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I A \ '^0i ''>^^'^^--§^,^: s A-S Western Canada ■'fj'f^l riANITOBA, ASSINIBOIA, Alberta and • I « boo ♦ ' Saskatchewan. V ^ I fr J ' V « ' > t ] How to Get There. How to Select Lands. How to Begin. How to flake a Home. '^ MB* '■"-*■" Mmttmt^ *« P3 O H »-( < w >^ S5 W O CO n i s> fl^iK .'^r ' uJ^El|»*>*^ < ■I > ri », *« ,JU^ ■i- V WESTERN CANADA COMPOSED OF HANITOBA, ASSINIBOIA, ALBERTA AND SASKATCHEWAN. THE COUNTRY TO SETTLE IN. The Dominion of Canada is the largest of all British possessions. That part of it known as Western Canada, which includes the Province of Manitoba and the districts of Assiniboia, Alberta and Saskatchewan— the latter three generally known as "The Territories"— contains an area of 440,000 square miles, or about two hundred and eighty millions of acres, nearly all of wliich lies within the fertile prairie region. The superior quality of the wheat and other cereals grown upon these lands and the greater yield per acre, when compared with any other portions of the continent, are now universally acknowledged, and, while the crops ob- tained are greater, the amount of labor required to produce them, owing to the nature of the soil, is less than in any other country. The climate and natural pasturage are both highly favorable to stock-raising, and as a result no finer cattle are to-day shipped across the Atlantic to the F r^I'sh market, than those which have matured upon the plains of Manitoba ..a';, the North- West territories. The capabilities of the country have been thoroughly tested during the past ten years, and it is no longer a question for the intending settler whether it is a good thing to go to the Canadian West, but simply in what part of that great country it will l)e best to make a home. The work of pioneering is ended, and go almost where one will, he will find that settlement has pre- ceded him. The following pages if carefully read will impart a suflBciently accurate knowledge of the vast territory that is comprised in ttie words Western Can- ada. The reader will learn what the general features of the several divisions are, which localities are preferable for grain raising, for mixed farming, and for ranching. He will learu from this book where to seek that kind of land he thinks the best, which arj the chief towns, markets, etc., for each divi- sion, and will find general information concerning the best way of getting to the west, and full particulars of government and i ailway land regulations, with other information bearing on the subject of settling in Western Canada. ,/ • 571^5 ,„^iigW{*'»?«ifiw^a*»«*-' iMnrrTaiiiTTTlfil MANITOHA— THK I'KAIKli: I'HOVINCE. MHNITOBH MANITOBA is the central one of tlie seven provinces of the Dominion of Canada. It is situated in tlic very centre of (lie North American continent, beinjj; midway iietvveen the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. The southern frontier of the Province, borderins? on the United States, is about the same latitude as Paris and the south of Germany, and the Province itself is further south than the British Isles, Holland and Belgium. Manitoba has an area of 11(5,021 square miles, or nearly 74,000,(KK) acres, about the same area a^4 is contained in England, Scotland and Iri'.vnd put together. It contains at the present time a population of about 192,000, tho larger partion of whom are from Great Britain and Eastern Canada. Of the remainder tliere are large colonies of Mennonites, Icelanders, Scandinavians, and Germans, the majority of whom had but small means on arrival in the Province, and at present they have comfortable homes and they are amongst the most prosperous settletnents in the Province. RICHEST SOIL IN THE WORLD. The soil is a rich, deep, argillaceous mould, or loam, resting on a deep and very ten.acious clay sub-soil. It is specially adapted to wheat growing, giving a bountiful yield of the finest quality, known to the world over as Manitoba No. 1 Hard Wheat. Mr. J. J. Hill, of St. Paul, Minn., President of the Great Northern Rail- way, is authority for the statement that " the soil of the Red River Valley is the richest farming country that I have ever seen. It is not only rich, but it has also bright prospects." GENERAL FEATURES. Manitoba, although called the first Prairie Province of Canada, has large areas of forests, numerous rivers and vast water expansions. Its forests in the east, along its rivers, fringing its great lakes, and on its moun- tain elevations furnish the settlers with fuel. Its rivers— the Red, Pembina, and Assiniboine— give a great natural drainage system to all parts of the Province. Its lakes— Winnipeg, Manitoba, and Wiimi|>egosis— abound with fish, and entice many a Norseman from the rich soil of the prairies to the wealth that is alive in the waters. Aside from the utility of these natural advantages ])ut to a practical use, all combined, forests, rivers and lakes, have a mighty iniluence on the climate of Manitoba, increasing the rainfall. SOCIAL ADVANTAGES, Manitoba to-day enjoys in full the advantages of advanced civilization; railway communication, and telegraph lines branch out from Winnipeg to all parts of the Province* and wherever settlers are, may be found villages schools, churches and postal facilities. Over 800 schools are under the control of the Government. MIXED FARMING. For years the nutritious gra.sses of the prairies and thousands of tons of hay in the low lands were allowed to go to waste for want of cattle to graze and feed upon them. Settlers are now availing themselves of this natural i>.^fcr^MMfr''niiiii ' ^x MMMiMi^ ' * ■■'• 'A'> "*'' ^K«C-^ o H O I— t O E2 ■,*,'■*«**». ■EH MANITOBA AND ITS CITIKS. wealth, and are giving more attention to stock raising. Thin year (IHSM) the live St jck ill tlu; Province is as follows : —Horses, 88,631) • cattle, 183,960 ; sheep, 35,430; hogs, 68,307. CROPS OF 1894. The area under wheat was 1,010,186 acres; oats, 413,686; barley, 110,528; potatoes, 13,300 ; roots, 7,880. Che average yield was : wlieat, 18 bushels per acre , oats 30, and barley, 25. The season was almost perfect for ripening grain and harvesting. The crop was harvested safely and the wheat graded No. 1 Hard, many samples being No. 1 Extra. HOMESTEADS, &c. Free homesteads can still be obtained in the newer parts of the Province in timbered districts, and tliousands cf acres of the best land in the Province, rich virgin soil— not a sod broken— near railroads, can be purcigfk«4d .ft frSm i^3 to 90 per acre, on very easy terms. The rush for land for the past few years has been to the south-western part of the Province, in the Pipestone district and along the extensions of railway from Souris and Deloraine to Estevan. CHEAP FUEL. Besides the large tracts of forest, both in and adjacent to Manitoba, there are vast coal eas w ithin and contiguous to the Province of such extent as to be practically inexhaustible. It has been discovered that between Red River and the Rocky Mountains there are some 65,000 square miles of coal- bearing strata. The Legislature has effected an arrangement by which this coal is to be supplied at a rate not to exceed $2.50 to $5 per ton, according to locility. With the extraordinary transportation facilities possessed here, controlled and re- gulated as far as possible by the Legislature, and with enormous deposits of excellent coal, easily and inexpensively available, Manitoba enjoys most excep- tional advantage's, assuring an ample and cheap supply to all her inhabitants. CITIES AND TOWNS OF MANITOBA. "WINNIPEG, at the junction of the Red River and the Assiniboine, is the capital of Manitoba and the chief distributing city of the whole North- West of Canada. It is situated about midway between Montreal, the Atlantic Ocean summer terminus, and Vancouver, the terminus of the Canadian Pacific Railway on the Pacific, and has a population of 35,.500. The American Land and Title Register says of it : "It is the great mart of a country of nearly 2,000,000 acres of rich terri- tory ; the seat of government of the keystone province of the Dominion of Canada ; the centre of its political, social, literary, monetary manufacturing and educational interests. •' Its positive pre-eminence is yearly becoming more pronounced and com- manding. Twenty years ago a small isolated settlement, then a struggling village, then a town ; when, on the advent of the first railway, it rose, within a few years, to the proud positiou of one of the leading trade centres of the continent. Ten railways, branching like spokes in a wheel in all directions, gather the wealth of an inland empire to empty it at her feet. " The navigation of the Red River, Lakes Winnipeg and Manitoba, the great Saskatchewan and other navigable streams, make tributary to it thou- sands of miles of important coast line. 'ZJS^rjrij. 1 J«tvrf> ■^^^p '^'X MANITOHA-rrS (LIMATK. <^ The next in importance are PorttiKe la Prairie and Brandon, both on the Assiniljoinc, the one 50 and the other I'-i'i miles by rail west of Winnipeg. These ar»; bright and progressive towns, «'ach being a centre for a considerable area of farming country, and a railway junction point. Morris, Morden, Pilot Mound, Killarney, Plum Coulee. Manitou, Crystal City, Clearwater, Cart- wright, Ilolmfield, Boissevai'i, Cariniin, T^eherne, Holland, Glenlwro, S;iurls, Mclita, Deloraine and others, including the new town of Estevan, at the Souris coal fields, are market towns for the business of Southern Manitoba; and Virlen, Carberry, Griswold, Oak Lake, Alexander and Elkhorn are large wheat centres in the centre, and the west on the main line of the C. P. R. In the north-western part of the provinc^i are the towns of Gladstone, Arden, Neepawa, Minnelosa, Rapid City, Birtle, Shoal Lake, Binscarth, Russell, etc., and north of Winnipeg are Selkirk, Stonewall, and the Icelandic village of Gimli on Lake Winnipeg. CLIMATE OF MANITOBA. The seasons in Manitoba are well marked. The summer months have bright, clc ir, and often very warm weather; but the nights are cool. The days are very long on account of the high latitude, and grain has some hours more each day for ripening than in southerly latitudes, thus making up for the comparative shorter season. Harvesting begins about the middle of August and ends early in September, all the grain coming pretty well to- gether. The autumn months are considered the finest of the year. The atmos- phere is serene and free from moisture, frequently for periods of several weeks. That the winter is cold, there is no doubt, but the atmosphere is buoyant, the sun shines almost eveiy day, and when it is very cold there is seldom any wind ; the air is extremely bracing and health-giving. The dryness of the air is the secret of the degree of comfort experienced even when the mercury is very low, for that sensation of penetrating chill, which makes the cold weather of coast regions so severe, is not felt. Snow never falls to a great depth, and the railway trains across the plains are not seriously impeded by it. As this snow is perfectly dry, a person never has wet feet or soaked clothing by it. Men travel with teams every where, taking their grain to market, hauling fuel, building and fencing material, and doing all their work. Stock will live out of doors, so far as the cold is concerned, but require to be fed with hay. They should, however, be housed at night. Every one unites in testifying to the healthf ulness of the country. Ploughing is generally in the early part of April, though much of the land is usually ploughed in the preceding autumn. The snow disappears rapidly and the ground dries quickly. Winter closes promptly and decisively. Sowing ig done during almost the whole of April, and is finished early in May. SETTLERS' TESTIMONY. The following re a few extracts from a great number of letters received, speaking of Western Canada and the several tvrite; s' experiences in it : Cartwright, September, 1894. I landed in Winnipeg with my wife and child in May, 1890. I had only £12 lOs on my arrival. I at once engaged to work on a farm by the year, and continued doing so for one year, gathering around me as much as possible, of cows, cattle, etc., to enable me to start on a farm of my own. In 1891 I went ■■L -I'- T "^t^f MANITOBA— SETTLERS TESTIMONY. on shares getting Iialf crop for ray own and wife's work, and in 1892 I bought my first hoi"ses to enable us to rent. In the year 1893 I rented a farm and took charge for myself. In 18Ji I entered for my homestead (IGO acres) being J Section X. W. 2, Townshi)) 3, Range 14 W. and am now practically settled in Manitoba. I have -1 horses, 9 cattle, 11 hogs, 30 poultry; implements as fol- lows : 1 waggon, 2 plows, 1 harrow, 1 mower, 1 binder, seeder, harness, churn, creamers, forks, etc., etc., and to day 1 estim.ate that my property, land, etc., is worth £400. My family and I have enjoyed the best of health since we ar- rived in the province, and I can assure my old friends in Scotland, that others with industry and perseverance can in a few years do as I hf>ve done and be the owners of their own land without a dollar of rent to pay. I would add that any one with a knowlcLlge of butter and cheese making and handling cows in this country cannot fail to make a good and independent living, JAMES McMATH. RosEBANK Farm, Hamiota, Manitoba. After tweive years residence in this country, and witli a view of giving information to intending immigrants from the Old Country, I will give my experience as briefly as possible. To begin, I may here state I was a shepherd in tlie Old Country, had a wife and seven of a family— four boys and three girls— the two oldest were just beginning to work, and the rest were at school. 1 sailed from Glasgow on the 20th of May, and landed in Winnipeg three weeks from that date. I stayed just long enough to purchase such things as were absolutely necessary to make a start on a homestead— one yoke of working oxen, one cow, wagon, plow, etc., besides a supply of provi- sions to carry us up the country. I settled 125 miles west of Winnipeg on the 10th of July. This was a great mistake I made, to begin with, as the season Avas too far advanced, and had I engaged to work till the following spring, I would have made a much better start. As it was, I lived in a tent till I cut hay for my cattle and ^uilt a »og house and stable, I then bought another yoke of oxen and two cows in the fall, making my whole stock, the first fall, two yoke of oxen and three cows. I broke twenty acres the following spring, and sowed the same with wheat, oats and barley. From twenty to twenty -live bushels of wheat is about our average per acre, although we have had thirty-live on some occasions. Our oats run from forty to one hundred bushels per acre. I have now parted with the oxen, and have four teams of working horses, besides five colts and odd horses, forty-six hoad of cattle, and one hundred and eighty-eight sheep. I have now removed out of the old lo^ building, having just put up a comfort- able house of stone and lime ; also stables of stone and lime. I often wonder there are so few who come out from the Old Country. We 'ive under the same laws, and have a healthy climate, although a little colder for about three months than in England or Scotland, People coming in now have the privi- lege of riding on the cars, instead of driving from Winnipeg, as was the case twelve years a,.ro. The Canadian Pacillc Railway ruiir from ocean to ocean, and branch lines are being pushed through as fast as possible to facilitate the export of grain and stock. Some would, perhaps, like to know what amount of capital would be re- quired to make a start with. This depends much on the man himself. If he comes to make a home here, and is willing to sacrilice a few home comforts, very little money will be required. The best way for such is to engage for a '■«|.*«siji-i'fcfc'-*<*ii;'*'' ■MH 10 MANI lOBA-SETTLERS TESTIMONY. year, till he gets into the ways of the country, and he is making money the time he is getting his experience. Others, again, who want to mal^e a home immediately after coming, would require from £200 to £250 if they have families. Lastly, I may say that as soon as a settlement is formed, schools and churches are opened, and in this country there is fur more social enjoyment than where I came from at least. JOHN RIDDELL, Hensall Fabm, Virden, Man., Canada. I came to this province from the Province of Ontario in the spring of 1884, and I And that my family and myself have enjoyed the best of health ; our children have liad the benefit of school privileges equal to those of the older Province of Ontario, and we are better financially than we were there. We have not hitherto done much in the way of stock-raising, ours being especially an arable farm. We are now, however, going into mixed farming, believing it to be a more satisfactory system. During the past seasons our wheat has averaged 27 bushels per acre and oats 53. We have always kept from twenty-five to forty hogs, and have found them to pay well. I think it is desirable for a settlor to have about $3,000 (£600) to make a satisfactory start in this country. Of course, mdre would be better, but if he is possessed of a good constitution, energy, perseverance and com- mon sense he will succeed. Whilst I say $3,000 to make a satisfactory start, of course a man can get along with a good deal les ;, but would have drawbacks to contend with. I would advi.so any young man who is not an experienced farmer to en- gage for a year or two, at moderate wages, with a thoroughly practical far* mer, and make up his mind to take hold of everything as it comes, and thua learn not only the principles but also the practice of farming. JAMES ELDER, Belmont, Man., January 12, 1893. ~ I look upon the Canadian North- West as the most desirable field in Am- erica, if not in the world, for intending settlers of the right kind from the Maritime Provinces ; that is, those trained to agriculture, whether farmers op farm hands, married men with families and means, or young men and young women without means. To every one who is able and willing to work there is abundance of room and opportunities to better their condition. The kind of men wanted are those wlio are ready to take hold of work, who have an ambition and a determination to succeed. There is no such thing as failure with that class, whether with or without means. On the other hand, this is no place for loafers, grumblers or those who are waiting for something to turn up. The prospi'cts for immigrants to the North- West are better to-day than at any previous time. The country is being rapidly opened up and developed. The railway companies and government ollicials are ready to assist and advise immigrants upon their arrival, so that a great deal of the hardship the early settlers had to undergo land hunting is done away with. If any one contem- plates nioving, I say try Manitoba or the North-West. Come determined to rise and to make yourself a home. Depending upon God's providence and your own exertions, it will be strange indeed if you fail to better your condition. <• I •^-^ ^««* t^.A-^flm^Xi- mSBk i 12 MANITOBA— SETTLKRS' TESTIMONY. I begcan to farm in May, 1882, having previously homesteaded and pre- empted tlie east half of Section 12, Township 6, Range 15 West, Manitoba. My effects consisted of a yoke of oxen, wagon, brealcer, harrow, pony, tent and about $80 cash. My nearest neighbor was about five miles away, and the nearest store 22 miles. I brought two bags of lied Fyfe wheat with me and, as soon as I had enough prairie broken, seeded the wheat. 1 also planted two bags of i^otatoes ; on the breaking they yielded 50 bushels. I broke 35 acres that suimuer; cut with the scythe enough hay to last oxen and pony till next year. The wheat was then cut, and I had a good stack of No. 1 Hard from t!ie two bags sown. A log house was then built before winter, and a granary IG x 20. Thus passed the first year. The crop of 1883 promised well, so I bought a binder, the price being $350, but I can buy a bet- ter one to-day for 8150. The wlicat was slightly damaged by frost, and Bran- don, 50 miles distant, was my nearest market. Tlie crop was sold at a loss. The crops of LS81 and 18S5 had to be teamed to Brandon. Here let me say that I began wrong. I should have gone more into stock-raising, and fed my grain to hogs, and I could then have teamed $150 worth of pork to market as easily as $20 worth of wheat. But experience teaches. When the C. P. R. Glenboro' Branch was built I was 15 miles from the station, and wheat-raising began to pay. The N. P. Morris-Brandon Branch gave us a still nearer mar- ket, being five miles from Belmont and six from Baldur. In 1888 I bought IGO acres of C. P. R. land two miles from Belmont, and in 1890 another 100 acres adjoining my homestead at $6.00 per acre. This makes a section which gives me enough grain, meadow and pasture laud. I have 200 acres under cultivation, 140 of that being ready for wheat. My stock consists of six working horses, three 2-year-old colts, a pony and 14 head of cattle. I sold $275 worth of stock this summer. In 1889 85 acres of wheat yielded 1,400 bushels, and 25 acres of oats 1,500 bushels. The crop of 1892 was lighter, 100 acres of wheat yielding 1,000 bushels, the lowest average, with one exception, since I began farming. My wife manages the garden and raises all the small fruit we can use, having 200 currant bushes and the same number of gooseberries. There are apple trees under my care, two of which I expect to bear fruit next summer. We found it no trouble to raise watermelons, cucumbers, onions, tomatoes, corn, or any other garden vegetable. The only thing in the garden line that failed to come to maturity was grapes. CHARLES MARTIN, Formerly of Heatherdale, Lot 59, Prince Edward Island. TWO YOUNG ENGLISHMEN'S EXPERIENCE. Messrs. Blasson and Johnston are two young Englishmen who came out to Manitoba in 188S. Mr. Blasson came out in May and worked out first on Messrs. Bouverie & Routledge's farm at Virden, and then on their own ranch in the Rifling Mountain. After working out anil gaining some colonial experience, they bought a farm of 320 acres one mile from ^'lrden on the C.P.R. They bought land from the Hudson's Bay Company, without any improvements on it, and in the fall we find them with house, stables, wells, pasture fenced in, and one hundred acres ready for the next year's crop. Fortune favored them, and they made $1,400.00 (£280), their first year's attemjjt at wheat growing, doing all their own work and employing no hired help at all. Besides the $1,400.00 wheat money, / .,^^';;..;"-y';^.-?'.V::-;'^,.: i 1 ■MM MMH 14 aSSINIBOIA— RANCHING AND WHEAT GROWING. they made $50'.).00 contract work with their teams for neighboring farmers. Success e!icoura;;ed them to run a bigger crop, and the following year they had IGO acres— 100 acres in wheat and 60 acres in oats. This year, again, snc- cess crowned their efforts, and we saw in the papers in the fall that " Messrs. Blasson & Johnston shipped the first three carloads of No. 1 hard Manitoba wheat into "Winnipeg, from the west," and at the fall show they took first prize for brood mare and colt, in the saddle, and driving class. They are raising horses, both Clydesdales and blood stock. Then they bought another 160 acres, and have broken up one hundred acres. They now have over three hundred acres under cultivation, and one hundred fenced In for pasture, with Gophe Creek running through it. The whole of the work on this farm has been done by these two young fellows themselves, without any hired help at all, except at harvest time. These are the sort of men wanted in a new country ; men with a little capital, who know how and are willing to work and increase it. They started with a capital of $3,000 each, and made .?1,9:30.00 their first crop, and $2,000.00 the second. Next year they will run 200 acres in wheat, 50 oats, and 40 timothy grass for hay. At a fair valuation of their land, buildings, horses and farm implements, as they stand to-day, they are worth §11,000.00— a very fine in- crease on their capital outlay, §0,000,00, three years ago. They are thorough believers in working out for a while before starting, and would strongly advise any intending purchasers to gain some practical experience before investing their capital. They say that if a young man is ever going to succeed in any colon ,, he nmst work and learn to do things for himself, and not pay a premium, as a pupil, to sit and watch other men do them. KSSINIBOIK. The District of Assiniboia lies between the Province of Man'toba and the District of Alberta, and extends north fronx the International boundary to the 52ud parallel of latitude, and contains an area of thirty-four million acres. Travelling westward on tlie line of the Canadian Pacific Railway, the District is entered at a point 212 miles west of Winnipeg. It is divided into two great areas— Eastern and Western Assiniboia— each of which has its own peculiar characteristics, the former being essentially a wheat growing and mixed farming country, and the latter especially adapted for ranching. In both, minerals are found, and on the bars of the Saskatchewan river gold mining is profitably carried on. EASTERN ASSINIBOIA. There is nothing to mark any difference between Manitoba and Eastern Assiniboia, which is known as tlie Park country of the Canadian Northwest. The general aspect of the country is rolling prairie, dotted over with clumps of trees usually found bordering lakes, streams and meadows ; in the hollows . grow the heavy luxuriant grasses where the farmer obtains his supply of win- ter hay. The principal grains grown are wiieat and oats. The ordinary yield of wheat is from 20 to 30 bushels to the acre. All kinds of roots, too, are a sure crop. The soil is so rich that no fertilizers are necessary, so that in this direction a large amount of time and money is saved. Nowhere can farming ' ■■■■HiilHliiHIliii 16 ASSIXIBOIA— RANCHING AND WHEAT GROWING. be done more easily, and nowhere can the frugal, earnest and industrious man start on a smaller capital. Coal in abundance is found in the south, in the district drained by the Souris River, and there is direct rail connection north-west with the main line of the C.P.R., and eastwardly to points in Manitoba. This district, including the Province of Manitoba, will one day be one of the greatest wheat-producing sections of the American continent, for the following reasons : — 1st— It has a soil particularly rich in the food of the wheat plant. 2nd— A climate under which the plant comes to maturity with great rapidity. 3rd— On account of its northern latitude it receives m jre sunshine during the period of growtli than the country to the south. 4th— Absence of rust due te dryness of climate. 5th— Absence of insect foes. These conditions are especially favorable to the growth of the hard flinty wheat of the Scotch Fyfe variety, that is so highly priz:d by niillers all the world over, giving it a value of from 10c, to 2.5c. a bushel ovei- tlie softer varieties grown in Europe and the older parts of Canada. The great bulk of the wheat crop for ISDireached the highest gra-le, Xo. 1 Hard. As an agricultural district Moosomin is a wonderfully favored one, lying as it does in the great stretch of the fertile belt. The area is about 25 miles broad by 72 miles in length, bounded on the east by the Province of Manitoba, on the north by the lovely valley of the QuAppelle River, and to tlie south by the Pipestone creek, a perfect paradise for cattle. Tlie soil is generally loam, covered with about 12 to 18 inches of black vegetable mould, which after the sticond plowing makes a fine seed bed, Ciisy to work and of the most produc- tive nature. Generally speaking these remarks apply to all the eastern part of the district. Eastern Assiniboia offers an opening to the poor man if lie will work ana exercise economy, for after a year or two of hard work he finds himself in possession of a home, all his own, free from the harassing conditions of a rented or mortgaged farm. WESTERN ASSINIBOIA. This region is fully equal to the Bow River District in Alberta as a stock country It is everywhere thickly covered with a good growth oi' nutritious grasses,— the grass i« usually the short, crisp variety, known as "BufTalo Grass," which becomes to all appearances dry about mid-summer, but is still green and growing at the roots and forms excellent pasture botli in winter and summer. It is amazing the rapidity with which poor emaciated animals brought from the East get sleek and fat on the Buffalo grass of the plains. The supply of timber on the hills is considerable. There is also an abundance of fuel of a different kind in the coal seams that are exposed in many of the valleys. Settlers in this section of tho Company's lands have thus at hand an abundant supply of timber suitable for house logs and fencing, and both coal and wood for fuel. The Cypress Hills which may be dimly seen in the south from the rail- way, are especially adapted for stock raising, and as their elevation is suffi- cient to make general farming an uncertainty, the grass land that nature has so bountifully provided will not likely be disturbed by the plow, thus giving to the farmer cm the plains adjoining never failing hay meadows and unlim- ited pasture ground for his stock. The snow fall is light, the climate is tem- rMiiTW I ASSINIBOI A— SETTLERS TESTIMONY. 17 oered by the Chinook winds, and water and slielterare everywhere abundant. Great herds of range cattle roam at will all over these seemingly bound- less pastures. The profits to the stockmen are large as can be readily ima- gined when it is shown that ^40 per head is paid for steers on these ranges, animals that cost their owners only the interest on the original investment incurred in stocking the ranch, and their share in the cost of the annual round-ups. SETTLEMENTS. The principal settlements are in the district south of Maple Creek, Dun- more and Medicine Hat. Parties in search of laiul for stock-raising are ad- vised to examine the country south-west of Swift Current Station, along the Swift Current Creek, soutli and west of Gull I,ake, south of Maple Creek, the Valley of Mackay Greek that flows north from the Hills and south of Irvine and Dunmore. TOWNS OF ASSINIBOIA. The principal town of Eastern Assinlboia is Regina, tlie capital of the Nortli-Wost Territories. This is a railway centre and an active business place. The Legislature meets at Regina, and it is the headquarters of the Mounted Police, the Indian Departm(>nt in the Territories and other public offices A branch line runs north tlirout:;h the Qu"Appelle district and on to Prince Albert, on the North branch of tlie Sixskatchewan. Moosomin, Broadview, Grenfell, Wolseley and Qu'Appelle are other towns in the eastern district, and Fort Qu'Appelle is beautifully situated in the valley of the Qu'Appelle, 18 miles north of the railway. Moose .law is anotlier town 42 miles west of Regina. Medicine Hat, on the south branch of the Saskatche- wan, is the chief town of "Western Assiniboia, and Dunmore is tlic Junction of the branch railway wliich runs westerly to the extensive coal mines at Lethbridge. CLIMATE. The climate of Eastern Assiniboia is mucii the same as that of Mani- toba, but Western Assiniboia feels the effects nf the Ciiinook winds, which come from the Pacific Ocean, and remove much of the snow tliat falls during two or three months of the year. This circumstance, together with the rich growth of grass, has of late Ijrought i)arts of Assiniboia into favour with eattle, sheep and horse raisers. SETTLERS' TESTIMONY. Trkoauva, .Jaimary 2()tli, 1S:)1. I commenced work in ]May, 1S8.3, on the east half of Section 22, Range 20, Township 19, about twelve miles north of Regina. I hail then three oxen ; I have now seventeen head of cattle, fourteen horses, and four swine. I have been a continuous resident on my farm ever since. I have 320 acres under cultivation ; also 100 fenced in for pasture. I would recommend mixed farming. In this district there is plenty of pasture in s inmer, and it pays well to have stock enough to eat up our rough feed in winter. Cattle, horses, and swine all do wonderfully well here — I have tried them all. • I came here from Ontario (County of Grey, township of Egermont) and am a Canadian by birth. I like the country. The wintei', I admit, is severe. Nevertheless, I consider this the best co .ntry ever [ struck for any man that 18 ASSINinoiA— SETTLEUls" TESTIMONY. is willing to work to build up a home. But this is no place (there is jwsi tively no show here) for men who sleep till ei^lit or nine in the morning, and then waste time during the rest of the day growling about the country. Sucli men had better stay in siglit of their mothers' chimneys. I might say dairying pays well here. I have paid most attention to raising wheat, and I am not in tne least discouraged on account of the low prices this year. The country being new, I have been anxious to know what the soil would produce. I have tried the different kinds of grain — wheat, barley, oats, peas, rye ; also roots — potatoes, turnips, carrots, mangels, beets, etc., and find where the land is well wrought it gives good returns. There has been considerable stubble-sowing here — that is, land broken, often not even baclv-set, and then as many as two or three crops sowed on it without ploughing. That will not do, as there is but little return for work of that kind. The man who comes here expecting a crop by half-working his land will be disappointed. A man needs at least §50[) capital at the outset. PETER B. KELLY. Pasqua, Assiniboia. In the spring of 1889 we came to the Moose Jaw District from the County of Huron, Ontario, (that is, my wife and seven children and myself), with the following outfit : A team of horses, one cow, some implements and household goods, and about §50 in cash, and all willing to work. "We rented a piece of land with a house, put in about twenty acres crop, which furnished seed for the next year. We then entered for a section of land (040 acres). "We have now a very comfortable house (frame), also a granary 10 x 24, good stabling, al- though rude, three horses, four oxen, two cows and some young stock, and all the implements necessary to work our farm. Our second boy has also taken a half section, so that in all we have 900 acres of land, the finest soil I ever saw under the sun. We are situated near the Moose Jaw Creek, about two miles from Pasqua station, surrounded by all the conveniences known to eastern life. ALEX. DELGATTY. Forres, Assiniboia. I consider the Cypress Hills to be one of the best cattle ranges in the country, especially the range between Swift Current and Medicine Hat. My experience has been mostly in the part lying between Maple Creek and Forres, and I consider this to be the best part of the range, being situated in the Chi- nook belt, and sheltered by the Cypress Hills, together with the large number of coulees and ravines, which afford splendid grazing ground and shelter, and the large number of creeks and lakes that are in the district, and the rich grazing lands, all tend toward the advantages possessed by this district as a cattle range. This district is also suitable for horse raising, as the many large bands will show, and after running at large all winter, they come out in the spring fat and in fine condition. I would advise anyone coming to this country to start raising horses and cattle, and to settle somewhere in this district, for, as I said before, I firmly believe we have the best range in the country. G. E. NUGENT. I arrived at Wapella on the 27th of March, 1892, from Pictou County, Nova Scotia, and was so well satisfied with this district that I made entry for a homestead. I have no hesitation it saying that many of the farmers in the SASKATCHEWAN — ITS ADVANTACiES. 10 Maritime Provinces, witli tlie saino amount of labour they put on their farms there, would soon betu-r their circumstances ; aiul to those who ore not prosperous, and living on poor farms, I would say this is the country to come to. I have l)eeu told that ju'ople coming to this country .vould need a good deal of capital to get started. I don't know any place where it is so easy for a juTson with small meanj to get a start as in this country. I know people who came here with little or no money and liavedone well ; in many cases they have been the most prosperous. I have met with many from the Eastern Provinces and tlie Old Country, but I have not met one who would be willing to go back to their old homes again to farm. ALLAN MiQUARRIE. Formerly of Toney River P.O., Pictou County, N'ovaSuotia. SKSKHTCHEWKN. SASKATCHEWAN', lying north of Assiniboia, is the largest of the four provisional districts which were carved out of the territories by the Dominion Parliament in LS,S2. Its area is lOliJOO square miles. In shape it is an oblong parallelogram, which extends from Nelson River, Lake Winnipeg, and the western boundary of Manitoba, on the east, to the 112th degree of west longitude on the west, aud lies between, or rather, slightly overlaps, the 5'2nd and the uoth parallels of north latitude. It is almost centrally diviiled by the main Saskatchewan River, which is altogether within the district, and by its principal branch, the Nortli Saskatchewan, most of whose navig- able length lies within its boundaries. It includes in the south a small proportion of the great plains, and in its general superficial features may be described as a mixed prairie and wooded region, abounding in water and natural hay, and well suiteil by climate and soil for the raising of wheat,, horned cattle and sheep. Settlement is at present chiefly in the. Prince Albert, Rosstherne, Duck Lake, Shell River, Batoche, Stony Creek, Carjton, Carrott River, Birch Hills, The Forks, St. liaurent, St. Louis de Langevin, and the Battleford districts. In nearly all of which there is a great quantity of the best land open tor selection free to homesteaders, i.e., settlers who take up Government land to cultivate and live upon it. In great measure that which may be said of one district applies equally to the other. The crops consist of wheat, oats, barley, aud potatoes. Turnips and all kinds of vegetables are raised successfully. Xormal yield of wheat (red f.vfe), about thirty bushels to the acre in favorable seasons ; one to one and a half bushels sown to the acre. Oats, about sixty bushels, from three sown to the acre. Barley has not been grown extensively, there being no demand for any quantity of this cereal in the district, but it has ahvaj's given a good yield in favorable seasons. There has never been a failure of crops. Wild fruits of nearly every variety— strawberry, raspberry, gooseberry, blueberry, high bush cranberry, black currants, etc.— grow in profusion, and small game is plentiful. TOWNS. Prince Albert, with a population of 1(KX), is the chief town of this terri- torial division. It is beautifully situated on the south bank of the North ''^ -'•^■•i^ .h;v ■•' t k°ii vmmumfm H X O 05 K>4 i i i SASKATCHKWAN ITS CLIMATli, LTC. Saskatchewan, and is in ttiu ctiMi re uf an cxteusive fanning district. Abranch line runs between it and Rei;iu;i, /nid another line from I'ortage la Prairie, in Manitoba, is in course of construction. It is well supplied with stores, churclies, schools, mills, newspap»'rs, etc. liali iefonl is another well-situated town, on the delta of tii( HiUtle Kivt-r. west of I'rlnce Albert ; and Duck Lake, on the railway, fori> Jiilcs from ffJnce Albert, and Su.skutoon are the other towns. CLIMATE. The climate is healthy, and fri?e from endemic or epidemic diseases. It is bracin;^ and salubrious, and is undoubtedly the lltn-t climate on earth for constitutionally healthy people. Avi'ra;^e siimtm'r tLMn|)L'rature, about 60". The reason of the er|uability of the temperature in summer has not yet been thoroughly investiu;ated, but the water stretches may be found to account for it. Spring opens abjut the beginning of April. Seeding is generally cotnpleted in May. Third sveek in August is usually the time when h.irvi!.>t begins. During winter settlers are generally employed in getting out rails for fencing, logs for biiililing puri)oses and fuel, and in attending to cattle and doing work which cannot be undertaken during busy seasons of spring or summer. STOCK-RAISING. RANCHING, ETC. The country is well adapted for stock-raising on a moderate scale, such as would l>e suit;ible for mixed farming. Cattle must be fed, and should be sheltered three m')nths to four months every winter. For bands of from ;iOO to 51)0 it is unsurpassed. Horses winter out well, and can, therefore, be kept in large bands. Sheep require the sanie care as cattle, and are better in small flocks. DAIRY FARMING, ETC. Any portion of this district will answer all the requirements for dairy farming. In and on the slopes of the Eagle Hills or south of the Saskat- chewan wou'd be most suitable, owing to the luxuriance of the grass and prevalence of springs. North of the Saskatchewan there is abundance ol grass in many places, particularly in the viclnitv of .Tar-kflsh and Turtle Mountain. Pure water In abundance everywhere. Nights are cool. The home demand iias always been very large, so that dairy products command good prices. SETTLERS' TESTIMONY. Prixcr Albert, September 1st, 1894. I am a native of England, having been born and raised in the City oi London, where I was apprenticed to the mathematical instrument making trade. I came to Canada in 1870, settling first at London, Ont., engaging in the birsiness of steampipe fitting and brass finishing. There I succeeded very well, disposing of my business in 1877, afher which I decided to miike my home in the west. During the summer of 1879, I prospected thoroughly various parts of the country, and chose the Prince Albert district as a result of what I had seen. I located a homestead and pre-emption at Red Deer Hill, and at once began farming operations. Mj' family arrived in the spring of 1890, and we have since resided on the farm. We were among the first NH lilH S .VSK ATCUL'VV AX— SKTTLKUS TESTISION V. I settlers of this part of the district. At that time there were no schools, churches, or other organisations, but as settlement began to progress we soon overcame that dilliculty and now have scliools and cliurches in our im- mediate neighborhood. There were only Ji few acres of land under cultivation some of which has been worked continuously since 18SU. I have never had a faihire of crops from any cause, nor have I heard or known of a failure of crops during my time in the Prince Albert district. Bad farming does not constitute crop failures. My vrheat crop has averaged every year twenty bushels per acre and over. Crops of oats and barley have been abundant, and I would say the average yield of these grains would be ab;)\it thirty-five bush- els per acre. I have given gardening considei'able attention and have inva- riably been successful and tind that all vegetables do remarkably well and attain enormous size. I have engaged largely in stock-raising, having at i)re- sent about seventy head of cattle. We have paid special attention to dairying, making for some years past eighty ptmnds of butter ])er week for which as well as for the other products of our farm we have al ways found a good market. Having gained a livelihood and brought up a large family and succeeded in surrounding myself with all the necessaries of life and many of the com- forts of civilization, with good stock, all lu'cessary implements, etc., and pos- sessing six hundred and forty aeres of the richest knov.n land, ray experience has led me to olFer this t^vstimony to the special adaptability of the Prince Albert district and surrounding country as an unsurpassed region for j)ur- poses of stock-raising and mixed farming, and also as a field presenting aU requisites to success to the new settler. ROBT. GILES. WiNGARD, Saskatchewan, Dec. 18, 1893. I have been settled here, in the neighborhood of Duck Lake, for about three years, having previously lived for over seven years near Prince Albert. During that period I have been practically engaged in mixed farming and being personally acijuainted with the bulk of the farming community through a wide district, I have had ami)le opportunities of forming an accurate opinion of the capabilities of the country and of the progress, present condition and future prospects of the farming industry. To put my experience into a single sentence I would say, speaking generally, that almost every farmer I know is much i)etter od'now than when Icame into tlie country, and this in face of the fact that prices of grain, etc., have, in sympathy with the world's markets, continuously declined to the present unprecedeutly low level. This is perhaps the best proof that can be adduced of the sterling value of the Saskatchewan valley as a farming country. While the agricultural interests have become so depressed in Britain and other countries during recent years, it can be truly said that if the farmers here are not advancing rapidly and positively, they are holding their owu and are comparatively better otr in most respects than their fellow agriculturists elsewhere, and if, as some jieople think looking to the present price of wheat, it is to become a (luestiou of the survival of the fittest, the Saskatchewan farmer can look to the future with greater equa- nimity than many of his compeers. Mixed farming is the rule here, the natural conditions being very favor- able and, of course, good farming is just as requisite to success as it is anywhere. Grain of all kinds docs well. Wheat is a sU'.ple, yields well and is a first class sample. Roots are a s\ue and heavy crop. Grass is rich, hay and water abundant and wood ample for all requirements. The winter of SASKATCHEWAN— U. S. DELEGATES* OPINION. 23 1892-3 was the most severe in my experience, but w^hcre ordinary foresight had been exercised in providinj. sufficient food and shelter, cattle did not suf- fer, while many horses ran out aH the time without detriment. The present winter has been highly favorable so far. Yesterday, December 17th, with a steady west wind the thermometer rose to 55 in the shade and the snow went off rapidly. It is the custom to let young and spare horses run at large all winter, and so far as native bred animals are concerned they are all right, but imported horses of higher class should he stabled. Some farmers bring their steers and young cattle through the winter without stabling, but my own practice is to put them all, old and young, under cover during the coldest weather. In a locality where comfortable stabling can be run up so cheaply as here there is no occasion to take risks. I have found the climate very healthy. The summer is not too warm and although the normal winter is decidedly keen, it is dry and bracing, and for people who are sufficiently clothed, fed and housed, the cold weather is not only endurable but enjoyable, while the spring and fall seasons are particu* larly pleasant. WM. CR^UG. U. S. FARMERS' TESTIMONY. Prince Albert, September 1st, 1894, I visited Prince Albert this week in the interest of our farmers in north- ern Michigan, and though only able to spend one day there. I covered consi- derable ground and saw and talked with no less than eight or ton farmers, and all were greatly pleased with the Saskatchewan country. I failed to find one man who had any complaint to make. It is certainly a beautiful and pro- ductive country and I am only too glad to recommend it. Before closing I must mention my visit to one Mr. Thompson, living about four miles from Prince Albert. Mr. Thompson is formerly from Ontario, and said he got his crops in earlier every spring than in Ontario, and that he liked the winters here very much better than there. The farmers are all comfort- able here. Mr. Thompson had a piano and upholstered furniture, and his three handsome daughters said nothing could induce them to return to Ontario. H. II. EATON. Boyne Falls, Mich. Delegates from the State of Vermont visited "Western Canada with the view of reporting upon the country for their friends in the Eastern States The following are extracts fi'om the several reports : " I will only saj"^ that I saw the best wheat, oats, barley, potatoes, cattle and land that I have ever seen. I think it is the place for a poor man." — S. C. Pollard, Essex, 17. " The liest wheat, oats, potatoes and barley I have seen are at Prince Albert and Stony Crc^'k."— Ezra liinney, Jericho, Vt. " It is the best place for a poor man to make a home for his children," W. A. Pollard, Wcstjbrd, 17. " I can most heartily recommend it to anyone who wants a cheap home with a good living and money laid up for the future."— ^IW/utr Eilis. " The soil is wonderfully rich, producing a variety of luxuriant grasses that make the finest hay in the world. There is no place in America where a I •^ i\ "^l».?|!fc^ii SASKATCHEWAN— U. S. DELEGA-^ES' OPINION'. 35 man can create a comfortable home in so short a time, and my advice to every young and middle-aged rjian is not to allow tliis land to be taken or givan to railways without making a .selection lirst, as no doubt these liue farming lands tliat are given by the Canadian Government to those who wish to iMjcome settlers will be very soon taken and made 'homes plenty.'"— .i. F. Goff, Richford, Vt. 'I consider the country well adapted for mixed farming, and the pioneers have little to contend with in making a home for themselves and families compared to what the old pioneers of the New England States had."— J?. J, Wilder, Sficldon, Vt. " I should say that the country would make a fine home for a young o* middle-aged man. The lands are so very low in price or free to homestead that those who go there with the intention of getting a home in earnest must succeed." -J/. W. Rounds, Enoslmrgli Falls, Vt. All the other delegates made similar report. A party of Delegates from the State of Maine, reporting upon Western Canada as a Held for settlement, say : " We started out to inspect the Carrot River and Stony Creek distriefcs, and we believe that this is without doubt one of the finest, if not the finest, country on the continent of America, as all the reciuisiles for successful farnt- ing are found here in great abundance, and of a very fine class ; the water la first class, and there is just enough timber for building purposes and fuel, without it being in the way for farming operations. We spent four days looking over this country, and stopped one night at Mr. Myers' pUwje. We saw his cattle, and would not believe our own eyes when he informed us that they had not luul a roof over their heads all winter, and had been fed on the hay made from natural grass of the prairie ; the cattle were all in lirst-clasa con- dition, and most of them even fat. Everything bore evidence of prosperity in this cor.ntry. Mr. Myers grew 85 bushels of No. 1 hard to the acre, and oata weighi-.i.; ;"> lbs. per bushels, with 90 bushels to the acre, and barley with a yield of C; Iiushels an acre. We then visited the Stony Creek district, and h id a look at Mr. Campbell's farm there. He raised 1152 busliels of oats on 4J acres, weighing 42 pounds per bushel, and as fine a lot of oats as was ever grown. "We noticed that the prices paid for farm produce were such that, with reasonable care and good management, a poor farmer in the Canadian North- West ought to become independent in a few years. The climate is a very agreeable one, ond although it certainly is cold here in i\vi winter time, slill anybody does not seem to feel it as much as in tiie eastern countries, it being extremely dry. During the most severe storm of the season we drove all day, the driver without gloves of any kind, and not even an overcoat on, while some of our party were very thinly dressed, and had no cover for our hands whatever, and we cannot say that wo sull'ered from the cold very much. " In conclusion we wish to stJ>te that tlie best evidence we can give of our entire satisfaction with tho <»t5antry is this : that as soon as we possibly caa we are going to sell out our property in the State of Maine and move to the great Canadian North-West, where we intend to take up land and make our future home, and our advice to every man, woman and child, in the State of ])Iaine particularly, and the United States generally, is i 'Go and do likewise,' "A. H. Price, North Fryel ing, Maine; C. MunPHY, Maine; F. A. Bus- SELL, Andover, Maine ; E. Murphy, Maine." mm 26 ALBERTA— THE NORTHERN GRANABY. HLBERTH. The most westerly of the several diyisious of the North- West Territories, which extends from the western limits of Assiniboia to the eastern limits of British Columbia, within the range of the Rocky Mountains, is divided into Northern Alberta and Southern Alberta. They are unlike in essential particulars and are therefore occupied by different classes of settlers. ■l NORTHERN ALBERTA. This division of the territory contains a large extent of farming land unexcelled for grain and root crops and vagetables by any on the continent of America. Live stock of all kinds is raised extensively, including horses of all grades, from heavy draught to Indian ponies, horned cattle, sheep, pigs and poultry. Native horses do well without stabling all the year round, but good stock of whatever kind requires good treatment to bring it to its best, when it is most profitable, There is a varied and nutritive pasture during a long season in summer; there is an abundant supply of hay procurable for winter feeding, and an abundant and universally distributed water supply. There are very few summer or winter storms, and no severe ones. Blizzards and windy storms are unknown. The winter climate is less severe than that of the districts along the Saskatchewan further east on account of the Chinook winds. As a consequence, a better class of cattle can be raised more cheaply and with less danger of loss in this district than in some other parts. The advanv.iges which tell so heavily in favor of the district for cattle raising tell as heavily in favor of dairying. There is a large flow of rich milk for a long season, and the quality of the butter made here is unsurpassed. Native fruits— wild strawberries, raspberries, gooseberries, saskatoon and cran- berries;, cherries, and black currants— grow in profusion almost everywhere, and tobacco is successfully cultivated. The best varieties of grain are raised, and vegetables are profitably grown. The Madeod & Edmonton Railway, operated by the Canadian Pacific Railvvaj' Company, passes through the two divisions from Macleod in the south to Edmonton in the north, affording market facilities at a number of convenient points along the whole distance. Land of the very best quality is found on both sides of the river, as well as in the neighborhood of the railway stations, for over a hundred miles south of it. Coal is mined in the banks of the Saskatchewan, and on the bars of the river a small but paying quantity of gold is taken out during the summer and autumn months. A number of settlers after harvest earn from $2 to $5 per day washing geld out of the river bottom. Building timber is plentiful and is easily procur- able. So good is the reputation that this section of the country enjoys, that settlement was made at a number of points before the railway was complete, and in 1892, when the road was in full operation, a more regular stream of settlement began. There is, however, such ample room for choice of locations that thousands can find room for selection in the free sections. This, how*- ever, will not continue to be the case for many years. 11? ALBERTA— ITS CHIEF TOWNS. 2/ SOUTHERN ALBERTA. Southern Alberta, which forms the extreme soucn-wescern corner of the prairie region of Western Canada, stands unrivalled among the stock countries of the world. The country is level, open prairie in the eastern portion, but is much broken along the western side by the foothills of the Bockies. Cattle and horses graze out all the year round. With good management, the profits to stockmen are large, ?40 per head being paid for steers this year on the ranges, the animals only costing their owners the interest on the original investment in stocking the ranch and their share of the annual round-up. Though a large portion of Southern Alberta is bare of timber for fuel, this lack is amply compensated for by an inexhaustible supply of coal of excellent quality, which crops out at many points along the steep banks of the streams that plentifully water the country. CHIEF TOWNS. Tae principal towns of Alberta are Lethbridge, Macleod, Cardston and Pincher Creek in the south, Calgary in the centre, anO Olds, Innisfail, Red Deer, Lacombe, Wetaskiwin, Edmonton, Fort Saskatchewan and St. Albert in the north. Oalgaky is a bright and busy city of about 4,500 population. It is situated at the confluence of the Bow and Elbow Rivers, about seventy miles east of he Rocky Mountains. It is the centre of the ranching districts of Alberta, and supplies many of the smaller mining towns to the west. It is built prin- cipally of white stone, and is the junction of Macleod and Edmonton branches with the Main line of the Canadian Pacific Railway. It is an important sta- tion of the Mounted Police, and in a variety of ways does a large and increas- ing business. It has waterworks, electric light, excellent hotels, several churches and schools and flrst-ciaas stores. Edmonton, on the north bank of the Saskatchewan, is the present market town for the farmers, traders, miners, etc., on the north side of the Saskat- chewan, and is a prosperous and well laid out town with a population of nearly 2,000. It is lighted by electricity, and has all the modern adjuncts of thriving towns. South Edmoxton, on the south bank of the Saskatchewan, and the pre- sent terminus of the Macleod & Edmonton Railway, is another rising centre where good hotel accommodation, stores, etc., are established. Wetaskiwin is the largest town between Edmonton and Calgary, and possesses some good stores, hotels, etc. It is the market for the Beaver Lake settlements. Lacomhe is 20 miles north of Red Deer in the centre of a good farming country. Red Dkku is on the river of the same name half way between Calgary and Edmonton, and is one of the most progressive places in the district. Innisfail is a prettily situated and prosperous town 7(5 miles north of Calgary, with several stores, hoti'ls and a grist mill. Olds is a rising town 55 miles north of Calgary, around which there is a well settled country. FoHT Saskatchewan, 20 miles east of Edmonton, is the headquarters for the Mounted Police in that district, and the distributing point for the Beaver Hill and Vermillion rogJin. mm AI-HEHTA — ITS fMMATE. 2!) MACLEOD, on the Old Man River, at the southern terminus of the Macleod & Edmonton Railway, is the chief centre of business for that section of country. Lbthbriogu, the terminus of the C. P. R. branch from Dunmoro. on the line of the C. P. R., situated about thirty miles east of Macleod, is a progres- sive coal mining town doing a good business. PiNCHEU Creek, in the foothills of the Rockies, is the centre of an excel- lent stock country. Cardston, on Lee's Creek, 15 miles from the boundary, is the centre of a well settled and prosperous district. CLIMATE. The climate of Northern Alberta is much like that of Manitoba, though not so cold in winter, imd tlic winter is shorter. The Chinook winil reaches the Edmonton country to some extent and tempers the climate. Xo one finds fault with the winter, and no crops have ever been touched with frost in that district. It is a mistake to suppose that snow is regarded with dis- like by settlers, except in the great ranching districts. There is, ho\vL'\ or. a good deal of complaint on those rare occasions when the snowfall is very light ; and the new-comer should not be anxious on the score of that which older hands all regard as a benefit, facilitating as it does many operations feen discovered in various parts of Alberta. A forty-foot seem of hematite iron, said to contain 67 per c«nt of iron, exists at the base of Storm Mountain fully in some other parts of Canada. Hut the atmosphere is dry, the winters are short, many of them very mild, so that cattle and horses are absolutely independent of the stall, exce|)t, of course, working teams or miloh cows. Ilay, however, is abundant, so that in more severe winters, or a cold snap, or storm in tnild winters, feed is abundant, and no loss need ever occur. The sprini^H are eany : - a rule. There is a vast preponderance of bright weather. The autumns are 1< )iig and delightful. The rainfall is under the average for Canada, but for the ten years we have been here we have had no approach to a killing drouLcht. There are few severe storms, no blizzards, nor hot winds. Taki-n all rouu'l, it is a flelightful, healthy climate. We have rich and almn- dant jjasturage, pure water, good supply of wood, an incxhaustiljle supply of coal. Tiicse are some of tlie natural advantages which seduced us in the early days, and our love to the country has not decreased with the years. Civilization has come to us in the forms of post office, school, church, society, railway, law and order, optMi accessible markets, the best all-round prices for farm produce anywhere that I hear or read of. The country still has room for bona fide farmers, with a little capitar* and a whole lot of sense and push, and stay-with-it-ness ; but for adventurers, ne'er-do-wells, and birds of passage, there is no roorn. It is particularly adapted to mixed farming, possessing every known condition for successful dairying. I am persuaded there is no better country open for settlement to-day. LEO GAETZ. U. S. SETTLERS' TESTIMONY. Olds, Alberta, Sept. 10, 1894. I came here last November and stayed two months and liked the country so well that I returned this spring with a carload of stock. My stock has thrived splendidly and far above my expectations. I have seen the fattest cattle in this country that I ever saw, and the nicest grain in all my travels. Hogs do well here. I have been in the best of health since I arrived, and in all I think this is the best place for mixed farming I know of. I have farmed for the past 25 years, both in Iowa and Nebraska, and in making a home for myself prefer Alberta. I would advise any man who wants a home to come here and grow up with the country and have a home of his own. There are cheap lands, plenty of wood and good water, plenty of grass and lots of game and lish. B. R. BRIGM5S. Louisville, Alta, Aug. 14, 1894. This is to certify I have been in this country one and a half years. I am a native of England, and have lived in the States of Illinois and Nebraska, having farmed in England, also in the two latter States. I am 70 years of age. I have just harvested my crop of barley, and the oats are ready to cut ; wheat is just changing color (red fife variety) ; lucerne, sowed this spring, 15 inches high on last year's breaking, I think will be a perfect succass. I am experi- menting on a small scale with other varieties of cereals, also several varieties of vegetables. I have potatoes (which will freely mash for table use), and car- rots, parsnips, onions, beets, squash, turnips, celery, an early corn (in tassel and car), tomatoes, etc. I do not expect the corn or tomatoes to fully mature this season ; with these exceptions I have never, with my fifty years' practical ^ • '■^'^^ IK. 42 WKSTKRX CANADA— THE SURVEYS. SYSTEM OF LKND SXJRUEV. The Provinces of the North-West have now been accurately surveyed by the Dominion Government, and parcelled out into square and uniform lots on the following plan : The land is divided into " townships '' six miles square. Each township contains thirty-six " sections" of 640 acres, or one square mile each section, and these are again subdivided into quarter sections of 160 acres. A road allowance, one chain wide, is provided for between each section running north and south, and between every alternate section east and west. The following is a plan of a township : — TOWNSHIP DIAGRAM. N. SIX MILES SQUARE. o u m c o S3 2 ^ u eS o a) fi "3 OB t-w era "•3 H 9 CO IH 31 C.P.R. 30 Gov. 19 C.P.R. 18 Gov. C.P.R. Gov. 32 Gov. 29 Schools. 20 Gov. 17 C.P.R. I H.B. C.P.R. 33 C.N.W. or C.P.R. 28 Gov. -"5r- C.N.W. or C.P.R. 16 Gov. 9 C.N.W. or C.P.R. Gov. I 34 Gov. 27 C.P.R. 22 Gov. 15 C.P.R. 10 Gov. C.P.R. 35 C.P.R. 26 H.B. 23 C.P.R. 14 Gov. 11 Schools. Gov. 36 Gov. I ""^5— C.N.W. or C.P.R. 24 Gov. C.N.W. or C.P.R. 12 Gov. I C.N. W. or C.P.R. > M »«. O 8 s B 8 i B s. Government Lands Open for Homestead (that is, for free settlement).— Section Nos. 2, 4, 6, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36. Canadian Pacific Railway Lands for Sale.— Section Nos. 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 31, 33, 3.5. Section Nos. 1, 9, 13, 21, 25, 33, along the main line, Winnipeg to Moose Jaw, can be purchased from Canada North- West Land Company. School Sections.— Section Nos. 11, 29, are reserved by Government for school purposes. Hudson Bay Company's Lands for Sale.— Section Nos. 8 and 26. I WESTKRN CANADA— HOMESTEAD REOULATION8. 43 FREE HOmESTEHD REGULATIONS. All even-numbered sections of Dominion Lands in Manitolia or the North- West Territories, excepting 8 and 26, which have not been homesteaded, reserved to provide wood lots for settlers, or other purposes, may be home- steaded by any person who is the sole head of a family, or any male over eighteen years of age, to the extent of one quarter-section of KK) acres, more or less. ENTRY. Entry may be made personally at the local land office for the district in which the land to be taken is situate, or if the homesteader desires he may, on application to the Minister of the Interior, Ottawa, or the Commissioner of Dominion Lands, Winnipeg, receive authority for some one to make the entry for him. A fee of §10 is charged for an ordinary homestead e Lry ; but for lands which have been occupied an additional fee of $10 is chargeable to meet inspection and cancellation expenses. The entry must be perfected within six months of its date by the settler beginning to reside upon and cultivate the land, unless entry is obtained after the 1st of September, in which case it need not be perfected before the 1st day of June following. HOMESTEAD DUTIES. After perfecting his Homestead Entry as described, the settler must con- tinue to reside upon and cultivate the land for which he holds entry for three years from the date thereof, during whicli period he may not be absent from the land for more than six montlis in any one year without forfeiting the entry. Upon furnishing proof, which must be satisfactory lo the Commissioner of Dominion Lands, that he has fulfilled tlie conditions as to residence and cultivation before specifled, the settler will be entitled to ii patent from the Crown for his homestead, proxided he is a British subject by birth or natural- ization. If the homesteader desii'es to obtain his patent within a shorter period than three years he will be permitted to purchase his homestead at the Gov- ernment price ruling at the time, upon proof that he has resided thereon for twelve months from the date of i)erfecting entry, and that he has brought at least thirty acres under cultivation. APPLICATION FOR PATENT. may be made before the local agent, or any homestead inspector. Before making application for patent the settler must give six montiis' notice in writing to the Commissioner of Dominion Lands of his intention to do so. When, for convenience of the settler, application for patent is made before a homestead inspector, a fee of $5 is chargeable ; no fee, however, being charged if the application be made at the land oilice. Application for patent umst be made within five years from tiie date of the homestead entry, otherwise the right thereto is liable to forfeiture. 4 ¥1 .^f»^J.?-v.. mUi. I V'J \'; \ ;!i^i-... ;wi'i, iilli; 1 lip fell' '"'■■% 'i MM^ % illljii .'I if. . ^, ■'; ' A'h .. V.t .^ P3 Q a MMMiB iit**i la WESTEKX CANADA— CLIMATE, ETC. GENERHL INFORMATION. THE CLIMATE. The climatic conditions of Western Canada have been given in detail in previous pages, but the following opinion of a well-known authority, Dr. Mitchell, of Yale, Michigan, U.S.A., who recently visited Manitoba and the Territories, refers to the country as a whole. In a letter addressed to the Commissioner of Dominion Lands, at Winnipeg, Dr. Mitchell says : " In regard to the heathfulness of the climate, I wish more particularly to say a few words. Having lived for years in Ontario, Michigan and Cali- fornia, I feel free to say that in none of them have I seen such a healthy looking lot of people.. The climate conditions are pre-eminently favorable to health and unfavorable to hepatic, catarrhal, and pulmonarj' affections. The appearance of the people, when compared with those who suffer from the cold, raw, damp winds of the lakes, is very well marked, the latter having a tliickened yellow skin with a sluggish circulation, while those of the C.inadian North- West have a skin that the circulation can be seen through. The dryness and lightness of the air is very bracing and invigorating, and gijjps a feeling of buoyancy ancL energy to both mind aud body, and makes the man of middle age feel as tliough he has renewed his youth ten or fifteen years. " There is quite a diversity of climate, so that everyone could make a selection suitable to his own individual necessities and requirements. Those wishing a cold, steady winter could find it between Winnipeg and Regina, and those wishing a mild winter would be suited lietween Medicine Hat, Calgary and Edmonton, the climate being quite mild for 200 miles along the east side of the Rocky Mountains." CAPITAL REQUIRED. The question " How much is necessary ? " is a difficult one to answer. It depends upon circumstances. Very many men have gone into Western Canada without any capital and have prospered. A little capital, however, makes the start easier aud saves valuable time. Some statements of what can be done upon a certain capital, say 503 dollars (£100), or 1,000 dollars (£200), Ci -^.000 dollars (£600) may, nevertheless, be advantageous. This information has been given by many writers, in tables of various kinds and for various localities, but all amount to about the same conclusions, namely : — The 500 dollars (£100) will set a man down upon some western quarter- section (100 acres) obtained as free homestead or one chosen among the cheaper lands belonging to the railway company and enable him to build a house and stay there until his farm becomes productive and self-supporting. In this connection a practical farmer of some years' residence in Manitoba speaks as follows: " Land can be purchased cheaply here, or it can be had for nothing by homestead ing. A single man can f;jtart on an outlay of $33.5, made up as fol- lows : One yoke of oxen and harness, .^115 ; plow, harrow, etc., $40 ; stove and kitchen furnishings, f40! bedding, etc., $20; himher, doors, windowSs etc., for log house, $50 ; provisions, $!)0 ; seed, .fHO. A farmer with a family of five would have to lay out f 240 more, bringing his outlay up to .11025. " A farmev can come in about the middle of March, select his land aud ■ ^' I I »tmmm f • WESTERN CANADA— EDUCATION, ETC. 53 build his shanty ; he can commence to plough about the fifth of April ; he can break ten acres and put it under crop on the sod ; he can sontinue breaking for two months after he puts the ten acres under crop, and can break thirty acres, and backset the forty acres in tlie fall I'eady for crop in the spring. He can raise enough on the ten acres to give him a start ; he can cut hay enough or his oxen and a cow in July, and it will cost him about $60 additional to seed the forty acres in the spring." It must not be forgotten, however, that hundreds have arrived in Winni- peg without any money, and by first working on wages have prospered and become substantial iarmers. EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES. The progress of district school development evinces a wholesome desire on the part of all classes to encourage education. The schools of the Terri- tories may be said to have come under the operation of a recognized school law in April, 1886. In 1887 there were 111 schools, 125 teachers, and 3,144 pupils ; while in 1894 the register showed 330 public Protestant schools 2 Protestant separate scliools, 38 Roman Catholic public schools, 10 Roman Catholic separate schools, and the number of pupils closely approximated 8,000. The expenditure for schools in 1887 was $:J6,397.47, and in 18!)3 $121,056.94. In the various school districts since June, 1886, the debentures for building school houses, furnishing, purchasing sites and general equip- ment, up to July 1894, amounted to $165,575. THE DANGER OF DEBT. One o; i ; • dangers the settler must avoid if he wishes to prosper is Debt. The temp < u. purchase agricultural implements and hornGa on credit is almost iif. .i. .'>>., and has proved a source of trouble to many a settler. Another fruibtul source of evil is endeavoring to accomplish too much, placing a larger acreage under crop than the settler can handle without the aid of hired help. The successful farmers are most invariably those who, commenc- ing with a small capital, have in the first years of their farming operations co!iUned the area, say, not exceeding 100 acres. Such an area of ground if prepared by summer following, can be done without hired labor and with an inexpensive outht of niachinerj'. ELEVATOR STORAGE CAPACITY OF WESTERN CANADA. The following table shows the storage capacity of the elevators on the various lines of railway in Western Canada : Bushels. C. P. R. Main line 7,415,700 C. P. R. Deloraine branch 1, Ititi.OOO C. P. R. Glenboro' branch 6:51,000 C. P. R. Kmoison branch 1 17,000 C. P. R. Suuris branch 642,000 C. P. R. Stonewall branch 31,000 C. P. R. Other branches 26,400 (irand Total C. P. R 10,0(«),(K)0 G. N. W. C. R 84,000 N. P. R .501,500 M. & N. W. R 654,000 (Irand Total 11,467,100 In 1891 the grand total was 7,628,000 bushels and in 1892 was 10,366,700 bushels. The daily total capacity of flour mills is 8,270 bai'rels, and oatmeal mills 190 barrels per day. M WESTERN CANADA— HOW TO REACH IT. HOW TO REHCH THE CKNKDIHN MEST. m Colonists having arrived in Canada at Quebec or Montreal in summer or Halifax in winter, travel to new homes in Ontario, Manitoba, the Territories, or British Columbia by the Canadian Pacific Railway direct. Settlers from the Eastern States travel via Montreal, Prescott or Brockville, and thence by ihc Canadian Pacific ; but if from Southern and Western New York, or Penn- sylvauia via Niagara Falls, Toronto and North Bay, thence Canadian Pacific Railway ; those from the Middle States either by Toronto and North Bay, or by Sault Ste. Marie or Portal, Assiniboia, via St. Paul ; from the Western States by Portal (or, if for Manitoba, by Gretna, Man.) ; from the Pacific Coast States by Vancouver, Huntingdon, B.C., Osoyoos or Kootenay. On the same fast trains with the first-class cars are colonist cars which are convertible into sleeping cars at night, having upper and lower berths constructed on the same principle as those of the first-class sleeping cars, and equally as comfortable as to ventilation, etc. They are taken through, without change, all the way from Montreal to Manitoba. No other railway can do this. No extra charge is made for the sleeping accommodation. Second-class passengers, however, must provide their own bedding. If they do not bring it with them, a com- plete outfit of mattress, pillow, blanket and curtains will be supplied by the agent of the Company at the point of starting, at a cost of $2.50— ten shillings. The curtains may be hung around a berth, turning it into a little private room. In addition to this, men travelling alone are cut off from families by a partition across the car near the middle, and smoking is not permitted in that part of the car where the women and children are. The train stops at stations where meals are served in refreshment rooms, and where hot coffee and tea and well-cooked food may be bought at very reasonable prices. The cars are not allowed to become overcrowded, and the safety and welfare of passengers are carefully attended to. Every possible care is taken that the colonist do3s not go astray, lose his property, or suffer imposition. Where a large number of colonists are going to the west together special fast trains of colonist sleeping cars are despatched. No other railway in America offers auch good accommodation to colonist passengers as does the Canadian Pacific. All trains are met upon arrival at Winnipeg, or before reaching that city, by the agents of the Government and the Canadian Pacific Railway Com- pany, who give colonists all the assistance and advice they require in regard to their new home. In cases where some locality for settlement has been selected, and friends are awaiting them, they are sliown how to proceed directly to that point. If they have not decided upon such a locality, but intend to seek a home somewhere further west, every information can be obtained at the Land Office in Winnipeg. Special round-trip explorers' tickets can be obtained at the Company's Land Office, the full price of which will be refunded if the holder purchases 160 acres or more. In this way, land hunters are enabled to make a personal nspection of the land free of cost to themselves. Most men wish to examine and choose for themselves the section which seems to them the most suitable, and tliis is strongly recommended in every case. They are assisted in doing this by officials appointed by the r' WESTKRN CANADA— HOW TO KKACH IT. 65 Government for the purpose. Meanwhile, the family and baggage can re- main at the Government immigration house in safety and comfort. Pro- viding themselves with food in the city markets, they can cook their own meals upon the stoves in the house, and, with the bedding that has served them during their journey, they can sleep in comfort in the bunk bedsteads with which the rooms are fitted. Should they prefer, however, to stop at an hotel, they will find in Winnipeg public houses of all grades, where the total cost for each person varies from $1 (4s.) to ^'^ (12s.) a day, according to circumstances, and boarding houses are immerous, at which the charges are somewhat lower. It sometimes happens that the intending settler has not much more than sufficient money to carry him as far as Winnipeg. In that case he will be anxious to begin immediately to earn some money. The Dominion and Provincial Governments have each an agency at Winnipeg whose busi- ness it is to be informed where labor is needed. Societies representing al- most all the nationalties of Europe have been formed in Winnipeg, and will welcome and see to the welfare of their respective countrymen. At certain seasons farmers are on the look-out for able men and pay good wages, generally averaging $20 (£4) per month and board. The girls of a family usually find employment in Winn'peg and other towns, in domestic service, in hotels, shops, factories and establishments employing female labor. Grood wages are paid to capable girls, and little time is lost in getting a situation. t « • a < • * « • • I t » ,:jkim,it»m r J' 56 THE NEARER WEST— NORTH WESTERN ONTARIO. NORTH-MESTERN ONTKRIO. THE RAINY RIVER DISTRICT. While this pamphlet is more especially devoted to a description of the prairie regions of Manitoba and the North-West Territories, it may not be in- opportune to also refer to another District, as yet but little known, which offers many inducements to those seeking homes and who prefer remaining near the eastern provinces of the Dominion to settling on the western plains. This is the Rainy River Distiict, in North-Western Ontnrlo. Before reaching Manitoba, the traveller on the Canadian Pacific Railway passes this region at some distance to the north. It has many advantages of great importance to the husbandman, lumberman and miner. There are hundreds of thousands of acres of excellent land, the fertility of which is evidenced by the fact that the soil is uniformly of a rich black Ici.m of a great depth. Agriculturists have already made considerable progress, and several prosperous settlements have grown up. The country is well wooded with magnificent pine, oak, elm, cedar, hemlock and Balm of Gilead, or gum wood (which grows to a great height, some of the trees 2 feet in diameter, having no branches within 60 ft-et of the ground), and lumbering operations are carried on upon an exten- sive scale. Millions of feet of logs are rafted yearly down the Lake of the Woods to kat Portage and Norman and sawn there, and the Manitoba and western markets supplied. Mining is another source of wealth, and gold, iron, mica and other minerals liave been discovered about Rainy Lake, the work of developing which is just commencing to be prosecuted very vigorously. In the Lakeof tlie Woods district,further north, however, gold mines are worked oil a yearly increasing scale. Any person may explore Crown lands for min- erals, and mining lands may be purchased outright or leased at rates fixed by the Mines Act. The minimum area of a location is 40 acres. Prices range from $2 to $;i per acre, the higher price being for lands in surveyed territory and within six miles of a railway. The rental charge is at the rate of §1 per acre for the first year and 25 cents per acre for subsequent years ; but the leasehold may be converted into freehold at the option of the tenant at any time during the term of the lease, in which case the first year's rent is allowed on the purchase money. A royalty of not more than 2 per cent, is reserved, based on the value of the ore less cost of n,iining and subsequent treatment for the market 'J. he cliinr.te oi (,he JLljiiu^' UU'er district is healthy and invig- orating,'tire sceaftry cliarpiing, an'J cLo i^osubilities of the district very great. The lanci is owned and adininiSjter(^d by the Gi)verntnciit of Ontario (offices at Toronto),'jll^^l free g.-.infs are mo'de'ef 'OJIver.cs to a head of a family having childrei'i uj.der lA years' of age rssjji'ng witli I'lim (or her) ; and 120 acres to a single man over 18, or to a married man not having children under 18 residing witli him ; each person obtaining a free grant to have the privilege of pur- chasing 80 acres additional, at the rate of $1.00 f four shillings) per acre, pay. able in four annual instalments with interest, and the patent may be issued at tiie expiration of three years from the date of location or purchase, upon completion of the settlement duties. Rainy River itself is a fine navigable stream 1.50 to 200 yards wide, and more than 80 miles long, connecting Rainy Lake and Lake of the Woods, and forming the boundary line between the United States and Canada. This district is reached during the season of navigation by steamer from Rat Portage, on the main line of the Canadian Pacific Railway. ■'I t j^ ■h \\ X /■" ;/ ^ ■^ H l f l \ Railway -% ^f:^ «NB Alt [fOMMItW*r. .1 j^;v-.-i-4iapi«)^' 1 -« i*Jl7' '•' ,j ,i.t C ■ 4:-^ .^ Ih-.-— r*^'*' "wwiipi I ', ■^ Vi 'i -• J tr-j ie Hawamii ;■'?;' -mrtii^-ii, ^.,1,- iiriraBifAiri *o v'a xI J i It- i°m Sl'i'? ^\ '°\^ig5^||T6tlilii^5^jgiLHS^ tt\.Y0*^ ! I Bnrlimd Iiia>o.i Oo 108 in 101 in M IM III lUlee iOS\ Ba f^=t ) Buju iC i to 19 18 wor 17 It Ne e Si-KUtoli\ ^et \«.. ;£> S '.t\OUi'i «0C tE Ml \« K D A B Y IM »t» f rrt n '«! iozisad!: o^ ?^iSuoi4 h-' MM <*\2 1 So*' tViY^* 5* fti!55 W*^ bO> "Jft:! (ft' Pa Uli like fcYxt, 2S2 South Civic Street, Chicago. M. M. STERN. District Frei^t and Passenger Agent. Chronicle Building, San FKANCnco. W. R. CALLAWAY, District Passenger Agent, I King Street East, Toronto. ROBERT KERR, General Passenger Agent, Winnipko. C. B. HIBBA K D , General Passenger Agent Soo ft South Shore Linea, MinnbafoUS, Minn. O. McL. BROWN^District' Passenger Agent, Vancootsr, B. C. C. % E. T7SSHER, Assistant General Passeager Agent, Montxiai^ D. MON tCOLL. Scnknai. 'Rasscnskr ASKHT, MONTRKAL. QEaROEOLOSf OCMCDAfc TAAivtA HaNAWIN, ll9R:rRBRL. „■•;**■'; i,SbT««^ i^Mis / '^, J^ (.Kll lll||llll^,« 3 I r HI •1^- H I WIIKiiili iii inliiW II IiiillH i Worid's Hjgbw ay iiiirrrTTni-Tr-.--,T--i,„-. ■■j...........|...^^....j.^.. .............£^^ JiiliiiiiliUiiiililiiii!:iiiliaiiiiiiiiiiii,ii i iiifi i iiiiiiijii | |)ii||,||]|||(||, The Be«t, Cheapest and Quickest Way * n Manitoba, Japan, Assiniboia, China, Alberta, Hawaii, Saskatchewan, Fiji and British Columbiia, Australia OR AROUND THE NA/ORLO - • - IS BY THE - - - Caoadiao Pacific Railway ^HHi I ' ,.^-- A 'Mi' f^ m p7=r:j^'-'r3r--tn?iwais^«»iB m- 1 •. !\-;-''-/ii . .'i \ :.^^^-;'i^ t tralia WM •i Mi