of the prcdioiive class;
" Plough '' in Ddni! is thus rendered pc-yoen-oelqoel, which literally means
" with-carth-one-cleaves." "Seat" is u-kicoettsoezta=^' it-on-onc-sits."
Horse is known to some ti'ibes as " the-beastwhose-hoofs-are-solid," to
others as " the-dog-that-carries," to a third as '• the-beast-that-carries-a-
living-burden-on-its-back " ; othei*s know it again under the descriptive
forms of "the-wonderful-domestic-animal," the '-elk-dog," "the domestic
elk," and so forth. Some of the Algonkin say for '• bed " nibagau=" used-
for-sleeping " : and a " hand-saw " they call kishfdbo-}iqan=^' used-for-cnt-
ting-crosswise." An extreme instance of these compound forms is seen in
the following which was recorded by the Eev. E. Mayhew, preacher for
some time among the Indians on Martha's Vineyard : " Xup'jnihk-nuh-tO'
pe-pe-naiiwut-chut-ehuh-quo-ka-neh-cha-e niunu-7nun-no nok " and which
means in English " Our-well-skilled mirror-makers."

It is unnecessary to multiply these examples ; sufficient have been
given to make it very clear that words formed on this principle must
necessarily give rise to an indefinite number of dissimilar forms and sooa
bring about wide lexicographical differentiation in tiie speech of the dif-
ferent divisions of a stock, particularly when the fancy of the speaker is
allowed such free play as in the formation of some of the examples given
above. In a language that has to describe an object in ord-jr to name it
there is scope enough lo eH'ect two-thirds at least of all the dissimilarities
found to-day in the vocabularies of our 1(!0 stocks, which 1 venture to
predict will be reduced to less than half that number when comparisons
are instituted on the lines herein suggested.

But there is yet another source of lexical difte>"enco to mention which
has perhaps played as important a part in the diflercntiation of dialects
if not of stocks as those already noted. In hwigutiges like the American
where incorporation gives rise to words of from two to twenty or more
syllables speech would soon become impossible if fusion and contraction
were not perforce resorted to. Syncope steps in and reduces these pon-

Sec. II., 1808. 13.

196

ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA

derous polysyntheses into moro convenient forms. Shortening of words
by the elimination of vowels is a common foature in the Ileillsuk* division
of the Kwakiutl, indeed it constitutes the chief ditt'erence to be found in
the dialects of this stock, as for example qk'iwi from qak'um ; k' ks from
kayoks, which again is a contraction from kalo-kish. But elimination is
not confined to vowels alone. We find tl'eqsioala contracted into th'sela ;
matlmatem mio pat fetii ; ijoakelaioq into qoandlaq. Again, if we take
the phrase eki-(/-ki-kame which signifies in English " he is a good chief"
and subject it to a close analysis we find that syncope has been severely at
work here also. " Ek "=good, •' i " is the remnant of a ])nmitive verb of
being whose full form is lost, "g " stands for the demonstrative pronoun
"this" whose uncontracted form is " (/((i(/<f," " ki" is a contraction of a
phrase meaning " best among all " and is now employed as the sign of the
superlative of adjectives. Another word is Nakaztti the present D^nc name
for the village at Stuart's Lake. This is a contraction from the following
expression : Atna ko ])oefl tiztli, and signities in English " the river was
covered with floating arrows of the Atna or dwarfs," and has reference to
an old legend. Other exami^les are ,s7( = " for me '' from two primitively
independent and distinct parts of speech, i)ronoun and ])reposition, viz. :
s-oep-a ; «« = " for thee'' trom noemp-a ; Am-o</=" with him " from ?imio-
poe-tL I have already shown how the Ntlakapamuq contracted qtlnk't,
shupa = '' hroiid.'' "tail" into </A'ti/>(i=" beaver,'' and numerous other in-
stances might be cited if it were necessary.

Yet one other source of trouble to the investigator who would insti-
tute comparisons between different vocabularies remains to be mentioned.

Many of our Indian tongues — the Salish is one — form the plural of
many of their intransitive verbs from a totally difteiont stem from that
from which the singular is derive^l ; and frequently when u comparison of
the singular shows no affinity whatever it is readily discovered in the
plural ; but when but one of these has been recorded, as is f'roquontly the
case, it is easy to see that the comparative philologist will bo embarrassed
and perhaps led astray.

It is commonly claimed by classic philologists that the numerals of a
tongue are amongst the most constant elements of a language and consti-
tute with the pronominal one of the best and surest tests of affinity. This
is an idea derived fron\ a comparison of the speech of a group of related
tongues like the Aryan family, the members of which had long lived
together and unified their language before separation took place. It does
does- not hold good even of such closely related stocks as the Malayo-
Polynesian in which only the lirst five numerals ai-e common to each divi-
sion, and the jironominal elements as diverse as they well can be. And in
such uncultivated tongues as the American where such la ' :de in name
formation is permissible ought we to expect to find nnicli similarity?
Even within the same stock the numerals are ol'ten wholly dissimilar in

[lULt-TOur] OCEANIC ORIGIN OF THE KWAKIUTL-NOOTKA

197

form and meaning. And the reason of" this is not far to seek ; the ideas
are dittbrently oxpi-esscd. Amonj^ some Indians "one" signifies " a small
thing " ; among others " a beginning," and with those who count upon
the little finger firet, " the little one," " the youngest " ; in another it sig-
nifies "undivided" ; in another "alone" ; and yet again in another the
word for " thumb " and " one " are identical terms. " Throe " means with
some the '• middle finger " ; with othera " the longe.st finger." \c. " Five "
= "the hand," *• the closed fist," or "all." "Six" is sometimes " five-
one," at others "one more,"' &e. Nino is variously expressed as "one
left," " one less than," " one wanting," and so on. I need hainlly remark
that lexical sameness is impossible under these circumstances.

I have spoken hitherto in the main of the causes which bring about
lexicographical discrepancies in our native tongues; it remains to add a
few words on the causes of morphological differences, a point on which
British Columbia stocks are competent to otter valuable suggestions, dif-
fering as most of them do from characteristic eastern stocks.

Every year as our knowledge of the speech of the various aboriginal
tribes that now people this continent increases, we are learning more and
more how faulty and inapplicable was the hasty generalization that the
American tongues are morphologically one. There is but one feature that
can be said with any approach to truth, to be shared by the most of them
and that in a very variable degree, and that is the tendency to jiolysyn-
theticism, and in some even this connecting link as I have said is want-
ing. Still regarding this as the distinguishing characteristic of American
speech, the one element in common that unifies to a certain extent groups
of otherwise wholly dissimilar tongues and alone justifies the term
" American Family," it is not surprising that this peculiar and wide-
spread principle should be the cause of much of the morphological change
which has been effected in the language of those stocks whose radicals
incotiteatably show them to be of Oceanic or Asian origin.

Just as the analytical tendency in the modern representatives of the
Aryan f"ainily would undoubtedly infiuence and modify the morphology
of any language brought into contact with it so has the opposite tendency
of the primordial speech of" America iiiflueiicod and modified all later
stocks that have come within the sphere of its influence. As already
stated this tendency to polysyntheticism is found in a very variable de-
gree in British Columbia tongues. It is truly characteristic of ona only,
the D4i\6. This stock is undoubtedly the oldest in the province, and pos-
sibly on the whole coast. It has apparently been displaced and driven to
its piesent quarters by more recent and more warlike trii)es. Evidence is
not wanting in support of this view. First, we have that from their com-
plex language which display.-', like their eastern neighbours the Algonkins,
a marked preference f"or incorporalive forms, although as Fathers Morice
and Petitot have both ]>ointod out there are not wanting traces of an

198

ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA

earlier and simpler syntax, and the monosyllabic form of their radicals,
together with other remarkable similaritiei), stamp it as belonging origi-
nally to the monosyllabic family of Jilastern Asia.

And secondly there is the evidence from their present peculiar geogra-
phical position. This stock is now divided into two great divisions, a north-
ern and asouthern, between which are found, at irregular intervals, several
smaller intervening groups of the same people. This, it seems to me, ])oints
to a time when the D^ne race occupied the whole littoral between Mexico
and Alaska. A glance at Major Powell's Linguistic Chart of the native
races of North America will show that the other tribes lie like a wedge be-
tween the northern and southern division, the smaller Don4 groups being
scattered throughout the western portion of this wedge. Our knowledge
of the character of the present D^n^ tribes of British Columbia entirely
precludes us from entertaining the belief that thisdivision was effected by a
volu;itary separation or migration. It is quite certain that no body of
D6n6 since they have been known to us possessed the requisite qualities
to force their waj- south, to the position occupied by their congenei-s in the
United States ; and though it may be urged against this that the Ilupa
bands in California held all the neighbouring tribes tributary to them ;
and that the Apache have established a record for bravery and fortitude
second to none in the country ; j-et these admitted moral ditt'erences in the
southern divisions are due not so mn'-.h, I am disposed to think, to an
original superiority and valour in the migrants as to the difl'erent condi-
l ons of their southern existence ; and in this resjject these southern
groups form u most interesting example of the changes which environ-
ment can effect in a race or pcojtle. Cut off and separated from tLeir
northern brethi-en by the intrusion of alier .. J warlike hoi-des from
Oceania, surrounded on all sides by hostile neighbours, it was a case of
fight or be exterminated. Life under such conditions could end in but
one of two results, extermination or the development and engendering of
just those qualities which now characterize the southern Dene and ditter-
entiato them so markedly from their pusillanimous northern brethren.
And while the advent of the great Shoshonean stock, whether from the
west or from the southeast, doubtless completed the separation and
pressed the D^iic farther south, the Salish entering by the Fraser jiushed
the northern branch still farther north and east and so nuide the separa-
tion fiijal and complete.

That the separation was forced and of remote date is clear from the
fact that neither division has any knowledge of the existence of the other,
which would scarcely be the case if the southern Dene had voluntarily
migrated from the north ; and that the separation took place from the
north and not from the south is eqiially clear from a tradition among
some of the eastern l)6ii6 (according to Father Morice) that the days were
formerly exceedingly short, so short, indeed, that sewing the edge of a

[hill-tout] oceanic origin OFT; . VAKIUTL-NOOTKA

199

muskrat skin was all that one woman couki do between sunrise and sunset.
This tradition undoubtedly points to a former residence in the extreme
north, and marks at the same time the line of migration traversed by the
race; in which sense it is wholly in keeping with the evidence from their
language, which, as I have remarked before, possesses undoubted Asian
affinities.

Regarding then the gre:it D^nt^ stock as the original occupiei-s of the
northwest littoral, we can see that the settlement of this i-egion with
Oceanic hoi"des could not have been etl'cctcd witht)ut considerable admix-
ture of stocks and consequent corruption of languages. The coast
tribes have been slave holders from time immemorial. Many of the
D^n^ would have been pressed into servitude by the more warlike
and energetic immigrants Just as were the Hritons in I'ngland by the
Saxon and Angles. Their women would have been taken for wives,
and the residt of this union would be that the ottsjiring would speak
a tongue which was neither the father's nor the mother's, but an
odd fortuitous mixture of each and nowhere alike in any two centres.
From this broken speech theie would grow up in the course of a genera-
tion or two just such languages as the Kwakiutl-Nootka and other north-
ern stocks where the morphology inclines to one familj' and the lexico-
gi-aphy to another. In the case of the wide-spread Salish body they came
apparently in greater numbers and with intent to settle, their womankind
in all probability accompanying them, for we tind less disorder in their
speech, both morphology and lexicography agreeing substantially with
that of the Malayo-Polynesian. The advent of other and possibly later
bodies of immigrants with, it may be, considerable intervals of time be-
tween them — for the islands of the Pacific were not settled in a day— com-
ing from different centres and speaking very probably different dialects,
would result in a new admixture of blood and a further disruption of
speech, which in coureo of time would give rise to just that diversity of
language we find prevailing among the native population of this coast.

That the sjieech of two stocks on this coast had its origin in this way
is certain as I shall show in this paper ; that the speech of their immediate
neighbours to the north and south has been much modified by the same
cause is equally certain ; and that the speech of many other stocks on
this coast will bo found, on further inquiry on the lines I have suggested,
to have had a similar origin, I regard, from the evidence I have incident-
ally gathered, in my work on the northern stocks, to be more than pro-
bable.

That admixture of the coast tribes with the Pen<$ has taken place as I
have supposed, the following citations from Dr. Franz Boas's report to the
British Association on the physical characteristics of the northwest tribes
of Canada makes indubitably clear. We learn from him that two distinct
physical types are found here, one which he regards as the Coast Indian

200

ROYAL SOCIETY OK CANADA

type and which I would call the Oceanic, and the other, as the h6i\4. He
writes thus: "Two maxima of frequency occur, while cases between the

two niaxinui are quite rare The primary maximum of tiie

Bilqula [tiie nortliernmost division of the Salish] iigrees very closely with
that of the Oregonian Tinneh [more properly Dene] while it will be seen
that the secondary maximum coincides very nearly with the nutximum of
the first grouj) embracing the northern tribes and those of Vancouver
Island. The resemhhinec of the two maxima of fnquency to the types of

the Coast Indians and of the Tinneh is very far-reachimj The

explanation of these phenomena must be sought for in the mixture of the
two types of people.^ .... We know that a mixture of these two

people has taken place among the Bilqula Among the 13il-

qula, in Washington and throughout Oregon we find a type })resent of a
stature ranging from 1(16 to 172 cm. with a cejtlialic index of from 84 to
87, and a facial index of from 83 to Sti. Among the Jiilquia and in Ore-
gon this is the prevailing type while in Washington it is of secondary
importance. In these regions Tinneh are the main mass of the population.
They were present in Washington and form a considerable element among
the Bilqula. Therefore it must be assumed that this type represents the
Tenneh, .... It is worth mentioning that the Tlingit of Alaska,
who have intercourse with the Tinneh appear also taller and more
brachj'cephalic." •'

Given the conditions 1 suppose, a primitive stock already in possession
of the soil and successive invasions and .settlements of Oceanic hordes such
as we know were navigating the waters of the Pacitic in the early cen-
turies I'f our era ; intercourse and admixture of these in marriage, with
the consequent and inevitable break-up of the original speech of both
peoples in the mouths of their ottspnng; the springing uj) of new and
distinct forms in each centre, coupUni with the tendencies to divergence
and change which wo have seen characterize American speech ; and wo
have a cause more than sufficient to originate the Hit slocks now found on
this coast. And as if to contirm this view a modern instance of the birth
of a new language under similar conditions has recently been brought to
notice. The occupation of Mount Mlanji in Central Africa and the build-
ing of Fort Lister which was garrisoneil by Sikh soldiers from India gave
rise to "a most extraordinary language, being a mixture of Hindustani,
Swahili, Yao and Chinyanja. It is one of the newest languages on earth,
it cannot be more than a year old, but it is well understood by the|)eople.
The vocabulary is limited and as for the grammar it is yet unformed, but
I am confident that shoiild the soldiers remain in this country another
five years the philologist will be delighted to stmly Indo-African lan-
guages of the future and to trace their origin and the marvellous words

■ The italics are mine.

s Vide Seventh Report of the B, A. A. S. on the Northwest Trilies of Canada. 1W)1.

[hiix-tout] oceanic ORIGIN OF THE KWAKIUTL-NOOTKA

20 1

composing them." '' The opinion of this writer is fully justified by the
development of u si miiiir speech in this part of the world whose origin and
history is well known, viz., the Chinook jargon. This speech whit.-h had
its rise at the end of the last century in the exigencies of the fur-trade is
now the common medium of communication between the ditiercnt stocks
themselves as well as between traders and missionaries and Indians. It is
a conglomerate of terms taken from half a score or more ditVerent lan-
guages imposed on a native Chinook basis with a syntax of simple juxta-
position. But just as out of this hodge-podge, this " blind conl'usion " of
haphazard terms that con.stitute the Chinook vocabulary, we can trace
the origin of most of the words onipioyeil in it, so, I contend, when the
syntheses which disguise the origin of the languages of the American In-
dians, are i-esolved into their primaries or radicals and due allowance is
made for ditVerences of pronunciation, for the difference of sensibility in
the eai's of vocabulary collectors, and for the dillerences caused by the
permutation of letters, wo can trace the origin of many of these languages
themselves. And this 1 unhesitating!}' affirm, from the result of my own
investigatiims, is the only way in which the origin of the slocks of this
country will ever be discovered. While the genius of American speech
incorporates its primitive elements into ponderous syntheses and thus
etiectually disguises them, while noun, adjective, adverb, and preposition
are subject to (if.njugation and pai-take of the character of the verb, while
ever}' word is more or loss a sentence in itself a comparison based on gram-
matical likeness alone can only result, as it so often has, in disappointment
and waste of labour.

I am not alone in thus regarding the study of American tongues.
The late 11. Hale, whose wide knowleilge and ripe experience in mattei-s
philological entitle his judgments to the highest consideration, held the
same opinion ; and Mr. J. II. Trumbull in one of the most profound and
suggestive papers ever published on the stiuly of Indian languages has
enunciated like views. His extensive and critical knowledgeof one of our
most important and typical stocks, the Algonkin, gives his opinions great
weight. He writes in this connection thus : '■ To single out and fix the
primaiy meanings of the verbal roots should be the ultimate aim in the
study of every Indian tongue. ... What excessive synthesis has

done searching analj'sis must undo To determine and classify

the primary verhs in any one language would Ije to bring a larger contri-
bution to linguistic science than has often been made by students of the
American tongues ; back of tliese verbs and of the primary demonstra-
tives are the ultimate roots. These may not now be, possibly they never

will Ih), attainable But if onler is ever to be brought out of

this blind confusion — if any satisfactory dassitication of the hunilreds of

'•^ ThiH sUitcinent appeared in the London Times about two years ago which paper
quoted it from an article in the liritiah Central African Gazette.

202

ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA

Ife

! I

languages ami dialects now so loosely grouped is to l)o established, if the
genetic relation of one of these to another is to be demonstrated even in
those cases where, on grounds independent of language, the probability of
such relation is greatest — analysis must Hi-st do its work, until, at last, it
shall have determined and classiHod the earlier traceable constituents of
speech, thougl ompolled to stop short of the discovery of ultimate
roots." ' And such words as these can bo applied to the study and
comparison of . - lerican stocks among themselves, which arc regarded by
some authorities as morphologically' one, assuredly such a system ot com-
parison will be doubly necessar}' when American stocks are compared with
those of other parts of the world.

In the comparisons here instituted I have chosen purposely those
words only of sim])le import such as are common to all languages the
world over. The limitations im|)Osod upon mo in this short jiaper have
made it neccssaiy to restrict the number of words or radicals offered ;
but sufficient have been given to ])lace the question of an (Jceanic origin
for the ancestors of the Salish and Kwakiutl-Nootka beyoiul all doubi. It
will be observed that the compound forms are often purer than the inde-
pendent forms which are frequently derived from a totally diffei-ent root.
It Avill also be seen that where the Kwakiutl-Nootka terms differ from the
Salish, cognate or s3'nonymous terms are usually employed, and I doubt
not that if our vocabularies were moi-e comprehensive and our knowledge
of the languages greater we could find cori-esi^nding forms where they
are now lacking.

The interchange of lettore is very wide and seems almost to cover the
whole alphabet though I do not despair of discovering later some law of
permutation at the bottom of this seeming confusion. For the present I
must say of our Columbian stocks what Tregear has said of the extra-
Polynesian, "no attempt has 3'et been sc^nously made to arrange their
multitudinous diversity." There are certain well-marked interchanges aa
in the Oceanic groups, but these cover only a comparatively small num-
ber of the permutations which take place even within the dialects of the
same stock. Before a comprehensive law can be formulated we must
have full and com])lete vocabularies from all the divisions of all the stocks,
and this at present we do not possess.

With regartl to the authorities for the terms herein compared I am
indebted for my Oceanic material to Walace's list of Malayan terms as
given in the 10th edition of his*' The Malay Archipelago " ; to Fornander's
*'The Polynesian Race," and to Tregear's monumental work " The Maori
Comparative Dictionary," without which latter my task would have been
well-nigh in8ui)erable. For my British Columbian terms I have drawn
from Dawson and Tolmie's Comparative Vocabularies; from the Reports
of the B. A. A. S. on the Northwest Tribes of Canada ; from Hall's

• Vide Essiiy by Mr. J. H. Trumbull, Trans. Am. Phil. Assoc. 1860-70.

[HiLL-TOLT] ocp:anic origin of the kwakiutl-xootka

2oa

Gmmnmr on tlie Kwakivitl ; from Dawson's voeabnlniy of same ; and
from notes and vo(.'al)uliirieH collected with consideval)le care by myself.
To bring out the full force of the evidence of aftinily in the stocks com-
pared I have considered it well to give a fairlj' comprehensive list of the
terms and radicals selected for conipa Ison in both Oceanic and Columbian
stocks. In the Columbian I have given all that I have been able to possess
myself of With the exception of the Niskwalli dialect i am at pix^sent un-
able to otter any Salish terms found in the divisions of this body south of
British Columbia. Some thirty ditt'erent tribes are, however, i-epresented.
Under '' Sumas,'' the J'raser River tribe I am most familiar with. I have
lumped the other twentj' or .so divisions found below Spuzzum. the divid-
ing lino of the Fraser tribes. The dialects of those below this line differ
but slightl}- one fi-om the other. In the tribes above Spuzzum the dialec-
tical differences are so great that they cannot hold con vei-se with those
Ijelow ; and in the old day the two divisions were frequently at war with
one another. The Oceanic material in my ])osses8ion was too extensive to
compare in full ; I have, therefore, confined my selections to concurrent
forms only, ]>urposely omitting the divergent ones. This fact must be
borne in mind in judging of the affinities; for a large number of the
omitted forms diverge from the typical Polynesian more widely than do
the Columbian terms themselves. It is necessary to lemember this that
the full force of the relationship may bo seen. After the comparison of
each terra I add such notes as seem to me necessary to bring out the cor-
res]>ondences, but I have made these as brief as possible.

OCHANIC.

Mata, Moor^.
Maka, Ilanaivm
Maku, Santa Cruz
Muka, Mitlaij
Muclia, Tagil
Uwaka Morella
Mati*l>a, Nicoliar

Rae-mata, Mangaremn

Mata, Fiji, Yfuhel, Florida, ix., ifr

Maf, Rotumu

Matinotin, Ttor

Ulmmo, Cnjili

Wamo, Camarian

Kowniea-Jawbone, Afaiigareran

'Auvae =* cliin, Samoan

Kouahe =* clieek, Totigan

Kouvae =« oliin, M'xrquetan

Kauwae " Maori

Uwa == face, Lariki

Auae = part of lower jaw, Tahitiaii

FACE.

C0LUMBI.\X.

Kn.kumae

Kow-komai

in synthesis = umae

c. f. aumae, umae = cheek

iKtrakiutl

Iv,

Itlhloolli

Hitlotl, in sj'n. — ntl=uk

c f k(j-k6ma '^ mask-for-face J

Salish.
Muslia, in syn. osh, Bilqula
Mooth, " osh, Thatirul

Moos, " osli, Sishiatl
6^moos, " osh, Staktamish
Sm(5s ten " osh, Pmtlatch
Tsaa-tsus, Sinahomish
Sa-tsos, in syn. OS, Squamish
St'kosh = side-face, Humat, Ac, &c
Sk'-loos, in syn. osh, Okanakan
Skt-lush, •' osh, yUakajiamuq
Shku-tlos, " osh, Lillooct
c. f. Meka-(lqt8atl) = tongue, Sqv/vnish

ootka

fir

204

ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA

OCBASIC.

FACE. Sausii.

Aiiwae = chin, IJnumian

Matin «= head, Tnhehulis

Kanne = jaw, Fimmotiin

^uama == cheek, Snarwimitq

Kane = oliin, Maoriori

Snala =~ cheek, bumar, A-c, &

Jawai =» jaw, Maori

Ko-zopae = cheek, Nthkapan

Skot-lush =^ 8i(le-race "
Ski-thmha =«= face, Slttumip

It will bo noticed ihut two distinct roots are umployod in botli groups.
I have no doubt tliat timae in ono form or another is found in all the divi-
sions of the Saliali. The wonl is not ono of those commonly recorded.
Bnt as it is found in tho Ntlakupamuq it will be also found among its
noighboui"s the other interior tribes ; and as it is in the Sumas it will be
found with slight moditication in all the Fraser tribes below the Ntlaka-
pamuq. The Snanaimuq of Vancouver's Island |)os8e8s it also ; so that it
is quite safe to assume that it is a form common to all the Salish. The
atHnity of this term to the corresponding forms in Polynesia is direct
and clear, v, w, p, m, I being common interchanges in Oceanic and Colum-
bian stocks alike. The Mata forms will require a little explanation.
Throughout the comparisons it will be seen that the isolated fiilqula have
preserved many of their Oceanic words in a purer and less modihed form
than the other divisions of the Salish. In this instance we see a case in point,
the Jfushaof tho Bilqula corresponding with the Mauri or Hawaiian forms
as closely* as does the Taijal or the Nicobar. The other Sulish and the
Nootka forms are all variants of this as their synthetic forms plainly
show. The protix we find in the interior dialects signifies "side." This is
clear from the Sumas group and the Ntlakapamuq. " L " or '• tl " is one
of the commonest interchanges of " m," only it is necessary to bear in
mind that "tl " is also an interchange of "k." Tho difference between
these two " tl '"s is scarcely appreciable to a white man's ears, hence the
same symbol for tho two sounds. Father Morice is the only investigator
who discriminates between these two sounds but his symbols are not con-
venient for use. In the prefix for •' tongue" in Squamish wo probabl}'
have tho pure form for " face." Its exact meaning in this compound I
have been thus far unable to determine. The employment of this term in
both Oceanic and Columbian groups in the same way in the following
word is I think very suggestive and convincing.

EYE.

Oceanic.

Mata, Maori

Maka, Hiucaiian

Mata, Samoan

Macha, Formom

Maso, Malugatty

c. f. Mata-ki = a spy, Tongan

Matin, Teor

Mateo, Dyak

Columbian.
k'ks, k'uks
Kayaks, kaiukash

• KwikitUl

Ku88i, Kusai
in ayn. •ksutl

Salish.
Kelo-kish in syn. -ot'akos, Bilf/vla
Kaawum, Tliailotl

I Nootka

[iiilwoutJ oceanic ORIGIN OF THE KWAKIUTL-NOOTKA

203

OCBANIC.

EYE.

8aU8H.

Matan, AlUiago

Mata-uiata = to look at, >Samo<m

Mek eye, l.ifu

Matai Taliitinu, Tniujn, Fiji, Baju, iCr

c.f. Kanolii, iVaori

Kano-i-mattt = pupil oftlie eye, Tonija

Wha-karu = to 8tart>, Maori

Kiiatch, Multqiii, dr.
Kaloni, I'tullutcli
Kaliiiu, SiKvmimwi
Ktiiiim. Sumaii, A-c, itr., Ar.
Kaliim, SniigtK
Kahidli, yi^kwdlli
Ni-kaloon, "

Kono~lii = to resemble, &,^:.^ Mnngarfvan Nu-k'-ili)08ii-ten, Nllakapamuq

Karo = to look at, Alin
Kana = to stare, Mataculu
Kilo =» to look at, Unmiiian
Kilo »= to look aslant, Tungtin

Ilo-ilo = to look at, Snmoan
Kelo-pak-niata = eye-lid, Mahty
Kero =* to see dimly, Maori
Karo-i-te-mata = imperfei lly visible,

Mangarenm
Mata-kite = a seer, SUwri
Kalo = to evade a blow by watching, Ivnnrun

Miv"gnrfvan
Kalo-fagi = a hidinji-plure, Tongan
'Alo = to conceal, Sumonn
Pu-kana = to . e, tkc, Maori
Poha = open, Mamjarenni
Po-aha = open, a clear passage, Maori
Po = to appear, Mangarevan
Bo-gi = to squint, Tongan
Puki.no-bi = eye, Maori
Mata = to see, Tongan

in syn -tlusb,
Nooka-tlfK)8h-tin, Lillooet
in syn. -aloosh, Lillooet
(Senuk) tloosb-len, Sluwrhunp
Tetin-niodS, Staktamiiih
c.f. Kaiii-tla '.

DiVkonla = to see, Kirakiutl

Du-kwila )

Natsa =« to see, Mootka
Sm.isii.
to see, Tlaitl.
La-mat = to see. Pent.
Kunfim = to ste, SikH.
La-mat = to see, Sunn,
Kuakt = to see, Sqiuim,
Kuatch = to see. Mal/u/ui
Kunfit «= to see, Soiigm •
Wokem = to see, Xtlak.
Wfikem = to see. Shir.
Waken to see, Okana.

"Eye" like "face" is derived from two dirterent roots. In some
groups these ure compounded, in otkers only one is employed. With the
exception of the Kwakiutl-Xootku the affinities are self-evident. These
are interesting as exami)ies of the fusion and contraction I alluded to in
the earlier part of this paper. The Hret form given is syncopated almost
bej'ond recognition, but the intermediate forms make its restoration quite
simple. The i^ilqula who apjtarenth- borrowed it from the Kwakiutl
gives us the key. K'ks is really an abbreviation of the synthesis Kalo-
Kisha or more ])ropcrly Kulo-masha ; where the "k" has replaced the
"m," a not uncommon interchange in British Columbia or in Polynesia.
This Kalo masha has its fellow in the Kari-mata of the Sikayanan form
for "eye.' The first of the Niskwaili forms Kdlu'sh is a similar com-
pound not quite so severely syncopated. When the syntheses of the inte-
rior Saiish are resolved wo tind they employ the .same term alike for
" eye " and " face," Just us do the Polynesian groups. Their synthetic forms
make this quite clear. While tlieir substantive forms of the verb "to
see " is the Polynesian viaka pure and simple, with m interchanged for

206

ROYAL 8(K'IKTY OF CANADA

w. Till' Nootltii forms luv siin|)ly variiiiits of tlu' Kwakiiitl Kiislid. Tim
syntliotic fonnoflho Milqulii imU-itrly tlu' M<itii t>f I'.tlyiiesiii with tlio
lust ii'ttor of tho A't'/y, tlakos or tlaks having i-liungftl tlu' in'' for i(»
oquivalont "1 " or "tl."

UcKAN'ia

Ihu, Maori

Ibii, Samoan, Rotwui, itc

Nlaii, Semkf, Airi

Ihu, Tahitian. JIuiimian
Ibii, Tongon, Mungiinrnn

Ishuda, Dufanre Jnlnndt

NOSK

t'OLUMUIAN.

Hu-nmk in ayn. okiiRnil niHkR,'<
llu-niuq c.f. oks-tae = ti|i of

nose
liHi-nsua
Hi-iiUaa kna maks « hridgo

uf the nose
A'ltsu, Nititu ^

in syn. V"' "* = P"!"'' «'"''•

(•| iik8=» smell

c.f. IIopa-Hlita » witli round point
Anahta-lH ^ with small nose or
point (is = small)

Saush.
Maqsu, nUqxUa
iMek-Hun, TkiII.

" Pent.

" Sifh.

" Snan.

Kmikiull

. Sootka

Muk-Bun,<S'7tMim.
Nek-Bun, Sontjin in syn. oksun
Sps.aks, Ntlakap. in syn. aks
S{)e8ek8, Lill. in syn. aleks

Uthuna, Fiji

Muk, Samang

Usnut, Gaui

Ku-mor, Sulai/er

Inka, yforelltt

Hi-ruka, Liang

c.f. Maka-hu ^ point or nose of canoa,

Hamiiimi
Ilm-vaka =» bow of canoe, Fawnolnn
Mata =* point, end, Ac, Maori
Puta-in = nose, Raratongan
Mata =E the point of anythinji, Samoan SpBaks, Sltew. in syn. aks
Maka => '' •■ " <• Haumian " Oibana. in syn- aks
c. f* Mata-are = the top or oreat of a wave,

Tahitian Mnksel, Sumai, lix., <ic., Ac

c.f. P6 == mucus from nose, Maori, <So-

moan, Tahitian, Hawaiian &c., &c Muksul, Matuqui

With pae in thefoiiowing : Alkitl-pa ■■ c.f. Esu-muksel = bridge of nose, Malsqui

" to bleed from the nose "
Ai-wa-kai-nis-pae = nostril
Kwa-wil-pae ^ perforation of septum of

nose, in Kwakiutl

A moment's consideration will make the affinities underlying this
word quite clear and certain. Throughout the Polynesian gixtups niata or
mrtArt besides signifying "face" has a secondary meaning of "point,"
"end," ''extremity." The Salish dialects one and all appear to use thia
form in its secondary meaning of point, as do also the Nootka iii their
synthetic forms ; the ahta being merely a reduced mahta ; initials and
finals being invariably elided in composition to permit of bringing a
compound into manageable length as already pointed out. The Nootka

tiiiLL-TOtr] OCEANIC OUIGIN OF THE KWAKIUTL-NOOTKA

207

. 'Jl.c
III tlif
for itN

iii(lo|><.'n(lont form hIiow- its aftliiity clemrly to tho coininoii l*olyno.siim
term, having pivHxeii an -'n" liko the S<in(tke iind Api. Undor thuHotiHO
of'sinell' \v»' wo, howovoi", thu oonnoftiiij^ link botwot^n them and tho
Salish, puks lioin^ ol)vloiiHly u variant of thk/us. •' p " uiul " ni " commonly
intorchnnjt^in^ as in ilio interior Salisii forms and in tho Rarotomjan.
Tho Kwnifiutl have two indopondcnt forms; tho ono affiliates with tlio
Nootka, .he other is clearly a compound of ihu and muka for which
annlogieh are not wanting in tho Oceanic groups as may bo soen in tho
Polynesian compounds above.

OCBANJC.

Upoko, Mauri

Poo, Hmvaiian

Upoo, Tahit.

Ulu-poko =» skull. Tongan

Upokoi Maiigar., Morqutmn

Boko ««■ skull, Maramir

HEAD, HAIR. Columbian.

Ilaita, liiunilN \

ill syn. -KfiiV ]•

Kun-klae = crown of the head J
Tolitfite, Noolka

Kuaki'uU

Salish.

Obaku =*' head, Bouton

Nejiek = Anehyum

i'ocliok =» head, the crown, Malay

Hutu = head, (laUIn

Uliu = head, Satayir

Ka-luitu =- liead, Mysol

Atu = head, Tiirnimn

Batcha = head, Municolo

Uru =»= bead, Mitori

Ulin = head, Teor

Uhi

Ulii

Te<luh. tenali,in syn. -iuMi, Bilqvla

Utuh-osb, 'fhall.

Mdosh, Thutl

Moc'sbi iS'i>/i.

Shioos, l\nl.

Sheiyis, Snan.

Smoos, SqiMtm.

Tsasiis, Songen

Tsataus, Sumar, itc, <f-c.

SkeiuB == toj) of bead, Suman, dc , ttc.
bead, Sumo.m, .Salayer, Cnmariaii Smuk-awiw = back of bead, Sumuf, Ac.
bead, Guuham, Marianne Islandu Skeia-kulok = crown of liead, Sumac, Ac.

Uruk =* head, Licng
Uruka = bead, Monlla
Keba = front of skull, Maori
Kea= " " "
Ma-kara =* head, Maori
Matenga = " '

Mata-mata =>: headland, Maori
Boo(^ = hair, Iloatn
Makawa =*' bead of hair, Maori
Bok = head of hair, Mulu

Skei-ulok = crown of bead, Matuqui
Somuk == skull, Mat»qui
Skbeioos == bead, A't.«L
Skap-kun = head, Shew.
Komuknn =■ head, Lill.
Kutu'kun = head, Xtlakap.
Tsa-shia-ken =« bead, Okana.
Saia, tzia == hair, Kivak.
in syn. -bape, Kwik.
Hap'-siup, Xoolka

Ma'ave = a good bead of hair, Samoan Melli-koa, Bil.

Hna = hair, Uatwnerah
Ma-kuve = filament, fibre, Mangar.
Makave = a riniilet, Mavgaian
Hutu =" hair, Tiilore
Bulwa ^ hair, Bouton
i'eleab = hair, Myfol
Kuiola =^ hair, Liang
c.f. Tia ^ to comb the ha'r, deck the Ma-ken, Lill.
head, ac, .tfuuri Kau-ten, Shew,

Ma-kan, TUall.
S!ii-ken, Pent.
Sma-ken, Sith.
Sliai-kim, Snan.
Skoinai, Si/vam.
Sia-ten, Song.
Skeiap-ken, Ntlakap.

jlii

it'

208 ROY\L SOCIETY OF CANADA

HEAD, HAIR. Saush.

Kap-ken-ten, Okmm.
> Ma-knn, Kuunt.

Kaw-ma-kun, KtUl.
Mo-kel, Sutnas, dr., &c., &c

I have placed the words for " Iiead" and " hair" together because in
both Oceanic and Cohimbian groups there is a wide interchange of terms.
There is less uniformity in both groups in those terms than in the preced-
ing ones. This in> the British Columbia dialects is due to the fact that
there are separate words for the different parts of the head. As seen in
the Salish, " face " and ••head" are frequently expressed by the same
terms when sjjoken of generally. In other divisions the form expressive
of the top part of the head has beer given. There are also special forms
for the back of the head and the crown. Hesides these there are
many synonymous exj)resaions. The same holds good of the Polynesian.
In Maori alone there are 2U ditferent forms for head only. Uniformity
could scarcely be looked for under these circumstances. .Still there is
abundant evidence of affinity. It will be seen that the independent form
in the Kwakiutl for " hair " is seen in several of the Salish compounds foi'
both "hair" and "head." In the mouths of the Sumas group of the
Fraser Salish it signifies the upper or top part of the head. It may pos-
sibly connect with the Polynesian tei = high, lofty ; oi' witli hei = a
garland for the liair, &c., &c. The .synthetic form of the Kwakiutl would
appear to be akin to the keh(( or kea of the Mauii. There is no doubt that
somuk = "skull '' common to the greater number if not to all of the Sal-
ish tribes is related to the itpoko forms of the Polynesians : just as the uluk
radical '.n the synthesis '■ ciown-of-the-head " is to the ulit, uruk, uruka
forms. As far as the vocabularies show the Tluitlotl are the only Salish
who use the utu radical, but this cannot be really the caso. It 'vill pro-
bably be Ibund also in the other dialects as well. The Bilqula is ]>robably
a variant of it. The interior Salish forms for " head " are clearly con-
tracted as the Lillooet synthetic form -uk shows and are the same as the
Somuk of the Sumas group. The synthetic form for "hair" -hapc in
Kwakiutl is clearly the -kave of Polynesian.

Oceanic.

TOOTH.

COLUMltlAN.

Gi gi, Malay

Niho, Maori
Nifo, Savwan
Neihin. Aveityum
Ni, nx;!, '^(Uand
Ni-c'lii, Bouton
Niki, Liang, etc., &c
Nuslii, Savo
Nitcho, Sikayana

Gigi, kyiky
in syn. -hsia

Tshi-tshi-sli
Tclii-ti;ld-tclii

Gi-geis, riiall.
Yenas, Snan.
Yinis, /'(•))(.

>■ KuakiuU
^ Nootka

Salish.

■*#

[hill-tout] oceanic ORIGIN OF THE KW> KlUTL-NOOTKA

209

^ Nootka

Oceanic

Nissy, Vaiqwmo
Lesin, Wahai
Gi gi, Salayer, Baju
Ngi"";, Menado
Nisi, Wayapo
Nisi-nen, Massaratty
Isi, Sanguir
Nikin, Morella
Ing, Tidore
Nuhsi, Sam

c,f. Ngi == to laugh, Maori

TOOTH, Salish.

Yinia, Skquam.
Tsenes, Song.
Yelis, Sumas, Ac, itc, <fc.
Dzudis, Nink.
Obsin, Tshehalis.
Rei-tshi-min, lAll.
Aei-te-men, Okana.
Helal>, Shew.

Hioli, in plural hi-hi-oh, Ntlak.
c.f. Ni-em == to laugh, show the teeth,

Pent.
Yen-em =« to laugh, show the teeth, Snan.

The affinities of the two gi-oups as seen in this word are clear and ob-
vious and need no pointing out. It may, however, be interesting to note
that "d' = "n" in the Niskwalli ; tlic interchange is quite common in
this division. We find the same interchange also in Fiji in some words. In
the Lillooet we find "r" taking the place of "n" through "I"; and
in the neighbouring Okanahan the initial " a " before the dii)hthong is
really a softened "r" or "1." A modified "a" frequently interchanges
with " 1 " which is not a fully developed letter in the Columbian stocks
any more than it is in Polynesian. An instance in jwint will be seen
in the Kaawum = Kolum in the Thatlotl for eye as given above, and in
the following term for " ear."

The three following terms are very interesting in their far-reaching
connections.

OCBANIC.

EAR.

COLUMBIAX.

Taringa, Maori

Besbaya,

Trtlia, Tahiluin

Pes-bayio in syu. tola,

Taliga, Sum. and Tonq.

Pispaio in syn. tlala

Taia, Motu

c.f. Wha-tlala-uiin = I h

Talanlia, Guaham

Torina, Liang

Papai,

Tprena, Sapnriui

in s]

Aliua, riavt

Pulipi

Karina, .SVni Cristoral

Salish.

Telina, Morella

Koaana, Thatl.

Karin, Teor

Skuena, Pmt,

Tainga, Tagal

Kulana, Sifh.

Toll, Snlayer and Sunguir

Koiieii, Snan.

Telinga. SiUu hi.

Kolan, Squam.

Tiiri, Mauido

Kwolum, Song.

nalina, A pi, At., <tT.

Knol, Suma«, etc., etc., etc

Kulinda, Xalalavu

Kuhi'.a, yifk.

Aliiia, Malanla

Toenne, KtUl.

Tolilrt. Cajdi

Tiana, ytlakap.

of. Koele =» noiso, Hatiuiian

Toli. Mlakap.

]
J

'■Kmikiuil

in syn luitl, r Xoolka

^m'

'I:

ii I'

f i

210

ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA

OCKASIO.

EAR.

Salibh.

Tlana, LUl.

Tena in syn. ena, Okana,

Langi = sound, Maori, etc., etc
Kani = sound, Ihiimiian

rio.pio =^ to make a noise, Hawaiian

Pahu =»: sound, Hawaiian

Pa = to be heard as sound, Hawaiian

Pa = to strike or reach one's ears. Haw.

Pai = to make a noise, Hawaiian

"ihe = sound of wailing, Hawaiian

Ba = sound, Tongan

Pese = to sing or shout, Samoan

Pia-pio == an outcry, etc., etc., Samoan

Paiyi = to sing, Maori

Pie ^ to call, Maori

The affinities here are very strong and clear with the exception of the
Kwakiutl-Nootka independent forms, which would appear to i-elate to'the
Polynesian/jrt or pe radical. The connection between " sound " and " ear "
is obvious and there can be no doubt that these terms are related. The
unity, however, of the Kwakiutl-Nootka and Salish is clear from the
synthetic forms.

Oceanic.

TONGUE.

Columbian.

Alan, Mysol

Aran, Mpsol

Lila. Bii^is

Arero, Maori

Hilat, Bali

Alele, Roluma

Alelo, (S'om., Haw.

Elelo, Tongan

Leia, Malagas]/

Aledo, Sikiyana

Lidab, Malay, Bouton, Salayer, Sium, etc.

Rilab, Ratahan

Dila, Sulu Is.

Uelah, Bajii

Warero, Maoriori

Maki, Tagil, etc

Maka, Lianj, Morella

Mecolo, Teluti

Kelo, Our am

Koele = noise, Hawaiian
Olelo, Haw., to speak, etc

Kilum, kelem
Gyilem in syn. atl
c.f. Tatlila = to laugli
Salala = to sinjj;
Nano-ya = to sing

Tchup, t«op

c.f. Nunuk = to sing

P'atl =« taste

Salisii.
Tihtsa in syn. laita, Bil.
Teqihnatl, Thatl.
Teqthall, Snan.
Tequiliual, Sish.
Pent.
Meka-liitsatl, Sqiuim.
Te(i8etl, Songes
Toqthis, Matnijui, etc
Tatla, ytlakap.
Tatla, Lilt.

c.f. Alal = to cry, Li II.
Teqtcli, O'.nna.
Titiuaatek, Sluw.
Etl-wuk, BHq.
Eil-kwam-ilh = to luugb, Bil<j.

'. Kiixik

KimkiuU

' Nootka

[HiLirTouT] OCEANIC ORIGIN OF THE KWAKIUTL-NOOTKA

211

OCKANIC.

TONGUE.

Sausb.

Alalai Haw., to cry, etc
Fa'a-'ala-'ala, to nock, Samoan
Lolo, to shoat, Motu
Kara, sound, etc., Maori
Ara, to invoke the gods, Tahitian
Lau, to talk, etc., Tongan
Orerorero, to dispute, Tahilian
Kelo, talk, fongue, etc., Garam
Korero, to talk, Maori
Kole, entreat, etc., Tongan
Korero, to interpret, raumotan
Kara, to call, Maori
'Alaga, to shout, cry out, etc., Samoan
Kalaan, to call aloud, Hawaiian
Kala, to proclaim, a public cryer. Haw
Kalnga, to shout, etc., Tongan
Gala, to cry out, etc., Tongan
Karanga, to say, etc., Raro-Umgan
Karakia, prayers, etc., Mangaian
Kalaga. a great cry, Futuma
Garang, a loud voice, etc., Malay
Kara-kara-ivisa, a hoarse noise, Fiji
Tai, to cry, sound, etc., Tahitian, etc
Ta-tai, to rehearse, Tahitian
Ta-tagii to weep, etc, Paumotan
Ta-toga, to converse, etc., Tongan
Tatangi, to jingle, etc., Maori
Wa-wa, mouth, etc., Ulaun
6awa, mouth, etc., MacaMar
Waha, mouth, etc., Maori, etc
Wa-wa-ro, sound, etc., Maori
Hari, to dance, sing, eta, Maori
Tari, to dance, sing, etc , Malay
Sali, to dance, Solomon Is.
Tangi, to sing, etc-, Mangaian
Tani, to sing, etc., Manjuesan

K'k3'-ala = to speak ; literally woman

speaks, Kivakiuti
B'gu'ala =^ to speak; literally a man

speaks, Kwakintl
Kwal = to apeak, Kwantlin
Koel ^ to speak, Snan.
Kula = to call, name, sing, Kicak.
Kelut =^ to speak, Sfieu:
Koalot =z to speak, LUl.
Koal, = to speak, Matsqui
Koai = to speak, ThaH.
Kul-koalelt = to speak, Okana.
Khela == to speak, Sumas- etc-, etc
Koa-kul = to speak, Songes
Wa wa =*: to speak, Nootka
Wawi =« to cry, NUakap.
Wo wo = to sing, Thatl.
Kuna ^ to sing, Okana.
Lolo = to sing. Pent,
Akela-kup =« sound, etc., Sumas, etc., etc
Koanatz = to cry, Bilqula
VVulalem == to laugh, Slieiv.
Hu-alem = to laugh, Kivanllin
Leum = to laugh, Sumas, etc
Tilam == to sing, Sumas, etc
Teilum = to sing, Snan.
Teilim = to sing, Nisk.
Atlum = to sing, Ntlakap.
Atl-atle-muil =— a singer, Ntlakap.
Atla-atlat = to couqh, Ntlakap.
Ta-alum =- to sing, Sumas, etc
Stalen = to sing, S/»A-
Tetalem = to sing, Snan
Tetlaelem ^ to sing, Songes
Atlum =» to sing, Lill.
Wum-atla = to dance, Sqiiam.
Kiny-ales = to dance, Sish.
Koi-ales = to dance, Snan.
Koales = to dance, Songes
Kway-ala =«= noise of crying, Kwakintl
Dumi ala = sound of a bell, Kwakintl
Kwa-kw-'ala = sound the Indian makes,

i.f., the Indian language, Kwak,
Ma-ma-tla-ki-ala =« the white man's lan-
guage, Kiixik.

The correspondences hero are so man}' and obvious that I shall not
attempt to point them out. I will merely say that if any one is doubtful
of the Polynesian affinities of the Kwakiutl-Nootka-Salish after a careful

Sec. II., 1898. U.

iiii

Mil

ill'

212

ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA

■ if,
■if

examinution of these terras, it will be scarcely worth his while to follow
me in my comparisons any further.

Oceanic-

Wai, Maori

Wai = spring, Fiji

Wai, Haw., Bunt, Ceram, etc

Vai, Alfwon

\foy A^Kaiva Is.

Waar, Dorey

Welo, Telud

Aki, Sangvdr, Sian, Oalela, Tidore

Akei, Menado

Hoi, Vanquero Eatt

Kuai, Malanta

Ue, Baki

Aer, Salayer

c.f. Ua, = rain, Maori

Hoak = sea, Teor

Sawah ^= sea, Saparva

Bel = water, Aurora

U-lan = rain, lit sky water, Gam

Hu-lani =»=rain, Batumerah, etc

Uwal = water, Macansar

Tolun = rain, WaMi

Uea = rain, Vaturana

Uta = rain, Malanta

Utlia ^ rain, Fiji

Uha, Florida

AVATER.

Columbian.

Waam, wap

In syn. eta

c.f. w"-wa-(kula) = spring

ikxu,a c;.. ..dative particle akin to

similar forms in Polynesian)

Yukwa ^ rain

Kwa-sila = shower

Tsu-kwa = mud

Tsu-kwa-(kula) = storm

Wa-kaloos = rainbow

lu ^ tide

Tcaak, tsuuk

c.f. Auk = lake

• KwaUvil

I Nootka

Salish.
Khla, Bilqula
Kaea, Thatl.
Seuouth, Pent.
Seuouth, Sish.
Ka, Snan.

Ka, Sumas, etc., etc , etc
Stak. Squam.
Koaai Songei>
Koa, Ntlakap.
Ko, Lill., Nisk.
Koa, Shew.
Shiwutlk, Okana.

c.f. Wap = bridge over water, Squam.
Sti-pais = raiu, KiUl.

RIVER.

Awa, Maori
Wai, Maori
Ava =* a boat-passaize into a lagoon,

Sam.
Ava =- an entrance to a harbour. Tali.
Awa = a harbour, etc., Ilawaiiai
Ava = strait, narrows, Marqu,
Awa = channel or river, Maoriori,
Wai = river, Tidore
Wailolun = river, Teluli
Weyoh = river, Mysol
Welo = water, Teluti
Tolun = water, Wahai
Wayl = water, Batamurah
Gam =«= scum, froth, Mangarnvn
Qualo = to swim, Fijian

Wa, iu all divisions of Kivak.
c.f. Wae = uioiitli of river
0|)ening, channel, Kmtk.

Tsaak, Xootka

Saush.
Anaquoni, Bit.
Kuten, Thatl.
Stolau, I'ent.
Stalo, Sitaii.
Staolo, .S't;i/i.
Stak, Squam,

[hili^tout] oceanic ORIGIN OF THE KWAKIUTL-NOOl'KA

213

to follow

Kwakiutl

i Nootka

jtuim.

Oceanic.

Sol, My ml,

Laut, Malay, Wahai, etc., etc

Lautau, Lariki

Olat, Cajeli, Wayapo

Wolat, Gani

Belot, Myml

Alu, ^= wave, billow, Tahitian

Nolo = sea, Tidore

Tasok ^ sea, Gah

Hoak ='sea, Ttor

Ngara=«= wave, Maori

Gain = wave, Samoan, Tongan

SEA.

Saubh;

Kou, Ntlakap.

Stuwauh, Lill.

Setatkua, Shew.

Sha titk, Okano

Stoluk, Nisk.

Solut, Bilq.

Kuotl-ko, Thnti.

Kuotl.ko, Pent.

Kuotl-ko, Sish.

Kuatl-koa, Snan.

Kuotlk, Squam.

Kokoe, Ntlakap.

c.f. Falasku = lake, Ntlakap.

Ko\\, Lilt.

Kulae = wave, Kwak.

Nalu = wave, Haw. Wet damp, moist Ziik zuk, Nllak.

Su-su, Samoan Sluk, Sutnas, etc., etc

Hu liu, I'ongan Tsa-tsum = damp, Sumai, etc

Hu ==mud, Maori Tsu-(kua) =- mud, Kmik.

Sail = dew, .Samoon T8U-{kiia-kula) = storm, Ktoak.

Hau =»= dew, Tahitian Tsu-uk = water Nootka

Au = dew, Rarotonyun

The corvespomlences in the above group of " water" radicals are very
dear and interesting. It vnW be seen that the Salish forms for river dif-
fer from the Kwakiutl and Polynesian, affiliating rather with the extra-
Polynesian for "water," "sea," &c. It will also be observed that the
Kwakiutl synthetic forms for " water " is the same radical as the prefix in
the Salish •' river " forms. The eonvspondences between the " sea " forms
is very clo.so ; the Eilqula as usual showing the purest form. The ko
radical of the Salish is very likely borrowed from the Dene, which has
similar forms.

Oceanic.

Ahi, Maori.

Ai, Rarotongan, Saiu, etc

Hai, Rotlo

Afi, Samoan

Apui Kayan

Goifi, Guaham

Wha, Bouton

Hai, (j'aram

Kua-ti, Chamon

Ilai, Vaiqveno

Apoi, Silonij, Mattt, etc., etc., etc

Lap, Mysol (coast)

Yap, Myml (interior)

FIRE, &c

Columbian.

Hai-(kala)

Kwilta

c.f. Hi-uuk= "summer-time,"

literally " hot season "

in syn. koa, niha, hwa _,

Inik, in syn. hauk
c.f. Kupa = warm

Sausii.
Deoh, Naih, Bilq.
AVlioa-uith, Thatl.
Haiuk, Snan.

■Kwakiutl

• Nootka

"il

214

ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA

OcBANic. FIRE, &c. Saush.

Haiuk, Sumas, etc., etc., etc
Yaiotl, in syn. tsap, Squam.
Tcu-whap, Okana.
Thaikb, Kuuntlin
Kwei-ib, Thutl.
Oiyap, Ntlakafi.
Ruiapi Lill,

c.f. Shenk'oiya-nk ^= summer-time, Ntlak.
V\'haa-kwila =^ embers, Sunuu, etc
Wha-tsep = sparks, astiesi Sumaf, etc
Tlk-ap = kettle, Sfiew.
Tlk-ap =* kettle, Okana.
Ilaiaka =^ kettle, Nllakap,
, etc At-bai =* nigbt, Kwakiull

Lap or aap ^> sonseti evening, NUak^^p.

Lap-it ™= evening, Krvakiutl

Tup-shitl = evening, Nootka

Rap =^ evening, Lill.

Rap == evening. Shew.

Kye-laup =*' evening, Okana.

Zul-koa :^ hot, Kimkiutl

KiVboa =» warm, Ktvakiutl

Tl'iipa = warm, Nootka

Koas = warm, Thatl., Pent.

Koa-koas = warm, Snan.

Koa-koas = warm, Matsqui

Koa-kus = warm, Sumas, etc., etc., etc

Kuas = warm, Squam,

Koales =^ warm, Songet

Kamp = warm, Lill.

Skoata = warm, Shew.

Kualt = warm, Okana.

KuH-itcb-ip = soot, Matsqui

Kua-thipa = soot, Ktvakiutl

The main points to observe in the comparison of these " fire " terms
aVe the use of the two forms alike in both groups, viz., hai and lap ; anil
the striking similarity in the method of employing these radicals to signify
"evening" or -sunset. This feature must be regarded as furnishing evi-
dence of a high order of a psychical character. It is interesting to note
the number of syntheses into which the "lap" radical enters. In the
Ntlahapamnij term for " fire" we see a transposition of the two radicals in
Mysol for ■ smoke.' The same compound is seen in the Lilong, Matu and
other dialects for " fire."

Api, Solar, etc., etc

Yaf, Teor, etc

Ai, Brissi \V.

Hao, Camarian

Uku, Gani, etc

c.f. Hi-bi = sunbeams, Maori

Hi = to dawn, Maori

Pe-hi = fire stick, Maori

Yap hoi ^ smoke, Mysol

Asap = smoke, Malay

Abi-abi = evening, Maori

Afi-afi =^ evening, Samoan

Ai-ai = evening, Rarotongan

Abi-abi = evening, Paumotan, etc.

Wha =« nigbt, Salu /«.

Horip =« bot, Teor

Galap ^" dark, Malay

Gilap = to sbine, glitter, Sunda

Gelap =^ ashes, Mysol

Ap-ai =»= ashes, Wayapa, Cajeli

Habu =^ asbes, Malay

Orapu =^ ashes, Bouton

Abu = ashes, Menado

Lavu =K ashes, Amblau

Laf tain ^ ashes, Toho, etc

[mLL-TOUT] OCEANIC ORIGIN OF THE KWAKIUTL-NOUTKA

218

OCBANIC.

BREAST.

COLUMBIA.V.

me, Ntlak.
etc
Mi, etc

NtlaLip.

Uma, Maori

Uma, Tahitian, etc

Uma, Marquesan, etc

Uma uma, Hawaiian

Uma == chest, Samoan

Uma, Mavgarevan, etc

Uma = shoalders, eta, Tongan

Nootka

Tsam, taami -i

c.f. Uma = infant, i.e., a suck- I KwakitUl

ling or breast child J

In-uma -.

c.f. Ama-shotl = chest |-

Umae ^= a nursing mother J

Saush.
Ums, BUq.

e.f. Sk'ma=«=che8t, Bilq.
Kumilh, Tthekalig
Skubo, Nifk.
Skuma, Thatl.
Skuma, Songee
Sk'ma, Snan.

Skuma, Sumas, etc. etc., etc
Skeam, Lill.
Skaam, Shew.
Skaams, Okana,
c.f. Kumae = infant, or suckling child,

Ntlakap.

BELLY, ETC.

c.,elc

Tiki "= lower part of back, Maori
Kona = lower abdomen, Maori
Kona := lower abdomen, Tahitian
Kona = drunk, abdomen, Tongan
'Ona ^ drunk, abdomen, Samoan
Kona =^ drunk, Marquesan
'Ona = drunk, Hawaiian

Kona == lower abdomen, Mangarevan

Kune kune = to conceive in the womb,

Fiji

Kaleh = body, Salayer

Karoko = bod)', BoxUon

Koli =" body, Sulu Is.

Tena = body, Malagamy

Tina *= body, Maori

Anana = body, Lariki

Sanawala = body, Awaiya

Awah = body, Javan

c.f. Opa = a bundle, heap, etc., Maori

Opu = belly, Tahitian

Poho "= the chest, breast, etc., Maori

Poso = heart, Tagal

Poso != to pant, Macasmr

Puhu = stomach, M€U)ri

Pu =-> bunch, etc., Maori

Tiki, t'kyae
Taikyae in syn. na
c.f. Okona = body

Taatca

in syn..inakae

c.f. Body in syn. pa

Sausu.
Kul, Bilq.

Koaoa, Thatl.

Kula, Sish.

Koala, Snan.

Kul, Sqvam.

Kula, Songe»

Koala, SumaD, etc., etc., etc

Skul-tsenenk, Okana.

Kuole-t'ki = body, Tshehalis

Keihl =-= body, Kull.

Wulank, Slifw.

Rolain, Lill.

Siwonuq == body, Ntlakap.

c.f. Opoae ^ chest, Kwakiutl

Poa = chest, Kwakiutl

Ales = belly in syn., Bilq.

Aloa ^= chest in syn., Bilq.

• Kwakiutl

Nootka

" 11

216

ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA

Oceanic.

BELLY, &0.

Salish.

Alus = chest, Suma», etc., etc.,
Alenas = chest, Sish.

Anos '

Ano8

Alus '

= Sqam.
- cheat, Souges
chest, Sheiv.

f »= a chief's belly, to be preg-

Aloa -j nant, Samoan

I the seat of the affections

Aro = front, or face of a person, 7'n/ii-
Han

Alo ^ the abdomen in great person-
ages, Tongan

Aro = the abdomen in tfreat person-
ages, Samoan

Alo =» frontier face, breast, belly, etc.,
Haw,

Alo = in the presence of, etc., hotuna

Aro »= protection, defence, Malagasy

Aro = presence, etc., Mangarexwi

Aroga = visage, etc., Paumotan

Ao = in front of, Marquenan

Aro aro == presence, Rarotongan

Alo-fa = love, pity, etc., Samoan

Aro-ha == love, affection, etc., Maori

Aro-ha = compassion, love, etc., Tahu
tian

Lo-ha = affection, etc., Haw.

Alo-u,d := compassion, Tongan

Aka-aroa =^ love, etc., Martfuesan

Aro-ha = love, etc., Paumotan, Manga-
ian, etc

The eovrespondences in this group of terms arc very intorestini; and
supply us with valuablo pj^chieal as well as linguistic proof of the cioso
relation ol' the two grouits. In lK)th we tiiul the same radical entering
alike into ideas of "breast,"' "front," 'love. " "compassion," &c. The
purity of the Bilqula and KuUesiielm terms for " love " is very striking.

Ales :^ chest, Okana

Shotl = chest, Nootka

c.f.!al8o, 'Anoaikh = to love, Bilq.

Hatl-men = to love, Lill.

Anaha-minsh =^ to love, Kull.

Yaa-kook = to love, Nootka

Hatl = to love, Thatl.

Tie = to love, Snan.

Atla = to love, Sumag, etc., etc., etc

Oceanic.

STAR, &C.

Columbian.

Hoku, Haivaiian

Hetu, Marqxufan

Etu, Raro-tongan

Fetu, Samoan

Whetu, Maori

Tokun, Teor

Toen, Mytol

Kohin, Ahtiago

Tulin, Cajali

c.f. Tahu =K to kindle a light, Maori

Tao ™ to kindle a light, Maori

Tu'n = to be lighted as a lamp, Tongan

Tutu ^ to be lighted as a lamp, Samoan

Tohalu '^ a torch, etc., Tongan

Tot<">a, tutu
in syn. tda

Tatus, Nootka

• Kivakiutl

Salish.

Mehme-khtl, Bilq.
KuiVsen, Thatl. and Sifh,
Kuo-eil, Pent.
KcVsen, Squam.
Koa-sen, iSnan.
Koa-sil, Sumaii, ete., etc., etc
Kft-sen, Songet
Tsho-sen, N'lk.

I hill-tout] OCEANK; ORIGIN OF THE KWAKIUTL-NOOTKA

217

OCHANIC.

Tutu "^ to set on fire, etc., Maori

STAR, &C. Saubh.

Sku-ko-sont, Shew.

Squ-ko-sent, Okana.

Koko-shlnat, LiU.

Nkoku-shen, Ntlakap.

c.f. Sta-tu = light, etc., Sutnat, etc., etc

Tutou = light of a lamp, etc., etc., iS'^tiatn,

Tatu = light, etc., Snan.

Ma-liin =
Ma-ban -

= moon. Shew.
=moon, Shew.

For the affinities of the Columbian suf-
fix " sen " c.f. the following :

Sengi-sengi =*= twi-light, Sam.

Senga-vale = to shine dimly, Sam.

Sina = white, grey, etc., Tongan

Hana-hana = splendour, glory, etc.,
Tahitian

Hana = to glow, Maori

Hana =^ brilliant, shining, Mungarevan

Hina-po =^ twilight, Mangarevan

Thina = torch, lamp, Fiji

Sina = white, hoary, Sam.

Hina =» moon, glimmering light, Maori

Ma-hina = to shine dimly, Maori

Ma-hina = the moon, Tongan

Ra-hina = day, Javan

Sinar = a ray of light, to shine, etc.,
Malay

Sinar-bulau = moonlight, Malay

Ina = grey, hoary, Mangaian

Ma-sina = the white moon, Samoan

Ma-hina = the moon, Hauniian

LIGHT, &c.

In .some of the ibregoiiig I'olyno.sian terms it will he seen tliat the radi-
cul " nia " is a common pretix. We learn from Fornaiuler that •' ma " was the
ancient Polynesian word for • moon. ' This radical enters into compounds
with the significance of •• light,"' &c., &c., in both Oceanic and Columbian
groups. The '• mehme- " of the BHqula is this same radical reduplicated.
It occurs frequently in compounds i;i tlie interior Salish. A short com-
parison of these will be interesting and profitable.

Ma-ra-ma = moon, light, etc., Maori Ma ma =* light, bright, brightly, etc.,

Ra-ma == a torch, lamp, etc., Maori Ntioiap.

Ma-la-ma == moon, lamp, light, Samoan Ma ma =^ light, bright brightly, etc.,

Ma = clear, pure, etc., Samoan Lill.

Ma-ra-ma = moon, Tihitian Ma-qha-ten = moon

Ma-la-ma =^ light, Hawaiian literally = instrument of light

Ma-hina =»= moon, Hawaiian above, Ntlakap.

Ma ma =» fire, to shine, light, etc., Tong. Ma-hin = moon, Sheiv.

Ma ama =>= light of day, Marquesan Ma-ma-kun = lighening, Ntiak.

Mea-ma =^ moon, Marqttesan Mehme-khtl = star, Bilq.

Ma-lana = light, Ne^v Britain Ma-oniunuq = dawn ; literally, light ia

Ma-Ia =c light, Kayan coming, Ntlakap.

Ma mar =« yellow light, Tagal Ma-mit =* white fish, Shtw.

218

ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA

OcBANic. LIGHT, d-o. Columbian.

Wliaka-ma Ilia => to enlighten, Afaort Ma-ta-wil °» sunrise; literally, light
Faka-ina nia =» to lighten, Tongan grows or increases, Suma», etc., etc

Ma =* light, Muori La-titl = dawn, Mal»fjui

Aina =* anything that gives light, Marq. Mah<tena => I onlightan, Ntlakap.

Ma-sina =* morn, Sumoan
Ma-Ia-ma-Iama => daybreak, Fiji

Ma ma-tla =^ white (man), Kivakiutl
Ma-ma-tia » white (mam, Nootka

Sha-ma=^ white (man), Ntlakap.

Sha-ma=«= white (man), LUl.

Na sa = day, Nootka

Na-la =" day, Ktuakiutl

A more intimate knowledge of tho Columbian dialects would, I foel
certain, give U8 many more terms in which "ma" enters as a "light"
radical. Still the number I have collected makes it perfectly clear that
" chance " has no place here. Tho " ma" of British Columbia is as truly
Polynesian as the " ma " of Fiji.

OCBANIO.

Whare, Maori
Fale, Samoan
Hale, Havmian
Are, RaroUmgan
Wale, Magindano
Vale, Florida, etc

HOUSE,

Columbian.

Lalem, Sunuu, etc., etc., etc

Alen, Songes

(S)atl, Bilq.

Etl in syn., Kwakiutl

Lara, Sqvatn.

Lalem, Snan.

Aya, ThaU.

Alal, Nitkwalli

SMALL, LITTLE, Etc.

Itl-iti =K small, Maori

Ma iti iti = a youth, boy, Maori

To iti=" little finger, Maori

Iti-iti = small, Samoan

Iti-iti = small, 7Vi/tt(tan

Iki ^= small, Haw.

Iti =^ small, Marqu.

Iti "= small, Mangar.

Tei ti = a child, infant, etc., Mangar.

Si si =^ small, Aniwan

Kitikia == small, Malag.

Iti ki =« small, Eddy Stone b.

Chi = small, Malay

Ichi ichi =~ small, Temate

Ki iti => small. Wahai

Ki ki '= small, Fate

Kai-kte, BUq.
Tei-teia, Thutl.
Tlai-thoi, Pent.
Kai-qualo, Sish.
Ttlai-t8e(mat8), ^Vtan.
A kail, Sutnas, etc., etc
Atain, Squam,
Tei-Teaitl, Songen
Kwaiks, Lill.
Tci-tca(mat), Okana.

■■ little child

' little children

Chi-(mamaet) =- little children, NUakap.

c.fthe"mat" formo with the ma<ti-iti of
the Maori. The Ntlakap. is reduplicated
to mark plural

The coiTespondeaces here are direct and clear.

[iiiLL-iouT] OCEANIC ORIGIN OF THE KWAKIUTL-NOOTKA 210

Oceanic. GOOD, GOODNESS. Columbian.

Aikh, KwakiuU

la, Rilq.

Ai, Tluitl.

Ai-ai-ta, Pent,

Ai, Sink.

Ai, Snan.

HaatI, Sqam.

Aie, Songes

Ai, Siimas, etc., etc., etc., etc

Heist, Kull.

A ma, LilL

la, She7ii.

la, Nl/akap.

Hast, Okana.

Bsik, Malay

Mo-pia, Bolanghitiin

Pia, Situ h.

Fiar, Cam

la, Liarg, Morelhi

Mai, Lariki. Camarian

Fia, 7WMfi, Matnhello

la, W^a/tai, ete

Phi an, Teor

Fei, My not

Pai, Jfaon

Aka-pai = to cherisli, Mangara-an

Ma-pia, Sian

BAD, BADNESS, Etc

Hala = wicked, Hawaiian
Hara = sin, crime, etc., Tahilian
Hara = wicked, bad, etc., Maori
Hala = to err, etc., Tongan
Ara =* fault, Mangarei'an
Ara =■ sin, etc., Raroiongan
Thala = to err, etc., JTyt
Hala =«= hatred, etc., Malaganny
Hala f= guilty, etc., Kayan
Hala = base, mean, etc., Jamn
Salah = wrong, Malay
Hala = wrong, Kisa
Sala = to sin, etc., Tagal
Ma'i = sickness, etc., Samoan
Mai, disease, etc, Tahitian

I-akh = not good
Hum-tlel ==■ bad

P'i-shak, Nootka

Tleq, Thatl.

Mai, Pent.

Mai, .Si»/(.

Kal, iSnan.

Kai, Squam.

Kal, Songet

Thist = not good, Ntlakap.

Kal, ii//.

Ky-ast ^ not good. Shew.

Ky-ast = not gootl

Khel, Sumas, etc., etc., etc

\ KtvakitUl

SICK, SICKNESS.

Kunono == weak, feeble, Ilatvaiian
Kaero »= sickness, Maori
Mai mai = a scrofulous person, Tahitian
Mai, = sick, disease, etc., Hauaiian
Mai mai -= feebleness, etc., Haimiian
Maki = a sick person, etc., Maori
Mate =*: sick, dead, Paumaton
Maihe = a boil, sore, etc, Haxuaiian
Maika = weary, lame, Hawaiian
Mahoki »= sickness to death, Tongan
Maki = sickness, etc., Rarotongan
Maki = sick, ill, etc., Mangarevan

Kwonoq, Ntlakap.
Kwanuk, KwakiiUl
Tho-hoala, KivakixUl
Tsehka, Kwakiutl
Ka-kai, Snan.
Ka-kal-thut, Pent.
Teitl, Nootka
Ga-tak, ThaU.
Haiti, Songen
Ky-eap == not well. Shew.
Skelelt, Okana.
Haiti = cold, Songes
Haiti = cold, Snan.

220

ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA

Maki-t« kakui => aiuk, cancer, etc., Mai —slckntHS, .Stj*/!. and /'oif.
Mangurevan Ka-kei = sick, Sima», dc, etc.,

Emetie — sick, Andtyim Kel-a-kol-am =- weak, Xumas, itc, etc

Mait »= ill. Sew Britam

DEAD.

v h

= dead, Kita

' die, dead, etc., I'aumol., Motu.,

Maki
Mate

etc
Pati = death, Java
Meci = to die, Lifu
Mat ■=- to die, Duke of i'ork h.
Mait =- ill, New BriUiin
Mat « dead, New lirituin
Maclm ^ dead, Fbrmom
Ko-mata = dead, Aniimn
Maki' =■ dead, liurt, wounded, Hawaiian
Mate =™ dead, sick, ill, etc., Maori, Sam.,

etc
Mate •= dead, to lie sick, ill, etc., Mari/a.,

etc , etc

Thlul, KnvkiiUl

Tlal, h'nakiatl
Tlel, Kmikiutl
Kaii, Thatl.
Koi, Sith.
Kiii, -S'ndti.
K'oi, S<ixuim.
Kiii, Songen
Zuk, Ntlakap.
Ouk, Lill.

Ka hak, Noolka

K'tsiik, s)i,w.

A point to 1)0 obsorvod in tli«' liist three lifroups ol' words is tiio
interesting interehuiigo of terms in both stocks. The terms einplovod in
some of the Salish for'-hiid," is the same nsod in Kwukintl for - deiul."
There is a curions mixture of the moral with tlie miitoriiil sense of these
words. The '• mai " of the Poitlcti'h and .SV.sA/(ff/ signifies here 'bad"
in the sense of "sickness," agreeing thus with the ' mai "=" sickness "
of the Polynesian. The • ka-kei " forms are the eiiuivalent ofthe"maki"
of the Polynesian, llie lal)ial here liaving given jtlace to the })Ost-lingual —
an interchange common alike to Columijian and Oceanic stocks.

OcEANia

TO EAT, FOOD.

Columbian.

Hamu = to eat fragments of food. Haw-

Samu =s to chew, Samoan.

Homau = to eat, }[alg.

Komo >= to eat, Baliyon.

Kamu ^ to taste, Matu

Tamu = a guest, Java

JAmu = to glut, satiate, Malay

Hamu = to eat food of one kind only,

Tongan
Ama =x to devour, Tahilian
Hamu =z gluttonous, Tahitian
Amu = to eat, Tahitian
Kama ^ food, Maori
Kamu >i to eat, Maori

In both groups the stem is alike, Ham or its equivalent.

Hama = to eat
Hama-p-ik =» he eats it
Hama-p-dum = dinner hour
Haam-ut = crumbs
Ham ikul-azi = kitchen
Huma-p-un= I eat
Ham-iksil-in =^ I cook
Hum-ut =x dining companion

Kivakiutl

[iiiLiyrour] OCEANIC ORKilN OF THK KWAKIUTL-NOOTKA

221

OCBANIC.

TO COME, Ac.

COM'MUIAN.

Mari, Malny

Mai-ve, limUon

Mai-kii, Sdlni/ir

Mai, Stilu hi., Oavi, ir<i/iai

Omai, Cdjdi, Biitwiurnh

Ikomair Wayapo

Gnmaliii MnKmrnUy

Biio-ma, Amiildw

Ino ker^", Tiilore

Kul^, Ahtuiijo and ToUo

Haere-mai, TnkHkin, Tongnn, H'twaUan

Mai, A'w [iritnin, Formonn, Pillcw, Motu

Maio, Eddijutone h.

Moi, Yap

Wai, Tihill

Mai, Ijiriki, Suparua, Qah

Gomari, Matahillo

Jog mall, .Vysol

Oi mai, Morella

Uiinai, Liung

Mai ki, .Vnort = to depart, etc

Kai-laka

in syn. la

Kni-lis = come liere

Kai-ua

i'Cai-(itla = to >ro

La-ik-tsi == to ^o

Towliet = to walk

Towa = to walk

Kasat = to walk

latshitl =»= to walk

Thakwa =■ come

Ya-tsnk = to walk

Tla, MkL

Kei-sa, Tnhth.

Kul. riuttl.

Qntl, Sinhiatl

Krdem, 0/:nn. = to walk

Ku-tsats, SItcir. =«; to leave

Kwa-tcliatch. Lill. =^ to leave

Kn-sat (pin.), Shev: =» to walk

<^ia-sliit, yUiik. =-: to walk

KumkitUl

[Nootka

Mai, .Maori = hither, towards the speaker Mewa, Snan. = to come
M&\. Sumonii, Ilaii' = particle denotinu'l'mi , A'jcod/. = to come

a'-tion towards the speaker
Mai, Nav: = ditto from the speaker
Aw he, Maori = to fo round
Guawi, Maori =« to go
Aiwa, .Ifnori =»= to wander
Maeawha, Maori = to wander
Kaewa, Maori =« to wander
^lae wa, Maori = to wander
Kukewa, Maori = to wander
Haere-wai, Maori = to come hither
Haere, Maori = verb of motion
Aere, Rarotongan == to go or come
Ere, Mangari'i'an = to go, etc
Aera-uiai, Sikai/ava = "come here"
Hele, Haw. =» to move in any way
Hele-niai, Han: =» to come or go

Mai-ka, f<qwim. = to come
Mei-la, Pint. = te come
Oiwa, Xtlak.~'=-: to come
Uiwha, Xtlak. = come here
Mai-tla, Sumax, etc. = come here
Tshlaiwh, Bit. == to come
Eimash, Nisk, = to walk
Imih, Kimnt. = to walk
Eimash, Snan. =^ to walk
Eedash, Thatl. =«= to walk
Mai-tnkuh, Li!l. == to walk
Aniaih, Suman, dc. = to walk
Amath, .SVyiwoi. == to walk
Amai, Pevt — to leave, or walk
Aenies, Si^h. = to leave or walk
Amash, .S?.«/i =■= to leave
Amash, Tluttl. == to leave

Hoohele Hnic. == to desire to go on

Ahuwai, (M) = to come hither, to come Amash, Sqiuitn. = to leave

Puku, (.W) == to come down, c.f. with laa, Songts =-= to leave

Lillooit form La ayil, Sumai>, etc. == to go away

Wae, (.V) == foot Nash-awa, yUak. = to go away

Waea, ( .V) == weary Tla-litluh, ifiV. = to go away

Tsu-ish, Ktdl. = to come
Hu-ish, Kull. = to go

SaHKh

These terms su]i])ly anothov instance of the fundamental unity of
the Kwakiut! and Salish. The " kai ' Ibrins of the Kwakiutl are variants

222

ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA

of the mai of tho Salish and Oceanic groups. But it is in the verb " to
walk " that the common forms ai)pear most plainly, kasat, kutsats, kooat-
chatch, kusat, quashit are ail variants of the same form. These last four
belong to the interior Salish, and are not found in the coast dialects.
The interior Salish have from time immemorial been separated from the
Kwakiutl by intervening hostile tribes, and could not, therefore, have
borrowed the term. Moreover, this is not an isolated instance. Through-
out my studies I have perceived that the relations of the two stocks
are much more clearly brought out by a comparison with the intei'ior
Salish than with the coast Salish who borde*- on them, and with whom
they have long been in contact. Br. Boas was himself conscious of this
same underlying similarity in lexical forms between the interior Salish
and the Kwakiutl, and was puzziHi to account for it, not perceiving its
time explication.

The mai forms speak for themselves. They arc as nur orous and
constant in the Columbian as in the Oceanic groups ; for it must be
remembered that under " Suraas, etc., etc.," are included about 20 other
'■divisions" or tribes of tl ■ Salish of B. C which, as I have remarked
before, speak dialects only slightly differing from its own.

NAIL, FINGERS, TOES, HAND, Etc.

CrBANlC.

Ko-ko-wana, Sulu !»., = finger

Limam kokou, Cajeli, == fiuger

Leinnati kokoli, Amblaw, =^ flnger

Lionawa kuku-alima, fia<umua/i,=fini;er

Numonin tutulo, Oak, = tingor

Kukur, Wahai, = finger

Kanin ko, Mygol, — finger

Uun, Sparua, = finger

Lima bate, Larikn, = finger

Rimaka hatu, Liang, =^ finger

Limaka hatui, Morella, =^ finger

Ko-nui, Maori, = thumb =>= big finger

Ko-iti, Maori, = little fiuger or toe

Ko-roa, Maori, = long linger

To, Maoriori = toe, finger

Ku ku, Maori, = to nip, grate, etc

Ha-kuku, Maori, to scrape

Kuku, Savu, = finger-nail

Mati-kuku, Mangarevan, =« nai', daw

Kuku, Ii^ji, = finger or toe-nail

Columbian.

Koa-koa-skyanae, = liand, fin-
ger
Koa-Koa-tsana == hand, finger
K(")-na == thumb = big finger
Koa-Koa-'sitse = toes
Ko-ma-sitse = big toe
Tsum-tsum-skyanae = nail
Ku-kune = foot
In syn. tsana »= hand -Sitae

= foot
Tshu-tltaha =•= nail
Tshu-tetsha = toea
Kwi-ku-nikso = iiand
In synthesis -nuk =« hand
Tsa-tsa-lak-muk-uma = finger
Tsa-tsa-tlak-tima "= toes
Kho-laka = finger, I.illooet
Khu-likoya =» finger Snan.
Kho-ankodja =« finger, Pent.
Sku-telhsek = finger, BiUiuhi
Sku-tlhsetl »= toes, Bilqula
Sloakgis = finger, Mutnqvi
Lr.hkst = finger, J^tlahtp.
Lahlihkst = finger, SIum:
Khoa-oa-djisliin = toe.«, Tluitl.

Kwakiutl

Nootka

ScUish

[hill-tout] oceanic ORIGIN OF THE KWAKIL'TL-NOOTKA

223

Oceanic. NAIL, FINGERS, &c.— Con. Columbian.

Kuku, Malay, = claw Kliu-laiko-shin = toes, Pent.

Cu(Hi, Pnmpawj, Tugcd, = claw, nail, etc Sku-akst = hand, Lillooet

Stu-mkhst = thumb, Okana.
Kuku, Tongan, to hold fast in «ie hand,

to clench Stu-mqen = toes, Okana.

Kuku mo, ror)5ran, = covetous, niggardly Ku-ta-teinodja *= liand, Thall.

Ku-teshinoya = hand, Sighiatl
Ku ku, Tongan,= to squeeze, tongs, etc Koh-ko-anekat = nail. Shews.
Ko-mata-mata, Maori, = toe Kuhk'-ankhst = nail, Okana

Go-goli, Javan, = to catdi fish in shal-
low water with the hand Kuqk'-anakaa = nail, Lillooet

Koa-k'einkst => nail, Ntlakap.
'U 'u, Sumoan, = to grasp, etc Ko-alchis =»= nail, Matsqui

Gugu-ba, Motu, = to squeeze with tight
fiugers Ko-ku-elchis = nail, claw, etc.

Sumas, etc
Ko-ku-elithil »= toes, Sumas, etc
Kuku-va, Fiji, -= to hold fast Utsu-tlikak = hand, Bilqula

Kohi, Tongan, = to claw, etc Sku-tlhsetl = toes, Bilqtda

c.f. naka, Maori, = to split, crack Sko-aht = foot, Sliewshivap

Aka, Hawaiian, = to he split, knuckle-
joints Kho-laikoya = nail. Pent.
Ataa, Tahitian, = split, divided, rent

Salish

asunder
Koko-miri, Maori, = to stroke, pat, etc

Mai kuku, Maori, =« finger-nails

Mai kuku, Paumolan,'^ hoof

Mate 'u 'u, Sam., = finger-nails

Makiau, Haw., = finger-nails

Naku, Maori, = to scratch

Naku, Hau:, = to root up

Natu, 2\ih., =*= a scratch, etc

Ko-niiri, Maori, to rub with the hands

Kho-alantsis =« nail, Snav.
K'qho-yekoyatch = nail,

Sqiutm.
Koa-lootsis = nail, Thatl.
Ko-ku-elsis == nail, KvKintlin
Ko-na = thumb, Bilqula.
Ski-laka == thumb, Lillooet
Tsku-laka =» thumb, Lillooet

Akaa == hand, Lillooet

c.f. with Hawiiianand Tahitian, aka, ataa

Ko-kae = to divide, separate into parts.

Haw.
To-toe = to split, divide, etc., Maori

Aku, Tong., = to scratch

Naku, Marq., = to pinch with the nails Toi = to divide, Mangarevan

Kaka, Maori, = to scrape, scratch, etc To-to = foot, Solomon Is.

Laka, Macassar, = to divide, separate

Laka =^ lines drawn at right angles in a

game, Malagatsii
Ragap. Aneiti/wi, == divided as fingers

and toes
Laka laka = dishevelled huir
c.f. Koe = to divide oH", to separate, //u-

■iiuiian

224 ROYAL COCIETY OF CANADA

It will bo observed that both Oceanic and Columbian stocks alike
link the terra for " hand " with the radicals expressive of " fingers " or
"nails." In the Columbian dialects the suffixes in these terms, though
they dilter so widely, all signify " hand " or " foot," as the case may be ;
and it is instructive to study the dialectical ditt'erences here ottered in the
ditterent divisions.

The correspondences thr-uguj'u are very striking and full of
interest. There is no doubt M<..^- -^ -■ o in the -tsana = hand of the
Kwakiutl a variant of the Pob -.csiu;. Cftia; the ho-ko-ioana of the Sulu
Islands being pi-actically an identical ibrir.. We see the connecting link be-
tween the Nootka and Salish in the lak, hika, &c., forms common to both
in the syntheses for hand, &c. This lata, would appear to be connected
with the corresponding forms in Polynesian which have a i)riuuuy sen.se
of division, separation.

Below I give the second i)ersonal pronoun " thou.' It can scarcely bo
said to be an example of the othei-s, for although correspondences are not
wanting throughout, they are not so constant and obvious as in tiie second
personal pronoun.

Oceanic.

Koe, Maori

Tau = thy, Maori

Ooe = thou, Hawaiian

Oi = ti\ou, Motu

Kaaw = thou, Main

Kg =« thou, Fiji

Akoa, Fiji

Kowe, Javan

Kow, Pelew

Kwe, Milk

Sla, Sunda

'Oe, Samoan

Oe, Tahutan, Haw , Tong.

Koe, Mangarman, Paumolah

Akoi, Aniivan

A koe, Sikayana

c.f. Noku = of mw, Maori
No>!ua =«= I. me. KimLiu>l
Nokua =«= tlion, '^o-'S""

THOU. THY.

(^OLVMBIAN.

Khso, 8U-ai>'
Kusoyeuso

Soua, .- wv.'-., K-"'ilbi

Tino, inn, L»in. 'n
Nu"". i'enl.
iNuaela, Sish.
Ten-oua, Snait.
Tel-oua, Malsqui
Nou, Squam.
Kokua, tSohgen
Suoa, Lillooil
Aoi, Nthihaj:.
An-i'... f^huit.
Haiium',, Okana.
Dug"-. ' • •
Noua, i\i. >■!.
ua = thy, Lill.
No - thy, Bil.
Nuela =• thy, Sisli.

> Kivakiull

Salith

As I pointed out ;u the iiitroduttnr}- part of this ))apcr, the numerals
ill the American tongues do not att'onl, for the reasons given, a true and
positive test of relationship throughout, yet tin- corrospondences 'ii some
are too striking to be the result of blind cIkuhi'. I give -1 ntid 10 as .spn
cimons.

[hill-tout] oceanic ORIGIN OF THE KWAKIUTL-NOOTKA 22S

OCBANIC.

FOUR. Columbian,

Wha, Maori

Mo, mu, Kunkiutl

Fa, Samoan

Mo, Nootka

Malta, Tahitian

Mos, Bil.

Va, Fiji

Mosa, TJiath.

Pat, Kayan

Hoaena, Pentl.

Ampal, Lampong

Ho senalae, Sish.

Fai, Teluli

Hathinis, Snan.

Ha, Cajeli

Hao tsen'oi, Squam.

Salish

Fut, Mysol

Bas, Asbos, Nisk.

Hatsi, Bourgainville

Nesala, Songes

Ampat, Baju

Mus, Ntlakap.

Pobits, Yengen

Hootein, Lill.

Opata. Sulu h.

Mos, Shew.

Foat, Gah

Mos. Okana.

Kopa, Sian

Fet, Toho

Wat, York Is-

Oceanic.

TEN. Columbian.

Pulah, Jarnh

OponaJle, na«.

Mopuru, Bolang

Opanalae, Sish.

Polo, Wayatw

A|jen, .Snan.

Ruluh, liisayaii

A|>el, Matsqui, etc

Hulii, /?o«i

Open, OpoiJeu, Sqxiam.

Sapuloh, Malay

Apen, 5o»ififp«

Talau = to count, Maori

Open-akst, Ntlakap.

Tekau = ten, Maori

Opn-kst, Shew.

Painduk = ten, Yengen

Open-klist, Okann.

Put-usa, Sevang

Ape\, Sumas, etc

Padiits, Xink.

llevo aeuin in the radical for 4 we see the same forms common to
the Kwakiutl and the interior Salish ; in Id it is not so, the Kw.ikiutl be-
ing a synthetic form difficult of analysis.

Oceanic.

Ha = breatli, Maori
Han = wind, Maori
c.f. Hau-wbeiina = land wind
I'nbi = to blow, .Vanpicsan
Piihi-puhi =^ to breatlie, Paumolan
Hapu = asthma, etc.. Ilauaiian
Pukii =^ lunj;s, Maori
Pii ==»= to blow, Maori

WIND, BREATH, &c. Coi.raiUAN.

Yu-(ala) = wind Kwak.
Yue = wind, Nootka
Shu-bom = wind, NisL
Naut == wind, Ntlakap.
Smuit =«= wind, FAll,
Senaut, = wind, Okana.
Pii-ham, Thatl.
Pii-ham, I'i-nt.
Pu-luim, Sinli.

Pulii == tu blow away, Tahitian

c.f. Pupuiii = to blow the fire, Tahitian Spu-liam, Sipia

Pu = trumpet, eti-., Hauaiian S^plui-ala, Songe!>

Pu = trumpet, etc., Marqmfan Spehlo, Matsqui

Poaliau = snuall, Maoriori Spuhls, Sumas, itc

226

ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA

OcBANic. MOUNTAIN, HILL, STONE.

Columbian.

c.f. Taekai = land, Maori

Puke, Maori

c.f. Fukai =>: a heap, Maori
Pukei =>: mountain, Marquetan
Fukid =^ mountain, Bimyan
Buke =K hillock, Tongan
Toko, teko =>= stone, ifaori
Koma => atone, Maori
Kamaka ^ stone, Jfaon
Mauna =* hill, Havxiiian
Mouna =^ hill Marqwmn
Maka = stone, rock, Tongan

Kikat, Kwak.

Takut, r/ia«.

Nukie, Kwak,

c.f. Skumsh ^ ground, land, Kioak.

Tukught = stone, Bil.

Thutla ^ stone, Nitk.

Sman'k, iSnan.

Muksi •= stone, Nootka

Muk-wiut, Okana.

Smant, Sitli.

Smanat, Squam.

Smant, Snan.

Sk'um, Ntlakap,

Sknim, Liil.

Tsk'um, Shew.

Smalet, Mattqui

Smnt, Bil.

These terms speak for themselves. We see here again that the isolated
Bilqula have kept a pui-er form than their congeners, tukught being but a
slightly '*iodified form of the Maori toko and both having the significance
of "stone." The nuk- muk- of British Columbia find their counterparts
in the Oceanic puk- and buk-, " m " " n " " p " and " b " being in all the
groups common interchanges. Whatever doubt may arise concerning the
affinities between the Oceanic and Columbian stocks none can exist con-
cerning the affinities of the Kwakiutl-Nootka and Salish. We are not
surprised to see that the Bilqula and Thatlotl closely resemble the
Kwakiutl-Nootka forms ; they are neighboui-s and the latter may well
have borrowed from the former. But what of the interior Salish tribes
between whom and the Kwakiutl-Nootka no intercourHe since their origi-
nal separation has taken place. This correspondence is yet another link
in the chain of evidence which indubitably marks the fundamental unity
of the two groups.

Oceanic.

LAND, EARTH, GROUND.

Columbian.

Taekai, Maori

Whenua, Maori

Enua, Rarotongan

Henua, Marqu, Paumol., etc

Fenua, Futuna, Tahilian

Fanua, Samoan

Honua, Hatvaiian

c.f. Tanu = to bury, plant, etc., Maori

Tshams, skumsh

Takya, tiki a, Kvxik.

Tsa'-kumts, Nootka

Temuq, Squam.

Temuq, Ntlakap.

Temaq, LilL, Okana.

Temuq, Sumas and a score others

Tanguq, Songes

[HILL.TOUT] OCEANIC ORIGIN OF THE KWAKIUTL-NOOTKA 227

OcEAsia

YES.

Columbian.

Laa, KwakivJl

Haa, aha, Nootka

Oali, oua, Bilqvla

A a, Sqiuim.

Ae, eh, Ntlakap,

Ae, eh, Lill,

A ah, Songex

Ae, Matsqui

Ell, ae, Sumns and Fraaer River tribes as

far as Yale
Whae, Xitk,
Unae, Kull.
Eh, Ida. Yale and Fraser River tribes below

Yale

NO, NOT.

("OLUMBIAN.

> Noolka

Ae, J/ijon

Ai = probably, Samoan
E'oe == yes, Samoan
Ae, e = yes, Tahitian
Ae = yes, Hawaiian
Ae = yes, Mai quesan
E = yes, Mavgarevan
Eh = yes, Mangarevan
E = yes, Maoriuri
Ae ^^ yes, Mangaian
A »= yes, Rarotongan
Eh = yes, Pardo, Nia»
la == yes, i'Vji
le = yes, Malngasse
Nja = yes, Sunda
Ina == yes, Maori
Ana = yes, J/aori

Oceanic.

Kaua, Maori

Kei, Miori

Te, Maori

Te, Hawaiian

Te, Mangarevan

Tai, Tongun

Ti, Malagasy

Tsi, Malagasfe

Mai, Hauniian, = do not

I-Kai, Tongun

Ai-ta, Tahitian

Ai-e, Marquesan

Aua, Hawaiian, negative particle

Aua = do not, Samoan

Auaa, Tahitian

Aua, J/((ori

Auaka, Maori, = do not

Aua, Marquesan

Aua, Mangaian

Compare tlio /ry=not, of the interior Siilish, in the term ky-(ist=,wt
good (Lciven tinder " Had "), with the /n/ or A/ of the Kwaliiutl.

In speaking of the negative forms in which " i," or "i" modified is
found, Fornander says : " I woukl consider all these different forms as
merely dialectical variations of a common original negative whose form
was probably ' i ' ; some of the dialects having prefixed a ' t ' or a ' k.' '' '
With this statement before us, it is interesting to note that the Rev. Mi'.

Kye, i, hi, ki, aui, Kwak.
Wek, i, hi, aui,
Anaik,
Ky in syn., Okana
Ta, ytlakap,
Taa, Shen:
Taa, Kull.
Whas, Lill.
Ky- in syn., Shew.
Aua, Songes
Wha, Nisk.
Whaa, Thatl.
Owa, Snan.
Oua, Kwantlin
Mail-ta, Tsheh.
Oua, Mutsquin

Oua, Sumas and all Fraser River tribes below
Y'ale, numbering about 20

' The I'olynesutn liiici'. Vol. II., p. (i.

Sec. II., laif'.

l.i.

228

ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA

Hall, for many yeai-s missionary among the Kwakiiitl, writes thus on the
Kwakiutl negative : " Correctly speaking, ' i ' is the negative, and the
consonants are prefixed when euphonic." '

These negative and atHrmative particles are so striking in their cor-
respondences, particularly the former, with its threefold forms of " i,"
" te " and " oua," that he would be a rash man who would say they are
merely fortiutous resemblances. It is not too much to sa}' that if the
greater portion of the terms herein compared were submitted to a Poly-
nesian scholar, and mixed together without reference to the sourcts from
which they were drawn, he would bo wholly unable to determine by in-
spection which were Oceanic and which were Columbian. It is impossible
to explain these marvellous and far-reaching similarities without admit-
ting an Oceanic origin for these Columbian stocks. The data here offered
in support of this fact constitutes but a fraction of what I have gathered
in my investigations, extendini,' over years, and my own conviction of
the relationship existing between the Kwakiutl-Nootka-Salish and the
Polynesian arises as much from the cumulative force of the thousand and
one little correspondences which are scarcely suscejitible of illuslration in
a brief paper like this, as from the more obvious and striking ones given.
The morphology of the Salish, 1 may add, is nowhere radically difl'erent
from that of the typical Oceanic groups, and at times most remarkable
correspondences occur. All the Salish dialects, like those of Polynesia,
make use of iiarticles and auxiliary verbs in verbal inflection. Prepo-
sitional and conjunctive terms with common use, significance and form
abound. The articles and demonstratives show close re.>iemblance, being
frequently absolutely identical. The position of the adverb and ad-
jective is the same. It is my intention to offer later a ])aper on these
structural similarities. I will content myself at this time with call-
ing attention to a very interesting feature of the Squamish dialect which
I but lately discovered. When any member of this division of the
Salish is asked to what sept or familj' he belongs, he answers " ti-Squa-
mishan," or " ti-Snoqhan," or " ti-Stamishan," and so on, as the case may
be, meaning thereby that he is a member of or belongs to the Squamish,
Snoq, or Stamis septs. Now. several of the Oceanic groups employ the
same, or a slightly modified prefix, in exactly the same sense. Under
" nijati" Tregear writes thus in his Maori comparative dictionary : " A
prefix to names of tribes, it signifies 'descendants of or 'from.' Ati'xH
also used thus." Thi-s prefix has the same significance in Tahitian, Man-
garevan, Manijaian and Pnumotan, as, for example, in Mangarevan, aii-
Tane = " descendants of Tane.'' It is impos.sible to considei- the common
use of a prefix of this kind without regarding it as a strong link in the
chain of evidence of common origin and one wholly bej-ond the work of
chance.

1 Tran.s. Royui Soc. Cunada, Section II., Vol. VI., IHHS.

[HILL-TOUT] OCEANIC ORIGIN OF THE KWAKIUTL-NOOTKA

229

In bringing my paper to a close I would like to point out that it is
premature, in my opinion, at this stage of our investigations, to attempt
to say to which of the Oceanic groups the Columbian stocks under con-
sideration belong. I believe it would be whollj' misleading to jump to
the conclusion that because the Columbian terms approximate more
nearly to the speech of the mixed races of Oceania, rather than to that
of the pure Polynesians, they have, therefore, sprung from these. The
probability is all the other way. In colour the Kwakiutl-Nootka-Salish -
correspond very closely to the Polj-nesians. I have seen members of the
Squamish tribe whom I could with difficulty distinguish from some of the
Samoans who returned from the Chicago fair this way. and camped at
the Squamish village here. There is nothing in the ar ^earance of our
Salish tribes here, generally speaking, to make their ki-iship with the
Polynesians an improbability as far as colour goes. I have seen dark-
hued faces among the inland Salish, but, as a rule, they are lighter than
the Italians who sometimes co-habit with them. And the anatomical
data given by Wallace agrees substantially with that of the coast
Indians given by Dr. Boas. I see, rather, in this approach to similar
forms among the e.t:^/-</Polynesians and Columbians the result of simi-
lar influences at work in their respective tongues than a direct rela-
tion."ihip. There is no doubt that the divergence in the speech of the
extra-Polynesian groups is due to the fact that the Polynesian words
and language have been imposed upon their own. The greater preva-
lence of consonantal forms is undoubtedlv due to this. The Fijian
dialects, for example, ilisplay just the same characteristics as do those of
the Kwakiutl or Salish, though perhaps in a less degree. We know for
certain that the cause here was due to a mixture oi" tw^o Oceanic races
speaking ditfei-ent tongues. I have already pointed out that the same
cause has been at work in the Kwakiutl-Nootka and Salish. There is
al.so another cause of divergence from the vocalic forms of Polynesian here
in British Columbia. Our climate is exceedingl}' moist, our atmo.si)here
very humid. Eain, fogs and damp are prevalent on the coast for a large
portion of each year. These conditions could not fail to attect the soft
vocalic character of a language like the Polynesian. The "throaty"
quality, the harsh guttural sounds of our coast languages are main'}' due
to this cause. Farth r south, and even in the interior within a couple of
hundred miles of the coast, where these conditions do not prevail, we find
the language much softer and more labial. The difference between the
coast and interior Salish is enormous. I have known the interior people
to mimic and laugh at the speech of the coast, which to them is barbarous.
When these adverse influences and the principles of change in the langu-
ages themselves, which I pointed out in the earlier part of this paper, are
taken into consiileration, it is truly nuirvellous that so many correspond-
ences remain. Were it not that amid all the mutations which languages

230

ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA

aro capable of undergoing, the basal elements oi'speech, the radicaisor pri-
mai'iee remain almost intact, it would be well-nigh useless to look for the
origin of most of our American stocks. But while these are so invariably
constant we need never despair, and if any one doubts of this constancy
and persistence of roots in language, let him examine the dialects of the
great D6n6 or Athapascan stock, the northern and southern divisions of
which have been so long separated by intervening tribes, that have
occupied their present settlements for many centuries at least, that they
not only have no knowledge of each other's existence, but their dialects
differ as widely as do the languages of the modern Aryan races of
Europe ; notwithstanding all of which, the great majority of the radicals
of the southern branch tind their exact counterpart in those of the north.
It is because I have been so deeply impresseil with the pei-sistence and
constancy of the radical elements of our American tongues that I repeat
these are the only safe lines on which to institute comparisons, and the
only ones we can follow with protit on this continent.

I append a few specimens of our tribal, place and pei-sonal names.
Some of our Polynesian scholai-s may be able to detect the Oceanic
elements in them. That these elements I'eally exist in them no one, I
think, can doubt after a brief examination of them.

Sha-lana ^ God, heaven, divine, etc., Haida.
Het-Rwau-lana = Name of God of tlie lower regions, Haida.
Tle-tsa-ap-le-tlana = Name of one of tlie lesser deities of the Bilqvla.
Mas-mas-a-lanih = Name of one of tlie leaser deities of the Bd'iula,
Koo-ho-tlauae == Ancestral name of the Bilqtda.
Tsqoah-kanae = Place and tribal name of the Bilqvla.
Sha-nHani =« Name by which the day is known in Haida.
Kani-altsua = Name of the Thunder-bird deity in Kunkiutl,
Kanha-da == Name of one of the gentes of the Isimshian.
0-kanakan =^ Name of one of the tribes of the Salish.
Kane-a-keluh == Name of the divine culture-hero of the Kioakiutl.
Kia-kunae = Name given to the Sun deity by the KuakitUl. It signifies "our
chief or supreme one."

The resemblance in form and meaning in these '• Kane " words to the
Kane = " God," or " heavenly chief," of the Polynesians, is very striking
and suggestive, as is no less the suffix " lana," or " lani," found in Salish,
Kwakiutl and Haida alike. This term is used as an honorific suffix
in identically the same sense in Polynesian, particularly among the Ha-
waiians, whose kings and queens have it invai'iably added to their names-
It may be seen, for example, in the name of the present ox-queen of Ha-
waii. The significance of the common use of the same radical in the two
groups is further strengthened by the fact that in Polynesian it has the
sense of " divine," " h ■> enly " and is the same word as their lani or
rangi = "sky," "heaven," etc. One has but to compare this "lani" or

[HiLL-TOUTl OCEANIC ORIGIN OF THE KVVAKIUTL-NOOTKA 231

"riingi " with the'- luiii" oi shaut-lnni = day of the Haida, where "lani '
has exactly the .name seiirto, to be thoroughly satisfied of the common ori-
gin of these terms. I add a few more :

Kem-keiii-ala-otla == Name of a minor deity of the Bxlqvla.
Kom-k6m-ki-li-kja =« Name of a minor deity of the Bilqula.
Tium-ki-li-kya = Name of a minor deity of the Bil<isda.
Kula-lia8 = Name of a minor deity of the Bilqvla,
Ha-li-ki-li-ki-la = Name of a divine aniestor of the KwakivtI.
Ma-ma-li-h-aka = Place and tribal name of the Kwakiutl.
A-wa-i-tle-la = Place and tribal name of the Kvakintl.
A-wa-oo == Place and tribal name of the Kvxikiutl.
Wi-we-ki = Place and tribal name of the Kwakiutl.
Tanakakw = Place and tribal name of the Kimkiutl.
Wi-we-ekum = Place and tribal name of the Kivokiutl.