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I !.!li: vnf.-iiis i- .. ri ■^;l^■.■|■^- 7/ ''i ^iMa 'ilKiMaima luuu-iiffil ATST OFFICIA.L HANDBOOK OF INFORMATION RELATING TO THE DOMINION OF CANADA PuMished, with the approval of Her Majesty's Secretary of State for the Colonies, by the Government of Canada (Department of the Interior). JANUARY, 1894 CONTENTS. (a map will be found at the ENr> OF THE PAMPHLET.) ?AaE The Dominion op Canada. Arms of the Dominion and oi' the Provinces (inside coders). Area 1 Po])ulation,,.. 2 Eeligion 2 Constitution of Government. . 2 Municipal System -.-.^- 3 Education -....-.....■ 3 Administration of .Tustice .,... 4 Courts , ..,.. 4 Military Forces of Canada 5 Police :,,. 6 Naturalization ,...•.-.... 6 Postal System ,- , 7 Money Orders. ;,-... ..c 7 Telegraphs .,...,,,. , ... 7 Newspaper Press ,., 7 Social conditions = .,.... 7 Climate ... ,. 8 The Tourist, Artist and Sports- man ..- ^... 9 Indians.. , 10 Eailways .... .10 The Canadian Pacific Eailway, 10 Canals and Elver Systems 12 Eevenue 12 Public Debt 13 Imports....... .. 14 Exports , 15 Tlie Mines , 15 The Fisheries 17 The Forest 18 Animals and their Produce 18 Agricultural Products 20 Manufactures 21 Shipping , 23 Banking 24 Persons wanted in Canada and Immigration that is Not Encouraged. Persons with Capital 24 Agriculturists 25 Paqi'- Persons Wanted, etc. — Con. Tenant Farmers 25 Young Men desiring Agricul- tural Experience 25 Male and Female Farm Ser- vants 26 Domestic Service and other Callings for Females 2(i Mechanic.?, General Labourers and Navvies 27 Eaihvay Employees 27 Clerks, Draftsmen, Telef;raph- ists, Shop Assistants, &c 27 Child Emigration.., 27 Inmates of Workhouses 27 The Professions and the Lighter Callings 27-29 Advice for Intending Emi- grants 30 Government Agents 30 Quarantine 31 Cattle Quarantine 31 Immigrant Stations in Canada 31 The Time to Emigrate 32 Ocean Fares 32 During the Passage 33 Luggage 34 What to Take 34 Outfits 35 Money 35 Wages and Cost of Articles of Living in Canada.... 36 THE PEOVINCES. Prince Edward Island 39-42 Nova Scotia 43 New Brunswick 49 Quebec 54 Ontario 59 Manitoba 69 iv CONTENTS— Conrlitflrd. Paqk. TiTR North- WKST Tr,RRiTomF.s. 74 Provisional Districts 70 Amnihoia 'J^, Saskalcheican 'J^ AlUrta '^ Athabasca ••• '^^ British CoLUMHiA »^ Ex 1' K RIM KNT AL F ARM S ^» DcMixioN Land Hkoui.attonh. 90 Canadian Pacikio Railway Company's Lands 92 Page. Hudson Bay Company's Lands 93 Manitoda and North-wehtkrn Railway Company's Lands. . 93 North-wehtkPvN Coal and Na- vigation Company's Lands.. 93 Calgary and Edmonton Rail- way Company's Lands 94 Qu'Appellk, Long Lakf. and SaskatchkwanRailwxy Com- pany's Lands ••'> Employment Bureaux 95 Paok. 'm Lands 93 -WEHTKHN 4 Lands. . 03 AND Na- 4 Lands. . 93 ON llAII.- -DS 94 iAKF. AND wayCom- 94 jx 90 DOMINION OF CANADA. Area. The Dominion of Canada came into existence on July Ist, lPo7, under the terms of the British North America Act, hy the union of the Provinces of Canada, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick ; the Province of Canada was divided into Upper and Lower Canada, which divisions are known now as Ontario and Quebec, respectively. It was subsequently augmented by the province of Manitoba and the North-west Territories in 1870, by British .|polumbia in 1871, and Prince Edward Island in 1873, and now includes the rhole of British North America, with the exception of Newfoundland. The following figures show the computed area of the Provinces and Territories of Canada : — Square Miles. INTARIO 222,000 {UEBEC 228,900 Jew Brunswick 28 200 KovA Scotia .'*".7. 20,'6O0 Prince Edward Island 2,000 Manitoba *73,956 British Columbia 383 300 Provisional District of Assiniboia about 89|635 Keewatin " 282,000 Saskatchewan " 107,092 Alberta » 106,100 Athabasca " 104,500 (ORTH-WEST Territories 906,000 Perritoi - east of Keewatin and south of Hudson's Bav 196,800 ["erritory of Hudson's Boy " 358,000 plands in Arctic Ocean and Hudson's Bay 300,000 ilreat Lakes and River St. Lawrence east to longitude 66°, not included in above areas 47,400 (1 « « u « « It (( Area of Canada 3,456,383 *ThiB is for Manitoba as defined by Act of the Canadian Parliament. 2 DOMINION OF CANADA. The total water area of Canada U included in the above, and U^ 140,738 aquar.' iiiilea. F )r purjioies of conijittiiiion, it may be stated tliat Canada is nearly as lar^'e a^ the wl.ale of Eurojie, and about 600,000 square milea larger than the Unitt-d Stales without Alaska. Acconlin!,' to the census returns of 1891, the population of Population. ^1,^ |).„ai„iou was as follows :— Vnwf Kdwunl hland 10!),O78 N..V1V .Sc.tiiv 450,.S!m N.-w nnm^svick ... 321/2t53 (./iiclwc 1,4HH,.-);C) oiitiui.. 'j.iH.aai iSImiitol.il.... •••• 152,50(5 IhitiMli Columhift !>H,173 ThoTonit(.ii.'.s .... »«,%7 Total _j'M'^^^ There is no State Church in Canada, and the utmost reli- Religrion. giou.^ liberty i>revails. Newly arrived adherents of any of tlie established denoniinauons will have no dilliculty in finding C()n<,'enial church society. Churches and chapels are nunievDUsand widely di-^trit)Uted. Each church inanaj,a's it.s own all'airs ; au<' the stipends of the cler^'y are ])aid out of endowments, ])ew rents, and other such funds. There are no tithes, or churcli rute.s, excepting in the Pi'ovince of (>)uebec, where the Roman Catholic Church ])osse^ses some <[ualitied powers, in tl'is respect, over person.^ jirofessing tiiat iaith. The Government of Canada is i^'ederal. The ]»rov- Coiistitution i„ee.s have Local Legislatures. By the British North r2.^,r^?J[rv,o«f America Act, before referred to, the executive govern- U-overnment. ^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^ authority of and over Canada is vested in the Queen. Tlie Governor General for the time being carries on ^^'e government in the name of Her Majesty, but is paid out of the Canadian PaULIAMEXT HoUbE, Oi'TAWA. % ; n- ^'TiM CONHTITITIOV lis 140.736 t Canada is [uurc milea tpulatiou of itmost reli- s of any of 2 congenial (lilies is fixed at four years. The power- of the Dominion Parlian.ent, the Provincial LeLM.-la- tures, and the contril)ution8 to the revenues of the latter from the Dominion Treasury, are defined by tlie Briti-h North America Act and the Acts iia-setl under it. Le<,'is]aiion upon local matters is assigned, as a general rule, to the provinccN. Tliere is generally a peifect pystem of municipal govern- Municitial"^^'^*^ "' *^^^'^' '*^**^^"'^*'''^ constituting' the Dominion. Both the System. ^'*'i"i'^'''' t^i'^l townships have their local councils, which regulate the taxation fov rott'spaper, iress. and in all the large towns there are several. These newspapers ere for the most part conducted with energy and ability. They are sup]ilied with full telegraphic reports from all parts of the globe. All iinportant news that , transpires in the United Kingdom and Europe is instantly published in Canada ; and, in fact, owing to the dilference in time, an event Avhich takes j^lace in London at five o'clock in the afternoon may be known :|in Canada at about noon of the same day. It hapi)ens often that iinportant |evtnts which occur in England in the early forenoon are published in the norning papers of the same day in Canada, while it is (piite impossible that he same news can ajipear in the morning pajjors of England until the next ay. There are special commercial ])ublicatious, as well as monthly periodi- als devoted to agriculture, manufactures, mining and timber interests, fliterature, law, medicine and branches of science. i cs • 1 Inquiry is often made as to social conditions in Canada, as i Conditfons -oi"P'^red with Great Britain. It may be stated that the dis- I ^onaixxons. ^^j^^^Q^g ^,f ^^^^^ ^^ ,,^J^ gxjgt to the same extent as in the Imother country. There is a careful preservation of those traditions which fgive the general features to English society, but there is no feudal nobility tin Canada ; almost every farmer and agriculturist is the owner of his acres I — he is his own ncaster, and is free to do as he wills. This sense and state of independence permeate the whole social system, and produce a condition I ! \ 8 DOMINION OP CANADA. f i of social freedom unknown in older countries. With regard to the liouor traflBc, local option generally prevails. By an Act of the Dominion Par- liament marriage with a deceased wife's sister was legalized in 1882. As already explained, religious liberty prevails ; education is practically free and unsectarian ; and there is a liberal franchise. Members of Parliament are paid an indemnity. There is no system for legalizing pauperism, although orphans and the helpless and aged of both sexes are not neglected, being cared for under the municipal system before referred to, and by churches and charitable institutions. Altogether, a Canadian is able to look with pride and satisfaction upon the free and independent position which he enjoys. _.. The climate of Canada is a subject on which many persons L/limate. ggj. astray. Canada is one of the healthiest of countries ; the returns of the military stations which existed until recently, and those relating to Halifax at present issued, prove this conclusively, apart from the general healthfulness of the population, which is a subject of remark by all visitors uiid new settlers. The census of 1891 showed that the death rate in Canada was one of the lowest rates recorded on the list of countries which have col- lected the necessary statistics. It is a significant fact that the complaints against the climate refer, at the present time, particularly to Manitoba and the North-west Territories. The statements now being made respecting Manitoba were formerly applied to Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, These provinces, it was said could never grow fruit to any extent ; it would be impossible that they should ever become famous for raising cattle ; and the season was manifestly too short to permit of agricultural operations being carried on successfully and profitably. It is hardly necessary to state how completely these allegations have been falsified, and every year is prov- ing the fallacy of similar statements respecting the western provinces. Canada has a reputation for fruit far beyond its boundaries. Canadian apples probably bring the highest price of" any that are imported into the English market - Those who have visited the country know that it is famous for many othei units besides apples, and that many species grown in England under glass, such as grapes, peaches, melons and tomatoes, flourish in Canada in the open air. But Canadian farmers do not confine their attention entirely to grain and fruit growing. As a cattle country, Canada is taking an impor- tant position. Not only are there sufficient cattle and sheep and other animals to supply the demands of its own population, but, on a five years' average, 110,000 head of cattle and over 350,000 sheep are exported annually. The larger proportion of the cattle is sent to Great Britain, while the sheep ]nincipally go to the United States. There is no prevailing cattle disease in Canada, so that the farmers are very fortunate in this respect- Horse breeding is also attracting much attention. There are m?iny articles of Canadian farm produce which are receiving considerable notice in Great Britain, notably cheese, butter and eggs ; in fact, the dairy industry is grow- ing more and more important every year. The total value of domestic exports under the headings of ** Animals and their produce " and " Agricul- tural Products," in 1892 was over $50,000,000 ; of this the United States took about |8,300,000, representing chiefly horses, horned cattle, sheep, butter, eggs, apples, barley, beans, oats, peas, wheat, flour, hay and potatoes and other vegetables. That the climate is not in any way injurious to agricultural pursuits is proved by the increase of the agricultural population, the largely extending area of land brought under cultivation, and the rapidly increasing quantity of produce that is grown and exported. In 1892 the value of the agricultural exports was f 22,000,000 ; of this, over 4i million dollars repre- sented barley, oats, rye, wheat, hay, potatoes, etc., sent to the United States. CLIMATE. 9 gard to the liouor le Dominion Par- zed in 1882. As is practically free lers of Parliament lizing pauperism, are not neglected, ferred to, and bv tan is able to look position which he ich many persona of countries ; the and those relating from the general irk by all visitors ith rate in Canada is which have col- it the complaints Manitoba and the specting Manitoba 1 New Brunswick, extent ; it would lising cattle ; and iltural operations necessary to state very year is prov- 'estern provinces, daries. Canadian imported into the w that it is famous ^rown in England iourishin Canada attention entirely taking an impor- sheep and other t, on a five years' cported annually. 1, while the sheep g cattle disease in i respect- Horse m^ny articles of ; notice in Great industry is grow- alue of domestic " and " Agricul- le United States ttle, sheep, butter, ind potatoes and (US to agricultural iation, the largely rapidly increasing the value of the ion dollars repre- he United States. The Government of the United States during the past few years, has recog- nized the wonderful agricultural capacities of Canada by increasing the tariff rates on the products of the farm under the McKinley Bill, thus seeking to reduce the competition from Canadian farmers which United States farmers felt severely. It is not generally understood that the farmer in Canada has to Serform in the winter very mucn the same sort of work as the farmer in Great ritain. After the harvest is over ^e does as much ploughing as possible, until the end of November. Very little actual work is done on the land in either country during midwinter, for equally obvious, though different, reasons. But cattle have to be fed, the dairy attended to, cereals threshed, machinery put in order, buildings repaired, and carting done, which latter, by the way, the Canadian farmer, owing to the snow, is able to do very cheaply. It may be that the spring commences two or three weeks later than in England; but the conditions for the rapid growth of all produce — warm sunshine and a sufficiency of rain — are so favourable that the crops of the two countries are about equally advanced by the middle of July. At Montreal the river, on an average for the last ten years, was closed for navigation 141 days annually ; the bay at Toronto 123 days ; and the Welland Canal about the same period. In considering these figures it must be remembered that, although navigation is reported as closing or opening on a particular day, the rivers or canals are possibly navigable for several days in addition, as the steamers and other vessels have to leave before the frost commences, and they do not enter the river until some days after there is open water. The average winter may therefore be taken at about four and a half months — sometimes it is longer by a few days. Be- tween Manitoba and the North-west and Ontario there is a difference of a few days — in favour of the latter. British Columbia probably possesses the finest climate in North America, having all the advantages of that of England, without its disadvantages. Any Canadian or Englishman who has spent a winter both in the Dominion and in Great Britain will have no hesitation in saying which climate he prefers. The intensity of cold may be accurately ascertained by a thermometer, but not so its effects upon the human system. The humidity or the dryness of the atmosphere in such circumstances decides its degree of comfort or discomfort, and largely its healthiness or unhealthiness. In Canada, although^ one must be prepared for extreme temperatures, the air is dry, bracing and exhilarating, and consequently the climate is pleasant and healthy to live in. Then, again, in Canada one is always prepared for the cold, and in winter the houses are far warmer than in Great Britain. In the spring and summer wild flowers are as common as in England ; and in August wild fruits and delicate ferns abound. Of course, there are good and bad seasons in Canada, as everywhere else ; but, taken altogether, the climate will compare very favor-obly with other countries in similar latitudes. rp, _ . The tourist, the artist and the traveller will find much Artist^nd ' ^"^^^ ^ picturesque and grand in the scenery of Canada. Sportsman. 7-^^^ ^*^" ^^ Evangeline ; the great river St. Lawrence, with * its rapids ; the old city of Quebec ; the Thousand Islands, the great lakes, Niagara Falls and the pastoral scenery in western Ontario ; then on through the country north of Lake Superior to Winnipeg and the prairies, until the magnificent mountain, forest and water scenery of the ilocky Mountains and British Columbia is reached, and the eye rests on the waters of the Pacific Ocean. The country is equally interesting to the sportsman in the proper seasons, In the outlying districts, away from the settlements, and in the mountains. I 10 dominion: op Canada. bears, moose, deer, wild sliecp iiiid goats are found, while smaller animals and almost every variety of birds exist in great numbers. Most of the streams abound in fish, from the salmon and trout to the minnow, and the angler will find abundant sport in any of the provinces. The Indian population of Canada numbers about 123,000, Indians, located upon reserves in different parts of the country. There is a special dejjartment of State to administer Indian affairs, and the Indians are rot only peaceable, but fairly contented and happy. There are 7,554 children being educated in the day, boarding' and industrial schools estab- lished on, and off, the different reserves. These schools number 268. The boys attending the industrial institutions are taught trades, farming, etc., and the girls sewing, knitting, house work, etc., in addition to the ordinary branches of education. They have a large area of land under cult'»-ation, and own live stock and imydements to a considerable value. In fact, their intellectual and industrial progress has been so marked as to justify the extension of the franchise tu the aboriginal population of the older pro- vinces. Th-^ late Bishop of Saskatchewan, who was justly regarded as an authoritv on the subject, said, in a very interesting address delivered at the Royal Colonial Institute in 1883, that he looked forward to the day when we should see l he Indian population making liieir bread honestly side by side with the white men who had come into the ct)untry as immigrants ; and that this would be the direct result of the eminently wise, far-seeing, and thoroughly English policy which had been so consistently pursued by those who had conducted the destinies of the people of Canada. There are about 15,000 miles of railways in Canada at the Railways, present time. Every place of any imi)ortance has its one or more railway stations. The three principal systems are the Canadian Pacific (5,767 miles). Grand Trunk (3,156 miles), and the Interco- lonial, including the Prince Edward Island Railway (1,353 miles). The rest of the mileage is maile up of smaller lines in the various provinces. The total paid-up capital in July, 1891, was $844,991,750, to which the Dominion and Local Governments and municipalities had contributed in one way or other $185,193,067. The number of passengers carried in 1892 was 13,533,414, and the freight was 22,189,923 tuns. The total receipts for the year were $51,685,768, an increase of nearly 3j million dollars over the previous year and an increase of over 22^ million dollars over 1882, notwithstanding the great reduction in the cost of transport in the meantime made by the rail- ways. There is no country in the world better served by railways than Canada. This line is now in operation from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean, and the rapidity and energy displayed in its construction, and its importance to the future of the Dominion, deserve sjiecial mention. Until 1881 the line was under construction by the Government, but in that year the work was undertaken by the Canadian Pacific Railway Company, tire contract requiring its completion in ten years. It was, however, finished in November, 1885, nearly six years before the stipulated time ; and it certainly occupies a place as one of the greatest engineering achievements of modern times. It is the shortest of the great trans-continenlal lines, the distance from Montreal to Vancouver being 600 miles less than from New York to San Francisco. By the Canadian Pacific Railway, too, New York, Boston and Portland are brought within from 300 to 500 miles nearer the Pacific Coast by rail than formerly ; and the distance from Liverpool to Japan and China is, via the Canadian line, shortened by about 1,000 miles. The Canadian Pacific Railway. RAILWAYS. 11 iler animals F the streams 1 the angler •ut 123,000, try. There the Indians re are 7,554 [lools estab- r 268. The rming, etc., he ordinary cult'''ation, n fact, their justify the older pro- avded as an vered at the le day when stly side by m migrants ; i, far-seeing, pursued by inada at the as its one or ems are the the Interco- ). The rest ances. The le Dominion one way or s 13,533,414, ti year were L'evious year standing the ; by the lail- ilways than antic to the displayed in iture of the 881 the line , but in that y Company, iver, finished [me ; and it Levements of xl lines, the n from New New York, 3S nearer the liiverpool to 1,000 miles. •The Parific and the Intercolonial railways have cost Canadit in construct urn ihmt^24 000 000stg. The Pacific had also a land subsidy of 18,200,000 Irpis The Canadian Confederation may be considered as having been con- Iblidated bv means of this railway. Each province has now communication with the others and with the seaboard, and in consequence a great impetus fe^ been "iven to trade and commerce. Eastern Canada has long had railway facilities, but Manitoba, the North-west, and i.articularly British nolumbia. have until recently renuiined more or less isolated, and theretore practically undeveloped. The Canadian Pacific Railway, however has Wrought this state of things to an end. Besides, it has oj.eued up a large Sact"of fertile land in Manitoba and the North-west, ready tor the plough id coiiclered to be the largest wheat field in the world. It is at least 9( files loll- and 300 miles wide, or an area of over 200,000,000 of acres, all lore or less suitable for agricultural puri.oses, for the raising of wheat and ^her crops, and the breeding and feeding of cattle ; and its population is «ar,idly aiH.wing. Without the railway the cuntry must have remained an illimitable wilderness," as Lord Boaconsfield described it. With it, there is Jfforded the prospect of bright and happy homes for millions ot inhabitants, Screased markets for local 'nd British products, and, it is hoped, a new era Tt nrosperity for tlie Dominion. Branch lines have already been made lu different parts of the North-west. The splendid Saskatchewan country, iitherto closed to settlement, has been opened recently by t\yo new lines, ©thers are projected, including on.- between Winnipeg and Hudson s Bay in inticipation of the route between Hudson's Straits and Liverpool bee amng Ivailable for a suHicient time each year to fit it for commercial pm-poses. rile Canadian Pacific Railway's lines in Southern Manitoba and Eastern Vssiniboia have also been extended, securing the opening of tlie Souri* coal nelds and an unUmited supply of chea]) fuel to the settlers. Not only have ihe people of Manitoba connection with the Pacific Ocean and with Eastern Canada through British territory, and access to the great lakes, but there are Clso three lines running to the United States boundary, joining there the American system of railways. Coal has been discovered m large quantities Hot only in the south-western part of Alberta, on the line of the Alberta Hallway and in the Rocky Mountains, but also along the hue ot the Cana- dian Pacific Railway ; mines are worked, coal is now sold at all the railway stations at a reasonable price, and dependence has no longer to be placed upon the supply from United States sources. Hitherto the markets of China and Japan, New Zealand, Australasia, India and the Pacific coast of South America have been closed to Canada, but access has been gained to them under improved conditions, which Vi-ive Canada advantages of time and distance over all other countries. ^ regular line of steamers has for some time been running between \ancou- «ver Yokohama, Shanghai and Hong Kong, and in consequence of the Imi.e- Jrial Government having determined to establish a mail service rm this route, Ibetwpen England and the East, and of subsidies granted both by the Impe- '''rial and Dominion Gover!iments, steamers unequalled by any hitherto seen ;^on the Pacific are now in that service. These have further increased the i saving of time, and afford additional facilities for trafiic of all kinds. As a result 5 of this service the mails were conveyed during August of 1891, from! okoliama I to London, England, in 21 days, or less than one-half the time taken by the Suez 1 Canal loute. Canada has over 7,000 vessels oii the shipping register, mostly I owned in Atlantic ports, and there is every reason why a similar prosperity and j marine enterprise and development should take place on the 1 acific. ibe I new railway is sure to be a favourite overland route to the East, imagine a sail up the St. Lawrence, a short stay at Quebec, Montreal, Ottawa, Toronto, I 12 DOMINION OF CANADA. i|!i I I I Niagara, then on the great lakes, or along their shores, to Winnipeg, across the prairies, and through the magnificent scenery of the Rocky Mountains to British Columbia and the -aters of the Pacific Ocean ! Important as the line is loi ily, it is of eijual importance as an Imperial work. It is generally felt that the value of the Suez Canal might easily be impaired in time of war; and it would be possible to place too much reliance upon the Cape route in simihir circumstances, owing to the long sea passage and the difficulties of coaling. But the Canadian Pacific llailway affords a new, quick, alternative route to the East, and it has not cost the Imperial Government a penny. It is available for the carriage of both troops and munitions of war. They could be conveyed from Great Britain to Cliina and .lapan quicker than by any other route, to Brisbane or .Sydney as rapidly as by the Canal, and to India in a very few days more. Indeed, should the British Government, in the event of difficulties being unhappily anticipated in the East, at any time send troops to Halifax or British Columbia, as on similar occasions in late years to Malta and Cyprus, they could be moved thence to India in less time and with much less risk than by any other route. Then, again, the British fleets command both the Atlantic and Pacific ends of the line. Halifax is the station of the North Atlantic squadron, and Esquiraalt of the Pacific squadron. There are large coal fields rear each of these ports, and graving docks capable of holring the largest vesseL^ have been built at both places. In view of these circum- stances, it is not surprising that there has been a remarkable expression of opinion ii testimony of the value of this railway, as adding to the strength of the Empire, The canals of Canada and the river improvements have cost Canals and. a large sum of ni 'uey, and they are works of immense utility g,^^^^ and importance. The channel of the St. Lawrence has been deepened, so that the largest ocean-going vessels go up as far as Montreal, 1,000 miles from the Atlantic Ocean. There are over five miles of wharfs at this city, and every facility for loading and discharging ships. At Quebec, also, there are facilities for an immense shipping trade. Then, there is a system of canals to overcome the St. Lawrence rapids and the difference in tl^.e levels to the Great Lakes (600 feet), which affords uninterrupted naviga- tion from the Straits of Belle Isle to the head of Lake Superior, A distance of 2,384 miles, of which 7l| miles are canals. The locks range from 200 to 270 feet long by 45 feet wide. The depth of water is from 9 to 14 feet, and works are in progress which will make the whole route available for vessels drawing 14 feet. There is also a canal system to overcome the difficulties of the River Ottawa between Montreal and Ottawa ; one opens navigation between Ottawa and Kingston, and another connects Lake Champlain' with the St. Lawrence. In Nova Scotia the St. Peter's Canal connects St. Peter's Bay with the Bras d'Or Lakes. There is also navigation on the lakes in the North-west, and on the Red River, the Assiniboine and the Saskatchewan, the latter being navigable for over 1,000 miles. These water highways are much used for the conveyance of various products, and are of great benefit to the Dominion. Revenue. '^^^® consolidated revenue for the year ending 30th June, 1892, was made up as follows : — Customs $20,501,058 Excise 7,94.0,098 Other sources 475,716 $.36,921,872 >— i t'UBLIC DEUT. L3 iVinnipeg, across ocky Mountains as an Imperial 1 Canal might ble to place too !8, owing to the Canadian Faciiic and it has not the carriage of yed from Great ;, to Brisbane or few days more, difficulties being 3 to Halifax or Itaand Cyprus, much less risk imand both the n of the North There are large e of holring the f these circum- e expression of to the strength naents have cost immense utility t^rence has been Is go up as far as ver five miles of •ging ships. At Then, there is a be difference in irrupted naviga- Lake Superior, ,1s. The locks J, The depth progress which iwing 14 feet. 3 of the River igation between m'with the St. St. Peter's Bay he lakes in the I Saskatchewan, sr highways are of great benefit ling 30th June, JO, 501,058 7,94.^098 475,716 The expenditure during the same period was ^36,343,568. The dencits of 1884-6 and 18.^5-6 were largely owing to unforeseen expenses ein connection with the North-west Rebellion, The following are the ♦ijeceiptB and expenditure on account of the Consolidated Fund since 1880. • They show that in the eleven years the surplus revenue, after deducting the fl('ficit.s before referred to, has amountpd to sfvonteen million dollars. Receii)t8. ^880-1 . 'f.881-2 . *i882-3 . 1883-4 . J884-5 . ' j885-fi . •1886-7 . '1887-8 1888-9 . 1889-90 ,1890-91 '|891-92 29,635,298 33,383,456 35,794,649 31,861,9()2 32,797,001 33,177,040 35,754,993 35,908,463 38,782,870 39,861,368 38,579,311 36,921,872 Expenditure Surplus. Deficit. 502,555 067,104 7.30,157 107,706 037,060 011,612 657,680 718,495 917,835 8.57,130 343,568 765,894 25, 27, 28, 31, 35, 39, 35, 36, 36, 35, 36, 36, 4,132,743 6,316,3.52 7,064,492 754,256 97,213 1,865,035 3,933,252 2,235,743 165,978 26,555,164 2,240,059 5,834,572 810,032 8,884,663 56,921,872 ; Taxation as represented by the cuatoms and excise, amounted in 1892 to- ;^28,446,156, or ^5.81 (248.) per head, as compared with 40s. 6d. in the ^^nited Kingdom, 278. 8d. in the Cape of Good Hope, 6l8. Sd. in Australasia ji(1887.) Municipal taxation is also very light. ^mnWif» npiht The gross amount of the public debt on 1st July, 1892, 4 was $295,333,274, from which have to be deducted assets, :^54,201,840, making the net debt $241,131,434, or ^10 Is. 9d. per head. The average rate of interest, in the year 1892, paid on the gross debt, was 3*30 iper cent, but after deducting interest received from mvestments the rate was reduced to 2*93 per cent. The total amount of debt payable in England on 30th June, 1892, was $198,804,342, and the several investments for sinking funds amounted to $28,583,475. The balance of the debt representa liabilities payable in Canada. The net debt at Confederation (1867) was $75,728,641, and the increase 'iup to 30th June, 1892, has been $165,402,793. The principal objects upon jjwhich it has been expended are : Railways, $116,000,000 ; canals, $38,300,- -|000 ; Government buildings and miscellaneous public works, $39,000,000. |In 1892 the total capital expenditure was $2,165,700. I Thus the people of Canada, since 1868, have not only increased their f^public debt by the sum of $165,400,000, but have paid out from their own |resources the sum of $24,758,000 to facilit'+u the construction of these f public improvements. I The total amount expended on these works prior to Confederation was : I On railways and canals, $52,944,175 ; public works, $10,690,917— making a I total expenditure of $256,574,373 on public works. *| The total amount of provincial debts assumed by the Dominion at Con- federation and since 1867 has been $109,430,148, leaving the sum of $131,- ,701,286 as the actual net liability created by the Dominion Government I 14 DOMINION OK (ANAPA. | Since Confederation.* Although the an.ount of th« public debt ^J^^f^ Jl,"(™v;.n,m^t Imve 1>"„ abl« to Jcl,a'„«« tlu, !,i«l. i,„ Br.st-beanng bond. thP iVst CO onial a per cent loan. Tl>e amount re.iuired was X4,()(H),n(1(), a^Kl tn h in nu l.rice was fixed at 92A. Tenders wore, liowevcvr 'vceive^^^ ? £ 2...00,000, and the issue was allotted at an l^]^\^i^' r^f'^^.^'^^ ^ ,. cent A more Wcent 3 j.er cent loan (June ]>i)2) for i^2,2.K1,OO.^^a3 auc , ce" fuUv iloated, tenders liaving been received for upwards uf £. ,OM),()00. ., The value of tl.e imports in Canada eivtered f""- .^IJ]^^"!.^ J Imports, tion for the vear ended 3(Mh June, 1^!):^ was '^'H^-^^W | and is con tantly increasing, the value being over ^:^t>...V^O'> more n ls^)2 | than in the previous year. The dutv collected amounted to .^2(),oo(),oSl, e.iual to 84.25 i)er head of the iK)pulatU)n. „f Pn-nnrln in ^Considerable changes have taken place .n the inn.ort trade of Canada m the last ten vears. There has been a falling oft m tlie im]M,rts of '"anutac tuied goods; but the deticiency has to a great extent been made up by an increased importation of raw material. ^ o- ,.-- ^o-i . ^, i,<-^^;^«'^ ' Tduam- they advanced to ^12,707,575 ; but since then they have ^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^ falling, until in 1890 the value of such imports was onh f;^;";^f '^i^' J^^' the otl er hand, the imports of raw cotton have increased from l,2-lo,niK 1 oil 1 n 18G8, to 40,320,000 pounds in 1892. S.Ik has not shown great luictiiat'ions, bul good times lulve had a tendency to ---^-;-^^,}- ;;' ^^ tions The imports of manufactures ot all kinds in 188/ were ,^oM.3o,l.) , and in 1892, S(5 ,713,036, as against .308,501.345 in 1883 and _^6/,o93 759 i. 1874 Iron an. steel ^nd inanufactures thereof are also imported from Ju^dein much less quantities than hitherto All ;»-- ^^3; tt'fa" connection with the increased population-demonstrate clearly the tau tha the home manufacturing industries have argely d^ve oped and in- creased. It is also clear from the statistics that the imports ol raw mrtena aiv much creater than they were. This is specially evident mthe case ot ZZ^o^tl pig i-n/As bearing ui^thispnnt,^Uon^ , called to the great increase m urban population. In 1871 V\^?^^,7nf l-Sn S? cities and towns of 5,000 inhabitants and over, with a population ot 430,04.3 , | in 1881^there were thirty-five, and in 1891 there were forty-seven, contain- j ng^o^ramiSofth^popillationof Canada Winnipeg had a popu^a^i^ of 6 000 in 1881 and of 25,642 in 1891; and Toronto had 96,000 m 1881 .^ and '18I22O in 1891. The position of the manutacturing indns riesot ^ Srada i^ 189rand the advances made may be gathered from the following j table, taken from the census returns :— | 1871. ISSl. lof^l- i g^p'«>i"rsv «"«'!i!2 ""'SSI ^^''SS I Total value article s produced . 221,()1<,m3 3O'.),()(b,O0« 47o,44o,^^S ■as i;4,0(>(),n(1(>, rever, received of £'.)r) Is. i)er ),()()(), was 8UC- £7,01 HVMM). for consumii- $110,982,943, more in 1^92 to a:J»>r'>50,.'3Sl, 1 of Canada in ts of manufac- uado u]) by an 3,433 ; in 1875 S,583 ; in 1882 leen gradually 4.029,110. On fom 1,245,000 3t shown great i such ini])orta- 3re ^56,935,191, $67,593,759 in imported from lini^s— taken in ilearly the fact ^eloped and in- of raw material nt in the case of tention may be ere were twenty tion of 430,043 ; -seven, contain- lad a population d 96,000 in 1881 ng industries of m the following 1801. $353,830,817 307,8(55 $99,702,44) 475,445 ,703 by the purchase of i H1NEUAL8. 15 . The exports of Canada in 1892 were valued at 81 13,963,375» Exports. jj^j^,!^ of— (Janudiim jtroduce, ^99,338,913 ; and ..ther pro- duce, $14,624,462. Tiie fiscal year 1891-92 sho .v.s an increase over tlie exports of the previous year of over one-sixth. The following are the exports of home products for 1891 by classes:— The Mill.. 8 5,900,471 Til.' Ki.sli.ne« 9,075.;t!t.S The Forest ••-',281,744 AniiiialM and thHir prochice 28,,V.lt,8."il( A^riciiltmiil productH 22, 113,284 MaiiufacturcH . . . . 7,040,9X8 JMisccllaiU'OUS 71,518 Hhortn'turn 3,348,213 IJulliou 300,447 $ 99,338,913 These figures do not give an accurate idea of the total trade of Canada, and the same remark ap]diesto theimports. They only embraci^ the outside trade, and do not include the large business which naturally takes jdace between the i)rovinces. It is scarcely })ossible to estiniuti^ what tlie iuter- provincial trade is. It has been estimated for 1889 at !ii<80,000,00U ; it was in 1867 about 84,000,000, The freight earnings on the various railways amounted in 1892 to ;g33,230,132 for the carriage of 22,189,923 tons, and tlie canal tolls to §346,686 for 2,900,000 tons of freight ; the tonnagi; of shipping engaged in the coasting trade has also increased from 11,047,661 tons in 1878 to 25,109,()46 tons in 1892. These figures serve to show the luagiiitude of the local carrying trade. In addition, attenvion may be again culled in this connection to the great increase in all the local industries connected with the mine, forest, fisheries, agriculture and manufactures, and it is projioscd to say a lew words imder each of these headings. The principal countries to which goods a'e (•.«ported are Great Britain, the United States, Newfoundland, West Indies, Soutli America and Australasia. With other countries also trade is rapidly growing, particularly with China and Japan, France, Germany and other European countries. The Mine ^^^ exports under this head are chiefiy coal, gold, co]ii)er. iron, phosphates, salt, antimony, mineral oils, asbestus, nickel and gypsum. Gold mines ave worked tr> - small extent in Ontarid, (Quebec and the Territories, but largely in Nova Scotia and British Columbia, the production from these two provinces since 1862 ha'"' ■- unted to ^56,- 320,000. In British Columbia there are yet inim. t i* Id to o])en up. Silver mines are being worked in Ontario; and the . '• uiperior silver deposits have been tlie richest yet discovered in Canada. There are variovis deposits of minerals of all kinds in British Columbia. Iron ore is found all over the Dominion, and many mines have been successfully worked. Some of the Canadian iron ores are among the most valuable in theworf'. Copper is mined to a considerable extent both in Quebec and Oi.tario, and the deposits of the ore are of great extent. There are very large coal deposits in Nova Scotia, and many mines are profitably worked. This coal is sent by the River St. Lawrence and by rail into the interior. The coast of British Columbia is very rich in coal, of a quality wliich commands a preference in the markets of San Francisco, not- withstanding the United States coal duty. Tests made by officers of the United States Government show the British Columbian coal to excel that of California, Washington Territory or Oregon by one-fourth in steam -making S.I 1 I 16 DOMINION OF CANADA. power. The total production of coal in the Dominion in 1879 wm 1,162,- 783 tons, and in 1892, 3,292,000 tons. Afl regard., the North-west Teiritories, coal is known to «xi»t "^e^ • va«t region to th« east of the Ruclcy Mountains. This region strcches from 15 > to^200 miles east of the mountains, and north from the frontier fo' about housand mUes. In places where the seams have been examined they a • found to be of great thickness and of excellent q-iabty. Beds of tru. bkumiious coal^ave been found. There are also l^'-g^ J^J ;^7 ^j liunite which foi local use, where wood is scarce, proves a useful fuel. It also occurs in considerable qua.aitiesalong the vaUey of tfeSoum River near the frontier, 150 miles suuth-west of Wmnipeg, to which a branch of ihe Canadian Pacific Railway has been constructed For the express oj>]«ct of making this supply of fuel available for consumers m Wmnipeg and Ma i- IX generally Good seams of anthracite coal are being worked in the Rockf Mountains at Anthracite and Canmore, and all these coals are now carried eas and west by the Canadian Pacific Railway-facts of the greatest imr'orlare to settlers^n the vast fert;ile belt of. pramea Z\i^^^'^,' mountains. The largest and most important coal mine in the North-west hwever, is what is known as the Gaft mine at Lethbridge, on th« Bellv River in Southern Alberta. This mine is the property of the Alberta RaU- way and C.^al Company, by whose lines of railway it is supplied extemively to the smelting ani mining works in Montana to the south, and to the Canadian Pacific Riiilway and the towns along its route west, north and east. Specially among the minerals which are used for agiicultural purposes may be inlntionef apatite or phosphate of lime. The g^oY^^^^^emand for this valuable material has led to a great increase in Pr»*l;^'^''i?"' ^^.^^\^^ home use and exportation. In 1890, 31,753 tons were mined. Th attention Snhe Canadian farmers is being directed to the valuable properties of ts mineral as a fertilizer. The percentage of purity of native Canadian ph- 3 ate ranges from 70 to 95 per cent. It is said to produce valuable resits when applied to land in its raw state, reduced to a fine powder. But the ronditfo'^^s for manufacturing, it into .s"f ^I'^-BI^l-t. .re avoura^^^^^^^^ Canada. Phosphate of lime is foimd in large and easiij ■ w^>rL. id deposits Bv ley. •H \-io-wn to exist in several parts of the -Dominion, but the .>eatch. It IS ai-proximately estimated tliat the v! hie o the 1 m le "onsum , i^n per annuni was $13,O0a(K)0, giving a total of «32.000,00( a the y 1 1 ^ urn ess than half ot the Canadian fisheries, exclusive nf tl,^ nnf i? . 7^ ■ i.lK.,n.„ The fl,h.,i„, „n.J,. Pacific cVl^trZlttuMltulLu^^^^^^^ .ut ore yet on y pimly developeJ. The total paoltof caimeU Siu?,n i,^ M,!.' atid ivcr-renewed ciuantities upon tlic fishing gi„u„ds ""l"""'" '" vast coSi; s°L"tr:e"ShLr7t™sr:^^^^^^^ cod, herri,,,., mackerel, lobster, aolm™ and Tal ■■"I""""'"" "« the of the huost salmon and trout fishing to be t^und anywiere .uacKereJ, f 1,346,9- 8 ; haddock, $586,525- trout S«7lin9 i?i ' i pollack, $573,000 ; whitefish, $1,498;523 ' *711,112 ; hake and «n^™rsn';.h^e%ttlrr/i"hf s\vasr\^^^^^^^^ mmmmmmm msmmmmm :H promptly given of fish ■■S^i^'TZ ^^'^1,.^:,:^^^°?^?: "^"l;^" jL^c fishermen days and nights of fruitless exposure in/cold: '' " "» 18 DOMINION OP CANADA. and fathoms of nets employed in tbe The numbers of men, vessels, boats, fisheries, in 1892, are as follows .- FISHERIES OF CANADA^^892 i Vessels and Boats. Men. Nets Pbovisces. Number. I Value. No. 1 Fathoms Nova Scotia . . • • • New Brunswick . . P. E. Island Quebec ■ . ■ British Columbia . Ontario Manitoba 14,065 6,079, 1,899 6,035 1,9091 1,109| 405| 1,416,048 331,869 90,196 208,752 747,515 313,763 46,684 Total I 31,501 3.154.847 24,070 12,265 5,020 10,694 8,170 2,709 750 2,152,998 455,783 96,012! 241,954 293,768 1,238,907 96,644 63,678 4.576,066 Other Fishing Material 715,319 782,630 408,880 158,825 832,875 118,416 1,000 1,475,043,3,017,945 -fei weirs and other f^B n^aterials, the total value of the h.hu. "plant " in 1892 was $7,647,b^o. constitute one of her most ^ The forest products of Canada con.t^^^ ^^^.^ ^^^ ^^ ^^^ The Forest. i^P.^^t^^S^r'tftluSd States, to the United Kmgdom oftheworld— to tiu. unueu , gouth America. 1 he to our antipodes, t^e ^ustrah an colonic ,and^ Canadian saw-mills are amoijg the mo t extt ^^^ ^ ^^, ^^ ,^ Ind in inany parts o£ Canada, for f™- „f ""."^ suvuce, balsam, cedar, hem- :SSh cbe'rr'^y, \-eJ>cko>7. -^^^^^^^^^ p,,^ ehe^tnut, mountam ash, l^Sfe^JbaM -bite Wreh, -* "-^ T^ihe landscape in many part. iriSy -d :lt :Si" v^tenefiaal »a-nee on .W.n>^^^^ SSrtbriLr'orCan^--^- - L an.n.n require -S relSeSroVr«%r''ftL trade .Heir ha, been V. DAIRY FARMiyO. 10 loyed in t\ie lue. Other Fishinf? Material ' i 64,5411 189,131 41, 0501 61,038 !25,962 580,625 12,096 715,319 782,630 408,880 158,825 832,875 118,416 1,000 175,043,3,017,945 jn years ago ; g to improved ice those form- . of the ti>:hing e of her most way to all parts ited Kingdom, America. The ppoiuted in the ken out of the i: the saws, and naturalist, at a immary process, he use of man, required for its lers of men, as s, which are use - 33, for furniture, es are the maple, sam, cedar, hem- t, mountain ash, 3 in many parts on the climate of the tints and autumn require ;, butter, cheese, he largest item in ■which baa been largely the growth of recent years, and has been, generally speaking, a profitable one for the farmers of the Dominion. In 1874 the total exports of cattle were 39,623 head, of which only 455 went to Great Sritain. In 1892 the number had increased to 107,179, of which 101,426, valued at over £\ 500,000 sterling, were shipped to Great Britain. When it is rtmembered '.hat the United Kingdom requires to import over 500,000 head of cattle a vear the extent to which the Canadian cattle export business may be developed will be readily appreciated. In addition, the exports under this head included 11,063 horses and 329,427 sheep. There is, fortunately, no cattle disease in Canada, thanks to the organization and watchfulness of the Government. The cattle are of very good quality, pedigree cattle in large numbers having been imported for many years for the improvement of the flocks and herds. In fact, herds of Shorthorns, F- refords. Galloways, Polled An^Tus and Jerseys, which will bear comparison with those of any other country, are to !5), show the advance that took place ,u the '^r^Z^^T^^S^^^^ in Canad^in .0 y«^ has Hen 72 per cent, and the gain in ten years 52 per cent. "« '""f """"^ S numv/ of emph=yeesd«rn» years has b- 81 jer^-^asl „' r';;:rbTot ndiSa e°rawSmS "^Th. following gleanings from the ""^P„ r?.s will serve to show the condition of manufacturing m Canada. ThTvalue of LfcS and tools employed in the industrial estabhshment, i I?Ca„Ida h! Si wa?J30,803,265. f he'number of steam engines employed 'Xil'.^:^olS'u:^Lrz:u...n.e purposes .^9n,mm ^ ine \aiue oi i<*'i r^^ contribution of all manufactuimg •^57,fr?e?toSaSwe^^^^ in 1890 was $219,463,000, an Snc'et of 69 per S Over 64 per cent of the 75,768 industria eSTslments^in Canada were reported as runmng fuU time darmg the ''ManSactures .re still, however, in their infancy, and the growth of those inSS is =fure to be rapid. Those who saw the excelten exhibit o mSinerv general hardware, woodenware, silks, cottons woollens leather S,ol Btationery^^^^ boots and shoes, pianos and articles of food and of goods, Biaiionery, LOU , Exhibition, will be able to form LrtlnTorupln C±d^^ '^^' ff^y wa^bv no means as complete a representation as miaht have been made The ironTndustry is expected to be considerably extended owin^ to ? l!^!ff pram'p^ All over Canada there is an abundance of iron— iron Tf^tLvfe^S andiroTw^th less phosphorus than elsewhere on the \:+;L\!r There is also plenty of timber and coal m Canada, and with fS na uraT advantages,^exteLive means of communication by railwav Ind canal and access to the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, new and varied manufactures are sure to spring into existence. SHIPPING. 23 — Yearly Products. $ "» 1,423,850 1 8,142,447 ^ 5,1G!),633 ft 1,750,000 4,068,708 6 8,71(5,040 50,855,103 6 3,070,275 17,127,100 3 11,277,300 3 6,730,306 ft 2,375,321 .8 8,408,071 13 9,627,655 lau during any statistics of the &c., given under )ok place in the ad a in 20 years The increase in per cent. The irked increase in ^anings from the uring in Canada, il establishments ngines employed , $31,134,172 and 11 manufactui'ing $219,463,000, an 75,768 industrial time during the growth of those lient exhibits of woollens, leather 3s of food and of be able to form ough that display ve been made. ;ended, owin^ to nee of iron — iron elsewhere on the Canada, and with nation by railwav i. new and varifl The nrincipal general manufactures are not confined to any one part ; they are to be found in most of the older provinces on a larger or smaller Closely connected with the trade and commerce of Canada is Shipping, the shipping interest. The following is the number of vessels owned in the various provinces in 1892 : — Provinces. I No. of 1 Sailing and I Steam Vessels. No. of Steamers. Gross TonnaKO of Steamers. Nova Scotia. Nev: Brunswick Quebec Ontario ; V • ' ' 'i Prince Edward Island British Columbia Manitoba Total 2,731 946 1,408 1,347 196 298 81 7,007 123 101 275 755 21 173 54 1.502 18,743 8,950 75,884 96,497 4,896 23,607 6,134 Total Net Tonnage. 425,690 181,779 162,638 141,750 22,706 23,448 6,118 234,711 964,129 Assuming the average value to be $30 per ton, the value of the registered tonnage of Canada would be .$28,923,870. Canada stands fifth among maritime countries in tonnage of shipping owned and registered in the country. The trade and navigation returns of Canada for 1892 give the following particulars of the vessels engaged in the sea-gonig, inland and coasting trade of Canada : — Sea-gomg Inland . . Coasting. 30,961 I 752,974 34,382 7,939,481 122,436 ! 25,109,929 439,195 363,807 1,217,334 Tt mav be stated that nearly 68 per cent of the whole of the water-borne trale wJs donfunder the Bi4h Sag, which includes, of course, the vessels on the Dominion register. 1 1 ^1 ! 2i Banking. DOMIXION OF CANADA. The growth of the trade and commerce of the conntrj^ since Confederation i seen in the statistics relatin" to " given in the following table :- banking, as Year, i June 30.1 I I Assets. Liabilities. Deposits. 1868 1874 1877 1885 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 77,872,257 19i,579,4.~)0 177,422,0441 222,091,270 244,975,223! 255,765,6311 2.54,628,694 269,491,153 292,054,017 304,363,580 43,722,647 122,031,485 99,125,162 141,713,644 166,344,8.52; 175,062,257' 174,501,421 188,337,504 209,362,011 219,666,996, 32,808,104! 81,366,965 69,763,668: 106,752,992 128,725,529 136,293,978 1.36,187,514 149,431,572 164,086,745 173,320,991 Notes in Circula- tion. 8,307,079 29,046,273 21,922,749 31.334,621 29,278,074 31,209,972 32,059,177 31,379,886 32,614,700 33,483,413 Specie. 8,879,814 7,354,993 6,788,810 6,826,337 6,266,302 7, .321, 927 6,128,070 6,673,974 6,536,818 6,412,342 Discounts S Reserve. 3 50,500,316 133,7.31,260, 126,169,.577| 158,209,17417,784,433 173,18.5,812; 18,686,215 191,721,124119,966,999 195,987,400 21,094,034 202,692,48123,007,679 213,201,672 24,662,336 223,673,788,26,007,668 The paid-up capital invested in banking on the 30th June, 1893, was $61,954,314. The clearing-house returns for the banks of Montreal show that in the calendar year of 1893 the clearings were #590,000,000 against $448,564,640 in 1889, an increase of more than 30 per cent. Only five American cities excel the chief commercial city of the Dominion in their foreign commerce, the aggregate of Montreal having mounted up in value from $68,290,000 to $92,584,000 "n the last 5 years. In addition to the ordinary chartered banks, -.here are the Post Office and Government savings banks, and the special company savings banks, the deposits in which have increased from $4,360,692, m 1868, to $54,600,000 in 1892, the number of despositors being now estimated at 132,000— an irre- futable indication of the prosperity of the working classes of Canada since Confederation. These figures do not include the deposits in the various loan, friendly and building societies, all of which show great development. A separate chapter is devoted to each of the provinces. (See Index.) PERSONS WANTED IN CANADA, AND IMMIGRATION THAT IS NOT ENCOURAGED. As this pamphlet is likely to be largely consulted by those who desire, from some cause or other, to leave Great Brita.n and seek new homes, it is well to specify distinctly the classes recommended to go to Canada, and the openings that exist for them. The first great demand is for persons with some capital with^aS?tal ^* *^^^^ disposal. For this class Canada affords unlimited ^ p i^a • openings. They can engage in agricultural pursuits, taking up free grant lands, or purchasing the improved farms to be found in advan- tageous positions in every province ; or in mining, or in the manufacturincr SUITABLE SETTLERS. 25 1 country since to banking, as Hints I Reserve. 5 I $ I 10,31(5 11,260, W,.577| 19,17417,784,433 i.'3,812i 18,686,215 !1,124 19,966,990 !7, 400 21,094,034 12,48123,007,679 11,67224,662,336 '3,788,26,007,668 une, 1893, was w that in the 1448,564,640 in an cities excel Jommerce, the ^68,290,000 to 'ost Office and gs banks, the ^54,600,000 in 000 — an irre- Canada since 1 the various development. e Index.) IGRATION le who desire, w homes, it is inada, and the L some capital rds unlimited irsuits, taking iind in advan- aanufacturing industries ; or if possessed of a settled income, living will be found to be much cheaper in Canada, with the benefit of a fine, healthy climate, ma^nu- ficent scenery, abundant opportunities for sport, and facilities for educaHon and placing children m life not to be excelled anywhere. Agriculturists, -f^^^^"? of small capital and knowledge of agriculture _ otten desire to enter upon farming pursuits. Before this IS done experience should be acquired, either by hiring oneself out as u labourer, orgammg experience in some other way. Then, when the necessarv knowledge has been obtained, a farm may either be rented, purchased or taken up as a free grant. (See the land regulations of the various province^ ) Young men should so to Manitoba, the North-west or British Columbia Older men with capital and young families, should go to one of the older provinces, and either buy or rent an improved farm. This, however, is onlv a general statement, and individual cases must be decided by the special circumstances of each. _ In Manitoba and the North-west, and in some parts of British Columbia, pioneer life on free grants, or away from railwavs is attended with a certain amount of inconvenience and an absence of those social surroundings which may be obtained in the older settled parts of these and other provinces, and this fact should be borne in mind bv those who are considering the subject. It is difficult to lay down a hard and fast rule as to the amount of capital necessary to start farming. The answer depends upon the energy,expeiience judgment and enterprise of the person who is to spend the money, the pro- vince selected, whether free grant land is to be taken up or an improved farm rented or purchased, and many other details. It mav safely be said how- ever, that il a man has about ^100 clear on landing he is in a position to make a fair beginning on fi'ee grant land in MaiiitoI)a and the North-west though not on a large scale. A larger capital is of course necessai-v if an improved farm is to be taken. Tenant t ^'^^' **^i"?^*^ farmers the country ofl'ers many advantages. Farmers, f^proved tarins are cheap ; free grants can be obtained by ■ c ^^ .1- ,-^^ prepared for the inconveniences of pioneer life ; the soil is fertile ; the climate ensures the growth of all the crops produced in Great Britain, while grapes, peaches, tomatoes and similar fruits grow and ripen in the open air ; there is a large and growing market in the Dominion and in the mother country for all the cereals, live stock, and general farm and dairy produce available for disposal. On the other hand, taxes are lic^ht and labour-saving ai^pliances cheap and in general use. More details upon these points will be found in the chapters dealing with various provinces. Young Men "^-^^ question is often asked if it is essential for youn" desiring men wishing to take up farms in Canada, but desiring Agricultural before doing so to acquire a knowledge of agriculture, to ii^xperience. pay premiums, either to persons in this country or in the Dominion, for that purpose. It may therefore be plainly stated that no premiums are necessary ; and it is advised that none be paid. Strong and healthy young men, from 18 to 21 years of age, who are prepared to accept tor a time the hard work and surroundings more oi less inseparable from a farm labourer s hfe, have no difficulty in getting employment in the sprincr • and the agents of the Government in Canada will assist them as far as possible m doing so, without charge, although, of course, without acceptinc^ any direct responsibility. Being without experience, they will not get niuch wages at the commencement of their employment, but as they acquire skiU they will be able to command remuneration in proportion to the value ot their work. 1 11 •I ; ' 26 DOMINION OF CANADA. Great care should be exercised in deciding whether the young men are ^..u;d to ?he life that is proposed. Hard work is necessary, and very often S mode of i^in ' u ay b^^^^ altered. They must bear m "und two hino^^ It thev nmst do what they are told, and that they must pick up '' There'\''also the alternative of a course at the Ontario Agricultural ColW An entrance examination in elementary subjects has to be ri^a^sed Candidates must not be less than sixteen years of age. The fppTs >-^0 Lr tS^^^ when the pupil is fot a residen of Ca^^^^^^^^^ but if at least one year has been spent upon a Canadian farm the fee is £10 fur each year. Pupils pay their own board Uanaman lann lie luu * . ^.^^ ^^^^^^ ^,^^^^^ ^^^ ?he^o1S Va "^^ -I'-h materially lighten, the cost of SSance.' O^lly^ hundred members -» -^J^^^^yf ^.'^ ^,\J^e CoUece but pupils who cannot be so acccommodated boa d out under supervision ^Tl ey acquire a practical as well as a theore ical \"«^^^l-^='« «f aXcalture The terms comnlence in April and October in each year, bu t 's°of much advantage to the student to begin with J^^^ ^,<;^,f J^^ " ^^..^^^ ' mutiications respecting admission, etc., should be addressed to the 1 rcident, Ont.irio Acrricultural College, Guelph, Canada. . ^ There fslko a School of°Agriculfure at Truro, Nova Scotia ^^^^ in connection, where pupils can receive a good practical agriciil uial educ^Uon The work on the farm is done by the pup.ls, who are paid for the^ame. There are aho classes for women m Dairying ajd Dome, Economy. Communications should be addressed to Prof. H. W. Smith, Provincial School of Agriculture, Truro, Nova Scotia. There is a large and growing demand for male and ^nl®^^«rvlnti® female farm servants in every, part of the Dominion Farm Servants. ^ ^^ ^^^^ rapidity with which land is being brought under cultivation. Machinery of varUs kinds is in daily use, but labour is very scarce notwithstanding, and good hands can aUyays fi^^^ constant and remunerative employment. Many persons oi this ^f f^ J^^«^4\^f;;\h*^ labourers now have farms of their own m some ot the finest parts oi the dSou This result, however, does not naturally follow in every case but is the consequence of work, energy, intelhgence, perseverance and thrift, which are the elements necessary to ensure success m every countiy. Market gardeners, gardeners, and persons understanding the care of horses, cattle andSheep, nJy also be advi.Sed to go out. . But t:f,ere is no opening for farm managers or bai-Mffs, as Canadian farmers, as a rule, supervise then- own holdings, and personally take part in the work. 1 _^,f:„ ^ ' ' 111 every city, town and village, female domestic Domestic Service servants can readily find employment. The wages and other Callings ^^^ . ^^^^ conditions of service are not irksome, for Females. and comfortable homes are assured. Domestic servants should go at once on their arrival to tlie nearest Government aeent. These gentlemen will give the best and most reliable advice gratis ; they often have in their offices a list of vacant situations ; and will refer applicants to the local ladies' committee, so that they may have the benefit ol such supervision and guidance until they are satisfactorily placed. Servants^ should, however, take their characters with them, and bear in mind that good records are just as indisj^ensalde in Canada as elsewhere. They may PROPKSfilONS. 27 ung men are id very often [• in mind two must pick up ut in this way use they have The advice , final decision ) Agricultural a has to be of age. The L the pupil is spent upon a iir own board eir labour on htens the cost reside in the ird out under knowledge of ich year, but it r term. Com- the President, i, with a farm al agricultural 3 are paid for and Domestic H. W. Smith, i for male and the Dominion, 3 being brought ie, but labour is i constant and who started as lest parts of the in every case, jrseverance and every country, lecare of horses, ■e is no opening supervise their 'emale domestic ;nt. The wages re not irksome, red. Domestic ist Government v^ice gratis ; they [refer applicants benefit of such iced. Servants iar in mind that lere. They may Clerks, Draftsmen, Tele- g-raphists, Shop Assistants, etc. ^afclv go out at anv time of the vear and l)e certain of obtaining a situation ut once but should remember always to have funds enou^'h in hand on land- ing to take them to the places in the interior where their Ber\nce8 are required. There i< little or no demand for females other than domestic servants. Governesses, shop assistants, nurses, etc., should not go out, unless proceed- ing to join friends who will be able to help them in getting enipk.yment. These are advised to obtain special information Mechanics, General as to their respective trades and kinds of work Labourers, and loefore going out. The demand for these classes is Navvies. ^^^ ^^^^^ ^^ g^gj^j. ^^g i^ ^y^s a few years ago, and such men, especially with large families are not encouraged to go out on tlie cJutnce of finding employment. Any men of the callings alluded to may be safely advised to start if they are going to join friends whu advise them to do so, or if they have the inclination and the knowledge to enable them to change their callings and become agriculturists. Applications are often received from railway eninloyees— Railway station-masters, clerks, drivers, firemen, guards, signalmen and employees, p^jj-ters— desiring to go out to Canada, and in many cases wishin" to get employment before doing so. The demand, however, for such persons in Canada is not great, and is easily met by the supply in the country. , . , ... , Clerks, shop assistants, and persons desiring such situations, are advised not to emigrate unless pro- ceeding to appointments already assured, or to join friends. Any demand for labour of these kinds is fully met on the spot. The emigration of children (unless accompanying their Child families) is not encouraged, unless they go under the super- Emigration. ^,jgiQj^ of gynie society or individual, having homes in Great Britain and in Canada, who will look after them until they are able to take care uf themselves, and who will be responsible for placing them in situations. All children sent out must be healthy (and possess medical certificates to that effect), and of good character. It may be stated that the emigration of the inmates of ttJ^^?:*®^ °^ workhouses, or persons in receipt of parish relief, is not Workhouses, gj^couraged by the Canadian Government. _ The same re- mark applies to any persons who are not able to produce satisfactory refer- ences as to their character. There are no openings for such classes m any part of Canada. Information is frequently sought as to the prospects The Professions in Canada for properly qualified members of the legal • -u^^^^rr a"d medical and other professions, school-masters and Lighter Callings, pgrgons desiring to enter the military and civil services of the Dominion. No encouragement is held out to such persons to go out to the Dominion, especially in cases where immediate employment is desired. There are always openings and opportunities for men of exceptional abilities with a little capital , but, generally speaking, the professional and so-called lighter callings in Canada are in very much the same position as they are in the United Kingdom, the local supply being equal to, if not greater than, the demand. The following particulars, under the various headings, are often asked for. The information given relates only to those who are already in a position to practise their professions in the United 28 DOMINION OP CANADA. Kingdom, and who do not need to pass through tli entire lucal course uf study, whicli a beginner or partially (lualifieil person would naturally have to do. Barristers '^'''^' ^'^^'^■^ relating to civil rights and property in Canada ar« and under the control of and sul)ject to the legislation of the SolicitorB. Provincial Legisluturcs, and busod upon the Engli.sli law, •excepting in tiie Province of Quebec, where the Civil Code and the old French law, based on the Coutitvie de Paris, prevails. The criminal law is, however, basud on the English criiainal law, and controlled by the Parliament of tlie Dominion, and is the same in all tluj provinces. It is possible for a solicitor in Canada to be also a barrister, and vice versd, and the two professions are generally combined. Each province has its own Law Society. The conditions regulating the legal profession are arranged by these societies and by the Provincial Legis- latures. In every case it is necessary to obtain authority to practice from the local society. The formalities to be observed, and the fees to be paid (which are nuulerate), may be ascertained on arrival. Where not otner- wise mentioned, a barrister wishing to become a solicitor, and vice versd, nmst^ follow tlie usual conditions prescribed for residents in the various provinces. Quebec.— The ditrerence between the English law and the old French law ]»revailing in Quebec obviously precludes any B:"itish legal practitioner being admitted to practice in this province without having passed through the usual course of study and examination provided by the Quebec Law Society. Ontario. — A British bariister may be called, upon furnishing proof of his call and good standing, and upon passing such examinations as may be pre- .-cribed. _ If in actual pi'actice in Ontario for three years, he may be admitted as a solicitor. A solicitor may be called to the "bar if he has had actual practice in Great Britain, u])on passing certain examinations, varying with the length of time he has been in practice ; and if he has had live years' ]tractice, or has served one year with an Ontario solicitor, he may be admitted as a solicitor upon passing the usual final examination. Nova Scotia. — Barristers are admitted to practice in Nova Scotia upon filing satisfactor}' certificates of status, and solicitors upon filing certificates and passing an examination. New Brunswick. — Solicitors must serve for one year before being admit- ted as attorneys, and at the end of an additional year may be called to the bar. Prince Edward Island. — Barristers and solicitors niay be admitted after twelve months' residence previous to filing an application for permission to practice in Prince Edward Island. Manitoba. — Barristers may be called in Manitoba upon producing evidence of call and standing. Solicitors are admitted to jjractice on passing an ex- amination on the Statute Law of the Province and Practice of the Provincial Courts. North-west Territories.— Barristers and solicitors are permitted to practice . n becoming residents in the Territories. British Columbia.— Barristers may be called to the bar, and solicitors admitted to practice as such, after a residence of twelve months in the pro- vince, and passing an examination upon the Statute Law of the Province and the Practice of the Provincial Courts. 1 i PROFESSIONS. Dcal course of aturally have u Canada aru ation of the Englisli law, and the old nal law, and ue in all tlie md vice versd, 9gulating the vincial Legis- [j met ice from IS to be paid e not otner- id vice vertsd, the various d French law itioner being through the Law Society. ; proof of his may be i^re- ' be admitted .a had actual varying with d live year.-i' • be admitted Scotia upon ig certificates being adniit- called to the iuiitted after ermission to :iing evidence assing an ex- ae Provincial permitted to nd solicitors in the pro- the Province Physicians Euih of the thn a pal L'mvcr.'itiM of ihe Dcmiuci: ^rar.:* and dtgrees to studt-nts who have iai>«d the qualifvirf exiiuina- Surgreons. vions. Tlie medical profeisiou i* suVjrct to the kcialauon ur.d surgery from Brituh Universities, en complying with the r.^-v-tr^si/ni .15 a mean* of imiiiediaie livelihood is not encouraged. ■npntista ^° special legiiiation re«j;-ecting tin? profession ex;-:? .:. •^ Canada, excejiing in the Pr^.vi:)ces of Quebec and Ontah. . In Quebec, diph.nui? Ir.m dental coll^c-rs in the l':.i:cd Kingdum and uther countries are rcc. gnized, and the holders are free to practice when the ujual formalities have been observed. Physicians and%urgevus can obtain a license to practice on pacing an eiaminatitn in the meohai.icid and praijtical parts of dental surgery. InOniarii, befjre one can piactice a certiticate iti deuii?try from the Royal College of Surgeons of Ontario is necessary. Chemists ^^ Ontario, Quebec, Xova Scotia and N'ow Brunswick an examination has to be passed ai.d a license obtained iri'iu the provincial pharmaceutic.'n. In Manitoba diplomas granted in any yart uf Her Maje^ty'« dominions are recognized. Veterinary In Ontario and Quebec certiticates are i-;ued bv the local Surgeons, veterinary colleges, while in Manicoba the possession of a Certificate to practice frum any recognized body in Her Majesty's dominions carries with it the right to }iractice in the province. But there is nuw a tegi^ered veterinary society in this pro\-ince. The system i-f education in force in the dilferent yw- Schoolmasters vinces of Canada includes the training of teachers for and Teachers, elementary p..sitions. The higher appoir.iments are generally tilled by graduates ot Canadian Universitie>, ur graduates of English Universities who may have settled in the Dominion. The certificates obtained by teachers in the United Kingdom are available in Canada, when endorsed by the Minister of Education" in the province in which the holder desires to reside. No dithculty, however, is found in securing persons on the spot to till the vacancies 'that occur, and- no one is advised to go out on the chance of obtaining a situation of the kind. Appointments in the Dominion Cinl Service in Canada The Civil are not subject to public competition. Applicants are, however, Service of required to undergo a qualifying examination. Public exam- Cauada. inations are held yearly in the principal cities of the Dominion, at which candidates are required to present themselves. Vac- ancies in tbe public service are filled up from the successful candidates, as certified by the Civil Service Examiners. The number of qualified candidates is always much gi-eater than the number of vacancies. EnmnfiArcj Persons qualified to practice in the United Kiusdom Surveyora would not find any difliculty in the way of their doing and Architec1;s. ^° in Canada, but theso professions do not uti'er many openings at the present time. 30 DOMINION OF OANADA. ' m Government Agents. ADVICE FOR INTENDING EMIGRANTS. The first general advice to be given to the intending iiigrant before ho starts, or the immigrant after arrival eniig in Canada, j^a that he should ai)i>ly to t gram he lie arest age t of the Government he can tind for any information or advice he may desire to ol)tain, and he may nlways rely on the perfect honesty of any statement made to him by any Government agent. In the United Kingdom all arrangements for emig.ation to the Dominu>n are ])laced under the direction of the High Commiwioner for Canada. The following is a list of the Canadian Government agents : — LONDON Sir Chaiu.kh Tupi'ttit, Bart., G.C.M.G., O.B., High Cominis- sionor for Canada, 17 Victori.i Street, S.W. '• ...Mr. J. G. CoLMKK, C.M.G., Secretary, High CominisMioner'a Otfice. LIVERPOOL Mr. John Dykk, 15 Water Street. GLASGOW Mr. Tkomas Ghahamk, 40 St. Enoch Square. BIGSTOL Mr. J. W. Down, l^iith Bridge. Information and pamphlets may also bi; obtained from the agents of the steu.nship comi>anies. Many of these are su])plied with pamphlets, maps, and rept»rts issued by the Canadian Government. The adiiiiuistralion of immigration was transferred in Muicli, 1892, from the Dei)arlment of Agriculture at Ottawa to the Department of ihe Interior, and information in regard to all questions affecting free homesteads and immigration matters may be obtained by addressing the Secretaiy of the Department of tlie Interior, Immigration Branch, Ottawa, or the Commis- sioner of Dominion Lands, Winnipeg. The last miiutioned is the chief officer of the Department of the Interior in the North-west, and has the supervision of the immigration agents in that part of Canada. The following is a list of the places at which the Department of the Interior has agencies ; — HALIFAX Nova Scotia. QUEBEC. I'rov. of C^uebec. MONTREAL are I'stahlishod at < tern of , ,..„ „. .. . _, (irosse TU in tl... River St. Lawrence ; Halifax, N.S , and AUurt iloal, B.C. TheVe are minor ntations at St. John, N.B. ; Cnutl.am, N.B. ; I'ictou, N.S. ; iv<1nev C U. ; ^ort liawkenbury, N.S., and Chuilottelown, P.K.I, hvery «.«ritime port is al^io constituted what is called an unoi^';u.r/.-d uiiarantine ZTiUm the Collector of Customs being the quarantine otiicer with poworto emnlov a me.lical man in case of any v.-.s.l arriving with infectioiH .lisease n^^well-founded Huspirion of disease from an infected port. At the inland w.rts all Collectors of Customs are (luarantine otticera, with similar duties to Ko«e of the collectors at the maritime ports. The system pursued consists JnTkinL' off the sick from the vessel or train in the event oi such arriving, and caring fur the i-atients in hosi.itul. Tl-o vessel, clotlni:-, h.ggnge ai. E's dunnage are disinfected by tlie process of steam, the dioxule blast and tie bichloride mercuric drench. After ,lisinf.rt ion the vessel is given rati.iue In the event of a vessel arriving with sj>rious disease at any o b^ unorganized ..uarantino stations, it would be sent to the near.-st organized (luarantine station, where there art the necessary dismtectmg appliances. ^ The Cattle Quarantine system of the Dominion was Cattle established in 1H82, and has since that time been carefully Quarantines, p,jt into practice at all the maritime ports of the Dominion and at all the points at which cattle enter on the frontier between the T Tiited Sfiites and Canada. For neat cattle there is a (luarantme of ninety davs with a prohibition against countries where pleuro-pneunioma is known to exist Sheep from Europe are (luarantined fifteen days at the nuuitime nnrts "Swine for breeding purposes are allowed to enter on a quarantine ot twentv-one days ; but t^a importation of fat hogs is prohibited, except in bond for immediate slaughter and export of products. Horses and mules are iillowedto enter if found fres from disease on inspection, or m the event of disease being found entry is prohibited. This system of .luarantine has been found sullicient to protect the Dominion from the inroads of disease among animals, as well from the United States as from Europe. Quebec and Halifax are the piincipal ports of entry in Immigrant Canada for immigrants, and the Government at thuse points Stations in n^aintains establishments for their reception and proper care Canada, inimediately on arrival. They can at these stations purchase tickets for any point inland to which they may desire to go, and obtain meala or provisions for use on the railway trains on very reasonable terms, under arrangements made by the Government, and supervised by Government olh- cials^f they are provided with through tickets before sailing, which is stronulv advised, their steamship tickets are exchanged at these stations. All their luggage is landed and passed through the Custom-house, and all immi- grants' effects in use enter duty free. The following is an extract from the Customs tariff of Canada, specifying the articles that can be so entered :— Settlers' Effects, viz. .—Wearing apparel, household furniture, professional books, implementsind tools of trade, occupation, or employinent, which the settler has had u actual use for .t least six months before removal to Canada, musical instruments Lnitic sewiig machines, live stock, carts, and other vehicles and agneultural imDlementa in use by the settler for at least one year before his removal to Canada, Lo?to^Sclude machinery or articles imported for use in any manufactunng establish- ment rSrsaTe: provided that any dutiable article entered as settlers' effects may not r; so entered unless brought with the settler on his hrst arrival, and shall not be Bold or otherwise disposed of without the payment ot duty, untu afiur .v.u ^ =a.a il MM 32 DO.MIMOX OF CANADA. i! I I' : mm actual use in Canada ; provided also that, under re^'ulations made by the Minister of Customs, live stock, when imported into Manitoba or the North-west Territory by intending settlers, shall be free, until otherwise ordered by the Governor in Council. Immigrants may mail letters or send telegrams to their friends from these stations ; and they may also exchange any money they may bring with them for the currency or money of the country, without suffering any loss in difference of values in these transactions, the Government officials super- vising e\ t rything under rules, by whicli they are guided, from the Depart- ment at Ottawa. The laws passed by the Canadian Parliament contain strict provisions for the protection of immigrants, and for imposing severe penalties for all attempts to practice imposition upon them. The Time to Emigrate. Generally speaking, the best time to emigrate, for all classes, is the early spring. The agricultural labourer will then find his services in demand in the busy period that always comes during seed time in Canada ; and the agriculturist who intends to take up land for himself will arrive at the beginning of the season's operations. The agriculturist who goes to Manitoba may, by getting in a crop of oats or potatoes during the month of May or the first week in June, contribute greatly to the support of himself and family during the first year. Or again, if the agricultural labourer arrives in summer, about harvest time, he will find gi'eat demand and high wages for his services during the harvest months, and he will have no dilficulty in getting on well from this point. The farmer, too, who desires to take upland, if he comes in the summer time may see the crops growing, and may thus have an opportunity to choose at leisure the most advantageous location. In Manitoba and the North- west the summer and a"tumn months are the best for moving about the country in search of land— or, as it is commonlv called "land huntinf^" for a suitable spot on which to settle. Hadng selected it, he may proce*ed to erect his house and make prepamtions for living over the ^vinter ; and, if he means to do this, he may make his start with great advantage in the spring from being on the spot. No persons other than domestic servants are advised to go to Canada during the winter, unless proceeding to join i'riends, as work is not so readily procurable by new arrivals during the season as at other times of the year. Ocean Fares. Formerly intending emigran-is were advised to select steamships instead of sailing vessels, althoucjh fares for the former might be a little more expensive. It is scarcely necessary to repeat this advice, as few would now think of selecting a sailing vessel for a passage across the Atlantic, more particularly as the fares by steamer are so reasonable. The intending emigrant will find out the day? of sailing of the steamships by the band-bills or advertisements which are now so very geuerally pub- lished ; and he will ,lso find by the same means the ratesof passage— cabin' intermediate and steerage. The cost of reaching Canada varies from time to time, but there are no free passages. The Government does not now offer assisted passages to any class of emi- grants. All are required to pay the ordinary fares charged by the steamship companies. Emigrants are also required in every case to pay their railway tares from the port of landing to their destinations, and to provide their own food. Emigrants must, therefore, have enough money for such ex- penses m addition to their ocean passage, and to provide board and lodging or "^ii OCEAN FARES. 33 7 the Minister of ist Territory by irnor in Council. nds from these ay bring with fering any loss officials sup"r- m the Depart- provisions for nalties for all igrate, for all I labourer will sy period that jt who intends if the season's r getting in a week in June, : the first year, about harvest es during the ivell from this L the summer nity to choose d the North- ng about the md hunting" may proceed ^vinter ; and, mtage in the go to Canada rk is not so her times of sed to select .igh fares for ily necessary sailing vessel 3 by steamer de steamsliipa iiierally pub- ssage — cabin, s from time class of emi- ;he steamship their railway irovide their for such ex- . and lodging until they can procure employment. It may be stated that some of the British railway companies offer reduced rates to the ports of embarkation to emigrants proceeding to \\\v Dominion. These may be ascertained by inquiry at the passenger agencies and railway booking offices. The Canadian Paeili'' Railway also offers a special rate to emigrants from Quebec, Montreal or Halifax t < Manitoba or other points in the west. IiKiuiry is often made whether there is any system in operation by which money is" advanced by the Government for the'passage of labouring persons sucli as those referred to in this pamphlet, to be repaid after arrival in Canada. It is therefore as well to say plainly that there is not. To secure a berth in the steamers it is necessary to send a deposit of ^5 for a saloi)n passage and £\ for an intermediate or steerage passage, to the steamship company or to the agent, the remainder to be paid before the passen>'ers >'o on board. The saloon passage includes^ all provisions and stateroom. The inter- mediate passage includes provisions, beds, bedding and all necessary utensils. Steerage passengers are provided with food and sleeping accommodation, but have to find bedding and certain utensils (consisting of pillow, mattress, pannikin to hold l^ ])int, plate, knife, fork and spoon) for use on tlie voyage. These can be purchased at the port of embarkation, or hired from the steam- ship company at a cost of a few shillings, leaving bed covering only — a rug or coverlet— to be provided by the passenger. Twenty cubic feet of luggage is allowed free of charge to each saloon, fifteen to each int ei mediate ""and ten to each steerage passenger. A box about 2A feet long, 2 feet broad and 2 feet deep would be equal to ten cubic feet. The following are the rail\yay fares, for emigrants booking through from Europe, to some of the principal centres of employment in'tlie Dominion, from Quebec: — Montreal, 7s.; Sherbrooke, 10s. 3d. ; Ottawa, 178. Kingston, 17s. 6d. ; Toronto, £1 7s. 9d. ; Hamilton, £i 7s. 9d. ; London, £1 10s. ; Winnipeg, £2 9s. 4d. ; Regina, £i 16s. Id. ; Calgary, £b 19s. 6d. ; Vancouver, ^8 12s. 7d.* Children between 12 and 5 years of age are charged half-price ; those under 5 are conveyed free, Passengers are strongly recommended to take through tickets from Great Britain to their destinations in Canada from the steamship companies, who, bv an arrangement with the railway companies, issue rail tickets as well as ocean tickets. The Canadian Pacific Railway has a continuous line from Quebec, on the Atlantic, to Vancouver on the Pacific. Trains leaving Quebec say on Monday, arrive at Winnipeg in the forenoon on Thursday, and at Vancouver on the following Sunday. The fares from Quebec to Winnipeg and westward include tne colonist sleeping cars. The steerage passengers, being so well provided with food on the steam- "Mps of the principal lines, need not think of supplying themselves with any kind of provisions. Durina- th<=> "^ ^°°^ ^^ ^^^^ emigrant gets on board the steamship he Passage 8touJ■ j b j Agricultural labourers should not bring any of their tools with them as these can be easily got in Canada, of the best kinds- needs of the country. Generally speaking, the England would not be suitable for Canada. Mechanics and artisans, encouraged to go out, may of course briu" their tools ; but they must bear in mind that there is no difficulty in buyirg any ordinary tools in Canada at reasonable jtrices, and that it is better to have the means of purchasing what they want after reaching their dcs^tination than to be hampered with a heavy lot of luggage on their journey ct asing them trouble and expense. As a general rule, the tools made m Canada are lighter and better adapted to the needs of the country than those made in the old country. Outfits /o^\"g "^?^i goi"S out to learn agriculture, or to start i arming, often deem it necessary to take out most exjjensive outfits, in the shape of clothes, etc. This is a mistake. All that is wanted is one's old clothes, a better suit or two for leisure wear, and a "ood 'supply cif summer and winter underclothing. Anything else can be procured iii Canada equally well, at about the same price, and very much better adapted to the country. Money . In bringing out money from the United Kingdom it is better to get a bill of exchange or a bank letter of credit, i^rocurablo from uny banker, for any large sum, as then there is no danger of its beinK lost. Any smaller sums are better brought in sovereigns or half-sovei^ eigns, as far as possible, or a post office order may be obtained on the place of destination in Canada. Sovereign and half-sovereign coins have always their absolute par value, which is fixed by law. On silver— shillings florins, half-crowns, etc.— the immigrant will lose a trifle in exchanging them for Canadian currency. ° ° It may be explained that the denominations of money in Canada are dollars ana cents, although the denominations of pounds, shillings and pence are legal. But the system of dollars and cents, being decimal, is much more convenient than pounds, shillings and pence ; and, moreover, is in tise all over the continent of America. A comparison with sterling is sub- joined, which wiU at once enable the reader to understand, in sterling values stated m dollars and cents; and the newly arrived immigrants will nave but little dithculty in mastering the system. Sterling into Dollars and Cents. , , , ,. . S Ct8. *a. sterling is , o 01 id. do 02 J^' ^o 024 £1 do 4 86 Dollars and Cents into Sterling. £ 8. 1 cf-nt IS 1 dollar IS o 4 4 dollars are ..... , ,[ Q IQ 6 do '..."! 1 For small change, the halfpenny sterling is one cent and the penny sterling two cents. For arriving roughly at the approximate value of larger figures the pound sterling may be counted at five dollars. The sign $ is used to indicate the dollar. •=■ *"'"'" IHj,; ,i: ■^ \ '-__ 36 DOMINION OP CANADA. Wages and Cost of Articles of Living in Canada. It is advised that farmers and all others who come to Canada with means should, immeaiatoly ou their arrival, deposit their money m a bank The avings bank connected with th. post office, for the security ot which the Government is responsible, allows a fair rate of interest on deposits. The saving" bai?ks in connectioi'i with any of the chartered banks u ow varying rates of inUrest, and deposits in any of these banks are especially Protected and absolutely Jure. Time should be given to look carefully about before investing, that step being of the last and greatest importance. _ ihe money while the immigrant is thus looking about, instead of being m danger of being lost, is on the contrary earning; and the owner of the money niay, with great advantages in many cases, take anv suitable work that may oftei, and thus have timi to learn more fully and particularly the ways of the country. The rates of wages vary in the diffeient provinces and according to circumstances, but on an average they are from 20 to 40 per cent higher than in Great Britain, and the opportunities for excep- tionally good craftsmen are much greater in the Dominion than at home. When comparing rates of wages it is necessary to calculate also the purchasing power of the money, and for the guidance ot applicants in this respect a list of the present prices of provisions and cloth- inci is given below. They also vary from time to time, and it must be distinctly understood tliat the figures arc not offered^ as steady market quotations, but simply with the object of enabling inquirersto form some idea upon the subject. It should be ])articularly borne in mind, with respect to the Manitoba and North-west Territories cmotations, that thoy refer to Winnipeg and Calgary, and not to points m the North-west distant from those places, where all prices may be seriously allected by freight charges or other circumstances. ^ 4. .^ Provisions.— Bacon, per lb., 5d. to 7d. ; beef, per lb., 4d. to Ontario. ^^^ . ^^^^^^^^^ ^gj. n^,^ 4^, to 6d. ; veal, per lb., 4d. to 5d. ; pork, ner lb., 5d. to 6d. ; ham, per lb., 6d. to 8d. ; bread, 4 lbs., 5d. ; but- ter per lb., 7d. to lid. ; beer, per quart, S^d. to 5d. ; candles, per lb., 4d. to 5d.'; cheese, per lb., S^d. to 7d. ; coffee, per lb., from Is. ; eggs, per dozen, from 8d. : milk, per quart, 2id. to 4id. ; potatoes per bushel, is. 3d. to 23. . ; rice, ]ier lb. 2^; sugar, brown, per lb., 3d. to S^d. ; tea, black, per lb., from Is. 3d. ; ditto, green, from Is. 3d. ; tobacco, from 2s. per lb. Clothing.— Coats, I63. to 24s. ; overcoats, from .£1 ; trousers, from 8s. ; vests, from 4s. ; flannel shirts, from 4s. ; cotton shirts, from 23. j under- shirts, from 2s. ; woollen drawers, from 2s. ; felt hats, from 28. ; worsted socks, from Is. ; cotton socks, from T^d. ; blankets, from 8s. ; rugs, from 4s. ; flannel, per yard, from 8d. ; cotton shirting, per yard, from 3d. ; sheeting, per yard, from lOd. ; Canadian cloth, per yard, from Is. 8d. ; men's shoes, from 3s. 6d. ; men's boots, from 43. ; women's shoes, from 33. 6d. ; women s boots, from 4s. Provisions.— Bacon, per Ij., 6id. to 7id. ; beef, per lb., 5d. to Qubeo. 7^,. mutton, per lb., 5d. to 7d.; veal, per lb., 3^d. to 5d.; pork, per lb., 5d. to 7d.; ham, per lb., e^d. to 7^d.; bread, brown, 6 lbs., 7ad.; butter, per lb.,8d. to lOd.; beer, per quart, 5d.; candles, tallow, per lb., T^d.; cheese, per lb., 6d. to 7d.; coffee, per lb.. Is. to Is. 3d.; eggs, per doz., 8d. to 9d., milk, per quart, 4d.; potatoes, per bushel, Is. 6d. to 2s. 2d.; "ce, per lb., 2id.; sugar, brown, per lb., 2id.; tea, black, per lb.. Is. 54d., to 2s. 0,d.; ditto, green, per lb., is. Sjd. to 2s. 0|d.; tobacco, per lb., 2s. COST OF Livixa. 37 ada with means 11 a bank. The y of which the I deposits. The s allow varyinK ?cially protected lly about before e. The money, ig in danger of the money may, : that may offer, ,he ways of the ffeient provinces it on an average higher than in .ties for excep- i greater in the .t is necessary tu the guidance of Lsions and cloth- and it must be i steady market :s to form some in mind, with itions, tliat they irth-west distant icted by freight ef, per lb., 4d. to Id. to 5d. ; pork, lbs., 5d. ; but- es, per lb., 4d. to eggs, per dozen, el, Is. 3d. to 23. . ; t, per lb., from Is. users, from 8s. ; i-om 23. J under- om 2s. ; worsted . ; rugs, from 43. ; m 3d. ; sheeting, id. ; men's shoes, 33. 6d. ; women's if, per lb., 5d. to ^d. to 5d.; pork, ■own, 6 lbs., 7ad.; low, per lb., T^d.; 3, per doz., 8d. to 2s. 2d.; rice, per 5id., to2s. 0|d.; s. Clothing.— Coats, from Ms. 6d. to 16s. 6d.; overcoat!?, from .£1 9*?. to £^ Is.; trousers, from 8s. to 10s.; vests, from 4s. to 5s.; flannel shirts, from 4s. to 03.; cotton ditto, from 33. to 4s.; undershirts, from 23. to 33.; woollen drawers, from 2s. to 33.; felt hats, from 43. to 63.; socks, worsted, from Is ; socks, cotton, from lOd.; blankets, from lOs. to 14s.; rugs, from 33. to 4s.; to 98.; women's boots, 6s. to Ss. __ „ ,. Provisions.— Bacon, per lb., 5d. to 6d.; beef, per lb., Novabcotia. gj^ ^o 7d.; mutton, per lb., 3^d. to 6id.; veal, per lb., 3d. to 6d.; pork, per lb., 6d.i ham per lb., 6d. to 8^d.; bread, 4 lbs., Tid. to 6d.; butter, 6d. to Is. Id.; beer, per quart, 6d.; candles, per lb., 7d.; cheese, per lb., 8d.; coffee, per lb., from Is.; eggs, per doz., from 9d.; milk, per quart, 3d.; potatoes, per bushel, 23. 6d.; rice, per lb., 2^d.; sugar, brown, per lb., i-'.^d. ; tea, black, from Is.; green tea, from Is. 6d.; tobacco, from Is. 8d. l)cr lb. Clothingj. — Coats, from I63.; overcoats, from 20s.; trousers, from 8s.; vests, from 43.; flannel shirts, from 43.; cotton shirts. Is. 8d. ; under-shirts, from 2s.; woollen drawers, from 23.; felt hats, from 4s.; worsted socks, from lOd.; cotton socks, from 6d.; blankets, per pair, from 83.; rugs, from 5s.; flannel, per yard, from lOd.; cotton, shirting, per yard, from 4d.; sheeting, per yard, from lOd.; Canadian cloth, from 2s. per yard ; nien's shoes, from ■ 8s. ; women's shoes, from 5s. ; men's boots, from IDs. ; women's boots, from 7s. -_ „ . , Provisions.— Bacon, per lb., 6d. to 8d.; beef, per New Brunswick, y^^^ 4^^ ^^ ^^. muttonf per lb., 5d. to 6d.; veal per lb., 2(1. to 4d.; ham, per lb., 5^d. to 6^d.; bread, 4 lbs., 7d., bread, brown, 4 lbs., 6d.; butter, lOd. to Is.; beer, per quart, 6d. to lOd. ; coal oil, per gall., lOd. to Is.; cheese, per lb., 7d. to 8d.; coffee, per lb.. Is. to Is. 8d.; eggs, per doz., 8d.; milk, per quart, 32d,; potatoes, per bush., Is. 6d. to Is. lOd.; tea, black. Is. to Is. 8d.; tobacco, per lb.. Is. 6d. to Is. lOd. ; fish, dry or green cod, percwt., 128. to 16s.; oatmeal, per 100 lbs., 10s, to 12s. Clothino.— Suit of clothes, ^1 93. to £1 16s.; coats, under, 12s. to .£1 ; coats, over, £1 to £l 98.; trousers, 8s. to 14s.; vests, 4s. to Fs. ; shirts, flannel, 4s. to 7s.; shirts, cotton. Is. 8d. to 3s.; shirts, wool, under, 3s. to 5s.; drawers, wool, under, 3s. to 5s.; hats, felt, 2s. 8d. to 4s.; socks, wool. Is. to Is. 6d.; socks, cotton, 5d. to Is. 3d.; blankets, wool, per pair, 5s. 6d. to 14s.; rugs, Ss. to 6s.; flannel, per yard. Is. to Is. 6d.; cotton shirting, per yd., 5d. to 7d.; Canadian cloth, wool, per yd.. Is. lOd. to 38. 8d.; men's shoes, 4s. to 5s.; women's shoes, 33. 6d. to 43.; men's boots, 8s. to 14s.; women's boots, 3s. 6d. to 53.; rubber overshoes, 23. to 33. 6d. -J. . , Provisions.— Bacon, per lb., 6d. to 8d.; beef, fresh, per iViamtoDa. ^o., 4d. to 6d.; beef, corned, per lb., 5d.; mutton per lb., 4d. to 7^d.; veal, per lb., 4d. to 7^d.; pork, 5d. to 6d.; ham, per lb., 7d. to 8d.; lamb, per lb., 5d. to 9d.; bread, loaf 6 lbs., l\di.; butter, per lb., 9d. to Is. 3d.; cheese, per lb., 72d. ; eggs, per doz., 7^d. to Is.; sugar, brown, per lb., 2^d. to 3d. ; sugar, granulated, per lb., 3d. ; tea, black, per ^ lb.. Is. to 23. ; tea, green, per lb.. Is. to 2s. ; tobacco, per lb., 23. to 43. ; J rice, per lb., 2^d. ; milk, per quart, 3d. to 4d. ; potatoes, per bushel. Is. to 2s. 6d. ; apples, pe: '' sperm, per lb., Is. 2s. 6d. ; apples, per bushel, 48. to 63. ; candles, tallow, per lb., 72d. ; candles. per fb.. Clothing. — Coats, under, 143. 6d. to ^1 73. ; coats, over, .£1 5s. to £2 ; trousers, 63. to 14s. 6d. ; vests, 5s. to 73. ; shirts, flannel, 3s. to 7s. ; shirts, cotton, 2s. to 4s. ; shirts, under, 2s. to 4s. ; drawers, woollen, 2s. to 63. ; hats. I 38 DOMINION OF CANADA. ! tl ■ H. i felt, 3a. to 63. ; socks, worsted, lOd. to 2s. 6d. ; socks, cotton, 6d. to Is. ; flannel, per yd. (all wool). Is. ; cotton shirting, per yd., 4d. to 8d. ; cotton (gray) shirting, per yd., 2d. to 4d. ; tweeds, all wool, per yd., 28. ; meltons, 44 in., 2a. 6d. ; cashmeres, per yd., 28. ; white blankets, per pair, 128. 6d. to £1 6s. ; gray blankets, per pair, 6s ',. 'Is. 6d. , comforters, each, 4s. to £1 ; men's shoes, 3s. 8d. to 123. 6d. ; n -• ■ :'ts, 5s. to £i ; women's shoes, 3s. to 12s. 6d. ; women's boots, 4s. to ^ ..^n's Wellington boots, 6s. to .£1. Provisions. — Bacon, per lb., 5d. to T^d. ; beef, per lb., Calgary, N.W.T.s^d, to V^d. ; mutton, p'er lb., 5d. to 9d. ; veal, per lb., 7^d. to lOd. ; pork, per lb., 2id. to 7id. ; ham, per lb., 7^d. ; bread, per 4 lb., 6d. ; beer, per quart, 5d. ; candles, per lb., from 6d. ; cheese, per lb., from 7^d. ; coffee, per lb., from Is. ; eggs, per dozen, from Is. ; uulk, per quart, 2id. to S^d. ; potatoes, per bush., from 23. : rice, per lb., from 3d. ; sugar, brown, per lb., 3^d. to 5d. ; tea, black, per lb., from Is. ; tea, green, per lb., from Is. ; tobacco, from Is. 8d. per lb. Clothing. — Coats, from IGs. upwards; overcoats, from 303. ; trousers » from 10s. ; vests, from 4s. ; flannel shirts, from 3s. 6d. ; cotton shirts, from 2s. ; under shirts, from 23. ; woollen drawers, from 33. ; felt hats, from 2s. 6d. ; worsted socks, from Is. ; cotton socks, from 6d. ; blankets, per pair, from lOs. ; rugs, from 6s. ; flannel, per yd., from Is. 3d. ; cotton shirting, per yd., f*- . 6d. ; sheeting, per yd., 7^d. ; Canadian cloth, from 23. ; men's shoes, from 5s. ; women's shoes, from 4s. 6d. ; men's boots, from 10s. ; women's boots, from 9s. T5 •4.- T, /-I i„^i,,'„ Provisions. — Bacon, per lb., 7d. to 9d. ; beef, per BritisH Columbia, j^^^^ ^^ ^^ . ^^^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^ ^^^^^ 5^ . ^^^J^ {,,^ 4 lb., loaf, 8d. ; butter, per lb., from lOd. ; cheese, per lb., from lOd. ; coff"ee, per lb., from lOd. ; milk, per quart, 5d. ; potatoes, per bush., Is. 6d. to 2s. ; sugar, per lb., from 42d. ; tea, per lb., from Is. 5d. ; tobacco, 3s. Clothing. — Coats, from 12s. 6d. ; overcoats, from £1 5s. ; trousers, from 9s. ; cotton trousers, each, from 43. 2d. ; vests, from 4s. ; flannel shirts from 53. ; cotton shirts, from 2s. ; woollen underwear, from 3s. ; hats, felt, from 4s. ; socks, worsted, from lOd. ; socks, cotton, from 6d. ; blankets, per pair, from lOs. ; rugs, from 68. ; flannel, per yd., from 7id. ; cotton shirting, per yd.,4d. ; sheeting, lOd. ; Canadian cloth, per yd., 23. j men's shoes, from 8s. ; women's shoes, 7s. i ;ton, fid. to Is. ; to Sd. ; cotton 1., 2s. ; meltons, pair, 128. 6d. to each, 4s. to £l ; men's shoes, Ss. ots, 63. to £1. . ; beef, per lb., ; veal, per lb., 1. ; bread, per 4 cheese, per lb., Is. ; uiilk, per ' lb., from 3d. ; la. ; tea, green, 3O3. ; trousers ) ion shirts, from t hats, from 2s. mkets, per pair, cotton shirting, from 23. ; men's •ots, from 10s. ; 9d. ; beef, per 5d. ; bread, per )m lOd. ; coffee, ., Is. 6d. to 2s. ; 3s. ; trousers, from mel shirts from hats, felt, from nkets, per pair, an shirting, per shoes, from 8s. ; :■» f'y-^- .^M msM'J^mSijmm. Prince Edward Island, the smallest of the provinces of the Dominion of Canada, is situate in the southern part of the Gulf of St. LaAvi'ence, and is separated from Nova Scotia and New Brunswick by the Strait of Northum- berland, which varies from nine to thirty miles in width. In shape it takes the form of an irregular crescent, concaved towards the north, measuring in length 150 miles, and, being deeply indented at many points by large bays and inlets, varies in width from four to thirty miles. It contains an area of 2,000 square miles, equal to 1,280,000 acres, and its population at the last census (1891) was 109,078. Q -^ Seen from the water, the appearance of Prince Edward Island ooenery. ^^ exceedingly prepossessing. On approaching the coast the country affords a charming picture of cultivation and well wooded land, with villages and cleared farms dotted along the shores and by the sides of the bays and rivers. The island is, generally speaking, level, but rises here and there to an elevation never exceeding 500 feet above the sea. The scenery very much resembles that of England ; and flourishing homesteads are to be found thickly scattered in every part of the island. Communication Communication with the mainland is maintained ■ during the period of ordinary navigation by a line of steamers connecting daily with ports in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, and thus with the various railway systems of Canada and the United States. Freight and passenger steamers connect weekly with Quebec and Montreal to the north, and with Halifax and Boston to the south. The island has also over 200 miles of railway in operation. Ordinary navigation generally closes about the middle of December, and reopens about the middle of April. Between these months communication is carried on with the mainland by a steamer specially constructed for winter navigation. This service is supplemented by boats wliich cross to New Brunswick at the nearest points, a distance of nine miles. 40 PRIXCE EDWARD ISLAND. i ]'■ I The climate of Prince Edward Island is remarkably healthy. Climate. The cold is certainly more severe, and lasts for a longer period than in England, but the atmosphere is dry and salubrious, and the summer is of such brightness and beauty as to compensate amply for the winter. The weather generally becomes unsteady in the early part of November and sometimes sharp frosts, with ^lurries of snow, take place about the middle of the month, the frost gradually increasing until the ground resists the plough, which is ordinarily about the second week in December. The cold then increases rapidly, and the ground is covered with snow. During the months of January and February the weather is usually steadv, with the thermometer occasionally from 10 to 15 degrees below zero of Fahrenheit. March, as in England, is'a windy month, and is throughout very changeable. During the latter part of this month the snow rapidly melts, and the ice becomes rotten and dangerous for travel, and wholly disappears about the juiddle of April. Strong southerly winds then set in, and the last vestiges of frost speedily vanish. The spring is short, and in the beginning of June the summer bursts forth, and from this time till the end of September the clii..ate resembles that of the southern coast of England. The thermometer, however, during calm weather, indicates a greater degree of heat, but the sea brce^.e seldom fails to lower the temperature, so that little inconvenience thence arises. About the middle of September the autumn commences. The cold is neither so great in winter, nor the heat so intense in summer, as in the north-western provinces of the Dominion, while the island is almost entirely free from fogs. Charlottetown, the seat of Government, is pleasantly Cities situated upon a point of rising ground at the conlluence of and Towns, ^j^^ York, Elliot and Hillsborough Rivers. It contains 11,374 inhabitants, and is well laid out with wide streets, which intersect at right angles. Its affairs are managed by a Corporation consistinjj of a mayor and ten councillors. The harbour is large, deep, and well sheltered, ami is said by Admiral Bayfield (astandard authority) to be in every_ respect one of the finest harboursin the world. It is the principal port of shipment. Summerside, the capital of Prince County, is situated upon Bedeque Bay, 40 miles west of Charlottetown. It is a town of about 2,883 inhabitants, and does a large trade in shipbuilding and exportation of produce, etc. It has a fine harbour. Alberton, in the western part of the island, is distant 40 miles from Sum- merside, and is situate upon Cascumpec Bay, which is largely frequented by fishing vessels that come in to tranship their fish and secure supplies, and occasionally for shelter. Georgetown, 30 miles east of Charlottetown, is the capital of King's County. It has a magnificent harbour, which remains open nearly the whole year. Souris, 60 miles east of Charlottetown, is the outlet for the exports of a large portion of King's County. It also possesses a fine harbour, which has of late been considerably improved. Other rising villages are Kensington, Montague, Cardigan, Crapaud, Tignish, Mount Stewart, Hunter River, Breadalbane, etc. Prince Edward Island is noted for the fertility of its Sou and Crops. ^^^1^ g^,^^j j^ j^^^^y confidently be asserted that, with the exception of a few bogs and swamps composed of a soft, spongy turf, or a deep layer of wet black mould, the whole island consists of highly valuable cultivated land. The soil, which is well watered with numerous springs and livers, is formed for the most part of a rich layer of vegetable matter above li 1 : J "•^ |l^ 4... PRODUCTS. 41 irkfi1)ly healthy. a longer period I salubrious, and te amply for tlu' 3 early part of now, take place easing until the econd week in is covered with sather is usually ;ree3 below zero id is throughout e snow rapidly vel, and wholly nds then set in, short, and in the ime till the end a-it of England, a greater degree erature, so that September the nor the heat so Dominion, while :, is pleasantly le confluence of s. It contains liich intersect at cousistin}^ of a 1 well sheltered, in every respect ort of shipment, n Bedeque Bay, 883 inliabitants, )roduce, etc. It niles from Sum- y frequented by re supplies, and ipital of King's nearly the whole the exports of a rbour, which has ligan, Crapaud, e fertility of its [ that, with the 3ongy turf, or a highly valuable irous springs and Die matter above f Live Stock. a blight loam, resting upon a stiff clay and sandstone ; the land, in its natural state, being covered with timber and shrubs of everjr variety. All kindrj of grain and vegctaljles grown in England rii)en here m gi-eat perfec- tion. The principal crops raised are wheat, oats, barley, potatoes and turniiis, of winch oats and potatoes are exported in immense quantities. The island grows very good wheat, and probably better oats than most other parts of the Dominion. Of the fornu-r, the crops are from 18 to 30 bushels, and of the latter 25 to 70 bujnhels per acre. Barley, too, makes a very nice crop. The island is noted for its large crops of excellent ])Otatoe3,^ which not uncommonly reach 250 bushels an acre of tine handsome tubers. Swedish turnips make a fine crop, not uncommonly reaching 750 bushels per acre of sound and solid bulbs. In addition to the natural fertilitj^ of the soil, the facility for obtaining manure mav be set down as a particular advantage, in most of the bays and rivers are found extensive deposits of mussel-mud, formed by decayed oysters, clam and mussel-shells. The deposits vary from five to twenty feet in depth, and their surface is often several feet below low-water level. xMacliines placed upon the ice and worked by horse-power are used for rais- ing this manure. Procured in this way, ii large quantities, and possessing great fertilizing qualities, it has vastly improved the agricultural status of the island. Of late years very considerable improvements have been made in raising farm stock. The horses of the island enj.jy a high reputation, much attention having been bestovved upon their breed- intia and Cape Breton, and the depth at which the deposits exist, render m-iing Unprofitable, for the present at least. _ _ „ . The manufactures of Prince Edward Island are limited. Manufactures, i^^^^ ^^^^.^ rapidly developed of late. They consist of butter, cheese, starch and soap factories, tanneries, grist, saw and wooUen I 42 PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND. n mills, factories for canning and nreserving meat and fish, carriage factoriea, etc By the census of 1891 the ngures of inland industries were as foDow :— Capital invested . . $2,910, 0r>3 Number of lianda employed 7,906 Yearly wages about $1,100,000 Value of products $4,333,610 Compared with the census of 1881, thes. figures show an increase in ten years of nearly 40 per cent in capital invested, 38 per cent in hands em- ployed, and 27 per cent in value of products. Land ^ot niany years what was known as the " Land Quea- Regulations, tion" was a fruitful source of discontent. Now, happily, it is possible to write of this beautiful island with merely a ])assing reference to this grievance, and to say that it no longer exists. Abs(!utee proprietorship has been abohshed, and the Louil Government", which purchased the interests of the landlords in 1875, have taken their place, not, however, for the purpose of exacting the aanual rent from the tenants, but with the object of maV ag I'oem owners of the soil which they have redeenied from the wilderneas. Of this immense advantage by far the great majority of the tenants have availed themselves, to such an extent, indeed, that at the close of 1888 only 100,479 acres remained unsold of the 843,981 acquired by the Government, and of this quantity only about 65,000 acres represented land held by parties who had not yet purchased. The remaining 45,000 acres may be set down as the available uncultivated and vacant Government land. These consist of forest lands of medium quality, the very best having, of course, been taken up by the tenants in the first instance, and their price averages about one dollar per acre. Parties desiring to settle upon them are allowed ten years to pay for their holdings, the purchase-money to bear interest at 5 per cent ana to be payable in ten annual instalments. Improved Although there is apparently little room for new settlers, Farms. yet Prince Edward Island is a desirable field for a certain class of emigrants who, in search of a ready-made farm, where they may have the social comforts of life ^\dthin their reach, are prepared to PJ*y a higher price rather than go westward. Such farms can be obtained in the island, and various circumstances have contributed to place them in the market. The price of such land varies mu'-h according to its quality, situation and buildings ; but with good buildings, a farm of 100 acres can be obtained for $20 to $35 (£4 to £7) an acre. Facilities for travel and transportation are excellent, the roads are good, and few farmers are as much as six miles from a shipping place for their surplus produce. All the necessaries of life can be had at very low rates. Labour-saving machines of the most approved kind can be purchased or hired without any difficulty the competition in this branch being so keen. ^ ''^'*n^ 7*1 rriage factoriea, sre oa follow :— 7,906 I), 000 3,610 increase in ten in handa em- 3 " Land Ques- Now, happily, nd with merely > longer exists. 1 Government, ve taken their rent from the 10 il which they ta.i^e by far the uch an extent, 1 unsold of the ty only about yet purchased. e uncultivated ds of medium ! tenants in the acre. Parties their holdings, payable in ten r new settlers, for a certain de farm, where ire prepared to I be obtained in ce them in the to its quality, 100 acres can for travel and i'armers are as iduce. All the ng machines of any difficulty^ „ •+. The Province of Nova Scotia, in the Dominion of Canada, n?H A^ea is situated between 43^ and 47° north latitude and 60° and 7G **"" . ^^^^^ longitude. Nova Scotia proper is connected with the Province of New Brunswick by an isthmus about 14 miles wide. Its area is about 300 miles in length by 80 to 100 miles in width. The Island of Cape Breton, which is a part of the province, and contains four counties, is separated from the mainland, or peninsula, by a narrow channel called the Strait of Canso. The province contains something over thirteen milbons of acres of which nearly one-fifth part consists of lakes and streams. Five or six million acres of laud are fit for tilla>,'e ; the remaindex, which is chietly a belt of the sea-coast, is rocky and barren. From the appearance ct the coast no idea could be formed of the beauty and fertility of the interior. The coast is indented with numerous excellent harbours, most of which are easy of access, safe and commodious. There is no finer scenery to be found in America than in Scenery. ^^^^^ ^^^^.^^ ^j. ^^^^ Scotia. There is a great v^uiety of hill and dale ; small, quiet, glassy lakes and pretty land-locked inletb of the sea, which would afford charming studies for an artist. The glorious bright tints of the autumn forest scenery, warmed by an Indian summer sun, can- not be surpassed. Each county has, in its scenery, some feature peculiar to itself and distinct from that in the others, thus affording a great attraction to the tourist ; and those persons who are in search of a quiet rural resi- dence, away from the noise and bustle of the city, may have a choica ot localities such as for variety riu hardly be found in any country ot the anie extent on this side of the Atlaulic. u NOVA SOOTIA. Climate. . '^'''' ''^''"'^to of Nova Scotia is well anittnl to Europeans. It is not ^,'oiuM-ally known outside tho ])r<)vincc tliat tlu! ti'mpcra- tiirt! is luore eiinable tluvu in any otlui' ]>iirt of tin; Dominion. Tin- I'Xtrt'nio <'(il(l which is experienced in winter in other ])arts of Aniciicu u not known here, owi?ij^ perhaps to tlio fin;t lliiiL I he province is almost comphdely sur- rounded hy the sea, and that the Gulf Stream sweeps ahmg within a few niiles of its southern shore ; and, further, that the province is protected from the chilly north winds by an almost continuous belt of mountains, or very hi^di hills, stretchin;,^ along its northern side. Tin; climate varies, how. tiver, in different parts of tho province. In the Annapolis Valley the spring opens about two or thrtio weeks earlier in the year than in the city of Hali- fax, which is near the Atlantic, and the weather is generally drier, clearer and more exom])t from fog. The m tuutain rant^e &t the north side of the valley, which skirts the shore of tlu; 15,iy of Fumly, is high enough to pre- vent the sea fog from cominj' over — thus, while it is sometimes damp and disagreeable on the north side of the range, which faces the bay, in the valley, ()nly three or four miles away, it is delightfully warm and blight. In Halifax and the eastern counties the mercury seldom rises in summer above S()0 ill (he shade, and in the winter it is not often down lo zero. In the interior, say in the Anna})olis Valley, the winter is about the same, but the summer is warmer, although, owing to the dryness of the atmosphere, the heat is not oi)pressive. The climate is extremely healthy ; there is ]»rolja:.ly none more so in the worhl. The health returns from British inilitavy staiions place this province in the first class. Nova Scotia has fewer medical men in ])ro|)ortiou to the population, and reeiuires their services less than probably any other part of America. No jierson is allowed to ])ractise medicine or surgery unless he has obtained a dijdoma from some university, college or incorporated scluxd of medicine, c luis ])assed a suc- wssful examination before the i>rovincial medical u a1. The fees of jihysicians are moderate. ■R'A +Tf '^'''*^ fertility of the soil in manv of the agricultural districts is of Son ^■'^'•^ ^''''''^'' ''^'"^ ^^ evidenced by the fact that, in quantity and qua- • lity, the i»roduction of the farms, even under a careless system of cultivation, is equal, and in some cases, superior, to those of Great Britain ; for instance, the orchards in the Annapolis Valley, particularly, produce larger and tiner apples than are grown in any other part of the continent. The grain and root crops are excellent, the average production of which, in the western counties is, as nearly as it is jtossible to estimate it, as follows :— Wheat jxT acre Rye " Barley . «' Oats "..'/. ' «« ] )iickwlieac '• Indian corn (maize) " Turnips " Potatoes .... • ' Manf^ol-wurzel \ " Beans << Hay ........ " 18 bushels. 21 35 :i4 33 42 420 250 500 22 2 ti)n8, The foregoing is a general average of the crops in three counties ; but there are many farms which, being highly cultivated, produce astonishing crops, A farmer m one season, in King's countv, raised on a little less than one acre ot land four hundred and three bushels of potp.toes ; and in Anna- polis county sixty bushels of shelled Indian corn (maize) have been raised on an acre. Five and one-half tons of hay have been taken off an acre of land in one season. pnnnrcTs. 45 Europeans. It lat the ti'tnpera- HI. Tin- I'Xtrt'iiio ica iM not known conipltitoly aur- ig williiii a few iiic« » protecteil f mountains, or .\tt' varuw, how- /"alley tlnisnrin'.' he city of Hali- ly drier, clean -i orth side of tin; enouj^h to pre- times (lamp and the bay, in the irm and bii<,'ht. rUcA in sumnn'i' iVn 10 zero. In it the same, but the atmosphere, althy ; there i( 14 l( (I It (> B. I counties ; but uce astonishing i little leps than ; and in Anna- ave been raised off an acre of T ivfl Rtock This might be more extensively and ]irofitably prosecuted in and Dairy this province. Of coarse, every farjuer raises stock ; but Farming, most of it is raised to supidy the markets with butcher's meat .^ Until recently not nearlv so much attention win i>uid to the making of butter and cheese as to r.ii'>ing cattle for the slaughter-house. In some cuun- tit'-' however, cheese and butter are nuide in con, derable *iuaulity, buih tor hume consumipllnn and for export. Cheese factories have been established in some of the eastern ci)unties and C'ai«e Ibetnn, and a butter and cheeso nninufactorv in the countv of CumlRiland. There is a condensed milk ...ctorv at Truro in the" county of Colchester. Special instruction i.s u'iven'in the making of butter at the Provincial School of Agriculture. Farms along the line of the Interc(donial Kailway supidy the city ot lluh- I'lx with a great deal of milk. A great deal of the ^>roiit of every lariu arises from the Mile of fat cattle. There is plenty of nvst rate }.asturiv;e in everv county, and almost the only expense of raising stook is that uf the winter feed,'and as tliat consists cbieily of hay, at a cost or market value of from 25^ to 40s. jter ton. according to locality or season, it will easily bo i,erceived that the business is protitable. There is much land suitable lor sheep-ialsing in everv country, and even among the wild lands there are "tracts of pasture ihat^uight be made capable of maintaining large Hocks at very little expense. In the south-western part of the province sheep are nastured along the shores and on the islands most of the winter, and in some places through the whole year. The aheep find nourishment in sea weed wiieii the lan'ci pastuvi' Happens to be poor. For all the fruits of the temperate zone the soil and climate Fruit of -Nova Scotia are favourable. Fruit-raising at present is con- Growing, liueti chieily to three counties, viz., Annapolis, Hants and King's, out of the eighteen comprising the province. Api)le-growing has received most attention heretofore, and the cro}) reaches somt 300,000 buirels irom the districts refeiTcd to, a large part of which is exj^orted. The excellent llavonr and the keeping ([ualities of Nova Scotia apples have won lor them a hi,609 5,936,021 3,685,636 ■y valuable, and ig to the returns cK fisheries was (ishery products * the provinces haddock, hake, sardines, smelt, identical with ;h coast of the vash the shores ! natural home Id which offers nswick. Every I Extent and The Province of Quebec has an area of 228,900 square General miles. The soil of a large portion of this immense area Oapabilities. is exceedingly fertile, and capable of high cultivation. The cereals, grasses, root crops, and many of the fruits of the temperate zone, grow in abundance and to perfection. In the southern part of the pro- vince Indian corn is a large crop, and fully ripens. Tomatoes grow in pro- fusion and ripen, as do also many varieties of grapes. It may he men- tiitned, as a climatic fact of importance for the purpose of comparison, that neither Indian corn nor tomatoes will ripen in the open air in the United Kingdom. Quebec has vast tracts of forest land, aud a very large lumber trade. It is rich in minerals, including gold, silver, copper, iron, plumbago, galena, felspar, lime-stone, asbestus, mica, etc., and has especially immense deposits of phosphates of lime, but it has no coal. Petroleum has been found, lately, in paying quantities, in the county of Gasp6. The province has large deposits of valuable peat. Its fisheiies are of immense extent, and among the most valuable in the world. The inhabitants of the British islands and France will find themselves at home in the province of Quebec, the English and French languages being both spoken. This province was oiginally settled by the French. Among the first English settlers who fixed their homes in Quebec were the United Empire Loyalists, whom the War of Independence in the United States caused to emigrate to Canada. As a recognition of their allegiance the British Gov- ernment gave them large grants of land in the Eastern Townships in Quebec River The great River St. Lawrence, which forms so remark- St. La"WTence. able a feature of the continent of North America, runs through this province from the head of present ocean navigation to the Gulf OLIHATE. 66 5,?^^-= )0 square ense area on. The ate zone, the pro- w in pro- be men- 'ison, that le United e lumber lumbago, immense has been province se extent, Qselves at gea being the first d Empire caused to tish Gov- n Quebec. remark- irica, runs the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and gives to the province of Quebec, a commercial position of commanding importance, not only in relation lo the province of Ontario and the North-west of Canada, but also to a large portion of the adjoining United States. This great river, apart from its commanding commercial importance, is also remarkable for great natural beauty at every point of its course. Its waters are everywhere ckcvr and generally blue, b'.dng in this respect the oppo.^ite of the muddy waters of the Mis«i>ip])i ; and many of its affluents, some of which are 1,000 miles in length, would be estimated great rivers on the continent of Europe. It is worth a trip to Canada to sail up the St. Lawrence. Montreal (216,650) is the chief city of Canada, the commercial metropolis, and the principal port of entry. It is built upon a series of terraces, and is about four miless long by two broad, and has a magnificent background in Mount Royal, which rises about 700 feet above the river level. Ihe hotels, public buildings and quays are large antl handsome. The city is the centre of the great railway system of Canada, and k the most important manufac- tuiing district in the Dominion, having large and varied industries, which give employment to many thousands of artisans. Quebec (63,000), the most historic city of Canada, is the seat of the Provin- cial Government, and presents many features of great interest, its surround- inf^s including probably some of the most beautiful scenery in the world. T^e harbours, quays and graving dock are of great importance. It has rail and water communication with every part of Canada, and passengers from the ocean steamers generally land there in the summer season. The other cities and towns in this province are Three Rivers, Levis, Sherbrooke, St. John's, Waterloo, Hull, St. Henri, Sorel, St. Hyacinthe. The winteis in Quebec are cold and the summers somewhat Climate, gjmiiar to those in France— this province having the summer suns of Prance, being in the same latitude. But very exaggerated notions prevail abroad as to the severity of the winters in the province of Quebec. There is decided cold ; but the air is generally dry and brilliant, and the cold, therefore, not felt to be unpleasant. Snow generally covers the ground during the winter months. It packs under foot, and makes everywhere winter roads, over which heavy loads can be drawn in sleighs with the gi-eatest ease. These roads, for the purpose of teaming, are probably the best in the world, and they are available in the newest and roughest parts of the country before the regular summer roads are made. The snow which lasts generally, commences in December and goes away in April. _ The snow covering is most advantageous fur agricultural operation, as is also the winter frost. Both leave the ground in a favourable state, after its winter rest, for rapid vegetable growth. The climate of Quebec is one of the healthiest under the sun, as well as the most pleasant to live in. Fever and ague, tho!5e scourges of the south- western States, are unknown here. There is no malaria, every climatic influence being healthy and pure. , p , jg .. , The soil of the province is found to be tor the most ■F^-oducts part extremely rich,^ and susceptible of the highest culti- jTiuw ^ . nation. It is adapted to the growth of very varied products. The cereals, hay, root crops and giain crops grow everywhere in abundance where they are 'cultivated. Spring wheat gives an average of about eighteen bushels to the acre. Cattle-breeding on a large scale is carried on, and for some years past cattle have been exported in large quantities from this province to the English market. For pasturage the lands of Quebec are of special excellence, particularly those in the Eastern Townships and north ot the St. Lawrence. 56 QUEHKC. Industries. Indian corn, hemp, llax and tobacccu are {jrown in many parts of the province, and yield large crops. Parts of the province of Quebec aie especially favourable for the growth of apples and plums. Large quantities of the former are ex])orted, and some of the varieties which are peculiar to this province cannot be excelled, and they have specialties which perhaps cannot be eqiialled. The small fruits everywhere grow in profusion, and grapes, as elsewhere stated, ripen in the open air in the southern and western parts of the province. They are now beginning to be largely grown. The population of ihe province of Quebec was 1,488,635 Population by the census of 1891. and Agriculture is the chief occupation of the population at present, but manufactures, fishing in its great waters, and commerce, occujiy the labours of a considerable part of its inhabitants, as do also lumbering, mining and ship-building. The most important trade in Quebec is the lumber industry, and this affords, in many parts, a ready market for the fanner, and in the winter season employmeuL for himself and his horses. _ The extension of railways has been very rapid in the province of Quebec since Confederation ; and these have led to a very great development of wealth. Many large manufactories have also been recently established. The province has yet much room for men and women, and for capital to develop its vast resources. The princijial articles manufactured in this province are cloth, linen, furniture, leather, sawn timber, flax, iron and hardware, paper, chemicals, soap, boots and shoes, cotl(-n and woollen goods, cheese, etc., and all kinds of agricultural implements. There are 672 cheese and butter factories and the number is rapidly increasing. The statistics of manufacturing in the province of Quebec according to the census of 1891 are : Number of establishments 23 112 Capital invested ' $116,969|581 Number of employees . . HO 330 Wages paid ;; $30,670,'991 Value of products $153,195,189 Means of "^^^ 8^®^* lliver St. Lawrence, from the earlier period Oommunioation. of settlement has afforded the chief means of commu- nication, but the i)rovince has other large navigable livers, among which may be mentioned the Ottawa, which divides it from the nroviuce of Ontario, and also in its turn has affluents of very consi- derable length ; the Richelieu, with its locks, affords communication with the Hudson, in the State of New York ; the St. Maurice is navigable for a considerable distance ; and the Saguenay is one of the most remarkable rivers on the continent, or, in fact, in the world, and thousands visit it yearly to view its scenery. There are other rivers of less importance. It has already been stated that the extension of railroads has been verv rapid, and these in fact, now connect all the considerable centres of population both on the north and south shores of the St. Lawrence. The wila lands are opened up by colonization roads, and besides the regular macadamized roads there are roads everywhere throughout the province. It has been alreadjr stated that the province of Quebec is rich m minerals. Gold is found in the district of Beauce and else- where. Copper abounds in the Eastern Townships, and iron 18 found nearly everywhere. Some very rich iron mines are being worked, notably, the Radnor Forges, employing 750 men, near Three Fisheries and Minerals. FARMS. 57 ParmB for Sale and Prices of Q-overnment Lands. Rivers, and tho Grantham Iron Works in the county of Drumniond, which give work to 3(57 men. Lead, silver, ])latinum, asbestus, etc., are found in abundance. Asbestus is found in grc^at quautities especially in the counties of Megantic,Aithabaska, Beauce, Bnme, Ottawa, Richmond and Wolfe. The great deposits of pliosphate of lime, particularly in the Ottawa valley, have been elsewhere alluded to. These mines have been extensively worked, and large quantities of nhosphate have been exported. This mineral biings a high price in England, owing to its high percentage of purity. Mica la also found in good quantity in 0ttav7a and Pontiac districts and it seems to exist in superior (luality in the district of Saguenay, notably in Bergeronnc.s und Tadoussac, where the Government have lately sold two valuable mines. The fisheries of the province arc a ^eat boon to the settlers and fishermen resident on its coast lines. The fishing industry, ha- attained large pro- portions, the products being exported to distant portions of the Dominion and foreign parts. Tenant farmers from the old country may find frequent opportunities to purchase improved farms in the province of Quebec at veiy reasonable prices— from £4 sterling to £6 sterling per acre, including dwelling-houses, outbuildings and fencing. Farms of this descrip- tion, particularly suited to emigrants from the United Kingdom, may be found in the Eastern Townships. It has been already stated that about 6,000,000 aci'es of land have been surveyed by the Government, for sale. Land ReRulations Lands purchased from the Government are to be ■ paid for in the following manner :— One-fifth of the purchase money is required to be paid the day of the sale, and the remainder in four equal yearly instalments, bearing interest at (j per cent. But the —'-" -^ -'-• '^^ ^ ' ,,.',». ..„ . K.. acre in fact, they are sold is barely sufl&cient to cover the cost of making the survey and constructing roads. The purchaser is required to take possession of the land sold within six months of the date of the sale, and to occupy it within two years. He must clear, in the course of ten years, ten acres for every hundred held by him, and erect a habitable house of the dimensions of at least 16 ft. by 20 ft. The letters patent are issued free of charge. The parts of the province of Quebec now inviting colonization are the Lake St. John district ; the valleys of the Saguenay, St. Maurice, and the Ottawa Rivers ; the Eastern Townships ; the Lower St. Lawrence ; Lake Temijjcamingue, and Gasp^. 68 QUEBRO. THK KAWTKRM TOWWWHIPti. «..**i^«,*»«f The settler in tho Eastern Townships has the choice between Settlement ^^^ ^..j^^ ^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^ ^ettiiag on an improvwl Eastern fium It should be, however, explained that settling on wUd TownshlpB. land implies a great deal of hard work, and special adaptation to ensure success. As a rule, men who have been brought up in Canada and accustomed to the use of tho axe from youth are the niost successful and skil- ful whUe on the other hand newcomers from the British Islands are better adapted to carry on and still further improve already improved farms. Of course, it will cost as much labour in the first place to clear the forest as would buy an improved farm, but tliousands of men whose means were limited have found their toil sweetened in their struggle for independence by seeing this condition grow from day to day under the work ()f thoir hands. It may be stated that agriculture and dairying form the Productions, principal industries of the Eastern Townships. The butter produced is remarkable fur its special excellence, the rich grasses of the hUl sides and the water of the clear streams being most favourable for grazing. The cood quality of the cheose is as marked as that of the butter. In point of stock-raising there are cattle in the Eastern Townships, both Shorthorns and Polls, which would compete with any in the world. There are also hne Herefords and other varieties. Sheep do well in the Townships, and they will probably become more profitable with the further opening up of the export trade to Great Britain. , • i The manufactures comprise woollens, ironware, agricultural implements, manufacturers of cotton, su^ar-refining, etc. „ . , ,^. , .„ . , Suitability The settler from the United Kingdom will find for Emigrants good society ; ample means for the education of his from the children, from the primar}^ schools to the university ; United Kingdom, churches of all denominations ; and congenial social conditions, . The Eastern Townships are the most English part of the province of Que- bec. They were originally settled by loyalists who fled from the United States at the time of the Revolution, and the spirit of loyalty which moved that great sacrifice still lives in their descendants. The tree wluch has grown in a little over one century ansAyers to the root which was planted in the days of the American revolt. The Eastern Townships are hilly and well wooded. They abound in small lakes, brooks and rivulets, and in natural springs of delicious fresh water. The grasses are rich and the conditions very favourable for the keeping of cattle and sheep. It is these conditions which make the dairy products so rich. The climate of the Eastern Townships as well as the soil and shelter is favourable for fruit-raising. Apples are very plentiful. Grapes and tomatoes ripen in the open air and the conditions of life generally are pleasant. On the shores of Lake Memphremagog, and in many other parts of the Eastern Townships, very handsome residences have been erected in situations of almost unexampled natural beauty, coupled with very favourable climatic conditions. Comparatively small means would enable a man to obtain an estate in the Eastern Townships in which he might find elements of comfort and natural beauty which even a large fortune would not enable him to secure in the old country. There is, moreover, the fact that society is much more free and open than in England ; and it therefore happens that the con- ditions are particularly favourable for the settlement oi men who have themselves acquired competence in the walks of commerce or manufacturing industry in the mother country. Ontario embraces an area of about two hundred and twenty-two thou- sand square mil'.!.s, and has a population exceeding two millions. Redeemed, us the cultivated portion of the province liaa been, from the primeval forest, it is needless to say that the vast wealth of timber still remaining is one of its most valuable heritages, capable of furnishing an abundant supply, both for home consumption and for every probable de- mand that commerce can make upon it, for long yoars to come. Though much has been added of late years to the general knowledge of the subject, the great region which is considered to be the main depository of nature's most liberal gifts in mineral wealth is as yet almost unexplored, and only known as to its general external features. But enough is already established to show that the districts north of Lakes Huron and Superior are enormously rich in iron, silver, copper, nickel and other minerals, and now that the Canadian Pacific Railway is running through that country, an early develop- ment of the mining industry is sure to follow. It is row ascertained that the nickel deposits are practically of illimitable extent and enormous value. In the Ottawa region, in addition to the metals already mentioned, there have been considerable finds of gold, while the quarrying of apatite, or phosphate of lime, and marble of excellent quality, are both profitable in- dustries. In the southern district, near Lake Huron, are the famous oil 8] item in the commerce of the place ; while eastward on the Grand River there are extensive mines of gypsum or plaster of Paris. There are also considerable areas of peat beds in several parts of the province ; its rivers and lakes are well supplied with fish and it- forests with game. But the great and abounding element of Ontario's natural wealth is in its soil, and to it and its products it is desired to direct the attention of intending immigrants. Toronto, the seat of the Provincial Government, had a popula- rities, tinn nf ] 81,220 according to the census of 1891. It is a city of which any cour.fcry niight be proud ; it is continuing to grow very rapidly 60 ONTARIO. both in wealth and population, and has many very fine public buildings and many important manufactories. Ottawa has a population of 44,164 ; it is the seat of the Dominion Gov- ernment, and here are erected the Houses of Parliament and the depart- mental buildings. These constitute four of the finest edifices on the conti- nent of America, and excite the admiration of all beholders. Ottawa is the centre of the Ontario lumber trade, Hamilton (population 48,980) is beautifully situated on the south-west shore ot Burhngton Bay, at the extreme west end of Lake Ontario, It has excellent facilities for communication by water and railway, and ia a large manufacturing city. London (31,977) is located at the junction of the north and south branches of the River Thames. It has excellent railway facilities, is the centre of a rich agricultural district, and has many manufactories, Kingston C19,264) is one of the oldest settled districts in Ontario, It is situated on the Cataraqui Eiver, at the head of Lake Ontario, and is also con- nected with Ottawa by the Rid eau Canal, It is the site of the Royal Military College, and the centre of an important raining and manufacturing district. It has good railway and water communication. Guelph (J 0,539) is on the main line of the Grand Trunk railway. It has many maniifa''turing establishments, and is the centre of a rich agricultural section. The Ontario Agricultural College and Experimental farm are situated here, St. Catharines (9,160) is situated on Twelve-mile Creek, and is the prin- cipal point on the Welland Canal. It has good railway facilities, and has several extensive manufacturing industries. Brantford (12,753) is on the Grand River, which is navigable to within 2\ miles of the city, A canal has, however, been opened, affording uninter- rupted communication with Lake Erie. It is a railway centre, is noted for its fine buildings, and has large manufacturing industries. The other chief cities, and towns in Ontario are St, Thomas (10,370), Stratford (9,501), Chatham (9,052), Brockville (8,793), Peterborough (9,717), Windsor (10,322), Port Hope (5,042), Woodstock (8,61?.), Gait (7,535), Lindsay (6,081), Barrie (5,550), Port Arthur (3,000). Manufaoturera "^^^ ^°^^ ^^ ^^^^ province may be generally described and Dema. d *^ ^^^^ ^^^^' ^^ varies in different localities, but a large for Labour. proportion of the whole is the very best for agricultuial and horticultural purposes, including the growing of all kinds of fruits which flourish in the temperate zone ; its special adaption to the growth of tliese being favoured as well by its summer suns as by the modifying influence of the great lakes. Men to work and develop the agricultural and mineral resources a^e, therefore the kind of immigrants Ontario most needs. Agriculturists, from farming being the leading industry, stand in the first place. The demand for female domestic servants is always large and steady. But as respect artisans and mechanics, and men required by its numerous industries, they are referred to the general directions to classes who should immigrr.te to this coamtry in the earlier pages of this book. Ontario is rapidly becoming an important manufacturing countiy. The leading industries are works for making all kinds of agricultural implenipnts, in iron and wood, wagons, carriages, railroad rolling stock (including locomotives), cotter, ^otories, woollen factories, tanneries, furniture factories, flax works, ordina ioaand hardware works, paper and pulp factories, so p.p works, woodenware, etc. The bountiful water supjjly in Ontario, as well as steam, is used for motive power in these manufactures. CLIMATE. 61 The census returns for Ontario relating to manufacturing are as folio w:>, and refer to the year 1890 : Number of establishments 32,028 Capital invested $176,603,340 Number of employees 165,326 Wages paid $49,207,710 Value of products $240,100,267 Arr-moni+nrni The Agricultural College aud Experimental Farm, near College ^^^ city of Guelph, forty -nine miles from Toronto, in the midst of a fine farming district, were established by the Provincial Government, under the administrative control of the Provincial Minister of Agriculture for the special purpose of giving a practical and scien- tific education to the sons of farmers. The farm consists of some 550 acres, and is fitted with every appliance for successfully carrying out its purpose of giving to the youth who attend it thorough and practical knowledge ot every branch of agriculture, more especially of those branches which avebest adapted for profitable ]n-osecution in the province, cording to conditions of climate and soil. It is conducted by an able stati of professors, instruc- tors, etc., etc., and the fees are exceedingly moderate. For residents in Ontario who are the sons of farmers, or who have served an apprenticeship of one year on a farm, ^20 a year ; for residents who are not farmer's sons, and who have not served an apprenticeship on a farm,|30 a year ; for non- residents who have served an apprenticeship on a Canadian farm, $50 a year ; and for non-residents who have not served an apprenticeshiji, $100 for the first and $50 for the second year. It will be observed that the scale of fees is graduated in favour of the people of the province, while strangers are per- mitted to enjoy its advantages by an extra payment. The Experimental Farm has conferred great benefit on the agriculturalists of the province, by the importation of thorough-bred stock from Great Bri- tain, and by holding annual sales as the animals multiply on the farms. It annually distributes seeds and grains that have been imported from Europe and tested for two or three years. The results cf its various experiments in grain-gi-owing, feeding, dairying, etc., are published in bulletins Irom time to time. Fully equipped laboratories are connected with the college and farm, and every department of agricultural instruction is well organ- ized Further information may be obtained through the president of the college, Guelph, Ont. It must be obvious that such an institution is calcu- lated to aid very materially in the development of every branch of agricul- tural industry. . ,. , 1 x-i. J U-4. 1 r^limate The climate of Ontario varies according to latitude, altitude ^ and situation with refeicnce to the great lakes, but is upon the whole one of the most pleasant and heathful in the world. The extremes ot heat and cold are greater than in Gieat Britain, but the purity and dryness of the atmospho: ender the hottest days in summer as well as the coldest in winter endura'^jie without discomfort. , r^ ^ • \ In the southern region, bordering on the lower lakes (Erie and Ontario), the winter usually begins about Christmas and lasts until the latter part of March. Further to the north it begins a little earlier, say about the middle of December, and breaks up during the first or second week m April. Except in the northern region, there is no winter m Ontario lasting over four months, and its average duration in the settled portion of the province rj.r"viously described) is from three months in the southern and western to three and a half, or at most four months, in the eastern and northern districts. Though in the northern parts of the province the winter begins earlier and breaks up later than in the southern, yet so far as settlement lias yet advanced to the west and north, the seasons have offered no bar to tue successful prosecution of agriculture. 62 ONTARIO, A\ml ushers in the spring, which comes with great rapidity, the luxuriant vegetation being a perennial source of wonder and admiration even to those who have witnessed it for twenty or thirty years, but whose memories recur to the slower growth with which they were "^ made familiar in the country where they spent their youth. For the practical purposes of the farm the spring is a " short " season and a busy one. The genial rains which fall hberally in April and May, and ihe increasing warmth of air and soil, push forward vegetation with great vigour, and in a few weeks the summer time and the harvest are hurried on together. The summer season is usually reckoned from the middle or end of May to the middle of September. Under the steady warmth, and refreshed by occasional brief biit copious showers, the crops make rapid progress, and the month of June is hardly finished ere the hum of preparation for the harvest is heard. Kay cutting begins about the end of June, and wheat liarvestiug in the first week of July, m the most southern parts of the province. In other localities both operations begin a week or two later, according to the situation. All the otlier grain crops follow in rapid succession, so that before the end of August the harvest is completed throughout the province. The harvest time is usually the period of extreme summer heat, yet those who work in the open fields, under the rays of the sun, in the middle of the hottest days seldom suffer injury or even serious discomfort if they use ordinary precautions for their protection. The autumn season, called the "Fall," is the most deliciously enjoyable weather of the whole year to those who do not give the preference to the crisp air, the keen frost and the music of the sleigh-beUs in winter. Autumn is not less beautiful than summer ; the atmosphere is cooler, but in October and sometimes in November the days are of a genial warmth, and the nights cool and refreshing. The operations on the farm at this season con- sist maialy of preparations for the next approaching seasons of winter and spring. The gathering and storing of root crops, the "fall " ploughing, and the preparations generally for wintering stock, etc., should keep the farmer and his help Imsy, whenever the weather permits. It is usual to have a flurry of snow sometime in November, which, however, seldom lies more than a day or two, when it disappears ; and the cool open weather, with occasional heavy rains, runs well on through "December, especially in the south-western districts. Access to '^^^® position of Ontario, withi respect to its means of Markets. access to the markets of the world, is very advantageous. Its interior means of transport are ample. At half a dozen different points its railway system connects with that of the United States. Its magnificent system of lake, canal and river navi- gation accommodates not only its own trade, but also a great portion of the trade of the Western States. Toronto, its capi'-\ the seat of the Provincial Government and Legislature, of the Universiti s and other insti- tutions of learnings, and of the Law Courts, is a fine and flourishing city and offers a ready market for almost everything the farmer has to Sell. It is the headquarters of the principal exporters of live stock and of the leading men in commercial and manufacturing business, and the centre of a complete network of railways extending throughout the pro- vince in all directions. The tiip from Toronto to Liverpool can now be made with ease and comfort in eight or nine days by the present St. Lawmice steamers, and might be made in much less time by the "ocean greyhounds." Large quantities of farm and dairy produce are sent yearly to British markets. The markets throughout the province are within eat./ reach of the farmer in every settled district. The highways are substantially made and kept tural CROPS. 63 in good repair, towns and villages are thickly dotted over the country being seldom more than from five to ten miles apart, and all farms are within a short distance of a railway station. The question of easy access to market is one which might he supposed to involve serious difficulties in a country embracing such a wide range of distances ; but, practically, the means of transport are so ample and the freight rates so regulated, and upon the whole so low, that there is no settled part of the province in which material obstacles < re presented, either as respects cost or convenience. Ontario has many vaiieties of soil, nearly all of which are fertile Soil, and easy of cultivation. The most common are the loams of different kinds, black, clay and sandy. Theie are also light and heavy clay soils, sandy soils, and in some districts marsh and alluvial soils of great depth lesting on clay bottoms. The old farms are in some places partially worn out through long-continued wheat cropping ; but they still yield a profitable return if cultivated with the view to stock-raising or dairy farming, the two branches whicii promise in the future to be the leading features of agricul- tural industry m Ontario, both of which have a tendency to restore and enrich the soil. The following statistics of crops compiled by the Ontario Bureau Crops, of Industries, Toronto, will give a fair idea of the crop producing capability of the province. Staple Crops. r 1892 Fall wheat \ 1891 .... U882-92... ri892 Spring wheat \ 1891 U882-92... a892 Barley n891. ... U882-92... ri892 .... Oats {1891 U882-92... fl892 Rye \im U882 92.... fl892 Peas {1891 U882-92... ri892.. ., Buckwheat {1891 .... U882-92... fl892 Beans { 1891 (.1882-92... Potatoes . ri892 J 1 ^1891 1 1882- 92... ?1892 Mangel-wurzels \ 1891 ^ U882-92.., (1892 Carrots { 1891 11882-92.. Acres. 966,522 84!t,956 908,635 651,302 510,634 571,525 499,225 553,166 721,062 1,861,469 1,840,636 1,681,229 73,073 67,865 100,857 774,732 752,453 678,578 125,104 107,879 74,309 33,249 41,451 26,841 145,703 160,218 154,563 22,026 22,961 19,772 9,941 9,858 10,379 Bushels. 20,492,497 21,872,488 18,280,440 8,290,395 10,711,538 8,829,125 12,274,318 16,141,904 18,706,166 64,758,053 75,009,542 58,987,644 1,132,504 1,134,630 1,633,147 14,494,430 18,323,4.59 13,961,910 2,.521,214 2,608,142 1,514,565 535,931 769,600 475,441 12,289,817 24,055,886 1? 245,150 10,350,474 11,779,448 8,702,857 3,827,361 3,814,016 3,674,621 Yield per acre. 21-2 25 7 201 12-7 210 15-4 24-6 29-2 25-9 34-8 40-8 35- 1 15-5 167 16 2 18'7 24-4 20-6 20-2 24-2 20-4 161 18-6 17-7 84-3 150 1 118 470- 513- 440- 385- 387- 354- I 64 ONTARIO. Yield Staple '^ropa. Acres. Bushels. per ri892 129,627 63,541,641 490' Turnips -^1891 126,075 68,853,452 556- U882-92... 107,187 44,850,404 418- Tons. n892 2,515,367 4,384,838 1-74 Hay and Clover ., ,-^1891 2,549,975 2,392,798 '94 1.1882-92... 2,310,938 3,219,288 139 The area planted in Indian corn was 272,866 acress in 1892, 241,086 acres in 1891, the annual average for the eleven years being 202,877 acres. In 1892, the production of Indian corn in the ear was 11,229,498 bushels from 181,463 acres, while 91,403 acres produced 948,907 tons for fodder. Comparative yields — Bushels per acre, Ontario and principal cereal growing States. Fall wheat : Ontario New York. . . . Pennsylvania Ohio Michigan . . , . Indiana Illinois , . . Missouri Kansas California. . . . Spring wheat : Ontario Wisconsin . . . . Minnesota. . . Iowa Nebraska Dakota Barley : Ontario. . . ... New York. . . . Wisconsin . . . Minnesota. . . . Iowa Nebraska . . . California .... Oats : Ontario , New York . . . Pennsylvania Ohio... Michigan . Indiana Illinois Wisconsin .... Minnesota .... Iowa Missouri , Kansas Nebraska 189? '1891 21 14 14 13 14 il4' 16' |l2' 17' 12' 12 ti- ll- 11 13- 12- 24 22 25 24 21' 22- 24 34 28- 24- 22- 29- 25- 26- 30 27- 25- 20- 28- 27- 25 16 14 17' 17' 17 17- 13- 15- 11- 21- ]3- 17- 15- 15- 16- 29- 23- 26- 27- 27- 27 23- 40 31' 27' 32- 32- 26- 34- 36- 37- 39- 25 5 33- 3 32 1890 19-8 15-2 120 12-5 15-2 9-5 11 11 13 188911888 15 13 12 14 14 14 516 2|13 5ll8 12- 013 12-8 12-5 120 11-7 111 90 22 16 22 22 22-6 17-3 22-3 8 5 2 3 5 3 5 2 3 2 3121 28 17 17-2 18-5 250 16-3 180 280 26-6 26-5 17-4 250 3 14 14 14 13 12 9 26 21 24 25 22 22 20 33 24 26 32 33 27 37 35 28 34 25 31 31 816 8114 313 10 1887 1886 16 15 9 13 13 13 15 16 9- 11- 11- lo- ll - 10- 10- 14- 22 20' 26-1 21-8 22-518 18-5|19' 210 19' 22-5:21' 200:20' 35-429' 28 1:23' 26 5'25- 31-8:30- 33-2'29' 26-5i27' •1 •2 • rr I ■1 -3 ■5 2 2 6 6 3 6 111 311 3'26 3'22 522 0!22 22 0:22 5 22 6 36 5 28 20 16 12 15 16 14 13 13 11 11 16 11 14 12 35'8 29-4 28-7 26-2 25-2 25-3 25-8 29 24 30 30 29 26 27 2:38 0|34 5,34 3123 6|26 5 29 1885 11 11 11 11 0;11 5il2 5127 0:22 o!26 0|23 523 0i23 218 2 35 7127 726 4137 5:35 7 26 8 32 33 1884 24-0 16-5 13-6 15-3 16-5 12-5 11-6 11-8 16 13 1883 10-6 10-3 13-2 lO'O 140 10-4 100 101 5 5117 213 20'216'6 14 012-3 150130 12 0:11 -3 14-515-5 14-516-0 27-324-3 22-5:24-2 2 24.1 2 22 '9 321-9 23 8l24' 22 4,21 li23 8 38-9 300 27-9 280 433-'* 22 1 16-2 38-5 31-2 30-6 33-9 .'^4-6 30'0i29-7 32 8 33-5 '35-2 36-7 ;2«-7 •8'.^5'0 '3337 361 30'4 33- 1 341 28'7 39-4 40 1883-92 19-5 14-8 12-6 13-2 15-6 12-8 13-5 120 14-5 120 15-5 12-3 130 11-8 12-3 12-6 25-7 21-6 23-6 23- 1 22-3 22 -.1 211 35-2 271 26-1 29-9 31-6 26-7 31-5 310 31-6 321 24-4 30-3 30-3 FARMS. 65 Hemp, flax, tobacco and sugar beet are profitable crops. Maize, oi Indiaii corn, and tomatoes, rijten well, while in all |>art8 of the province ajailesand gi-apes come to perfection. In the Niagara, Lake Erie and Lake St. Claii regions, peaches ripen in the open air and are produced in immense quanti- ties. The growth of such products forms an unen-ing index to the character of the climate. Immense uuantities jf grapes are grown in western Ontario especially, and shipped to all the principal markets of the Dominion, orate consumed in the districts in the production of wine. But Ihittering as the foregoing figures are to the province Live Stock, of Ontario, its agriculturists are now turning their attention more and more to dairy farming and stock-raising, which have been developed within a few years to an extent that has given surprising and gratifying result.% both in illustrating the capabilities of the soil and in proving that such farming is far more profitable than the old system. As to the value of the live stock in the province, it may be mentioned that, according to the returns published by the Bureau of Industries, it was estimated in 1892 at ^117,501,495. The number of animals is stated as fol- lows : — On baud July 1. Sold or Killed in Previous Year. No. Oattle.. Horeea . . Sheep. . Pigs . . Poultry. 2,021), ItO G88,814 1,850,473 9 '0,974 7,078,973 Value. 4.5,548,475 53,812,920 8.509, 067 5,479,093 2,091,450 $ 117,501,495 No. 436,352 40,955 575,934 978,791 1,906,409 Value, ? 15,979,136 4,280,132 2,640,190 8,775,852 778,308 $ 32,453,617 n ■ TT PnrmR '^^^^ value of the cheese exported has more than doubled uairy . ^yj^^i^j^ re(.ent years, Canadian cheese being now recognized iis the best made in America ; and of late years it has competed successfully with the English-made article. A single cheese, weighing a little over eleven tons, made in the province of Ontario, excited tbe wonder and admiration of visitors to the World's Columbian Exhibition at Chicago in 1893. The fol- lowing figures tell the progress of the cheese trade : — 1860. 1871 1874 1884. 18S7. 1888. Quantity exported. Lbs. 974,736 8,271,4.S9 •24 aJ0,982 09,755,423 . . 7:5,004,448 84,173,267 $ 1889 88,.524,837 1890 94,200,187 1891 100,202,140 1892 118,270,052 Value. 123,494 1,109,906 3,523,201 7,251,989 7,108,978 8,928,242 8,915,084 9,372,212 9.508.800 11,052,412 Such a rapid development in the cheese trade has naturally had the effect of limiting the production of butter ; but nevertheless 3,7(38,101 pounds of 5 66 ONTAlUo. Fmit Farming. lioine production, valued at ,1^«02,175, were exported in 1891, and in 1892 the butter exports amounted to 5,730,696 pounds, valued at ^1,056,058. Efforts art.' biiii^ made, wiih Government assistance, to establish creameries and improve the farmers in the art of butter-niiikiiif;, which has not as yet been very thoruugldy understood amonj,' the majurily of the rural popul.i- tion. During bS92 tinee travelling dairies, under the direction of the Minister of Agriculture for Onlaiio, were sent, throughout the province from the Agricultural Ci>llegf, Guelph. About 20 new creameries were .-tarted in 1892-3. Fruit farming (embracing vine culture) is another bratich to which the attention of the intending settler in On ario shouhl be directed. In any ]iart of the province of Ontario the farmer may have his orchard, and in .any }arts he has it ; but in the earlv .■struggle with the sturdy trees of the "forest the pi jneer had no time to think of such luxuries, and hence the ])lanling of orchards was negl.cted. For many years, however, the apple tree lias beeTi steadily growing in import- ance, and jdiims, pears and i)eaches, aini small fruits of every kind, form an important item in the marketable jn-oducts of many a farm. The fruit region may be described in general terms as extending from the east end of Lake Huron, along Lake Erie, to the Niagara River, and including all the counties bordering on Lake Ontario. Though aiqdes may be cultivated \vith profit in any of the settled portions of the province, it is oidyinthi- southern region above indicated that fruit culture has up to this time received much attention, and the success which has attended it has been so encouraging that vineries, orchards and fruit, gardens on a large scale are numerous in the Ni..gara district and westward on the same line till the County of Es. lx is reached, which is regarded as specially ada])ted for the profitable culiivation of the vine. „ The value of farm property, etc., in Ontario, in 1892, FarmPropertv ^^^' ''■'^'i'"at^'^' ^^ $979,977,244, made up 'of i|()15,828,471 and Taxation. ^'^'"^ land, ^19"),644,258 buildings, $51,003,020 im|)le- nients, and §117,501,495 live stock. The total value of Held crops in Ontario in bs92 was jilaced at $110,562,493. The rental df farms averaged §2.74 per acre based on the cleared portion. The aveiagc rate of direct taxation levied by municipalities in Ontario in 1887 for all purposes, including schools, was §:5.b9 per head in townships, §4.88 in towns and villages, and §9.43 iu cities, being equal to §5.03 per head for th-' whole population assessed. Timber '^'^^ timber trade, or, as it is called in Canada, the "lumber" trade, offers a safe and profitable field for the employment of caj)ital under experienced management. By the recent award of the Judi- cial Committee of the Privy Council, Ontario accjuired undisputed sway over about ninety-three thousatid square miles of territory, nearly all of which is under forest of the most valuable description. For many years to come this industry must continue to prosper and expand. Dues were naid to the Provincial Government in 1891 on 454,878,745 ft. B. M. of saw-logs, principally white pine ; 1,700,000 ft. square timber, and 37,844,115 ft. B. Al. dimension timber, besides telegraph poles, cordwood and railway ties, of which last there were reported as got out 975,841 pieoes. The produce of the mine from Ontario is shipped aii.;)st exclusively to the United States. The industry is yet in its infancj% but there are opportunities for it development to an almost unlimited extent, and the experienced man of very moderate means can readily establish himsflf in the business, as mining lands are sold or leasciL Minerals. NATL'KAL Ul'>Ol.(« Kji. 67 by the Goverimieiit al luw ligurerf. The miiiiji/ regif .tioti8 are of the most hberal character. In tlie matter of iron ah»ne it is aitirm«l by competent judges that the province of Ontario ia rich enough in ore to make it a suc- ces.s?ul competitor with the United States in the production of iron. Gold, silver, nickel, load and copi)er mining are also being successfully prosecuted, though the principal part of the country, supposed to be richest in mineral wealth ib yet almost unexplored. The rich nickel fields of the Sudbury district have become famouM within recent yiars, and so far as is known form the only important sup]»ly fthismeta in America. Clay for ] tressed brick is found in great abundance below the sandstone of the Niagara es- carpment, and the manufacture of pressed brick and terra cotta is now becoming an important industry. The salt and petroleum wells of several counties iu the western peninsula have long been in successful ope- tion. 1 rtaa Natural gas is found in tlie Lake Erie counties, and a Natural U-as. j^^j„,|)^.i. ^f ^^^iij, i,avo bei ' l)or-aid for a term of years, secured by mortgage at a rate of interest not exceeding « per cent In the newer counties, where the land is but ].artially cleared, where a half or the three-fourths of the farm is still in its primitive wooded condition, or "in bush," as the local phrase has it, prices range from^ $20 to $50 (say £i to £10) per acre fa- really good farms, in good situations, to still lower figures where the situation and soil are not so favourable. Any head of a family, whether male or sole female having Free Grant ehildren under 18 years of age, can obtain a giant of 200 ^^^^®' acres ; and a single man over 18 years of age, or a married man having no children under 18 residing with him, can obtain a grant of 100 acres. This land is mostly cohered with forest, and is situate in the northern and north-western parts of the province. Such a person may also purchase an additional 100 acres Land ^j. 5Q ^g^j^g ^q^. g^^^e, cash. The settlement duties are— to Regulations. ^^^^ j^ ^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^ gj.j^^t cleared and under crop at the end of the first five years, of which at least 2 acres are to be cleared annually ; to build a habitable house, at least 16 feet by 20 feet m size ; and to reside on the land at least six months in each year. In the Eainy River districts to the Avest of Lake Su ior, consisting of well-watered, uncleared land, free grants are made of 160 acres to a head of a famUy having children under IS years of age residing with I 68 ONTARIO. him (or her) ; and 120 aci'ea to a single man over 18, or to a married man not having children under 18 residing with him ; eac'.i person obtaining a free grant to have the privilege of purchasing 80 acres adiliticnal, at the rate of one dollar per acre, payable in four annual instalments with interest and the patent niav be issued at the expiration of three years from the date of location or purcliase, upon completion of the settlement duties. The soil of this district is a deep rich loam, and an area of nearly a million acres is perhaps unsurpassed for fertility by any portion of the province. Rainy River itself is a line navigable stream 160 to 200 yards wide and more than SO miles long. 1 I The province of ManitolDa is sitiiated in the very centre of the continent,' being midway between the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean on the east and weat, the Arctic Ocean and the Guif of Mexico on the north and south. The settler in Manitoba will find schools, colleges, churches, and a kindred society. The social cimdition.^, where settb-ment has taken place, leave nothing to b<^ desired. Civilized society in the new worhl starts in its ini'ancy from the point of the acquired knowledge of the old, and from the point of a firsi straggling settlement the building up of a community proceeds with great rapidity. In the conrso of a single summer villages have 8]3rang yip from the previous wilderness, at many points on the Canadian Pacific Kuilwav. The climate of 'Manitoba is warm in summer and cold in Olimate winter. The summer mean is 65° to 67°, which is very nearly and Soil, ^^le same as that of the State of New York. But in -^vinter the thermometer falls to and below zero, although extreme temperatures are rare. The atmosphere is veiy bright and dry, and the sensation of cold is not so unpleasant as that of a cold temperature in a humid atmosphere. Warm clothing, especially in driving, and warm houses are, however, required —that is, houses built to resist the cold. The building of such houses is well understood in the countiy, and materials for them are plentiful and cheap. The climate of the temtory contiguous to Manitoba is of the same character, the isothermal line running from Winnipeg nearly due N,W. Manitoba and the North-west Territories of Canada are amongst the healthiest countries on the globe, and are pleasant to live in. There is no malaria, and therefore no diseases arising out of, or peculiar to, either the country or the climate. The climatic drawbacks are occasional storms, and there are sometimes summer frosts. But the liability to these is not greater than in many other parts of North America, and certainly not so great as in parts of the United States immediatelv south of Manitoba. Very little snow falls on the prairies, the average depth being about cicrhteen inches, and the native hor'os can si'aze out of doors all A.^'inter, I 70 vAMTOB' Th»5 snow goes aNvay and llie plougluiv begins Irom the fti;ano ^'^ .at or ...1.1 of April, a foitniKht earlier than iu the Ottawa vogion The K.| Uiver opens at al.uut the same time, and sometimes a l..niii},'ht oarlier than tl.c The summer months are part of Mav, June, ^,....,.^... Autumn lasts until November when the The harvest takes place in August, aud i-'-ts tiii the )pens opening of the Ottawa River. July. August and Sepj_eniber loguiar frosts set in beginning of September. ,, , .• ^. The soil i.^ a rich, deep, black, argillaceous mould, or l)am, resting, or. a deep and veiy tenacious clay subsoil. It is nearly, if not ciuite, the richest soil in the world, and is 'especially adapted to ihe growth of wheat. Vnalv^es by chemists in Scotland and Germany have established this tact. Another and perhaps better proof is that the grade of wheat known as " Manitoba No. 1 hard " won the gold medal as the be8t,iii c.)ni|ietition witli the wheat produce of the world at the luternati-mal Millers und Kakers Exposition in Li.ndon, Elngland, . The soil of Manitoba is so rich that it does not re.iuire the addition ot manure for y.2ars after the first breaking of the prairie, and, m i.articular places wherii' the black loam is very .leep, it is ]" ictically inexhaustible. This gre:it richness of the ])rairie soil has arisen nom the gatliering of droppings from birds and animals and ashos of i)rairie fires, which liave accumulated for age.^, together with dicayed vegetable and annual matter, the whole resting on a retention clav subsoil. It is to the nrofusiou of this stored-up wealth in the soil that the agriculturist of older countries are is invited. . Trees are found along the rivers and streams and they will gi-ow any- where very rapidlv, if protected from i^rairie fire,-;. Wood for fuel has not been very' expensive ; and arrangements have now been made for bringing coal into the market on very reasonable terms. Tne Souris district in Manitoba produces abundance of good coal and there are large beds further west, which are now being brought into use. The wlmle of the vast terri- tory from the United States boundary to the Peace River, about 200 miles wide from the Rocky Mountains, is a coalfield. Water is almost everywhere found by digging wells of moderate depth .tn the prairie. The rivers and coulees are also available for water supply. Rain gencrallv falls freely during the spring, while the summer and autumn are generally dry. The >(}asons, liowever, vary from time ' > time, as they do in all countries. The harvest of 1S92 wa> a very favourable one, and the acre- Yields of age in wheat was much larger than in previous years. The tne u-ram. ^^^^ ^^^ wheat alone available for export m 1893 was in excess of 20,000,000 bushels. The farmers of Manitoba are more confident than ever of the great future that is before that province, from an agiicultural point of view. They are iiot likely to have a greater number of unfavourable seasons than other parts of the world, and with the better styles of farming now being practised, the average yields (which in only ordinary seasons are far abjve therein the most favoured of the United States) are more likely to go up than down. Fruits, and All the small fruits, such as strawberries., raspberries, what may be currants, gooseberries, cranberries, plums, etc., are plen- Grown. tifiil in Manitoba ; wild grajjes ire very common and it is thought from this fact that some of the liardicr varieties of cultivated grapes grafted on the wild stock might ripen in sheltered i)laces. But this has not been tried, and is not sure. Some varieties of apples have been tried, orab- ^."flfd ; but it lias not vet been sufHcientlv dvinonstrated .nav £i CT ti Oj- wplep. that the larger varieties, at least on southern stocks, will succeed la Manitoba. HAILWAV8. fact of tbeir 1 liiiig largely grown in higher latitudes reaV luxuriance, lapK-d to the l^xiti'iiuiei IToud. The hajt grows wild, with tiuil and olimate. ,.,,., •» • v. "Both the soil dud clunato ot Manxtolia an: ui a ver}- vUgh Rootfland ^^,yQ^. .jdaul d to the gi wth of ilie ordiiuiy rootn and vege- Vegetablea. ^^('^^^^ ^j- ^^^. t,.,u|)(Malu zone. Potatoes yield very large crops with the sinn.lest culture. Tiie profusion with which thin r.ot cuuies is a surprise t.. visitors, and the .p.ality is excellent. IM.c ..u o remark may be made of turnii-s, heel^ ma..-els and otlier roots- Cabhage. and cauliflowers ■'raw to mountt r nizes. _ ' « .., ^ Maiiii.baoifcrsih ny ad\antagesforcattle-raiteing. tow» Cattle and ^.^.^^^^ ^^^^_ eavt.in pro . inci's thrive and grow iu on th( native Kia.se«, and faiaieivs are l)egituiing to I'l^- more attention to 4ock-,ai.ing,ir order to mix their industric.. The v gruat profusion Stoclc- Raising. svith wi= oh "potatoes an.l harley may he grown has . ^gested e piofi - ,vblene?„s of swine-feeding as a valuable industry of he countiy. U. Siun of warmth in winter is met by the large quantities of straw which ,anv farmers bur., to get rid of ; and a very little care in timnig ;!'« P«nod rwhi'di litter, appear xyould jn-obnblv solve the other question of dilheulty in connection with tuis industry. , ^. M uitobahari communication bv railway with the Oommunications Atlantic and Pacific Oceans and all parts of the con- and Markets. ^;';\';t _that is to sav, a railway train starts from Halifax or Quebec, after couneclion with the ocean steamship, and luns conu.m.msly on to' Winnipeg, and thence across the ].! '.d through the mounta ;is to the Pacific Ocean. ^ . „.,._....„ -n.^. ...i., . ,lacos the The section nf the Canadian lacihc Ilailway to Port I'llHil i ;,urot^ei-prough and haiTov;^, chains, axes, shovels, stoves, beilsteads, etc., which he can of)taiu for about |;}(¥), or £m ^\g. A primitive house and The coHt of arti5 of the North-we.-roceeds thence due north to the Arctic Ocean. A remarkable feature of the great area known as the North-west Terri- tories is its division, along lines running generally north-west and south-east into three distinct juairio steppes, or plateaux, as they are generally called. ' Tlie first of tliO'^*' is known as the R

-^» ,f ^";i^^^^,V^^eed to each head of a family, which Sums of about £m to -^l J \f^'^'^,„"f;,S, Altogether about 100 tamihes have been expended upon their hon esttaus. ^v ^ g^esa of the settle- IZ bSn asJisted by larious ovgam/^-i^^^ ^^^^80 nients is being watched with "''''^^ f^^^f ^Iso Settled, under a somewha families of crofters iro- i Wfj(^^;];^, ,/,,, .v, money being provided similiar arrangement to that ai caaj ici 76 XORTll-WEST IKURITOKIES. Prince Albert. out of a special fund furnished partly by the Imperial Parliament and partly hy public subscrijitions. lurty-nine of the funiilics are Incated at Saltcoats, in the Nortli-west Territories, and 30 near Peliain Lake, in Sontlieni Manitoba, and they seem to be making very fair pr(jgreart. Many towns and villagt-s have sprung U]> within the last few years with surprii-ing rajtidity, on tlielineof the Canadian Pacific Railway, in Assiniboia. Arai)ng these may be mentioned Moosoniin, the gateway town, with a population of 1200, located in the centre of one of the best wheat growing districts in the caintry ; Broadview, Indian Head, Qu'Appelle, Regiua (the- capital), Moose Jaw, Swift Current and Medicine Hat. DISTRICT OP SASKATCHEWAN. This di-itrict com])rise3 about 107,000 square miles; but, owing to the line of the Canadian Pacific Railway being taken south, through the districts of Assiniboia and Alberta, it has of course not settled so raj* idly as these. It yet, h (wever, contains tlie Houi-isliing settlements of Prince Albert, Bai tie- ford and others. It is a district of immense rcvjurc^s. the tw.< branches of the great River Saskatchewan passing thri>ugh a large )/art of its territory. It has several projected railway lines to Prince Albert am^i other settlements, one of which between Regina and the town of Prince Albert is now in operation. The settlement of Prince Albert, which is at present the best settled portion oi' the Prince Albert district, comprises that part of the peninsula formed by the north and south branches of the S iskatchewan, wliich lies between two deep belts of fir fifty miles apart, and wliicli trend across the peninsula from river lo river, and, in tlie opinion of the settlers, f .rm an imjiassable l)ariier, to the grasshopper, which insect has never yet done any injary throughout the area inclosed b_y these two belts of evergreen timlier and the two rivers. The settlenrent, as thus defined, contaius something like a million acres of very fertile land. The soU is mainly argillaceous with superficial deposits of vegetable mould, varying in depth from 12 inclies to 4 feet. The clay is whitish when dry, and is made into excellent bricks at Prince Albert. This settlement may be said to occupy the true centre of the great fertile belt of the Saskatchewan, but the intending immigrant need not c/nfiue his destinies to Prince Albert settlement alone. There are adjacent districts quite as worthy of his notice, as far as land is concerned. The Paywanan and Fort a la Corne country is of a fine character. So also are the Stony Creek and Carrot River regions, where many families are already comfortably setiled upon lands of a rich character. This is also a great hay regi -n, and proaiises to be a very fine and flourishing district when developed. But of all the localilies tributary to Prince Albert, perhaps the most inviting is that known as the Shell River country, which lies lu^rth-west of the Saskatchewan, a region which is being surveyed and opened up for settlement this summer, auu which is within easy reach of the town liy a good trail. It is drained by a beautiful gravelly stream of clear water, bordered by the most luxuriant hay meadows in the country. Features '^ '^^ whole region is inttrspersed with clumps of sjiruce and Climate. '^^ 8""^ growth, furnishing an abundant supply of building timber of the best quaUty. Clear lakes, generally abound- ing in fish, are numerous ; game it abundant, and the quality of the soil excellent. Indeed it would be difficult to exaggerate the interesting features of this beautiful regi(tn, which is, to a considerable extent, unoccupied as yot by settlers, and untouched by the speculator or the landed corpor- SASKATCHEWAN DISTRICTS. ation ; therefore, the immigrant will find m thw region at air held for tl,e exercise of his choice of a home. The winter climate of Prince Alber is more agreeable than that of many parts of the 1»iii>h'-s It is not wimlv in the water, and there is an entire absence of " blizzards. I he sm.w is selLm deep, and the falls are not fretpient, the winter w.-ather being generally briYliaatlv clear and exhiUirating. The summer climate i. simplv delightful 'Being in a higher latitude than Manitoba, the day- light is longer, and one can easily read .mall ty i)e by natural light af ten o'clock at night in the end 'of June. This engtfiened sunshine aLo contributes to °the ripening of grain ; the qua ity of wheat vane, inversely as to the distance ir .m the nortlu-rn hnut ot its growth Frost sometiuies attacks it, as in Manitoba, in seasons when the spring has been ate ad seeding protracted. But frost need not deter the iinmi- ■frant from goinj there. This is uudisputably a wheat-growing comitry, and kn occasional frost is what has visited every new settlement in every nrovi ceif the Dominion. The June trosts, for example^ wluch do so much damage in Ontario, are unknown at Prince Albert. This is a very iTrnfrtan act, and should be borne in mind when frosts m this count r aTsuokenof. Thev occur in the latter part of August when a " break, moiS'or lL'decided,"gene.ally takes place in the weather L-^Wb -- lintm contirued for a number of years, compared with the expeiiLUCcs oi oth^rSde on this and the oth^-r side of the line, lead to the couv.cUon that iii no degree is this district worse off in respect of early f>-^'«t than her ^.aements in the Territories, Manitoba and north-western b ates totlr. 1S7, which was an unusually late season, there has been he or no damaKf- bv fn.st to the wheat crop here in recent years ; and the behet is oniidSy held that with more general settlement o the country, j.ro- !:re iveig^^^^^^^ methods, and clo.e attentioti to varieties of seed, injury and loss t?om tAm .;ause may be effectually guarded against. >:af':v sowing is of great importance Spring wheat is Crops and ,.,,, v^;„ter varieties not suiting the climate, bince 1885 r^'f bollntiX tuuaUty.' with that g...o in a„y other locality x„ the North-west Territories. , i^ rs; fhrpu: :foTt;t:cc!4-^.o'J"s.on h^ =h..e. '-"I.'-'- f-;xr !:i"at:rrc:t:^i v" Potato^ i?„rrStro4aL"°;5etlerro'^«rand are»o,eo. I-,, gfown by "rr .tocW-rai.i„g -".ry no pan of tl. ^^fj^^f'^^lr.^f^ superior advantages The chmato food » >* »««J , „^ ^,( ^,^H i::Sa"™oVonin,'r:e^r f,r?'Si!hu, ».. iu the ,uaUty of I 78 NORTH-WEST TKKUITOUIKS. the stock raised, a umiilter been imported Rivers. if thorough-bred arimala of different kinds having Among the great leatured of Prince Albert are its two noble rivers, the North and South Saskatchewan, here only eighteen miles apart. These magnificent streams, which rise in the Rocky Mountains and are ft-d by melting snows in that great range, after a career of oOO miles, unite abo;it ihirty-five miles beluw the town of Prince Albert, between pre- cipitous and almost mountainous banks. Thence the river carries its inter- mingled Hoods 500 miles furthi • into the great Lake Winnipeg, as long though not su wide as Lake Sup. rior, and cunnected by Nelson River with Hudson's Bay. In winter the water of buth branches of the Saskatchewan is as clear as crystal, but as soon as spring opens it becomes highly ciibiured with alluvium wa-^hed from its banks. Both riveis rise with tiie ijicreasing beat of summer, there being three marked freshets — in spring, in June and in August. This is owing, of course, to their sources lying in the mountains, and consequently they differ greatly from rivers which have their origin in the prairie, and depend upon seasonable rain for their summer supply. Tin- Saskatchewan also differs in other recpects from what may be called btcal and inland streams. It is ''continental " in its mighty resources and natural imi'Ortatice. There are but four rivers in North America east of the R H.ky Mountains which may justly he called continental, and the Saskat- i.-hewan is one of the four. Transpor'ationby its waters can l)e greatly facil- itated by the removal of certain obstructions ; and this improvement will be called for in the near future. The natural resources and productions ol the country through which it flows, coal and cereals which cannot endure a costly transport, may yet be carried cheaply by its current, as on the Da- nube, in flat boats, which any farnifv can build, while the manufactures of the cast, which can stand heavier charges, must be carried against it. An exp'-nditure of sixty thousand pounds would pi'obably make a river l,5()t) miles long navigable fron» its discharge almost to its fountains. There are abundant evidences of large deposits of coal in several parts of the district, and gold is found in the Saskatchewan River. Tlie town of Prince Albert is situated on the North Sa-katchewan, about thirty-five miles from the Forks, and is nearly in the centre of the Provisional District of It was founded in 1886, and now possesses an ener- There are four churches, English, Roman Catholic, Pres- byterir*^ "^<^ Methodist, two brick school houses, built at a cost of §10,000, North-west Mounted Police barracks, several hotel-i, and two ne\vspa]»ers, and all the trades are well represented. There are also two large flour mills and three saw mills, and sa-h and door factories. The telephone is in use in all the principal offices, while telegraidiic communication was established some years ago. The town is a natural centre of trade and industry, and thon^h 500 miles westi^f Winnipeg, has without any adventitious aid, grown rapidly, and long been a distributing centre. T5 -1 Now, however, that the Qu'Appelle, Long Lake and New Railway. Saskatchewan Railway has been completed and the town has direct railway communication with the outside worhl, it may be expected to grow still more rapidly, and soon become a jdace of commanding impor- tance. This railway, which v/as opened in October, 1^90, passing as it does through the most fertile portions of the district, will be of immense benefit to the present poj)ulation and undoubtedly give a great stimulus to settle- ment. The line is now open from Regina to Prince Albert, a distance of about 248 miles, and Avill have branches to the Elbow of the North Sas- katchewan and to Kattleford. Prince All>ert also is said to be nearer than Town of Prince Albert. Saskatchewan. getic population. UISTUICT OF ALBEUTA. 79 DISTRICT OF ALBERTA. ,.,. ..v..a of about lOG.OnO square mile.-<, Ijuundtd uii This district couM.riscs an ana "^ ^b"^^'^^^ , 1 ^^^^^ ^^.^^^.^^^ ^,f . «nnthbv the Irtpvimtioual l^ouudaiy , oii ui^^ J nt the base of the sonth by Assiniboia ; on the west by the i.rovnice o f Bviiish Columbui, at the base the Ri^cky Mouniains ;<*and on the nor the r.5lh Parallel of Latitude ■th by the 18th Correct lou Line, wluch A t,i'eat portion of this Aistnct H"'"S """'! Tw -,,„, erous i-oUl rivepa and sliwiuis TTVw Suto™ ,r;'S:;:;;ai*\avTrt"r» a. dea.- and Uu. a. the h..al',l-«..Uer, when ^^^ -°. '^ ^ '^.^ia ,o W pre-e,„ine„t,, the The Daln^ and d J^'r^^! u ;,f A.-erica I. -"^.^^-X^r 'I'/tle. RanoheBeglon „,„i luxuriant grasses ">»';«''" ^^ ''^"nierous ranches of America rji,;, ;, „i |,r„,,,it the ™'>= = '"" V ■,, J„ a, oX assumed have been started.bo.h f.,r horses »-V;f« e? ^^^a suved Aat with good positions of great imliorlance. .f,'r=''° °",; t|,e'pereeiitage of loss hehig nanaaement the cattle thrive well in "■'^.""""'.Jes were uirdertaken. We much less than that estm.aled for when "'«■« '^ '"^'! '""-..je, and ihe ranches haveinlhese f'^^^'' ^\<' .''''Z:ZZ fJ^Tn^^Tmkio those of the are already sending ^^-^^ Ll' contahTlarge numbers of sheep. United Kingdom. Ihe laritnes aiso c o ^^^_ The census returns of 1801 ''"'J^iVh^ ' \'l '<>"« "' ^«*"' "''"'' ^'°™"^ bered 20,7(14 , colls and "l'«\ "'^^!^ •^"'5, W3 Ii'i tbl thWe provUioiial rJl;t:l1'Ilbi.tXs!ni"boia'at;;f S^Scliewan the incvease of live stock in 1B91 was 220,40c. over 18bo. smtabaity of Mixed ,,?'StS?ror!ut°ar^"d;t|"a..ningope,.atio^^^^^^^ ^a-in«. .^e dt-tr ^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^ ^f:ffir;»L.g;g:5s£i«.^^^^ furnished by actual results. " « "'^'^V " a„d of S.ots and vegetables, ouralde years crops ° f 7";,; ^"^"ll^c and perfectly ri,-.ned, leaving I 80 NORTH-WEST TERRITORIES. ill their natural state, as the summer advances, have a baked, and in some })laces cracked, appearance ; but when the surface of this crust is broken in the spring it absorbs the rainfall, and has sufficient moisture for vegetation. With respect to those portions of the North-west plains of Canada in which alkali is found, Professor Macoun declares that they will become the most valuable uf the wheat Jands as settlement pro^a-eises, the alkali being con- verted into a valuable fertilizer by the admixuiro of barn-yard manure. The question, however, of the settlemeut of these plains is not one of the present, but of the near future, when other portions of the territory are peopled. Water is difficult to obtaiu in some parts of these plains ; and the colonist should always see that he selects .some sp(*t where this necessary article can easily be had. Coal-fields and Mineral Resources. It is not only in agricultural resoiirces that the district of Allerta is rich. There are in h the great- est extent ot coal-fields known in the world. ^ The Rocky Mountains and their foot-hills contain a world of minerals yet to be explored, compri.'jiiig iron, gold, silver, galena, and copper. Large petroleum depcisits are knov.'n to exist. Immense sup- plies of timber may also be mentioned among the riches of Alberta, and these are found in such positions as to be easily workable, in the valleys along the numerous streams flowing through the foot-hills of the Rocky Mountains into the great Saskatchewan. It is needless to say that resources sucli as these, now that they are made accessible by the Canadian Pacific Railway, will not remain long without development. Climate. . The climate of Alberta has features peculiarly its own. It is, in the winter, liable to remarkable alterations. When the wind blows from the Pacific Ocean— and this is the prevailing wind— the weather becomes mild, and the snow rapidly disappears. When, however, it blows from the north over the plains, the weather becomes very cold, the ther- mometer sometimes going down to 30° below zero, this being the lowest point reached m 188:3, on 28th November. In the summer there is liability to frosts, but they are generally local, and do not discourage the settlers. Red Deer , Settlements which have been formed in the Red Deer district District, have established successful conditions of mixed farming. Convincing testimony in support of this was furnished to a committee of the House of Commons in the session of 1890, and a very larr^e proportion of the settlement of the past season took place in the tract of country lying between the Red Deer River and Edmonton on the North Saskatchewaa. Calgary and Calgary (5,000) is the chief town in Alberta, and it is other Towns advancing with very rapid strides. Many substantial and ^ . , . „ I't^ally beautiful buildingshave been, and are being erected. It is beautifully situated at the confluence of the Bow and Elbow Rivers. It is very thri ving, and already does a large business. It commands a b.-autiful view of the Rocky Mountains. Other towns are Lethbridge (connecied by railwav with the Canadian Pacific line), where the coal mines are being worked"- FortMcLeod,a ranching centre; Banff, in the recently formed National Park, near which antnracite coal is being mined, and where the famous sulphur springs are found, and Edmonton, which is the centre of the oldest settlement in the district. The construction of the North-western Railway from Calgary toEamonton, a distance of about 190 miles, was commenced in the summer of 1890, and completed in the following year. This dis south bv t and 11th i of survey basca Rive to the intf is to be th and is ver province c This dis tion, out ( of it is de DISTRICT OP ATHABASCA. 81 DISTRICT OP ATHABASCA. This district comprises an area of 105,000 square miles, bounded on the south bv the district of Alberta ; on the east by the line between the lOlh and 11th ranges west of the fourth meridian of the Dominion lands system of survey ; until, in proceeding northwards, that line intersects the Atha- basca River ; then by that river and the Athabasca Lake and Slave River to the intersection of this with the northern boundary of the district, which is to be the 32nd correction line of the Dominion lands townships system, and is very near the 60th parallel of north latitude ; and westward by the province of British Cohnubia. This district has also vast resources, but being yet, from its northern posi- tion, out of the range of immediate settlement, a more detailed description of it is deferred. 6 The province of British Coluiuhia extends about 700 miles Geography, froiu south to north and nearly 500 from west to east, con- taining a superficial area of more than 350,000 square miles. It is separated from the rest of Canada by the Rocky Mountains, while the Pacific Ocean bounds it on the west, except for nearly 300 miles on the extreme north, where the Alaskan possessions of the United States interpose between it and the sea. The southern limit is the 49th parallel, which forms the interna- tional boundary between the province and the United States. The northern boundary is the 60th parallel. Vancouver Island is separated from the State of Washington by the Strait of San Juan de Fuca. It is oblong in shape, extending north-westerly parallel with the mainland, from which it is divided by the channel of the Strait or Gulf of Georgia, a distance of 300 miles, with a varying width of from 20 to (iO miles. Climate varies considerably, as the province is naturally divided Climate, into two sections, insular and continental. It is much more moderate and equable than that of any other province of the Dominion. In the south-western j-ortion of the mainland, and particularly on the south- eastern part of Vancouver Island, the climate is much superior to that of southern England or central France, In this section of the province snow seldom falls, and then lies b'_i a lev» liours or days. Vegetation remains green and the flowers are bright through the greater part of nearly every winter ; while in spring and summer disagreeable east winds, excessively heavy rains and long-continued fugs are unknown. Generally speaking, spring commences in February in all parts of the province west of the Cascade Mountains. East of these mountains the winters are short but sharp, con- tinuing frc times as 1 are corres healthy. Agrioult Oapabilii diverse in productio temperate rains are ( great stocl purposes. bunch gra the coast mixed fai bered, bu cleared a Bwamps a descriptic Govern lation ; \ couver Ii Mineral silver, i^ and man; all other A great c the prov: results, mines, years are Timber parative and the purchase and the: lumberi rou3 anc ri.-'.inlan thousan availabl cypress, kinds spruce, p)r ovine Water intend!: Fishei togethe almost 1 PRODUCTS. 83 tinniuff from six to teu or twelve weeks, with a temperature down some- tinurng liomMX t'^^ieu o pah-e .lieit. Summers in tin. rogiou '^rcon..i:JLSy warm. Everywh';;^ the- cli:uate is salui.ious and ^^''^'^^" In proportion to the ar.a of the province laud suitable Agricultural for agricultural purposes is small ; but in the ^Sgr^pte Capabilities. Ihere are many tliomands of square miles of arable soil so diverse in character, location and climatic inilucnces as to ^^ l^^^f \l ^« tl« coast of ll,c nminland aJ Vancouver Waml '''". ""f ,,^°"'=' ''^'';, ti" :;sir\StLJir„c;tx?;ent!:;:™Sf X n.i^ latfolH but va'i") of it « yet avaUable, both on the mainland and Van. .^atwel^njagin™^^^^^ province is •'«- --rcUy of tunbe. ^ ™«- Sce%o°"5S Water. almoreverj-wUero, a 'consideration o£ some importance to tlie ^ 84 BRITISH COLUMniA. are salmon and cod, several species of each, halil'ut, sturgeon, hemng, oula- cluin and many others, besides shell-fish. One of the most delicious of deep, water fiah is the skil, or bhuk cod, as it is sonu-tinu's called. This is con- sidered far sujuiior to the cod of Newfoundland, and has only to be introduced into iht; markets of the world to secure an almost unlimited demand. Up to ilie present time but little has been done in the way of locating the extensive cod banks that are known to exist otf the coasts of Briliah Columbia, and in consequence cod fishing as an industry has not been attempud. Outside salmon cannin" and fur-seal hunting, the astonishitig ti.shery wealth of these waters is still lying dormant. British Columbia has made great progress in raanu- Manutactures. facturing during the i)a3t ten years. The value of tlie yearly output having increased from under three million dollars in 1881 to nearly 12 million dollars in 1891. . Persons with capital are always welcomed in every province Capitalists. q£ ^.jjy Dominion ; but nowhere are there better prosj^ects for moneyed people than in British Coluuibia, where there are such a variety of valuable resources awaiting development, and where manufacturing indus- tries are in their infancy. Real estate and house property, also, in all the cities, oifer great inducements and safe investments for capitalists, large or small, ^ Agriculturists with say $500 and upwards can do well on Fanners. Qovernment lands, providing they are able and willing to work and endure privation and hardship for a time. With more caiiital, farms parthilly improved can be had in most of the districts at from $8 lo $10 per acre and upwards — price, of course, depending upon location, quality of soil and improvements. Farm labour is generally in demand from early spring to late autumn, and immigrants purposing to take up land can, without much difficulty, get farm work for a time before pre-empting. Mechanics at present in all building lines find active Mechanics and employment, and are likely to continue to do so for LiaDourers. ^^^^^^ -^.j^^^ ^^ come. It must be borne in mind, how- ever, that the rate of absorption is very limited, in consequence of British Columbian cities being small at present, although growing rapidly. Hence the influx of even a comparatively few carpenters, for example, would change the demand for such artisans into an excess of supply. These remarks apply also to common labourers. So far as female and domestic servants are concerned no Domestic Hj^i^, needs to be. applied. Demand in this particular line has toervants. g^J^^j^yg \^qq^ active, and is likely to remain so. Good homes can be provided for competent servant girls with satisfactory characters within ^ short time after arrival, on application to the Government Agents either at Victoria, New Westminster, Vancouver, or Kamloops, or even before arrival, if information be sent in advance that they are en route. Little or no demand exists for females other , , ^o P®"^^^*^ ^^^.. than domestic servants : hence, mother's helps, other than Domest.0 governes.es shop girlB, etc., etc., should, not emi- grate to British Columbia, unless to join friends who can give them a home, till such a time as they may be able to find employment of some description. School teachers are also included in this category. -. . , . The supply of clerks, book-keepers, salesmen, telegraphists, C^lin^s type-writers, draftsmen, etc., etc., is, and is likely to remain, so ' much in excess of demand that people in these lines coming to British Columb able and willing The V, Professions. ^ or dentist, especia Land ^ Regulations. ^ 100 acres of land Land Act, and an for to the Chief ( obtained. A cer imiu'oved to the be issued. Tinib Timber lands pa; cents per 1,000 f also be granted I Mining and j, Education. ^ absolutely free i the Government population ; wl children can be reach of a scho( Dominion Gc Lands in the the property o tUev contain ( timber, hay, wt administered practically, to Manitoba and not only be r each of the the rate of oi have been estt on the coast. District whicl in the railwa country, the i the province : settlement co luaining vacu Pilot' hbSlONS. 85 able unci wiUing ,u take hold of, i , rhap labo ^^^^^ ^ .^^ All the citve. m t1, ,ereTnc Ue of populalluu U The ^.iti ^„ .fessioiml '.leu , .. ..il -uore" lawyer, doctor Professions. ..a,,;,! there may be room I' •'".''',, -UfJ ■ u^ ; \ ; ho average in professional ability, or dentist, especially it iW.v he avtia.^e mi ^^^^^^^ ^^ ^ A, pe. beiiiR the head ^^ J /J'J^ | i,i, ,^^,a or an Land «i„.ie „\an uver 18 years "* "g^^'-SsuK ^^.l pr..empt Regulations, j- ,,,,ing to U.oine a B, t^^^^^^ ^1 ^^^^^ ^ ICO acres of l'^^'"^ ^\f. J^^^'^^', ,,1,' U r 9^^^ ''^'^ 5^- Land Act, and an addiUonal t^^^J" \;^^]' ' ,^,u year till Crown deed is t-ortotheCbiefCumnus.u.neiscanbehadi e^^^^^^^^^ ^^^.^^ ^^^^^ ^,,,^ obtained. A certilicate o uni>royem»^.t ^^"^^-^/''tfore Crown deed can imi.voved to the extent ot 12.50 pel au "^t^" ,^f ^ tUe Qovermnent. elssued. Timber and hay ands ca n e 1^^ ^ J;*^'^^^,,, , ,,y,Uy of 50 Timber lands pay a year ly renta of !<>;« ^^^per ,^ ^^^^^ ^ ^^^ Education, p^^,,^, education, both \",;""^"\'^^i/" ^v ion i. made by absolutely free and r"-«^-"^,^Uardr.;rdt *es ft Vhe^ entire school-going the Government and municipal b a d^otcii^^^i^^ ^„ovided wherever 15 population ; while in ^^^^V^^ry distucts a^ ^^^^^^^^ & t^:^^^ ^iTSSil^sU established in aU the citie^ between the ages 01 ^V^.'V'^" •;;;vr, "•i^^,. High schools are estabUshed in aU the '''''^' reacn 01 « =--..- • b oi)eration of the terins of Union, pominion Government J^^.'^J^s u Bnti J C^-J>^ ^^^ \^J^ Tands in the Province. ,,uies of the C^nad an ^aa c Kju.^^^j ^^^^^^^^^^ the property of Canada at Con ederation xMllw the tun ^^.^^^ .^^ tv?^ co^ntain (except the ll^-^-Jl^tn^'otlS valuable resources, is now timber, hay, water P'^'T'' .' f'ftvt Interior of Canada, according, XiniBteml by t\ie Department ^^ ^b . ^' ^"^f ,,e the public lands m practically, to |^'^^«^"^« 1^^? Sri oTes^ex q.t that the homesteads mi^t kanitoba and the North-we. le r to^^^^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^ ^.^ jnonths m ,,ot only be resided ^P"^ ^ J,^ J! ^u^^ must also be paid for at each of the three years ^^ f "^^ly, but i y disposal of these 1 nds the rate of one dollar per acre. ^8^"^';" '"\„ijis and New Westminster, have been established at l^^^^'^^^f '"{I^Tr^M ai^iAe New Westminster on the coast. Very little agricultural and ^^^^,^^^^y^^J£ ^,,a homesteading District which has not a ready Passe^^^^^^^^^^ ^^ now -^^^^-^ ^o the interior in iho railway bo" '" Britisb "-om" ""> ,f,,„i„.^, Domimoti lands m couMty, the agency for which 13 »' "^'"^ ''^H^ffa^ per acre, free from S pro'vioce ■-^y.^'^ -%f ^^CmS tnlM''-^ ."( iuch lands now re- Srv-nt t;h; l.rwt.stnun,ter Land bistnct. ir Y '» ) i 1 .%;:*■:. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) // {./ %lJ^ 1.0 I.I I JO ""!== ^ 1^ ililM 12.0 1.8 - 1.25 1.4 1.6 ■* 6" ► P^ *» 0>£ '> Photographic ^Sciences CorpQraiicBi 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 86 BRITISH COLUMBIA. WAGES IN BRITISH COLUMBIA. Stonecutters, stonemasons and bricklayers S 5 00 per day. Their labourers 2 00 to $2 60 per day. Plasterers 4 00 to 4 50 " Carpenters and joiners 8 00 to .S 25 " Shiixiatpenters and caulkers 4 00 to 6 00 *' Cabin*: t makers and upholsters 3 00 Painters 3 00 to 3 25 •' Shoemakers 2 00 to 3 00 " Tailors 2 50 to 3 00 " Tailoresses , 1 00 to 1 50 " Baktirs (with board and lodginf,'j G5 00 per month. Butchers (cutters) 75 00 to 100 00 " Slaughterers 75 00 " Cigarmakers 2 50 to 4 00 per day. Boys, as fctrippers, etc 2 00 to 5 00 per week. Prmters 45 & 50 cts. a 1000 ems. Wagon-makers 3 60 to $4 00 per day, Tinsniiths, plumbers and gasfitters 3 50 to 4 00 " Machinists, moulders, pattern and boiler-makers, and blacksmiths 3 00 to 3 25 " Longshoremen 50 cents an hour. Female domestic servants 12 00 to |25 00 per month. LIST OF RETAIL PRICES OF ORDINARY ARTICLES OF FOOD AND RAIMENT. PfiOVISlONS. Eacon . $ 18 per lb. Bread, white and brown 04 " Butter, salt 20 " Butter, fresh o 30 " Beef, mutton, and veal ".""'. m to $0 15 per lb. Pork 12| to 16 " ^eer 10 per quart. Canales 20 per lb. Cheebe 20 " Coffee ........'. 25 " Corn meal 4 OG per 100 lbs. ^?&8- • • 25 per dozen. Flour, 1st quality $5 50 per bbl. Flour, 2nd quality 4 75 " Flour, buckwheat '.".".'. .'.". 5 OO per 100 Iba. Fish, dry cod 8 00 per cwt. Jirewood 3 00 to $3 50 per cord. ! Hara.. OlSperlb. Ham, shoulders ... 12i " Mustard . ' . q 25 *' Milk. . '.'. ".'.'.'.'.'..'..'. 10 per quart. Oatmeal 4 50 per 100 lb. pepper. 25 per lb. Pptatoes. 35 to 50 cts. per bush. Rice... 05 per lb. boap, yellow 09 " Sugar, brown y 05 " Salt .',...*. 02 " Tea, black 50 " Tobacco ...'...'..'...' 75 " Coal "....*.'!.".".'.'.'.*.* SCOperton. LIST OF Coats Coais Trou Vest! Shirt SUiri Shir' Dra- Hat SocV Socl Blai Ruf Fla Cot Sh( Cai 3h( Shi Bo Bo Hx 111 Mo ment and i piovi CLOTHING. 87 „. o. ..... .-s --=--- - -- ^^" CLOTHING Coats, under, tweed . Coais, over ^^ • • • Trousers ^^ Vests Shirts, flannel Shirts, cotton . • • Shirts, under, ^vove • . - Drawers, woollen, wove Hats, felt ... Socks, worsted .... Socks, cotton. . . • • Blankets, per pan- . Ruf?8-, Flannel • . •. Cotton shntmg Sheeting...... Canadian cloth Shoes, men's.. ^ Shoes, women s Boots, men's ... • Boots, women s . . . • ■ • • ■ TJubber overshoes, men s. • ■ • • KuKr overshoes, women's.... 3J 6 00 10 00 3 50 2 25 1 1 1 1 2 per yard 50 00 00 00 _ 00 25 20 4 00 3 00 40 10 25 75 00 60 50 00 00 60 3 1 3 3 1 Rubber oversuuco, ".^ , Rubber overshoes, women s „,„.i;nation to the Depart- JToi the Intevior, Ottawa j^f ;^,»=g.°c. BeetoB, Agent General for the -,o\l;,c;r3l"r;'cl4W,Cdon, England. y t, d a r f I 5 I THE EXPERIMENTAL FARMS. In the early part of this work some reference was made to the Expert- mental Farms at Ottawa and elsewhere, but considering the very great value and importance of these institutions in promoting the success of Canadian agriculture, it is deemed advisable to give them more extended notice for the information of intending settlers. The countrv is ind<-.bted for the establishment of these farms to the former Minister of Agriculture the Hon. Sir John Carling, who introduced the measure for that purpose in the House of Commons, at Ottawa, during the Session of 1886. The wisdom of the ju'uposal was so generally recognized that the Bill passed withscarcelv a dissentient voice. The first step taken was the purchase of 600 acres of land out^side of the city of Ottawa, u])on which has been established the Cent? - 1 J arm, which is now in working order as a complete trial farm, the arrangements having all been made according to the newest designs and the latest knowledge The Director, under whom is placed the control of all the experimental Farms established by the Canadian Government throughout the Dominion, resides on the farm, also the Agriculturist and Dairy "Com- missioner, the Entomologist and Botanist, the Chemist, the Horticulturist and the Poultry Manager. There is a laboratory fitted with the best appli- ances tor the purpose of testing soils, fertilizers, etc., and for making analyses generally ; and there is a department fitted for testing the vitaHt? of seeds. Every year thousands of samples of seeds, and some of soils, a^e received from farmers for testing. These samples are all tested, and the results communicated to the senders free of charge. The Entomologist investigates such insect pests as are found to be most injurious to farm crops, making trial of various insecticides and methods of treatment with a view of checking and preventing their ravages. He also delivers addresses at farmers meetings and writes articles for the local press in such districts as any particular outbreak of injurious insects may make it desirable, advising the best kno\yn remedies. Experiments have been made with a large num- ber ot varieties ol wheat oats, barley and rye, and dift'erent kinds of root crops, the results of which have been published and distributed among the armer^ Thousands of bags of seed grain have been distributed among .plrof ;?T ' experiment, each farmer being asked to keep the seeS separated from other crops and report the result to the Director at the :^arm ims nas been done with manifestly advantageous results. The Director and other oflicers have under their charge the experiments mth cereals, grasses fruit and vegetables ; and the Poultry Manager superintends die breeding of poultry of the best kinds, for the purpose of diffusing infor- mation as to the results. By no means the least Important business^f the i^T' w^"" ^^^''''''^^^^l^^l^^V^l^J^t^^^^nceofthe Director, is the raising of frui and forest trees which are distributed to the other farms, in order that maVw ^'1 ^^^V''%1<^'- Pl^^ting in the several sections of the coin ly l3 ttt r Jr' . 1, ^^''?'' t^- P'^^'r^? '^^ '^^ *^^"^^ '^^y head of thorough^- bred cattle-Short-horns, Ayrshires, Holsteins, Jerseys and Polled Anguf- the intention bemg to establish facts of interest to farmers in relaSto both stock and dairying. The area of Canada is so largrand the c ma«? conditions vary to such an extent that the experience^f one province i^' often quite would not, and provisi different pa of Nova S climatic co taining 30( now under class of ex tion of th( Ottawa. ' of Ontario In the pr( was chosei district of mental pu land conti of desirab Large poi numerous made wit] two-rowe the provi chosen n( tins land but it is ] of fruit the clime poultry ^ tutions i are the 1 suitable and plai farming are pub] and plai hardly Canada mental EXPERIMENTAL FARMS. 89 often quite distinct from that of another, and ^^ ^^? f'^^\, ^^^^ .°'g JX would not, for these reasons, be of sufficient value to the who e of Caiud^^ Tnd provision was made in the BiU for the estabhshm. o^^^^^^^^^ different parts of the Dominion. Accordingly, for the ^\lY',TVhere the of Nova Scotia New Brunswick and Pnnce Edward Island, Avhere lue lL?arco!mionrd"not va.v to any g-^^ -f -J'^J^^Prst" o whihTs taining 300 acres was purchased at Nappan, Nova Scotia, i^^os^ oj t^plnme xfow ulder cultivation^ Suitable buildings have ^^^^.^^^^f ij^.f^^i^^^:^^:^ class of experinaents are carried on as at the Centf 1 Jamgn^^^ tion of the work of the Chemist and Entomologist, all of wtiicb ^^^onQ^ made with di'fferent varieties of early-npening wueat and °*<'J f^'" • ^ mental Faim. er jy t, d a i- f i '» 3 LAND REGULATIONS. The following is a summary of the regulations applicable to tho free grants" or homesteads, sale, settlement, etc., of the lands of the Dominion Government ; also of the leading railway and land companies : — FREE GRANTS, ETC. Under the Dominion Lauds Regulations all surveyed eveyi-nuvibered sections, excepting 8 and 26 (Hudson Bay lands, see page 93), in Manitoba and the North-west Territories, which have not been homesteaded, reserved to Erovide wood lots for settlers, or otherwise disposed of or reserved, are to e held exclusively for homestead. Odd-numbered sections (with the exception of 11 and 29, which are school lands) for 24 miles on each side of the Canadian Pacific Railway, may be generally stated to be railway lands, purchasable from the company, and not open for homestead. There are also other railway lands, which have been appropriated in aid of similar undertakings, ana generally speaking it may be said that sections bearing odd-numbers are either disposed of or reserved as grants in aid of the con- struction of railways. Free grants of one quarter- section ('160 acres) of surveyed agricultural lands may be obtained by any person who is the sole head of a familv, or by any male who has attained the age of 18 years, on application to the local agent of Dominion Lands for the district in which the parcel applied for is situated, and on payment of an office fee of $10. At the time of making entry the homesteader must declare under which of the three following provisions he elects to hold his land, and on making application for patent must prove that he has fulfilled the conditions named tnerein : 1. By making entry and within six months thereafter erecting a habitable house and commencing actual residence upon the land, and continuing to reside upon it for at least six months in each year for the three next succeed- ing years, and doing reasonable cultivation duties during that period. 2. By making entry for the land, cultivating it for three successive years, so that at the end of that period not less than forty acres be under cultiva- tion ; residing for at least six months in each year during that time within a radius of two miles of the homestead ; and erecting a house upon the homestead and residing in it for three months before application is made for patent. 3. By making entry and, within six months from the date thereof, com- mencing the cultivation of the homestead ; breaking and preparin-g for crop within the firsi year not less than five acres ; cropping the said, five acres, and breaking and preparing for crop not less than ten acres in addition, and erecting a habitable house thereon before the expiration of the second year, and thereafter residing therein and cultivating the land for at least six months in each of three years prior to the date of the application for patent. Persons making entry for homesteads on or after 1st September in any year are allowed until 1st June following to perfect their entries by com- mencing tbe performance of their settlement duties in accordance with the terms of entry in each case. The onl: dollars. _ 1 are availal the settler agents. In the e period tha to purchai ing proof quent to < The pr acquire a can buy f one-fourt the balan per annu or part o Thefo It repres 36 sectic quarter-i TVei Winni ment land 8 Inf also I free j upon It: varia land in fo I LAND REGULATIONS. 91 The o.ly oh..«e fo. a ho„».ead «£J«0 '-.-jS^rXd^tollX dollars. In certain cases ^oifeited pre enj uons a demanded from ''^X event of a homesteader d-iring to secure ^i^PaU^^^^^^ T^eriod than the throe or five years, as ^^^^/^'^^X^time of entry, on furnish- ^"^^^tS.'tlta??e^S suhse. ^ The pre-emption system has been aboU^^^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^ ^^^ ,t acquire a larger hohlmg than 160 *" ^J'^^J^.^^^tj^n \^^ his homestead can buy from the G°^';;^^«^^"^,,%T'e?;^^^^^ at the time of the sale, and one-fonrth of the purchase "^^^^^f J, ?3 ^^^^^ ^ith interest at six per cent the balance in three equal ^[^^^^^"^f \™ company the whole per annum, or he may ^^^^^^f^^^^^a seSon, as he may fink expedient, or part of an adjoining o^cJ^-Bumbered s^ecuon, ^he country is surveyed. fhe following diagram ^^^^^J^if^t^.^oTX^^^ squai-e, containing 's^e^TSrorrtrsq-^^ llT These sections are subdivided into quarter-sections of 160 acres each. Township Diagram. er >y t, to d il r f i 640 AcRES^ IVee paBts can be obtained .-Itbin a -— /Utance _to fte w.t o t S€l r4n°tf ^n^hoVe^e^S intSon^a. to L n.o. <.e.n.ble upon payment of an office fee of 25 cent^ regulations are subject to "^^It must be distinctly u^nderstood that tbe ^^^^ r^g^^^^ ,^ ^^^ain from.the variations from tune to ^^e- f ^A^^^^^^ ^^Ltion the actual regulations land agents when making their entry an e^x^^^^ ^^^^^.^^ ^^^ ^^^.y ,, in force at that time, and the clause ot tne a T '92 NOUTH-WEST TERIUTORIES. ma ^^^' ^^^ better encouragement of bond fide settlement, reserve to themselves the right to declare null and void every assignment or transfer of homestead or pre-emption right made before the issue of the patent, except in cases where any person or company is desirous of assisting intending settlers, when the sanction of the Minister of the Interior to the advance having been obtained, the settler has power to create a charge upon his homestead for a sum not exceeding six hundred di liars, and interest not exceeding 8 per cent per annum, provided that ])articulars of how such an advance has been expended for his benefit be first furnished to the settler and verided by the local agent, or if the charge be made previous to the advance, then such charge snail only operate to the extent certified to by the local agent as having been actually advanced to or expended for the benefit of the settler. One-half of the advance maybe devoted to paying the cost of the passage of the settler, paying for the homestead entry, providing for the subsistence of the settler and his family, and to erecting and insuring buildings on the homestead, and the remainder to breaking land and providing horses, cattle, and furniture, farm imple- ments, seed grain, etc. For the further protection of the settler it is provided that the time for payment of the first instalment of interest on any such advance shall not be earlier than the 1st November in any year, and shall not be within two years from the establishment of the settler upon the homestead, and also that the settler shall not ue bound to pay the capital of such advance vithin a less period than four years from the date of his establishment on the homestead. Canadian Pacific Railway Company's Lends. Price and Terms of Payment. The company off'ers for sale agricultural lands in Manitoba and the North-west of finest quality. The lands within the railway belt, extending 24 miles from each side of the main line, will be disposed of at prices ranging from $3 (12s. sterling) j^er acre upwards. If paid for in full at time of purchase, a deed of conveyance of the land will be given ; but the purchaser may pay one-tenth in cash and the balance in payments spread over nine years, with interest at six per cent per anuuui, payable at the end of the year with each instalment. Liberal rates for settlers and their effects will be granted by the company over its railway. For further particulars apply to L, A. Hamilton, Land Commissioner, Canadian Pacific Railway Co., Winnipeg ; or to Archer Baker, 17 James Street, Liverpool. SOUTHERN MANITOBA LANDS. For those desirous of purchasing, the land grant of the Manitoba South- western Colonization Railway Company offers special attractions. It con- sists of over 1,000,000 acres of the choicest land in America, well adapted for grain-growing and mixed farming, in a belt 21 miles wide, immediately north LAND REGULATIONS. 93 of theInternationalbounaary,a.df.om Ka.^^^^ Xl^jplTw;!! ?lus erant lying between Range 13 ^^^^^^f f J"^'' „ Purchasers will at once S led! thelomesteads having been ong^^^^^^^^^^ ^^ ^^^^,^,^ .lurches have ail the advantages of tins ^^^l^fS y of the soil has been amply and municipal organization . ^f^, ;"Sbeen raised from year to year demonstrated by tL splendid ^^"Pijf ^^^t^^ed by lakes and streams, he in that district. The country is ^e^|. J^^X Whitewater Lake, and the Wcipal of which are Rock ^a^^V?,f''^,';er failing spring creeks take their loSrt^River and its tributaries, while never^^^^^^ h^^^^^ ^^.^^^^^ f,, rl°eTn the Turtle Mountam. Wood is pl^^tiUi^, a ^^^^ ^^^^^^ ^ bSng purposes may be P^\."e"^e -^^^^^^^^^^ ,, eoiupetent l^ttl'^^SSS^ofir^^^^^^^^^^ tion'asto surface, Boil etc ^^^ ^j ^,1 the railway lamls can he ..rrtKcTXrco'^^^auy, at^Wiuuipe. .o^..eete. Co. a.a -— ; "^1-" the This company owns m the aisii ^^ice farmmg and Information North-west Territories, 400,00f> acres o^^^^ ^^ er t, d il i- T f i t 3 94 nouth-wp:st tekritouies. and proximity to water, and are on the line of the company's railway from L^unmore (where it joins the (Sanadiau Pacific Railway) to Lelhbridge, the site of the coal mines. The company have for sale blocks of land from 10,000 to 33,000 acres in extent, for grazing or colonization purposes, and are also willing to lease lands on favourable terms. Smaller farms, from 80 acres upwards, can also be obtained. Full information and plans may be obtained from the com- jiany'a offices at Winnipeg, Dunmore and Lethbridge. Calgary and Edmonton Railway Company's Lands. This company's land giant, consisting of 1,900,000 acres of agricultural and ranching lands in Alberta, has been carefully selected by the company's land inspectors, and a report on any section can be seen at the comi)any's land office in Winnipeg. The railway runs through the centre of the district in which the lands are situated, connecting with the Canadian Pacific Railway at Calgary. These lands are for sale at prices ranging from $2.10 per acre upwards, according to location and quality. At present the majority of the lands (within easy reach of the railway) are offered at ^3.10. Terms, one-tenth cpsh and balance in nine equal yearly payments, interest at six per cent. For full particulars and free pamphlets and maps apply *^^o Osier, Hammond & Nanton, lund agents, Winnipeg, Manitoba. Qu'Appelle, Long La,ke and Saskatchewan Railroad Company's Lands. This company's land grant, consisting of 1,500,000 acres of good agricul- tural land in the Saskatchewan District, has been carefully selected by the company's land inspectors, and a report on any section can be seen at the company's laud office in Winnipeg. The Qu'Appelle, Long Lake and Saskatchewan Railroad runs through the district, connecting with the Canadian Pacific Railway at Regina. These lands are for sale at prices ranging from $2.10 per acre upwards, according to location and quality. At present the majority of the lands (within easy reach of the railroad) are offered at $3.10 per acre. Terms, one-tenth cash, and balance in nine equal yearly payments, interest at six per cent. For full particulars and free jjamphlets and maps apply to Osier, Hammond & Nanton, land agents, Winnipeg, Manitoba. I I I i I f EMPLOYMENT BUREAUX. The Dominion Government has established an Employment Bureau under themana{?ement of the Agent of Dominion Lands, at each of the Agency points mentioned below. The object chiefly aimed at in this establishment, L to facilitate communication between persons seeking work and those who may have need uf their services,— to find servants for the emplover and work for the uneniployed. In every case in which the assistance of the local Bureau'is desired, the 'i)erson interested, if seeking work, should give in- formation on the following points :— His name in full, age, religion, whether married or single ; the sort of work to which he and the several members of his family are accustomed ; their number, sex and ages, and whether he and the adult members of his family uie willing to work apart in different nlaccs, wherever eimjloyment may be had. Employers residin" in Manitoba, the North-west Territories or British Columbia, in need of the services of agri- cultural labourers, artisans, mechanics or domestic servants, should state clearly the nature of the service which they need, the probable term of engagement, whether board and lodging are furnished, and if age is of im- portance, the emi)loyer should also mention that fact. Application whether personal or by letter may be made IN MANITOBA To the Dominion Lands Agents at Brandon, Minnedosa, Yorkton and Dauphin ; and to the officer in charge of the Dominion Government Immi- gration Hall at Winnipeg. IN THE NORTH-WEST TERRITORIES To the Dominion Lands Agents at Estevan, Retina, Calgarv, Wetaskiwin, Red Deer, Edmonton, nee Albert, Battleford and Lethbridge, and in BRITISH COLUMBIA To the Dominion Lands Agents at Kamloops and New Westminster, all of whom have been provided by Government with Employment Registers. No fees will be charged either to employers or those seeking work. i' 94 9 and proximity Duniiiore (wf fiite of the oo Tho compf :xteiit, forgi lands on iavt be obtaiii«d. jiany's olticet Calg This c(»m and ranckir • land in spec land ollice J The raih situated, cc These la according t (within ea Terms, ■ at six ])er For ful" & NentoD Qv.'App< This w tural Ian companj company The ( the dista These accordii (within Tern at six t For; &Naii h KTMm '•' ■■ THE PIN A TINT INDICATE CHART SHEWING CANADA IN GEOGRAPHICAL REL QUAKANTINE STATIONS. IMMIGRANT QUARANTINE STATIONS .irc csi.iWislii',1 :it H;ilif,ix, N. S., Si. John, N. li., Cliarlottetown, P. R, (Jrossc IsiL' uuMT <^^iu([)cci. .iii'l Albert Hc:nl (ruMr Victoria), R. C. CATTLE QUAKANTINK STATIONS .ire at H.ilifax, St, Jnlin, Cli.irlotti-lown. I.uvis ijjupbec), Point Edward (SarnI Uioeniuu, Urclii.i anil llic localiuns marked i, 2, j, 5 ami tin red) "'i llie Ituern.itional Koundar/ t^ijth paralli HE P\N.\ TINT INDICATES BRITISH TERRITORY. GEOGRAPHICAL RELATION WITH EUROPE AND THE UNITED STATES. 10 W A>' '\/ Vtf . r'^; |/ii~ ^^ '\5Xf C A N A D l/A Nj^^ACI. F./C ' :^- '»4, \\ A\^' .XN« A>^^!v>^f* a/ C-'' \VVN\ H.;^v'''"''-\-''-^S3^ *- 'ii'^ V* f "<^ ..<*l. \ Lv>*; l"" / ^ 4-/ oN'^ ov\ ^- FULu RED Li.NCS. )TTED RED LINE." CI III' Chica";o '*■. .liSaSKT'". 94 h and prozin Dunmore ( site of tlie The COM extent, for lands on ft be obtains jjany's offi Ca This CO and ranch land inspi ^ land offic< The rai situated, These ] according (within € Terms, at six pe; For fu & Nanto Qu'Api Thisc tural la! com pan; compan The < the dist Theat accordii (within Tern at six \ Forj &Nair ilKi.'&^.„<>>l»Mj£M-J ^^ 1 if r^^ i